MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY.
Received ^>i-<--'^>c , /...//^^
Accession No. ■^.J.J.C?.
Given by y2^
.
IV. On the Ineongrneuee between the Larral and Adult
Characters of Notodoutiau.s.
V. Inheritance of Characters aciiuired during the Life-
time of Lopidopterous Larvie.
VI. Geograiihical Distrilnitiou of the American Noto-
dontida'.
VII. Phylogeny of the Lepidoptera.
VIII. Attempt at a new Classification of the Lepidoptera.
IX. A rational Nomenclature of the Veins of the Wings
of In.sects, especially the Lei)idoi)tera.
X. Systematic Revision of the Notodontida', -n-ith spec-
ial Reference to their Transformatiou.s.
I.— INTRODUCTION.
• For some j-ears past tho writer lias been collec ing materials for a geuerai accouur, systematic
and develoi3mental, of our i^orth American Bombycine moths. The leading object or motif of
the essay has been to collect materials for working ont the origin of the larval forms of the higher
Lepidoptera.
The attempt has been made, so far as material and opportnnity have allowed, to describe in
.as detailed a way as possible the transformations of our IJombycine moths, in the light of the
recent very suggestive and stimulating work of Weismaiin, entitled Studies in the Theories of
Descent (1882). Until within a few years the majority of descriptions of caterpillars have been
p.repared simply for the purpose of identification, or for taxonomical uses, and without reference
to the ])hilos(iphic or general zoological significance of these changes. The transformations of
some of the European Spliiugid;e have been very carefullj' worked out by Weismann, and also by
Ponlton, but it is believed that the life histories of the lower, more generalized families usually
referred to the Bombyces. especially of the Notodontidte, Ceratocampidie, Satnrniidas Hemileu-
cid.ne, Cochliopodida', and Lasiocampida', will bring ont still more striking and valuable results,
inasmuch as they, or forms near them now extinct, are believed to be closely similar to the stem
forms from which many of the higher Lepidoptera have probably been evolved.
The aim therefore in such studies shonld be —
1. To treat the larv;e as though they were adult, independent animals, and to work out their
specific and generic as well as family characters.
2. To trace the origin of mimetic and protective characters, and to ascertain the time of larval
life when they are assumed, involving —
3. The history of the development of the more specialized sette (hairs), spines, tuWercles, lines,
spots, and other markings.'
'Besides the work of Weismann, compare also the suggestive papers of E. B. Poulton, in Transactions of the
Entomological Society of London, 1S84-1!<88, and my papers: Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History,
sxiv-v, 1890-91.
7
8 MEMOmS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
i. To obtain facts regardiug the ontogeny of onr native species and genera which, when added
to what we know of the life histories of European, Asiatic, and South American Bombyces, may
lead to at least a partial comprehension of the phylogeuy of the higher Lepidoptera, viz, those
above the so-called Mici'olepidoptera.
The transformations of the Bombycine moths are especially noteworthy and useful for the
purposes we have indicated, since the group is rich in stem forms, because of its probable
geological antiijuity, and because of the remarkable and significant differences presented by the
larvic of many of the groups in the numerous successive stages of their larval life, these stages
being characterized by distinctive and highly modified shapes, colors, markings, and armatures.
These peculiarities, signalizing nearly each stage, were, we believe, evolved in direct response
to the changes in their environment, in their mode of life, or to changes in their food plants,
and the necessity of being protected through unconscious mimicry from the assaults of insects and
reptilian and avian enemies.
The transformations also afford the clearest possible evidence of the action of what Darwin
calls " inheritance at corresponding periods of life," and which Hteckel has tersely designated as
" homochronic heredity."
This fact, moreover, of inheritance at corresponding periods of life throws light on the
problem so much under discussion at the present day of the transmission of characters acquired
at difierent epochs during the life of the individual. We have devoted a section to a discussion
of this question, or rather to a review of some of the facts which strongly suggest the truth of
this principle.
The characters, so unexpected and striking, as for those worked out in Heterocampa biundata,
H. guttivitta, and obliqiia, for example, as well as numerous other of the Notodontians and allied
families, are plainly enough useless to the insect in the pupa or imago condition, and have evidently
been inherited as the result of impressions or stimuli received from without at different periods in
the life of the caterpillar alone.
Such cases occur in many other Arthropods, especially in the barnacles, and in the Decapoda,
as well as in the parasitic worms, but the causes can nearly as well be investigated in these insects,
which are so accessible.
Another series of problems is opened up by a study of the mouth-parts of the Bombyces and
of their venation, which disclose facts intimately bearing on the genealogy of the Lepidoptera.
In no other Lepidoptera has the agency of use and disuse, particularly the latter, been more
marked. While the mandibles are present in certain of the Tincina and FyraUdiiia, they have
totally disappeared from the so-called Macrolepidoptera, or higher and less generalized and primi-
tive groups. In the Bombyces, particularly the Saturnians, the maxilla-, owing to disuse, have
undergone great reduction, with complete loss of their original function. In another direction,
i. e., iu the veins of the wings, there has been a reduction in their number, and this is correlated
with their loss of power of taking food, the great but weak wings of these colossal moths being of
no use iu seeking for food, which they do not need; as, unlike the swift visitors of flowers, the
butterflies. Sphinges, and Noctuids, they are too feeble of flight to sip the nectar of flowers, or
too short lived to need any nourishment.
The geograi>hical distribution of the Bombyces also tends to confirm the view that they are
an ancient and generalized group, and to this subject we have given special attention.
In the systematic portion of the work I have endeavored to arrange the families, genera, and
even the species, in accordance with the probable phylogeuy of the group. I have begun my
account of the entire superfamily with what I regard as the most primitive family. The seven
subfamilies of Notodontians easily fall into this arrangement; it is not difficult to perceive tliat
the Gluphisiiuic and Datanin?e are the most generalized, and that the Cerurinre are the most spec-
ialized, whether we study the larvte or imagines, though much the clearest light of course is thrown
upon the subject by the larva?. It is less easy to indicate the true succession of the genera, though,
the way is made very plain iu the subfamily of Heterocampiui?.
The proper sequence of the species in a large genus is always difficult to make out. It is
obvious, however, that the old, unphilosophic method of designating such and such a species as the
type of a genus, and then arranging all the others under it, is a thoughtless procedure. Usually
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIE:N^CES. 9
the type species is the most modified, tliat most unlike its coiigeiicrs/uuless, as is often the case, it
happens to have been the first one of its jionus to liave been discovered and described.
We have th»n!;ht it better and more phih)Sophical to begin with tlnit species whose larva is
the most simple and generalized, and then arrange in their natural order those whose larvie are
more and more specialized or modified, as regards the number and variety of their markings, or
the complexity of their armature. In the genus Ichtliyura, for example, the larva of I. apicalis
(van) is the most simple and generidized, not having the higli tubercles and bright varied mark-
ings of /. indusa and (dbvs'Kjma. 1 have therefore supposed this to have been the first species to
have evolved, and this decision is supported by the wide distribution of the species and the rather
large nundjer of varieties and subvarieties into whicli tlie fiirm has been broken up.
In the case of the im;igo, that sjiecies whicli has plain wings without comiihcated bars and
spots is more primitive than those with more complex markings.
This course may at times lead to error and uncertainty, and involve more or less hypothesis
or guesswork, but tlie simple attempt will lead to a more careful scrutiny of the larval character-
istics, and to a profoundcr, more thorough, and better knowledge of the biology of the genus, and
that of course is the aim in sncli wcu'k. Of course the systematic i)art of this or any other work
of the sort is a necessary preliminary to all other higher endeavors to a complete history of the
group from a morphological and biological point of view.
On this account it is, we think, a great pity that some of the compilers of our check lists of
Lepidoptera and other insects, and of our zoological textbooks and other works of the sort, still
persist to cater to the tastes, rather than true needs, of amateurs and collectors by beginning at
the wrong end, i. e., with the " highest" forms rather than with the "lower" or more primitive.
8nch lists and works would have a fiir higher educational value and lead to much better mental
training if such compilers conld have had some knowledge of the immense im[)etus given to the
science and the new way of dealing with systematic zoology which has resulted from the labors
of Darwin, Fritz Midler, Weismann, and others.
In describing caterpillars, particularly those of the Bombyces, I have been particular to dis-
tinguish between the three thoracic and the ten abdonunal segments, because tlie former usually
difler from the abdominal segments in the number, arrangement, and relative size of the tubercles,
warts, and other markings. The warts or tubercles also are grouped into dorsal, subdorsal,
and supraspiracular rows (though this latter may in some cases be the subdorsal row), and an
infraspiracular row or series.
In order to obtain further material to finish and to perfect this monograph of the Bombyces,
the author would like to obtain from collectors and students in all parts of the country, especially
in the Southern, Western, and Pacific States, the egg, larvte, or moths, in order to fill up gaps, as
well as to afford material for illustration.
Should anyone rear any of these Bombyces, with a view to publication, I should be greatly
obliged for alcoholic specimens of the eggs and different larval stages, which might be sent after
such descriptions were published.' Such specimens would be carefully kept and returned. It will
only be by such cooperation that we shall arrive at a fair knowledge of the transformations of
this extensive group.
This monograph could not have been prepared without generous aid from friends and cor-
respondents, as well as from those in charge of the several museums mentioned below, whose
hearty cooperation I now acknowledge.
I am specially indebted to Prof. C. V. Eiley for the opportunity of freely examining from time
to time his extensive collections, so rich in preserved larvfe, both blown and alcoholic, the result
of yearsof labor while residing in Illinois, St. Louis, and in Washington, D. C. After presenting
them to the United States National .Museum, he has continued to allow me to examine the Bom-
byces, and loaned me specimens of larvi? as well as moths for study and illustration. He has also
permitted the use of numerous colored sketches, made by himself or his assistants irnder his
' It is earnestly hoped th.at aujouc receivinj; this memoir will kindly reciiirocate hy sending the eggs aud larviB
of any Bombyeiue moths not herein described, packed in tin boxes, to the antUor, at Providence, R. I., or during
July and Auj;nst, at liruuswick. Me. We still lack the eggs and young larva- of Ellida, Lophodouta, Drymonia,
and Notodonta.
10 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
•direction, and has generously turned o\ er to me all bis notes on transformations, geographical
distribution, etc., his contributions very mucli enhancing the value of this work.
I am also indebted to the authorities of the American Museum of Natural History, New York,
for the opportunity of examiTiing the types of the late Mr. Henry Edwards, and a few types of
Mr. Grote. Other material and types in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Caiubridge,
Mass., of the Boston Society of Natural History, particularly the Harris collection, and the
collection of the American Entomological Society at Philadelphia, have been examined, and to
the authorities in charge I am specially indebted. I should also acknowledge the frequent aid
rendered by ISIr. Henry Edwards before his death, and the labors of those who have in former
years done much pioneer work in collecting and describing the Bombyces, especially of my friend,
Mr. Aug. R. Grote, now of Bremen, Germany.
Mrs. Annie Trumbull Slosson, of New York, has generously given me valuable jnaterial, and
given me free access to her collection, and in this and other ways laid me under special obligations.
Mr. H. G. Dyar and Mr. B. Neumogen have freely shown me their important collections,
and generously loaned specimens for illustration and study. Mr. Dyar has in a number of ways
rendered most eflicieut aid, and has my hearty thanks. We have together made a number of
■comparisons, and thus arrived at residts which otherwise would have been less certain.
Dr. J. A. Lintner, State Entomologist of New York, has opened his collection to me, and loaned
inc several colored drawings of larva'.
From Rev. E. D. Hulst, of Brooklyn, I have received by exchange many specimens.
Dr. 11. Thaxter has permitted me to examine his very valuable collection of larvip, now in
the Cambridge Museum, and Professor French, of Carl)ondale, 111., has also kindly heliied me. I
am much indebted to Miss Emily L. Morton, of Newburg, N. Y., for eggs, larva-, and the use of
several colored drawings of Datana larva^, etc., and for notes on their habits. To Miss Caroline
E. Soule also I am under obligations for a tine colored sketch of Nerlcc hidcntata.
I am also indebted to the following entomologists who have aided me with larva?, eggs, moths,
local lists, etc.: Mr. O. S. Westcott, Chicago, 111.; Mr. Tallant, Columbus, Ohio; Mr. Graef,
Brooklyn, N. Y.; Mr. Trevor Kincaid, Olympia, Wash.; Mrs. Fernald, Amherst, Mass.: Mr.
Charles Palm, of New York; Mr. William Beutenmueller, in charge of the collection of insects
in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, and to others whose aid is acknowledged
■ in the course of the work.
To Mr. Joseph Bridgham, who has made the drawings of the larval stages, I am under special
<)bligati(nis. Besides the work of drawing, he has secured many of the larva-, and shown the
utmost pleasure in aiding me to the extent of his ability. It is to be hoped that the work of the
lithographer will bring out the delicacy of color and fidelity in drawing of the artist.
I have also had ten drawings of Walkers types in the Britisli Museum, made by Mr. H.
Knight, of Loudon, with the permission of Dr. A. Guenther, superintendent of the zoological
department, to whom my hearty thinks are due; also for his courtesy in allowing me, with the
kind aid of Mr. A. G. Butler, assistant in entomology, to examine some of Walker's types.
I have also had copied in the plates a number of excellent colored drawings of caterpillars,
made by the late Maj. John Eatton Le Conte, which were loaned me for such a purpose by his son.
Dr. John Lawrence Le Conte, a few years before his death. They were made in Georgia, presuma-
bly at Sans Souci, on the Ogeechee River, about 10 miles south of Savannah.'
Brown University, Providence, I!. I.
'See Scudder's biographical sliotcli of .T. L. Le Conte, Trans. Ainer. Ent. Soc, Aug., 1884, p. 9.
MEIMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OP SCIENCES. 1 1
II.— HINTS ON THK EVOLUTION OF THE BRISTLES, SPINES, AND TUBERCLES OF NOTODONTIAN
AND OTHER CATERPILLARS.'
It i.s not improbable, that, as a rule, all caterpillars at first lived on grasses, lierbaceous ami
low-growing- plants generally, and that gradnally they began to climb trees, as the latter became
m()ptera,and Pheocyma we have true
tree inhabiting cateri)illars, and, like the Notodontians and dendricolous (leometrids, their bodies
difter lemarkablj'from those of the low feeders, being variously spotted and mottled with shadc^s
of brown and ash, to assimilate them to the color of the bark of the tree they rest upon, and are,
besides, provided with dorsal and lateral humps and warts, to further assnnihue them, in outline
as well as in color, to the knots and leaf-scales on the smaller branches and on the twigs among
which they feed. And then there is the small groui) of Noctuobombyces, represented by species
of Apatela, I'latycerura, Raphia, Charadra, and their allies, which closely ''mimic'" the hairj',
penciled, or spiny arboreal Bombyces.- It should, however, be observed that this is scarcely a
case of mimicry, but rather of adaptation; the presence of hairs, pencils, spines, and bi'istles being
apparently due to the caterpillars having changed their environment from herbs to trees, and being
subjected to the same conditions as the Bombyces themselves.'
In the exclusively low feeding caterpillars of certain groups of butterflies the body is usually
smooth and adorned with lines and spots, while the general feeders and many arboreal forms are
often variously sjiined and tnbcrculated, yet many s])ined caterpillars of butterflies feed on low
herbs. ^ The Sphingid;e in pait feed on low plants and in part on trees, and they do not, except as
regards the caudal horn, exemplify our thesis.
'This section Is reprinted with some alterations from an article in the Proceedings of the Boston Societj' of
Natural Historj-, sxiv, 1890, pp. 482-515, 556-559.
-Of 34 si>ecies of North America Noctno-bombyces, whose transformations are known, all except 1 feed upon
trees. (See Edwards's catalogue.)
^It is hardly necessary for us to express our entire disagreement with the view of ilr. A. G. Butler, that these
Noctuid:c are really Xotodoutiaus, or in any way allied to them. It seems to us that the characters which he uses.to
remove them from the Noctuidie are superficial and adaptive. Nearly twenty-five years ago I satisfied myself, after
an examination of the denuded head and wings, that the Noctuo-bombyces were true Noctuida\ and did not depart
essentially from the typical genera.
■•While many, though not all, butterfly larv;p, as shown by Seudder and W. H. Edwanls, have spine-like "land-
ular hairs in the first stage, which may in some cases persist into one or two later stages, tbe body in many species,
especially in those which are not general feeders, but select low-growing, herbaceous plants, becomes smooth and
ornamented with stripes or spots. However, as a rule, butterfly larva- can not be divided, as the Bombyces, etc.,
into high and low feeders; yet from Scudders "Classified list of food plants of American butterflies" (Psyche, 1889) the
following facts and couclusious may bo stated:
Hesperidd'. — Out of 45 species enumerated, all l)ut 6 feed on herbs and especially on grasses, and those which
feed on tall shrubs or trees, such as EpargijrcKs lilijnis and 5 species of Thanaus, stand at the head of the group, which,
as every liody knows, is the lowest family of butterflies and nearest related to tlio moths.
PnpHionkUv. — Of the 6 species enumerated, 3 fceil on trees as well as shrubs and herbs; 1 of these, however
(P. cresphnnles), feeds on trees alone. None of this family are hairy or spiued when mature, except /'. pltilcnoi; with
its peculiar flexible, spike-like growths.
Pieriiiw. — Of 10 species, all feed on herbs, rarely on low shrubs, and none are armed with hairs, bristles, or
spines. The other two groups (Lijcanida- and Xi/mphalidtv) are general feeders, occurring indiflerently on herbs, vines,
and trees, except the striking ca.se of the 8 Satyrina>, which feed exclusively on grasses and herbs (E. portlatidia,
however, sometimes frefjuentiug the Celtis). The very spiny Argyunis larvre feed on Viola. It should also be noted
12 MEMOIES OP THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,
Of the great group of Geomctridii' iiimiy kiuds are arboreal (l)eudrogeouietrids), and in
sucU cases are almost invariably tuberculated in manifold ways. We know of no Lairy or tufted
caterpillars of this group or of any family Ijelow tbem, with tlie exception of the Pteropliorida'.
The arboreal Pyralidst, Tortricidie, and Tineidit live in such concealment, between leaves, or
in buds, or as miners, that they differ little in their surroundings from the low-feeding forms, and
are thus scarcely ever tuberculated or spiny; in fact, we can nut recall one of these groups which
are sa. The Pterophoridae are, to be sure, spiny, but they are low feeders, and their peculiar
excretory seta' (the Driisenhiirchen or glandular hairs of Zeller') are similar, as Dimmock has
observed, to the glandular or long hairs of plants; Miss Murtfeldt adding that "thei^e is a very
close imitation in the dermal clothing of the larv;v [of Leioptilus .seyicidacti/Iiis\ to that of the young-
leaves of Vernouia, on which the spring and early summer broods feed." (Psyche iii, 390, 1882.)
Returning to the Bombyces, all the Notodontians, without any exception, known to us have
trees as their principal, if not exclusise, food plants. Thus, of the 37 species of this group whose
larval forms are known, and which are enumerated in Mr. H. Edwards's "Bibliographical catalogue
of the described transformations of Nortli American Lepidoptera," together with an additional
species {Ichtlii/Krasirigosd) omitted from the catalogue, all are known to feed on trees, unless we
except U(tt((na major, which feeds on Andromeda. It is noteworthy that the only species Ibund
thus far on a herbaceous plant is the caterpillar of Apatehdcs torrefacUi, which Harris found
on the burdock, though usually it is an arboreal insect. This apparently omnivorous feeder
resembles the species of Ilalesidota, all of which occur more commonly on trees than on herbs,
and thus differs markedly from the majority of the Lithosians and Arctiaus, unless we except
the NolidiP. Now the larva of Apatelodes is hairy, the long, white hairs having scattered among
them black ones, with more or less black pencils, thus resembling the peculiar yellowish or white
caterpillars of Halesidota, with their black tufts and pencils. Similar forms are some of the
arboreal, hairy Noctuida^, as CItaradra deridens. It seems evident that the resemblance to each
other in such different groups is the result simply of adaptation, brought about by two factors,
the primary one being a change from a low feeding to an arboreal station, and consequent isolation
or segregation, and the secondary one being natural selection, the latter further tending to pre-
serve the specific form.
It will be seen by the following review that the North American Bombyces in general, with
the exception of the Arctians and Lithosians, live on trees, and this will in general apply to the
Old World species. In the group of Lasincampidie, represented by Tolype, Artace, Heterocampa,
Gastropaciia, and Clisiocampa, the station is an arboreal one, none being known to feed on
herbaceous plants. All the Ceratocampida', all tlie Hemileucida' and Attaci, the Platyptericida',
all the Cochliopodidie (Limacodes), including both the naked and spiny genera, as well as the
Psychidiie, live exclusively on trees. Of onr North American Liparidie, all are arboreal in station,
except the t^alifornian Ort/yia rctitsta, which lives on the lupine. Finally we come to the Arctians
a id Lithosians, whose hairy, or rather setose, larva; in general feed on herbaceous plants and
sometimes on trees, being in many cases omnivorous, while those of the Nolidie and Nycteolidie
whose history is known, are arboreal.
Of the Zygpenidte, including the Ctenucliidie, the species are low feeders, living on lichens,
grasses, and other low plants, or upon vines. The Dioptid genus I'hryganidia feeds on the oak.
Of the Agaristid.e, some are low feeders, Uuscirrhopterus gloveri feeding on Portulaca, while the
majority prefer vines (Vitis, etc.). As to the boring habits, of the Hepialida- and Cossid;e, which
we now consider as independent groups, related to the Tineiua, rather than belonging to the
superfamily Bombyces, these seem to be the result of early adaptation.
An examination of the food plants of the British species of Bombyces, taken from Stainton's
Manual of British butterflies and moths (1857), gives the same results for the Old World, as will
be seen by the following statements :
that many moths, Notodontians among them, which in the Northern States feed on trec^s alone, in tho Gulf States,,
accordiug to Abbott, feed on shrubs, vines, and low plants, as well as trees.
In reply to an inquiry, Mr. AV. H. Edwards kindly writes me: "I do not think that tlie butterfly larva' which,
live on tri'i.'s are under more favorable fonditious than low feeders as to healthiness or fase of rearing."
' Revision der Ptei'ophoriden. Liuu;ea eutora., 1852, vi, 35li. Mentioned by Diuiinock.
MEMOIltS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF RCIEXCES. 13
KoluJiv. — Of the ?> British species, 2 feeil on the oak and 1 on the hawthorn and sloe.
Liparidw. — Of the 12 species, all feed on trees and slirnbs, except Lcvlia ca-nosa. which lives on
reeds and other water i)lants. It is tufted.
Xotodontida'. — Of 24 species, 1 ( DUohn cwrulcdcephalu, which is smootli, with no i)r((tuberances)
feeds on the hawthorn and other plants.
Phiti/iitc')icida\ — Of thi^ (! species, o feed on trees and 1 on a shriih.
Endrnmidw. — The single sptcies is arboreal.
Psi/chidn: — The 2 species, whose larval habits were known, feed on trees a)id shrnbs.
Cochliopodida'. — The 2 species feed on trees.
Saturuiidfv. — The single Itritish si)ecies feeds on the heather, a shrubby plant.
Lasiocampida: — Of 11 species, 5 feed on trees, the others on slirnbs and herbs.
Noctuo-homhyces. — All the British species are reported as "living on trees and shrubs (piite
exposed."'
Bomhycoidw. — All the species of Acronycta live on trees and shrubs.
Influence of n chaiiye from loir t > high feidinij plants, i. e., from JiriiKj on an herbaceous to an
nrhoreaJ station. — It appears, then, that tiie more typical Bonibyces, such as the Ceratocainpida',
Ueniileucida', Attaci, Xotodontians, Cochliopodidic, and Liparid;e, arc arboreal in their station,
"their bodies being variously protected by spines, spinnlated tubercles, hairs, or tufts. The group is
indeed particularly distinguished for the manifold modifications undergone by what are morpho-
logically seta^, and it is an interesting inquiry whether tlie great development of these spines and
hairs may not have originally resulted from some change in environment, such as that from
low feeding to high-feeding or arboreal habits.
It uuiy be objected that the seta- and spines were originally due to the stimulus arising from
the attacks of parasitic insects, such as ichneumons and Tachina', or that, as hairy caterpillars
are not usually devoured by birds, these hairs and spines have originated through natural selec-
tion, and are danger signals, indicating to birds that the wearers of such hirsute and bristling
aimature are inedible. But while the final purpose ov ultimate use of such an armature may serve
the useful purpose of protection, and while natural selection may have been the leading secondary-
factor in the preservation of varietal and specific forms of hairy and spiny caterpillars, this docs
not satisfactorily account for the initial causes of the growth of tubercles, spines, etc.
If spines and hairs form hedge-like guards against the attacks of i)arasitic insects, why are
they not developed as well in the great multitude of low feeders as in the less numerous high
feeders? It may be said, however, that Enprepia caja is movG subject to the attacks of ichneumons
than almost any other larv;e. (A. G. Butler in Ann. and Mag. Xat. Hist., 1S91.) I'^veryone knows
how efficacious any hairs or bristles are in deterring ichneumons and Tachinse from oviiiositing on
caterpillars, and it is well known that naked or slightly piliferous larva' are more subject to their
attacks than those which are densely hairy or spiuose.
The eruciform type of larvw. — In endeavoring to account for the origin of the tubercles and
spines, as well as the hairs of caterpillars, let us glance at the probable causes of the origin of the
cateri)illar form, and of the more primary colors and markings of the skin.
It was Fritz Miiller who, in his Fiir Darwin (18G4), niaintained that '-the so-called complete
metamorphosis of insects, in which these animals quit the eggs as grubs or caterpillars, and
afterwards become quiescent pupa^, incapable of feeding, was not inherited from the primitive
ancestor of all insects, but acquired at a later period." '
In 1869 Dr. F. Brauer- divided the larvie of insects into two groups, the campodea form aiul
raupen form, and in 1871^-1873 we adopted these suggestive views, giving the name of eruciform
to the larv;e of weevils ami other coleopterous larvte of cylindrical form, as well as to the larv;B of
Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Ilymenoptera, all of which are the result of adaptation, being derivatives
of the primary campodea type of larva. Brauer's views on these two types of larviie were also
adopted by Sir John Lubbock iu his Origin and Metamorphoses of Insects, 1873.
' Facts aud Arguments for Dai'win. with additions by tlie author. Translated from tlie German liy W. S. Dallas,
F. L. S , Loudon, 18G'J.
■^I3fetrachtim;5eu iiber die Verwaudlun;4 diT Insekteu im Sinne der Descendeuztheorie. Verh. K. K. Zool. hot.
•Ges. Wien, 1869.
^Embryology of Chrysopa. American Naturalist, .Sei>t., 1871.
14 MEMOIRS OF THE NATION' AL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
While the origin of the eruciform larviB of the CeraiiiDycidM', Ourculioiiidte, Scolytidte, aud'
other wood-boring and seed-inhabitinji' and burrowing Coleopterous larva- in general, is i)laiuly
attributable to adaptation to changed modes of life, as contrasted with the habits of roving,
carnivorous, cauipodeiform larvie, it is uot so easy to accouut for the origin of the higher metabolous
orders of Diptera. Lepidoj)tera, and Ilynienoptera, whose larvi>' are all more or less eruciform. We
are forced to adoi)t tlie supposition tliat they have independently originated from groujis either
belonging to the Neuroptera (in the modern sense) or to some allied but extinct group.
iiestricting ourselves to the Lepidoptera; as is well known the Lepidoptera are now by some
believed to have descended from the Trichoptera or from forms allied to that group. We should,
however, prefer the view that the Lepidoptera, Trichoptera, aud Meco])tera had a common origin
from some earlier, extinct group. The similarity of the imagines of certain of the lower Tuieiua
and certain of the smaller Trichoptera is certainly very marked, the most significant feature being
the fact that the mandibles in the two groups are either absent or minute aud rudimeutary.
We have attempted, however,' to show that the larva- of the l'anorpid;e, j udging from Brauer's
figures and descriptions, are much nearer in shape and ornamentation to caterpillars thau to
case worms. Hence, it seems to us probable that the ancestral or stem form of the Lepidoi)tera
was probably a now extinct group, somewhat intermediate between the Mecoptera (Pauor])idiE)
and the Trichoptera.
The jirimltire caterpillar. — We would suggest that the earliest type of Lepidopterous larva
was allied to some Tineoid which lived not only on laud but on low herbage, not being a miner or
sack-bearer, as these are evidently secondary adaptive forms. It is evident, when we take into
account the remarkable changes in form of certain mining Tineoid larvai described and figured by
Chambers- and by Dinimock,' tiuit the fiattened, footless, or nearly apodous mining larva- of the
earlier stages are the result of adaptation to their burrowing habits. The generalized or jirimitive-
form of the first caterpillar was, then, like that of Tineoid larvie in general, and was an external
feeder rather thau a miner. The body of this forerunner or ancestor of our present caterjjillars
(which may have lived late in Carboniferous times, just before the appearance of flowering plants
and deciduous trees) was most probably cylindrical, long, and slender. Like the Panorpid larviie,
the thoracic and abdominal legs had already becom difiereutiated, and it differed from the larvie
of Panori)ids in the plantie of the abdominal legs being provided with perhaps two pairs of
crochets, thus adapting them for creeping witli security over the surface of leaves aud along twigs
and branches. The prothoracic or cervical shield was present, as this is apparently a primitive
feature, often reappearing in the Noctuidii?, and sometimes in the Bombycina, and always jiresent
in the boring larvre of the Uepialidie and the Cossid;e.
As tactile hairs, defensive or locomotive setie, and spines of manifold shapes occur in worms,
often arising from fleshy warts or tubercles, it is reasonable to assume that the piliferous warts of
lei)idopterous larvte are a direct heirloom of those of the vermian ancestors of the insects. In our
primitive caterpillar, then, the piliferous warts were present, eventually becoming arranged as
they now are in ordinary Tineoid, Tortricid, Pyralid, Geometrid, and Xoctuid larva'.
Origin of the ijreen color of caterpillars. — The cuticle may at first, as in that of caseworms and
Panorpid larvae, have been colorless or horn colored. But soon after habitually feeding in the
direct sunlight on green leaves, the chlorophyll ^ thus introduced into the digestive system aud
into the blood and the hypodermal tissues would cause the cuticle to become green. Afterwards,
by further adaptation and by heredity this color would become the hue in general common to
caterpillars. Moreover, some of the immediate descendants of our primitive caterpillars were
])robably lighter in hue than others ; this was probably due to the fact that the lighter-colored ones
fed on the pale-green underside of the leaves, this difference becoming transmitted by heredity.
' Third Report U. S. Eutomologictl Commiasion. Genealogy of the Hexapoila, pp. 297-299, 1883. Also American
Naturalist, Sept., 1883,932-945.
^American Entomologist, iii, 1880, 255-202; Psyche, ii, 81, 1,(7-227; iii, 63, 135, 147; iv, 71. Refers to the larvie-
of the -'Gracilaridie " and "Llthocolletid;e'' together with Phyllocnistis.
'Psyche, iii, Aug., 1880, 99-103.
•■Seo the important and quite conclusive footnote hy Professor Meldola ou p. 310 of Weismaim's Studies in the
Theory of Descent, Vol. i ("I have already given reasons for suspecting that the color of green caterpillars may be-
due to the presence of chlorophyll in their tissues, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1873, 159. — R. M.").
MEMOIRS OF 'THE NATIONAL ACADEJIY OK SCIENCES. 15
Orif/in of the lines. — As Wei.smaiiii lias sliowii, tbe piimitive markings of caterpillars were
lines and lonpjitudiual bands, the sjiots appearing from interru])tions or wliat may be called tbe
serial atrophy of the lines or bands. It is not ditlicult to account for the origin of the dorsal line,
as this would naturally be due to the i)reseuce of the heart underneath. This dorsal line is, for
exami)le, wanting iu the freshly hatched larv.T of Sj)Hosoma rirhantria iextor, but
after the first molt of »S'. virf/inica there is a slight, diffuse dorsal line of no decided color, though
after the second ccdysis it is decidedly whitish, or at least much jialer than the surrounding dorsal
region. In pale caterjullars the dorsal line may be darker. In the first stages of the two moths
iu question there are no lines or bands; only the xnliferous warts. Whether the subdorsal or the
spiracular lines were the tirst to originate is uncertain, hut probably, from what Weismann has
concluded fi-om his studies of the Sphingida', the subdorsal arose tirst. In the second stage of
Spilosoma virginica the subdorsal lines are reddish lines extending between the two subdorsal
rows of alternating subdorsal piliferous warts, the line becoming more decided, however, in the
third stage of this species, there being as yet no signs of a spiracular or of any lateral line. In
the freshly hatched larva of H. textor, however, what may be the first beginnings of the subdorsal
line are elongated brownish linear spots inclosing the subdorsal row of larger piliferous dots, but
not reaching the sutures between the segments. These patches, however, do not in the second
stage unite to form continuous lines, but two rows of decided black elongated spots inclosing
the black piliferous tubercles. In the freshly hatched larva of Edema albi/rons each of the two
subdorsal lines is a row of elongated black spots connected on the three thoracic segments, but
separated by the sutures along the abdominal segments.
The spiracular line is seen in the same larva of the same stage to be a yellowish band inclosing
the spiracles, and there seems to be a tendency in some, if not many, larvie for the spiracles to be
inclosed and connected by a parti-colored or bright line, and for this to have a darker (as in Edema)
or lighter edging. Why the spiracles themselves are so apt, as in Bombyces and Sphinges, to be
inclosed by a dark or conspicuous line remains to be explained.
To return to the subdorsal lines in the pale reddish larva of Datana, probably J>. inleyerrima,
these lines before the tirst molt are also inclosed by the two rows of subdorsal piliferous spots,
and in both the first and second stages there are pale spiracular lines, which appear to be contem-
iioraneous with the subdorsal line. In the third stage a new dark red line is interpolated between
the subdorsal and spiracular. In the fourth stage the spiracular hue has disappeared, and there
is a supra and an infra- spiracular pale line on the now brown, dark skin of the caterijillar. Seen
from above there are four pale lilac lines, but after molting two of them disappear, and in the
last stage there are only two subdorsal lines to be seen, if my colored drawings, very carefully
made by Mr. Brigham, are correct. We thus see that after the subdorsal and spiracular lines are
formed, others are rapidly introduced — and some may as rapidly vanish, as necessary features of
certain stages — which, when they become useless are discarded.
The admirable and most suggestive work of Weismann has placed on a sound basis the theory
of the origin of the lines, bands, and spots of the Sphingidic. The additional notes by Professor
Meldola and the beautiful researches of Mr. Poultou have added to the strength of the arguments
of Weismann. The lines, bars, stripes, spots, and other colorational markings of caterpillars, by
which they mimic the colors and shadows of leaves, stems, etc., have evidently been iu the tirst place
induced by the nature of the food (chlorophyll), by the effects produced by light and shade, by
adaptation to the form of the edge of the leaf, as in the serrated back of certain Notodontians, by
adaptation to the colors of different leaves and to the stems, often reddish, shades of greens, yellows,
reds, and browns being as common iu the cuticle of caterpillars as on the surface or cuticle of the
leaves and their stems or in the bark of the twigs and branches. We (and probably others) have
observed that the peculiar brown spots and patches of certain Notodontians do not appear until
late iu larval life, and also late in the summer or early iu the autumn contemporaneous with the
appearance of dead and sere blotches in the leaves themselves.
Now, to say that these wonderful adaptations and marked changes iu the markings of cater
])illars are due to ''natural selection," and to let the matter rest there, is quite unsatisfactory.
Natural selection may account for the elaboration of these larval forms with their markings after
they have once appeared, but we want to discover, if possible, the original causes of such orna-
1 6 MEMOIIfS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
mentation, i. c, the primaij' factors coucerued in tlieir evolution. Weismann in Ids earlier work
repeatedly a.sserts that the.se changes are due to the direct action of external conditions together
with natural selection. Within a few years past many naturalists have returned to a more profound
study of the causes of variation along some of the lines vaguely pointed out by Lamarck.' It is
noteworthy that Darwin changed his views somewhat in his Variation of Animals and Plants under
Domestication, and laid more stress on the influence of the surroundings than in his Origin of
Species.
Neither Weismann nor other authors, however, .so far as we know, have formally discussed
the jirobable mode of origin of humps, horns, tubercles, si)ines, and such outgrowths in larvie.
They are so marked and so manifold in their variations in form, and so manifestly related, and in
fact have so evidently been directly developed by adaptation to changes in the habits of the
Notodontiau caterpillars and tree-feeding larvie in general tliat this group affords favorable material
for a study of the general problem.
Spines and prickles in animals, like those of plants, serve to protect the organism from external
attack, and also to strengthen the shell or skin; they are adaptive structures, and have evidently
arisen in response to external stimuli, either those of a general or of a cosmical nature, or those
resulting from tlic attacks of animals. It is almost an axiomatic truth that a change of habit
in the organism precedes or induces a change of structure.
What has caused the enlargement and specialization of certain of the piliferous warts ? As
remarked by Sir James Paget, " Constant extrapressure on a part always appears to produce
atrophy and absorption; occasional pressure may, and usually does, jn-odnce hypertrophy and
thickening. All the thickenings of the cuticle are the consequences of occasional pressure, as the
pressure of shoes in occasional walking, of tools occasionally used with the hand, and the like,
for it seems a necessary condition for hypertrophy, in most parts, that they should enjoy intervals
in which their nutrition may go on actively." (See Lectures on Surgical Pathology, I, p. 89, quoted
by Henslow, who remarks in his suggestive work, "The origin of floral structures through insect
and other agencies."' that "the reader will perceive the significance of this passage when recalling
the fact that insects' visits are intermittent."-)
It is now assumed by some naturalists that the thorns, spines, and prickles of cacti and other
plants growing in desert or dry and sterile places are due either to defective nutrition or to " ebbing
vitality" (Geddes), or by others, as Mr. Wallace, to the stimulus resulting iiom the occasional
attacks or visits of animals, especially mammals. It should be borne in mind that the great deserts
of the globe are of quite recent formation, being the result of the desiccation of interior areas of
the continents, late in the Quaternary epoch, succeeding the time of liver terraces. Owing to this
' Herbert Spencer says : "The direct action of the medium was the primordial factor of organic evolution " (see
The Factor of Organic Evolution. 1>*86). Claude Bernard wrote: " The conditions of life are neither in the organism,
nor in its external surroundings, I>ut in both at ouce" .'([UOted from J. A. Thompson's Synthetic Summary of the
lutluence of the Environment upon the Organism, Proc. Eoy. I'hys. Soc, is, 1888). Sachs remarks: "A far greater
portion of the phenomena of life are [is] called forth by external iiitlueuces than one formerly ventured to assume"
(Phys. of Plants, 1887, IPl, English translation). Semper claims '•' that of all the properties of the animal organism,
variability is that which may first and most easily be traced by exact iuvestigatiou to its efficient causes" (Animal
Life, etc., preface, vi). "External conditions can exert not only a very powerful selective influence, but a transform-
ing one as well, although it must bo the more limited of the two'' (lb., 37). "No power which is able to act only as
a selective, and not as a transforming, iulliieuce can ever be exclusively put forward as the proper efficient cause —
g'tiisa efficiens — of any phenomenon (lb., 404).
-Henslow also adds that "atrophy by pressure and absorption is seen in the growth of embryos, while the
constant pressure of a ligature arrests all growth at the constricted place. On the other hand, it would seem to be
the persistent contact which causes a climber to thicken."
It mayhere be noted that the results of the hypertrophy and overgrowth of the two consolidated tergites of
the second anteunal and mandibular segments of the Decapod Crustacea, by which the carapace has been produced,
h.as resulted in a coustaut pressure on the dorsal arches of the succeeding five cephalic and five thoracic segments,
until as a result we have an atrophy of the dorsal arches of as many as ten segments, these being covered by the
carapace. Audouiu early in this century enunciated the law that in articulated animals one part was built up at
the expense of adjoining portions or organs, and this is beautifully exemplified by the changes in the development
of the carapace of the embryo and larval Decapod Crustacea, and also in insects. For example, note the change in
form and partial atrophy of the two hinder thoracic somites of some beetles, as compared with the large prothorax,
due probably to the more or less continual pressure exerted by the folded elytra and wings.
MEMOlliS OF THE NxVTIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 17
widespread cliansc in tlie oiiviroiiineiit, iiivolvinjj' a dryiii!;' ii)> of the, soil, much of it alkaline, the
direct iutluence on plant life must have been profound, as regards their protective defenses, and
after spines began to develop one can well understand how their shapes should have been regulated
for each species and preserved by the set of niinor factors wliich pass current under the term
"natural selectio'n."'
Animals may also, in some cases, have developed spines in response to a change of environ-
ment. If we ghince over the eiinclis of paleontological history we shall see that at certain periods
trilobites, brachiopods, ammonites, and perhaps other groups showed a tendency to become tuber-
culated, spiny, or otherwise excessively ornamented. These periods must have been characterized
by great geological changes, both of the relative distribution of land and water and perhaps of
climate and soil. Among the brachiopods, more spiny species .occur in the Carboniferous period
than in the earlier Paleozoic times.' Among the trilobites, although in Paradoxides and in other
genera the gensB and sides of the segments are often greatly elongated, we only find forms with
long dorsal spines at the close of the Silurian and during the Devonian.'^ There are no such spiny
forms of ammonites as in the uncoiled Cretaceous Crioceras,^ etc.
These types, as is well known, had their period of rise, culmination, and decline, or extinc-
tion, and the more spiny, highly ornamented, abnormal, bizarre forms appeared at or about the
time when the vitality of the type was apparently declining. Geddes claims that the spines of
plants are a proof of ebbing vitality. Whether or not this was the case with the types of animal
life referred to, whether the excess of ornamentation was due to excess or deficiency of fooil, it is
not improbable that the appearance of such highly or grotesquely ornamented forms as ce.tain
later brachiopods, trilobites, and ammonites was the result of a change in their environment during
a period when there were more widespread and profound changes in physical geography than had
perhaps pi'eviously occurred.
If the tendency to the production of spines in past geological times was directly or indirectlj-
due to a change in the milieu, and if plants when subjected to new conditions, such as a transfer
to deserts, show a tendency to the growth of thorns, or if those which are constantly submerged
tend to throw out ascending aerial roots,* or if, like epiphytes, when growing in mid-air, they throw
out descending aerial roots, I have thought it not improbable that tubercles, humps, or spines may
have in the first place been developed in a few generations, as the result of some change in the
environment during the critical time attending or following the close of the Paleozoic or the early
part of the Mesozoic age, the time when dei'iduous trees and flowers probably began to appear.
I have always regarded the Bombyces, or the superfamily of silkworm moths, as a very
ancient one, which has lost many forms by geological extinction. We thus account for the many
gaps between the genera. Both the larvai and the moths differ structurally far more than the
genera of Geometrids and of Noctuidte, and the number of species is less. The two latter families
probably arose from the great specialization of type in Tertiary times; while evidently the great
' Although there are spiny brachiopods in the Silurian, they become more common in the Devonian (e. g., Atrypa
hi/strir, Chonetes scititla, C. coronata, C. muricala, Productella hirsiita, P. hiistricula, P. rarhpinn, an 1 Slrophacosia
yiroductoides), and are apparently more numerous in the Carboniferous formation (e. g., Proiiiirtiis Inngispinits, P.
nebrascensin, Chonelfs ornata, C. mcsoloba, C. variolala, C. salmanianit, C. seligcrus (also Devonian), C. fiaeheri, etc.,
ProdurttUa newberriji, besiiles the Permian Productus horrida.
-Besides Paradoxides, there are such forms as the Cambrian Hiidrocephalim carens, the Silurian Dalmtmia punctnia,
Cheirurns plnircxanthemiis, and Eunjcare breincauda, while the spiny species of Acidaspis seem U> be more abundant in
the Deronian than in the .Silurian strata, but those which bear dorsal spines, such as Deiphon forbesii and J iv/cs
annatua, are Devonian.
^ Quite long spines occur in the Cretaceous species of Crioceras and Anci/loceras malheroiiinntim of Europe, but
none, so far as we .are aware, in earlier times.
■•See N. S. Sh.aler: Notes on Taxodiiim dialichuin, Mem. M. C. Z., xvi, 1, 2, and W. P. Wilson: The production
•of aerating organs on the roots of swamp .and other pl.ants, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., April 2, 1889, quoted in
Garden and Forest, Jan. 1, 1890. Shaler conjectures that the function of the "knees" is in some way connected
with the aeration of the sap. Mr. Wilson shows that " besides the cypress, other plants which habitually grow with
roots covered with water (the water gum, Ni/ssa silvatioa, var. aqitatica, Avicennia nitida, and Pinna aerotina) develop
similar root processes; and what is still more suggestive. Mr. Wilson has induced plants of Indian corn to send roots
above the surface of the soil by keeping it continually saturated with water."' It is to be observed that the aerial
roots of the latter develop in a single generation.
S. Mis. 50 2
18 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
f;roup or siipcrfainily Tiiieina and allied forms, in some of which the nuuidibles still persist,' and
which in other features (besides having, as in Nepticula and Phylloenistis, nine jjiiirs of abdominal
legs^) show their affinity to the Trichoptera and Mecoptera, originated at an earlier date. As is
well known, the Cietaeeons land was covered with forests of oaks, licinidanibars, maples, willows,
sassafras, dogwood, hickory, beech, poplar, walnut sycamore, laurel, myrtle, lig, etc., at or soon
after the close of the Laranue epoch, and this may have been the time, if not earlier in the
]\Ieso/.oic, when in all probability the low feeding cater|)illars of that time began, perliai)s through
overcrowding, to desert their pi'iniitive herbaceous food plants and to ascend trees in order to I'eeCL
on their leaves.
Darwin ' has made the significant remark " th;it organic beings, when subjected during several
generations to any change whatever in their ('onditions, tend to vary." Further on he refers ta
the general arguments, which appear to him to have great weight, " in favor of the view that
variations of all kinds and degrees are directly or indirectly caused by the conditions of life to
which each being, and more especially its ancestors, have been exposed'' (p. -41), and he linally
concludes: "Changes of any kind in the conditions of life, even extremely slight changes, often
suffice to cause variability. Excess of nutriment is perhaps the most efficient single exciting
cause" (p. 258).
When, in Mesozoic or possibly still earlier times, caterpillars began to migrate from herbaceous
plants to trees, they experienced not only some change, however slight, in the nature of their
food, but also a slight climatic change, so to speak, involving a change in the temperature. Insects
'Dr. A. Walter has discovered the preseuce of miaute rudimeutary mandibles iu the Europeaa Micropteryx
calteUii, Tinea piilinnella, Tiiieola bisetiella, Argi/reslMa uilidMa, Crambiis trinlMm, and two genera of Pteroplioridiii
(.Sitzungsl). Jena, Ges. flir Mod. u. Natnrwi.ss., 18:55). I have also defeotoil thcin iu Coleaphara contscipeniwlhi and iu
another Tiueid of a genus as yet undetermined.
'The larval of Phylloiui.stis have no thoracic legs, but have eight pairs of membranous retractile abdominal legs,
and an anal pair. (Amerieau Entomologist, iii, 2.")6. ) Mr. H. T. .Stainton kiniUy iuforms me that the larvie of
Neptiijula have uo thoraeic legs "but possess nine pairs of abdominal legs," whicli, however, bear no hooks; " they
look like so many fleshy promiucnees."
^The Variation of Animals aud Plants uuder Domestication, second editiou, revised, Loudon, 1SS8. Iu the
same work Darwin eays : "Nathusius states positively (pp. 99, 103), as the result of common experience and of his
experiments, that rich aud abundant food, given during youth, tends by some direct action to make the head [of the-
pig] broader aud shorter, and tluat poor food works a contrary result."
Darwin also states that '• the nature of the food supplied duriiig many generations has apparently affected the
length of the intestines, for, according to Cuvier, their length to that of the body in the wild l)oar is as 9 to 1, iu
the comuiou domestic boar as 13.5 to I, and in the Siam breed as 16 to 1 " (lb., 77). See atso the cases mentioned by
Semper in his Animal Life, etc., pp. 60-62, aud Neumayr's St.'lmme der Thierreichs, 1889, 123. Virchow claims that
tlie characteis of the skull depend on the shape of tlie Jaw, this being due to differences in food; aud here might be
i|Uoted the witty remark of lirillat-Savarin, " Dis-min co quo tu uiauges, je te dirai ce que tu es."
The most remarkable case, aud one directly applical)le to our subject of the proliable cause of the growth of
spines, is that cited by Prof J. A. Ryder: " Even certain species of tishes, when well fed aud kept in conliueuieut,.
not only spawn several times during a season, iuste:id of only once, as I am informed by Dr. W. II. Wahl, but also
when kept from hibcruatiug, as he suggests, tend to vary in the most astounding manner. The wonderful results of
Dr. Wahl, attained iu the comparatively short period of six years, show what may be done in intensifying the
monstrous variations of Japanese goldftshes, through selection, confinement in tanks and aquaria, with comparatively
liuutod room for swimming, plenty of food, etc., all of which conditions tend to favor growth and metabolism, and
the expenditure of energy under such wholly new and restricted couditiona as to render it almost certain, as he
thinks, that these factors have something to do with the development of the enormous and abnormally lengthened
[leetoral, ventral, dorsal, double anal, and caudal fins of his stock. Some of the races of the.se fishes have obviously
been affected iu appearance by abundant feeding, as is attested by their short, almost globular bodies, protuberant
abilomens, aud greedy habits, as I have observed iu watching examples of this short-bodied race living in Dr.
Wahl's aifuaria. In these last instances wo are brought face to face with modifications occurring iu fishes under
domestication which are infinitely in excess, mori)h(>logically speaking, of anything known among ;iny other
domesticated auiuuils. That the abundant feeding and exposure to a uniform temperature during the whole year
and confiiu'ment in comparatively restricted quarters h.avo had something to do with the genesis of these variations,
through an iuUucuce thus extended upon the metabolism affec'ting the growth of certain parts of the body, which
have tended to become hereditary, there can scarcely be any doubt" (Ainerican Naturalist, Jan., 1890).
Darwin states that in India several species of fresh-water fishes "are only so far treated artificially that tliey
are reared iu great tanks; but this small change is sufficient to induce much variability " (Variation of Animals and
Plants under Domestication, ii, 246).
MEMOIliS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 19
liviiis' in trees or shrubs several or many feet above the gronTid are certainly exposed to a more
even temperature, as it is colder at ni,i;ht even in midsummer within a lew inches of the ground,
say about a foot, the usual lieij;ht to which grasses and herbs grow. The changes, therefore, by day
and night are greater at the surface of the ground than among the leaves and Inaiudies of a tree.
;SI(n-eover, forests, not too dense for ins(H't life, with glades and paths to admit tiie sunlight and
heat, must necessarily have a more even temperature and be less cxijosed to cool winds, aud less-
subject to periods of drought than grassy fields. There is also a less free circulation of air among
grasses and herbs, which may be more or less matted and lodged alter heavy rains, than among the
separate and coarser leaves of trees, such as the different species of oak, which in North America,
at least north of Mexico, harbors a far greater nn.mber of species of insects (over .500) than any
other plant known. On the whole, forest trees support a far larger number of kinds of phytopha-
gous insects than grasses or herbs, and may this not be due to better air and a freer circulation,
to a more equable temperature, perhaps of a higher average, and thus lead insects to eat more?
May not the plump bodies of the larger silkworms, as the larval Attaci, the Ceratocampids, and
especially the Cochliopodida' (Limaeodes), be in some way due to their strictly arboreal envi'-on-
ment?'
When the ancestors of the inesent groujjs became fairly established under these changed
conditions, beconung high feeders, and rarely wandering to low herbaceous plants, we should
have a condition of things akin to geographical isolation. The species would gradually tend to
become segregated. The females would more and more tend to dejiosit their eggs on the bark or
leaves of trees, gradually deserting annual herbs.
For example, the females of the Attaci and their allies, as well as the Cochliopodida', may have
at first had larger wings and smaller bodies, or been more active during flight than their descendants.
Their present heavy, thick bodies and sluggish habits are evidently sec(mdary and adaptive, and
these features were induced perhaps by the habit of the females ovipositing directly ui)on leaving
their cocoon, and cocoon-spinning moths are perhaps as a rule more sluggish and heavy-bodied
than those which enter the earth to transform, as witness the Ceratocampid?e compared with
the cocoon-spinning silkworm {B. mori) and the Attaci. Spinning their cocoons among the
leaves at a jieriod in the earth's history when there was no alternation of winter and summer
and probably only times of drought, as in the dry season of the Tropics at the present day, the
females may have gradually formed the habit of depositing their eggs immediately after exclusion
and on the leaves of the trees forming their larval abode. The females thus scarcely used their
wings, while (as in Cdltosumia iiromeihcn) the males, with their larger wings, lighter bodies,
broadly pectinated antenna^, and consequently far keener sense of smell, could tly to a greater
or less distance in search of their mates.- The principal of segregation-' so well worked out by
Mr. Gulick, to which Mr. Romanes' theory of physiological selection is a closely allied factor, if
not covering the same ground, would soon be in operation, and the tendency to breed only among
themselves, rather than with the low feeders, would more and nn)re assert itself, until, as at present,
arboreal moths, as a rule almost, if not wholly, oviposit exclusively on the leaves or bark of trees.
' The fat, overgrown slugworms (Limaeodes) may be compared to the overfed, high-bred pig, whieh eats-
voraciously, has little need of routing, and takes l)ut little exercise. Where, as among cave Vininials, there is a.
deticiency of food, we have a constant tendency to sliniuess, to an attenuation of the body. This is seen in the
blind cave arthropods, such as the blind crayfish, blind beetles, blind C:pcisprung der Wirbelthiere nnd das Princip dcs Fnuctionswechscls, Leipzig, 1875.
•' It is possible that the close resemblance of the warts, projecti ons, and spines of certain .nrborcal caterpillars
which so closely mimic the spines, leaf scars, and projections of tlie branches or twig'- or plants,. has been bronght
about in a way analogous to the production of spots and lines on the body of caterpillars. Darwinians attribute
this to the action of "protective mimicry," but this expression rather expresses the result of a series of causes to
which wo have endeavored to call attention. The effect of dark and light shades and the light and shade in
producing the stripes and bars of caterpillars are comparatively direct and manifest; but how can thorns and other
projections on trees and shrubs affect caterpillars directly? Given the origination by hypertrophy of warts and
spines, and it is then easy to see that by natural selection caterpillars may have finally become adapted so as to
mimic similar vegetable growths. Our object is to endeavor to explain the causes of the primary growth and
• development of such projections, i. e., to lay the foundation for the action of natural selection.
MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIEXCES. 21
The foUowiug table is an attempt at a flassiticatioii of some of the structures arising from
the various moditications of tlie i)rimitive i)iliferoas warts or tubereles common to uearly all, if not
all, smooth-bodied lepidopterous larva". As is well known, the term '-hair" does not properly
apply to the bristles or hair-like structures of worms and Arthroixxhi, as morphologically they
are not the houiologiies of the hairs of mammals, but arise, as Newport Urst sh(jwed, through a
moditication and hypertrophy of the nuclei of certain cells of the cuticle. Heuce the word seta,,
as suggested by Lankestei', is most ai)i)licable.
A. — TuDEItCLES.
a. Simple and minute, duo to a slii^lit tliickeuiug of the liypoilenuis and a decided thickeiiiuj;- of the over-
lying cuticle; the hypodenuis contains a large unicellular gland, either for the secreliou of the seta or for the-
prodactiou of poison.
1. Minute piliferous warts. (Most Tineid, Tortricid, and Xoctuid larva'.)
2. Enlarged smooth tubercles, bearing a single seta. (Many Geometrid and Bonibycine larva>.)
3. Enlarged spherical tubercles, bearing a number of sefce, either radiated or subverticillate. (.\rctians, LithosianSj,
ZygienidiF, including some Glaucopina'.)
4. High, movable, smooth tubercles, having a terrifying function. {Schi-uni, Xylinodes, Xotodoiita, Xerice.)
5. Low and broad, rudimentary, replacing the "caudal horn.'' (ChaTocampa, the European I'heoaia dicttva, and
dictaoides.)
h. More or less spinnlose or spini/ (disappearing in some Sphinges after .Stage I).
1. Long and slender, usually situated on top of the eighth abdominal segment, with microscopic spiuules in Stage L
(Most Sphingida' and Sesia.)
2. Smooth subspherical warts. (Zyg.Tnida-, e. g., Chalcosia. East Indies) ; or elongated, but still smooth. (Altacus
atlas, and a species from Southwestern Territories. L'. S. A.)
3. Subspherical or clavate spiny tubercles of many Attaci; the spiuules usually short.
4. Spinulated spines or elongated tubercles of Ceratocamipdie and Hemilucida'. {H. io and H. maia, etc.)
5. Spike-like hairs or spines. (Samxa cijnthia, Anisota, East Indian Hypsa, Auagnia.)
6. Antler-like spines. Early stages of Heterocampa biuiidata, guttiviita and obliqn<(.)
B.— Set.e (" Hauls," Buistles, ?;tc.).
1. Simple, fine, short or long, microscopic or macroscopic set.e, tapering hairs, scattered or dense, often forming
pencils. (Many Bombyces, Zyga'nida-, Noetuo-bombyces, Apatehe )
2. Glandular hairs, truncate, spindle-shaped or forked at tUe end, and secreting a more or less viscid fluid. (Many
in Stages I and II of Notodontians, many butterfly larvie, and in the last stages of Pterophorida?.)
3. Long, spindle-shaped hairs of Ajiatelodes, ApateJa americana, figured in Harris Corr., PI. Ill, fig. 2; also Packard's
Guide, fig. 236, and the European Tinoliiis ehurneigulln Walk.
4. Flattened, triangular hairs m the tufts or on the sides of the body of Cnistropaeha americanu. or flattened, spindle-
shaped scales in the European G. quercifolia.'
5. .Spinulated or barbed hairs. (Most Glaucopides, etc., Arctians, Lithosiaus, and Liparida', and many other
Bombyces.)
C. — FSEUDO-TUBEReLE.S.
1. The filameutal anal legs (stemapoda) of Cerura and Heterocampa marthesia.
2. The long suranal spine of Platyptericida'.
THE USUAL POSITION OF THE 3I0RE SPECIALIZED WARTS, HUMPS, OK HORKS.
Everybody has noticed that the horn characteristic of larval Sesia' and Sphinges is uniformly
situated on the back of the eighth abdominal segment and no other, and that when it is absent,
as in Chierocampa, etc., it is replaced by a small, low, and tiatteued tubercle, the segment itself
being somewhat swollen. The larval Agaristid:e (Alypia, Eudryas, Copidryas, Psychomorpha,
etc.) have a prominent, gibbous hump on this segment, or at least this -segment is more or less
prominent and humjied, not only in this family, but also in certain smooth bodied NoctuidiV, as
Amphipyra, and Olygia versicolor, etc.
In many Xotodontida- the tirst abdominal segment bears a conspicuous hump, sometimes
forked, often ending in a seta.
In the larval Ceratocampidi\», either the prothoracic segment or the second and third thoracic
segments bear high conspicuous horns and spines. They may be roughly classified as follows:
•See my article in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Ser. 0. i.\. pp. 372-375. 1892.
22 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIO^WL ACADEMY OF 8ClENt'ES.
Prothoracic scgmeni. — Witli a large subsplieriual tubercle on each tside bearing uumerous
radiating hairs (Lasiocampid;e of lirst stage) or peueils of hairs (Parorgyia); two antlers (H.
guttivltta, biundata and H. obliqua).
iSccond thorarif srgmcni. — Two high slender spines. First stage of Anhota .senatoria, A. sfirjma,
and JJryocampd rithicunda.
Third thoracic segment. — Two spinulose pappose flaps, Empretia stimulca.
First, second, and third thoracic segments. — Each with a pair of high spines, Cithcronia regnlis
and Elides imperinlis.
Second and third thoracic segments.— \^:\(i\i with a pair of long horns, Sphingicampa bicnlor.
First and third thoracic segments. — In Stage I of the European Aglia tan (Poultou).
First abdominal segment. — Movable tubercle in Schizura and Xylinodes.
Eighth abdominal segment.— Tim caudal horn of Sesia and most Sphingid;e, Pheosia, and
Eudrouiis, Bomhy.v mori, and other species— Sphingicampa, Eacles, Citheronia, and Aglia tan
(Stage 1).
So far as I am aware no one has suggested why these horns and high tubercles, and often
pencils of hairs, are restricted to these particular segments. As a partial explanation of the reason
it may be stated that the presence of these high tubercles, etc., is correlated with the absence of
abdominal legs on the segments bearing the former. It will also be noticed that in walking the
apodous segments of the caterpillar are more elevated and i)rominent tlian those to which the legs
are appended. They tend to bend or hump up, particularly the tirst and the eighth abdominal,
the ninth segment being reduced to a nHninium,and the tenth simply represented by the suranal
£Ci. Body with two dorsal tubercles; also hairy. Ichihyura.
G. Body smooth, polished; a single hump, surmounted by a horn on the eighth abdominal
segment. I'hcosla.
7. Back 2-8-humped, serrate, body smooth, not brightly striped. Notodonta, Kerice.
8. Body smooth, gayly strijjed, eighth abdominal segment gibbous. Edema, Dasylophia.
9. Body smooth, with nutant tubercles on first and eighth abdominal segments; end of body
"uplifted. Colors green with brown patches simulating dead blotches on leaves. Hyparpax,
Schizxra, and XyJinodes.
10. Body with stout spines and with spiny tubercles on first and eighth abdominal segments.
■Schizura unicornis.
11. Body smooth, tapering; anal legs normal, often with two jjrothoracic tubercles, enormous
in early stages. Hetcrocampa (juitlritta, biundala, and ohliqnn.
12. Body smooth, striped; anal legs normal. Hetcrocaiiipn maiiteo.
13. Body with two dorsal prothoracie tubercles; anal legs tilamental; each ending in an
■eversiblc tlagellum. Macntrocampa marthesia.
14. Body with two lateral prothoracie tubercles; anal legs filamental, each ending in an
•eversible tlagellum. Ceriira.
15. Body doubly humped on the abdominal segments; filamental anal legs. The Old World
genus Staurojynn.
So far as I have gone in the examination of the structure of the moths, this succession of
genera roughly corresponds with the classification of the family. Judging by the moths alone.
Dataim stands at one end of the series and Cerura at the other.
Perhaiis Cerura has generally been placed at the end of the group because of its fancied
resemblance to the larva of Drepana, but this is deceptive, because the long caudal filament of
the latter genus is simply a hypertrophy of the suranal plate, and the anal legs themselves are
atrophied, while in Cerura they are enormously hypertrophied, probably owing to their active use
as deterrent appendages.
SUMilARY.
One would suppose that the two genera Nadata and Lophodonta, with the Old World genera
Pterostoma, Ptilophora, Drymonia, Microdonta, and Lophopteryx ' (of the two species L. cticuUina,
■which is humped on the eighth abdominal segment, connects with the plain-bodied L. carmelita
'The first larval stapes of the Collowiug genera are still imkuown. .and the author -n-ould he much iiulehted for
•eggs or aleoholic specimens of the larva; of the first and later stages: Kllida, Lophodonta, Drymonia, Notoilonta,
24 ME3I01RS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
and the above-iiieutioiieil group, Plieosia, Leiocaiupa) sliould properly, by their smooth, uoctui-
form shape, stand at the bottom of the family, as beiiiy,- nearest related to the primitive form of the-
group. But until we know more of the earliest stages it is best to suspend our judgment.
1. The more prominent tubercles and spines or Ijristles arising from them are hy])crtr()phied
piliferous warts, the warts with the seta or hair which they bear being common to all caterpillars.
2. The hypertrophy or enlargement was i)robably primarily due to a change of station from
herbs to trees, involving better air, a more equable temperature, perhaps a diHereut and better
food.
3. The enlarged and specialized tubercles developed more rapidly on certain segments than
others, especially the more prominent segments, because the nutritive fluids would tend to more
freely supply parts most exposed to external stimuli.
4. The stimuli were in great part due to the visits of insects and birds, resulting in a mimicry
of the spines and projections on the trees; the colors (lines and spots) were due to light or shade,
with the general result of prote(!tive mimicry or adaptation to tree life.
5. As the result of some unknown factor several of the hypodermic cells at the base of the
spines became in certain forms specialized so as to secrete a poisonous fluid.
r>. After such primitive forms, members of different families, had become established on trees,
a process of arboreal segregation or isolation would set in, and intercrossing with low feeders,
would cease.
7. Heredity, or the unknown factors of which heredity is the result, would go on uninter-
ruptedly, the result being a succession of generations perfectly adajited to arboreal life.
8. Finally the conservative agency of natural selection would operate, constantly tending
toward the elaboration and preservation of the new varieties, species, and genera, and would not
cease to act in a given direction so long as the environment remained the same.
9. Thus, in order to account for the origin of a species, genus, family, order, or even a class,
the first steps, causing the origination of variations, were in the beginning due to the primary
(direct and indirect) factors of evolution (Neolaniarckism), and the tinal stages were due to the
secondary factors, segregation and natural selection (Darwinism).
f
111.— OX CERTAIN POLXTS IN THE EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF BOMBYCLXE LARV^.
Homology of the ^•JJafjcUiim'" of Ccruru, etc., ivith the planta of the other abdominal legs. — We
have in a former ' article, in describing the larvie of Macrurocampa marthesiu and of certain species of
Cerura, called attention to the nature of the stemapoda- or filamental legs of those caterpillars,
aud their generally undisputed homology witli the anal legs of other Notodoutiaus. PI. XXXX'II,
fig. !», represents the anal legs of r>. on each side of the median red dorsal line.
In Datana integcrrima, a small, transversely oblong, conspicuous black cervical shield is
present iu the freshly hatched larva and in the subsequent stages. There is, however, no shield
or rudiments of one in Edema albifrons or in Heterocampa and Macrurocampa.
In the other Bombyces there is no genuine shield, but in the first stage of some forms the two
dorsal piliferous warts on the prothoraeic segment are more or less eidarged and sometimes,
coalesced so as to indicate that the shield may have been formed by the enlargement and
coalescence of these warts.
The supraanal or suranal ^>/a/c.— This plate, the j>o(/e./- of Kirby and Spence, in Bombycine-
and Geometrid larvie, both as to its shape and ornamentation, attbrds excellent characters for
distinguishing species, and wo have found it of great use, especially in describing Geometrid
caterpillars. It varies much in shape and ornamentation in ISTotodoutidiT, also iu Attacid* .and
Ceratocampidfe. In Noctuida; it is not, so far as we know, very characteristic. It seems to be
especially developed iu those larviB which constantly use the anal legs for grasping, while the front
part of the body is more or less raised. It is thus correlated with enlarged anal legs.
Morphologically this plate appears to represent the dorsal arch of the tenth or last abdominal
segment of the body,' and is the ''anal operculum" or lamina snpraan((Iis of diflerent authors.^
This suranal ]date is in the PlatyptericidcB remarkably elongated, forming an approach to a
flagellum-like terrifying appendage, and in the larva of Aglia tun forms a long, prominent suarp
spine. Its shape also in Cerura caterpillars is rather unusual, being long and ruirrow. In the
Ceratocampidie, especially iu Auisota, Dryocampa, Eacles, and Citheronia, this plate is very
large, the surface and edges being rough and tuberculated, while it seems to attain its maximum
in Sphingicampa, being triangular, ending in a bifid point.
' See my note, " The number of abdomiuiil segments in Lepidopterous larvie."' .American Naturalist, March,
1885, pp. 307, 3(18.
= Compare E. Haase, " Ou the constitution of the body iu the Blattiihe." Ann. and Mag. Xat. Hist., March, 1890,.
227-234. Translated from Sitzuugsb. Ges. Naturf. Freuude zu Berlin, Jahig., 1889, 128-136.
26 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
The ninth abdominal segment is unusnally well developed in the Attacida' and the Cerato-
■campidii', sometimes, as has been previonsly stated, bearing a true " caudal horn," which takes
the idace of that usually growing on the eighth segment. In the Rhopalocera, the suranal plate
is in general, especially in Hesperidie and Papilionida>, small and rounded, much as in the
Noctuida-, but in the Xymphalida' it is more or less speci;ilized, and remarkably so in the larva of
Xeonymphd phoeion and other satyriues, whei'e it is greatly elongated and forked. (See figures
in Scuddcr's "Butterflies of New England;" also W. Miiller's figures of larva of Prepona.)
The par anal lohen. — These are the homologues of the two anal valves (valrulw of Burmeister,
"the podical plates" of Huxley) observed in the cofkroach, and occurring in nearly all, if not all,
insects. In Geometrid larvie they are full, tlesliy, lobe-like, or papilliform, Ijoundiug the areas on
each side, and appear as if projecting backward from the base of the anal legs.
In the Ceratocanipidie these paranal lobes are not well developed. In the larva of Cerura they
are much as in Geometrid caterpillars, where they end each in a seta.
The paranal forks. — We have already called attention to these two bristles in our description
of the larva' of Cerura. (Proceedings Boston Soc. N. H. xsiv, p. .^53.) They are well developed,
arising from the end of a papilla in'ojecting directly backward. Their use has been indicated by
Mr. John Hellins,' who refers to a pair of sharp points underneath the anal flap, "which are used to
throw the pellets of frass to a distance." Occurring in Notodontian and other arboreal caterpillars,
notably the tree-inhabiting Geometrids, they are wanting in Noctuidie (including Acronycta and
Catocala), Sphingidic, and Rhopalocera, as well as the lower Geometrids and the Microlepidoptera,
and are not developed in the Sphingidre. In Ichthyura (Clostera) they are slightly developed. In
the European Urupteryx sambncatn (received from M. P. Chri^tien) these lobes are very large,
papilliform, and setiferous, and in our Chcerodes, etc., they are similarly developed and the
use of the two setfe or the fork is undoubtedly the same as in Cerura.
The infraanal lobe. — My attention was first called to this lobe or flap while exanuning some
Geometrid larvfe. It is a thick, conical, fleshy lobe or flap, ending often in a hard cliitinous point,
and situated directly beneath the vent. In appearance it is somewhat like the egg-guide of the
Acrydii, though the latter is thin and flat. Its use is evidently to aid in tossing the pellets of
excrement away so as not to allow them to come in contact with the body. In a large not iden-
tified Geometrid worm, which lives on the ash, this flap is large and conical, ending in a blunt
chitinous point. In a large geometer belonging to another genus, the tip is sharper and harder,
and in what is probably a larva of Endropia, while the paranal forks are well develo])ed, the
infraanal lobe ends in a stift' bristle. Whether this infraanal lobe is the homologue of the ninth
nrosternite or ventral plate I will not at present undertake to say.
Glfindnlar seta: — Among the Notodontida* the freshly hatched larvte of several genera are
provided with glandular hairs of various shapes. In Dntana iiifef/ei-rima they are clavate; iu
Dasylophia anguina they are clavate, somewhat flattened, and are dark, but clear at the tip,^ while
in all the other caterpillars we have observed that the glandular hairs are confined to the body,
those on the head tapering to a point, and apparently not fitted for secreting a fluid; those on the
head of Dasylophia are glandular, all ending in a slight transparent bulb.
Other genera of this group will probably on further investigation be found to possess glandular
setic in their first larval stages. They occur in the freshly hatched larva of what is probably a
species of Heterocampa, also in Xadnta fiibbosa, Iclitliyiit-a incliisa, and Pheos'ui riinosa.
It is to be observed that the freshly hatched caterpillars of Ceratosia tricolor Smith are
provided with glandular hairs. They are flattened at the tip, which is slightly tridentate, with
' The use of these I find explained by Mr. Hellins iu his description of the larva of C. bifida iu Buckler's Larvie
■of British Butterflies .-ind Moths, ii, p. 142, .as follows : "At the tip of tlie an.al flap are two sharp points, and another
pair underneath, whicli are used to throw the jiellets of frass to a distance." Similar duugforlis are very generally
present iu Geometrid larvx, the paranal papilliform tubercles being well developed, thougli we have not .seen them
in use.
I have noticed a caterpitlar of C. hoiraVia in the process of defecating, and with the forceps pulled oft' a pellet
which was held by tlie two spines of the paranal tubercles. Mr. Dyar tells me lie has both seen and heard the
■caterpillars casting their pellets with the aid of their spine against the side of a tumbler.
'P\. XXXVII, fig n. <;;iandular hairs of Dasylophia; a, of body; h, of the head; e, of |)rothuracic shield.
JIEMOlliS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OE SCIENCES. 27
grooves jiassiiig down tlie sliaft from tlie riDtclies between the teetli. They occur not only on the
back and sides of the body segments, but also on the sides of the abdciminal legs. The occurrence
of such hairs in this genus is interesting from the fact that they have not yet been observed in
Arctians, to which this moth has been referred, nor in the Noctuida-, among which it should be
placed, since no Arctians have when hatched smooth glandular hairs.
1
IV.— ON THIv INCONGRUENCE BETWEEN THE LARVAL AM) ADULT CHARACTERS OF NOTODONTIAXS.
As is well known to zoologists, from the writings of Fritz Miiller and later students, in groups
of animals which generally undergo a nietam()ri)hosis, two or more species of the same geTuisniay
differ remarkably in respect to their early life, one species jjassing through a complicated meta-
morphosis while a closely allied form has a direct development, hatching in the form of the adult.
The embryo, however, in the latter case rapidly passes through a series of changes, constituting
a premature, abbreviated, or condensed metamorphosis, epitomizing the ordinary early stage of its
metamorphic allies. Thus the lobster differs from the other marine macruran Crustacea in having a
condensed metamoi'phosis before hatching from the egg, rapidly i)assing through a nauplius and
a zoi'a phase. Jt is s) with some crabs. All the fresh- water Decapoda, notably the crayfish, have
no postembryonic metamorphosis. The fact that the embryo exhibits a condensed metamorphosis
shows their origin from metamorphic forms.
These are ]ierhai)s the most remarkable cases of incongruence between what may be closely
allied genera and e\en species.
Also two allied species of Gammarus may differ in toto as regards the mode of segmentation
of the yolk, total cleavage occurring iu one marine species {G. Jociista) and partial or peripheral
cleavage in two fresh water forms {(f. piile.r and JJiiriatilis).
Examples of such great divergences in larval or early life, or in the condition in whicli the
animal is hatched, in species closely similar in adult life, are not uncommon in worms, Echinoderms,
Molluscs, Crustacea, besides insects, and the phenomenon is with little doubt due to the changed
conditions of the environments to which forms with such exceptional modes of development have
been exposed.
The principle, then, of divergence or incongruence of larval characters in forms whose adults
are closely allied has been established in the lower classes of JFetazoa. The most remarkable
and ])uzzling case, perhaps, is that of Balanoglossus, whose Tornaria larva is so much like that of
Echinoderms, while the adult is a protochordate animal.
As a matter of fact this does not affect the classification of these animals. Zoologists have
not thrown forms with a direct development into distinct groups where the adults have not
shown any differences; at the same time no one would unite the two species recognized as such
which i^resented no easily observed differences if one had a direct and the other a metamorphic
development. In the present state of our knowledge it may be well to at least provisionally
mark the differences between the two forms, so divergent in their early life, by giving them
distinct names, and thus emphasizing the fact that of the two closely allied forms one has
diverged from the other through having been subjected to a different set of external influences,
whatever such conditions may have been.
Systematic zoology has undergone within the last thirty years an entire change. Our present
systems of classification are now attempts to arrange animals in the order of their probable
a])pearance, i. e., phylogenetically, and as the subject is yet iu its infancy, and our attempts
provisional and tentative, we are obliged to give great weight to any differences iu the larval
conditions of animals with a metamorphosis, because such differences were undoubteiily dueto
differences in the environments of their jiarents. Indeed if it had not been owing to changes in
the physical and biological environment, aninmls would lU'ver have risen beyond the dead level
of the lowest Protozoa.
Such reflections as these and a knowledge of the mode of development of the lower classes
of Invertebrates are all-important to the students of insects, especially of the metamorphic orders,
Tl. XXXVII. fig. 12. Glandular liairs of Certitosia tricolor, a, I'roiii the second thoracic and first ahdoniinal seg-
ment ; b, those on the first and second abdominal legs.
28 3IEM0IPtS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Mecopteia, TiicLoptera, Lepidoptera. Diptera, and Hymeuoptera, ^yhel■e-
there are so many and perplexing cases of incougnieiice or divergence in larval forms whose
parents are very closely allied.
It is worthy of notice that iu respect to Diptera the veteran dipterologist, Baion li. von Osten
Sacken, remarks of the nemocerous tlies: "An arrangement of the imagoes based upon such prin-
ciples will of necessity be justitied by a more or less tangible correspondence in the characters of
their larva'. This structural correspondence, this parallelism of larva' and imagoes among the
Nemocera, sufters, as far as I know, but one exception, Mijcetohia puUlpes and Khyphus. In both
almost identical larvse produce flies belonging to different families." (Berliner entomolog. Zeit-
schrift, r.d. xxxvii, 1892, Heft iv, p. 418.) In the copy kindly sent me by the author a second
case of Anopheles and Dixa is mentioned in the printed copy, but struck out by the author iu the
emended copy.
Everyone is familiar with the fact that there is a nearly similar incongruity between the larvoe
of the Muscid;e and the flies. Many new facts bearing on this subject appeared iu I'ortchinsky's
article on the habits of the necrophagous and coprophagous larvre of Muscidie, of which an English
abstract by Baron E. von Osten Sacken appeared iu the Berliner ent. Zeitschrift for 1887. After
speaking of the wonderful power of adaptation of these larva; to their environment, he states:
Distinctly related species belonging to different genera issue from larvie almost indistinguishable from each
other. And again closely related and almost indistinguishable imagoes, species of the same genus, differ in their
ovipositiou (size and number of eggs), and their larv;e follow a different law of development (as to the degree of
maturity the larva reaches within the body of the mother and the number of stages of development it passes through).
In one ease even {llusca con'iiia) larva- of the same species were found to have a different mode of ilevelopmeut
in northern and southern regions of Russia.
Here also it is evident that the cause of the incongruity is due to the fact that the larva-, for
the time being different animals from the adult, are moditied by their environment, the similar
surroundings and habits of the larva', of quite different genera causing the larva; externally at
least to closely resemble each other. Whether they are so similar in their internal organs remains
to be seen. Dr. C. W. Stiles, who has studied so carefully by microscopic sections tapeworms of
externally similar form, and which can not be separated by external characters, tells me that the
internal organs seem to aftbrd excellent specific and generic characters.
Lepidopterists in general do not hesitate to base their systems of classification on the larval
as well as adult features. They iu general regard their systematic arrangements of the imagines as
more or less provisional, and all acknowledge that it is immensely satisfactory, even after they are
pretty well satisfied with th eir arrangement of the adults of a group, whether a genus or family,
to work out the larval stages and to check their classifications based on adult features by the
larval characters. In many cases they may bo led to change the position of a species or genus,
or to split t;p a genus or species.
But, after all this, the tact that so umny larvii^, even in the same group, are hatched with such
different shapes and characters; the fact that some are so much more simple and primitive than
others, ope;is up most perplexing yet interesting questions and problems. We may, however, be
able to solve these, and in the present group of Bombyces it seems to us that the different larval
forms, some primitive and generalized and others more or less modified or specialized, give clues
to the phylogeny of the groups which we confess we had not expected.
And in this memoir we have endeavored, though often it is mere guesswork, to drop the old-
time method of putting the type species first and then ranging the others after it in an ill-assorted
group, and have attempted to begin with what has seemed to us to be the ancestral form of the
grcup, following with the later forms. This can be best accomplished by taking into consideration
the caterpillar, beginning with the generalized forms and ending with the later more modified
or specialized forms. In such a large genus as Heterocampa this is not diflicult to do. For
example, as we shall see hereafter, the larva of H. manho is as simple and generalized as any,
while that of H. unicolor is the most modified, with its semi-stemapoda, from which Macrurocampa,
with its fully formed st enmpoda, may.ha ve descended. And then, while Cerura, with its stemapoda
alike in all the species, is often or generally placed first iu the group, it is evident that it was
descended from some Heterocampa-like form through Macrurocampa. Aided by our knowledge of
ME]\r()IlJS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 29
the larval Ibriiis, espet-ially of tiio. carliis.st stages, it is not diliicAilt to ('oustnict a geuealosical
tree of tlie subfamilies Ileterocainpiiue and Ceruriiia'. Wbeu taking into account the larval stages
of the entire family, even with our present imperfect knowledge, it is easy to see that Dataua
stands at tiie base, is tlie more generalized primitive form, and was perhaps the first to diverge
from the stem-form of the family.
Tlit> tii'st author to cali attention and at the same time to treat in a philosophic way of what
he has called "the iucongrnence of form relationslii[), between larva' on the one hand and imagines
on the other" is WeismanUjin his well-known work entitled Studies in the Theory of Descent. In
Chapter II of the second volume, entitled "Does the form i-elationship of the larva coincide with
that of the imago?" he ])oiiits out certain incongruences between the larval and adult characters.
ITe claims that "neither the group of Microlepidoptera nor those of the Xoctiiinn, Homhijcina,
8pliiiH)ina, and RhopaJocrra can be based systematically on larval characters," adding the quali-
fication, "Several of these groups are indeed but indistinctlj- defined, and even the imagines
pi'esent no common characteristics by which the group can be sharply distinguished.'' Within the
families, however, he states: "There there can be no doubt that in an overwhelmingly large
majority of cases tlie phyletic development has proceeded with very close i)arallelism in both
stages; larval and imaginal families agree almost completely. On the other hand, "in the butter-
flies a perfect congruence of form relationship does not exist, inasmuch as the imagines constitute
one large group of the higher order, whilst the larviie can only be formed into families." But in
this case Weismanu does not seem to be aware that the imaginal Ehopalocera as such is quite an
artificial group, and that the imaginal families recognized by Bates, Scndder, aTid others have
perhaps more eqtiivalent, congruent, or noudivergeut larval forms than his remarks would seem to
imply.
But without attempting to enter into an exposition or criticism of Weismann's general
statements, his whole discussion being most suggestive and stimulating, we will turn to what he
says of the Notodontida; :
Au especially striking case of iacougnience is offered l)y the family Xotodonlldfr, imiler which Boisdiival,
depending only on imaginal characters, united genera of which tho larva' dili'ered>to a very great extent. » * »
In fact, in the whole order Lepidoptera there can scarcely lie found associated together such diverse larva- as are here
placed in one imago family.
He then refers to the short cylindrical cateriiillars of Cnethocampa, which, however is not a
Notodontian, but a Lasiocampid. He then briefly refers to the larvte of Harpyia (Cerura) and the
caterpillars of Stanropus, Hybocampa, and Notodonta. Without g'ving further attention to the
family, he returns to the butterflies. This family, then, presenting "an especially striking case of
incongruence," we will briefly discuss, referring the reader for fuller details to the figures on the
plates.
In the first jdace, as a matter of fact, the more one becomes familiar with the Lepidoptera
and their larval forms the easier it is to distinguish the larva' by their "family" characteristics,
premising, however, that the term family is of very uncertain meaning, and that different
authors differ as to what to call a family as much as they do what to designate a species. But
no one, we think, neeil to err in correctly picking out or identifying any Bombycine larva except,
perhaps, a few Notodont larva', which are liable to be confoitiided with certain Thyatirida', and
the hairy NoctuidiB, but even then a careful examination will show family differences even when
adaptation and modification have nearly bridged over the fundamental differential characters.
In this work I have divided the family into seven groups, which may be for convenience
regarded as so many subfamilies. I was first led to do so by the larval characters alone, but
found that this classification would also apply in general to the moths, so that there proved not
to be so much incongruity as was expected. There appear to be, then, seven larval subfamilies
and seven imaginal subfamilies. Others may not agree with this view, but it is the most rational
classification I have been able to make.
Beginning with the most simple forms of larva, those of the GlupMsina\ which, both as
regards those of the Old and New World, are tolerably constant, the adults certainly differ notably
from those of other subfamilies, as also do the larvie and impai.
30 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL xVCADEMY OF SCIEXCES.
The remarkably woolly ami penciled larva? of Apatelodes are congruous with the very distinct
imagines of the subfamilj- Apatelodimv, which are so well defined by their structural characters.
The hairy and brightly banded larvie of the Pygccrincc, so unlike those of other Notodontians,
are i)aralleled by the general ajipearance and structure of the moths, so much so that the group was
regarded as a distinct family (Pyga-rida^) by Duponchel. The larvie of the European Pygnerinte
are hairy and gaily striped, and related in much the same way to our larval Datana as the imago
is to our iraaginal Datana.
The larvae of the subfamily Ichtlnjurinxv, rei^reseuted by only a single genus, need not be
confounded with those of any other division of the family, though there is a great deal of plasticity
within the linuts of the group. The most generalized species is the larva of I. apicaliH (ran) and
its allies hrucci (m ultnvma), iiiuce it has no large specialized tubercles like those of inch(sa and
albosigma, and the latter species differs, both as regards larva and imago, from /. iucliiint. The
incongruence iu this group is not greatly emphasized.
But in the two next subfamilies there is a striking lack of congruity between the larva and
moth, both in the genera and species.
Among the Xotodoutinffi we have Uyparpax, whose imago is so different, in the shape of the
wings and in the color of the body and wings, compared with any other genus of the group or
even of the family; yet the larva is very nearly allied to those of XyHiwilcs and of iSchi;:itra.
A remarkable case of incongruence is the larva of ^chizura concinna. This well-known
caterpillar, with its formidable armature of long hobnail like spines and its gay head aud swollen
coral-red dorsal Inxmp, would seem to be the type of a distinct genus, and yet from a study of its
adult character it is not separable from the other species of Schizura, and we have dropped the
genus (Edemasia we originally proposed for it from the lack of stable differential characters.
The freshly hatched larva', however, is undistinguishable from that of other .Schizura- jet known,
and perhai)s we have done violence to the principles of classification iu not allowing it to remaiu
in the genus we originally proposed for it. At all events, it with other Schizurte evidently had a
common parentage, and it has diverged since it first molt farther away from the stem than others
of its cospecies and may be regarded as an incipient genus. It is also plain that the causes which
have acted upon this organism have from the first been of a quite different nature from those which
have been efficient in causing fixed variations in other directions, resulting in the fixation of the
other species of the genus. As the change takes place after the first molt, this may have been
produced in the Tertiarj' period. Its larval stages are discussed at sojue length under the head of
the species in the systematic portion of this work.
On the other hand, iu the genus Seirodonta we have a remarkable case of congruence in its
lai'va as compared with that of Heterocampa manteo. It is almost impossible until after repeated
aud careful comparisons to distingush the caterpillars of Seirodonta billnc<(ta and H. manteo, though
the imagines differ somewhat, perhaps generically. At times I have' united Seirodanta with
Heterocampa, but for the present conclude to keep them apart, as others have done, but really the
genus is not so "good" a one as CEdemasia.'
In the genus Heterocampa, as the name imiilies, there is a remarkable degree of diversity
between the caterpillars of the different species, and our knowledge of them, especially of their
early stages, has greatly extended since the days of Doubleday.
If we take account of the fully grown caterpillars, it seems quite evident that there .are several,
perhaps three, "larval" genera in the group. In H. manteo, (juttlvitta, hiundata, ohliijna, and astarte,
the body in the fully grown larva is smooth aud unarmed, but in j>«/rfrea, which has a pair of
small tubercles on the jirothoracic segment, we have a notable persistance of early larval features.
Unfortuuately we are not yet familiar with the early stages of this caterpillar. Possibly this
species is the stem form of the group.
Iu H. unicolor we have a transfer of the differential generic characters from the prothoracic
region to the anal legs. Though the high prothoracic tubercle appears iu the first stages and
perhaps, as iu Macrurocampa, iu all except the last stage, when' the larva is on a level with the fully
' I have some sketches made by Mr. Bridgham of a larva in its first three stages which is Schizjira-like, and as
it feeds on the elm it is probably Seirodonta. Should it prove to be sucli, tliis genus is a Schizura in the early stages
and a Heterocampa in the last.
MEMOIKS OF THI<: NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 31
grown 2)iilrer(o. it outstrips that form, and the new forces of variation are concentrated at theotiier
end of the body, resaltiny in the hypertrophy of the anal le<^s.
This tendency once initiated, it became accelerated, until in the larva of MacrurocampaM
cnlminated in a pair of anal filaments with their evertible Mayella as fnlly tinishcd as in Cernra,
the larva using these in the same manner as deterrent strnctnres; and yet nature holds on to the
prothoracic armatnre, rudimentary to be sure, through all the stages of larval development up to
and including the fdurth or penultimate stage. Without doubt by very careful and close«observa-
tions in the past geological t iuies of the Tertiary, the courses of the variation along this line would
have been worked out had there been an eye and trained mind behind it to obser\e.
Attention should also be called to the remarkable incongruence in the first larval stages of
this subfamily, the presence of nine pairs of antlers in H. nutticiiia and of but a single pair,
restricted to the prothoracic segments, in 77. hitmdata, though the moths are very closely allied.
In the succeeding and what we regard as the latest and most highly modified or specialized
group, taking the larvie into account, are the Cerurin;i^.
The imago of Cerura is structurally quite distinct from Macrnrocampa, but apparently the
sluggish habits, the infrequent, weak, and more or less curtailment of the power of flight common
to the entire family of Bombyces have led to a lack of variation in form and structure which does
not obtain in the larva' themselves.
The larva of Cerura is evidently a derivation from Macruiocampa or some lost ally, at least
some member of the subfamily Heterocampinje. The prothoracic horns of the young larva of
Cerura, owing to the great development and specialization of the first segment succeeding the
head, are thrown wide apart and project out laterally. These horns are yet perhaijs an heirloom
from the dorsal horns of Heterocampa.
The Cerura larva varied in the direction of the enlargement of the prothoracic segment to
form a sort of hood to admit the head, serving to make a visage calculated t(j frighten away any
assailant. It is the puff adder among the Bonibycine caterpillars, as the larva of Vhceyocampa
is among Sphingid larvse. The stematopoda. which seemed to have proved very useful in
Macrnroiampu, were retained in Cerura, being apparently too useful to be lost.
While the Cerura caterpillars assume a defensive and offensive attitude in order to frighten
away other animals, they do not mimic the appearance of other animals; but in the singular
caterpillar of Statiropus there is such a mimicry, the thoracic legs being much longer than in any
other known lepidopterous larva and the stemapods being thickened and shortened, so that when
the creature throws itself into a sprawling, grotesque attitude, with the tail ajj in the air, as
remarked by Hermann Midler, it resembles a great spider. At the same time the style of coloration
is changed; it has not the green and red tints of Cerura, but is tinted light and dark horn-brown,
like the bodies of many large spiders.
In the case, then, of Stauropus, variation has gone on in a novel and determinate direction,
the process of natural selection ending in a result not to be observed in the case of any other
lepidopterous larva', the initial cause of variation being apparently the result of protection due to
a resemblance to members of another class of arthropods.
THE PROBABLE CAUSES OP VARIATION, LEADING TO INCONGRUOUS LARVAL CHARACTERS.
We have seen that the moths of the Bombyces are far less active, have a weaker flight, are
more sluggish, and hence are more uniform in color and markings than any other superfamily of
Lepidoptera. The females remain stationary on the bark of trees and in similar situations, while
the males seek and find them, not so much by virtue of swiftness of flight as by their unusual
power of scent, as evidenced by their well-pectinated autennne. Variation, then, is the result more
of disuse of the wings and of the maxilhe than any other cause, these suffering more or less reduction.
The very shoit or vestigial maxilhe of the Saturnians and the reduction in the number of veins of
the wings in that group is the result of disuse; but, on the whole, variations in details of structure,
in the specialization of the scales, of the i)arts and appendages of the legs, of the palpi, and other
parts so striking in the Noctuina are very noticeable.
On the other hand, from causes potent though obscure, the degree of variation in the larval,
forms is most striking. We have every reason to believe that this great degree of modification.
32 MEMOIRS OF TEE NATIONAL ACADEIMY OF SCIENCES.
•and specialization of larval forms in the Boinbyces is due to changes in their environment after
they had effected their descent from their Lithosian ancestry. It was from adaptation to totally
new surroundinos which at once broke up the old simplicity of shai)C of their early ancestry and
induced a striking i)lasticity of form and of structural features.
Such changes as these could not have been brought about so recently as the Quaternary
period, but must have been most active during the late Mesozoic and tluonghout the Tertiary.
Probably the date of the appearance of the Bombycine phylum was coeval with the appearanweof
the Cretaceous forests.
We have always maintained that the Bombyces are a very old type, which have lost a
great many forms by geological extinction. In number of species the type is at present far less
numerous than the Noctuina. The ranks of the latter have not been thinned by the ravages of
geological time; on the contrary, there are few and unimportant gaps in their numbers— few links
which are missing.
We would suggest, then, that the plasticity of the larval forms of the Bombyces, especially
in the "lower," or to speak more correctly, the more primitive and in a degree generalized, families,
is due to the great changes in their environment during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods.
This is indicated by the facts in geographical distribution to be stated in more detail further
on. When species are widely distributed this is to be taken as au evidence that they have had a
high antiquity. When, for example, a group like the Heterocampina> is entirely wanting in Europe
and the western portion of Xorth America, such great gaps in distribution are naturally to be
attributed to geological extinction.
It will be recalled that the opossum and other marsupials are extinct in Europe, though existing
at present in Australia and America. Lingula was once abundant all over the globe; it now only
lives along portions of the American and Asiatic and Australian coasts. Linmlus was represented
by several species in the Jurassic of Europe but now only occurs on the northeastern shores of
North America and the eastern shores of Asia from the Malaysian Peninsnla to Japan, having
become extinct in other parts of the world.
In like manner the great gaps in the genera of our existing Bombyces are probably due to
geological extinction, and also to the great plasticity or marked difference in the larvje, as compared
with the liomogeneousness of the imagines, these being due to the widespread changes in the
environment which took place during the later Mesozoic and Tertiary periods, and which reacted
■on the insects in tlieir early rather than later stages.
This incongruity between the larval and adult stages, then, was probably most marked in the
periods before the Quaternary, while since then there has been divergence. We have some reason
to suppose that the families of Xoctuidse and Geometrida', so numerous in species, were largely
evolved during the Pliocene and Quaternary.
Where a family or subfamily is equably developed both in the Old and New worlds, we are
inclined to suppose that it was a recently evolved group.
It is well known that America has lagged behind Europe, geologically speaking, although
America is the older continent as such; the process first of specialization and then of extinction
has gone on more rapidly in the Old World, or at least the western portion of it.
Were fossil Bombyces ever to be found in Europe, we should expect to discover among them
representatives of the Cochliopodid^, of the Attacine Saturniida', Ceratocampida', and Notodou-
tida', now characteristic of North and South America or of the tropical regions of Asia and perhaps
of Africa.
Among the Notodontida^ the Heterocampidiie, for example, now confiued to eastern North
America, Central America, and western South America, may have flourished in Eurojie contem-
poraneously with the sequoia, magnolia, liquidambar, gum tree, and other existing tyjies of
vegetation now extinct in Europe. Although Macrurocampa is an American genUs, some form like
it may have existed in Europe, from which the Euroi)ean Cerurhiw may have evolved, unless the
type migrated from Asia. There Is a species of Stauropus in India, though there are few Noto-
dontians in that country, and southeastern Asia is evidently the center of development of the bulk
of the Euroijeau genera of Bombyces, geological extinction in these moths having gone on very
€xtensively in Europe, perhajis as the result of the cold of the Glacial epoch.
MEMOIliS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 33
v.— ON THE IXHERITAXCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERS I\ LEPIDOPTERA.
Perbaps in no other group or order of auimals may we study tlie subject of tlie inlieritance of
acquired characters with more success than in the Lepidoptera. In these insects the four stages
of existence — tlie egg', hirva, pupa, and imago — are definite and fixed, and during each of the three
last periods the organism is, so to speak, a diflereut creature, witli distinct and separate shajie
and structure, external and internal, and during each leads a different life. Family, generic, and
specific characters are inherited at each of these stages, and at each there is a combination of
congenital and acquired characteristics, some of both classes of which, i. c., those least marked,
are difficult to separate from each other.
Tlie following is an attempt at a rough grouping of such features at the last three stages. "We
omit the egg stage, for though they more or less vary in shape and ornamentation, this is iierhaps
■due more to difference in the structure of the lining of the oviduct of the female than to the action
of external circumstances on the egg after it has been laid. Yet this should be said with some
reservation, because we are not aware that any one has discussed the probable mode of origin of
the specific differences in the shape and color of the eggs of birds or the shape and markings of
the eggs of insects, though undoubtedly the agency of external causes, together with natural
selection, has had something to do with the variation.
It has seemed to us that the relation of specific and generic characteristics in the eggs of
insects is a most difficult problem. Y^et it should be observed that while the differences in orna-
mentation and shape are primarily due to the imiiression on the shell received from the lining of
the oviduct, yet the woii;lerful diversity we see in the eggs of insects is often readily seen to be
correlated with the external conditions in which they exist after having been deposited by the
parent. In birds the thick, solid shell and the oval shape of the murre's egg seem due to the
unprotected manner in which they are left on the rocks and shelves, from which they are liable
to fall.
We may contrast with such an egg that of the robin, in which tlie shell is thin and uniform
in color, since it is protected from harm by being contained in a nest; so also the color of the
murre's eggs may be due to the action of protective mimicry, the spots assimilating them to lichen-
grown rocks, by which they escape the observation of their natural enemies, the fox, the mink,
and other egg devouring animals. So the eggs of Chrysopa, of many bugs, etc., are in shape and
mode of attachment beautifully adapted to prevent them from being seen by egg-devouring
animals.
In the larval histories given in this work we have endeavored, where they have been observed
with sufficient completeness, to discriminate between the congenital and the acquired characters.
1. Larval state. — A. In this state we have the inheritance of congenital characteristics.
B. Inheritance of what were originally acquired characters, the results of attacks of enemies:
Exampjes are the tubercles armed with sx^ines and sometimes with caltrops (Empretia, etc.) and
stripes, all ajiparently inherited at different periods of larval life, the least important specific
and varietal characters probably having been acquired during the life of an .individual.
3. Pupa state. — A. Cocoon: The absence or presence of a cocoon was doubtless originally due
to differing external conditions, while the dense, perfect cocoon is characteristic of the spinning
moths (Attacida', Lasiocampidw, etc.) ; the Ceratocampidte make none at all, but, like the Sphinges,
the larvfe simply bury themselves in the earth before pupation. In the Arctiidte and the Lipa-
rida^ the cocoon is chiefly composed of the barbed larval hairs, with a little silk to fasten them
more firmly together; in the Geometrida^ certain larva- spin a loose, thin web. In such cases the
spinning of a cocoon is intimately associated with a change of larval habits, and is, with little
doubt, an acquired habit, originally formed by a single individual.
B. The shape of the pupa is often dependent on the presence or absence of a cocoon. In the
Notodontidse the cremaster is often absent in genera such as Gluphisia, which spins a very slight
cocoon, and Lophodonta, which spins no cocoon, and is closely allied to those which do. In
Cerura there is no spine on the rudimentary cremaster, because the i)upa lies in a very dense
•cocoon fastened to the bark of trees, etc., and being in no danger of being shaken out no cremas-
S. Mis. 50 3
34 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
terial spine or hooks are developed. The cremaster affords excellent generic and specific characters..
In the snbterraueau pupa of Dataua it is present, and is of use in aiding the pupa to reach the-
surface of the ground. It is very large and acute in the subterranean iDup;e of Ceratocanipidae
and Sphinges. It is evident that in the jiresence or absence of the cremaster, and in its shape
and in the number of hooks and their shape, we have a set of very plastic characters (though
excellent for distinguishing genera and species) whose variability and plasticity is due to the
varying habits of the pupa, whether living above or under ground, whether protected by a very
thin, loose, net like cocoon or by a solid double one like that of Cerura or of the silkworms. AlsO'
whether the thread is continuous and can be readily reeled, as in Bomhyjc mori, or whether the
thread is often internrpted at the anterior end, as in Plati/samia cecrojyia, is a feature which was
probably the result of a slight change of circumstances and may have been inaugurated as the
result of variation in a single individual during a single lifetime, afterwards in succeeding genera-
tions becoming fixed by homochronic inheritance.
3. Imago state. — It is easier to select what may have been acquired characters in caterpillars
than in butterflies and moths, and yet the latter have a complicated series of what may originally
have been acquired characters. It should be borne in mind that while caterpillars live for weeks
and even months, are subject to frequent molts, are active, and are dependent on a proper supi)lyof
their food, usually this or that plant, butterflies and moths perish, as a rule, directly after mating,
taking little or no food. Of course acquired characters are most marked in the parts which are
most used, as the maxilhi?, wings, and external genital armature.
The absence of maxill* or their very rudimentary condition in Eombycine moths is, with little
doubt, a recently acquired character. The very arbitrary distribution in Lepidoptera of scent
organs (Audroconia, etc.) are apparently characters recently acquired. The wonderful variations
in the markings of the wings, due to a variety of slight causes, may often arise during an indi-
vidual's lifetime and become a matter of inheritance, the result of sudden changes in tenqjcrature,
moisture, or dryness, and changes in food of the larva. By subjecting individual pupa' to pro-
longed cold, -or vice versa, varieties and a greater or less number of broods may be produced
artificially, and this may illustrate how seasonal varieties have arisen in nature.
Many species are only separated by difiereuces in the male genital armature. These, as is
well known, are subject to great individual variation, and why should not the characters peculiar
to a distinct variety, or even species, arise during the lifetime of two individuals when mated?
An unusually vigorous polygamous butterfly may have some new congenital extra development
of hooks and processes, and by frequent use develo]i the muscles controlling these to the extent
of providing an acquired character, which may be, if useful, inherited in the next and succeeding
generations.
But an especially interesting and fruitful field of investigation would be a study of wingless.
Lepidoptera, such as the cankerworni, the autumn moths allied to it, the tussock moths (Orgyia),
and especially the sack bearers or Psychidse.
The loss of wings in these cases seems to be due to disuse in individuals more sluggish thau
others, and with little doubt has been the result of inheritance of what were originally acquired
characters. It is easy to imagine how this has been induced by a study of a series of forms,
beginning with certain European genera, in which thc^ wings of the female are very small, and
passing to those in which they become simple pads, as in Orgyia, and ending with those such as
Anisopteryx, in wliich their reduction is still further carried out. And then Lepidoptera should
be compared with certain of the Ephemera', whose hind wings are so much reduced; with Pezzo
tettix and other Orthoptera with aborted wings, and certain Hemiptera in which the wings are
aborted, ending with the great order of Diptera, comprising a vast number of species, in which
the hind wings have not only undergone a great reduction, but have been transformed through
change of function iuto balancers, with their extraordinary sense organs. It is not difficult to see
that the disuse of wings may have begun in the life of a single individual, which, losing its wings
and having perhaps inherited a tendency to this lesion through corpulency and other bodily
changes, became inactive, averse to flight, and finally transmitted the peculiarity to its offspring.
In a paper in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History (xxiv, 482), on the
life history of Drepana arcuata, I have described the difl'erent stages of this moth, and at the end
MEMIORS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 35
recapitulated the congeuital characters, and tiiially given a synopsis of the chief stei)s in tlie
evohition of tlie adaptional characters, which ai)i)ear after the first exuviation. It seems very
probable that these later features were the result of the action of external stimuli, both physical
and biological, and that they were acijuired not only during the lifetime of the larva, but at certain
distinct stages or periods during the growth of the creature. The changes are both colorational
and structural, and during the (lifferent stages the larva was adapted tor different surroundings^
and thus at each important stage was virtually for the time being a distinct animal.
During the pupa stage special and unusual structural adaptations arose, the cremaster being
unusualh' developed, and also a pair of cephalic hooks, seeming to entangle the head in the web
of the cocoon, so that the pupa can not be thrown out of the curled leaf, which remains in the first
brood on the trees. These I regard as characters acquired by the insect after birth and in response
to the exigencies of life at different stages. I will here add the conclusions given in that paper.
KECAPITrLATION OF THE SALIENT FEATURES IN THE ONTOGENY OF DREPANA ARCUATA.
A. CONGENITAL CHARACTERS UF TIIK LARVA.
1. Anal legs obsolete; suranal plate already ending in au elevated rod-like spine in Stage I.
2. Glandular hairs (split at the end) present only in Stage I.
3. Piliferous warts well developed but of uniform size on all the segments in Stage I.
4. Head and body dark brown, but the warts pale; uromeres 1 and 7, pale yellowish in
Stage I.
5. Crochets of abdominal legs more numerous than usual, forming an incomplete circle,,
compensating for the lack of anal legs and crochets.
6. These congenital characters are of generic value, the specific characters appearing at and
after Stage III.
B. EVOLUTION OF LATER ADAPTATIONAL CUAKACTERS.
1. Reduction in size and length of hairs after Stage I, glandular hairs being replaced by
ordinary tapering ones.
2. At the beginning of Stage III the body becomes yellowish-green, and the dorsal regior,
previously dark, becomes broken up into pale yellowish-green spots. Head distinctly banded
with yellow.
3. In Stages IV and V the greenish portions of the body become darker, like that of the food
plant, and the reddish-brown parts are assimilated to the hue of the leaf stalks and twigs.
4. In Stage III the prothoracic dorsal warts degeuerate, and those of the two succeeding
stages slightly progress in development.
5. The ninth uromere becomes as large as, if not slightly larger than, the eighth, and separated
by a distinct suture from the tenth — a very unusual feature in caterpillars.
6. The chief adax>tational features are: (1) colorational, to enable the partly or fully grown
caterpillar to escape observation, and (2) structural, the unusually large ninth and tenth abdom-
inal segments being upraised, with the upturned threatening suranal rodorspiue fitted to frighten
away ichneumons or Tachin;e, and possibly insectivorous birds.
C. A SPECIAL ADAPTATION IN THE PVPA.
The pair of cephalic stout hooks serving to entangle the head in the Web of the cocoon, the
cremaster also being unusually well developed, so that the pupa, which in the first brood remains
on the tree, is slung by its head and tail, and can not be thrown out of the curled leaf.
I). PROTECTIVE COLORATION OF THE JIOTII.
When I first noticed the moths, with their broad wings outspread and resting on the upper side
of the leaves, I mistook them for pieces of dead, dry, yellowish leaves which had fallen upon and
become fastened to the surface of the fresh leaf.
36 MEMOIES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
ACQUIRED CHARACTERS IN THE NOTODONTID.E.
lu tlie succeeding systematic poitioii of tliis work I have siveii a number of life histories of
the family, and with more or less detail pointed out tlie later adaptional as distinguished from
the cougeuital characters. I have on pages 21-23, called attention to the varying shapes of the
tubercles and setiB in the larvae of the Bombyces and other of the higher Lepidoptera and to their
probable mode of origin and why they appear on certain segments in preference to others. The
attention of the reader is called to the summary or recapitulation of changes especially in the life
history of Datana intcgerrima, Apaielodes torrefacta, Symmerista albi/rons, Macrurocampa marihesia,
and of three species of Centra, while there is a summary of the steps in the assumption of the
adaptive characters at the different larval stages of several species of Schizura. The steps in the
evolution of what maybe regarded as acquired characters in Schizura, and in DasylopMa angiiiiia
Hyparpax, Ileterocampa, etc., are leadily seen by an examination of the plates.
The Notodontians are remarkable in general for the humps, tubercles, and spines of their
larvae, some of which are congenital, while others appear at different stages after birth. Still some
larvfc of this group are entirely without them and remain so throughout their larval life. And
this is an argument that the various processes of the cuticle or outgrowths of the entire integu-
ment are characters originally acquiied during the postembryonic life of the young insect.
Take for example the larval JSFadata (jibhosa; this, like the caterpillar of Gluphisia and of
Lophodonta, is a smooth-bodied larva, ornamented with lines, but entirely unarmed. The life
history of JV. fiibhosa shows that it is born with a smooth body, without any traces of tubercles or
enlarged bristles, while no traces of the yellowish subdorsal lines appear until at the end of the
second stage, the only ornamentation being coloration. This form is therefore a primitive one, and
this fact would seem to demonstrate that the humps, tubercles, and spines so frequently observed
in the grouti arose within recent geological times, and weie acquired during the postembryonic
stages of the larvae of different genera in response to various changes in the surroundings of
different species, these finally becoming fixed and regularly transmitted along various lines of
development, resulting in a series of forms constituting the i^resent genera of the family.
One of the most notable cases in the family is that of the loss at about the middle of the
larval life of the remarkable antlers of Iletirocannja hiundata. During the three earliest stages
the larva bears on the i»rothoracic segment a pair of enormous antlers with four tines. At the
second molt these ai-e discarded, and in the two last stages are represented by a pair of conical,
rounded, polished, piliferous knobs. The rest of the partly grown body of the larva is smooth.
After casting its horns the larva assumes a new set of coloration markings, so that in its last
two stages it is a totally difterent creature in appearance from the earlier stages.
One of the plates represents a series of colored drawings, by Mr. Bridgham, of the still more
wonderful changes undergone by the caterpillar of Heterocainpa (/uttivitta, representing five
.stages, nearly each of which presents notable differences. In the first, directly after hatching,
the reddish larva has not only a pair of enormous antlers with four tines on the first thoracic
segment, but a pair of long antler-like spines on abdominal segments 1 to G and also 8 and 9,
those on segments 1 and S being about three times as large as the others. It is certainly one of
the most singular larvae of the family.
Now this bizarre armature is entirely discarded at the first molt, with the exception that the
prothoracic antlers are represented by a pair of knob like tubercles, the other segments, however,
showing no trace of the former existence of spines. Also, while the body was not striped iu Stage
I, it is now paler red, with a more brownish tint, and is marked with four yellowish stripes. At
the end of this stage the lines become efl'aced and the body grows more yellowish on the sides.
In the third stage the tubercles still persist, but the markings differ very much, as reddish dorsal
patches appe ir in the middle and near the end of the body, and there are anticipations of the
markings of the fully grown caterpillar. In the present stage the insect closely resembles the
mature larva, having bright crimson markings on the thoracic segments and on the third and
fourth and on the fifth ami sixth abdominal segments, these bright spots becoming somewhat less
•decided and conspicuous in the final stage.
Fig. 1 (p. 37) represents the first larval stage of H. oUiqua, its horns being like those of H. gut-
iivitta (III«), and also dropped at the first molt.
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
37
Now, it seems uatural to suppose tbat the disappearance of the armature of this iusect with
the fust molt was due to the hick of need for it by the caterpilhir, wliieli gradually became adapted
to a Ufe on the underside of an oak leaf, where it assumed a simple spindle-shaped body extended
when at rest along the midrib, in which position we have found the older caterpillar, its body
ji'laucons-green and so marked with yellowish lines and reddisli spots, as well as with dashes and
lines, as to be wonderfully assimilated to the greenish, reddish, and whitish hues of the leaf under
■which it was sheltered.
Fig. 1. — Early stages of Jletei-ocaiiiva obUqxta and H^guttivitta. — I. Reterocavipa ohliqna Pack — Freslily batched larva; 7a, dorsal
vie^w ; 1 b, spine on third ; Ic, spine on i-ighth ; Jd, spine on ninth abdominal segment ; le, prothoracic horns of stage I, enlarged. II. Hetero-
ranipa obliqua Pncit.— Stage II; Ila, horns on first prothoracic segment. III. lletemcampa guttiritta TTaU-.— Horns in stage I; a, pro-
thoracic hum; h. one on second abdominal; c, one on third to fifth, and (?, on ninth ;ibdominal segment. (The seta; are in some cases omitted).
It also seems reasonable to suppose that these adaptational, colorational features were acquired
by the ancestors of the present forms during the different stages succeeding the tir.-t ecdysis.
And thus we are warranted in assuming that this and multitudes of other cases of adaptation to
the change in habits and modes of life and special situations were acquired originally, at different
periods after birth, during an earlier geological period than this, when the ancestors were fewer
iu number and more plastic than now. Otherwise, how can we have the difl'erentiation of a few
38 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
aiicestral forms iuto the present series of genera, subfamilies, and families represented by siicli a
great number of species?
Indeed, it seems difficult to account for the evolution of the vast hordes of existing species of
insects, iinless we assume that there was going on throughout the entire process the rise and
gradual perfecting of ])ostuatal acquired characters, such characters becoming flxed by heredity
and reappearing with unerring certitude at difterent stages in the life of the individual, while in
some animals whose postnatal metamorphosis became suppressed we have the more salient stages
ei)itomized during the life of the embryo.
The reddish and russet spots developed in the three, and especially two, last stages of the larva
of these Notodontians are, as shown by the experiments of Wood, and especially of Poulton, the
result of the environment, being due to the action of the color of the spots of the leaves on the
sensitive portions of the skin or cuticle of the caterpillars. It seems to be fundamentally due to
the action of both physical and physiological processes. The skin is spotted and painted by the
reflection of the red and russet tints of the leaves on the sensitive skin of the living organism.
The results are inherited at a corresponding period of life, just as the tubercles, spines, horns,
and other kinds of armature. Hence for thousands of generations we have had such spotted
caterpillars. Now if, as is quite obvious, the spots are thus suddenly produced, since light and
dark hues were so produced in Mr. Poulton's laboratory, at a certain time in the life of the cater-
pillars observed by him, as we know by his experiments the colors were produced in the individuals
of a single generation, it would seem to follow that in nature the characters were tluis acquired in
the larva at a certain stage in the life of the individual, and have been transmitted by homochronous
inheritance. Moreover, this appears to be a case where the characters have been produced by
the direct action of the environment.
At the time, the last of summer, when the leaves are fully mature, preparing to fall off and
be"-inning to be variously spotted and tinted, there is made ready the peculiar en vironment of these
leaf-feeding larvre, and so long as these conditions of red and russet spotted or tinted leaves exist
Ave shall continue to have similarly spotted caterpillars; should the leaves remain green, we should
not expect to have such spotted larvie. Now, these changes in the larva' are due to the primary
factors of organic evolution, i. e., to changes in the environment, to the reflection of these bright
or russet colored patches on the cuticle of the animal. By the neo-Darwinian, the organization
and production is attributed to "natural selection,"' as if it were the main and only efficient cause
of evolution, but really it is not so at all. It may act as a subordinate factor after the colors are
produced, and serve to preserve those individuals most distinctly marked, those less so more
readily falling a prey to birds and insects. Natural selection does not originate, but after the new
structures or markings have appeared, as the result of the operation of the primary factors of
organic evolution (the views of ueo-Lamarckians), natural selection comes in as a late and quite
subordinate factor to preserve the organism.
Family Cendommp'ulw.—lt is easy to believe that this group might have evolved from such a
thoroughly armed caterpillar as that of Hetcrocampa guttiritta, ^\ho>ie ontogeny we have just out-
lined, as all the Ceratocampida' bear spines which vary in degree of complexity. We are now
acquainted with the life history of each important genus of this interesting group. We will select
the case of SpUhujicampa bicolor, a creature of marvellous beauty of ornamentation, which feeds
on the Gleditschia or spiny locust. After a detailed study of the larva through its first larval
stages to its maturity, we have drawn up the following summary of the more salient features in
its ontogeny, dividing the characters into those which are congenital and those which we believe
to have been acquired during the stages succeeding the first:
SUMMARY OF THE SALIENT FEATURES IN THE ONTOGENY OF SPHINGICAMPA BICOLOR.
A. CONGENITAL CHARACTERS OF THE LARVA, ALL AITKARIXG IX STAGE I.
1. The two pairs of enormous spines of second and third thoracic segments one-half as long
as the body and ending in a two-spined, large, flattened, dark bulb, freely movable and piainiy
defensive in function.
2. The large, reddish, spiny "caudal horn" on the eighth uromere ending in two bristles.
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 39
3. The double piliferous tubercle 07i the ninth nromere becoming obsolete in Stages IV and V.
4. The abdominal region is longitudinally striped with dark and whitish bands, but there are
no transverse marks in Stage I or iu later stages.
B. EVOLUTIciN OV LATER AD.VPTATIOXAL CHARACTERS.
1. The head slightly angular, face subtriangular, with a light-brown or greenish lateral stripe
(Stages II-V).
2. Appearance of a transverse row of dorsal graiuilations on the hinder end of each segment
in Stage II, persisting through larval life.
3. The eight thoracic spines lose their bulbous tips and become simply slightly forked in Stage
III and later.
4. The two dorsal spines of uromeres 1-7 are in Stage II larger than the others; in Stage III
they become ivory white externally and in Stage IV larger and silvery white on the outside.
5. In the last two stages the eight thoracic spines become very much shorter in proportion to
the size of the body and become less movable; as they decline in size and functional importance,
the metallic, silvery, dorsal spines on the abdominal segments become conspicuous and apparently
useful to the larva.
The following sumin;uy of a better-known caterpillar, that of EticJes imjicrialis, will bring out
more clearly, perhaps, the point we wish to make, i. e., that the later adaptational characters have
been acquired during the lifetime of either one or of a series of ancestral forms leading ui) to the
present one.
SUMMARY OF THE CHIEF ONTOGENETIC FEATURES OF EAGLES IMPERIALIS.
A. CONGENITAL CHARACTERS.
1. In Stage I there are three pairs of very long dorsal deeply forked thoracic horns, nearly
half as long as the body,
2. A similar median spine on tlieeighth abdominal segment, with one half as long on the ninth.
3. The abdominal segments are transversely banded with black.
4. The lateral spines on the abdominal segments bitid and nearly as large as the subsimple
■dorsal ones.
5. Body pale chestnut brown ; head light reddish.
6. The spiracles minute and difficult to detect, as they are situated iu one of the transverse
■black bands.
B. EVOLUTION OF LATER ADAPTATIONAL CHARACTERS.
1. The forks of the larger dorsal spines disappear at the end of Stage III.
2. The dorsal thoracic spines become recurved in Stage III.
3. The dorsal thoracic and caudal horn become much shorter and stouter in Stage IV, when
the characters of Stage V (and last) are nearly assumed.
4. In Stage II the dorsal spines on the prothoracic segment begin to grow shorter and stouter.
5. In Stage II the large horns begin to be less deeply forked.
6. The transverse black stripes disappear at the end of Stage II.
7. The dorsal and lateral spines on abdominal segments 1-7 are nmch smaller in proportion
in Stage III than in Stage II.
8. Toward the end of Stage III the colors of the body become more conspicuous and variable.
9. In Stage III the spiracles become parti-colored and very conspicuous.
10. The dorsal thoracic and the ''caudal horn "become much shorter in Stage IV and not
forked at the tip.
11. The hairs become long and abundant in Stage IV.
12. The body in Stage IV becomes much stouter and heavier than before, while the head has
not greatly gained in size proportionately.
The European Aglia tau appears to be the sole representative in the Old World of the'
American group or family Ceratocampidie, though with the larval, pupal, and imaginal characters
40 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
it seems to be the type of a distinct subdivision of the Ceratocampidre (the subfamily AglHnw), as
we have named the group. This form is a connecting linlc between the genuine Ceratocampidaj
and theSaturniidic. As originally shown by Duponchel and more recently by Mr. Poulton, before
the last molt the caterpillar wholly discards the congenital characters, viz, its spinous armature,
characters common to the Ceratocampida', and assumes an entirely and strikingly different shape.
It is now destitute of any spines at all, its body is rather short and thick, the segments full convex,
and it closely approximates the general appearance of a Saturniau larva, though the majority of
these are armed with more or less spinose tubercles; the caterpillar of the Brazilian Attacus bet is
Walker, however, is figured and described by Burmeister as being smooth-bodied. The Aglia is
now quite a di'fterent creature from what it was in its earlier stages ; its conditions of existence have
somewhat changed, and in adaptation to such changes its means of defense are of a different nature.
It now feeds passively on its food plant, and is dependent on its colors, various delicate shades
of green and yellow, to escape the observation of its vertebrate and insect enemies, and if discovered
it appears to rely on its large, terrifying eye-spot and somewhat sphinx like attitude to frigh.teu
away its aggressors.
Now, it seems most natural to suppose that the features of the last stage were in the ancestors
of this insect acquired wholly or in part during a detinite epoch in the lifetime of one or perhaps
of a few generations. The mature characters were not originally congenital and would have
perhaps been useless in the early stages of the caterpillar. They may have suddenly appeared in
a single individual and then have become transmitted by heredity and fixed by natural selection, or
this process may have extended through several, though not very many, generations.
The chief factors in the origination of such a striking change in shape and ornamentation after
the last molt appear to have been the atrophy of the spines and tubercles by disuse, the larva, by
a change in its mode of life, with more sluggish habits and perhaps feeding in less exposed
conditions, not needing them, the same change resulting in a transfer of the nutritive tluids
and bringing about the deposit of pigment in definite places, as in the eye-spots.
Whether one accepts the view of the transmission of acquired chai-acters or not, it must be
conceded that the remarkable changes exhibited by Aglia in the last stage must have been
induced with more or less suddenness; that the tendency, at least, to the change was probably
originated during the lifetime of perhaps a single individual. The case seems to us to almost
amount to a crucial one, and if it can be explained by any other mode of reasoning than
the one suggested it will be a matter of interest. Certainly the congenital characters show a
remarkable contrast with what we assume to be acquired characters, and we know of no better
example which could be cited to prove the fact of the transmission of acquired characters.
Family Saturniidce. — In the larval stages of this regal family we have great contrasts between
the first and later stages, both in armature and coloration, as summarized below, each stage
differing remarkably from the others:
EECAPITULATION OP THE MOKE SALIENT ONTOGENETIC FEATURES OF PLATTSAMIA OECKOPIA.
A. CONGEXITAL CHAKACTEUS.
1. The setiB in Stage I blunt, slightly bulbous, and glandular.
2. The tubercles are all of the same size.
3. Body in Stage I dark, almost blackish green; head jet-black ; tubercles yellowish green.
4. The homologne of the " caudal horn" shows plainly its double origin.
5. The difference between the colors of the larva of the first and last stages very marked.
B. EVOLUTION OF LATER ADAPTATIOXAL FEATUHES.
1. The thoracic dorsal tubercles in Stage II and onward are longer than the abdominal ones.
2. Five rows of indistinct black spots along the body in Stage II, not so distinct as in *S'. cynthia^
the body being still dusky green. (These do not originate from lines.) At the end of Stage II
the larva is more like cynthki of the same age, the body being more yellow and the black spots
more distinct. The spots disappear at the end of Stage IV.
MEMOIRS OP THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OP SCIENCES. 41
3. The thoracic dorsal tubercles deep orange; their lioiiK)h),nues on the abdoiuiiuil segments,
amber yellow.
4. The tubercles at the end of Stage 11 and in Stage III spotted on the sides with black. ^
5. In Stage III the donsal tubercles of second and third thoracic segments showy coral red.
The subdorsal and infrasi>iraeular tubercles tipped with pale blue; in Stage II the same tubercles
aie almost entirely pale blue.
G. The head becomes green in Stage IV, with a black spot on the side.
7. The larva is most gaudily colored and conspicuous in the last two stages, while in »SV
cynfhia there are not such marked differences between the different stages, though the last is the
most variegated, owing to the beautiful turquoise-blue trappings.
In Callosamia lyromethea the freshly hatched caterpillar is most remarkably banded, and all its
marks and tubercles are in striking contrast with the fully grown larva. The differences may be
epitomized as follows :
RECAPITULATION OP THE MORE SALIENT ONTOGENETIC FEATURES OP CALLOSAMIA.
A. CONGENITAL FEATLBES.
1. Hatched with heavy black transverse bands on a yellow body, and the head black, banded
with yellow; the bristles moderately long; thus the larva is already a rather conspicuous object.
2. The dorsal thoracic tubercles already differentiated in size and color from those on abdom-
inal segments 1 to 7. The differences between the freshly hatched larva and the last stage very
marked; more so than in Platysamia or Samia.
B. EVOLUTION OF LATER ADAPTATIONAL FEATURES.
1. In Stage II the body becomes paler, and thus the black bauds more conspicuous. The
second and third thoracic dorsal tubercles and those on abdominal segments 1 to 8 are now all
yellowish and of the same size.
3. Disappearance in Stage III of the transverse black bauds. The abdominal tubercles all
become blackish.
3. In Stage IV the head becomes yellow, being less conspicuously marked, and the dorsal
abdominal tubercles are about half as long and large as those on the second and third thoracic
segments.
4. The body becomes in the last stage much smoother than before, the dorsal prothoracic and
abdominal tubercles being much shorter than in Stage IV. .This reduction of size and iuconspieu-
ousness of the dorsal abdominal tubercles is carried out to excess in G. aiKjuli/era, where they
become obsolete, and the larva is simply a large green caterpillar with inconspicuous .markings,
and simi)ly protected by its green color, like the majority of lepidopterous larvie, not being so
strikingly marked as in the fully ted Samia cijiithia.
It is not improbable that the reduction and atrophy of the dorsal tubercles in question is also
accompanied by a great reduction, if not total abolition, of the poison glands at the base of these
si)ines. However, having lost the power of resisting or avoiding attack by this means, it, by the
action of the law of correlation, also loses its bright markings or danger signals, and having
become harmless to its enemies it is preserved from.extinction by passively relying on its smooth,
glaucous-green body to escape the observation of its natural enemies.
A tendency to the same end is seen in the larva of Samia ci/iithia, which is paler, less gaily
ornamented with bright markings, and also is much less heavily intercalated than the caterpillar
of Platysamia cecrojna.
It is evident that of the two species of Callosamia, C. promethea is the more primitive form and
C anf/H/i/fm a derivation from it; the former is what systematists call a '-higher" species and
C. anguUfera a -'lower," but many "lower" species are simply a set of those individuals which,
have undergone some degree of modification or degeneration, and are later in point of origin.
Likewise the Asiatic genus, Samia (S. cyuthia being an introduced form), with little doubt, is
a form which has undergone more or less modiflcation and indeed a slight degree of reduction or
atrophy, and is thus a later form, the genus Platysamia being an earlier type, since it has probably-
been envolved from Satuniia, which is the most primitive genus of the family.
42 MEMOIES OF THE I^ATIOXAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
The terms "high" and "low" are expressions much misused and misap])lied; the terms
generalized, or early or primitive; and modified, specialized, or later, are i)erhaps truer to nature.
It is not always the highest — i. e., most specialized— forms which are furthest removed from
"the ancestral forms. For example, the Diptera, especially the MuscidiB, are the most modified of
insects, i. e., the furthest removed structurally from the winged ancestral forms; but the Hyme-
noptera, especially the wasps and bees, when we take into account the adult stage, are the
"highest" — i. e.. the most specialized — of all insects.
The life histories of the colossal niotbs, Telea poJyphemusi and Actias luna, are of much interest
in connection with this topic, and our remarks should be illustrated by elaborate detailed descrip-
tions and colored figures, but the essential points maybe indicated by the following epitomes. It
should be premised that the shape of the tubercles and the glandular setie they bear differ greatly
in the freshlj' hatched larva from their appearance after the first molt:'
RECAPITULATION OF THE MORE SALIENT ONTOGENETIC FEATURES OF TELEA POLYPHEMUS.
A. CliXGENITAL FEATUUES.
1. The setiTP (bristles) of Stage I but little longer thau the tubercles, and both trnucate and
distinctly bulbous at tip.
2. A slight but distinct differentiation in size aiul color of the dorsal tubercles, those of the
third thoracic and ninth abdominal segments being of the same size, and larger than those on
uromeres 1-7, and of a deeper yellow shade. (Stage I.)
3. The homologue of the "caudal horn" is distinctly double and more deeply divided tlnin in
any other American genera of Attacina?; each fork about as long as thick. (Stage I.)
i. Abdominal legs each with 24 crotchets — a larger number by 0 to 8 than in the other genera.
(Stage I.)
5. Each abdominal segment (uromere) with a lateral pair of transverse black slashes in
Stage I.
G. The two tubercles in Stage I on the suranal plate slender, papilliform, and approximate.
B. EVOLUTION OF LATER ADAPTATIOXAL CHARACTERS.
1. The lateral pair of black transverse stripes on each, uromere nearly or quite disappear in
Stage II.
2. The segments more convex and angular in Stage III.
3. Appearance of a yellowish lateral oblique stripe connecting the lateral tubercles of the
lower and upper row in Stage III.
4. Appearance of the pale purplish edging of the suranal plate and anal legs in Stage III.
5. Appearance in Stage IV of the pearly spot on the o.utside of the dorsal tubercles.
The generic characters are mostly assumed in Stage III.
RECAPITULATION OF THE MORE SALIENT ONTOGENETIC FEATURES OF ACTIAS LUNA.
A. CONGENITAL FEATURES.
1. Set» tapering to a point, not bulbous, and finely barbed. (Stage I.) Most of them are
three or four times as long as the tubercles.
2. Some larvi¥, in Stage I with a very broad lateral dark band along the side of the body,
some without it; no transverse stripes present, but the head iu front is twice banded with dark
brown.
3. The second and third dorsal thoracic tubercles differentiated iu Stage I, being slightly
larger than the abdominal ones.
4. On the suranal plate are two rudimentary tubercles, each bearing a tuft of bristles.
5. The dorsal median tubercle on uromere 8 does not show such marked traces of its double
origin as Stage I of G. promethea or T. polyphemus, but it is more duplex than iu P. cecropia.
' See Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts aud Sciences. Boston, xxviii, p. 80. 1893.
ME:\i()n!s OF THE national academy of sciences. 43
I!. EVOIA'TIOX 0I>' LATHIt A 1>A I'TATII IXAI, III A ItACTEUS.
1. Dorsal tubercles in Stage II higher than before.
2. Tlie lateral dark band disappears in Stage II.
3. In Stage III the dorsal tlioracic tubercles become nearly twice as long and thick as the
abdominal ones.
4. The head is not ))anded in Stage IV.
5. The tubercles brightest (pink or dark carmine) and most conspicuous in the last stage.
(>. A distinct infraspiracular yellow line in Stage IV, and the siuanal plate and anal legs lined
with yellow, and the surface of the suraual plate and sides of the anal legs amber-colored.
Family GochUopodlda: — The .slug-like larv* of the Bombycoid family Cochliopodid:e, so
remarlcable from their snail-like mode of locomotion, their abdominal legs being entirely atro])hied,
in tlieir life history offer strong circumstantial evidence in favor of tlie primitive rapid accjuisitiou
of striking chai-acteristics at the lirst molt. These larvie, as we have elsewhere stated, are born
■without traces of abdominal legs, are nearly colorless, and witli bodies more cylindrical than in the
full grown caterpillar. In the more .si)ecialized tuberculated and spiny genera Adoneta and Empre-
tia (and probably Euclea) the tubercles are already differentiated in Stage I, much as in the last
stage, but otherwise the change from the first to the second stage is very great, so that the set of
congenital characters is very different from the assemblage of acquired characters, especially the
addition of great numbers of bristles on the tubercles, and the gay varied colors and markings of
the body. This sudden change, after but a single molt, shows that these characters are suddenly
acquired. The larvai from being minute, pale-yellowish worms, hatching from almost invisible
scale-like transparent eggs, after the first molt undergo a striking change, the result of feeding in
a more exposed situation and of consequent successful adaptation to jirevent recognition on the
part of hostile insects and birds. The armature of poisonous glandular spines and the development
of b/right warning colors ai-e evidently characters acquired late in larval life, when the creatures
are large enough to attract notice.
In illustration of the changes due to adaptation undergone by members of this familj*, I have
selected the following examples, copied from a previous paper:'
KECAPITULATIO>' OF THE MORE SALIENT ONTOGENETIC FEATURES OF EMPRETIA STIMULEA.
A. CONGENITAL FEATURES.
1. The tubercles on the second and third thoracic and the first, seventh, and eighth abdominal
segments three times the size of those on abdominal segments 2-6, these tubercles being alreadj'
difl'erentiated at birth and more markedly so than in Adoneta.
2. Head not capable of being withdrawn into and concealed by the prothoracic segment.
3. The tubercles each bear only three two-forked glandular seta?.
4. The body is more cylindrical than in the later stages and colorless.
B. EVOLUTION OF ADAPTATKIXAI. FEATURES.
1. In Stage II the form and general colors of the full-fed larva are assumed.
2. The tubercles are now armed with numerous poisonous spinules.
Note.— From wh.at we now know of the congenital as compared with the later acquired adaptational characters
■of Cochliopods, it is evident that the latter are acquired at an earlier stage than in most other caterpillars.
EECAPITULATION OF THE MORE SALIENT ONTOGENETIC FEATURES OF ADONETA SPINULOIDES.
A. COXGEXITAL FEATURES.
1. No tubercles on the prothoracic segment.
2. The dorsal tubercles on the second and third thoracic and first, fourth, seventh, and eighth
abdominal segments double the size of those on the other segments, the tubercles being already
differentiated at birth.
' Proceedings Amer. Philosophical Society, Phil, xxxi, pp. 83-108, 1893.
44 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
3. The protlioracic segment not yet forming a Looil, the Iiead not retracted within it so readily
as in the hxst stages.
4. The tubercles each bear only three three-forked ghindular setse.
5. The segments are more distinct than in the later stages.
6. The body is pearly white, slightly purplish on the back.
B. EVOLUTION OF ADAPTATIOXAL FEATl'RES.
1. The body in Stage II assumes nearly the form and colors of the last stage, the tubercles
beiug armed with numerous spines and some of them tinted with red.
2. In Stage III the colors and appearance of the full-fed larva are assumed.
itECAPITULATION OF THE MORE SALIENT ONTOGENETIC FEATURES OF LITHACODIA FASCIOLA.
A. CONGENITAL FEATURES.
1. The larva is hatched without any tubercles.
2. The glandular Lairs are of the same size and shape in the dorsal and subdorsal rows, being
short, with a tine at the middle and forked at the truncated end.
3. The body is more cylindrical than in the last stages and not skiff-like, and the segments are
distinct and simple.
i. The body is at first colorless.
B. EVOLUTION OF ADAPTATIONAL FEATUBES.
1. The body becomes skiff-like when 5.5 mm. iu length.
2. The color is pea green, like that of the leaf it feeds on, with straw-yellowish marks and spot.=,.
3. The skin becomes rough and granulated and the plateau distinctly marked iu Stage III
or IV.
4. In the last stage the minute spines disappear.
VI.— GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE AMERICAN NOTODONTID.€.
MAPS I-X.
The Lepidoptera are, as regards the higher groups, from the Bombyces to the butterflies, very
largely tropical, the number of species diminishing as we pass from the equator to the i)oles.
Mr. Wallace' states that the distribution of butterflies corresponds generally with that of
birds in showing a primary division of the earth into eastern and western rather than into
northern and southern lands. From his studies on the ilistribution of butterflies and " Sphingina"
(including, however, the ^-Egeriidse, Castniida?, Agaristidi^, Zygiienidie, Uraniidte), he concludes
that "the neotropical region is by far the richest and most peculiar."'
The Zyga^uidiB or day-flying moths are usually restricted to the Tropics, as we have seen in a
striking manner wheu descending from the temperate zone of Mexico to Cordova, which is
situated in the tropical zone (tierra caliente), and it is easy to recognize the fact that our United
States siiecies of this family have been derived from the tropical regions of Central aud South
America and the Antilles.
It would be premature for us to enter into even a provisional account of the distribution
of the Bombyces as a whole until we have completed our survey of the members of the entire
superfamily, and our remarks at present will be therefore confined to the Notodontida;.
It may, however, be well to bear in mind some general results which are quite obvious to one
who has paid even slight attention to the Bombyciue moths.
While the Notodontidte appear to be both tropical and temperate forms, though it should be-
borne in mind that we know but little of the tropical forms, and few species are known from India
or southern Asia in general, certain other fomilies are largely tropical.
' The Geographical Distribution of Animals, 1876, ii, p. 483.
MEMOIRS OF THE NxVTIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 45
Upon the whole, the Ccrntocnmp'uJK are tropical, many more species oceiirrin.n' in Brazil and
Central America tliau in North America, aud this may be said of the family ilemileucida-.
The family Saturniidw is a tropical group, only a single genus occurring in Europe, while in
North America north of Mexico there are six. In trojjical America, Africa, and southeastern
Asia, includiug China, the species and genera are far more numerous and form a characteristic
feature of the fauna..
Another family richly developed in the tropics of South America, Africa, and Asia is the
extensive family of LiisiocaDipidir, many of fclieni rivaling in size the colossal Attaci, and judging
from a collectiou of Central African caterpillars of this grou]) in the museum of Brown University,
collected on the Upper Congo, their armature of spines is tlie most formidable of any of the
Bombyces. And here it may be observed that the most spiny forms appear to be tropical, and
this tends to prove that originally nearly all our spiny caterpillars appeared in warm regions,
while the densely hairy forms, like Ai'ctian larvaj, predominate in cool temperate regions.
The I'si/rhida; though so richly developed in Europe, appear on the whole to be widely
distributed over the tropical regions, including Australia.
The group of CochUopodidw or slug caterpillars is richly developed in Central aud South
America, as well as in India, but is entirely wanting in western North America, while in Europe
there are only two species, this paucity or absence of species being probably due to geological
extinction in tlie western»portions of the Old and New Worlds.
The small family of Mcj/alopyr/idw (Lagoidaj) is confined to the New World. One genus ( L(tf/o<()
occurs in the eastern United States, but the species are most numerous in the forest regions of
eastern South America.
The family Liparida' appears on the whole to exist in greater force in the Tropics of America
and Asia than in the temperate regions to the northward.
On the other hand, the extensive group of Arctiidw and LitJiosiidce predominate in the tem-
perate regions, aud its species, in rare cases — a few of Arctia — extend to the Polar Eegions, only
one other genus, Laria, a Liparid, sharing the regions of the Arctic Circle, a species of each genus,
Arctia and Laria, also being Ali)ine in Euro))e and North America.
We will proceed to analyze the Notodontian fauna of North America.
The animals of our American continent south of the Polar Region may roughly be divided
Into three grand assemblages, i. e., (1) those inhabiting the northern moist and forest-clad regions;
(2) those inhabiting the elevated, dry plateau region of the Cordillera mountain ranges, extending
southward over the Mexican plateau, aud which may be called the Plateau Province (it is Allen's
Arid Province) ; (3) those inhabiting the tropical portions of southern Florida and the low tropical
shores of southern Texas and of Central America.
In our essay on the geographical distribution of the Geometrid moths,' published in ISlii,
we called attention to the elements from which our i^reseut insect fauna has been formed, and
claimed that the tropical elements in our fauna originally migrated fi'om Central America by
three avenues, i. e., the Pacific Coast, the central plateau of the Cordilleras, and the Atlantic
Coast, and we have always been of the* opinion that the Mexican fauna had strongly influenced
the Pacific Coast fauna, as well as the fauna of New Mexico, Utah, and Nevada.
As to the Arid province, or Plateau province as it might also be designated, it may be observed
that within the limits of the United States it comprises the Central province of Agassiz, together
with the Pacific Coast or California province, and to which Dr. Allen gives the name of Campes-
triau subprovince. The southern eixuivalent of the Campestrian is the Mexican .subprovince. We
very much prefer the word Mexican to the term " Sonoran" of Dr. Merriam.^ Originally the term
"Sonorau" was applied by Cope to a restricted i^ortiou of northwestern Mexico known politically
as Sonora.
But Dr. Merriam has, somewhat unwarrantably it seems to us, extended the term "Sonoran"
to include not only the elevated portions of Mexico, but also almost the whole of the United States
'A monograph of the Geometrid moths or Phala'nida? of the United States. Report U. S. Geological Survey,
TT. v. Hayden, geologist in charge, Vol. X, 1876.
-Tlie Geographic Distribution of Life in North America, with special reference to the Mammalia. Proc.
Biological Society of Washiugton, vii, pp. 1-64, April, 1892. With a map.
4(5 MEMOIES OF THE ]SrATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
south of the Great Lakes and I^ew England, his Upper Sonoran being rhe equivalent of th&
Carolinian of other writers, and his Lower Sonoran corresponding to the Austroriparian subprovinco
of Allen. Such an enormous extension of the term Sonoran seems unfortunate, and it is to be
hoped that it will not be generally adojjted.
The word Mexican, being far more general in its application, is obviously a more natural
and general term, and means more to the general student than the restricted word "Sonoran."
Sonora is but a small district or portion of Mexico, and while we might perhaps retain the name
Sonoran for the fauna of northeastern Mexico in the sense originally intended by Professor Cope,
to give it the very great extension now proposed is at least inadvisable.'
Another consideration is the probable origin of the fauna of this Arid or Plateau Province.
The region covered by the fauna and flora of the Great Plains of the United States (Campestrian)
and of the Mexican Plateau is entirely distinct from the northern or cold-humid and the southern
warm-humid subregions of our continent.
It is possible that it is in a large part made up of the remnants of the Pliocene fauna, which
underwent great modifications during the process of desiccation of the treeless, elevated western
l)ortion of oar continent (originally the Mesozoic Pacifls of Clarence King). Doubtless during the-
period of elevation and of drainage, resnlting in the formation of the extensive desert tracts of tlie
United States and Mexico, when the surface became deforested, owing to the lack of sufficient rain-
fall, the present assemblage, or at least the immediate forerunners of the plants and animals of
this vast plateau region, formerly inhabitated by the lacustrian life of the Eocene, IMiocene, and
Pliocene Tertiary epochs — times of tropical humidity and heat — was gradually brought into
existence.
The general name "Arid province" applied by Dr. Allen to this plateau region seems appro-
priate, and for the two quite distinct subprovinces Dr. Allen's term Campestrian is well selected,
and for the southern we hope the term Mexican will be reserved, especially since the tropical
liortious of Mexico seem, so far as our present knowledge extends, scarcely distinguishable from
that of Central America in general. We shall ventuie in this work to use the word Mexican in the
sense in which the term Sonoran has been employed by Dr. Merriani.
The maps published by Dr. Allen in his most recent essay on the geographical distribution of
North American mammals (Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, iv, pp. 199-24:3,
1891!) will, with a few minor changes, serve our purpose in illustrating the distribution of the insects
and in a more restricted way of the Bombycine moths (see Map I). We may have in our former
essay contrasted too sharply the Central province and the Pacitic Coast district.
We will first contrast our North American assemblage of Notodontida; with that of Europe,
including northwestern Asia (the "Paheartic" region of Sclater) and inclusive of the tropical
portions of southeastern Asia (Wallace's Oriental Region). We purposely omit any reference to
the term Nearctic, believing it an unfortunate appellation, neither philosophical nor true to the
fact that America is zoologically an older continent than Eurasia, its plants and animals having
lagged behind in development that of the flora and fauna of the Old World, geological extinction
having gone on more rapidly in Europe than in America, at least in northwestern America, while
the ending Arctic is quite inapplicable to an assemblage of north temperate animals.
The Notodontian fauna of America is naturally richer than that of Eurasia, because of the
greater extent and diversity of surface of the continent over wliich it is spread.
In Staudinger's Catalogue of European Lepidoptera of Notodontidre there are enumerated
1-t genera and 42 species; 'in America, north of Mexico, we have 21 genera and about 78 species.
The'following lists will present in a graphic way the resemblances and differences between the
Notodontian fauna of the two hemispheres, it being understood that by Eurasia we mean Europe
and Asia, without the Oriental region; and by North America, that continent less Mexico and
Central America.
'In his valuable essay entitled "Laws of temperature control of the geographic distribution of terrestrial
animals and plants," Nat. Geogr. Mag., vi, Dec, 1894, Dr. Merriam divides the United States into three regions: the
Boreal, Austral, and Tropicil. The Austral region is divided into three zones: the Transition, Upper Austral, and
Lower Austral. The Upper Austral zone comprises two principal subdivisions: an eastern or Candiuian area aud a
western or Upper Sonoran area. The Lower Austral zone comprises two principal subdivisions : an eastern or Aus-
troriparian area, and a western or Lower Sonoran area (p. 277).
MEMOlliS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
47
Tlie Notodoutidu' of Noitli America iire in this work divided into seven subfamilies; of these
the Gliipltinina; I'l/gwriiia; Ichtliyurina; and Notodont'uuc oceiir both in Eurasia and Nortli America,
while two of the seven, the Apatelodinw and Heterocaminnw, are peculiar to North America, and
extend through Central into the eastern forest-clad tropical region of South America.
Gciwrd common to Eurasia and North Aiiu
Lo])hopteryx.
Ghiphisia.
Ichthyura.
Lophodonta.
JJrymonia.
Plieosia.
Notodonta.
Nerice. (China and Nepaul.)
Cerura.
Apatelodes.
Da tail a.
Nadata.
Ellida.
Dasylophia.
Symmerista.
Genera peculiar to North America.
Hyparpax.
Euhypari)ax.
Xylinodes. .
Schizura.
Seirodonta.
Heterocampa.
Macrurocampa.
Of this assemblage several genera extend into Central and South America (the Brazilian
subregion), and, besides those enumerated, Nadata, Hyparpax, and Schizura will perhaps eventu-
ally be found to exist in the Brazilian subregions. I have included Apatelodes, as it is so closely
allied to Paratliyris, and may be found to be identical with it. Cerura is of doubtful occurrence
in South America.
Genera common to North and South America.
Apatelodes. Heterocampa.
Dasylophia. Macrurocampa.
Symmerista.
It appears from these facts that our Notodontians have originated iu North America, the
species of those genera ranging into tropical South America having perhaps migrated from the
northward, and their ancestors may have formed the Notodontian f;xuua of Miocene and Pliocene
North America.
Within the limits of the United States there are profound differences in the Arid Plateau
province and the humid or eastern province.
American (jenera not occurriiuj in the Cainpeiitrian suhprorinee^ ineludiny the Pucijic Coast district
[south of Oregon).
■ Apatelodes. Symmerista.
Datana (only 1 species). Hyparpax.
Lophodonta. Xylinodes.
Drynionia (occurs iu Colorado). Seirodonta.
Ellida. Heterocampa.
Nerice.
Dasylophia. Macrurocampa.
Excepting three species of Schizura and Euhyparpax, the entire group of Heterocampina?
is wanting iu western America, and it is significant that the Heteroeampinw are entirely wanting
in the Old World, as is also the group Apatelodina:
Now, confining our attention to the United States and British America, we will give a tabular
view of the species of the forest-clad, humid, uoitheastern portion of North America, adding in
a parenthesis after the name of each species either (1) for the Appalachian subproviuce or (2)
showing its residence in the Austroriparian subproviuce. Where a species ranges through both
subprovinces both numbers are inserted.
(Except H. plumosafrom
Arizona.)
48 MEMOIES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
■Species inhahitatinij the Cold Temperate suhreffion and Humid province (Allen) [i. e., the northern or
boreal and the eemtern or fore.st-clad province).
Subfamily I.— Gluphisin^.
Gluphisia septeutriouis (1). G-. lintneri (1). G. severa (1).
Subfamily II. — APATELODixiE.
Apatelodes torrefacta (1, 2). A. angelica (1).
Subfamily III.— PvG.TSRiNiE.
All the. (1.3) species of the genus, except Datana enli/oniiea.
Subfamily IV.— Ighthyurin.e.
Iclitliyura apicalis (vau) (1). Ichthyura albosigma (1).
inclusa (1, 2). brucei (1).
strigosa (1).
Subfamily V.— XotodontintE.
Nadata gibbosa (1, 2), Notodouta stragula (1).
Lophodonta angulosa (1, 2). simplaria (1).
ferruginea (2). Ellida cauiplaga (1).
basitriens (1). Nerice bidentata (1).
Drymonia georgica (1, 2). Dasylophia anguiua (1, 2).
Lopbopteryx elegaus (1). interna (1).
camelina (1). Symmerista albifrons (1,2).
Pheosia dimidiata (1\. packardii (1).
Subfamily YI.— Heterocampin^ts.
Hyparpax aurora (1, 2). Heterocampa mauteo (1, 2).
peroplioroides (2). . biundata (1,2).
Xylinodes lignicolor (1. 2). guttivitta (1, 2).
Schizura ipome* (1, 2). ' pulverea (1, 2).
leptinoides (1, 2). obliqua (1, 2).
apicalis (1). ■ astarte (2).
unicornis (1,2). belfragei (2).
badia (1). subrotata (2).
eximia (1). liydromeli (2).
coucinna (1, 2). unicolor (1).
Seirodonta bilineata (1). Macrurocaiflpa martbesia (1, 2).
Subfamily YII.— Ceruein^e.
Cerura borealis (1, 2). Cerura ciiierea (1, 2).
occidentalis (1). scitiscripta (1, 2).
scolopendi'ina (1).
It will be seen from the foregoing list that out of .52 species 2.5 are, so far as yet known,
restricted to the Appalachian subprovince, though extending westward in some cases t.o the
Padflc Coast, a few, notably G'hiphisia septentrionis, Ichthyura apicalis (vau), and a species of
Cerura, extending to the northern limits of the Hudsonian district. None of the family are peculiar
to the Alpine summits of this or any country.
Species inhabiting the Arid province [Campestrian) and Pacific Coast district.
Those from the Great Basin and Rocky Mountain region (including Oregon and Washington)
are marked (1); those from the Pacific Coast district (including California and Arizona), (2).
Subfamily I. — Gluphisin^.
Gluphisia wrightii (2). Gluphisia albofascia (1).
form rideuda (1). formosa (1).
rupta (1). ' severa (2).
MEJIOiltS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 49
Subfamily III.— Fyg^erin^.
Datana calit'oniica (2).
Subfamilj' IV. — Ichthyurin^.
Ichthyura apicalis (1, 2). Iclithyura bnicei (1).
var. ornata (1, 2). var. luultuoma (1).
var. astoriie (1). albosigma (1).
var. bifiria (2).
inoniata (2).
Subfamily V. — NotodontiNvE.
Xadata gibbosa (I, 2). JSTotodonta stragula var. pacifica (2).
Pheosia diiiiidiata (1, 2).
Subfamily VI. — Heterucampin^.
Scliizura ipomete (1, 2). Schizura coiiciuna (salicis) (2).
perangulata (1). Heterocampa plumosa (1, 2).
unicornis (2).
Subfamily Vll. — CekuriNvE.
Cerura scolopendrina (1, 2). Cerura ciuerea (1, 2).
This list shows iu a very striking way that not only is there not a genus of Notodontinse as far
as we yet know peculiar to the vast Gampestrian subprovince, but also, with perhaps the exception
of one species (Hefcromnqm pli(mo.^((), there is not throughout the whole of western North America
any of the family widely distinct from eastern forms. All of the species and varieties i>f Ghiphisia
appear to be but climatic varieties of the eastern G. septentrionis and severa; the single species
of Datana (D. californica) may prove to be a local variety of D. ministra. The only distinct
species of Ichthyura is /. inoniata, whose spocific rank is quite doubtful, since I have been
inclined to regard it as only a climatic variety of /. apicalis. Schizura pcrangulata is, however,
quite distinct, and yet it is closely allied to *S'. cximia.
In fact, the greater part of the number of Gampestrian species are really inhabitants of the
bumiil, wooded mountains and elevated valleys which rise out of the dry, rainless plains and
plateaus, and the species found there are truly members of the Appalachian fauna, the areas
which they inhabit being simple outliers on the western and Pacific slopes of the Appalachian
subprovince (Canadian and Alleglianian fauna), which extends southward along the elevated
ranges of the Eocky 3Iouutaius of the Cascade liange and the Sierra Xevada.
The Notodontians are peculiarly tree-inhabiting forms, and in a region so destitute of forests
and of deciduous trees as the Plains, the Great Basin, and California we should not expect good
material for characterizing faume. Hence the distribution of this restricted group of moths
presents very different results from that of insects in general and of mammals and birds, and it is
difficult to separate on such slender evidence the Californian or Pacific Coast district fauna from
the Gampestrian, though when we take into account other groups of insects, especially Coleoptera,
we seem warranted in such a differentiation of the faun;ti of western North America.
From what we know of the life histories of the Californian and Gampestrian Notodontians
their principle food plants in that region are the poplars and willows which flourish along the
river courses of that dry area, others feeding on the scrub oaks of the plains and foothills.
This interdigitatiou of Gampestrian (dry) and humid forest clad mountain tracts, with the
outliers from the Boreal (Arctic, Hudsonian, and Canadian) and Alleghanian ("Transition"
Merriam) faunte is well shown ou Dr. Merriam's map.^
' In our zoogeograpliical map published in 1883 (Vol. XII, Hayden's Annual Report) we believe we were the first
to represent on a colored map the southward extension along the Rocky Mountain range and Sierra Nevada, as
well as along the Appalachians and Adiroudacks of the Boreal (C'auadian) province. Having visited those moun-
tains and studied the Aljiine fauna of those regions, and from general knowledge, it is somewhat surprising to read
on page 226 of Dr. Allen's article the following statement:
" Dr. Packard, iu his otherwise excellent zoogeographical map of Xorth America, failed, however, to recognize
the southward extension of the Cold Temperate subregiou along the principal moiintaiu systems of the continent."
Ou the contrary, as anyoue will see on examining ray map, I have carried down along the Rocky Mountain range a
long loop of the isotherm of 40^ as nearly far south as Sauta Fc, N. Mex., and colored the mountain ranges and
spurs within the loop i>ale blue, the same hue as that used in coloring the Boreal province.
S. Mis. 50 4
50 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
The distribution of most of the genera and nearly each species of Notodontians is shown on
the nine plain maps accompanying this memoir. It is believed that by having a number in con-
spicuous type, representing a distinct species, the map will both show at a glance the known ■
localities where they were found and also the distribution. When the entire group has been
discussed, we hope to present a final colored map sliowing the general distribution of insect life
in North America.
SEASONAL VARIATION.
Almost nothing has been done on this subject, except for the butterflies by Mr. W. H.
Edwards, whose able investigations are well known. The only facts known as regards the
Bond)yces are those stated to us by Mr. Beuteumiiller. who, in breeding Ichthyura (q)icalis, has
found that the summer and winter broods of this species are ditferent in hue, the pale individuals
belonging to the summer brood and the darker ones to the earlier winter brood.
We' have also called attention to the cases of Drepana arcuata and Dryopteris rosea, first
noticed by the late S. Lowell Elliot. Mrs. Slosson tells us that in Pi-anconia, N. H., the early May
brood of the Geometrid moth, SdcHea kentaria, is darker and richer in hue than those of the later
or summer brood.
CLIMATIC VARIATION IN THE NOTODONTID^i:.
In an essay on the general subject of climatic variation in our Monograph of Geometrid
Moths (pp. 5SJ:-.")S9) we called attention to tlie changes in the size of the body, in the shape of the
wings, and in the coloration, observed in Colorado and (m the Pacific Coast, in individuals of
species ranging across the continent. We gave a list of 27 species of Geometrid moths which
attain a larger size as we go west, and whicli in some cases have longer, more pointed wings than
individuals from the Atlantic Coast.
( )ur observations on individuals of the present family have been very scanty from the lack of
material, n(me of the collections I have been able to consult being rich in number of individuals;
also from deficiency on the labels of exact localities, and of information as to whether captures
were made on the plains or among the mountains in a State like Colorado, and whatever is
stated here should be regarded as merely tentative and suggestive, rather than final and
conclusive.
NotodoHt'uhv iciiich attain a Jar(/cr size in the Campestrian siibprorinee, includinf/ the racific Coast,
than in the Atlantic or Appalachian and Austroriparian suhprorinces.
Ichtliyura iuoimata. Schizura unicornis var. conspecta.
Pheosia dimidiata. Cerura cinera and var. cineroides.
Species ichich hare longer irinf/s in the Campestrian suhprorinces than in the Appalachian and
.lustroriparian.
Schizura concinna (salicis). Cerura nivea.
Species irhich tend to bleach out or to become paler than eastern individuals, and to lose their dark
markings in the Arid or Campestrian suhprorinces (including the lowlands of California).
Gluphisia wrightii. Ichthyura apicalis.
var. astoriai.
severa.
var. formosa. Schizura unicornis.
var. conspecta.
var. albofascia (Utah). Cerura cinerea.
and var. nivea.
It is not improbable that the Campestrian (Colorado and Utah) species of Oluphisia, such as
G. ridenda, G. rupta and albofascia are climatic varieties of G. septcntrionis.
' Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxiv, p. 491, 1890.
MEMOIKS OF THE ^•AT10NAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 51
MELANISM IN THE ^VHITE AND ROCKY MOUNTAIN AND PACIFIC COAST MOUNTAIN REGIONS.
W'itlioiit at present eutering into the discussion of the general causes of melanism, we will
draw attention to such cases as liave fallen under our notice in the present group.
It seems generally recognized, however, .that melanism is due to elevatiou (not necessarily a
high laritn(h^) united with an ext-essively humid or wet climate. We Imve such elevated areas over
which the rainfall is excessive in the White Mountains, in the Adirondacks, in the mountains of
British America, the Cascade Range and its spurs in British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon,
and in the elevated portions of the Sierra Nevada aiul of the Rocky Mountains, with their subordi-
nate ranges and spnis. In such a cool and moist climate we also have much (doudy weather and
far less direct sunlight than on the drier and more sunny lowlands. This does not exclude the
fact that melanism may occur m a low and wet region, as the west coast of Africa.
.Mrs. Slosson, who has spent numerous summers in Fraiu;»nia, N. H., and has had wide
experience in collecting Lepidoptera in that region, as well i;s in Florida, informs me that it is
almost invariably the case that the White iMountain moths are darker and richer in hue than
southern individuals of the same species.
The following facts bear on this point:
" But it is also a known fact that many species of animals, especially of insects, which are
found at a high level on mountains have a darker coloring than their allies at a lower level. Thus,
there are remarkably dark species and varieties of beetles occurring at high levels." (Elmer's
Organic Evolutiou, p. 9L>.)
The late Dr. Weinlaud, who lived some years in th.e United States, remarks, as quoted by
Eimer, '■ that darker pignumt is always i)roduced on mountains, as in Vipera ijrcster, the Black
Mountain variety of Vijferu berm, as in the black rattlesnake of the White Mountains in North
America" (Ibid., p. 98).
Eimer thinks only two causes, apart from moisture, aid in the production of dark hues in A]i)ine
animals, i. e., "either light or decreased atmospheric pressure." But is not the cloudiness and
dullness of the skies about mountain summits, i. e., the absence of sunlight as compared with the
bright sunny days of the lowlands, sufficient, with moisture, to account for the increase in dark
pigment t Though, to be sure, the heat and moisture of the west coast of Africa cause the greatest
extreme of melanism in the negro races.
Cases of melanotic forms, both in the Roely Mountains and on the humid, cool portions of the Pacific
Coast, and on the Atlantic Coast regions.
Gluphisia severa var. slossoniie (White Mountains).
Ichthyura brucei var. multuoma (Oregon and Washington).
Pheosia diraidiata var. p()rtlandia (Oregon and Washington).
Notodonta stragnla var. pacitica (California).
Heterocampa guttivitta. Franconia, N. H.
Cernra multiscripta. In the Northeastern States.
It should be noted that Cerura scitiscri2)ta is represented in New England by the dark forni>
C. multiscript((.
It is greatly to be desired that hereafter collectors working in the Rocky Mountain regions, as
well as anywhere in the Campestrian region, including the Pacific Coast, should carefully state on
their labels the exact locality, with date (at least the mouth), of their captures.
Vll._0.\ THE PHYLOGEXY OR CLASSIFICATION OF THE LEPIDOPTERA.
It hardly need be said that the classification of the Lepidoptera is in a very nnsatist\ictory
state. This is due largely to the fact that the group is so homogeneous, that the habits and
environment of the species are so uniform, and that the adaptive modern characters have hidden,
the slight primitive or ancestral characters which crop out in certain forms; hence the phylogeny
of the order is ditticnlt to unravel. It is now perhaps generally supposed that the Lepidoptera
have originated from the Trichoptera, or from forms very much like them, the most generalized
Tineina being closely similar to the caddis flies, though we shall endeavor to show that this view
52 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADExMY OF SCIENCES.
is not well founded, since it is more jirobable that both Tiicboptei-a and Lepidoptera have had a
conimou parentage. On the other hand, all agree in placing the butterflies at the head of the
series as the most specialized modern group of families. But as regards the natural sequence of
the groups between these two assemblages there are wide differences of opinion. Certainly the
division of the order into Ithopalocera and Heterocera is amateurish and artificial, as is the
separation of the order into the divisions of Macrolei)idoptera and Microlepidoptera.
The princii)les which it seems to us should be kept in view in working out the relations of the
groups are the following:
1. We should keep constantly in mind that a true classification of the Lepidoptera is, like
that of any other group of organic beings, an expression of the phylogeuetic development of the
members of the group.
2. The mouth-parts and particularly the highly modified and specialized maxillfe, being
diagnostic of adult Lepidoptera, as also the absence of functional mandibles, these characters,
together with the pupal ones, are of great phylogenetic importance and of primary taxonomic
value in the establishment of suborders.
3. As in the case of the Diptera, which were divided by Brauer into Diptera cydorhapha and
ortUorhapUa, the pupa serving for a division of the order into suborders, the larval and imaginal
characters agreeing with those drawn from the pupa, so the pupal characters of Lepidoptera, as
first employed by Chapman, are, it seems to us, of fuudameutal importance in the classification
of the order into subdivisions of suborders, i. e., of superfamilies and families. Owing to the
adaptive characters of the imago and also of the larva we have hitherto been very nuich iu the
dark as to the most fuudameutal features, such as will be of permanent value iu the establishment
of the minor groups named. Yet it will be seeu that in general the imaginal characters agree
with the pu])al ones.
Thanks to the labors of Walter' on the mouth-parts of the imago of Eriocephala, and to
Dr. T. A. Chapman's^ paper on the pupae of Heterocera, a truly epoch-making one, we now have
clews to the arrangement of the order which promise the most valuable results. Inspired by the
labors and suggestions of these two authors, I have endeavored, after studying the structure of
Eriocephala and Micropteryx and what pup:e of other forms could be collected, to work along
the lines laid out in these papers.
Those entomologists who disbelieve in the importance of the transformations of insects in
taxonomy should bear iu mind the value of larval as well as pupal characters in the Trichoptera,
Mecoptera, Siphouaptera, Neuroptera, and Hymeuoptera. As regards the Colcoptera, it is
•evident that their classificatiou thus far as based on adult characters is quite unsatisfactory, the
more generalized forms having been placed at the head of the order aud the extremely modified
weevils (Rhyncophora) regarded as the "lowest" group, and that we shall have to depend on the
larvae for the clew which will lead to a revision based on scientific evolutional principles. In 1883^
the writer attemjited to show that the campodea-form larva of the Meloids and Stylopidie weie the
most generalized coleopterous larva^, that the primitive Coleoptera were carnivorous forms, and
that the scavenger and phytophagous fiimilies were derived from them; the weevils aud Scolytidse,
instead of being the lowest, proving to be really the most modified and, therefore, recent groups.
4. The older, more generalized groups of moths are much less numerous in number of species
than the more modern and specialized groups; such are the generalized Tineina and the Bombyces
as compared with the Geometrida' and Noctuidiie, as well as the butterflies, this being probably
in part due to geological extinction.
5. While the peculiar shape of caterpillars, with their round heads, reduced cephalic append-
ages, three pairs of jointed thoracic feet, and abdominal legs, not exceeding five pairs, is diagnostic
' Zur Morphologie der Schmetterlingsmundthcile, Sitzungsb. Jena. Ges. Med. und Naturwissens., 1885. Beitriige
iiir Morphologiu der ScUmetterlinge, Jena. Zeit., 1885, pp. 751-807.
2 On some neglected points iu the structure of the pup.-e of Heteroeerous Lopidoptera and tlieir probable value
in classification, etc. Trans. Eut. Soc. Londou, 1893, pp. 97-119.
3 Third Report U. S. Entomological Commission, 1883, p. 299. This view has been adopted and extended by
M. C. Houlbert, who has published a new classificatiou of the Coleoptera. See Eapports naturel et phylogduie
des Coleopteres. Bulletin des Sciences nat. de I'Association des Eleves de la Faculte des Sciences de Taris, iv.
May, 1894, pp. 62-171.
MEMOIES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 53
of Lepidoptera, only tbe larviE of the Trichoptera, Panorpid.ie, and Tenthredinida' approacliing
tliem. tlicy do not seem to attbrd salient features of value for subordinal charaeters. Yet there
are some archaic features, such as the arranjiement of the hooks on the abdominal legs, the
presence of eversible coxal glands on the under side or on the sides of the body; and in the larva
of Eriocephala we have subordinal characters in the absence of a functional spinneret, also in the
extraDidiiiaiily large size of the antenna', and of the maxillary palpi of that genus.
The process of specialization in the larva has effected not so much the general form of the
body as the armature of the abdominal legs and of the body. Chambers, and also Dimmock,
(Psyche, iii, 99, 1880) has shown in Lithocolletis and in Gracilaria, especially, the changes which
take place in the head and mouth parts as well as feet of the larva after the first, molt, in adapta-
tion from a mining to a free existence. Bat in free-feeding forms it is difticnlt to distinguish a
normal Tiueid larva from a Tortricid or Pyi'alid larva, and as yet no characters diagnostic of them
and other families have been indicated. With the exception of the larvtB of certain Tineina, of
the Cochliopodidie (Limacodidic), of the Psychida-, those of the Ilesperians aiul the onisciform
caterpillars of Lycaenidie, lepidopterous larvfe are remarkably homogeneous in form, as they are
in habits. The only reliable larval characters for distinguishing families are the ditterences in the
piliferous tubercles, the number of hairs or set;e arising from a tubercle, or the shape and size of
the tubercles themselves, and evei; within the limits of any family there is great variation in
these, as seen in the Saturniida', or the Ceratocampida?, or Arctiidir, etc.
The resemblance between the larva» of the Trichoptera and the Lepidoptera is remarkably
close, their internal and external anatomy being nearly the same, the Lepidoptera differing chiefly
in the presence of abdominal legs; these, however, being absent in Micropteryx.
Supposing that the Leitidoptera did spring from some nenropterous group allied to the stem
form of the Trichoptera, the type at once after the primitive lepidoptera ceased to live in the watei-,
if its ancestors were aquatic, assumed abdominal legs, hooks developed on them, at first a pair, then
more until two complete rows appeared, and the larva was fitted to climb the stems of plants in
order to feed on the leaves. Eventually we may imagine that the larva", owing to the attacks of
insect parasites, sought shelter by mining leaves, seeds, twigs, stems, trunks, and even roots of
plants. In adaptation to these novel surroundings, the mining forms by disuse lost their legs,
their bodies became flattened and otherwise modified as in certain Tineina, or the sack bearers
were modified in adai>tation to tlieir peculiar habits. Tliis great diversity in the mode of obtain-
ing their vegetable food and their exposure to varying surroundings resulted in manifold special
adaptations in ornamentation and armature, hence the groups most successful in the struggle for
existence became very numerous in genera and species.
The generalized forms may be detected by the larvte having one-haired warts, with minute
tubercles without spines, but other primitive forms have large tubercles, warts, humps, or highly
colored lines, bands, or spots. While the larval characters are useful in distinguishing genera
or families, they do not appear to present salient subordinal characters, as they do in Coleoptera,
Diptera, and Hymenoptera.
(i. The generahzed pupal forms are those nearest to the pupa libera of Trichojitera and the
Neuroptera, etc.; such is that of ilicropteryx. Those pui>;e with more or less free abdominal
segments, the Fupw incompletw of Chapman, are plainly more archaic or genei'alized than those
belonging to his division, Pupw obtecfa; which comprise the modern or specialized forms. Where
the ends of the maxillary palpi appear externally under the eyes; where the labial palpi are
visible; where what we call the paraclypeal pieces are present, we have survivals of the characters
of the pupa libera of Micropteryx. When these features have been by modification lost, we have
the uniform obtected pujja of the Neolepidoptera, and these characters are so persistent that they
are of high taxonomic value.
7. The pupa, then, is of the greatest importance in defining the larger groups of the haustellate
Lepidoptera, and chiefly for the reason tliat the lepidopterous i)ui)a, with its so-called wing and
appendage cases, appears to represent not only what maybe called a suljimaginal condition, but a
still earlier, lost, or extinct imaginal type, a type perhaps midway between the ametabolous and
metabolous series. This is suggested by the wing-cases which are as in ametabolous nymphs,
such as those of Dermaptera, Termitida', and Psocida-, as well as of Hemiptera; and, as shown
by Spuler, the venation of the lepidoi)terous i)upa is almost identical with that of the Blattidai
54 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
and FulgoridaB. The wiugs of the lepidopterous pupa may be said to be in the nymph stage of
the ametabolous insects meutioued, since they are direct outgrowths from the tergites of the
segments from which they arise. If the wing-cases of any lepidopterous pupa, together with the
meso- or metathorax, are, before its hxrval skin is molted, removed and spread out, they bear, as
Spuler shows, a striking resemblance to those of a beetle, Termes, Psocus, or any Hemipterous
uyiuph. There are no traces in the pupa of any of the isolated ehitinous pieces in the membrane
connecting the wings with the trunk, which are seen in the imago. If the wing of the immature
imago is removed from the pupal wing case, it will be seen to ditt'er greatly in shape and venation
from that of the pupa. The pupal venation is ancestral and phylogenetic; that of the imago is
more specialized, showing the results of a long process of adajttation and modification. So it is
with the appendages; those of the maxilhe, labium, and of the legs ditt'er greatly, as anyone has
observed who has studied fresh pupa;, as compared with those from which the imago is ready to
emerge. Those of tlie ])upa show important differences; they are not simply cases, but ditt'er in
structure, and possil)ly represent the appendages of an ametabolous ancestor, a i^rogeuitor which
may have descended from the campodeiform ancestor of the class of insects.
The iniportan(!e of the pupa is also seen when we compare those of the genei alized Lepidoptera
with the more primitive generalized dipterous families Bibionid;e, Cecidomyiidte, Tipulidae,
Mycetophilidfe, etc. The close resemblance between the orthojraphous Dipterous pupa and Tineid
I)upa att'ords strong evidence that the two orders are not only closely allied, but even that they
may have originated from a common ancestry, the loss of thoracic and of abdominal limbs and the
reduction of the head and its appendages of dipterous larvte, as well as the reduction of the
hind wings, being due to modification from disuse; In the Dipterous ])ui)a (Culex, etc.) the hind
pairs of wings are nearly as well developed as those of lepidopterous pu]>a'.
8. The imaginal features iu the haustellate Lepidoptera will in general be found to correspond
with the pupal characters, though they are not so salient aud striking as the latter after these
have been once observed and appreciated. In the moths (Heterocera) especially, tlie adaptative
characters have concealed the more fundamental or primitive characters. What we regard as
adaptative or secondary characters are the absence of vestiges of mandibles and of maxillary
palpi, coupled with the great development of the maxillte themselves, the usually broad frenate
wings, and the difterence in shape of the two pairs, besides the specialization of the scales, not
only of the wings, but of those forming the vestiture of the legs (iu Noctnida-, etc.).
9. What we regard as generalized or ancestral characters in the haustellate Lepidoptera are
those which have proved of especial service in studying the phylogenj^ of the order. These are
the retention of neuro])teroid characters, such as the square head, the small eyes, the vestigial
mandibles; in the Eriocephalidae, the retention of the lacinia and galea, the retention of the
maxillary palpi; in the higher moths the elongated thorax, the large metathorax, with separate
scuta, the exserted large male genital armature of Micropteryx aud of the Psychida?, the small
narrow wings of both pairs, and the trichopteriform venation of the more generalized Tineina
and of the Eriocephalida' (Protolepidoptera); also as respects the markings of the wings, the
absence of highly colored spots, and even of bars crossing the wings. When, as in the highly
colored Tineids, the wings are spotted, they are often barred, this style of markings seen in Adela,
having been possibly handed down from or at least reminding us of certain beautifully orna-
mented and barred trichopterous genera.
It will be seen, then, as we pass up from the Protolepidoptera to the butterflies, that there
has been more or less extinction of neuro])teroid features and an increasing specialization of the
parts of the thorax, of the maxillfe, of the shape of the wings, including their scales and markings
in general, spots succeeding bands and bars, brighter and more varied markings the dull uniform
hues of many micros and Bombyces.
THE STEM FORMS OR PROGENITORS; OF THE LEPIDOPTERA.
It seems to us that in the discovery of two-lobed maxillne in Eriocephala, and other anatomical
features we have new data for discussing this subject, or at least for critising the view perhaps
quite generally held that the Lepidoptera have directly descended from the Trichoptera or from
forms more clo-iely resembling them than other neuropteroid orders.
MEMOIES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 55
The tirst author to suggest the derivation of Lepidoptera and the Tiichoptera from a common
stem form was A. Speyer.' He si)eaks of tlie great simihuity of tlie venation of tlie triohopterous
wings to tliose of the Hepialidit, Cossidi^e, Micropterygidre, aud to tlie hind wings of the Psyohidie,
though allowing that there is no Trichopteron whose venation entirely agrees with that of any
Lepidoptera. He points out the fact that there are certain moths whose pupa- have free limbs, as
Heterogenea, Adela, and Micropteryx, and that members of both orders spin a cocoon. He refers
to the dissimilarity in the mouth-parts of the two orders, the maxilhe and labium, but does not
specially refer to the distinction Iti shape between the maxilhe of the two orders. S|)eyer does
not believe that the Lepidoi)tera directly descended from the Trichoptera, but that they had a
common origin, the latter being the earlier to appear, their remains occurring iu lower geological
strata.- He thinks this common stem-form iu the imago state had through disuse slightly
developed biting mouth parts: that they took little or no nourishment, like the moths. The
duration in the adult life was probably short, and the ancestors of the Lepidoptera were iu the
larval state aquatic, like caseworms. He suggests that the outer lobe of the maxillae were at
first simple in shape, but in the course of time by adaptation to the slowly increasing depth of
the corollas of tlowers, became a hollow sucking organ. This view was also held l)y 11. ^liiller in
18G9, who claiilied that " There is the closest affinity between the Phryganeid:e and Lepidoptera,
and the Phryganeida^ have the buccal orgaus precisely in that rudimentary state which we
shoukl presuppose appropriate to the primordial race or type of Lepidoptera."' Miiller also claimed
that both Lepidoptera and Phryganeidte proceeded from a common stock. (Amer. Nat., v. 288,
1871).
In a review entitled "The position of the caddis flies" (Amer. Nat., v, 707. 1S"1) we pointed
out that in the truuk characters, especially the thoracic, these insects were fundamentally much
less allied to the Lepidoptera than has been supposed.
But in the mouth i)urts also we have a character of fundamental importance which still further
separates the two orders, notwithstanding the fact that both orders in the imago state lack
mandibles. This is the i^resence in the nmxilla of Eriocephala of a laciuia, aud of a true galea,
Avhile the maxilla of Trichoptera entirely differs, having not only no laeinia, but a much reduced,
almost vestigial, galea, ^ the maxillary pali)i being very large.
In respect, then, to the maxilloe, the Lepidoptera are nearer the amctabolous, mandibulate
insects than the Trichoptera, while some genera of the former order (Eriocephala) have well-
formed mandibles, and many others (Tineida^, Pyralida^, and Crambida') have vestigial oues.
In fact the venation of Eriocephala and of Micropteryx is in general remarkably like that of
Amphientomum, a generalized Psocid, and it is not altogether imjiossible that these insects
with their reduced jirothorax and concentrated or fused meso and metathorax, togetlier with their
maxillary fork, may have had some extinct allies which were related to the remote ametabolous
ancestors of the Lepidoiitera.
Here might be recalled the suggestion of Hermauu Miiller iu the same address from which we
have just quoted, that there is a close relationship between the Tiinilariic and the Lepido^jtera, in
the similar venation of the wings iu many Tipularite (Limnobia, Ctenophora) and the Phryganeidai,
"and, finally, the circumstance that it is far easier to deduce morphologically the proboscis of the
Tipula- from the buccal organs of the PhryganeidiTe than from those of any other order of insects."
By this statement he probably jueans the strong resemblance of the haustellum (rather a lai)ping
organ than a sucker) of the Trichoptera to the lapping organ or proboscis of the Diptera, This is
a point which needs further examinatiou. The close similarity of the pupa of the more generalized
Diptera and of the more generalized Lepidoptera also needs to be emphasized, for it is suggestive
of an early close relationshiii between the two orders.
lEnt. Zeitung, Stettin, Jahrg. 31, p. 202, 1870.
■ The cases of a trichopterous insect have recently heen discovered hy Dr. Anton Fritsch iu the Permian beds of
Bohemia. K. liohm. Gesellschaft der Wissenschafteu, November 23, 1894. The earliest Lepidopterous remains,
referred to a sphinx and to Pterophorus, occur in Jurassic strata.
'See our figure of the maxilla of Limnephilus, fig. 4, PI. LIX (lac should be i/alea), Third Report United States
Entomological Commission. 1883; also the much more detailed figures of K. Lucas iu his Beitriige zur Kenntniss der
Mnndwerkzeuge der Trichoptera, 1893.
56
MEMOIIIS OF THE NATIOiSTAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
The conclusion seems to be with our present knowledge that the Lepidoptera, Tricboptera,
and Diptera may possibly have had a common ancestry, and that it iriay be found that the
Lepidoptera was the tirst to be differentiated, and the Diptera the last, since they are more highly
modified. The line of descent of the metabolous orders might tentatively be thus expressed:
h/menoptcra
Nzuroptera
riatyptera-like-forras
Vlll.— ATTEMPT AT A NEW CLASSIFICATION OF THE LEPIDOPTERA.
The first step toward a scientific classification of the Lepidoptera was taken by Dr. Chapman
in his suggestive paper on neglected points in the pupM' of lleterocerous Lepidoptera.
division of the groups based on pupal characters is the following:
His
I.EPIDOI'TEIiA-HETEROCEKA.
A. Obtect.e. Pupa smooth ami roinnk'd, externally solid, inner dissepiments flimsy. Free segments in both
sexes fifth and nixtli (abdominal). Never emerges from cocoon, or progresses in any way.
Dehiscence by irregular fracture.
1. Macros. Larva with hooks of ventral prolegs on inner side only. (Exposed feeders.) Sphinges,
Bombyces, Noliihv, yi/cteolula-, Xoctuina, Geometra:
2. Pp-aUnU. Larva with completo circle of hooks to ventral prolegs. (Concealed feeders.) ryrales,
riiijcidii; Emhirida; Cnimhkhr, (ielechida; PlutelUdiv, (Jicophorida: (Epifiniphiidii; Alucilicla'.)
^- '• Doubtful wlicther I'yraloids or of separate (classificatory ) value. H. 3 4 5 (i 7.
a. Zeuzeha and IIepiaias tend to lose third as a free segment (arc gaining it as a fixed segment).
h. Tl.SCHElilA.
c Adelid.e. Ovipositor (of imago) formed for piercing plant (issues.
d. Nepticvi.id.e. Antenuio separate from head in dehiscence.
h. Larva exposed feeder. Slug-like in form and movement, head very retractile. Free segments
34567. 345 (i. ' '
1. Microptehygid/E.' Eight pairs abdominal legs, curious appendages, moss feeders.
2. CocHi,iOPOi)iD/E. Legs evanescent, but traces of extra pairs and of curious appendages. Max. pulps
large in pupa, not in imago.
3. Zygaenmd.e. Legs of Macro type. Max. palps evanescent in pupa.
' I have only seen a portion of a pupa of these and of Psychids. I have had none of my own, and have not been
able to examine them freely. — T. A. C.
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 57
C. ?. Pupa with no free segments, appendages adlierent to all abdominal segments. Lijonclia,
CcmioHlojita, liedelJia.
Note. — Eriocepliala (Microptciyx puipurella, (•tc.) appears liy iaiaginal character.s to belong to Adelid.-e. I5nt
the pupa is truly incomplete, not semiinconiplete, as all the other Inconii)leta- are; tliat is, the ajipendages are all
absolutely distinct and free, and all t\w abidoptera. Ithaca, X. Y., 1893.
- In his drawing of the wings of Microjiteryx Comstock has not represented the jugum-like flap on the
hind wing, which is present in Micropteryx purpundhi, though not apparently in EMocephata calthella. .Since it
occurs on the hind as well as fore wings, I doubt that it is of much use in keeping the wings spread.
■58
MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Suborder I. — Lepidoptera laciniata on Peotolepidoptera.
The taxononiic importance of Walter's most iDterestiiiy discovery, that Eriocepliala calthella
lias inaxilhe coustructed ou tbe type of those of biting or mandibulate insects, i. e., with an inner
(galea) and outer lobe (laciiiia) besides the palpi (tig. 2), was apparently overlooked by him as
well as others, though its bearings on the phylogeuy of the Lepidoptera, insisted on by Walter, are.
it seems to us, of the highest interest. The i)resence of two maxillary lobes, homologous with the
galea and lacinia of the Mecoptera (Pauorpidie) and Neuioptera (Corydalus, Mymeleou, as well
as the lower orders, Dermaptera, Orthoptera, Coleoptera, etc.) in what in other important respects
also is the ''lowest" or most primitive genus of Lepidoptera, the lacinia being a rudiniental,
scaroelj' functional, haustellum or tongue, and not merely a vestigial structure, is of great
significance from a phylogenetie point of view, besides affording a basis for a
division of the Lepidoptera into two grand divisions or suborders, for which
we would propose the names Lepidoptera laciniafa and Lepidopteta haiisicUata.
Walter thus writes of the first pair of maxilhe:
The other mouth parts also of the lower Micropterj-giuii' have a most iirimitivo char-
acteristii-. In tbo first pair of maxilla' of Micropteiyx caltheUa, uruncella, atulenschdUi. aud
anreatdla, eardo and stipes are present as two clearly sejiarate pieces. The former iu J/.
caltheUa and arunceUa, in comparison with the latter, is larger than in midiirselu-Ua and
uiireatella. Iu the List two species the cardo is still tolerably broad, but reduced. The stipes
is considerably longer than the cardo iu the last two species, while it is of the same thickness.
From the stipes arises the large sis-jointed palpus maxillaris, making two or three bends
and concealing the entire front of the head and all the mouth parts. At its base, and this
is unique among all tbe Lepidoptera, two entirely sejiarate maxillary lobes arise from the
stipes. The external represents the most primitive rudiment' (anlage) of a lepidopterous
tongue. (Fig. 2.)
It is evident from Walter's figures and description that this strncture is not
a case of reduction by disuse, but that it represents the primitive condition of
this lobe, the galea of the maxilla, and this is confirmed hy the presence of the
lacinia, a lobe of the maxilla not known to exist iu any other adult lepidopterous
insect, it being the two gale* which become elongated, united, and highly
specialized to form the so-called tongue, haustellum, or glossa of all Lepidojjtera
above the Eriocephalidte, which we may therefore regard as the types of the
Lepidoptera laciniatap-
Another most imjiortant feature correlated with this, and not known to exist
in Lepidoptera hausteUaia, is the presence of two lobes of the second maxilhe, besides the three-
jointed labial palpi, and which correspond to the mala, exterior and mala interior of the second
niaxilltB of Dermaptera, Orthoptera, Platyptera, Perlid;e, Termitidie, and Odonata, and also, as
Walter states, to the ligula and i>aragloss;t of Ilymenoptera. In this respect the laciniate
Lepidoptera are more generalized insects than the Tricboptera or Mecoptera.
Walter thus describes the two lobes or outer and inner mala of the second maxilht:
Within and at the base of the labial palpi is a pair of chitinous leaves provided with stiff bristles, being the
external second lobes of theunderlip, formed by the consolidation of the second pair of maxilla- and which reach when
■extended to about the second third of the length of the second jialpal joint. Its inner edge is directly connected with
the inner lobe (mala interna). The latter are coalesced into a short wide tube which, by thegi'eater size, of the hinder
wall, opens externally on the poiut, also appearing as if at the same time cut otf obliquely from within outward.
■In accordance with an English author, I think, but whose name escapes me, I use the term rudiment in the
«ense of the German word Aulage, and vestige for an organ which has or is undergoing reduction, degeneration, or
atrojjhy. I am aware that the word Aulage has no English equivalent, but can scarcely accept the word
"fundament" as better than rudiment. We may, then, speak of germs or rudiments, and of rudimentary when
referring to the incipient organs of the young or adult, regarding vestigi.al organs as those on the point of atrophy
from disuse. The term blast for Aulage I should accept for emliryonic structures iu their incipient or germinal
•condition.
- In his paper on the larva of Eriocephala, etc. (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1894, p. 335), Dr. Chapman separates
the old genus Micropteryx into two families: Eriocephalida' .and Microptcrnyidw. His groui> Eriocephalida' I Iiave
regarded as comprising the type of the suborder Lepidoptera hiciniata or Protulepidoptera.
Fig. 2.— Maxilla of
Eriocephala caltheUa ;
2. lacinia; g, galea;
inx.p, maxillary pal-
pus; St, stipes; c,
-cardo. — After Walter.
.AIEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
59
The outer exterior edge ol' tlie tube forms a strongly chitiiious seiuicircle which, hecoiniug thinner, finally passes
into the delicate membranous hinder -n-all. Also anteriorly a delicate membrane ai)i>ears to cover the chitiuous
l)ortion.
We have here in opposition to the vreak naked iindi-rlip represented by a triangular ehitinmis )ilate in otlier
Lepidoptera a true ligula formed by the coalescence of the inner lobes of the second niaxilhe into a tube, as in
many Hymenoptera. and with free external lobes which correspond to the jjaraglossa' of Hymenoptera.
Walter lias also detected a paireil straetuie which he regards as the liypoi)haryiix. As he
states :
A iiortiou of the inner surface of the tube-like ligula is covered by a furrow-like band which, close to tlie
inner side, is coalesced with it, and in position, shape, as well as its appendages or teeth on the edge, may l)e
regarded as nothing else than the hypopharynx.
While he refers to Burgess's discovery of a hypopharynx in Duiidif^ arclnppii-s,hii.vemi\r]ist\\i\t
this organ iu the lower Micropteryginse (Eriocephalid;?) exhibits a great similaritj' to the relations
observable iu the lower insects, adding:
The furrow is here within coalesced with the inner side of the labium, and though I see in the entire structure
of the head the inner edge of the ligula tube extended under the epipharynx as far as
the mandible, I must also accept the fact that here also the hypopharynx extends to the
mouth-opening as in all other sacking insects with a well-developed nnderlip, viz, the
Diptera and Hymenoptera.
Another feature of importance diagnostic of this suborder is the
mandibles (fig. 3), which, in form, size, and the presence of teeth, are
closely related to those of the lower maudibulate orders, being, as Walter
states, in the form of true guawing jaws, like those of the biting insects.
They possess powerful chitinous teeth on the opposed cutting edge, twelve
to fifteeu on each mandible, and also the typical articulating hook-like
processes by which they are Joined to the gena, and fit in corresponding
cavities in the latter. In Micropteryx and other of the more generalized
moths the mandibles in a very reduced form have snrviveil as fnnctionless
vestiges of tlie condition in Eriocephala.
Turning now to the head and trunk, we find other primitive characters
correlated with those just mentioned.
Tlie head is of moderate size, as well as the body, with small comjjound
eyes, and with two ocelli. The occipital region is well developed, as is the
«picraiiium; the clypeus and labrum are of moderate size.
The generalized nature of the thorax is especially noteworthy. The
prothorax is seen to be very much reduced, the two tergites being separate
and minute, not readily seen from above. The rest of the thorax is very
long, exhibiting but little concentration.
The mesothorax is but slightly larger than the raetathorax. The mesoscutum is very short;
the scutellum rather triangular than scutellate.
The metathorax is but little shorter and smaller than the mesothorax and i-emarkable for the
widely separated halves of the scutum, a neuropterous character (comjiare Ascalaphus and
Corydalus), in which it differs from ]\Iicr6pteryx. The shape of the scutellum is that of a low
flattened triangle.
As regards the abdomen, attention should be called to the dispavity in size and shape between
the sexes; also to the male genital armature, which is very large and completely exserted,
and reminds us of that of Corydalus, in which, however, the lateral claspers are much reduced;
and also of that of certain Trichoptera (Sericostonia, Tinodes, Stenophylax, Hydropsyche, etc.).
The venation of both pairs of wings is much as in jMicropterys.
The larval characters of this suborder it would be difiQcult to give, for in the remarkable larva
of Eriocephala calfhelhi, as described and figured in Dr. Chapman's elaborate account, we appear to
have a highly modified form, entirely unlike the simple apodous larva of Micfopteryx and perhaps
quite unlike the primitive stem-forms of lepidopterous larvre. Chapman well represents its form, as
■we can testify from mounted specimens in a slide kindly given us by him. The body is broad
Fig. 3. — Mandible of Erioce-
phala calthdUi; a. a', inner .ind
outer articulation; s. cavity of
the joint (acetabulum) ; A, end
seen from .side of tbe exulting
edj^e. — After Walter.
60
iMEMOirtS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
and flattened, the segments very short in proportion to their \yi(It]i, the prothoracic segment,,
however, very long in proportion to the others, but tlie surface rough and corrugated, not with a
hard smooth dorsal phite, as in many Tineida-, Tortricida^, Cossidie, etc., since it is not a boring
insect. The eight pairs of abdominal prop-like tubercles, which we should hardly regard as
homologues of the abdominal legs, are, like those of the Panorpida', simple tubercles armed
with a spine. The tenth or last abdominal segment is armed with a pair of dorsal spines, each
arising from a tubercle. The singular flattened and fluted seta^ represented by Chapman are
unique in lepidopterous larv.'e. He also describes a trefoil shaped sucker on the under side of
the ninth and tenth abdominal segments, "very unusual," though as it appears to be paired it
does not seem to me, as Chapman thinks, to indicate " a further point of relationship to Limacodids."
Dr. Chapman states that "the head is retractile so far that it may occujjy the interior of the
second thoracic segment," and he says that "the antenn* are remarkably long for a lepidopterous
larva." He remarks that "there are two strong mandibles, with four brown teeth," and adds:
Two pairs of palpi are also visible — two and tUree-joiiited — apparently those usual in lepidopterous larv:c, but-
I have not defined their relations. There is also a centr.al poiat (spinneret).
I add rough sketches of the mouth parts, as far as I could draw them with the camera from
specimens mounted in balsam by Dr. Chapman. The labruin (flg. 4, D Ibr.) is less divided than
Fig. 4. — Head of larv.a of Enocepkala calthella. A, anterior region enlarged: uid. mandible;
mx, maxilla; ant, antennje ; sp. spinneret?; B, 1st masillai and 2d maxillpe Ip; C, the same;
X), labrum {Ibr).
usual in lepidopterous larvte, but is not, except in this respect, much unlike that of Tineids eg.
Gracilaria (see Dimmock's flg. 2, p. 100, Psyche, iii); The four-Jointed autenuie (fig. 4, ant.),-
ending in two unequal setre, are of very unusual size and length, and so are the iniixillary palpi
(flg. 4, m.r. }).), which are much larger than in any caterpillar known to me, and are greatly
in disproportion to the maxillary lobes; the maxilla itself difters notably from that of other
caterpillars; what appears to be the lacinia is palpiform and two-jointed. The labium and its
palj)i are much as in Gracilaria, but the palpi appear to be three-Jointed, with a terminal bristle
(it is iiossible that there are but two Joints). Unlike the larva of Micropterys, that of Eriocephala
does not appear to possess a well-marked spinneret, while it is easy to see it in the former genus.
In Eriocephala I can only detect a lobe, whicli appears to be simply the rudiment (Anlage) of a
spinneret (unless the latter is in my specimens bent under the head); but this organ needs
fiirther examination on fresh specimens. It would be interesting if it should be found that the
spinneret is in a generalized condition, as compared with that of Micropteryx.
MEMOIES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 61
The pupa. — Unfortunately we are as yet ignorant of tlie pupa form. Dr. Chapman has only
found tlie, licadpiece of the pupa, but refers it to tlie " Incompletiv," and tliinks it probable that
the pupa has tlie '• third and followiny;- abdominal segments free."
The e(j(j. — The Qgg, according to Cha])mau, is " large and spherical," in confinement deposited
in little groups, to the number of 25 in all.
Diugiwstie characters of ike Lcpidoptera laciniata. — I add the characters of this suborder,
imago: Maxilla, with a well-developed laciuia and galea, arising, as in mandibulate insects, from a
detinite stipes and cardo; the galeae not elongated, nor united and difl'erentiated into a haustellum,
each being separate from its fellow. The maxillary palpi enormous, sixjointed; mandibles large,
scarcely vestigial, with a broad toothed cutting edge, and with three api>arently functional hinge
processes at the base, as usual in maiulibulate insects. Hypopharynx well develojied, somewhat
as in Diptera and Hymeuoptera. The second maxilhe divided into a mala exterior, recalling
those of mandibulate insects; ])alpi three Jointed. Thorax with prothorax very much reduced;
metathorax ^•ery large, with the two halves of rhe scutum widely separate. Venation highly
generalized; both fore and hind wings with the internal lobe or "jugum," as in Trichoptcra;
veins as in Micropterj'x and showing no notable distinction compared with those of that genus;
scales generalized; flue, scattered seta^ present on costal edge and on the veins; abdomen
elongated, with the male genital armature ncuropteroid, exserted; the dorsal, lateral, and sternal
■iippendages very large.
Egg spherical. Larva in form highly modified, compared with that of Microptei-yx, with large
four-jointed autenniB and very large three-jointed maxillary palpi; no spinneret?. No abdominal
legs, their place supplied by a pair of tubercles ending in a curved spine on segments 1-S; a sternal
sucker at the end of the body. Pupa libera ?.
Suborder II. — Lepidoptera haustellata.'
This group may be defined thus: Maxilhv with no lacinia, the galea? being highly specialized
and united with each other to form a true tubular haustellum or glossa, coiled up between the labial
palpi. The maxillary palpi large, and five or six-jointed in the more generalized forms, usually
vestigial or entirely wanting in the more modern specialized families. Mandibles absent as a rule,
only minute vestiges occurring in the same generalized forms. Wings both jugate and frenulate,
mostly the latter; tending to become broad and with highly specialized scales, often ornamented
with spots as well as bars, the colors and ornamentation often highly specialized; the thorax
highly concentrated, the metathorax becoming more and more reduced and fused with the
niesothorax; the abdomen in the generalized forms elongated and with a large exserted abdominal
male genital armature.
Pupa incomplete, the abdominal segments 3 to G or 7 free; in the nioi'e generalized primitive
forms the end of each maxillary palpus forming a visible subocular piece or "eye collar'' or a
flap-like i)icce on the outside of the maxilhe: the labial palpi often visible; clypeus and labrum
distinct; paraclypeal pieces distinct; uo cremaster, or only a rudimentary one, in the generalized
primitive forms.
LarviB with usually a prothoracic dorsal chitinous plate; the armature consisting in the
primitive forms of minute one-haired tubercles, the four dorsal ones arranged in a trapezoid on
abdominal segments 1-8, becoming specialized in various ways in the later families into fieshy
tuljcrcles or spines of various shapes ; five i)airs of abdominal legs, with booklets or crochets forming
a coimplete circle in the more generalized forms (in Hepialidas several complete circles), the booklets
in the later, more specialized groups usually forming a semicircle situated ou the inner side of the
planta.
This suborder may be subdivided into two series of superfamilies and families, the
ruleolepidoptera and the Neolepidoptera.
'If the term Lcpidoptera haustellata should be thought inapplicable from the use of the word Haustellata for
haustellate insects by former authors, the term Lepidoptera gloaaata could.be used instead.
62
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
I. PALEOLEPIDOPTERA {Piipir lihenr).
Tlio characters of the group arc those of Micropteryx, as this is the only genus yet kuowu.
Its hir\a has a well developed spinneret; tliough it has no abdominal legs, the other features
are so truly lepidopterous that the absence of legs may
be the result of reduction by disuse rather than a primitive
feature.
The pupa (fig. .■>) has entirely free antenna', mouth-
parts, and limbs, and bears considerable resemblance to
that of a caddis fly. It is a impa libera.
The mandibles (fig. 5 nid.) are enormous and, as
described by Chaj)mau, are adapted for cutting throagli the
dense cocoon. The maxilhe are seiJarate and curled up
on each side and ])artly concealed by the second maxil-
lary (labial) palpi (fig. 5 mx. p.), not extending straight
down, as in the Fiqjw incompleice and ohiectw ; the maxil-
lary palpi are situated just in front of the mandibles
and extend outward and forward, reaching to the anteun;ie.
The labrum is deeply cleft and strongly setose, as is the
epicranium ; the clypcus is square, with a singular white
delicate membrane projecting from it, the use of which is^
unknown. The hind legs extend beyond the end of the
abdomen, which is sinqjle, not terminating in a cremaster^
the sides of the segments bear a single large seta.
The trunk characters of the imago are much as in
Eriocephala. The head is larger and S(iuarer; the eyes
very small; there are two ocelli present; the clypeus and
labrum are short and small.
The prothorax is very much reduced, much as in Erio-
cephala ; the metathoracic scuta show an advance over those
of Eriocephala in being united on the median line instead of
separated; the metascutellum is very large, longer and more scutellate than that of Eriocephala.
The shape and venation
of the wings (fig. 0) are nearly
identical with those of Erio-
cephala, being long, narrow,
and pointed, both pairs nearly
alike iu size, and except that
on the hinder pair there is a
'•jugum" or angular anal fold ;
the scales are of generalized
shape all over the wings,
II. NEOLEPIDOPTERA.
This series may be divided
into two sections, correspond-
ing in the main to the Pupcv
incompleUe of Chapman (the
Eriocephalidre and Mici-oji-
terygidie included by Chap-
man being removed) and his
Ptipce obtccta', for the first of which we would suggest the name Tiiieoids, and for the second,
comprising the large broad-winged forms, Macrolepidoptera or I'latylepidoptera.
Fig. 5.— Pupa of Micropteri/x purpurella, front
TieWi md, mandibles; mx. p, maxilLary p.Tlpus;
mx'. p, labi:;l palpus ; lb. labrum, with its long seta*.
Fig. 6. — Venation of fore and bind M'ingsof Micropteryx purpurella; j, jugtuu, on each wing;
(I. disoal vein. I. costa; II. subcosta; III. media; IV, cubitus, etc.
MILMOIKS OF THE NATIOXAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
63
1. Tineoids nr Stctnipteriiijiii.
These iire Tiiieoid forms with iiiaiiy vestiyes of areliaic features, iistiiilly with narrow wings,
of (lull hues or with luetallie. bars, or with hi.niily specialized scales, and spot"^, and the venation
generalized in tlie earlier forms. The maxilhe are sometimes aborted (wholly so in Ilepialidai);
l)ali)i either well develoi)ed, more or less reduced, or wanting; ni;iudil)les rarely 0(;(uirring as
minute vestiges; the thorax iieuroptt'roid; in the more primitive forms, becoming shorter, and the
segments fused together in the later or more sjjecialized groups.
The pnpa,' are incomplete; the more prinutive forms with the eye collar; labial jialpi visible;
paraclypeal pieces distinct; abdomen (d'ten in the most piimitive forms with no creniaster.
LarviB with one-haired tubercles, the four dorsal ones arranged in a trapezoid on abdominal
segments 1-8; usually a prothoracic dorsal plate; the abdominal legs sometimes wanting in certain
uduing forms and Cochliopodid;e; larv;e often case-bearers or borers; crochets on the abdominal
Fig. 7 Liuv.t of
Adeta 'irUleUa; en-
lar;;e(l.
Fig. 8.— Larva of
Xciiiatois violetlus;
enlarged.
Fig. 9.— Larva of Simxethis oxyconthuj A. side view.
legs in the primitive types arranged in two or more complete circles; in the lowest forms a well-
marked spinneret.
From the generalized types many offshoots or lines of descent arose whose position is difficult
to assign until we know more about the pupa^, as well as the venation, so that the following
grouping is entirely provisional; the more generalized forms are evidently archaic and very
primitive, and the members of the groups may be briefly called for convenience Tineoids, from
their general resemblance to the Tineina.
Remarks oh the Tineina. — It must now be very obvious that we need to reexamine and revise
the Tineina, and espec'ially their pupre and imagines, particularly those of the more generalized
forms, such as the Tineid;e (Tinea and lilabophanes) and the Tahei)ori(he, comprising all those
ancestral forms with broad wings and generalized venation, which may have given rise to the
neolepidopterous families.
Then careful studies should be made on the Adelida^, Choreutid;?, arid Nepticulidse, and other
families and genera in which the mandibles have pei'sisted (though in a vestigial condition),.
64
MEMOIRS OF THE NATI0:N"AL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
7?l>p
Fig. 10.— Head of
impaof Graci'.ari.a: fl,
clypevis; I, labruin.
ami also tlio.se with fiiiictioual or vestigial inaxillaiy palpi, such as Tiiieithe, Gracilanidie,
ElachistidiP, etc.
It is evident that the elassiiicatiou of the Tiiieiua will have to be entirely reca.st. Instead of
placing the Tineidte, with their broad wings and generalized venation, at the head of the Tineina,
as done in our catalogues and general works, they should go to the base of the series, not far
from the Micropterygidic. On looking over the venation of the Tineida' repre-
sented on Spuler's PI. XXVI, it is evident that the very narrow-winged genera
such as Coleophora. Ornix, Tjithocollctis, Xepticula, Gelecbia, Cemiostouia, and
(Ecophora, are highly nioditied recent forms when compared with Tinea and
Blabophanes, as well as the Adelidi? ( Adela, tig. 7), Nematois (fig. 8), and Choreu.
tida' (Sima-this, fig. 0, larva, and Choreutis). and justify Chapman in associating
them with the Pyraloids iu \n.i group *>( I'tipw uhtcctw.
The pupa of Gracilaria (iig. 10) and of Bucculatrix (fig. 11) shows the eye-
collar, the paraclypeal tubercles, as well as the labial palpi. On the other
hand, the pupa of the pyraloid genus Cryptolechia (flgs. 22,2.3, C. qitercicella, C.
schlaginicUa) shows no traces of the maxillary palpi (eye-collar).
Famihj Frodoxidw. — Having already discussed the chief characteristics of
the Paheolepidoptera, represented by the family Micropterygida', we may next
call attention to the most i)rimitive of the Xeolepidojjtera. These we believe
to be the very remarkable genera Tegeticula (I'ronuba) and Prodoxus, repre-
senting the family Prodoxidte. The structure of the imagines and their larval
and pupal forms have been described at length and figured by Dr. C. Y. Riley,'
who has des), found, so far as we now kuow, iu no other genus of Lepidoptera.
Lead
■tn^?
. 11. — Pupa of Ilucculatrix fjvinqnmoteUa; A, obli(iue: B, side view of
cb, coeoon-burster; C, side view of bead of C. caiiadensella.
' Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sc, xxix, 1880.
MEMOIES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
(>5
Fig. 12.— Head of iiii|i.i of
Tfgeticvla yvccaselln.
With licr 111.1 xillary tentacle, so womlerrnlly iiiodilied for the purpose, slie collects the jiollen in large pellets and
liold.s it nnd<'r the neck and against the front trochanters. In this inanuer she sometimes carries a mass thriel^ the
size of her head (fig. a, 1h, mi.).
Ill Riley's figure of Tri/ciirula (Promiba) maculatn this orsan i.s repre-
iseiited a.s arising Iroiii the same Joint (pal-
pifer) as, the maxillary palpi; it is Jointed
and bears stout bristles, and would naturally
be regarded as the maxilla itself, but liiley,
iu his diagnosis of the family Prodoxida',
says: "Maxillary palpi long, elbowed, five-
jointed, the basal Joint either protubei-ant
(Prodoxus) or modified into a prehensile
ieutacle" (Tegeticula). It is evident that
this structure needs further examination
to establish its real nature or homology.
Indeed, I am disposed to regard the so-called "maxillary tentacle"
as the maxilla itself, and perhaps the "maxilla" of Kiley is the
lacinia or inner lobe of the maxilla, but have had no material for
examination to settle this poiut. If this should prove to be the case
it would carry the family down among the Lepidoptera luciniata.
Another striking feature of the imagines of this I'amily is the
long ovipositor, which is very " extensile, the terminal Joint
horny, in one piece, and adapted
to iiiercing and sawing." (Kiley.)
The family evidently is a
more primitive one than the
Hepialidie, although the lai'va
in one genus is entirely apodous
and thus much modified.
Fdmily Tlneklcc. — This group comprises generalized forms of
Tineina. The larvib are sack-bearers, but
have five pairs of abdominal legs ; the wings
are rather broad and the venation is gener-
alized, that of Tinea bisellieUa showing no
reduction in the number of veins. The max-
illary palpi are five and six-Jointed. The
pupa (fig. IG, Tinea tapetzella) has well-devel-
oped maxillary palpi {m.v. p.)- the maxillie
Fig. 13.— Ca.st pnpal skin of Tegeticula
yuccaseJla;' mx. jt.. maxillary palpuR.
are short, indeed not so long as the labial
Fig. 14.— Cast pupal skiu of Prodnxus deci-
piens; A, another specimen ; ^j. paraclypeal
piece: vix. p. maxillary palpus: mx, maxilla;
inx', labial palpus.
Fig. 15._Pupa of rro.
■doxug decipien s, side view ;
if;), protlioracic spiracle.
palpi (m.r.p.); the abdominal segments 4-7
are free; there is no true cremaster, though
a pair of terminal plates. As regards IJlabophanes (fig. 17), Spuler' (p. (127)
remarks that the ditterences iu veuation between this and Tinea are so
much greater than usual within the limits of a single family that a mo;e
isolated position should perhaps be assigned to this genus.
The succeeding families of geuuineTiueina may provisionally be arranged
in the following ascending order, beginning with A. the more generalized,
and ending with 2>, the most modified forms.
A.
J.f7e/«Zrt'.— Maxillary palpi five-jointed iu Nemophora, in Adela no maxil-
lary paljii in moth. Larva of Adela with numerous dorsal piliferous plates,
those of Sima>this being similar; those of Nematois (fig. S) being confined to the thoracic segment.
Gracihiriidw. — :Maxillary palpi inesent. Pupa with maxillary palpi well developed (fig. 10).
Nepficulidw.
' Zur Phylogenie uud Ontogenie dcs Fliigelgeaders der Schmetterlinge. Zeits. wissens. Zooloo-ie 180''
S. Mis. 50 5
66
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Lithocolletida: — No maxillaiy palpi in moth. Pupa of Tisclieria (figs. 19,20) -with uo traces
of maxillary palpi, but the labial palpi well developed ; no cremaster.
D 'Nrv ^^
Va/
Fio. 10. — Cast skiu of pupa of Tinea tapetzella;
A, head; J3, end of abdomeu; C, last three seg-
ments of same enlarged; D, another view of C.
FlQ. 17. — Pupa of Blabophanes ferruginella, head;
J, fure; 77, middle leg; A, hook ou end of abdomen.
Fig. 18. — Head of pupa of Adela caprellff; A, side view
of pari of head, showing maxillary palpi {inx.j}.), etc.
Lijouetileoj)liorilenol)ia
and Taheporia, has evidently either directly descended from the case-
bearing Tineidie or the two families have had a eonimon origin. They
form a side branch by themselves and
are the direct ancestors of the broad
winged, more recent Psychidas Their
relations are shown in the genealogical
tree at the end of this chapter.
The imagines have, according to
Stainton, no maxillary palpi, and the
tongue is wanting, while the females are
wingless. The head is broad, and in
fact in this gnmp we lia\e, so to speak,
Tineid l>ond>yces. The venation (tig.
5(1) is generalized Tineid, an and
Liparida' have descended. Tiie Lithosiidai
are also perhaps to be added, and indeed
belong to a branch which extends from the
Taheporidie to the Crambidte and Phycidje.*'
From an examination of the pupa, and also
the statements of Chapman and of Com.
stock, it is evident that the Psychida^ should
be removed from
the Pombyces and
jilaced among the
Tineoid moths.
It isevidentthat
tlie line of develop-
ment from the nar-
row tineiil- winged
Tahcporidic to the
broad ■ winged Psy-
chida' was nearly
direct. Perhapsthe
slight changes in
venation and nuicli
greater breadtli of
the wings and the
pectinated antennte
are the result of
adaptation to the stationary mode of life of the females, the males
ac(iuiring greater power of extended flight and a more acute sense of
smell in order to discover the presence of the females.
In comparing tlie pupa' of different genera ofPsychidre with those
of the TaLcporida', the resemblance is most striking
and naturally suggests the direct evolution of the
Psycliids from the latter group. The head is broad
and has the same general sliaiie as in the Tahejioridie,
including the form of the eyes, of the clypeus and of the labrum, which,
however, in the I'sychidre is more distinct from the clypeus, though in
Solotohia u-al.shella it is nearly as separate.
The shape of the cases of the maxillary palpi of Psyche {/raminella,
{(Eccticus ahhoiii, flg. 28), and 2letrua clonf/aia is as iu Solenohia icahhclla
and *S'. pineti. The maxilhe {m.i\), fairly well developed in the Psychida^, are
much as in Solcitohia icalsliella. The labial palpi (whr'.^j.), though ^arying
much in the different genera of Psychida^, are essentially as in the Talwpoiida:
Compare those of Psyche, GEceticus, and Entometa with those of Talcvporia
pscHdoliomhyceUa. Those of IMato'ceticus are longer tlian in tlie other Psy-
chida% but still more rudimentary than iu Soleiiobia. In regard to the shape of the maxillary
palpi, which unite, forming a continuous bar or piece in front of the labrum, Thyridopteryx (fig.
I'S), m.v.p.) differs fron other Psychidie and approximates to certain Hepialidte (fig. 33).
jnx. V
Fig. 25. — Pupa nf Talw/taria conapurcatella ; A, hoad enlarged; B, the
same, seen from within; ;('.r. />., maxillary p:ilpi.
Fig. 26— Head uf pupa of .VuJ,
nohia walshetla; A, end of hody.
Fig. 27. — Head of pupa
of Soleiiobia pineti.
70
MExMoms OF THE :n^atioxal academy op sciei^ces.
Fig. 29 represents tbe pupa of Thyridopferyx ephemercvformix, and its close resemblance to that
of Oncopera intricata (fig. 33) will be seen in the presence of the large piece between the base of
the maxillary palpi. In (Eceticm abbotii (fig. 2S) the maxillary palpi are separated by the second
maxillary (labial) palpi. The former (mx. p.) is subdivided
into an inner and an outer small lobe. In the rsychida^ the
paraclypeal pieces, or tubercles, as we might call them, are
always present. They are convex and veiy rugose. The
labial or second maxillary piece in the Australian Eumetopa
ignohilis is of the same shape and sculpturing as in I'nyclie
gramincUd, but the large, round, rugose pieces on each side,
or first maxillary palpi, are single, not divided into two
parts, unless the irregularly trapezoidal jiicces between the
maxillary palpi and the eyepiece be the Lomologue of tlie
outer ijortion.
In the Australian Metura ilongafa (fig. 30) the short
reduced labial i)alpi are much as
in Psyche (iramincUti, but are more
deeply divided. The two divisions
I am inclined to consider as the
second maxillary (labial) palpi. In
this genus the first maxillary palpi
are also as in Psyche gyamhwUn.
It will then be seen that in the
l»upa of this family the first and
second maxillary palpi vary very
much in form, as they probably do
in the imagines, being more or less
atro])hied in the latter, where they
neetl to be carefully exaiiuned. On
tlie other hand, the maxilhe them-
selves (lor in their pujial condition
inhaustellate Lepidoptera they have
retained the separated condition of
those of the laciniate Lepidoptera), though short, are quite persistent in
form.
The pupa of Phitmceticus gloverii differs from that of CEceticus abbotii
in the undivided first maxillary palpus (eyepiece) and the elongated
second maxilhe, as well as the narrower clypeal region, and the lack of
a cocoon or case-opener.
By an examination of the figures it will be seen that
the outer division of the eyepiece varies much in size.
This is due to the varying width of the male antenna-,
which, when wide, as in Pinara (Entometa), Metrua, Thy-
ridopterys, and Pysche overlap and nearly conceal it,
while it is entirely hidden in PlataM'cticus. On the other
hand, in male pupa^ of llepialus and Oncopera, where the
antennae are small, narrow, and not pectinated, these
pieces are large. The end of the body has no cremaster,
but, what is unique, a hook arising from each vestigial
anal leg.
Finally, it will bereaddy seen thatfrom an examination
■of the pupa- the views of Speyer, of Chapman, and of Comstock, as to the position of the I\sychidiB
is fully confirmed, while I should go a little further and place them still nearer the Hepialida?.
They are, however, still more modified than this last-named group, since the females are wingless
ahbotii; f'h, cocoon-
TlG.29.— Pupa, nf Thy ridopteryx ephemercvforinis, cf ;
A, side view of end of body, sbowiDg oue of the two
terminal hooks; vestiges of 3 pairs of abdominal legs-
MEMOIES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
71
and limbless. It is very plain that they are an ofi'shoot from the Tineoids, and especially from
the Tahi'porida', which have no tongue and whose females are wingless and sack-bearers.
licnuirks on the Family Ilejnalida'. — This group is assigned by Comstock, from the venaticm
alone, to a position at the bottom of the lepidopterous scale, even beh)W the Microjiterygidte.
By Chapman it is more coi-rectly jdaced above tlie latter grou]). He even jdaces it above
the Nepticulida', Adelidte, and Tischeria. The I'amily e^■identlJf branched off from tineid-like
forms.
Since receiving and studying Chapman's pa]ier it lias become very i>lain to me that Ilepiahis
and its allies are simjily colossal Tineoids, and that
Speyer was right in ISTd in suggesting that the
Hepiali those on the four terminal
segments. The abdominal legs appear to have at this stage only ten crochets, or at least
verv few.
-mx.p,
Fla. 32 1, 2, Full-fed larva of Hejpialus humuli; 3, 4. H. hfctus.
(Cut loaned by the New York Entomological Society.)
Fig. 33.— Pupa of Oncopcra iniricata,-
A , end of body enlarged ; sp, spiracle.
Fig. 32i,2 represents the larva of the European Hepialus humuli ' and the arrangement of the
one-haired tubercles ; the prothoracic plate is thin and slight. Inif. hectus (&g. 323, 4), which is more
specialized, the prothoracic plate is more developed, and the piliferous tubercles (except one) are
much larger, forming plates. Yet this larva will be seen to be much less specialized than that of
1 For blown specimens of this and Hepialus hectus, and numerous other rare sjiecimens of other larvse and pupse,
I am greatly indebted to the kindness of Dr. (I. Staudinger, who presented them to me from the immense collection
of Lepiiloptcia and other insects in his establishment at Blasewitz-Dresden, Germany.
74
MEMOIES OF THE >^ATIOyAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
J
the sack-bearing /I r?e/a viridella (fig. 7), wliicli has similar culaiguil dorsal and lateral i)lates, not
only on the thoracic bixt also on the abdoininal segment (lig. '.M-i).
The pupa of Hepialus is said by Chapman to differ from that of Tortrix,
"in having the third abdominal segment free, but in a peculiar and modi-
fied manner," etc. He does not refer to the mouth-parts. I also add a
figure of the front of the head of the pupa of Hepialus liuiiiuU, which, with
that of G'hioius virescens, froni New Zealand, I owe to the kindness of
Ur. T. xilgernou Chapman. The structure of the head is very peculiai\
On the vertex are prominent callosities, giving strength to the head iu
breaking out of the cell. The eye is large, divided by a distinct line, the
outer part of the eye more or less corrugated. Directly under the eye are the
large triangular maxillary palpi (fig. 31,4 mj-.jK). The maxilhe themselves
are short, but not shown iu the figure. The clypeal region is narrow, with
tubercles and rugosities; the labrum is scarcely
differentiated from the front edge of the clypeus,
but is slightly bilobate on the base. On each side
are what I call the paraclypeal pieces or sclerites
(/*.), of the homology of which I am not sure, unless
they are identical with the tubercles seen in most
Lepidoptera on each side of the labrum, and for-
merly regarded as the mandibles. It is present,
though small and reduced, iu Hejiialus. The labial
palpi (mjcJ I).) are large and wide, and divided at
the end.
Fig. 31;, represents the head of CEiwtiis ri)r.'- protected
by tlie riaring sides of the bead, which is verj- st)li(l, witli miiiieroiis I'ligosities and sin;dl tubercles.
The regiou about the mouth is reuiarlvable. Tlu' clypeus and labrum are very uarrow, the eye
transversely elougated, with an impressed Hue iu the middle.
The eye-collar {mr. p.) is distinctly separated from the max-
11 he {mx.).
The two pieces (?/;.) at the base of the masillai may pos-
sibly prove to be the labial pali)i; if so, is the piece marked I.
the labium ? The two paraclypeal pieces or tubercles (i).) appear
to be the homologues of those iu the Psychidu'.
The pupa' of this family are very extraordinary, but it will
be seen that they are Piipw incomplctw, not Pupw libera; and
prove that the family should stand much above the Microptery-
gida' rather than below theiu, so far as regards pupal characters.
The shape of the head of Mepialus mustelinus and the
reduced labium, with its
two-Jointed palpi and the
still more atrophied maxillary palpi, are iuteresting. In H.
Idcomw the palpi of both pairs are larger, showing that the
jtrocess of reduction in Hepialus is a rather late one.
The very primitive, generalized shape of the thorax of
the Ilepialida' is noteworthy. In Hepialus mustelinus the
collar or prothorax is very much reduced, while iu 11. iaeomtc
it is very long and generalized, as iu Stheuopis and the Aus-
tralian Ahnntiades arf/enteus. The mesoscutum is consider-
ably shorter than in IT. tacoma'. In the latter species the
metascutum is entirely divided by the large scutellum, while
iu H. mustelinus it is only partly divided, the apex of the
scutellum passing a little beyond the middle of the scutum.
It is thus (juite evident that Stheuopis is an earlier form
than H. tavoma; and that the latter is more generalized,
having undergone less modification than H. mustelinus.
The genus Hepialus occurs in Australia, and that continent appears to be the original home
of the family. In Abantiailes aryenteus the autennaj are tripectinate, and the labial palpi are very
large; in Hectomanes fusca the antennae are
bii)ectinated, but the labial palpi are much
reduced, being scarcely visible, while On-
copera intricata is remarkably modified;
though the anteun;e are simple, the eyes
are very large, nearly meeting on the front,
while the three-jointed labial palpi are
remarkably long and slender, extending
upward, and the hind legs have a remark-
able broad, flattened, curved pencil of hairs.
It thus appears that on the Australian
continent this interesting family, which may
be a survival of Jurassic times and coeval
with the marsupials, has branched out along
several lines of specialization, the most
degenerate form being Hepialus, which has
survived also in Europe and iu North
America, especially on the Pacific Coast. On the whole, however, as we Lave seen, it is not so
generalized a group as the Micropterygid;e, a group common to Europe and North America.
Fig. 30. -TTead of pupa of Megalopyge (Lagoa.)
from Flurifla.
Fig. 37. — Head of pupa of Lagoa, from Jalapa. Mexico; uix\
]»alpi; yy, paraclypeal piece; 7?ix., maxilljp; mx. p, maxillary palpi.
labial
7(3
MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEIMY OF SCIENCES.
Its relations to the Cossida-, including the Zeiizerina', remain still to be elaborated; they are-
ratber close, yet the Tortricoid affinities are very apparent, and need further examiuation. The
pupa of Zcuzcra ■pyrina (fig. 40) is of the same character as in Prionoxystus, but the maxillary
l)alpi are larger, the lateral palpi more reduced, while the cell-breaker is very long, being much
more developed.
Fig. 30 shows the front of the head and maxillw of the Cossid, Prionoxystun rohinia', which is
more Tortricid than Hepialid; ja, i)araclypeal pieces; mx. ]}., maxillary palpi; /., labial palpi;
«(.r., maxilke. Fig. 40 represents the head and end of the body of Zeuxera pyrinu.
Rcmarlis on the Cocldiopodidcc. — Chapmau removes this group from
the Bombyces after a study of their larval and pirpal characters. We
should, after studying the pnpa' of tive or six genera, agree with his
suggestion that this and the family Megalopygidie (Lagoithe) should be
removed from the Bombyces and placed near the Tineoids, from which
they have undoubtedly descended. That the line of descent, however,
was directly, as ('hajiman suggests, from the Eriocephalid;e seems to us
a matter of doubt. The larva' of the Cochliopodids i^reseut some
notable differences from that of Eriocephala, whose so-called "eight
pairs of abdominal legs'' appear to be merely si)ine-bearing tubercles.
Although the head of Eriocephala is partially retractile, this adaptation
maj' have no ])hylogeuetic significance.
Fig. 3.3 represents the front of the head of Parasa chloris, .showing
the maxillary ])alpi, and a lateral process {p ) connected with it, which
I have not seen in any other pupie, and
may be internal. I have also observed
it iu the cast pupal skin of Tortricidea
festacea. The maxilla; are either shorter
or no longer than the large labial juilpi.
The paraclypeal tubei'cles are well devel-
oped iu this group. If we compare the
head of the pupa of Parasa and of other
genera, especially Limacodes and Hetero-
geuea, with that of Tinea, there will be
observed a close resemblance, especially
in the maxilhe, maxillary paljji, and labial
palpi, indicating the more or less direct
descent of the family from some tineid
form, iterhaps an extinct ally of Nepticula,
since Chapman speaks of "a resemblance
that is almost identity iu the pupa" of Nepticula as compared with that of Limacodes.
Memarks on the Meijalopyykla'. — The genus Megalopyge (Lagoa) is remarkable for the shape of
the pupa, which is somewhat as in Cochliopodida', confirming the view that the two families are
allied, though still presenting some notable differences iu larval characters. Fig. 36 rei)resents the
pupal features as seen in the front of the head of a Megalopyge from Florida (probably .17. c)-/.s7>rt/«
or opercitlaris). The maxill£e seem to be aborted; on each side of the second maxillary (labial)
palpi, under the eye, are the first maxillary palpi, whose structure needs further examination.
Very different is the head of an allied Mexican species, Lagoa siqjcrba (tig. 37), in which the
second maxilhe (labium) are well marked, though the palpi are only represented by two short
lobes. Here the maxill* are present, and the maxillary palpi are represented by a large lateral
irregular round ])iece.
The next series of families begins with the Tortrlcidcc, filaced. We have been unable to obtain the pupa of Thyris for examination.
Familij Zyarviila. .sliowing Uie labial
palpi on the in.side. A, view of liearl and hooked setje ;
A c^, end of bodj- of cf ; B, another pupa.
MEMOIRS UF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
79
Fig. 45.— Pupa of Xola ovilla; A.eaA of body of J ; H,
lioad; 2i, paraclypeal piece; mx.' p. labial or second max-
illary palpi.
This group (Eiu^miii, (J3ta, and Tautura) aliuo.st directly iiitoigrade, Judging by tbe venation,
with tlie Lithosiidfe ; By.ssojiliaga, Cistheiie, and Crocota connocting tlicin witli Litbosia, tbougli tbe
laiva' of tbe latter are iiiuch more specialized and Arctiilbrin. lleiiee tbe Hue of de.^cent from
tbe generalized Tiueiiia to tbe gnmp represented by Ena'iuia, as at present limited), it has seemed to me that the
genus has little of fundamental value to separate it from the geometrid moths.
First, as to the larva of Phryganidia, while in the shape of the head and the slender cylindrical
body it (lifters little from the larva of ^Melanchroia and that of geometrids in general, if the two
anterior pairs of abdominal legs were atrophied there would be no essential difterence. That this
is probable is seen in the larva of Nola, which has but four pairs of abdominal legs, one pair being
atrophied.
The end of the body (eighth abdominal segment) is humped, but the larvit; of the East Indian
Eusemia and Hypsa are also humped at the end of the body. Phryganidia only differs in being
slenderer and without hairs, and seems more closely allied to the larvae of the Hyi^sidae than to
that of any of the allied groups. It does not spin a cocoon.
The puiia is obtected, and in its essential features more like those of geometrids than those of
Lithosiidre or any Zygipnid or Syntomid genera. It is naked and suspended by a remarkably long
cremaster; the end of the abdomen is otherwise peculiar. The liead i)resents no vestigial
characters, there being no traces of maxillary palpi, of paraclypeal pieces, or apparently of hibial
palpi (fig. 46). With a comi)lete knowledge of all its stages, it is still difflcult to assign it a definite
position. AVhen we know more about the Dioptid;^, where it probably belongs, the problem may
approach a solution, but that its affinities are closely with the Geometrida' is shown by comparing
the ])upa with that of Cleora. In the general shape of the head, of the eyes, of the front, and
especially of the abdomen, the resemblance is close; the peculiar shape and markings of the last
three abdominal segments ai'e nearly identical in both genera, though the cremaster of Cleora is
much shorter.
In this connection reference should be made to the striking resemblance between the pnpte
of (Eta aurea and Cleora pulclirarla. To my great astonishment I find the pupa of Cleora has
the same vestigial head-characters as Q3ta; the general shape of the pupa is the same; the mode
of dehiscence the same, the shape of the vertex and its mode of separating when the moth issues
from the pupa case; also the same shapeof the eyes, of the peculiar cly])eus and labrum, while the
more pronounced vestigial characters are the labial palpi, forming a triangular area, and the large
semidetached paraclypeal pieces. Cleora shows that it is a more modern form in having no
traces of a vestigial eye-collar (maxillary palpi) such as occur (though very slightly developed) in
CEta. The shape of the end of the body, with the cremaster, is much the same, the shorter
cremaster of Cleora being an adaptation to its life in a slight openwork cocoon. In the peculiar
markings of the eighth and ninth abdominal segments Cleora is more like Phryganidia.
Judging by the pu]ial characters, then, the Geometridte have directly descended from the
Lithosiidie, the latter, as I have satisfied myself, having directly originated from the generalized
Tineina.
The imago of Phryganidia appears not to dift'er much from those of the Dioptid;^, to which it
has been referred by Butler. I am unable to see any important differences between the Dioptid;e
and CyllopodidiP, though my material is scanty. In the slender body, shape of the head, and
proportions of the clypeus, shape of aiitennre and palpi, both of these families do not essentially
differ from Melanchroia, which is now known to be a geometrid, nor from the geometrids
themselves.
In its venation Phryganidia is nearly identical with that of a Josia from Jalapa, Mexico, in
my collection; the peculiarity is the origin of veins II2 and IIl.i from a common stem, in which
Phryganidia apparently differs from some if not all other Dioptid*. But the venation of the
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 81
DioptidcTB (inchuliiig Phrygauidia) aud of the C.yllopodidai is nearly identical with that of
Melauchroia, and the latter is a true geometrid in its venation, and in the shape of its larva, being
a looper. Of its pn]>a we know nothing. The venation of the geonietrids is very persistent
Hence I couclnde that the day-tlying, nsually bright-cokned Dioptida- and Cyllopodid^, as well
as the Uypsida', are direct offshoots from the Lithosian stem, and that their general resemblance
to such Lithosians as Crocota aud Endule, as well as Ameria, is based on real afiduity. The day-
flying habits of souie geonietrids is also well kiujwn. The larva of Euphanessa is a geometrid,
but its moth has been usually associated with the Lithosiida', though its venation is geometrid.
Riley describes the larva of tBtoff «)•(■« as having "extremely small" anterior abdominal legs, the
anal ones being much longer. Probably when we learu more of the transformations of the families
■we have mentioned it will be found that the in-esence or absence of certain abdominal legs will
l»e found to be a secondary adajitational character. It is noticeable that the dull-colored
Phryganidia, with only incipient clouds instead of bars and spots, is a primitive form as regards
markings.
After an examination of the pupal and imaginal characters of Geometrids, Dioptids, Hypsids
and Syntomids, it seems to me that all these groups rei>resent more or less jiarallel lines of
development which originated from the generalized Lithosiida', the latter, with the Zyga-nida',
having sprung from generalized Tiiieina. The Nolidic represent a side branch, which evolved
Ironi a Lithosian perha])s like Clemeusia. The Arctiida^ have also apparently directly descended
from the Lithosiida'. The Syutomidie and Nyctemerida% which seem closely allied by larval
■characters, have also directly descended from the Lithosiid;^.
Finally, it appears that the Geometrid;e are a rather more primitive type, and have no
relationship to the ^SToctuidie, the latter having more or less directly descended from the Agaristida-,
the latter from the Uypsida- or an allied group. The fact that the young larvit of many Noctuidie
have onlj- two pairs of legs seems to have no phylogenetic signilicance.
In this preliminary abstract space has prevented my giving details and figures to prove tlie
truth of the assertions and conclusions here presented.
Hints on the orh/hi of the Noctitidw. — The Xoctuida' may have descended from the Agariotida^,
since the pupse^of several geuera I have examined are of the same type as those of Alypia and
Eudryas, having a similar lanceolate labium (second nnixillary paljji). It is possible that the
Agaristid* are the direct offshoots of the Uypsida^ or came from an extinct groui) closely allied
to them. ( )f this I can, from the want of specimens, only judge from the figures in Horsfield and
^loore's Catalogue of Lepidopterous Insects, etc., Part II. The caterpillars of Hypsa, Eusemia,
particularly E. basalis, are not only much like ordinary Noctuiche, but are also closely similar to
those of Eudryas and Alypia, that of JE. basalis being humped on the eighth abdominal segment,
and with the dark bars and spots of the larvae of these Agaristids. Hence, (juite contrary to our
former prepossessions, it appears probable that the Noctuidic may be the descendants of th.e
Agaristid:e, iustead of being connected by the Deltoids with the Pyralids. That the N octuidie,
as well as the Geometriche, are a modern group is shown not only by the pupal and other
■characters, but by the fact that they comprise so many closely allied genera and species, the pupse
as well as imagines possessing no vestigial charaeters. .
The following tabular view will express in a tentative way my present views as to the
phylogeny of the Lepidoptera, or, in other words, the relatiouship of the suborders and of the
principal families, and will thus serve tcinporarily as a genealogical tree of the order.
It will be seen by this scheme that the geuera of the Protolepidoptera, Palaeolepidoptera,
and those 2^eolepidoptera with incomplete pupre (including all the families up to Lithosiida?) have
narrow wings, the internal l)order of the wings, or "folded i)ortion" of Spuler. being slightly
developed. The flight of these genera is a tiuttering one and, in general, of short duration.
In the later Lithosiida' we see a rapid enlargement of the folded portion or a widening of
the wings, and with this widening of the wings, with an increase in wing-power and the ability
to take longer and higher flights, we seem to have had a great increase in the nuinbei- of genera
and families, until in the butterflies, with their very broad wings, we have not only a fluttering
-and direct long flight, but also the power of soaring high in the air. On the other hand, the
S. Miss. 50 0
82 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Sphinges, witli their peculiar swift, powerful iiiglit, met witli success in life much* beyond that of
the Ceratocampidic, from which they probably origiuated.
We have, from time to time, for thirty years past, insisted ou the generalized and i>rimitive
features of the Bombyciue moths or those families generally included under this head, and now it
seems very clear that they have retained many more vestigial characters, and are thus more
generalized and ancient groups than the Koctuidse, Geometridiie, and Sphingid*.
Space has prevented our speaking of the vestigial cliaracters of the imagines cf the
Bombyciue motlis, such as the vestigial maxillary palpi of the Saturniida'.
It is hoped tiiat hereafter more attention Mill be paid to a study of tlie pupal structures
of Lepidoptera, particularly of the Tineoid moths. And it need scarcely be urged that it is
most desirable that the authors of future catalogues of Lepidoptera will begin witli the most
generalized forms, the tineids, and end with the butterflies, as being in better accord with the
results of recent studies and with the principles of evolution. lu tliat way tliere will gradually
be infused among collectors and beginners more scientific concei)tions of the origin of the
Lepidoptera, and thus the collection and examination of these insects will have an educational
value which at present seems in some quarters entirely lacking.
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACxVDEMY OF SCIENOE«.
8a
GENEALOGICAL TREE OB" THE LEi'IDOPTERA.
Lyc'U'uidn'
X,\ iMiilialidiC
Papilionidfe Pieridie
HesperidiB
I
Castniidip
Noctuidic
(
Agaristida
Sj)liingidiB
lIcmili'UcidEB
1
Saturniidaj
Geometridaj
Ceratocaiupidio IMatypteiiridie
Notodoiitid:e Eiidriniiidii'
Hypsidas
LasiocampidiB
Megalopygidse
Cochliopodidte
Bombycid*
Perophoridse
Liparid;e
Syntomidie
Dioptidee
C'yllopodiditi
Nyctemeridie I
Litliosiidas
Chalcosiidie
ZygjenidiB
1
PsychidiB
Tal!eporid;e
Tiueiua
(10-15 families?)
Aretiidie
Xol id;B
Pyralidina
Sesiidte Pteiojilioridie.
I
ThyrididiB Alvicitidie
1 t
Cossidai Tineolidse
Hepialida'
Piodoxida> Tortricidie
2. Neolepidoptera (Pujiai incomplete' and Pupa' obtectie.)
1. Palwolepidoptcra {MicropUryyida- . Piii>a3 liberie).
\
Suborder II. Lej^ido/ilera haioilellata.
Suborder I. Lepidoptera hwiniuta (Protolepidoptera. Eriocepbalida^).
84 MEMOIES OF THE XATIOifAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
IX.— A RATIONAL NOMENCLATURE OF THE VEINS OF INSECTS, ESPECIALLY THOSE OF LEPIDOPTERA.
Hitherto there has been an unfortunate lack of uniformity in the nomenclature of the veins
of the wings, different names having been applied to the veins of different orders of insects.
In his jiaper on the phylogeny and ontogeny of the veins of the wings of Lepidoptera, Spnler
has, however, given us a simple scheme and a numbering of the veins which will, we think, apply
in general to the wings of insects of all orders.
Eedtenbacher had previously pninted out that "the geologically older Orthoptera and
Neuroptera have a much richer and more com[)licated venation than the Coleoptera, Lepidoptera,
Hymenoptera, aud Dijitera; thus among the Rhynchota the oldest forms, the Cicadidse and
Fulgorida-, have a much greater number of veins than the Hemiptera. There is no doubt but
that the oldest insects were provided with an excess of veins; that, on the other hand, in the course
of development this superfluity has disappeared by a process of reduction, and in this way a simpler
system of venation has resulted. It is also to be observed that the size f)f the wings has had a
considerable influence on the number of the veins, since small forms almost without exception
have fewer veins than insects with large wings." Eedtenbacher also believes "that the normal
type of a differentiated wing may be found in those insects whose fore and hind wings are most
similar in size aud shai)e," and states that the venation is not useful as an ordinal character, but
is of more service in separating suborders and families.
We agree with Spuler in rejecting Redtenbacher's system, which is partly based on Adolph's
lantenable theory of convex and concave veins, but more especially for the reason that
Eedtenbacher assumes that the primitive form of venation is that of the Ephemerida\ He
remarks: "There is scarcely another group of insects whose wings show the primitive type, the
fan-shaped form, as the May flies." It may be objected to this that the Ephemerid*, though in
most respects generalized and primitive insects, yet are, as regards the wings, highly modified or
sjiecialized. That this is the case is also suggested by the reduction or atrophy of the mouth
parts. On the other hand, the retention of sexual organs paired throughout, the ducts remaining
separate, with open, paired outlets, shows that the May flies are, in this respect, more primitive
than any other winged insects. But as regards the thorax and the wings, we observe that in
them a high degree of modification has taken i)lace. Thus the two pairs of wings are very unlike
in size and shape, and this feature is a secondary one. Hence the large number of main
longitudinal veins in the wings of Ephemera is a case of irrelative repetition of parts mostly
situated in the fau-like field, due to a jirocess of specialization, a process which is manifested in
quite another way in the wings of the Dermaptera, also a primitive type.
Redtenbacher regards the eleven longitudinal veins (I-XI) of Ephemerids as the normal
number, and considers that the Trlchoptera, Lepidoptera, etc., have lost certain of the veins by a
process of reduction. This view has beeu adopted by Comstock in his suggestive paper,
" Evolution and taxonomy," but it seems to us to be untenable, the anal field ("faltentheil" of
Spuler) not being of primary importance. On the other hand, Redtenbacher's use of Eonian
numerals for the main veins, and of a combination of Eoman and Arabic numerals for their
branches, is very convenient.
Spuler divides the wings of each pair into an outspread portion [Spreitentheil) and a folded
part [Faltentheil). The A'eins of the former area he numbers in the same manner as Redtenbacher,
beginning on the costal edge of the wing, while those of the folded area (the subnjediau and
internal or first and second anal veins of other authors) he does not name, but simply numbers
with the Greek letters a fi. He considers that Hagen was right in believing the Phryganida',
TipulariiB, and some Microlepidoptera to be forms with a schematic, i. e., primitive venation
(Stettin. Ent. Zeit., p. .SIC, 1870).
Spuler shares the opinion of Fritz Miiller (Termitida?), Brauer and Eedtenbacher (Libellulidre),
and Haase (Papilionida'), that the costa is only a hypodermal structure, a thickening of the edge,
which does not have a trachea as its origin (Anlage), and which therefore has nothing to do with
the veins.
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
85
Fig. il. — Venation of fore wiug of Ful-
^ora. — After Spiiler.
Spuler also shows that the venatiou of the Ortlioptera, especially their most generalized form
Blatta, is luudameutally nearly identical with that of the Lepidoptera, veins I-V being' readily
homologized with those of the latter group; so also with the most gene ralizcd Hemiptera (Fidgora,
fig. 47). We niiy also draw tittention to tlio remarkable resemblance in the venation of the
generalized Psocid genus Ampliientomuni, which at fir^t sight,
from tlie shape and size of the wings, reminds one of a Micro-
pteryx or Eriocei)li;ila, while it also has a few
scales like those of these moths.
But that the system of venation of Spuler
is morphologically the correct one is fully
and satisfactorily proved by the ontogenetic
develoi)ment of the veins. Fritz Miiller
(Kosmos, i, p. 390) was the first to examine
the incipient venation of two semipupal moths (€«stnia arclalus). He
observed that in the immature pupa the cross veins were wanting, and that
different longitudinal veins, which afterwards more or less completely disap-
peared, were present, and hence be regarded the pupal venation as the primi-
tive one. This view Spuler has adopted
and extended, and it plainly enough,
sni>ported by the researches of Brauer and Eedtenbacher on
the venation of the nymidi of Odonata, solves the problem
of the venation of insects in general
and especially for Neuroptera, Tri-
choptera, Mecoptera (ranorpida-),
Lepidoptera, and Diptera.
Spulcr's mcthfid was to strip off
the loose skin of a caterpillar just beginning to pupate, and examine the
incipient venation of the wings of tlie young pupa on the living insect. He
placed the living pupa in water and then, since the process of thickening
and resulting concealment of the veins of the wing is retarded, the tra-
cheal branches become slightly enlarged, filled with air, and thus are more
easily seen. Hence
Fig. 48— Venatiou of
seraipupa of Cerura vi,
mtla. — After Spuler.
trjO^
Fi(i. 49.— Venation of GracUaria /.yringella; A
otli; B. uf seuiiimpa.— After Spuler.
W
a-'i V vj
Fig. 50. — Venation of Talfejio-
ria pieudobunibyci-'Ua . — A fter
Spuler.
small pupa' from which
the larval skin has just been cast, and are trans-
parent, are the fittest objects for examination.
The primitive and generalized condition of
the semipupal wing is shown in Spuler's figure
of Cerura vinulu (fig. 48), to which we have
added the numbering of all the veins. He shows
that the fundamental jjupal venation of Lepi-
doptera will also apply to Ortlioptera (Blatta),
Hemiptera, Trichoptera, etc. He proves that
the cross veins are of quite secondary and subor-
dinate importance. The results of Spuler's in-
vestigations, extended through different grouiis
from Tiueina to Rhopalocera, and illustrated by
many figures, are both interesting and convinc.
ing. The comparison of the venation of the
fore wing of the adult of Gnu-nariu si/rliu/cUa
(fig. 49, A), coini)arcd with that of its scmiimpa
(flg. 49, B). shows that the generalized venation of the latter is similar to that of Micropteryx,
veins IVi IVj not being connected by a cross vein with III and its branches; and veins II and
III with their branches, being separate. The veins and their numbering are Indicated by Spuler's
figure of Tahvporia j^seudolximhyviUa and one we have drawn ttf Hcpialus musteliniin (fig. 51).
Fig. 51.— Venation of Hepia
discal vein ; j. .iiluum.
Ixis mtustelinus ; rf, auterior; (/'.posterior
86
MEMOIES OF THE XATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIEJSXES.
It may be remarked that Spuler agrees witli Braiier and Redtenbacher, as well as Haase, that
Adolph's system of convex and coucave veins Is entirely erroneous.
We adopt, then, Spnler's system of venation, and earnestly trust that it may be generally
accepted as simple, intellioible, and applicable to all orders of insects, based as it is on
ontogenetic, as well as anatomical, grounds.
The following system applies to the Le])idoptera as well as all other orders. Fig. 52
represents the venation of a Notodontian {Heterocampa ohliqua). We merely deviate, from
motives of convenience and for the sake of uniformity, from Spuler's numeration of the two anal
veins, by numbering them VI and ^'II, instead of designating them by the Greek letters a fi.
Fig.
!.— Venation of Heterocampa nbliqv.a: the names of the veins as designated below^ d,
anterior: d\ posterior diseal vein : /. freunlnni : sc. subcostal cell.
The following table will show the numbers and names of the five veins of the outspread
portion of the wing and two (rarely three) of the fan like or inner i)ortion. Instead of denoting
the veins by the noun and adjective as, for exa!ui)le, the median vein, we may, with Comstock,
call it in descriptions or diagnoses, media, or refer to it as Vein III.
I. Costa. V. First anal (submedian).
II. Subcosta (radius). VI. Second anal (internal).
III. Media. VII. Third anal.
IV. Cubitus (median vein of some authors).
rAKIIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Mailer, Erit:. lieitriige zur Keniitnlss tier Termiten. .Jenaiscli. Zeitschr. f. Naturw., 1875.
Braiier, F. Ansicbteii iiber die palaozoisclien lusekten uiid dereu Deiituug. Aunal K. K. uatnrh. Hofiiius.
Wien, i, pp. 86-126. 2 PL 1886.
Bedhnbacher, Joseph. VerglcicUeude i^tudieii iiber das Fliigelgeader der Insecteu. (Amuiliji ilcs K. K. Natnrh.
Hofmns., Bd. i, pp. 153-231.) 12 Pis. Wien, 18.S6. Abstr. by J. H. Comstock iu Aiiier. Nat., xxi, jip. 932-934. 1887.
Biaiicr, F., «. Uedtenhaclier, J. Ein Beitrag ziir Eutwicklung des Fliigelgeiiders der Insekten. Zool. Aiiz., 1888,
pp. 143-447.
Haase, Erich. Zur Entwicklung der Fliigelrippeu der 8cbmetterliuge. Zool. Auz.. xiv. 1891, pp. 116-117.
Spuler, A. Zur Phylogenle und Ontogeuie des Fliigelgeiiders der Scbmetterliuge. Zeits. wisseus. Zoologie. liii,
pp. 597-646. 2 I'l. 1892.
Comstock, J. H. Evolution and Taxonomy, etc. Ithacn, N. Y. 1-93.
MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 87
X.— SYSTEMATIC REVISION' 01- THE XOTODOXTIDJ., WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THEIR
TRANSFORMATIONS.
Family NOTODONTID.E Stoplicns.
Bomhi/citcs Div. Legitime (iu jiart) Latreille, Gen. Crust, et luseet, iv, ]>. 217, 1809.
Dimoipliw (iu part), PlUodoiites, Andria; et Alelnlophw Hiibu., Verz., iiji. 145, 117, 162, 1816.
Xutodonlidw Steph., 111. Brit. Ins. Haust. ii, p. 10, 1828.
2^'olodontw (in part) Newman, Spbiux vespiformis, p. 42, 1832.
(in part) Duncan, in Brewster's Edin. Encycl., ix, \i. 131, 1833.
Notodontites (in part) Newm., Entomologist, May, ii, p. 383, 18.34,
Xotodoiiliden (in part) Boisd. Inil. MtHb. Lep. Eur., p. 84, 1.840.
Vicraiiiirida' Xolodotitidw, et I'liyarida; Duponch., Cat. MiSth. Lep. Eur., pp. 86, 89, do, 1846.
Dicrunuridi Steph., Cat. Brit. Lep. Br. Mus., p. 38, 1850.
I'lilodontes Pack., Proc. Ent. See. Pliil.. iii, p. 351, 1804.
Grote, New Check List N. .\mer. Moths, p. 18, 1882.
Notodonlidiv .Smith, List Le]). Bor. Amer., p. 29, 1891.
Kirby, Syu. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 559, 1892.
Dyar, Can. Ent., xxv, p. 121, May, 1893.
Neumcegen anil Dyar, Trans. Amer. Eut. Soc. xxi, June, 1894, pp. 179-208.
Journ. N. Y. Eut. Soc, Sept., 1894, pp. 112-117.
Family characters. — Uead sqiiaiisli iu fiout (when denuded), but in nature dcusely scaled,
often cre.sted between the antenna^. CIypeu.s large, sub.scutellate in shape, suddenly Harrowing
toward the labral region, which is slightly bent down; above, the clypeus is broad, the margin or
base being straight transversely, not hollowed out on each side for the reception of the antennie,
the hole for the insertion of the latter being very shallow; the surface of the clypeus either
somewhat convex or with a slight median elevation, terminating in the labral region. The
epicranium and o(_'ciput both very short, occupying a very short (in a longitudinal sense) regiou
behind the antenna? and eyes.
Base of epicranium ridged. Antennre usually either wholly pectinated or pectinate on the
basal two-thirds; the joints scaled above, the branches generally six times as long as the joints;
in the 9 the antennre are simple, rarely with short pectinations. Maxillte vrell developed; the
maxillary palpi forming small papillie at thfe base of the maxilhTe. Labium indistinct, subtriangular,
small; the labial palpi well developed, either porrect and reaching the front, or ascending and
passing beyond the front (longest in Si/mmerista).
Thorax with a detinite collar; the edge of the patagia distinct, often edged with dark scales,
and often a dorsal tuft. When denuded the prdthorax is seen to be small, much reduced in size;
the mesonotuni shorter than broad; the mesoscutellnm transversely subovate or lozenge-shaped;
the metathorax above veiy narrow, linear (in a transverse sense); metathoracic Hanks narrow,
half as wide as tho.se of the mesothorax.
Wings: Fore wings narrow, noctuiform. about half as long as wide; costa either straight or
slightly convex; apex either jiointed or mui'h rounded; outer margin very oblique; inner margin
full near the base, with often a median tuft, the subcostal vein j)assing very near the costa
toward the apex; a subcostal cell often jn-esent; the discoidal or discal veins situated in the
middle of the wing. The last subcostal vein(IIlj) forms the independent vein. There are three
branches of the cubital vein, and these features wiU enable one in diflicult cases to determine
whether the moth is a Notodontian oi a Noctuid.
Hind wings reaching two-thirds of the way to the end of the abdomen, attached to the fore
wings by a frenulum confined by a '• frenulum hook" or loop, situated on the vein; costa straight;
apex much rounded (compared with the Noctuidie); outer edge long, rounded, the costal vein
passing very near the subcostal, turning from it to the costa near the origin of the discal venules;
three branches of the cubital vein; two subcostal venules (II, IIIi).
Legs rather short; femora and tibi;e usually densely pilose: fore tibiie sometimes (Loiihopteryx)
armed with a spur; hind tibite with two pairs of stout spurs.
88 MEMOIES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Abdomen cylindrical, sometimes {Heterocampa pulverea) with a row of dorsnl tufts, besides
tlic one often present at the base on the first abdominal segaieiit.
The Xotodontida' are associated with the Ceratocampida', Saturniidie, and Hcmilencida', both
as regards their larval and adult characters. In the moths the head characters are somewhat like
those of tlie Saturnians, the clypeus being large and longer than wide, while there are but three
branches of the cubital vein in either pair of wiugs.
Larval characters. — The body is noctuiform, and either smooth and unarmed, or with simple
subdorsal lines, or gaily banded and spotted, and armed either with double or simple tubercles,
situated either on the eighth abdominal segment alone or on other abdominal segments. These
tubercles may be double at the end and nutant, or the single one on the eighth abdominal segment
may bear a horn and the larva become sphinx like. Often the body is hairy and banded, but not
usually (except in Dataiut) both hairy and banded. The eggs low, hemispherical, usually reticulated.
The pupa obtected, with no vestigial characters; either unarmed or witli a well-developed
cremaster. It is either subten-aneau or more usually protected by a thin, rarely dense, sdken
cocoon.
There are seven well-marked groups of the family which may be regarded as of the rank of
subfamilies. The most generalized of these groups appear to be the Pygan-ina', the Gluphisinie
seeming to be a side branch, which has undergone i-eduction and modification in each stage.
SYNOPSIS OF THE SUBFAMILIES OF NOTODONTID^E.
Head small, antennie short; palpi feeble; wings short. Larva uoctiuform; body plain green, b.anded witli yellow,
.sometimes with pink dorsal patches (Hiiphisiiiw
Head broad in front; fore wings broad and falcate; antennae heavily pectinated to the tips; abdomen threo-tiilted
at tip. Larva with the body hidden by long wool-like hair with short sparse hairs, likeGastropacha. ApaiuJodinni
Antenuiv ciliated; liody and wings reddish ocherous, fore wiugs crossed by from fonr to five straight parallel lines.
Larvn lirightly banded and very hairy ; no warts except in stage I ri/ijariiiw
Antennre densely i)ectiuated; wings short and hard. Larva banded, either with small warts or with two large
dorsal tubercles Ichthxjurinm
Antennae usually but slightly pectinated; rarely plumose; fore wings more or less rounded at apes; internal edge
with a tuft. Larva either smooth or with two to eight abdominal humps Xotodoniinai
Head tufted on the vertex ; $ antenna^ filiform on the distal fourth ; vestiture of end of abdomen often forked. Larva
either smooth or with high nutant dorsal humps; end of body elevated; anal legs more or less slender and
rarely (Macrurocampa) forming stemapoda Heterocampina
Head large, front broad, triangular; antenna? pectinated to the tips in both sexes. Larvie with the anal legs con-
verted into stemapoda or long filaments; the thoracic legs in the Eurasian Stauropus very long Ci-nirhuf
Subfamily I. — Gluphisin^.
^[oili. — Head small, not prominent, broad in front; eyes hairy; antennae shorter than usual,
Mitli long pectinations extending to the tips. Palpi small, feeble, slender, not reaching the front.
Thorax either smooth or well crested.
Fore wings shorter and broader than usual; apex of hind wings moderately produced. No
subcostal cell; the first subcostal venule of the hind wings varying much in length, usually very
short. Legs densely scaled, the scales spreading out on each side. Abdomen short, taiiering in
$ rapidly to the end.
The species are ash-gray, varying in being whiter or darker in hue. But a single genus yet
known.
U(/(/. — Low, flattened, hemispherical, of smaller size than in the other subfamilies; surface-
of shell smooth.
Larra. — Body noctuiform, tapering toward each end, smooth, entirely unarmed; green, with
two subdorsal yellow lines, and either plain green or with dorsal i)ink-red spots. Freshly hatched
larva with a large round head wider than the body, which is long and slender, tapering toward
the end, entirely unarmed, with the sutures deej), segments not wrinkled.
Cocoon. — Very tliin and slight, spun between the leaves.
Pupa. — Of unusual shape, being flattened, oval cylindrical; end of abdomen round and blunt;,
cremaster obsolete, with no spines. Darker in color than usual.
MEJrOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 89
Altliougli this is lueutioiied as the first subfiuuily of the group, it is, contrary to my former
opinion, probably a side branch, rather than a primitive group. The smooth larva may be a case
of reduction. The absence of a cremaster, and the simplicity of form in the pupa, and the suudl,
feeble palpi and small head of the imago nmy be due to reduction of these itarts.
Gluphisia Boisduval.
PI. XXXVIII, figs. 1-4 (venation).
T!i>mht/x auctorum.
liri/monia (in part) Huebner, Verz. Schmett., p. 1-14, 1811).
Kolodonta (in pavt) Ochs., Schmett. Eur., iii, p. 79, 1810.
Xotodonta (in part) Goilart, Hist. Nat. L^p. France, iv, 20, 4, 1822.
Peridea (in part) Stephens, Cat. Brit. Ins., 1829.
111. Brit. Ins., Haust., ii, 32, 1829.
Gluphisia Boisd., Ind. M^th., 88, 1840.
Westwood, British Moths, 1841.
Duponchel, Cat. Mcth. Lcp. Eur., p. 94, 1844.
Ghjphidia Herrich-Sch., S.yst. Bearb. Schmett. Eur., ii, p. 124, 1845.
Gliipliisia Staudinger, Cat. Lcp. Eur., p. 74, 1871.
Grote, Check List, p. 18, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. America, p. 30, 1891.
Melia Xeumoegeu, Can. Eut., xxiv, p. 225, 1892.
EnnuVia X'euiuoegen, Can. Ent., xxv, p. 2.5, 1892.
(Ihiphisia and EiimcHii, Nenm. and Dyar, Revis. Notod., Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.xxi, pp. 193, 194, .June, 1894.
Ilead rather small, not prominent; front broad in S , narrower in 2 , rather full, with loose,
uneven, long scales; no tufts at the base of the anteniue; eyes with long, rather dense, hairs in S
and 9 . Antenna^, shorter than usual, curved inward, with long pectinations extending to the
tip; in 9 the pectinations short, increasing in length to the middle; the npjier side, including the
pectinations, densely scaled. Pali)i small, feeble, slender, cylindrical, with rather long hairs, not
very distinct from those of the front; the end of the palpi themselves depressed, not reaching
the front.
Thorax smooth, the scales of the protliorax not forming a "collar," but continuous with those
behiuti or with a well marked median crest.
Wings: Primaries rather short and broad, a little more than one-half as broad as long; costa
straight, a little convex toward the somewhat pointed apex; outer margin oblique, a little shorter
than the internal. Hind wings reaching, when spread out, to near the end of the abdomen; costa
straight; apex produced and slightly pointed; outer margin bent a little in the middle and so as
to be parallel with the costa of the fore wings.
Venation: Fore wings, first subcostal vennleniot uniting with the main vein at the origin of
the fifth venule to form a .subcostal cell; the third subcostal venule very short, arising very near
the apex, at or near the outer third of the fourth venule.
Hind wings with the first subcostal veuule varying much in length, usually very .short.
Legs: Femora and tibiie clothed with long dense hairs, spreading out on each side.
Abdomen short, tapering in $ rajiidly to the end; in 9 thick, heavy, and obtuse at the end.
In coloration the species somewhat recall those of Cerura, being whitish gray, and often
having a straight broad median baud on the fore wings, of which the outer side is somewhat wavy,
and bent just before the fourth median venule. The hind wings are nearly white. The style of
markings is substantially the same in the two sections of the genus, and is more persistent than
even the structural characters.
The genus is readily identified bj- the short, small, feeble palpi, the hairy eyes, the well
pectinated antenna', and the short, broad tore wings.
Structurally (iluphisia is in many respects the simplest genus of the group, its larva being
noctuiform and without any projections. The larvre are often, perhaps usually, even, without any
red spots. G. septenirionis [trUincaia Pack.) is the tyjiical, and appears to be the more
generalized, species.
Efjg. — Low, flattened, hemispherical, much smaller than iu any (^thcr known genus of the-
family; surface of the shell smooth ; green.
■90 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Larva. — Body Tioctuifoim, tapering toward eacb end; smooth, entirely unarmed. Head
rounded, sniootli. witli a black stripe on each side. Body with a subdorsal yellow line on each
side of back, otherwise pale green, or with several dorsal pink patches.
Freshly hatched larva with a large round head, wider thau the elongated body, which tapers
toward the eud; segments smooth, sutures deeply impressed; glandular hairs short, minute,
ending in three prongs; no lines or spots.
Cocoon. — Slight and thin, spun between leaves.
Pupa. — Flattened, oval, rounded obtusely at each eud; cremaster obsolete, with no traces of
spines. Color darker than usual.
Geof/raphical distribution. — The sjiecies range throughout the Appalachian Subprovince into
the Hudsoniau fauna, and westward occur in the Campestrian Subprovince. Xone have yet been
found south of the thirty-second parallel of latitude, either on the Atlantic or Pacific slopes of the
continent. The genus also extends over Eurojte, being represented by a single species {('I. crcnafa)
■which inhabits England and Europe, exteniliug eastward into central Kussia and doubtfully into
Spain. One species (C. Uturata Walk.) inhabits Silhet and India (Madras).
It is divided into two sections, as follows:
SYNdPSIS OF THE SPECIES.
I. Thorax with no tuft: in himl wind's the two branehus of the subcostal vein short, dark ash-gray, with a
ilull luteous median baud on fore wiujjs G. septentrionis
Paler ,uray, luediau baud on fore wiujrs clearer aud i)aler clay-yellow G. n-rhjlitii
II. Thorax usually with a tuft; head rather small; jialpi feeble; the two branches of the subcostal vein of
liinol wings long.
Mouse color; no discal spots; autenn;p almost plumose G. lintnei-i
A dorsal thoracic tuft, and a bright, distinct basal and discal spot G. seiera.
Sectio>^ I.
The differences between this section and the second are brought out in the desciiption ol' the
latter.
Grluphisia septentrioiiis Walker.
(PI. I, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4; VII, tig. 1; VIII, tig. 6.)
Gliiphisia? septentrionis Walljer, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., v, p. 1038. 1855.
Gluphisia trilineata Pack., Proc. Eut. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 355, 1864.
Grote, Check List Lep. X. A., Moths, p. 18, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Anier., p. 30, 1891.
Ddsychira daiideslina Walk., Can. Nat. andGeol.,vi, p. 36, 18G1.
Gluphisia chindesliiia Grote, Can. Ent., ix, p. 27, .Ian., 1877.
Not Gluphisia triliiieala Pack., 5th Kep. U. S. Enti Com., 270, 1890. '
Gluphisia scptenln.malis Dyar, Can. Ent., xxv, p. 303, Dec, 189'3.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., p. 593, 1892.
Xeum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xsi, p. 193, .June, 1894.
Kace qiiiiiqKelinea, Dyar, Ent. News, iii, p. 158, 1892.
Larva.
(PI. Vlir, tigs. 1-5.)
Edwards and Eliot, Papilio, iii, p. 129, 1883. (Brief description.)
Dyar, Psyche, vi, 14G, Sept., 1891. (Describes egg and last stage, also cocoon aud pupa.)
Edirards, Bibl. Cat. Transf N. Amer. Lep., p. 68, 1889.
BciileiimiiVer, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., iv, p. 67, 1892. (Last stage described.)
Moth (0 3, 2 9 ). — Head, thorax, and abdomeu ash-gray, varying in being darker or paler.
Fore wings usually lighter than the thorax, with a short basal dark line composed of two scallops,
one on the subcostal vein, the other situated in the median interspace, inclosing aud bordered
with whitish gray, beyond which is a broad dark diffuse baud crossing the wing; the third or
' The larva referred to as living on the elm is Seirodonta bilineata. See also pp. 452, 665.
MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 91
•extradiscal line not always distinct, forming an obliciuc wedjije shaped costal mark, wliich is bent
outward on the subcostal vein and irreji^ularly scalloped between all the venules, the sjiace
inclosed by these two lines foriuinij a broad obscurely luteous or clay-yellow band which is about
two or three times as wide on the costal as on the inner edge of the wings. This broad band is,
■especially in the 9 , clouded with blackish scales toward the middle and hind edge, or in some
i S grayish uear the costal edge. A submarginal twice-bent line obtusely bent in tiie second
median intersi)ace, and again toward the apex of the wings. Fringe coiicolorous with the wings
and spotted with dark on the ends of the venules.
Hind wings slightly paler than the lore wings, usually nearly as dark as the fore wings,
beconung darker touard and at the outer edge, sometimes with a dark cloud on the iuner angle.
The wings beneath uniforndy light ashen, with a distinct black costal spot on the outer tliird of
the fore wings, and on the hind wings just beyond the middle of the costal edge a dark blotch,
from which in some specimens a broad diffuse line i)asses in toward the middle of the wing.
Length of body, ) are very short, minute, moderately thick, and slightly swollen at
the end, wliich is divided into three rather slender processes or fork.s. Body tapering to the end,
which is not uplifted; in fact, the attitude of the young larva is singular, the body being curved
laterally so that the head nearly touches the tail. The larva feeds on the underside of the leaf.
The eggs and young larva were found July 2, on Ilirch Island, Casco Bay, ^Maiiie; some
freshly hatched larva; also occurred July G.
They had already spun on the underside of the leaf a roundish, white mat of silk, on which
the caterpillar rested preparatory to exuviation.
When 7 mm. in length just before molting (July 4) the head is still much wider than the
body, and now there are two faint dark dots on the head (on the vertex) and two subdorsal .sTraw-
yellow lines extending from the front edge of the prothoracic segment to the suranal xilate. The
sutures are also yellow. The body tapers from the prothoracic segment to the end.
One molted July 5, and is described as follows:
Larva, Stage II. — I/ength at first, 7 mm; differs from Stage I in the two conspicuous black
di\iding short bands on the heail, ending above the eyes. The two yellow subdorsal lines and
the transverse linear bars formed by the yellow s.utures are as at the end of Stage I. The body
is still rather tiattened. The glandular hairs are retained in this stage, and are very short and of
the same shape as in Stage I.
92 MEMOIES OF THE NATIOXAL ACADEMY OF S0IE5TCES.
Lurra, Star/e 7/7.— Lciigtli, 10 iiiiii. The head is still large, iiiiicli wider tliaii tlie body, and
green, with a ])urple stripe on each side. Tlie yellow lines are more distinet Ihan before, and the
body has a purplisli tinge. (Described from liridghani's figure (PI. Vlll, fig. — ) observed 'hily 8.
Larva, Stage IV. — Length, 1*0 mm. In one observed July 20, and nearly full-grown, the head
is still without the lateral black stripe, and the two subdorsal yellow stripes aic very distinet, but
there are no ])ink spots anywhere on the body. The small spiracles are pale orange.
In another drawn by Mr. Bridgham (PI. VIII, tig. 4), and also 20 mm. in length, the head is
not banded, but the body isprettily spotted with pinkish red, iuthe following manner: Two round
dorsal spots on the first thoracic segment; a broad pinkred transverse band on the sec( nd and
third thoracic segments, each broken into two by a transverse median whitish line; on abdominal
segments 3-9 is a pair of dorsal red, rounded spots, growing larger and more di.stinct toward the
end of the body, there being four spots on the ninth segment. The subdorsal yellow lines are
well marked.
Larva, last (lifth) ufage. — Length, 30 mm. One found on the asjien August 0, was pale green,
near the color of tiie underside of the leaf. Head ' smooth, polished, darker green than the
body, with two black stripes on each side, not meeting above on the vertex. Body green, tapering
at each end, smooth, nearly hairless, with no j)iliferous warts, the scattered hairs being miuute;
two fine subdorsal yellow lines, and Dyar has observed a faint whitish substigmatal line on
second and third thoracic segments. Thoracic segments 1-3 each with dorsal pink-red blotches
or spots, two on the prothoracic segment, while those behind are not so divided. Abdominal
segments 3 to 9 each' with a conspicuous pink-red dorsal square spot, the space between the spots
more or less yellow; none on the suranal plate, which is smooth and rounded, while the two
subdorsal yellow lines do not meet on it; no spots or dots on the side of the body below the
subdorsal lines. Thoracic and abdominal legs of the same color
\ ,,s>***°°°°°^^'^^'''''^ / ^® tlie body.
\f I -" ^\ /^ Dyar remarks that it is often associated \\ ith Raphia /rater,
\ -^ ~=%!^ ^\J which it much resembles in general structure, though it is more
X/' . \\/a slender. (Psyche, vi, l-4(!, September 18.)
M (l\ \/ Cocoon. — A very slight web of silk spun between two leaves,
x;a>^^>-^ simply enough silk spun around the edge of the inclosure to hold
rifi.53.-Endofpi.paof Gii,^;!ismsi7.f«i the Icavcs togetber, the silk mostly confined to the edge of the
ti'ionis ; 9, vestiire of trenital outltit of i • i i i. on i cii\ mi t
female cocoon, which measures about 22 by 20 mm. The pupa lies very
loosely in its cocoon.
Pupa. — Length, l.j-l(i mm. Of very unusual shape, being flattened oval cylindrical; posterior
end of theljody (fig. .53) much rounded and blunt, smooth, with no distinct traces of a cremaster,
much less than in other pupre inclosed in cocoons; surface of the body rather smooth, less
pitted, and the minute pits or punctuations more distinct and numerous on the dorsal than on the
ventral surface. In color dark brown, much darker than usual in Xotodoutiaus or other moths.
Llahits. — The eggs are laid the last of ,Iune and during the first week in July in Maine,
and probably two weeks earlier in southern New England. There are apparently five stages,
and the duration of Stage I is about three days, as is that of Stage II, and that of Stage III
about five days.
One larva July 26 spun a very slight cocoon between two leaves, and jiupated July 28. On
this caterpillar there were no red spots.
The moth appeared in the breeding box at Providence May 30, having been brought from
Maine in the pupa state: another one appeared June 1, also from Maine, in the larva state.
Mr. Howard L. Clark has reared this moth from caterjiillars found on the IJalm of Gilead at
Warwick, E. I. The moth appeared July 22, having been in the chrysalis state about ten days.
Itiley states (MS. notes) that the moths occur in May, June, and July. Mr. G. H. Hudson
gives the following dates of capture of the moths at Plattsburg, X. Y.: May 22. 1 ; May 29, 1 ;
June 3, 1; June 5, 1; June 7 to 24, 22; July 10, 1; July 10, 1; July IT, 1; July 2(t, 1, July 27 to
August 13, 30.
' Dyar's measurements of the width of the head for the last four stages are as follows: Calculated, 0.48, 0.74,
114,1.75,2.7 mm. Ratio, 0.65. Fouud, 0.7, 1.2, 1.7, 2.7 mm. (Psyche, vi, 147.)
MEMOIIIS OF THE ISTATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 93
Dyar statics that there, are two broods each year, and I suspect this is the case, though I liave
not observed this for myself. Mr. G. II. Hudson also thinks there are two broods, and writes me
that this is the first bombycid to fly.
Food ]>lants. — T'sually occurring on the aspen or Po^ml us treiimJoiden. I have also found it
on the yellow birch, one from this tree beginning to pupate August 11. Mr. n. S. Clark has bred
it from the Balm of Gilead, and S. L. Elliot found it on the willow and sweet gum.
Geogviiphlvdl disirihiitiou. — This is a s]iccies of wide range, and so far as yet known is more
common in northern New England, especially in cool, elevated mountain stations, than iu the
Middle States. 3Irs. Feruald has collected it at Orono, Me. I have found the larv;e commonly
at Ih'uuswick, Me., and Mrs. Slosson has collected the moths commonly from year to year at
Franconia, N. H., a very cool, elevated valley about 1,200 to 1,300 feet above the sea. Tlie
locality of Walker's type is "St. Martin's Falls, Albany River, Hudson's ]>ay, Dr. Barnston." It
has occurred at Cambridge, Mass. (Harris Coll. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.); Detroit, i\Iich. ; Lawrence,
Mass. (Mr. Treat, Mns. Comp. ZooL); Eastern New York (H. Edwards, Elliot, Dyar); New York
and [Middle States (Grote, and Coll. Amer. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia); I'lattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson);
Carbondale, 111.; Wisconsin, Ohio, Maine, Middle States, New York (G. H. French); liacine. Wis.;
Chicago, 111. (Westcott); Fort Collins, Colo., June 21 (C. F. Baker); Pennsylvania (Strecker):
Manhattan, Ivans., June 20, just like New England examples, but a little larger than any excejtt
a bred one from Maine (Popenoe); New Y^ork and Nebraska (U. S. Nat. Mus.), race qu'mquelinea
(PI. I, p. 4), Pacific Coast, northwest (Dyar). Of its distribution southward we as yet know
notliing. and so far as is known the species is restricted to the Appalachian snbprovince (or the
humid province of the cold temperate sirbregion of the North American region, of Allen).
Gluphisia Tvrightii H. Kdw.irds.
(PI. I, figs. 5,6,7,8,9,10-13.)
Glujjhisia ivrii/hlii H. Edwards, Eut. Amer., ii, p. 11, April, 1886.
GJuphisia ridenda H. Edwards, Ent. Amer., ii, p. 11, April, 1886.
Pack., Psyche, vi, p. 499, Aug., 1893.
aiuphisia riipla H. Edw., Ent. Amer., ii, p. 12, April, 1886.
Pack., Psyche, vi, p. 499, Aug., 1893.
(UiiphisKi albofascia H. Edw., Ent. Amer., li, p. 12, April, 1886.
Pack., Psyche, p. 499, Aug., 1893.
Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, sxi, p. 196, 1894.
Ghijihisiii formosa H. Edw., Ent. Amer., li, p. 12, April, 1886.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Met., p. 593, 1892.
Pack., Psyche, vi, p. 500, Aug., 1893.
Neum. and Dyar, Revis. Notod., Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxi, pp. 193, 194, June, 1894.
The following description of the single female example forming the type of E. 11):
GJuphisia irriglilii (u. sp.). — Head, thorax, and abdomen very dark gray, thickly speckled witli black scales,
but lighter on the underside; the primaries are also very heavily covered with black scales. A little above the
basal half of wing runs a waved line of pale gray, and from internal angle another waved line more oblique. The
space between them is closely scaled with black, but toward the inner margin is an almost sijuare bull' patch,
acro.ss which runs a black line. Sjiace behind the middle band blackish, shading into pale gray at the snbmargiiial
dentate line. Margin and fringe pale graj', spotted with black. Second.aries sordid white, with a dusky subniar-
ginal shade, connecting with the blackish anal spot. Beneath smoky white, with faint indications of a double
median band. Expanse of wings, 42 mm., 1 9, San Bernardino, Cal.
I have been led to reconsider my view as to the affinities of G. icrujhiii, and agree for the
present with 3Ir. Dyar that it is very near (/. rupta; we need more examples and a better knowl-
edge of the venation than we now possess to settle the question of its exact relationship.
As these forms have alreadj^ been described by Mr. Edwards, I copy his descriptions, adding
my own views as to their synonymy:
Head, thorax, and abdomen dark gray, plentifully sprinkled with black, especially on the upper side. Feet
and legs also gray mottled with black. Antenna- with the shaft white, pectinations blackish. Primaries with a
bud' jiatch at the basi-, iu which are a few black scales. Behind this a gray band, edged before and behind with
94 MEMOmS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
black, and sprinkled with black scales. Then a rather wide hurt' or fawn-color shade, through which runs a waved
rather indistinct blackish band. Behind this fawn-color band is another of white or silver-gray, edged with a
conspicuous dentate black line, with some black scales toward the apex. The space behind the dentate line is pale
gray. Fringe whitish, iiccked with black. Secondaries yellowish gray, shading into dark smoky toward th&
margins. Underside sordid white, darlc on the apex of the primaries, with faint traces of the median band.
Expanse of wing's, 30 mm. ; length of body, 12 mm. ; 3 j? , 1 9 .
Denver, Colo., Hy. Edwards. 1 (^ , Montana, Coll. Neumoegeu.
California (French) ; (i. riileiidK. Colorado. Montana (French) ; G. rupta, Colorado (French) ; G. albofascia, Utah
(French).
G. ridcmla (flgs. 5, 0, PL VIII, tig. 7) Edw. i.s very closely allied, representing G. triUneata iu
Colorado. The Edwards collection contains .'! S . I have a 9 from Colorado which I compared
with Mr. Edwards's type specimen "before his death. Its venation is the same as in G. trilineafii;
its body and wings are paler gray, the broad median band on the fore wings is clearer, and pale
tawny yellowish. It is not improbable that C. ridiuda will ultimately prove to be merely a climatic
variety of the Eastern trilbwutu.
G. rupta Edw. (PI. I, fig. 9) 1 9 , Colorado, I regard as a variety which slionld be united with
G. ridenda. The single (type) specimen is a 9 , without antennic or abdomen.
It is of the same size aiul with the same shape of wings as in G. ridciiild. Head and prothoras
paler than iu G. ridenda. Fore wings jiale gray, as pale as in ridenda and whiter than in triUneata;
base of wings pale, with a black longitudinal streak, a little oblique on the costa, and behind is a
diffuse black irregular band; the inner line is black, and as in ridenda. The inner black line
forming the inner border of the luteous or tawny yellowish median band is very distinct, oblique,
not bent outward, as in ridenda. The band is much narrower than in ridenda, the outer and inner
black lines nearly meeting on the inner edge of the wing. The outer line is not so much bent on
the costa. No middle line present. The space beyond the narrow pale line Just beyond the outer
line is dusky, much as iu ^r(7/Me«/((, where it is jialein ridenda. Subiuarginal scalloped line not so
near the edge of the wing as in ridenda. Fringe checkered as in ridenda and triUneata. The hind
wings are as in ridenda, with no transverse line. Beneath as in (;. ridenda, but with a broad dusky
cloud on the outer fourth of the fore wings, not reaching the edge.
G. albofascia Edwards (PI. I, figs. 7, 8). — The 2 S type specimens are from Utah, and seem
to be only a pale form of G. ridenda, probably due to its living in a drier, less rainy, more sunny
region. It is to be noted that the Western varieties named have no longer fore wings than in the
Eastern triUneata. It seems to be identical with G. formosa, but scarcely separable from G. ridenda,
being, with little doubt, a climatic variety of the latter species. The 2 $ marked albofascia
resemble G. formosa, only the nearly clear spaces of the latter in albofascia form dark, broad,
very distinct bands. There are two dark dusky patches on the hind wings. The examples
of G. albofascia are more typical of the species (if it be regarded as distinct from ridenda) than
those placed under G. formosa.
The fore wings somewhat luteous-gray at base; on the inner third is a broad black band
widening on the costa and still wider on the internal edge, where it reaches a little beyond the
middle of the wing. A clear luteous-gray median space, beyond which on the outer third of the
wing is a broad black band, between which and the submarginal scalloped line is a gray band.
Hind wings with a diffuse broad band on the outer fourth, forming a dark patch on the internal
angle, and another in the independent interspace. On the underside of the wings the dark bands
show through, as do the two dusky spots on the hind wings. — Utah and Colorado (June, U. S.
Nat. Mus.).
G. formosa Edwards (PI. I, tigs. 10-12). — Four S , all from Utah. As already stated, I regard
this as a synonym of G. albofascia, both species being with little doubt climatic varieties of G,
ridenda.
The antennre are well pectinated, rather more so than iu G. ridenda. The wings are much
paler gray than in ridenda, the hind wings being almost white, but the thorax and abdomen are
as in ridenda. Fore wings with black scales at tlie base, but with no definite lines such as are tO'
be seen in triUneata and ridenda, but just beyond the base the wing is more or less luteous, as in
ridenda. Middle of the wing with a broad, pale, flesh-colored or luteous baud, bordered on the
inside by a very distinct black line, like that of ridenda, becoming wider on the costa. In the
MExMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 95
niidille of tlio baud is a dark line nearly parallel with tbe inner one, dilatinj;' ou tlie veins and all
the lines forming- distinct dark eostal spots. The outer third of the wiii.n- gray, witli dark scales
and with an irregular blackish wavy line, much as in ridenda and iiipta. Ilind wings wliitisli,
with no lines, and with three dark dots on the frnige of the internal angle. The outer third of
the wing faintly dusted more or less with flue dark scales. Wings pale whitish beneath; two
blackish costal spots beyond the middle, and costa of both wings speckled with dark scales. A
faint difluse baud passes across the hind wings just beyond the middle, and the margin of both
wings is speckled with dark scales. Body beneath pale, aijd the legs (tarsi) ringed with dark
scales.
After preparing the preceding descriptions I fiud that ^Ir. Edwaids adds to his description
of G./onnasd the following remark:
It is possible that (I. ridcrida ami G. rnpta are forms of oue species, ami that (i. alhnfascia and G. formosa are
forms of another, but I prefer to cousider tbem as distinct until future investigation shall determine their trufr
Ijosition.
Mr. Dyar tells me that he has a specimen of G. formosa from El Paso, Tex. Professor French
reports it from Utah. G. var. ridenda occurred at Fort Collins, Colo., May 'So, June 11, and at
Denver July 2.5 (C. P. Gillette).
Section 11 (Eumdia Neum.).
This section corresponds to the genus {file) Mvlia or EuihcVki of ^Messrs. Nenmoegeu and Dyar.
At first, with only a single specimen of var. slonsoniw to judge by, I thought it was the type; of a
distiuct genus, as the head, antenna', palpi, and venation seemed so different, but after careful
and repeated examinations of si^ecimens, labeled (ivimacuhi, lintneri, wrU/htii, and severa, and
observing the general identity of form of body, wings, and especially of markings, as well as
the larval characters. Dr. Dyar stating that the larva of the Californian sercra does not
differ generally from that of E. trilineata, I think with our present knowledge it would be quite
unnecessary to recognize Eumelia as a distinct genus.
The structural differences between G. trilineala and G. severa, var. slossoiiiw, and which at
first led me to think them generically distinct, are the following:
A 9 . The head is remarkably small, much more so than in G. trilineatit, and is loosely scaled
in front. The antenna' are pectinated, the branches a little longer than in 9 triliueafa. The palpi
are short, small, depressed, with loose scales; and they are not quite so large and long as in
trilineata. The thorax differs from that of Gluplmia trilineuta in having a median dorsal tuft^
The legs are hairy, and much as in trilineata, the tarsi being ringed with gray and darker scales.-
The fore wings are narrow, but with the cost.a unixsually convex, much more so than in trilineata;
the apex is somewhat rounded, but much as in trilineata; the outer edge is very faintly excavated
below the apex. The hind wings are of the same shape as in trilineata. There are six branches
of the subcostal vein; branch 1 is longer than in trilineata and ends half way between the end of
costal vein and end of branch 2 of the subcostal; the costal area is wider toward apex than in
trilineata. The fifth and sixth branches are nearly as in trilineata. The lower discal vein is not
so much bent as in the last-named species. The three cubital veins are nearly as in trilineata,
but the .second median space is wider than in that genus. The submedian vein ( V ) is represented by
a simple fold. In the hind wings the two branches of the subcostal are much longer than in
trilineata, the space between them long and narrow, in trilineata short and broad triangular.
The discal veins are, taken together, slightly curved, where in trilineata they make a decided
angle at the origin of the indei)endeut vein; and there is a common origin of the lower discal and
of the two median veinlets. The second median interspace is much wider than in the species of
the other section of the genus. Vein VI is represented by a simple fold.
9() MEMOIES OF TUB NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Gluphisia lintneri (Grote.)
(I'l. I, tig. 18.)
Dasychira Unlnei-i Grote, Cau. Ent., ix, p. 85, 1877.
Gluphisia lintneri Dyar, Can. Ent. xxiii, p. 159, 1891.
.Smith, List Lep. Bor. Aiuer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Cat. Lep. Hot., i, p. 593, 1892.
Pack., Psyche, vi., p. 500, Aug., 1893.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. 8oc., xxi, p. 194, 1894; Journ. K". Y. Ent. Soc. ii. p. 115,
Sept., 1894.
Originally described as a Dasychira, this is a true Gluphisia, but, with G. sevcra and
avhnacitla, belouging to a distinct section of the genus. Tlie ariteinia' are iirovided with long,
close pectinations; the body is stout and hairy, and there is not a well-marked dorsal tuft present;
the costa of the fore wings is much more convex than in G. septentrionis, and the apex somewhat
produced as in G. isevera. Body stout and hairy; antennie almost plumose, having long, dense
branches, white, the branches duskj\
Body and wings ash or mouse gray. Head nearly as large in proportion as in G. septentrionis;
palpi feeble, small, not distinct from the hairs of the front. Fore wings with the costa much more
convex than in G. septentrionis^ and the apex somewhat produced, of the same color as the
body; a basal black line bent outward at a right angle on the costal vein, and again sending out
a distinct long loop on the cubical vein; tlie middle or intradiscal black line firm, straight, not
curved inward as in septentrionis, slightly bent outward on the cubical vein; extradiscal line
slightly scalloped, bent inward on the costal edge. A very faint, linear, dark, discal spot. A
tawny or clay-yellow (luteous) patch at base of wing in the median space and passing a little
beyond the basal line. The space between the inner and the outer (extradiscal) line is filled in
with clay-yellow, forming a broad median luteous band which is nearly as wide on the inner edge
as on the costal edge. There is also a series of submargmal lunate faint luteous patclies or
blotches, with some black scales intermingled. The costal edge is entirely free from luteous
scales. Hind wings dark, like the fore wings, with a distinct dark line on the outer third, which
is most distinct on the inner edge of the wing, succeeded by a light shade. Beneath the wings
are dusky and both crossed by a common dark diffuse line. No discal spot, as in wrightii and var.
avimacida.
Expanse of wings, i 40 mm.; length of body, S 15 mm.
Geographical (//sfr(6/(tri;iiii;nlar spot extends from tlie base of tlie wing to the inner distinct
line crossing tlie wing, which line is situated half way between the base of the wing and the inner
side of the median band, this line having been rubbed oft' in the type of irriflhtii. The space
between this line and the median band is whitish gray. The broad blackish median band incloses
a sinuous linear luteous discal spot, and there is a luteous patch near the internal edge of the
wing. The inner edge of the median band is less distinctly sinuous than in the type of irriffhtii,
and so is the white outer bordering line, which, however, is more zigzag. The edge of the wing
is stone-gray, as in the type of ivrifjhtii, and incloses the usual scalloped dark line, as in the type
of wriyhtii. Hind wings as in the tyiie; a dift'use dark band crosses the wing beyond the middle,
and a second outer one is parallel to it, but does not reach the middle, and the two bands inclose
a white linear si)ot, as in the type.
The species occurs in northern as well as southern California, and is quite variable.
G. seveni Edwards. — The single type is a 9 from Soda Springs, Cal.
The type is much larger than the Sierra Nevada specimen, and well preserved. Antenufe
■with short pectinations. Body and head dark gray. Wings unusually dark; fore wings dark
gray on the basal third, with a very small luteous sj)ot on the cubital and internal veins. Media?i
band broad and dark, almost black, and not bordered by the narrow scalloped outer line, the
wing being suffused with black to the outer edge. A narrow faint luteous linear discal spot.
Halfway between the s(>allopcd pale gray line and the outer edge of the wing is a submarginal
series of tawny or luteous ])atches. Hind wings just as in the Sierra Nevada example, and
venation as in wrighiii. Wings underneath dark and much diffused, the line on the fore wing
less sinuous than in the wrightil type. Hind wings with two parallel broad dark bands, just as in
the Sierra Nevada specimen of G. u-rujlitii. The shape of the head and the wings is the same in
the Californian severa and the eastern form. In both forms the bind wings are nearly the same.
Var. anmacula. — The following is a description of a type specimen presented by Mr. Hudson to
the United States National ^luseuni: Body and fore wings ash gray, basal line black, with a large
irregular loop just below the median vein tilled in with luteous scales. Middle line black, sinuous;
extradiscal line diffuse, oblique, and sinuous; no luteous median band, this space being ash-gray,
with obscure luteous scales near and on inner edge; an indistinct submarginal series of blackish
scallops; a very distinct, irregular, reniforni black discal sjiot, tilled in with <1(3.
I'ntalliiiris Hiibn., Verz. Schmett., p. 158,- 1816.
Apaleludes Packard, Syn. Bombycid;E U. S., Pt. II, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., p. 2.53, Nov.. ISIU.
Grote, Check List N. A. Jloths, p. IS, 18S2.
Driicc, BiologiaCcntr. Amer., PI. LVI, p. 208, March, 1887.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 29, 1891.
Head moderately iironiineiit, the front rather broad, more so than usual, subtriangular, the
hairs clothing it rather uneven and loo.se. Aiiteinne in i evenly branched to the end, but the
pectiuatious shorter than usual, about as long as the thorax. Palpi large, thick, stout, slightly
ascending, reaching well beyond the front, tips broad; third joint minute, nearly concealed, not
distinct from second Joint. Eyes naked.
Thorax simple, not tufted. Fore wings triangular; nearly one-half as broad as long; in the
5 much broader; costa straight, much curved at the apex; outer margin hollowed just below the
apex, rendering it unusually falcate. Below the ajiex the outer edge of the wing is oblique, not
indented, but making an obtuse angle with the straight inner edge. Costal vein extending nearer
the apex than usual. First, second, and third subcostal venules suddenly detlexed upon the
costa very near each other. Apical interspace broadly triangular. The fourth and fifth subcostal
venules of the same length; no subcostal cell. Discal area short and broad; the discal venules
situated within the middle of the wing; the posterior discal venule oblique, though curvilinear.
Hind wings large, full, and rounded on the outer margin, of an irregular pentagonal form
reaching nearly to the tips of the abdomen. Both discal venules very oblique, especially the
hinder one. Tibia- with broad flat concavo-convex tufts. Femora den.sely pilo.se, giving the joint
an oval form; hind tibia- with dense scales, making it unusually broad, with four large spurs.
Abdomen of i slender, with a tuft on each side of the tip.
Coloration, no di.scal spot; with gray-brown transverse lines and blotches.
The genus is easily recognized by the broad, very falcate foi-e wings, their peculiar venation,
and by the unusually broad hind tibiie and the large tufts at the end of the male abdomen.
' This name was proposed by me in MS., but Xeumoegen and Dyar afterwards published it lu 1894; the fact that-
it was proposed by two different authors shows that it is well founded.
100 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIEI^CES.
The genus may be also distinguished by the short autennal pectinations; by the large palpi;
by the simple, untufted -thorax; by the falcate fore wings, the outer edge not scalloped, and by
the broad concavo-convex tibial tufts.
The generic name was suggested by the resemblance of the hairy larva to Apateht anicricana.
Our species can not be referred to the same genus as rurnthyrh cedo-miUi of Cramer, at least
until we have examples of that South American form for comparison.
E(ig. — Very much flattened, resembling a very shallow inverted plate, with sloping sides,
the surface appearing as if ringed, each ring inclosing a circle of 5 to 7 spines.
Larva. — Body cylindrical, nearly smooth, almost completely covered by long, fine, dense hairs,
through which are seen on each side the lateral row of black spots; most of the hairs dark on
the distal half, jjale at base, and from the black (hu'sal spots arise from Ufo to four spindle-sha]>e(l
black hairs forming median dorsal pencils on the abdominal segments. A long, slender median
pencil arises from the second and third thoracic segment, and a single median pencil is directed
backward, arising from the eighth abdominal segment. Freshly hatched larva, smooth-bodied,
thickly covered with long white hairs, arising from small tubercles.
Pupa.— !
Geographical (listrihution. — Tlie species range from Xew England and Canada southward to
Florida and Georgia, and appear to exist in Surinam and Brazil. The genus is well represented
in Central America; three species, according to Druce, occurring in Mexico, one, A. adrastria
Druce, near A. torrefacta, recorded from Cordova, Mexico, Yucatan, Costa Eica, and Panama;
A. ardeola Druce occurs in Panama and also on the Amazons, while another inhabits Guatemala.
SYXOPSIS OF THE SPECIES.
AVings not (teutate, foro wings with four brown lines and ;i double brown snot near base .1. torrefacta
Wings dentate; fore wings with a square transparent spot near .apex; no distinct lines J, anycVica
"Fore wings grayish drab, tinged with reddish, the lines and marks all olisolete" (Edwards).. A. indistincla
Apatelodes torrefacta (Abl)ot and l^mitli).
(PI. VII, fig. 10.)
ThnJwna torrefacta .\bbot and Smith, Xat. Hist. Lej). Ins. Georgia, p. l.")I, PI. LXXVI, 1797.
rijfinra torrefacta Hiibn., Verz. Stdimett.,p. 162, 1816.
J'aratliijris torrefacta Walk., Cat. Lep. Ins. Br. Mus., v, p. 1088, 1885.
Apatelodes torrefacta Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 353, 180-t.
Astasia torrefacta f Harris, Ent. Corr. . p. 307, 1869.
Apatelodes torrefacta Grote, Check List X. A. Moths, p. 18, 1882.
var. floridana H. Edwards, Ent. Amer., ii, p. 13, April, 1886.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 29, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het. 1, p. 851, 1892.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. .Soc, xxi. p. 183. 1894 ; Juurn. N. Y. Ent. Soc., ii, p. 113,
Sept., 1894.
Larva.
(PL IX, figs. 1-8.)
Abbot. Abbot and .Smitli's Nat. Hist. Rarer Insects of Georgi.a. PI. LXXVI, 1797.
Harris. Ent. Corresp., p. 307, 1869. (Full-fed larva and habits described.)
Soiile. Psyche, v, p. 49, .Jan., 1889. (Eggs and five st.ages described, with notes on habits.)
Packard. Proc. Post. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxiv, pp. 519-522, 1890. (Stages I-\"I descriljed.) Fifth Rep. V. S.
Ent. Comm. Forest Ins., p. 647, 1890.
Beiiienmiiller. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., v, p. 87, 1893. (Egg and larval stages described.)
Moth (53,22 ). — Soft velvety ashen. Palpi and hind margin of the thorax reddish brown.
Fore wings with a large reddish brown spot on the base of the internal margin; no discal spots;
beyond is a line of the same color which crosses the wings and is curved inward on the costa.
An outer, nearly straight, slightly liexuous, very faint line. Just beyoiul the middle of the wing is
a similar but more distinct line. A wavy submarginal line, curved outward just before reaching
the costa. A minute subapical white spot margined externally with reddish brown. Hind wings
tinged with reddish. A light median obsolete line terminates on the intei'nal margin in a white
spot, which above and below is reddish brown. Fore wings a little paler beneath; the subapical
MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 101
spot present, the apical region being reddish brown. Within is a regularly curved light line. In
the middle of the wing is an obsolete rcdilish line.
Hiud wings discolored with red along the median vein, there bending into the middle of the
internal margin; this is faintly eontinned iii)on the costa. A submarginal white line. Fringe on
the internal angle, reddish brown. The lateral tufts on the end of the abdomen reddish browu.
The female oidy differs in the much liroader wings.
Expanse of wings, S 4.") mm., 9 50 mm.; length of the body, S i'O mm., 2 24 mm.
Var. foriddita Edwards, much redder, lines fainter, the discal whitish spots more clearly
delined. Beneath, wings foxy red. (Coll. Amer. Mas. Nat. Hist.. New York, and Coll. Neumoegen.)
Tiie following notes are based on the sketches and notes made for me by Mr. J. Bridgbam,
who kindly preserved for me in alcohol specimens of the two later stages, from which, with the
aid of his excellent drawing, the following description of those two stages were drawn uj). Iii
ajypears that there are six larval stages.
Egg. — The eg'gs were laid on the wild cherry June 2l!, and liatched July t); another lot
received from Miss Jlorton, hatched July .")-(>. They are much flattened, resembling a xcry
shallow inverted plate, with sloping sides. The surface appears as if covered with overlai)ping
rings, each inclosing a circle of five, six, and sometimes seven spines. Diameter, 1 mm.
Miss Caroline G. Soule describes the eggs as at first green, and tive days later sordid
yellowish white, circular, flat on both top and bottom, translucent, and looking like tiny gelatine
lozenges, 1.5 mm. in diameter.
Larva, Stage I. — Length, 4-5 mm. Head and body pale greenish white or whitish flesh, with
no black or dark marks; head moderately large: body covered thickly with long white hairs,
mostly curled, which arise in irregular and scattering tufts from four dorsal and three lateral
tubercles; the hairs arising from the thoracic are rather longer than those from the abdominal
segments.
Larva, Stage II. — Length, G mm., July Ki. 31uch as in the first stage, the hairs a little
denser, and the head and body still whitish, with no dark spots.
Miss Soule says that after the first molt the larva l)ecomes "even whiter and fluflier than
before, with a dorsal line of black dashes, and a dark pencil on the tenth segment. A few had gray
hairs over the head."'
Larva, Stage III. — Length, 11 mm., July 25. Color of the head and body the same, but the
woolly white hairs on the thoracic segments ai)pear to Ije thick and matted. Now api)ears along
the back of each abdominal segment a conspicuous black dash, anil from the eighth abdominal
segment arises a long, slender, tapering black pencil, which projects backward.
Miss Soule says: "As before, with the addition of a gray i)encil on the second and third
Segment.''
Larva, Stage IV. — Length, 20 mm., August .'5. The head is yellowish white, but the body
slightly pale gray. From the second and third thoracic and eighth abdominal segments ari.ses a
black pencil, each about the same length as the other, viz, about twice as long as the thickness
of the body; the anterior pencil points forward, the two others backward. The interrujited black
dorsal stripe is as before.
Miss Soule states that in this stage "a lateral and subventral line of black arrowheads
appeared. One larva became bright yellow, with the pencils tan coloreil, with black tips, and one
was of a soft gray, with black pencils."
Larva, Stage V. — Length. 27 mm.. August 7. (This and the last stage described from alcoholic
specimens as well as from 3Ir. Bridgham's colored drawing.) Head normal, rounded, the sides
and top somewhat swollen, the median suture somewhat depressed: of a peculiar white-flesh color.
Prothoraeic segment without a pencil or a lateral black patch; second thoracic segment with two
contigmius rounded tubercles from which arise t\^ o long i)encils whose hairs blend together to
form a common median deep ocherous pencil inclined forward, becoming black at the distal
third. Third thoracic segment with a similar pencil inclintd backward. A similar median
pencil on the eighth abdonnnal segment. There is now a dorsal row of six long median black
stripes on abdominal segments 2 to 7. Between these spots arise a i)air of dorsal pencils
composed of curious long spindleshajicd flexible black hairs, pale at the base, which taper from
1()2 MEMOliiS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
uear the end to a sliarp point. The pencils consist of tliree to four hairs arising' from a pair of
small warts, one close to but on each side of the median line and situated just behind each dark
doisal (lash. On the sides of the second thoracic and the ninth abdominal segment is a black
patch, more or less oblong and jagged on the u|)per edge. The sntuies between the segments
are not black. The underside of the body is blaikish. At the base of the abdominal legs is a
black ring, and another near the planta, and a longitudinal black strijie down the outside of the leg.
Miss Soule adds that '• the yellow one came ecies of Noctuidte,
iis riatij(Tnn-(( fitrciUa, etc. It is noteworthy as being in this resjtect exceptional among
Notodontians.
Mr. Beutenmiiller has bred this species; the eggs were laid June 21, the larva entered the
ground August 2, pupated August 4, and the moth emerged August 27-20.
Tupd. — ?
Food plantx. — Wild cherry. Primus riri/iiiiand ; found on burdock; eats willow well (Harris
Corr., 307); sassafras aud ash (Soule); willow, alder, blackberry, bayberry, azalea, sassafras,
viburnum, and hazel (Beutenmiiller). Feeds on the ironwood, gall berry, sassafras, etc. (Abbot);
ritascolus helrohif! (Abbot's MS. drawings in library of Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.).
Geographical distrihutioii. — Cambridge and vicinity of Boston (3Ius. Comp. Zool., Sanborn,
Mus. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist.); Amherst, Mass. (Mrs. Fernald); New York ((1 rote) ; Georgia (Abbot);
Florida (H. Edwards); ^Massachusetts, Wisconsin, Ohio, Texas, y.w. Jhiridtoxi, Florida (French);
Chicago. 111. (Westcott); New .lersey, Pennsylvania, July and August (Palm); Kanawha Yalley,
W. Va. (W. H. Edwards, Mus. Comp. Zool.). Larva, Bushburg, Mo., September 17; moth, Indiana,
Ohio, Missouri, Alabama (U. S. Nat. ilus.).
Apatelodes angelica Ornte.
(Pl.XLIX. fig. 1.)
raratltyris angelica Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Pbil., iii, p. 322, Sept., 1864.
Apaiflodes hyidhiopniicta Pack., Proc. Eut. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 2.'54, Nov., 1864.
A)iatelode.s angelica Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iv, p. 207, Feb., 18.'')5. PI. 4, fig. 1, 9, p. 184.
Kirliy, Syn. Cat. Lap. Het., p. 8.52, 1892.
Neum. aud Dyar, Trans. Auier. Ent. Soc. xxi, 1S94; .louni. N. Y. Ent. Soc, ii, p. 113,
Sept. 1894.
Larva.
(PI. XLIX, fig. 1.)
Liiitner, Eut. Contr., iii. p. 130, 1874. (Detailed description).
Moth (35,15 ). — The female differs from A. torrefacta in having both wings well toothed on
the outer edge, the apex of the fore wings much more acute, the outer margin more oblique, and
in having much smaller xialpi. In coloration it is quite distinct, since it does not possess the
prominent lines and siwts of A. torr(f(tctn. Both species have the subajjical square transparent
spot, but iu ^1. torrefacta it is small and inconspicuous, while a second adjoining one is wanting.
Body and wings very uniformly pale cinereous. Head, legs, and thorax coacolorons. On the
inner third of the fore wings is a straight, rather broad, darker l>and, which increa.ses in width
toward the costa. Beyond the median broad pale gray band the wing is darker. The costal edge
is fuscous, the median crest of the thorax is tipped with brown, and beyond the middle of the
patagia is a narrow transverse line. Hind wings fuscous gray, with an indistinct .submarginal
line slightly waved and edged with gray. L'pper jiart of abdomen reddish. Fringe darker.
Beneath, the fore wings are cro!3.sed by two bands, the inner fuscous, the outer dark gray. . The
margin of the wings dark gray, especially the fringe. The thin broad tuft on the hind tibiie is
edged with brown. On each side of the base of the abdomen is a broad oblong spot, edged broadly
with white before and behind.
Expanse of wings, S 43 mm.. 9 .">0 mm. : length of body, S 20 mm.. 9 22 mm.
The species derives the name I gave it from a peculiar square transparent spot edged with,
brown, situated just below the apex of the fore wiugs, nearly opposite the middle point of the
• wing. The lower subcostal venule separates it from a much smaller adjoining one in the
extradiscal space.
104 MEMOIES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Larva (fall fed). — Head svibrotund, dark brown, and two Hues on the front lighter brown.
Body with tlie thoracic segments tapering; terminal segnlent^s tapering and tlattened posteriorly;
ventral region flattened, the anal legs projecting behind. Color of the body, gray; numerous flue
black linings, among which may be traced two forming a vascular stripe and two simdar lateral
stripes on each side. On segment 1, anteriorly, are four dorsal white lines: posteriorly, black;
segment 2 is black anteriorly, behind which are irregular black liumgs; segments, as the preceding
one; on segments 5 to 10 the dorsal black linings assume a V shape, the apex resting ou the suture
and inclosing centrally two yellow-green subelliptical snots, with a similar spot exterior to each
within the superior lateral stripe.
From the first segment long whitish brown hairs project over the head, nearly concealing it;
from the middle of the second and third segments whitish hairs project forward, of which those
ou the latter segment are shorter and arranged somewhat in tufts, beneath which, when extended,
some short, stifl', red hairs are seen; laterally below the stigmata are two rows of fascicles of white
hairs of unequal length, mingled with a few longer brown ones, extending rectangularly with the
body until to its middle, whence the remainder are directed backward; from the terminal segment
white and brown hairs, of greater length than elsewhere on the body, project horizontally, brush-
like, backward; short whitish hairs are scattered sparsely over the body. (The larva escaped
before its description could be completed, and the remainder is from memory.) On the vascular
line on eacli segment is a tuft of black hairs about 0.0(i inch long, the ends of which converge to a
point. The prolegs project laterally, almost hidden by the hairs. Ventrally is a broad fuscous
stripe. (Lintner.)
Habits. — Lintner found eight or ten larvre near Albany, early in September, feeding on the
ash, and Mr. Meske collected thein from the lilac (iSt/riHg((- ndgaris). When not eating, they
usually occurred resting ou and closely appressed to a twig. The first transformation to a pupa
■was on September 14. The larva has a marked gastropachan aspect. (Lintner.)
Food 2ilaiit.s. — Ash and Syringa.
Geogvaphical distribution. — Medford, Mass. (W. H. Dall, Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambridge);
eastern New York (Lintner, Meske); Plattsburg, N. Y". (Hudson); Middle Atlantic States (Grote,
Coll. Amer. Ent. Soc. Phil.); Ontario, Canada; New York, New Jersey (Palm); North Carolina,
Ohio, Irvingtou, 111. (French); Enterprise, Fla. (Thaxter).
Var. indistincta H. Edwards.
J}>atcloi1c8 iniHstinctd Edw. Ent. Amer.. ii, p. 13, April, 1S86.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 211, 1891.
■ Kirby, Syii. Cat, Lep. Het., i. p, 8.52, 1892,
XnT. indistincia, Neum. and Dyar, Trans, Amer, Ent, 8oc,, p. 184, 1894.
Primaries of a grayish drab, tinted with reddi.sh, the lines and marks all obsolete; the
surface dotted with black irroi-ations. There is near the apex a semitransparcnt square spot,
with a smaller one beneath it. The fringe is reddish chestnut. The secondaries are reddish
testaceous, without marks. Underside wholly reddish fawn-color, with a few black and brown
specks, but wholly without the dark shading so conspicuous in A. torrcfacta. Thorax color of
primaries. Abdomen reddish testaceous, with brown dots. Expanse of wings, 35 mm.; length of
body, IS mm., 1 $ . Indian Itiver, Florida, Coll. B. Neumoegen, (Ent. Amer., ii, p. 13); Florida
(French).
Subfamily III. — Pyg.erin.e.
Head rather large, the front rather broad; the antenna- ciliated, not pectinated in the male.
The body and wings are usually, and in all the species of Datana, reddi.sh ocherous, the fore wings
being crossed by from four to five straight parallel lines. Egg oral cylindrical, smooth; top
depressed.
Larva brightly banded and very hairy; no tubercles, the body being smooth. They spin
no cocoon, bur pupate deep in the earth. '
' Hnms says of D. ministi-a: ''When ready to transform, all the individuals of the same brood quit the tree at
once, descending by night, and burrow into the ground to the depth of .3 or 4 inches, and, within twenty-four
hours afterwards, east their caterpillar skins, and become chrysalids witliout making eocoons. They remain in the
ground in this state all winter, and are changed to moths aud come out betweeu the middle and end of July,"
(Treatise, p, 430.)
MEMOmS OF THE >fATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 105
Pupa rather stout, head prominent, notched at the end; the surface rugose and very coarscly
punetuied, the pits being more or less continent, especially on the thorax. Oremaster wide at base^
bearing a pair of double sharp .spines.
I am at present iDclined to think that this grouj) may be the most generalized one of the
family, owing to the smooth and hairy larv:e, resembling those of the Xyctemeridce, Liparida-, etc.
Datana Walker.
(PI. XXXIX, and PI. XL (ij;. 5. Venation.)
riialana Drury, 111. Nat. Hist., ii, 17?;).
Abbot and Smith, Lep. lus. Georgia, 1797.
rt/gwraf Harris, Cat. Ins. Ma.ss., ii. 73, 183.5.
Ptlasia? Westwood, Dniry's 111. Exot. Eut., ii. p. 27, 1837.
Dalana Walker, Cat. Lep. Ket. Br. Mus., v, p. 1000. 185.5.
Enmelopuna Fitch, 2d Kep. Nox. Ins. N. Y., p. 235, l.SSfi.
Dalana Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths., p. 18, 1S82.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, ls;iL
Kirby. Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 612, 18112.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. E">t. .Soc, xxi, j). 197, June, 1891; .lourn. N. Y. Ent. .Soc, ii, pp. 112,
116, Sept., 1894.
Moth. — Head not prominent, rather .sunken; front vertically oblong, narrower in 5 ; the
.scales clothing it short, closely, and evenly cut. Antenna; not pectinated in S , the joints only
slightly produced beneath, and ciliated. Between the autenuse at base is a minute vertical
pointed tuft. Maxilhe al>out as long as the head, sometimes sei)arate, but usually united and
rolled up. Palpi short and stout, ascending, second and third Joints bent upw ard e\en with the
front: the scales on the second joint long, bushy, even with or passing beyond tlie end of the
minute third joint.
Thorax rather large, pilose, convex, not tufted. Fore wings one-half as long as broad,
triangular; costa straight, becoming curved at the apex, which is pointed and slightly falcate;,
outer edge .slightly scalloped and in S very slightly excavated just below the apex. Hind wings
with the costal edge convex and bent down toward the apex, which is somewhat produced;
outer edge slightly beut on the second median venule. Venation: A narrow subrhomboidal
subcostal cell, otherwise much as in Nadata, but with the costal region wider toward the ai)ex.
Leg.s with the femora and tibi;e densely hairy; the second pair of spurs on the hind tibire
longer than the first; tarsi rather thick. Abdomen long, somewhat flattened in S , with a slight
tuft at the end; claspers large, long, and well developed.
Coloration usually very uniform, the species closely resembling each other, as do the larvae,,
but differing somewhat in the venation of the fore wings; bo very hairy.
Lines narrow or olfsoletc .« intciierriiiia
Lines broad, creamy white coiitracta
, Datana miiiistra Walker.
(PL II; tig. 3, c?; tig. 4, 9.)
I'lialn-na miiiistra Drury, lUustr. Exot. Ent., ii, p. 25, pi. 14, fig. 3, 1773.
Abbot and Smith, N. H. Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 161, Tab. Ixxxi, 1797.
Fijga'raf miiiiatra Harr., Cat. Ins. Mass., p. 73, 1835; Rept. Ins. Mass., p. 312, 1841; ibid., tliird edit.. PI. VI,
figs. 6, 212, 1862.
Pelania miiiistra Westw. Edit. Drury, Illustr., 11, p. 27, pl. 14, WM.
Datana ministra Walk., Cat. Lep. Br. Mus., v, p. 1061, 18.55.
Eumctopona ministra Fitch, 2d Kept. Nox. Ins. N. York, p. 235, pl. 4, fig. 3, 1856; 3d Kept., p. 19, 1857.
Datana ministra Morris. Synopsis, Lep. N. Amer., p. 247, 1862.
Orote. New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 18, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. 15or. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn, Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 613, 1892,
Neum. and Uyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. S c xxi. p. 197, 1894,
Larva.
(Pl. X, figs. 1, 1((, Ift, Ic, Irf, le.)
Abbot and Smilli, Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 161. Pl. LXXXI, 1797,
Earris. Ins. Inj. Veg., 1st edit., p, 312, 1841: Ins. Inj. Veg.. 2d edit., p. 332, 18.52.
Fitch, 2d Kept. Nox. Ins. N. York, p. 237, 1856; 3d Kept. Ins. N. York, p. 337, 1857.
MEMOIES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 107
Harris, Ids. Iiij. Veg., Flint's cilit., p. 429, 18152.
Groteaud Hohiiiaon (quote Angus in lit.), Proc. Ent. Soc'. riiilad.. vi. p. 11. 1S66.
/>'. I). fTahh, Practical Entom., ii. p. 7, ISfiG.
Uurris, Kntom. Corresp., p. 308, pi. 2, lig. 1, l,S(;il.
Le Baron, 4tli Illinois Rept., p. ISO, 1873. Life liistory (fi,i;s.).
French, Trans. Dri.t. Agr. III., xv, p. 189, 1877.
J. Marteu. Tran.s. Dept. Agr. 111., xviii. Append., p. 119. 1880.
JJ. CiMiuiUitt. Trans. Dept, Agr, 111., xviii, Append., p. I(i7, 1880.
Jr. Saunders, Ins. Inj, Fruits, p. (51, 1883.
IV. Beiileiimiilhr, Can. Knt., xx, ]). IH, 1888. (Egg ami all tin- larval st,age8.)
Lui/i/er, Bull. 10, Agr. Stat. Univ. Minnesota, p. 78. March. 1X90. I'l. 1. lig. :">, larva; I'l. II, (ig. 5. n)otli.
Moth. — Fore wiiias iiiid base of thorax above ciiiiiainoii (IJidg..' Ill, 20): costal sliade russet
(Ridg-., III. Ki). not well marked. Tliorncie i)ateb ocliraeeous (IJidg-., V. 7) in IVout, shading'
posteriorly into chestnut (Ridg., I\', !>), Lines and discal dots as in I). . (Irexclii
and J), major by its smaller size and less distinct discal dots; from 1>. iJrcdelii further by the
absence of a strongly contrasting costal shade; from D. major by the usually i)aler secondaries;
but ill this last instance specimens may occur very difficult to distinguish (Dyar).
The following description of preparatory stages of JJatana minintra is by jMr. Beutenmiillcr
(Can. Eut., xx, p. 10) :
Egg. — Pure white, ovoid, with llattened base, the ajiex with black dot showing impregnation. Laid in masses,
from 25 to ,50 on underside of leaf.
Touiiij larra. — Head black, shining, second segment orange-brown in front, cervical shield black. Body-color
chestnut-brown, witli the stripes a little darker, anal clasps and thoracic feet jet black. Length, 3 nun.
After first molt. — The head jet black, as is also the whole of the second segment and anal segment. Body-color
now much darker, as are also the stripes, these being almost obscured, except along the lateral region. Thoracic
feet black. Length, 12 mm.
After second molt . — Head black, rather small ; second segment yellow except the cervical shield, black. The
thoracic feet, abdominal and anal legs, and termination of aual segment jet black, while the stripes are very clear
yellow on the chestnut-brown ground. Scattered over the body are also a few short sordid white hairs. Length,
20 mm.
Until after this molt the larva' feed upon the underside of leaf (parenchyma), and do not attack the edges
until after the third molt begins.
After third mall. — Head jet black, second segment orange, cervical shield black. Body color reddisli brown
with rather broad yellow stripes; anal clasps, tip of legs, and thoracic feet jet black ; underside striped eijually with
reddish brown and bright yellow. Length, 30 mm.
After fourth molt. — Head jet black, ueck yellow, cervical shield jet black, shining. Body chestnut-brown, the
stripes bright yellow and equidistant; the feet aud anal clasps jet black, abdominal legs yellow-banded, with jet
black outside. The hairs over the body are now quite long. Length, 33 mm.
Stage next to last. — Length, 26 mm. Head black, as wide as the body. First thoracic segment black. The
body is yellow, not greenish yellow, as in the adult, and the stripes are reddish brown, the color of brown rooiiug
slate. .lust before molting the first thoracic segment becomes gamboge-yellow on the plate and straw-yellow around
the edges, A broad dorsal reddish-brown line, fully twice as wide as the others. There are four lateral stripes, all
of the same width, the yellow spaces between tliem only a little more than one-half as wide as the brown bands.
The third brown band includes the black spir.acles. Thoracic feet black; suranal plate and anal legs black; midillo
abdominal legs dark, four of the legs pale livid reddish; planta' jiale. The hairs are minute, short, not apparent
without a lens.
The head and thoracic segments often held bent over backward, so that the thoracic feet stick nji, while the
tail is so bent up as to nearly meet the head.
Last stage. — Length, 30 mm. Head black. Body with white, conspicuous hairs, many of them one-third longer
than the body is thick. The body is now distinctly greenish yellow, and the prothoracic plate gamboge-yellow.
'See Ridgway's Nomenclature of Colors.
108 MEMOIIIS OF TUB NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
The stripes are black, not reddish dark brown, as before. The third or spiraciilar band is a little wider than before,
and continued on to the prothoracic segment under the ganiboge-ycllow plate. Base of the legs and space aniiind
and between them honey-yellow, not dnll reddish yellow, as in the iirevions stage. Middle abdominal legs reddish
yellow, -with a large lilack chitinous plate above the planta.
Among 77 specimens, forming a clu.ster ou an ai)i)le tree at Salem, Mass., all molted Angn.st
18 into the last -stage. There was no variation among these, except very slight differences in the
width of the green stripes.
The larva spins no cocoon, bnt enters the ground to pupate.
Pupa. — Of the usual shape. End of abdomen obtuse, cremaster with a short bifid spine, each
fork ending in two spinules, with an external shorter mesial one at base.
Habits. — From Mr. D. S. Harris, of Cuba, 111., we learn that in LSSli the caterpillars of this
species were "so abundant on the black walnut that manj persons liave cut down their walnut
trees when they were near their houses." The larva is to be found from the latter part of July to
the last of Sei^tember. It is single brooded. It occurred at Providence, 11. I., on the birch,
September 10-12.
The characteristic attitude of this, as other species, when disturbed, is to raise the head and
tail, each about as much as the other, the entire caterpillar forming three sides of an oblong
square. When feeding, the last fourth of the body is slightly elevated. The larv* remain
clustered together throughout life, until they disperse to pupate.
Mr. Lugger states that the eggs are deposited, several hundred together, in a patch upon the
underside of terminal leaves. Each egg is white and spherical. In ilinnesota the caterpillars
"fre(pK'iitly occur in vast numbers, entirely defoliating our largest oaks." The moth in Minnesota
issues late in June or early in July.
Mr. Lugger found one caterpillar covered with 249 eggs of a Tachina tly.
Eggs, June (Riley); larva', August, September, October, and November (Riley); moth, May,
July, and August (Eiley).
Food plnntn. — Apple, jtear, cherry, quince, linden, walnut, hickory, oak of various species,
chestnut, beech, hazel, hornbeam, birch, locust, etc. (Beutenmiiller). In Kansas, Beiula nigra
(Popenoe) and Quercus palustris (Popeuoe); hickory, birch, oak, suinat', and walnut (L'iley).
Geographical distribution. — Orono, Me. (Mrs. Fernald); Bruuswick, Me. (Packard); Salem,
Mass., Boston (Harris, Packard); Amherst, Mass. (Mrs. Fernald); New York (Angus, Beu-
tenmiiller, Dyar); New Jersey (Palm); Chicago (Bolter, Westcott); Pennsylvania (Streckei');
Manhattan, Kaus., June 13 (No. 5) (Popenoe); Canada, New Hampshire, Maine, New York,
New Jersey, Pennsylvania (Palm); Missouri, Di.strict of Columbia, and Virginia (U. S. Nat. Mus.);
New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Wisconsin, Champaign, 111., California (French).
Datana californica Riley (inedited).
The only notes we have on this itnpublished species are the following:
Datana Californica.
Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxi, p. 198. 1894.
Larva', October 13, also adult; Santa Clara County, Cal.
XoTK. — These larvie have heen known to fruit growers at Santa Clara for several years back as doing injuries
by stripping whole rows of apple and plum trees. They do not attack pear trees. A few larvie -were still present
on October 13, 1887, and about the defoliated trees many pupte were found in the loose, dry soil, but most numerously
among bunches of grass, where they frecjueutly occurred several together. (Riley.) Professor French also reports
it from California.
Dr. Dyar informs me that Dr. II. II. Behr has found the larva' on the oak near San Francisco,
but failed to obtain the moth. "According to recoUei'tiou, it is .just like ministra, but paler
throughout; about the color of Xadata behrensii (pinkish buff)". (Ridgway, v. II.)
Datana califoniica ?.
(PI. XI, fig. 1, la-lc.)
I have received nine or ten larvae from Olynipia, Wash., from Mr. Trevor Kincaid, who sent
them early in October, and one of which lived ou until the second week in November, the others
pupating in the earth. They were feeding on Qiiercus g((rrii(iiia. I have also i-eceived (August 1)
MEMOIUS OF TUE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
109
Fig. 54.— Pupa of Datana from
OlyunHa, "Wash. DorMal view of
head.
.several of the same species or variety from Judge P. ( '. Truman, of Volga, S. Dak., wliicli differs
from tlie same form only in slight respects (i. e., the yellow spot below tlie suranal plate), and
which also lives ou the oak. I will first describe the Oregon specimeus from life.
/yrtrfvf.— Length, .l."* mm. Head black, rough, punctured, coarsely so below the vertex; the
punctures more or less continent on the sides and in front, with fine lines and ridges. Shape of
the body as in D. mhilstra; prothoracic shield entirely ocher-yellow (not lemon or sulphur yellow),
the yellow extending down each side of tlie plate and, as in 7>. mhiisfru,
crossed longitudinally by a black line, below which is an ocherous
yellow line. IJody on each side with live narrow, somewhat wavy,
lemon or greenish yellow lines; the fouith or lateral line wavy or
scalloped and interrupted at the sutures; the fifth line broken and
represented by stiort portions betweeu tbe thoracic and the abdominal
legs. All tbe lines are nan'ower than in I), minhtra. Thoracic legs
■entirely black ocherous aronnd the base, but not so much so as in I),
ministra. ^liddle abdondnal legs ocherous, with an external dusky
brown, not black, not A^ery large patch just above the planta. Two
ocherous patches behind the thoracic, and behind the fourth pair of abdominal legs in the place
wheie the abdominal legs would be if present; these patches as in J), vuiiislra, but smaller. Of
the four unbroken lines the three subdorsal ones are continuous; the uppermost or dorsal one is
slightly narrower than the third one from the top or middle of tlie back. The ventral median
line is broad and continuous, also lemon-yellow, like those above. End of the body black, the
yellov/ lines scarcely reaching the tenth segment, and not coalescing under or below the suranal
l)late, as they do in I>. ministra. In this respect the larva is more as in D. angimi, though in the
South Dakota specimens two of the lines do coalesce and form a small yellowish patch. The
body is hairy, much as iu D. ministra in color, being pale gray or testaceous, i. e., pale tawny and
not white, as in J), anijusii. The hairs are long and abundant, those of the thoracic and three
last abdominal segments longer than the others; the short dorsal ones form tufts, nearly meeting-
over the middle of the back, and the lateral pairs are grouped in tufts directed' downward.
I at first referred tiie larva to D. angusii on account of the narrow lemon-yellow lines, but it
differs from that species in having one more lateral line, the ventrolateral one (though in a
blown specimen of I), angusii given me by the late Mr. Elliot, this line is represented by a faint
yellow mark on each segment); it also differs in the iirotlioracic plate being always ocher-yellow;
also the thoracic segments between the legs are not "purplish black," but ocherous yellow.
It differs from I>. ministra, to which it is nearest allied
(and in this respect I agree with Dr. Dyar, to whom I sent
sijecimens) in the narrow lemon rather than sulphur yellow
lines, in these lines not being confluent on each side below
the snranal plate (though in the South Dakota specimens
slightly so), and in the ventrolateral or fifth line not being
so distinct. The body beneath with ocherous patches, but
smallei-, less extensive than in J), ministra, the latter, how-
ever, differing m this respect in different sets of specimeus.
This may prove to be a climatic variety of I), ministra;
I .should certainly think so if its food plant in South Dakota
and iu Oregon were the apple, as we should hardly expect
to find any species of the genus on the Pacific Coast, though
D. californica may be authoctonous. The South Dakota
^specimens are in one respect, i. e., the small yellow bands on the sides of the tenth segment,
intermediate betweeu D. ministra and the Oregon examijles.
The following is a description from life of the South Dakota specimeus:
Larra. — Length, 17 mm. Head large, black; prothoracic shield ocherous yellow. Body
black, with five narrow lemon or greenish yellow stripes on each side, all of nearly uniform
width; the longest (fifth) are broken and not readily seen; end of the lines continent on the
tenth abdominal segment, forming a small ocherous spot below the suranal plate. A mediau
Fig. j5.— Pupa of Datana from Olympia. Wash.
110
MEMOIRS OF THE l!fATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
ventral greenish yi'llow line. Tlioracic leg's black, greeui.sh at the base: abdominal legs black on
the outside, but greenish yellow at base within and on the plauta\ The body is dusted (|uite
densely with long and abundant pale whitish gray hairs, those of the thoracic and eighth and
ninth abdominal segments much longer than the others; the short dorsal hairs on the second and
third thoracic and fourth to eighth abdominal segments forming tofts meeting over the middle
of the back, while the lateral hairs are grouped in tufts which are directed downward.
Piqja. — The following description is tliat of the pui)a of the Olympia, Wasli., larva, 9 :
Head a little less jirominent than in pupa of I), aiiguxil, not distinctly notched, and the ridges
much less distinct. Body elongated, not very plump, suddenly pointed at the end. and bearing
a large, broad cremaster ending in four spines, the two inner ones the longer, and with a small
lateral spine at base. Surface of the body and abdomen coarsely punctured. Length, l-'O mm.
Datana aiigusii liiote aud Kobiusou.
(PL II, lig. 1, rf ; fig. 2, 9.)
Datana uiKjusii Grote and Rob., Proc. Ent. Soc. Pbil., vi, ji. 9, 1866, ]il. 2, fig. 1.
Grote, New Cbeck List N. Amer. Moths, ji. 18. 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., i, p. 613, 1892.
Neum. aud Dyar, Traus. .^mer. Ent. Soo., xsi, p. 197, 1894; Jouru. X. Y. Ent., 8oc. ii, p. 116,
Sept., 1894.
Larva.
(PL X, fig. 2.)
Grote attd Ilohinsoii, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vi. p. 10, 1866. (Last larval stage.)
Beiiti'iimiiUer, Can. Ent., x.x, p. 135, 1888. (Last larval stage.)
2Ioth. — Exterior margin of fore wings excavated between the veins in both sexes. General
color above and below smoky brown (mars brown, Itidgway's Xomeuclature of Colors, PI. HI, fig.
13), but paler, shading into burnt umber (Ridg., Ill, 8) along costal edge of fore wings. The dark
([uadvate patch which covers the head and the anterior part of
the thorax is burnt umber, shading darker posteriori}'. Fore
wings sparsely irrorate, with brown-black scales, crossed by
five transverse lines which, with the apical streak, discal dots,
and fringe, are concolorous. The lines have the same arrange-
ment as iu all the species of the genus aud are not quite con-
stant in their course. The first one crosses the wing at the
basal third and is greatly arcuate; second at about the middle,
passing outside of the rouuded obscure inner discal dot iiud
either inside or through the outer elongate, sublinear discal
dot situated on discal cross vein; third line intermediate
between second and fifth; fourth contiguous to fifth, which is at the outer third of wing; the
fourth line is narrower than the other, and often obscure. All these lines, except first and fifth,
are obscure on the costal edge. Apical streak short from just
below apex or outer margin, and runs inward and downward,
ending at about vein i. Anterior to the streak, aud between
the median vein and costa, the wing is of a brighter tint, con-
structing the costal shade seen in all the species. Hind wings
and abdomen evenly concolorous, mars bi'own, the abdomen
darker at tip. Below uniformly paler than hind wings above;
the body parts a shade darker. Primaries shading darker
toward the apices; the fringe brown black, as above.
Expanse of "wings, 46-53 mm.
This species is marked exactly likeZ). ministra aud I), califor-
nica, but differs in the dark smoky-brown color throughout. From
J), intcgerrima, with which it is often confounded, it diflers in the scalloped outer margin of the fore
wings, the dark hind, wings, nearly concolorous with the primaries, and in the comparative scarcity
of irroration on the primaries and the absence of pale shades bordering the transverse lines
(Dyar).
Pig. 5t). — Pupa of Datana anynsii.
dorsal view.
Head.
Pupa of Datana ajujusii. Eud
MEMOIKS OF TilE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. HI
Egg. — Laid in inegiilar i)atclies of about 75 on the umlerside of a leaf; oval eylindrieal,
larger at the lower end by whieli they are attached, bulging out a little above the base, and
contracting toward the top, which is somewhat erater-like: tlie inicropyle dark, distinct, aud
situated at the bottom of a saucer like depression ; outside aud below tlu^ rim of this crater is
usually (not always) an irregular crenulated edge or rim, wliich is partly eaten away by the larva
in escaping from the egg. The shell is smootli, jiolished, not pitted when examined by a strong
lens, nulkwliite, and resembling cheap white earthenware pottery. I'ndcr a i inch A eyepiece
the shell is seen to be ornamented with line polygonal areas, but those of the lower part of the egg
are not distinctly six-sided, being less regular and distinct tlian in the egg of J). jmJihU. Diameter
about two-thirds nun., being considerably less than the height.
Larra. — The S])ecimens here described were received under the above name from Mr. James
Angus, September 4. I failed to note their length, but they were nearly, if not quite, full-grown.
Head black, including the mouth-parts. Tlie prothoracic shield is distinct, transversely
oblong, black. Body bhick, with four luirrow, pale whitish yellow stripes on each side. The two
dorsal stripes are wide apart, leaving a broad dorsal median black strijje; the space between the
first and second line is a little wider than between the second and third; the fourth line is
slightly wider than the others, scalloped, and interrupted by the sutures between the segments.
Beneath the lateral ridge along the base of the legs is an irregular livid puri)Iish stripe beginning
on the third thoracic segment. There are no hairs along the back, and those along the side are
unusually short and are pale grayisli in color. The body beneath is black, with a median livid
pinkish line along the abdominal segments, widening between the abdominal legs, and ending on
the seventh segment, the end of tiie body, including the anal legs, being black.
Tlie following account of its transformations is copied from Beutenmiiller:
E(j(/. — Simihir to that of D. ministra; can not be (listiuj;iiislK'il from it. Laid in masses on tho nudersiili' of leaf.
Young larea after first iinil second molts. — Can not be distiusnished from those of D. ministra.
After third molt. — Little chunjje except in size. The stripes are now continent abont the anal segments.
Length, 30 nim.
After fourth molt. — Head jet-black, cervical shield now chcstunt brown instead of black; otherwise Jis m
D. ministra. Length, 40 mm.
Mature larra. — Head jet-black, shining, slightly pnuitnred; cervical shield aud neck wholly golden-yellow.
Body black, with four eijuidistant stripes of citron-yellow on each side aud three on the niulerside. Abdominal
legs aud bases of thoracic feet orange. The stripes all become conjoined at the posterior extremity. The anal plate
iet-black, very shiny and nearly smooth, and not roughly punctured, as in I), ministra. The hairs over the body are
sordid white. Length, .")0 mm. tSiugle brooded.
]\Ir. Beutenmiiller writes me that ''the young larva of I>. (iiigiisii is different in coloration
from all the other known Species. The first and third thoracic segments are wine colored, as are
also the dorsal region of the fourth, fifth, aud .seventh abdominal segments, and the body is
greenisli brown, provided witli the usual number of yellow longitudinal stripes."
HahiU. — At Salem, INIass., I found (August !.'(!) 14 full-grown larvie and 40 others in the fourth
stage; early m the morning of August L'S these had molted aud begun to feed. Larva in July and
August; moths Aj)ril to July, District of Columbia and Maryland (Eiley).
Pupa. — Body rather stout, surface very coarsely punctured, the pits more or less confiuent,
especially on the thorax; head prominent, deeply notched at the end, and with two prondueut
l)arallel ridges in front, with a deep valley between. The four terminal spines of the cremaster
ecpral in length and shape. On each side of the common ba.se is a conical projection. Length,
15 mm (Figs. 56, 57).
Fooil plditt.s. — Hickory (Carija) and walnut [Jnglans] Beutenmiiller: linden (I'ackard). In
^lauhattan, Ivans., Betula (I'openoe), black walnut and hickory (Kiley).
Gcograplucal distribution. — Brooklinc, Mass. (Shurtlefif Mus. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.); Jamaica
Plain, 3Iass. (Jack, Mus. Comp. Zool.); Beverly, Mass. (Burgess, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.);
IMattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); Chicago, 111. (Bolter); Illinois, Pennsylvania (Strecker); Auburn,
Me. (Mrs. Feruald); Salem, Mass. (Packard); West Farms, N. T. (Angus); Missouri aud District
of Columbia (U. S. Nat. Mus.); New York, New Jersey, Penn.sylvaiua. Arkansas (Palm): Ames,
Iowa (II. Osborn); Canada, Ehode Island, New York, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Indiana,
Carbondale. 111. (French),
112 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIEXCES.
Datana drexelii Edwards.
(PI. II,fig. 5,^;fig. 0,9.)
Datana drexelii H. Edw., Papilio, iv, p. 25, Feb., 1884.
.Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1892.
Kirby, Syii. Cat. Lep. Het., i. p. 613, 1892.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxi, p. 198, 1894 : Journ. X. Y. Eut. Sec, li, p. 116,
Sept., 1894.
Larva.
(Plate XI, figs. 2,26, 2r, 3.)
Edward?, Papilio, iv, p. 25, 1884.
lieutenmiiller, Can. Ent., xx, p. 57, 1886.
Dijar, Psyche, v, p. 418, 1890.
Moth. — Exterior margin of the primaries less distinctly scalloped in the S than in the 9 , but
fore wings distinctly so in both, with the markings as iu D. minhtru, but larger, aud the costal
shade is bright, distinct, contrastiug. Its tint is ochraceou.s (liidg., V, 7). Thoracic patch
tawny ochraceous (R,V, 4) iu front, shading darker, as in Z>. miniatni. Discal dot large and
distinct, darker than the line ("Fronts bnjwn," R., Ill, 11), the inner round, outer elliptical.
Hind wings darker than is usual in minlstra, shaded, somewhat powdered with ru.sset (R., Ill, 10),
a faiut paler extramcsial band sometimes perceptible. Underside essentially like 7). minisin'.
Occasionally a dark shade, concolorous with the lines, tills up a part or most of the space between
the first and fifth line below the costal shade. Expanse of wings, 48-55 mm (Dyar).
J^fjg. — Subspherical, shell thick opake, porcelaiu white: micropyle smaller than in I>. major.
see p. IIG.
Larva, Stage I. — "Head rounded, black, shiny; width, 0.5 mm. When nearly hatched the
larva is scarcely distinguishable from D. major. The anal feet are rather long and elevated.
Body sordid yellow, cervical shield, anal plate, and feet bluckish. A number of short hairs from
the head aud from about six rows of small bhu-kish tubercles, which are larger in proportion th;in
in the subsequent stages. As the stage advances the body becomes reddish, with four lateral
stripes on each side and three ventral, about as wide as the intervening spaces, dull yellow aiul
confluent posteriorly. During this stage the larv;e eat the parenchyma iu the same manner as
D. major. I have estimated that a single larva eats about UO s((. mm. of witch-hazel leaf"
St<((/e II. — " Head black and sliiny, with a few hairs; width, 1.1 mm. Cody brown, stripes dull
yellow, narrower than the intervening spaces, extending from the cervicq,! shield aud the anterior
edge of the prothoracic segment to the anal plate, aud becoming a little confluent there. Cervical
shield, anal plate, thoracic aud anal feet, ami the abdonunal feet outwardly black. Hairs short
aud pale. Duiing this stage the larv;¥ eat the whole leaf."
Statje III. — " Head higher than wide, depressed at the sutures of the clypeus; smooth, shiny
black; width, 1.8 mm. Body brown, the stripes yellow, confluent posteriorly aud along the
anterior edges of the prothoracic segment. Otherwise as in the previous stage."
Stage IV. — "Head shaped as before, smooth, centrally depressed at the top of the clypeus
and more slightly along the central suture; clypeus ,iud labruni wrinkled; all shining black;
width, 3.2 mm. Cervical shield black or partly brown; in some examples nearlj' all light brown;
aual plate, thoracic feet, and the abdominal feet outwardly black. Body black or i)artly brown, the
anterior half of the prothoracic segment yellow, the stripes strongly confluent on the last segment.
The bases of the legs aud corresponding spots on the legless segments, as in the mature larva, of
a darker yellow than the lines. Each segment is shaded centrally with this yellow, but it does
not cause the lines to appear confluent, on account of its darker .shade. Hairs sordul wliite, besides
other short, flue, brownish hairs seen with a lens."
Stage F.— " Head as high as wide, flattened in front, depressed at the upper part of the
sutures of the clypeus, punctured. Clypeus aud labrum somewhat wrinkled. Color shiny black,
the antenme aud palpi white ringed, their bases greenish. Width, 5.4 mm. Body black, cervical
shield honey yellow; anal ])late, thoracic and anal feet, and the abdominal feet outwardly black.
Anterior half of the prothoracic segment yellow; stripes narrower than the spaces, citron-yellow,
MEM()Ii;S OF THE XATIOXAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 113
running into tlu^ yellow part of tlie protlioraeic segment, and continent posteriorly on tlie tenth
abdominal, wliicli is all yellow except tlie anal plate and a dorsal band. The three njiper lateral
lines are connected also on the eighth and ninth abdomiual segments by a broad, dark yellow
shade. The bases of the legs and corresponding si)ots on the apodous segments (on the tirst,
second, and seventh, eighth, and ninth abdominal segments) also dark yellow, forming expansions
of the snbventral line and reaching the lowest lateral line, except on the thoracic segments and
the junth abdominal. On the apodous segments in the center of each yellow ]>atch is a small,
black spot, representing the absent legs, but this is not present in all exaiiqdcs. Hair rather
abnudant, sordid white, the long and short hairs concolorous, arising from minute blackish
tubercles which, in the black parts of the body, are each surrounded by a minute yellow ring."
"P«^j((. — Exactly like that of 1>. major; the two cremasters each bear thi'ee spines in a
transverse row, the posterior one the longest. Length, 28 mm.; width, 10 mm.
'• Single brooded, the winter being passed in the pupa state beneath the ground. The
duration of the larv^al stages was as follows: First stage, five days; second stage, six dajs; third
stage, six days; fourth stage, seven days; fifth stage, seven days.
" Food i^lanls. — HamamcVis Hrfiinica. ^'<(ccillilfm stamincum.
" Larva- from Ulster County, X. Y."
(Dyar, Psyche, Vol. v., 1S8S-1S!I0, pp. 418-420.)
Food plant. — High bush huekleberr\' ( Vacciniiim cori/nihosiim), Hamamelis (Elliot and Edwards) ;
Tilia, Pojienoe.
Gcographicnl distribution. — New Y'ork (Beutenmiiller, Dyar); New York and New Jer.sey
(U. S. Nat. Mus.); riattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); New York (French).
The belated larva? of what I regard as Z>. dre.velii (PI. XI, fig. 2) occurred on the sassafras
at Providence, R. I., October 3, and are described as follows:
Length, 20 mm., head black, body pale yellow ocher, protlioraeic segment yellow; cervical
plate transversely oblong, shining brown-black. Dorsal and subdorsal region of the body of a
peculiar pale reddish Aandyke brown, inclosing eight lines which are lemon-yellow, thus slightly
differing iu hue from the body beneath and on the sides. The dorsal and tirst or upper subdorsal
lines somewhat wider than the two lines beneath, and the lowest or fourth (infraspiracular) line is
waved and twice as wide as those above. Spiracles minute, black, situated in the pale reddish
brown band above the fourth or lateral yellowish line. The ninth abdominal segment i)ale
yellow ocher, the lines ending in tins area, though not blending with each other before reaching
the ninth segment. A ventral lemon yellow median line, with a broad, i)ale reddish l)ro\vn band
on each side. Thoracic legs black; the four jiairs of middle abdominal legs externally tii)ped
with black; anal legs slender, black. Suranal plate small, transvei'sely oval, its sui'face shining
black, with irregularly scattered punctures and piliferous depressions rather than warts, from
which about twenty black and a few gray hairs arise. The hairs on the body are few and
scattered, and no longer than the body is thick; they are uneven in length and pale in color.
Dataua major Grotc auil Roliiusou.
(I'l. II. fig. 7,^: 8.9.)
Datana major Grote and Rob.. Proc. Ent. .Soc. Phil., vi. p. 12. May. 1866. pi. 2, fig. 30.
Grote, New Check List. N. Amer. Moths, p. 18. 1882. ■
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, ISitl.
Kirby, Syu. Cat. Lep. Het.. i, p. 613, 1892.
Neum. and Dyar. Trans, Amer, Eut. .Soc. xxi, p. 108. 189-1, '
Larva.
(I'L XII. fig.s, 1-6.)
Andrews, Psycllfe, ii, p. 272, 1878.
Dijar. Can. Ent,, xxi, p, 31. 1889.
Moth. — Exterior margin of primaries less distinctly scalloped than in any of the preceding,
less in the $ than in the 9 . Of the size of D. drexelii, but almost identical with IJ. ministra in
coloration. The tint is a little darker, and the secondaries are dark, darker than in D. drexelli, and
S. Mis. 50 S
114 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
almost concolorous with primaries. The discal dots are hirge and distinct, exactly as iu D. drexelii^
Otherwise the moth is the same as its allies.
Expaijse of wings, J:7-G0 mm.
From 7>. (hrxclii it differs in the absence of the bright costal shade, the more uniform coloration ;
from />. miiiintni, as already pointed ont under that species. VYitli the other species it could
scarcely be confounded. (Dyar.)
&///. — Of nearly the same size and shajie as in that of D. dre^relii, but considerably smaller
than that oi D. palmii. Differs from that of Z>. drcrclii in the ujjper end with the nucropyle being
somewhat depressed. It is round, barrel shaped, the shell porcelain white. The micropyle is
somewhat larger than that of i>. dre.relii. Described from living specimens received from Miss
C. G. Sonle.
Lmvit. — I have not seen the iai'va alive. The excellent figures kindly loaned me by Miss
Jlorton well rei)resent this sjjecies, which is readily recognized by its checkered appearance.
The following description of the eggs and larval stages has been kindly sent me by Dr. Dj'ar:
E(ig. — Ijaid in patclies of 90, 95, 102, on underside of leaf of the food plant, Andromeda
ligustrina. Cylindrico-pyriform, being of less diameter just below the summit, flattened at base
and vertex. Uniform white, with a rather large central black spot at vertex. Diameter, 1.1 mm.;
height, 0.7 mm.
Larra, Jir.ft xt. per.^iiyiciin; in tbe latter species the metauotuin varies in l)cinfi' I'itlicr
imnrtnrcd or not. Creuiaster almost exactly as in J). perxpiciKt, but the underside is nearly
smooth, not so coarsely corrugated, and without the six longitnilinal ridges of D. 2>t'i'>il>i. p<-rspicii(i. The 9 has oue sexual seai-. which is long and linear; in
the i the region on each side of the genital fossa or scar is regularly swollen, the surface convex.
The transverse fossa at the base of tlie tenth abdominal segment with live or six teetli, the teeth
less ridge like and regular than 7>. pcrspicua.
h'c'inarls. — Vestiges of the abdominal legs ap[)ear in these pniia. On the fifth and sixth
segments is a pair of irregular tubercles, none exactly alike, the left one on the hfth abdominal
segment being conical. The rudiments of the anal legs are (]uite distinct. In pupa of B.jx'rspieua
there are faint vestiges of legs on the sixth segment. Vestiges of abdominal larval legs, due to
their being imperfectly absorbed during the i)rocess of i)Ui)ation, were also observed in the pupa
of a Datana from Olympia, Wash., indicated ou fourth and fifth abdominal segments by a deej)
crescentiform depression, ])erhaps representing the outer and inner edge of the planta. Similar
vestiges were observed in the pui)a of T>. (dujuhH. For specimens [ am indebted to Miss Ida M. Elliot.
The markings of the larva whose lines are divided into spots, indicates that it may be the latest
form of the genus.
Habits. — Eggs of second brood dei)0'.palmii. but browner, the pale scales less iirominent. the lines less contrasting,
obscure. The discal dots are, howe\er, more distinct than in J>. pabnii. Secondaries moie
heavily tinged with brown. The Florida specimens show very little of the whitish or iiale lilac
tint, while specimens from Long Island are almost as pale as I>. pohnii from the Catskills.
Save J^. palmii. the species has no very close allies. In general aiipearance it comes nearest
to J>. intef/errima, but differs obviously in its purplish tint and entire lack of pale shades bordering
the lines. (Dyar.) (For Dyar's description of the larva see Appendix A.)
Lnrra. — ■' The larva is black, with eleven parallel yellowish lines running the full length of the
body. There is one immediately between the legs under the body, one ou the line of, and inter-
rupted by, the legs, the rest above and equidistant from each other, leaving the back with a
somewhat broader black space. The head, the summit of the body-segment, the anal covering,
and the summits of al! the legs are deep mahogany-red in cohu-. The feet are all black ; those ou
the last segment are partially aborted.
Habits. — "It has the habit, which seems to be common to the genus, of raising and throwing
back the head and tail o\er the body when disturbed.'' (Koebele.) Larv;e in October, moths iu
March, Florida (U. S. Nat. Mu.s.).
Food plant. — Andromeda mariana L. (Kiley).
Oeographkul distribution. — Florida (Graef, French;.
116 MEMOIKS OF THE XATIOXAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Datana palmii BeutBiiiiiiiller.
(PL II, lig. 9, (? ; 10, S.)
Vatana j>almu Bent., Psyche, vi, p. 299. Jan.. 1S90.
Smith, List Leii. Bor. Amer., p. 30. 1891.
Kirhy, Syu. Cat. Lep. Het.. i, p. 613, 1872.
var, Trans. Amer. Eut. 8of., xxi, p. 198, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. 8oc., iv, p. 116, 1894.
Larva.
(PI. XIV. figs, 2, 2o, 3, 3a.
Dyar, Eut. Amer, vi, p. 181, 1890.
Moth. — Thoracic patcb burnt umber (ft.. Ill, 8), sliading iuto tawny olive on lieart and collar
(li., Ill, 17). Tliorax and primaries of a pale whitish lilac color, between I!., II, 1.3, and E., Ill,
21, but paler than either, and shading into a brownish tone along the costa; wing.s rather tbickly
irrorated with nmrs brown (R., III. 13) scales, with line and fringe of the same color. Lines 1, 2,
and 5, are distinct, the others faint. Di.scal dot obsolete, represented by faint shades. Secondaries
glossy pinkish buff (R., V, 14) more or less tinged with brown. Abdomen darker, especially toward
the base. Below even paler than the secondaries above, shading into a brownish tint on primaries,
the fringe on these wings being as dark as above. Exterior margin of primaries only slightly
scalloped.
Expanse of wiiigs, 40-50 mm.
This form is probably not specifically distinct from I>. foritluna. The color of the pale .scales
is brighter and they are more numerous, which gives the wing a lighter appearance and brings
out the lines more prominently. In the larvii?, that of 1). palmii has the head and other red parts
lighter than in D. Jioridana, being nearly a cherry-stone color in the former and "mahogany-red"
in the latter. The stripe may be a little narrower in 7>. jndiirii, though this is doubtful. (Dyar.)
Egf/.-^Lmd in a patch of 7.J-S0 on underside of the leaf. The egg diflers from that of J).
drexelii in being smaller, thin-shelled, somewhat like tine porcelain. Its diameter is nearly as
great as its height. The tip is not depressed, being full, convex, forming a regular cap, which
is clearly separated by a slight constriction from the rest of the egg; most of this cap is eaten
jiwiiy by the larva in hatching. Micropyle large, distinct, and dark, from the shell at this place
being thin and transparent. Under half-inch objective. A eyepiece, the surface of the shell,
including the cap, is seen to be ornamented with fine polygonal areas.
Larva, first stage. — Head black and shining; width, 0.5 mm. Body brown, with i'oiir lateral and three, ventral
dull yellowish stripes wider than the intervening spaces. Cervical shield, anal plaie, and feet black. The hairs
arise from minute blackish warts. During this stage the larviB eat only the parenchyma of the leaf, and sit with the
extremities of their bodies elevated like the other S])ecies of the genus.
Second staije. — Head higher than wide, flat in front, black (in a few exampies, brownish), smooth, and shining;
width, 0.9 mm. ; furnished with a few pale hairs. Body reddish brown, the stripes yellowish. Cervical .shield, anal
plate, and feet shining black. During this and subseijueut stages the larva- cat the whole leaf, remaining together
upon ode twig until it is defoliated.
Third stage. — Head black to blackish red in different examples; eyes and mouth l)]ack; width, 1.6 mm. Body
dark reddish brown, the stripes dull yellow, arranged as in the next stage, the subventral ones interrupted at the
b.ases of the legs and correspondingly ou the legless segments. Cervical shield, anal plate, thoracic and anal feet,
and the abdominal feet outwardl3' black. A few short pale li.airs.
Fourth stage. — Head higher than wide, rounded, ([uite flat in front; depressed a little at the sutures at the
top of the triangular plate and furnished with a few hairs; color black or blackish red to light mahogany-red, or
«ven orange tinted in different examples of the same brood; the eyes and jaws black, labium and antenna' yellowish ;
the latter black ringed. Body l)lack, becoming brownish; four lateral stripes, a subventral and ventral one pale
yellow, the lateral ones becoming almost white in some examples. All nearly as wide as the intervening spaces.
They run nearly to the anterior edge of joint 2. except the first and second lateral, which stop at the cervical shield
and end before reaching the anal plate, except the third lateral and the ventral. The subventral lino is interrupted
by the light reddish bases of the legs and by reddish spots on the legless segnieuts, except on joint 13. Cervical
shield, anal plates, thoracic feet, and the abdominal outwardly shining black; the anal plates punctured and
narrowly bordered with ocher-yellow. In some examples Avith red heads this border is broader, and the cervical
shield is partly ocherous orange. Hair whitish, thin, and short, growing from ndnute black tubercles.
Fifth stage. — Head as high as wide, rounded, a little flattened at the extreme front; depressed at the sutures
at the top of the triangular jdate, and very minutely punctured: a few blackish hairs; color light reddish orange
MEMUIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 117
or with a brownish tiiigo not luililic the color of a clierry stone; labium and antenna' paler, tbo latter with two
blaok rinys; jaws black; eyes blackisb. Body black, tbe stripes pali^ yellow, the lateral ones in souio examples
becominij wbite and in a few canary-yellow; narrower than tbe intervening spaces, continuons from cervical sbield
and tbe anterior edge of joint 2, except tbe snbventral; somewhat interrni)ted and irregular on joints 12 and 13,
and barely reaching the anal plate, except tbe third lateral. Cervical shield, anal plate, and abdominal feet, except
.an outward bl.ackish baud ou the latter, concolorous with the head. Bases of all the legs (except the anal) and
corresponding spots on the legless segments darker red. Thor.acic and anal feet black. Hair thin, about 5 mm. long,
with some short, more numerous, fine black hairs, seen with a lens. At maturity the head is more of a brownish red.
Length, about 50 mm. Pupation occurs in a subterraneous cell, and the winter is passed iu this state.
Pupa. — Similar in sha])e and color to those of the other species of Datana and not to be distinguished from them.
The two cremasters are short, each with three spines, of which the middle one is nsually shortest.
Food liUiiit. — Varnhiiiim stamineiim. Larva' from Ulster County, N. Y.
(Dyar in Entomologica Americana, Vol. VI, 1890, pp. 181-183.)
Gcogrtiphical distrihiiiiun. — Appalachian sabprovinee; Delaware Water Guji, Pa., June (Palm
ex Beutenmiiller, French); Arkansas (I'alm).
Datana niod&sta Beutenmiiller.
(PI. II, lig. 13.9.)
Datana modesia Bent., Psyche, vi, p. 297, .Jan., 1890.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Ilet., i, p. 613, 1892.
Dy.ar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxi, p. 198, 1894; .Tourn. X. Y. Ent. .Soc, ii, p. 116, 1894.
Moth. — Exterior margin of wings rather distinctly scallojied. almost as ninch .so as in J>. major.
Thoracic patch ochraceous (It., V. 7), scarcely darker posteriorly, ]ialer than the thorax. Thorax
and primaries "hazel" (I!., IV, 12), but darker than the plate, with scarcely any costal shade.
Lines obsolete, the lirst and tifth Just discernible, a shade darker than the wing-. Fringe
concolorous. Discal dot large, distinct, blackish. At base and terminally, below the ob.solete
apical streak, a yellowish shade prevails, concolorous with the discal dots. Secondaries, abdomen,
and underside almost exactly as in I>. foridmiu, liut tlie fore wings are iu the present species
brighter in tint, and the secondaries lack the peculiar gloss oi ^ttoridrnxi and pnlniii.
P^xpanse of wings: 5 , .51 mm. (no S ).
A distinct species, which, in the absence of all knowledge of the larva, finds, we tliink. its
nearest allies in foiidana and majur. The type is in the collection of Mr. Charles Palm.
Geographicul distribution. — Florida (Graef); Kissinjinee, Fla., May (Palm); Florida (Palm,
French).
Dataua perspicua Grote and Kobinson.
(PI. II., tig. 14, ^ ; 15. 9-)
Ikiluna lurspicua (irote and Eobinson, I'roc. Ent. .See. Phil., iv, p. 489, 1665, pi. 3, tig. 1; Proc. Ent. Soc.
Phil., vi, p. 141, May, 1866.
Grote. Nevf Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. IS, 1882.
Sinilb, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 613, 1892.
Nenm. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Eut. Soc. xxi, p. 199, 1894; Jonrn. \, Y. Ent. Soc, ii, p. 116,
1894.
Larva.
il'l. \IV, figs. 4. 4n, 46.)
Angus iu Grole and Roh., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vi, p. 15, May, 1866.
Edwards, Ent. Amer., iii, p. 170, 1887.
Dyar, Can. Ent., xxiii, p. 82, April, 1891. (Egg and all the stages, pupa, etc.)
Packard, Jouru. N. Y. Ent. Soc, i. p. 61. June, 1893. (Last three stages.)
.Vo<7(.— Exterior margin slightly ssalloped. Thoracic patch ocheryellow (E., Y, tt), shading
po.steriorly into ochraceous (R., Y, 7) and finally into tawny (K., Y, 1). Thorax and fore wings
buff-yellow (E., YL, 1!)), the latter with a few brown scales, whicli are absent on the costal portion.
Lines, di.scal spots, and fringe hazel (E.. I Y, 12). First and tifth line distinct, and .second and third
verv faint on their costal tliird. the fourth line ob.solete. Di.scal dots large, the outer somewhat
118
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIOXAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Fig. 58.— Head aud tborax of pupa of D. perspiaia,
seen from above, c, eye; v.\ first pair; it'", second
pair of wiii;;s: ah', lirst alKlominal seyiueut.
diffuse and spreading'. Apical streak unusually long and di.stinct. The tliree branches of tbe
median vein are outlined distinctly in brown, and tliere is a faiut sliadiny of this color along-
internal niargiu centrally, lliud wings very pale buff (E., Y, 13), but nuicli jialer, without dark
shades; underside as hind wings above, the outer edge of
primaries darker, with the fringe dark brown, as above.
Exi^ause of wings, 47-5.'5 mm.
A very distiuct species with only one close ally, namely,
D. rohiistd Strecker. It differs from all the other species in
its bright yellow color. (Dyar.)
Efjg. — "In general shape subpyriform; flattened at base
and top, depressed centrally at vertex, the usual black spot
small and indistinct, situated at the bottom of the puncti
form depression ; the whole surface punctured. Color, white;
the lid like top of a somewhat brighter white. AYidth, 0.9
mm.; height, 0.8 mm. The egg is of the type of that of D.
major, but resembles that of T). miiiiatra in coloration, by
possessing a discolorous lid like top. This is the part of the
shell eaten by the young larva iu liatching. Laid in masses
of varying numbers on the underside of the leaves of the
food plant." (Dyar.)
Lurvd, Stage I. — '■Length near the end of the stage,
about r> mm. When first hatchod the liead is black, 0.."> mm. wide; the body is yellowish, with a
reddish dorsal and subiloisal line, not reaching the extremities:
cervical shield, feet, and anal plate black. As the stage ad-
vances, the body becomes reddish, with four lateral yellow
stripes on each side and three ventral, as in its allies, which
remain throughout the larval stages. They are nearly as wide
as the intervening lateral spaces, a little confluent posteriorly,
and are colored yellow. Black hairs arise from small black
tubercles and from the elevated anal feet." (Dyar.)
Larra, Stage II. — " Head higher than wide, .slightly punc-
tured, black; width, 1.1 mm. Body parts colored as before.
The hair is short, blackish, and arises from minute tubercles
that are much smaller than in the previous stage." (Dyar.)
Larra, Stage III. — "Head shiny black, punctured, the cly-
pens smooth; width, l.C-l.S mm. Cervical shield, anal plate,
and thoracic feet black. Body dark red, the stripes br(jader than the intervening spaces, bright
yellow: abdominal feet red, the anal pair black. A few short hairs; spiracles small, black." (Djar.)
Tlie specimens described below were received Au-
gust 2;?, from Mr. James Angus, and so named by him.
Larva, Stage III or IVL — Length, 17 mm. The
head is black, not quite so wide as the body. A shining
black chitinous transversely oblong prothoracic shield.
The body is moderately hairy, the hairs reddish : it is
deep straw or lemon j-ellow, with eleven pitchy reddish
lines; the median dorsal line is much broader than any
of the others and broader than the spiracuhir line: of
the two subdorsal lines, the upper is a little wider tlian
the lower; the lowestbriufraspiracular line is interrupted
by the sutures: the two ventral lines of the same reddish
color pass along at and including the base of the thoracic
and abdominal legs. The suranal jilate is small, shining black. The anal legs are conical, black,
except the reddish planta, which is distinctly eversible, being seen at times to be retracted,
though armed with hooks. The two paranal plates are dark at the end; the end of the body is
■constantly uidield. The thoracic and abdominal legs are black.
Fig. go. — Pupa of Datana per^j^iata. End
of alulomeii, .sbowiiijr the vestiplea of Uieniale
irenital outlet, of the anal leg^, and the ere-
uiaster.
Fig. 59. — Pnpaof Datana 2>erspicx- one can see the fluids of tlie body under the neck; the bead is
cherry-red, while the snranal plate, anal and other abunctured. Length, 22 mm.
Food plants. — Sumac [Rhus r/labra and li. typhiiui) (]\Iiss
Morton, Mr. Dyar, Dr. C. V. Kiley).
Hnbits. — Larvfe occurring in July and September; moths in
June, July, and September (Riley).
(icogrdphical distribution. — Chicago, 111. (Westcott); Colo
rado Springs, Colo., .June 25, at light (Gillette); West Farms,
N. Y. (Angus): Newburg, N. Y. (Miss Morton); New Jersey and
Pennsylvania (Palm); Chicago, 111. (Bolter); Manhattan, Kans. (Popenoe); Colorado (Edwards
Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.. X. Y.); Illinois (Strecker); Mr. Dyar has received this species from
Miles City, central Montana; Missouri, District of Columbia, Kansas, Virginia, and New York
(U. S. Nat. Mus.); New York, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Missouri, Carbqudale, 111. (French).
Datana robusta Strecker.
(PI. II. fis. IG, ; 17,9.)
Datana rohiisia Streck., Lep. ind. and Exnt.,p. 131. 1872.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Anier., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 613, 1892.
Nenin. aud Dyar, Trans. Amer. Eut. Soe., xxi, p. 199, 1894; .Jouru. N. Y. Eut. .Soc. ii. p. 116,
1894.
.Voth. — Closely allied to J>. pcrspicua and nnirked in exactly the same way. The outer margin
of primaries seems less distinctly scalloped. Thoracic patch ocher-yellow, shading into tawny
posteriorly exactly as in 1). perspiciia. or entirely ocher-yellow, with only a few tawny scales
defining its posterior border. In this latter case it is paler than the thorax. Thorax and primaries
clay color (K., Y, 8, a little paler), heavily dusted with hazel scales (R., IV, 12), these predominating
in the space between first and fifth lines below the median vein, all throughout giving a dark
cast to the wing; lines, spots, and fringe, as in I>. perspicna, or rather fainter. Rarely, only the
outer lines are discernible. Median venules marked with brown rather more heavily than in D.
Fig. 61. — Pupil uJ" Datana jterspicaa.
120 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
perspicua. Secondaries us in D. i^o'spiom, but tiuged with Lruwii along' outer uiarg'n or on the
outer half.
Expanse of wings, 48-50 mm.
There arc no good specific differences between this form and J>. jyrrspicuu. Though quite
different in general appearance, it is simply J>. perspicua intensitied. I would not suggest uniting
the two, however, especially as the larva of D. robusta is unknown. (Dyar.)
Grofiriiphical distribution. — Dallas, Tex. (Strecker Coll.); San Antonio, Tex. (Bolter); Texas
(French).
Datana integerrima Grote and Robiiisou.
(PI. II, fig. 20,J;L'1,9.)
Ihttana inlcijerrima Grote and Rob., Proc. Ent. Soc.Phil., vi, p. 12, 18(i6. pi. 2. fig. 4.
Grote, New Check List X. Anier. Moths, p. 18, 1882.
Smith, Li,st Lep. Bor. Anier., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., i, p. 613, 1892.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., sxi, p. 199, 1894; Jouru. N. Y. Ent. Soc., ii, p. 116,
1894.
Larva.
(PI. XIII, figs. 1-6.)
Angus ill Grote and Roh., Proc. Eut. Soc. Phil., vi, p. 13, 1866. {FuU-lVd larva described.)
Beiilenmiilltr, Can. Ent., xx, p. 134, 1888. (Stages IV and V. last descril)eil.)
Dyar, P.syche, p. 421, Dec., 1890. (L.ast stage described.)
Packard, Journ. X. York Ent. Soc., i. p. 59, June, 1-^93. (Last stage described.)
Moth. — Fore wings entire, as in I>. contracta ; body colored in the same manner except that
the abdomen is less yellowish. Fore wings cream-buff (R., V, 11), ,so heavily irrorated with mars
brown (I!., Ill, 1.'5) as to appear of the latter color; costal shade brighter, tawny, but not as dark
as the thoracic patch. Lines distinct, concolorous with the fringe and irroratiou; the irrorations
are absent for a short space bordering the lines, causing them to appear bordered distinctly by
paler shades. These shades border all the lines on the outside except the first, which is bordered
on the inner side only, but rather faintly. Discal dots obscure, blackish. Hind wings and
underside as in D. contractu, but paler, lacking the yellowish tint of that species.
Expanse of wings, iS-uO mm.
Allied to D. contracta, but the ground color is less yellowish, the irrorations more numerous,
and all the markings are concolorous with the fringe. (Dyar.)
I];i. pcrspiciia. There are
four dull whitish rather obscure lines on each side, which are of nearly the same width and of
exactly the sam.e color; they are somewhat irregular on the edges, being somewhat l)roken and
of the same distance apart. The lowest or infraspiracular line is a little wider and more distinct
than the others, and extends along the lateral ridge. The body beneath is of the same color as
above. The suranal plate is black, rounded; the anal legs are black at the tips. The middle
abdominal legs are stained black above the plant;?, and the thoracic legs are black. The hairs
are long and white; those on first thoracic segment, and eighth and ninth abdominal, longer than
those elsewhere; those on the prothoracic segment stand up and curl over the head, and two or
three of them are as long as the three thoracic segments put together. The spiracles are black.
Fifth stage. — Length, 28 mm., August 20. Very different from the fourth stage, the color
being .still darker, while only two grayish lines are seen from above, and two lines when the larva
is seen from the side. The two dorsal and the supraspiracular lines have disappeared. The body
is now clothed with numerous soft fine gray hairs, many of which are nearly as long as the body.
The anal legs are still smaller than in the preceding stage.
Recapitulatioit. — 1. In this species the larvae of the first four stages apparently have clavate
glandular hairs, an nunsually late persistence.
2. The body is reddish in the three first stages, but becomes dark in the fourth, while in I),
ministra the body is reddish in the fourth, being less precocious than in this species.
3. The loss of two of the longitudinal stripes in stage V is noteworthy, and the habits of the
larva should be noted by the future observer to learn the probal)le cause of such a change ; also why
in D. ministra, and perhaps in other species, there is such a decided change in the general color
and stri])es in the last as compared with the penultimate stage.
4. The black suranal plate seems in Stage I to be entire, and to divide in two at the end of the
stage, not being present iu the third stage. It is to be hoped that those who may hereafter rear
the species of Dafana will preserve specimens of the earlier stages iu alcohol for future study.
Haiti ts. — Eggs, August; larviie, August and September; adults, Maj' and August; localities,.
Kansas, ^Missouri, Indiana, New York, Elaine, and District of Columbia; food plants, walnut,
hickory, larkspur, thorn. (Eiley MS. notes.)
Food plants. — The larvie prefer black walnut, but feed on hickory, butternut, etc. (Angus);
walnut (Pilate); "Live together iu large companies on walnut {Juijlans), hickory {Carya), beech,
{Far/ns), and also on oak {(^nercus), but very rarely" (Beutennuiller); willow, honey locust, thorn,
and apple (Riley). In Kansas, Juglans nigra (Popenoe).
122 MEMOIRS OF THE XATIOXAL ACxVDEMY OF SCIEifCES.
Geographivnl disfribiitiint. — Oiono, Mo. (Mrs. Fernald); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); West
Fiirmi?, ]Sr. Y. (Angus); Kanawlia Valley, West Virginia (W. H. Edwards, Mus. Conip. ZooL);
Ohio (Pilate); Kittery, Me.; New York, Rhode Island, 'Wisconsin, Champaign, 111. (French);
Chicago, 111. (Westcott); Manhattan, Kans., moth, May 25-Juue 2 (Popcnoe); Arkansas (Palm).
Datana contracta Walker.
(PL 11, tig. 18. ^ ; 19, J,)
Datana contracta Walker, Cat. Lap. Het. Br. Mus., v. ]). 1002, 185.5.
Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Amer., p. 217, 1862.
Grote and Rol>., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vi, p. U, 1866; pi. 2, fig. 8, fig. 6, var.
Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 355. 1864.
Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 18, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer.. p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 613. 1892.
Neiim. and Dyar,TraDs. Amer. Eut. .Soc, xxi, p. 199, 1894; Joiiru. N. Y. Ent. Soc, ii, p. 116. 1894.
Larva.
(PI. XIV, figs. 7, la.'h.)
Angus in Grote anil Rob., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vi, p. 14, 1860. ^FuU-fed larva described.)
Beutenmi'dter, Can. Eut., xx, p. 134, 1888. (Fourth and last stage descrilied.)
I'ackaril, Jour. X.York Eut. Soc, i, p. 60, June, 1893. (Full-fed larva described.)
Moth. — Exterior margin of fore wings entire. Thoracic patch ocher-yellow shading into
tawny behind; thorax a little paler than the fore wings, which are buff" (R., V, 13); the costal
shade brighter, more ocherous; the wing rather thieldy dusted with brown-black scales,
ciincolorous with the pulverulent line and with moderately distinct discal dots. Bordering the
lines the irrorations are absent for a short space, causing the lines to appear as if bordered with
obscure pale shades. Fre(pieiitly lines 1 and 2 are joined or approximated o)i the internal
margin, though the character is variable. Fringe mars l)rown (R., Ill, 1.'^), not coiicoloious with
the lines. Hind wings paler than the fore wings, slightly glossy, powdered with l)rowii scales most
thickly toward the outer margin. Below pale, the terminal area of lore wings shaded with
bright brown.
Expanse of wings, 40-45 mm. (Dyar.)
Larva he/ore the last molt. — "Head and cervical shield jet-black, shining. Body black, with
four equidistant sordid white stripes along each side, being as wide as the intervening spaces,
except the dorsal sjiace, which is the widest. Body beneath concolorous,with the upper side, with
tliree longitudinal stripes, and the intervening spaces much broader. On each of the fourth, lifth,
tenth, and eleventh segments two reddish brown jiatches. Thoracic feet and claspers of the
abdominal legs jet-black, Avith their bases reddish brown. Tlie body is also sparsely covered
with sordid white hairs. Length, about 30 mm."' (Beutenmiiller.)
The larvae were sent me by Mr. James Angus, and were received .September 1. It feeds on
the walnut, and will eat the ash or rose.
FuU-f/rown larra. — Length, 30 mm. Head large, as broad as the body, entirely black, includm-g
the mouth parts. First thoracic segment with a distinct gamboge^colored transversely oblong
jilate, with three indistinct blackish clouds on it. The body is jet-black, with four continuous
whitish yellow very distinct stripes on each side, and a fifth broken one between the bases of
the legs, both thoracic and abdominal. The three upper stripes are equidistant, the npjier or
subdorsal one being slightly wider than the others. TIm? fourth stripe is on the lateral ridge, and
is broader than the others, and wavy. The width of the dorsal black stripe is like that of />
perspicua. There is a median ventral whitish yellow stripe which ends befoi-e reaching the anal
legs. The thoracic legs are black, but gamboge-yellow at the enlarged fleshy base. The middle
abdominal legs are gamboge-yellow, each with a large external black patch above the planta.
The two subdorsal whitish yellow lines end before reaching the suranal plate, leaving a black
space; the plate is also black, and the anal legs are wholly black above and beneath and on the
sides. The head and body are clothed with long white hairs, much longer and thicker than in I),
perspioua and longer than the body is thick.
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 123
]\[r. Anuiis wiik's me thai tlicic seem to ho two varieties of J), cdntrai^a.
Oiii' lit' them is a li^'lit rlR'stuut-lirowu willi tin- usual yellow liues, ami the other is more the color of 7^. minhira;
indeed, so mueh so that I thought they mii;ht jirovo to be that species, but the lines are precisely the same as the
other variety in width aud color.
llahits. — I'^ggs, August 9; larvae, June, August, and September; tidults, June, July, October,
and November; localities, Missouri, District of Columbia, and New York. (Eiley.)
Food phvit. — Oak (Miss ]\Iorton and ]Mr. Angus); "Oak ( (^liicrcus), chestnut ( ('fistoniti), hickory
(Ccirt/a)'" (Beutenmiiller); dak :ind witcli hazel (Uiley).
GcogrupMcal distribution. — Massachusetts (Very, Mus. Comp. Zool.j; New York, New Jer.sey,
Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Illinois (French); West Farms, N. Y'. (Angus); New Y'ork (Palm);
Newburg, N. Y'. (Miss ]\Iorton aud j\Irs. Fernald); P.uffalo, N. Y., and Chicago, III. (Bolter);
Eaeiue, Wis.; Chicago, 111. (Westcott); New Y'ork, southwestern Arkansas (Palui).
Subfamily IV. — IniTHYUEiNiE.
Head larger than in tlie (IhijiliisiiKC, but yet not so i)rominent as in the .succeeding
subfamilies; the front rather broad; clypeus (denuded) .scutellate; eyes hairy; anteuna' sliort,
-well pectinated to the tips; palpi large, long, ascending. Thorax usually with a dark median
crest. Fore wings sliort and broad, apex slightly upturned; outer edge a little bent; no
subcostal cell, the lirst three subcostal venules turned abruptly up on the costa; usually marked
by four cross lines, two of them forming a large V. Hind wings with, a rounded apex. Legs
very densely scaled. Abdomen in S long and slender, with a spreading dark tuft at the end.
Egg. — Hemispherical, with meridional ribs, on the .surface ornamented with polygonal areas.
Cocoon. — Thin and irregular in shape; spun between leaves.
Larni. — l>ody rather long, slightly flattened, striped witli yellow and dark, and somewhat
hairy, usually with a pair of twin tubercles on first and eighth abdominal segments eacli.
Freshly hatched larva with the hairs all tapering, at first without abdominal tubercles or hairs.
Pupa. — Unusually thick, full and blunt at the end; cremaster ending in a spine bearing two
broad upcurved flattened hooks, each bearing four to live long sette.
Ichthyura niilnur.
(PI. XL, ligs. 1-4, veuatiou.)
Mclalopha Hiibuer, Teutaiiien, p. 1 (uo descr.), ISllli (bvio?).
PlUliini Ochs., Sehmett. ICut., ii, p. 224, ISIU.
Ichthifura MiibD., Vei'z. Sehmett., ]). 1C2, ISKi.
MfUdiipha- Miibn. (in part) Verz. .Schmetf., p. ll!2. 181G.
Cloxlem Stephens. 111. Br. Eut. Haust., ii, p. 12, 1828.
Boisduval, Gon. et Ind. Jleth.. p. 89, 1840.
Duponchel, Cat. Moth. Lcth sexes, the large palpi, and the unusually short and broad fore wings, which are
nt)t falcate at the apex; also by the well-marked dark brown median crest on the thorax, and by
the laterally tufted tip of the abdomen.
E(i(i. — Hemispherical, moderately high, with irregular meridional swollen portions and the
surface ornamented with polygonal areas inclosed by slightly thickened walls.
Larva. — Body rather long, slightly flattened, ornamented with bright, usually yellow, and
dark stripes, and usually with two twin dark dorsal tubercles on the first and eighth abdominal
segments, with numerous pale hairs. The tubercles (in apicnlis) obsolete, the body being smooth
but striped, as usual. In Stage I cylindrical, with fine hairs all tapering; with indications at the
end of the stage of lines and abdominal tubercles.
Cocoon. — Thin, irregular in shape, spun between two leaves.
Fit2)a. — I>ody unusually thick, and full and blunt at the end, with a slender cylindrical
cremastcr, ending in two broad stout upcurved flattened hooks, each bearing four to five long setie.
Geographical distribution. — The species are common to the Atlantic and Pacific coasts and
the'iutcrvening region, covering the Appalachian, Austroriparian, and Campestrian subprovinces.
Whether any extends into the Mexican (Sonoran) is doubtful. The genus is representcil in
Europe and xVmerica by several species in each hemisphere, and does not occur in either Asia or
Africa, nor in the tropics.
SYNOPSIS (.)F THE SPECIES AND VARIETIES.
A. Lines iiuast.oniosiug; basal Hue ilisloeateil tjii cubical vciu, not toothed; white costal mark oblirnie or
more nearly straight.
Basal line forming a sharp angle ; nsually mouse colored /. ajiiciiUs
Larger and paler than Eastern npicalis var. urniita
Pale, almost sordid white var. asloriw
Pale purplish ; arms of V sinuous var. bifiria
Largest and jialest species; white costal mark oblique; apes of V forming a loop; no thoracic band.
/. iii,oi)iiita.
Smaller than iiicliisa: pale sulioeherous; second, third, and fourth lines much more sinuous than in
aj)icalis or hicUisa; sub.-ipical patch pale ocherous; costal mark oblique, sinuous; brown thoracic band
obscure /. slyiyoiia
Costal mark more oblique and distinct than in sirUjosa; no thoracic band var. liicidenta
Usually large; a white, nearly straight, costal mark; subapical patch ocherous /. iiicliisa
Sm.all, dark mouse-color ; 8uba])ical patch rust-red v.ar. hn'ersa
Small, pale ocherous; subapical patch ocherous var. piiUa
White costal mark oblique; sulioeberous, iuuer arm of V firmer, less sinuous var. /()co.9«
Near aplcatia, pale, linos subparallel, not anastomosing /. hntcei
Unusually dark, costal mark obscun^ var. midliioina
Smaller, basal line bent and curved ; subapical patch very obscure var. alctlie
B. Lines not anastomosing; V very narrow ; white costal mark S-like /. ulhoniijma
Paler subapical patcli brown var. spccijica
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 125
SYNOrSIS Ol' KXOWN I.ARV.E.
A. No tubcrcU'S on first and eigUtli alidominal segments.
A ilorsal fji'^iy l>;iii'l containing three lu'owu lines /. KpUulis
Like upictdis, but ■\vitli a broad orange stigmatal baud, inclosing a black line; body imrplisli
black /. hritcei, var. iiiulliiumii
Tbrec faint dorsal red lines ; three dark lake-red lateral stripes, and two yellow lateral stripes. . /. striiiosa
B. A dark tubercle on first and eighth abdominal segments.
Body yellow, ^vith three dorsal and three lateral black lines /. hiclii.ia
Body yellow, three dark dorsal lines, and a broad lateral dark band, below which the warts are ochcrous
/. atbosiijma
Ichthyrrra apicalis Walker.
(PI. Ill, tigs, l-f^.)
Ichfliyura apicidis Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus.. v, p. 10,58, 18.55.
Clostcrn van Kitch, Fifth Rep. Xox, Ins, K. Y., p. 65, 18.59.
Ichtlniiira iiuUntata Pack., Proc, Ent, Soc. Phil,, iii, p, 3.52, ISfU.
Ichlhi/iti-a ODiata Gr. and Rol)., Trans. Amer. Knt, Soc.ii, x>. Wl, 1868.
Closleni iitcnrceratn Boisd., Lep. C'al,, p, 86, 1869.
Ichlhijiira indenUtta Grote, Check List N. Amer, Moths, p. 18, May, 1882.
Ichlliyiira astorios Edw,, Eut. Amer., ii, p. 14, April, 1886.
Ichlhi/iira hifiria Edw., Ent. Amer,, ii, p, 167, Dec, 1886,
Pack., Ent, News, iv, p. 70, March, 1893,
JchlJii/iini rail Smith, List Lep, Bor, Amer,, p, 29, 1891,
var, ornata Pack., Ent, News, iv, p. 77, March, 1893,
Melalopha run Kirby, Syn, Cat, Lep, Het,, i, p. 611, 1892,
Ichtlij/ura iiicarceraia Pack,, Ent, News, iv, p. 78, March, 1893,
var, asiorUi- Pack,, Ent, News, iv, j). 79, March, 1893,
ildahpha vaii Neum, .and Dyar, Can. Ent., xxv, p. 123, May, 1893.
var. ornata Neum. and Dyar, Can. Ent., xxv, p. 123, May 1893.
var. hifiria Neum. and Dyar, Can. Ent., xxv, p. 123, May, 1893.
var. asioria: Neum. and Dy.ar, Can. Ent., xxv, j). 123, May, 1893.
Ichthijiua apicalis Dyar, Can, Ent,, xxv, p. 303, Dec. 1893.
Mclalopha apicalis Neum. and Dyar. Trans. Amer. Ent. .Soc, xxi, j). 192, 1891; Journ. N. Y. Eut. Soc., ii, p. 115,
1894,
Larva.
(PI, XV, fig, 1: var. asturia; figs. 2, 2a, 26, 2c, 2(7, 3. 3a. 36, 3c, 3rf, 3c, 3/.)
French, Can. Ent., xvii, pp. 248-2.50, Dec, 1885. (Eggs, full life history; cocoon and pupa of /. urnata.)
Jlciilenmiiller, Bull, Amer, Mus, Nat. Hist., iv, p. 67, 1892. (Two last stages described.)
Di/ar, Ent. News, iii, p. 5, 1892. (Complete larval history of var. hifiria.)
Packard, Journ. N. Y"ork Ent. .Soc, i, p, 26, March, 1893. (Third and last stage described.)
Ih/ar, Can. Ent., 1892. (All the stages.)
Moth. — Several <5 and 9 . Giouiid color of body and wings unusually dark mouse-asli, uuicli
cinerea^;
subtus al1)id;e fascia gracili discali uudulosa fuscesceute.
"Larva brown, thick, with 16 feet, aud with a baud ou part of the back; feeds ou the poplar leaf, which it
draws together with silk. Cocoou slight aud white. The moth appears in June."— liarnstou JISS.
ti, 6.— St. Martin's Falls, Albany Kiver, Hudson Bay. Presented by Dr. Barnstou.
MEMOIUS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 127
abdoiniual segments are of the same color, but tlie other pilifeious dorsal warts are yellow. There
are four parallel whitish gray dorsal lines, or rather three darlc, livid-brown, fine dorsal lines
on a grayish white field.
Laat stage (PI. XY, fig. 1). — Length, lio mm. Head brown black, tlattened, as wide as the body ;
■with gray hairs. The prothoracic plate is widely divided into two transversely oval brown-black
plates. The body is marked with a broad, dorsal, ash-gray band, containing three vandyke brown
more or less broken lines. The sides of the body darker aud containing two darker, irregular,
broken lines. On the first thoracic segment are no dorsal yellow warts, but two on each side, the
ui)per one in front of the spiracle, button like, prominent. On the second and third thoracic;
segments are four yellow tubercles, forming a transverse series. On the second to eighth abdom-
inal segments the yellow warts are arranged in a very low trapezoid, and the two anterior ones
are minute. Tliose on t!ie ninth segment form a cnr\cd line. The suranal plate is broad and
rounded, speckled with black. There are no humps or specialized waits on the first and eighth
abdominal segments, thus differing from the larva of I. indusH. The thoracic legs are blackish;
the abdominal and anal legs livid ash.
The larva differs decidedly from that of /. iiichisa, though the moth is nearly allied.
The moth bred from this caterpillar is of the dark mouse-colored Ibrm, normal, usual in Maine
aud Franconia, N. U. One like it from Illinois is iu my collection.
The following description is of a larva reared in Maine from eggs received from Mr. ^Yiley.
of Miles City, Mont., aud, as Dr. Dyar states, is '-the pale ^Yestern form," aud perhajjs var.
astorifv (Edw.).
Life history of var. ornata subvar. astoriw (PI. XY, figs. 2, .'^). — The eggs were kindly sent me
by Mr. C. A. Wiley, of Miles City, Mont.; they were deposited on the willow May 24. IS'Xi, and
were received June 5, but the larva had hatched out and must have been feeding several days, as
the body was tilled out, the head not being quite so wide as the body. The larv;e feed on the
underside of the leaf, and if transferred to the upper side walk back beneath.
Ejifi. — Diameter, 0.7 mm.; hemisi)herical or flattened conical, moderately high, very broad,
broader than high; the surftice not regular, having au irregular meridional swollen portion, the
top being somewhat swollen. The surface is pitted as seen under a lens. Lender a one-half inch
objective it is divided into slightly convex polygonal areas, with definite thin raised edges.
The hole eaten by the larva for its exit is characteristic, being round, with the edge
crenulated, each concavity representing the incision made by the jaws; in some cases the disk cut
out is connected by a stalk with the side of the hole.
Larva, Stage L. — Length, 4 nun.; head black; body long and fidl, with the segments rather
full and convex, especially on the sides, particularly on the sides of the third abdominal segment.
The first and eighth abdominal segments f idler, more convex than the others, and dorsally sicollen,
almost humped, and dnll darh varnish or pitchu red, causing them to he very distinct in appearance
from the other abdominal segments. Along the sides of the body is a broad longitudinal band of
the same pitchy red hue; it is most distinct aud continuous on the abdominal segments, but
divided into two broken lines on the upper edge, aud it is a little broken on the three thoracic
segments, where it is most emjjhasized on the swollen sides of each segment, and wanting in the
sutures between the segments. The body is greenish yellow, and iu the dorsal yellow portion
of the back are three faint broken parallel equidistant dorsal lines. On the side of the body
low down are three broken reddish brown lines, the lower one the broadest, and passing along
the base of the abdominal legs. The hairs are of unequal length, whitish. Prothoracic plate
short aud wide, black, distinct. Suranal plate broad, short, triangular, black. Thoi-acic legs
blackish; abdominal legs (including the anal ones) pale greenish, the color of the body, but with
a dark cliitiuous callosity on the outside just above the plauta.
The larva molted June 14- Lj.
Stage IT. — Length. 8-11 mm. Head tlattened, small, not so wide as the body. A short, broad,
dark brown prothoracic shield, not interrupted in the middle. The first and eighth abdominal
segments decidedly swollen above, almost humped; the color chocolate-brown, and concolorous
with the broad lateral band, which incloses two faint, pale, broken lines, and is often broken
128 MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
into I'ings inclosing wliitish spaces. Four straw-yellow dorsal bauds, varjing from wliitisli
to straw-yellow, aud inclosing three narrow, broken chocolate lines. Below the broad lateral
chocolate band are two whitish yellow irregular lines, one just above and the other Just beneath
the spiracles. Underside of the body with the abdominal legs jiale livid-gray. On the outside
of the abdominal legs above the planta is a dark chocolate brown patch. Suranal plate dark
chocolate brown. The hairs are sparse and pale gray, uneven in length; the few longest ones
arise from the thoracic segments and from the eightli to nintli abdominal segments. The piliferons
warts are yellow on the yellow ground and brown on the brown portions of tlie skin. On the
eighth abdominal segment are two yellow piliferous tubercles situated on the brown skin.
It molted June 22,
It seems to be like the Eastern apicalis (van) in Stage III.
Stdffe III. — Length, 15 mm. Head chitinous brown, mottled with close set dark spots.
Prothoracic shield divided into two parts by a pale median space. In general as in Stage II,
but the four pale dorsal lines are ichiter than before, becoming straw-yellow around the bases
of the yellow piliferous warts. The brown lines aud lateral band and the brown swollen first and
eighth abdominal segments are as before. Hairs long whitish. On the brown bands and .segments
the piliferous warts are pale, not jnominent.
The larvae have now sewed together two leaves and live between them much as does
I. inclusa.
The larviC molted into the last stage June 28 to July 12.
The larva when of this stage is more like I. inchisa wlien about 1.5 7nm. long tlian the fully
grown Eastern apicalis {vau), though in /. inclusa the eighth abdominal segment is not brown,
according to Bridgham's figure, aud is somewhat as is albosigma in its third stage.
Last stage. — Length, 30 mm. Body thick and full. Head not so wide as the body by a fifth;
pale yellowisli brown or chitin colored, mt\\ darker flecks; it is much flattened in front, the
clypeus flat and sunken. Jaws and ocelli Idackish, contrasting with the light-colored head.
Body of a peculiar light yellowish sienna-brown, with a grayish tinge. Skin somewhat rough,
with fine minute wai'ts giving rise to fine close-set pale gray hairs of unequal length. On the
prothoracic segment are two dusky dorsal flattened low warts elongated transversely, the
corresponding ones on the succeeding segments being bright yellowish brown, each giving rise to
one or two long thiclc pale hairs. A lateral j'ellowisli brown wart in front of the prothoracic
spiracles. On the second thoracic segment are three yellowish brown warts on each side, forming
a transversely straight line of six warts crossing the segment. On the third thoracic segment is
a transverse row of eight simihir warts, the additioiuil ones being one just above the base of
each leg of the third pair; corres])onding warts are present on the prothoracic segment. Xo
trace of a hump or of any other distinctive mark on the first or eighth abdominal segments, but in
place of them are two small yellowish brown warts, situated just in front of the line of six ivarts
common to all the abdominal segments, though there are two similar but much smaller, nearly
obsolete, warts which occur in the same position as on the other abdominal segments, those on
the second abdominal segment being the most distinct. Three faint broken parallel dorsal lines
and a faint lateral spiracular band, above and below which is a faint whitish line. The skin is
covered with somewhat irregular confluent colorless spots of irregular shape. All the legs are of
the same color as the body.
It pupated l)etween the leaves July 12.
Yslv. bifiria Etlw.ards.
PI. Ill, fig. 8.
Var. Ichlhi/iira bifiria H. Edwards, Eu't. Americana, ii, 167, December, 1886.
Pack., Ent. News, iv, p. 79, March. 1893.
The single type diflers from 'Slv. Edwards's type of brucei in the oblique silver-white costal
streak being more sinuous, as is also the line across the wing ^vhich forms the continuation of the
streak. On the other hand, the other (inner) arm of the V is straight, not sinuous, the inner two
lines about the same. The submarginal spots and streaks are the same in both .species.
MEMOIES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 129
I am inclined to a.t;iee with Mr. Dj-ar that this is a variety of /. apicalix. I am unable,
Lowever, to see any important difference between 7. apiadin, var. iiicurccrida^ and alctlic Neuni.
and Dyar, tliouf;li 1 leave it as a synonym of bntcei, as Mr. Jjentenmiiller susigests, Dyar agreeing
with his view.
The following acu-ount of tlie pre]>aratory stages of Tchlhiinnt liijiria ITy. Edw., by Dr. Harrison
:
Eijij. — Hemispberieal ov slightly ooiioidiil, the base Hat, but iimiikUmI at its edges; sniootli uiiiler a lens, but under
tbo mieroscope covered with luinierous, crowded, shallow depressmns, which form by their edges narrow, roundedly.
hexagonal reticulations. The color is ilark gray before the egg hatches. Diameter, 0.7 mm.
First stage. — Head shining black, labrum pale; width, 0.35 mm. liody slightly flattened, whitish ; cervical shield
bl.iik ; a. few pale hairs; joints 5 and 12 are slightly enlarged dorsally ; the lateral region and joints .">, 7, and 12
dorsally are wiue red. Thoracic feet large, pale; the abdominal normal, all used in walking. Length. 2..") mm. The
larva hatches by eating a round lloll^ in the vertex of the egg, leaving the rest of the shell untouched. 'It lives,
singly, in a shelter constructed by spinning two or miiro leaves together.
Second slni/e. — Head black and shining, the central suture deeji; width, O.tiri nnn. liody flattened, jiale whitish
yellow, with narrow triplicate dorsjxl, and very liroad lateral baudsof dull wine color, as are also the litimps on juints
5 and 12. Cervical shield and anal plate black; venter dull greenish ; legs black.
Tliiid stage. — Head flat iu front, slightly bilobed, brownish black, but paler centrally around the clypeus; a few
dark hairs; "width, 1.4 mm. iSody jiale yellow; joints h and 12, a triple dorsal line, broad lateral and confused triple
subveutral lines all dark brown. Cervical shield and anal plate blackish ; scattered pale hairs arise from smooth,
low, round tubercles, coucolorous with the markings.
Fourth stage. — Head pale brown, shaded with black in front; jaws and ocelli black; a. white shade on each side
of the clypeus; width, 2.6 ram. Body as before, but the lateral band is faintly divided bj- a double ytdlo wish line, and
joint 13 is nearly all yellowish. The round, smooth, piliferons tubercles are distinctly yellow in the yellow ujarkings.
Cervical shield small, bisected, p.ale brown; anal plate not distinguishable. Hair whitish, both from bodyandhead.
As the stage advances the colors become quite pale, and the appearance is nmch changed; humps on joints .5 and 12
very slight, dark purjile. (iround color wliitish gray, becoming pale purple, a triplicate dark jiurple dorsal line, the
central one most distinct, the others broader and diffuse. .Ml these lines are more or less broken into luottlings. A
similar stigmatal line with some purple mottlings subventrally ; venter paler; spiracles black. The piliferons
tubercles are normal iu arrangement, much as the warts iu llalesidotu; row (4) small, posteriorly to the spiracles, row
(7) apparently absent. The head is held out flat, as in Glnphisio.
Coeoiin. — Composed of several leaves spun together and lined with threads.
Pupa. — Xearly cylindrical, flattened a little venlrally, gradually tapering posteriorly, but of nearly even width,
no part enlarged; last abdominal segments rounded, cremaster long and sleuder, terminating iu a knob that, under
the microscope, is seen to consist of a row of radiating, strongly recurved hooks, which hold lirmly to the silk of the
■cocoon. Color dark red-brown, the thorax and cases nearly black. Length, 11 mm. ; width, 3.5 mm.
Food i)Iaiit. — Willow (Salijc).
Larva' from Yosemite Valley, California. These larvie had but four stages, and there are two broods in a year.
IrhtJnjiira hifiria, as well as /. briicei Hy. Edw., must come very near /. ran Fitch, if they are not merely Western
forms of it, but the larva of /. ran is still unknown, so that it is impossible to comiiare the early stages.
We now return to the normal /. upicalis.
Cocooit. — The cocoon which I have is more completely formed than that of I. inchisn, the
surface ne.Kt the leaves being a continuous firm web, more cocoon like. It is tent-like and simn
between two leaves, as in I. incUtsa. It measures 22 by 15 mm.
Pupn. — Not so full, rounded, and blunt at the end as in that of I. iiiclusa. Abdominal
segments with scattered coarse punctures, and the surface is dull, not so shining as in I. inclu.sa.
Cremaster slenderer than in J. incluutt, the two dorsally curved hooks not so broad and thick as
In I. inclusa and about half as large. Length, 10 mm.
Bidiit.s. — In general the same as those of J. inclKsa, the moth laying its eggs in northern
New England probably late in June and iu July, the larva' occurring throughout August. In Mdes
City, Mont., the eggs are stated by Mr. Wiley to have been laid ou the willow as early as May 24.
Whether it is dotdile-brooded remains to be seen. It occurred in Kansas May 21. (Bruner).
Food plant. — The normal New England form of apimli.s feeds on the a.spen, while "the pale
western form astoria'^' iu Montana feeds on the willow.
Gcofiidphicol (lisfrihiifiou. — The species with its varieties range from New England, including
the colder portions, as Franconia, N. II., to the Pacific Coast. It is to be looked for throughout
the greater part of the "cold temperate subregion of Allen, or the boreal (Canadian) province
of authors from lower Canada ((Juebec Province) westward to Alaska." It also spreads in its
varieties {ornafH, hlfir'ui, ami astoritv) through the A])palachian and Campestrian subproviuces,
•including Montana, Washington, and California. Xav. itidcntatri, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
S. Mis. 50 9
130 MEMOIRS OF TUE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Arkansas (Palm'); normal tbriii, St. Martins Falls, Albany Ifiver, Tlndson Bay (Dr. Baruston
fide Walker); Brunswick, Me. (Packard); Frauconia, X. H. (Slosson); Boston, Mass.; Pouyli-
keepsie, N. Y. (Dyar); Dublin, N. H. (Leonard, Harris coll.); Plattsburg, N. Y'. (Hudson);
Illinois, Manhattan, Kaus. (Poi)enoe); Colorado, a 5 about balfway between the normal foiin
and iiicarccniia (Pack, coll.); Yo Semite, Cal.; Portland, Oreg.; Seattle, Wash. ; Victoria, British
Columbia; Denver, Colo., May H. The Western form incarceruta {ornatu), Kansas (Bruner);
Colorado (Pack. coll.). California (Morrison), in hue and size exactly like one from Truckee
Valley (Mr. Glashain); a very small pale 9 from Eeno, Nev. (Pack, coll.); a rather large one
from Olympia, Wasli. (T. Kiucaid); Seattle, Wash. (Dyar); indnitata, Kittery, Me ; New
Hampshire; van, Maine, New York; ornata, California; bijiria, Soda Springs, Colo. (French);
var. ornatu, Fort Collins, Colo. (Baker).
Ichthyura iiioniata Xeumoegeu.
(PI. Ill, ligs. 9-11.)
Jih III II II in iiioninUi Xeiiin., Papilin, ii, p. 13^, Oct. 7, 1882.
Puck., Kilt. News, iv, ji. 78, March, 1893.
Ncuin. aud Dyar, Can. Ent., xxv, p. 12.3, May, 1893.
Melahiphn iiionuila Xeiiiii. aud D-'ar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxi, p. 192, 1894; .Tonrn. N. Y. Ent. Soc, ii, p. 113,
1894.
A]>parently, although at first sight this is a distinct species, it may i)rove to intergrade with
apicidis {inc((rcernt(i). Its characters are brought out in the following notes published in
Entomological News, 189.3. Until we know its larval history it may be better to regard it as a
distinct species.
I am strongly inclined to regard this form as a climatic variety of /. rau var. ornata. One
medium-sized oninta from southern California intergrades with /. Inornafa, though it is much
smaller. Ifhas the large diffuse discal spot and pale leaden interveuular patches of inornatn.
Of I. inontata Neum., a male and fenmle from Arizona are in the Edwards collection. It is
the largest and i)alest of all our forms. It scarcely difters from /. oniatit in the situation of the
lines and their relative distribution; the oblique costal white line and its continuation across the
wing are the same, and the obtuse almost rounded apex of the V does not quite reach the edge,
just as it does not in ornata, but the loop made by the obtuse apex is more marked in inornata.
The short middle line, ending on the hind edge of the wing, and the dislocated basal line are
exactly as in ornata.
I. inornata, then, appears to be only a very large and unusually pale subocherous form of
apicalis, following the same law of climatic variation, i. e., increase in size and a pale, faded
appearance in Pacific Coast exami)les (south of Oregon), due probably to a hot, dry, desert region,
-with a light-colored surface soil. By adaptation to these conditions the moths are better protected
from observation, and thus tlie life of tlie species is assured.
Gcoyrajjhical distribution. — So far as known confined to st)utheastern Arizona. Mr. Neumoegen
does not state the exact locality in " southeastern Arizona" whence this form was brought, but it
would seem to be a member of the JSIexican (Sonoran) subprovince. Thus far no species of
Ichthyura is cited from Mexico by Mr. Druce in the Biologia Centrali-Americana.
Ichthyura strigosa Grote.
(PI. Ill, figs. 12-14).
Iclithi/iira strigosa Grote, Bnll. U. S. Oeol. Geogr. Survey Terr., vi, p. 582, Aug. 30, 1882; Check List N.
Amer. Moths, p. 18, 1882.
Pack., Fifth Rep. U. S. Ent. Com. Forest Trees, p. 453, 1890.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 29, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 610, 1892.
var. lucideiita Edw. Ent. Amer., ii, 10, April, 1886.
Pack., Ent. News, p. 78, March, 1893.
MelalopJia strigosa Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, p. 191, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, ii, p. 115,,.
1894.
'All the sjiecies found by Mr. Palm in Arkansas were collected iu the southwestern counties of that State..
MEMOIRS OF TOE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 131
Larva.
rarhurd. Fiftli Kcp. U. S. F.nt. Comin. liis. iiij. Forest Trees, 11. 453, 1890.
Moth. — One iiuilc. SiinilkM- and (liillcr bidwii than /. (ipicnUs, with a slight lihvc tint on the
head, tliorux, and Iok^ \viu,i;s. I'alpi wliiMsh below, dark blown above, as in I. (ipicalis; front of
head slightly broader and .sqnarer; niediaii thoracic brown band as in I. (ipirdlh. Fore wings
with the co.stal edge straighter and the apex less tinned np than in /. «/;/cv(//.v, the ajjex being
slightly more ronnded than in tiiat species or in /. iiivliisK. IJasal line distinct, making a sharp
angle on the cubital vein, and more incurved in the snbcnbital .sitace tliaii in /. apicaiis; second
line much more suddenly incurved than iu I. (qticalis, the same Hue being straight in I. IwUtsn;
the short third line as iu I. apicalis, but more sinirous. Fourth and outer line much as in L
apicalifi, but the species differs from all the others known by the large conspicuous irregular
whitish ocherous ]>atch which tills in the costal curve of this line and extends halfway from the
ccstal end of the line to the apex of the wing; no deep brickred discoloration on each side of
costal half of fourth line, so distinct in T. apicalis, but a long distal blackish stripe extends along
the tirst cubital venule to the submarginal row of brown dots, which are not so distinct as iu /.
apicalis or I. inclus-a, thougli the marginal row of dark brown lunnles is as distinct as in I. iiiclusa.
Fringe as in /. incliisa, but that on the hind wings much darker. Hind wings darker than in
I. apicalis. Wings beneath much as iu I. apicalis, but there is no leddish tint toward the apex>
and the white oblique co.stal streak is much less distinct. There are traces of a common brown
diffuse line. Abdomen a little shorter, the fan or tnit of scales perhaps shorter and expanding
wider.
Expanse of wings, 25 mm.; length of body, 12 mm.
This species differs from I. inclasa and (tpicalis in the ti-ansverse lines on the fore wings being
very much more sinuous, and it need not be confounded with any of our other species. The white
costal mark is oblique and curved much as iu apicalis.
Larva be/ore the last molt. — Head broader than the body, flattened iu front, dull black, with
long white hairs. Body flattened, with yellow and reddish longitudinal stripes; three dorsal faint
red stripes on a yellowish ground, and three deep lake-red lateral stripes, tlie lowermost the
broadest and deepest in hue. Two bright yellow lateral stripes. Five pairs of tiesh-colored
abdominal legs, which are pale amber, colored like the underside of the body. Length, 9 mm.
Larra after the last molt. — Markings much as in the previous stage. Length, 17 to 18 mm.
Cocoon. — The rude cocoon is formed by tying a few leaves togetlier, gathering them by a web
at the edges, thus forming a roomy chamber, partly lined with silk, within which tlie chrysalis
rests.
Pupa. — Smaller and not so full and rounded at the end as in I. inclnsa; cremaster as in that
species, ending in two stout, very short, recurved spines. Length, 12 mm.
Eabits. — The caterpillar of this interesting species was found July .30, at Brunswick, Me.,
feeding on the aspen [Popuhis trcmnloides). It molted August 10, and about the 20th began to
spin a silken cocoon between two leaves. The moth (a male) appeared in the breeding cage at
Providence, 3Iay 20. Like I. inclusn, it sits with the wings folded .sharply f)ver the back, with the
fore legs held straight out in front and the tufted tail upcurved.
Food plant. — Popuhis tremiiloides.
Geographical distribution. — This species is a member of the Appalachian fauna. Brunswick,
Me. (Packard); Kittery Point, Me. (R. Thaxter): "Maine (U. S. Nat. Mus.); Maine, Canada-
(French); var. hiculenta Indiana (French).
Ichtliyura iuclusa Hiibner.
(PI. Ill, tigs. 17-19.)
PhaI(Fna anaftlomona Al)bot aii:). 1869.
Fitch, otli Rep. Nox. Ins., N. York, p. 845, 18.58.
3. Edwards, I'apilio, iii, ji. 24, 1883 (yonng larva).
French {palla), Can. Ent., xiv, p. 34, 1882 (full-fed larva) ; Can. Ent., xvii, p. 41, 1885 (life history).
Soule, Py.sche, V, p. 262, Aug.-Dec, 1889 (life history).
/'actajv?, Bnlletin U. S. Ent. Comm. 7, Forest lua., p. 122 (quotes Harris); Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxi v,
p. 517, 1890; Jouru. N. York Ent. Soe.,i,p.22, 1893; 5th Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm. Forest Ins., p. 453, 1890
mm.
Tbis variety differs in its smaller size and in the costal portion of the fourth line being
sinuous, bent outward near tbe costal edge, then bent inward and again bent outward.
Geographical dixtrihution. — Thus far only known to myself from tbe Appalachian i)rovince;
New York City (Elliot); .laneville, Md. (Mus. Comp. Zool.). Professor French sends me the
following localities: Canada, Lincoln, Nebr., Colorado.
Var. Ichtliyuru palla French. — Tbe caterpillar of this moth was found feeding on willows in
southern Illinois through the most of September, resting in an inclosure formed of several leaves
fastened together at tbe ends of the twigs, but no luore tban half a dozen occurred in a nest.
Those put in breeding cages pupated before the niilainly striped on each side with three interrupted
dark reddish lines. The pilifei'ous tubercles or warts are dark browu, and give rise all over the
body to but a single hair. A pair of especially large long hairs arises from the second thoracic and
ninth abdominal segments. The hairs are long and slender, and though under a low power they
appear to be tapering, under a one fifth objective they are seen to be docked or blunt at the end
and some at least slightly but distinctly bulbous at the tip; they are also seen to be hollow and
truly glandular; the end ai)pears to be flattened; as seen sideways, the hairs appear to taper. The
hairs vary much in length, some being longer th;in the body is thick. An unusual, if not unirpie,
feature, exceptional among bombj'cid larv* in the first stage, is the microscopic hirsuties clothing
the bodj'. LTnder a one fifth inch objective the microscopic hairs are very short, quite uniform in
length, very dense, and taper to a point.
The suranal jjlate is distinct, blackish, nearly as long as broad, rounded triangular, and bears
on the edge eight piliferous warts of ne.arly equal size, besides two arising from the surface, a little
in front of the middle. The spiracles are round and remarkably small.
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 135
The thoracic legs are Llack, and at tlie end near the chiw are two tenant hairs wiiicli aic hmg-
and large, curved backward and somewhat knife shaped. The abdominal logs have a black
chitinous scale on the outside above the ])lanta. These are at first crotchets.
The general color of the body is deejt straw-yellow, with a greenish tinge and a waxy
appearance or gloss on the skin, while the obscurely marked stripes are reddish.
Staiie II. — Length, 5-G mm. (August 18-120). Now the generic and part of the s])ecilic
■characters are assumed, the species in this stage being- easily distinguishable from the others of
the genus. The larva- feed socially on the underside of the leaves, iu confinement hiding between
the leaves iu the breeding box.
The head is black, as wide as the body. The prothoracic shield is pitch-hhuk, and now is
divided by a pale median line. The 1)ody is bright yellowish green. There are three dorsal dark
l)ro\v;i lines, the median less broken than the others. The three lateral lines are uow distinct, the
middle one being one half as wide as the others, the two others bearing the larger subdorsal and
lateral tubercles, respectively. The situation and lelative proportion in size of the tubercles
(which are dark) are as described in Stage I; the two large twin dorsal pairs on abdominal seg-
nienis 1 and S are larger, higher, and more distinct than before, and each bears about four or five
stiff, dark bristles of unequal size and length. The suranal plate is blackish. The hairs are uow
slender, pale or dull whitish, tapering, and in general about as long as the body is thick. The
legs as before, but the abdonunal ones with a larger and rather more distinct s(piarish chitinous
patch above the plauta. (Described soon after molting).
Stncjc III. — (Described August 29, immediately after molting). Length, 1- mm. The head is
uow not so wide as the body, black. The prothoracic shield is distinctly divided. Body bright,
glistening, yellowish green, with three uarrow dorsal black lines, the median one less broken than
the others. These are succeeded by a broad difluse subdorsal, almost double black stripe, on
which a black piliferous wart is situated, one for each segment. Below is a similar wart,
including a broad line, and above and below this is a tine black brown, somewhat bi'oken line: the
lower one is the spiracular line, the dark spiracles being minute and interrupting the line, so that
there are four instead of thi-ee lateral lines in this stage, the additional line being the lowest or
spiracular one.
The two large twin tubercles on the first and eighth abdominal segments arise from a common
fleshy humi), that on the eighth segment being slightly the smaller of the two pairs. Each bears
.six to seven black hairs. The hairs are in general sordid white, and are not so long as the body is
thick. The suranal plate is large, black, and the anal legs are nearly all black on the sides.
Ih'capitulation. — (Corrected from that published in Proc. Bost. Soc. xxiv, r>17.)
1. In Stage I the two median dorsal tubercles on the first and eighth abdonunal segments are
larger than thp homologous ones on the second to seventh abdominal segments, and each pair is
situated on a brown raised ground.
2. The i)rothoracic shield is undivided; in Stage II it begins to be divided, becoming sei)arate
in the last stages.
;3. Toward the end of Stage I the three lateral lines are faintly indicated.
4. The hairs in Stage I are glandular and slightly bulbous.
."). The tubercles iu Stage I all give rise to but a single hair.
0. The three dorsal dark reddish lines appear at the end of Stage II.
7. The spiracular line appears iu Stage III.
Coioon. — The eateri)illar. living during the last stages iu a rude cocoon or tent s])nu betweeii
two leaves, or within a foliled leaf, transforms within it, the cocoon being a loose web with
aliun ov tour long, slender seta-, which are
entangled iu the silk strands of the cncoon. Length, 17 to l.S mm. (Fig. 60).
136
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Habits. — Dr. Hiinis, in liis "Treatise," quite fully describes the Imbits of tliis tent-iuliabiting
caterpillar, remarking: " Wlieu young thej' sometimes fold up one .side of a leaf for a nest, and
eat the other half." He also fully describes the tent made by the social mature larvie, which we
have also observed on the poplar, " made of a single leaf folded or curled at the sides, and lined
with a thin web of silk.'' He also states that "the cateipillars go out to feed upon the leaves
near to their nests." It thus appears that from early larval life the caterpillars live in much the
same way as the fully grown larva', dwelling in tents, and, unlike most Xotodontians, continuing
to live socially in "swarms of twenty or more," until tliey disperse, preparatory to pupation.
While feeding exposed, they arc ])robably not eaten by birds, as their colors and markings serve
as "danger signals."
The following account is cojjied from Harris's Correspondence (p. -1(1). He observed tliem on
the Balm of Gilead:
August aud September. 1835: Gregarious caterpillars on the Balm of Gilead tree; foldiug up the leaf aud liniug
it with silk as a comuiou wel), the petiole beitig also fastened to the truuk hy silk.
Laria. — Color of the larva yellow; head, geiliiuate tubercles on the fourth and eleventh segments, tip of last
segment, aud true feet, black; three narrow dorsal aud three broader Jateral vitt;e, and spiracles, bl.ack. The larva
is much like that of Cioslera anachorela (Ernst, 165, tig. 214) aud C. recliisa (Ernst, 1G5, tig. 216) and closely resembles
C. (Diastomosis. Tliiu cocoon formed in a box October 4, 1835. Another cocoon
formed in October, 1837, disclosed the imago June 15, 1838.
August 10, 1838: Found the larvie in great abundance on the Balm o£
Gilead tree. These caterpillars are gregarious, and form a common shelter
consisting of a leaf folded longitudinally and lined with a thick web of silk,
beneath which the insects are sheltered when not feeding. They eat the whole
of the leaves except the veins, which remain untouched. The petioles of the
small leaves used as habitations are fastened with silk. The larger leaves sub-
sequently used for shelter are not thus secured. They do not e.at the leaves
which serve for habitations, but sometimes fold one-half of the leaf and eat the
corresjionding side. "When fully grown the caterpillar measures li inches or
more in length. They do not vary in color or markings at ditl'erent ages. Body
slightly hairy, light yellow; the head, true feet, a double wart on the fourth,
another on the eleventh anal valve, three slender dorsal stripes and three broiider
lateral ones on a dusky ground, aud the spiracles, black. In the oldest caterpil-
lars there is an orange-colored line at the sides of the body below the spiracles.
The upper lateral black stripe is the broadest and becomes indistirict toward the
second, which gives to the sides the .appearance of .a broad, dusky strijie marked
with three black lines. The thinly scattered hairs on the body are whitish, and
proceed indiscriminately from the surface, and not from regular tubercles.
The caterpillar of this moth occurred on the poplar (B. grandi-
dentata), at I'rovideuce, September 11 to lo. They were living
within a tent made by drawing two or three leaves together, several
smaller branches of the tree having been defoliated by them. It pupated a few days after, the
moth appearing in the breeding cage June 1 of the nest year.
The eggs occur in April and Jlay and July and August: the larva' from IMay to July and
August to September; adults, March, April, aud May, and July and ,\.ugnst (also all winter months
in confinement in breeding cages. (Riley.)
Food pJunts. — Different sjiecies of poplar, esi)ecially P. /»v'Hi«?o«?fs. I. palla vma reared by
Professor French on the willow, po^dar, willow maple.) (Eiley.)
Geographical distribution. — It ranges from Maine and Canada to Georgia (Abbot) and
Florida (Packard), thus extending through the Appalachian and Austroripariau subprovince.s.
Maine (Packard); Massachu.setts (Harris, Sanborn, Sliurtleff); Amherst, Ma.ss. (Mrs. Fernald);
llhode Island (Packard); New York (H.Edwards, Elliot, Dyar); Itacine, Wis.; Chicago, III.
(Westcott); southern Illinois (French); Georgia (Abbot); Jacksonville, Fla. (Packard); Indian
River, Florida (H. Edwards) ; Texas (Riley) ; Denver, Colo., April 30, May 9 (Gillette). Its western
and southwestern limits are not exactly known. Professor French .sends me the following
localities of specimens in his collection: /. iiicliisa, Maine, New York, Pennsylvania, ^^'isconsin,
Ohio; var. inversa, Canada, Lincoln, Nebr.; Colorado; var. puUa, normal, Carboudale, 111.;
Lincoln, Nebr.
Flo. 02.— Ucail ot impa of lehlhyura
Inchiga.
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACx\.DEMY OP SCIENCES. 137
Ichthyura brucei H. Edwards,
(PI. Ill, ii<;s. 23-25.)
Idilhijitra hrueei, II. Kdw., Ent. Amur., i, p. 17. April, 188.5.
Dyar, Eut. News, iii, p. (i, Jau., 1892.
Kirby, Syn. Cut. Lep. Het., i, j). Gil, 1892.
Pack.. Eiit. News, iv, p. 79, ilaruli, 1892.
Dyar. Eut. News, iv. p. 170. May. 1893; fan. Eiit., xxiv. p. ISO. May, 1892.
Ichlki/iira multnoma, Dyar, Can. Eut., xxiv. p. 179. .July, 1892.
Aleldloplia hriicei, Neura. aud Dyar, Cau. Eut., xxv, p. 123, May, 1893; Traus. Auier. Eut. Soc, xxi. j>. 191,
1894; Journ. N. Y. Eut. Soc, ii, p. 115, 1894,
MelitJopliu (ilcthc'Scnm. and Dyar, Cau. Eut., xxv, p. 122. May, 1893.
Larva.
Dinii: Psyche, vi. p. 403. Feb.. 1893.
Moth. — I will lirst copy Mr. Edwards's descri])ti()n nf tliis fonii, and then add some oliserva-
tious of my own :
Ground color of ]iriuiarie9 sordid wbitc. witb the lines aud marks ricb browu. A basal aud snbbasal line, the
former whitish, edged with browu. aud dentate iu the middle, the latter almost straight. Behind the middle is a
broad brown shade through which from costa to iuteru.al angle runs a clear white line, which ou costa is broadly
produced into the distinct white mark usual iu the genus. Hetweeu this aud the margin a row of seven browu spots,
iu the middle of which is a brownish cloud resting ou posterior margiu. wliicli with the fringe is browuish.
Secondaries wholly mouse-color; thorax sordid white at the sides, the center broadly browu. .\bdomcn dull sordid
white; antenuie and palpi brown, the shaft of the former whitish. Underside mouse-color, with darker bent
median band common to both wings, and the white costal mark on primaries indicated by a pale dash.
/. brucei differs from T. aplcaJis (run) iu the V being abont one half as wide, the base of the
inner arm of the V ending just about the middle of the wiug, heute tlie four liues are much more
parallel to each other than iu 7. apicaUs or /. incliim. In I. bnicci the oblique costal white mark
is less sinuous and in var. muJtnoma less bent behind the costa than iu hrua i.
(IciHirophiad (listributioii. — Frauconia, N. II. (Mrs. Slosson); Brunswick, Me. (Packard, Mus.
Comp. Zool.): Kittery, Me. (E. Thaxter); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); Colorado (Briice, tide
Edwards, French).
Var. midtnoma Dyar (PI. Ill, lig. 20). I regard this as a dark Aariety of I. brucei. The
markings of ji male kiudly loaned me by Mr. Dyar are identical iu position with those of a specimen
of I. brucei from Frauconia, N. H. ; it only differs iu the much darker colors. The basal line i&
widely dislocated iu the same way. In my I. brucei the fourth or outermost line is situated a little
nearer the outer edge of the wiug, and the iucomplete V mark is a little narrower than iu multnoma,
but this is a comiuoii variation. In size, iu the marginal dark spots, and the subapical reddish
orange i^atch the two forms are ideutical.
First larral stage. — Head round, shining black, with a few hairs; width, 0.5 mm. Body somewhat flattened,
with long pale aud black hairs rising singly from large concolorous tubercles; color sordid grayish, tinged with dark
vinous on joints 2, 5, 7, 8, 11, and 12 over the dorsum. Feet normal, the thoracic dark, the abdominal concolorous with
the body. As tjie stage advances the whitish spaces on the back become nearly white and the piliferous tubercles
come out black and distinct iu three rows ou each side. At the end of this, and of each following stage, the larva
spins a house of thread aud leaves iu which it molts, aud in which it remains during the succeeding stage, when uof;
eating. The larv;e are solitary.
Second stage. — Head as before; width, 0.9 mm. Body flattened, with deep segmental incisures; piliferous
tubercles large, concolorous at first, but later black; seta- short, black. Color blackish vinous, except the dorsum
of joints 3, 4, 6, 9, 10. and 13. which is greeni.sh white, contaiuiug tubercle 1 and a very narrow dark dorsal line. The
anal plate (i. e., joiut 14 or the tenth abdomiual segment) is vinous. Lateral and subveutral tubercles pale. Thoracic
feet black.
Third stage. — Head rounded, median suture deep, shiny black, hairy; width, 1.8 nun. Warts rather large, each
with a hair, aud other somewhat shorter hairs* arise from the body. Color vinous black with pale yellow dorsal
patches ou joints 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, and 13 anteriorly, inclosing warts i and ii. A dark dorsal line, each side of which
are a few^ yellow mottliugs on the dark segments; subveutral warts largely yellow, the others concolorous with
the markings, exceiit row i, which is dark ou the yellow segments. Set;e all blackish. Later, joints 5 and 12 are
Been to be .a little eulargeil dorsally ; a narrow, broken, waved line appears along warts i iu the yellow markings;
the yellow ])atch ou joints 9 and 10 extends faintly ou joint 11; there is a broken, irregular, yellow, superstigmatal
line, distinct only ou the yellow-marked segmeuts, and some rather more continuous yellow mottliugs along the
Substigmatal ridge.
138 ■ MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Fourth shuje. — Head rounded, clypeus depressed, median sutuif deep; hair short, dense, white; color black,
sliglitly sliiny, l)rownish centrally in the depression around the median suture; width, 3 mm. AVarts rather large,
rows i and ii on joints 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, and 13 and all the subventral warts yellow, the others hlaik. Joints 5 and 12
eularijed dorsally, velvety black. Color purplish black, a bro.id, yellow, dorsal band, except on joints 5 and 12,
containing a broken, triple, dorsal line, fainter on joints 7, 8, and 11. The rest of the body is purplish black, the
subventral region included. Hair dense, white, consisting of fine short hairs from the body, with single, slightly
longer and larger ones from the warts. As the stage advances a marked change takes jilace. Abroad pale gr.iy
dorsal band, containing very faint triple ilark line, obsolescent and broken; warts i and ii orange, except on joints 2
and .5, row ii on joints 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, and 13 broadly orange ; a broad, jialc. blui.sh, subdorsal baud, heavily mottled with
vinous Vdack; joints 5 and 12 dorsally, and lateral spots on all segments (umst distinct on joints 3-3), velvety black.
A broad, broken, deep orange, stigniatal band, divided by an irregular black stigmatal line and ccmsisting of orange
spots spreading from the warts of rows iv and v and adjacent mottliugs, barely couHuent. Venter blackish ; thoracic
feet shiny black.
Cocoon. — Not different from the house made at the end of each stage, excejit that there are a few transverse
threads to support the pupa.
Pupa. — Small but robust. Dorsal outline arched, ventral nearly straight, rounded at Viotlicnds; cremaster. a.
long spine of even thickness throughout, smooth, shining; abdomen very slightly punctured. Color red-brown,
darker ventrally and dorsally, nearly black ou the thorax and cases, with a green tinge (ml the lalter. Li'Ugtb,
13 nun. ; width, 4. -5 mm. There are two broods each year.
Food phtnt. — Willow (Salix).
Habitat. — Oregon and Washington west of the Cascade range and, probably, also western Bi'itish Columbia.
Found by Prof. O. B. Johnson at Seattle, Wash. Larva from Portland. (Dreg. (Dyar.)
Ichthyura albosigma (Fitch).
(PI. Ill, ligs. 27-30).
Closiera alhosiijina Fitch, 2d Rep. Xox. Ins. N. York, p. 274, pi. 2, lig. 4, 185.5; 5th Rep. Nox. Ins. N. York,
p. 64, 1859.
Ichthyura albosit/ma ilorris, S.vnopsis Lep. X. Amer. , p. 244, 18t)2.
Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 352, 1864.
Grote, Cheek List N. Amer. Moths, p. 18, 1882.
Pack., 5th Rep. U. S. Ent. Com. Forest Ins., p. 454, 1890 (figure of moth in text).
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 29, 1891.
Melalopha albosiijma (sic) Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., 1, p. 610, 1892.
var. specifica, I)yar, Can. Eut.,xxiv, p. 180, .July, 1892.
Neum. and Dyar, Can. Ent., xxv, p. 122, 1893; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxi, p. 191, 1894;
Jouru. X. Y. Ent. .So.'., p. 114. 1894.
Larva.
(PI. XYI, ligs. 3. 3a, 3/i, 4, 5.)
Filch, 2d Rep. Nox. Ins., p. 274, 1855 (egg, full-fed larva, cocoon); 5th Rep. Xox. Ins. X'. Y'ork. ji. 04, 1859.
I'arkard, Jour. N. York Ent. Soc., i, p. 27, March. 1893 (three last stages described).
Moth. — Several S and 9 . AViag.s le.ss ochei'oiis tliaii in /. iiichisa, quit'' clear, and batlied with
a .sligiit lilac tinge. The dark brown thoracic band is wider, more triangular in front than in
I. inclnsa and (ipicalis, extending on the low thoracic tuft a.s a broad cordate coiicolorou.s mark.
Fore wings, with the basal and second lines distinct and parallel, crossing the entire wing, the basal
line not being di.slocated. The third line, reaching oid.v as far as the subcostal vein, slightly
bent, connected at its base with tlie fourth line and forming a narrow obscure V, very different in
shape from that of the other species. The outer or fourth lino, i)assing forward from the liinder
edge of the wing, curves outward on the fourth subcostal venule, where it becomes a white V-sliaped
mark, the deep, large sinus being filled in with a large patch ol' reddish vandyke brown, the patch
being bounded beiund by tiie cubical vein. From this sinus the line obliquely retreats t() the
costa, after fornuug a very distiiH:;t subcostal loop. Beyond the loops and sinus tlie wing is
brownish to the edge, including the apical region. Discal spot formhig a faint line with a second
inner parallel one. An obsolete dark submarginal diffuse line, paler within. Hind wings with
no line, quite pale.
Beneath, light clay-yellow, with no conimon line; the outer line shows faintly, while tlie
broad costal whitish mark is quite distinct tlii-ough the wing: costa ferruginous. The abdominal
tuft edged with dark brown, much as in the otlier species.
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIEXCES. • 139
Expanse of wings, S , 30 inni.: length of body, £ , 14 nun.
This not nncomnioii species difters from all the others in the distinct S-shaped portion of tli(^
fourth or outer line, situated between the costal edge and the cubital vein, the outer curves of
the S being tilled in with reddish brown. Also the basal line is not dislocated, both this and the;
second line crossing the entire wing and being ])arallel.
Var. specifica Dyar. Under this name Dr. Dyar brietly mentions a foini of this si)cci<'S
ca])riirc(l at JManitou, Colo., May l!, "which differs from the type by its iniicli paler color."
Colorado (French).
E(leutenmiiller).
Geographical distribution. — This flue species extends throughout the Appalachian into the
Campestrian subprovince as far as the Rocky Mountains, in this region, however, varying from
the type in being ''much paler." Orouo, Me.; Amherst, Mass. (Mrs. Fernald, Riley, IT. S. Nat.
Mus.); Maine (Mas. Comp. Zoo].); Massachusetts, July 15 (Sanborn); Providence, R. I. (J.
Bridgham); New York (Fitch); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); Ohio, July (Riley); Seattle, Wash,
(coll. of Professor Johnson, tide Dyar); Portland, Orcg. (Dyar); Canada, Maine, Newton, Mass.;
New York, Wisconsin, Tiitin, Ohio (French); var. .^pecijlca, ^Manitou, Colo. (Dyar, French).
Habits. — Fitch, who has carefully observed the habits of this species, states that the
caterpillar attains its full size about the middle of July.
Several of the cateriiillars commonly live together upon .i jiartii-ular limb, which tliey strip of its leaves,
eating all the leaf except its median and portions of the other coarse veins. They constrnct a kind of nest by
drawing two or more leaves together with the silken threads which they spin from their mouths, forming a hollow,
ball-like cavity within, iu which they repose when not eug.aged in feeding. Three of these caterpillars which I
transferred with their uests to a feeding cage on the 11th of .Inly all spun their cocoon within the nest a day or two
afterward. Tlio moths all came out on the 25th of July, tjius remaining in their puji.a state but a little over a week.
The moth crawls from its cocoon, and, with its fore feet" clinging to a twig, hangs perpendicularly downward,
swinging with the breezes until its wings become dry and stiti'. It then discharges one or more drops of an opaque
birch-red Uuid and takes to flight. (Fitch.)
Subfamily V. NOTODONTIN^E.
Moth. — Head moderately large, but not ])rominent; i antenuie often feebly pectinated to the
tips, often with short stout branches ciliated at the tips; in the 9 either ciliated or simple
(Symmerista). Palpi moderately long, reaching to the front of the head, or unusually long
(Symmerista). Thorax either smooth or with a high tuft. Fore wings usually broad, with the
costa often convex and the apex well rounded; internal edge with a tuft in the more typical
genera; costal region usually rather wide or sometimes narrower (I'heosia). Subcostal cell either
absent or present. Abdomen full, not forked at the end in the 5 .
Egfj. — Low hemispherical; shell finely pitted with polygonal areas.
Larva. — The boily either smooth, subnoctuiform, with no markings except a lateral line
(Nadata and Lo'phodouta), or huin[)ed either on the eighth abdominal (Pheosia, Dasyloj^hia,
Symmerista)' or on second and third or on several (4—")) of the abdominal segments (Notodonta),
or on al)doniinal segments 1-S (Nerice); the dorsal hiimits in Pheosia bearing a liorn in the
American s|)ecies. All except Nadata and Lophodonta gaily banded, spotted, or otherwise
(conspicuously colored and mai^ked, with bright longitudinal stripes.
Cocoon. — Either thin and slight or the larva enters the ground to pupate; in Pheosia a
subterranean earthen cell lined with silk.
Pupa. — Body somewhat elongateil; head not prominent; creuuxster either obsolete, without
spines (Lophodonta), or ending iu a broad spinulatcd stout plate or ending in two stout .spines
(Symmerista), or armed with four spines (Nadata); or the si)ine is very long, slender, cylindrical,
and ending iu two hooks (Nericej, no subfamily pupal characters being present.
.SYNOPSIS OI'- THE GEXF.KA OF NOTODOXTIX.i;.
A very hlgli thoracic tuft; palpi large; species yellow ocherous. with two twin silvery white discal s])ots; outer-
edge of wings scalloped Xcifluta
Fore wings with a tuft on the inner edge; palpi large; antenu;e with slightly larger branches than in Xotodonta.
Lojilwduiila-
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 141
Antenna! hciivily pectinati'd: palpi larger than in Lopboilonta ._. Driiiiioiiia
Fore wings acute at apex, and with a large tuft; with no cross lines; outer edgool' fore wings scalloped.
J.iijiJitipliriix
Autenuic well pectinated; palpi small; fore wings long, much produced toward the rounded :ipcx; dark l)rov.u
iutervenular sti'ealcs; no cress lines I'liconia
Antenna) sulisimple; apex of fore wings well rounded; no subcostal cell ; tuft rather small yoludoiila
Antenna! more widely pectinated tliau in Xotodouta; fore wings srjuarer, less rounded at apex EUida
Auteinia- pectinated to the tips; paljii large and long; .a high thoracic tuft; apex of fons wiugs well rounded ; inner
edge wi til no til It Xerice
Head witli a higli tuft; p.alpi long sli'iider, fore wiugs acute, witli black longitudinal slashes DnmihipUia
Head with a higli tuft; apex of forewings square; costal edge of fore wings white HiimiiierUta
SYNOPSIS OP TlIK LAHV.E (THAT OF ElLII).\ NOT KNOWN).
A. Txidy not humped, iioctuifonii.
Body cylindrical ; not hairy ; with two faint yellow snlidorsal lines Nadaia
As in Nadata, but more wi'inkled ; a faint double dorsal line and a lateral pink line extending alongside of
hisad Lophoilonta
Body as in Loplioi'.onta. green, a lateral yellow spiraeular line liesides tlie subdorsal one Drijmonia
f Larva of ,\mericau species not known) European hirvie with two separate large high dorsal papilhe on eigiith
abdominal segment I.ophuplrrijx
B. Body sphinx-like, with a caudal horn or only a hump.
No lines or hands; skiu smooth, jiorcela in-like Ph toxin
C. Body with from three to five humps on abdominal region.
Head lai-ge, square; anal legs used in walking Xutodotila
D. Abdominal segments 1 to 8 with a forked hump.
Divisions of the humps opened and closed lil^e a bird's bill Xerice
E. A low dorsal knob on the eighth abdominal segment.
Anal legs with no hooks; end of body uplifted ; body gaily striped liasjilophia
F. Eiglitli alulominal segment swollen on sides and above.
Head small, rounded; body conspicuously lianded; suranal plate lunate; anal legs with hooks 'iiimmerisla
Nadata Walker.
(PI. XLI. fig. 1. venation.)
Phnlinui Abbot and Smith, Lcp. Ins. Georgia, p. 168, 1707.
Cosmolriclia (in part)Hiibner, Samral. E.xot. Schmett., iii, 1.S16.
Xadata Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. JIus., v, p. 1062, 1855.
Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., ill, p. 356, 1864.
Alastor Boisd., Lep. Cal., p. 87, 1869.
Xadata Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 18, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30. 1891.
Kirby. Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 6U, 1892.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xxi, p. 185, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., p. 113, Sept., 1894.
Moth. — Head moderately proiuiiient; front triaii gn la r, broad above; below tbe base of each
aiitcDiui is a large spreading' tuft of long sc;iles reaching Inilfway down the front and partially
covering the eyes, which are naked, not hairy. Antenn;!- in c? with long slender pectinations, the
branches extending to the tips; in the 2 the j)ectinations hardly longer than the joints. Palpi
large, long, stont, ascending porrect, the third joint rather short, thick, but distinct; .second joint
not hairy at the end. Ma.xilhe small, r;ither short.
Thorax with a remarkably high pointed tuft on the front part and sending a ridge down each
side to the end of the tegulie; beneath, very hairy. Fore wiugs distinctly pointed at the apex,
which is somewhat more so than in Datana; costa convex on the outer half, especially in the 5 ;
outer edge regularly convex behind the apex, but little shorter than the internal edge, more
oblique in 9 than in ; in 2 slightly scalloped. Discal veins .situated within the middle of the
wing, so that all the venules are longer than usual. A rather short subcostal cell; apical region
of the costa very narrow, the tirst, second, third, and fourth subcostal venules ending very near
each other and near the apex. Hind wings somewhat produced toward the apex; outer edge
regularly convex, much longer than the intern;il edge; the lower discal vein oblique, much
curved; both di.scal venules, as in Datana and Cluphisia, situated nearer the base of the wing
than usual.
142 MEMOIKS OF THE XATIOXAL ACADEMY OF SCIEXCES.
Legs hairy, the hiud tibhi' with long se;des spreading outward; two ])airs of spurs, the apical
ones nuu-h larger than the first pair. Abdomen in S rather broad, with rather prominent lateral
tufts, adding to the breadth of the hind body.
The genus differs from its allies in the well pectinated antenna', the large palpi, the high
sharp thoracic tuft, and the scalloped fore wings, the species being yellow ocherous, with two twin
silvery white discal dots.
Egg. — Heuiispherical.
Larva. — Body cylindrical; i)iliferons warts minute; no tubercles or humps present; the
ornameutation consisting only of two yellowish subdorsal bands, with no spots. Freshly hatched
larva in shape like the mature larva, only the head is larger in proportion and the body is
provided with bulbous glandular hairs.
The larva does not spin a cocoon, probably entering the earth to pupate.
I'lqya. — Stout, thick; creniaster ending in a conical stout spine, with four upcurved spiuules.
Geographical di.stributioii. — The single species known ranges from Maine and Canada to Oregon
and southward on the raclflc Coast to California, and on the Atlantic Coast to the Gulf States,
including Florida and Texas. The genus thus prevails over the Appalachian, Austroripariau,
and Campestrian subprovinces, spreading throughout the whole of America north of Mexico
and south of the Hudsonian faunal limits.
Nadata gibbosa Alibot and Smith.
(PI. XVII. lig. 3.)
Plialwna f/ihhosa Alibot .ind Smith, Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 163, Tab. LXXXII. 1797.
Cosmotrichaxjlhhoiid Hiibu., SamQil. Exot. Schiuptt.. lii, Taf. XIX, fig. 1-4, Peiui., 1816.
Xadata nhli(lody green, large; head very large, full, ronnded, high toward the vertex,
as wide as the body, deei» pea-green; the labrnm whitish green; mandibles bright yellow, tipped
with black, making them very consiiicuous. Body glaucous pea-green, thick, full, soft, tapering
toward the end, and the surface with minute, raised, flattened, more or less confluent granu-
lations. A lateral yellow line formed of yellow, raised, flattened areas. Spiracles deep red.
Sui)raanal plate conical, flattened, apex much rounded, the edge colored bright yellow. Thoracic
and abdominal feet pale iiea-green; all concolorous. Tjength, 33 mm. ; thickness, G mm.
CONGENITAL LARVAL CIIARACTKES.
Tiie freshly hatched larva is in shape like the adult, only the head is larger in proportion, and
the body is provided with bulbous glandular hairs. Tiiere are no lines nor white dots.
144 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
ACQUIRED LARVAL CHARACTERS.
The two subtlorsal yellowish lonjiitiuliiial stripes ]irobab]y apjiear at tiie eud of the second stage.
In Stage III the whitish bloom appears. In Stage IV the suiaiial plate is edged Avith yellow.
This is, next to Gluphixia, the siinidest, least specialized Notodontian larva; more so than
that of Lophodonfa. The body is without tubercles or hnmps; the piliferous warts are minute and
the simplest markings are colorational, i. e., two yellowish subdorsal bands, with no spots. In the
Notodontians the subdorsal lines are the first to ajipear, before the lateral ones.
The following is a copy of an article entitled "The number of larval stages in the genus
Nadata," by Mr. Harrison G. Dyar, Psyche, October, 1^92, which we rejjroduce, as it gives a full
account of the transformations of this species in California, and contains interesting' notes on the
habits:
111 Psyche, recently, I expressed the ojiiuiou tliiit species i)( XmJata had more than six larval stayx'S, which was
founded on certain iiieasiirem^uts made from Xadata yibhosa. I have not since ohtained this species iu the early
stages, ' bnt have bred another from the egg, which is X. oreijonensis Cntl. In this species, the number of stages
appears to be normally six; but two individuals carefully bred iu confinement and two bred in the open air had but
five stages, while another specimen, less carefully reared iu confinement beside another bred in the open air on its
growing food plant under a net exhibited six stages, but not the normal ones. All the larvse appeared to omit the
normal seoond stage, even those that had six stages. These latter inserted an extra stage between the fourth aud
fifth, not differing in markings from the fourth, as will be seen in what follows. The growth during the first stage
was very great, out of all proportion to the subsequent growth, and, jirevious to molting, the new bead, in process
of formation behind the old one, caused au enormous projection of the body.
The calculated normal series for the widths of head stands as follows: I, 0.7'J [II. 1.13] ; III. '.<)2: IV, 2.31: V,
3.3; VI, '1.7 mm.; ratio. 0.70 mm.
From the larva' that had live st.agrs I obtained the following measurements: First, 0. ".'5; second, 1.. 55; third.
2.35; fourth, 3.3; fifth, 4.7 mm.
From those that had six stages — first exiiinple: First, — ;-' second, 1.4; third, 2.2; fourth, 2.7; fifth, 3.2; sixth,
.— mm.'- Second example: First, — ;- second, 1.5; third, 2.3; fourth. 2.8; fifth, 3.7; sixth, 4.8 mm.
It will be seen that in the first example an extra stage occurred between the normal Stages IV and V, and this
is verified by the changes in markings; for iu those that had five stages, the markings changed in the fourth stage,
while in this the fourth stage was like the third and the change did not occur till the fifth stage.
In the second example the fifth stage was abnormally large, so much so that the last four stages in this case
present a good series with the ratio 0.77, aud, jndging from these stages only, it would certainly be infeired that
the species h.ad eight larval stages, * with the following series of widths of head (calculated) : 0.77, 1.0, 1.3, 1.7, 2.2,
2.8, 3.7, 4:8 mm; ratio, 0.77 ihm. Compare with this the last four measurements of the second example.
The species of Xadata, then, jiresent examples of variation in the number of larval st.iges, as well as an
abnormal development.
It is probable that Kilema alhicosta acts in a similar though less pronounced manner. ''
The following descriptions apply to the species of Nadat.a that is common in the Yosemite Valley, California.
'Miss Soule has recently written the life history of X. gibbosa (Psyche, v. 6, 197) and found five stages, as did
also Dr. Riley (see 5th Kept. U. S. Ent. Com., 1890). Unfortunately, Miss Soule has given no measurements of the
head, but she has given the length of the larva in all its stiiges, and the numbers she gives correspond well with a
series derived with the ratio 0.60. This does not corroborate my observations (on X. orepvneiisis), as to do so a stage
should appear lacking between .Stages I and II, provided that the measurements were made at the first of each stage.
Miss Soule's figures .are 3. 16 (^19), J (^.25), A (^.50), f ( = .75), and 1^- ( = 1.25) inches, while the calculated series
would be .16, .27, .45, .75, 1.25 inches, thus showing no g>ap in the series anywhere. To suit my observations the
newly hatched larva should have measured 0.10 inch instead of 0.16 inch. Miss Soule says "not quite i% inches,"
which is certainly nearer 0.16 than 0.10, as the latter would be not quite J inch.
But I do not think the length of the larva is a reliable measurement to take, as it is subject to great change
throughout the stage, and, even if taken as nearly as possible at the same time in each stage, is subject to inaccu-
racies through the expansion or contraction of the larval segments. Moreover, it takes no account of the growth
during either the first or the last stage, according as the measurements are made at the end or beginning of each
ptage, and I should hesitate to assume that the growth was always strictly proportional. In fact, I believe that
iu Nadata it is not so, for double growth seems to take jilace in the first stage.
The measurement of tlio width of hi^ad is opeu to none of the above objections and possesses besides several
advantages not shown by measurements of the len.gtb of the larva.
-Measurement not recorded.
•'This larva died before molting the last time.
■I From similar measurements made in the case of A', ijibhoan, I inferred that that species had more than six
stages (see Psyche, v. 6, p. 147), but this inference is not justified by the facts. It will be found, however, to have
occasionally as many as six stages.
■■^The series of widths of head as observed by me for Edema alhicosta were 0.40, 0.70, 1.30, 1.7, 2.,3, 3.2, and I have
twice attempted in the p.ages of Psyche to m.ake them tit a series iu regular geometrical progression, but without
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIEXCES.
145
Pupa. — r>o(ly stdut ami thick, not taiieriiig imu'li to tlie end. .Siirlacc of the alxlominal
segments moderately punctured, the two last segments quite smooth. The cremaster ends in a
conical stout spine, broad at the base and shaip at the end, the point terminafirig in an unusual
liind of armature which, seen from above or beneath, consists of four laterally ladiating, slightly
uiiturued, stout spinules, the lower ones considerably smaller than the distal ones. Length,
2-2-23 mm.
Habits. — The caterpillar is most commonly found on the oak. Dr. Harris found it on the
oak, the moth occurring June 20. By the ndddle or last of September, in New iMigland (Maine
and lUiode Island), it begins to pupate, nor spinning a cocoon, and jirobably entering the ground
before assuming the chrysalis state. In I'rovideuce it occurred on the white oak, in Maine on the
red oak. In Georgia, according to Smith and Abbot, it ''feeds on the chestnut oak and other
oaks. It went into the ground October 10 and came out ^larcli 13. Another went in June 1 and
came out the 19th of the same mouth." It is therefore double-brooded in tlie Gulf States and
single brooded in the North. The following notes on
its habits have been given us by Professor liiley:
A pair of this ninth were taken M.Ty -, 1S82. from the eggs
of which larval hatched on the 9th. They went tlirongh their \( 1/ *
first molt May 15; seeoiiil, May 22; third, May 26, and fourth,
May 31. Puiiated June 12 to 14. The moths issued from .fuue
2G to .Iiily 10, Several larvif'of this moth were found by beat-
ing on oak .liine 26 and July 10, 1882. The larvie are now very
plentiful and of all sizes, on several oaks. (5th Rep. U. S.
Ent. Comin.)
Food plants. — Oak (Querctisof different species),
majile (Lintner), maple, white birch, sugar i)lum
(Dyar). (The statentent in my Forest Insects, p. 41-1,
that Mr. Eeed had found it on the maple, is an error.)
Geoi/rophical ili.'iTriliHtion. — Eanges from Maiue
and Canada northward to Oregon and California,
occurring southward on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts to Florida, Georgia, and Texas.
Amherst, Mass. (Mrs. Fernald). 1 have a S collected June 21 on the Vermejo Eiver,
northeastern New Mexico, by Lieut. W. L. Carpenter, of the Wheeler survey. Plattsburg, N. Y.
marked success. A series calculated with the ratio 0..55 would give 0.41, 0.75, 1.27, 2.30, 4.3, and one with the ratio
0.73 or thereabout would interpolate a term between each one and give 0.41, 0..55, 0.75, 0.96, 1.27, 1.7, 2.3, 3.15, 4.3.
Thus it might be, considered either that the species normally had eight stages (ratio, 0.73) and omitted the second and
fourth normal stages, or that it had normally live stages (ratio, 0..55), l)ut interpolated a stage between the third and
fourth normal stages, and reduced the measurement in the last stage to correspond with the ratio between those
that immediately preceded it. The latter seems the more probable, but the fact is that the growth of the head at
the first and second molts is double what it is at the third, fourth, and fifth. It is a curious case.
yiiclalii oreiioiienxis Butler.
This was described as a variety of X doiibledai/i Pack. ; but Mr. Butler writes me under date of .Tune 30, 1892:
"The types « < * have pale creamy buff-colored palpi ; quite uniform in tint » * * if there is a brown line
above it must be on the second joint, but I do not think there is one » ' » looking at the moth without a lens
you would say the fringe was dark ferruginous on primaries » » » and white tijjped on interspaces." These
are the characters used to separate -V. gibbosa from D. doiibledaiji in Dr. Packard's description, and Mr. Butler's words
show that his form is not a variety of -V. doabledaiji, but the same as Hy. Edwards's J\". behreiisii.
1881— Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., p. 317.
bchrensii Hy. Edwards.
1885— Hy. Edw., Ent. Amer., i, 49.
Eijii. — Rather more than hemispherical, the base flattened; smooth, not shiny, white with a yellowish tinge;
diameter, 1.2 mm. I'nder a, microscope the surface is seen to be covered with very slight, obscure, rounded dejires-
sions, but, is in fact, almost smooth.
Laid singly on the underside of the leaves of its food plants in early summer.
Xormat Stage I (first larval stage). — Head slightly bilobed, rounded, shining pale greenish with a few hairs;
mouth brownish, ocelli black; width, 0.75 mm. Body slender, no tubercles or humps: feet normal, smooth, shiny,
.pale yellowish green. Seta' minute, rather long but not evident, color blackish. As the stage advances great
S. Mis. 50 10
Fig. 6^5.— Piip;i of Xadata gibbosa.
146 MEMOIIIS OF TOE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
(Hudson); New York, Wisconsin, Ohio, Missouri, Alabama, Colorado, and California (F.S.Nat.
Mus.); Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Wisconsin, Carbondale, 111.; Nortb
Carolina, New Mexico (French); Dallas, Tes. (Boll, Mus. Conip. Zool.); Topeka and Manhattan,
Kans. (Popenoe); Racine, Wis.; Chicago, 111. (Westcott); Colorado Springs, Colo., June I'.j
(Gillette); Yo Semite, Cal.; Portland, Oreg.; Seattle, Wash.; Nanaimo, British Columbia (Dyar).
It thus appears to extcnil throughout the Appalachian, Austroriparian, and Campestrian
subprovinces; whether it occurs in the Mexican (Sonoran) subprovince remains yet to be
determined, as well as its extreme northern limits.
Lophodonta Piickaril.
(I'l. XI>I, iigs. 2-3, venatiou.)
rhahcna (in part) Abbot and Siuitb, N:it. Hist. Lep. Georgia, p. 1(J5. Tab. LXXXIII, 1797.
Peridca Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust , ii, p. 32, 1829.
Xotodonta (in part) Walk., Cat. Lep. Br. Miis., v, p. 995, 1S55.
Herr-Sohaeft'., .Samiul. aussereur. Scbaiett., ]). 6(5, 1855.
Morris, Synopsis Lep. N. Anier., p. 239, 1862.
growth takes place; the color becomes green with a yellow subdorsal line ninch as in the mature larva. The body
is transversely creased. Duration of this stage about lour days.
Xonnril Stage II. — Not exhibited iu any specimen seen by me, and probably does not occur.
Normal Stage III (second stage). — Head large, slightly bilobed. narrowing a little to vertex and tlattencd in
front, pale green, hardly shiny, mouth white, ocelli and tii)s of jaws black; width, 1.4 to 1,5.3 mm. Body slender
smooth, no perceptible hairs: legs normal, green, somewhat shiny; a broad yellowish green subdorsal line; spiracles
black.
Xurmal Stage I V {third stage). — Head .as before; Avidth, 2 to 2.35 mm. Body slender, uniform green; a. very
distinct, rather broad, pale yellow, subdorsal band from joint 2 to the anal plate ; spiracles black, faintly snrronnded
by yellowish. Scattered, very small, and short set:c.
Xiirmal Stage /r (fourth stage iu same larva>). — Head large, Uattened in front, very slightly bilobed, smooth,
not shiny, pale green; ocelli black, labrum white, jaws black at tips, otherwise green; width, 2.7 to 2.8 mm. Body
transversely cre.ased, leaf-green, with yellow piliferous dots bearing very small seta'. .\ slightly darker dorsal line
and broad yellow subdorsal line from joint 2 to the end of the anal plate. Spiracles black, with small white
centers.
yormat Stage F (fourth or fifth stage). — Head shaped as before, pale green, not shiny; ocelli black on a white
ground, labrum white at tip, jaws green tipped with black, auteunai yellowish; width, 3.2 to 3.7 mm. Body
yellowish green with many yellow irregular elliptical granulations and a distinct broad yellow subdorsal line,
continuous from joint 2 to joint 13 and bordering the anal plate, which is rounded. .loint 2 is narrowly edged with
yellow in front. .Spiracles dark broivu, (laler centrally. Feet green, without any yellow spots.
Xormul Stage VI (fifth or sixth stage). — Head full, rounded, slightly shiny, and absolutely shagreened; jiartly
retracted under joint 2; uniform leaf-green, ocelli black on a white ground, inoiith-parts whitish, jaws straw-
yellow, tipped with black; clypens small, triangular; width, 4.6 to 4.8 mm. Body cylindrical, full, and rounded,
tapering slightly to the last segment, which is smaller than the rest, leaf-green or whitish green, densely covered
with white, irregular, flattened elliptical granulations, which on the venter become transverse streaks. In specimens
in which the ground color is suft'used with whitish, joint 2, joint 13 posteriorly, and the anal feet remain leaf-green.
A broad, distinct, white subdorsal line, faint on the anterior part of joint 2. The anterior edge of joint 2 and the
border of the anal jilate are bright yellow. Feet green, the abdominal ones covered with white granulatious, and
a wnite line before claspers. Spiracles orange-rod, faintly bordered witli white. The edges of the white subdorsal
band are not even, but more or less incised, on the anterior segments being narrowly broken into contiguous elliiitical
areas, or iu some specimens broken throughout the whole length.
Cocooti. — The larv;e enter the ground to pupate and form a rough cocoon of a few strong silken threads.
Pupa. — Cylindrical, tapering, rather thick posteriorly to the thorax, the ends rounded, most so anteriorly;,
movable sutures of abdomen deep; cremaster long, rather thick, tapering, and ending in two short divergent points.
Body shiny, ,densely punctured; cases creased and also shiny. Color black, with a shade of brown on the abdomen.
Lengtii, 22 mm. ; width, 7 mm.
Food plant.— Mla.c'k oak {Quercus l{cUoggii Newberry).
Nadata oregonensis is not well distinguished from N. gihbosa Sm. A Abb., especially in the iarviil stiite. It seems
to be related to gilibosa much as Papilio riitulus is related to P. turnus among the butterflies. Its habitat is very
probably coexten.sive with that of its food plant, which is said to be "on the coast ranges and on the western slope
of the Sierra Nevada throughout California and as far north as the middle of Oregon; on mountain sides and
summits only or in the elevated v.alleys, not on the plains or near the sea.'' Mr. Edwards recorded it from Siskiyou
and Butte counties, and I found it in Mariposa County and at Portland, Oreg., but I am not awaie that any record,
of its capture in the coast ranges has yet been made.
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 147
Zophotiontd I'Mck., Proo. Eiit. f^oc. I'liil,. iii, p. 3o8, 1864.
Groto, Check List X. Aiucr. M.iths, ]). in, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amur., p. oO,lS!)l.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 601, 1892.
Lopliotloiila aiul I'heosia ia part, Neuiu. anil Dyar, Trans. Anier. Ent. Soc, xxi. p. 196. .June, 1894 ; .lourn. N. Y.
i;nt. Soe., ii. p. 115, Sept., 1894.
Head larger tliau in Notodoiita, with the front pihise in 'ATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Fig. 64. Pnpaof Lophodonta angnlosa.
cr. rmlimentarv ereniaster.
outward in the median S])aee, and widely bordered witli a i)ale reddish tawny ])atch, the line not
coiitinned to the inner (hinder) edge of tlie wiug. The middle (intradiscal) line very distinctly
bent outward on the costal edge, maldng a large rectangle on the cubital vein, ending, after
making a small tooth, on the distinct reddish brown tuft on the hinder edge of the wing. Within
the costal portion of this line is a small white patch, and a very large white patch on the outside
extending from tlie apex of tbe augle in tlie median sjtace to the cost;i.
Extradiscal line wavy, forming about eight line teeth, reddish brown, edged externally with
white, tlie line itself nearly straight, not wavy nor very obliipie (much less sinuous than in L.
fcrnifiiiica), and on each side of the costal end the wing is more or
less marked with white. The space between these two lines does
not differ in shade from the ground color of the wing (while in L.
fernii/iiica the space forms a distinct broad reddish brown band).
A very faint submarginal diffuse line composed of very obscure
dark colored lunules. Fringe of the same hue as the wings, with
linear white marks at the end of the venules.
lliiul wings and abdomen i)ale soft flesh-whitish, the costal
edge broadly margined with mouse color, interrupted by a trans-
verse broad. costal band, and another at the apex, not reaching
inward beyond the second subcostal veinilc.
Eeneath, both wings uniformly whitish, the costal edge slightly
and irregularly clouded, but the lines not reproduced beneath.
Expanse of wings, 9 , 40-4.5 mm.; length of body, 9 , 17 mm.
Egg. — Hemispherical, rather higli, not flattened; the emjity shell chalky white, under a
lens appearing to be very finely pitted; under .J-inch objective .seen to be ornamented with dense
close set rounded granulations, with no space between them, and no polygonal areas: microjtyle
apical, distinct. Diameter, 0.7 mm. The oiitice eaten by the larva is irregularly oval.
Larva. — Somewhat like X^adata gihhosu, but ""he head is smaller, and it has no supraaual
plate, and the body is smooth, not granulated. Head nearly as wide as the prothoracic segment,
but not so wide as the body; full and rounded, though a little flattened
above; deep pea-green, but concolorous with the body. On the side a
pink line edged above with white extending to base of the antenna-.
]\Iandibles green at base, with an orange-red line along upper edge. Tips
black. A short black line above at base of antennse. Body noctuiform,
tapering toward the anal legs, which are short and small, no larger tluui
the other abdominal legs, sujiraanal plate small, rounded at the end, not
large and corispicuous as in Nadata gihhosa. Segments not convex, but
the sutures distinct. A faint double median, whitish, somewhat broken
line, the two lines converging and forming a single one on the middle of
the supraaual plate and tinged sliglitly with pink. A distinct lateral pink
line begins on side of the head and extends to end of the body along
the edge of supraaual plate. The line is somewhat finely brown, and is
edged below with white. The whole body and legs pea-green, slightly
darker below than alctng the back. Thoracic feet, greenish amber, sjiotted
externally with black. Length, 0.40 mm.
The following descrii)tion of the larval stages, pujia, etc., are copied
from Mr. Dyar's paper in Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural
History, November, 1894:
'■'■First larral stage. — The newly hatched larva is entirely .sinning yellow, d mm. long. Head
cordate, as wide as high, pale brown, slightly shining; eyes black, mouth brown; width, 0.6 mm.
Body slender, long, smooth, with minute black setae arising from inconspicuous black dots. Anal
feet extended nearly backward, .slender, partly aborted. Color, leaf-green, shining, a yellow shade
ijtigmatally. All the feet black, contrasting.
Fig. Co.— Head of imp.-i of
JLophodoJita angulosa.
MEMOmS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 149
'■'■Second Hiuye. — Ilead only very .sliii'htly (Icprcssetl oa top; rounded, green, not shuuug; jaws
reddish ; a black stripe extends from the ocelli up the side of each lobe, running posteriorly, not
attaining the vertex and diminishing in width njiward; width, 1.1 mm. Body smooth, with
minute dark setsx'; green ; a faint stignnital yellow line; all the feet except the anal ones are black.
^'^ Third stage.— Rend flattened before, clypeus small, depressed; median suture deep, but the
head not bilobcd. Light green, not shining; a mottled brown band from jaw on each side, not
attaining the vertex, but narrowing upward, black at its extremities; ocelli black, jaws green,
tipped with brown ; width, 1.8 mm. Body smooth, the sette minute, green, with four narrow yellow
bands on each side the lower sabstigmatal and bordered above narrowly with red-brown.
Thoracic feet blackish; abdominal ones black tipped. The anal feet are not elevated, and are
used iu walking, but they are small, and joint 1.'5 is tapering.
"■Foio-th sta(/e.—Uei\d shaped as before, always large for the body, held out nearly flat, recalling
the position of the head in Gluphisia. The line on the sule is red-brown, bordered on both sides
■with yellow, and is continuous with the stigmatal line of the body iu the normal position. It does
not attain the vertex of the head, terminating iu a black point at each end. Jaws yellow, with
two small reddish lines. Later the sides of the clypeus are defined by a pale yellow line and there
are two little yellow streaks at the vertex of each lobe continuing the lines on the body. Width,
2.G nun. Body green, including the feet, which are only faintly tinged with blackish, the thoracic
ones most strongly so. Slender, tapering posteriorly, the last segment small, though the feet are
used iu walking and are not elevated iu the nornnd position of rest. No cervical shield nor anal
plate distinguishable. There is a broad, double, dorsal, and single, waved, .subdorsal, whitish line;
a lateral row of yellowish dots, obsoletely connected into a waved line, aud a distinct, straight,
narrow, stigmatal, yellow line, bordered above with red-brown. Spiracle on joint 2 large, black-
ringed, the others reddish. The larva eats away the substance of the leaf from a midrib or vein
which it leaves and rests upon with the head generally turned toward the base of the Ituif.
'^ Fifth sfrt//c.— Head full, rounded, a little higher than wide, flattened in front, the sutures not
deep; smooth, shining green, under the lens minutely granular; jaws yellow, with a broad central
reddish band, and tipped with black; antennte white, the last joint reddish; a red-brown at joint
3 posteriorly; the second widens rapidly, reaching below the band over the ocelli, running
posteriorly to about the middle of the side of the head, in line with the stigmatal band of the
body, bordered on both sides narrowly with yellow; ocelli black; labrum pale, a whitish line on
each side of the clypeal sutures, and a faint double mark at the vertex, continuing the double
dorsal line of the body. Width, 4,2 mm. Body cylindrical, smooth, tapering posteriorly; joint
13 small, the last feet no larger than the others. Setii^. not distinguishable. Dorsum leaf-green,
with a suflusion of white, a distinct white geminate dorsal line; a very faint, narrow, waved aud
broken subdorsal one; a lateral row of yellowish dots, obsolete at the extremities, three on each
segment, the central one higher than the others; a distinct yellow stigmatal line bordered above
narrowly and irregularly with red-brown. Spiracle on joint 2 large, white, black-ringed, the
others whitish aud brown-ringed. Subventral space clear green, uuspotted. Thoracic feet pale,
testaceous, with a few black dots outwardly.
"The larva seems a close ally of Nadata, but difters in habit, for it rests on the edge of the
leaf instead of the back, as Nadata does. In its normal position the clear green of the subventral
space joiiis nicely with the green of the leaf, and the distinct stigumtal line seems to represent an
edge or rib of the leaf.
'• C'ocooj;.— Found beneath the surface of the earth; composed of silk mixeution. — Thus far only known to inhabit the Appalachian subprovince.
The following localities are the only ones yet known to mo: Orono, jMe. (Mrs. Fernald); Kittery,
Me. (Thaxter); Vermont, New York (U. S. Nat. Mas.); New Hampshire (C. A.Walker): Oatskill,
N. Y. (Mus. Comp. Zool.); Plattsburg, N. Y., Keens Valley, Essex Co., N. Y., (Dyar); Boston,
Mass. (Sanborn); ^lanchester, Vt. (Eoberts, U. S. Nat. Mas.); Maine, Canada, New York, North
Carolina (French); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); Fort Collins, Colo., June 21, at light (C. H. Baker).
Ufig. — Flattened hemispherical: shell nnder a hand lens appears Jilmost smooth, but under
a A-inch A eyepiece seen to be ornamented with six-sided areas, witli raised, beaded edges.
Diameter, 0.7 mm.
Larva, Staf/c I. — Just hatched. Length, 3 mm. Head large, much wider than the body, black-
"brown, smooth, polished, with a few scattered long slender hairs. Body nnilurmly pale yellowish
green, tapering to the end, the segments transversely wrinkled, hairs long and dark, slender and
tapering. A faint darker dusty greenish prothoracic subcrescentiform j)late. Body with no
markings; no lines or spots.
Providence, June l!t. Eggs kindly given me by Mr. W. Dearden. All the eggs hatched at
nearly the same time and on the same day.
The larva eats a hole out of one side, of the nsual irregular kidney shape.
Pupa, August; adults, May, July, and August: localities. New York, Vermont, and District
of Columbia.
Pupa. — About 19 mm. long, robust, tip truncate, very slightly tapering; a very slight and
blunt projection at tip scarcely noticeable; general surface shiny, somewhat rugose, and remotelj'
punctate. No processes or teeth at sutnres between meso and metathorax.
^^E(jg\ — Laid singly, usually ou the upper side, near the middle of the leaf of its food plant
[Betida papyrlfera). Rounded, somewhat Hatteued, about the shape of two-thirds of a s])here
with Hat base; diameter, 1 mm.; height, 0..(i mm. Bodj'rather bright greenish yellow, thoracic
feet black, cervical shield transverse, dusky. Setre fine, short, black, distinct, but without evident
tubercles; not glandular; 1 and 2 nearly in line, 3 above spiracle, 4 substigmatal posteriorly, .5
snbventral anteriorly, 0 absent as usual in the first stage. Feet all used; leg plates concolorous
with the body. No anal plate. Length, about 3 mm.
'•Second star/c. — The larva eats away the substance from the midrib of the leaf at the apex,
using the midrib as a perch on which it rests. Head slightly bilolxnl, greenish; a smoky black
shade covers the side, including the ocelli, and a narrow smoky band reaches the apex in front of
the lateral angle; mouth brown; a few seta^; width, about 1 mm. Body cyhndrical, smooth, feet
normal, all used. Thoracic feet and leg plates black, except the anal i>air. Setx short and fine,
dark, from minute black tubercles, very incons])icn()us; arrangement nornml, six present. Body
green, with very faintly indicated addorsal, subdorsal, lateral and superstigmatal waved whitish
lines. Spiracles pale.
•' Third stage. — Head rounded, flat before and held tmt flat: leaf-green; a smoky black band
behind ocelli extends backward and upward to the side of tlie head, where it ends tapering; mouth
reddish: width, l.(i mm. Bodj^ as before, but the tine dark setie have no tubercles. Color pale
leaf- green ; ou joints 2-3 a yellowish line edged above with red extends up from below the spiracles
' Tlie following notes on the transformations are copied from Dyar.
152 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
to the lateral line. Very obscure lines as before, waved, whitish. Thoracic feet black, except at
joints; abdominal ones all green, the claspers smoky. Spiracles reddish centered. Later there is.
a broken obscure snhstigmatal line, composed of oblique, pulverulent, yellowish dashes; the
stigmatal line forms undulations over the spiracles, and the addorsal line becomes broad, white,
sometimes with a median red mark on jt)int 13.
"Fourth stage. — The larva rests on the petiole of a leaf and eats all but the midrib on which it
rests. When the leaf is consumed the stem is bitten oft'. Head liglit green, not shining; beliind
the black ocelli a dark reddish band extends to middle of side posteriorly, ending in a blackish
shade and continuous with an oblique line on the body, wliicli extends over the spiracle on joint 2
and ends on Joint o at tlie lateral line; ])alpi reddish; widtli, 1'..") mm. Eody smootli, green, with a
broad, geminate, white dorsal band (addorsal lines), hlled in with dull red in some specimens; a
narrow waved subdorsal line; a row of white dots in place of the lateral line and a few yellow
dots for the stigmatal line. Spiracles light reddish. TJie obliijue line on Joints 2-3 is yellow below
and smoky red above, and may be faintly repeated on Joint 4. Setie minute, dark. Feet green,
the thoracic ones marked with black on the Joints.
"Fifth stage. — Head rounded, broad, flattened before; light green; a white line on each side of
clypeus and another from palpi converging slightly to vertex of each lobe; lateral band smoky
purplish red, t\idiug to yellowish on its lower side, continuous with the line on Joints 2-3. Body
soft, yellowish leaf-green, tapering posteriorly, full, plump, cylindrical. A broad, yellowish white
geminate dorsal band, the space tilled in with reddish on joint 13; faint traces of a broken
subdorsal and two or three round yellow dots laterally and superstigmatally. Dorsum faintly
white shaded; subventral region clear, soft green. Thoracic feet reddish, black at tip. Set;e
extremely minute except on the legs. Claspers brownish. Length, about 30 mm.
"The species is double-brooded at Flattsburg, N. Y., single-bi'ooded in the Adirondacks,
though a single S emerged the same season." (Dyar.)
Lophodonta basitrieus (Walker).
(I'l. IV, fig. 5.)
Xotodonta basiti-ieiis Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., v, p. 1000, 1855.
Mpean genus I'eridea, to whicii trcpuht is
referred, is synonymous with the American Lophodonta.
Geof/ntphiml distriliKtion. — Not known out of the Appalachian subprovince. Augusta, Me.
(C. G. Atkins); Jlaine (Mus, Comp. Zoo!.); Williamstown, Mass. (Grote); Amherst, Mass. (Mrs.
Fernald); New York (French); New Jersey, Pennsylvania- (Palm).
Diymonia Hiibiier.
(PI. XLI, fig. 5, venatiou.)
Drijmonia Hiibii., Verz. ."^chiiiett., p. 144, 18U).
Ckaonia Steph., 111. Brit. Ent., Haust., ii, p. 10, 1821).
Notodonia Boisd., Geu. et Iiul. Jleth., p. 87, 1840.
Dup., Cat. Mdth. L(?p. Eiir., p. 93, 1844.
Herr.-ScliaefF., Syst. Bearbeit. Schmett. Eur., ii, 1845.
Staudinger, Cat. Lep. Eur., p. 73, 1871.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxi, p. 184, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, ii, p. 113,
Sept., 1894.
Moth. — $ and 2 . Anteunre heavily pectinated to tip, more so than in Lo2)hodonta, Lophoptcrtix,
or Notodonta, and only less so than in BasylopUia (simple in 2 trimacula).
Palpi stout, slightly longer than in Lophodonta, and extending a little fiirther beyond the
front. Eyes naked (both in the I'^uropean trimacula and in gcorgica), as they are in Lophodonta.
Fore wings rather shorter and broader than in Lophodonta, less produced at the squarish
apex; outer edge less oblique; a large broad tuft on the inner edge. A subcostal cell present in
D. georijlca (but absent in the European trimucida).
Hind -wings a little shorter and rounder at the apex than iu Notodonta or Lophoiiteryx.
Larra. — That of the European species noctuiform, with no tubercles, and much as in that of
Lophodonta.
Onr 1). ffcoryica is very nearly allied to the European _Z). trimacula in structure and in
markings, only differing in a remarkable and unexpected way, considering the close similarity in
other respects in the two species, there being in the latter no subcostal cell, the venation being
much as iu Lophodonta.
lliibner founded his genus on D. crenosa, chaoiiia, qiierna, and dodonwa, not mentioning
trimacula [dodonwa being a synonym of it), which is closely allied with our species. Whether all
these species are truly congeneric I can not state, since! have only trimacula to refer to. and since
European authors do not seem to have critically examined the structural leatures of these species.
Drymonia georgica (Herrich-Schaefi'er).
(in. IV, fig. 7.)
Phalana anijidosa Abbot aud Smith, Lep. Ins. Georgia, 1797.
Xotodoula i/coryica Herr.-Schaeff.. Samml. aussereuv. Scbmett., p. Gfi, fig. 384, 1856.
Dnjnohia lorliiosa Tepper, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, iv, p. 2, May, 1881, PI. — , fig. 2
Griite, New Check List X. Amer. Motlis, p. 19, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30. 1891.
Kirby. Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 601, 1892.
Notodonta ijeorgica Neum. aud I'yar. Trans. Amer. Kut. Soi-., xxi, p. 185, June. 1894; Journ. N, Y. Ent. Soc, ii,
p. 113, Sept., 1894.
Notodonia larliiosa Neum. and Dyar, Tran.s. Amer. Ent. Soc , xxi. p. 185, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y, Ent. Soc, ii,
p, 113, Sept., 1894.
154 MEMOIRS OP THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Larva.
Thaxici; C:iu. Ent., xxiii, p. 34, Feb., 18111.
Moth. — One S . Antenna? well pectinated to tin; tijis; \)a\[)i passin.n' beyond the front, longer
than in X. angulosa ov frrrnginea. IJody and fore wings oulieron.s gray, witli iilack lines and
liatches. Collar edged with black; over the scntelliini a transverse wliite stripe, beliind which is
a bhick patch.
Fore wings quite broad, shorter and broader than in any Lophodouta or Notodonta, and pointed
at the ape.K. On base of wing, at origin of cubital vein, a short silvery white stri])e, from which
a black line passes along the whole cubital vein, this and its branches being black, aud the l)ase
of the wing iu front of the line dusky black. Wing covered by two white lines more or less edged
with black, the linear black discal mark being nearest to the extradiscal line; inner (extrabasilar)
line much curved and dentate, sending a tooth inward along the internal vein. Extradiscal line
much curved outward opposite the discal mark and but slightly scalloped. Three subapical black
iutervcnular black slashes, one in nearly each space behind, that in the second <;ubital space
being large and distinct. The .space between the two Hues filled iu behind the third cubital venule
with black, reheved by fawn-bi'own on each side of the internal vein. Tuft on inner edge black.
Fringe fawn color, with venular spots. Hind wings sordid white; no discal mark or extradiscal
line. Beneath, sordid white; fore wings with faint discal mark and extradiscal line; hind wiugs
■with two nearly parallel ol)lique dusky costal stripes on outer half of the wing.
Expanse of wings, i 40 mm.; length of b(xly, r? 16 mm.
Larva. — "Length, 30 to 40 mm.; very robust; tapers slightly at either extremity; most
noticeably posteriorly. Anal legs moderately long. Color green, more or less lined and dashed
with yellowish white and very thickly and irregularly longitudinally dotted with dull winered dots,
more numerous along lower lateral margin, coalescing into a more or less distinct line; troplii,
thoracic feet, and tips of abdominal prolegs more or less marked with the same red color. Head
with a broad central yellow area bordere^. The outer line is less distinct than in the
European species, of which it may be a modification." (Harvey.)
I have received a $ from Mr. O. S. Westcott, taken in Wisconsin, and he writes nie: " I got
the name Lophoptcryjs americana Harv. from Grote." I can not see that it differs from the
European L. cameUna.
• Geographical distrihutioii. — Found by Mr. C. A. Blake in jMew Jersey, near rhi!adeli)hia
(Harvey). The following localities have been sent me by correspondents in whose collection the
species is contained: New Jersey (Professor French); New. Jersey, Pennsylvaiua (C. Palm);
Chicago (A. Bolter); Racine, Wis. (Westcott); Manhattan, Kans. (E. A. Popenoe). In Europe
and Asia L. camcJina ranges from central and southern Europe to Turkey, Siberia, and Amoor.
Larva — We copy the following account from Uellms in Buckler's Larvic of British Butterflies
and Moths (ii, p. 1G2).
I liave uo notes of the egg or young larva. By the time the larva is 10 mm. in lougth it has a good deal of the
adult appearance, colors brighter than afterward, uo red dots yet on the spiracular line. The full grown larva is
about 33 mm. in length, stout in figure, tapering slightly forward, the head much deeper and a little wider than 2;
there are no humps ; on 12 a pair of very prominent warts, the places of the usual dots marked by hairs ; to use Albin's
words, "in repose it .always lifts up its hinder part,"' and also throws back its front part till the back of the head
and segment 2 are quite bent over segments .5 and 6. There are several varieties of coloring; one mealy whitev-
greenish on the back, with the dorsal vessel like a blue thre.ad, a subdorsal line of a faint bluish tin"-e, tlie side
below more green, the spiracular line, which extends around the anal flap, yellow, edged above with violet, and
bearing a red spot behind each spiracle; the spiracles black, the belly green, with a tinge of plum color, and showiu"-
the usual ventral dots distinctly of a pale yellow, the head smooth, green, the mouth yellow, with a black line the
warts on 12 bright red, thoracic legs pink, ventral prologs green with red feet.
Another variety had the head and sides of a pale yellowish pink, "the back after .'> more
whitey-pink, with a darker tinted dorsal thread;" the warts on the eighth abdominal segment full
deep pink, the spiracular line yellowish, with the red spots behind the black spiracles.
This larva is remarkable for the double twinned high conical tubercles on the eighth
abdominal segment, whereas in Pheosia the horn is single. Possibly tlie double tubercles of
Lopliopiery.T cameiiiia is the primitive condition, the single hump of L. cucullhia " ending in the
twin points," being intermediate between the twin tubercles of L. cameUna and Pheosia. It will
now be a matter of great interest to discover the larva of our American Lopliopieryx clcyavs. In
England the food plant of L. camclinais the poplar, oak, alder, and hazel (Hellins). It should be
observed that the larva of the European L. carmclita is smooth, noctuiform, with no hump on the
eighth abdominal segment.
Pheosia Hiicbncr.
(PI. XLII, hg. .3, venation.)
Noiodonta (in part) Ochs., Sehmett. Eur., iii, pp.45 aud (33, 1810.
Pheosia Hiibn., Verz. Sehmett, p. 11.5, 1816.
{Leiocampa) Boisd., Gen. et Ind. Mcth., p. 86, 1840.
Zetterstedt, Insecta Lapponiea, 1840.
Leiocampa Stephens, 111., Brit. Ent. Haust., ii, 24, 1829.
Dupouchel, Cat. Meth. L^p. Eur., p. 91, 1814.
Drymonia (in part) H.-Sch., Samml. ausserenr., Sehmett., p. 66, 18.56.
Solodonln (Leiocampa) Staudinger, Cat. Lep. Eiir., p. 72, 1871.
Theosia Grote, New Check List X. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
158 3IEMUIIiS OF TUE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Smith, List. Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1890.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., p. 607, 1892.
Pheosia autl XalofJonta, (in part) Nciim. anil Dyar. Tiaus. Anier. Eut. Soc, xxi, p. 195, June, 1894; Jonrn.
N. Y. Knt. Soc, ii, p. H5, Sept., 1894.
Moth. — Head moderately promim-iit, much as in Notodoiita, rather small, front narrower than
nsnal. Auteuiue in S narrowly pectinated to the tips, with tine short pectinations, not being^
simple. Palpi nnusually small, rather slender, not reaching to the front, porrect. Eyes naked.
Thorax not very stout, subglobose; not tufted.
Fore wings uunsnally- long and narrow; costal edge very convex, apex much ]iroduced and
rounded subacute; outer edge very obli(iue, in 9 , more convex tliaii in the S ; inner edge full at the
base, straight toward the angle, the slight tuft on this angle being continuous with the edge and
projecting outward rather than downward. The hind wings reach when expanded three-fourths
of the distance to end of abdomen; i)roduced toward the rounded apex; costa nearly straight;
internal angle much produced on the end of Vein VI, with a well-marked tuft.
Venation: No subcostal cell, though the first subcostol venule approaches its main vein very
closely at the origin of the fifth; anterior discal veiu very obliipie, directed inward; in the hind
wings, venation much as in Notodonta, except that both discal veins are directed inward, forming-
a V, whereas in Notodonta the two form one straight line directed outward.
Legs not very stout; tibise with a flat broad tuft. Abdomen cylindrical, rather long, tip
obtuse, rounded.
Coloration: The species are whitish and brownish, with dark brown longitudiual intervenular
streaks; no cross wavy lines or discal spots.
The genus is characterized by the S autenua> being pectinated to the tip, by the small palpi,
by the long wings pointed at the apex, and by the small tuft on the edge of tlie fore wings.
I](j(l. — Hemispherical; shell ornamented with den.se microscopic granulations.
Larra. — Head rather small, narrower than the segments behind; body gradually increasing
in width to the eighth abdominal segment, which is either humped or bears a horn: suranal plate
long, lunate, coarsely granulated; skin smooth, polished; no distinct stripes or bauds. Freshly
hatched larra: Head rather large, flattened, subcordate; a broad black prothoracic plate; on the
eighth abdominal segment a single dorsal oval wart; end of the body held up lu walking.
Cocoon. — A subterranean cell lined with silk.
Pvpa Body rafher slender; cremaster divided into two very short divergent spines.
Geof/raphical disfribution. — This genus is common to Europe and temperate North America
from the Atlantic to the Pacific; occurring in the North American region, including both the
Humid and Arid provinces, but not yet known to inhabit the Austroriparian or Mexican (Souorau)
subprovinces.
Pheosia dimidiata (Herrich-Schaefler).
(PL VII, fig. II.)
Dripnonia dimirliata H.-Sch., Samiul. aussereur. Selimett., p. 6t), fig. 515, 18.56.
rheoshi rimosa Pack., Prcic. Ent. Soc. Phil., ill, p. 358, 1804.
Notodonta californica Stretch, III. Zyg. and Bomb. N. Amer., i, p. 116, PL IV, fig. 5; Larva, plate 10, fig, 9, 1872.
riieosia dictcva Lintner, Ent. C'ontr., iv, p. 76, June, 1878.
Notodonta (Pheosia) rimosa Tepper, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, i, p. 3, 1878.
t'hcosia rimosa Grote, New Check List. N. Amer. Jloths, p. 19, 1882.
Pheosia dimidiata Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Pheosia californica Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Pheosia rimosa Pack., Fifth Eep. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 455, 1890. (Fig. of larva in text.^
Pheosia rimosa Smith, Cat. Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Dyar Psyche, vi, p. 128, 1891.
Kirliy, Syn Cat. Lep. Het.,i, p. 607, 1892.
Pack., Jouni. N. York Ent. Soc, i, p. 63, 1893. (Life history.)
Pheosia portlandia Edwarils, Ent. Amer., ii, p. 168, 1886,
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Uyar, Psyche, vi, pp. 351-353, Nov., 1892.
Notodonta dtscherci Neumogen, Can. Eut., xxiv, p. 227, September, 1892.
Pheosia dimidiata Neum. and Dyar, Traus. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxi, p. 195, June, 1894; Journ, N. Y. Ent. Soc,
ii, p. 115, Sept., 1894.
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OP SCIENCES. 15&
Larva.
(PI. X.\. iig-s. 1-7.)
Stretch, 111. Zyg. and Bomb. N. Aiuer., i, ji, il(l, jil. 10. lig. 'J, 1872.
Lintmr, Eut. t'ontr., iv, p. 7G, 1878.
Tc-pper, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, i, p. S, 1878.
Goodhue, Can. Ent., xiv, p. 73, 1882.
Packard, Fifth Rep. U. S. Ent. Comin., lus. liij. Forest Tree.s, p. 15.'), 18110. (Fig.)
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxiv, pp. .".22-.".23, 18'J0. (8tugc III-V.)
JoLirn. N. York. Ent. Soc, i, pp. (53-68, 18il3.
Dijar, PsycLe, vi, pp. 191-19(i, Dec. 1891.
Psyche, vi, pp. 351-.353, Nov.. 1892. (Description m Cull of egg :in(l of the five larval stages of var.
IKirttainlia.)
Moth. — Thorax aiul head cinereotis; the tuft ou the patagia or shoulder tippet.s tiitped with
dark browu. Fore -nings rouuded and .somewhat produced toward the apex; of a delicate frosty
white aud brown. Along the ends of the subcostal venules of the fore wings are long streaks of
brown; in the apical and subapieal spaces are two long, longitudinal, broad streaks, oblique and
parallel to the co.sta, which termiDate just below the apex; middle of the wing wliite. A long,
broad line extends from the base to Just above the inner angle on the outer margin, liued below
with white, and dcdected upward along the outer edge. Tuft ciuereous. lieueath, cinereous,
costa darker. The female darker than the male. Hind wings white, the region of the internal
angle and tuft dark brown. Legs and abdomen cinereous.
Four examples from Colorado are slightly darker and less fulvous than in Wisconsin aud New
England individuals.
A $ '] from Franconia, N. H.. received from Mrs. Slosson, is very large, expanding CO mm.
It has more dark browu ou the fore wings than usual, a large costo ai>ical dark brown i)atch
coutaining a white slash and a large wide brown region ou the internal edge, extending up the
outer edge to near the apex, the ends of the independent and cubital venules white; but it is not
nearly so dark in the middle of the wing as in \ar. iwrtlandia.
The imago of Stretch's caU/oriiica does not seem to diiier from the Eastern form, and by Messrs.
Lintner and Dyar it is regarded as cospecilic with the Eastern form. In respect to P. jwrtlanflia,
I also regard this as only a climatic, melanotic variety of the Californian aud Eastern dimidiata.
I am indebted to Mr. Dyar for a specimen, though it is somewhat rubbed.
The Oregon form is much darker and slightly larger than the Ea.steru form, and thus
conforms to the law in geograjihical distribution which obtains in the Geometrids, that ou the
Pacific Coast, where the climate is humid, there is a tendency to greater size and darker, almost
melanistic cohn'ation. Var. iwrtlaudia is a melanotic form, aud is dark mouse or sable-browu.
The fore wings are marked precisely as in the normal forms, but the browu marks and slashes are
blacker, and the ground color of the wings smoky or dusky, not being frosted with white scales.
Hind wings dark mouse color ou the inner edge, forming a broad band, extending to the heavy
dark patch at the inner angle, while the rest of the wing is sordid or smoky white, not frosty
white. While the length of the fore wing of my type from Maine is 25 mm., that of portlundia
is 21) mm., tlie entire expanse being ')i mm.
I find that the venation of portlandia does not differ from that of the Eastern dimidiata.
Mr. Lintner gives at length his reasons for regarding our dimidiata [rimosa) as cospecific with
the European dictwa. Sj)ecimeus were sent by Mr. von Meske to Dr. Speyer, who did not doubt
that the two species were identical, the difference being very slight. lie also gives at length the
re.sults of his own coinxjari.sons. He likewise refers to the fact, which I have verified, that there
are two forms of the larva, both iu Europe and in the United States, both on the Atlantic and
I'aciflc coasts, oue being without aud the other with a j'ellow lateral stripe. I should not hesitate
to regard the species as common both to Europe and America, were it not that the European
species is without a horn.
In the figures of the British larva of dictwa in Buckler's work, published by the Kay vSociety,
{his fig. lb, PI. XXXV) the stripe is present ou the eigiith abdondnal segment, while the large horn
of our form is represented by only a hump. In oue of Buckler's figures the humj) of the greeu
1(30 ]\[EM011!S OF THE NATIOXAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
variety is almost obsolete, and tlie blaek Hue is wanting. In Bncklers figures of tlie allied
(licid'oidi'S there is only a bump. Judging by the figures, none of tbe British species seem
identical with ours. In Duponchel and Gueuee's Iconographie et Histoire Naturelle des Chenilles
t. ii, the larva is very well ligurod, but there is no horn, not even a marked lateral black line, aud
tlie liump is not particularly well developed. We have not seen other ligures of the European
caterpillar.
Mr. Meske also wrote me in 1877 as follows:
The imago of Xotodonta rimofia Packard stands very near to tbe European Xotodonta dicia'a Linue, but tbe
larvaj of those two species are entirely ditferent. Tbe larva of the former is very slender, light green, aud has a
caudal horn like a sphinx larva; it feeds ou ro2>iihis tremuloides. This is the second case in tbe North American
fauna wiiere tbe imago stands very near to its allied European form, while tbe larva is entirely difi'ereut. The first
case is Acronycta occidentalis as compared with Act onycta xisi Linm'.
It is well to keep the species thus distinct to emphasize the fact that the full-fed European
larva is more like the younger stages, having lagged iu its development behind the American
form.
Egg. — Diameter, 1..3.mm. Low heniispherical, about one-half as high as broad. Under a
Tolles triplet the- micropyle iu the center is distinctly seen, and the snow-white shell is distinctly,
though very finely, i>itted or graimlated. Under a i inch objective the markings are seen to
be very peculiar, the surface not being divided into polygonal areas, but studded with nucroscopic
beads, which form near the inicroi^yle at the apex radiating series, and lower down lines of beads
more or less parallel with the equatorial diameter. From three to seven eggs are laid on a single
leaf. Probably the moth files from one plant to another, laying a few eggs at a time.
F^'e.shly hatched larva, Stage I. — Described a few hours after hatching, before they began to
feed. Length, 3.5-4 mm. Tlie head is rather large, shining black, smooth, and considerably
wider than the body; not spherical in shape, but somewhat flattened and subcordate or bilobed,
as the occiput is deeply indented. A large, broad, but antero'posteriorly rather short, black,
mostly smooth, prothoracic plate, with slight roughnesses near the front edge where the hairs
take their origin; the hinder edge slightly indented on the median line. On each side of the
plate is a lateral black ])iliferous wart. The second and third thoracic segments each with a pair
of couspicuoiis, oval, black, flattened, piliferous warts, and two small, I'OTind ones ou each side,
the lower one being about one-half as large as the upper. Abdominal segments 1 to 6 each
with four dorsal, piliferoits, flattened black warts, the hinder ones a little farther apart than the
anterior ones, but yet close to the latter. On segment 7 the four corresponding warts are
arranged in a regular trapezoid, the two anterior ones being much nearer together than the
two hinder ones. On the eighth segment is a single central dorsal, black, oval, moderately
prominent wart, which is twice as large as the largest ou the ninth segment; it is transverse,
bearing a bristle at each end, thus having plainly originated from what was once two separate
warts. The latter segment bears four black warts, arranged in a regular trapezoid. The ninth
and tenth segments are held up when the larva walks. The anal legs are black and a little
smaller and shorter than the middle abdominal legs. The black suranal plate is subtriangular,
being obtusely pointed in front; the surface is rough, bearing a rough, low tubercle in fronton
which are minute piliierous warts. The body is somewhat flattened, being broader than high,
and of a pemiliar, pale glaucous or sea green, the skin being polished like porcelain.
The hairs under a i inch objective are seen to be slightly bulbous at the tip, and therefore
glandular, but under a lower power appear to taper like ordinary setae. In Stage II the hairs
are also slightly bulbous, and clear at the tip.
At the cud of Stage I. — Length, 5-('> m:n. The body is much longer than before, so that the
tubercles are farther apart, and now the eighth segment has the dorsal wart surrounded by an
amber-yellow spot, rendering it more conspicuous, and also the latei'al concolorous line has
appeared; the same tint occurs on the base of the abdominal legs.
(Specimens described in part from life, August 2.) Length at the end of the stage, just before
exuviation, G mm. The head is moderately large, in the single larva observed not so wide as the
body, as it was about to molt, the prothoracic segment being greatly swollen. (In alcoholic
specimens tlie head and black piliferous tubercles of the larva in the nest stage can be seen
through.) The head is now black aud slightly bilobed, and 1.5 mm. wide.
IMEMOmS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 161
The protboracic plate is rather broad, liiit (jiiite sliort aiitero posteriorly, with four pililerous
■warts oil the front niid lour on the hinder edjje. The piliferoiis warts on the succeeding segments
are large, distinct, bhii'k, and bear but a single hair. Tlie tubercles on the second ami third tho
racic warts are arranged in a straight trausverse row; the two dorsal ones are slightly larger than
those on the third thoiacic segment. On the alxloininal segments the four dorsal tubercles are :dl
of tiie same si/,(! and arranged in a trapezoid, which bect)mes longer, going backward to segment 7.
On the eighth segment there is a double large black tubercle bearing two bristles; the tubercle is
several times larger than any of the others, and is evidently the result of the coalescence of the
homologues of the two dorsal warts occurring on the segments in front. The ninth segment with
the four dorsal tubercles arranged in a square, with the lateral ones farther up on the back than
the homologous ones in front, and in a subdorsal position. The suranal plate is black brown, nearly
three-fourths as long as broad, bearing six marginal and two dorsal median hairs. The thoracic
legs are black; the abdominal legs i^ale, with an external dark chitinous plate above the planta.
The general color of the body is glaucous green, being of the same hue as the color of the
underside of the aspen leaf, on which it feeds. There is a brown dorsal spot on the eighth
abdominal segment, on which tlie tubercle rests, while along the sides, low dowu, at the base of
the abdominal legs, and in corresponding places where the legs are wanting, is a row of irregular
reddish spots. The skin under a ^-iuch objective is seen to be studded with fine, dark, short,
conical seta- or granulations which are largest and thickest on the sides of and at tlie base of the
middle abdominal legs. The hairs over the body are glandular, slightly bulbous, and about half
as long as the body is thick.
The two 'tenant hairs on the thoracic feet are knife shaped, somewhat as in Ichthijurn inchitin.
The planta^ of tlie abdominal legs have a much larger number of crochets than usual in larva- of
Stage I, as there are twenty-six of them, forming a nearly complete but broken circle, and the
crochets themselves are rather short and blunt.
Stdije II. — Length, S mm. Molted August 3. The Pheosia characters are now declared,
owing to the transformation of the dorsal tubercle on the eighth abdominal segment into a fleshy
cone or low horn. The larva feeds on the edge of the hole which it eats out of the leaf, and at first
sight may be mistaken for a sawfly larva, owing to the dark reddish brown spots and band on
the sides, which resemble abdominal legs and assimilate it in appearance to the edge of the hole,
which turns dark after it has been eaten out by the caterpillar.
The prothoracic shield has now disappeared. — The head slightly narrows above and is slightly
bilobed, smooth, and shining, a little wider than the body, which narrows a little toward tlie end;
it is a dark chestnut-brown on the sides, pale chestnut in front. The body is pale green above,
still of the same hue as the underside of the leaf. The underside is peculiar in the thoracic and
short, thick abdominal legs being dark livid brown; with a large chestnut-brown patch on the
base of each, and on the first and second abdominal segments is a dark brown blotch wlicre the
base of the legs would be if they were present; farther along in the space between the fourth
pair of legs and the anal legs is an irregular dark brown broad line extending along the side of
the body to the sides of the anal legs. The latter are used in creeping, but are about half as
large as the middle ones.
The hump on the eighth abdominal segment is now ireU derdopcd, hif/h, conical, and flcshi/,
slujhthj inclined baclicard, dark at tip, and still bearing two bristles, though the dark chitinous
spine is obsolete; the hornlike tubercle is half as high as the segment is thick. The body behind
the "caudal horn" narrows rather rapidly to the end of the suranal jilate, which is larger than
before, but pale and of the same color as the body.
The anal legs are used, but are about half as large as the middle ones and with much fewer
crochets, which are very numerous iu the middle legs, forming a nearlj' complete circle. The
piliferous warts in general are now very much smaller and paler than iu Stage I, being green, like
the body, and scarcely visible under a strong lens. The hairs are sparse, only one ai'ising from
a wart, and tliey are short and tine.
In this stage the subprothoracic eversible gland was observed in an alcoholic specimen. It
forms a large transverse sack, bleached white by the alcohol, and conriastiug with the red sidn
of the side of the segment. It sends off two lateral si])hon-like long and slender finger-shaped
S. Mis. ."iO 11
162 MEMOIKS OF THE >^ATIOXAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
diverging tubes, out of wbicli the spray is probal)ly forced. Their ends do not reacb to the sides
and are uot visible from tbeiu, but the ghiud is much as tliat of Cerura as figured by Poidton
(Traus. Eot. Soc. Loudou, 1887, I'l. X, tig, 7.)
Stage III. — August G. Leiigtli, 11 mm. The head is now pale amber, but still dusky on the
vertex, and it is also still wider than the body. On each side of the body is a iaiut whitish
subdorsal line. The " caudal horu" is dark brown, uow nearly as long as the eighth segment is
thick vertically. The horu is slightly retractile in this stage, and the base is movable, being
capable of withdrawal and extension and is distinctly uutaut, the apex sometimes hanging over
backward. The sides of the body along the base of both the thoracic and abdominal legs are
uow dark reddish chocolate brown, being of the same color as the horn.
The lateral yellow line (s well marked. The body beneath is pale green. The spiracles forui
a dark dot surrounded by pale greenish.
Stajje IV. — Length, 20 nun. August 25. The body is now thicker than before. The head
is distinctly bilobed, rounded, uari'owing a little toward the vertex. The candal horu is uow
larger, higher, and more acute than in the preceding stage; it is freelj' elevated or allowed to fall
over backward, is soft and flexible, but very slightly 'retractile, and bears a few scattered Hue
bristles. It has a blackish shatle extending up from a poiut above the last spiracle to the apex,
which is dark. The body is chocolate colored; the head redder, flnely juottled with paler
reddish. The suraiuil plate is well rounded behind, the surface roughened, with no piliferous
warts, and this and the anal legs are more reddish than the body, being of a reddish pink hue.
The sx)iracles are much larger thau iu Stage III, and are blackish, surrounded by a broad, pale,
flesh-colored ring. The middle abdominal legs have a sliiuiug chitinous black patch above ihe
planta, there being no such patch on the anal legs. The thoracic legs are dark, pitchy amber.
Mature larva. — Length, 40 mm. The head is usually of the reddish color of the body, but
lighter and mottled. Now all the characters of the larva are assumed. The body is of a peculiar
pearly hue, with a porcelain like polish, the head being of the same tint as the body. The head
is smooth, not (piite so wide as the protlioracic segment, which is nuich smaller than the
somewhat swollen second thoracic segment. All the segments are slightly swollen in the middle.
The eighth abdominal segment is swollen dorsally, and is surmounted by a high, rather stitf, well-
developed horn, which is uot granulated, but somewhat annnlated; it is black, this tint exteuding
as a black lateral line below and l)ehind tlie spiracle. The suranal plate is of peculiar shape,
being long crescentic, and bearing a small knob iu front, tlie surface of the whole plate being
coarsely granulated, rnst-red, becoming greenish in front. The thoracic feet are deep amber-red
or salmon color. Of the abdominal feet the hrst four pairs are large and thick, conical, blackish
in the middle, while the aual i)air are very small, with a rust-red callous spot externally. On the
underside of the abdominal segments is an irregalar greenish median line. Spiracles conspicuous,
black, ringed with yellowish white or nearly white. One observed August oO, immediately after
molting, had a very large head, nearly twice as wide as the slender body, and the suranal plate
was enormous, very wide in jiroportiou to the width of the body. Horn freely movable, wrinkled
around the base, very black, and the black line on each side descends nearly to the spiracle, and
is very distinct ou the purplish reddish skin.
Bceapit Illation. — 1. (Congenital characters.) The median dorsal tubercle or incipient "horn"
on the eighth abdominal segment is in Stage I plainly seen to be double, the result of the
coalescence aud specialization of what were originally two dorsal warts. In Stage II this
tubercle becomes a well-developed, high, conical, fleshy horn.
2. (Acquired or adaptatioual characters). The protlioracic plate of Stage I disappears in
Stage II.
;i. Appearance in Stage II of the dark reddish brown spots analm of Cilead poplar, and well remember the peculiar porcelain polish and lilac tints of
the glaucous green skin and the prominent horn. Dr. Lintuer (Ent. Contr., iv, 70) has given an
interesting accouTit of this caterpillar, which he found both on the aspen and the willow, and he
also at first, as he says, mistook it for some Sphinx larva.
Dr. Dyar has described (Psyche, Vol. VI, p. 190) at length all the stages {i\\ii) of this species
[F. dimidiatd H. S.) from California, where it feeds on poi)lar and willow. Ilis larvae were found
in the Yoseinite Valley, California, and he says that iu that region there are two broods a year,
the winter being passed iu the pupa state. (In New York there seem to be also two lii-oods, from,
the statement of Mr. Tepper, given below.) It seems to differ iu Stage I from the normal form iu
the eighth abdominal segment having "a single large dorsal dot instead of row 1, but it bears two
seta^" (p. 351).
In Maine 1 observed the eggs and freshly hatched youug on the underside of the leaves of
the aspen the 2()th of July and 1st of August. The female lays usually three eggs near together
on a leaf. The larva does not appear to eat them up, as the eggs are found throughout the
mouth, with simply the hole gnawed by the larva in making its exit. The young larva is solitary,
and eats a i)atch ou the underside of the leaf. The larva in the second and later stages were
unusually frequent iu Maine in 18!l0.
The larva has been described by Mr. C. F. Goodliue, who has found it on the poplar and
willow in New Hampshire late in September. "The trausforniatiou takes place in a slight cocoon
of dead leaves fastened together with a few silken threads, on the surface of the ground, much in
the manner of Darap.sd mijron." Tlic moth appears iu sjiring, as well as in August; it occurs
throughout the Eastern and Middle States.
Mr. F. Tepper has raised the caterpillar which occurred on the willow in New York June 22;
it went under ground a few days after, and the moth emerged August 22.
Geographical distribution. — Occurs in the Appalachian and Campestrian aubprovinces. Orono,
Me. (Mrs. Eernald) ; Brunswick, .Me. (Packard) ; New Uampshire (Goodhue) ; Amherst, Mass. (^Irs.
Fernald); Albany, N. Y. (Lintuer, Meske); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); Seattle, Wash. (John.son);
Victoria, British Columbia (Neumoegen).
Var. portlandia, Portland, Oreg. (Behreus, Dyar); normal form Chicago, 111. (Westcott);
Kacine, Wis, (Meske); Colorado (U. S. Nat. Mus.); Alaska, Maryland, Colorado, Ohio, and
Nebraska (U. S. Nat. Mus.); Canada, Maine, New Hampshire. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New
York, North Cai'olina, Los Angeles, Cal., Jlichigan (Cook, ^Mus. Comp. Zool.); Fort Collins, Colo.,
June 20, at light (Baker); New Jevsey, Peunsylvauia, Nebraska (Palm).
1G4 MEMOIKS OF TUE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Notodonta Ochseuheiiufr.
(PI. XLI, lig. (J; XLII, lig. 1, veuiitiou.)
Nulodonta Ochs., Schmett. Eiir.. ii. |i. 4.">, IslO.
Hlibner, Verz. Schmett., p. 14(3, 1816.
Hylesia (iu part) Hlibner, Verz. Schiuett., p. 186, 1816.
Xoiodunta Boisd., Gen. et lud. Moth., p. 86, 1840.
and I'eridia, Dupouchel. Cat. Meth. Ldp. Eur., ]i. 111. 1844.
yotoddiita Herr.-Schaeft'er, Syst., Bearli., Schmett., Eur., ii, 1845.
Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mas., v. p. 995, 1855.
Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p, 356, 1864.
Stand., Cat. Lep. Eur., p. 72, 1871.
Grote, Check List N. Am. Moths, p. 18. I,s82.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amor., p, 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 599. 1892.
(in part) Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxi, p. 184, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc,
ii, p. 113, Sept., 1894.
Moth. — Head uot prominent: front ratlier narrow, its vestiture long- and loose, forming a
median cre.st between the autennie; the hitter pectinated to near the tips, often with short stout
branches which are ciliated at the end; the .joints iu 9 simple; a tuft of scales at the base of each
antenna. Masilhv .slender, about the length of the front. Palpi porrect, reaching' to the front,
moderately stout; third joint not very distinct from the second, wliich is hairy beneath. Eyes
hairy. Thorax smooth, not tufted. Fore wings a little less tiian one-half as broad as long; costa
convex near the base and toward the apex much more rounded than usual; outer edge obli(]ne,
nearly as long as the internal edge; the aju'X much more rounded than usual; internal edge full
near the base, with a prominent tuft in the middle. Venation: Costal region rather wide; no
subcostal cell; fourth subcostal venule long; discal vein transverse, not oblique, each vein curved;
those of the hind wings oblique, both in the same line, not being oblique to each other. Legs
densely liairy. Abdomen rather full, simple at the end. Coloration of the species usually gray,
■with reddish brown markings, and usually a discal spot.
The species of this genus differ from those of the allied genera in the well-rounded apex of
the fore wings, the feebly pectinated antenna^, the branches being short and ciliated, in the tuft
on the inner edge, and iu the presence or lack of a subcostal cell, while the outer edge of the
-wings is not scalloped.
I find that altlnnigh our JV. straf/uhi in its larval and most of its adult structural characters is
closely related to the European iV. ziczac, yetthe latter has no subcostal,cell, though one is present
in N. stragula (three S examined). In N. simplaria, however, there is no cell. In larval characters
our i*i^. strayxla agrees with the European X. (h-omedarius, trit02)hufi, and ziczae.
Larva. — Head large, square; a large high nutant hump on second and a lower one on third
and a very prominent one on eighth abdominal segment, the latter ending in two tubercles. Anal
legs long, but used in walking. The European species have from three to live humps. In the
European N. ziczac there are, judging by Buckler's flgures, as in our species, but three humps; in
N. tritophux there are four, while the larva of N'. dromedarins most approaches Nerice in liaving
five humps, four on each of the four basal abdominal segments and one on the eighth.
Pupa. — No distinct cremaster, the body being smooth and rounded at the end.
Ge(){iraphw((l di.strihnfion. — It is interesting to notice that in the European forms (and iu
Europe there are more species than iu North America) there is a tendency among the species,
which vary in the number of dorsal humps, to fill up the gap between the genus Notodonta and
Nerice. In fact, the latter genus exists in northeastern Asia,' and this fact adds another point of
resemblance between the fauna of northeastern America and northeastern Asia.
SYXOI'SIS OF THE SPECIES.
Fore winiTS rounded, mouse-gray, with reddish brown spots; no cross lines; tuft narrow, pointed; a distinct
linear discal spot jV. straiinJa
Ash-gray, with no brown; fore wings with two dark scalloped lines N. simphiria
i Nerice davidi Oberthur, from the north of China.
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SGIENCEy. 165
Notodonta stragula Grote.
(PI. IV, lig. i.)
Xoiodimta stragula Grote, Proc. Ent. .Soc. Phil., iii, p. 93, PI. XI, fig. 2, i , 1SG4.
Pack., Proc. Eut. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 357, 186-1.
Grote, Chock List N. Amer. Moths, p. 18, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 601, 1892.
Xotodonta pacifica Behr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2(1 ser., iii, p. 206, April, 1892.
stritijuhi Xeum. and Dyar, Traus. Amer. Eut, Soc, xxi, p. 185, Juue, 1894; Jouni. X. Y. Eiit. Soc,
ii. p. 113, Sept., 1894.
Larva.
(PL XIX, tigs. 1-3.)
Tepper, Bull. Ent. Soc, Brooklyn, i, p. 10, 1878.
Edunrds and Elliot, Papilio, iii, p. 129, 1883.
I'ackard, 5th Eep. U. S. Eut. Comm. ou Forest Insects, ijp. 45lj, 4l)3, 1890.
Moth. — Auterior wings slaty gray, shaded with pale buff along internal margin, with a
cliestnnt-brown basal patch and some brown streaks and spots in the terminal space; internal
margin crested. Extreme base of the wing brownish; basal line distinct; snbbasal space large,
grayish at costa, rich chestnnt-brown below the cnbital vein, pale buff along the internal margin,
which latter shade extends from base to internal angle. A very dark brown streak extends from
the basal line to the transverse auterior line below the median vein, and a similar streak at internal
margin. Transverse anterior line daik brown, grayish at costa, undulate, bordered anteriorly by
a pale buff shade from below subcostal vein to internal margin. Median space widest at costa,
narrow at internal margin, grayish, with an elongate pale discal spot with dark brown center.
Transverse posterior line cinereous, indistinct, subdentate, continued. Terminal space with a
series of rich chestnut-brown streaks between the veins; twt) more, linear, near the a]iex. Posterior
wings pale cinereous with two indistinct median bands; anal angle touched with brownisli.
Thorax and collar brownish; tegnhe grayish; abdomen cinereous, slightly browni.sh above. Under
surface of thorax and inside of legs brownisli ; uutside of legs and sides of thorax clothed with
cinereous hairs. Expanse of wings, l.tiO inches. (Grote.)
Dr. Dyar writes me that he has seen Behr's X. ixicifica. -'It is just like N. iiira(jHla, \mt
darker, the thorax most black." I have also seen a poor specimen in Mr. Dyar's collection. It may
be compared with I'lieotiin porUandla, wliich I regard as a melanotic form of P. dimliJiuid. I
copy Behr's description.
Anterior wings; hasal third brown, liordered by a darker line, preceded by a dilution; from these the auterior
half ashy gray, tlio po.sterior half brown; the second liue convergent and almost touching the first line that borders
the basal third of the wing, preceded by a discal linear mark, which is followed by a diluted shade, eudiug with a
■well-darkened apical mark, divided by two uorves into three spots. Near the external margin a diluted fulvous
shade. Hind wings grayish.
Found in Placer County, Cal.
The species is similar to X. :ic:ac, but the thorax is darker than the iiuterior wings.
Tyiie in collection of the California Academy of Sciences.
Lttrra. — Dr. Dyar has sent me the following description of the early larval stages from his
notes :
"AY«//(' J. — On hatching the larva runs to the apex of the leaf and sits with the anterior half of
its body projecting. It eats the upper surface of the leaf. Head round, pale brown; width, .">
mm. Body shining, sordid greenish, a subdorsal whitish line which becomes broken into oblirpie
segmentary lines on the abdomen, a whitish lateral line. Segments (> and 1- slightly enlarged
dorsally. Thoracic feet and leg idates black. Cervical shield pale brown, tiansverse. Tubercles
distinct, black, normal i-v, vi absent, a long one on the leg plate. (It is structurally not different
from Nerice in Stage I, and has the same habits.
" Stage IT. — Head high, narrowed towai-d the vertex, flattened before; smoky blackish mottled
with pale in front in two ill defined vertical bands. Body dark purplish with a blackish dorsal
baud and a pale shade on the side of the hump ou abdominal segment 8 and slight pale lateral
obliody cylindrical, abdominal
segment 8 enlarged dorsally, sloping off rapidly to segment 9, which is small; anal feet used,
about the same size as the other abdominal ones. Ou abdominal segment 2 a dorsal fleshj' hump,
low, conical, nutant; a very slight one also on abdominal segment 3. Color lilac-white, diffusely
marked along the sides with a darker shade. A brown-black dorsal band jiarrowing ont and
disappearing on abdominal segments 4-(!, but distinct again posteriorly. Thoracic feet dark, a
faint white stigmatal line.
•• StiKje IV. — Head higher than ])rotliorax, coueolorous with body, with a iinri)lisli liand lr(^m
the palpi narrowing to the vertex of each lobe. Some nearly coueolorous mottlings, especially
laterally posteriorly. Body lilac-white; the darker lateral streaks become obli(pie subdorsals, but
are faint, as is the white stigmatal line. Dorsal band continuous, but very narrow on abdominal
segments -i-O, velvety browu-black ou the nutaut hump on abdominal segment li, reddish on the
hump on 8. Venter heavily shaded with purple-brown. I>egs all dark; a white line on the one
on abdominal segment 0, Tubercles small, coueolorous with very fine short seta-. Seta i is borne
on the hump on the eighth abdonnnal segment, but only on the bases of the horns on abdominal
segments 2 and 3. Altogether similar to the last (fifth) stage." (Dyar.)
Dr. Dyar has reared the larva, and finds that there are five stages. The widths of the head are
(in the larva exanuned) (>.."), 1.1, l.G, 2.3.5, 3..j mm.
Larva hcfore last molt. — Head large, oval, Itattened in front, narrowing t(jward the vertex,
which is slightly bilobed; the head is wider than the thoracic segments; the body is thickest on
the second and third abdominal segments, on each of which is a thick, fleshy, conical, soit tubercle,
the apex falling over backward; they may be elevated and somewhat enlarged or depressed, the
anterior tubercle the larger of the two; the body is nnich
humped dorsally on the eighth segment; supraanal ])late
smooth, much rounded; the anal legs slender, not nearly so
thick as the other abdominal legs. General color pearly,
glaucous, whitish gray, somewhat marbled with brown; head
of the same color, marbled witii l>rown; a broad, faint, lateral
band shaded behind with white. A brown dorsal line extends
from behind the head to apex of second tubercle on third
abdominal segment; thence a faint vascular line extends to
end of supraanal i)late. The hump on eighth segment pale
rust, yellowish red on sides, deeper jibove in the middle. A
pale pinkish stigmatal line. Length, 20 mm.
Mature larra. — Length, 40 mm. Does not differ except in size from previous stage. The head
is rather square on the sides, narrowing above, and scarcely bilobed above; it is of the same
general shape as in Schizura and Janassa. In this species, instead of a single hump on the first
abdominal segment, there is a large, high, soft, movable hump on the second, and which nods
backward, besides one a little stouter and shorter on the third. The humps are simple, with no
traces of a fork or of bristles, and they are both brownish, of the hue of a dead dry leaf. The
very prominent hump on the eighth abdominal segment bears two slight low tubercles, but no
bristles. The anal legs are long and slender, but the planta is well provided with crochets.
Underside of body dusky; the i)ale lilac lateral line sends a branch down the middle of the feet
on the sixth abdominal segment.
I add Mr. Edwards's description of the full-fed caterpillar:
Head slate color, mottled with black, and with a jiale stripe on each side. Jlouth parts with a greenish tinge.
Body pale lilac, with the exception of the eleventh and twelfth segments,, which are dull golden. The seventh and
eighth segments h.ave raised prominences, which are also golden, that of the seventh being the largest. Laterally
there are some pale obliijne streaks somewhat similar to those of many Sphingida'; these do not meet on the back,
where there is a faint slate-colored line. Between the second and sixth segments, and conmion to all of these, is a
darker dorsal shade which reappears on the eleventh and twelfth segments. The spiracles are white, with a black
ring, and the lower lateral line is paler than the rest of the body. The twelfth segment bears a hnmp. and the sides
of the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth segments are pale brown, mottled with orange. Abdoniinal legs dull slate
color, mottled with black; thoracic legs black. Length, 53 mm.
Pig. G6 — End of pupa of XotuJoiUa strufiula.
al, anal legs: cr, the vestigial crema.ster.
MEMOreS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 167
I'lipd. — S . ]'>i)(ly nitlicr slender, much as iu Lophodoiita. Head nimided as usual. Abdiuniiial
segments smooth, spaisidy. and finely i)ittiHl; end of tlie abdomen smootli, ending- in a shoit, veiy
broad, crenuister, bearing lu-ar tlie outer edge on tlie underside tour or live sliorfc spine.s and with
two spines, one on each side, at the end. V(\stiges of the larval male sexual a])erture with an oval
aiea on each side. Length, 17 mm.
Food plants. — Willow and poplar.
Habits. — Tlie cateri)illar of tliis luoMi has been reared by ^Ir. Tepper iu Xew York. It was
found on the poplar July 4, the motii ap])earing July L'7. (Bull. Ent. Soc. Broolilyn, i, 10.)
Messrs. Edwards and Elliot have found the food plant to be the willow.
This singular cateri)illar is not unconunon at Brunswick, ^le., late in August. It has the
peculiajrity of raising and depressing the two large dorsal horns in the middle of the body; when
at rest they are depressed, appearing simply as humps; when erect they are somewhat larger and
evaginated. with their psendojoints like those of a telescope; probal)ly they serve to frighten away
ichneumons. IMy specimens molted for the last time August 31.
A caterpillar of this species was observed feeding on the extremity of a partially eaten leaf
of pojilar, and its oblicjue markings bore a striking resemblance to the twisted, partly dead, and dry
jKution of the leaf. The larva stood feeding in a very conspicuous position, ami would easily be
mistaken for an end of the poplar leaf.
The larva occurs in IMarch, May, June, July, August, and September. (Eiley MS.)
Geographical turned, and the body wlieu disturbed twisted into
a partial spiral. The next day it molted. I had supposed it might be a Notodontian, but Dr. Dyar
on reading my description thinks it is almost surely a Noctuid, and that it has been described by
R. Thaxter. The following description was made two days after it had molted and before the body
had tilled out, as it tapered slightly to the end:
tStcifie III?. — Length, 8-9 mm. The head is large and broad, somewhat rounded, but seen
from iu front somewhat square, being about as broad as long; it is much wider than the body, the
latter not yet being tilled out; it is pale, raw sienna brown, witli dense reddish brown spots
arranged in two broad diffuse median and two broad diffuse longitudiual bands; it is slightly
bilobed and much rounded on the vertex, not angular, and with no tubercles. The segments of
the body are transversely wrinkled. The body above is of a peculiar dark sea-green hue, and
below this runs into a d;irk umber brown. The first thoracic segment has no tubercles or marks,
but is dark brown on the sides and on the back, with irregular scattered pale spots. On the
second thoracic segment is a prominent transverse ridge, with a small tubercle at each end; it is
dark on the anterior slope, but on the summit and on the posterior slope whitish ash. This pale
area extends bai'k to the first abdominal segment, but does not include it, though it passes down
to the side of that segment and extends backward, forming a lateral diffuse, rather irregular
spiracular baud, from which a pair of obli(pie pale stripes extend upward upon the back, not (juite
reaching the fine median blackish line; posteriorly it forms the pale edge of the suranal plate.
A decided dorsal hump on the eighth abdominal segment, which is dark velvety umber-brown
with the hinder edge below whitish. The end of the body is decidedly elevated, and the dark
anal legs are as large as the middle set of abdominal legs, which are llesli colored. The thoracic
legs are dark green, concolorous with the thoracic segment.
Ellida Grote.
(PI. XLII, lig. 4. venation.)
EllUUi iWoxe, Can. Kiit.. viii, p. 12.5, July, 1876.
Ciiniidiipkora Walk., Cat. Leii. Het. Br. Mils., ix. p. 18, 185(5.
Ellida Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 597, 1892.
Xeuui. ami Dyar, Trau.s. Amer. Eut. Soc, xxi, p. 187, .June, 1894: .Tonru. N. Y. Eat. Soc., ii,p. 208,
Sept., 1894.
Moth, — Ilead much as in iSTotodonta; the front shaggy, moderately wide; the hairs abundant;,
eyes naked. The male antenu;^ broadly pectinated; "female antenuii; more shortly and finely
bipectinate" (Grote). The palpi much as in Notodonta, being short and broad, the third joint
short and conical, but distinct, and reaching slightly beyond the front. The thorax is smooth,,
not tufted.
Fore wings not broad, the costa regularly convex; the apex not produced and rounded as iu
jSiotodonta, but moderately acute; outer edge short; inner edge simple, not tufted. Venation
much as iu L. hasitriens, there being no subcostal cell. The costal region is rather wide;
six subco-stal branches, the second very short; the sixth arises nearer tlie discal vein than in
L. basitriens. The arrangement of the discal veins is much as in L. hasifricns, their course being-
nearly straight. Hind wings somewhat pointed toward the apex. The subcostal does not fork so
far out near the outer edge of the wing as iu Xotodouta, while the two discal veins taken together
make a regular curved line.
The abdomen is smooth, not tufted at the end, but conical. Legs moderately stout, pilose;
a pair of discal spurs on the hind tiljia- not projecting far beyond the hairs.
Coloration somewhat as in Schizura leptinoides, reminding one at first of that species; fore
wings ash-gray, with transverse lines, but the venules only slightly marked with dark spots and
streaks. A distinct curvdinear discal spot and just within it three short parallel distinct brown
lines, which are most distinct iu the median space. Hind wings ashbrown. Collar dark.
MEMOIltS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
169
The genus differs fioui Notoiloiit;i in tlic inoie stroii.uly jiectiiiated aiiteiin;i% in the more
pointed, less rounded wings, and in tlic venation. Tlio paljii arc nearly the same.
Larva. — I'nknown.
Geographical distrihittion. — So tar as known, conflned to the Appalachian sul)pro\in(;o.
Ellida caniplaga ( Walk.j.
rPl. rv, tig. 24.)
('j/miilopliora itiiiiplai/a Walk., Cat. Le|i. l!r. Jliis., ix, p. 18, 1856.
Edema iransvemnta AValk., Clt. Lep. Br. Mils., xxxii, j). 427, 1865.
Bomhijc'ia caniplaga Grote, Rull. Biift". .Soc. Nat. Sci., ii, p. 5, 1874.
ICllida /jelida Groto, Can. Eut., viii, p. 12(5, July, 1876; New Check List N. Amer. Motk.s, p. 19, 18X2.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Ainer., p. ."50, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. .597, 1892.
Smith. Cat. Lep. Snperlamily Xoctuiilae, p. 29, 1893.
EUkla eaiiiphuja Keiitn. and Dyar, Trans. Anicr. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 208, 1894 ; .Joiirn. X. V. Ent. Sdc, ii. p. 117,
Sept., 1894.
Motli. — Two S . Head, palpi, and prothoracic collar vaudyke brown, the front part of the
thorax contrasting witli the mou.se-gray hinder portion. Fore wings uniform ash-gray; no
di>tinct transverse line at the base, but just before the middle of the wing are three vandyke-
brown parallel close-set lines which begin on the costa, but are nmst distinct and iieavy between
the subcostal vein and above the median fold; the outermost and innermost of the three lines
e.\tcnd to the inner edge of the wing, Init the middle one is obsolete. The outermost of the three-
lines is situated veiy near the dark Vandyke brown, distinct, curvi-
linear discal spot, aiul tins distinguishes the species from any other
Notodontian. On the outer fourth of tiie wing are two faint seal-
Ioi)ed dark lines, represented by venular dots; a marginal row of
iri'egular brown spots.
Hind wings and abdomen dark ash-gray, and both pairs of wings
beneath of the same hue. The underside of the costa is not check-
ered with light and dark spots, as it is in Schizura and other genera.
Expanse of wings, i 37-41} mm.; length of body, J.> mm.
At first this species might be mistaken for a variety of Schizura
Icptiiwides; as the shape of the wing, the discal spot, and the lines
are sim"ilar, but in no other species is the linear dark discal spot
situated so near the transverse lines, the.se three lines being heavier
and most distinct in the middle of the wing. Also the dark brown
collar is pecndiar, the thorax not being tufted. The i)ectinated S
antenniB will separate the geiuis from any except Notodonta, to which it is nearest allied.
Professor Smith includes this genus in the Noctuida', placing it in IJombycia, but its venation
is that of the Notodontiua', as it has but three branches of the cubital vein, and the subcostal
venules are as in the NotodontiuiTe. He also remarks: '-The type is in the Saunders collection at
Oxford, England. A figure sent me by Mr. Schaus proves it to be 'Edema frausrerfiata AValk.,
Ellida (jclida Grt.'" (Cat. Noi-tuid;e, p. 29, 1S'J3.)
Geographical distribution. — New York (Dyar); St. Catherines, Canada (Norman); Canada
(French); Kittery, Me. (R. Thaxter); Plattsburg, N. Y., April 20, May l.^>, 10,30 (G. H. Hud.son).
Nerice Walker.
(PI. XLIII, ligs. 1, 1(1. Venation.)
Xerice Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., pt. v, p. 1076, 1855.
Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 358, 1864.
Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirhy, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., 1, p. 487, 1892.
Xeiim. anil Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xxi, p. 187, .Tune, 1894; .lourn. X'. Y. Ent. Soc, ii, p. 114,
.Sept., 1894.
Moth. — Head moderately prominent; front squarish, moderately broad, the scales on it evenly
cut, rather short; the tuft at the base of each antenna rather prominent. Antenna' not quite half
as long as the fore wings, and in £ well pectinated to the tips; the branches four times as long as
Fig. 67.— Frenulum loop ou the costal,
■i-iu of the fore wing of Xerice bidentata.
170 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
tlie anteiiiial Joints, and ciliated. Pa]])i large and stont, ascending, curving- np in front of the
clypeus, and re:icliing well beyond the front of the head; the hairs beneiith thick and spreading;
third joint small, conical. IMaxilhe short, not reaching out to the paljii. Thorax with a high
pointed median tiitt, slojiing behind.
Fore wings a little less than one-half as broad as long; costa convex, esi)ecially toward the
apex, which is rounded; outer edge oblique, slightly convex to the internal edge. Venation: A
long narrow subcostal cell; second and third subcostal ^•enules unusually shoit, the ajncal space
between the costa and subcostal vein being very narrow; in this respec't the genus is much as in
Lophodonta (especially L. hnsitriens); the third subcostal venule is oue-half as long as the second.
The venation is otherwise as in Notodouta, the discal veins being the same, and vein VI looped at
base, as in Notodonta.
The genus differs from Notodonta in having no tuft on the inner edge. The hind wings differ
from those of Notodonta in being shorter and rounder and in the apex being more produced,
while the venation differs in tlie costal vein being longer and turned up at the end on the costa;
otherwise the venation is much as in Notodonta.
The legs are much as in Notodonta, being rather slender, the femora and tibiae densely pilose,
the latter with moderately large tibial spines. Abdomen blunt at the end, with a small anal tuft.
Coloration : The only North American species is whitish gray, witli brown between the cubital
vein and the costa, sending two prominent teeth toward the internal edge. There are no
transverse lines of any sort. The hind wings ai'e chocolate-brown.
This genus is distinguished by the antenme being pectinated to the end, and with longer
branches than in Notodonta; by the large palpi extending well in front of the head; especially by
the high prominent median thoracic tuft, and by the well-rounded apex of the fore wings. It
differs from Notodonta not only in the more broadly iiectinated antenna^ l)ut in the much longer
pal))! and the squarer fore wings, the outer c()lished green hue as the body, with four perpendic-
ular silvery green lines, tlie two outer ones running
parallel to the triangular piece and then taking its
V-shaped f(U'm. A row — four to .six — of minute black
eye-spots at base of palpi. Three thoracic segments,
above pale silvery green, interrupted, however, by a
straight dorsal and wavy subdorsal line of the dark
bluish green general color. Segments 4 to 11, inclu-
sive, each with a large anteriorly directed prominence
ending in a bifid ridge, the incision being transverse. •
the anterior ])ortion being curved backward and larger than the posterior ]>art, the two looking very
nuich like the bill of an eagle and susceptible of being opened and closed. Segments from ] to 0
giadually increasing; 0 to 9 about of a size, or showing but a very slight decrease; 10 and 11
somewhat smaller and of a size, though the prominence on 11 is more pointed and higher than
that on 10. Steej) decline from 11 to anus, with but a very sligiit proniinence on 12. The upper
half of the body, including prominences, is silvery-green, with the dark lines already mentioued
on thoracic segments, and an oblir|ue dark line running on the other segments from anterior base
of ])rominence to the ])osteri()r portion of the following segment. Summits of ])rominences yellowish,
with extreme edges brown. Spiracles yellowish with a lilaceous annulafion. Thoracic segments
with a lilaceous line, bordered above with yellow immediately aliove the legs; segments 4 and .j with
a distinct and the rest of the segments each with an indistinct jiatch of the same two colors in a
line with it, frequently becoming confluent and forming another line from 10 to anal legs." (Riley.)
This larva, judging by the figure and description of Mr, C. L. Marlatt,' is an exaggeration of
«is*'
Fig. 68. Xerice hidenfata.- a. moth: ft, larvar c. pnpa; d,
folded iuftf iiu-lit.siuff the cofoon. all natural size; e, tlie egg
enlarged, with outliue of the surface ])atteni ranch mngnified.
C. L. Marlatt, del.
'Trans. 20tb and 21st anuual meetings of the Kansas Academy of Science, 1887-88, xi, 1889, 110.
172 .AIEJIOIIJS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIEXCES.
the appearance of the European ^V. dromedariim, as each abdominal segment from the first to the-
nintli bears a hxrge, fleshy, two-toothed hump, the three largest on segments 3 to 5. Thus the
outline of the back is serrate, and perhaps mimics the serrate edge of the leaf of the elm on which
it feeds. The body is greenish, with the upper half of the sides washed with white, with crimson
spots and bands, the tip of the dorsal protuberances being also crimson.
Mr. Marlatt does not state whether the dorsal tubercles are movable, or whether the caterpillar
is protected by mimicking the outlines or the colors of the leaves of its food plants. Further
observations are needed on this point.
Cocoon. — "The cocoon is formed on the surface of the earth, and consists of loose, yielding
silk and earth." (Riley.) Marlatt states that the caterpillars s[)iu "('oeoons of stout, brownish
silk in folded leaves or under some slight protection at the surface of the soil, concealed by
particles of earth.
Pupa. — The body is rather thick, the cremaster very blunt, with a long, slender, acute point
bearing very short curled setre, and divided at the end into two minute forks. Surface of the
body with shallow sparse pits; on the sutures of the abdomen very finely shagreened. Length,
10-18 mm. "The pui)a was very active, rolling a foot or more at a time." (Soule.^
I am indebted to Miss Caroline G. Soule for the excellent colored figure of the larva on PI. XIX.
Eahifs. — Mr. Marlatt has published in the Transactions of the Twentieth and Twenty-first
Annual JNIeetings of the Kansas Academy of Science (18S7-SS) an account of the habits and
transformations, with the accompanying figures, of this singular Xotodontian. It appears to be
double brooded, as the moths appeared in Kansas froni May to June, and the females deposited
their eggs at that time, a second brood of moths probably appearing about the 1st of August,
as the caterpillars became fully grown September 11 to 21. They spin cocoons of stout, brownish
silk within folded leaves (flg. GQil) or under some slight i)rotection at the surface of the soil,
concealed by particles of earth.
I once found the larva on the elm at Providence fully grown September 3, but failed to-
describe it; it pupated September (i, and the moth appeared in May of the following year.
We are indebted for the following notes on the larva to Professor Riley:
Found September 16, 1869, at Bellville. on the common elm, a most singular caterpillar, September 26, 1869,
they all descended to the ground and formed their eocoon.s in the same corner of the breeding cage. It issued the
following May 4, 1870. From a larva found feeding on the elm August 26 the moth issued September 21. (Fifth
Rep, 1^, S. Ent. Comm. p, 267,)
]\Ir. Dyar writes that he has found the larva in its second stage early in the summer (June)
in its " perch." at Keene Valley, Essex County, X. Y.
Food plant. — It has not yet been found on any other plant than the elm.
Geogrnphicnl distribution. — The genus ranges through the Appalachian into the eastern
portions of the Cam])estrian subprovince, not having yet been observed west of the great plains.
Franconia, X. II. (Slosson); Brookline, Mass. (Miss Soule); Amherst, ^lass. (Mrs. Fernald);
Trenton Falls, X. Y'. (Doubleday); Providence, R. I. (Packard); Xew York (Grote); Missouri
(Riley and Miss Mnrtfeldt); Eastern Kansas (Marlatt); Topeka, Kans. (Popenoe); Canada,
Maine, JIassachusetts, Xew Hampshire, Wisconsin, Ohio, Carbondale, III. (French); Plattsbwrg,,
X. Y'. (Hudson); Xew Jersey, Pennsylvania (Palm); Chicago, 111. (Westcott).
Dasylophia Packard.
(PI. XLII, fig.s. ."), 5a, 6, venation.)
FlinUvna Abbot ,aud Smith, Nat. Hist, Lep, Ins, Georgia, p. 167, Tab, LXXXIV, 1797.
Kritodoniu Harris, Cat. lus, Mass., p. 73, 183.'5.
Datmiai Walker, Cat. Lep. Br. Mus,, v, p, 1062, 1855.
Datanai Morris, Synopsis Lep. N. .\uier,, p 2-17, 1886.
Dasylophia Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil,, iii, p. .362, 1864.
Grote, New Check List N, Amer, Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor, Amer,. p. 30, 1891.
Halima Kirby, Syn. Cat, Lep. Het,. i, p. 569. 1892.
Dosjilopliia Ncum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent, Soc, xxi, p. 200, .June. 1894; .lourn. N, V, Ent, Soc, ii, p, 116,
Sept,. 1894.
Moth. — Head large and rather }iromincnt, vertex witli two high jiointcd erect tufts, the tips of
which meet over the vertex, reaching to the level of the thorax in 5 . a little shorter in S .
Antcnnte with long slender jjectinatious on the basal two-thinls, while the remaining third is
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL A('x\.l)EMY OF SCIENCES. 173
provided witli lateiiil setu-; in 5 simple. I'ldpi .slifilitly ascendinf;'; third Joint pas.sing beyoud. the
trout, second Joint slightly curved upward, the scales beneath the Joints being short; third Jiint
half as long as the second, porrect, being directed forward at a slight angle with the second Joint.
Thorax short; the scales of the prothorax distinctly marked.
Fore wings hardly one-half as long as broad: costa very slightlj' concave in the middle,
toward the tip a little convex; outer margin oblicpie; internal angle obtuse; the inner edge near
the base of the wing is full in i , iu the 9 straight. Venation: A short subcostal cell, the discal
vein of both wings forming a regular curve. Hind wings with the costa long and straight, ajiex
subrectangular ; from thence the outer margin is longer than usual and slowly rounded to the
not very distinct internal angle. The wings reach to the basal two-thirds of the abdomen.
Legs pilose, the anterior femora densely so, those of the 9 with longer scales, and more
irregularly and thickly pilose.
Abdomen long, cylindrical, with lateral tufts, and tip of $ slightly tufted.
In coloration the species are generally gray, with dark streaks running parallel to the \enules.
There is a distinct basal longitudinal mesial streak and an outer very distinct geminate curved liue.
The long, slender, acute paljji. the high conical tufts on the vertex of the head, the shape of
the wings, their markings, and the venation are sufficiently diagnostic of this genus.
7J//r/. — Shape of a flattened spheroid, the upper pole somewhat concave, a little broader at the
base than at the top. Surface of the sliell covered with polygonal areas, which vary somewhat in
shape, size, and distance apart, the interspaces being rather broad.
Larrn. — Head round; liody elongated, rather slender, of nearly unif. 247, 1862.
JJaxijIopliia anguina Paclc, Proc. Ent. Soc, Phil, iii, p. 362, 1864.
Hetcrocampa punctata Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxxii, p. 420, 1865 (fide Grote and Eob.).
Dasylophia amjiiina Grote, New Cheek List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
.Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891; var. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xx, p. 11, 1893.
var. pnnia gorda Slossou, Can. Ent., xxiv, p. 129, 1892.
Hatima anguina Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 569, 1893.
Dasylophia anguina Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxi, p. 200, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.,,
ii, p. 116, Sept., 1894.
Larva.
(PI. XXI, figs. 1-6.)
Abbot and Smith, Jfat. Hist. Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 167, Tab. LXXXIA' (colored figure of larva with pupa and
moth).
Harris, Ent. Corresp., p. 304, PI. I, fig. 12, 1869 (col. (ig.).
Dyar, Eut. Amer., v, p. 55, 1889.
Packard, Proc. Best. Soo. Nat. Hist., xxiv, p. .528, 1890, PI. Ill, figs. 1-8 (figures of all larval stages). Fifth
Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 366, 1890 (PI. XXXII, fig. 3).
2[ofh. — Two , one 9 . Ash gray, mixed with suow-white scales on the bead, thorax, and
costa and base of fore wings. Basal region of fore wings whitish and inclosing a eonspicaous
long bhxck line, extending along the cubital vein to the origin of the third cubital venule, and a
shorter one diverging from it situated in the discal space and ending at the base of the first
cubital venule; also a brown slash in the second cubital interspace. No transverse line on the
basal third of the wing. Near the apex of the wing are three subparallel black longitudinal
streaks. A transverse line on the outer fourth of the wing, which is obsolete on the inner edge
of the wing and faintly marked on the costa, with fine black specks on each side, and inclosing a
row of minute black dots. The veins and venules are speckled with black scales; two black spots
larger than the others are situated in the subcubital space inside of the cross line, and a larger
round black spot in the second cubital interspace, near the outer edge, besides a smaller one in
the first cubital interspace; they are encircled with whitish scales. A faint submarginal zigzag
brown line not reaching the apex of the wing and fading out near the internal angle.
Fringe of both wings white, with a i)air of black twin dots at the ends of the venules; on
the outer edge of the fringe a dark slash situated opposite the ends of the venules.
Hind wings sordid white, becoming dusty ou the outer fourth. In one 9 the hind wings are
entirely dark.
Expanse of wings, 35-36 mm.; length of body, 17-20 mm.
I copy Mrs. Slosson's description of 7). pitnta gorda, which appears to be a variety of
D. anguina. (See PI. IV, fig. 10.)
Male. — Head and thorax appearing palest gray from admixture of pure white with cinereous. Abdomen,
secondaries, and ground color of primaries sordid white. Primaries streaked longitudinally with blackish, which
contrasts violently with ground color. A diffnse, heavy, blackish shade runs oliliquely from apex inward. A curved
blackish line, reaching neither costa nor internal margin at outer three-fourths of wing. .Submarginal row of
distinct, blackish spots, two of which are much larger than the rest and margined with white. Costa interrupted
near apes by wliite spots. Fringe sordid white, interrnpted by blackish. Somewhat smaller than D. anguina,
S. & A., and differing markedly from that species in its sliarp contrasts of color, which malce it appear like a purely
black and white insect. It has no oclierous shade. The autenn.c resemble those of D. anguina, the pectinations not
as long as in those of D. interna Pacliard. Described from two males taken at light, Pnnta Gorda, Fla.
I received a few of the eggs of this moth from Miss Emily L. Morton, of Newburg, N. Y. The
young hatched July 25, and were led on locust leaves.
Egf/. — Shape of a flattened sx^heroid, the upper pole somewhat concave, a little broader at
the base thau at the top. (Dyar says: "Evenly rounded, flattened above and below.") The shell
is very thin and transparent, so that the larva, with its yellowish head and red lines, can be
distinctly seen through it. The surface is covered with polygonal areas, which are not very
distinct, though as much so on the upper pole as ou the sides. The areas vary somewhat in shape,
size, and distance apart, the interspaces being rather broad, and there are no beads like those on
the surface of the eggs of Schizura. Diameter, 0.7-0.8 mm.
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL xVCADEMY OF SCIENCES. 175
Lariia of Jirst sta;/!-, just, nfter hntchiiu/. — -July 25. Limgtli, 3— t iiiiii. The lioad is very large^
nearly twice, as wide as tlio Ixidy behind (he middle, rounded, and with a fine, narrow lilack stripe
along the hinder edge; it is honey yellow, with scattered black hairs. I!ody luoderatcly slender,
gradiuilly dimluishiug iu width totbeeud, the anal legs l)eing long and slender, larger thau in the
young of Schiziira. They are forked, h)ng, and slender; the terminal third evaginate, nearly as
large at the end as at the base, and are held lilted n\>, t(jgether with the two preceding vSegnieuts,
at an angle ot about 45 degrees. The claws are entirely absent, the tip being soft, retractile, and
extensile, and the leg itself being iirovided with lii-13 stiff, dark, acute seta'. They difCer but slightly
from those of the fully fed caterpillar. The end of the leg is retracted by three slender retractor
nuiseles, one being single, the two others united near their insertion into the retractile portioti.
The other abdominal legs are i)rovided with a semicircle of ten hooks each, the inner two
hooks of one set beiug very short. All the legs, both thoracic and abdominal, are dull greenish.
The body is deep pea green, the surface shining. The first abdominal segment shining red, with
two slender, papilliform, uonpiliferous subdorsal deep red tubercles, situated in or just below the
subdorsal lines. There are two similar but much smaller i)iliferous red warts on the eighth
segment. Body behind the head with five red or reddish black lines; the single dorsal and the
two subdorsal lines narrow, nearly continuous, scarcely broken. The lateral line is slightly
interrupted like the others at the sutures. Below the spiracles is a much interrupted line of
heavier dark red, somewhat curved or sinuous slashes, situated at the base of the legs, becoming
less distinct behind the fourth jjair of abdominal legs.
The hairs are stiff and black, mostly thick and clavate, and pale at the extreme tij). Those
on the head are slightly knol)bed. On the prothoracic segment is a chitinous plate or shield from
■which ari.se four of these hairs, of which two are about one-third longer than those of the meso-
and metathoracic segment; they are about as long as the body is thick; those on the second,
third, and fourth abdominal segments are larger and longer, more distinctly clavate thau those
elsewhere; they are smooth, black, but clear and (colorless at the extreme tip.
Second stage, after first molt. — July 28. Length, G-7 mm. The head is now more distinctly
amber colored and smaller in proportion thau before. Body pale green, the dark brown stripes,
' especially the dorsal oue, being more distinct; the dorsal line is continuous, the two lateral ones
somewhat broken. The hairs are black, not so much club shaped as before. The markings show
little change from the first stage, but the reddish first abdominal segment has grown paler. The
tubercles on the eighth abdominal segment have each lost their single hair.
Third .stai/e, after second molt. — August 5. Length, 15 mm. The larva has now dropped the
club-shaped setse, or '-glandular hairs," all the hairs beiug minute, tajjcring, and very short, while
the lateral humps on the eighth segment are decidedly larger than before and marked with two
parallel reildish brown lines, so that iu respect to these humps the characters of the fully grown
larva are nearly assuunxl, while the tubercles on the first segments are still slightly larger iu
proportion than in the mature larva.
The head is of modi'rate size, but little wider than the body, rounded, and orange-reddish. The
body is smooth and shining, straw yellow, the line blackish; the dorsal black line ends on the
smooth black knob on the eighth segment. The three lateral black Hues are more or less
interiupted, situated in a broad whitish band, the middle line being the faintest, which incloses
on the first abdominal segment a jet-black tubercle. Low down is an infraspiracular row of
twelve black spots situated at the base of the legs, when present. There are four black sjiots on
the front part of the suraual plate, while the double reddish black slashes on the lateral humps of
the eighth abdominal segment are more pronounced than iu the earlier stages. The extensile,
ui)lifted anal legs are black at the tips.
Fourth stu(je, after third molt. — August 10-11. Length, 22-24 mm. In this stage the larva only
differs from the preceding oue in the deeper, more distinct colors of the body and its markings,
while the body itself is larger and thicker. The black tubercles on the lirst abdondnal segment
are slightly smaller than before.
Fifth stage, fully fed larra. — Length, 55 mm. Head rounded, greenish amber; body smooth,
of nearly uniform thickness, with a low rounded jet-black knot) on top of the eighth abdominal
segment, iu front of which is a narrow black dorsal line; anal legs very slender, ui)lilted. Three-
lateral black lines close to each other and forming a broad, dark, wavy band. Base of all the legs,
black, but the legs themselves pale; ground color of body, deep piidc, flesh color. Differs from:
176
MEMOIKiS OF THE NATIOXAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
the fourtb stage in tlie ratlier thicker body, sligiitly sliorter anal legs, and the smaller fii'.st abdominal
black dorsal tubercles, while the black spots on the eighth abdominal segment are more pronounced.
RecapitHhttion. — (1) The larva hatches with the generic characters already established, viz,
with the long slender retractile anal legs, unprovided with hooks, and with the pair of hairless
dorsal tubercles on the tirst abdominal segment. (1.*) The two dorsal tulicrcles on the eighth
abdominal segment lose the hairs at the first molt and begin to assume tlie shape and coloration
seen at the last stage, (.'i) Tlie clavate hairs disappear with the second molt. (4) In the third
stage the coloration and markings of the species begin to appear, tlie body changing from
pea-green to straw-yellow, the skin smooth and sliiniug, and the lines and spots blackish, while
the reddish tint of the first abdominal segment, characteristic of the first stage, is discarded.
The earliest stages of Dasylophia are very different from those of St/nimerista, the latter
apparently lacking the clavate hairs and tubercles of the former genus.
It is probable, though further field work is needed to prove it, that by the third stage the
caterpillar is exposed to the same dangers and escapes them in the same way as the larva in
its final stage. Observations as to the position of the larva while feeding on the locust or wild
indigo leaf are needed iu order to show how the reddish head, shining straw-yellow body, and
blackish stripes and markings assimilate it to its habitat; also whether ichneumons are repelled
by the movements of the anal legs, and whether such motions of the end of the body are sufQcient
to drive away ichneumons and Tachina' from its otherwise unprotected, smooth body.
These remarks will also apply, though less strongly, to the caterpillar of Symmerista albifrons,
which has similar shape and coloration, tliough its anal legs are not retractile nor so long and
slender, and hence not so well calculated to frighten away unwel-
come insects. Experiments should also be made to ascertain
whether the two larva; in question are distasteful or not to birds.
It may be here observed that although many insects, according
to the recent views of Exuer and Plateau, may not distinctly i)er-
ceive the outlines of bodies, yet all insects doubtless see objects
in motion. Hence any ichneumon or Tachiua, or the carnivorous
beetles or bugs, may be frightened away by the sight of a mov-
ing or nodding tubercle like those on many Notodontiaus, and
still more by the movements of the filauiental or even the slightly
elongated legs of other forms, or by the upturned abdomens of
Datana caterpillars.
Cocoon. — "It formed a cocoon of leaves and silk of thin
loose texture'' (Harris Corresp., p. 300); '• Pujia enveloped in a
thin, but a somewhat tough, cocoon composed of silk and bits
of earth, etc., constructed at the surface of the ground." (Dyar.) The cocoon is loose, rather irreg-
ular, with sand, etc, adhering to the outside, forming a thin network of coarse silk, just the sort of
structure to which the cremaster hooks would adhere to ht)ld the pnpa in ]ilace, L'3 by 12 mm.
Pupa. — "It is 23 mm. long, 6 mm. in diameter, shining dark chestnut-brown: cremaster
short and blunt, terminating in several booklets." (Dyar.)
One S . Body rather long, moderately thick, upper surfa.^e of thorax finely corrugated.
Abdominal segments only jiunctured near the sutures and finely granulated on hinder edge of
segments .5 to 7. Two S sexual openings or scars on segment 9 instead of one. End of body
tapering to a point. Cremaster conical, cleft at the end; surface longitudinally corrugated, each
fork or spine truncate, and bearing three long seta', which are curved at the end as iu fig. 67.
Length, 20 mm. (U. S. Nat. Mus.).
Habits. — Harris found the larva on Podah/ria tiiu-toria August 3. " Its iiosition when at rest
is like the gregarious caterpillars {Pyt/a'ra) of the apple tree, the head and tail being elevated." He
found another caterpillar on LespnJcza capitaia. "August 9 to 10 it formed a cocoon of leaves and
silk of thin loose texture; August 13, became pupa," the moth appeiiring the following June.
Dyar, writing-in New York, states: "The duration of each stage was about four days, with
the exception of the last, which was six days. The eggs hatched August 17 and the larva ceased
feeding September 0. They became pupa in a few days after constructing their cocoon, and
passed the winter in this stage. There are two broods of this insect in a season, those here
described being of the second brood."
Fig. 69.— Papa of Dasyloi^hia aiifjuina:
■ an. L, vestiges of jiual legs.
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 177
The eggs of this latber rare moth were sent ine by Miss ^Fortoii, of Xewburg, N. Y., ha\ iiig
ibeen hiid about the 20th of July. The larva hatched at Brunswick, Me., July 25; the first molt
occurred July 28, the second xVugust (I, the third August 10 to 11, and the fourth August 20 to 22.
Riley has found the larva as late as in October, the moths in March, April, and June.
Food plant. — Usually the wild iudigo plant (Harris, ISridghani, at Providence); sometimes
the locust (Harris, Miss Morton); clover (Dyar); Lespedeza capitata (Harris); locust and Bnptisia
tinctoria (Riley).
(Icor/i-dphicnl dhfrihutio)). — Occurs in both the Appalachian and Austroriparian subproviuces,
extending from southeru Maine aud from Massachusetts to Florida and Georgia, as well as Texas.
Kittery, Me. (Thaxter) ; Boston, Mass. (Harris) ; Brookliue, Mass. (Shurtleff) ; New York, Provi-
dence, R. I. (Bridgham, Deardeu); New York (Miss Morton, Dyar): Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson);
Michigan, New York, District of Columbia (Kiley); Georgia (Abbot and Smith); Georgia (Riley);
New Y'ork, Wisconsiu, Georgia (French); New York, Arkansas (Palm).
Dasylophia thyatiioides (Walker).
(PL. IV, Hg. 9.)
nelerocampa thyatiroides Walk., Trans. Eut. Soc. Lonilon (3), i, p. 79. 1862.
JJasyloj'liia interna Paok.. Proc. Eut. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 363, 1864.
Heterocampa tripartita Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., sxxii, p. 419, 1865 {fcle Grote and Rob.y.
Xylina siijnata Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxxiii, p. 758, 1865 (fide Smith, Cau. Eut., xxiii. p. 121).
Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Jloth.s, p. 19, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Hatima interna Kirby, Syu. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. .569, 1892.
Dasylopliia thyatiroides Dyar, Cau. Eut.. xxvi, p. 69. March, 1894.
Neum. and Dyar, Traus. Amer. Ent. Soc. xxi, p. 200, June. 1894 ; .Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc,
li, p. 116, Sept., 1S94.
Moth. — Two $ . Light mouse-brown; palpi above blackish; sides of the tuft on the vertex of
the head grayish; prothorax with a faint dark line. Middle of the fore wings grayish, dusted
coarsely with browu. Differs from I>. anyuina in having a zigzag or scalloped cross line on the
basal third of the wing within which the wing is tawny brown, not white, as in anguina; also a
double scalloped line ending just within the inner angle. Costa toward the apex interrupted by
gray spots, which are more distinct on the underside. A submarginal row of very oblique darlv
linear spots between the venules, succeeded l)y lighter, longer streaks of light tawny white.
Fringe gray, with dark spots. Pectinations of the antenuie a little longer than in D. anguina.
Tarsi tipped with lighter scales. Hind wings inousebrowii.
Expanse of wings, i , o(i mm.; length of body, i , 1(J mm.
This species differs decidedly from I>. angtiiiia in having a zigzag cross line on the basal third
of the fore wing within which the wing is tawny brown, not white: also a double scalloi)ed line
ending just within the inner angle. Besides, there are no black lines, and the body is mouse-
brown in hue.
Dr. Dyar has kindly lent me a colored sketch of Walker's type of H. thgatiroides in the
Oxford Museum, received from Colonel Swinhoe. There seems to be little doubt but that it is my
D. interna.
Food plants. — Dasylophia interna Pack.? Carya (R. Thaxter, Can. Ent., xxiii, p. 34, February,
1891.
Geographical distribution. — Orono, Me. (^Nlrs. Feruald); Kittery, Me. (Thaxter); Dublin,
N. H. (Leonard, in Harris Coll. B. S. N. H.); New York (Mrs. Fernald); New York, July, moth
.(Riley); Maine, New Hampshire (French); Plattsburg, N, Y. (Hudson).
Symmerista Hijbuer.
(PI. XLIII, tig. 2, 2a. Venation.)
Phalwna Abbot and Smith (in part), Xat. Hist. Lep. lus. Georgia, p. 159, Tab. LXXX, 1797.
Symmerista Hiibu., Verz. Schmett., p. 248, 1816.
Edema Walk, (in part), Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., v, p. 1028, 1855.
Morris, Synopsis Lep. X. Amer., p. 242, 1862.
S. Mis. 50 12
178 MEMOIES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Pack., rroc. Eut. Hoc. I'hil., iii, p. 3r>8, 1804.
Grote, New Cheek List N. Amer. Jlotlis, p. 19, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirl.y, Syu. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 572, 1892.
Si/mmerhta Neain. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Eut. 8oc.. ssi. p. 1X7, June, 1894; .Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, ii, p. 114,.
Sept., 1894.
Moth. — Vertex of the liead with two large tufts uniting and forming a large, higli, prouiiueut
vertical tuft just above the insertion of the auteuiue. The peetinatious of the S antemue are a little
louger than the Joints, becoming giadiially obsolete toward the ti[is; the pectiuations are densely
ciliated; in the 9 the antenuic are entirely simple and thread like. Eyes uaked. The palpi are
usually long and slender, extending a tiiird of their length bi^yond the front, and conniving at
their tips; third joint unusually long, equaling in breadth the width of the second joint. The
maxilla' are very short, not reaching out as far as the pal])i. The thorax is moderately robust,
and is not tufted.
The fore wings are unusually broad and square at the apex, being about half as long as broad ;.
costa straight; the apex somewhat pointed and square; outer edge near the apex nearly straight,
thence gradually rounded to the internal edge, which is not tufted. Venation: Quite unlike that
of Dasylophia and Xotodonta; a small short subcostal cell, and a second, minute one beyond; the
fourth subcostal venule ends on the costa within the apex; the discal venules are situated well
beyond the middle of the wing, and the two together form a nearly straight line; the independent
vein ari.ses nearer the subcostal vein than usual.
Hind wings longer than usual, the outer two thirds of the costa straight: the outer edge
regularly rounded, slightly bent in the middle. Venation: The subcostal vein divided about
halfway between the discal veins and the outer edge ; the independent vein (III.>) arises much nearer
the subcostal than usual, and the discal veins taken together form an obli(jue (not curved) line.
Legs rather slender; femora and tibia/ pilose; the hind tibia- with long hair-like scales; the
tibial spurs rather stout, with the ends shar)) and uaked.
Coloration: The species gray, with cross lines and the costal edge white.
The genus may be recognized by the high conical vertical tuft on the head, by the unusually
long palpi, and by the straight co.stal edge and square apex of the fore wings, with their two
subcostal cells, and by the pecuhar style of cokuation.
jjji/y, — " Subglobose, slightly concave at the base, smooth, shining." (Beutenmiiller.)
Ijurea. — Body increasing in width from tiie prothoracic to the eighth abdominiil segment, the
head rounded, but slightly wider than the segment behind it. Skin smooth, shining ; richly and
conspicuously banded with yellow or reddish bands and black lines; on the eighth abdominal
segment a large, shiny, coral-reddi.sh huiup. Suraual plate distinct, crescent-shaped.
Young larva. — Anal legs smaller than the other abdominal ones; body moderately thick; a
slight dorsal hump on the eighth segment, with minute, sliort, .slightly bulbous hairs; a lateral
dark brown line and a yellowish spiracular baud and a subdorsal dark line.
Cocoon. — "Made a cocoon in a roll of paper" (Harris Corresp.). " Spins a thin, white web"
(Abbot and Smith): spins a thin, white web, through which the pupa can be seen.
p„^,(,._The abdomen ends in a short, cremasteral sjiine, which is Hattened vertically, deejily
cleft, with tubercles, from which arise from three to four curved set;e on each side, the entire-
apparatus retaining a Hrm hold on the end of the mass of silk by which it adheres to the leaves.
(ieiKjrapliical (Hxtributioii. — So far as known, the s])ecics found in the United States are
confined to the Appalachian and Austroriparian subprovinces of North America, extending from
Maine to Florida and thence westward to Texas.
In Presidio,' Mexico, lives S. mandvla ( Edema manchla of 1 )ruce. Biol. Centr. Amer. Het.. i, p.
235, pi. 25, fig. 3), which in the shape of the fore wings is allied to »S'. albifrous, but differs
decidedly in the marking, not having the white costal region.
' By Presidio we suppose is meant Presidio del Norte, which is in northern Mexico, on the southern bank of the
Eio Grande, just over the Texas border. This species should therefore be looked for in southwestern Texas and,
southern New Mexico.
MEMOIltS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 179
We retain the uaiiie Si/mmeristd beeause the lirst of the two species ineutioiied iiiuler it by
Hiibner is his S. olbicosta; tlie other species is iS. politia (Cramer). On exaniiuiiii; Cramer's figure
of poUtiii, thougli evidently poorly executed, we find that it diiiers jienerically from (ilhi/rons a.iid
(ilbivii.slii. ]Mr. Druee, in Bioloj;ia Centr. Anierieana, lleterocera, i, p. L'.">'.>, adopts Synuncrista for
(S'. polilia lliibner, aud retains Edema for albifrons. This does not seem to us to be Justifiable, and
we think another name should be given to the genus of which politia Cram, is the type. Moreover,
Druce's Syiitmcrista pinna, from I'anuma (tig. 9, tab. 25), is represented as of the sha])e and with
the juarkiug of a Dasylojihia. Edema Mandela Druce loc. cit. (pi. 2."), fig. 3), from Mexico, is allied
to S. albifron.s, and is a true Symmerista, as we have restricted the genus.
Walker's Edema producta, from St. Johns Bluff, in eastern Florida, is, as Mr. A. G. Butler
kindly writes me, " a Noctuid of the genus Imjura, and identical with /. abri>.sti)l()ideii.-'' In
Druce's lleterocera, i, p. 235, it is still retained under Edema.
Symmerista albifrons (Abl)ot :uul Smith).
(I']. IV, ti.i'S. 13, albioosta; 11, albil'nms.)
Phalwiia albifrons Abbot aud Smith, Lep. lus. Georgia, p. 159, Tab. LXXX, 171)7, lig. 1.
Edema albifrons Walk., Cat. Het. Lep. Br. Mus., v, p. 1028, 1855.
Morris, Synopsis Lep. N. Amer., p. 242, 1862.
I'ack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 3.58, 1804.
Si/mmeyista ulbiconta Uiihu., Verz. Schmett., p. 248; NoL-t..p. 440, 1810; Eur. Scbmett. Noct,, fig. 440. 1804*
llerr.-Sch. Syst. Bearb. Sehmett. Eur., ii, tig. 131, 1845.
Staudiuger, Cat. Lep. Eur., j). 75, uote. 1871.
Grote, New Check List N. Amer. iloths, p. 19, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. .30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het.. i, p. 572, 1892.
Stjmmerista albifrons Neum. aud Dyar, Trans. .\mer. Ent. Soc, xxi, p. 187, .Tune, 1894; Jouru. N. Y. Eut. Soc-
ii, p. 114, Sept., 1894.
Larva.
(PI. XXII, ligs. 1-4.)
Abbot and Smith, Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 1.59, Tab. LXXX, 1797. {Larva, pupa, and moth tignred.)
Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. York, v, p. 242, PL XXXVII. (Larva and pupa tigured.)
Harris, Ent. Corresp., p. 304, 1869.
French, Trans. Dept. Agr. IlL, xviii. Appendix, p. 120, 1880.
Bentenmiiller, Ent. Araer., vi, p. 75, April, 1890. (Egg, all six larval stages, and oocoou described.)
Di/ar. Psyche, v, p. 421, Nov.-Dec, 1.S90.
Packard, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxiv. \>. 525, 1890. (Stages I-V describc(L)
Moth. — Six S and two 9. Cinereous; head and prothorax tawny and whitish in front: paler
in 9 . I'alpi brown on the sides. On the ci'est above, a brown line; behind is a median whitish
spot, with tawny scales, behind which are some bro\\n scales; the rest of the thorax is dark ash.
Fore wings with two dark lines situated within the middle of the wing; the first basal one is light,
with two scallops, one on the costa margined within with dark; the outer one is situated within
the mi(hlle of the wing, ami is a doul)le diirk line curved suddenly outward in the discal siiace;
behind, it is di-slocated on the subcubital fold; it ends on the beginning of the white portion of
the costa, which is one-toothed just beyond the brown, pale-edged discal spot. From this tooth'
an obsolete tiiird line runs parallel to the second to beyond the middle of the internal edge. The
■white costal margin is contracte(l upon the middle of the fourth subcostal venule, and thence runs
directly to the ape.x. The region below th^; white portion of the costa may be dark ash, tinged
more or less with fuscous. The subinaiginal region is a little lighter, inclosing a submarginal
series of inwardly obli(jue or bhick linear lunate spots. Hind wings smoky white. Beneath, the
wings are uniformly whitish; the submarginal row of spots ai)pear throu.gh. On the underside of
the hind wings is an obscure fuscous median line. On the first segment of the abdomen is a dark,
round spot. Expanse of wings, S , 30—45 ram.; length of body, S , 1()-18 mm.
' My description is based on the sharp-toothed form, or albicoata Hiibn. (Eur. Schmett., fig. 440) ; the round-toothed,
form is .\bl)i)t aud .Smith's albifrons. Whether these variations also extend to the larva remains to be seen.
180 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
-E'.W-— " Pale green, subglobose, slightly coucave at the base, sniODth, shilling. Length, SO mm. ;
width, 50 mm. Duration of this stage, thirteen days. Laid in small masses on the underside of
leaves." (Beutenmiiller.)
For the description of the early stages of this caterpillar I have not full notes drawn up from
living specimens, but have to depend on alcoholic exani])]es of the different stages and the
excellent colored sketches of Mr. Hridgham, so that this notice is in part provisional, as we have
yet to see the eggs, although one of the commonest caterpillars oil the oak.
First stdf/e, li(rvajtist hatched. ~Leu-C) mm. August 24. Just before the first molt the
body is moderately thick and of a pale yellowish tint; the head is brown,' not deep amber, as iu
the subsequent stages. The anal legs are decidedly smaller than the other abdominal legs and
•somewhat uplifted, or rather extended horizontally. They are slightly retractile, and probably
bear a few hooks. The large dorsal hump on the eighth abdominal segment, so characteristic of
the genus Symmerista, is already well developed, so that the chief generic characters of the larva
appear at birth. The hairs are minute, short, sparse, and very slightly thickened at the end, all
of the same length and arising from minute, microscopic warts. The dark dorsal line is only
fainlly indicated; the lateral dark brown line well marked, most distinct on the prothoracic
segment, interrupted at the sutures, and faded out on the eighth abdominal segment. The large
hump on this last-named segment is large and high, but scarcely differs in tint from the rest of
the body, though slightly darker. On each side of the ninth segment is a large black comma-
shaped spot, the point directed forward and downward, while behind them is a median black dot.
There is a broad yellowish spiracular lateral band ; above it a pale, dirty white band, edged above
by the lateral, or rather subdorsal, black line; the underside of the body, including both the
thoracic and abdominal legs, is whitish. The anal legs bear about six hooks.
/Second stage, after the first molt. — Length, 6-8 mm. August 27. The head is still very large
jn proportion to the body. The hump on the eighth abdominal segment is larger, more pronounced,
and orange yellow, sometimes red; the head is dull amber. The dorsal line is now distinct, and
the subdorsal line is triplicated on the two anterior thoracic segments and dui)licated on the
■ eighth abdominal. Behind the dorsnl hump there are two, instead of one, median black dots, one •
placed behind the other, and two black spots are adiled on the side of the body near the base of
the anal legs, i. e., two on the ninth and two on the tenth segments. On the pro and mesothoracic
.segments are two parallel, short, sinuous, blackish red lines. The spiracular band and underside
■ of the body asiu the previous stage, but deeper straw-yellow. The anal legs have a longitudinal
reddish stripe on the outside or are reddish, near the tip. The hairs are longer and slenderer than
before, taper a little, but are docked at the tip, and arise from warts, those on the back arranged
in a trapezoid.
Third stage, after the second molt. — Length, 20 mm. September C. The general shape of the
body of the mature larva, with its large, smooth dorsal hump and i)eculiar shining banded skin,
is now assumed; the specific cliaracters having apparently now appeared, though we have none
of the other forms (albifrons and packardii) with which to compare it. The head is still large,
wider than the body, which does not yet grow smaller toward the head as it does iu the fully
grown larva. The body is now richly and very conspicuously banded so that already in this stage
the caterpillar becomes a very showy object. How it is regarded by birds and ichneumons remains
to be observed. The narrow thread-like dorsal line and the lateral line are now inclosed in a
broad, dull, whitish-gray band bordered on each side by a faint, dark line. There is a subdorsal
straw-yellow broad band. The spiracular deep straw-yellow band is bordered below by a double
blackish-red broken line. The dorsal humj) is bright coral red, so bright and conspicuous. as to
suggest that when the end of the body is suddenly moved at the presence of an ichneumon the
movements of the bright red mass may frighten awaj'the unwelcome visitor. The black spots
and slashes on the ninth and tenth segments have increased iu number. The two median
reddish black dots of the second stage have coalesced and formed a long strii)e, flanked on each
-side by a shorter stripe, and an outer dot on the ninth segment. On each side of the ninth and
tenth segments are two blackisii spots.
Beuteumiiller eayS "jet-black, shiny" (p. 75).
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIOXAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
181
- - d
Fit;. TO.-Kiiil (.f liody
Si/mmeri.^ta alhi/rons
loim).
of / piijia of
(sharp- toothfd
Fourth stiiijc, after tlie third molt. — Leii.i;tii, 30 mm. Tiie marking's and colors arc tlie same
as in Stage \', but the larva at this ])crio(l only iliHcrs from tlie third stage in being longer in
jiroportiou, though \yith a greater number of black lines and spots, as de.scribed under the last
stage.
Fifth and last stage.' — Sei)tend)er 12. Length. 40-.")() mm. The body now increases in width
from the jn'otlioracie segment to the eightii abdominal, the head
being much ronndeil.bnt a little wider than the iirothoraeic segment
and more pitchy red. The arrangement.of the markings is niainly
as in the third and foui'th stages, but the straw-yellow bands arc
now deci) orange, often almost coral-red. The number of blackish
lines have increased. There are live instead of three dorsal lines,
the outer line on each side being the heaviest and most continuous
and scarcely broken at the sutures. The black spots and slashes
on the sides at the base of the abdominal legs are more distinct and
luimerous than before, as are the black spots on tht eighth, ninth,
and tenth segments, behind the dorsal hump. On the hinder edge
of the eighth segment are eleven black spots, varying in size and
sliape. On the ninth segment are three sublinear dorsal and two oblong black lateral sjiots, and
on the tenth segment are three dorsal coarse black dots, and on each side a black dot and oblong
black spot. The .supraaual plate is distinct, crescentshapcil, ami deep honey-yellow, like the anal
legs. There is a median ventral, interrupted black line, also
\, indicated m the tliird stage.
In this genus, then, we have a return to the functional
anal legs, armed with hooks, the end of the body not being-
more or less i)ermaiieutly uplifted or extended horizontally.
Instead of tins deterrent or terrifying feature we have the
showy coral-red hump and the bright black and red bands on
a shining, glistening skin (already indicated as early as the
third stage), which may be danger signals to birds to whom
this caterpillar may be distasteful.
Cocoon.— A thin, white, irregularly oval, tough web,
through which the ]iupa is partly visible, r.eutenmiiller says :
"The cocoon is irregularly oval, and is of a tough, sordid
white texture, and is spun on the ground amongst leaves" (p.
2(!). Miss Soule writes me that "of five specimens, three
spun flat circular cocoons between leaves and two iini)ated with no attempt at spinning.''
/•»/>((.— liody moderately stout, rather long, tlie end moderately blunt; the surface, except at
the end of the abdomen, coarsely punctured, ami the sutures rather coarsely shagreened. The
cremaster (tig. 70) is peculiar in being double or deeply forked at
the end, each fork or spine being stout, llattencd, rugose, but
with the tip smooth, polished, and slightly directed outward.
The spines are longitudinally ridged at the base, and trau.sversely \ ^ , \ '/'-P
■so toward the smooth tip, and the inner side bears three long
slender seta^, curved at the ends. These setse are ofteu broken
off, and their presence would not be suspected. The two spines
vary in distance apart, being in two out of three exam])les closely
contiguous, while in another specimen they are opened wide apart,
this difference being probably due to difference in contraction of
the muscles at the time of death. Length, 17-23 mm.
Haliils. — This is jierhaps the most common notodontian cater-
j)illar to be found on the oak. At first the caterpillars are gregarious, but after the first or second
moll they begin to scatter over the tree. In Georgia, according to Smith and Abbot, the cater-
pillar "spun itself up in a thin white web between the leaves October 28, and came out an the
^^^>^
on \
Pig. 71. — Pupa (»f Sinninerista albi/rous; anl,
anal legs; cr, creniastcr .sbarp-tootbed form).
-Pupa of Sitmmi'rintd tdbifrons. 9.
I lieuteiuniiller desvriljes six stai^es.
182 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL A('AI)E:MY OF SCIENCES.
wing the IStli of Febiuai'y. Others spun on the 29tli of March, and came out on tlie 2(1 of May.
The wliole brood feeds together, especially when small."
Mr. -lames Fletcher re])orts that in 188-4 the caterpillars iippeaied in great numbers and were
most uiinrious to botli oaks and nm])les at Ottawa, Canada. (Kep., 32.)
It IS common on white oaks in Kliode Island and ilaine late in August and through September,
those observed at Providence spinning a thin cocoon between the leaves early in October and until
October 20-28. October 5 I found some small larva' (i)rol)ably next to the last stiige) witli the
stripes straw-yellow instead of orange. The moth appears in June in the northern States.
Mr. Beutenmiiller publishes the following notes ou its transformations: "The eggs from wliicli
my observations were nmde were laid on June 10, and the young larva- emerged 071 .July 2. The
lirst Tuolt took place on July 9, the second molt ou July 17. the third molt ou July 24, the fourth
on July .SO, and the last molt on August.4. The larv* were liilly grown on August 12." He adds
that it is single-brooded. His observations were made in New York, while, as will be seen by
Abbot's stateuient, there are two broods of larva- in Georgia.
Riley states that, according to W. W.Daniels, "When young the larvse feed in a phalanx, as
it were, lying parallel on the leaf and as close together as they can." His specimens occurred at
Woodstock (Missouri). September 10, on the burr oak {d>ictax, hut fore wiugs louger and narrower and more acute at apex: tip of. tJ autenu.-e more
filameutal - Euhijparpax
Like Schizura, hut tlie fore wings scalloped; palpi rather slenderer and shorter: fore wiugs long and
narrow. L.arva with end of body raised; a large double tubercle on tirst and a decided hump on eighth
abdominal segment XijUnodes
B. End of t? antenme tiliform; vertex tufted; palpi short and thick ; wiugs often loug and narrow, outer edge
more or less oblii|ue. Hind wiugs longer and more pointed than in Heterocampa.
Larva; body somewhat comiiressed, with two or three abdominal humps, often a V-shaped, silvery ilorsal
mark in front of the last tubercle Schi:ura
Differs slightly from Heterocampa in the venation, th(: subcostal cell being very long .and narrow. Larva
in last stage smooth, un.irmed. noctuiform, very closely resembling that of //. maiileo Seirodonta
Fore wings produced toward the apex, outer edge usually very oljlirjue; a long subcostal cell: hind wings
short and rounded; J antenua- filamental at the end. Larva varying from being simply uoctiiiforui to
having long substema])odiform anal legs Jletcnictimjia
Like Heterocampa, lint with no subcostal cell. Larva with the anal legs couverted into true tihuneutal
processes (Stemapodai like those of Cernra .Vacnn-ocampa
184 MEMOIES OF THE jSTATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Hyparpax Hiiebner.
(PI. XLIII, figs. 3, 3a. Veuution.)
Hiiparpax Hiiebner, .Satiiml. Exot. Sclimett. Bd., ii, pi. 168, 1806.
Daianaf Walk., Cat. Lep. Br. Mus., v, p. 1062, 1855. .
Hyjjarpax Pack., Proc. Ent. Phil., iii, p. 355, 1864.
Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. IS, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kiiby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 58.5. 1892.
Nenm. aud Dyar, Trans. Amer. Eut. Soc, xxi, p. 186, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, ii, p. 114,
Sept., 1894.
Moth. — Front of the head rather narrow, densely pilose between the antennre, the scales being
long. Aiiteunie almost plumose in S , being pectinated to the tips, with unusually long branches;
in 5 subsini[)le. Palpi very slender, porrect; second joint a little i^ilose beneath; third joint
slerder, acute. Eyes naked. Thorax with a slight low tuft.
Fore wings two-thirds as broad as long, broad subtriangular; costa a little full at base, beyond
straight; apex rectangular, not falcate; outer edge equal in length to the internal, not scalloped,
convex. Venation: The costal region is quite broad, and the flrst to the fourth subcostal venules
arise very near to each other and end at the costal edge very near together; there is a long narrow
subcostal cell, and the second subcostal venule arises a little beyond the middle of it, while in
Xylinodes it arises near the distal end; fifth subcostal venule shorter than usual: the discal veins
are situated beyond the middle of the wing, and the course of the two is unusually oblique, the
hinder one not being curved as it is in Xylinodes, but oblique; the origin of the flrst cubital venule
(III;.) is unusually remote from that of the second.
Hind wings short and broad, much rounded at the apex. Venation: The subcostal vein
divides farther out from the discal vein than in Xylinodes and much farther out than in Schizura,
and the common origin of the hinder discal and first cubital venule (IIIj) is remote from that of
the second cubital venule (IVj). The internal vein (VII) is very short. The legs are very long
aud slender, hinder pair of tibi;^ with two pairs of very long spines. The tip of the abdomen
is in the male pointed and slightly tufted when the claspers are outspread.
Coloration : Ocherous or pinkish ocherous, with pink lines anlaiu unscalloped fore wings, the plain, not tufted, thorax, and the peculiar style of
coloration. By its venation and larval characters it stands near Xylinodes aud Schizura, although
the general appearance of the moth would not perhaps lead to this view..
Larva. — Closely allied in its general shape and style of coloration to Xylinodes and Schizura.
A double red hump on the first and a tubercle on the eighth abdominal segment; the dorsal region
between these two segments green.
Freshly hatched larva. — Much like the young of Schizura in shape and in the position and
shape of the conical tubercles. Body thrice ringed with red, the dorsal tubercles of flrst and
eighth abdominal segments scarcely larger than those on the othei segments.
Pujja. — Subterranean, the larva spinning no cocoon.
Hyparpax aurora (Abbot and Smith).
(PI. 7, lig. XXIV.)
Phnlwna aurora Abbot and Smith, Xat. Hist. Lep. Ins. Georgia, ii, p. 17.3, Tab. LXXXVII, 1797.
Hi/parpax ail riira Hiiebner, Samml. Exot. Schm., ii, pi. 168, 1806.
Dalana ! iiiiroru Walk., Cat. Lep. Br. Mus., v, p. 1062, 1855.
Morris, Synopsis Lep. N. Amer., p. 247, 1862.
Hyparpax aurora Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 356, 1864.
Pack., Rep. V. U. S. Ent. Coram, on Forest Insects, p. 156, 1890. (Larva, PI. Ill, figs. 6, Ga.)-
Kirby, Syu. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 585, 1892.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Eut. Soc, sxi, p. 186, June, 1894; Journ. N. V. Eut. Soc.,,
ii, p. 114, Sept., 1894.
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 185
Larva.
(PI. XXIV. ligs. 1-6.)
Abhot and Smith, Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 163, Tub. LXXXII, 1797.
Edwards. Eiit. Ainer., iii, p. 169, Dec, 1887 (3 larval .stages).
Pacluid. .(ourn. X. York Eut. ."^oc. i, p. 73, ,hme, 1X93.
Moth. — Two (5,19. Oclierous yellow and roseate. Head and body rosy Y)ink. Base of the
foie wings roseate, bounded externally by u pink line bent at a right angle upon tbe tirst anal vein
(VI). Between this line and the outer one the wing is oclierous yellow; outer edge of the wing
l)ink. Iliiul wings white, either unspotted or with a pink line along the edge; a slight pinkish
diseoloratiou at the internal angle. Abdomen roseate at the end. The legs are tinged externally
with roseate. Length of body, 15-20 mm.; exi)anse of wings, 36 mm.
The young were reared from eggs kindly sent me .Tune 20 by Miss Emily L. Jlorton, of New
Windsoi', N. Y.
Larva, tituge I. — Length, 2.5 mm. The head is very hirge and broad, about twice as wide as
the rather slender body, and dull honey-yellow or chitinous in color; with a few long light hairs
in front Jiear the vertex. On the xnothoracic segment are two rather large acute conical dorsal
tubercles of the same color as the head and larger than those on the first or eighth abdominal
segments, though all the dorsal tubercles on the body are unusually large, larger in in'oiiortiou
than in the tirst stage of Schizura; those on the second and third thoracic; segments are well
developed, but considerably smaller than those in front. Those on the hrst abdominal segment
are situated clcse together, while those on the first thoracic segment are rather wide ajjart. The
two oil the eighth abdominal segment are not quite so large as those on the first abdominal
segment. The glandular hairs arising from these tubercles and those on the side of the body are
long, varying in length, and distinctly bulbous at the end, those on the thoracic and ]iosterior
thoracic segments being longer than those in the middle of the body, or in the allied genus
Schizura.
The body above pale yellow, with a greenish tinge, the sides of the body being cherry-red.
The first, third, and eighth abdominal segments are cherry-red all around, including the tubercles,
So that the body is thrice ringed with red. All the dorsal abdominal tubercles are quite large,
those oil the first and eighth segments scarcely larger than those on the other segments. The end
of the body is uplifted, both when walking and at rest. All the abduminal legs are reddish, and
the thoracic legs are dark.
Utaye II. — .Just molted, July, ISDL Evidently delayed in its growth. Length, () mm. Head
moderately large (now wider than the body, as the larva has not begun to feed); it narrows
slightly above, and bears on the vertex two piliferous warts which are somewhat larger than
those below on the face, of which there are live, rather large conical warts, arranged in two rows,
each bearing a bulbous tipped glandular hair; the head is pale sere-brown (burnt sienna), with
six whitish spots arranged in two vertical rows. The clypeus and labruiu are whitish. The
first thoracic, first, third, and eighth abdominal segments each bear two large high dorsal warts,
which are dark at the tips; they are flanked by subdorsal and lateral warts which are but a
little smaller; the dorsal ones iu question are much larger and higher than those on the other
segments, and the segments themselves are a dull pale cherry-red. Thoracic segments 2 and 3 and
abdominal segments 2, 4, 7, 9, and 10, together with the tubercles, are bright yellow. The legs
are all pale, though the anal ones are darker and redder. The glandular hairs are still Inrlbous
ill this stage, rather short and even;, those on the first thoracic and first, third, and eighth
abdominal segments being longer than those elsewhere.
These hairs are seen under a .;i-inch objective to be unusually large, distinctly flattened at
the end, which is broad and square, the ti^js being flattened and transparent. In a few of
the hairs the expanded tip appears to be ragged and broken, or toothed, and in one case
deeply forked.
Thede.scriptious of the following stages are drawn ui) from Mr. Bridgham's excellent colored
figures, those of the two earlier stages having been compared with mj- descriptions and found to^
be accurate in form and color. His examples of Stage I (from eggs I sent him) were drawn July
3 to 7: of Stage II, July 12; of Stage III, July IS; Stage IV, July 23; Stage V, and last, July 28.
186 MEMOIRS OF THE NATI0:N^AL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,
Staye III. — Lengtli, 2(1 mm. Tlie he;\(l is somewliat angular, spotted with wbitisli, and the
tubercles are larger tliau before. The body lias more of a lilac tint, and the tuberele.s, which were
yellow in the previous stage, are now still deeper yellow, tinged with white, rendering them more
conspicuous; a distinct lateral stigmatal line extends along eighth and ninth segments and along
the edge of the suraual plate. The end of the body is raised high up ; there is no green on the body.
/Stage IV. — Length, lio mm. In the greater thickness and shape of the body, as well as the
bright green color, the larva of this stage closely resembles the caterpillar in its final stage. The
head is now smoother, tlie tubercles siualler, and the dorsal tubercles on the three thoracic
segments, as well as those on the second to seventh abdominal segments, are smaller than before,
while those on the first and eighth abdominal segments are now larger thau before and very
promineut. The body is now of a deep delicate i)ea-gTeen, with a large reddish brown triangular
patch extending from the prothoracic segment next to the head and ending at the anterior base
of the tubercles on the first abdominal segnient. IJehind the said tubercles a broad reddish brown
l>atch extends to the large tubercles on the eighth segment, the band being edged with whitish
yellow; from the I'ear of the tubercle a similar-colored l»and extends to the end of the suranal
plate. The underside of the bodj' in front and the middle abdominal legs are brownish.
Stage V. — Length, 3o mm. In shape and coloration just as in Stage IV, but the head is a little
darker, and the back of the larva between the two great abdominal tubercles, and also behind the
last tubercles on eighth segment, is green, not reddish brown, and this area is edged with irregular
reddisli thread lines on a white field. Also a lateral infrastigmatal line is present along the end
of the body. In Miss Morton's figure, copied in my Forest Insects (PL III, figs. 0, Gt/) the larva has
the same style of coloration.
I have not yet seen the fully fed larva, and we need a detailed description of it, as compared
witli the final stage of Schizura aud Janassa. (See. however, Appendix A.)
Cocoon. — Tlie larva enters the ground, forming a subteiraneaii thin case of dirt. (Abbot and
Smith.)
Habits. — "The caterpillar was taken on the timber white oak, but feeds also on otlier species
of oak. It went into the ground and inclosed itself in a thin case of dirt July 15, appearing on
the wing August 7. Sometimes this species also buries itself iu autumn, and remains till the
spring, at which season the moth may now and then be observed sitting on the oak branches."
(Smith and Abbot.)
Food phintn. — Different species of oak.
Geographical distribution. — Eauges through the Appalachian and the Austroriparian sub-
X)rovinces, and is rare in New England, but not uncommon in the Southern States.
Orono, Me. (Fernald); Cambridge, Mass. (Harris Coll.); Newburg. X. Y. (:\Iiss Morton);
Massachusetts, New York (French); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); North Carolina (Morrison);
Georgia (Abbot and Smith). Its western limits are unknown.
Hyparpax perophoroides (Streekei).
Cosmia pn-ophnrohlie Strecker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil., p. 152, 187G.
Hiipar2>ax aurostriata Graef, Entomologica Americaua, iv, p. 58, June, 1888.
.Smith, Lep. Bor. Amer.. p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syu. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 585, 1892.
Neum. auil Dyar, Trans. Aiiier. Eut. Soc .xxi, p. 187. 1894; .Totirii. N. Y. Eiit. Sue. ii.p.
114, Sept., 1894.
Moth. — Eight £,19. I have examined two males of this form, kindly presented by Mrs.
Slossou, who captured them in Florida. I am not quite sure as to their specific distinctness from
H. aurora, which is a somewhat variable moth. Whether this form is a local variety or a distinct
southern species remains to be proved.
In one example the bodj' and wings are uniformly pale ashen ocherous. Tlie iuuer bent line
on the fore wings are exactly as in typical aurora, and the oblique long linear discal mark is as in
that sjiecies; the outer line, however, is not so wavy as iu aurora. The middle region <>f tlie wing
is of the same shade as the base and outer edge of the wing.
The other examjile, apiiareutly from the same locality and cajituieil at the same date, is dull
roseate all over the fore wings, and thus approaches the normal form.
me:\i()irs of the national academy of sciences. 187
Mr. (iraefs six'cimeiis were rec^eived from Tt'xas. He remarks: "I received more tliaii a
dozen si)eciineiis Irom Texas, and they are all of this form and constant; //. uuroni is a totally
different species." 1 took it for granted that this form was distinct from aurora, l)nt renewed
examination makes me inclined to regard it as a variety.
Mrs. Slosson, who tells nie -she has seen in Florida hnndreds of the normal //. auroni, tliinks
this variety is distinct. The following description of H. perophoroldvH is drawn ui) from eight i and
one 9 in her collection. In life I\Irs. Slosson has noticed that the tliorax is l)athed with a glancous
green tinge, which extends to the base of the fore wings, but disai)i)ears as the moth dies. Antenna'
])lumose. Head in front and markings on the wing rich pale wine red : head abo\e, thorax, and
ground color of the wings fawn-brown. Pore wings uniforndy fawn-brown, two deeply stained,
winered, narrow, distinct transverse lines, nearly parallel, passing from the inner side of tlie wing
to the costal edge, and a third concolorous line starting from the junction of the median vein and
the inner line and ending on the costal edge nearly halfway from base of wing to the end of tlie
line it Joins. (Tliese lines are situated exactly as in the normal examples of H. utirora.) Hind wings
suffused with ]>ale wiue-red on the outer fourth.
In two S the entire fore wings are imiformly sulfused with pale claretred, and in one S the
wings are suffused nitli the same tint, but the sjiace between the thi-ee lines are deep, dull, wine, brick
red. like the lines themselves, the band being about twice as broad on the costal as on the hind edge.
Underside: Fore wings deep wine-red, paler along the outer margin : hind wings whitish, with
reddish scales on tiie costal edge.
(Ii'oijnijililail (listrihutiiiii. — !'"lorida (Mrs. Slosson) and Texas (Helfrage, Crraef Coll.); Texas
(French).
Hyparpax vemis ]S'enmoeg'eu.
(PI, VII, tig. 18.)
Hyparimx reniis Neiim., Can. Ent., xxiv, (i. 226, Sept., 1802.
Piihu, Jonrn. N. York V.nt. Soc. i. p. 20. March, 1893 (PI. I, fig. 4).
Neiiiii. and Dyar. Trails. Auier. Ent. .Soc, xxi. p. 186, 189J ; .lonrn. N. Y. Eut. Soc, ii, p. 114,
Sept., 1894.
Math. — '-Head yellowish with rose center; antenna' light brown: eyes black; collar, thorax,
patagia, as well as ))rimaries, of beautiful light rose color; nerves concolorous; fringes whitish.
Beyond median cell, from costa to inner margin, a transverse white line, slightly bending
inwai'dly at its center.
''Secondaries and nerves white, with a rose-colored marginal line along costa and margin to
anal angle. A rose tint along anterior margin, fading toward center.
" Abdomen yellowish-white, with rose anal tuft.
"Below, primaries and secondaries of yellowish white, with concolorous nerves and fringes.
Costa rose and broad marginal rose tints, especially so on primaries, fading toward center.
"Legs ro.se colored; prominent yellowish-white tibial spines.
"Expanse of wings, 30 mm.; length of body, 9 mm.
"Habitat: Colorado. Type, , Coll. B. Neumoegen.
"It seems to be a rare species, for Mr. Bruce only caught one last year, and this summer
only live specimens, among which one 2 , which, as he writes me, tallies in all details with the <5 .
Its uame is warranted by its beauty."
Euhypai'pax lieutenuiiiller.
Euhyparpax Beut., Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., v, p. 19, Feb., 1893.
"Primaries twice as long as broad; costa almost straight, very slightly concave about the
middle ; apex pointed ; outer margin slightly rounded ; inner angle obliciuelj- rounded. Secondaries
reaching to the inner angle of the i)rimaries, apex acutely I'ounded, outer margin almost oblique,
hind angle rounded. Body ( (5 ) slender, extending beyond the secondaries; anal tuft obsolete.
Legs pilose, femora and tibia? covered with long ciliated hairs, tarsi covered only with very short
scales. Head dejjressed. i)alpi very short and barely visible, owing to the scales (•overiug the same
and the thorax. Antenna^ half as long as the primaries; stalk stout, with the pectinations to about
the middle of equal length, when they very gradually decrea.se in length to about 2 mm. before the
apex, which portion is without pectinations. The genus is allied to Eyjxtrpa.r.'^ (Beutenmiiller.)
188
MEMOIltS OF THE NATIOXAL ACxVDEMY OF SCIENCES.
Fio. 74. — Teiiation of fore vriw^ of Euhiijidrpax rosea. (Djar del.)
Euliyparpax rosea Iicut.
(PI. VI. fig. 24.)
Euhjiparpux rosea Bent., I'.nll. Amer. .Miis. Nat. Hi.st.. v. p. 19. Feb., 18'J3.
Xciini. anil Dyar, Tiaus. Amer. Ent. Soe.. x.xi, p. 204, .June, 1894; Jmirn. Amer. Eut. Soc.,.
ii. p. 117. Sept., 1894.
"Ht'iul, tliorax, and body pale ocherou.s, slij^htly tinged witli pink, rrimaries pinki.sh oeherous,
inclined to be rn.se eoloied, with
a very narrow undulated trau.s-
verse line of a deei)er color
beyond the middle of the wing.
TUi.s line i.s .somewhat curved
before reaching the co.sta. Be-
yond this line, before the outer
margin, i.s a row of very indis-
tinct spots of the same color.
At the end of the discal area is
a faint indication of an ocherous
spot. Secondaries rose colored,
with the cilia paler. Under.sides
of all the wings wholly ro.se
color, without any markings.
The legs and body are also
tinged with pinkish. Stalk of
anteumr. above, whitish with
the pectinations deep oclierous,
of which color are also the
antenna' beneath. Expanse of
wings, 4(1 nun.''
'•One male. West Cliff, Cus-
ter County, Colo. (T. D. A.
Cockerell). Coll. Hy. Edward.s,
Am. :Mus. Xat. Hist." (Beuteu-
miiller.)
I have not had an opportunity of cai cfully examining this moth, and am indebted to Dr. Dyar
for the tigures of the venation.
Xyiinodas I'aokard.
(PI. XLIil, li,i;. 4, veuatiou.)
laiinssa Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus.. v, p. 1101. 185.5.
XyUnodes I'aekaril, I'roc Ent. .Soc. Phil., iii, p. 366. 1864.
Janama Grote, New Clieck List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
P/ii/f( Dnice, Biolojiia Ceutr. Amer.. p. 242, .June. 1887.
Jaiiussa Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.
laiiassa Kirby, Syu. Cat. Lep. Het.. i. p. .570. 1892.
Neum. and Dyar. Trans. Amer. Ent. Sop., sxi, p. 200. .Jiuie, 1894: .lonru, N. Y. Ent. Soc.. ii, p. 116,-
Sept., 1894.
Moth. — S and 9 . Head as in Schizura, prominent: front when denuded subtriangular as in
Schizura, aud tufted as in Schizura, a porrect tuft of scales on the vertex. Palpi as in Sciiizura,
short, stout, porrect, hardly reaching the front, tips of the third joint obtuse, beneath densely
clothed with short .scales, conniving throughout. Male antennie rather broadly pectinated to the
distal third, the branches rather long, stout, each tipped with a tuft of cili;e; in the 9 simple.
Thorax moderately stout, scales of the prouotum distinct; not crested above; beneath with
unusually long hair-like scales, with a longer prosternal tuft arising from beneath the eyes.
Fore wings broad, long, and narrow, being a little more than one-third as broad as long;
costa nearly straight, but yet more convex than in Schizura; outer margin very long, distinctly
-Veuatiuii of ]iiii-t of hind \y.u\x "t Eithij paiyax rosea (Dyar^lel )
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 189
scalloped; internal anj^le rdiiiided, and a little within tlie nuddle of the ininT niariiin is a
prominent tult otdailc scales: outer edge scalloped.
Venation: 'I'lie seut)nd and third snbi-oatal vennles are very near each other, the std)(;ostal
cell very nari-ow, linear; the fourth subcostal vein arises within the middle of the subcostal ci-ll.
The upper braucli of the third subcostal is very short and passes straight to the costa just before
tlie apex. The upper discal vein is curved somewhat obliquely inward to the origin of the fifth
subcostal venule, then passing very obliquely, and uncurved, to the middle of the discal sjiace,
where it meets the lower discal vein, which is perpendicular to the cubital venule from which it
arises. The venation of both wings is in fact just as in Schizura. Hind wings a little more
pointed at the apex than in Schizura; costa straight, bent down somewhat at the apex; outer
edge obliijue, not very full, bent slightly on the first median interspace.
Legs: Femora buried and concealed in the long scales ot the breast; fore tibia^ densely
pilose, presenting a flat ex])anse on each side; the nuddle and hind tibi* with two long sharj»,
nearly equal spurs.
Abdomen long, cylindrical, the tip s(juare, scarcely tufted.
Coloration: Gray with darker streaicsobli([nely crossing the costa. The single species of our
fauna is more slashed and streaked than any of our other Notodontians.
This genus, both in its larval and adult characters, is so near Schizura that it seems scarcely
necessary to regard it as separate, and it may ultimately be found best to unite it with that
genus. It only differs in the scalloped fore wings, the rather stouter and shorter palpi, the
stronger pectinations of the antenna*, the distinctly scaled pronotal pieces, and the long hairs on
the breast; tlie fore wings are also longer and narrower than in Schizura, and the outer edgemore
oblique, while the inner edge has a slight tuft. Our generic name, Xylinodes, was given to it from
the resemblance of the markings of the fore wing to the noctuid genus Xylina, in which the fore
wings are also decidedly slashed. The name lauassa should be dropped, since it was proposed by
JMiinster in 1S3I) for a genus of sharks (Beitr. Petref, i, 1S3'J). Mr. Druce (Biol. Ceutr. Amer.,
p. 242) points out the fact that lanassa is preoccupied, and apparently ignorant that I had pro-
posed the name Xylinodes for tlie genus, changed the generic name to Pliya.
^(/(/.—"Globular and smooth" (Dyar). Further observations are needed.
Cocoon. — A regularly oval thick earthen cell lined with silk, the larva transforming either on
the surface or within the earth.
Larva. — Head bilobed: on first abdominal segment a hump supporting a large double tuber-
cle, and on the eighth segment a decided hump bearing two small x)iliferous warts. End of body
and anal legs raised, much as in Schizura. Freshly hatched larva: ''Tuliercles on first abdominal
segment brown; anal feet partly aborted."' (Dyar.)
GeoijrapMcal distribHtioii. — This genus is peculiar to the New World, extending through the
Appalachian and Austroriparian into the eastern portion of the Campestrian subprovmce, as far
Avest as Colorado, South Dakota, and Salt Lake, Utah. This genus also occurs in the Mexican
(Sonoran) subprovince as Mr. H. Edwards has described (Ent. Amer, i. p. 129). Janassa laciiiiosa
is from Jalapa (Schaus) and Mazatlan.
Xylinodes lignicolor (Walker).
(PL IV, fig. 15.)
Junassn liyiiiculor Walli., Cat. Lep. Hi-t. Br. Mus., v, p. 1101, 1855.
XyUnocles rirgala Pack., Prof. Ent. Soc. Phil., lii, i>. 367, 1SU4.
Grute, New Check List N. .-Vukt. Moths, p. 31, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1S9I.
lanassa lignicdlor Kirby, .Syu. Cat. Lep. Het.. i. p. .570, 1.S92.
ICxirrcIa Uijiiiyei-a Walk., Cat. Leji. Het. Br. JIus., xxxii, p. 123, 1835 (fide Grote and Rob.).
Etlema tiannrersata Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxxii, p. 427, 18G5 (fide Grote aud Kob.).
Janassa lignholur'Neum. aud Dyar, Traus. .Vrner. Eut. Soc. xxi. p. 200, ,Tuue, 1894; .louru. N. Y. Ent. Soc., ii,
p. 116, Sept., 1894.
Janassa coloiadensis Xeiuu. ami Dyar, Trans, .\iner. Ent. Soc, xxi, p. 200. June, 1804 ; .lourn. X. Y. Eut. Soc, ii,
p. 116, Sept., 1894.
190 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Larva.
(PI. XXV, ligs. 1, \„. \h. Ir. ],l 1,.. 1/.)
Di/ar, Eut. Amer., v, p. 91, 1S89, (full life history, eg^ to iimtln.
I'ackaril. Fifth Kep. V. S. Ent. Comm.. p. 1.57, 1890 (full-fed larva, pupa).
Proc. Best. Sof. Nat. Hist., xxiv, p. 541, 1890.
Moth. — Two <5 , 1 9 . Piile cinereous. Pronotal scales discolored with ligneous brown. A
broad median thoracic dusky line, succeeded on the abdomen bj- a dark spot. Fore wings whitish
ash-gray, with brown scales arranged iii streaks; on the costa the streaks are directed obliquely
toward the outer margin, ending upon the subcostal vein. Toward the apex there are two distinct
brown streaks, which are parallel to the costa; between and below the second streak there are two
whitish streaks. A dark brown discal dot is situated upon the lower discal venule; beyond it is
a brown .streak ; in the middle of the discal space is a light line which i)as.ses over the discal dot
and continues along the lowest subcostal space to near the outer margin. Below the median vein
the wing is slightly tinged with ocherons. ,Tust below tlie basal portion of the median vein i.s a
brown streak, and the internal border is mottled and streaked with dark cinereous. The tuft is
dark brown. The outer edge of the wing is also darker than the discal portion. There are no
trausver.se streaks or liue.s. Hind wings white, the costa slightly discolored with ashen scales.
Abdomen nearly concolorous, being a shade darker than the hind wings. Beneath, of an ashen
hue, with a distinct median black line. Tarsi broadly ringed with dark scales.
Expanse of wings, 9 , 57 mm.; length of body, 9 , 23 mm.
Edwards's Janassa colorudcnsis is a pale silver white variety of his Schizura 2K>'(tii!)ul(itu,an I
find by a comparison with his type in the American iNIuseum of Natural History.
J^gyar has (|iiite lully deseribi'd this sta!;'t', Idit Ihi'ie are some structural
features to whieli we would call attention. The head i.s distinctly bilcthcd. w ith no warts, Lnt a
bristle on each side of tiie vertex. Tlie niarkin.tis of the liead ha\'e been well described by Mr.
Dyar. From the lirst abdouiiual segiueut arises a large, double tuliercle, nudoul)tedly movable as
iu Schiziira, and serving to frighten away ])arasitic insects. I^'roni tiie hump arise two dark,
smooth tubercles, which are directed forward and give rise each to a bristle.
On tlie eigiith abdominal segment, where the spiracles are nearly twice as large as the otlier.s
on the abdomen, is a decided hump, bearing two small, piliferous warts. The anal legs and cud
O'f the body are much as in Schizura, being raised at times.
The larva closely approaches those of the species of Scliizura, lia\ iug essentially the same
style of coloration and the same arrangement of terrifying humps and tubercles, but not the
l)eculiar V-shaped dorsal nuxrks of Schizura. The markings of the moths are quite different, and
while the two genera are ([Uite distinct, they are more closely allied than any other two genera.
1 add the description drawn up from exam[iles observed in Providence:
Head not very large, not so wide as the prothoracic segment; pale, almost whitish ash gray;
an irregular dark ash band on each side in front iiassiug up from the mandibles and meeting on
the vertex, where a branch is sent out at right angles, uniting with its fellow in the median line
of the head; no median Hue above the apex of the vertex, but two spurs are sent out above the
vertex from each side, which nearly reach the median line of the head, and inclose a clear rouud
space. I'rothoracic segment pea green on each side above the spiracle. Mesa- and metathoracic
segments bright deep pea-green, bordered with reddish below; a long, narrow, triangular dorsal
light-brown l)and, slightly forked on the prothoracic segment, extends from the head to near the
base of the large dorsal tubercle on tirst abdominal segment; this tubercle is sensitive and
retractile as in the other species of ihis subfamily; it is large but not forked, tlie end being very
slightly cleft, blackish iu the middle, and each small terminal wart has a dark hair which is bent
downward and forward. First to third abdonnnal segments pale gray and reddish brown, the first
less marbled and watered with gray than the second and third; the back of the fourth to ninth
segments clear deep pea-green, with a rouud sinus in front on the fourth segment, and on the sixth
and front edge of seventh inclosing a watered, gray, elongated, irregular patch. On the eighth
segment a small dorsal tubercle tinted with brown; the eighth spiracle much larger and more
conspicuous than the others; around the seventh pair of spiracles are clear white patches. The
abdonnnal legs 1 to 4 are thick and flesh}', with a reddish brown circular line incomplete above;
anal legs small and slender, about one-third as large as the others. Length, 'Ao mm.
Pupn. — Body short and thick; "minutely but sparsely punctured. At the ])osterior edge of
the thorax is a row of granular S(iuare elevations, extending across in a curved line between the
wing cases." (Dyar). Tip of abdometi unusually blunt; cremaster partly rudimentary, not
projecting beyond the tip, and consisting of two widely separate, flattened, squarish spines,
terminating iu two small si)ines. Length, 18 mm.
Coeoon.— '■'Tough and parchment-like, semitrausparent, similar to that of Schizufd unicornis.
After fornung its cocoon, the larva fades to a nearly uniform whitish color, and the change to
pupa does not occur till about a month before the emergence of the imago in the spring."' (Dyar.)
Hahits. — The caterpillar of this moth occurs on the oak at Providence from the middle to the
last of September. The larva is very characteristic and allied to those of Schizura. In Professor
Riley's collection are the regularly oval, thick, earthen cocoons lined with silk, and about three-
fourths of an inch iu length, the caterpillar transforming on the surface or within the earth.
Eiley records finding larvic in March, and from July to Sei)tember, and the moths as tlying in
March, April, May, June, July, and August.
Food plant. — Different species of oak; on lieech in Sejjtember. IJrunswick, ile. ; New York,
white birch (Dyar).
Geographical distribution. — Brunswick, Me. (Packard); Fraucouia, X. II. (Mrs. Slossou);
Cambridge, ^lass., (Hyatt); Providence, I'. I. (Packard); Lansing, Mich, (ililes); Eastern New
Y'ork, (Dyar); Plattsburg, X. Y. (Hudson); St. Anthony Park, iNIinn. (Lugger); Georgia, (Edwards);
Nebraska (Bruuer); Volga, S. Dak. (Truman, larva- on oak); New York, Pennsylvania, Arkansas
(Palm); Maine. New York, Nebraska, Missouri, District of Columbia, Georgia, and Texas (U. S.
192 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIEXCES.
Nat. Mus.); Maine, Rhode Island, New York. Michigan, (Jhampai.yn, 111. (French); Dallas, Tex.
(Boll, Mus. Coinp. Zonl.).
Schizura Dciulileday.
(PI. XLIV, figs. 1-5. Venation.)
Phalana .A.bbot .and .Smitli, Nat. Hist. Lep. Georgia, ]>. 1797.
Hijboma (in part), Hiibner, Verz. Schmett., ji. 200, 1810.
Schizura DoubleilaT, Entomologist, p. 59, 1841.
Helerocampn Div. Ill, Walkei', List. Lep. Ins. Br. Mus., v, p. 1025, 18oo.
(Edemasia Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., iii, p. 359, 1804.
Caiodasijs Pack., Proc. Eut. .Soc, iii. p. 303, 18(33..
Schizura Pack., Proc. Ent. .Soc, iii, i>. 363, 1864.
Hatima Walk., (at. Lep. Het. Br. Mns., xxxii, p. 450, 1865.
(EdemuMa Grote, New Check List X. Anier. Jloths, p. 19, 1882.
Schizura. Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Calodasys Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Schizura (inclnding Cadodasys) Pack., P.syche, v, p. 53, May, 1888.
(Edemasia Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., j). 30, 1891.
Schizura (including Ccelodasys) Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.
(Edemasia Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 567, 1892.
Schizura Kirby, Syu. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 567, 1892.
Schizura (including (Edemasia) Pack., Psyche, vi,p. 522, .Sept., 1893.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Eut. Soc, xxi, p. 201. .Tune, 1894 ; .Tourn. N. Y.
Ent. Soc, ii, p. 116, Sept., 1894.
Moth. — $ and 9 . Head more prominent than usual, on tlie vertex two tufts inclcsing a
triangular hollow and projecting out between the antennae Eyes naked. Antennae well
pectinated ou basal two-third.s, the outer third filiform (thicker and more ciliated in *S'. ((piccdis
than usual); in 9 simjde. Palpi short, thick, blunt at the end, not extending beyond the front;
second .joint liairy beneath, the terminal scales reaching even with the tip of the third joint and
meeting beneath; the third joint small, short. Maxilhe well alpi.
Thorax not regularly tufted, but the ends of the teguhe are ^lightly ui)tnrned and dark, and
on the underside below the head and in Iront of the legs is a large trinngnlar tnft of long hairs,
the ends of which are even with the front of the head.
Fore wings a little less than one half as broad as long, costa nearly straiglit, .slightly convex
toward the apex, which is more i)oiiited tlian usual; outer margin slightly angnlated on the fifth
subco.stal venule, becoming more obli(iue below. Venation: A short or long subrhoniboidal
subcostal cell; costal region rather wide, the subcostal venules 1-4 not closely crowded; the
third subcostal venule (If,) shorter than usual, otherwise the venation of both wings is much as
in Heterocanipa.
Hind wings somewhat produced or pointed at the apex, much more .so than in lleterocampa;
the costa nearly .straight, slightly bent downward near the apex; outer edge long, the lower half
dispo.sed to be parallel with the costal edge of the primaries.
Legs rather short; femora and tibia^ densely hairy, the hind tibite are .shorter than usual and
with a broad tuft; the fir.st pair of tibial spurs small and slender, the outer one of the apical
(diseal) spars twice the size of the inner one. Tarsi small.
Abdomen much slenderer than usual, with a distinct anal forked tuft, characteristic of the
genus.
Coloration : The species usually with dark ash-gray longitudinal slashes, costo-apical white
and black spots, transver.se wavy lines, and a curvilinear diseal spot, except in S. conciiuia, where
the spot is a small black dot. The hind wings of the males are usuallj' sordid white and those
of the females dusky or mouse colored.
The genus is recognized by the filiform end of the male antenuiv and the distinct male anal
tuft; by the peculiar vestiture of the head; by tlie short, thick palpi, as well as the pronnneut
head; characters in which it approaches Heterocampa, as well as the venation, though the hind
wings are longer and more pointed than in Heterocampa.
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OP SCIENCES. 193
Oil ;» careful revision of the generic cliaracters of (Edeniasia 1 do not find any of suflicient
value to separate it from Schiznra. (E. concinna has all the adult cliaracters of Sehizura except
the style of coloration j the palpi of this species do not seem to be geuerically ditlereut from those
of the species usually referred to Sehizura. An examination of the figures illustrating the
A'enatioii of *s'. ipoiiwic and coiiciuna will show a general agreement in the ]>lan of venation.
^Vhen we come to the larval characteristics it would seem nnrcasonablc to unite such a
peculiar species of larva as that of coneunui with the species of Sehizura as formerly limited by
us; but the same difticmlty is nuit with in Heterocampa. OSdemasia might be retained as a
subgenus or section of Sehizura, but at j)rescnt it seems best to at least unite the two genera.
Undoubtedly the old genus (Edemasia is partially evolved, and to some it may seem best ou
account of its larval characters to retain it as a distinct genus. Before this is done, however,
we ueed more exact knowledge of the larval histories of the subfamily. At all events, the
differences which separate the adult S. concinna from the other species of Sehizura are not at all
so marked as those which separate the other genera of the family as we have defined them.
Ely cleft,
each fork well developed, rather long, not much flattened, ending in a point aud throwing off
near the end a short branch which nearly meets its fellow on the opposite fork.
Geographical dlstrlbutiun. — The species range throughout the Appalachian, Campestrian, and
Austroriijarian subprovinces, but are most numerous in the Apj)alachian and Austroriparian
subprovinces. No species have yet been found in Mexico.
SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES.
A. Discal spot linear. Transverse lines more or less distinct.
Fore wings with pointed apex; more or less distinct transverse lines; a linear dark discal spot inclosed
in a pale patch; no reddi.sh brown markings; largest species of the genus S. ipomece.
No transverse lines; linear spot distinct; fore wings pointed at apex, whitish frosty gray, with no reddish
or lirowu lines and shades, except a I'aint extradiscal line; a hollow hlack low triangular mark on end
of thorax >S'. leptinoulea
Size of markings of unicornis; fore wings more pointed; light brown with whitish scales, no greenish
yellow scales; cross lines distinct; Innate discal mark very distinct S. apicalia
Fore wings squarish at apex ; markings white, reddish, black and brown, distinct, and cross lines distinct,
the middle aud extradiscal lines consisting of reddish brown lunules; two black subapical slashes, a
short white longitudinal streak in the second median interspace S. unicornis
Shape of uiiiiontis, wings sligl)tly broader, thorax very dark brown, fore wings reddish, and a broad
longitudinal reddish shade beyond the distinct linear discal mark .S. h:((iia
Fore wings grayish white, with a fawn-colored shade along internal margin S.pernni/uhaa
B. Discal spot, a small round black dot; no transverse lines.
Closely resembling concinna, but larger, and fore wings mucli more produced toward apex; oblique
dark costal bands S. eximia
Fore wings squarish at apex ; tawny ashen, with reddish brown patches; thorax pale ash; no tran.sverse
lines, aud costal bands obsolete -S. concinna
S. Mis. 50 13
194 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
SYNOPSIS OF LARV.K (THAT OF S. AI'ICALIS UNKNOWN).
A. Witli two or three large high dorsal al)iluminal forked tubercles.
Head strij>ed ; sides of second aud third thoracic segments greenish ; a whitish dorsal patch lietweeu the
lirst and second dorsal tnbercles; conspicuons V-shaped marli just behind the second tnbiTcle.
S. ipomece
Three high tubercles, higher than in the other species, especially the first; body ujore or less russet,
with no green patches. Head not striped S.UiitiiioideK
Only two dorsal tubercles, thiit on fifth abdominal segment wanting; body russet or very dark green on
sides of thoracic segments behind the spiracles. Head not striped. V-shaped dorsal mark silvery
white and conspicuous ,S'. unicornis
Three small dorsal tubercles, sides of thoracic segments green ; V-shaped uuirk absent (Dyar) . . S. hadia
Resembles larva of leptinoidea in coloring, but structurally more like ipomea: AVheu at rest greatly
hunched anteriorly, and the furcate prominence on first abdominal segment is ■very long (Thaster).
An additional one on preceding segment (Dyar) ,S'. eximia
B. First abdominal segment greatly swollen above and ou the sides; hairs of the other species represented
by very stout, blunt spines.
Dorsal hump coral-red ; spines black ; body with blacli and white lines before and behind first abdominal
segment ; yellow ochcrous along the back ,*>. cunciniia
I add Dr. Dyar's synopsis, as he Las seeu the hirv;e of eximia. I have changed tlie name
nitida to badia.'
Schizura ipomeae ( 1 >oubleday).
(PI. IV, figs. 16, ^ ; 17, 9.)
Schisura ipomew Doubleday, Eutomologist, p. 59, Jan., 1841.
Heteioeanqm (Schi:ura) ipometr Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mas., v, p. 1026, 1855; xxxv. p. 1931, 1866.
Heterocampa ipomece Morris, Synopsis Lep. N. Amer., p. 241, 1862.
Schizura ipomew Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, y. 363, 1864.
Ca'lodasys bigutlata Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 3G.5, 1864.
Ccclodusijn cinercdfrons Pack.. Proc. Ent. Soc, iii, p. 366, 1864.
Beterocampa ducens Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus.. xxxii, ji. 417, 1865 (fide Grote and Kob.).
Heterocampa B. corlicca Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxxii, p. 418, 1865 (Jide Grote and Rob.).
Beterocampa eunipla Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxxii, p. 418, 1865 (fide Grote and Rob.).
Beterocampa rcstipennis Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxxii, p. 421 ( fide Grote aud Kob. ).
Beterocampa nigrnsignala Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxxii, p. 422-, 1865 (fide Dyar).
Cadodusys telifcr Grote, N. Amer. Eutomologist, i, p. 99, June, 1880; New Check List X. Amer. Moths, p. 19,.
1882.
Culodnsys hiyultaia Grote, New Check List N. .A.mer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Schizura ipomew Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.
telifer Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.
Schizura ipomea' Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 568, 1892.
Neum. and Dy.ar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 203, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.,ii, p.
117, Sept., 1894.
Larva.
(PI. XXV, figs. 2. 2a-2h, 3, 3«, 3h, 3c.)
Abbot, MS. (Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.).
DoiMeday, Entomologist, p.. 59, .Ian., 1841. ?jxcelleut uncolored figure of mature larva. Plate facing ji. 60,
fig. 8.
Packard, figure of larva aud nu)th copied from Abbot MS. in Library Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., in American
' Humped Notodontians with processes on joints 5 and 12, sometimes also on 8 and 9, the one on joint 5 often
furcate aud nntaut; anal feet ui)lifted. Rest on the edges of leaves and resemble the foliage except in one instance.
Processes on joints 5 and 12 reduced, rounded.
Conspicuously marked, brownish, with hump on joint 5 and head red; tubercles produced, black; larvio
gregarious coiicinna
Largely green, resembling the green foliage ; tubercles obscure ; larvte solitary badia
Processes on joints 5 and 12 well developed, that on 5 with furcate tip ; larva- solit.ary, resembling withered or
distorted leaves.
Sidesof thorax m.arked with green; V-mark conspicuous. A large whitcdorsal patch on Joiuts5-8. .. ipoinew
Without white patch unicornis
Sides of thorax not green ; V-mark pinkish, tending to become obscure.
Process on joint 5 moderate ; a broad dorsal band on thorax and a distinct lateral line on body leptinoidcs
Process on joint 5 long with a supplementary one on joint 4; dorsal band ou thorax narrow; lateral line
obsolete eximia-
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. liJO
Packard, Anier. Naturalist, iv, p. 226, PI. II, figs. 2, 2a, June, 1870.
Fifth Rep. IJ. S. Eiit. Comm., Forest Insects, p. 155, 18d. Two elevated
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
199
farruginous warts on top of Joints 1 ;m(l 11. Head large, j)ale green, with a distinct lateral black
and wliite stripe." (Fiftii Itep. IT. S. Ent. Coinni., p. 155.)
liiley lias observed the larva in May, June, July, September, and Octoljer; tlie niotlis lioin
March to August.
Foot plants. — In the Northern States, ditterent spe(;ies of oak, and on maple, birch, blackberry
(Hiley); red maple (Packard); "Acer, Ulnius, (^uercus, Betula, Vaccinium, Ceanotlnis" (Thaxter);
in the (!ulf States on /jjo»i«( cocoinca (Abbot); in Grand Canyon on
an nnlcnown leguminous tree (Townsend) ; honey locust (Bentenmiillcr).
Gco()r(q)hical distribution. — Extends through the Appalachian,
Austroriparian, and the Campestrian subprovinces.
Erunswick, Me. (Packard); Massachusetts (Harris); eastern New
York (Miss Morton, Grote, Dyar, Doll); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson);
Chicago, 111. (AVestcott) ; New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania ( Palm ) ;
St. Louis, Mo. (Kiley); Creorgia (Abbot); larva found at Grand Canyon
-of the Colorado, northern Arizona, July (C. H. Tyler Townsend, Nu.
312); Seattle, AVash. (in Coll. of Professor Johnson ./(VZeDyar); :\Iassa-
cliusetts. New York, Wisconsin, Illinois, Missouri, Nebraska, Virginia,
District of Columbia, and California (U. S. Nat. Mus.) ; Canada, Maine,
Massacliusetts, New Y'ork, AVisconsin, Ohio, northern Illinois, Georgia. Texas (French): Seattle,
Wash. (Dyar); var. telifer, Pouglikeepsie, N. Y. (Dyar).
Fk;. 7(j. — End of i)upa of Scliizura
ipniiK'if. Miiowiiig tlic nnal scar and
male fti-iiital opCDiug.
Scliizura leptiuoides (Grote).
(I'l. IV, tiiLrs. 18 9, 19 .)
CitIo(lasi/s h'ptinoiiles Grote. Proc. Eut. Soc. Phil., iii, jj. 323, Sept., 18G1, I'l. IV, tig. 2 9 •
Cecrila '! muliteliiia Pack.. Proc. Knt. Soc. Phil., iii. j). 359, Nov.. 18ti4.
Cfelodasi/s hpliiioidcs Grote. New Check List N. Amer. Moths, \t. 19, 1882.
Schisuva Icjitinoiihs Smith. List Lej). Bor. Amer., p. 31. 1891.
Kirliy, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 5G8, 1892.
Cwlndast/s miistcUna (irote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Scliizura miistelina Smith, List Lep. lior. Amer., p. 31, 1891.
Kirhy, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 568, 1892.
Sfli>:m-a leptinoidvs Neum. .aud Dyar. Traus. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxi. p. 204. .June, 1894 ; .lourn. N. Y. Eut. Soc, ii,
p. 117, Sept., 1894.
Larva.
(PI. XXVI, ligs. 1, 1«, U. Ic, 2, 2((— 2d. 3, 36, 4. 4n — Ic.)
French,' Can. Ent., xriii, p. 92. May, 1886 (larva of "C. miiiifcUiiii." last stage).
Packard, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxiv, p. .539, 1890. (Stages I-III Jescribed.)
.lourn. N. York Eut. Soc, i, p. 71, .June, 1893.
Dijar, Ent. Amer. 1890. (Eggs and all stages).
Moth. — One c$ . three 9 . Antennre of $ more broadly itectinated than in S. nniconii.s. and less
so than in »S'. ipomew. Head and thorax ash, with a delicate, pale, olive-green tint. Front of head
wliite, especially in i ; vertex olive-ash, with a blackish line on each side inside of the base of
the anteunje (not so distinct in 9 ). Thorax behind uniquely marked with a distinct, black, low,
wide, hollow triangle, the base of wiiicli extends straight across the thorax from one side to the
other, the two sides of the triangle being formed by the black edges of the teguhv.
Fore wings more produced toward the apex than in >. ipomew. while the surface seems to be less distinctly marked.
Moreover, the paddle-shaped glandular seta: are decidedly shorter. By these marks alone alcoholic specimens of
the larv;e of the two species of the present stage can be easily separated.
Third staye. — Length, 11 mm. The same differences obtain (. aDteuna : pfh.
prothoras; «?;, 8i))ra<;le.
It (litters from any other species known to me in lucking any green color on the thoracic or
other segments ot the body.
The larva of *:>'. mnxteJina described by Professor French is said to be 0-SO inch in length, and
"the sides of joints .'5 and 4 are bright green." otherwise it appears to agree with our specimens of
h'ptiii<>iile.s. Probably the specimens described by French, which were under size, were in next to
the la.st stage, or at all events had retained the green coloring of the earlier stages. He raised
three moths from his larvte. (Dr. Dyar writes me that French's larva is evidently *S'. unicornis.)
Cocoon. — The caterpillar fastens leaves together for a cocoon, within which it changes.
(French.) It is oval, made of silk, uniforndy thin, though dense and parchment-like, and my
Maine specimen spun between leaves.
. Pupa. Two 9 . Body rather stout, of the usual color. It is noteworthy from the head
beino- pointed and ending in two stout conical spines, or cocoon-cutters, arising from the
epicranium between the eyes. Gremaster ending in two stout sjiines,
flattened vertically, and ending in four or five slightly curved, short,
sharp spinules, with a minute spinule at the base on the inside. Ves-
tiges of the anal legs small, narrow, not prominent. On hinder edge
of mesoscutum is a transverse row of ten large deep pits sejiarated liy
double tubercles, each tubercle being flattened above, with an i-m-
pressed median line giving a double appearance to the ti]), which is
dull, not polished as are the sides. Ijcngth, 18 mm.
Habits. — Profes.sor French, speaking of the habits of 6'. miistelina,
says that ''three nearly grown caterpillars were found at Carbondale,
111., on a rosebush September 18. By October 1 tiiey had pui)ated, and the moths a])peared on
May 20, 22, and ol following. No efforts were made to rear a second brood, but from the time
the larv?e were found in the fall it is to be presumed that there are two broods in a season."
The eggs here described w^ere laid by a species of Schizura, and sent by Miss Emilj' L. Morton,
who is (juite sure that it was Schizura Icpiinoides. They were laid June .3, at New Windsor, N. Y. ;
they hatched June 12, all the others being out of the shell by noon of the next day. I did not
carry it beyond the first stage, but have little doubt but that
Miss .Morton's identification of the moth was correct.
Ililey has found the eggs in August; the larva' in .Tuly,
August, and September; the moths in August.
The moth was collected at Cambridge, Mass., by Dr. Harris,
June 15. I have found the larva on the hornbeam at Bruns-
wick, ^le.; it was uniformly ])ale russet-brown, the color of a
sere dead leaf. It began to pupate September 12.
Food plants. — Carya (Thaxter); beech and hornbeam in
Maine; in Rhode Island, the chestnut and tupelo (Packard);
rose (French); hickory, walnut, butternut (Miss ]\Iorton); Aval-
unt (Pilate); Georgia (Leconte's figure, which I take to repre-
sent the larva of this species, fed on the oak. PI, XXYI, figs.
4c, id, 4e). Abbot (MS.) figures the larva giving as its food
plant Bclianthus ancjristifoUus. In New York, hickory and hop
hornbeam (Dyar). Dr. Dyar writes that leptiiioides is generally a hickory feeder.
Geographical distribution.— A member of the Appalachian and Austroriparian snbprovincial
fauna-; it ranges from ^'iaine to Georgia, and westward to Illinois.
Oiono, Me. (Mrs. Fernald); Kittery, Me. (Thaxter); P.runswick, Me. (Packard); Massachusetts
(Harris); S , Buffalo, N. Y. (P. Fisher, U. S. Nat. Mus.); Newburg, N. Y. (Miss Morton); Platts-
burg, N. Y. (Hudson); Carbondale , 111. (French); Ohio (Pilate); -Savannah, Ga. (Leconte, Abbot);
Wisconsin and District of Columbia (U. S. Nat. Mus.); Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New
York, Pennsylvania, Ohio; Champaign and Carbondale. 111. (French).
f Si'Jiiziira Icj'tiitaiilcs. Kna
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 203
Schiziira apicalis (Grote and Koliinson).
(I'l. IV, fig. 22^.)
Cwlodanjis iipiLulis Grote and Rob., Proo. Eut. Soc. Phil., vi. p. l."i, I8i Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het.. 1S92 (fide Smiti).
^chi:ni-a HwicorHis Nenm. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxi, p. 203, June. 1894; .lourn. X. Y. Ent. Soc, ii,
p. 117, .Sept., 1894.
Larva.
(PI. XXVIII. tigs 1, la. 16, 2, 2(>mc(v, -.xut] fort^ wiiis's
siinarisli tit tlic iijX'X, not ])rodin'('(l as in S. ipomeir, llic outer cdoc Ixnno' iiincli l(>ss oblicnie. Head
ami tlioiax palo ash. witli numerous pale green scales, jiiviiij"' the body (abdoimai excepted) a
slijilit siibolivat't'oiis hue. The interanreiinal tuft on the vortex of the head is edned with black.
Thorax with two blackish lines across tlie t'roul, the hinder one sometimes nmcli the broader; liiud
edo'o ol" the tegiihe black-brown and hinder edge of the scutal region dark.
Fore wings ash-gray, varied with whitish, reddish brown, yellowish green, and black markings.
They are crossed by three well marked lines. Tiie basal line is black, curved outward on the
costal region, and iigain on the cubital vein; and within is a narrower ptirallel brown line. The
base of the wing is whitish ash. Between the basal and median line is a trausverse series of
hinnles, which are brown on the costal region, the series consisting behind the subcostal vein of
four redilish Uinnles; the row is much curved outward between the costa anil internal vein.
Keyoml it is a inirrow parallel brown line. Between this and the basal lint^ the wing is darker
tiiau elsewhere. A distinct black dlscal trausverse streak, widest on the lucdiau line, where it
ends. ri(>t\\ecn this and the middle line the wing is white. A faint dilVuse brown lint^ Just
beyond the discal line, but the true extradiseal line is a series of reddisli, connected patches or
liinules, beginning (Ml the sulicosial \ein and ending on the inlernal, the series being straight,
not curved. Costa white marked with black. .V Imig lilack streak near tiie apex inside of the
costa, and a similar streak in the tirst cubital interspace. In the succeeding spac(> near the
inlernal angle is a conspicuous white streak, within which is a biacic spot. Apical region whitish,
middle regi(Ui of the outer tifth of the wing reddish, region of the internal angle brownish.
Fringe ash, with dusky viMiiiIar s()ots.
Ilintl wiugsof f sordid white, varying to dusky, with a whitish extradisctil broad diffuse line; a
dusky patch on the internal angle; in 9 the wings are uniforiidy mouse-brown, with no distinct
pale lines. ITmlerside of fore wings uniformly mouse brown, with four dark and live white sjiots
on the outer third of the costa; hind wings in the S whitish, in 9 as on the upper side. .Vbihunen
forked at the end as usiuil.
I'jxpanse of wings, cj 31-3.) mm., 531-.'!"J mm.; length of body, t? l.">-17 mm., 9 !."• mm.
This is our commonest species of Scliiznra, and is easily recognized by its sipiarish lore wings
and by the \ariety of its markings iu wiiite, reddish, black, and brown, there being lour cross
lines oi\ the lore w iug. liie iiiidill(> and extradiscal being composed of reddish brown Imiuies; by
the two black snbapical slashes, and 1)\' the white longitudinal short streak in the second cubital
interspace, in front of which is a short, black streak, and within a black, roundish spot.
Cwlodasi/s I'lliiKiiitlsii Taclv. is evidently a synoiiyui of N. iiiiicdniin. Tlie specimen ( S ) marked
('(ImdiidsH in .Mr. ICdwards's collection appears to be only a small unirornix with intrrower wings
than usual. Tiie only ditlerence is in the dusky tawny costa of the tore wings and the similarly
tinted hind wings, due perhaps to imperfect preservation. .V. conspcctd 11. Edw., one (< type from
California in American Museum of Natural History, New York, is only a climatic variety of iV.
unicnnus: the i)osition of the markings is identical in the two forms, but coiiKpcctd is larger, the
fore wiugs as much produced as in any of loiiconiis. Tlie pale area on the outer third of tiie wing
is clear and whitish, ;uid-the hind wings are clearer and whirer than in any eastern example ol
MEMOIRS OK TIIK NATIONAL ACADK.MV OF SCIENCES. 205
■uniconiis. 'I'liis appears lo bn a, c.limaUc variety, Ibllowiiii;' (lie same Ian ol' eliiiuilie variation as
we liave already rel'erred lo.
/v/(/. — •■ (Ireeiiisli lo yellowisli uray in color; transverse diametor, S mm.; liemlsplierical, not
llatlened; siirlace under In^li power, witli elevati'd ridji'es lorndin;- I'aeets. j\ sli^iit irref^ular
rougiienins occurs about liie niicropylar region.'' ('•Deposited ineaplisily in I<'eb." liiley MS.)
Larra. — Tlie (irst stage of S. «»/coc»/.s- did'ers l)ut sligiitly Irom^ tliatol' »S'. ijmincir. Leiigtli,
'2 mm. The liead and body are of tlie sa.ine proportions, llie protlioraeic tubercles of nearly tin*
same size, but. those on the back of the lueso and nielaliioracic segments are larger llian lu »S'.
iniicortiis. 'I'he lnl)ereles on the alidoininal segmenls are of nearly the same |iropphiatch on the side of the second and third thoracic segmeuls, not rcnicliing to the;interior s])iraclc.
I'irst abdominal segment with a. large high acute conical tubercle, bearing at tiii two very
slender, spreading, brown cylindrical tubercles. On lifth a slight hum|), bearing two small
warts; eighth segment bearing a, rather liirg(; dorsal liiimp, supi)ortiiig two (hirk wai'ts; in front is
a broken V-shaped silver mark, the ai)ex directed forward. Anal legs brown, held out, with end
of body, horizontally, 'i'hree lateral obscure, obliipie lines connecting with a daik, obscure, lateral
straight line placed some distance above the s])iraeles. I<'eet all rust-reddish, thoracic; feet ])aler.
Length, LM mm. lias a shorter smaller dorsal retractile tuberch^ than in S. ijiomcif. Tlioracii;
segments peagrcen; the dor.sal V-sliai)ed mark on the scveuth segmcMit is prolonged to Ihe front
edge of the sixth segment, this part really forming a sei)arate narrow V, in front at' Ihe apex, of
which on fourth and liflh segments each is a dusky brown patch, bet ween Ihe r(^ddish Itrown
piliferons wails.
Belbie th(^ last moll the larva is the salll(^ as the maliire form. Length, l."> to IS mm.
The dorsal liump is not so soft and retractile or sensitive as in the lar\a of A'. Icpliiioidc.s.
" It is a very singularly shaped caterpillar, (leueral color in sound specimens, rich reddish
brown, in others grayish brown, shaded with very ininnh^ spots of a darker color, wiiieh give it a
shagreencd api)carance. A faint line of a darker color runs along each side from the third segment.
It is Variegated on the back with a lighter (;olor-, somewhat in Ihe shaiieof a letter W as one looks
from the head, and two lines tbrminga V mark.
"Larva" tbnnd on the blackberry were mostly very i)alc, with the white Y mark on Joints 9
and Id \-ery |dain, with much glaucous color about the back, and with the other shades of ]iur|)le-
brown, llcsh-brown, olive and |)ale green, which are found on the withering bhickberry bushes,
all present. The giaiu^ous and brown colors are especially noticed on the canes of this ])l;int."
, / ^ vious to changing to chrysalids, and tlie moth appears tlie follow-
\ '(®J J ^^^ ^biy and June.
^X^IT' /\n '^\\\^ and the other species of the genus aredoubtless protected
\>\l from the attacks of birds by their close resemblance to a dead,
^. _„ „ „ ,. , . . . dry portion or blotch on the edge of the leaf, as they usually feed
J?ig. 79.— Pupa of Ac/d^Mrft tt/uconM^. ^ ^ ^ ^ i ^ ^
on the edge.
Miss Emma Payne was the tirst to call attention to its mimicry of leaves partly tlead. We
quote her interesting account:
I think this worm furnishes a wonderful Instance of mimicry of the vegetable by the animal organism. The
green segments just back of the head resemble a small portion of the green leaf, and the other parts admirably
counterfeit the brown and russet tints of the dead leaf, while the form of the animal in its various postures aids the
deception by its resemblance to a leaf partly alive and partly dead, the green mostly eaten and thebrowu torn.
(Amer. Eut., ii, p. 341.)
I have noticed that this caterpillar feeds very conspicuously, but is protected by its resemblance
to the twisted, partly dead ends of some of the leaves, the oblique markings of the larva resembling
the twisted dead and russet ijcntions of the leaf.
The following observations have been made by Professor lliley:
"The larva of the above species is found feeding on quite a number of different plants, such as
oak, elm, plum, apple, dogwood, alder, winterberry, rose, and blackberry, also on hickory.
"The insect is evidently two brooded, those of the first brood spinning up at the coinmence-
ment of July, while larvie of a second brood, often only about one-fourth grown, are found as late
as October 10.
"The cocoon is very thin and looks much like parchment. It frequently draws a few leaves
together for this purpose, and changes to a chrysalis in about four days, whicli is at first of the
same color as was the caterpillar, the green segments being distinctly visible, but soon changes to
MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 207
a shiny brown, with two points at the tail and cue blunter one at the head. There are also slight
elevations on the uuder part of the abdomen where the prolegs of the eaterpillar were.
"The mimicry of the larva when on the blackberry, either stem or leaf, is perfect, and the
imitative resemblance of the moth, when at rest, to the bark of a tree is still more striking. Tlie
motli always rests head downward with the legs all drawn together and its wings folded round
the body, which is stretched out at an angle of about 4.") degrees, the dull gray coloring of the
wings with tlie lichen-green and tiesh color giving the whole such a perfect api)earance to a jiiece
of rough bark that the deception is perfect.
''Some of the larvie are, however, infested with Tachinids and witli Opiiinn pinujator Say.''
(Riley's un])ul)lished notes.)
Food plants. — Apple, plum, thoru (Cratwgus), elm, and probably poplar (Packard), Betida alhn
(Mrs. Dimmock); hazel (Corylus umericaHu), Frunus viryiniana (Liiitner); I'riuon verticillulus
(Abbot); h)cust, cherry, dogwood, alder, ilex, oak (Beutenmiiller).
Geo(/raphical di.strihiitto)i. — Common throughout the Api)alachiau and Austroriparian sub-
provinces. Its western limits not yet defined, though it inhabits Napa County, Cal., according
to Edwards.
Canada (Sauiulers); Oroiio, Me. (Mrs. Fernald); lUunswick, Me. (Packard); Franconia, N. IT.
(Mrs. Slosson, aud a fresh one was captured by her in the Summit IIou.se, on Mount Washington,
New IIam])shire, at the end of -Tuly); Boston, Mass. (Harris, Shurtlelf, Sanborn); Rhode Island
(Clark); New York (Grote, Lintiier, Dyar); Plattsburg, N. Y'. (Hudson); Racine, Wis. (Emma
Payne); Manhattan, Kans. (Popenoe); Amherst, Mass. (Mrs. Fernald); Georgia (Abbot and Smith);
Napa Couuty, Cal. (H. Edwards); Canada, Kittery, Me.; New Hampshire, New Y'ork, Ohio,
Wisconsin (French).
Sitiiniiari/ of the steps in the ass^imption of the generic or adaptive, i, e., protective characters of three
species of Schhura (S. ipomea; leptinoides, and unicornis).
The supergeneric features of the partly elevated, uplifted anal legs aud a difference in the
size of the tubercles appear at the time of hatching.
1. The head becomes marked much as in the adult iu the second stage.
a. The tubercles begin to be diflerentiated m the second stage, when the prothoracic tubercles
are much smaller than in the first.
3. The tubercles of the tirst abdominal segment, originally separate, become united at the
base in the third, aud form a single high-foiked tubercle iu the fourth stage.
4. The glandular hairs differ generically iu the second stage from those in the first. The
flattened glandular hairs appear iii the second and disapjiear iu tlie fourth stage.
."). The V-shaped dorsal mark ou the sixth and seventh abdomiual segments appears at the
end of the third stage, and is due to the coalescence of three separate, whitish yellow spots.
(J. The i)ea-green color of the meso- and metathoracic segments appears at the end of the
third stage.
It thus appears tliat the mimetic colorational features, being those which especially enable the
larva to escape observation, appear shortly before the creature is half grown, then changes
occurring at the end of the third stage, while the movable terrifying tubercle of the first
abdominal segment becomes developed at the same time.
Wlien feeding ou the edge of a leaf, the Schizune exactly imitate a portion of the fre.sh, green,
serrated edge of a leaf, including a sere-brown withered spot, the angular, serrate outline of the
back corresponding to the serrate outline of the edge of the leaf. Aud as the leaves only become
si)otted with sere-brown markings by the end of summer, so the single-broodeil caterpillars do not,
iu the Northern States, develop so as to exhibit their protective coloration until late in the
summer, i. e., by the middle and last of August.
A feature of some significauce is the large .size of the prothoracic tubercles iu the larva of the
first stage of S. ipomea; which in successive stages becomes reduced to a size no greater than,
those of the other thoracic segments.
208 MEMOIES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Scbizura badia (Packanl).
(PI. IV, lig. 23.)
(Edemasin fiarFm Pack., Proc. Eiit. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 361, 1864.
Heterncampa s'ujuificata Walk., Cat. Lep. Hot. Br. Mus., xxxii, p. 421, 186.5 (fiiU Giote aud Rob.)
CEdemasia iadia Grote, New Check List N. Aiiier. Moths, p. 1!), 1>'82.
•Smitb, List Lep. P,or. Amer., p. 20, 1891.
Kiiby, Sj-n. Cat. Lep. Het., i. p. 567, 1892.
Scki:ura niiida Neiim. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 204, June, 1894; Journ. X. Y. Ent. Soc, ii,
p. 117, Sept., 1894.
Larva.
(PI. XXVII, figs. 1, 1«, l/(, 2, 2a-21, 18111. (Food plant given.)
Thaxter. quoted by Dijtir, I'syclie, vi. p. 177. Nov.. 1891. (Brief ilcscri))li()n of larva.)
]>!irn\ rroe. Bost. Soo. Nat. Hist., xxvi, p. 397, 1894. (Stage IV de.scrilHMl.)
Math. — Three c? . Very closely related to S. concinna, difteiiiii;' cliielly in the more produced
fore \viii<>>!, with the outer angle more oblique, and in its larger size. Head above and tliorax
ash-gray, with a slight olive-green tint, behind reddish brown, as in S. coneiiuui. Fore wings much
produced toward the apex, tlie outer edge very oblique. The marlcings and shades and discolora-
tioii absent, exactly as in *S'. coiicinna, including the costal region, the internal region, and tlie
position, shape, and color of the round black discal dot. The internal region or nuirgin of the
wing is less black than in (S'. concinna, and more as in (S'. badia, but darker and claret reddish ; the
costal region is more distinctly marked with oblique dusky strcalcs than most of my examples of
S. concinna, and in this resi)ect the costa is marked more as in badia. The long narrow blackish
basal streak on the submedian fold as in (S'. concinna. Hind wings whitish, with a large dusky
patch at the internal angle. The underside of both wings pale whitish and marked as in S.
concinna.
Expanse of wing, S 48 mm.; length of body, S IS mm.
Grote, in his description, compares this moth with ;S'. badia, and does not refer to its close
resemblance to »S'. concinna. It differs entirely from S. badia in its round discal dot, that of . Trace of a lateral line, but broken and diffu.se. A distinct snbstigmatal line.
Abdominal feet on joints 7-10 pale, marked with reddish mottlings, the claspers vinous. An
oblique brown line runs from base of the born on joint 5 to the anterior side of the foot on joint 7,
and another, subventrally, from below the hump on joint 12 to the posterior side of the foot on
joint 10 and, continued back subventrally, ends on the anal foot. Setie short, rather dark.
" Fifth stage. — Much as belbre, but the process on joint 4 is pronounced, leaning backward to
touch the horn on joint 5; width of head, 3.5 mm. There is a trace of a hump only on joint 8.
V-niark distinct, ^^/hAwA, with centering red lines, but remaining narrow, not diffuse. Dorsal
shade mossy olivaceous brown, distinct only on joints 9-13, often quite greenish on joints 10 and
212 MEMOIRS or THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
11 ; joints C-S suffused with jjiiikisli dorsally. The area on the sides of joints 2— t and the bases of
the feet on joints 7-10 below the substigiuatal line translucent whitish, with sparse, dotted,
brown reticulations. Horn (5 mm. lonj;-, tapering, the distal half slender. When full grown
the larva becomes paler throughout, though different individuals vary in shade. Feeds solitary
ou the edge of a leaf."
Food phmf.—SnVix, Populus (Thaxter); white birch [Betula papyrifcra). maple, beech; apple,
(Beuteiimiiller); "a larva was found ou the ground under an elm tree" (Dyar); "a more general
feeder than lejitiMoidc.s" (Dyar).
Geographk-al distribution. — So far as yet known, an iiihabitaut of the northern portion of the
Appalachian subprovince.
Frauconia, N. H. (Mrs. Slosson); Roxbury, Mass., (Sanborn, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.); Kittery,
Me. (Thaxter, French); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); New York (II. Edwards); northern Kentucky
(Sanborn, Mus. Comp. Zool.); Massachusetts, New York, Champlain, 111. (French); New Y'ork
(Dyar); Seattle, Wash. (Dyar); rennsylvania, British Columbia (Palm); Keene Valley, New Y'ork
(Dyar).
Schizura conciuua (Abbot .aud Smith).
(I'l. VI, figs.l and 2,,?, 3, 9.)
Phala-na concinna Abbot and Smith, Nat. Hist. Lep. Ins. Georgia, ii, p. 169, I'l. LXXXV, 1797.
Notodoiila concinna Harris, Rep. Ins. inj. Veg. Mass., p. 309, 1841; Treatise ou Ins. inj.Veg., third edit.,
pp. 425, 426, larva Kg. 210, PL VI, fig. 11, 1862 (colored tig. of moth).
Edema concinna Walk , Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus.. v, p. 1030, 1855.
Notodonta concinna Fitch, Third Hep. uox. Ins. N. York, p. 342, 1856.
Edema concinna Morris, Synopsis Leji. N. Amer., p. 242, 1862.
(Edemasia concinna Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 360, 1864.
(Edemasia niiida Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 360, 1864.
Notodonta concinna Riley, Amer. Ent., ii, p. 27, Sept. and Oct., 1869. (Figures larva, pupa, and moth, the
latter copied from Harris.)
Heterocampa salicis Edwards, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., vii.p. 121, 1876.
(Edemasia concinna Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
■(Edemasia niiida Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Riley, Report Entomologist U. S. Dept. Agr. for 1884, p. 411, 18S5.
Packard, Filth Reii. U. S. Ent. Comm. Forest Ins., p. 457, 1890.
Xolodonta concinna Dimmock (Anna K.), Psyche, iv, p. 279, 1885.
Dryocampa riversii Behr., Proc. Cal. Acad. Sc. (2) ii, p. 94, 1890. (S. salieis,Jide Dyar in letter).
(Edemasia coiiciniia Smith, List.. Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
(Edemasia salicis Dyar, Psyche, vi, p. 177, 1891.
Kirby, Syu. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 567, 1892.
(Edemasia nitida Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., ]>. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 567, 1892.
Schizm-a concinna Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxi, p. 202, .June, 1894; .louru. N. Y. Ent. Soc.
ii, p. 116, Sept., 1894.
Larva.
(PI. XXVI, figs. 5, .50-5/.)
Abbot and Smith, Nat. Hist. Lep. Ins. Georgia, ii, p. 169, Tab. LXXXV, 1797. (All stages figured.)
Fitch. Third Rep. Nox. Ins. N. Y'ork, p. 342, 18.56.
ffarris, Treat, Ins. inj. Veg., 3d edit., p. 125, 1862, moth, PI. VI, fig. 11, larva, fig. 210 iu text.
Ent. Corresp., p. 303, PI. I, fig. 3, 1869. (Larva).
Marten, Trans. Dept. Agr. 111., xviii. Append., p. 120, 1880.
Sannders, Can. Ent., xiii, p. 138, 1881; 12th Rep. Ent. Soc. Ontario, p. 21, 1882; Ins. luj. Forests, p. 03. 1883
(compiled, figs, copied from Riley and Harris).
Edwards and Elliot. Papilio, iii, p. 130, 1883.
Beutenm idler, Entoniologica Americana, iii, p. 157, 1887. (List of food plants.)
Eileti, Rep. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr. for 1884, p. 411, 1885 (figs, of larva, pupa, and moth).
Bimmock, Anna A'., Psycho, iv, p. 279, 1885.
Packard, Fifth Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm. ou Forest Ins., p. 4.57, 1890. (Larval Stages II, III, V.)
Proc, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxiv, p. 531, 1890. (Egg and larval Stages II, IV, V.)
Jourii. N. York Ent. Soc, i, p. 68-69, ,Juue, 1893. (Larval Stages I, II.)
Dijar, Psyche, vi, p. 177, 1891. (Stages III to V of (Edemasia salicis.)
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 213
^foth. — Three f? , five 9 . Head ash, tawny ashen, with reddish brown discoloratioiis, thorax
ash color witli reddisli brown scales behind. Fore wings very i)alc tawny in the middle of the
wing, between the cinereous costa aiul the brown inner margin. No transverse lines. At the
base along the cubital vein is a dark streak ; there are three dark spots on the costoapical region ;
another faint linear minute streak in the apical interspace; in the two spaces below are two faint,
long, linear slight lines between the dark venules. A minute but distinct discal dot succeeded by a
linear streak reaching to the outer margin. Near the internal angle are two unequal linear spots.
A faint row of marginal brown lunules. Near the internal angle is a brown geminate discoloration.
Hind wings in 1 wliite with a dusky discoloration on the inner angle. Wings beneath pale; fore
wings a little dusky externally; the three costoapical dots and the spotted fringe visible beneath.
Fringe brown on the venules.
Female: Baseof the fore wings fuscous; beyond ashy; a distinct subniedian dark basal streaky
a minute discal dot, with a faint biown streak beyond. Two twin costoapical streaks, more distinct
than in the S , so also two larger, broader spots near the internal angle. The marginal row of
spots more distinct. Hind wings dark, ashy, reddish brown.
Expanse of wings, S 30 mm., 9 30-.31 mm.; length of body, i IG mm., 9 17 mm.
It differs from badia in the wings being narrower and longer; the base of the fore wings is less
reddish, rounder, not lunate. The fringe is whiter on the edge; there is no reddish tinge on the
bind wings. It is a slender species. After a careful examination I am irnable to perceive any
difference between what I have decided to be nitlda and this species. This species, like the rest of
the genus, is remarkable for the difference in the color of the hind wings in the two sexes.
A S in the United States National Museum, labeleillar from the attacks of birds.
"We have also noticed iu Providence the simultaneous and sudden disappearance of a whole brood
from an apple tree at the end of September.
Eegarding the habits of this species In California, Mr. Edwards states that lie detected the
caterpillars iu the fall of 1875 " feeding upon willows in the neighborhood of Mount Shasta. Six
caterpillars taken, all feeding close together, upon a dwarf willow, their brilliant colors giving to
the plant at a little divStance the appearance of a raceme of showy flowers. In a few days they
began to undergo their change, and by the 27th of August had all transformed. The perfect
insects began to appear on the 22d of December, a second followed on the Oth of January, and the
third on the 10th of March. The remaining specimens all died in the chrysalis state." Mr. Dyar
found the larvie he describes on the maple in the Yosemite Valley in August.
The moth has been bred by Mr. Elliot from the willow, and T have found it in difterent stages
of growth on the willow at Brunswick, Me., in August and September. It also feeds on the
aspen and blackberry iu Maine. 1 have also found the cater])illar feeding on the huckleberry
[Vucri Ilium).
I found the eggs with the larva^ just hatching on the leaves of the willow at Brunswick, Me.,
June 24. The eggs were in this case somewhat scattered and few in number, and the larva' did
not feed gregariously. The larva* continue to hatch till the early iiart of August in Maine, as
August 14 I found the larv;ie in Stage II and also fully grown on the aspen.
"This curious and well-known caterpillar was received in August from Oregon. Mr. F. S.
Matteson, of Aumsville, states that he found it in large numbers on a young apple tree, entirely
denuding the branches of leaves. This mention is made as bearing upon the geographical
distribution of the species. The gregarious habits of these larva> when first hatched admit of an
easy remedy in hand picking." (Riley, Rep. U. S. Dept. Agr., 1SS4.)
After the second molt some of the larvfe are ichneumoued. September 2 an ichneumon larva
had issued from the ventral side of the caterpillar and spun a white thin cocoon; the nearly dead
cateri)illar was fastened by its back to the cocoon. After a day or two the caterpillar died and
turned whitish, the rows of black warts becoming conspicuous.
Riley has observed the eggs in June; the larvae from June to October; the moths in May and
August.
Food 2)lnuis. — Apple, cherry, plum, rose, thorn, pear, Betnla alba, willow, aspen, blackberry,
bramble, huckleberry [Vaccuiiwm). I have found the larva- in Maine most commonly on the
willow, and it is probably from this tree that the insect has migrated to our fruit trees. In
California it feeds on the willow (Edwards) and maple (Dyar).
In Beutenmiiller's list, besides the fruit trees already mentioned and different species of willow,
he has found it on the flowering dogwood, sweet gum, i^ersimmon, snowdrop tree, bayberry, and
three different species of hickory. Apricot, wistaria, oak, locust, hickory, persimmon, poplar.
(Riley.)
Geographical distribution. — This species has a wide range, extending throughout the Appa-
lachian, Austroriparian, and Campcstrian subprovinces from Maine and Canada to Missouri and
southward to Texas, Georgia, and Florida.
MEMOIRS OF TUE NATIONAL ACADEMY OP SCIENCES. 217
London, Canada (Saunders); (Quebec (Fyles); Brunswick, Me., common (Packard); Boston,
3Iass. (Sanborn, Harris); Amherst, Mass. (Mrs. Fernald); Ncwburg-, N. Y. (Miss Morton);
riattsbnrg, N. Y. (Hudson); New York (Doll); Brooklj'u, Long Island (Hulst); Providence, R. I.
(Clark, Bridgliani, Packard); Janesville, Md. (M. C. Z.); southern Illinois (French); Missouri
(Miss Soule); ]\Ianbattau, Kans., "common on a])ple" (Popenoe); Aumsville, Oreg. (Mattesou fide
Riley); Kansas, Missouri, Idaho, California, Oregon, Iowa, New York, District of Columbia, and
Virginia, Ctpur d'Alene City, Idaho, August 29 (U. S. Nat. J\Ius. ); salicls, Mount Shasta (II.
Edwards), and Y'osemite Valley (Dyar): Normal form. Florida (Palm); Canada, Kittery (Me.);
Massachusetts, New \'"ork, Maryland, North Carolina, Georgia (French); var. .salicis California.
(French).
Seirodonta Grote aud Kobiuson.
(I'l. XLY, figs. 1, 111, and 1/-, venation. PL XLVIII, 111;. 10, palims.)
Cecritaf (in part) Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 359, Nov., 18()4.
Helerocampa (iu part) Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mas., Part xxxiii, p. 419, 1805.
Edema (in part) Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., Part xxxii, p. 426, 18B5.
Seirodonta Grote aud Rob. (inedited), List. Lep. X. Amer., p. xi, .Sept., 18G8.
Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirhy, Syu. Cat. Lep. Het., i, pp. 569, 929, 1892.
Cec/'ifa, iu part, Nenm. and I>yar, Trans. Amer. Ent. .Soc., xxi, p. 206, .Juue, 1804; .lourn. N. V. Ent. Soc.,ii,p.
117, .Sept., 1894,
2Iotli. — 3 and 9 . Head prominent, not quite as large as iu Hetei-ocampa; vertex broad,
triangular, with a flattened tuft in front of each antenna. Clypeus square, full in the middle, and
toward the vertex a median elevation. Auteunre of $ pectinated three-fourths to the tiji, as in
Heterocainpa : in 9 simjile, with a few ciliated .scales beneath. Maxillic well developed, twice aslong"
as the head, united and coiled up. I'alpi porrect, extending well beyond the front; second joint
rather narrow aud long, with a few spreading scales below; third joint of moderate size, rather
short, distinct, conical. Thorax not tufted, but the jirothorax with long dense hairs beneath. Fore
wings not quite half as broad as long; costa slightly convex at the base aud apex, straight between,
not bent at the apex; outer edge oblique, not augulated, but little shorter than the internal edge.
Venation: A long narrow subcostal cell, much as in Heterocampa {IT. maitteo), and the vena-
tion otherwise scarcely differs from that of II. manteo, except that the discal veins make a regular
curved line. In the hind wings the costa is full near the base, moie so than the species of
Heterocampa; apex a little more pointed than in H. manteo; the outer edge slightly bent in the
middle, while the costal vein is shorter, ending much nearer the middle of the costa than in
Heterocampa. Legs rather long, witli only a single pair of tibial spurs, the outer one being twi(;e
as long as the inner.
The genus diflers from Heterocainpa chiefly in the venation, the discal venules forming a line
mnch curved in. I confess that these characters seem to me quite trivial, especially when we take
into account the very close similarity of the larva to that of M. manteo and the great difficulty of
distinguishing one from the other. I had concluded to unite it with the Heterocampa, but regard
it provisionally as a distinct genus. The style of markings is not as we find it iu Heterocampa,
there being two defluite lines on the fore wings, arranged, however, much as in H. manteo.
To place this species in the genus Cecrita, close by guttivitta and biundata, is scarcely allow-
able, since the larv» seem to difter so much, though the earliest stages of hilineata have yet to be
observed.
Larva. — Body cylindrical, head smooth, rounded, no wider than the body, which is marked
almost precisely as in Heterocampa manteo, with two pale subdorsal lines, which diverge on the
prothoracic segment, are close together on the second and third thoracic segments, and again
widely separate from the front edge of the first abdominal segment to the end of the body; some-
times the space between is reddish and extends down on the sides of the third and sixth segments.
A yellow or white spiracular line. A pair of small dorsal piliferous tubercles on the first and
eighth abdominal segments; the other minute, much i-educed. Anal legs long .and slender.
Gcof/raphical flistrilrution. — The single species known is confined to the Appalachian sub-
province, but since it occurs at Fraucouia, N. H., may be found in the Uudsonian fauna.
218 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Seirodonta bilineata (I'ackard).
(PI. VI. Fig. 8.)
Cecritaf bilineata Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 359, 1864.
Seirodonta bilineata Grote and Rob. (lueditud. Grote in letter.)
Helerocampa tiirbida Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., xxxii, p. 419, 1865 (fde Grote and Rob.).
Nuiodonta (Gluphisia?) ulmi Harris, Ent. Corresp., p. 302, 1869.
Edema .' associala Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. JIus., xxxii, p. 426, 1865 {fide Grote and Kob.)-
Seirodonta bilineata Grote, New Check ListN. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Pack., Fifth Rep. U. S. Ent. Cornm. on Forest Insects, p. 268, 1890.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer.. p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syu. Cat. Lep. Het.. 1. p. 569, 1892.
Cecrita bilineata Tsenm. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxi. p. 207. June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, ii,
p. 117, Sept., 1894.
Larva.
(PI. XXIX, figs. 1, !«. PI. XXXV, figs. 1, la-lc; 2, 3.)
Harris, Ent. Corresp., p. 301 (PI. II, figs. 2, 3\ 1869. (Scarcely recognizable colored figures of larva.)
French, Can. Ent., xviii. p. 49, March, 1886. (Mature larva described.)
Packard, Fifth Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm. on Forest Insects, p. 268. (Uncolored figure, PI. XXXII, fig. 4. Desc.
ex Harris.
Moth. — Two S , two 2 . Body and wings uuifornily mou.secolorcd. Upper side of the palpi
and end of the patagia dark.
Fore wings crossed by two distinct, dark brown, scalloped lines edged with gray, the inner
situated on the basal third of the wing and the outer forming the usual extradiscal line, the two
approaching each other on the submedian fold.' The inner line is bent inward near the internal
edge of the wing on the internal vein (VI), then curved outward between this vein and the sub-
costal vein. The outer line is bent outward on the internal vein and curved inward on the
submedian fold, and thence by a series of scallops ends, after making a great curve on the outer
fourth of the costa. The space between the two lines is slightly darker than the rest of the wing.
A linear black, not very distinct, discal mark. Toward the apex are four dark costal marks.
A very faint subniarginal line.
Hind wings and abdomen a little paler than the thorax and fore wings ; a du.sky patch near
the internal angle. Underside of the wings uniformly mouse-colored and coucolorous with the
upper side of the hind wings.
Expanse of wings, S 40 mm., 9 35-10 mm.; length of body, 5 15 mm., 9 1.5-17 mm.
This plain, quakerish-in-garb species may be known by its uniform shining mouse tint and the
two narrow distinct curved and scalloped dark lines which cross the fore wings, and by the pale
mouse-colored hind wings.
Young and older individuals feeding on the elm were kindly sent me by Mr. Tallant, from Ohio,
and were received July 10. A fully fed one (not mentioned, however, in the following description)
was found under an elm at Bath, Me., in August.
Larva, titaye II. — "Head slightly bilobed, narrowed above, median suture deep; shuiing
brownish black, tUe clypeus pale; width, 0.9 mm. Body with anal legs elevated, a little enlarged
dorsally on abdominal segments 1 and 8. Where the large black tubercles of row i are uniform
light green a yellowish subdorsal line faintly seen; anal legs reddish. Two dorsal purple-brown
patches (in this individual) on segments 2-5 and 10-12, respectively, incised or almost broken at the
intersegmental furrows. SetiB rather coarse, blackish, single from normal coucolorous tubercles.
Legs all pale. Length at end of stage about 9 mm. Calculated series of widths of head in 5
stages: I, .(i2; II, .95; III, 1.44; IV. 2.18; V, .3.3." (Dyar MS.)
Larva, Stage III (?).— Length, 10 mm. The head is much broader than the body, the front
broad and flat, pale yellowish green, with long dark hairs, and on each side a curved black-brown
line, not edged with white. The body is jiale straw or lemon yellow, the sides below more greenish,
with red specks and short curved lines in front, there being very few behind the first abdominal
•segment. The dorsal brick-red stripe is arranged as follows: On the prothoracic segment are
' Tliis fold is the vestige of Vein V.
MEMOIRS OF THE KATIOXAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 219
two thread lines which converge a little to meet the broad single band on the second and third
thoracic segments, and including the two concolorous tubercles, which are dark at the tip, and are of
the same size but farther ajiart tiian those on the eighth segment. On the first abdominal segment
the red band brealcs up into two subdorsal lines which ]iass into the blood-red, transverse, broad
band on the third abdominal segment, which extends down each side of the segment. On the
fourth and fifth segments ai'e two parallel red lines, and on the sixth the broad single dorsal band
passes down ou each side, forming a lateral li)bc not (juite so large or so full and rounded as that
on the third abdominal segment. This broad median, blood-red band contracts on the seventh and
eighth segments, where it ends. The anal legs have a reddish line on each side. A fine irregular
lateral yellowish line passes along the lower end of the spiracles, and there are faint indications
of an upper lateral parallel yellowish line, which are most marked in front.
Piliferous warts: None on the first thoracic segment; two minute dorsal ones, all of the same
size, on the second and third thoracic segments. Those on the first and eighth abdominal seg-
ments are large and equal in size: those on the second and third abdimiual segments are a little
larger than the others. The hairs on the dorsal warts are dark, those on the sides pale.
Stu(je IV {?). — Length, 15 mm. About to molt. The head with its dark lateral lines as
before; the tubercles as before^, but those on the first abdominal segment are rather larger and
more prominent than those on the eiglith segment. The two lateral lines on the second abdominal
segment are much wider, so that the inclosed space is very narrow, and the broad transverse
reddish band ou the third abdominal segment is interru]ited in the middle by a whitish green
band which extends back more or less interruptedly to the seventh segment, on which it forms a
broad, green, oblong spot, the green edged with white and inclosing a median line. The reddish
band extends on each side of the ninth segment, and on the suraual ])late is a lateral reddish, flue,
broken line and a median whitish line. The anal legs are much as before. Two well-defined
lateral yellow lines, while the l)ody is more spotted along the whole length than before. The
spiracles are pale reddish. The thoracic and abdominal legs are green. This larva is much like
the drawings made by Bridgham (PI. XXXV, fig. .3). It molted, after two days' rest, July 1-4; on
July 2() it began to pupate when 25 mm. long.
Last stage. — Length, 25 mm. Head pale greenish, with a single dark purplish curved line on
each side, not edged with white. Sides of the body greenish, speckled with reddish. (As the
markings are not yet distinct, a further description could not be made.)
Full-fed larva. — One occurred on the elm August 30, at Providence (Bridgham); length, 27
mm. Head clear pale pea-green (not mottled with purplish), but the dark purjile and white line
is present on each side. No broad purplish discal band, the space inclosed by the white lines
being wliitish pale pea-green, and with a median white line beginning on the tliird thoracic segment.
The dorsal and lateral piliferous warts are yellowish. The two subdorsal white lines extend out
to the tip of the anal legs.
A full-grown larva received from Miss Caroline G. Soule July 24, from Brookline, IVIass., on
the 2Cth of July began to form a cocoon on the bottom of the breeding box. Length, 30 mm.
Head greenish, finely mottled and netted with purplish; a faint dark purple line broadly edged
behind with white. Two white subdorsal lines, very distinct on the abdominal segments and
inclosing a broad purplish dorsal band, the two lines finely and faintly edged with reddish purple,
and contracting a little on the somewhat humped eighth abdominal segment. The retractile anal
legs have on each side a reddish purple line. The piliferous warts are all white, the hairs pale
brown. A single yellowish spiracular line, most distinct ou tlie thoracic segments. A second one
not so distinctly marked and wanting the white edging of the lines on the head.
I have introduced these descriptions of Seiroilonta bUineafa and very carefully compared the
alcoholic larvre with those of Heti'rocampa mantco without as yet being able to detect any difi'erence
between these, except that in some individuals there are but two segments red on the side, where,
as in H. «irt«ieo, there are three segments thus marked, though the moths differ in generic and
specific characters.
On PI. XXXV are represented the earlier larval stages of what I suppose to be this species
rather than any of Heterocampa, as it fed ou elm leaves. It will be seen that in the earlier stages
.this genus is a Schizura rather than a Heterocampa, and it is thus a connecting link between the
220 MEMOIKS OF TUE NATIOIS^AL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
two genera, and this justifies onr placing it in a genus apart from Heterocaiupa, though its late
larval and imaginal characters are closelj similar to those of Heterocam2)a.
Cocoon. — Subterranean, or spinning a slight co(;oon when in conflnement. "This is a silken
aS'air, loosely constructed (judging from fragment in collection), and with earth and sand
incorporated and forming its ])redominating constituents." (Kiley MS.)
rupa. — Length, about I'O mm.; rather slender; reddish brown in color, shining; punctuation
fine and not dense; dorsal teeth at suture between meso- and metathorax 10 in number, not large,
nearly twice as wide as long, central one largest. Tip of abdomen with two strong spurs as in
aS'. ipomecv, bifurcate at tip, the inner branches approximating so as nearly to inclose a somewhat
oval space. Spurs more or less tuberculate.
"Described from two pupal shells evidently of undersized individuals." (Eiley MS.)
Food plants. — Elm (Harris, French, and myself), beech.
Habits. — This insect was known by Dr. Harris to inhabit the elm as early as 1837. The
cateri)illar is found from August until October. Professor French has also described the larva
found on the elm. (Can. Ent., xviii, p. lit.) The larva which Harris (Ent. Corresp., \^. 302) found
under a sycamore and reared on sy( amore leaves is evidently the young of Heterocampa uiiicolor.
He found the caterpillar at C'ambiidge, Mass., on the elm in Se])tember and October, and observed
it on fences August 28 and September 9, showing that the larva had then left its food tree. I
jjrobably was in error in stating in the footnote on page 208 of my rejiort on Forest Insects that
the figures of Harris in PI. II "represent Lochnucus vianteo,^' as the latter species is not known
to feed upon the elm.
Professor French's excellent description was based on thirteen individuals, all taken on a
young elm tree at Carbondale, 111., September 20. " By October 5 all but one had disappeared
for the purpose of pupation, going beneath the surface of the dirt in the breeding cage. Nine
imagines were produced the following spring, the times of emergence ranging from May 21 to
June 7. There seem to be two broods in a season, for larv;^ were found on elms during the early
part of summer, but these were not reared to find out the period of the summer brood."
Eiley records the moths as occurring in April, June. July, and August.
6eo{jraphical distribution. — Not j-et known beyond the limits of the Appalachian subprovince.
Francouia, N. H. (Mrs. Slosson); Orono, Me. (Mrs. Fernald); Bath, Me. (Packard); Portland,
Me. (E. S. Morse, Mus. Comp. Zool.); Boston, Mass. (Harris); Amherst, Mass. (Mrs. Fernald);
Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); Providence, 11. I. (Packard); Columbus, Ohio (Tallant); Maine,
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Carbondale and Champaign, 111. (French); New York, District
of Columbia, Missouri, Arkansas, Texas (U. S. Nat. Mus.); Lawrence, Kans. (F. H. Snow, Mus.
Comp. Zool.); Manhattan, Kans. (Popenoe); Chicago, 111. (Westcott); Fort Collins, Colo. (Baker);
Arkansas (Palm).
Heterocampa (Doubleday).
(PI. XLV, figs. 2-4; XLVI, figs. 1-5: XLVII, ligs. 1-3, venation; Pl.XLVIII, tig. 6, front of head; figs. 11, 12, palpi.).
Lochmaeus ami Heterocampa Doubleday, Entomologist, p. 57, 1811.
Mhogada Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., v, p. 992. 1855.
Heterocampa (in part), Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., v, pp. 1022-1026, 1855.
Cecrita Walk., Cat. Lep. Br. Mus., xxxii, p. 449, 1855.
Staiiropus f Doubleday, Harris Corresp., p. 134, 1869.
Lochmaeus and Heterocampa Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, pp. 368, 370, 1864.
Litodottta H.arvey, Can. Ent., viii, p. 5, Jan., 1876.
Grote, New Cheek List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
.Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het.. i, p. 563, 1892.
Heterocampa Grote, New Check List X. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., yt. 31, 1891.
Kirby, 8yu. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. .563, 1892.
Heterocampa and Cecrita in part, Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxi, pp. 204, 206; Journ, N. Y,
Ent. Soc, ii, p. 117, Sept., 1894.
Moth. — $ and 9 . Head larger and more prominent than in any of the foregoing genera, but
smaller than in Cerura; vertex triangular; front rather narrow, subtriangular, narrowing below.
Eyes naked; on each side of the eyes a long broad flat tuft, and on the head a dense tuft of long
MEMOIRS OF TPIE NATIONAL ACADEJIY OF SCIENCES.
221
scales. Eyes nalccil. Aiiteiiiiiv well i)ectinateil on tlie basal two tliirds. beyond Ulitorm; the
brauches more or less ciliated; the joints above uotdenselj' scaled. Palpi imieli larger and rather
wider than usual, stout, ascending', reaching a little beyond the front; second Joint longer than
the first and rather longer than usual; the scales on the upper side short and .).
Heterorampa manteo Morris, Synopsis Lep. N. Aruer.. p. 240. 1862.
Heterocampa siibalbicans Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Pliil.. iii, p. 336, Dee., 1863, pi. 8, fig. 2 (a good figure); New
Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Packard, Fifth Eep. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 158, 1890.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het. Br., i, p. 564, 1892.
Heterocampa manteo Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 206, 1894; Journ. X. Y. Ent. Soc., li,
p. 117, Sept., 1894.
Larva.
(PI. XXIX, figs. 2-10.)
Doubleday, Entomologist, p. 58, Jan., 1841. (TTneolored figure of mature larva, plate facing p. 60, fig. 6;
pupa, fig. 7.)
Comstock (J. H.), Rep. U. S. Dept. Agr. for 1880, pp. 2.59, 260, 1881.
Elleij, Fifth Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm., pp. 158, 1.59, 1890.
Packard, Fifth Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 1,58, 1890.
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxiv, pp. 545-548, 1890.
Moth. — Tliree S , two 9 (and other.s seen). TJoifonnly pale ash-gray, with three wavy diffuse
darker Hues erossiug the fore wings, and a large, heavy, black discal mark, becoming in rubbed
specimens two twin black dots inclosed in a pale ash spot. (Two very fresh and distinctly
marked $ from the United States National Museum used in this description.) Male antennte
moderately well pectinated, but less so than in most of the species. Head and thorax light
ash-gray; thorax behind over the mesoscutum darker. Fore wings ash-gray, varying from pale,
almost whitish, ash to a darkish ash, and crossed by four usually distinct, deeply scalloped, dark
lines, the scallops more or less tilled in with pale gray. At the very base of the wings a short line
composed of one scallop, which is deflected on the cubital vein and passing out along the
internal vein becomes confluent with the second line. This second line is double, consisting of
two ])aralle], four-scalloped, dark lines, which pass straight across the wing, ending the same
distance from the base both on the costa and internal edge. A large,- very conspicuous,
transversely oblong, black di.scal spot, which in old rubbed specimens -usually appears as two
thin black dots inclosed in a pale area, and which is diagnostic of the species. Extradiscal line
double, composed of about ten scallops; where it ends on the costa dislocated and set in from the
subcostal portion. A little more than halfway from this to the edge of the wing is a dark,
sharply zigzag, diffuse line. A marginal row of about seven distinct black dots.
Hind wings dark mouse colored, with a faint, diffuse, whitish line, and a du.sky patch on the
internal edge.
Underside of the fore wings like the upper side of the hind wings, with the costal edge on
the outer third pale, with four dark spots. Hind wings sordid wliitish; outer edge dusky, like
the fore wings. Fringe pale gray, with the veuular spots alternating with the more distinct
marginal dots.
Hind legs very hairy, with two pairs of tibial spurs nearly equal in size.
Expanse of wings, S -tO-io mm., 9 -43 mm.; length of body, S 21-23 mm., 2 20 mm.
This is the most common species of the genus, being sometimes abundant enough to be
actually destructive to oaks in the Southern States. The species differs from the otliers of the
genus in the large, black, wide discal spot, in rubbed specimens represented by two black dots in
a pale ticld, in the uniformly pale ash color of the fore wings, and the four distinct, deeply and
numerously scalloped lines.
^OO- — "About 0.8 mm. in diameter, hemispherical, shining; under high power, irregularly
hexagonally sculptured, the sculptures consisting of raised lines. Color of dried SDecimen a dull
l)ink." (Riley MS.)
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 225
From the inspection of the tiguro by DoubleiUiy (jjiobably copied from Abbot's colored
-drawing) of the larva of Lochmwus mnnteo Doubleday, I feel sure that Heterocampa siibalbicans
(Irote is a synonym. Indeed, it has been referred witli a doubt by Mr. Grote to his species.
I iun indebted to Professor Eih'y for an opportunity of examining and (U'scribing a series in
ah'oliol of the larvffi in all the five stages (No. 2759 from box 12, 1.55), and have myself collected
the caterpillar in its hist two stages, while Professor Riley has given me a blown S])ecimeu and
the opi)ortunity of examining his own series.
Larva, Stage I. — Length, 4-G mm. The head is very large, nearly twice as wide as the body,
and flattened in front, the outline seen from in front being somewhat six-sided. Tiiere are six to
seven minute piliferous warts, the Idack set;e arising froai them being unusually large and stiff, and
tai)eriug at the end; around the base of the warts are brown discolorations, and the row of warts
on each side of the median line, together with the outer I'ow, are connected by an irregular, faint,
brownish baud.
The body narrows in width to the end. The dorsal and lateral tubercles are well developed,
the dorsal ones being (luite high, but on the whole rather small and all of the same shape; those
on the-prothoracic and first abdominal segments arc of about the same size, and or.ly a little larger
than those on the second and third segments; the two dorsal ones on the eighth abdominal
segment are of the same size as those on the first abdominal segment, but are nearer together and
with somewhat larger bases. The ninth and tenth segments are rather long, with well developed
tubercles. The supra-anal plate is well developed, being rounded, not so long as broad, bearing
■on the edge eight hairs, of which the two posterior ones are bristle-likc and black; near the middle
of the plate are two black dorsal bristles. The paraual lobes are large aud full, each bearing an
•excremontiferal bristle. The anal legs are long and slender, being as long as the ninth segment,
and are slightly retractile. The four anterior pairs of abdonunal legs bear on the plant;? from
sixteen to eighteen crochets. The setiB arising from the dorsal and lateral tubercles are long and
large, and though apparently tubular, taper, some to a point, while others are slightly docked,
but they do not, as usual, end in a broad clear tip. But along the extreme lower side of the first
and second and seventh and eighth abdominal segments is a series of singular battledoor-like
■setiTp, a pair to each of the segments named, and arising from the lowest tubercle on the side of the
segment.
These battledoor hairs, which are modified secretory seta^, are very short, only from one-third
to one-half as long as the other seta-, and have a slender ])ediccl enlarging into an elongate
bulbous expausion, the surface of which is striated or wrinkled longitmlinally, while the tip
appears under a half inch objective to be clear. There is also a i)air of i-emarkable foliaceous
oval appendages at the end of the thoracic legs, which we have not seen in the few other larva
whose feet we have specially examined. These are described and figured in our paper on the
" External structure of caterpillars." '
The colors, being well i)reserved in the alcoholic specimens examined, may be described in
the abseuce of the living. The head is amber, mixed with resinous. The body is whitish above;
the tubercles and their bases pale straw-yellow, as are the anal region and anal legs; the setre
are brownish, aud there are pinkish stains at the base of the prothoracic and first aud eighth
abdominal dorsal tubercles. Hence it seems that in the first stage of this species the mode of
coloration of the final stage (V) is already indicated.
Second stage. — Length, 10-11 mm. The head is now proportionately smaller tlian before, the
dark spots more exaggerated, and the twin dorsal tubercles on the prothoracic and first and eighth
abdominal segments, while uot much larger than tlie others, are much darker reddish brown, with
pink stains around their bases, and thus contrast with the others, which are yellow. The two
double dorsal pink lines, connecting the prothoracic and first abdominal tuliercles, also the four
short lines in front of and behind the tubercles on the eighth segment, are now distinct: also the
subdorsal, white, lateral band on the outer side of the dorsal tubercles, while the subspiracular,
narrow, pale yeUow line is distinct. The stigmata ou the eighth abdominal segment is twice as
large as the others. The hairs are very long, black, and tapering. I can not see any battledoor
seta- in this stage. The anal legs are provided with crochets.
' Proceediui's Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1800.
S. Mis. .50 15
226 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Third staf/c. — Length, V2-lo mm. The charactei's of the liinil stage now appear. The head
has changed its shape and style of inarkiugs to that of the last stage; it is flatter in front, with
a lateral brown line edged with white, wliile the large, conspicnoas, dark spots have disappeared,,
and the color of the head is dull opaque-amber. The four red, parallel, dorsal lines on the second
and third thoracic and seventh and eighth abdominal segments are now distinct. All the dorsal
tubercles except those on tlic prothoracic and first and eighth abdominal segments have muck
diminished in size, while the others, have remained stationary.
Fourth staije. — Length, 18 mm. The piliferons warts in general are smaller than in Stage III,
and those on the prothoracic and lirst and eighth abdominal segments are snniller tlian before.
The eighth abdominal segment is slightly humped, and the anal legs are normal, though about
one-half as thick as those in front. The body is green, with a broad subdorsal and two nai-row
lateral yellow lines, as in the last stage, the lower being the infra-si)iracalar line. The sides of the
three thoracic segments are dotted with reddish i)ink, and there is a reddish stieak on the outside
of the anal legs. The subdorsal yellow lines diverge on the prothoracic segment, and along the
next two segments succeeding are edged within with pink red lines. Behind the two dorsal'
tubercles on the first abdominal segment they are much fartlier a])art, extending to the supra-anal
plate, and are whitish yellow, narrowly bordered with deep, straw-yellow, and inclose a narrow,
yellow dorsal line. (This line in the next stage extends to the prothoracic segment.)
Fifth and last staijc. — Lengtli, 30-32 mm. It differs in the dorsal piliferons warts on the first
thoracic and first and eighth abdominal segments being smaller than in the fourth stage, being
now no larger than those on the other segments, and the humj) on the eightli segment has almost
disappeared. There is, as in the fourth stage, a conspicuous red dash on each side of the third
abdominal segment, and the other lines are as described in the fourth stage.
RECAPITULATION.
1. Head large, with dark spots and connected lines in Stages I and IT.
-'. The spots disappear, and the peculiar lateral dark line edged with white characteristic of
the final stage appears in Stage III.
3. The piliferons tubercles on first thoracic and first and eighth abdominal segments attain
their maximum in Stage II; the tendency after this stage is to return to a simple, smooth body,
without excessive ornamentation or any decided change in coloration.
4. In Stage III all the other tubercles diminish in size.
5. The style of coloration of Stage V is indicated in Stage II.
G. In Stage IV the tubercles almost reach their minimum, becomin-g still smaller in the final
stage.
7. The few tenant hairs present in the first stage are battledoor-shaped.
It is interesting to notice, in reviewing the larval history of this species, the strong tendency
shown after the second stage to a diminution in size of the tubercles, so that by the fourth stage
the body becomes smooth and free from all projections, humps, and spines, and thus more
uoctuiform. At the same time the yellow and whitish stripes and pink blotches become indicated
at an earlier stage than usual, as if the aim were to adapt the caterpillar to the ribs and parallel
greenish and yellowish lines or shades of the leaf on which it feeds.
This is perhaps, as regards the other species, the most generalized and simple form in its
early larval stages, there being no horns and the dorsal warts of nearly uniform size.
lu the group comprising H. biundata, f/uttiritta, and obliqun there is a singular degree of liyper-
trophy and specialization of the dorsal tubercles, while in the group represented by i/. HH/oti/or
the process of hypertrophy and specialization takes another direction, i. e., the anal legs, the larvie-
becoming cerura-forra.
Eemakks.— PI. XXIX, figs. 2, 2rt represent what may prove to be the young larva of this spe-
cies. It was found by Mr. Bridgham on the walnut at Providence, It. I., July 5. I have no notes,
on it. The following descriptions have been drawn up from Oomstock's specimens, the types of his.
description in his report as United States Entoaiologist for ISSd. His No. 21!», "Notodonta ou
oak, September 23, 1879," is equal to var. c. of his description. I am indebted to Professor liiley
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 227
for an opportunity of examining the specimens when they were iu the collection of the United
States Entomologist, Department of Agriculture, Washington.
Slar/e II? — Length, G nmi., jjrobably not long before molting, as the head is as wide as the
body; it is rounded, of abnormal shape, not S(iuarish on the sides. The piliferous warts on the
head are minute, but bearing long bristles, and connected by broad, dark brown bands. Forming
a rude Greek cross on each side of the vertex and on the side below are three dark spots, two on
the back side and one near the clypeus; the sides of the latter dark, forming a V.
On the body the piliferous warts are rather large and high, especially the dorsal ones. The
dorsal prothoracic tubercles are conical, rounded, twice as large as those on the second and third
thoracic segments, and deep reddish around the base. Tlie two dorsal warts on the tirst
abdominal segment are as large or slightly larger than those on the first thoracic segment, and
somewhat forked at the tip, which is dark, giving rise to two bristles. The eighth abdominal
segment is gibbous on the back, bearing the dark red tubercles, wliich are slightly larger than
those on the prothoracic segment, and which are simple, not forked, and reddish above the base.
The suraual plate is rounded, bearing a few high slender conical setiferous warts. The anal legs
are long and slender, reddish, extending well beyond the suranal plate. The body is green, with
yellow markings, with two interrupted broad yellow bands, which are in fact broken into a series
of irregular spots. From the first thoracic segment two parallel, nearly contiguous, red dorsal
lines extend to the dorsal tubercles on the first aLdomiual segment, and inclosing a fine broken
yellowish line. A similar pair of red lines, but broader and more diffuse, on the last third of the
body. The setiB are glandular, slightly enlarged at the tips. (The specimen, alcoholic, is not
well preserved.)
Stage III. — Length, 10 mm. The head is rather large, broader than the body, while the sides
are now somewhat squarish. The origin of the lateral dark and white line is now seen to be thus:
The front is rather broad and flattened; on each side is a slightly curved row of about five dark
piliferous warts, which are connected by an irregular dark band, which begins on each side of the
vertex and curves around to the sides of the labrum. This line is broadly bordered by a whitish
band, and outside of this are three bhKk blotches. The sutures of the apex of the clypeus are
broadly stained with black-brown, forming a V, as iu the second stage. Piliferous tubercles
as in Stage II, but now the bristles taper to a point, though large and coarse, and the bases of
those of the first thoracic and first abdominal tubercles are reddish, those of the others yellowish.
The twin dorsal reddish lines are more distinct, and now there are two distinct, broad, subdorsal
■white bands, containing on the inner side the dorsal tubercles, whose bases are yellowish. A
spiracular, narrow, straw-yellow line, passing just above the spiracles and partly inclosing them.
The anal legs are reddish, but no reddish spots or dots "yet appear on the sides of the body, as-
they do in the next stage. On the third abdominal segment is a large, dark, setiferous tubercle,
which is reddish at base; it is one-half the size of that on the first segment.
The following description is drawn up from Comstock's type (No. -i-too, " From eggs on oak,
D. C, June 2-i, 1SS9"), var. 6. One or two were in the fourth stage and the others fully grown.
Length, 32-34 mm. They (the full-grown ones) have the dorsal region between the subdorsal lines
deep, continuous carmine or dull blood-red. The six thoracic piliferous warts are yellow, the
dorsal lines white, the subdorsal one white, more or less tinged with straw-yellow, two well-
marked lateral yellow lines, the supraspiracular being narrower than the lower ones. Below the
lower line the sides of the body are more continuously blotched with carmine-red than usual.
The lateral lines on the head are as usual black, edged externally with white. The base of the
mandibles and of the antennre are tinged with yellow. The bristles are as usual long and stiff.
In two full-grown H. manteo, 35 mm. long. Department of Agriculture, "No. 359, C." (pi.
XXIX, figs. 3, 3a), kindly lent by Dr. Kiley, the colorational characters often, though not always,
seen in Stage IV are retained, the red filling up tlie space between the subdorsal lines, passing far
down in great lobes on the sides of the abdominal segments 1, 3, and G, those on segments 3 and
6 being the largest, and partly inclosing the spiracles. The tubercles are small and normal, i. e.,
as in the mature larvae generally.
In one larva, 3596. 45 mm. long, the space between the two subdorsal lines is filled in solidly
with deep, dull blood-red, only interrupted by the dorsal yellow line, while the two lateral yellow
lines are distinct.
228 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
H. manfeo var. — ("On bircli, Virginia, September 14, 1S82,"" Department of Agriculture.)
Two blown si^eciuiens, full-grown larva\ (PI. XXIX, figs. .5, .5ff.) Leugtb,30 mm. Tlie bead is
moderate in size, sbaped as in tbatof normal maiiteo, with a lateral, narrow, brown line, bordered
externally with white. The head is rather freer from bristles, and is i)alcr than in normal mantco;
in fact the whole body is paler, like the underside of a birch le;if, compared with the other blown
specimens. In one of the examples thei'e is a flue, narrow, reddish V-shaped mark, the arms of
the V being situated outside of the elypeus.
On the piothoracic segment are two flattened, yellowisli, piliferous warts, connected by a
slight low ridge. There are four dorsal smaller conical i)iliferous warts on the second and third
thoracic segments. (These are just as in //. maufeo.) On the first abdominal segment are two
cylindrical, conical, coral-red dorsal tubercles, arising from smaller bases, and are (in one example)
deep blood-red, forming an oval spot, situated mostly , jii the outside of the tubercles. These tuber-
cles are of the size of those in Stage IV of normal manteo, and the conical nipples are themselves
larger than in some of thefonrth stage of normal manieo, birt of the same size as in the others ; in fact,
these tubercles vary much in size in different individuals of normal manteo of Stage IV, which shows
that they are comparatively suddenly produced or are a lately acquired character, and are thus
inconstant. The third abdominal segment is much as iu normal manteo, Stage IV, but in one of the
si)ecimens is a large, deep blood-red, irregular, oval, subdorsal spot of the length of the segment
itself, and in the subdorsal line on the sixth abdominal segment is a much smaller blood reel spot.
The eighth segment is dorsally decidedly gibbous, and bears two distinct, but small, yellow,
piliferous, flattened dorsal warts. The dorsal yellowish and the two subdorsal yellowish white Hues
are of the same width aud arrangement as iu normal /Hfii^o, but the red inner border is neai'ly
obsolete.
What at once strikes the eye are the three pairs of une(pial, deep blood-red, subdorsal spots,
which are partly inclosed by the subdorsal lines. On the sides of the body are thickly scattered
red spots, running sometimes into very short curved lines.
There is a spiracular yellow line extending from next to the head to the second abdominal
segment, beyond which it is obsolete. The abdominal feet are tipped with reddish; the anal legs
with two parallel reddish stripes beneath, while the lateral piliferous warts are yellow.
It varies much in tlie three pairs of subdorsal, abdominal, dark blood-red spots, as they are
(entirely wanting iu one of the specimens. It is plainly derived lidm normal manteo, and is adajited
for existence on the pale yellowish green underside of the birch leaf, while the deep blood-red si)ots
;are similar in color to those of the birch twigs or leafstalks.
A larva near L. manteo, if not of that species. — Three blown specimens, "Xo. 330, on linden,
'October 17, 1874," were loaned nie by Professor Riley. (PI. XXIX, figs. 4, 4a.)
I can not see any diflerence between these specimens and If. mantco. Length, 34 mm. The
head is deep amber, with a broad, black, lateral baud bordered externally with a rather narrow
whitish baud. The dorsal tubercles are as in H. manteo of the last stage. Those on the first
, abdominal segment are small, low, flattened and red around the base. The eighth segment is
gibbous, with the piliferous warts small, normal, and yellow. The yellow dorsal line is distinct,
and the subdorsal lines are, as in H. manteo, broad and white, tinged with yellowish- on the upper
edge, aud broadly but very irregularly bordered with reddish inside, this edging broken up iuto
red scattered spots. The spiracular Hue is yellow, situated just below the spiracles, which, as
, usual in this genus, are partly merged in the upper edge of the line.
Cocoon. — In confinement spinning " a very slight, elastic, silken cocoon," some "a tough silken
cocoon, others one made only of a few threads, while some had no cocoon at all, but had made a
smooth cavity in the earth" (Riley). According to Comstock's infornmnt, in nature the mature
caterpillar entered the ground, where they laid most of the winter before trausformiug.
Pi(im. — S (bead wanting). Length, 18 mm. End of body less blunt than in Schizura.
Last f(mr segments smooth, polished; crenmster ending in two stout foot-like spines, the toe very
long and pointed, the heel pronounced; the surface transversely densely corrugated; vestiges of
anal legs swollen and quite distiuct; two S sexual openings, the hinder one being the smaller of
.the two. (Drawn up from Riley's Xo. 249.)
MEMOIRS or THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 229
Pupa. — "Lcnjitli, 10-22 iiiin. Body only moderately robust; sliiiiiiig, dark reddisli brown;
dorsal teeth at posterior margin of mosotliorax, 12 in number, gradually decreasing in size from
the center laterally, nearly i-ectaugular, and without central indenture; two spines at tip of body
rather long and narrow, somewhat ronglicned, and each with an inner sul>ai)ical tooth or branch,
in this rcsi>ect somewhat similar to the |iupie of Schizura. The slender outer branch is irregular
in length and direction, which, however, is generally outward."
(Riley MS.) ■ > .X''°"^^'^°s°'''^X.
Hahilfi. — During l.'^.'^d a great amount of damage was done to g s^—.-.r^/iV^'i ^V /
the foliage of oak Ibrests in at least two counties of Arkansas by I ^ ,:^^^ y
this worm, which appeared in immense numbers iu January. The \.v ^**\ /5
following extract is taken from Professor Comstock's account in -\-- -((([il^ /
his report as United States Entomologist (Agricultural Report, \^^ X-L^^^
1880) : ^^$/^ '°
There are probalily two liroods ol the variahle i ater]iillar in the course Fia. 80.— Pupaof iT. ma/ido.
of the season, although hut (Uic. the fall hrood, seems to have heen iiotieod.
The moths appear iu the latter part of April or iu early May, aud hetfl-een that time and late Fepteuilier, wlien the
principal damage is done by the worms, there is abnudant time for two broods of caterpillars.
In the District of Columbia for the last two years these larvi-e have been noticed very abundantly upon oak,
hawthorn, aud basswood, and doulitless feed upon other plants. In late September they had reached their full
size and entered the ground, where, as we gather from Mrs. Thomas's letter, they lie most of the winter before
transforming.
Profe.ssor Eiley has sent us the following notes on its habits and food i)lauts, which api)eared
ill our report on Forest Insects:
Two larv* of a Xotodonta were found feeding on oak and persimmon, iu N'irgiuia, June 18, 1882. Another one
was found June 20, also iu Virginia, feeding on walnut ; and two more July 19, feednig on oak. (It also feeds on the
white, post, aud laurel oak, and linden.) One of the first found larvae spun up between leaves .July 19, ami another
one pupated on the surface of the ground July 21. The iirst moth issued August .5 and the other one August 12.
Larva' of a second brood were again found x\.ugust ."0, (Vediug on apple ana tough silken cocoon, others made one only of a few threads, while some had no cocoons at all,
but had made a smooth cavity iu the earth. In cage 5 were found two large Tachina larvic, certainly from form c,
one of which is preserved iu box 7-40. April 10, 1875, one Tachina fly issued, marked 359-. One moth issued April
16, 1875, the larva of which was found on linden, but fed also on oak iu cage 13, where there are many more in the
ground. Braconid parasite bred October, 1874. October 26, 1875: Nine from oak, all near form //,
"Eggs in August, Larva' in April, .June. .July, September, and October (winter as larv;c. transl'orming sometimes
as late as July). Adults in April, May, June, July, .Vngust." (Riley MS,)
Food plants. — Different species of oak, including the white, post, burr, and hiurel oak;
hawthorn, basswood, persimmon, walnut, apple, black birch: in Georgia it lives on Piiickneya
pubens (Abbot's MS. drawings. Gray copy, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.); linden, oak (Kiley MS).
230 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Geographiatl served becoming ocaerous yellowish or reddish,
as occasionally occurs in hiundatair of black horns shorter than the shortest ones in front. Thoracic legs.
blackish; the middle abdominal legs of a pitchy color.
It molted July 10, being perhaps belated, as are most in the next stage.
»S7«Y/e //. — Length, 5-0 mm. Head and body uiiiforndy liver colored or reddish brown. Head
conical, rounded, entirely liver-red, like the body, with no lateral bands or any markings. Xoir
ihere in only <( single pair of very short horns or tubercles situated on the iwothoracic segment, icith
no traces of the others. These prothoracic tubercles arc cylindrical, short, square at the end,
which is dark and no longer than one-third the length of the anal legs, with no branches. The
end of the body is uplifted; the anal legs are concolorous with the body. The body gradually
tapers to the end, with no traces of any markings.
I found, July li, other larva? ou neighboring maple trees, of which the following is a descrip-
tion, and think it is the same species:
Stage III. — Length, 10 mm. The head is noic rerij large, subtriangular, rising higher than
the body behind, and much wider than the body; greenish, with a broad, pale reddish baud on
each side, meeting ou the vertex. The prothoracic horns are now represented by the conical
piliferous tubercles of moderate size, dark reddish at the end, from each of which a reddish line
jtasses back to the first abdominal segment. The third abdominal segment is pale reddish above,
the hue passing down to the base of the first i)air of abdominal legs. Along the back of
abdominal segments 4 to 0 is a pale reddish l)and interrupted by the sutures. On abdominal
segments 7 to 0 is an elongated, reddish, diamond-shaped, dorsal, pale red band, including the
suranal plates; a faint reddish lateral spot on the side of the sixth abdominal segment.
Abdominal legs yellowish, concolorous with the body. Anal legs long, slender, upheld; thoracic
legs pale; the sides of the body just above their base discolored with pale reddish. A distinct
subdorsal yellow line ou each side of the body, not so distinct on the last three abdominal segments.
In three specimens, with little doubt of this species, which were lo mm. in length, there are
two parallel red lines extending backward from the j)rothoracic tubercles and diverging, as in
the smaller specimens, ou the first abdominal segment. On the third abdominal segment is a
crescentiform dorsal red spot, the horns pointing anteriorly; ou the segment behind is a median
triangular red patch, aud on the five succeeding ones collectively is a nnu-h smaller one, cleft
behind. In this specimen the hollow of the crescentiform spot is filled with a yellow curved spot,
but in one of the other examples there is in place of it a white patch, and the crescentiform spot
is represented by two short parallel lines. There is another reddish dorsal patch common to the
seventh aud eighth segments. Indeed there is nuich variation in the markings. The suboval
yellow lines are distinct. There are four small, short, lateral, ()bli(iue, reddish patches on the
side of the body, one at the base of the third pair of thoracic legs, another at the base of the
fourth pair of abdominal legs, and in one of the specimens one at the base of the first pair of
abdominal legs.
Stage IV. — Length, 18-20 mm. Head large, wider than the body, flattened in front. The
band ou each side is rather short aud broad, not reaching to the base of the auteuuie and not
meeting above ou the vertex; it is composed of lines of fourcohirs, being black within, then white,
then a broad i)ink band bi'oadly shaded externally with yellowish. No tubercles on the top of
the prothoracic segment, but a yellowish patch containing two lines forming the beginning of the
two parallel reddish sienna brown lines, which end on the first al)dominal segment. Behind this
spot are three yellow dorsal lines which end ou the hinder edge of the third abdominal segment..
On this and the next segment is a conspicuous forked sienna-brown line, inclosing on the third
segment a white triangular patch. The two subdorsal yellow lines are broad and distinct, edged
•within with reddish on the eighth segment and on the suranal i)late. Sides of the body with
scattered black specks. Spiracles yellow, finely edged with black. A slight, short, narrow oblique-
line on the side at the base of the legs of the third thoracic and sixth abdominal segments. A
reddish line on the inside of the anal legs. A black dot ou the middle of the thoracic legs.
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 233
It molted, passiiit;- into the last stage August O-IO.
Ldxt sldnc — Length, o-> nun. Head as in JL lni()ihiciil distrihittioii. — Ovono, Me. (Mi\s. Feruald); Rruuswick, Me. (Packard); Portland,
Me. (E. S. Morse, jNIus. Oomp. Zool.); Franconia, N. II. (Mrs. iSlosson); Natick, Mass., May 2.5,
Strattou (B.S.N.H.); Rhode Island (IT. L.Clark); Plattsburg, K Y. (Hudson); Iowa, June (U. S.
Nat. Mus.); Eacine, Wis. (Westcott); Washington, D. C, Georgia (A. Oender, U. S. Nat. Mus.);
I'unta Gorda, Fla. (Mrs. Slosson); "St. Johns Bluff, East Florida, Jlarch and April" (Doubleday);
New York, Maryland, Washington, D. C, Florida, Georgia (IT. S. Nat. Mus.); Maine, New
Hampshire, New York (French); Fort Collins, Colo. (Baker).
This species probably ranges from the sonthern limits of the Hudsonian fanna southward
through the Ai>palachian and Austroriparian subprovinces, and very rarely occurs in the
Campestrian (Cohn-ado).
Heterocampa biundata \V:ilker.
(PI. V. ligs. 1 J,-) 9.)
Hetevocampti biundata Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mas., v, ji. 1025, 1855.
Loclma'us biundata Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 370, 1864.
Lochmanis olivata Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 371, 1864.
Heterocampa biundata Morris, Synopsis Lei>. N. Amer., p. 240, 1862.
Grote, New Cheek List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Heterocamjia semiplaga Walk., Can. Nat. and Geol., vi, p. 37, 1861.
Stauropus riridescens, AValk.,' Cat. Lep. Ilet. Brit. Mus., xsxii, p. 416, 1865. (Fide Orote and Roh.)
Cecrila biundata Drnce, Biol. CVntr. Amer. Het., i, p. 234, May, 1887.
Cecrila obliniia Drnce, Biol. Centr. Amer. Het., i, p. 234, May, 1887.
Cecrita riiidescens Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer. Heterocera, i, p. 234, May, 1887.
Lochmwus ciuercus Pack., Filth Hep. U. S. Ent. Comm. on Forest Insects, p. 398, 1890.
Hcterncampa biundata Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.
Kirby, Syii. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 564, 1892.
Cecrita biundata Dyar, Knt. News., iv, p. 34. Jan., 1893.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Sue, xxi, p 206, 1894; .lourn. N. V. Ent. Soc, iv, p.
117, Sept., 1894.
Larva.
(PI. XXXII. ti-s. 1, ln-1,/.- 2. 2n, 26, 3. 3a, 36, 4.)
I'ack-ard, Fifth Report V. S. Ent. Comm ou Forest Insects, p. 398. 1890. (Larva not described.)
Proc. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxiv, p. 543, 1890, fig. 2. (Erroneously referred to 11. ijultiritta.)
Dyar, Ent. Amer., vi, p. 209, 1890. (By error .is Heterocampa subrotata.) (Life History.)
Moth. — Five S and six $ . Antennse of <5 well pectinated on the basal two-third.s, filiform at
the end; the body and wings ash gray, often greenish ash, the wings more or less olive sea-green
in tint. Head ash-gray, sometimes greenish on top, ashen in front; palpi wide, bushy, ashen,
black on the sides; third joint thick, distinct, shorter than in uuftiritta. Thorax ashen, greeni.sh
on the sides at the insertion of the wings, sometimes entirely olive greenish, except behind
insertion of the fore wings; on front edge of the thorax a dark brown transverse stripe; a
more distinct transverse stripe behind, and the hi.ider edges of the tegulie dusky; between the
.' B. viridescens (Walk.) is simply the female of if. iiundt. :, as Mr. A. E. Butler kindly informs me, and as had
previously been determined by Mr. Grote. It is mentioned \ \ Mr. Druce. under the name above, with the remark:
"I do not agree with Messrs. Grote and Eobinson in regarding this insect as synonymous with C. {Heterocampa)
biundata."
H. dardania Dnice, Bioiogia Centrali-.\mcricaua. ji. 237. from .Jalapa, Mexico, appears by the figure to be very
near H. biundata, and may prove to be a variety of it.
H. alpclor Druce, (1. <•.. p 238) also, judging by the colored ligure, seems to be very near the 9 of H. binudata.
rather than jiulren-a G. ami R.
236 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
two obli(iue ti'gulai- striiies the hiiulcr parr of the thorax is dark brown, iuclndiiig a small tuft oil
the liiuder cd.ue of the thorax aud a larjje two lobed Hatteiied tuft, which covers the base of
the abdomen, the ))osterior edges of the double tuft becoming blackish.
Fore wings long, the apex produced as in H. (/uifirittd; the wing with usually distinct
scalloped bands; two distinct unequal scallops at the insertion of the wing (obsolete iu some
before me); middle doable-scalloped line well marked; the scallops uneven, two in median space,
the largest one rectangular; a short acute scallop in front of the median vein and extended
oufrward along it; two nearly even-sized scallops on the costal edge; a clear space between the
middle and outer scalloped lines; outer scalloped line very irregular, scallops deep and heavy
black-brown, aud the line of scallops curving inward from the cubital vein to near the apex on
the costa. The costal edge on outer third with three distinct narrow linear black spots, the
venules marked with black and whitish gray scales (iu some males this outer line is almost
obsolete). A vSubmargiual row of eight blackish spots, three of which are situated behind the
last metliau venule; this series is plainly dislocated, the subapical three being set farther inward
than those below, and this is a ready means of separating the species from II. {luttirlitu. In
three females the fore wings and thorax are yellowish green, while iu the male of a clear sea-
green.
Hind wings uniforndy mouse-colored or dusky ashen, yellowish on the costa, on the outer
third of which is the beginning of an outer whitish line, forming two scallops; the wing is
sometimes pale, almost whitish at base, but dusky toward and at the margin.
Beneath, the fore wings are clear ash, the costa a little dusky, with fine blackish linear marks
toward the apex; the submarginal row of blackish spots appear through, but the series is not
dislocated: hind wings not marked, except by three' submarginal dusky spots behind the second
median venule at the internal angle; abdomen ash, with a faint yellow-green tint.
Expanse of wings, $ , 45 mm.; 9 , 55 mm. (2.10 inches); length of body, $ , 20 to 21 mm.; 9 ,
23 mm.
This species may be known by the fore wings being slightly more inoduced toward the apex
than those of //. (/iittiriffa, by the clear space between the distinct middle and outer scalloped
lines, and by the dislocated series of submarginal dusky spots; the wings in the male are uniformly
sea or olive green, while in some individuals the hind wings are yellowish green or rather brown.
(My original description in third vol. Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadel])hia is defective, as the type
specimen was rubbed and without the greenish tint of fresh specimens.)
From H. gutHvltta it is distinguished by being more uniformly olive-green and by the lack of
whitish discal ])atches. The discal spot is almost obsolete, and with only a^slightly marked dusky
patch. beneath, this blackish patch being sometimes large and cons])icuous in some examples of
E. guttivitta. The palpi are also larger, the third joint longer and slenderer, and the second joint
is black externally; the scalloped lines are more distinct, and this holds for old rubbed specimens,
while in //. guttivitta they tend to become obsolete.
The Franconia, N. H., specimens are less dark than those of H. guttivitta. In these specimens
the body and wings are suffused with ocherous yellow scales, wliile in one from Florida, kindly
given me by Mrs. Slosson, the body and wings are decidedly reddish brown, including the thorax
and end of the abdomen. This and guttivitta have given me more trouble than almost any other
Notodoiitians, as they are so liable to be confounded.
Larva. — The caterpillar of this species has been found by Professor Riley feeding on the maple,
and closely resembling in the last stage the catoriiillar of //. guttivitta Packard. The type of my
original description was captured by myself in Brunswick, Me.; Professor Riley's was bred iu
Washington, D. C, the moth appearing May 28. Mr. Howard L. Clark has found it not
uncommonly in Rhode Island. l\[y original type was from Maine.
fStagv II. — The larva was recei\ed from Mr. Joseph P.ridgham, of Providence, R. I., July 1
(PI. XXXII, figs. 1, la). Length, 7 mm. Easily recognized by the pair of three-forked dorsal
prothoracic reddish brown horns, while on each abdominal segment is a pair of sharp conical
brown spines.
The head is rcmnded. reddish brown, with no tubercles or markings. A pair of large, high,
thick, three-forked, reddish brown horns, like those of a deer, the lowermost tine smaller than the
MEMOIKiS OF TQE >«rATIOXAL AGADEMY OF SCIENCES. 237
two (ithi'is iibovo. There are no in,iikiii.i;s on tliii second iiiid tliird Mioracic .segnieiits, but on each
abdominal segment there is a i)air ol' aiuili; dorsa! brown spines, those on tlie first and ciglitii
segments being almost twice as large as the others. A ])air is also sitnated (dose together on the
ninth segment. The end of the body is elevated, the anal legs small, slender, reddisli brown.
The body is ])ale greenish yellow. A dorsal reddish brown baud beginning from between tiio
horns, and widening so as to inclose the two spines on the first abdominal segments, then breaking
up into two lateral lines so as to inclose a greenish yellow area extending from the middle of the
first to the middle of the third segment; farther back it again breaks apart so as to inclose a pale
yellowish spot on the sixth and seventh segments; from thence the bands extend oui, npon the
anal legs.
Tlie thoracic and middle abdominal legs are pale, like the body.'
^ta(ie TIT. — Length, 1(1 mm. it is green, smooth, with two large dorsal, conical, prothoracic
spines, not, however, much exceeding the vertex of the head. The head is narrow toward the
vertex and as wide as the body in its thickest part — i. e., the middle; it is yellowisli green, with a
double red line on each side, the outer line being much broader than the inner. The body tapers
to the end, and the anal legs, though long and slender, are used in creejnng. The body is pea-
green; the prothoracic spines are yellowish at base, reddish brown at the tip; from the end of each
spine a narrow reddish tliread line passes back and the two unite on the back of the prothoracic
segment to form a broad median dorsal line ending on the thud thoracic segment. On the fourth
abdominal segment is a shield shaped, bright brick-red spot; on the seventh a double linear,
coalesced oval reddish spot. A pair of widely separated, reddish, narrow, jnirallel dorsal strijtes
on the top of the eighth abdominal segment, while the abdominal legs are striped externally with
red; all the other legs are pale greenish. A pair of broad, subdorsal, yellow, long lines extending
from the sides of the prothoracic segment to the side of the anal legs. There are no other spines
than on the segment nest to the head.
Another larva of this species was found feeding on the rock ma])le, at Brunswick, Me., July
21, 1893; it molted August 2. It shook its head rapidly from side to side when disturbed.
>Stae on each side. The body is thickest in the middle, a double dorsal pinkish
brown .stripe inclosing a median white line and extending ui)on tlie first abdominal segment.
There are two subdorsal yellowish stripes which are interrupted on the third abdominal segment,
whicli is pinkish brown on the sides, but not above, while the succeeding segment is brownish
above but not on the sides, being bounded laterally by a yellowish line. On the fifth abdominal
segment is a broad dorsal, V-shaped, brown spot, the apex pointed anteriorly. Segments 7 and 8
with a dorsal brown patch. On the last segment are two narrow brown lines. The sides of the
anal legs are rusty reddish brown ; an oblique reddish brown band extends from the first abdominal
upon the third thoracic segment and incloses the first abdominal spiracle; the thii'd spiracle is
included in an obli(pie brown band extending from the brown dorsal spot above. An oblique
lateral brown band on the sixth abdominal segment, and on the seventh and eighth is a lateral
oval concolorous spot connecting the two segments. The ground color of the body is pea-green,
siieckled finely and densely with black.
The rust-red brown spots are of almost exactly the sauie hue as the rusty sere spots on an
oak leaf, and it is thus at first difficult to detect the larva when feeding on the edge of a leaf.
This larva is, I am quite sure, the final stage of II. biunduia ( Fl. XXXII, figs. 2, 2a), as I have
found it during the itast season on the ; eil or rock maple. One fi)iind August 28 was without the
obli(pie pale brown line on the third thoracic and first abdominal segments, and also -without
the brown spot on the side of the sixth abdominal segment. '
' The following description is drawn up from a specimen sent me by Dr. Dyar, which proves to be H. hiwndata:
Length, 35 iiiiu. The he;>d is not so wide as the body. Width. 4 mm. It narrows above more than usual, so
that at the vertex it is scarcely more than one-fonrth as wide as below. The sides are iingular. The vertex is
bilobcd, ending in two well-marked conical tubercles, which are black at the end, but not )iiliferous.
The head is whitish, polished greenish, with a faint jiurplish tinge. The region in front and on each sida of
the clypeus and from there to the vertex is polished greenish, without the purplish tint.
The body in general is entirely free from pilifercuis warts or humps. There are four minute piliferous warts on
the first thoracic segment, which is normal. The body is spindle shaped, tapering toward each end, posteriorly to
the anal legs, which are small, weak, and p(dished faint iiurplish. The suranal plate is small, rounded behind,
smooth, with two dark dorsal stripes. The body is pale green. As the example before me is full-fed and about
ready to pupate, it is faintly marked with sere and brown, pale raw sienna on tlie sides of the first abdomiual
segment, with a small patch, and on tlic sides of the sixth abdominal segment, while the sides of the third and
fourth, the whole of tlie third, the spot encroaching a little on the second segment, are washed with the same pale
brown or raw sienna tint. (Dr, Dyar suggests that the white dors.al marks must have been lost ou. account of the .
approach of pupation.)
240 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Two young with horns exactly as in PI. XXXII, figs. 2, 2rt, were found on the maple August
20-29; one of them molted August 27, and then ai)peaied as in PI. XXXII, flgs. .'5, 3a. When tirst
found they were stretched out motionless along the nudrib ou the underside of the leaf.
In the last stage the larva differs from that of H. fiiiitirittn in having the three pairs of
lateral sere brown patches, the difference l)eing simply colorational rather than as regards the
arnuiture.
llie lost stujie. — Length, 30 mm. The head is still high, bilobed, narrowing toward the vertex,
with two black lines in front extending from each side of the elypeus and ending on the vertex
near the tubercles, and another behind one on each side extending from the antenna- and
mandibles back halfway up the back side of the head.
The antlers of the early stage are now replaced by two high, conical, rounded, i)olished knobs,
each bearing a minute bristle, and from them on the inside two parallel lines extend backward.
The aiuil legs are shorter than in the early stage, being about as long as the -well-rounded
supraanal plate. Donbleday probably gives the characteristic attitude of this caterpillar when
not walking, its legs being jnoderately elevated.
I add a fuller description of this larva when fully grown.
Mature ho-ca. — Length, 3.5 mm. Head high, narrowing from below to the vertex, which is
very slightly bilobed. Two black lines ascend from the antenna; and approach each other on the
vertex, the space between tiie lines slightly roseate; outside the head is liglit uniform brown with
a slight greenish and Idac tinge; the elypeus is small, while the median suture of the epicranium
in front is very distinct. On the prothoracic segment behind the vertex are two contiguous, thick,
conspicuous, large, conical, bright red tubercles, dark at the tip; there are no other humps, and
none at the end of the body, which is thickest at and a little behind the middle, the body tapering
gradually to the long anal legs, which fork widely and are longer than the others, but are constantly
used. Supraanal plate unusually small. Color of a peculiar brownish green dotted with black
points and specks, with a white spot between the prothoracic tubercles. Body above finely
marbled with dark brown, with a broken, pale, flesh-colored line, beginning on the mesothoracic
segment, and ou the first to third abdominal segments suddenly expanding into a large, broad,
sublozenge shaped spot, suddenly succeeded, over the segment bea.ring the first pair of abdominal
legs, by a rounded spot. On the top of the fifth segment begins another dorsal patch of the
same color, which widens and extends down the sides of the third segment from the end. Along
the middle of this patch are two parallel dark lines; and two broader dark lines of speckles begin
on the fourth segment from the end of the body, converging and uniting on the second segment
from the end, forming ou the last two segments a broad median dorsal line. Thoracic legs reddish;
abdominal legs reddish flesh color. Anal legs slender, reddish. On the oak at Providence,
October 9.
To recapitulate:
1. The pair of prothoracic antlers of the early stage of this larva, and those of (jnttiritta
ohliqua and umbrata, is certainly the most unique and unexpected feature to be found among
Lepidopterous larva', and the object evidently is to render the creature frightlul to its assailants.
2. The rest of the body is without large horns aiul markings, the latter of which appear in. the
later stages and are such as to completely adapt it to a maple leaf late in summer or in the autumn
when portions begin to wither and to turn brown. Hence the horns, if present, would then only
serve to attract attention to it, and thus they are modified into nuudi less prominent tubercles. It
should be observed that in the full-grown larva of R. astarti; which has the same general colors and
markings as H. guttivitta and H. Uundata, and is thus protected, the prothoracic tubercles are
absent.
How to account for the appearance of such enormous horns may be impossible even after we
have become acquainted with the early stages of all the allied species, though it should be borne
in mind th.-it the young of Citheronia re«.— Body plump; of the same shape as in E. guttivitta. Head full and rounded, with the
two parallel ridges between the eyes slightly larger and more prominent than in JI. guttivitta
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
241
;( which shows that in this as well iis iu Schiziira and perliaps sonu; other genera of Notodoutidie
there may be useful specitic characters iu the front of the head). Other differences may be seeu
by comparing our camera drawings with flg. 82. The vestiges of the 9 sexual aperture ai'e oval,
and shorter than in H. fiiitttvitfa. Behind the .mesoscutuiu the dark transverse line or band
usually present is formed of six black tubercles (these iu my single specimen may be somewhat
deformed in this respect and not entirely normal), which are not
square, but veiy short and transversely oblong, but otherwise as
hi //. (/uttiritta. Length, 18-19 mm.
Habits. — The habits and distribution of this species are very
similar to those of IT. guttivifta. In Providence the larva' in the
second stage occurred July 1, and the fully fed larva occurs as late
as September 10.
In Maine I have found larv;e 10 mm. iu length feeding on the
rock majjle July 21, and the fully developed caterpillars occur there
late in August and during the early part of September. As in H.
juftiritta, the young horned larva shakes its head rapidly from
side to side ■wheu disturbed. The larvie when nearly or quite fully
grown are often observed resting on the midrib on the underside of
the leaf. When full-fed they leave the tree and wander about before
pupating. EileyLas captured the moth iu May and in August.
Food 2}Jants. — The red and sugar maple (Packard); "tire cherry,
yellow birch, white birch, willow, witch hazel, dogwood, beech, hick-
ory, etc. (Dyar; see also the food plants in Dyar's descriptlou refer-
red to in Ent. Amei.").
Geographical distribuiion. — lUunswick, Me. ( Packard). Iu Frau-
conia, N. H., whudi appears to be an outlier of the Hudsonian fauna,
this moth IS less common, fewer having been captured at liglit by INIrs. Slosson than of H.
guttiritta. which is more freijuently collected.
Massachusetts (Harris Coll.); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); NewJersej', Pennsylvania (Palm);
Providence, R. I. (Clark, Packard); New York (Hulst); Wash-
ington, I). C, New York, Illinois, Missouri (Riley. U. S. Nat.
Mus.); Kittery, Me., Tiffin, Ohio, Champaign, 111, (French);
North Carolina (Morrison); Winter Park, Fla., reddish form
(Mrs. Slosson).
The southern and southwestern limits of this species are
not known; it has not been discovered in Texas nor in the
Rocky Mountain region. It is recorded by Druce from Jalapa,
Mexico, and Volcan de Atitlau, Guatemala, 2,.-)00 to .3,500
feet elevation ; San Geronimo, Guatemala, and Panama, Volcaa
de Chirique, 2,000 to 3,000 feet elevation. Mr. Druce adds:
"The Central American specimens before me agree well with
Walkers type in the National collection. The female example
from the State of Panama is more distinctly marked with dark
brownish spots than aiij' I have seen from North America, but
Bpecimens from Columbia in my own collection are exactly like those from New York.'' (P. 234.)
It seems strange that so distiiuit a species as H. obli(iuii should be regarded by Mr. Druce as
3 synonym of H. hiundala.
The type of "X. olivata'' is in the Cambridge Museum.
S. Mis. 50 1 G
Fig. S3.— Pupa of Ilehrocampa biun-
data.
Fig. 84. —Pupa of IT. binndata; end of Imdy.
242 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Heterocampa obliqua Parkard.
(PI. V, ligs. 7J,8J,99.)
Heterocampa roria Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. JIus., p. 1023, 1855.
Heterocampa obliijua Pack., Proc Eut. Soc. Pbil., iii, p. 368, 18(jl.
Heterocampa trouvelotii Pack., Eut. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 369, 1864.
Heterocampa ohliqua Grote and Kob., TraiLS. Amer. Eut. Soc, i, p. 178, IMiT, I'l. IV, tigs. 26(?, 27 9.
Heterocampa hrunnea Grotto aud Rob., Trans. Amer. Eut. Soc, i, j). 180, 1S67, PI. IV, fig. 28 9.
Heterocampa obliqua Grote, Now Check List Lep. N. Amer., p. 19, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1882.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. r>()3, 1892.
Dyar, Ent. News, iv, p. 33, Jau., 1893.
Neum. and Dyar, Trau.s. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxi, p. 205, ,Iuue, 1894; Journ. N. Y..
Eut. Soc, ii, p. 117, Sept., 1894.
Larva.
(PI. XXX, fig. 1, 1«, 1?-, Ic, 2, 2,(, 2/-. 2c.)
Packard, .Journ. N. Y. Eut. Soc. iii, p. 27, March, 1895. (All stages. Figs, of Stages I. II. with spines of if.
ijuttU-itta. stage I.)
Moth. — Two , two 9 . Dark brown, witli darker streak.s and lines, niariiiued witli reddisb;
a large oblique costo-apieal wliite patcb.
Head, pectoral tuft, and tliorax ciuereou.s, except tbe black edges of tbe patagia and tbe
posterior margiu of tbe tborax.
Fore wings of a unitbrni dark asben brown; tbe basal balf of ibe wing is crossed by tbree
interrupted Hues, composed of linear, black, sligbtly curved lines or luuules. margined on botb
sides witb ferrugiuous ashen. The lirst or basal line is straight, and reaches only to tbe base of
the iuternal angle, which is black. The middle line is double, composed of two parallel linear
sinuate lines which become obsolete on the costa, is curved outward on the median vein much
more than in H. antarte, aud is obsolete on the iuternal edge. The third line is single and consists
of the curvilinear black discal mark aud a second curvilinear line below the fourth median venule.
On tbe costa it is represented by two parallel brown lines, inclosing a white spot. Outside and
parallel to the discal curvilinear mark is a line composed of two curved luuules, which are
geminate, and iuclose a reddish brown line. From the upper line extends toward the apex a
very distinct white patch dusted over with oclierous scales. On its outer edge are three black
iuterveuular streaks, bathed with ferrugiuous scales. In the middle of the wing and just below
is a round rusty patch. Below the median vein aud its branches the wing is lighter, aud, like
the costa, covered with cinereous and dark ocherous scales.
Hind wings in S pearly white, base of the fringe dark; a dark discoloration on the internal
angle; costa dark. In the 9 the hind wings are dusky white at ba.se, becoming quite dark grayish
browu toward the outer edge.
Underside of the fore wiugs dark, except iu the middle region, which is very pale. White
and dark marks on the costal edge, and the costo-apical white patch appears through from above.
Hind wings white, the fringe discoloi-ed on the venules.
Exi)anse of wings, $ 42 mm., 9 '18-53 mm. ; length of body, 6 22 mm., 9 20-23 mm.
This species differs from //. untartc iu the uniform dark ash-brown hue of tbe fore wings,,
there being iu the usual normal form no olive.greeu scales iuteruuxed, but rather a teudency to
reddish brown, as seen in var. hrunnea ; also in the larger oblique white subapical patch, the
oblique black shade bordering it externally being broader, more diffuse than in E. astarte, and
containing short iuterveuular black slashes, aud this baud is iu J£. obliquttcoutimied to the iuternal
edge of the wiug, where is a white lunule; also iu the first median spaces is a distinct round or
oval white spot. The inner doubly scalloped line is much curved outward iu the discal space,
more so than iu H. astarfc. Tlie marginal scalloped black line has much shallower scallops than
in II. ustarte. The hind wings are also more dusky than in the latter species, those near the apex,
becoming straight liues.
MEMOIRS OF THE ^"ATIOXAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
243
In var. hrunncu the fore wings aie suffused with reddish brown, and there is a distinct reddish
brown iiatcli beyond the discal mark, with less white iu the usually white oblique subapical pat(;h.
In var. trouvelotii, a large female expanding 5.'>mm., there is an olive tinge to the fore winos
but within the inner line are three brown ])atches, while the middle of the wing is clear olive-gray
beyoud the discal mark the wing is tawny-brown. It is near the normal 77. ohliqua, but much
larger, and olive-gray instead of brownish gray, rendering the markings more distinct; the hind
wings are smoky gray.
in
II
Fig. 85. — Early stages of Ht'tervcajnpa obli'<>llf((ta (PI. V, fig. 7). In tlie collection of the United States National Museum is a
finely preserved Heterocauipa (No. 2804, the moth api)earing in confiuemeut August 2, 1SS2) from
Fort Monroe, Va., which at first I regarded as ])robably undescribed, but which I now consider as
a variety of H. ohiiqita, and somewhat similar to Grote and Kobinson"s figure of H. obliqua S .
The larva feeds on the live oak, and was found July 28. I lia\e prepared the following
descriptions:
One i . Thorax and fore wings almost entirely of a beautiful pale green, with no white
except two whitish costal patches, and a large white subapical oblique white patch, the black
lines aTid nnirks, with the discal mark obscure. The basal and inner (i. e., that on the inner third
of wing) lines as in astarte^ rather tliau ohliqua; discal mark black, elongated, obscure (on the
right wing obsolete). Extradiscal treble line as in antarte. The large oblique white mark as in
(istitrte, but the black line bordering it within is not so distinct as in astarte.
The marginal scalloped line as in astor^e rather than ohliqua, the scallops being nearly as deep
as in astarte. Hind wings snow-wliite, witli black scales on the costal edge and a small dusky
spot on the internal angle. Tlie iuterveuular dusky dots faintly shown.
Underside as in astarte. Abdomen jiale fawn color, i. e., pale ocherous brown. The abdomen
is distinctly tufted at the end, more so than usual in the genus, perhaps because of its excellent
state of preservation.
Expanse of wings, S 35 mm.; length of body, S 18 mm.
Laroa (PI. XXIX, flg. 11). — (Described from a single $ specimen). Length, 32 mm. Body
cylindrical, without tubercles, and of the general api)earance of Doubleday's figure of the larva of
astarte. Head rounded and narrowing above, smooth above tlie vertex, with no traces of vertical
tubercles, and no traces of tubercles on the prothoracic segment;
a reddish baud on each side of the head, ending near the eyes; face
in front pale, testaceous, not spotted. Body green, thickly dotted
with reddish brown on the back and sides. No russet marks or
reddish patches on the sides of the body. On the prothoracic seg-
ments two dark red lines converging behind and becoming parallel
just behind the middle of the segment and continuing close together
and parallel to each other as far as the hinder edge of the third
thoracic segment; thence not very rapidly diverging and becoming-
farthest apart on the second abdominal segment; then converging
only slightly toward the fourth and fifth segments, and ending
nearly as wide apart on the ninth segment. These reddish Hues
are thickened on the second abdominal segment and the si)ace
between is dorsally filled in partly with red, but not enough so as to make a distinct spot. Inside
of the line on abdominal segments 1 to 10 are two fine parallel median lines, interrupted at the
sutures. The heavier outer or subdorsal lines are not lined or broadly edged within with yellowish
white, as they are in an allied species not identified (a blown larva in the United States National
Museum).
Pupa. — $ of the usual shape and color. Head nnicli rounded. Abdominal segments costrsely
punctured, the pits often confluent. The surface of the thorax is corrugated with transverse
ridges. Hinder edge of the thorax singularly ornamented with about eight large, rounded, black
tubercles, and the hinder edge of the eighth and ninth abdominal segments with about eight dorsal
tubercles or knobs. Cremaster ending in two sei)arate stout spines, which are simple, slightly
curved, and divergent. The specimen is apparently not entirely normal in shape, being rather
slender, not full and plump as usual, and the end of the body is a little abnormal, the cremaster not
extending outward, probably injured in pupation. The vestiges of the anal legs are rounded
and knob-like, and indicate more plainly than I have yet seen their origin from the anal legs of
the caterpillar.
Fig. 86.— Pujia of Jlefemcampa ohliqua
vav.peroUvata; end of liody of ,/.
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 247
Heterocampa astarte Dmibleday.
(PI. V. tig. 11 cf,12 9.)
Heterocampa astarle Donlileday, Entomologist, p. 'u, 1841 {H.menan. Harris f'orresp., p. 1.34, 1869).
Wallc, Cat. I.op. Brit. Mn.s., v, p. WJ.i, iS.")").
Morris, Syuop.sis Lep. N. Amor., p. 240, 1862.
Pack., Proe. Eut. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 368, 1864.
Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 111, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.
Kirl)y, Syn. Cat. Lop. Hep., 1, p. 563, 1892.
Dyar, Eut. News, iv, p. 33, 1892; Amer. Ent. Soc, xxi, p. 205, 1894.
Neum. ;ind Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 205, .Tune, 1891 ; Jonrn. N. Y. Ent. Soc,
ii, p. 117, Sept., 1894.
Larva.
(PI. XXXIII, fig. 9, 9.1.)
Doiibledai/. Eutonmlogist, p. 57, 1811 (figiiro of larv.-i ami pupa), plate facing p. 60, figs. 1, 2.
Jlotli. — Three S , two 9 . Fore wings more decidedly pale olive-greeu than auy others of the
genus, with distinct black lines and markings arranged nearly as in II. ohliqiiti. Palpi e.\tending
but little beyond the head, gray, black along the upper edge and on the side of the second Joint;
third joint rather short, acute, grayish. Thorax greenish gray; teguhe edged with dusky browu,
aud a dusky brown transverse oval ring over the mesoscutum ; a smoky brown spot on the base
■of the abdomen.
Fore wings a little sharper at the apex than iu R. obliqua, the outer edge being oblique, as in
that species, and the costal edge straight; the wing is of a decided pale olive-green tint, especially
in the middle of the wing. At the base of the wing is a black dot, from which a narrow black line
■passes out just behind the cubital vein, a little way beyond the basal line. This line is double
and is represented by two black scallops, one on the costal and the other on the median space,
not passing farther back across the wing toward the internal edge. A second distinct black
double line on the inner third of the wing, somewhat curved in its course, and consisting of three
scallops, one on the costa, one iu the median space, aud the third, slightly curved, scalloj) in the
internal space. The discal mark is a conspicuous, long, curved black line, just within which is a
small diffuse smoky patch, connected on the costa with a double smoky line. Extradiscal line: a
double one of well-marked deep scallops curving inward behind the discal space, and ending on
the outer third of the internal edge; within this curved portion is a parallel row of dusky scallops,
situated directly behind the discal mark. Between the discal mark and submarginal line the
wing is (piite clear and greenish. A distinct black line beginning on the first cubital vein and
curving forward and ending on the apex, and sending a black slash along the sixth subcostal
venule. Beyond this line is a broad du.sky shade bounded externally by the marginal row of
distinct black scallops, which are much deeper thau iu H. obliqua. The costal edge is marked
with alternate dark and light short lines.
Hind wings in S snow white, with the costa blackish, and a dark dot on the internal angle; in
the 2 sordid white, with a dark line across the middle, and the outer margin of the wing dusky
brown, with a black spot in the internal angle.
Under side of the fore wings dusky on the costal region, the discal mark and dusky sub-
marginal band showing through. The rest of the wing is whitish. The hind wings are whitish,
except the costal region, which is whitish, and iu the 9 the wings are more dusky. The outer
margin of both wings is dusky, and the only whitish portion on the under side of the fore wings
is the large oblique subapical shade, while the base of the hind wings is whitish.
Expanse of wings, S 4.5 mm., 5 55 mm.; length of body, S 21 mm., 9 23 mm.
This superb and beautifullj' markeil species is at once recognized by the i)ale, rich, olive-green
hue of the thorax and fore wings, with their distinct black markings, including the black linear
discal mark; by the often snow-white hind wings, and by the deeply scalloped marginal black line.
It differs from If. obliqua not only by its olive-green tint, but by the less curved inner line on
the fore wings, by the more deeply scalloped marginal line, and by the white hind wings of the
male, as well as other minor ]ieculiarities.
2-1:8 MEMOIRS OF THE 2^ATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Pupil. — Figured by Abbot. Doubleday'.s tiguie is a copy of Abbot's.
Food pliint. — Various species of oak. Quercus nigra (Abbot MS.).
Habits. — In Texas tbe moth was collected by Belfrage, April 27 and 29, and July 11, showing,
that in that State it is double-brooded.
Geoijraphical distribution. — //. astartc appears to be confined to the Southern States, and
uot to extend so far north as II. obliqua with its varieties. It is properly a member of the
Austroriparian subproviuce.
St. Johns Bluff, Fla. (Doubleday): Florida (Thaxter ex Grote); Bosque County, Tex. (Boll,
Belfrage, U. S. if at. Mus.); Georgia, Florida, Texas (U. S. if at. Mus.); Georgia (Abbot, MS.);
Florida (French).
Heterocampa lunata Edwards.
(PL V, Hg. 6, S •)
Heterorampa lunata (H. Edwards), Pniiilio, iv, p. 64, March, 1884.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Aurer., i>. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 51)3, 1892.
LophoiJoii ta plumnsa H. Edwards, Eut. Amer., ii, p. 14, April, 1886.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kiiby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. .563, 1892.
Hi'terociimpa lunata 'Seum. ami Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxi, p. 205, 1894; Jouru.N. Y. Ent. Soe., ii, p. 117,
Sept., 1895.
Moth. — Two . On examining the type (a $ fi-om Colorado) of this species in the Edwards
collection in the American Museum of Natural History, ISIew York, I find that it should be
referred to the genus Heterocampa, and that its position in that genus is near H. biundata. The
antenuai are very i^Iumose, the pectiimtions being somewhat longer than usual; the tip is simple,
as usual in the genus. The palpi are as usual ascending, larger and rather broad, more so than
usual, projecting well in front of the head; the third joint is concealed by the hairs of the second.
The apex of the fore wings is considerably produced; the outer edge of the wing long and
obli(iue. The shape of the hind wings, of the abdomen, and of. the tufts on the thorax are as
usual in Heterocampa.
tipecifie characters. — Head and body brownish granite gray, the tint peculiar, approaching
that of H. manteo, but with more reddish brown scales. Palpi grayish, with a distinct black line
along the upper edge. The markings of the fore wings are nuich as in II. biundata.
On the basal third of the fore wing is a faint zigzag line formed of four rather sharp scallops,
the largest scallop with a small narrow one above situated botli in the submedian interspace;
the last scallop uot directed outward, as in H. biundata. The linear discal spot is small, black-
brown, but distinct, though only half as large as in H. biundata. The extradiscal line is obsolete.
The outer or submarginal series of sublunate browu spots is much as in H. biundata, the spots
becoming linear in front of the cubital vein. The fringe and the browu line at its base are much
as in //. biundata.
Hind wings whitish, clouded on the costal margin; the fringe long, checkered, but not
cloudeil on the internal angle of the wing.
Expanse of wings, 5 43 mm.; length of body, S 20 mm.
On comparing Edwards's types of his lunata in Mr. Neumoegen's collection with his type of
phunosa in the Araericau Museum of Natural History, both Dr. Dyar and myself find that they
are the same species.
Neumoegen and Dyar (Revision, etc.) regard Druce's H. dardania as a synonym of this,
species.
Geographical distribution.— A member of the Campestrian subproviuce. Colorado (Bruce,
U. S. National Museum and Amer. Mus. Xat. Hist., Xew York); Arizona (Morrison, Coll.
Nenmoegen); Colorado, Arizona (French); Fort Collins, Colo. (Baker); Mexico (Druce).
MEMOlllS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 24&
Heterocampa umbrata Walker.
(PI. V, tigs. 10,13 c?, 14 9.)
Helci-cicainpa umbrata AValk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., v, p. 1023, 1855.
Iletcrocampu piilverea Groto mid Koli., Trans. Ainer. Eut. Soc, i, p. 18.5, .\ug, 1807, I'l. IV, ih'. 32 9 .
Grote. Xew Check List N. Amer. Moth.s, p. lit, 1882.
Smith, List. Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 18!)!.
Kirby, Syu. Cat. Lep. Het., i, pp. 563, 564, 181)2.
Hclirocaiiipa athcno Doiibleday, Harris Corr., ]>. 1.34, 1869.
HctiriH'ampa iimhnila Neiim. uud Dyar. Traus. Amer. Kut. Soc-., x.vi, p. 20.5, ISItl ; .louru. X. V. lOut. Soc., ii, p. 117 '
Sep., 1894.
Larva.
(PI. XXXIII, tig. 8, 8a.)
French, Can. Ent., xii, p. 83, April, 1880 (last larval stage described) ; Sixth Ann. Keji. S. 111. Xormal Univ., p.
44, 1880.
Packard, Fifth Rep. U. S. Eut. Comm. on Forest Insects, p. 1.50, 1890 (copied from French).' (The larva
referred to in Proc. Bost. Soc. X'at. Hist., xxiv, j). 518, i.s not that species.)
ilotlt. — One S , two 9 . Head, thoia.x, aitd fore wiujis pale a.sli, with a slight \y,\]e olive-greeu
tiiit. Palpi slender, short, bhiL-k. Piothoiax or "collar" with two slightlj' marked parallel lines
crossiug- It. Teguhe with white scales in the middle, while the edges and ends are bordered with
white aud black scales. Thorax behind with a blackish patch, succeeded on the abdomen by
seven dusky short basal tufts, brownish in S , of which the first one is very large, the others small,
the fourth one larger than the others, except the basal one.
P^ore wings pale ash-gray, with a pale olive-green tint, a basal double black scalloped line at
the insertion of the wing, not reaching the iuterutil edge, which is white. On the basal fourth of
the wing is a black scalloped line, f(jllowed by a broad, clear oliveash space. Discal mark a curved,
narrow (distinct in , in 9 not very distinct) line continued behind, i. e., on the cubital vein by a
distinct, broad, black shade containing three parallel narrow black lines (wanting in the S 1 have
seen); this shade is much as in i/. oi//(/»rt and curves outward, filling the second cubital space,
the outer end becoming a part of the subinarginal line. A large semielliptical or pear-shaped, clear,
almost whitish, ash area beyond the discal mark, and traversed by a faint double scalloped dark
line, the extradiscal, which entirely crosses the wing. The characteristic mark in 9 is the black,
distinct, scalloped, broken, submarginal band, which is nearly obsolete on the costa and on the
internal edge, but broad and heavy between, aud dislocated on the first cubital vein, the scallops
being heavy, wide, and black. (In the S I have seen these scallops are disconnected and lighter in
hue, as well as narrower).
The edge of the wing is clear greenish ash. The fringe is of the same color, with black
venular streaks. Costa with three linear black subapical marks.
Hind wings alike in both sexes, with a distinct sinuous diffuse whitish band on the outer
third, this being the only species in the genus in which this line is present, and in this respect
strongly recalls H. marthesia. Beyond this line the wing is smoky, the fringe white, dusky at th&
base, where is a black scalloped line. A dark spot at the internal angle.
Underside of the wings whitish, the dusky submarginal shade reproduced beneath in each
wing. Fringe as above.
Expanse of the- wings, $ 45 mm., 9 4.3 mm.; length of body, $ 20 mm., 9 19 mm.
M. pidverea is readily recognized by the lack of the subapical oblique white shade, so distinct
in H. obliqud, by the heavy black scalloped line which is broken on the first median vein, by the
pale greenish tint of the thorax aud fore wings, and by the unusual whitish sinuous line on
the hind wings.
My specimen, which agrees with Orote and Ilobinson"s description and figures, also agrees
with a type specimen in the American Museum iu New York, and such a specimen labeled in
Mr. Grote's handwriting iu the collection of Mrs. Bridgham in New Y'ork.
'The description of the moth docs not apply to piilrerea, bnt wag drawn np from B. guttivitta by error. The
references on ]ip. 328. 492, aud 649 .are erroneons. Mr. Dyar writes that he believes Walker's H. umbrata and H.
seniiphiya are two earlier names for this .species.
•250 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Larva. — '' Length, wlieii at rest, 1.2.") inches (in shape tapering slightly from the middle
forward, but more rai)idly from that point backward, the body deeper than broad). General
color bright, clear green, a little spotted with white, marked as follows: Head gray, a little lighter
through the center. Joint 1 contains two dark purplish black warts on the dorsum, reddish purple
at the base, the space between them whitish. From these runs backward a bright, brownish
purple line, not very dark, at first about one-sixteenth of an inch wide. This expands, reaching
the subdorsum in the posterior part of joint 4, dividing in the middle in joint 3. The line runs
along the subdorsal region to the posterior part of joiiit 6, where they unite and cover the whole
of the dorsal part of joint 7 and all but a little of the posterior part of joint 8, when it again
separates and runs as two lines to the posterior part ot joint 9. The space on the back of joints
3, 4, 5, and G between the purple lines is filled with orange. On joint 4 a spur is given oft" from
the purple line to the third thoracic leg, another runs from joint 6 to the first pro-leg, another
short spur on joint 9; both of the last with oblirpie lines of lighter shade. On joint 9 the orange
is outside the purple, extending down the lateral spurs. Joint 10 has no purple nor orange, except
a little below the stigmata, but it has Mnt yellow subdorsal lines. Joint 11 has purple subdorsal
lines which unite on the anterior part of joint 12, continuing backward as a broad dorsal line,
darkest on the anal i>late. The space on joint 11 between the subdorsals is filled with orange.
Feet and legs purple, but the rest of the underside green ; under the glass the above-described
brownish purple lines are not uniform, but mottled with irregular lighter lines." (French).
From the above description it will be seen that the two prothoracic warts are retained
throughout larval life, this, as Dr. Dyar has remarked to us, being the only species in the genus
iu which these tubercles are retained after the last molt. This fact shows that piilrerea is the
most primitive species of the genus, but until we discover the first stage of astarte it will be
premature to construct a genealogical tree of the genus.
It is evident from the larval characters that this species should be placed below II. (juttivltta
and H. ohliqua and astarte, while the moth is near R. ohliqua, with no near aftinity to //. f/iittivitta
and biiimlata. As it is the only species known to us with the tubercles retained in the last
stage, it is most probably the species which Doubleday has figured under the name H. athereo.
Habits. — All that is known with certainty is stated by Professor French as follows:
Tho single larva from which the above description was taken was found .June 30 on the body of a white oak
tree. Daring the few days before it pulsated I fed it on the leaves of Quercus aUm. and Q. coccinea, both of which
it ate readily. July 6 it entered the dirt of the cage to transform, and produced the imago August 6.
In a volume (Gray's copy) of Abbot's manuscript drawings (fig. 117) is a fine colored sketch of
H. pulverea. It has well marked prothoracic tubercles, and is drawn in different attitudes as
feeding on Styrax imlverulentwn. (For stages I-V see Appendix A, p. 283.)
Geographical distribnfioii. — Thus far it has not been met with beyond the limits of the
Appalachian and Austroriparian subprovinces.
Seekonk, R. I. (Mrs. S. W. Bridgham); Lonsdale, R. I. (Dearden) ; Pennsylvania (Grote and
Rob.); New York (Grote, Hulst, Neumoegen); Carbondale, 111. (French); 3 and ? , Punta Gorda,
Charlotte Harbor, Fla. (Mrs. Slosson); Georgia, (Abbot).
Heterocampa belfragei (.Grote).
(PI. y, fig. 15 .)
Bclerocampa helfragei Grote, Can. Ent., xi, p. 200, Nov., 1879; New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Litodouta hclfragti .Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer.. p. 31, 1892.
Hetei-acanipa helfi-agvi Kirby, Syn. Cat. Leji. Het., i, p. .565, 1892.
Nenm. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxi, p. 206, 1894; .louru. N. Y. Ent. Soc, ii,
p. 117, Sept., 1894.
Moth. — One $ . This is a true Heterocampa and near H. pulrerea, and should not be included
ill the subgenus Litodonta, although the nature of the female antenna' is not known; it dift'ers
from H. litjttromdi in the outer edge of the fore wings being very obliiiuc. Thorax ash-gray;
collar with two transver.se black lines; teguh^ edged with black. Abroad black transverse tuft
on the basal segment of the abdomen.
MEMOIIJS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 251
Fore wings witli ;i heavy distinct black line near tlie base, straight and ending' on the median
vein: basal scalloped black line on th<^ basal third of the wing. A black costal spot in front of
tlie discal mark, which is linear, black, curved, and distinctly defined. No line behind. Extra-
discal line sinuous, doubly scalloped, inclosing whitisli gray scales. Subniarginal shade some-
what recalling that of II. pulvcrca^ but narrower and less scalloped, niucli dislocated on the first
median venule. Fringe coucolorous with the wing, with a line black line at the base and « itli
linear venular spots.
Hind wings white, with a bhick line at the base of the fringe and witli dark venular spots.
Underneath, botli wings are white, a little sordid on the costal region of botli pairs of wings,
and the fringe of both wings is spotted with black.
Expanse of wings, 3 36 mm.; length of body, S lO mm.
Tills is a very distinct, well-marked specie.^, and witli a submarginal blackish shade as in
H. pulcerca, but narrower and more dislocated.
GeoiiraphicnJ distrihiition. — "Clifton, Bosque County, Tex., March L'o, April in and 21"
(Belfrage); Texas, Arizona, (French).
Heteiocanipa chapmaiii Grute.
Helerocampa chajimatii Grote, Bull. U. S. Geol. ami Gecgr. Survey (Haydeu). vi. No. 1, p. 258, Feb. 11, 1891.
Kiiby, .Syn. Cat. Li-p. Het., p. 5G4, 1892.
Neuiii. and ]>yar, 'Pnm.s. Anier ICut. t>oc., xxi, i>. 20.", June. 1S91.
I had, from Grote's description, regarded tliis as identical with H. astarte, but since then Dr.
Thaxter has kindly shown me his three specimens, which were those he lent Mr. Grote, and
which were his types. They were obtained at Appalachicola by Dr. Chapman. The species is
figured by Abbot in his manuscript volume of drawings in the library of the ISoston Society of
Natural History.
One S , two 9 . Very similar to //. dstnrte in style and ]>osition of markings, and it may, when
we know the larva, be found to be only a variety of it, though quite a distinct one. It difters
from H. (istarte as follows :
The black lines and the dusky shades and patches on the fore wings in E. asturte are in
H. chuiimani reddish brown, and the olive greenish shade is in //. chapmani pale, almost whitish
ash, and on the scutellar region of the thorax reddish brown instead of dusky.
Fore wings with the basal line indistinct, reddish brown; no distinct dark, curved, black line
on the internal edge of wing as there is in H. iistttrtc. The two scallojied intradiscal lines as in
E. astarte, but reddish brown. The discal line is less curved than in E. axtdrtc, and not black,
but deep reddish brown. The three extradiscal scalloped lines just as in E. asfaric. but dark
brown, not black. The submarginal oblique shade so distinct and black in II. (i.starfe is in the
])resent form reddish brown, as is the submarginal scalloped line, and the scallops are within
filled in with spots of reddish brown; the dark sj^ots on the fringe are reddish.
Hind wings not white at the base as in E. a.sfi(fti'. but subocherous or snuff-brown; a median
shade as in E. atstaite. the outer edge of the wing broadly shaded with pale ocherous brown, but
this shade is broader than in E. astarte. Beneath shaded as in E. astarte, but the hue is
ocherous brown rather than dusky or blackish. Length of body, 9 l'l'-23 mm.; expanse of
wings, 9 ."iS nun.
It will be seen that the difference in the two species or forms is in the color, and not in the
shape and position of the markings, but at first sight the two look quite different, and
provisionally should be regarded as so; this is also the view of Grote and of Thaxter. Yet it is
very plain that E. obliqua, astarte, and chapmani have originated from a common ancestor.
252 MEMOIES OF THE NATIOISTAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Heteiocanipa subrotata Harvey.
(PI. V. lig.s. 17 9 , 18 (? ; 19 c? . celtiiihasa.)
HttiToctiiiqia aahrutcita Harvey, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sei., i, p. 263, Jan., 1874, PI. XI. figs. 2 (^ , 4 9 .
Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, ji. 19, 1882.
Smith, Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 563, 1892.
Dyar, Ent. News, iv, p. 33, .Tan., 1892.
Hetvruciimpa cdtipliaga Harvey, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., i, p. 263, .Jan., 1874, PI. XI, tig. 3, i .
Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Jloths, p. 19, 1887.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer.. p. 21, 1891.
Kirhy. Syn. Cat. Lep. Hct., i, p. J563, 1892.
Bctevocumpii siqierba H. Edw., Papilio, iv, p. 121, Sept., 1884.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 56.5. 1892.
Heterommpa subrotata Neum. and I)yar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxi, j). 206, 1894; Jouru. N. Y. Eut. Soc., ii,
p. 117, Sept., 1894.
This very (li.stiuct species, which connects H. astartf and ohliqutt \vith H. hi/dromcU, is easily
recognized by its uniformly yellow ocherous fore wings and body, the fore wings being in the
middle quite clear, by the long distinct discal mark and by the broad dittuse dark shade behind
it, and by the broad white subapical shade. I copy Harvey's original descriptiou of H. celtiphaya:
Smaller than //. subrotata; antenna' pectinate, palpi dependent, thickly hirsute; thorax dark ashen; abdomen
paler, becoming dark ashen toward the tip; primaries dark olivaceous ashen, almost approaching to black. All
the lines light brown and narrow and similar to i7. subrotata m their conformation; apical white shade not as
extended. Fringes ashen; discal lunate mark brown; from this the scalloped transverse posterior line is externally
farther removed than in H. subrotata. Secondaries white, with an incomplete whitish median shade; terminal line
black, even ; fringe ashen, pale at base, cut with darker hairs at extremity of the veins.
Expanse, 18 mm. Larva on hackberry (Cellis occidentalis) .
The specimen was received from ilr. C. V. Eiley. It is the smallest species of Heteroeampa yet known to
science.
I have examined Edwards's type of H. superha (from Texas) and a male also from Texas.
The following is a description of Edward.s's type specimen:
It is allied to H. ohliqua in general style of markings, but has very short wings and a .square
apex. The fore wings are pale tawny ocherous, clearer than in H. astarte. At the base of the
wing- behind the median vein is a short narrow black line, and a very long one starts from its base
and follows the base and hind edge of wing, as in H. astarte and obliqiia. Beyond this the base and
middle of the wing is clear tawny ocherous. Discal mark, a curved black streak, and connected
with a long straight black streak in the second median interspace, this line being inclosed in a
large black diffuse patch extending below the line and in-side of the discal spot; in front the blotch
connects with the submarginal series of black interveiiular straight streaks. Between this series
and the discal spot are two parallel lines, the inner black, A faint linear submarginal scalloped
line. Fringe marked with black streaks.
Hind wings as in H. obliqua var. hriinnea, cloud}* on the outer half with a faint pale band
beyond the middle of the wing. Both wings clouded on the under side, becoming darker toward
the margin, which suddenly becomes pale.
In comparing, with Dr. Dyar, H. snperha, subrotata (one loaned by Mrs. Slossou), and ceU-iphaf/a,
the latter kindly loaned by Mr. Neumoegen, we found that these are nominal species and synonyms.
The specimen of H. celtiphaya has a white spot at the base of the fore wings, and the inner margin
is edged with black. The oblique subapical shade is smaller than in Kubrotata. Mrs. Slosson's
specimen of subrotata differs from the ones I have described in having no ocherous tint, and the
black shade under the discal mark is obsolete in both examples of subrotata and ccltipliaiju. The
latter does not present varietal differences from subrotata, being only a little smaller (alar expanse,
27-28 mm.), while the marks are not so distinct as in the dark non ocherous example of subrotata
in Mrs. Slosson's collection.
We now describe what has been known as H. subrotata:
Moth.— One 9 (PI. V, fig. 17).
Fore wings short and bi'oad, and rather square at the apex. Body and fore wings uniformly
ocherous, collar and tegulie edged with scattered dark scales. I'alpi short, small, brown on the outer
MEMOIltS OF THE NATIONAL AOADEMY OF SCIENCES. 253
side of tlie second joint. Fore wings witli l)laclc scales at tlie base and extending- along- the inter-
nal edge of tlie wing; a black basal line interrupted by the cubital \ein: a double black line on
the basal third of the -n-ing composed of a large scallop in the discal and a larger one in the
subniedian space. Sliddle of the wing entirely clear ocherous. Along, niucli-curxed linear discal
black mark, from the inside of which a long, broad, smoky, blackish shade curves around, interrui)t-
ing the extradiscal line and ending near the internal angle, behind the inner end of the whitish
snbapical patch; in its hinder end near the internal angle are three black slashes situated in the
interspaces, and from it a short narrow l)la(k line crosses the second cubital venule, and which is
bordered by a narrow white line. FLxtradiscal line double, a deep long scallop parallel to the discal
mark, and two short scallops in the first cubital space. The white snbapical patch is unusually
broad, beginning- on the first cubital venule and ending on the apex. A scalloped marginal l)]a(k
line. Fringe ocherous, with dusky venular dots.
Hind wings pale sordid whitish at base, becoming smoky externally, and crossed by a difi'use
whitish line which is slightly bent in the middle of the wing. No dusky spot at the internal angle.
The abdomen is pale ochei'ous. The imderside of the wings is ocherous. the dark shade of the
fore wings aijpearing, though faintly.
I have not seen the male of this ocherous form, but Harvey describes it as differing from the
5 "by the subterminal line being more nndulatory, by the less prominently contrasting brown
and whitish shades beyond the cell subterniinally, while the antenn:e are pectinate."
Expanse of wings, S 33mm., 9 35 mm.; length of body, 9 1(>-17 mm.
Geographical di.str!hidion. — Apparently mostly contined to the Austroriparian subprovince,
but occasionally met with in the Appalachian.
Central Alabama (Grote); Bastrop County, Tex. (Belft-age, U. S. Nat. Mus., the label being in
his handwriting) ; Punta Gorda, Fla. (Mrs. Slosson). (The exact locality ot'celflpJia{/a was not given
by Dr. Harvey); New York, Missouri, Alabama (French); superba, Texas (French): Chicago, 111.
(Westcott); Arkansas (Palm).
Heterocampa hydiomeli (Harvey).
(PI. V, (ij;. 16.)
Litnclonta hydi-omeli Harv., Can. Ent., viii, p. .5, .I.aii., 187G.
Litodonta J'lisca Harv., Can. Ent., viii, p. 110, 187G.
• Jn/droDieli Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Smith, List, Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Hot., i, p. ,563, 1872.
Neum. ami Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xnI. p. 208, 1891; Jourii. X. Y. Ent. Soc., ii, p. 117,
Sept., 1894.
Moth. — One and four 9 (in the Edwards Coll). Antenna^, palpi, and vestiture of the head
above and in fnmt just as in //. suhrotaia. but tlie pectinations of the antenn;e are a little longer,
though the shape of the wings and the markings are ju.st the same. The antenn;T? are white
above, with a black dot at base. Front of the head more hairy and with longer hairs than iu
H. a^iarte, but the palpi are not so long, though very near in shape, black above and gray beneath.
Teguhe edged with black, as iu H. Kitperlxi, and the crest on the mesothorax as in H. unperha and
astarte and allied siiecies. Fore wings and body of a pale and whitish gi'ay, tinged with a decided
sea or pale olive green. Thorax with two curvilinear black lines, one on each side on the i>ro-
thorax, meeting in the middle of the body. Thorax behind with black cross lines, and the tufts
and teguhe tipped with black.
Fore wings short and broad, the apex more rectangular than usual except iu sxiperha ; oliv'e
and yellow scales at base of the wing, the irregular patch interrupting the basal black line, which
forms a diffuse patch between the origins of the cubital and submediau veins. Just bej^ond is a
transverse sinuous dark line, curving suddenly inward on the costa, curving outward on the
subcostal and cubital veins, and curving in again in the submediau si)ace, then directed obliquely
outward and ending on the inner edge of the wing. From the angle on the subiuedian fold a
narrow interru])ted line extends along the internal vein to the black line situated on the inner
third of the wing, and which is very sinuous, and ends iu a black patch both on the costal and
254 MEMOIRS OP THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIEKOES.
iimer edge. Tlie discal liuear black spot very di^itinct aud proloii.^ed obliquely to the subcostal
vein, and also extending to the origin of the flrst cubital venule, and from that point a black line
extends outward along the venule, ending in one of the snbniarginal series of bright sulphur-
yellow intervenular spots which are situated in the faintly marked dark lunules. A series of
dark brown lunules at the base of the fringe, which is white, faintly checkered with dusky at
the end of the lunules.
Hind wings whitish, with a dark costal oblique streak near the apex.
Underside of the fore wings whitish, with three oblique brown streaks on the outer fourth of
the wing, just before the apex.
Expanse of wings, 3 28-30 mm.; length of body, S li mm.
To show that the genus Litodonta- is probably not well founded, it maj'be said that II. siipcrba
is very near it, and differs mainly in the S antenna not having quite such long branches, and in
the thorax and fore wings being washed with tawny yellow instead of sea-green,' and in having
no submarginal yellow spots. Otherwise the two species are very closely allied, being of the
same size and with the same shape of wings. The female has not yet occurred, so that we do not
know the nature of the antenna; in that sex.
Hahits. — It is two-brooded, as the moths were collected in Texas in April and May and also
in July and August (liiley MS.).
Geofjmphiml distribution. — Thus far this interesting species is confined to the Southern States
(Austroriparian subproviuce), having occurred in Texas, where it has been collected by Belfrage,
and in Punta Gorda, Charlotte Harbor, Fla. (Mrs. Slosson); Texas (U. S. I^at. Mus.); Texas
(Boll, Mus. Comp. Zool.); Texas (French).
Heterocampa uiiicolor (Packard).
(PI. V, fig. 20.)
Lochmoeus unicolor Pack., Proc. Eut. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 373, 1861.
Lochma'tis marina Pack., Proc. Eut. .Soc. Phil., iii, p. 373, 1864.
Heterocampa unicvlor Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths. \>. 19, 1882.
Popeuoe, 1st Rep. Kansas Exp. Stat., p. 35, 1888.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amcr., p. 31, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 564, 1892.
Misoyada cinerea Neum. aud Dyar, Trans. Amer. Eut. Soc, xxi, p. 207, 1894 ; Jouru. N. Y. Eut. Soc, ii, p. 117,
Sept., 1894.
Larva.
(PI. XXXIII, figs. 4, 4o, 4/-, 4c. Stage I.)
Harris, Eut. Corresp., p. 301., PI. I, fig. 5, 1869. (By error as t*?. hilineata.)
Edwards, Eut. Amer., iii, p. 168, 1887. (Last stage.)
Popenoe, 1st. Rep. Kansas Exp. Stat., 1888. p. 35. (Larval Stages I. II, aud last, with egg, pupa, aud imago $
and 5 , figured by Jlr. Marlatt.)
Dyar, Psyche, vi, p. 95, 1891. (Life history.)
Packard, Proc. Journ. N. York Eut. Soc, i, p. 75. .Jan., 1893.
Moth. — Five $ , three 9 . Of a uniform pale cinereous, being of a faded appearance and with a
faint greenish tinge, without any band or spots; or ijale sea-green ; dusted very minutely with ashen
scales, or varying in the same brood to dark iiurplish gray, with transverse darker punctuated
scalloped lines. Costa very straight, compared with that of ^1/. marthesia. A faint series of pale
longitudinal lines situated on the venules passing across the fore wings near their ba.se. On the
outer third of the wing is a rather irregular curved series of dark spots bordered externally with
white; the ends of the venules are dark. With these exceptions there are no other markings,
the moth thus differing notably from its congeners; no part of the wing is darker than another,
and it has a faded look in very fresh examples, which is very unique in the genus.
The head, palpi, pectus, and underside of the body in general are very pale clay and whitish
yellowish. The hind wings are pale ashen whitish, in some cases with a straight mesial, obscure
dark spot.
' Dr. Dyar -writes that he believes that fresh auperla are green, and that the yellow tint is due to fading, as in
B. biundata.
MEMOIKS OF THE iNATlUNAL ACADEMY OF SC1E:;GES. 255
I'ndersidf uuil'oiiiily p;ile, body ;ind both wiiiys almost wliitc, and in some examples crossed
by a dusky line.
Expanse of wind's, S iS mm., 9 i'o mm.; lenj^th of body, S I'J mm., 9 18 mm.
In the strai.ii'ht costa, latiier oblique outer ed.uc and lack of any detiuite markings, including
a diseal mark, this speeies, with its pale, faded look, differs from any otiiers of the geuus.
Specimens of the extremes of variation in a brood reared by I'rofessor ropenoe, and which
he sent me, inehuled both uiiicolor and marina of my Synopsis.
]-" mm. The
head is almost as wide as the body, somewhat heart-shaped, bilobed, dark chestnut, paler along
the middle. The body is long and slender, especially elongated behind the eighth abdominal
segment. The prothoracic segment in all the examples is full, as if it were about to molt, though
it seems too soon after hatching. The prothoracic segment bears two diverging, rather thick
apiJendages, which are cylindrical and rounded at tip ; the segment at base and behind pale reddish
and cherry-red above; the appendages are cherry-red at base, paler above, but toward the end
on the distal two-thirds blackish. In front are two reddish parallel stripes. The body is pale
beneath, above pale greenish yellow, the third and seventh abdominal segments cherry-red,
including the sides, low down, of the sixth segment. From the tiist thoracic to the end of the
body are three parallel lateral, linear, reddish lines, the lowermost being obsolete posteriorly.
The eighth abdominal segment is convex above, but not hunii)ed. The suranal plate is suuxU,
narrow, but distinct, rough on the surface and dark, almost blackish. Behind, at the base of the
tails, are two piliferous warts; the tails themselves are as long as the three last segments (8-10)
taken to together, and are of uniform thickness, ringed with dark red, den.sely, microscopically,
spinulose, with sparse line hairs and with two or three hairs at the end. The legs each end in a
cylindrical swollen tiagelhiin, somewhat Ijarrel-shaped, with a deep red ring in the middle, the end
being clear and transparent. All over the body the piliferous warts and hairs are minute. The
glandular set;e are short, slender, widening at the square end, and not being regularly bulbous.
It rests with the body curved arouiul so that the head nearly touches the tails, the last three
segments and tails being held up in the air, the latter being extended and then gracefully thrown
into the air.
8ta[ie II. — Length, 9 mm. The anal legs are still longer than before, but the prothoracic
spines are much less than one-half shorter than before, while the back of the body is now
reddish. (Popeuoe).
Dr. Dyar has contributed the following descriptions as the proofs are passing through my
hands :
Staye III. — "Head whitish green, a broad diffuse brown baud on each lobe to vertex; width,
1.35 mm. Cervical horns represented by two short black tubercles; tails 2 mm. long, faintly
reddish, the crim.son tips a little swollen. Body green, with three to five faint white lines each
side of the reddish brown dorsal band, which is distinct, covering cervical shield and anal plate,
retracted at each suture and widening on joints 7 and 11.
Stage lY. — "Head about as high as v>ide, narrowing toward the vertex; width, 2.2 mm.,
marked as before, the inner white border of the brown band very broad, covering a large part of
the face. Cervical horns reduced to mere points. Dorsal band as before, but of nearly uniform
width, though widened on joint 11. The band is mottled with and bordered by white, becoming
yellow in the segmental sutures. There is a trace of a yellow stigmatal line, and the sides have a
few black specks toward the extremities."
256 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Last stafii!.—h\ a blown full-grown larva, received from Professor Riley the body is cylindrical,
smooth, and the head is small and ronnded, with no traces of warts on the head, which is slightly
bilobed. The prothoracic and first and eighth abdominal segments are normal, with no piliferous
tubercles, not even on the segments specially named. The anal legs are long and slender, but no
longer than the body is thick.
The body is green, of the hue of the leaf it feeds on; along the back is a broad whitish yellow
band, edged with reddish. There are no subdorsal or lateral lines or other marks.
RECAPITULATION.
1. lu stages I and II we have tiie high prothoracic tubercles like those of ilf. marthesia in its
fourth stage.
2. There are no subdorsal or lateral lines in the last stage, and, as in marthesia, the movements
of the anal legs must serve to deter its enemies from attacking it, being otherwise protected by
its color, which is like the leaf on which it feeds.
It is evident that by their larval characters this species and marthesia ave closely allied.
Cocoon.— ''A loosely woven silken cocoon under or among the leaves and other rubbish upon
tbe ground." (Popenoe.) The pupa is fully described by Dyar in Psyche, vi, p. 96.
Habits.— Thanks to Professor Popenoe, ' we have the fullest account yet published of the habits
and transformationsof this species. It is at times destructive to thesycamore. The eggs are "laid
in close groups of from fifteen to seventy-five upon the underside of the leaf of the sycamore." It
appears that the "newly hatched larvre for a time feed in company upon the leaf pulp," and in
the first stage when disturbed fall or spring off and hang suspended by a silken thread. It is to
be noticed that the larva " forms a loosely woven silken cocoon under or among the leaves and other
rubbish upon the ground."
As the larvte grow they no longer feed on the pulp of the leaf, but devour the woody parts
and veins, when their work becomes more noticeable. When nearly fully fed the majority of the
larva? are yellowish green, marked with red as at c, but in the same brood, says Popenoe, "there
will occur other larv* ((?) lighter in cohu-ation, but transforming into moths indistinguishable from
those produced by the darker form," and "the differences in coloration in the adult larva' have no
relation to the correspondingly great variation in the moths, so far as was observed." "In eastern
Kansas," says Popenoe, "the larvre occur in two broods each year, the first brood appearing in early
June, the second in the first week in August. The larva' of the first brood reach their full size in
the early part of July; and within the shelter of the cocoons which they spin when full grown, the
transformation to the pupal state is effected. The summer moths soon appear, and after the pairing
the females lay the eggs which produce the second brood of larviu. .The larvie of this brood
mature toward the end of August, and, having spun cocoons about themselves, i:)ass the winter
unchanged, the pupal state in this brood not being reached until the following spring, a short time
before the ai)pearance of the spring moths."
From Professor Popenoe's table showing the series of changes, it a])pears that at Manhattan,
Kans., for the first brood, the eggs being deposited June 11, the length of the egg state is four
days; of larval Stage I, four days; II, three days; III, two days; IV, four days; it remained' six
days in the last stage (V), and was inclosed in its cocoon ten days before the pupa, was seen.
In the second brood, the eggs being deposited July 27, the duration of the egg state was about
four days; Stage I, three days; Stage II, three days; Stage III, three days; Stage IV, five days;
Stage V, four days.
The larviT? occur in March, July, August, and September, the moths flying in May, June, and
August (Riley MS.).
Food 2)l(ints. — Sycamore (Riley, Pilate, Popenoe).
Geographical distribution. — Its range extends over the Appalachian and eastern borders of
the Campestriau subproviuces, and with little doubt will be found to occur throughout the
Austroriparian.
' First Annual Report of the Kansas Kxperiment Station for 1888, Rep. Dept. Hort. and Ent., p. 35. The illus-
trations were drawn bv Mr. C. L, Marlatt.
MEMOIRS OF THE XATlOifAL ACAl)E:\rY OF SCIENCES. 257
Cambridge, Mass. (Harris); Seekoiik, Mass. (Mrs. liridgliam); (ileu Cove, Loug Island (Mrs.
>Slosson); Massacliusetts, Rhode Islaud, New York (Frencli); Ohio (Pilate); Columbus (Tallaiit);
St. Louis, Mo. (Riley); Mauliattau, Kaus. (Popeiioe); Wasbiugtou, D. C, Virginia, Missouri, Texas
(U. S. Nat. Mus.); New Jersey, Arkansas (I'alm).
Macrurocampa Dyar.
(n. XLVII, figs, i, la. Venation.)
Loehmwiis Pack, (in part), Proc. Eut. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 370, 18G4.
Helerocampa Grote, Trans. Arner. Ent. Soc, i, p. 182, 1867; Kew Check List N. Amer. Mollis, p. 19, 1882.
Smith, List. Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31. 1891.
Kirliy, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 1892.
Macruroiampa Dyar, Ent. News, iv, p. 34, Jan., 1893 ; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 208, .Tnne, 1894.
Moth. — Male and iemale. Head large and prominent, a little wider than in Heterocompa.
Palpi short and broad. Fore -wings more produced toward the apex, which is pointed, outer edge
long and very oblique, no subcostal cell (for other details of the venation see I'l. XLVII, figs. 4, ia),
but otherwise the venation is much as in II. astarte and obliqua. Hind wings slightly shorter
and more rounded at the upex than iu Heterocampa.
The fore wings are ratlier more clear of markings than in Heterocampa, being whitish gray
with dark blotches at the base of the wing and near the outer edge. Hind wings with a diffuse
whitish extradiscal line.
When we take into account the lack in the adult of tlie subcostal cell and the presence iu
the larva of perfect steniapoda and its lateral yeUow bars, it seems best to separate this species
from the genus Heterocampa as Dr. Dyar has done, and which I had been inclined to do for some
time.
Lan-a. — Body long and slender, ending in a pair of twin stemapoda, as well developed as
those of Cerura; no prothoracic tubercles in the last stage; body pale green, with a dorsal pink
hue, and obliquely bari'ed, sphinx like, on the sides with yellow.
Frcuhh/ hatched larra. — Stemapoda nearly as long as the body, with a pair of erect prothoracic
tubercles, a slight broken dorsal line the.only marking.
Cocoon. — Oval, elliptical, thin translucent.
Pupa. — Body thick, plump, head with j)romineut ridges on the vertex; cremaster ending in
two stout diverging conical spines.
Macrurocampa marthesia (Cramer).
(PL V, ligs. 21, 22 9.)
Phalivna marthesia Cram., Pap. Exot., ii, p. 3, PI. XCVIII A, 1779.
Lochmwiis iessella P.ick., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 370, 1864.
Cerura liirhida Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., xxxii, p. 307. 1860 (fide Grote and Rob.).
Heterocampa tcsselia Grote, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Phil., i, p. 182. Aug., 1S67, PI. IV, lig. 29, ^ .
Heterocampa elonguta Grote, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Phil., i. p. 184, Aug., 1867. PI. IV, tig. 30,9-
Heterocampa martluaia Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, ]>. 19, 1882.
Hcterurampa elongata Grote, New Check List X. Amer. Moths, ]>. 19, 1882.
Heterocampa tessella Drucc, Biologia Centr. Amer. Het., i, p. 238. May, 1887.
Heterocampa marthesia Smith, List Lep. Brit. Amer., p. 31, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 564, 1S92.
Heterocampa etonijaia Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. .564, 1892.
Macrurocampa marthesia Dyar, Ent. News, iv, p. 34, Jan., 1893.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxi, p. 208, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, ii,
p. 117, Sept.. 1894.
Larva.
(PI. XXXIV, figs. 1-5; XXXV, fig. 4, 4a.)
Fackard, Proc. Bost. Soc Nat. Hist., xxiv, p. 550, 1890.
Dyar, Proc. Bost. Soc Nat. Hist., xxri, p. 157. 1894. (Life history.)
Moth. — Two 3 , four 9 . Fore wings more produced toward the apex and outer edge more
•oblique than in Heterocampa obliqua. Whitish ashen gray, head, prothorax, and patagia being
S. Mis. .jO 17
258 M^MOIKS OF TUB XATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
thus colored, while the rest of the thorax is darker cinereous, the alidomeu being a little paler.
Tlie larger part of the fore wings is of a pale whitisli ashen, eoneolorons witli the liead and
protliorax. Nearly the basal third is of a darker cinereous (usually almost black) than the hinder
part of the thorax, and this portion embraces three unequal black linear streaks, one extending
ahnig tlie subcostal, the middle one the largest and following the cubital, while the shorter one
runs along the internal nervure. This region is bounded externally by a pale asheu line which
begins on the basal third of the costa and runs obliquely inward; it is twice zigzag before Ihe
subcostal, is bent more obtusely outward in the discal space, and again bends slowly outward,
and turns at a right angle to meet the dark streiik on the internal vein, and usually crosses the
wing, ending in the middle of the internal edge. The discal mark is a faint curved black line,
succeeded by a rather oblique, very obscure cinereous lunated line. Upon the costa just beyond
is a white spot, once zigzag on the costa, edged without with black. Beyond this spot are tliree
minute dark spots, the inner of wliich is succeeded by a series of four large pale luuules margined
ou either side with cinereous, which end on the third median, being in the third interspace replaced
by a square conspicuous black spot, whose upper side is continued a little outward, while on the
opposite lower side is a supplementary linear dot in tlie next interspace. This spot is continuous
with a submarginal oblique subapical zigzag pale line, dusky Mithin and bearing within three
dark streaks in the middle of each interspace. Beyond this line the margin is dusky cinereous,
with a marginal series of black linear luuules interrupted by the venules. Fringe ashen, with
long black streaks, rather than dots, on the ends of tlie venules.
Ilind wings but little paler thau the abdomen, with a ratlier distinct pale band on the outer
third, which is curved suddenly outward in the middle. Base of fringe dark, as are the venules
and outer margin of the wings. The only mark on them is a single oblicpie costal streak a little
beyond the middle of the wing.
Expanse of wings, $ 45 mm., 9 .5.5 mm. ; length of body, $ 20 mm., 5 22 mm.
This fine species is rather above the medium size, and may be recognized by the pale, almost
white, fore wings, whose basal third is blackish; also by the obscure linear curved discal mark,
and more especially by the sciuarisli black spot near the internal angle, which is isolated from the
submargino-apical dusky line, of which it forms a imrt.
The hind wings are crossed on the outer third by a diffuse whitish sinuous line not present
in II. (istarte or obliqua.
The species is also notable from the six dusky dorsal tufts along the abdomen of both sexes.
It is liable at first sight to be confounded with H. pulcerea^ but differs in the clearer, less spotted
middle portion of the fore wings.
The foregoing description applies to those examples, five or six, which I have bred at Provi-
dence. In a female expanding 00 mm., received from Mr. Hulst (PI. V, fig. 21), and presumably
collected in New York or New Jersey, the fore wings are fully as light, but the double zigzag line
on the basal third of the wing is much more distinct than in the males I have reared or seen, and
forms the outer edge of the blackish basal third of the wing. Beyond this line the wing is almost
white, with a very faint yellowish brown shade toward the apex. Extradiscal line composed of
three parallel scalloped lines, and in the second or third inedian space is a distinct black irregular
lunule; a scalloped subapical black line.
Hind wings uniformly mouse colored, with a distinct whitish diffuse line, whicli enables one
to readily separate this species from H. astarte or ohliqua.
The form figured by Cramer is probably the present species; it is like a large 9 (Fig- 21) in my
collection. Cramer's figure is very poor and is a rude representation of this variety. My specimen
is exactly like Grote and Iiobinson's type, which is in the American Museum of Natural Uistory,
with which I have compared it. The same specimen also agrees with their colored figure. My
example is a 2 expanding 45 mm. It differs from those described above in having a wide, curved,
black shade arising from inside of the discal mark and nearly swamping it; it then curves around
backward and outward, filling the second cubital space and inclosing two black curved streaks
or lines, while the lunule in the first cubital space is large and distinct, and the scalloped
subapical black shade beginning ou the first cubital venule is broad and distinct, this shade
being distinct in the types of my original descrijitiou of iessella. In this variety the fore wings.
:\rEMOIKS OF THE XATIOXAL ACADEMY OF SCIEXCES. 259
arc sliybtly 8ut1'asc(l with a gi'eenisli ycllowisli tint. Hind winj^s with a distinct wliitisli line,
within which the winy- is white, but l)ey()nd dusky.
The two pairs of hind tibial spurs are lon<;' and well developed. My original type is in the
collection of the Aniericau Entomological Society, Philadelphia.
E(l(l. — Diameter, ].2mm. Low, tlattened, hemispherical, much broader than high; in sliajie
much like that of II. unicoloi-, but larger. Shell covered with i)olygonal areas, seen under i-in(;h A
eyepiece, with rather thin, not very distinct walls, not quite so distinct as in H. unicolor. Micro-
])ylar region forming a rosette of four cnrcles of elongated, crowded, small polygonal areas.
I'or several eggs I am indebted to Mr. Tallant, of Columbus, Ohio. They hatched July 27,
in Maine.
Larva, Stnr/e I. — Length of body without the tails, 3.5 mm.; of the tails, 2..") mm.; total
length, G mm. Head moderately large, as wide as the prothoracic segment, l)ut wider than the
body in the middle. The head is unusually short, tlattened in front, ])ale greenish yellowish and
rusty brown on the sides. On the ])rothoracic segment are two long, high, rust reddish tubercles,
which are darker at the end, conical and rounded at the tip, and bearing a light seta; they are
inclined forward, and are situated far ajiart on the extreme side of the segment. The body behind
is narrow, cylindrical, scarcely tapering to the ninth segment. The segments are not convex, but
are transversely wrinkled and uniformly yellowish green. The only marking is a slight broken
dorsal median obsolete line, represented by a faint elongated spot in the middle of the body and
another near the end.
The tails (stemapoda) are long, like those of Cerura, being almost as long as the body and
very slender. Their basal third is ]>ale greenish; beyond, reddish brown, becoming jialer just
before the tip, which seems to be enlarged.
Itdifters from the young larva of Cerura in the prothoracic horns being vertical and laterally
projecting.
Before molting the pink dorsal line becomes a little more pronounced.
July 31 it was about to molt, when the length of the body was 0 mm.; of the tails, 4 mm.;
total, 10 mm.
It was found just molted on the mf)rning of August 2.
Stacie II. — Length of body, 7 mm.; of the tails, o mm.; total, 12 mm.
The head is now wider than the body and entirely peagreen or with a reddish hue; the body
is a pea-green with a yellowish tinge. The tubercles on the prothoracic segment are nearer
together at their base; they are dark coral-red, paler at base, and from Ihcm a dark pinh dorsal
lint extcnd.s hack to the fiuranal plate, whlenliKi on the second, fourth, and fifth {according to the
figures the third, si.rth, and eighth abdominal) segments. The tails are pale on the basal half,
beyond deep pink, and interrupted near the end by a pale ring. All the legs, both thoracic and
abdominal, are i)ale green and of the same green hue as the body. The segments are transversely
wrinkled.
Stage III. — Whether the following description ap])lies to the end of the second or beginning-
of the third, I am not entirely sure, but suppose it applies to the third stage. I was unable to tind
the cast skin.
Length of body, 10 mm.; of tails, i mm.; total, 11 mm.
The head is noic suhconical, narrowing dec-idedly above toward the vertex; it now has a
reddish pink stripe on each side, with yellow behind. The dorsal red stripe is now continuous,
widening on the second and fourth abdominal segments, on the fourth forming a diamond-shaped
spot. The two tubercles on the prothoracic segment are large, deep coral-red, and the s[)ace in
front at their base is whitish, but wider than in tlu; next stage.
A subdor.sal irregular t/elloic line, .sending an oblique narrow bar or stripe from one segment
donmward to the lower and hinder edge of the one behind, .so that the second and third thoracic
segments and abdominal .segtncnts 1 to 8 appear to have two narrow yelloir oblique bars. The tails
are now about one-third as long as the body, and still reddish.
The larva has now acquired the features of the fully developed larva, with the exception that
the horns of the ])rothoracic segment are larger and prominent.
The following description is of an individual found on the underside of a beech leaf at
Brunswick, ^le., August 0:
260 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Stage 1 T.— Length of body, 12 min., and of tails, 0 mm. ; total, 18 mm. Head yellowish greeu,
iiairowins- toward the vertex, flattened in front, with two broad pink lateral bands, which meet
above, and are broadly bordered behind with pale straw-yellow. Body ])ale, distinct green,
speckled in parallel lines with reddish brown, there being ten oblique, parallel, pale yellowish,
lateral stripes passing downward ami backward, the first one on the second thoracic segment
very short, being one-third as long as the next one. Two high, slender, conical, pinkish red
tubercles on the prothoracic segment. A dorsal broad yellow band, becoming pinkish on the
suranal plate; the line is broken into a series of surootii yellow swellings, four or five on a
segment. The tails are greenish, with a slender internal pink thread line, the ends with the
flagella (or eversible portions of the stemapods) deep coral-red.
(In some alcoholic specimens in the United States National Museum the length of body, not
including the tails, is 22 mm.; of the tails, 8 to 9 mm.; length just before molting, 28 mm.; of the
tails, 10 mm.; total, .38 mm. The larva is much as in the third stage; the protlioracic tubercles
as before, but slightly smaller in proportion to the body. The tails are as in Stage III, the iiagella
nearly as long as the sheath, which is red at the end.)
Stcujc V and last. — Length of body, 40-12 mm.; of tails, 1-5 mm.; total, 41-17 mm.
It will now be seen that the tails are only about one-tenth as long as the body, while in Stages
I and II they are about two-thirds as long as the body.
It is a large-bodied, pale green caterpillar, thickest in the middle, being somewhat spindle-
shaped. The head is moderately large, flat in front, snbconical, with the vertex high and conical,
pale green, edged very irregularly with roseate on the sides. A small, double reddish tubercle on
the top of the prothoracic segment, from which a median white or yellow dorsal stripe, here and
there marked with roseate spots, passes back to the suranal plate. The anal legs are represented
by two slender filaments held outstretched, which are nearly as long- as the body is thick. There
are seven jiairs of oblique, lateral, faint yellowish, slender stripes, the last pair extending to the
sides of the anal filaments. All the legs are pale green and concolorous with the body.
A great change has occurred in the prothoracic tubercles which are now two low, flattened,
inconspicuous warts on the upturned or flaring edge of the segment. The anal legs are much
shorter in proportion and not so long as the body is thick, being about one-third as long in proportion
as in the third and fourth stages.
This caterpillar we have observed when disturbed to send out from near the head a coi)ious
•shower of spray or vapor, being in this respect like that of Cerura, so carefully worked out by
Prof. E. B. Poultou. The opening is hard to find. The opening of the median prothoracic gland
is exactly like what we have observed in Cerura horeaUs. It is a transverse slit situated in the
median line of the body, between two transverse folds directly behind the head, but yet a little
way behind the front edge of the segment. It has slightly develojjed lips.
The points of interest in the ontogeny known to us are as follows:
The congenital characters are the enormously long stemapoda, in proiwrtioii to the body, and
the pair of long, prominent prothoracic tubercles.
The acquired characters are the dorsal line, the oblique yellow bars, and the gradual reduction
in the length of the tail.
Other features are :
(1) The presence of fllamental anal legs exactly homologous with those of Cerura, and nearly
as long, and the fact that they are much longer in the early stages than in the final one, which
seems to suggest strongly the view that this genus is the ancestor of Cerura, and that tlie very
long lashes were of more use to the ancestors of the i^resent species than to the form we now
have. It will be remembered that M. marthesia ranges as far south as Brazil, and that it may have
originated in South America and spread northward; it is also possible that it had a set of enemies,
probably ichneumons, which it has not had to contend with in temperate North America, and
that the filaments have begun to diminish in size from partial disuse. On the other hand, the
spraying apparatus lodged in the first segment next to the head seems to perform its function
in undiminished vigor. Experiments like those made by iNIr. Poulton on the fluid secreted by
Cerura should be conducted with the present insect.
(2) The second point is the complete reduction in size of the two high iirothoracic spine-like
tubercles which takes place at the last exuviation.
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
2(U
(3) The head, compared with that of Ceriiia, is not icdactile, the i)rothora(;ic .segment being of
tlie normal size.
Tliis retraetility of the head in ( 'eiiira may be an a(hi])tive, recent ehaiacter, and tlii.s feature
appeals to indicate tiiat it is a later, more specialized form than H. inarthcuut.
Cocoon. — The ('aterpillur spins between the leaves (in the breeding cage) a symmetrical oval-
elliptical, evenly woven cocoon of pale gray silk, thougli it is thin and tran.slucent. It is 30 nnn.
in length and 17 mm. in widtli.
I'lqid. — Two ,'j , three 9 . Body full and tliick, the abdominal segments 1 to 7 punctured much
as in Jl. ines, conical, corrugated on the surface; they
are unarmed, being siini>le, with no accessory spinules, except minute rudimentary ones on the
inside. Length, 18 mm.
Habits. — The caterpillar of this moth is one of the most interesting among the Ntjtodoutians,
since it connects Cerura with the other genera, by reason of its two long caudal filaments, .so
much like those of Cerura. These appendages are simply modified aual legs, and seem to be
tactile and repellant organs. This caterpillar is also interesting from its power, when touched, of
forcing out a ileiise cloud of flue sjjray from a gland in the under side of the prothoracic segment
near the head.'
In certain favorable years this is an abundant caterpillar on the oaks in Providence, E. I.
In Elaine I have noticed the caterpillar in its fourth stage resting on the underside of the leaf,
on a lateral rib, the dorsal stripe resembling in color and appearance the jiecnliar greenish yellow
shade of the rib. When thus at rest the tails are not spread apart, but when disturbed it whisks
its tails about. Jerking them over its back just like a Cerura larva, its tlagellum being everted and
withdrawn as freely as in that genus. The cocoon is of silk, not very thick, si)un between the
leaves, and in confinement the moths issued at Providence in November, though ordinarily not
due until June.
Professor Ifiley has observed it on oak at St. Louis, Mo., June 22, and in July; also in
September, the moths issuing March 11 and 18. lie has bred a Tachinid fiy and a Cryjitiis parasite
from the cateri)illars.
Food plants. — The oak of various sjjecies; also found on the beech in Maine.
Gcof/raphicul distribution. — Very interesting, as it occurs from Jlaine to Georgia and Texas,
also occurring in Jalapa, Mexico, according to Druce in Biologia CentraliAinericaua, Heterocera,
page 238, and in Surinam and Brazil. Its southwestern and western limits are unknown. It has
not yet occuried in the liocky Mountain region (Camiiestrian subprovince).
' I have deferred the doscriptimi of the spraying glauds of this and .several other Notodoutians to a future
occasiou. (See Journal New Vork Kntomological .Society, .Sept., 1895.)
262 MEMOIES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIEifCES.
Oioiio. 3Ie. (Mrs. Fernald); Biuuswick. Me. (Packard); Lawreuce, Mass. (Mr. Treat, Mus.
Comp. Zool.); Provideuce, E. I. (Packard); ]S>w York (Dyar, Hulst); Plattsburg, iST. Y. (Hudson);
Pennsylvania (Grote, Amer. Ent. .Soc); i^c^r Jersey, Pennsylvania (Palm): Georgia (Leconte);
.Maryland (Mus. Comi). Zool). Larva t'ound on Indian Eiver opposite Micco, Fla. (Prof. J. W. P.
Jenks).
Subfamily Cerukin^e.
Head broad and full: antenna* with long, close pectinations in both sexes, in S the branches
being unusually long. Labial palpi reduced, three-jointed, the third and other Joints when
denuded not being distinct, while the scales are slender and sparse compared with those of other
aSTotodontians. Fore wings moderately long and narrow, the outer edge either quite oblique or
moderately so. Hind wings generally produced. Abdomen often broad and very hairy at the end
in i . Color, white or jiale ash, with brown-black transverse lines, sometimes eight in number;
a discal ringlet; thorax and abdomen transversely striped.
Cocoon very dense, oval, ilatteued, the edges broad and thin: well rounded above. Often
covered with bits of bark and wood. Attached to the bark of trees.
Pupa cylindrical, a little flattened beneath; rounded at each end; with no cremaster.
Larva with abroad prothoracic segment, in which the head is partially retractile, and bearing
a pair of lateral tubercles. Anal legs converted into long slender fllamental legs (stemapoda),
eai-h ending in an eversible tiagellum. Y'oung larva with a pair of long, hornlike prothoracic
tubercles, and the stemapods a little longer than the body.
The following account of the mode of emergence (if the Ceruras from their cocoons, by
Dr. T. A. Chapman, will i>rove interesting:
iSome pupa' are able to turn around in their cocoons, but I tliink the majority have their backs to the tree and
their fronts to the exposed portion of the cocoon, and are practically tixed in their position. Then all the cocoons
I have examined (tliirty or forty) have a decidedly thinner place over the front of the head; it is larger than the
cross section of the pupa; it contains fewer chips, and, held against the light, is unite translucent, while the rest
of the cocoon is opaque. This is the portion of cocoon that is operated on for emergence,
I stated (loc. cit. ) that the pupa- of our Ceruras were fairly ronnded in front; in this I was decidedly in error,
for tiiiiila has nearly as pronounced a keel on the head as C. midlhcriptd. to which I referred. Our "kittens'' are
much smoother, though the same structure is indicated. It was observing this structure of riniiia that tempted me
to try to make further observations. I made a detailed description of this portion of the impa of v'niula. but I
may omit it, as I made no observations that connected any habit with any peculiarity of this portion of the jinpa'.
The dehiscence of the pupa consists in the thorax splitting dorsally and the division, proceeding to either side,
separating the wings from the first three .abdominal segments; the autenme cases sometimes adhere to the wings,
sometimes are separate; the leg and mouth-p.art coverings form a separate piece, whose apes tends to adhere to
wings and abdomen. But the head covering, consisting of the ridge (or keel) and hollow on either side of it, the
eye covers (including the glazed side portion), the face down to a certain incision, .and a small portion below which
is prob.ably the labrum, separates as a distinct portion during the whole period of emergence and until the head
is quite clear of the cocoon and often even after the moth has comiiletely escaped, and is always found outside the
cocoon. During this period the rudimentary proboscis is very visible as two short white papilhe, free from any
hairs, and it is just above the base of these that the softening fluid exudes. This fluid is stated to be acid; this I
did not test, but X found it to be colorless and tasteless, and it evaporated without residue; applied to the material
of cocoon it softened it, but not at all rapidly. The moth makes many rotatory movements afterthe splitting of
the ])upa case, no doubt in order to smear bis fluid over the necessary area of the cocoon, and we here see how
little further is wanted to reach a habit similar to that of miUiauseri. especially as the smearing process and delay
for softening takes a considerable time, jirobably more than five minutes, possibly half an hour. This appears also
from the amount of flntt' rubbed about inside the cocoon in many eases. The moth keeps quite dry, and the head
cover is dry outside, but moist within, when removed from the newly emerged moth; its function appears to be to
protect the front of the moth during the movements of smearing and as a strong medium for applying the final
breaking force to the cocoon. This use of this portion of the pupa case is by no means confined to C'erura, but is
common to many moths that h.ave to break through cocoons or out of the ground. It has, however, nothing to do
with the actual distribution of the fluid, so far as my observations werts decisive, I made one other observation
that addetta new pomt to be exjilained. viz, that when the moth emerged it often brought with it pieces of very
delicate tissue that I passed over at first as being portions of the inner divisions of the jiupacase; they proved,
however, to be bits of the inner lining of the cocoon. The wall of a sound cocoon appears to be homogeneous; but
in a cocoon where I stopped the moth before breaking it open, but after softening, this inner layer of very fine
membrane is quite visible, I could not help framing several theories as to this, but as I know no more than I have
stated, the theories may for the present remain in abeyance, ^Entomologist, xxv, pi>. 302-304, Dec, 18;i2, Loudon,)
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 263
Cerura Suhrauk.'
(PI. XLVII, figs. 5, l), 6((, 6/1, venation. PI. XLVIII, figs. 7, 14, 15, palpus.)
Cerura, in part, ScUvanli, Fauua Boica, ii (2), p. 1.55, 1802.
Centra Latreille, Genera Crust, et Insect, iv, p. 219, 1809.
"Dirranura Latreille."" (f)
7/rtc^i//« OchseuUeiiner, Sclim. Eur. !! mm. September 4. Head only as wide as the body behind
the middle. The fllamental anal legs, or stemapods,' as we may designate them, are now more
than .slightly half as long as the body. The hornlike tubercles on the prothoracic segment are
slightly longer than in the second stage. The head and body are dark reddish brown above, the
fllamental anal legs with two broad, pale, greeni.sh rings. All the other abdominal legs are
green ; the green patch extends from the underside of the tir.st abdominal segment back over the
third to eighth pair of spiracles, and underneath to the end of the body.
Stac/e II. — Length of body, 14 mm.; of stemapods, 7-S mm., and of tiagella, •'! mm. September
11. The head is rough and warty, the small warts bearing tine hairs. On tin? front toward the
vertex are four papilliforni, piliferon.-; warts of the same size and shape as those on the prothoracic
l)rojections, and coucolorous with the dark brown head. These spines are represented in the
other species (C. occiclentaUs) from the willow only by very minute warts, bearing long, tapering
bristles. The prothoracic segment is very wide and large, the well-defined cervical shield very
broad, and ending on each side in a large, stout tuberculated horn, bearing about twelve
piliferous, papilliform tubercles, there being a rude whorl of spines in the middle of the horn, the
others growing out at the end. There are four coarse piliferous warts on the hinder edge of
the cervical shield.
Along the body are scattered coar.se ijiliferous warts, the dorsal four being arranged in a
trapezoid. The stemapods are coarsely spined (more so than in C. occidentaiis).
A peculiarity of the genus is the pair of very long papilliform infraanal tubercles, situated
under the suranal plate, and ending in two long, stiff, sharp bristles.- The suranal plate is long
and narri>w, well rounded, and the surface is provided with high papilliform, piliferous warts.
In this species the head and the iirothoracic horns above and beneath are reddish brown, the
latter in C. occidentalis being yellowish beneath, the two species by this mark being easily
separated.
The body is now more green on the sides, the green hue encroaching on the back and nearly
meeting on the third thoracic segment. Only the fourth abdominal segment is wholly dark seen
from above, and the green approximates high up on the sides of the sixth and seventh segments.
Stage III. — September 17. Length of body, 19 mm. and of stemapods, 12 mm. The body is
now much thicker than before. The head is now smooth, with no traces of piliferous warts or of
hairs representing them. The head is now larger in proportion to the body and paler red,
' The term " tails" or caudal filaments is too vague for these highly modified anal legs ; hence we propose the
term stemapoda or stemapods for those of Cerura and Heterocampa. The dprivation is Gr. nrrjua, filament ; -nii;,
TToiSdc, leg or foot. Mr. J. Hellins, referring to these organs in Ijuckler's Larva) of the British Butterllies and
Moths (Roy Soc, ii, 138), remarks "but now through Dr. T. A. Cliapman's good teaehiug I regard them as dorsal
appendages, somewhat after the fashi(m of the anal spines of the larv:e of the Satyrid:e." This, I am saiisfied, is an
■error. After repeated comparisons of the filamental anal legs of Cerura with those of Heterocampa marthesia. and
comparing these with the greatly elongated anal legs of young H. tiiiiculoi- as figured by Pojieuoe, and taking into
account the structure and homologies of the suranal and preanal flaps, one can scarcely doubt that those of Cerura
are modified anal legs.
It should be also remarked that this was the view of Latreille (Gen. Crust., et Insect., 1809. p. 21!l), who defines
the genus thus : Eruca }>e(Ubiis analihim in eatidain fiin-ulam transformath.
- The use of these I find explained by Mr. Hellins in his description of the larva of C. liijlda in Buckler's Larv.-e
of British Butterflies and Moths, ii, p. 142. as follows : " At the tip of the anal fiap are two sharp points, aud another
pair underneath, which are used to throw the pellets of frass to a distance." Similar duugforks are very generally
present in geometrid larv.^e, the infraanal papilliform tubercles being well devcloi>ed. though we have not seen
them in use. (See also Dyar.)
MEMOIIIS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 267
spotted with still paler patches. Tlie protlioiacic segment is still large and broad, but the lateral
projections are much shorter, and now the tubercles of the itreccding stages are represented by
sunken pits, from the bottom of which arise small hairs.' The hairs on the body are minute, only
being visible with a lens. The suranal plate is smooth, the papilliform tubercles much thicker
and shorter in proportion than before, and the bristles arising from them slenderer and niore
flexible. The spinules on the stemapods are much slenderer and smaller than before, but it is to
be noticed that by this time they are larger on the underside, i. e., that side now almost constantly
held up and thus more exposed to external stimuli, Ilian those on the upperside of the filaments.
The colors of the body are nearly the same as in vStage II, but the brown is tinged with lilac
and reddish, with greenish patches (ui the upper side of the second to lifth abdominal segments.
8t((ge IV. — September l(i. Length of body, 20 mm. ; of stemapods 15-1(3 mm. The larva is still
much paler in hue than before, with more decided lilac blotches on the back. The thoracic dorsal
hump is now very marked, while the lateral projections of the prothoracic segment have nearly
disajipeared. The front edge of this segment is vermilion red.
Full-fed Iiirra. — Length, 45 mm., exclusive of the tails, which are about 15-20 mm. The head
is pale reddish or mahogany-brown; about one third as .wide as the body at the third thoracic
segment. The prothoracic segment is veiy broad above, square in front on the sides, and not
ending in a distinct tubercle, but simply a low projection. The body is pale greenish yellow (the
colors somewhat failed in my three sijecimens, as they are about to transform). A dorsal median
reddish browu band beginning at each angle of the prothoracic segment and narrowing on the
second and third thoracic segments; it begins to widen on the first abdominal segment, becoming
widest on the fourth, and extending down on each side to near the base of the abdominal legs, and
contractmg aud becoming narrowest on the eufl of the seventh abdominal segment, and widening
a little on the ninth. The anal plate is triangular, rounded at the end; the " tails" are brown,
with three paler rings ou the outer half. The thoracis legs are deep red; the abdominal ones
pale, with browu xilanta\
It differs from ('. multiscripfa in that the dorsal reddish patch in the middle of the body does
not descend so far down on the side; otherwise it is like it in general shape and appearance. (Dr.
Dyar tells me that the dorsal patch is very differently colored in C. multinvripia; it is a white
jjatch, whereas borcalis has a brown one.)
When at rest the head is retracted and sunken between the lateral fleshy conical projections
of the prothoracic segment, which are temporarily improvised or ]>ushed out by the larva when
at rest. The thoracic legs are held close to the body and directed forward, the tail extended out
behind, with the tips slightly curved up, the flagella being retracted. But when irritated or
teased, and probably when visited or stung, by an ichneumon, the tails are jerked up and the
flagella iirotruded, the head, with the thoracic segment, also being jerked up. The colors at this
time are precisely those of a cherry leaf partly turned yellow and partly brown.
The caterpillar described below occurred in August and September at Brunswick. Me., on the
aspen. It apparently differs from those of G. occidcntalis aud cinerva in the longer spines on
the prothoracic segment in the young larva, aud in the smooth slight rounded i)rojections which
replace them in the full-grown caterpillar.
Larva hrfore last molt. — Length to base of caudal appendages, 11mm. Head large, full,
rounded, dark lilac- brown, speckled with yellow, slightly wider than the body except the front part
of the prothoracic segment; the latter very broad, over twice as broad as long, the front edge
laterally produced, aud at each angle bearing a large, long, spiny tubercle three-fourths as long as
the segment itself, the tubercle bearing about twelve setiferous spines; across the posterior edge
of the segment is a row of four setiferous spines. Ou the back of the other segments are four
short tubercles arranged in a short trapezium, and on each side of the segments are two smaller
sharp tubercles. The dorsal tubercles ou the mesothoracic segment are larger than those behind;
those ou the metathoracic segment smaller than those ou any other segment. The body tapers
gradually to the end; the supraanal iilate longer than broad, rounded, bearing two long, large,
' Dr. Dyar writes me that he has uever oljserved any species of Cerura to lose the tubercles on the cervical horns
till the last staire.
268 MEMOIRS OF THE XATIOXAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
setiferous tieshy tubercles, wliicli lie between the bases of the spiny anal legs or filaments, which
are about one-half or two-thirds as long as the bodj^, and yellow, with two broad browu rings, and
browu at the tip. Body greenish yellow, marked as usual with lilac-brown, this tint mimicking
the dead, withered browu of the edge of ])oplar leaves of late summer; it is a dark lilac-brown
with reddish browu and lilac brown patches, and in this way the caterpillar mimics the dead
stained portion of tlie leaf on which it feeds and thus escapes observation. From head to end of
mesothoracic segment a brown patch, succeeded by a pointed brown baud -which extends to the
base of caudal appendages, but contracted on the eighth abdominal segment, the dorsal tubercles
of which are yellow.
Larva after last moU. — Length, except caudal appendages, 17 mm. Differs from foregoing
stage in the prothoracic spiny horns being replaced by smooth, shining tubercles with faint traces
of the spines of the former stage; the sides of the thoracic segments more distinctly spotted, with
faint traces of broken yellow lines in the middle of the body.
Cocoon. — "Like those of the other species of Cerura, but rather flatter for its size. Length,
38 mm. ; width, 11 mm. ; height above the surface of the wood, 6 mm." (Dyar.)
Puim. — "Cylindrical, flattened a little on the ventral side, the ends rounded, not tapering;
cases prominent, those covering the anteuuiii large; a slight depression behind thorax dorsally ; no
cremaster; color, red brown; cases finely wrinkled; dull; body smooth, slightly shiny. Length,
17 mm.; width, 5mm." (Dyar.)
Hahits. — The caudal appendages are soft and extensible on their outer third, forming the
" flagellum," and are quickly jerked up wheu the creature is disturbed ; they are evidently delicate
repellant organs.
The close resemblance in the lilac-brown p.atehes of this caterpillar and others of the genus to
the sere and brown edges of certain of the leaves is remarkable, and plainly enough serves
to protect the caterpillar from observation. I have observed the same in other Notodontians,
especially ^cliiznra unicornis and allied forms.
Food plant. — Species of wild cherry (Oerasus). In Edwards's Bibliographical Catalogue of
the described Transformations of North American Lepidoptera, page 70, the word "Salix," should
be replaced by "Cerasiis," in liue 13 from the bottom of the page.
Geographical distribution.— 'Maiim (Packard); Franconia, N. II. (Mrs. Slosson); Massachusetts
(Harris). Lintner gives the following localities for C. horealis (emend.) : " New York, Pennsylvania,
Virginia, Washington, D. C, Georgia, Missouri, August 2(5, at light (Eiley)." Plattsburg, N. Y.
(Hudson); Illinois (Dyar); Ormond, Fla., darker than theonefrom Francouia, N. H. (Mrs. Slosson);
New York, Wisconsin, Carboudale and Champaign, 111. (French); Chicago; 111. (Westcott).
Cerura ocoidentalis Liiitucr.
(PI. VI, fig. 15.)
Cerura borealis (in part, auil cinerea) Harris, Rep. Ins. Mass., p. 306, 1841; Treatise Ins. Inj. Veg., 3<1 edit.,
p. 423, 1862.
Cerura oceidentalia Lintner, Ent. Contr., iv, p. 82, June, 1878.
Grote, Now Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 20, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 588, 1892.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 189, June, 1894; Jourii. X. Y. Ent.
Soc., ii. J). 114, .Sept., 1894.
( Larva.
French, Can. Ent., xiii, p. 144, 1881.
Paclcard, Fifth Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 565, 1890 (description copied from French) (PI. XI. fig. 7, from
a colored drawing by Dr. Lintner. This is more probably cinerea or lorealh.)
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxiv, p. 554, 1890 (Stages II, III).
3foth.— One S , and others examined. Very distinct from C. horealis and scolopendrina. Head
and collar dusky white; a black band crosses the thorax between the fore wings, behind which
are yellow scales; black over the scutum. Fore wings ashy white, outer edge and base sordid
MEMOius or THE :natio2sal academy of sciences. 269
■white; cxtrahiiKiluy line of Jive close, Uirfje hliick duls. ilir line iiitc'rrai)tcil iis if a dot on the
subcubitul fokl Iiad dropped out. Tlie black median liaiul niin.suaHij hrund and straight on each
side, with a distinct, firm, bhick edge on each side, especially within, and tlic band is thickly dusted
with white scales. A hea\-y outei- i)ai-allel lino close to the band, slightly sinuous, beginning' on
the inner edge and ending on the tirst cubital venule. A distinct scallo))ed white extradiscal
line, edged with black on each side, and an inner taint dusky line between it and the discal s{)ot,
the latter being elongated and distinct. The usual subapical triangular patch extends backward
larther than usual, being continuous with the outer of the extradiscal lines. JIarginal black dots
distinct.
Hind wings white, a large diffuse discal dot, nuirginal black dots distinct; a small dark patch
ou internal angle. Underside of fore wings dusky, the outer edge of the wings a little wliiter ; the
white extradiscal line appears through. Hind wings white, witii a large diffuse discal o\al mark
and distinct dots.
Expanse of wings, S 30 mm.; length of body, <5 14 mm.
This line species is known by the broad black band, dusted with white, an*t distinctly edged
with black within and without; by tlie extrabasilar line of five large crowded dots, and by the
distinct white scalloped broad extradiscal line. Lintner says that in respect to the extrabasilar
row of tive dots it does not differ from aqnilonaris, but thus far 1 have not seen an example of the
latter with more than four dots, the row not being so crowded.
Larva, Stage II. — Length of body, 11 mm. ; of steinapods, 8 mm. It differs from the foregoing
species of the same stage in wanting the frontal tubercles of the head, which is paler, and in the
h)nger and slenderer prothoracic horns, the latter having smaller spines; it is also yellow
beneath. The siiiues on the stemapods are finer. There is more yellow on the sides of the body,
the yellow extending along the sides of the stemapods.
Stage III. — Length of body, l.j mm.; of stemapods, -1 mm. It differs from the third stage of
Cerura borealis iii the longer cervical shield and the shorter horns, so that the shield is more
normal iu shape, being as usual in many caterpillars. The piliferous warts over the body are a
little larger, while the dorsal reddish saddle-like spots are more deflnitely lined with deep red.
Larva. — ^Leugth when fully grown, l.lio to the fork of the tail. Bodj' slightly enlarged in
front and somewhat compressed. In about the middle of the prothoracic segment is a prominent
projection on each side, the body sloping from these down to the rather small head; there is but
little sloping from the back to segment 9; from this there is a rapid sloping to the anal segment,
this ending in the two usual caudal filaments; when withdrawn these are a little more than a
ciuarter of an inch long, but may be extended to three-quarters. Clear bright greeu, sides spotted
with clear purple brown, the sjjots round the stigmata and at the base of the thoracic and abdom-
inal legs the largest. The back is marked witli lilac, varying in shade, and arranged as follows:
From the two small contiguous tubercles on the back of joint ^^ to the head is a somewhat
diamond-shaped sjjace, the broadest part at the subdorsal tubercles ou the prothoracic segment.
From the tubercles ou this segment to those on the next tlie lilac is bordered by bright brownish
purple with a white line; outside of this, in the middle of this diamond, is a little green shading.
From the tubercles on the second joint from the head to the end of the body is another i)arti-
colored space, lighter than the anterior one. This gradually expands so as to include the
stigmata on segment 7, then decreases iu width to the anterior part of the anal segment,
expanding a little in the middle of this, but contracting again at its posterior part. The lilac of
this is like the first, considerably suffused with greeu on the back, and is bordered with brownish
purple and white, though the colors are a little lighter posteriorly. These two dorsal i)atches are
not continuous, but are separated ou the second segment by a distinct though small patch of
green. The posterior projections are mostly brownish purple, though with somewhat greenish
annulations, and when extended a ring of white near the extremity. Head dark lilac. Previous
to the last molt the tubercles on the prothoracic segment ('-joint 1") were covered with little
spines (French, Can. Ent., xiii, 144.)
Food plant. — Willow.
Habits.— The caterjiillars of this moth were found feeding on willows (Salix nigra) hy Trof.
G. H. French, at Carbondale. 111., from September 9 to October 5. The moths began to appear the
following season from April 30 to June 3. In Maine it occurred ou the willow throughout August.
270 MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIEXCES.
Geo(jraphkal distribution. — Oroiio ami Mount Desert, Me. (Mrs. Fernald); Brunswick, Me.
(Packard); Massachusetts (Harris); Fraucouia, N. H., common (Mrs. Slossou); eastern New
York (Liutuer, Edwards, Dyar) ; Plattsburf-', N. Y. (G. H. Hudson) ; Canada, :\Iaine, New York,
Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Illinois, Texas (Freucb); Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Montreal,
Canada (Lintner); thus far not known to occur beyond the limits of the Appalachian subprovince.
Ceruia scolopendrina Boisdaval.
(I'l. VI, tigs. 13, 14.) ■ ■
PhaUi'tia fiircnla Ahhot and Smith, Lep. Ins. Georgia, 1797.
Vicraniira scolopendrivii Boisd., Liip. . 189, 1894; Journ. X. Y. Ent. Soc, ii,
p. 114, 1894."
Larva.
Thaxter, Can. Ent., xxiii, p. 34, Feb., 1891. (Food jilaut only mentioned.)
Dyar, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxvi, p. 159, 1894. (Entire life history probably of this species, the moth
nut being bred. )
3Ioth. — Nine S , three 9 . Body as in C. hDrealis, but the end of the abdomen is white, with
longer hairs. Fore wings with the median dark band moderately broad, uxuully straight on the
inside, and irregular, scalloped, on the outside, and interruptedly edged with ocher-yellow;
extrabasilar line with four black dots forming a straight line, straighter than in C. horealis. Discal
mark small, three extradiscal faint dark scalloped lines, and within these a short scalloped line
parallel to the outer edge of the baud, beginning on the internal edge and ending on the cubital
vein. Subapical black shade distinct, more so than in C. horealis; the hlach- and yellow spot on
the internal angle absent or small. Wings white with black interveuular spots, smaller than
usual. Hind wings wbite, with a distinct discal spot, but with no dusky patch on the internal angle.
Underside of fore wings dusky except at the base and on the outer edge. Hind wings with a
diffuse discal mark and a dusky diffuse extradiscal shade. End of the abdomen white, and with
very long, loose, wooly hairs.
Expanse of wings, $ 40 mm., 9 4'J mm.; length of body, S IS mm., 9 15 mm.
The normal forms of this species are characterized by the usually narrow median band, the
three extradiscal scalloped lines, and the small black and yellow spot on the internal angle of
the fore wings.
Var. modesta Hudson (PI. VI, fig. 14) a S specimen collected by Mrs. Slosson at Fraucouia,
N. II., had the following characters: The anteun;e white, with long dark branches. Head in
front and above white, on the sides and beneath black; palpi black, x)rothorax or collar cream-
white; the thorax behind is deep black, with scattered brown scales. Abdomen above smoky-
brown, white on the sides, at the end, and beneath.
Fore wings cream-white, becoming slightly buff, brownish on the outer margin. A black dot
at the base of the subcostal vein, and extrabasilar line of three dots, one on costa, and a second
on the cubital, and a third on the internal vein, the three forming a straight line. On the inner
third, just before the middle of the wing, is a broad steel-blue black, very consjiicuous, band, which
is either slightly contracted in the middle or very much so, being hourglass-shaped, spreading
out equally on the costa and on the inner edge of the wing, being narrowest on the cubital vein.
At the origin of the third (hinder) cubital branch is a dark dot from which a faint line goes to the
inner edge parallel with the outer side of the black band. A small black discal dot. From a dot
MEMOIHS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 271
oil the costa, a raiiit narrow line, curved inwardly around to the tirst cubital branch, curves inward
between the lirst and second cubital branches, outward below the third cubital venule, endin;;-
in a black' dot at the internal angle. A large, conspicuous, ol)li(|ue, steel-blue black costal i)atch
extending inward and downward to the first (Hibital Aeiiiile; a row of intervennlar maruina!
black dots.
Hind wings white, with a discal dot, and a dark spot on tlie inner angle. Fringe white, with
black dots. Ijcneath white, the dark patches and baud showing through; the discal dot is?
distinct, especially on the hind wings, and there is a curved extradiscal narrow dusky line. Tarsi
black, ringed with white.
lu a type specimen from I'lattsbiirg named by .^Ir. (r. II. Hudson (in 1,'nited States National
Museum), another from rrovideiice, It. I., which is more rubbed, the median l>and is much broader
scarcely contracted in the middle.
In a series of six S S from Colorado in the museum of Brown ITniversity, pressented bv Mr. II.
L. Clark, one closely approaches G. ciiierca in its white color and in having the black tliorax nearly
overgrown with white hairs, while the median band ou the fore wings is iiearly obsolete^, being
represented only by a triangular costal dark spot and a small round spot near the iuuer edge of
the wing; in another specimen the baud is very much contracted, only represented by a narrow
line on the cubital vein. On comjiaring such specimens it is seen that C. cinerca may have
originated from this species, and that it is a more recent form than scolopendriiw.
Larra. — Although the species is so widely dilTused, its larva has not been detected except by
Mr. Thaxter in Maine, who says that it feeds on Populus, but gives no description of it.
I copy, however. Dr. Dyar's description of the egg and different larval stages of what he thinks
IS this species.
The larva of Cerura scolopendiina has not beeu described, but I belifve that I liave observed it. No moths were
bred from the larv.Ti here described; but several considerations render it prol>abIe that they are C. sculopendriiia so
that I venture to present my notes under the name.
(1) ('. sfolopendrina is common throughout California and was taken by me in the Yosemite Valley.
(2) These larva' have not been described before, and could only be C parudoxa^ of the known Californian forms.
(3) I am informed by Dr. Thaxter, who has bred it, that the larva of C. atjuilonaiis (=scolopeitdriiia) is much
like that of C. cincrea, and those here described recall cinerca in the undulating outline of the dorsal ]>atch.
(4) Dr. Behr writes in answer to an inquiry: " [In the larva of] Cerura seolopendriiia the dorsal band .
is three times widened, or I would call it twice constricted, but the degree of the coustriction is rather variable so-
that sometimes, although rarely, the band is almost interrupted."
Ei/n. — Slightly more than hemispherical, the base flattened, smooth, sublustrous black, under a lens appearing
minutely punctured. Diameter, 1 mm. Under a half-inch objective it is seen to be covered with flat, irregularlv
hexagonal and elongated reticulations which become very small at the nucropyle. Between them the surface seems
smooth with a few extremely minute punctures.
First larval stage. — Head round, slightly shining, dark red-brown, almost black; clypeus and mouth parts paler,
ocelli black; a few short hairs; width, 0.5 mm. Body smooth, of even width; a pair of spinose subdorsal processes
on joint 2; the anal feet modified into spinose stemapods, 3 mm, long; cervical shield .small, very dark. Color of
body blackish red-brown, feet and venter whitish ; two greenish dorsal patches, one on joints 3-5, the other ou joints
8-10; elliptical, dittiise at their ends; a third patch appears later, on joint 12, Ou the body are a number of minute
set:e. Tails twice annulated with yellowish and tipped with white. Extensile threads black, whitish at the base.
The larv:B eat only the pareuehynui of the leaf during this stage.
Second stage. — Head rounded, slightly narrowing to the vertex, its sutures deep; color, even red-brown, with a
*few minute yellow dots; width, 0,8 mm. .loint 2 is swollen, its subdorsal processes conical, thick, spinose; low,
rounded, small, setiferous tubercles on the body, apparently normal in arraugemeut ; anal plate and stemapods
spinose. Body rusty brown with two elliptical, diffuse, dorsal patches of yellowish green, the anterior one ou
joints 2-t!, the posterior ou joints 8-10; sub ventral region and all the feet pale whitish. Tails red-brown at basal
half, then blackish, with two sordid white aunnlations. Length, 3.8 mm. As the stage advances the anterior patch
becomes larger, joins the subventral coloration, and is obscurely divided by a brown dorsal line, while the whole
dorsal region, except joint 11. becomes pale.
Third stage. — Head higher than wide, rounlackish brown,
the cases darker, almost black, wrinkled, and less shining than the abdomen. Length, 14 mm. ; width, i.b mm.
Food plant. — Willow (.Salix). Larva' i'rom Yo Semite, Cal.
If the larva' here described are not difl'erent from those of Cenira hicuspis Borkh. (which I can not determine at
])resent), then the name scolo2>en{lrina nmst be referred to the synonymy; for all the characters of the European
species are exhibited in a series of specimens before me which were collected in California, Oregon, and Colorado.
I am satisfied th.at C. alhicoma .Strecker is only a v.arietal form, the transverse baud of the fore wings tending to be
narrower.
Food plant. — Populus (Thaxter).
Habits. — The moth (var. modcata) occurred at Plattsburg, N^. Y., and at Franconia, appearing
very early iu the .season, one beins;- taken by Mr. Hud.son at light May lo, May 9 to June 20, while
^' occidentalism^ has not been taken before ]May 11, and cinerea and horealis not before the 2Sth. At
Taos, N. Mex., the normal foi-m was captured by Lieutenant Carpenter July 14. It is to be noticed
that the normal aquilonaris is paler, wluter, with less heavy black marks than mode.'ita. and is
most common in the We.st in the arid region, as well as at Washington, on Puget Sound, while
modesta is, so far as known, conftned to New England, and the darker forms i5f it to the cool and
damp region of the White Mountains.
Geographical distribution. — Its range is very extensive, passing from the northern limits of
the Hudsonian fauna, if Franconia, N. II., be regarded as an outlier of that assemblage, and
extending throughout the Campestrian subprovince westward to the Pacific Coast, through Cali-
fornia, Oregon, and Washington, and southward into New Mexico.
MEMOIRS OF THE natio:n^al academy of sciences. 273
Var. moHesta, at Francoiiia, N. H. (Mrs. Slosson); Plattsburg, X. Y. (Hudson, TTidted States
^National Maseum); Providence, E. I. (Clark); Kittery, Me. (Tbaxter); Saratoga Springs, N. Y.
>(McKuiglit).
The normal aquihnaris, at JMontreal, Canada (Lintner); Canada, Maine, Xew York, Colorado
(Freucli); Colorado (Ilulst); Denver, Colo., April oO, at ligbt ((iillette); Olymjua, Wash. (T. Kin-
■caid); Miles City, Mont. (Wiley ex Dyar); Taos, N. Mex. (Lieutenant Carpenter, Wheeler's
exi)edition); Mendocino County, Cal. (Walsinghani ex Butler); "Oregon and California" (Dyar);
normal form scoloponlriiut, Onkhiud, Gi\\., Yosemite, Cal., I'orthmd, Oreg., April 24; Nanaimo,
British Columbia, Manitou, Colo., May 3; Miles City, Mont. (Dyar); var. albicoma, Denver, Colo.,
April 29 (Dyar); Colorado (Palm); Calgary, Alberta (F. H. Wolley Dod).
Cerura cinerea Walker.
(PI. A'l, tigs. 16-20; PI. VII. fig. 30.)
Cerura cinerea Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., xxxii, p. 407, 1865.
Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 20, 1882.
Centra paradoxa Behr, Bull. Cal. Acad. Sci., p. 6-1, 1885.
Cerura ciiiereoides Dyar, Can. Ent., xxii, p. 253, Dec, 1890.
Druee, Biologia Ceiitr. Amer. Het., i. p. 241, 1887.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het.. i, p. .588, 1892.
Cerura meridionalis Dyar, Psyche, vi, p. 291, .Inly, 1892.
Heterocampa nirea Neum., Can. Ent., xxiii, p. 124, .June. 1891.
Cerura cinerea var. jjlacida Dyar. Psyche, vi, p. 291, 1892.
Cerura nirea Palm. .Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, i, p. 20, March, 1893, PI. I, lig. 8.
Cerura cinerea Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 190, 1894 ; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, ii, p. 114, 1894.
Larva.
( PI. XXXVI, tigs. 4, 4a ; XXXVII. )
Edwards and Elliot, Papilio, iii, p. 130, Dec, 1883.
Packard, Proc Bost. Soc Nat. Hist., xxiv, p. .555 (Stages II, V (last), and pupa), 1890.
Dyar. Psyche, p. 80, 82, May, 1891. (Egg and all the larval stages, with cocoon and pupa descrilied in detail.)
Miith — Two S , one 9 , and several others examined. The wing.s of tlie 9 wider and more
triangular than in C. scolopendriiia. Head and body uniformly ash gray to whitish gray. Thorax
pale gray, but with yellowish and steel-blue scales concealed by the long gray hairs. Palpi and
head smoky black.
Fore wings with the markings very indistinct; the usual dot at base of wing; extrabasal
line of four dots, the line being much curved outward. Traces of a median band shaped as in
C. scolopendrina var. modesta, though the species seems nearer allied to G. scolopendrina. Xo extra-
discdl line, hut traces of an imperfect one of dots instead, and the discal dot either absent or only
a small blackish dot. The usual subajjical dark .shade is nearly obsolete and of the same shade
with the dusky outer edge. The marginal dots distinct.
Hind wings uniformly white, with a small discal dot; the marginal dots jnesent. but none ou
the internal angle. Underside of fore wings uniformly dusky; a large distinct, but dirt'nse discal
spot, and an extradiscal diffuse wide dark shade. Hind wings a little whiter. Expanse of
■wings, i 40 mm., 9 43 mm.; length of body, S IC mm., 9 IS mm.
The Colorado examples are, so far as we have seen, somewhat larger than the Eastern ones,
the S expanding 40 mm. and the 9 43 mm.
Besides being perhaps a little smaller, the S from Xew York (from Mr. Hulst) is darker and
the markings are more distinct than in the Colorado examples.
I suspect that this .species has been derived from C. scolopendrina. wliicli seen]S nearest to it
in markings, its geographical range being al.so nearly coextensive with that widely diflused
•species. In two 9 Colorado specimens faint traces of the costal portion of the dark median and
subapical bauds are to be seen.
Frt)ni an examination of C. paradojcaBehv, in Mr. Dyar's collection, 1 feel ijuite sure that it is
a very pale white variety of C, cinerea; and a more extreme form seems C «/(•«(, in which the
S. Mis. 50 18
274 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
markings are obsolete, iuchuliiig the margiiuil dots ou both pairs of wings; as this is from southern
Utah, it is much bleached and rather larger than usual; it is aiiotlier case of the law in the
geographical distribution of the moths, that the species become both bleached and larger in
the arid region of the Southwest.
^,/,/. — Slightly more than heniispherieal, the base flat, color dead black; diameter, 1.2 mm.
Of the Californiau form, " color dull, brownish black, smooth. Diameter, about 1 mm. Duration
of this stage, eight days."
Larva. — Messrs. II. Edwards and S. L Elliot (Papilio, iii, 130) liave well described the larva
of this species, which lives on the willow. I have been able to compare some very well-preserved
alcoholic specimens of the mature and young caterpillars (kindly loaned by Professor Eiley) with
similar stages of the two foregoing species.
Larva, Stage L. — Var. cinercoides. "Head dark red-brown. (Jn joint '2 are two brown proc-
esses, minutely spined. Joint 13 has two " tails " 3 mm. long, brown, twice broadly aunulated with
pale yellow and nunutely spined. The body is brown, with three dorsal pale yellow patches; oa
joints 2 to 0, 8 to 10, and 12, respectively, the posterior one faint. Venter and legs pale whitish.
Length of larva, exclusive of the tails, 1 mm. It spins a slight web on the surface of the leaf to
which it clings (p. 82).
Sf(((/e II. — "Length, without the tilamental legs, 12 mm.; of the latter, 7 mm. It is at once
distinguished from the larvic of G. occidentalis and C. boreaUs of the same size by the larger
bristles, the warts bearing them being scarcely larger, but the bristles themselves being two or
three times as large. The head is as usual in tlie genus, as are the two lateral prothoracic
"horns" and the cervical shield from which they arise. The "horns" are as in C. occidentalis,
being spined in the same manner, and pale yellowish beneath. A large reddish triangular dorsal
l)atch extends backward from the horns, the apex resting on the second thoracic segment. The
back is discolored from the third thoracic segment to the end of the supraanal plate, not so
decidedly reddish as in my specimens of the two other species previously described.
Stage III. — "Head subquadrate, rounded, flat in front, dead brownish black, the lower part
paler and mottled centrally in front with a paler color. Antenniie white, labrum and ocelli brown;
width of head, 1.3 mm. Cervical horns thick, heavily spinose, brownish black; several rows of
minute piliferous tubercles on the body; tails spinose, dark red-brown, twice broadly aunulated
■with yellowish and tipped with the same color. Body green, a purple brown subdorsal line
passing down the sides to spiracles on joints 7 and 8, the subdorsal spaces Hlled in with purple-
brown on joints 2, 3, 6-9, 11 and 13, though not completely on joints 8 and 9, but with a trace
of a dorsal line on the other joints. Venter whitish.'" (Dyar.)
Staqe IV. — "Head higher than wide, rounded, a little flattened in front; a minute tubercle
before the apex of each lobe; imrplish black, finely mottled with yellow, green at the sides iioste-
riorly; antenme white, ocelli black; width 2.2 mm. Cervical horns thick, covered by piliferous
tubercles with about six rows of similar tubercles on each side of the body, only the upper two
distinct. Color yelliiwish green. A triangular dorsal patch on joints 2 and 3, covering the cervical
horns, purplish black, mottled with little yellow spots; a larger patch on joints 1-9, elliptical,
retracted at the segmental incisures, reaching the spiracle on joint 8, replaced centrally irreg-
ularly by yellow and broadly connected with a small patch on joints 10 and 11, widening on joint
11 and joining a small patch ou joint 13, replaced by greenish on the anal plate. Tails purjdish
brown, twice aunulated with yellow." (Dyar.)
Mature ?«)■)■«.— Length, without the "tails," 38 mm.; of the fllamental legs, 1.5 mm. The head
is small, being one-half as wide as the body, reddish, but darker on the sides.
The prothoracic horns in this stage are reduced to smooth i)rojecting tubercles of the usual
size, which are blackish above and pale below. Body pale green. From tlie horns a lilac-red,
nearly eqiiilaterally triangular spot edged with yellow, extends backward, its apex resting on the
hinder edge of the second thoracic segment. An oval lilac red spot edged with yellow on the hind
edge of the third thoracic segment separated by the suture from a similar spot on the first
abdominal segment, but which is three or four times as large. A transversely subelliptical similar
spot on the second abdominal segment twice as large as the one in front, succeeded by a much
wider one ou abdominal segments 3 and 4; that on the fifth segment is of the same size as that ou
MEMOIIIS OF TIIK NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 275
the second. Ou tlie sixth :il)(U>miiial segnieut is a transversely oblong- spot. (These sjjots were
all eonnecteil in Edwards's and Elliot's specimens.) Along- tlie baek of segments 7 to 10 is an
elongated dnnibbell-shaped sj)ot, the contraction in the middle of the si)ot ocenrring on tlie baek
of the eighth segment: the sjxit terminates on the end of the snranal phite, which is sqnarely
docked at the end.
The stemai)ods, or anal lilanu-ntal legs, are reddish at the base abosc and beneath, with two
pale rings beyond the middle, the Hagellnm being reddish lilac. There is a lilac-red spot at the
base of the thoracic and abdominal legs, one near the origin of each leg, and one on the .sides of
abdominal segments 7-9; besides these, reddish, lilac dots are elsewhere scattered over the sides
of the body. The paranal lobes and the excrementiferons In'istles are well developed.
The larva of this species ditfers from that of G. horcalls and occidfjitdliK in the less connccte. Brit. Mas., xxxii, p. 408, 1865.
Cerura muUhcrijita Riley, Tr!iu.s. .St. Louis Acad. 8ci., iii, p. 241, 1S75 (iijjure in text rejiroduced uu PI.
XLIX, fig. 3).
Cerura Candida Liutn., Ent. Contr.. iv, p. 87 (30th Rep. X. Y. State Mus., p. 199), ''1877," June, 1878.
Cerura scitiscripta Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 20, 1882.
Cerura viultiscripta Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 20, 1882.
Cerura scitiscripta Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.
Cerura multiscripta Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.
Cerura scitiscripta Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. .588, 1892.
Cerura multiscripta Kirbjf, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het.. i, p. 588, 1892.
Cerura scitiscripta Dyar, Can. Ent., xxiii, p. 87, April, 1891.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 189, 1894, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, ii, p. 114,
1894.
Larva.
(PI. XXXVI, tigs. 5, 5a, 6, 7. C. multiscripta.)
Tepper, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, i, p. 4, May, 1878.
Dyar, Psyche, v, p. 393, Oct., 1890. (Egg and larva in all stages.)
miey, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., iii, p. 241, 1875. (Egg described; larva confounded with that t>t' horcalis.)
While multiscripta is generally regarded as distinct from scitiscripta, I think that if Professor
Eiley had had examples of scifiscripta before him he would have hesitated about describing the
inelauotio specimens, as I believe them to be, under a different name.
C. Candida only appears to differ from scitiscripta in tlie tliorax being white and in liaving no
'dots on the hind wings (two S collected in Florida by Mrs. Slosson).
Motli. — Five £. Head white above; sides, below, and breast black. Thorax: collar white,
edged with black beliind, and two rows of spots more or less connected (in var. catidida,
according to Lintner, the thorax is entirely white).
Fore wings without the u.sual broad median black band; suow-white, crossed by four
scalloped, more or less perfect, lines within, and by four scalloped lines without the ring-like discal
nnirk. The outer mark or submarginal line heavier on the costal and inner edge. Second and
third lines forming a more or less perfect series of ringlets and sometimes [multiscripta) filled in
with scattered fine black scales, giving the l)and thus formed a dusky hue. Fringe white, with
more or less intravenular dots.
Hind wings vaiying from white to uniformly dusky or smoky, with distinct heavy black dots
(one from Florida is without any dots, this being var. Candida Lintner). Underside snow-white,
■with heavy black costal s^jots, the outer one forming a submarginal line extending to the median
vein, both wings dark smoky with the darker diffuse lines on each wing, and a dift'use discal mark.
PLxpanse of wings, 3 28-35 mm.: length of body, 3 13-19 mm. I add Riley's description of
his G. multiscripta.
" Color white, with brown-black and black markings. Primaries white, slightly silvery, crossed
with eight irregulai'ly undulate and angulate narrow black lines, as follows: 1. basal, obsolete on
costal and inner borders and preceded bj' a black spot close to thorax; '2, reaching to both borders,
but broken; 3, 4, and 5, proximate, and irregularly undulating almost straight across the basal
fourth of wing, 3 aiul 4 thickened and confluent toward costa and generally forming a circuhir
spot between subcostal and cubital veins; G, 7, and 8, obliquing more toward apex, limulate and
more widely separated between veins 2, 3, and 4, more approximate and retreating toward base
between veins 1 and 2 and 4 and 6, and generally so close along vein 2 as to coalesce; broader,
more intense, irregular marks occupy the spaces toward apex and anal angle, left by the retreating
of line 8, thus leaving a regularly defined terminal space. Veins more or less dusted with black
and cons])icuously marked in terminal space. A distinct rov/ of terminal spots between the veins.
'The median space between lines 5 aud 6 is about as wide as the terminal, and has a small discal
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADK.MY OF SCIENCES, 277
ring iiiul ;i costal spot. Fringes wliite. Under surface iiiliginous, with tlie borders white, tlie
costal and terminal marks mostly repeated, and with two duskier shades across subterminal
space. Secondaries fuliginous, with ternnnal black spots Ijetweeu the veins; lunule and two more
or less distinct transverse bands dusky; fringes white; under surface paler, with the dusky
bands more strongly relieved. Head beneath, front femora and tibi:e inside, two spots on middle
and liiiid tibia', tarsi, pectinations of antenuiO, a mark (obsolete in one specimen) between eyes
and bases of wings, across the shoulders, around the teguhe, and at base of thorax, a spot on
each tegula and two in niiddh' of tliorax, and a transverse band on anterior edge of each. joint
superiorly, brown-black.
'•Alar expanse, 1.25-1.5U inches. Length of body, 0.(J0-(I.75 incli.
"Described from three 9 , one bred by myself, one by Miss M. E. ilurtfeldt, of Kirkwood, Mo.,
and one by J. 11. Muhleman, of Woodburn, HI. — all from willow-feeding larva'. In each case the
larvie were supposed to belong to boreaiis, and no critical descriptions were taken. The variation
is not great; in one sjjecimen the wings are noticeably shorter and more rounded than in that
chosen for my tignre, and the marks on primaries are less clearly defined; the bands on secondaries
are also scarcely indicated, or only by faint spots on the veins, wliile the costal marks on primaries
interiorly coalesce so as to form but three broad marks.
"The eggs of Cerura are hemispherical, i. e., very ilat on the attached side: and while the
larvie of mitltiscripta and borealln resemble each other, their eggs are easily distinguished, those
of the former being pale yellowish green and those of the latter jet-black.
"The species approaches nearer to the European bicuK2)is than to the North American Jtorrtdi.s.
I am uuac(iuainted with the scitistrriptd Vi'Micv of Grote and Eobinson's "List," but as Mr.
Grote has seen niultiseripta and pronounced it new, I have no hesitancy in describing it."
Of these two specimens, one is like the candbJa of Lintner's description in the hind legs
being entirely white above and beneath, with no marginal black dots. In the other examples the
dots are minute, though distinct, showing that they are on the verge of extinction.
MnJiiscriiita also varies in our examples from New York (Doll); the hind wings are white-
above and beneath, and another is intermediate between the Ibregoing example and those with
dark wings. The thorax also varies in the amount of black markings, and the two hinder lines
are wanting.
The following notes on the preparatory stages of Centra mulfificripfd Itiley, by Dr. Dj-ar,.
are (;opied from I'sydie, vi.
Eyg. — Sliglitly more tiian hemispberical, the base flat, dead sordid vihite, covered with iiiauy short, dark-browU'
liairs irregularly laid on and distributed also on the parts of the leaf adjoining. Diameter. 1.3 mm. Laid in groups
of live or less ou the under surface of a leaf. These eggs had hatched when found, the larva having emerged from
a hole in the side, leaving the rest of the shell intact.
First staye. — Head sub, pale. Width, 1.3 mm. Cervical
horns thick, heavily spiuose, the spines blunt and each tipped with a hair. About sis rows of elongated, piliferous
tubercles on each side, alternating anteriorly and i)osteriorl,v on each segment. Tails long, heavily spinose, black,
the extensile threads brown, white at base. Body and legs greenish yellow, a black dorsal band covering the
cervical horns, narrowing to joint 4, where the dorsum is angularly elevated, widening to near. the .spiracles on joints
8 and 9, then continuing evenly over the subdorsal space to the last segment. Spiracles narrowly black ringed.
Length of tails, 5 mm.
Fourlli stage. — Head dead purple-black, greeni.sh at the sides posteriorly, the upper half sprinkled with little
yellowish dots, but leaving a line of the ground color each side of the central suture.
Clypeus and mouth paler and shiny, antenna- whitish, ocelli black. Width, 2.1 mm. Body as licfore,
considerably elevated dorsally at joint 4. with a rounded pinkish dorsal process. Cervical shield large, purpli.sh
black ; the horns rather thick and short, heavily tuberculated. Bod.v yellow-green ; the dorsal stripe black as liefore,
but a little purplish; spiracles white, with a line black border, the posterior ones more or less surrounded by black.
278 MEMOIES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Tails heavily spiuose, black ; lengtli, 7 mm. The piliferous tubercles of the body are very small, those ou the lateral
ref;ion white, besides mauy small lateral white spots. A narrow, yellowish, stigmatal line. Two erect, spiny, black
hairs beyond the auus.
As the stage advances, the spines on joint 2 become partly white, the dorsal liand partly striated .and
indistinctly bordered anteriorly with white: the stigmatal line just below the spiracles is white, and there is a
general approach to the next stage.
Fiftk stai/r. — Head rounded, rather flat in front, shagreened. Cidor black, green at the sides posteriorly, a large
band in front a.s wide as the space between the eyes at base, but narrowing to the vertex, sordid white, mottled a
little with the ground color. Labrum whitish; maxilla' black; antenna' white. Width of head, 3.7 mm. Cervical
shield large, angulated at the corners, without any horns or spines. Beneath it the head can bo partly retracted.
Body angularly elevated at joint 4, with a dorsal, fleshy ])rocess. Tail 9 mm. long, whitish above and green below
at the base, the rest purple with black spines. Extensile threads yellowish at base, then red, fading to yellowish
again toward the ends. Body green, a broad white dorsal band edged with white, confusedly striated on a purple
ground which soon becomes green, a little jinrple on joints 2—1, decidedly so on the anterior corners of the cervical
shield (where it shades into pinkish in the fold of skin behind the head), on the hump on joint 4, and on joint 8
subdorsally in the angle of the band. It begins broadly on joint 2, covering the cervical shield, narrows to the
process on joint 4, widens to just above the spiracles on joint 8, and gradually narrows to joint 13, where the anal
plate is greenish. A distinct white substigmatal line, edged below with brown and narrowly above with black,
absent on joint 2 and turned up at its anterior end. Mauy small lateral white flecks. Spiracles black, white
centrally. Thoracic feet twice lined with black longitudinally; abdominal, once transversely, the elasjicrs tijiiied
with black. Length, 25 mm , exclusive of the tails. The erect spines beyond the anus whitish. When the larva
has linished eating, all the white of the dorsal baud except its borders fades out, leaving the back green aud the
cervical shield pale blue.
Cocoon. — Formed on wood, of gummy silk, strengthened by many little pieces of bark and wood bitten off from
the inside, thus forming a hollow. It is elliptical, just large enough to contain the larva, and becoires very hard,
closely resembling a lump or excrescence on the bark.
Pupa. — Cylindrical, tapering a little toward botli ends, the last two abdominal seguicnts rounded and
appressed, the others capable of motion; no cremaster. Eyes iirominent; a narrow carinated ridge runs along the
head from between the eyes to the back of the place of origin of the antenna'. Cases creased and very minutely
punctured, not shiny; eyes and body subliistrous, the latter minutely granulated at the anterior half of each
abdominal segment; spiracles distinct. Color dark reddish brown, with a blackish shade over the dorsum.
Length, 18 mm. ; greatest width, 6.5 mm. Pupation occurs in about two weeks after the completion of the cocoon,
and the insects remain in this stage throughout the wiuter.
Ef/H. — The eggs are said by Professor Riley to be hemispherical and pale yellowish greeu,
while those of C. horcall.'i differ in being jet-black. On the other hand Dr. Dyar tells me that the
eggs of all onr Centra are black, except those of inulfi.scrq>f(( which are covered by the hairs from
the body of the moth.
Habits. — ^Ir. F. Tepper found the larva of this fine moth on the willow July 30; a male imago
emerged August 30 and a female September 30 (Bull. Urooklyn Eut. Soc, i, 4). No description of
the larva was published. The life history has been fully described by Mr. Dyar in Psyche (v, p.
393), which we have copied. It remains to be seen whether the larva of the white form,
scitiscrijyta, differs from what we should call the melanotic form, mi(}ti.scrip1a.
Food 2>Jniits. — Different species of willow and poplar, also wild cherry. The figures on pi. —
were drawn from a specimen found on the wild cherry September 10, at Providence, R. I. Mrs.
Slosson has raised it from the pomegranate in Florida.
Gco(jraphic(d diitribittion. — Its range extends throughout the Appalachian and Austroriparian
subprovinces, passing into the eastern limits of tlie Campestrian (Kansas). It is to be observed
that the pale whiter form, seitiscripta, inhabits the Austroriparian subprovince (Florida, Georgia to
Kansas), while the darker form, with heavier black lines and spots, has thus far only occurred iu
the Northern States. It has not yet been re]iorted from any of the New England States; eastern
New York (Dyar, Doll, Elliot); Illinois and eastern Missouri (Riley, United States National
Museum); Kansas (Lintner ex Strecker); Manhattan, Kans., August 10 (Popenoe); Jacksonville,
Fla. (Mrs. Slosson); "Georgia" (Dyar); New York, Missouri, Texas (miilti.srripta, Riley's notes,
United States National Museum); multiscripta, New York, Carbondale, 111.; var. seitiscripta,
Illinois, Georgia; Candida, New York, Kansas (French); viultiscripta, New York, New Jersey
(Palm).
Riley mentions a "new species" of Cerura from Owens Yalley. (Merrian's North x\.mer.
Fauna, No. 7; The Death Yalley Exp., Pt. II, May 31, 1S93, p. 245.)
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 279
RECAPITULATION OF THE MORE STRIKING FEATIRES IN THE ONTOGENY OF CERURA.
Conf/en it a I ch aractem.
(1) The liirva batclies with fully developed steinapoda, indicatius' that the gemis has
'descended with little modification from a form like Macrniocampa.
(2) The prothoracic horns are longer, better develoiied than in the mature worm, showing
that in this respect also the genus has originated from the Heterocaiiii)in:i'.
Acquired characiers.
(3) The head is smaller in ])roportion to the body than usual, owing to the great width of the
prothoracic segment.
(4) The body is all brown above in the first stage, beginning to turn green in the second, and
in the third becoming nearly as in the last stage. Thus the colors are more diversified, with more
green in the fourth and fifth stages, rendering the now more e.x]>osed larva more adai)ted for
protection by the resemblance of its markings to the yellow and red spots on the green leaves of
its food plant, which appear early in autumn.
(5) The dorsal hum]) on the third thoracic segment does not seem to appear until the last
stage. (Dr. Dyar, however, tells me that it appears in G. multiscriptd iu stage III.)
(6) The filaniental legs retain their shape from the first to the last stage, but if anything are
•a little shorter in the last. On the other hand, the spinules in the third stage become larger on
the underside than before, the filaments being held curved up more than before, so that the
defensive spines on the underside, in response to external stimuli, have developed more ra]>idly
than those on the upper side.
(7) Novel structures are the very long and well-developed supraanal plate and the pair of
•coproliferous spines (or dungforks) arising from the paranal lobes, and available for tossing away
the pellets of excremeut. These seem to be peculiar to the genus in this family.
^PP»E]>^DIX J^.
Some of the following notes and additions wei-e kindly sent me bj' Dr. Byar as this memoir
■Wfs beina' printed. They fill np gaps in onr knowledge of the life histories of the species.
EGa AND STAGE II OF ICIITIIYURA ALBOSIGMA (see p. 139).
j^iiil, Laid two to seven together on the npper side of the leaf. Ilemisplierical, the base flat.
Diameter, O.'J mm. Shells dead white. Larva hatches by a hole in the top.
mige //.—Head black, month a little paler. Width, 8 mm. Body yellow, pnrplebrown on
the sides, except the large yellow snbventral warts on segments 2-4, G, 9-12; the color extends
across the back on segments 2, 5, 7, 8, 12, and 13 posteriorly, not completely replacing the yellow
on segments 7 and 8. An indistinct triplicate dorsal line, pnrplebrown; venter dnll brownish.
Segments 5 and 12 a little enlarged dorsally. Hairs white, fe\y. Cervical shield nearly linear,,
black. Length of larva, 8 mm. (Dyar.)
EGG AND LARVAL STAGES OF NADATA GIBBOSA (see p. 143).
^^^._( Jefferson, jST. H.) Three laid together near edge on nnderside of leaf. Spheroidal;
base flat, opacpie white; diameter, 1.1 nnn., 0.7 mm. high. Heticnlatiou linear bnt rather high
and with harder base, rather small and regularly hexagonal; the pores at the angles distinct,
bead-like in the empty shell. The cells between reticulations form shallow hollows as in hfhrcH.sii.
(Dyar.)
Larral stages.— A larva bred at Jefferson, N. H., had five stages, with width of head as follows:
I, aboutO.7 mm.; 11, 1.2 mm.; Ill, 2 mm.; IV, about 3 mm.; V, 4.(imm., thus apparently omitting
the normal stage III instead of II, as the Yosemite ones did. (Dyar.)
EGG AND LARVAL STAGES OF NERICE BIDENTATA (see p. 171).
^^/,,._Rather more than hemispherical, with a flat base; not shining; whitish yellow..
Diameter, 1 mm.; height, 0.7 mm. lleticnlations small, linear, rather elongate, irregularly hex-
agonal; much smaller toward the micropyle, where there is an almost smooth area surrounding a
slight prominence, or all smooth. (Dyar.)
Stage I.— On hatching the larva runs to the tip of a tooth on the side of a leaf or end of the
midrib and sits with the anterior part of its body projecting beyond the edge. It eats the upper
portion of the leaf, leaving the lower epidermis. Head shining, blackish, notched a little at the
vertex, paler below, mouth vinous; width, 0.5 mm. Body whitish with a green tint, feet and
tubercles black ; cervical shield blackish. A dorsal spot on segments 0 and 12, and snbventral ones,
on segments 4, 6, and 10, brownish red. Later a slight prominence appears dorsally on segments
C and 12 corresponding to the tubercles i of each side and being the first indication of the future
high humps. Seta^ normal, i-v, vi absent, three on the distinct leg plate.
Stage //.—Eating the whole leaf and resting on a perch formed of the midrib from which the
substance of the leaf has been eaten away by the larva. Head higher than prothorax, slightly
bilobed, shining luteous with brown side stripe to vertex; width, 0.8 mm. Body cylindrical, shin-
ing green, a little dorsal red-brown dot on segment 5; a considerable bilobed process on segment (5,
the anterior lobe longest, red-brown; a single low, broad hump, on segment 12, yellowish on the
sides bearing tuber(!les i toward apex. Legs all red-brown with snbventral spots, more reddish
on segments 2 to 5 and 11, all used by the larva. Sette short and daric, normal, i-vi, with vii and
viii, oa the legless segments as usual. On segment 6, tubercle i is borne on the base of the horn.
Stage ///.—Head flattened in front, depressed at vertex; yellowish green, a black lino from
vertex of each lobe to side of mouth; width, 1.3 mm. Dorsal processes visible on segments 5, G,
7. and 12, highest on G, but all slight, brown tipped. None on the other segments. Faint, obli(iue,^
lateral, yellowish lines. Legs red-brown, with a faint yellowish substigmatal shading. Body not.
280
MEMOIRS OP THE NATIO^TAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 281
very opaque, tracheal liuo evident. As the stage advances humps api)ear slightly on all the
iuterveuiug segments and the larva more nearly resembles the last stage.
Sfiu/e IV. — Head higher than wide, narrowing to vertex, flattened in front; green, the clypeus
shining, a black line as before; width, 2.1 mm. Dorsal processes as in tlic mature larva, but nuich
slighter; present on segments 5 to 12 and a slight one on 1.3, consisting of two small tubercles.
The processes are all small, except on segments G and 12. Markings as before, but more distinct
and approaching the mature larva. All the mature cluiracters are now assumed, but are less
developed than in the next, which is the last stage (Stage V). (Dyar MS.)
StMje V. — The following descrii)tiou was drawn up Octol)er i"), from the three siiecimens figured
on PL XXIII. They were kindly sent me by Miss Mary Murtfeldt, from Kirkwood, Mo.
Length, 32-33 mm. Body much compressed. Head moderately large, rather narrow and
high, slightly bilobed above, not so wide as the body; pale green, with four broad white bands in
front and ou the side, the two median ones approaching each other over the ajjcx of the clypeus,
and then separating. Behind, a white band on each side passes down underneath the back of tlie
head, making six white bands in all. On each side of the front is a narrow, blackish line, edging
each lateral frontal line.
The three thoracic segments of nearly the same size and width, nuich wrinkled, but unarmed,
and with three white longitudinal bands on each side, the lower one narrow, irregular, and edging
the lateral conspicuous iufrastigmatal purplish line.
Abdominal segments 1 to 8 with a high recurved, soft, fleshy, distinctly retractile, conical
tubercle, tlie apex of which is bilobed and curved over backward so as to touch the apex of a
second nuich smaller conical tubercle, the first one being a little smaller than the others, and the
last one a little slenderer than the others. Ou the tip of each tubercle is a reddish brown median
line, best marked on the second and third tubercles, the other being simply tipped with the same
hue. The sides of the tubercles and of the segments bearing them is glaucous-white, and from
the anterior part of the base of each tubercle a green line passes obli(iuely backward and down-
ward to the suture behind. There are eight of these lateral oblicpie lines; the eighth is a little
higher than the seventh, is piliferous, bearing a short hair on each side. Xinth abdominal segment
not tuberculated, but with a pair of small dorsal tubercles. Suranal plate luirrow, quite smooth,
and with four longitudinal white bands. Low down on the sides of abdominal segments 7 to 9 is
a broken iufrastigmatal purjilish line which extends along t!ie underside of the rather slender
anal legs. Spiracles yellow, with a dark, narrow edge. Distal ends of the four pairs of middle
abdominal legs purplish, with two jiarallel black lines above the j)lanta. Thoracic legs pale green,
with a narrow dark red line ou the outside.
There is not much variation in the three individuals, except that the purplish lateral line in
one is represented on the abdominal segments by isolated spots. The tubercles are unusually
extensile and flexible in this caterpillar, and their resemblance to 'the serrate edge of the elm
leaves, together with the leaf-green ground color and greeuish white markings, and purplish
brown spots like those on the elm leaves, is most remarkable.
Habits. — The larva, eats away the leaf from the midrib, leaving the latter as a "perch," on
which it rests just like Lophodonta. When large the larva rests on the base of the leaf or stem.
(Dyar.)
FULLY GEOWN LAEVA OF HYPAEPAX AUEORA (see p. 180).
Last stage ( T).— Like Stage IV at first. Later and gradually the colors change. Head rounded,
higher than wide, not reaching above segment 2 nor retracted within it; width, 3 mm. Ground
color white with a yellow tint, reticulated with mottled bands of ])urple-browu, a broad one
running from antenme to top of each lobe. Bodypointed dorsally. Ou segments ~> and 12 the
tubercles i red, large, conspicuous, elsewhere very small, though i on segments C-8 are white and
rather distinct. All other tubercles inconspicuous, sette dark, moderately long. Venter and legs
purple-brown, dotted with white; sides whitish green, finely dotted with white and brown and
shading into a brighter green on segments 2-4 (representing the usual patch of Schizura and
Janassa). On segments 2-3 a dorsal purple-brown band, white dotted and bordered with yellow;
on segment ."> a white subdorsal band nuirked with fine irregular i)urple-l)n)wn lines, beginning at
tubercle i, loops up to i on 12 and runs to anal foot. The dorsal space thus inclosed is bright
yellowish leaf-green, dotted with white, wirli a narrow white dorsal line indicated. Tubercle i ou
segment were of large size, 58 mm. in length, blown specimens. They difl'er slightly
from several blown specimens of Eastern ministra. The head is black and the prothoracic shield
gamboge-yellow, as in normal D. ministra, and the stripes along the body are yellow, and as in
normal ministra, but very slightly narrower. Beneath, the body is decidedly darker, and the base
of the legs is darker, deep reddish where those of the Eastern ministra are usually gamboge-yellow.
Also the latero- ventral yellow line is much narrower and more nearly obsolete. However, a blown
specimen of an Eastern m/«(sf;a approaches the California larvte in having deep red legs. On
the whole, while there are slight differences in the California form, I am yet somewhat in doubt
whetlier to call it a well-marked climatic variety. Dr. Dyar, on seeing the specimen, coincides
with me.
NliTE ON THE VESTIGES OF MANDIBLES IN THE PUPA.
Regarding the nature of the pieces which I have designated as paraclypeal. Dr. Chapman, to
whom 1 submitted proofs, writes me as follows: '' The paraclyi)eal pieces have always passed with
nie as mandibles, but there is room for doubt. Where there is a distinct articulation all around I
think it is so, but in other cases it may be the corner of the head case of tlie larva, just as prolegs
and other larval marks often present." I am inclined to adopt this view. On comparing the
paraclypeal pieces in figs. 12, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 20, 30, 31, 37, 41, 45 with the swollen bases of
the large functional mandibles of Microptcry.r purpuricUa (fig. 5) they seem to agree with them
in position.
284
MEMOlliS OF THE ^lATlONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
ADDITIONS TO MAPS II TO X.
The following; additions of nuinbcrs representing localities mentioned in tbe preceding pages
may be made on the maps :
Mfq) II. — Insert 1 (var. quinqudincn) on east shore of Pnget Sonnd. Insert 'J.h at El Paso,
Tex. Remove 3 from Brunswicli, Me.
Map III. — Insert 2 in eastern New Yorlv; 4 in northeastern Pennsylvania; 5 at Savannah,
Ga.; 7 in southwestern Arlcansas, and lii near Boston, Mass.
Map. IV. — Insert 1 near Boston, Mass.; 5 at Savannah, Ga. ; Jacksonville and Indian River,
Florida.
Map Y. — Insert 2, 3, and 8 in eastern New York; 5 at Orono, Me.; 5a, eastern Kansas and
Chicago, 111.; 6 at Brunswick, Me., and in Alaska; 4, G, and 7 in Virginia; 7 in North Carolina,
Ohio, Texas, Missouri, Chicago (111.), Wisconsin, Kingston (Canada), and Mississippi; 1 in Ala-
bama; 4 in Colorado, and San Antonio and Dallas, Tex.
Map VI. — Insert 1 and 2 in western Massachusetts; 3 and 4 in eastern New York; 6 and 8
in southwestern Arkansas.
Map VII. — Insert 1 and 5 at Plattsburg, N. Y'.; 6 at Amherst (Mass.), Washington (D. C),
southwestern Arkansas, and Fort Collins, Colo.
Map VIII. — Insert 2 at Plattsburg. N. Y.; 3 in New York and southwestern Arkansas; o in
eastern Pennsylvania and near Philadelphia; 6 in western Washington, and 7 in British Columbia.
Map IX. — Insert 1 at Plattsburg, N. Y. ; 2 at Jalapa (Mexico) and in Guatemala; 1 and 7 at
Boston; 3 at Orono (Me.), Racine (Wis.), and Fort Collins, Colo.; 4 at Jalapa, Mexico; 5, 9, and
11 in southwestern Arkansas; G at Jacksonville, Fla.; 7 at Savannah, Ga. ; 8 at Dallas, Tex.; 13
opposite Micco, Indian River, Florida.
Map X. — Insert 7 at Franconia, N. H,; 2, 4, and 5« at St. Louis, Mo.; 3 at Calgary, Alberta,
and Saratoga Springs, N. Y.; 4 at Miles City (Mont.) and Los Angeles (Cal.), also at Jalapa
(Mexico) and in Guatemala; 5« at Springfield, 111.
DESIDERATA.
The following gaps or desiderata occur in our knowledge of the larvw or life history of the
North American Notodontid;i>, and attention is drawn to them here in order that collectors and
students may aid us in filling them up. It is particularly requested that the desired eggs and
larvte may be sent to the author in order that colored drawings may be made i)f them for future
publication.
Three genera are still unknown either in the egg, larval, or pupal stage; these are EUida^
Etihyparpa.v, and Nystalea.
Eggs aud larva in all stages of —
Glnphisia wriyhtii.
rupta,
albofascia.
formosa.
lintneri.
Apateludcs aiiyehca.
Datana califoniica.
flortduna.
moiivxin.
Eggs and early larval stages of —
Ichthijura apicaVis.
inoniala.
sirigosa.
brucei.
Lopliodoula basilriens.
Eggs and larva in all stages of —
Dnjmoit'ui (jcorgica.
Lophopteryx elegans.
camdina.
Eggs and Stages I aud II of Nolodonia stragula.
Eggs and all the larval stages of —
^'otoduiita siinplaria.
EUida cunipUiga.
Dasglophia thyatiroides.
The pupa of each or any of these is desired, either alive or in alcohol, or the cast shells.
Eggs and larva of the two forms of Si/mmerista
olbi/rons.
Eggs aud larva of Si/nimerinta p<(ckardii.
Eggs of Hyparpax aurorii.
Eggs aud all the larval stages of —
Hyparpax pcrophoroides.
Hyparpax rciius.
EnbyparjMix rosea.
Schizura apiculh.
perinigiilata.
Eggs and Stages I, II, aud III of —
SeirodoiiUt biVineata.
Heterocampa manleo.
asiarte.
Eggs and all tb(; larval stages of—
Heterocampa chapmaiii.
pJumosa.
hydromelt.
hclfragei.
siihrolala.
Centra occideiitalis.
scolopendrina.
Xystalea Indiana.
GEI^ERAL INDEX.
Page,
Acquired characters in CochliopoclidfP 43
Ceratocampidi© 38
Limacodidi© 43
NotodoDtidae 36
SaturniidiB 40
larval characters 35. 36, 38, 40, 43, 144
Actias luna 42
Adaptation 16, 36, 207
Adaptive characters 207
structures 16
Adfla caprella, pupa figured 66
viriflella, larvaof, figured 63,6,^
Adoiicta spiuuloides, ontogeny oi 43
Agaristida-, origin of 81
An tier-like spines 21, 36, 37, 236, 240, 243, 244
ApatelodiniB 30
Arctiida?, geographical distrihutiou of 45
Armature of larvfe 7. 8. 1 1, 21. 23. 37, 53, 236, 240. 243
Attat'i. origin of their thick body 19
Ulahophanes ferrugiuella 66
Bristles, evolution of 11. 20, 21
Bonihyciue moths, an ancient group 17, 32
phylogeny of 7, 32, 83
G4
41
41
46
52
85
14
116
14
15
38
Bucculatris, pupa, figurt^d
Callosaniia angulifera
jironiethea
Cainpestrian subprovince
Cainpodea-forni larva* of beetles
Castnia ardalus
Caterpillar, primitive
CatiTpillars, inedible 180, 215,
origin of green color of
lines of
'Ceratocampids, acquired characters in
€erura 23, 31
emergence from cocoon of 262
pupal venation of 85
Cerurinre, the most specialized subfamily 8
Cervical shield 25
Chapman, T. A., on value of ]inpal characters 53, 56
Characters, acquired, in i-aterpillars 36
Chorentes, pupa of, figured 68
Climatic variation 50
causes of 51
varieties , 159
Cochliopodida-. geographical distribution of 45
ontogeny of 43
pupa of 76
Color, green, of caterpillars, origin of 14
("orastock, J. H., on classification of the Lepidoptflra 57
Conditions, external, influence of 16
Crcmaster 34, 35, 65. 67
Cretaceous insects H
Crustacea, decapod, origin of carapace of 16
Page.
Cryptolechia, pnpa of, figured 68
Dataiia, the most primitive Notodontian 20,23,29
integerrima, origin of markings of ]5
Descent, unbroken lines of 79
BioptidjE 80
Diptera, incongruence between larva; and adult 28
relations to Lepidopteru 55
Disuse 34
Drepana arcuata, ontogeny of 34
Eacles imperialis, ontogeny of 39
Empretia stimulea, ontogeny of 43
Eriocephala calthella, mouth parts of 58,59
larva GO
Eruciform larva 13
origin of 14
Evolution, factors of 16,20
of bristles, etc 1 1, 20. 21
Euprepia caja 13
External conditions, infiuence of 16
Factors of evolution, Lamarckian 20, 24
j Fish, variation of, in confinement 18
i FlagelUira of Cerura, etc 24
Flight of broad winged Lepidoptera 81
, Food, influence of - 18
Forks, paranal 26
I Frenatce 57
j Genealogy of Lepidoptera 8, 51, 83
I Generalized fonns 42.53,54,82
1 Genital armature 34
! Geographical
Ti'iri tying fV-atures uf Notoclontian larva' 1T6, 181, 215
Tliyriilopterys ophomcrji'loruiis 69, 70
Tiuea tapetzella, pupa of, figured G6
Tineida? 05
Tineina 63
Tineoids C2
Tiscberia margiiiea, pupa tignnd 67
tiuL-torella, pupafigurud C7
Tortrix rileyana 76
Tri>e-feediug caterpillars 11, 12. 13
Trichoptera 55
Trochilium fraxini, pupa of 77
I'age.
Tubercles, cla.ssificat ion of 21
origin of 7,11. 15,16,20
Tubercles, iiseudo 21
terrify iijg 21
^'ariatioTl, causes of 31
climatic 50
seasonal 50
Venation of wings of Lepidopfcra 84
Walter on nioutb parts of Lepidoptera 58
"Warts, jiiliferoua 20, 21
Wingless niotba, origin of 34
Wing power, increase in, in broad- winged uiotbs 81
Wings, widening of, correlated with increase in wing power. . . 81
Zeuzera nyrina, pupa (rf 76 -
Zyga^nidiC, pupa of 7 '
INDEX OF SPECIES, GENERA, AND SUBFAMILIES.
[Names of genera are in italics; of aiibfamiliea, in bold-faced type.
Page.
Alastor 142
Albicoma 270
Albicosta 179
Albifrons 379
Albofascia 93, 34
A Ibosigma 124, 125, ISS
Aletbe 121
Angelica 100, 102,103
Angulosa 147
Anguaii 106, 130
Apatelodes 99
angelica 100. 103
indistincta 100, 104
torrefacta 200
Apatelodinse 99
Apicalia (Icbtbyura) 124, 135
(Schizura) 193,203
Astarte 24 7
Astoriie 124
A thereo 240
Aurora 184
Aurostriata 186
A vimacula 96. 98
liadia 193, 194, 20S
Basitriens 152
lielfragei 250
Bidentata 170
Eifiria ". 124
liiguttata 194
Bilineata 218
Biundata 235
Briicei 124, 137
Califoinica 106, lOS
(Pbeosia) 158
Camelina ] 56
Capucina 156
Cecrita 217, 220
guttivitta 230
Tiridescens 235
Celtiphaga 252
Centra . 263
albicoma 270
aquilonaris 270
boreali-s 264
cinerea 273
raodesta 270
miiUiscripta 276
occidentali s 268
scitiscripta 276
scolopendrina 270
Oerurinse 262
Cbapmanni 251
Cmerascens 224
Cmereofrous 194, 195
S, Mis. 50 19
The number of the page where the speciea ia described is in italics.]
I»age.
Cinereus 230
Olostera 123
Coelodasys .' 192, 194
edniandsii 204
Coloradensis (lanasaa) 189, 190,210
Com pta 194
C^ncinna 192,312
Conspecta 203
Contracta 106, 113
Corticea 194
Cosmotricha 142
Banbyi gg, 93
Dardania 235
Datana 105
anguaii 106, J W
californica 106,705,283
contracta 106, i22
drexelii lOG, 112
floridaua 106, 115, 283
integerrima 106, 120
major 100,113
ministra 106
mode.sta 106, 117
palmi i \0Q,11G
perspicua lOG. 117
robusta 106, 7i9
Dasylophia 141. 172
anguina 173. 174
interna 173, 177
punta gorda 174
tbyatiroidea 177
Descherei (Pbeosia) 158
Dicranoura 26 1
Dicranura 263
Dictaaa (Pbeoaia) 158
Dimidiata 158
Doubledayi (Heterocampa) 2.10
Drexelii 106, 112
Drymonia 141. 153, 157
cucuUifera ^ 174
georgica 153
raucorea 230
Drynobia tortuoaa 153
Ducena 194
Edema 177, 178. 217
f uscescena 183
packardii 183
producta 183
Edema tranaversata 189
Edmandsii 203, S04
Elegana 156
Ellida 168
169
169
cauiplaga.
gelida
289
290
MEMOIES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Page
Elongata 257
Euhyparpax 183, 1S7
rosea 188
Eutnelia 89,95
Eximia 193, 194, 210
Ferniginea 1^9
Floridana (Apatelodes) 101
(Datana) 106, 115
Formosa 93, .'?J
Georgica 153
Oluphisia 89
lintuiTi 90.56
quiuquelinea '^0
septentriouis S9, 00
severa 90,^^6
trilineata 90
wrigUtii 90,55
Gluphisinffi 88
Gattivitta 230
Eariiyia - - 263
Hatlma 172.192
anguina 174
interna 177
Heterocampa 183,217.220
astarte - 247
athereo 249,250
belfragei 250
biuntlata 235
brunnea 242,243
celtiphaga 252
cliapiuanni 251
gattivitta 230
hydromeli 253
limata 248
nianteo 224
marina 254
obiiqua 242
perolivata 246
plumosa 248
pulverea 249, 282
punctata 173
semiplaga 235
aiibalbicans - : 223
subrotata 252
enperba 252
tripartita 177
trouvelotii 242, 243
umbrata 249
iin icolor 254
varia 242
HeterocampincB 183
Huiiiilis 203
Hvalinupuncta 103
Hyboma 192
Hydromeli 253
Bypa rpax 183, 1S4
auror a 184, 281
aurostriata 186
perophoroides 18C
venus 187
lanassa 188
Ichthyura 123
albosigma 124, 138, 280
alethe 124
apicalis 124, 125
astoriae 124, 127
bifiria 124,725
brucei 124.337
inclusa 124, 131
inornata 124, ICO
inversa 324, 132
jocosa 124,133
lucnlenta 124
muUnoma 124, 137
ornata 12i, 12G
palla 124
Page.
Jckth (/ (/ ra— Con tin iied .
specitica 124
atrigosa I2i, 130
vau 125
Ichthyurinae 123
Incarcerata 125, 126
Inclusa 324, 125, 131
Indentala 125. 12G
Indistincta lOO, 104
Inornata 1 24. 130
Int«gerrima io6. 120
Interna 177
Inversa 124, 132
Ipomea- 193, 204, 207
lanasia 3? g
Jocosa 124, 133
Leptinoides 19.-^, 194. 100
Liguicolor 189,210
Lig-nigera i89
Litodonta i'lisca 253
belfragei 250
Iiydromt'li 253
Locfnnceus 220
biundata 235
cinereus 230
marina 254
olivatus 235
Lophodonta 140, 146
angulosa 147
ba8itrien.s l-i'i,153
ferruginca 147, 140
pluraosa 248
Lophopteryx 141, 154
cameliua 156
capucina 156
elegaus 156
notaria 150
Luculenta 124
Lunata 248
Macrurocam2)a 183. 257
marthesia 257
Mandela ■. 1 78
Marthesia 257
Major 106, 11$
Melalopha 123
Manteo 223
Melia 89, 95
Meridlonaiia 273
Ministra - lOG
Misoqada 226
cinerea 254
sobria .' 230, 254
Modesta 106. 117, 270
Mucorea 230
Multnoma 124, 125. 137
MustfcUua 199
Xadata 140. 141
behrensii 142
doubledayi 142
gibbosa 142, 280
oregouensis 145
rubripcnnis 142
Xerice 141,1(75
bidentati 171.280
Nigrosignata -. 194
Nitida 208.:?;2
Nivca : 273
Notaria - 156
NotodontidcB 57, 140
Notodonta 164
simi)laria 167
stragula 165
Nystalea indiana 173
Obiiqua 235, ?4,'
(Edemasia 1 92, 194
Olivatus 230
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,
291
Page.
Oregoneusia 145
< )rnat a 124
rackai-dii 183
Palla 121, 13;i
I'almii 106,116
Pania 263
reraiifjnlata 193. SIO
Peri)i>hun»ule3 186
rcrspicua 106, J ;r
I'heosia 141 , 157
califorDica 158
descherei 158
dictiEa 158
diniidiata 158
l)ortlaudia 158
Phya 188
Plr.mosa 248
Portlaiidia 158
Psendotliyatira cyniatopLoroides ' 168
Piilverea 249
Punctata 174
Pun ta ^orda 174
PygserinK t 104
QuiuqUflinea 90
Ri'stipeimia 194
Kideuda 93, ,94
Rimos.a 158
Riversii 212
Robusta 116, Ji»
Rnpta 93,84
Sali.is 212, Jl.!
Iiclii:um 183, 192
ap icalLs 1 93, 203
badia 193, 194, SOS
concinna 193, 194, 213
eximia 193,194,210
ipomeso 193, W4, 207
leptinoides 193, 194, Wfl, 207
' nitida 208
perangulata 193, 210
tmicornis 193, 194, 202, SOS, 207
Scitiacripta 276
Page.
Seirodonta , jgs 217
l»iliiu-ata' 21S
Seniiplaga 235
Semirulescens 203
Septeutrionia 90
Signata 177
Signiflcata (Heterocanipa) 208
Simplaria 167
Slossoni.-B 96, ;/7
Sobria 23U
Specitica 124
Stauropufi ? 220
Stauropus viridesceus 235
Stragiila i65
Strigoaa 124, 125, IM
Subalbieana 214
Subrotata 252
Superba 252
Symmeiiita 141, 177
albicosta 179
albifrons 179
mandela 178
parkardii 183
T.idana t-inerascens 223
Telifer 194, ;.9.5
Tesaella 2.57
Thyatiroides 177
Torrefatta IM
Tortuosa 153
Tripartita 177
Trouvelotii 242
Turbida 218
Umbrata 249
Unicornis 193,194,203,207
Van 125
Venus 187
Virgata 189
Viridescoua 235
Xylina signata 177
Xijlinodes 183, 2SS
lignicolor WS, 282
virgata 189*
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
293
Plate I.
Figs. 1, 2, 3. Oluphisia sejitentrionis Walk. ^ .
Fig. 4. Gliiphisia septentrioiih var. qiiinquelinea.
Figs. 5,6. Gluphisia rideiidaF,(lw. $.
Figs. 7.8. (llnpliisin albofasciai^dy^. .
Fig. 9. Gluphhia riipta Edw. J.
Figs. 10-112. Gliq)hisiafoymosaEd.w. J.
Fig. 13. Gluphisia wriglitn Edw. 9 .
Figs. 14-16. Glv]>hisia severaEdw. 9.
Fig. 17. Gluphiaia serera {avimacula Hudson). 9.
Fig. 18. Gluphisia Untneri (Gtote). g.
294
Plate L
V > --.'SI-
^
w/
1E^-
North American Species of Gluphisia
Plate II.
Figs. 1,2. Daiana angusii Grote a,m\Roh. ,?, 9.
Figs. 3,4, Datana ministraDiVLTy. $,9.
Figs. 5,6. Dalana drexelii 'KA.w . i,9.
Figs. 7,8. Da/ana ma/o;- Grote and Eolj. i,9-
Figs. ^,W. Datana palmii^eut. g,9.
Figs. 11, 12. Datana floridana Graef. , 9,
Fig. 13. Datana modesta Beut. 9 •
Figs. 14, 15. Datana pempkua Grote and Rob. i^, 9-
Figs. 16, 17. Datana ruhiista Strecker. , 9.
FiGS. 18, 19. Datana cvntracta Walk.
Figs. 20, 21. Datana inteyerrima Giote aniRob. , 9-
296
Plate II.
North American Species of Datana (D. Californica excepted') .
Plate III.
Tigs. 1-3. Ichthyiira apicalis Walk. (rati). ,(?, 9 .
Figs. 4-7. Ichthi/iira apicalis xnv. iiicarcerata Uoisd. (ornaia Edvf.) 9 , , 9 ,
Fig. 8. Ichthym-a apicaVis v:ir. hifiria Edw. J .
Figs. 9-11. Iclithyura inornata Nenm. 3 , 9 , i .
Figs. 12-14. Ichthyitra stiigosa Grote. i, i, $.
Figs. 15, 16. Iclithyura alrigosa var. luculenta Edw.
Figs. 17-19. Ichtliyui-a hiclusa Hiibn. t?, 9, 9-
Figs. 20,21. Ichihyiira inclusa var. inversa Pack. J , i .
Fig. 22. Ichihyiira inclu8a \a,T. jocosa'E.Aw. 9.
Figs. 23-2.5. Ichthym-a lirucei Edw. ^, 9, 9.
Fig. 26. Ivhthyiira linicei var. multtioma Dyar. $.
Figs. 27, 28. Ichthyura atltosigma Fitch. 9,9.
Figs. 29, 30. Ichthyura alhoaigma v.ar. Hpecifica Dyar. 9 > c? •
Fig. 31. Ichthyura apicalh \a,T. incarcerata, &xx\>\a,x. alethe'Dja.T. 9. -
298
Pl^TE lU^
mp^
r V
ffim^. \ ' .<$^fll|p
/
A
/'/
i X
P
^'ViiS-
North American Species of Ichthyura with their varieties.
Fig.
1.
Fig.
2.
Fig.
3.
Fig.
4.
Fig.
5,
Fig.
6,
Fig.
7,
Fig.
8.
Fig.
9.
Plate IV.
1. LophodontaferrugineaPac^. g.
Lophodonia fcrruginea Pack. .
Lophodoiita angnlosa Abbot ami Sm. $ .
Notodoiita slniguln Grote and Rob. ^ .
Lophodoiita hasHriiiis (^Walk.). J.
Xotodoiild simplaria Graef. cf .
DrijmonUi (jcorgica IIi'vr.-5eh. ^ .
8. Lojihoplrri/x ih'i/aiis iitvec\i. ^.
Dasiilophia interna I'ack. ^.
Fig. 10. Dasiitojihia (iiujii'ititi Abbot and Smith, xav. piinta gordn Slossou. .
Fig. 11. Uasijlophiti anijnina Ahhot auA HanWi. 9- Normal.
Fig. 12. Symmerista pac}iardii CSioTX.). 9-
Fig. 13. Siimmcriala albi/rona Abbot and Smith (aihicosta Hubn.). J .
Fi(5. 14. Symmerista albi/rons var. from Florida (albifrons A. aud S.). ^ .
Fig. 15. Xylinodes lignU-olor (Walk.). ?.
FiCi. 16. Schiznra ipomew Doubleday. .
Fig. 17. Schhuro ii>omciv var. cinereo/rons Pack. 9
Fig. 18. Sclii:nra IcjithioUles Grote and Rob. 9 .
Fig. 19. Schhnra lipthtnidcs (irote aud Rob. ^ .
Fig. 20. Schicuni iiiiiconiis Ahhot ami i^m. $.
Fig. 21. Schi:i(ra iiiiivornis .\l)bot and .Sm. 9.
Fig. 22. Sclii:iira aiiicalh Grote and Rob. ^ .
Fig. 23. Svhi:iirti India I'-ick. J.
Fig. 24. Ellida caniplaya (.Walk.). 5 .
300
Plate
Notodontmae and Heterocampinae.
Plate Y.
Fig. 1. Heterocampa manlfo (Do\ih\ei\a,y). f.
Figs. 2,3. Heterocampa (jiitUvilla (\\'a\'k.). , ?.
Figs. 4,5. Heterocampa hiundataViaXy.. ^, 9-
Fi(i. 6. Heterocampa hniata'EAvis. J. Edwards's type.
Fig. 7. Heterocampa oltliqiia var. perotirata Pack, i (type).
Figs. 8,9. Heterocampa obliqua Puck. £ , '} .
Fig. 10. Heterocampa i>}ilierea (iT:oXe amAKoh. f.
Figs. 11, 12. Heterocampa astarte Doubld. S , 9 ■
Figs. 13, 11. Heterocampa pulvcreaGvnte and ^nh. i , 9 •
Fig. 15. Heterocampa lirlfragei (Grote). i.
Fig. 16. Heterocampa ki/cJromeli Harvey. $ .
Figs. 17, 18. Heterocampa siibrotata Harvey. (^,9.
Fig. 19. Heterocampa snhrotata (ccltq>tiaga Hsuvey). $,
Fig. 20. Heterocampa iinirolor Pack. ^.
Figs. 21, 22. Macrurocam2>a marthesia {Cramer). 9; •
302
PwVI-E V
^.-5^:;^^
Heterocampa and Macrurocampa.
(l^nmwnMtXdi'^M
Plate VI.
Figs. 1, 2, 3. Schhwra concintia Abbot and Sm. ^ , ^ (from Idaho), 9 .
Fig. 4. Schi:ura peravgnlata F.d'KS. i. Edwards's t.vpe.
Fig. 5. Schiznra pevanijiihita FA-vi-a. . Utah. U. S. Nat. Mus.
Fig. 6. Schizura ]>eiau!inlala Edws. ^. Colorado. Coll. Neumoegen.
Fig. 7. iSchiziira eximiaVld-wfi. g.
Fig. 8. iSeirodonIa hilineala (Pack.).
Fig. 9. Hcterocampa iiiaiiteo (Doubld.) var. U.S. Nat. Mus.
Figs. 10-12. Cenira horealh Bolsd. i, i, .
Fig. 13. Cerura scolopendrina MoisA. . Califoruia. Coll. Dyar.
Fig. 14. Centra scolnpendrina wit. mode.sta'iinAsoii. g.
Fig. 15. Ceriira occidentalia 'LmtoeT. g.
Fig. 16. Cenira cino-ea Walk. £.
Fig. 17. Cerura cinerea var. vinereoides Dyar. 9 .
Fig. 18. Cerura cinerea va,T. nirea. 9. Colorado.
Fig. 19. Cerura cinerea va.T. nivea. Djslt's type of vieridionalis. 9.
Fig. 20. Cerura cinerea type of Behr's paradoxa. Coll. Dyar. J .
Fig. 21. Cerura scitiscripla Walk. . Florida.
FlG.S. 22, 23. Cerura scitiscripfa var. multiseripla Riley. , c? ■
Fig. 24. EuUijparpax rosea Beuteumiiller. J . Type in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
304
Plate \1
Helerocampinae and Cerurinae.
S. Mis. 50 20
Fig.
1.
Fig.
2_
Fig.
3.
Fig.
4.
Fig.
5.
Fig.
6.
Fig.
7.
Fig.
8.
Fig.
9.
Fig.
10.
Fig.
11.
Plate VII.
1. Gluphisia sejiteiityioiiis Walker. . H. KuigUt del. froiu Walker's typo lu British Museum.
Ichthj/iira apicalh Waiker. J. Normal form . Bridghani del.
Ichthyum iqncaUs var. astoriw Edws. o\\^AeH.. g. Bridgham del.
Fig. 22. Heterocampa guttiinlla Walk. J. H. Knight del. from Walker's type of "Scirodonta albiplaga" in British
Museum.
Fig. 23. Belerocanipn belfragei (Grote). S ■ Bridgham del. from example in Neumoegen's coll.
Fig. 24. Helerocampa pJiimosa Edws. g . Bridgham del. from example in U. S. Nat. Mus. (does not show the basal
scalloped lines).
Fig. 2.5. Heterommpa pulren-a Gvote and Rob. g. H. Knight del. from Walker's type of "il. umhraia'' in British
Museum.
Fig. 26. Hettrocampa biiiiuJala Walk. J . H. Knight del. frnm Walker's type in British JIuseuni.
Fig. 27. JJeterocamjia astarle DonWed. g. Bridgham del.
Fig. 28. ilacnirocanipa martlicsia (Cramer). 9 . Bridgham del. from Grote .and Rob.'s type labeled "FT. elongata '' in
Mrs. Bridghain's coll.
Fig. 29, Heteiocainpa piilrerea Grote and Rob. 9 . Bridghani del. from type labeled by Mr. Grote in Mrs..
Bridghain's coll.
Fig. 30. C'eno-a ciiiecea Walk. g. H. Knight del. from Walker's type in British Museum.
Fig. 31. Ceriira acliiscripta Walk. J. H. Knight del. from Walker's typo in British Museum.
306
PLATE VII.
J. Bridgbam and H. Knight, del.
A. BOEN i CO., LITH., BALTIMORE.
Plate VIII.
T)ie larval stai/es of (Jlupliisla septcntrionis Walk.
Fig. 1. Larva, Stage I, dorsal view; la, side view; 16, side view of the tliird abdominal .segment.
Fig. 2. Larva, Stage H. dorsal view; 2a, side view; 2b, side view of the third abdominal segment.
Fig. 3. Larva, St.ige III, dorsal view; 3a, side view.
Pig. 4 Larva, Stage IV, dorsal view; 4a, side view; 46, side view of second thoracic segment.
Fio. 5. Three of the glandular hairs of the freshly hatched larva.
Fig. 6. (;/«;)/ii.sia i-i, third abdominal segment, dorsal view : 4c. side view of the
same.
Fig. 5. Larva, Stage IV, dorsal view; 5n, side view; 5.i, third abdominal segment: 5c, side view of the same.
Fig. G. Larva. Stage V, dorsr.lview; 6«, side view; (ift, second thoracic segment, side view; 6c. second abdominal
segment, side view: 6rf, sixth abdominal segment, side vievr; 6c, larva at this stage, ventral view.
Fig. 7. Larva. Stage VI (and last i ; 7a, third ab-.
oa
^^f^^.
3c
X
i
5d
- J J_iS'^j
f if
^' 5c
/
6a -
u
4b
4c
N >>-^-
s la
/ "i\ ' \ . ~ jw ^ ^ 1 \
■« 8
\'r)
J. Brldgham, del.
A. HOEN & CO.. LITH., BALTIMORE.
Egg and Larval Stages of Apateiodes torrefacta.
Plate X.
Larva of Datana minixtra, D. angusii, etc.
Fig. 1. Datana ministra, last stage. Miss Emily L. Morton del.
Figs, la, lb. Datana ministra, last stage. Riley direxit; from Department of Agriculture.
Fig. Ic. Datana ministra, last stage. Riley direxit; from Department of Agriculture.
Fig. Irf. Datana ministra. Stage IV. Bumpus del. From 5th Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm. -
Fig. le. Datana ministra. Georgia; on oak. Lecimte del.
Fig. 2. Datana anijusii, last stage. Miss Morton del.
Fig. 3. Datana, on walnut, not identified. 2a, side view; 3b, natural size; 3c, third abdominal segments
Bridgham del.
312
PLATE X.
3c
2a
Ic
J. Bridgham and others, del.
A. HOKN A CO.. LITH., BALTIMORE.
Larva of Dutana iniui^tia, I), .\^t;u^'ii, etc.
Plate XL
Larv(( of LhiUina dycreVii. etc.
Fir.." 1. Z ~ --^V^^l^^'"
LARVAL STAGES OF LOPHODONTA FERRUGINEA
Bridgham.del
JULiUS 8IEN » CC
Plate XIX.
Larva of Xotodoitta stragula, Xirice hiileiitala, etc.
y?ia. 1. Kotodonta elragnla, Stage IV ? Bridgbam, del.
Fig. 2. Xotodonta stragula, stage before the last, IV. Wilder del.
Tig. 3. Nofodonta stragula, last (V) stage; 3a, side view.
JTlG. 4. Xerice Udentata, last stage. Miss Caroline G. Soule del.
Fig. 5. Paeiidothtjatira cymatophoroidcs Grote; Maine; 5a, side view; 56, third abdominal segment. Bridgham del.
330
PLATE XIX.
J. Bridgham, del.
A. HOKN & CO.. HTH.. BALTIMOUB.
larvae of Notoilonta stragula, l-o; Xeric-e Ijidentata, 4.
Plate XX.
Lift liiiiurij of rheoaia dimidiata.
Fig. 1. rheosiii dimidiuta, .Stage I; la, side view.
Fig. 2. Pheosia dimidiata, .Stage II; 2a, side view.
Fig. 3. Phcoxia dimidiata, .Stage III; 3a, side view.
Fig. 4. Pheonia dimidiata, Stage IV; 4o, side view.
Fig. 5. Pheosia dimidiata, Stage V; .5rt, side view.
Fig. 6. Plieosia dimidiata, .Stage Y \ Grt, side view.
Fig. 7. Pheusia dimidiata, Stage V ; about to pupate. Bridgham del.
332
Vf
:.{
I
M
*
/-
-t
lb
la
aa
2b
PLATE XX.
4a
/
^T'^r^
'1j
Ic
J. Bridgham, del.
A. HOEN A CO., LITH., BALTIMORE.
Larval Sta^^'^i of Pheot'ia 'limifliata.
Plate XXI.
Life history of Dusylopliia anguinn.
Fig 1. Dasi/Iophia anfiiiina, Stage I; la, side view; 16, first and second tlioraeio segments, side view; lo, the freshly
liatclied larvif, natural size.
Fig. 2. Dasi/lophia anguina, Stage 11; 2a, side view; 26, tliird abdominal segment, side view, enlarged.
FliJ. 3. Dasglophia anguina, Stage IV; 3a, side view; 36, the same, natnral size.
Fig. 4. Dasi/lophia anguina, last stage; 4a, side view.
Fig. 5. Dasylophia anguina, \:ist sta'^e; 5«, side view; another example. Bridgham del.
Fig. 6. Uasi/^op/iia aHjrHiwa, last stage; natural size. Georgia. Leconte del.
334
PLATE XXI.
J. Bridgham, del.
A. HOEN & CO.. LITH.. BALTIMORE.
Larval .Stages of Dasylophia anguina.
Plate XXII.
Larral slagi-s of Sijmmtrialu alhifrons.
Fig. 1. Symmerisla alhifrons, Stage I; 1«, side view.
Fig. 2. St/mmerista albifrons, Stage II; 2a, side view.
Fig. 3. Symmensta albifrons, Stage III; 3ffl, side view.
Fig. 4. Symmerista albifrons, Stage V (and last); 4a, side view.
336
PLATK XXII.
la
3a
4a
\ r\.. r
2a
J. Bridgham, del.
HOEN ic CO.. LITH.. BALTIMORE.
Larval Stages of Syuimerista albifrons.
S. Mis. 30-
Plate XXIII.
Larva of Xerice iidentata.
Fig. 1. Last stafre, enlarged twice; \a, bead; 16, second abdominal segment, dorsal view; Ic, the same, side view;
1(7, two larva", natural size ; Oct. 6. Bridgham del.
338
Plalc Will
Ja,
lU
Ic.
- ■■ / --j: .
X E R r C E BIDE NTATA
Hndohani , del
U^ e^cN a CO NT
Plate XXIV.
Life hiKlorii uf Iliipaipax aurora.
Flu. 1. Ilijpiirpaj- aurora, St:igt> I, doi'snl view; la, side riew; lli. dorsiil piliferoiis tiibcrclo.
Fli:. 2. Ihjparpax aurora, eud of Stage I; 2o, side view; 2/), freshly liatclicd l;ii'v:i', Tiatural size.
Fic. H. Ibiparpax aurora, Stage II; 3a, side view; 3ft, third abdominal segment, side view; 3c, a thoracic leg.
Fic. I. Hyparpax aurora, Stage III; -l«, side view; 4 ft, dorsal tubercle; 4c, front view of the same; id, subdorsal tuber-
cle; 4(', face; 4/, natural size.
Fu;. ."). Jli/parpax aurora. Stage IV; 5a, side view; oft, dorsal tubercle of eightli abdominal segment; 5c. third
ab(b>minal segment, side view.
Fk;. (i. lliijHirpa.r aurora, lust stage; On, side view; tift, dorsal tubercle of tirst abdominal; lie, of eighth abdominal
segment.
Fig. T. II iijiarjiax aurora, iusx\e; natural size. Uridgham del.
340
PLATE XXIV
J. Bridgham, del.
A. BOEII & CO.. LITH., BALTIMORE.
Early .Stages of Hyparpax Aurora.
Plate XXV.
Fici.. 1. Xi/Jinodes lignlcolor, last stage; In, side view; Ih. face; Ic, rear view of dorsal tubercle of first abdominal
sejiincut; 1(/, dorsal view of end of the body. BridgUam del.
Fig. If. Xylinoiles Ugnicolor. Georgia, Leconte del. ; If, dorsal view of abdominal segments 1 to (5 of the same.
Fig. 2. .S'c/iijwra !>omen;, full-grown larva; 2a, aide view; 2h, dorsal tubercle of iirst abdominal segment.
Fig. 3. Schuiiraipomew; 3a, side view, natural size; 3h, face; 3c, the same at au earlier stage. Kiley direxit. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, No. 120 L.
Fig. i. Schhttra unicornis, GeoTgia. Leconte del.
342
PLATE XXV
J. Bridgham and del., etc.
A. HOEN ± CO.. LITU., BALTIXORS.
(1,) I^irva of Xylinodes lignicolor, (2, 3,^ Schizura ipomese, etc.
Plate XXVI.
Fig. 1. Schisiira lepiinoiHes, Stage I; la, side view; lb, third abdominal segment; If. a dorsal piliferous tubercle.
Fig. 2. Schhiirn leptinoules, Stage IV?; 2a, side view; 26, section of tirsc abdominal; 2c, of iiftli; 2d, of eighth
abdominal segment.
Fig. 3. The same, different individnal ; 3a, side view ; Sb, face ; 3c to 3e, sections of first, fifth, and eighth abdciminai
segments.
Fig. 4. .S'c/)ic-«ra ex!Hiirt, fnll-grown larva; 4«, side view; 46, dorsal tubercle on first abdominal segment. Bridgham
del.
Fig. 4c. Schi3ura eximia, mature larva, Georgia. Leconte del.
Fig. 5. Schizura coneinim, mature larva; 5«, side view; 56, prothoracic segment, side view: 5c. first abdominal
segment, side view; 5d, third abdominal segment, side view; 5f, end of the body. Bridgham del.
344
PLATE XXVI.
J. Bridgham, del
A. HOEN & CO., LITH,. BALTIUORS.
Larval Stages of Schizura leptinoides, 1-3, S. eximia, 4 and S. concinna 5.
Plate XXVII.
Lust stdt/c'S of Schhura huiliii.
"Fig. 1. Srkhnra badia, last stage ? la, dorsal view, enlarged ; i;.. second and third abdominal segments, enlarged : le,
larva, natural size. Drawn July 6.
Fig. 2. A larva drawn .July 8. 2,t. dorsal view; 2a', second and third abdominal segments; 2h, the same side view;
2c, S'lranal plate and anal legs, dorsal view ; 2d, the same, side view. Bridgham del.
-Fig. 3. Sdihura eximia, natural size and attitude, while feeding. Copied from Dyar"
346
PlaleXXXTI
^ y
Ic.
'/
A
la.
2 a.
t;^^^^
113.
LARVAL STAGES OF SCHIZURA BADIA.
Brid^hain lIoI
CL.i/SeiEM 4 c:^ ^
Plate XXVIII.
Schlzura unicornis, Stage I; la, side view; lb, third segment, side view, enlarged.
Schizurii unicornis. Stage II; 2a, side view; 26, face; '2c, third abdominal segment, side view; 2d, tubercle of"
first abdominal segment, front view; 2e. dorsal view of end of body.
ScJiizura unicorniK, Stage III; 3a, side view; 35, larva natural size; 3c, third abdominal segment, side view.
Schizurii unicornis. Stage IV; ia, side view; 46, dorsal tubercle first abdominal segment; 4c, third abdominaL
segment, side view; 4rf, dorsal tubercle, third abdominal segment. Bridghaiu del.
Fig. 5. Schizura unicornis, natural size. Wilder del. {From 5th Kcport U. 8. Entomological Commission.)
Fig. 6. Scliizura unicornis, Georgia. Leconte del.
348
FiG.
1.
Fig.
'f
Fig.
3.
Fig.
4,
PLATE XXVIII.
J. Bridgham, del.
A. HOEN & CO., LITa., BALTIMORE.
Larval Stages ol Schizura unicornis.
Plate XXIX.
Fig. 1. Seivorfonla bilineafa, next to the last atagel; la, side view.
Fig. 2. Bderommpa manteo, Stage II f; 2«. side view; 26, face.
Fig. 3. Heteroaimpa mnnteo, fully grown; 3«. side view, drawu fruiii a blown larva. No. 359, United States National
Musonui.
I-'IG. 4. Heta-ocnmim manteo, ia. side view, drawn from a blown larva, No. 350, on linden, iu United States National
Museum.
Fig. 5. Heterommpa manteo, aa, side view, drawn from a blown larva, No. ISO, on Inrcb, Virginia, September 14,,
1884, United States National Museum.
Fig. 6. Heterocampa mniiteo, young, Riley direxit. No. 27.52, United States Department of Agriculture.
Fig. 7. Heterocampa manteo, mature stage of No. 6, Riley direxit, No. 2752, United States Department of Agriculture.
Bridgham del.
Fig. 8. Heterocampa manleo, Georgia. Leconte.
Fig. 9. Heterocampa, undetermined, Georgia. Leconte.
Fig. 10. Heterocampa, undetermiued, Georgia. Leconte.
Fig. 11. Heterocampa oblhiua var. perolh-ata, from a blown larva, No. 2804, Maryland, in United States National
Museum.
350
PLATE XXIX.
J. Bridgham, del.
A. HOEN i CO., LITH., BALTIMORB.
Larval Stages of Seirodonta bilineata 1 ; Heterocampa Manteo 2, etc.
Plate XXX.
Lareal stages of Heterocampa ohliqua.
Fig. 1. Stage I, freshly hatched ; la, dorsal view, eularged ; 1^, larva of natural size ; Ic, front view, much enlarged,
of head and prothoracic antlers.
Fig. 2. Stage II, eularged; 2a, the same, dorsal view; 26, the same, natural size; 2c front view of prothoracic
tubercles. Bridgham del.
352
PlaLe XXX
^-^
LARVAL STAGES OF HETEROCAMPA OBLIOUA
J. Bridahani , del.
S. Mis. 50-
-23
Plate XXXI.
Larval shiyes of Heterocampa (jiittiritta.
1. H. guttivitta, Stage I; la, side view; 1« . prothoracic antlers; 16, 16', antlers on first abdominal segment;
If, Ic', antlers ou second to seventh abdominal segments: Id, If?', antlers on eighth abdominal segment.
2. H. guttivitta. Stage II; 2a, side view.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig. 4, 4a. S. gutt
Fig. 5, 5a. H. gutt
Fig. 6, 6a. H. gutti
3. H. guttivitta, end of Stage II, 3a, side view.
ritta. Stage III.
vitta, Stage IV.
vitta, end of Stage IV.
Fig. 7, 7a. H. guttivitta. Stage V. Bridgham del.
354
PLATE XXXI.
2a
5a
4b
»>ll|N»'
'^FW
3a'
7a
J. Brldgham, del.
A. HOSH * CO., LITH., BALTIMORB.
Liirval HiFtory of Heterocampa guttivitta.
Plate XXXII.
Larval stages of Heterocampa iiundata.
Fig. 1. la, H. hiumlata: l/», natural size; lo, third abdomiual segment, side view; Id, eudof body, side view.
Fig. 2, 2o. H. binndatn. Stage III; 2b. face.
Fig. 3, So. H. hinndata. Stape IV; 36. face.
.Fig. 4. H. biundaia, natural size. Bridgham del.
356
PLATE XXXII.
J. Bridgham, del
A. HOEN & CO.. LITH.. BALTIMORE.
Larval Stages of Heterocanipa biandata.
Plate XXXIII.
Fig. 1, lo. Heterocampa guUiviUa, Stage III; Ih. face; Ic, protlioracic tubercle.
Fig. 2, 2a. Heterocampa guttiritta, fully grown larva, July 21, ou scrub oak (the moth reared).
Fig. 3, 3a. Heierocampa guttiriita, .Stage IV, of tig. 2.
Fig. 4, in. Heteiocampa unicoJor; Stage I, 4/;, 4c, dorsal tubercle of prothoracic segment. Bridgham del.
Fig. 5. Beterocampa on oak, C4eorgia. Leconte del.
Fig. 6. Heterocmnpa, Georgia. Leconte del.
Fig. 7. Heterocampa on oak, Georgia. Leconte del.
Fig. 8, 8a. Heteiocampa umhrata {atliereo, pidrerea), copied from Doubleday's figures in the Entomologist.
Fig. 9. Beterocampa astartt, copied from Doubleday's figure in the Entomologist.
358
PLATE XXXIII.
l*'"-)
? t
lb
^mk.
Ic
^\Ii J-
-^
— -^^
- vi/V
3a
4c
I
4b
.d^
Bridgham & Doubleday. del. a. hoen a ro.. lith.. Baltimore.
Larval Stages of Heteroeanipa guttivitta, H. unicolor 4, H. Astarte. etc.
Plate XXXIV.
Life historij of Macnirocampa marthesia.
Fig. 1, la. J/, inarihesia, Stage I; Ih, eiul of steniapod; le, prothoracic tubercle.
Fig. 2, 2a. M. marthesia, Stage II ; 26, end and 2c, base of stemapod ; 2d, prothoracic tubercle.
Fig. 3, 3a. M. marthena. Stage III, and 3n, 36 natural size; 36, side view of third abdoraiual segment.
Fig, 4, 4a. M. marthesia, Stage IV; 46, head; 4(", face; irl, ie, prothoracic tubercles; if, stemapod or "tail;" ig, third
segment, side view. Bridgham del.
Fig. 5. M. marthesia, fully grown larva, Georgia, on oak. Leconte d)6l.
360
PLATE XXXIV.
J. Bridgham, del.
A. HOEM A CO., LITH., BALTIMORE.
Larval Stages of Macrurocampa Marthesia.
Plate XXXY,
Pig. 1. Seirodonta Wh,eata? Stage I, June 25; U. natural size; Ir, seeou,! abdominal segment.
Fig. 2. SeinnJonla biUnraIn? Stage II, June 29.
Fig. 3. -?ficorf(/H/a fti'/Hertfd.' Stage III, July 3. . , , r. • > ii
Fig. 4. Maa-urooampa marthesia, Last stage, natural size; 4a, dorsal view ; 4),, front view ol head. BngUaui dd.
362
Plale XX.W
Ic
♦>^-^'
OO'^y
:rXr^
4 b
11).
LAFIA^AL STAGES OF SEIKO IJUXTA BILINEATA, MACRUROCAMPA MARTHESIA
iHdli jnn dol
Plate XXXVI.
Fig. 1, Irt. Cenini hurvaVis, Stage I.
Fig. 2, 2a. Ceriira borealis, Stage II; '2I>, uatural size ami attitude.
Fig. 3, 3«. Centra borealis.
Fig. 4, ia. Cenira eincrea: 46, face.
Fig. 5, 5a. Centra mtiltiscripta; 56, face. Bridgham del.
Fig. 6. Centra horvnlis, larva on jioplar, Georgia. Lcconte .utoi.lonta
Plate XLII.
Venation of Xofodonfa, Lophopteryx, Pheosia, EUida, and Dasylophia.
Fig. 1. Xotodonla sti-agnla.
Fig. 2. LophopttTi/x clei/ans; 2a, fore leg; 2b, tibia of tiie same denuded, to show the spur.
Fig. 3. Pheosia rimosa.
Fig. 4. EUida flelida.
Figs. 5, 5a. Dasylophia antjiiina.
Fig. 6. Dasylophia thyatiroidea (interna).
376
PLATE XLII.
Packard, del.
V,.!.-
A. aOi:N A CO., LITU., BALTIMORE.
>.ni,,n ,,( \,,tudoiita, l>oplfo|)teryx, Pheosia, Ellida and DiiFylojihia.
Plate XLIII.
Venation of Kerice, Symmerhta, Hyparpai. nnd Xylinodes.
Fig. 1. Nerice bidentata; la, himl wing.
Fig. 2. Symmerista alliifrons; 2(1, hind wing.
Fig. 3. Hyparpax aurora; 3a, hiud wing.
Fig. 4. Xylinodes Ugnicolar; 4a, hiud wing.
378
PLATE XLIII.
vckard. del.
A. IIOEN A CO., LITH.. BALTIMORE.
Venation of (1) Nerice, (2) Syminerigta, (3) Hy])arpax, and (3) Xylinoiies.
Plate XLIV.
Venation of Schizura.
Fig. 1. Schizura ipomew, part of fore wing; la, part of hind wing.
Fig. 2. Schizura leptinoides.
Fig. 3. Schizura unicornis, da, bind wing.
Fig. 4. Schizura. concinna, fore wing; ia, hind wing.
Fig. 5. Schizura eximia, part of fore wing.
380
Pl.ATK XLIV.
la
/■
lackard, del.
A. BOEN A CO.. LITB., BALTIMOBB.
Venation of Scliiziira.
Plate XLV.
Venation of Seirodonta and Heterocampa.
Fig. 1. Seirodonta hilineata; la. bind wing; 16. subcostal cell enlarged.
Fig. 2. fftterocampa munteo, fore wing; 2a, hind wing, normal; '2h, fore wing with cell absent and no subcostal
venule (Vein 11) wanting) ; hind wing also with different arrangement of the discal veins.
Fig. 3. Heterocampa biiindata. Specimen comi^ared with Walker's type. 3a, the same, hind wing.
Fig. 4. Heterocampa guttiritta; ia, part of a wing showing the vestiges of the fourth subcostal venule (Vein II;,).
382
Pl.ATK XLV.
Packard, del.
Venation of Seirodonta and Heterocampa.
A. HOEN ft CO.. LITH.. BALTIMORE.
Plate XLVI.
Venation of Heierocanipa.
"Fig. 1. Heterocampa gutlicilta: lb, costal region eulargeil. From Franconia.
Fig. 2. Heterocampa lunatn, fore wing.
Fig. 3. Heterocampa oltUqna.
Fig. 4. Heterocampa astartc; 4a, costal region enlarged.
Fig. 5. Heterocampa sithroiata (siiperba); 5a, portion enlarged; 56, hind wing.
384
IM.ATE XI.Vl.
v^-
X \
Packard, del.
A. HOKN ft CO'.. UTU., BAI.Ti.M'i
\ d'liaLHMi ui Hel'/rui'unipa.
S. Mis. 50 25
Plate XLVII.
Venation of Seterocampa, Macruroeampa, and Centra.
Fig. 1. Heterocampa pulrerea, fore wiug; lo, jiortiou of fore wing.
Fig. 2. Heterocampa hydromeU; 2a, costal region of fore wing enlarged; 26, sketch from another specimen; 2c, hind
wing.
Fig. 3. Meterocampa unicolor, fore wiug; 3«, hind wiug.
Fig. 4. Macrurocampa marthesia; ia, hiud wing.
Fig. 5. Cerura scolopendrin-a, portion of fore wing.
Fig. 6. C'enira »ci/ist/-i/)(a, from Florida; 66, hiud wing. Author del.
386
PLATE XLVII.
la
2b
3a
Ga
ks^
4a
Packard, .lei.
A. UOEN ,k CO., LITH., BALTIMOBE.
Wiiation of Ueterocanipa, Macrurocainpa ami Cerura.
Plate XLVIII.
Front vicics of hem! anil fii/ures of paljii of Xototlonlinns.
Fk;. 1. Head of Ghiphisia septenlrionis, ilenuded. front view.
Fig. '2. Head of A2>atilo(les iorrefacta, denuded, frojjt. view.
Fig. 3. r'al])ns of Jpalelotles torrefacla.
Fig. 4. Head of Irlillii/iira inclusa, denuded, front view.
Fig. 4a. Head of Xotodonta siragula, denuded, front view.
Fig. 3. Head of Schizura ipomecc.
Fig. 6. Head of Beterocampa guttivitta.
Fig. 7. Head of /)«/((»« Miiwis^ca.
Fig. 8. V-A.\\n\>i of Ichihijura inclusa.
Fig. 9. ral])us of Dalana minisira.
Fig. 10. Paljins of Scirodonia hllineala.
Fig. 11. Palpus of Jlclerocainpa manleo.
Fig. 12. Palpus of Heterocartipa giitlivitta.
Fig. 13. Palpu.s of ilacnirocampa marlheaia.
Fig. 14. Head of (\rura srolopenrlrina.
Fig. 14a. Palpus of Ciriira, scolopendrina, outside.
Fig. 15. Palpus of Centra scolopendrina, inside.
Fig. 16. Palpus of Nadala yibbosa.
Fig. 17. Palpus of Dasijlophia nngnina.
Fig. 18. Palpus of Schizura unicornis.
388
1 t
/
PI,ATE Xl.VlII.
r,
1 \
':'^
■4;i
11
12
J
i hi
17
Packard, ilel.
l(i
13
A. IH'^.N A 1.1
Plate XLIX.
Fig. 1. Apatelodes anaeliea anil larva. Fioni a iihotograph by Dr. R. Thaxter. loaned by Dr. C. V. Riley.
Fig. 2. Cenira horeuUs ami larva. From a ]iliotograj)h by Dr. R. Thaxter, loaned by Dr. C. V. Riley.
Fig. 3. Centra mulliscripta. After Eiley.
390
Sleinoirs of the National Apa(iiMn\' of Scirni-t'>;. \n] VII
Plate XLIX.
1, APATELODES angelica and LARVA: 2. CERURA BOREALIS and LARVA; 3. Cerura multiscripa.
180
170
160 150 140 130 120 no lOO 90 80 70 6o 50
Map. 1 .
ZOOLOGICAL SUBPROVINCES.A/ie?- J./i.4Llen,with eifey^ char,ffes\
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". This strength of current may be
found empirically by letting the chronoscope measure a known interval and adjusting tlie current
until it gives tlie correct time. The times given by the chronoscope will tiien be constant so long
as the current remains constant.
In order to secure such a standard time (and for otlier chrouometric purposes) we have
constructed an instrument which is, to a certain extent, the inversion of the princi])le of the
Atwood gravity machine. This is ai falling screen, which is shown in outline in the accompanying
figure (fig. 3). On a heavy triangular base, B B, a perpendicular iron column i' m. in hciglit is
fastened. This column njay be made exactly perpendicular by means of the heavy set screws
S S in the base. On this iron column two brass bars, 3 cm. scjuare, are bolted .j cm. apart and
exactly i)arallel (having been planed in position). On the inside of these brass bars or columns
are triangular grooves, in which a screen, S S, runs up and down. The screen is 30 cm. long. .5
cm. wide, and 2 cm. thick, and weighs 2 kg. On each side of the screen two wheels are inserted,
which barely touch the grooves and allow the screen to run uj) and down almost without friction.
This screen is held at the top of the columns by the electromagnet .1/ JY, or may be held at
any height by means of a second adjustible magnet not shown in the figure. When the current
suiiplying the electro magnet is broken the screen falls, and at the rate re(piired by the law s of
gravity, excepting in so far as it may be retarded by resistance of the air and friction. Owing to
the shape and weight of the screen the resistance of the air is slight, and as the column is exactly
perpendicular the wheels of the screen scarcely touch the grooves, and what sliglit friction there
would be is nearly obviated by the revolution of the wheels. We did not, however, depend on
the theoretical time of fall, but measured the time with a tuning fork, as described below. The
force with which the screen strikes the base is broken by rubber cushions on the bottom and sides.
The cushions on the sides are especially useful. The screen is slightly cut away, as shown in the
figure, and is gradually stopped by the projecting rubber bars (ui both sides; these obviate most
of the Jar and prevent the screen from rebounding. The .screen is lifted by ineans of the pulley
shown in the cut. The cord a a is pulled by the handle h and lifts a carriage behind the screen,
which in turn lifts the screen. The carriage moves in separate grooves back of the screen and
falls into its i)lace when the screen touches the electro-magnet.
On the front of the brass columns are also grooves in which pins are inserted which can be
placed in any position. By means of these pins electrical contacts C G can be securely adjusted
to the columns at any height. The electrical contacts were made especially for us. They consist
of wheels ( W W, fig. 4) which turn on points. The circumference of each wheel is half platinum
(/' i'), the rest being rubber or being cut away. From the wheel a pin (not visible in the figure)
projects, and this is struck by the screen when it falls, causing the wheel to turn. A platinum
contact presses gently on the wheel, and as the wheel revolves the contact is brought against the
])latinum circumference, thus closing one circuit and simultaneously breaking a second circuit. A
current is thus closed or broken (or two circuits may be simultaneously closed or broken, or one
circuit closed at the instant another is broken) at a given point in the fall of the screen. We
especially recommend this contact for closing a circuit; a circuit maybe readily broken, but in order
to close a circuit a mercury contact is nearly always used, which involves various inconveniences
and sources of error. By means of this wheel contact a current can be closed at a given instant
and remains closed, or the circuit could be closed for any given fraction of a hundredth of a
second, which might be useful for many experiments. The rubbing keeps the contacts clean.
' In the Hipp chronoscope tho latent time of magnetization is mncU larger than necessary. The electro-magnet
has a very high resistance and si-lf-induction, au, the subject was placed in a quiet room, where the sounds of the apparatus
•«ould not be heard, la the case of experiments witli touch, tliis was not done, as no disturbance
in the length or variation of the reaction could be noticed wlien tlu^ subject was in the same room,
and this was more convenient. When the subject was in a separate looin signals were made by-
Morse sounders, as shown in fig. 5.
1 u measuring reactions the circuit was closed, excepting in the instrument giviug the s..imulus.
The instruments used for various kinds of stimuli will be described below. In all cases, the circuit
was elosed (either directly <>r by means of a secondary circuit) when the stimulus was given. The
circuit was then broken by the subject lifting the hand ((U- foot) which held a telegraphic key
closed. The differeuce in readings of the chronoscope would then give the time of the reaction.
In making a reaction the subject placed two fingers of his hand on the telegraphic key and
awaited the stimulus, of whose intensity, point of application, etc., lie was aware. The recorder
gave an auditory signal about two seconds in advance of the stimulus. The recorder obtained
this time by watching a seconds pendulum which swung before him. This interval allowed the
subject to prepare for the stimulus, but was not so exactly constant that he was likely to react
prematurely before its occurrence. When the stimulus occurred the subject lifted his hand as
quickly as possible. He did not, however, use great efforts to be quick, as we have found that
this makes the reactions more irregular without appreciably shortening the time. As stated
above, the reaction is apparently retiex, the movement following the stimulus automatically.
Greater attention can only place the centers in a state of more unstable equilibrium, and this is
done before, not after, the occiurrence of the stimulus. Owing to the refiex character of the
reacti(ui, its time is not greatly altered by the condition of the observer, the time of day, the
number of reactions already made, or the amount of practice. These factors we shall consider in
describing our results.
Usually ten reactions of the same sort were, made in succession, the interval betweeu the
separate reactions being about twenty seconds. The kind of reaction was then altered, the series
to be immediately compared being made alternately, and the order being reversed on ditterent
days. In some cases (which are noted in the tables) ten reactions were made in succession at
intervals of about two sec(uids, and only the resultant time of the ten reactions recorded. This
can in many cases be recommended as an improvement in method, as in a given time about five
times as many reactions can be measured and calculated as when they are recorded singly.
We have in all cases made ten series of each sort of reactions, and this result of one hundred
reactions is given in the tables. Our tables are consequently more condensed than is usual in
this kind of work (the times of each separate reaction being often published), but all necessary
information is given by the mean variation (or average variable error) of the separate experiments
and of the separate series. The mean variation of a single measurement from the average of ten
measurements made under the same conditions was (approximately) 8 ff for J and C and 12 a for
D. To find the probable error of each series by the method of mean squares would involve a
needless amount of calculation. When, as in-this case, suflicieut measurements have been made,
we may regard the probable error of a. single measurement as proportional to the variable error
of a single measurement (0.84."):!), and the probable error of the average of one hundred
measurements would be about one-tenth of this — that is, about .68 a for J and ( ' and 1.01 a for D.
In cases where we are concerned with the diflerence in the times of two series the probable error
would be increased by ^2.
It is worthy of note, however, that in measuring reactions, and in many other kinds of
measurements and statistics, the ordinary assumptions of the theory of probabilities do not hold.
Thus, in the case of reactions, there is a certain minimum reaetion whose negative departure from
the average is not considerable, whereas the positive lengthening of the reaction may be much
greater. The median reaction is consequently smaller than the average reaction. We hope on
some future occasion to consider these relations in view of our experimental results.
The methods of adjusting ob.servations developed in the physical sciences have not always
been followed in psychological and ])hysiological measurements. Thus in the case of reactions the
more irregular times have usually been omitted, and in some cases this has been carried so far as
to invalidate the results. We have omitted no times whatever which nu-asured reactions. We thus
always have ten reactions in a series and ten series in a set. We did, indeed, consider, in addition
S. Mis. .50 2G
402 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIOifTAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
to the ordiuary criteria which have been proposed for rejecting observations witli large residuals,,
two methods adjusted to the present work. One of these was for the subject, after he had made a
reaction, to judge whether or not it was normal, and to assign its weight. We found, however,,
that directing the attention to the reaction interfered with its reflex character, and that it was.
difficult to assign a weight. We did not, therefore, continue this plan. We also applied a method
for rejecting the more discordant observations. In each series we made thirteen reactions, aud
rejected the time which departed most from the mean, then the time which departed most from
the mean of the remaining twelve reactions, and finally the third most discordant time. We thus,
had the mean of the ten most accordant reactions, which would represent a compromise between
the median and the mean. We did not, however, continue this method, owing to the considerable
calculation involved and to the fact tiiat the corrected mean departed very little from the mean of
all the observations. It is evident, however, that a result wonld be reached more quickly if some
objective method were adopted which would exclude observations which are not normal, and we
hope at some future time to consider the result of applying various criteria, to our actual experi-
ments. In this paper aud others previously published we have made over twenty-five thousand
separate measurements of the times of i>nysiological and mental processess, aud have consequently
ample material for studying methods for adjusting errors of observation.
Part II. — Reactions on Electrical Stimuli.
An electric shock can be applied conveniently to different parts of the body. We used a
Da Bois-Reymond induction coil (cf. rig. o) and the shock following breaking of the primary circuits.
By means of a double key (flg. i] ou the gravity chronometer (which was at first closed by the-
falling screen and later by hand) the primary circuit was broken and the current controlling the
chronoscope simultaneously closed. We had supposed, from theoretical considerations, that the-
induced current might occur at a not inconsiderable interval after the breaking of the primary
circuit, and that this would explain the fact that the times were longer for electrical stimuli than
for touches. By the kindness of Dr. Scripture we tested this ou a chronograph, but could discover-
no appreciable interval between the breaking of the primary circuit aud the spark from th&
induced current.
Various electrodes wei^e used to apply the shock to the skin. We used electrodes 5 cm. apart
and electrodes (platinum surfaces 10 mm. in diameter) which could be adjusted on opposite sides,
of the limb. The method we found best was to apply one electrode (usually 10 mm. in diameter)
to the skin at the point we wished to stimulate while the other was conducted to.a pail of saturated
salt water iu which the left foot aud leg were placed. Electrodes were applied to several parts of
the body, and the current could be switched to any electrode (flg. 5). The stimulus was given ten
times in succession at the same point and then switched to another point immediately and without
shifting the electrodes. The shock was usually given on the left-hand side of the body, the
reaction being made with the right hand or foot.
The sensory effects of electrical stimulation of the skin have not been properly investigated.
While works on physiology and psychology (e. g. Hernumn, Foster, Wundt) discuss in detail the
effects of electrical stimulation on the organs of sight, hearing, taste, and smell, they are curiously
silent as to the sensory effects of electrically stimulating the skin. These effects are varied and
interesting, and deserve a more careful investigation than we were able to make. In the case of a
galvanic current from twenty-eight gravity cells in pairs the sensory effects on C were as follows:
When the current passed through the body to the foot iu saline solution no sensation was felt in
the foot. When the positire pole was applied to the dry skin of the arm no sensation occurred on
making, breaking, or with continuous current. When the skin was moistened with saline solution a
slight i)rickling was felt on closing, not perceptible afterwards nor ou breaking. When the iieciafire
pole was applied to the moisteued skin of the arm there was' a slight sensation on closing, then
after a brief latent period a sensation as of piercing and boring followed, which became very
painful. The stimulation caused tetanus of the muscle and left blisters on the skin. When the
Ijositive pole of the same current was applied to the dry skin of the outside of the upper lip there
was on closing a slight ]n-ickling sensation, a slight flash of light, and a slight metallic taste.
When the lip was moistened these were all stronger, the prickling and taste continued while the-
MEMOIKS OF TUE XATIOXAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
403
current was closed, aiul there was a tlasli dt' light oii lueaking. "When tiie nef/afive pole was
applied to the dry lip there was a very slight shock and flash ot light and no perceptible taste,
but sensations of piercing quickly followed, wliirh were unendurably painfnl. Wheu the electrodes
were taken ."> mtn. apart and applied on the arm or lip, there was a slight shock on closing,
followed by prickling sensations, not very ])uiufiil and without tetanus. The i)ain was at the
negative pole. We wish especially to call attention to the fai't that the current from the negative
pole was more intense and from the positive pole more diffused (extending with considerable
energy from the lip to the visual apparatus), which indicates that the current passes through the
body from negative to positive pole, confirming certain physical observations.
We are not here further concerned with the galvanic current, having used a momentary
induced current in our experiments. The breaking of the pi'imarj- circuit causes a steeper wave
and greater physiological shock than the making. Unless we are mistaken in the direction of the
winding of the coils (we had proposed determining the direction of the induced current directly,
but tailed to do so), the breaking shock was strongest from the positive pole, ami we used this pole
to give the stimulus, the negative pole being conducted to the foot, where little or no sensation
occurred. When, however, the shock was weak there was Init little difference between tlie poles,
and the negative pole might even give the stronger shock.'
The intensity and nature of the sensation varies according to the size of the electrode and
the part of the body stimulated. The sensation is more piercing from a pointed or small electrode
or when applied close to the nerve; it is more massive (as from a blow) when ai)plied by a larger
electrode or when there is muscle intervening. The sensation of a shock from eight cells on the
upper arm might be equal to that from twenty-eight cells on the wrist. The shock from the same
current also varied with the pressure of the electrode and especially with the moisture of the skin.
Further, as the experiments proceeded, the part of the skin to which the shock was applied
became continually more sensitive. These were the most perplexing factors in our exi)erimeuts,
as the diftereuce in the time of the reaction might be due to differences in the cerebral reflex
rather than to the distance traveled by the imjiulse. We tried to elinunate these complications
by adjusting the intensity and area and by choosing points on the skin where the sensations
were alike, and shall subjoin the results of our experiments. It was, however, this difticulty
which led us to substitute a touch or l)low for an electric shock, and we believe our experiments
on touch are the more satisfactory, as we couid measure the force of the blow, whereas we could
not measure the physiological effect of an electric shock.
In our first experiments we chose four points on the skin for the application of the stimulus.
These were permanently fixed by pricking the skin and introducing nitrate of silver. Two of the
points were on the arm over the median nerve and two on the leg over the posterior tibial nerve.
The points on the arm 7> aiul D are shown in the lut: they were 30 cm. apart, and the length of
i'lG. li.
. the intervening nerve would be nearly the same. The corresponding points on the leg .1/ and ^V
were .")<» cm. ai)art. The same objective current did not call up the same sensation on the several
Ijoints. The shock was more massive and stronger at the upper points, and was followed by
contractions of the muscles. It was rather stronger on the arm than on the leg. Five hundred
reactions with the hand to stimulation of each of these points and five hundred reactions with
' We are not in this place especially concerned with the muscular contraction directly following on electrical
gtiiuiilation of the skin. Motor points have been mapped out on the skin, the stimulation of which is followed
by thf contraction oj" special muscles. These are considered in work on the appliciitinn of electricity to medicine.
We have made some observations on this matter, especially on the eft'ects of successive stimuli, but they are not •
sufficiently systematic for publication.
404
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIOISTAL ACADEMY OF SCIEXCES.
tlie right foot to ^l and M were made by two observers, D aud ( '. The reactions were made in
series of ten, the order of the series being- altered each day. The results of the sets of one
hundred reactions, together with the mean A^ariations of the ten series which made up the set,
are given in the first part of the accompanying table. In the second part of the table are given
the ditferences obtained by comparing the times for the several points of application of the
stimulus and the two movements. Following the table are some further explanations, which to a
certain extent apply to all the tables.
Taule I. — Iieactkiii-liines on electrical stimiilntion on four points of the hody. Morement icilh hand and irith font.
D and C observers. 6,360 reactions.
Movement with band.
Upper arm.
131.3
166
153.4
148.4
149.1
o.i'
5.B
4.9
149.6
110.4
108.7
109.6
120
116.7
6.8
S.i
1.5
3.2
Lower arm.
132
189
167.8
160.3
170
10.0
11.2
7.1
.5.9
4.1!
Upper leg.
140.8
197
179.3
176.8
170.3
IS.S
14.4
7.6
103.8
115.5
116.4
115.8
128.4
120.1
!.a
8.5
i.ri
4.S
5.1
4.7
1(4.6 8. 8
113.1 3.1
119.;
127.5
139. 7
139.2
143.2
148. 7 '
6.S
S.7
4.e
S.5
139.7
Lower leg.
143. 1 11. 1
215.7 21.-2
201.3 10. 1
197. 0 5. 8
196 6. 8
190.7 11.2
125.6
150.4
149.6
154.5
156.6
8.2
4.7
5.4
6.5
147.3 6.6
"With foot.
Lower arm. j Lower leg.
157.3
226.2
208 5
206.3
209.2
14. S
32. S
4.9
6.6
4. 7
170.1
248.1
221. 6
230.3
232
16. S
IS. 3
10.4
5.6
201.5 13.6 220.4 11.
161.4
162.9
173.7
190.3
179.7
5.9
8.4
4.2
173.6 6.6 192.3
166.2
163.6
212. 9
215
203.8
9.S
5.3
Lower arm less upper arm. - .
Lower leg less upper leg
Upper leg les.s upper arm
I.iiwer leg less lower arm
Lower leg (foot) less lower
arm (foot)
Lower arm (foot) less lower
leg
Lower leg (foot) less lower
leg
Lower arm less upper arm. . .
Lower leg les.s upper leg
Upper leg less upper arm
Lower leg less lower arm
Lower leg (foot) less lower
arm (foot)
Lower arm (foot) less lower
arm
Lower leg (foot) less lower
leg
II.
0.7
2.3
9.5
11.1
12.8
25.3
27
5.1
—1.9
17.1
10.1
4.8
45.9
40.6
23
18.7
31
26.7
21.9
37.2
32.4
7.7
10.7
31
34
.7
46.5
13.2
III.
14.4
22
25.9
33.5
13.1
40.7
20.3
6.2
10.4
29.6
33.8
39.2
57.9
63.3
IV.
11.9
20.8
28.4
37.3
24
46
32.7
8.4
11.3
23.2
26.1
24.7
61.9
60.5
T.
20.9
16.7
30.2
26
36
3.4
7.9
32
36.5
24.1
59.6
47.2
14.2
16.1
25
26.9
18.9
37.7
29.7
6.1
7.7
26.6
28.1
18.7
54.4
45
Av. Av.
15.1
23.6
33.;
\ 6.9
24.5
49.7
The first set of 1,360 experiments was made iu the winter of 1890. The experiments were then interrnpteil,
owing to change of resilience, until the summer of 1892.
In the first set 13 reactions were made iu a series, aud each time iu the table is the average of 130
reactions. In the remaining sets and iu the following table each time is the average of 100 reactions. In the tirst
set ou C aud iu all the sets ou D tlie reactions were measured singly. In the last four sets on C. 10 reactions were
made iu succession, aud only the resultant time recorded. In sever.al cases, owing to inadvertence or the occurrence
of times which could not be reaction-times, there was one reaction too few iu a series. Premature reactions scarcely
ever occurred, not once in 100 reactions. In the first set the electrodes were 5 mm. apart. In the remaining sets the
electrodes were on opposite sides of the limb for D. In the case of C, one pole was conducted through salt water to
the left foot.
The time is giveu in thousaudths of a second. .A^fter the time of reaction the mean variation of the separate
aeries from the average time of the 10 series is given in italics. This multiplied by 0.845 and divided by v'lO would
give approximately the probable error of the average of 100 experiments.
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 405
This table fdiitains the result ot more reaetidiis than have been j)iiblislie(l in the many
researches hitherto made on the subjeet. The probable eri'or of a single experiment is also
much smaller. When the probable error of each measurement is live times as great as in these
experiments, as has often been the case, it is evidently necessary to make twenty-five times as
many measurements in order to secure a result equally valid. We conse(|uently believe that
these exi^erimeuts supersede those hitlierto nuidc.
We liud that the reaction -time for au electric stimulus a]i])lied to the ui)per arm was 140.6 0
for D and 113.1 a for C, about one-seventh and one ninth second, respectively. The cause of this
liersonal difference remains obscure. It must either be due to differences in the nature of the
l)rocess or to differences in the sensitiveness of the parts of the nervous system concerned. The
maximum and minimum tinu's in the sets differed by 34.7 a for D, and by 11..'! a for C. The differ-
ences are not due to the variable error, but to real differences in the con <
do
apart..
do
do
120 4. I
i:i7. 8 n. s
121.0 5
122.4 3.3
. 110.7 ....
122.7 3.1
J
C
c
Electrodi'S 5 milliiin-tor.s
do
do
llo
aiMi-t..
On A
...do .
On K-
( In A
...do .
Through arm (at A)
Through arm (at 11)
On D
do
Ou D(5 ohms resistance)
Tbe tt)t:il time of ten reactions was measured, excepting in the first, .second, tliird, and eighth sets, in which
"the reactions were measured .singly. In these sets tho mean variation of tlie single reactions from the series to
which they belong was for .1, 9.7 6: C, 8.7 (J.
The experiineuts do not discover any markftd dittereiice in the time of reaction wlien the
shock was applied to the skin by electrodes 5 mm. apart, when the electrodes were on opposite
sides of the limb, and when the current was conducted through the body to the foot. In the two
sets in which the differences were directly compared the times were l.fi ff and 4.3 ff .shorter when
the current passed through the limb than when it was applied simply to the skin. The .sensation
is more intense when the shock is applied through electrodes close together, and more nia.^slrc when
they are farther apart. This is a psychological distinction of some importance. One sensation
would be greater than another either because it is more intense, the same nervous elements being
more activelj^ stimulated, or more massive, more nervous elements being stimulated. When the
points A and B were stimulated — A being slightly the more distant from tlie brain — the reaction-
time on A was the shorter, the differences being, for C, 0.9, 7..3, .">, 11.3, lii.C, 0.8, and —1.9 (T: for
,T. 2 and 3.7 ff; on the average. 4.C (>. The shorter time for the point D is due to the greater
massiveness of the shock or the different nerve supply and cerebral connections. It is, con-
se(iuently, evident that the leactiou-time from the same physical stimulus applied to diiferent
])oiiits on the skin does not of necessity measure the velocity of the im])nlse in the plain nerve.
When the shock was applied on A and I), at which points the (piality of the shock was nearly
the same, the times were nearly alike — 11G.7 a and 117 a — and when a ohms resistance was i^laced
in the current giving the shocjc on 1) (in order to make the intensities the same) the times were
A 122.7 ff, and D 125 a.
The experiments given in Table II were preliminary to a more thorough investigation of the
variation in the reaction-time according to the point to which the stimulus was applied and its
intensity. We took the four points in the arm marked (in fig. 7) A, B, C, and D, and made a large
number of reactions on each of these points, the jihysitial stimulus being always the same. As
already stated, the sensation was not the same either in intensity or (luality. The ciuality of
sensation was mitch alike for A and D, massive as from a blow, and for C and B more piercing.
This difterence is accounted for by the intervening muscle in the case of A and D and the muscular
contractions which followed stimulation of these points. The intensity of .sensation was not,
however, alike for A and 1 > and fm' B and C, respectively. A further and unexpected complication
occurred, the relative intensities not being the same for the two observers who took part in the
exi)criments. In the case of C the order of intensity was D, A, C, B, the diftereuces between D
and A and between C and B being large. A and C were nearly alike in intensity, but the difference
in ([iiality made it dififlcult to compare the inten.sities. The shock from eight cells in pairs on D was
nearly the same as from twenty-eight cells on A: that from fourteen cells on A or C was nearly the
same as from tweuty-eight cells on B. In the case of J the order of intensity was A, D. B, C, but
the diftereuces were not large and seemed to vary from time to time. The results of these experi-
ments are given ou Table 111.
408
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Table III. — EUctric aiimulation; ])omts A, B, C,andD. J and C ohserrers. 2,400 reactions.
A.
B.
c.
D.
Av.
(
115.7
7.7
123.5
6.4
131
4.6
123. 8
o.s
123. 5
-
J
124. 3
S.4
122.8
5.3
137.3
5.1
128.5
6.6
12S. 2
ii. 1
1
At
124.8
C.2
127.1
7.1
137.8
6
132.2
0.1
ISO. 5
6.3
131.6
S.S
124. 5
6.3
13.5.4
0. ~
128.2
7.S
127.4
6.1
123.8
1.0
134.3
■5.^
128.9
5.1
116.6
4.2
125.9
4.3
C \
127.2
S.S
138.5
J
131.6
2.0
123.3
1.7
130. 1
S.S
Av
124.7
4.g
138. 1
6.6
131.8
S.S
121. 1
S.S
128.9
4.S
125.2
:i. 4
1.37
5.IJ
130. S
X 0
120.3
3. 1
lix.S
4
Av., Av .
128.4
4.6
ISO.;
5. 11
133.1
4.6
124.2
5.2
127.8
5.1
The averages of all tlie times for the two observers were almost exactly the same — 127.4 c
for J and 1L'8.;5 ff for 0. The departures from the average for the ditiereiit points coiiseiiueiitly
represent real difiereuces iu the nature of the process. These are for J on A — .J.S (7 B, — 2.9 a;
D + 0.8 o- and C + 8 c; for C on D, -So" A - 3.1 g; C + 2..-> c and B + 8.7 a. The reaction-times
are without exception inversely proportional to the intensity of the sensation. It is consc'iuently
impossible to draw any conclusion from the experiments concerning the velocity of the nervous,
impulse in the sensory nerve.
In order to accomplisli this it would at all events be necessary to nialce the sensations-
subjectively alike in intensity, or to make a correction for intensity. In order to study the relation
between reaction time and intensity we made reactions on the four points on the arm with three
intensities of shock. The strongest was nearly the same as in the preceding experiments, but a-
little stronger so as to be somewhat jiainful for J. Thp weakest was barely iierceptible for C on
the point B. The same physical stimulus produced much greater physiological effects on J than
on C The middle intensity was intended to be midway between the strongest and weakest, but
after the experiments had been made it was thought to have been too weak. In Table lY the
results are given of one hundred reactions on each of the four points and with each of the tliree'
intensities.
T.^BLE IV. — Etectrtc aliniiihUioii; strontj, mcdiinHf and .weak shocks. J'o'nils ,1. />, C, und IK
^,400 reactions.
J and (' ohscrvcrs.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Av.
["Strong
J < Medium
[weak
Av
108. 8 5
122. 6 4.0
126. 8 8. 1
111.2 4.1
125. 4 6. 1
130. 9 0. 1
116.9 5.6
131.3 4.4
143.5 4.7
108.6 .5
118.5 7.S
126.1 5.6
111.4 4.9
124.4 5.7
131.8 e.9
119.4 fi
125. 3 5
144.4 11.6
151.4 O.S
122.5 6.4
132 5. 0
171.2 8.6
186.2 5.8
130 6 4 » i 117.7 0
122.5 5.8
126.4 4.8
152.6 8.4
165. S 7. i
[Strong
C < Medium
IWeak
Av
127.5 4
149.2 6.8
166.9 4.0
121 4. 4
145. see
156.7 8.5
140.4 8.0
129.9 7.S
163.1 6.8
142.8 6.6
147.9 5.2
1S9.2 5.1
141.2 0.5
129.4 C.a
148.1 6.8
135.3 O.S
Av. av
The table shows that the reaction-time was shorter when the shock was stronger. The-
decrease in time, when the intensity was increased from weak to medium, was for J 7.1 a, for 0
12.7 ff; from medium to strong, for J 1.3 ff and for C 26.2 ex. The difference in the case of the two
observers is due to the fact that tlie subjective differences were greater for C, in whose ease the-
weakest shock was barely perceptible on B. The difference in the time of reaction for 0, wlien the-
shock was barely iierceptible (on B) and when it was very strong (on D), was 65.2 a: The average-
times were nearly the same on A and D, for J 1.7 a shorter on D, for C 0.8 <7 longer. The shock
seemed stronger on I). We must consequently conclude that the time of transmission iu tlie nerve
from A to D is counterbalanced by a shorter central time in the case of A, and that this sliorter-
central time is not due to difference m intensitv, but to difference in the distribution of hbers in.
MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
409
the brain. As in the case of iiiii)ulses from tlie arm and leg, we may bere conclude that impulses
from near the left hand lead more readily to a movement of the rijiht hand than do impulses from
the npper arm. This fact is itself interesting-, but nialces the deteriiiiuation of tiie velocity in the
plain nerve by this method diflicult or impossible.
In addition to these experiments ou intensity we made reactions, in whicli the area of stimu-
lation was altered. The sensation from a larger area is more massive, from a smaller area more
piercing. It is consequently possible to make sensations from different parts of the body
(pialitatively more equal by using a smaller electrode on a point where the sensation is more
massive, owing to anatomical structure. The small electrode was 1 mm., the large electrode 10
mm. in diameter, the area being consequently one hundred times as great in the case of the larger
area. The electrodes were applied on tlie points A and I).
Table V. — Electric, slimtilation; large and small areas. J and C observers. SOO reactions.
Large. i Small.
A.
D.
A. D.
J 117.6 -J.S
C 121.3 J. 4
120 5. :i
121.4 S
114.3 6.4
130.8 0.4
123.0 6.S
123.4 2.4
For J the time was 0.1 a shorter with the large area, for C 5.7 a shorter. The difference in the
case of the two observers is due to the fact that for .J the small area on A was the strongest and
most painful of tlie four shoclis, whereas fijr C it was the weakest. Owing to the same fact, for J
the time was 5.8 a shorter on A, for C it was 3.5 a longer.
It is evident that if the velocity of the impulse is to be measured by the difference in the
reaction-times, points on the skin should be chosen in which the sensations are as nearly as possible
alike, and the inreusity and area of the shocks should be adjusted to make the sensations, so far
as possible, exactly alike. We did not proceed with such experiments, however, partly because
it did not seem i)ossible to allow for the difference iu time of the cerebral reflex due to the place
of stimulation and partly because we found that better results could be obtained from mechanical
touches or blows. Before going ou, however, to describe our experiments on touch, we shall notice
some expei'iments, chiefly on electrical stimulation, which we made with a view to studying the
effects of attention directed to the point stimulated and the effects of the nature of the movement.
Experiments have recently been published in Germany' which gave a much longer reaction
time when the attention was directed to the stimulus than when it was directed to the movement,
and Wundt holds that in the former case the time is longer because the stimulus must be i)erceived
before the movement is made. This might pro\'e a complication in our experiments, as when the
shock was shifted from place to place the attention would be naturally directed to it, more especi-
ally as it was somewhat painful. We made, consequently, reactions in which the attention was
directed alternately to the stimulus and the movement, and used sounds as well as electrical
shocks. The sound was a tolerably loud noise made by the single click of a Morse sounder, a
strong current being used.
T.viiLE VI. — Motor and sensory reactions on electrical stimulation and sound. C, J, and D observers. 1,000 reactions.
Motor reactions.
Sensory reastions
0
Electrical stimulation
do
142.7 10.1 (4.6)
119 ['.4 iS.S)
281.4 58. S {17.1)
103. 9 6.0 {S. 3)
105. 5 13, S (5. 7)
142.8 8.4 ^4.0)
121. 5 10. 1 {g. 4)
201.6 31.2 (11. S)
105.4 5.0 (5 )
105 7.7 (3.9)
c
J
do
do
' By Lauge, Miinsterberg, Martius, Killpe, and Titcliener.
410
MEMOIRS OF THE IN^ATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
It follows tliat the length and variability of the reaction-time is the same for J and C, whether
the attention be directed to the stimulus or to the movement. In the case of D the time was
considerably lengthened when the attention was directed to the raovemeut, he being in the habit
of directing his attention to the stimulus. The shorter and more regnlar reactions of J and C
are due to the process being more completely reflex, and in this case, as we might expect, the
direction of the attention does not alter the times. But it seems that when the reaction is not
completely rcHex it may be lengthened by an unusual direction of the attention. Thus D is used
to attending to biological details, whereas the observers in Germany may have their mental
processes more exclusively accompanied by motor impulses.'
We next give some experiments in which the nature of the movement was varied. In one set
the stimulus was applied alternately to the left and right hands, the reaction being made with the
right hand.^ The electrodes were introduced into the knob of the key and the shock applied to
the first and second fingers. In this case only one battery was used, the current being divided
and passing partly through the induction coil and partly through the chronoscope. Owing to the
high resistance in the chronoscope nearly all the current passed through the induction coil. When
the current pas.sing through the coil was broken the shock was given, and all the current was
simultaneously sent to the electromagnet of the chronoscope and the hands started. This method
is convenient, as only one battery is required and the current is sent through the chronoscope at
exactly the instant in which the primary circuit of the induction coil is broken. In one set the
reactions were made at intervals of about twenty seconds, and measured singly; in the other set
they were made in series of ten seconds, the reactions being made at intervals of two seconds,
and only the resultant time of ten reactions measured.
T-4.BLE VII. — Electrical stimulus on left ami on reacting hand. C and J observers. SOO reactions.
Shock on left liand.
Shock nn ri;rht
(reactingi hand.
112. 8 e.S (.1.7)
121.4 ... (3.4)
128.9 0.3 (4. J)
118.5 ... (3 )
97 5.3 (2.7)
118.3 ... (5.S)
100.6 5.2 (S.i)
98. 5 ... (3. 3)
The reaction-time was shorter (for J 21.1 o-, for C 9A a) when the movement was made with
the hand to which the shock was api)lied. This might be expected, as the movement is a natural
reflex — a person will without reflection withdraw the hand when it touches a hot surface. The
fact is of interest in connection with the results noticed above, which show that the cerebral reflex
is in general quicker when the sensory fibers stimulated are from the same part of the body as
that with which the movement is made. The table further shows that J made the reactions more
quickly when ten were made in succession, whereas C made them more quickly when they were
made singly. This would have a bearing on the relative times of the two observers in the other
tables, but the experiments were not sufficient in number to determine the exact difference.
We give, lastly, reactions on sound in which the key was released by a movement made,
respectively, with the finger, the wrist, the forearm, and the shoulder.
Table VIII. — Iteaclions on sound; morement with finyer, wrist, forearm, and shoulder. J and C observers. SOO reactions.
Finger.
Wrist.
Forearm.
Shoulder.
J
c
121 U.O (5.7)
114.4 9.0 (i.S)
117.1 11.9 (7)
118.6 .9.3 (3.2)
130 12.7 (6)
117.2 7.9 (1.8)
138.7 15.4 (5.8)
134. 2 10. ff (4. 2)
The times show that the reactions were slower when the movement was made from the
shoulder, although the muscles concerned are nearer the brain. In the case of J it was also slower
with the forearm. The movement with the finger and wrist seems to require about the same time.
'Results similar to ours bavf been simultaneously obtaiued by Dessoir, Flouruoy, and Baldwin.
' Cf. Exner, Dumreicher and Reicart.
ME:\rOIRS OF THE NxVTIO^^AL AOxVDEMY OF SCIENCES.
411
This sliows that when the i-eaction is made with the foot tlie dehiy may be partly due to a moro
difficult coordination in the higher centers. In earlier experiments made by one of us it was also
found that a time about 30 a longer was required to make a movement with the organs of spoecli
than with the hand. The reactiontiine seems, however, to be the same for tlic right and left
hands. Thus, for 6' the reaction-time on light was 14G (j with the right hand, and 147 a with the
left hand.
Part III. — EEACTio>is on Touch.
In the case of reaction experiments with dermal stimuli tVie electric shock has mostly been
used, as it is easy to apply the shock to ditteient parts of the body. We have, however, seen that
the iihysiological efl'ects of the saock vary greatly on different parts of the body, and even at the
same ])oint they can not be kept constant. The reaction-time following a touch or blow can be
measured without difficulty beyond the inconvenience of applying the blow to dilferent parts of
the body. We have found that the same objective force of blow is followed by the same subjective
sensation more nearly than in the case of electric stimulation. On different parts of the body the
same blow, iiuleeil, calls forth dift'erent sensations, the sensations being more intense when the
part is harder, as over a bone. But the difference is not so great as in the case of the electric
shock, and at the same point the same sensation can be given time after time and day after day.
The probable error is conseiiuently smaller than in the case of electric shock; indeed, the variable
error in our experimeuts on touch is much smaller than in any reaction-time experiments hitherto
published. We have, for example, measured ten successive reaction times, as follows: 102, 102,
100, 100, 100, 100, 100, 100, 101, 100 a. We have in this series a mean variation or variable error
of 0.7 (T, which of course includes the error of the apparatus, with which readings are only made
to thousandths of a second. Such experiments certainly demonstrate great constancy in complex
physiological processes, the variable error comparing favorably with that of many phy.sical
measurements.
We used three methods for applying the blow, the last of which was much the best. We
shall, however, describe brietly our earlier experiments, as the methods might prove useful in
clinical work when the greatest accuracy is not necessary. In our first experiments we tied
telegraphic keys to the limb. These were atljustetl so that a surface about 10 mm. across touched
the spot. When the arm of the key was hit with a hammer the circuit was broken, and at the
same time the knob was forced against the skin. In this case a contact was broken, not closed,
ami the chrou, tig. 7), at a, distance of .lO
cm., the lower and upper i)arts of the thigh {G and H, the front of the leg, but anaton'iically
corresponding to the back of the arm) at a distance of 25 cm., the back of the second joint of tlie
left forefinger (7 ) and of the left great toe (J), the cheek (A') belovv the zygoma about 2 cm. from
the base of the concha of the ear, and the back of the necik (L) over the second spinal process.
Keactions wei-e also made with the hand and foot, the stimulus being applied on the forefinger.
The expernneuts were made in sets, U and F, G and H, I and J, K and i, and the inovement
with foot and hand, respectively, being made simultaneonsly. Experiments made simultaneously
and under the same conditions can be best compared, but our times were found to vary but little
from day to day. In these experiments the objective force of the blow was always the same
(a weight of 30 grams falling 20 em.). The reactions were measured singly, the variations of the
separate times from the average time of the series and of the separate series from the average
time of the set both being given.
Table XI.— lieactioii-times on blows on various parts of the body. D, C, and J observers. 2,000 reactions.
E..
F.
G..
H..
I ..
J..
K..
L..
I ..
I ..
D.
Back of lower arm
Back of upper arm
FroDt of lower thigh
Front of upper tbigli
Back of second joint of forefinger.
Back of second joint of big toe...
Clieek ,
Back of neck
147.1
146.5
137.3
160.7
130.2
122.1
11. t:
11.1
10.5
13.0
10. S
9.7
(0.2)
(S.S)
(6.6)
(4.9)
(7.4)
115
115.8
121.4
122.2
105.5
120.8
103.1
110.3
Second joint of fnrefin<;er R with hand 106. 1
6.9
8
7.S
7.5
e.6
7.S
5.9
7.5
5.7
(7.4)
(5.4)
(4. J)
(3.7)
{3.5)
(S.7)
(S.7)
(3.1)
(J. 5)
Second joint of forefinger K with foi>t 1 168. 9 10.6 {5.S)
J.
113.3
114.7
9.S
9.S
(6.3)
(4.3)
110.6 7.S (» )
147. 3 11 (J. 7)
414
MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Tlie reactiou-times were shorter than when the .same poiuts on the skin were electrically-
stimulated, and the mean variations of the separate reactions and of the series are less. An
exact comparison can not be made, as the esperimeuts on touch and electrical stimulation were
not made simultaneously; but we may conclude that the reaction-time on touch is about 10 a
shoiter than on electrical stiinnlation. The mean variations are smaller than any liitherto
published, although we have omitted no measurements in calculating the averages. As in the
case of electrical stimulatioB, the reactiou-times of J and C are nearly the same, those of D being
about 30 jier cent longer.
In the case of 0 tlie shortest reactions followed stimulation of the forefinger or cheek. The
two sets on the forefinger made at different times agree closely (105.5 a and lOG.l a). The times
for the ui)per and lower arm and for the upper and lower thigh, respectively, are practically the
same in all cases. The differences on the arm are: J 1.4 a, and C 0.8 a, the times being shorter on
the lower point. On the thigh the time for the upper point was 0.6 a shorter for D, aud 0.8 a
longer for C. As in the case of electrical stimulation, we are unable to determine the velocity in
the sensory nerve. The time of trausmissiou is in this case exactly counterbalanced by a shorter
cerebral refiex for the lower point. In the case of C the time is about 10 a shorter when the fore-
finger is stimulated than when the arm is stimulated, and about 1 a shorter for the toe than for
the thigh. As before, we find that the cerebral reflex is shortened when the stimulus is applied on
the opposite side of the body to a point corresponding to that with which the movement is made.
For D the time was shorter when the blow was on the neck than when on the cheek, whereas it
was the reverse for C; the differences are, however, small, and we may conclude that the reaction-
times to stimulation of the back of the neck and cheek are about the same. The time was tor J
20.7 (T, and for C 62.8 a shorter when the movement was made with the hand than when it was
made with the foot. This also corresponds with the results of electrical stimulation, C's reaction-
with the foot being more delayed than J's or D's. The difference in time is partly due to the time
of transmission in the motor tracts of the si)iiial cord, but at least in the case of C it is probably
chiefly due to delay in the coordination of the movement.
With the falling hammer we also made reactions in whicli the force of the blow was varied.
In the experiments described above on electrical stimulation and on touch and in researches
hitherto published' on the relation between tlie intensity of the stimulus and the length of the
reaction-time, the intensity has not been measured. In this case we were able to measure exactly
the force of the blow. The hammer always fell 20 cm., and the weight was 60, 30, or 15 grams.
The blow from the heaviest weight was just less than painful; from the lightest it was still ([uite
strong. The points E and F on the arm and G and H on the thigh were used. The sets, with
30 grams stimulus, are the same as those given in the preceding table.
Table XII. — lieaclioii-iimis on blows of varying intensiti/. Lower and upper arm and lower and upper ihiyli. D, C, and J
obscrrers. 2,400 reactions.
E.
F.
a.
H.
Av.
D.
Intensity 15
Intensity 30
Intensity 60
Av
151.6 li (7. 1)
147.1 11. G (4.6)
U7.9 11. S (7 )
146. 4 10. 7 (6. S)
146.5 11. 1 (o.i)
149 11.2 17.4)
148.9 11 3 (G.9)
146.9 11.3 (4 9)
148.4 11.5 (7 ?)
148.9 11. S (i;.S)
122. 2 6. 1 (4. 6)
121.4 7.8 (4. Si
121.3 6.S (.5.31
14J.3 11 (6.5)
122. 1 6. 3 IS. S)
122.2 7.5 (3.7)
120.3 S.S (4 1
148 11.4 (6.3)
118.4 G.6 (5.9)
118.6 7,fi (5.'2)
116.2 6.5 (5.6)
Intensity 15
Intensity ....30
Intensity ....CO
Av
115 6.6 («.->)
U5 G.9 (?.J)
110.8 e.6 (7.1)
1U.4 7.5 (17. S)
115.8 S (S.4)
112.4 6.6 (6.S)
113.6 6.7 (7.C)
119.3 JO. 2 (6.1)
113.3 a. 5 (6.S)
111.8 8.8 (4.6)
114.2 7.4 (6.S)
118.1 11.7 (5.1)
lU. 7 9.8 (4.3)
111.1 9.G (.?. ry)
121. G C. 7 (4.7)
121. o 6.7 (3.8)
117.7 t.'J 15.6)
118.7 10.9 (5.6)
114 9.6 (5.3)
111.4 9.-3 (4 2)
Intensity 15
Intensity ....30
Intensity 60
Av
114.8 9.S (5.7)
114.2 S.l (6.6)
114.6 10.4 (4.4)
114.4 9 (5.S)
114.7 9.9 (5 )
124.5 S.S 15.0
Av., av
135.2 ».3 (S.4)
134.4 S.S (5.1)
'Excepting that on light by Berger and Cattell. IJryan also reported experimeuts at the tueeting of the
American Psychological Association (1892) in which the intensity of .sounds was measured, and obtained results
corrcspoudiug to those here given.
MEMOIlia OF THE 2<'ATJUXAL ACADEMY 0\' SCIENCES. 415
The rcaotion-time tliiis becomes sliorter as the intensity of the stimulus ii, increased, but the
ditterenee in time is small so loni;- as the stimuli are moderately strong. The difference is, indeed,
so small that it is obscured l)y the error of observation, but in the final average of the two
thousand four hundred reactions the time was decreased 1.3 when the intensity was incicased
from 15 to oO grams, and decreased 1.7 when the intensity was increased from 30 to (iO grams. If,
as Fechner's law assumes, the intensity of sensation increases as the logarithm of the stimulus, the
reaction-time would tend to decrease inversely as the intensity of sensation.
In the table we have a large number of experiments in wliich the points E and F, and (i and
H were stimulated by blows objectively alike. The differences with reference to the upper points
are. on the arm for J, — 1.2, + 1.4, — 0.7 a; for C, — 0.6, + 0.8, + 1.6 r?-; on the leg for I), — o.L', — 0.6,
+ 1.1 ff ; for C, — 0.1, + 0.8, and — 1.0 ff. Considering the small unit of time in which the differences
are given, the variations are strikingly small, and show how completely the variable error of
reaction times may be eliminated. There is no doubt but that we have to a thousandth of a second
the reaction-time under the conditions emiiloyed, and that the reaction-time is the same when the
stimulus is applied to the upper and lower arm or the upper and lower thigh. Unless it is very
short the time of transmission in the nerve is not counterbalanced by greater intensity of stimulus
on the lower points, for doubling the stimulus shortens the reaction by only 1.5 c, and the differ-
ences in sensation were not so great on the different points as on the same point when the stimulus
was doubled. The time of transmission in the nerve seems to be counterbalanced by a shorter
cerebral time when the stimulus is applied to a point farther from the brain, the sensory fibers
from a point nearer the extremities discharging more quickly into the motor fibers to the
extremities.
While we do not think that the velocity in the plain nerve can be measured by the difference
in reaction-time, we believe that a general survey of our experiments indicate that the velocity is
greater than that commonly accepted — 30 meters per second. When the reaction is from hand to
hand the whole time may be 100 a, and the distance traveled in sensory and motor nerves must
be in the neighborhood of 2 meters. It is not likely that two-thirds of the time is taken up in
transmission and only one-third in the cerebral reflex. If so, the time from cheek to mouth would
scarcely be longer than from hand to hand. Again, our experiments show that the cerebral reflex
is almost certainly slower when the leg is stimulated than when the arm is stimulated, the
movement being made with the hand, but the difference in time of the entire reaction is much too
small to allow for a rate of 30 meters per second in the nerve. We do not think the ditticulties
in the way of determining the velocity in the nerve are obviated by electrically stimulating
the motor nerve, as here the differeuce in time may depend on the point stimulated rather than
on the rate of transmission. Indeed, our experiments show conclusively that the differences
which von Ilelmholtz found — velocities twice as great in summer as in winter — are out of the
question. And we do not in tlie least know the relation between movements due to electrical
stimulation and such as are due to normal cerebral discharge. It would seem that the velocity
of the nervous impulse in the i)lain nerve can not be measured until we are able to record its
progress, as by electrical or chemical changes;* but more light may be thrown ou the process by
studying the variation of the cerebral processes with the part of the body stimulated.
In the table we have six cases on C in which the arm and leg, respectively, were stimulated,
biit the experiments were not made simultaneously. The times were always shorter for the arm
7.2, 6.4, 10.5, 7.8, 6.4, and 7.9 — an average of 7.7 a. We do not know -why this time should be so
much shorter than in the case of electrical stimulation. We have every reason to suppose that
the cerebral reflex is slower when the leg is stimulated, anil 7.7 a should be the maximum time of
transmission between the lumbar and brachial parts of the spinal cord. This would give a
velocity of about 40 meters per second in the sensory tracts of the cord.
We do uot even kuow whether or not the velocity is uuiform-
NATIONAL AGAI>EMY OF SCIENCES.
VOL. VII.
THIRJ) ME^NIOIR.
THE BACTERIA OF RIVER WATERS.
417
S. Mis. ."■)(» 27
THE BACTERIA OF RIVER WATERS.
Bv Di;. Joiix S. Billings.
(Preseutiug a paper on the bacteria of the Schuylkill River by l>r. .1. H. Wright.)
The bacteriology of river waters has beeu, for tlie last ten years, a subject of steadily
iiiereasiiig interest, and inunerous observations have been made in Europe and in this country
upon those streams wliich are used as sources of municipal water supply. These observations in
the United States have, however, been, for the most part, made only on occasional samples and
by imperfect methods, and there is no river in this country with regard to which we may be
said to liave an approximately complete knowledge of what might be called its natural bacte-
riological ilora; that is, of the species, and relative proportions of each species, occurring at
different seasons of the year, or as aftected by rains, as distinguished from those derived from
sewage or waste products of various kinds discharged into the stream.
Each river will probably be found to differ somewhat from other rivers as to its normal or
usual bacteriological flora, and this flora also differs in difl'erent parts of the stream and at
different times of the year; nevertheless, there are a few microorganisms of this class which ai-e
to be found in almost all such waters at all times. The ordinary river-water bacteria are not
patliogenic, and little is known with regard to tlie circumstances whicli influence their growth
and development in running streams, or as to the different ett'ects which different species can
produce. All that we can say is that these are probably influenced not only by rainfall, but also
by the quantity and nature of the organic matters which the stream from time to time contains,
by the presence of certain inorganic salts in minute quantities, by temperature, by more or less
exposure to light, and by the greater or less aeration of the water, depending upon the depth and
smoothness of flow of the stream. A fundamental diliiculty in the way of scientitic observations
on these points is the want of accurate knowledge as to the cliaracteristics of different species or
varieties of the bacteria, and of means for distinguishing these without the expenditure of much
time and labor. While the number of different species of bacteria which have been named is
reckoned by hundreds, there are scarcely fifty wliich have been so described that an investigator
can identify them by their descriptions.
We have, in fact, as yet no scientific classification of the bacteria, no agreement as to what
kind or degree of difference shouhl be considered as sufficient to determine that a particular form
should be recognized as a distinct variety, or species, or genus. The mere morphology of the
individual organism gives little aid in this respect, and bacteriologists are relying more and more
upon dififereiices in the shape, size, color, etc.. of colonies or masses of the organisms growing on
ditiereut media, on their effect on these media, their products, and on tlie effects which they or
their products produce in different animals as means of distinguishing one from another.
Considered from the point of view of the general biologist, or from that of tlie botanist, many
of the species admitted on these grounds as distinct by bacteriologists would not be accepted as
species, hardly even as varieties, because the differences are differences in function rather thaa
419
420 MEMOIES OE THE NATIONAL ACADE.AIY OF SCIENCES.
ill structure; but fur tLe present it seems best to accept the liacteriologist's point of view ni order
tliiit dilfereut observers may know wlietlier or not they are dealiiiy- witli the same ori;anisuis, in
experiiiieiiting- upon tlie conditions of culture media, temperature, etc., which produce variations in
tlie morphology or iu the products. In obtaining "pure cultures" — that is, in obtaining from a
sample of water containing' several different kinds of organisms a series of cultures each of wliicli
contains but one kind — changes in the nutritive material, in the temperature, iu exposure to light,
etc., may pi'oduce quite different results, and hence descriptions based on the results obtained by
the older and more simple methods are now found to be quite insufficient for purposes of identifi-
cation, and there is a vast amount of work to be done over again.
In the hope of obtaining a useful contribution to this work, I suggested to Dr. J. H. Wright,
on his appointment to a fellowship in connection with the Laboratory of Hygiene of the University
of Pennsylvania, nnder my direction, that he should devote special attention to the chemistry and
bacteriology of the water supply of the city of Philadelpliia during his term of duty in the labora-
tory, and the result of this, covering a period of eigiit months iu 18'J2-03, is herewith presented.
Dr. Wright found that the water supply of Philadelphia, from both the Delaware and
Schuylkill, was impure, which was well known before; but it did not appear to be markedly
impure as compared with the water supplies of some other large cities, and in his nnmeious tests
he found no distinctly pathogenic organisms, such as the bacillus of typhoid, nor any which
indicated excremeutal pollution, such as the bacterium coli. There is no doubt, however, that
these organisms were ]}resent, at times at least, in the waters which he examined; but the method
which he used of testing a drop or two from a sample would rarely detect these organisms if
there were but three or four in half a ])int of the fluid. Iu February and March of 1894 Dr.
Olmstead, assistant in bacteriology in the Laboratory of Hygiene, at my re<|uest made a number
of examinations of the Schuylkill water by taking 80 cc. in each sample, and after adding 20 cc.
of sterilized alkaline sugar bouillon of four times the ordinary strength, placing the mixture
immediately iu a thermostat and keeping it at a temperature of 37° C. for twenty-four hours.
This kills or prevents the growth of the ordinary water bacteria, and, as a lule, the bouillon thus
treated was found to coutaiu a luxuriant growth of but one organism^ — the bacterium coli— so far as
could be determined. He also used the fermentation-tube method of Dr. Theobald Smith, with the
same results. This colon bacillus is a constant inhabitant of the intestines of man and of domestic
animals, where it ordinarily i^roduces no ill effects, and probably aids somewhat in the digestive
process by decomposing certain coustituents of the food into more easily absorbable substances.
Under certain circumstances, of which we know little, it passes from the intestinal tract into the
organs and cavities of the body of the living animal, producing intiammatiou and suppuration,
and, after the death of the animal, especially in warm climates, it may invade the tissues and
organs, taking part in the complex process known as putrefaction. Either there are several
closely allied species or else it varies considerably in the kind of growth it produces in different
culture media, in its motility, in its effects as a ferment, and upon the casein of milk, etc.
Whether it grows and tiouri.shes to any considerable extent outside the animal body and its
discharges is uncertain; but its presence in a water supply is usually considered to indicate f;ecal
contamination. It is evident, however, that it does not necessarily indicate human ftecal
contamination, since it may come from manured lands and from the excreta of hogs, cows, etc.,
from which no stream in a cultivated country is free.
The morphology of the colon bacillus is in many respects similar to that of the typhoid
bacillus; the individual rods are about the same shape and size, often varying considerably in
length; both are aerobic, facultative anaerobic, and nonliquefying: tlie typhoid bacillus is motile;
the colon bacillus is sometimes motile and sometimes not; neither is known to form spores. They
grow at ordinary room temperatures, but flourish best at the temperature of the human body, 37c>
to 38° C. Attempts to find them by cultures inoculated with water at ordinary temperatures are
usually unsuccessful, because many of the water bacteria which flourish at such temperatures
liquefy the gelatin and make it impossible to identify the luniliquefying, slower-growing colonies
of the typhoid and colon bacilli.
In this connection attention is invited to a valuable report iqion the waters of the Mohawk,
and Hudson rivers, contained in the thirteenth report of the State Board of Health of New York
MEMOIRS OF TIIK NATIONAL ACADP:MY OF SCIENCES. 421
for 1802, and iiichuliiii;' a paper l>y Dr. Theobald Smith, entitled -'A new method for determining
(luantitatively the poilntion of water by fa'eal bacteria,"' and also to I>r. Smitli's |)aper on '-The
fermentation tube," in the ^Vi]der (i>iiarter Century Kook, Ithaca, ISii:;.
Tbei'e is no evid<'uco that a lew hundred or even a few Ihousand into the distribution districts named " Direct Pumi)age,"
"East Park," and "Fairmount." The water of the Delaware is distributed through the north-
eastern section of the city and also supplies a part of the central i)ortion. This area forms what
is called the "Frankfort" district. The immping station is at Lardner's Point, within the city
limits. In the results of analyses these names have been used to indicate the sources of the
samples of water. The general scheme of the work has been as follows: After some isolated
determinations had been made iu October and November of the water of the laboratory (Belmont
district), in the latter month, the systematic analysis of samples of water collected from taps in
the various districts was begun. From January onward the analyses have been limited to samples
from four districts, which were considered as representative of the different sources of the supjjly.
These were the "lioxboro" district, representing the water of the upper Schuylkill, the " Fair-
mount," and the "Belmont" districts, representing the lower Schuylkill, and the "Frankfort"
district, representing the water of the Delaware.
Two to four times each month four samples, one from each of these districts, have been
analyzed simultaneously.
Tlie analyses have consisted in the determiuation of the chhniiie, oxygen consumed, free and
albuminoid ammonia, nitrogen as nitrates, aud the number of bacteria iu 1 cubic centimeter. In
the earlier part of the work the nitrogen as nitrites was also determined.
Tlie water lias usually been collected by an assistant. That which was intended for chemical
analysis was brought to the laboratory iu large bottles; that for bacterological determination
422
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 423
in small, sterilized glass-stoppered bottles. The methods employed have been essentially the
same in all the analyses r(>ported, bnt in the conrse of the work the composition of the solution
nsed and the manner of carrying ont the different operations have varied in some cases, so that in
the following descrijjtions some of the ([nantities named have not always been employed, nor have
the details j^iven been followed up in all determinations.
CHEMICAL METHODS.
In a number of cases the samples have been filtered through Swedish tilter paper before
analysis.
The chlorine has been determined by the method of Mohr, consisting in the use of a standard
solution of silver nitrate witli ixttassium chromate as indicator.
(,)ne hundred cubic centimeters of water is taken for each determination, to which three dro^js
of a 10 i)er cent solution of potassium chromate are added. One-tenth of a cubic centimeter is
deducted for the end reaction from the amount of silver solution used.
The solution of silver nitrate contains -t.7887 grams to 1,000 cc, and is standardized against
a solution of sodium chloride containing 1.C48 grams to 1,000 cc. One cubic centimeter of the
silver solution is very nearly e(iuivalent to L mg. of chlorine. The determinations have generally
been made in duplicate or triplicate.
The oxygen consumed has been determined according to the principles of Kubel's method,
consisting in the measurement of the amount of a solution of potassium permanganate reduced
by a given volume of water in the presence of sulphuric acid at the boiling temj)eratuie.
The operation is conducted in a porcelain caserole of about 250 cc. capacity, supported by an
iron ring over a Bunsen flame. One hundred cubic centimeters of the water, 5 cc. of a 25 per cent
solution of pure sulphuric acid, and about S cc. of a solution of ])otassium jiermanganate (0..3'J45
grams to 1,000 cc), standardized at the time of the analysis, against a solution of oxalic acid (0.7S75
grams to 1,000 cc), are placed in the caserole and boiled for approximately three minutes. At the
expiration of this time the flame is i-einoved and 10 cc. of the standard oxalic acid solution run
in from a pipette.
Then more of the permanganate solution is added, until a faint red color is iiermanent. This
Solution is delivered from a Guy Lussac burette, by means of which the total amount used is read
off and one-tenth of a cubic centimeter deducted for the end reaction.
The difference between this amount and the quantity of permanganate solution known to be
reduced by the 10 cc. of oxalic acid solution represents the amount decolorized or reduced bj' the
100 c<'. of water, and from this the oxygen consumed is calculated. The standardizing of the
permanganate solution is efl'ected in a manner similar to that above described for the determina-
tion, but about 100 cc. of distilled water is used in place of the sample. One cubic centimeter of
this solution of permanganate contains approximately 0.01 mg. of available oxygen. The deter-
minations have usually been made in duplicate, and about twenty-four hours after collection. For
some time the determinations have been carried on together, three casseroles being employed. It
is important in this operation that the sulphuric acid used should have little or no reducing efl'ect
on tlie permanganate. Such an acid seems to be unusual. That made by Baker & Adamson, of
Easton, I'a., has been found satisfactory.
I II tlu^ determination of the free and albuminoid ammonia the Wauklyn i)rocess has been used.
The distillations have been made from retorts of different capacities, and from round-bottomed
flasks, all conncH^ted with Liebig's condensers.
The flasks are of 900 cc. capacity, with necks 11 cm. long, and the connections with the
condensers are made by means of corks and bent glass tubes, the apparatus being essentially like
that described by Drown. (EeportMass. Board of Health, 1890, jjt. 1.)
^Vitll some exceptions, owing to accidents or other causes, the determinations have been made
ill duplicate throughout the systematic analyses. From November l-i to January 2 simultaneous
distillations were made from each sample of water, one from a retort and the other from a flask,
the latter being in connection with a condensing tube of block tin.
After this time four samples of water were analyzed at once, and eight simultaneous distilla.
tious were made from every set of four samples. For this purpose, up to the 7th of April four
retorts and tour flasks were employed, three of the flasks being connected with tin condensing
424 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
tubes. Up to this date 500 cc. of water were taken from every determiuatiou, but beginning-
with tlie analyses of April 17 the use of the flasks was abandoned and small retorts of 200
to 500 cc. capacity substituted. In these 100 cc. of water were used for each determination, while
500 cc. continued to be the quantity taken for charging each of the larger retorts, the capacity of
which has varied from about a liter to a liter and a half. This arrangement has been continued up
to the close of the work.
In making the duplicate determinations a flask and a retort, or the 500 cc. and the 100 cc.
methods, were used for each sample, so that comparisons might be made of the results obtained by
both types of apparatus or by both uu'thods. In the table of analyses the columns of ammonia
determinations marked "tin tube" and "glass tube," respectively, contain the results given by
the use of tin and glass condensing surfaces.
The tin tubes were used on the supposition that better condensation would be obtained and
therefore higher results, but this does not aeem to be supported by the figures. In the same
columns, but farther down, the determinations by the 100 cc. method maybe compared witli tiiose
of the 500 cc. method. It will be seen that as a general thing the former method gives somewhat
higher results.
The retorts and flasks are supported on iron rings and wire gauze. The apparatus is prepared
for each determination by charging with distilled water and distilling off a quantity, the later
portions of which are tested for anmionia, and if negative or if only a slight trace of color is
produced by the "nessler" the residue is removed and the proper quantity of the sample turned
in. For some time sodium carbonate was added to the water before beginning the distillation for
free ammonia, but this has long been discontinued. The presence of this salt seems to favor
explosive "bumping" and to retard ebullition. The distillation is usually made within twelve
hours after the collection and carried out in the afternoon or evening. About the same time a.
series of standards is made up and these, together with the distillates, are nesslerized the next
morning.
The rate of distillation has varied, as a constant rate could not very well be obtained when
so many pieces of apparatus were working at once.
In 500 cc. determinations glass tubes 31 cm. long, which a volume of 50 cc. fills to within
several centimeters of the top, are used for containing the standards and distillates, and in these,
in volumes of about 50 cc, the readings are made. The standards consists of eighteen, of these
tubes, in which are placed, respectively, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1, 1.3, 1.5, 1.8, 2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5,
2.8, 3 3.5, and 4 cc. of the standard ammouium chloride solution, of which 1 cc. contains 0.01 mg.
of ammonia and sufficient distilled water to fill them to within some centimeters of the top.
The distilled water used for this purpose from January onward lias been boiled. For the
"free ammonia" 150 cc. are distilled. This is collected either in three portions of 50 cc. each or
in a first portion of 100 cc. and a second por(,ion of 50 cc. For the albuminoid ammonia 250 cc.
are collected, the first 100 cc. in one portion and the remainder in tiiree jiortions of 50 cc. each.
The 50 cc. distillates are received in the long tubes above described. All the distillates and
standards are nesslerized the next morning at one time, about 1 cc. of Nessler's reagent being
used for each. The determination of the amount of ammonia in the 100 cc. portions is effected
by transferring each into two of the long tubes after nesslerization and comparing these with the
standards, as in the case of the 50 cc. distillates. This mode of collecting some of the distillates
in 100 cc. portions was adopted not only because there were not enough of the long tubes, but
also because the first 50 cc. of both kinds contain a large part of the ammonia, and as this
quantity may be larger than that contained in the highest standard, it can be estimated with
greater convenience if distributed through two volumes of 50 cc. A specimen determination of
albuminoid ammonia is here given in detail to show the distribution of the ammonia through the^
distillates. The collection and reading has been carried out as above described.
( 0.0215 mg. N II3
(1) 100cc.= (^,_„oi5ajg.NH3
(2) .50 cc. = 0.0035 mg. N H3
(3) 50 cc. = 0.0025 mg. N H3
(4) 50 cc. = 0.0040 mg. N H3
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 425
Tlio alkalint' iiermauganate solution is tliorougiily boiled when fast pieiiared and made np to
the proper volmue.
About 40 (•('. are used for eac^h 500 cc. deteruiination.
This (piantity is steamed in a small liask ou a hot, iron plate during the collection of the free
ammonia distillates and is turned into the apparatus from this. Eight of these flasks are used, all
heated a1 once ou the jdate. In the case of the 100 cc. determinations about 50 cc. of the perman-
ganate solution is divided into two nearly equal portions between (wo of these small flasks and
steamed in the same manner. The portion contained in each of the flasks is afterwards divided,
as equally as may be, between two of the small retorts by means of a pipette. The distillates in
the 100 cc. mediod are collected in small test tubes in portions of about 10 cc, three portions for
the " free ammonia '" and hve for the " albuminoid ammonia." These test tubes are about 11 mm.
in internal diameter and about 14 cm. long. A volume of 10 cc. fills one of them to a height of
about 10 cm.
The standards used in this method are made up in the same tubes with b(jiled distilled water,
to about the same volume as the distillates, and contain, respectively, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4,
0.5, 0,0, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4 cc. of the amnu)nium chloride solution used in the
other method. In nesvslerizing about 0.5 cc. of the reagent is used for each tube. No difficulty is
experienced in reading to 0.0005 mg. of ammonm. Many of the details here adopted have been
derived from the papers of Drown, above mentioned, and of Erenneman. (Jour. Amer. Chem.
Soc, VIII, No. 9, p. 221.)
The volumes of 50 and 10 cc. mentioned are not measured accurately, but are only approx-
imate.
The nitrogen as nitrates has been determined by the method of Grandval and Lajoux (Comptes
Ecndus, July 6, 1885) as modified by Drown and Hazen (Eep. Mass. Board of Health, 1890, pt. 2,
p. 711). Five cubic centimeters of the water is placed in a porcelain dish of about 35 cc. capacity,
two or three droi)s of a 1 per cent solution of sodium carbonate added and evaporated to dryness
on the top of a water bath. The steam should not be allowed to come in contact with the dish.
The residue of the evaporation is treated with about 0.5 cc. of phenol suli)huric acid, made by
digesting about 23 grams of pure crystalized phenol in 200 cc. of pure sulphuric acid for some
hours. By ai)i)ropriate manipulation of the dish the aiad is worked well over the bt)ttom and
sides. After some time a few centimeters of distilled water are added and then a solution of
caustic potash until the yellow color is well brought out. The strength of the caustic potash
solution should be 10 per cent or more. It is imi)ortant that too great an excess of this reagent
be not added, for if this occurs crystals of potassium sulphate are thrown down, a result which is
not desirable. A set of standards is made up for each analysis from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and C cc. of a
solution of potassium nitrate, of which 1 cc. contains 0.001 mg. of nitrogen as nitrate. The first
and last standards have often been omitted. These quantities are placed in small porcelain
dishes, of the capacity above mentioned, and treated in the same manner as that described for
the sample. In making up the standard solution 0.7215 gram of potassium nitrate is dissolved
in 1,000 cc. of water, and this solution diluted 1:100.
The samples and standards are evaporated and treated together as above described, and then
the contents of the dishes are transferred to the long tubes used iu the ammonia determinations.
More distilled water is added until they are all filled to about 2 or 3 cm. from the top, and iu
these the reading is made. The determination is thought to be ino.st accurate when the amount
of nitrogen as nitrates iu the (juantity of water taken falls between the limits of the standard
here employed. The tests have been usually made in duplicate, and the evaporation of eight of
them — two for each of the four samples of water — and a set of standards lias been simultaneous.
The regular determination of the nitrogen as nitrites was stojtped in January. The method
was essentially that described by Drown (Rep. Mass. Board of Health, 1890, pt. 1, p. 527), and
called by him "Warrington's modification of the Griess method."
The water was decolorized before the test by treatment with a few drops of solutions of alum
and of sodium carbonate, of about 10 and 33 per cent, respectively, and then filtering through
Alter paper, which had been washed to remove nitrous acid.
426 MEMOIES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
BACTERIOLOGICAL METHODS.
The -prater for the bacteriological determination was collected in gronud glass stoppered
bottles of about 300 cc. capacity. These were previously sterilized by keeping them in the steam
sterilizer for an hour or longer.
For the estimation of the number of l)acteria in 1 cc. Petri's dishes or plates were used and
nutrient gelatin (10 per cent) of a neutral or slightly alkaline reaction has been the culture medium
usually employed. The plates were prepared from the samples in nearly all cases within about an
hour after their arrival at the laboratory. In the majority of instances two or more preparations
were made from each sami)k'. The quantity of water taken, often after having been diluted with
sterilized distilled water in known proportions, was measured by means of a small sterilized
pipette graduated to tenths of a cubic centimeter. The amount of the original water thus used
has varied from 0.01 to 0.3 cc.
When the colonies are counted a hand lens and a glass plate ruled in sqiiare centimeters are
used, and with probably two exceptions the numbers given in the table of analyses are based on
actual count of the whole plate. The estimation of the number of bacteria to the cubic
centimeter in a sample of water is subject to many errors, and the results obtained from two
plates made from the same sample of waters at the same time may differ widely from one another.
At best the estimations are only apjiroxiniations. There are a number of reasons for this, some
of which are as follows:
(1) The bacteria exist in the water as solid particles in suspension, and it can not be
assumed, as in the case of a solution, that there is equal distribution throughout the whole volume
of the liquid. It is therefore to be expected that there will be differences in determinations made
under the same conditions from a given specimen of water.
(2) There is an error in measuring out the cpiantity of water which is mixed with the gelatin,
most marked when small quantities are measured, such as 0.1 cc.
(3) Some of the bacteria remain behind with the residue of gelatin left in the tube after the
plate has been made, so that not all of the organisms contained in the quantity of water taken
are represented by the colonies which later develop.
(4) Not all of tlie bacteria develop under the conditions ordinarily surrounding them in the
medium employed. Some nmy develop slowly, and their colonies may be obscured by more
rapidly growing or rapidly liquefying organisms, so that a plate may be destroyed before many
colonies have become visible. ^Moreover, it would appear from the work of Reinsch (Centralbl.
Bakt. u. Parasit., Bd. X, 1801, p. 115) and of Dahmen (Centralbl. Bakt. u. Parasit., Bd. XII, 1S02,
p. .302) that the degree of alkalinity of the culture medium has an effect on the results obtained
in these estimations.
(5) The number of colonies varies with the age of the plate, for some species grow more
rapidly than others.
(6) The results may be vitiated by the development of colonies of bacteria derived from other
sources.
The following table is given as illustrating some of the foregoing statements. It shows some
of the differences observed in the number of colonies in plates made with equal quantities of the
Game water and at the same time, and also the variation in the counts, made at different times, of
ii given plate :
MEMOIIIS OF TUE NATIONxVL ACADEMY OF SCIE^'CES.
427
Taisle I.
Date.
Mar. 4
i
8
District.
24
24
24
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
Belmont
....do
...do
....do
....do
...do
Roxboro
....do
Belmont
do
Frank ford —
do
Fairmount —
do
Belmont
do
do
do
do
do
Fairmount...
do
Belmont
do
Frankford . . .
do
lioxboro
do
do
Belmont
do
Fraukford —
do
24 ' lioxboro -
Gelatin plate, room temperature.
do
Fairmount. .
do
do
do
do
Ro.\boro
do
do
Frankford ..
do
Belmont i A
ko I A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Apr. 7 I Fairmount ' A
do A
Belmont i A
do A
Roxboro A-
do A
A
A
Frankford .
....do
108
60
44
492
366
378
439
458
323
270
125
136
70
123
82
68
44
94
96
434
451
320
290
122
141
80
65
506
475
375
323
303
14
12
17 !
33
45
24
357
184
621
137
123
132'
100
89
115
105
17
333
266
91
88
138
144
36
25
49
55
33
28
23
71
108
124
361
278
626
141
128
132
105
101
127
108
50
!)»
39
85
128
66
74
337
258
79
101
156
143
45
29
53
138
78
67
54
105
92
302
284
91
117
143
138
52
32
55
358.
80O
634
164
128
131
107
103
119
114
56 j
102
61
56
94
138
47
129
173
354
300
637
126
137
111
103
131
115
Agar plates, 36° C.
4
24
56
10
40
4
13 i
9
10
43
61
92
116
BU
91
36
51
23
122
30
66
18
16
13
30
19
11
10
14
11
4
10
13
12
(!i:
-'A«.
5 "
* 11
9
6
11
10
8
S
14
11
14
9
13
11
10
4
428
MEMOIRS OF THE NATION^AL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Table 1 — Coutiuued.
%
Gelatin plate, room temperature.
Agar plate.s, 36^ C.
IhiU-.
Di.strict..
3
a
o
o
i
i
■d
1
i
s
5 ■
1
ft
«
o
i
B
o
Apr, 7
17
17
17
17
17
17
Frankford
Fairmouut
do
Belmont
do
Roxboro
do
CC.
tV
A
A
(02
154
124
148
160
109
102
4
593
532
559
317
228
275
539
312
283
50
31
55
40
39
140
99
200
111
17 1 do
17 ! I'raDkforil . . . .
235
17
17
25
do
do
T^plmnnt
79
71
lU
\\
16
18
9
4
6
17
20
75
40
66
58
49
175
141
75
82
25 do
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
May 5
5
5
5
5
. 5
5
5
15
15
15
15
15
15
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
Frankford ....
do
do
Koxboro
do
Fairmount
do
Belmont
do
Frankford - . . .
do
Roxboro
do
Fairmount
do
Bdmont
do
Frankford
Roxboro
Fairmount
do
Belmont
....do
^^
72
68
53
188
199
70
60
48
(?)156
201
1
10
20
15
28
22
(»)219
158
35
28
177
184
25
22
30
22
16
34
23
'»
136
146
130
A
I'o
tV
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
597
599
221
205.
477
473
38
38
85
44
210
53
17
16
23
23
231
210
260
247
30
30
89
163
168
46
45
245
209
1
281
243
554
516
55
48
108
54
235
62
18
17
31
28
271
237
285
269
42
39
107
102
31
34
65
63
1 ■
60
56
59
56
107
60
1
22
20
30
100
64
,31
i 56
r 22
[ 38
4
14
15
38
47
20
9
36
5
17
17
1,
32
29
74
23
22
31
27
75
42
28
38
28
26
42
29
38
Frankford
....do
236
....do
1
1
....do
280
68
45
109
271
62
46
Roxboro
....do
79
58
83
65
89 '
60 j
29
16
09
46
20-
23
22
29
14
11
29
23
28
10
Fairmount —
do
Belmont
do
■Frankford
do
Roxboro
do
Fairmount
do
62 1
-.\, 1 Qfi
-,o
18
10
21
32
12
(Ml
29
21
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
39
34
63
64
25
14
35
06
66
10
38
16
43
43
34 1 40'
!
MEMOIRS OF THK NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SGIEXOES. 429
III the same table are tlie results obtained by coantiiig the colonies which (le\eh)|i in '• agar"'
l)Iates made from the same samples of water and, unless otherwise s|)ecilied, with the same (jnan-
tities of water as the gelatin jjlates, but unlike these kept at a temiieratnic of about 'Mi" ('. The
figures refer to the number of colonies in the plates as ascertained by actual count with the hand
lens, and it will be obser\ed that more colonies develop, from a given quantity of a sample of
water, at the room temperature than at a temperature of 31)° C. In the course of the work the
time of counting the plates has varied from the first to the ninth day, depending on the number
and character of the colonies and the condition of the plate. Counts made later than the sixth
day have been rather exceptional. In those cases where two or more counts were made of the
same plate on different days the maximum number was taken for the estimation of the number of
bacteria per cubic centimeter.
Efforts have been made to stoi) the progress of licjuefaction in many cases, in order that later
counts could be niade, but these have been only partially successful. The best results seem to be
given by the use of a solution of mercuric chloride, niilligrani 1:20 or 1:100, applied to the
liquefying colony by means of a " swab."
In the study and differentiation of the various organisms hereatter described the culture
media mainly employed have been nutrient gelatin (10 per cent), acid gelatin, sugar gelatin, agar-
agar, bouillon, tube potato cultures, Dunham's peptone solution, " rosolic acid" solution, litmus milk,
and to some extent sugar agar. The cultivations have been carried on in test tubes containing
these media. In the preparation of the plain gelatin, agar-agar, and bouillon, meat infusion or
Liebig's meat extract have been used. It would seem that the results are more satisfactory when
the medium is prepared with the former. This is probably less true of the bouillon tlian of the
other. The acid gelatin is prepared by adding to the medium, after neutralization in the usual
mauuer with caustic potash, pure concentrated hydrochloric acid in the proportion of about 1 : 1000
or 1:000 by volume. The sugar gelatin contains 2 per cent glucose. In the preparation of this
medium, as well as the preceding, Liebig's meat extract has been used. The Dunham's peptone
solution contains 1 per cent i)eptone and 0..5 per cent sodium chloride. The "rosolic acid"
solution consists of Dunham's solution colored with that indicator. The litmus milk is cow's milk,
colored with neutral litmus tincture. For the study of colonies, " Esmarch " cultures, rolled on ice,
and cultures in Petri's plates have been employed. The culture in "r/«7> stab'' mentioned in the
description of the different sjjecies consists in inoculating a sugar gelatin tube in the manner of
an ordinary "stab" and then filling the tube for some distance above the surface of the medium
with melted gelatin or agar, which is then made to solidify. The tubes used for this have been
rather narrow. The test for the production of indol has been made by adding a few drops of
pure concentrated sulphuric acid to a culture in Dunham's solution and then after a time about
1 cc. of a 0.01 per cent solution of sodium nitrite. The appearance of the red color after the addition
of the acid alone is considered as indicative of the coincident producti(m of nitrites. In the
staining of the flagella of the organisms the method of Loftier has been usually followed with slight
modifications. The cover glasses are easily freed from grease by heating in the Bunsen flame
It has not been found necessary to add alkali or acid to the mordant. Anilin water fuchsin has
been the staining fluid mostly used. The cover glass with the mordant should be only slightly
warmed over the flame and only for a few seconds. The chief cause of failure to obtain satisfactory
results seems to be the overheating of the preparation while being treated with the mordant.
Washing the preparation in water after the application of the mordant, and again after the
staining, which should be rather deep, seems to be all that is necessary to obtain clear prejjara-
tions, if there has not been overheating and consequent deposition of a tine i)recipitate. The
ferrous sulphate solution, as well as the mordant and the staining fluid, slumld be freshly juepared.
Filtering the solution of ferrous sulphate and the solution of tannic acid before mixing in the
making of the mordant probably gives clearer preparations.
RESULTS.
The results of the analyses are given in tables showing the date, distribution district from
which the sample was collected, and the separate determinations, as well as the means and
averages. In addition to these, charts (Nos. I, II, III, and IV) have been prepared for the four
distribution districts to represent graphically the variations and approximate values of the
430
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIOJfAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
results. Bach mean or average determination of these four districts is indicated by a perpen-
dicnhir stripe or heavy broad line, showing- by its length the relative and approximate values of
that determination, and by its position the general time relations of the same. Stripes placed
directly above one another show that the determinations are of the same date. Tbe charts are
divided by vertical lines into spaces corresponding to the months which are named at the top.
Under the name of the month are given the inches of rainfall, and also the number of cases of
typhoid fever reported in the wards constituting the distribution districts during that mouth.
In cases where a ward lies only partly in the district, the number of cases for the whole
ward is included in the calculation. The figures for the average rainfall, by months, have been
furnished by Mr. John L. Ogden, chief of the bureau of water, from the regular observations
conducted by his department on the watersheds of the water supply. For this and other
courtesies the writer wishes to here make his acknowledgments.
The data of typhoid fever have been kindly given by Dr. J. How^ard Taylor, chief medical
inspector of the city board of health.
A curve (Diagram V) has also been constructed from daily determinations, in duplicate and
triplicate, of the chlorine in the water of the laboratory (Table VII, Belmont district), extending,
with some iuterruptions, from September 27, 1892, to August 0, 18!I3. In those places where the
curve is deficient no determinations have been made. The monthly raiufall averages are given with
this curve, as in the charts. All chemical results are expressed in parts per hundred thousand.
In the course of the work many accidents of various kinds have occurred, and of the deter-
minations affected some have been thrown out, while others have been retained, some judgment
being exercised in the matter. lu the results here given it has also happened in several cases
that doubt has arisen as to the dates of determinations or identity of samples and in the case of
the determiuatious of ammonia a slight confusion has arisen among distillates on two or three
occasions.
The nitrogen as nitrites has been determined mainly on samples collected prior to January,
and has been found to vary from O.OOOO.") to 0.0013 parts per hundred thousand. This last number
was exceptional, most of the results being below 0.0005 parts per hundred thousand.
With the idea of showing how the results of analyses of the water supply of Philadelphia
compare with those of the water supplies of New York City and of Boston, the table given below
has been prepared. The figures for the New York supply are taken from thirty-four cheuucal
analyses made by the city board of health at intervals of about a week or more, from the tirst
part of September, 1892, to the latter part of July, 1893, a period corresponding in general to
that occupied by the present investigation. In addition to the chemical analyses, twenty one
bacteriological estimations were made, generally at about the same intervals as the chemical
analyses, extending from the former date to the latter part of March, 1893.
The data for the Boston supply are taken from the report of monthly analyses made of the
water from a faucet in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in that city during the year
1891 and published in the report of the Massachusetts State Board of Health for that year. The
results of the examination of the Schuylkill are given separately from those of the Delaware. In
the case of the Schuylkill the figures are based on all the analyses of that water herein reported.
For each of the cities the maximum and minimum and the average for each of the subjects of
analyses is given.
It sliould be stated that the results for the nitrogen as nitrates in the New York water also
include the lutrogen as nitrites.
[Results in parts per 100000.]
Chlorine.
Free ammonia.
Albuminoid ammonia.
Nitrogen as nitrates.
Bacteria, per cubic
centimeter.
Mini-
mum.
Maxi-
mum.
Aver-
age.
Mini-
mum.
Maxi-
mum.
Aver-
age.
Mini-
mum.
Maxi-
mum.
Aver-
age.
Mimi-
mum.
Maxi-
mum.
Aver-
age.
Mini
mum.
Maxi-
mum.
Aver-
age.
New York City
Philadelphia:
Sclmylkill
Belaware
0.197
.IGO
.120
.310
0.299
.840
.450
.480
0.231
.40C
.240
.370
Trace.
.0000
.0006
.0000
0. 0030
.0099
.0155
.0022
0. 0008
.0025
.0031
.0005
0. 0030
.0936
.0082
. . 0126
0. 0205
.0231
.0223
.0190
0. 0095
.0112
.0130
.0161
0.015
.040
.020
.010
0.065
.220
.085
.040
0.034
.079
.051
.023
223
205
390
14, 798
33, 150
14, 385
3,040
4,078
3,475
MEMOIRS UF THE i^ATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 431
From these results it would appear that the water supi)ly of Philadelphia does uot ditter very
radically from the supi)lies of the other two cities. If averages aloue are cousidered, the greatest
differeuces are seen in the nitrates and in the " free ammonia," which are comparatively much
higher in rhiladelpina water than in the waters of ISlew York and Boston. Considering the
extremes alone, it will be observed that both the Schuylkill and the Delaware vary much more
than either of the others, and exceed both in all maximal results. If the chemical standards for
good or usable water, as given in reliable works on the subject, are applied to the results of the
analyses of the water of both rivers the following statements may be made;
Some of the results for free ammonia, the averages for albuminoid ammonia, and all of the
results for nitrates are excessive in both the Schuylkill and the Dtdaware waters, w^hile all of
the chlorine determinations and the averages for the free ammonia in both fall within the limits
of a good or usable water. The standard given by Park for oxygen consumed is based on determi-
nations made under conditions different from those employed in this work, and is therefore not
available.
According to the German authority, in both waters the averages for the albuminoid ammonia
and all of the nitrate determinations are not excessive. In the case of the Delawaie the average
oxygen consumed exceeds slightly the limit, while the average for the Schuylkill is below it,
though some individual determinations are excessive. By the same standards the free ammonia
for both is sometimes too high, but the averages are not, and no chlorine determination attains
the limits.
The average number of bacteria per cubic centimeter in both waters is excessive.
Of the microorganisms of a bacterial nature met with in the course of the bacteriological
work, fifty-two species and varieties are described elsewhere in this report.
These consist of two species of micrococci, two species of cladothriees, and forty-six .species
and two varieties of bacilli. Nearly all of these have been isolated from the plates of the water
of the Schuylkill; but it should not be inferred from this that there are only a few species in the
water of the Delaware. Many more jilates have been made from Schuylkill water than from the
Delaware, and, as many of the organisms described are by no means common, the opportunities
to isolate the rare forms in the case of the latter have been comparatively limited. Moreover, the
isolations were purposely made for some time from Schuylkill plates exclusively, with the idea of
turning later to the Delaware and doing the same, but this was not carried out. The general
impression accpiired, liowever, has been that the number of species in the latter is not few, and
that practically all of the organisms occurring in the Delaware plates occur also in those of the
Schuylkill, but that the bacterial flora of the last named is the richer of the two.
In the description of the morphology the terms "large," "medium sized," and "small" have
been used. In explanation it may be said that by a "large" bacillus is meant one which
approaches the dimensions of the bacillus subtilis, while the term "medium sized" may be taken
as indicating that the organism is about the size of the typhoid bacillus.
With the exception of the bacillus subtilis, ramosus exiguus, refractans, nebulosus, and the
cladothrix rufula, all of the organisms which grow well at 3G° C. have been inoculated into white
mice subcutaneously with no definite results.
A rabbit was also inoculated subcutaneously with the cladothrix dichotoma, but no abscess
formation was observed. In addition to the organisms here described a number of other species
have been imperfectly studied and then abandoned for various reasons. Among these was a
streptococcus which seemed to be identical in cultural characteristics with the ordinary pyogenic
organism.
It seems very probable that a further study of these waters Avonhl show a number of other
species not included in this report. That this number, fifty-two species, is not exceptional will be
evident from the statement that Maschek has isolated fifty-five species from the Leitmeritz drinking
water, and Tils, from the water supply of Freiburg, fifty-nine species. Only a few of the bacteria
isolated in the C(mrse of this work have been identified by the published descriptions at hand
with other water bacteria. It is very probable that many of them have been met with in the
course of other investigations. Neither the "colon" bacallus nor the bacillus of typhoid fever
have been found in tlie water. In regard to microscopic organisms other than bacteria which
occur in the water little work has been done. The few examinations which have been made with
432 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
reference to them would seeui to indicate tbat these forms are not immerous. The suspended
matter in the water as it Hows from the tap of tlie laboratory is often so great in amount as to give
the water a deep chocolate color. This material under the microscoi)e seems to be of an earthy
nature, ami is both amorphons and crystalline, with a few diatoms scattered through it.
In conclusion, the writer desires to thank Dr. H. S. Warwick, assistant in chendstry in this
laboratory, for aid rendered in the course of the chemical work. Thanks are also due to Dr.
Amick, of Fifteenth and Indiana avenue; to Mr. Lacky, of Fifth and Lehigh avenue; and to Mr.
Seeley, of 2407 Fairmount avenue, from whose respective pharmacies water has been obtained
for facilitating the collection of the samples.
Micrococcus orbiculatus.
Isolated from the water of the Scliuylkill River. Rare. A rather large nonmotile coccus,
occurring in pairs, tetrads, and small clumps. Division takes place in two directions.
Colonies in (jelatin. — About the fifth day the surface colonies are rounded, elevated, shirdng,
whitish disks, about 1 mm. in diameter. After some time they may attain a diameter of 2 to .'J mm.
and have a dark yellow color with a pale margin.
Under a low magnifying power tliey are granular, rather dense and refracting, and have a
brownish to warm yellow-brown color. Their outlines are rounded and sharply defined.
The deep colonies are rounded, I'ather opaque, yellowish, and have sharply defined outlines.
Gclniin slant. — Rather narrow, brownish yellow, shining, slightly rough stripe witJi scalloped
and sharply defined margins. The growth is rather dense and sometimes the margins are paler
in color.
Aciil f/elafin. — Good growth.
Aower are rounded, and have a smooth, sharply defined outline. They are
granular, and yellow in color, sometimes with a greenish tint, and are somewhat refracting.
Gelatin slant. — Narrow, pale yellow, semitranslucent strii^e, with a finely scalloped or dentated
margin.
Acid gelatin. — Growth is less vigorous.
Agar slant. — Thin, pale, yellow, narrow stripe of discrete and confluent colonies.
Bouillon. — Clouded. Yellowish sediment.
Potato. — Scanty pale yellow, moist, rather thin growth.
Litmus mill\ — No noteworthy eft'ect.
Sugar gelatin in deep stab. — Very little growth, if any.
' Mittheilungen d. Oest. Versuchstation, 1888, Heft II. Keferenoe given by Lustig: Diaguostica dei batterL
del le acque.
- Bakteriologische Diagiiostik.
MEMOIUS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 435
Eosolic acid. — Giowtli not vi,i;()ious. Probably somewbat decolorized.
IndnJ prodiirtiiiii. — Reaction dinihtfnl. TIk' addition of nitrite is necessary, (irowtli is not
vigorous.
RcltitioH lit iciiiinrdtiirc. — Does not gi'ow at 35° to 30° (J.
Bacillus ovalis.
Isolated from tlie water of tlie Scbuylkill liiver. Rare. A inediumsizetl, siiort, rounded,
iioniiiotilc bacillns, oeeurrinj:' in pairs and oecasionally in lonu' forms.
^o spore tbrnnitiou observed.
Colonics ill (lelaiiii. —
colonies, when magnifled, are rather opaque and granular, with siiarply defined, rounded outlines,
and have'a brownisli color.
After a time the surface (colonies maj' attain a diameter of about li mm. or so, and become
more elevated and of a darker yellow or brown-yellow color, while the gelatin acquires a slight
brown tint.
They are shining aud smooth on the surface, are slightly translucent, and have a sharply
defined, rouiuled outline.
(Iclutiii slant. — An elevated, brownish, yellow, dense, somewhat viscid looking growth, not
spreading widely, but confined to the line of inoculation. The surface is shining and is sometimes
smooth, though usually uneven and somewhat rugged, while the margin is slightly irregular
but sharply defined. The gelatin acquires a brown tint after a time. When the growth is younjj
it is of a pale yellow color.
Acid fjrlatiii. — Gro\\s well.
Agar nUiiit. — Pale, yellow, irregular, rather dense, shining growth, not spreading widely.
Bouillon. — Whitish, llocculent sediment. The liquid is clear. There may be a ring of minute
yellowish fiocculi on the wall of the tube at the level of the liquid.
Potato. — Viscid, dirty brown-yellow, moist layer, spreading rather widely.
Litmus milk. — Decolorized, not definitely coagulated. A yellow scum adheres to the tube wall,,
and the milk has an acid reaction. A yellowish, viscid material has been noted on the surface.
Siif/ar aijat in deep stab. — Only slight development; no gas production.
Bosolic acid. — Does not grow vigorously; etfect uncertain.
Indol production. — Faint reaction; growth not vigorous; does not form nitrites.
Relation to temperature. — Does not grow at 35° to 36° 0.
Bacillus lacunatus.
Isolated from the water of the Schuylkill Eiver. Rare. A small, short, rounded, nonmotile
iiaciilus; occurring often in pairs and sometimes in snuill chunps. The length is somewhat
variable. No spore formation observed.
Colonies in gelatin. — After about twenty-foirr hours the surface colouies are excessively thin,
transparent expansions, slightly grayi.sh toward the center, and have very irregular outlines.
They may be -' mm. or 3 mm. in diameter. (See PI. II, fig. 11.)
ruder a low power they are very transparent and thin, granular at their centers, and very
irregular aud deeply cleft in outline.
In some cases small, irregular open spaces or lacuna- may be seen where the growth is
inconq)lete, and here and there, near the margins, faint, wavy, irregular lines, which recall the
appearance of wood graining. The deep colonies are rounded, siiarply defined in outline, faintly
granular, and grayish brown in tuit. By the second or third day tin' colonics have increased
somewhat in size aud may have a diameter of 4 mm. to 5 mm. They remain thin and translucent,
but develop a yellow haziness about their centers.
Gelatin slant.— A thin, translucent, more or less wide stripe with very irregular, wavy, or
dentated margins. The color is grayish at first, later becoming more or less yellow, usually along,
the central portion.
43 G MEMOIES OF THE JfATIO:N^AL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Acid geJafin. — Grows well. Does not seem to develop any yellow color.
Af/ar sidiit. — Wliitisli or grayisli tiut, not widely spreading strijie, with finely dentated or
scalloped margins. The agar, after a time has a brownish green color. In sugar agar stab the
medium becomes a deep brown color near the surface.
BoiiiUon. — Clouded. Some sediment. Xo pellicle.
Potato. — Thin, viscid, dirty brownish, widely spreading layer.
Litmus milk. — No coagulation. Milk is decolorized, and later acquires a brown color, which
gets deeper and of a chocolate color as the culture grows older. There is a brownish ring on the
wall of the tube, and above this a bluish red ring; the reaction is acid.
Sugar gelatin in deep stab. — Fair growth; no gas production; at the surface of the medium
where there is good growth, a brown color is produced in the gelatin. This brown color is
apparently ilue to the presence of the glucose in the culture medium, for it has also been observed
in sugar agar, as noted above.
liosoUc acid. — Color is deepened.
Tndol iwoduction. — Good reaction; does not form nitrites.
Relation to temi)erature. — Does not grow at 35° to 30° C.
Bacillus latericeus (Eisenberg).'
Ziegelroter bacillus (Adametz).'-
Isolated from the water of the Schuylkill Eiver. Rare. A medium-sized, elongated, non-
motile bacillus, with rounded ends, often somewhat curved and growing into short threads; no
spore formation observed.
Colonies in gelatin. — After about a week the surface colonies are small, round, elevated,
shining, reddish in color, semitranslucent, and have a sharply defined outline. The diameter of
the largest is less than 1 mm. Under a low power they are refracting, of a warm, reddish brown
•or red tint, and have a rounded, smooth, sharply defined contour. The deep colonies are rounded
and granular. The colonies never attain any size, and they grow slowly.
Gelatin slant. — Narrow, elevated, shining, viscid-looking stripe, of a brownish red to a dark
■yermilion color.
Acid gelatin. — Grows well.
Agar slant. — Pale, reddhsh brown or yellowish brown, narrow, smooth, moist, shining and
semitranslucent stripe, with wavy, sharply defined margins.
Bouillon. — Clear, some stringy sediment; the reaction is alkaline.
i^info.— Thin, reddish, moist-looking, not very widely spreading growth.
Litm us m ill: — Decolorized and coagulated. The clot forms a level floor for a layer of brownish
red colored, cloudy serum above, and on this floor a reddish sediment accumulates as well as at
the bottom of the tube. The layer of serum deepens very slowly. The reaction is neutral.
Sugar gelatin in deep stab. — No growth.
Bosolic acid. — Color somewhat deepened ; reaction is slightly alkaline ; growth is not vigorous.
Tndol production. — Negative; does not grow vigorously.
Melation to temperature. — Does not grow at 35° to 36° C.
Bacillus fluoresceus incognitus.
Isolated from the water of the Schuylkill River. A medium-sized, motile, rather short bacillus,
with rounded ends, occurring often in pairs and sometimes in threads. In fluid media grows in
long chains. It has a polar flagellum. No spore formation observed.
Colonics in gelatin. — On the second or third day the surface colonies are thin, translucent
exi^ansions, with irregular, wavy, sharply defined outlines, and of a diameter of several millimeters.
Sometimes a central, whitish nodule may be seen. Under a low magnifying power the colony is
translucent and slightly granular, taking on a slight yellow-brown tint toward the center, where
> Sternberg, Man. Baet., 1892. p. 628.
- Adametz. Die Bacterieu iler Nutz- uiul Trinkwasser, Vienna, 1888.
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 437
tliere is often a small, rDiinded, sliarply dctined relVactiiig nuck'us of tin- same color. (See PL I,
fig. 3.) The outline is sbari)ly ilefmed, but very irreg'iilar and sinuous, and the surface of the
colony is marked by numerous delicate lines wliicli sometimes brancli, suggesting, in connection
with the sinuous outline, the appearance of a leaf with its veins. The deei) colonies are rounded
or oval and sliarjjly defined in outline. They have a yellowish brown tint, and are finely granular
and not dense. In a day or two the colonies have a greenish tint, and few ia number may attain
a diameter of (i mm. to 8 mm. The gelatin around them acquires a bluegrecn fiuorescence.
Gelatin slant. — Thin, translucent, slightly greenish stripe, with wavy outlines, not spreading
very widely. The gelatin takes on a blue-green tluorescence and becomes cloudy at the surface.
Acid gelatin. — Growth not so vigorous and less green color produced in medium.
Af/nr ,('i'()li(rizc(l and coaiiiilated after a week or two: tlio clot is jelly like, and the
seruin is cloudy and of a yellow color; tlierc is a yellow riiiu' on tiie tube wall al)o\c the level of
the liiitiiil; the reacti(*n is neutral.
)>!ii(iitr (jeUithi ill deep ntub. — No f;rowtli.
h'osolic iieid. — fjittle or no growth.
Ituliil iiriuhu-tiiiii. — Netiative.
BcUitiiiii to 1ciii]>crirc. — !)((es not grow at .'55'^ tc .Sfio C.
Bacillus decidiosus.
Isolated from the water of the Schuylkill Kiver. Has been seen in the Delawaie water. A
sniall, short, iwnmotile bacillus with rounded ends, occurring often in pairs, and showing a
tendency to gather in "clumps;" no spore fornuition ol)ser^•cd.
Colonics ill geJatin. — On the second or third day the colonies appear as small, yellow-brown,
irregular clumps, about 1 mm. in diameter, usually lying in depre-ssious containing clear li(|uetied
gelatin ; sometimes a brown spot may be seen at the center. Under a low magnifying jiower they
are rather dense, granular, and of a brown-yellow <'olor, sometimes with a dark br()wn area at the
center. The outline is irregular and broken, while around some a refractive ring of li(pieficd
gelatin may be observed. In a day or so the colonics have increased somewhat in
size, and may api)ear to be partially split uj) into smaller, irregular, j-ellowisli clumps,
while the area of liquefaction around each is greater. (See PI. I, ftgs. .^ and 6.)
Gelatin stab. — Liquefaction extending down the line of inoculation in the form of
a funnel constricted at the top and inclosing an air bubble (tig. 2). The licpntied
gelatin contains yellowish floccnli in susjiension, and is clouded. On the surface a
j'ellow clump and at the bottom a yellowish precipitate; the reaction is alkaline.
Acid (jclatiii. — Growth is slower and development along the line of inoculation is
fainr.
Aijar slant. — Shining brown-yellow, scmitranslucent, not widely spreading growth,
comxwsed of discrete and confluent rounded colonies.
Bouillon. — Clouded; in older cultures a brown greenish color may be observed,
and the li(iuid may be clear, with a stringy sediment at the bottom.
Potato. — I?rown-yellow, moist, elevated, rough, irregular gr(jwth, somewhat viscid
looking.
Litmus iiiilli. — Viscid clot with cloudy, yellowish serum above. A brown-jellow
scum may form on the surface after some weeks; ou tube wall a bluish ring above a yellow ring;
the casein seems to be gradually dissolved; the reaction is alkaline or neutral.
Siujar gelatin in deep stab. — Some growth and liquefaction; no gas ju'oduction.
Rosiilic acid. — Effect is uncertain.
Jndol reaction. — Faint or doubtful reaction; does not produce nitrites.
Relation to temperature. — lioes not grow at 35° to 36° C.
Fir,.
Bacillus amiulatus.
Isolated from the Avater of the Schuylkill Kiver. A rather small motile bacillus, with rounded
ends, occurring singly, in pairs, and longer forms. It Ims several Hagella. ai)parently situated
at one or both ends.
Colonies in gelatin. — About the third or fourth day the colonies have formed round, saucer-
sbaped li(iuefactions, 2 mm. or 3 mm. in diameter; there is a yellowish mass at the center, and
this is surrounded by a cloudy zone of li(pielied gelatin. lender the low magnitying power a
thick, opa(pie yellowish clunq) is seen at the center, around this dark granular material, and at
the margin of the liquefaction sometimes an indistinct fringe of short hair-like processes, or the
outline maybe ill defined : motion of a circulating character maybe observed in the liquefied
area. The deeper colonics, under the low i)ower, are oval or irregularly round, brownish, finely
granular, and sharply detiued. If the colonies are few in number the liquefactions may attaiu a
444
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
diameter of 7 mm. or more, and may ahow one or two ciouceiitric, hazy, yellowisli rings formed of
yellowish flocculi.
Gelatin stab. — Liciuefactiou is saucer or cup form, with only faint development along
the line of inoculation (fig. 3). The li(]uefled gelatin is clouded, and an abundant yellow
llocculent deposit is seen at the bottom; there may be a delicate, somewhat iridescent
pellicle on the surface; the liquefied gelatin has an alkaline reaction.
Acid gelatin. — Good growth; no growth in line of inoculation.
Afiar slant. — "Warm, yellow, seniitranslueent stripe, with wavy margins and a
smooth shining surface.
Bouillon. — Clouded, and tlocculi in suspension. A yellow pellicle forms on the
surface, and there is an abundant, thick, membranous sediment, of a yellow color; the
reaction is alkaline.
Potato. — Thin, moist, spreading, brown-yellow colored growth.
Litmus milk. — Coagulated and decolorized; clot rather firm and serum clouded;
\ / pink ring on tube wall; yellowish deposit at bottom of tube; reaction is acid.
Rosolic acid. — Color much deepened; reaction is alkaline.
Indol production. — Faint reaction; does not produce nitrites.
Relation to temperature. — Does not grow at 3o^ to 30° C.
V^
Fig. 3.
Bacillus caudatus.
Isolated from the water of the Schuylkill River. Not frequent in occurrence. A rather
small, slender, nonmotile bacillus with conical ends, occurring often in pairs and in longer forms,
sometimes thread-like, which may show irregular segmentation; no spore formation observed.
Colonics in (jelatin. — About the third or fourth day the surface colonies are rounded, yellow,
seniitranslueent disks, with smooth or slightly wavy, sharjjly defined outlines, and a diameter (»t
1 mm. to 2 mm. (See PI. I, fig. 7.) Under a low power they are translucent and of a light yellow color,
becoudng colorless at the margin, which is sharply defined and smooth or slightly wavy. At the
center a small nucleus may be observed, and from this delicate lines radiate toward the periphery.
Sometimes various delicate indistinct markings may be made out in the colony in addition to these
radiating lines. The deep colonies under the low power are seen to be yellow in color, irregularly
rounded, and sharply defined in outline. Tiiey are seniitranslueent, faintly granular, and may
show faint radiating lines. Sometimes deep colonies may be seen which have short hair-like
lirocesses extending into the gelatin in an irregular manner. (See PI. I, fig. 8.) In stiff gelatin
these hair-like processes may be quite numerous and long, giving the colony a hazy
appearance to the naked eye and extending into the gelatin on all sides from the
colony as a center. In the course of a few days the colonies on the surface sink
somewhat in the gelatin, and some may become surrounded by a zone of liquefied
gelatin in which what appear to be yellow flocculi may be seen. Under the low power
the typical and characteristic li(]uefying colony is seen to consist of a brown-yellow,
somewhat refracting, coarsely granular central portion, surrounded by a broad zone
consisting of coiled and twisted, more or less yellowish and translucent bands or cords,
which lie in the li(juened gelatin and give the impression of yellowish flocculi to the
naked eye, as above noted. This aiipearance seems to be brought about through a
radial splitting of the surface exi)ansion and a lengthening and twisting of the process
thus formed. All grades of transition between this typical condition and the original
colony are quite commonly to be observed. Sometimes in colonies, slightly sunken in
the gelatin, short hair-like tufts maybe observed springing from the margin at different
jioints and projecting into the gelatin in an irregular manner; li(iuefactiou is slow.
Gelatin stab. — Liquefaction is cup shape or deep saucer form, sometimes constricted
at the top and inclosing an air space. (See fig. 4.) The liquefied gelatin is densely clouded and
contains a thick, yellow, floccnlent material, while a yellow scum may be observed on the surface.
Beneath the liquelaction there is a yellow haziness in the gelatin, and this continues down tlie line
of inoculation, gradually fading out. In some cases this haziness may be observed to take the form
-"W^
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
445
■of ill-defined lateral outgrowths. The growth along the line of inoculation is I'eeble; li(iuefactiou
slowly extends to tiie tube wall and downward for a short distance, the bottom of the li(iuefaction
becoming a horizontal plane on which a yellow sediment accuniulatcs and farther develoiinient
ceases. The liquefied gelatin has an alkaline reaction.
Acid (jelatin. — Grows feebly or not at all.
Agar slant. — Translucent, yellow, shining, not widely spreading gmwtli, with wavy, not
sharply defined margins.
Bouillon. — Clouded, yellowisli sediment and yellowish Halves on the tube wall at the le\el of
the liquid and sometimes on surface.
Potato. — neep orange colored, thick, elevated, moist, and widely spreading, with a somewhat
uneven surface.
Litmus Diilk. — -Slowly decolorized ; no coagulation after six weeks; a yellow scum fornis on the
surface, some yellow sediment and a brown-yellow ring on tube wall, with a Iduish ring above,
reaction neutral.
SiKjar gelatin in deep stab. — No growth.
Eosolic acid. — Decolorized; reaction alkaline.
Indol production. — Keaction doubtful.
Relation to temperature. — Grows at the temperature of the room: does ]U)t grow at .3.5'^
to 30° C.
Bacillus piillulans.
Isolated from the water of the Schuylkill River. Not a rare species. A small, short, motile
tacillus, with rounded ends, occurring often in pairs. It is provided with several flagella; no
i5i)ore formation observed.
Colonies in gelatin. — About the second or third day the surface colonies are yellow, shining,
slightly elevated, rounded, semitranslucent disks, thinner and whiter at the margins, with
shari)ly defined outlines, and about 2 mm. in diameter. When the colonies first appear they are
whitish and become yellow later. Under a low jwwer they are yellow in color, finely
granular and rather dense, but becon'iiig thin and colorless at their margins, which
are smooth or slightly wavy and sharply defined. A characteristic thing is the
liresence of coarse, rounded, or sausage-shaped granules on the under surface of the
colony, sometimes scattered irregularly and sometimes collected at one or more
Ijoints. The deep colonies are dark, granular, rounded, or slightlj^ irregular in outline,
and sharply defined. Sometimes buds or ])laqnes develop on the surfaces of the deep
colonies, and in older in^eparations like collections of small daughter colonies may
"be formed. The surface colonies slowly become surrounded by zones of hazy, liquefied
gelatin, with well defined circular outlines. A peculiar aromatic odor is developed in
mature plates.
Gelatin stab. — First a j-ellow, shining, slightly elevated, rounded patch forms at
the i>oiut of puncture, with a fair growth along the line of inoculation; later liquefac-
tion occui's in the form of a cup funnel or inverted cone constricted at the top, where
there is an air space, and all the gelatin is slowly liquefied. The liquefied gelatin
contains yellowish fiocculi in susjieusion, and there is a tlocculent j'ellow deposit in
the lower portions, while on the surface a yellow clump or scum may be seen (fig. 5).
Acid gelatin. — Grows somewhat less vigorously with little or no liquefaction
along the line of inoculation; but the liquefaction extends to tube wall and downward with a
rounded flow; the liquefied gelatin has a slightly alkaline reaction.
Agar slant. — A narrow, yellow, semitranslucent stripe with finely wa\y or finely scalloped
margins.
Bouillon. — Clouded: grayish setliment at bottom; grayish flakes on the surface, which may
form an imperfect pellicle.
Potato. — ^loist, viscid looking, brownish yellow, shining, widely sju'eading, rather thick
growth.
Litmus milk. — Decolorized and yellow ring on tube wall, with a yellow scum on the surface;
coagulation also occurs, with some cloudy yellowish serum above; the reaction is uncertain.
446 MEMOIES OF THE NATIO]S"AL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Sur/ar gelatin in deep stab. — Fair growth, exteudiug all along the liue of inoculation as a narrow
cylinder; no gas is produced.
Knsolic acid. — The color is deepened.
Indid production. — A good reaction; does not form nitrites.
Relation to temperature. — Grows well at 35^ to 30° C
Bacillus arboiesceiis ( Franklaud.)
Varieties « auil h.
Isolated from the water of the Delaware Eiver. A medinmsized, slender, nornnotilc bacillus,
occurring often in pairs and indistinctly segmented threads; no spore formation observed.
Colonies in gelatin. — About the third day the surface colonies may be several millimeters in
diameter, and consist of yellowish collections of tlocculi lying in depressions containing liqaetied
gelatin, each surrounded by a translucent, almost invisible, hazy zone. The deep colonies are
rounded, hazy, translucent spots. Under a low power the surface colonies are seen to consist
about their centers of irregular, broken, semitranslucent, yellow, granular masses, while toward
the periphery they form thin translucent zones, marked here and there with delicate lines, and
lying on the surface of the nouliquefled gelatin. These thin, peripheral expansions in turn are
continuous with anastomosing networks or plesitses of numerously branching, thin, delicate,
translucent processes of varying widths, which extend for some distance on the surface of the
gelatin. The surface colonies are subject to some variation in appearance, dei^eudent on the
gelatin used, but the characteristic thing is the anastomosing peripheral zone, and it will usually
be seen more or less well developed; the deep colonies also vary in their appearance. The
typical deep colony, under a low power, when very yonug and almost invisible to the imked eye,
may be seen to consist of a translucent, axial trunk, breaking up at both ends into more or less
numerous branches, which, in turn, break \\\> into smaller ones. By the third day the colony has
a bushy appearance (see PI. I, fig. !t), consisting of a yellow, semitranslucent, gnarled looking,
central axis, which expands at either pole into a rapidly branching and rebranching tree-like
structure. The colony thus seems, in typical cases, to be composed of two symmetrical halves,
the outlines of the growth being in general rounded or spherical and well defined. A rather slow
liquefaction of the gelatin, which has been permeated by the growtb, occurs. In some cases the
characteristic bushy appearance of the deep colonies may be absent, and they may be seen under
a low power to be yellow, refracting, granular masses, sometimes in pairs, and may be provided
with numerous short, irregular, hair like processes, extending into the gelatin.
A probable variety of this bacillus has been isolated liom the same source, the colonies of
which seem to liquefy more rapidly and difter from the above in their apjiearance. They form
liquefactions several millimeters in diameter, containing yellow flocculent material, and show
fine delicate lines or threads radiating toward the periphery. The deeper colonies consist of
yellowish ijoints, surrounded by wide, well-defined, hazy zones, through which radiate delicate
lines. The larger colonies under the low power show filaments and bundles of filaments running
in a radial direction in the liquefied gelatin, sometimes twisted and contorted, and becoming
smaller toward the periphery. In some cases indications of the formation of the cliaracteristic
anastomosing peripheral zone of the colony first described may be seen. In addition to these
elements granular clumps and masses of a yellow or brown color will be seen, esi)ecially about the
centers. The deep colonies under the low i)ower have a yellow granular central nucleus, from
which filaments extend into a wide, faintly granular zone with a circular outline and a faint fringe
at the periphery. These filaments in some cases form delicate threads running to the ijeriphery
of the surrounding zone, giving the radiating appearance seen by the naked eye. In other cases
these radiating lines may be absent, as in fig. 9, PI. I. It would seem that this zone is really
formed by an extensive branching of the filamentous outgrowths from the central nucleus, together
with the liquefaction or semiliquefaction of the gelatin threads permeated by them.
Gelatin .stab. — Liquefaction in cup shape or deep saucer form, with haziness along the line of
inoculation (tig. G). The liquefaction extends to the tube wall, and slowly downward, the How
becoming level. The liquefied gelatin is clouded, and yellow in color, with a yellow sediment at
MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OE SCIENCES.
447
r
Fiu.
the bottom. In the case of the variety b of this baciUus, before mentioned, liquefaction proceeds
near the surface in a manner sinnhir to the above, but in addition extends along- the inoculation
line (tig. 7). The gelatin along the line of iuoculation lias a hazy ai)peai-an(!e foi- .some
distance on each side. The ]i(|uetied gelatin in both varieties lias an alkaline reaction.
Acid (jeJatin. — No growth.
Atjur slant. — Translucent, yellow, iridescent layer, with iil-delined transparent
margins.
HiiniUoii. — Clouded: yellowish sediment at the bottom, while on tlic
surface a broken yellowish pellicle forms: the bouillon ac(|uires a yellow
tint.
Piitdto. — A warm, orauge-colored, viscid-looking, thick, shining, widely
spreading layer.
Litiinif! viilk. — Decolorized and .slowly coagulated; yellow tlakes at the
surface; the reaction is neutral.
Su(/((r geldtin in deep stub. — No growth.
Rosalie avid. — Decolorized; reaction alkaline.
Indol production. — Negative or doubtful.
lieUition to temperature. — Does not grow at 35° to 30° C.
Remarks. — This organism was first described by the Franklands
(Ueber einige typische Mikro-organismen im Wasser und im Bodeu, Zeitschrift fiir
\^ ^ Hygiene, Bainl VI, pp. 379, 380, ISSO), who found it in the water supplj' of Lomhtn.
Tils met with it in the Freiburg water supply (Bakteriologi.sche X'ntersuchung des
Freiburger Leitungswassers, Zeitschrift fiir Hygiene, 1890, Baud IX), and Tataroft'
includes it in his list of organisms isolate° to 36^ C.
Remarks. — This bacillus (vide Sternberg, Man. Bact., p. 035) was first described by Allen J.
Smith, who states (The ^ledical News, 1887, Vol. II, p. 758) that he observed it in considerable
numbers in the Schuylkill water. In the course of this work it has been observed but once.
c::^
v^
Fig. 11.
Bacillus subtilis (ELrcuberg).'
Isolated from the water of the Schuylkill Biver: seems to be a common organism. A large,
motile bacillus, occurring singly, in i)airs, and in threads, which break up into short segments,
each of which develops a large oval spore at its center; it is provided with numerous flagella.
' Fliigge, Die Microorganisnien.
452 MEMOIHS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OP SCIENCES.
Colonies in gelatin. — On the second day the surface colonies have formed saucer-shaped liqiae-
factions, which aie cloudy and contain more or less whitish material in clnmiis; their outlines are
sharply detined and circular. Under a low magnifying power the li(iuetied gelatin is seen to be
])ermeated by a more or less dense network of fibrils, and to be limited at the periphery by a fringe
of short, hair like processes which radiate into the uonliqueticd gelatin. (See PI. I, fig. 11.) In
some cases a coarsely granulated appearance of the liquefied gelatin maybe observed and motion
of a circulating character may be seen in it. The deep colonies under the low power appear as
dense, opaque, rounded bodies, sometimes having a greeuish shimmer, from which numerous
hair-like i)rocesses, some of which may be quite long, extend into the gelatin in a somewhat
irregular manner; liquefaction progresses rapidly.
Gelatin stab. — Liquefaction quickly spreads to the tube wall at the surface and more slowly
extends along the line of inoculatiou ; liquefaction extends downward and laterally from the
line of inoculation until all the gelatin is li([uefied. (See fig. 12.) A thick, wrinkled,
white mycoderm forms on the surface; immediately beneath this the licpiefied gelatin
is clear, while thick, flocculent, whitish masses collect in the lower portions of the
liquefaction. The reaction of the liquefied gelatin is alkaline.
Acid gelatin. — Grows well; no liquefaction along line of inoculation; liquefaction
is retarded and proceeds from above downward with a level flow.
Agar slant. — Graj', white frosted, or velvety felt like membranous layer with
somewhat furred margins; in older cultures it becomes denser, smooth and shining,
and the margins more sharply defined and wavy, while the agar acquires a slight
smoky brown-greeu color; a few wrinkles may sometimes be observed in the growth.
Bouillon. — Clouded at first; later a thick, white, friable mycoderm, which sinks to
the bottom when the tube is shaken, forms on the surface.
Potato. — White, moist, velvety, rather thick, and widely spreading layer; later
V I y it becomes shining, and may have a slimy appearance.
j,j^ J, Litmus milk. — Coagulated and decolorized; the coagulum is viscid or jelly-like, and
the serum is dark colored and clouded with fiocculi and irregular clumps in suspension;
there is a bluish ring on the tube wall above the level of the liquid, and the reaction is alkaline;
the casein seems to be slowly dissolved.
Siigar gelatin in deep stab. — Good growth with liquefaction; no gas is foi-med.
Rosolic acid. — No growth.
Indol production. — Faint reaction; does not produce nitrites.
Relation to iemper((ture. — Grows well at room tenqjcrature and at 35° to 36° C.
Remarhs. — Tils found this organism among the many species described by him in his report
on the water supply of Freiburg. (Zeitsch. fiir Hygiene, Bd. IX, p. 315, 1890.)
Bacillus detrudens.
Isolated from the Schuylkill water. Seems to be a common contaminating organism,
especially in potato cultures. A medium-sized motile bacillus, with blunt ends, about two or
three times as long as broad, occurring singly, in pairs, and in long forms. It
has numerous flagella. Forms rather small, oval spores, about as broad as the
bacillus, usually situated nearer one end of the rod. (See iig. 13.)
Colonies in gelatin. — On the second or third day the surface colonies appear
as whitish, rounded, semitranslneent disks, with smooth, sharply defined outlines, j.,q jg
1 mm. to 2 mm. in diameter. Under a low i)Ower the colony is seen to be brownish
and granular, growing more translucent toward the edge, which is smooth and sharply defined.
Toward the center the colony is nnich darker and may have a greenish shimmer, and a central
nucleus may be observed. Between the center and the perijihery scattered coarser granules or
faint lines may sometimes be seen. The deep colonies are generally rounded, oval, or slightly
irregular in outline. (PI. I, figs. 11 and 15; PI. II, fig. 3.) They are rather dense, brownish in
tint, and highly granular, with .sharply detined outlines. Sometimes, apparently in soft gelatin,
the deep colonies nuvy form very irregular figures by the outgrowth of daughter colonies as
0 0
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADE:\IY OF SCIENCES. 453
])laqucs and buds. Tuft like outpowtlis of slioit fibrils may be seen on tliese. Liquefaction soon
occurs, and the surface colony becomes surrounded by a wide zone of cloudy, liquefied gi'latin.
F^uder a low power tlie colony is now seen to bi; nuicli denser and may have a greenish brown
shimmer. It may present the appearance of being broken up into a mass of closely
packed clumps or marked by indistinct crooked lines. The liquefied area is dense,
brownish, and granular, and is limited at the jieriphery by a zone of closely packed,
radiating brown lines. Beyond this, again, a thin, translucent, almost invisible border
lies on the nonliquefled gelatin. This has a very irregular outline. (See PI. II, fig.
1.) In the liquefied zone motion of a circulatory character may be made out. In older
C()lonies the growth in the liquefied area is seen to have acquired a luenibranous
character and to be continuous with the original colony at the center, so that the
whole colony consists of a rather viscid membrane lying in a depression containing
liquefied gelatin. If a plate containing numerous colonies be examined with a low
power after about thirty hours (PI. II, fig. .!), the young surface colonies may be seen
to have very grotesque and irregular outlines.
Geldtin sidli. — On the third day a rounded, rather deep, saucer-shaped liquefaction
has formed not yet extending to the tube wall. The liquefied gelatin is clouded, and
there is a mycoderm on the surface which recalls in its appearance frosted glass. By
the sixth day liquefaction has extended to the tube wall and downward for a consid- Ym^i.
erable distance, the li(iuefied gelatin being separated from the nonlicpiefied by a nearly
horizontal plane. (See fig. 14.) The liquefied gelatin is nearly clear, and there is a tough,
yellowish white, coarsely wrinkled mycoderm on the surface and some sediment at the bottom.
There is only slight growth in the line of inoculation. The reaction of the liquefied gelatin is
alkaline.
Acid gelatin. — Growth is retarded.
Agar slant. — Creamy white layer extending to the wall of the tube on each side, except near
the top of the slant, where it becomes narrow. The growth is smooth, homogenous, and shining.
A few slight wrinkles may sometimes be observed. By transmitted light the growth is white and
not translucent. The agar may take on a faint green tint after a time.
Bouillon. — Clouded. A thin, imperfect pellicle forms on the surface and there is some
sediment.
Potato.— A rapidly growing, widely spreading, light brown, rather thin but dense and
coherent layer which is thrown up into very numerous delicate wrinkles and folds which cross
one another in various directions, giving the potato the appearance of being covered by a
network.
Litmus mill;. — Action is slow; after a week partly decolorized from the bottom ; later, coagula-
tion and complete decolorization ; the coagulum is viscid and above it is seen a layer of cloudy
serum; there is a slightly bluish ring on the wall of the tube above the level of the liquid; the
reaction is neutral.
Sugar gelatin in deep stab. — Slight dcvelopnuMit ; no gas production.
Eosolic acid. — No vigorous growth; little or no change in color.
Indol production. — lieaction is faint or doubtful; does not produce nitrites.
Relation to tem])erature. — Grows well at the temperature of the room and at 35° to 36° C.
Bacillus crinitus.
Isolated IVom the water of the Schuylkill Piver. Not common. A large, nonmotHe bacillus
with bluet ends, occurring usually in chains and segmented threads. Forms oval or rounded
spores, which arc situated near one end of a short segment or rod. (See fig. lo.)
/^ Colonies In gelatin.— Ahont the second day or earlier the surface colonies appear as
round, shining, whitish, seniitranslucent disks, 1 mm. to 2 mm. in diameter, and with a
Ql smooth, sharply defined outline: they have a viscid consistency, adhering to the "loop"
FiG.15. and stringing out into viscid threads. Under a low magnifying power they are dark, higiily
granular, and have a smooth, shai'idy defined outlhie; the deep colonies are dark and
opaque, usually coarsely granular at margin: the outline is rounded or oval and sharply defined.
On the third dav the colonies arc larger, and consist of more or less dcu.se. felt-like pellicles,
454
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
witli sliylitly crimped or folded niaigins, and are soinewbat sunken in liquefied gelatin. (PI. II,
fig. '».) Under tbe low po^Yer tliey are dense and opaque, with a greeui.sli shimmer in some place.s.
At margins they are seen to be made up of a felt-worlc of rather coarse fibrils, some of which
project from the margin, giving it a "frayed" api)earance, while others maybe seen
floating in the liquefied gelatin as short fragments.
Gdutiii stab. — Liquefaction begins in cupsliape and s])reads to the tube wall and
also downward. (See fig. IC.) When the liquefaction has extended to the tube wall
the flow of the liquefaction has the form of a wide angled funnel. There is a faint
growth in stab; the liquetied gelatin is clouded exciqit in upper hvyer, which may be
nearly clear, while at the bottom there is an abundant yellowish white flocculent
sediment.
Acid (/rlnfin. — (irowth retarded.
Affdr shiiit. — Grayish white, frosted looking, rather dense strijie, with wavy, irreg-
ular margins: it is yellowish white by transmitted light; the agar requires a smoky
greenish color.
i>o«((7/o)i.— Clouded with whitish flocculi at surface and a whitish sediment.
rotnto. — Thick creamy white, viscid, widely spreading layer, becoming soon yellow-
ish, and later caseous in appearance.
Litmus milk. — Decolorized and a smoky bluish cDlored layer of cloudj' serum at
surface and bluish ring on wall of tube; the white portion becomes viscid and jelly-like, and is
gradually dissolveil, the layer of serum above gradually increasing in depth ; the reaction is neutral,
/^uf/ar gelatin in deep »tab. — Some growth and liquefaction; no gas ])ro(biction.
Rosolic acid. — Somewhat decolorized; growth is not vigorous.
Indol production. — Faint or doubtful reaction; the addition of nitrite is necessary.
Relation to temperatiire. — Grows well at the temperature of the room and at 35° to 36° C.
Fill. 16.
Bacillus lamosus.
(Wurtzt-l bai-illus.)
Isolated from the water of the Schuylkill Itiver. Not uncommon. It has also Iteen observed
in the Delaware water. A large nonniofile bacillus, growing into long segmented threads. In
stained preparations these segments are separated by a clear interval, and liave s(juare ends.
Forms oval spores in the middle of a segment.
Colonies in gelatin. — After twenty-four hours the colonies appear as hazy, ill-defined sxjots,
with small, indistinct, slightly denser centres. On close inspection they are seen to consist of a
loose feltwork; the gelatin is liquetied in a short time. Under a low power a loose network is
seen, formed of very long, fine, hair-like filaments, which are sometimes straight and sometimes
delicately undulating, running in all directions, and crossing one another at all angles. Toward
the center of the "spot" the network is somewhat denser, and here a dark, ill-defined "nucleus"
may be found. If the colonies are few in number they may very soon attain a diameter of a
centimeter or more.
Gelatin stah. — The gelatin is permeated by very numerous, long, delicate filaments, which
grow out at right angles to the line of inoculation, giving the well-known "inverted fir-tree'
appearance which has l)een described, while a thick, wrinkled, whitish layer forms on the surface;
liquefaction of all the gelatin occurs after a time.
Acid gelatin. — Grows less vigorously; there is less development of lateral outgrowths from
the line of inoculation; an alkaline reaction is produced in the liquefied gelatin.
Agar .'ilant. — IJather thick, whitish, dense, felt-like layer, widely spreading and somewhat
wrinkled; about the margins thread-like processes maybe seen forming more or less of a network;
the agar becomes slightly greenish.
Bouillon. — Veil-like sheets form a thick, wrinkled, more or less complete whitish mycodeini
on the surface, while a membranous sediment settles to the bottom; the reaction is alkaline.
Potato. — Grayish white, dense, rough, widely spreading layer.
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
455
Lit lima milk. — Coagulated and decolorized; the clot is firm and the serum more or less clouded ;
there may be more; or less pink coloration in the clot; the reaction is neutral or slightly acid.
Si(roduction.
Ro,solic acid. — Decolorized; reactio]i alkaline^
Indol production. — Negative.
Relation to tem2)cr(itiire.— Grows at the temperature of the room and at 3-")^ to 30^ C.
Rrmark.'i. — This bacillus has been described by the Frauklauds (Zeitschrift fiir Hygiene, Bd.
VI, ISSi), p. 388) under t1ie name 15. ramosus. They state that they have freciuently met with it
in the waters of the Thames and the Lea, and consider it to be identical with the Wurtzel bacillus
of l';isenberg (IJacteriologische Diagnostik) and of C. Fraiikel ((irundriss der Bacterienkunde).
LTnder the latter name it is mentioned by Tils (Zeitschrift fiir Hygiene, Bd. IX, p. 291, 1890) as
being one of the more common organisms in the Freiburg water supply. Pokrowsky found it in
the water of the Kura lliver. (Centralblatt fiir Bact. u. Par.. Bd. X, 1891, p. '>C>(j.)
Bacillus siiblanatus.
Isolated from the water of the Schuly kill Piver. A medium-sized, motile bacillus, with rounded
ends, occurring sometimes in pairs and in long forms; it has several tlagella; Ibrms
rounded, spores situated in swellings near the ends of the rods. (See fig. 17.)
Colonir.s ill (jclatin. — About tlie second day the surface colonies appear as rounded
grayish disks, 1 mm. to 2 mm. in diameter. LTnder a low power they are granular,
rather dense toward their centers, but become more translucent at their margins, which
are sharply defined and nearly smooth. The deep colonies are generally round, brownish Fr.i. n.
and granular, not dense, and sharply contoured; under some circumstances they may
forin colonies or aggregations of small daughter colonies. The original colony in the " water" plate
was a radiating figure formed of columns of these daughter colonies; but no such characteristic
appearance has beeu seen in the colonies derived from this. About the third day liquefaction
is present, and the surface colonies have formed round, saucer-shaped li(|nefactions,
which are yellowish white at their centers, while in the cloudy, liquefied gelatin which
they contain a hazy ring may be seen. Under a low [>ower these liquefied areas ai-e
dense aiul granular, toward their centers brownish, while at their margins a fringe of
radiating fibrils maybe seen.
Gelatin stab. — Liquefaction in deep saucer form constricted at the top (fig. 18). This
gradually extends to the wall of the tube and also downward with a rounded fioor,
eventually becoming level. There is faint growth along tlie line of inoculation; the
liquefied gelatin is clouded with a whitish mycodei-m at the sui'face. and after a tune
an abundant, whitish sediment; an alkaline reaction is produced.
^•lr/(/ (jilatin. — (Irowth is perhaps less vigorous and the liquefied gelatin acquires
a neutral reaction.
Aijar slant. — Translucent, thin, grayish, narrow stripe, with sharjily defined
margins: the growth seems to thrive better beneath the surface of the agar: the
V J nu'dium acquires a brownish green color.
Tio «//?(>». —Clouded with a whitish sediment; the bouillon acquires a greenish tint.
Potato. — Brownish, thin, granular looking, rather widely spreading moist growth.
Litm IIS milk. — No coagulation ; the milk is decolorized and the casein seems to go into solution ;
there is a bluish ring in the tube wall and the reaction is alkaline.
Siiffar gelatin in deep stab. — Only very faint development after some weeks; no gas.
L'osolic acid. — Apparently no growth.
Jndol production. — Does not grow vigorously: reaction faint or doubtful: the addition of
nitrite solution is necessary.
Relation to temperature. — Crows at the temperature of the room and at 35^ to 36° C
-^
456 MEMOIES OF THE NATIONAL AOxVDEMY OF SCIENCES.
Bacillus capillaceus.
Isolated from the. water of tbe Scbuylkill Kiver. Not coninioii. A large viotile bacillus vrhh
square or bhiiit eiuls. growing into segmented threads; it has a number of flagella; forms oval
spores, which develop in tlie centers of the short rods or segments. (See fig. I'J.)
.•■■■■■; Colonies in (jelatin. — On the surface, about the second or third day, saucer-shaped
iQi liquefactions of a hazy appearance, 2 mm. or so in diameter and growing larger, may
•...-■■ l^c «olar flagellated bacillus, the number
of tlagella varying from one to probably four; no spore formation observed.
Colonies iu (jelatiii. — About the second day the surface colonies are rounded, semitranslucent,
whitish disks, somewhat denser at the center and 1 mm. to 2 mm. in diameter. (PI. II, fig. it.)
They may already be slightlj' depressed in the gelatin; under a low power they are brownish and
granular about their centers, thinner at their margins, which are smooth or slightly wavy, and
sharply defined in colonies not j-et beginning to liquefy the gelatin, while in those which are, the
nuirgins are rugged and surrouiuled by a finely granular zone, apparently made up of delicate,
radiating- fibrils; the colonies soou get denser as liquefaction begins, and may have a greenish
shimmer. The deep colonies appear to the naked eye as yellow i)aints; under a low magnifying
power they are spherical, sharply defined, faintly granular, and are studded here and there by
smidl ])laques or buds. About the third day the colonies are circular in outline, grayish white
with yellowish centers, and several millimeters in diameter; they lie in saucer-sha])ed depressions
containing liquefied gelatin, a narrow zone of which surrounds them; later a pinkish tint may be
f)bserved at their centers; under a low power they are now granular, dark, and
dense, with a greenish shimmer, breaking up at the margin into a granular zone,
which is bounded by a more or less distinct fringe of radiating fibrils. Motion of a
circulatory character has been observed in the lirpiefiera'i>il''s may he seen. This zone of
iiqnetaction, with its sharply defined circular outline, may f;ive the colony tlie aiipearance of being
encircled at its periphery by a well-marked line.
In some cases the area of licjnelaction may become much wider and the colony, lying in a
depression containing clear, li(|nefied gelatin, appears, under the low power, lo be sur-
rounded by a moie or less well-defined refraction ring.
The colonies do not increase in size, or very little, and liquefaction is not rajiid.
Gelatin stah. — Li(iiiefaction in deep saucer form extending to the tube wall
and slowly downward (tig. 2r>). After the tube wall has been reached the tlow of
the liquefaction becomes a horizontal i)laue, and liquefaction slowly occurs along the
line of inoculation. Tlie liquefied gelatin is clouded and there is an abundant whitish
Hocculeut deposit in the lower portions. After some time a greenish color may be
observed in it.
Acid geidtin. — (irowth feeble; no liquefaction.
Agar sJant. — Semitrauslucent grayish stripe, not widely spreading, with irregular,
sharply defined margins. The agar acquires a brown greenish tint.
Bouillon. — Clouded, whitish sediment. It seems probable that a slight jiellicle may
form on the surface. The bouillon acquires a slight green tint.
Foiato. — Brown, viscid, moist, shining, rather widely spreading layer.
JAtmus mill;. — Coagulated with clouded serum. Clot is firm and of a pink and „ „.
° ' Fig. 2o.
Avhite color; reaction is acid.
tSugar gelatin in deep sfah. — (lood growth of discrete and confluent whitish colonies. Marked
gas production ; no liquefaction.
Rosolic acid. — Color markedly deepened.
Indol j))odnction. — Marked reaction; does not produce nitrites.
Relation to temperature. — Does not grow well at 35° to 36^ C; development is very faint at
this temperature.
Bacillus convolutus.
Isolated from the water of the Schuylkill Eiver. Not common. A large baeillus, generally
long, occurring in twisted chains and threads; also singly and in pairs. It seems to have some
motility under certain circumstances, but it is ordinarily nonmotile; no spore formation observed;
in old cultures the jirotoplasm seemed to be shrunken away from its envelope.
Colonies in gelatin. — On the second day the surface colonies are rounded, grayish
white, wooly looking, translucent, glistening, and somewhat opalescent. They may
be 2 mm. or i mm. in diameter. Under a low power they resemble the external aspect
of the cei-ebral cortex, being made up of coiled and twisted broad bands, between
which slight branching fissures or dark lines are seen. (Pl.I, fig. 2.) These bands
seem to be composed of closely packed parallel lying threads. The outline is sharply
defined and wavy, corresponding to the external or peripheral "bands." Toward the
center the cidony may be darker, where there may be a rounded, dark nucleus. The
deep colonies under a low power are rounded, sharply defined, dark, grauular, and
sometimes have a greenish shimmer. In the course of a few days the colonies become
thicker and denser and sink into the gelatin, which is slowly liquefied. Under the
low power they now have a greenish shimmer.
Gelatin .stab. — Saucer-shaped, slow liquefaction, with only faint growth in the
V J line of inoculation. (Fig. 20.) Liquefied gelatiu is densely clouded and thei-e is an
pj;j-^ abundant, thick, whitish sediment. The reaction is alkaline.
Acid gelatin. — Grows sonuMvhat less vigorously, and there is little or no growth
along the line of inoculation. The reaction of the liquefied gelatin is alkaline.
Agar slant. — A grayish, semitrauslucent, not widely spreading stripe, with scalloped margins.
The agar acquires a brown-green color.
Bouillon. — Clouded and thick, flocculent deposit. Au imperfect i)ellicle and wooly shreds
may form at the surface; the bouillon acquires a greenish tint.
Potato. — Growth varies; it is generally elevated and dense.
462 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Litmns millc. — Seems to become n deeper blue and to be decolorized from the bottom up; it
is probably not coagulated. Alter some time the milk becomes alkaline.
Huijar (jdaiin in deep stab. — No growth.
Eosolic acid. — Somewhat decolorized after some time; reacts alkaline.
Indol production. — Negative.
licldtioii to leiiipcratitrc. — Grows at the temperature of the room and at 35° to 3()°C.
Bacillus luultistriatus.
Isolated from the water of the Schuylkill River. Not common. A medium-sized short, «/of(7e
bacillus with rounded ends. Somewhat variable in length and occurring often in pairs. It has a
polar tlagellum; no spore formation observed.
Coloiiiea in rjelatin. — About the second day the surface colonies are rounded grayish, white,
semitranslucent disks, 1 mm. to 2 mm. in diameter. (PI. II, fig. 12.) Under a low power they are
more or less dark Ijrownish in color, rather dense toward the center, but becoming thinner toward
the margin. The outlines are smooth or slightly irregular, and sharply delined. A striking thing
in the appearance of these colonies under the low power is the presence of dark brownish zigzag-
and wavy lines and bundles of lines of various lengths, streaming toward the periphery from their
centers, where there is often a dark nucleus. The deei> colonies under a low power are dense,
granular, brownish in color, and in some cases slightly greenish toward their centers. They are
rounded or irregularlj- oval and sharply detined in outline. In some deep colonies dark, radiating,
wavy lines have been observed. In a few days the surface colonies become denser and yellowish
white in color and may increase somewhat in size. They very slowly licprefy the gelatin into
"which they .slowly sink, but no zone of liquefaction is seen around them.
Gelatiu stab. — Thick-beaded, whitish cord first forms along the line of inoculation, while there
is an irregularly outlined, thick, whitish expansion which sinks gradually into the gelatin. After
about ten days lirpiefaction begins all along the line of inoculation and siireads laterally to the
tube wall, all the gelatin being eventually liquetied. The liquefied gelatin is tilled with scattered
whitish tlocculi and there is a dense, whitish deposit at the bottom, while on the surface a dense,
thick, whitish clumiJ may be seen.
Acid, gelatin. — Good growth, though liquefaction is not so vigorous along the line of inocula-
tion. The liquefied acid gelatiu is neutral or slightly alkaline.
A(jaf slant. — Semitranshicent narrow stripe with scalloi)ed or wavy margins.
Bouillon. — Clouded and a stringy sediment. A thin pellicle which may have whitish, dry
flakes in it forms after a time.
Potato. — Grayish or creamy, viscid-looking, thick, shining, widely spreading growth.
Litmus milk. — Decolorized and coagulated; the clot is friable and more or less pink, and the
serum is clouded. There is a reddish ring in the tube wall. Reaction is acid or neutral.
Sugar gelatin in deep stub. — Mgorous growth with marked gas production; there is also
liquefaction.
Rosolic acid. — Color is deepened.
Indol production. — Fair reaction; does not produce nitrites.
Relation to temperature. — Grows at the temperature of tlie room and at 3.5° to 36° C.
Bacillus ceiitrifugans.
(Variety a.)
Isolated from the water of the Schirylkill River. In the summer .occurs abundantly, both
in the Schuylkill and Delaware water. A medium sized motile bacillus with rounded ends^
sometimes in pairs and iu long forms. It has a polar tlagellum; no spore formation observed.
Colonies in gelatin. — After twenty-four to foi'ty-eight hours the surface colonies are round,
saucer-shaped depressions, containing faintly hazy, liquefied gelatin, several millimeters iu diame-
ter, which rapidly increase in size. About the center there may be a few grayish flocculi, while
at the margin they are well detined by a grayish line. Under a low power the liiiuefied gelatin is
granular in appearance, and a circulating motion may be seen in it, while scattered, dark, granular
MEMOlllS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
4Q[
Fig. 27.
cliiiiips, more closely g;itliered to.uetlier about the center may lie sometimes observed. At the
iiiiirgiii tliere is a fringe of short ladiatiiig tibrils. Tlie deep colonies arc rounded, dark, aud
granular, and may have a greenisli shimmer. They soon become suirounded by a
zone of li(iuefaction, and break tlirougii the gelatin to form (-olonics similar to those
desciibed above. When they are Just beginning to liiiuefy they are sul)ject to some
variation in their ajijiearance.
Gelatin stah. — Li(juefactiou rapidly extends to the wall of tlie tube at the surface,
and also all along the inoculation line, in a form varying from that of a funnel to that
of a champagne ghiss. (See fig. 27.) The li(iuefled gelatin is ch)uded, aud when the
liquefaction is well advanced along the line of inoculation a thick, whitish, tlocculent
mass is seen at the bottom. On the surface there is a delicate pellicle, and in com-
pletely li(iuetied cultures beneath this a greenisli tint may be ob.served. The reaction
of the liquefied gelatin is alkaline.
Aciil gelatin. — Crows less vigorously.
Af/ar ulant. — Semitransluceut, shining, grayish, rather thin stripe, with scalloped
margins. In older culture becomes a dirty brown color, while the agar acquires a
marked brown-green tint.
Bouillon. — Clouded. A broken, imperfect pellicle forms on the surface and the
bouillon acquires a brown green tint.
Potato. — Variable, tliick, widely spreading, dense growth, somewhat rough or granular on the
surface; the color varies from cream-gray to piukisli.
Litmus milk. — Coagulated and decolorized; cloiuly serum, contaiuing flocculi; reaction is
neutral or slightly acid.
tSui/ar (/elatin in derp stah. — Fair growth with some gas production.
Bosolic acid. — Color deepened.
Indol production. — Marked reaction; does not produce nitrites.
Relation to temperature. — Grows at the temperature of the room au .140
? .115
I .055
I .145
.065
.050
.050
}■-
V .070
I .110
I .060
I .100
I .130
.0062
.0054
.0069
.0061
.0018
.0007
.0000
.0000
0. 0027
. 0006
.0058
Mean.
.0023
100 CO.
deter-
mina-
tions.
\ :ll\
.170
.119
.0042
,0015
. 0000
. 000.1
.0027
.0019
.0022
.0020
.0050
.0052
.0060
.0047
.0030
.0023
.0023
.0012
.0000
. 0000
.0005
.0006
.0007
.0018
.0023
.0005
.0000
.0006
.0000
.0004
.0005
.0007
.0037
.0062
.0002
.0053
.0065
.0054
.0027
.0021
.0010
.0000
. 0000
.0006
.0016
.0018
.0033
.0010
.0000
Tin Glass
tube. tube.
0.0130 0.0133
.0159
.0107
.0122
.0194
.0099
.0034
.0062
.0192
.0059
.0060
.0005 .0055
.0014
.0012
.0014
.0014
.0044
.0105
.0080
.0103
.0102
.0217
. 0072
.0086
.0036
.0078
.0189
.0083
.0055
.0061
.0072
.0039
.0227
.0094
.0218
.0070 {
.0046
!
.0054 I
.0083
.0054
.0074
.0066
.0180
Mean.
0.0132
Nitrogen as
nitrates.
• 0. 075
.090
1 .090
; .120
. 150
( .180
.0079
. 0036
.0159
. 0102
.0122
.0083
.0192
.0092
.0055
.0062
. 0056
. 0231
.0094
. 0205
.0068
.0053
.0055
.0094
. 0067 J
( .130
\ .108
C .084
) .088
.100
C .080
\ .080
C .100
[ .100
J .000
i .090
Mean.
Bacteria in one
cubic centimeter.
Mean.
. 0. 085
r 3,260 11
[ 1,950 I
( .07
I .09
.090
.090
.090
.090
.090
.090
.060
.060
.119 '
.086
.100
.080
.100 !
.090
.080
.090
.090
.090
3,260
3,230
2. 1.50
1,950
5,010
5,960
6,400
4,750
18, 200
26, 900
30, 500
35, 800
2,200
1,900
1,400 I
1, 950
2, 350
5, 750 1
1. 750 '
1,750
550
450
4, xm
4,580
2,600
1,010
2,750
460
355
1,640
l,28ll
1,370
1, 380
940
5, 528
I 22, 550
^33,150
} 2,050
I 1,675
? 4,050
I 1,750
I 500
I 4,435
( 2,320
I 480
i 1,430
'■ 1,100
070 I
C .070
) .070
< .040
) .040
.070
.070
.054
.054
.050
.050
\:
.0089
;{
.060
.060
.080
.060
I .070
.040
3, 170 )
2,280 S 3,007
3, 750 I )
{ I
1,880
010
.0084
I .050
I .065
I .060
I .070
\ .060
I
( .040
X .0<0
5,540
5,160
890
650
250
160
590
360
560
460
410
1,610
2, 030
500
GUI
1,945
5,350
477
I 1,835
}•
040
.078
4,128
468
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIE>'CES.
Table III. — Fairmount districij lotcer Schuylkill,
[Results in parts per 100,000.]
CMorine.
Oxygen cou-
smned.
Free ammonia.
Albnrainoid ammonia.
Xitrogen as
nitrates.
Bacteria in one
cnbic centimeter.
Mean.
Mean.
Tin
tabe.
Glass
tube.
Mean.
Tin
tube.
GI>»ss
Mean.
-I
Nov. U..
29..
Dec. 20..
Jan. 13.
-I
Feb. 7-. I
"i
20.. {
Mar. 10.. {
0.55
.58
.44
.43
I
17.
24.
.10
.08
.03
.01
075
090 I .0000
I
035
.26
.26
.065
.0002
Apr.
-1
I ]
^ .245 'j -^ J .065 j .0000
,,.5
May 5.. 5
»■■!
30.. 5
June 13.. J
23.J
3D., j
July 17.. J
31..|^
Averase.'...
.27 |J
.24 :J
.22 1
.23 1
.24 J
.25 J
.26 i
.26 |j
.24 S
.27 >
.31 }
.33 i
.36 \
.32 J
.39
2%
230 I
255
257
\ m
{IS-
100 cc.
deter-
, mina-
tioDS.
150 I 0.0030
.07
.06
.320
.340
.390
.480 f
.475
.0055
.0018
.09 I 035
}.390 I
.08
.14 f
.16 5
095 .0025
0021
150
.09
■*® I .090 !
.0050
.0033
.0049
.0029
I-
105 ' .0040
.0024
.(1066
|0.565 I •:» >.150 |<':S«fg I 0.0029
\ -^ll :« I "^j .0029
«!} -"^ \ :m I -'95! .0039
? { .335 0075
! I I ■
|i.433;J I* J .085 ' .0016
■M[i-^-^^'i :in-^: \{
:i^ } -^l '.ml "^H ••»»
0.0022 0.0107 I 0.0165 1 0.0136
.0029 .0029
I
.0056
.0019
. 0101 ; )
.0097 5
.0039
.0042 I
.0010
.0032
.0071
.0016
.0053
.0003
C . 0003 >
( .0007 ; J
.0002 ;
.0000 I
.0015
.0026
.0019
.O.1W
.0012
.0014
.0016
.0015
.0018
.0029
.0013
.0121
.0142
.0143
.0103
.0155
.0103
.0112
.0149
.0123
I
,=,
.0175
C ;0107 ' >
\ .0104 5
.0045
.0041
.0118
I
I
i .0093
.0010
i
.0002 ! .0068
.0005
.0002
.0000
.0018
.0041
.0019
. IXJCIO
.0019
.00)8
.0033
.0024
.0034
.0029
.0027
.0075
.0087
.0089
.0132
.0171
.0103
.0117
Mean.
Mean.
( . 0063 J „^.
; 0047 5 •"•="
.0175
. 0106 '
.0097
.0091
.0089
.0068
[0.065
I .070
: .110
.130
! .130
; .070
.080
I
|o.068 }
12,230
9,820
9,240
3.300
10.400
8,600
26.500 )<>9 .
18. 900 ! J
4 100
2.500
1,200
3,050
4.400
4,300 1 4,300
5 .0066
\ .0039
^ ,0053
.0086
.0073
.0080
, .0052
.0062
.0057
100 cr.
lUt^T-
mifla-
tiODS.
i
1 0.0190
.0162
.0176
.0123
.0123
,0074
.0097
.0086
.0066
.0066
.0088
.0074
.0081
.0158
.0139
.0149
' .0096
1
.0100
.0098
.0172
.0167
.0170
, \
\:Z 1-0^ { IM'l
{:riS:i-"o|{ n\
1,950
3,725
{ -.z I •«
1.
2,550
2,925
5. 675
4,800
800
050
3,370
2,660
1,290
1.730
3,610
3.000
6,370
2,213
I 3,015
\ 1,510
.0118
.0144
C .050 >
\ . 050 : J
< .060 I
\ .050 5
« .060 ' )
I .oeo i
( .070 )
* 070 S
( .058 ;
( .058 ,5
C . 050 ' )
{ .050 5
5 .066 )
I .066 J
f .070 (
i .070 i
S ■«'<> i
( .070 5
( .060 t
i .060 5
{ .060' )
i .060 S
050
055
1.160
2,000
060
600
560
070
420
280
058
1,090
1.020
050
430
430
0G6
770
750
070
870
5.930 , 5,930
I 5S0
\ 350
I 1,055
I
}
.070 I
.060 f
.060 ...
430
760
870
390
90 >
120 J
590
920
• W!28
.0108
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIEXCES.
469
Table IV. — Belmont district, Laboratory of Hygiene, lower Schuylkill irater,
[Besolts in parte per 100.000.]
Date.
«, , - t.>xvsen con- ,. • »ii. - -:i - Xitrogen a-s Bacteria in one
Cblonne. y-^^^ Free ammonia. Albuminoid ammonia. nitrates. cubic centin.eter.
Mean. . Mean. | ^jn G^ | ^^„.
1
Tin
tube.
Glass
tube.
Mean.
Mean. Mean.
1
1892.
Oct- 7
( 0. 12 )
< .13 J 0.127
I -13 )
.15 \ .150
1 :{i|r-
! "
1
: i
17
!
1
IS..
'
1
19
1. .... i
21..
: ' f 2.560
2.150
2.3«
2.»6
25..
1.910
,1 2.233
>»»T5 ? 0.080 1 :.
o^
0.0000
.0004
.0007
.0017
0.0000
.0004
.000.
.0017
0.0081
.0112
.0101
.0109
( .0»
0.0081 I .OK
I .090
0101
I .0^
27
i
s
\ .068 !
28.
1 1
29..
: 1
.0109
Nov. 2
i .111
? .11 S .110
I .11 )
3--
.0013
.0013
.0131
.0124
1
1
( .070 ) 1
I .060 > .063 ,
9—
^ il
\ 1^
,< -060 J 1
i -«»!l .OK
27..
Dec. 5..
18S3.
Jan. 11..
5 0.38
i .43
1 -.n
J- 0.405
{ .430
} .13 i
0.0017
.0006
.0024
.0007
.0021
.0007
0.0136
.0136
.0132
.0136
.0134 j :Z\ .090 { li
t$ 23.700
i 3,133
> 7.810
(21,800
(23,900
13..
23
I .32
1.336
.0078
.0072
.0075
.0106
.0079
.0093 > i^S
!
i -2*
24..
Feb. 7..
8..
< .37
i .32
\ .27
< .26
{.345
'. .265
\ .04 J
i
1
.0044
.0044
.00S4
.0064
.0188
.Mm
.0140
■0164 .) :Z \ ■<^ I tm
*■ 2,835
0096
nftT*>
1 :l? h^
J Sit «a
17..
20..
27..
Mar. 4..
{ M
( .31
i .29
< .220
i .240
i .300
.0077
nm;;
.0073
<, .0061
i .0057
.0075
( .0059
.0031
.0149
.0068
.0138
< .0109
\ .0079
.0144 < ■«!> 1 .080 ■{ l^
I .0.90 < :S*'(.080J !«•
^^ ( .090 ( ,„ » 1,400
•*** J .UO \ •™ ) 1.3U0
£ 1.380
{ 1,640
I
( 6,375
( 5.189
( 1,350
J 1.480
\ -
( 3,0»
> *,S30
< .06
i - --
8..
( 1.360
( 540
^ 1,«0
10..
11..
\ .26
> .29
(.275
5 W
< .16
1 .175 .0045
.0024
.0033
.0213
.0179
( 960
.0196 pSilll^ .070^ 1^
< { 5.060
^ 4.750
13..
1
1
( 3,760
i 3.230
S
( 3.130
17..
\ .22
> .22
(.220
< .12
? -u
(.115
( .0033
< .0035
( .0034
5 .0140
> .0133
! -0137 { :^i
R A030
\^<^i
470
MEMOmS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Table IV. — licJinoiit dislrict, Lahoratorij of Hi/r/ieiie, lower SclxuijmU water — Continued.
[Results in parts per 100,000.]
Date.
Chlorine.
Oxygen con-
sumed.
Free ammonia.
Albuminoid ammonia.
Nitrogen as
nitrates.
Bacteria in one
cubic centimeter.
1893.
Mar. 24.
31.
Apr. 7.
17.
25.
May 5. .
15..
23..
30..
June 13- .
23..
30..
July 17..
31..
Average .
Mean.
.265
.255
.270
.250
.230
.290
.340
.400
.495
.480
.590
.660
Mean.
Tin
tube.
.055
.050
.185
.105
.165
.070
.050
.070
.115
.075
.090
.090
.095
.0002
100 CO.
deter-
mina-
tions.
0. 0035
.0015
.0010
.0010
.0004
.0031
.0020
.0017
.0032
.0025
Glass
tube.
.0001
.0002
.0002
.0000
.0007
.0007
.0011
.0000
.0000
.0015
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0005
.0005
Mean.
Tin
tube.
. 0002 i . 0054
0002
0003
.0090
0007
100 cc.
deter-
mina-
tions.
0021
0. 0145
0013
.0185
0005
.0092
0005
.0051
0010
.0068
.0016
.0010
.0009
.0019
.0015
.0134
.0159
.0120
.0109
.0146
Glass
tube.
.0093
.0064
.0007
.0205
.0106
.0228
.0046
.0080
.0113
.0082
.0105
.0098
.0082
Mean.
.0060
.0079
.0079
.0205
.0126
.0207
.0092
.0049
.0074
.0124
.0121
.0113
.0104
.0114
.110
.110
.100
.070
.070
.080
.080
.060
.060
Mean.
.050
.050
.050
.050
.070
.070
.070
.070
.090
.064
.070
.070
.070
.080
.090
.090
.070
.070
.060
.060
.080
.050
.077
.070
.075
60O
470
Mean.
535
1,310 ; , ,,,,
1,150 <, ''2™
560
610
5,320
5, 590
400 |(
820
.32
.34
.29
.29
.33
.42
.48
\ M
.44
.46
.330
.303
.450
.395
.450
29
32
1 .305
22
21
23
\ .220
10
in
> .093
.19 ')
.18 I (
.19 S
.160
.187
niina-
tion.
.0035
.0032
. 0025
.0010
.0005
.0019
.0021
.0022
.0018
.0025
.0044
0. 0034
.0051
.0028
.0152
.0076
.0052
.0074
.0054
.0047
.0017
.0011
.0006
.0017
.0007
.0006
.0006
.0016
.0007
.0007
.0013 ,
.0028 I
.0038
.0046
.0024
.0154
.0074
.0057
.0073
.0055
.0049
.0017
.0016
.0008
Albuminoid ammonia.
Tin Glass
tube. tube.
.0095
.0026
.0020
.0016
.0007
.0018
.0019
.0162
.0091
. 0154
.0114
.0101
.0146
.0150
0. 0167
.0158
.0083
.0144
.0099
.0108
100 cc.
deter-
mina-
tion.
0. 0270
.0200
.0140
.0138
.0131
.0108
.0013 .0097
.0206
.0194
.209
.0124
.0073
.0147
.0101
.0084
.0141
.0117
.0109
.0100
.0109
.0089
Mean.
0.0170
.0135
.0156
.0142
.0127
.0110
.0083
.0133
.0104
.0182
.0173
.0143
.0082
.0151
.0107
.0093
.0144
.0134
.0109
. 0122
.0104
.0099
.0168
.0148
.0140
.0129
.0109
.0148
.0101
0.191
.0184
.0134
Nitrogen as
nitrates.
0.055
.070
.045
.040
: .040
.040
.040
.045
Mean.
\ 0. 063
\ .042
042
C .070
i .100
5 .070 j
\ .070 :
5 .050 I
\ .000
C .060
) .060
( .050
) .000
( .065
( .065
( .060
\ .060
< .060
<; .050
\ .030
C .050
\ .050
C .050
\ .050
.070
.055
.060
.055
.005
.057
Bacteria in one
cubic centimeter.
15, 700
15, 100
8,000
7,550
6,450
8,150
5,680
Mean.
11,588
5.700
5.700
8,200
12,400
300 i
500
2, 900
2, 500
3,250
J .030
I .050
\ .050
.060 I
.060
.050 I
.050 )
I
.040
.040
.040
.040
.020
.020
2,750
4,250
1,350
1,240
1,250
1,410
( 1,560
\ 1,440
f 510 ?
\ «0 I )
S 1.110 i X
\ 1,030 1 5
C 690 )
i 800 i
^ 5,700
I 10, 300
\ 400
[ 2,886
5.600
\ 3,500
I 1,295
I 1,330
] 1,.500
X 460
\ 1,070
745
il
.030
.030
.050
.040
1
\ .030
C .060 ( (.go
\ .060 5 •"'"^
I .020
.020
.020
C .070
{ .070
\:
.040
.040
.040
040
\
3,120
830
695
530
680
720
2,810
2,430
2,350
2,800
2,370
2,710
2. 850
660
660
450
330
I 2,620
2,350
390
1,710
1.860 ,.
1,965 )
\^.i
|.07o!|
|.o.
1,520
1.880
2,010
17. 110 ? , . QOR
11,660 jl-t'SSS
|,„
3,475
472
MEMOIES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OP SCIENCES.
Table YI.
District and diite.
LOWEE SCHITYLKILL.
Direct pumpage,
Kov.ll
Direct pumpage,
Nov. 28
Direct pumpage,
Dec.17
East Park, Nov. 15...
East Park, Nov. 30...
East Park, Dec. 20...
UPPER SCHUYLKILL.
High service, Nov. 23 .
High service. Dec. 3. .
Chestnut HiU.Nov. 21
Chestnut Hill, Dec. 2.
ChestnutHill,Jan.l4
Chlorine.
Mean.
SO. 60
■( .CO
.45
.43
.32
.33
.425
.415
.550
.410
Oxygen con-
sumed.
;0.17
.16
.18
C .14
i .14
1:
.25
.24
Mean,
[ 0.170
I .125
I .225
:\l I •"=»
.23
.20
i .217
.060
Free ammonia.
Tin Glass
tube. tube.
0. 0020
.0025
.0019
.0008
0. 0018
.0017
.0023
.0024
.0016
.0076
Mean.
Albuminoid ammonia.
Tin Glass
tube, tube.
.0109
.0135
0022 . 0102
.0075
.0171
.0156
.0162
.0083
.0153
Nitrogen as
nitrates.
.0082
1.005
.060
.110
.130
.070
.070
.055
.060
.130
.140
.130
.070
.070
.070
.080
.080
.090
.090
.090
.080
.220
.220
.100
.100
.100
.110
.180
.no
.130
Mean.
.058
\-
087
.100
Bacteria in one
cubic centimeter.
9,220
9, 380
3,510
6,200
8,140
8, ISO
5, 8110
5,450
i 19, 100
) 26, 600
4,130
" 970
100
4,640
3, 8S0
7,550
4,750
Mean.
n
12, 340
20, 750
24, 900
5,400
7,0U0
7,000
6,920
5.320
6,930
7,700
,8,400
15,400
22, 400
7,0781
6,893
^ 22, 800
s-
18, 900
' Agais, twenty-four hours thermostat.
MEMOIES OP THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,
473
Date.
1892.
Sept. 27
Chlorine. Mean,
Oct. 1
19
5 obs.
0.70
.60
.64
.62
.65
.6;
.59
.06 1
.116 S
.71 )
.73
.71
.68
.68
.58
.63
.66
.05
.69
.66 )
.63 l.
.05 S
.67
.70
.68
.68
.61
.64
.68
.73
.65
.65
.65
.67
. 57
.62
.65
.68
.71
.69
.60
.64
.64
.71
.71
.67
.73
.73
.72
.67
.70
.66
0.770
.730.
.620
.017
.677
.707
.713
.683
.68
.66
.63
.70
.06
.62
.63
.61
.60
.67
.62
.60
.64
.61
.59
.65
.64
.63
.69 1
.67 ^
.60 )
.647
Date
T.MiLE YII. — Chlorine, luhoraturij tap.
[Parts per 100,000.]
Date. Chlorine. Hean.
1892.
Oct. 26
.087
.613
.697
.710
.673
.657
.660
.613
.630
.613
.640
.653
Chlorine. Hcan
.66 )
■62 iS
.62 p
f .63 1
Xov. 1
\ IS
•ii
■■1
18
(
19 |J
-il
-15
22 |5
23
1
24
\
25 ||
-1
27
\
63
03 :
58 I
.66
.64
.70
.67
.66
.70
.66
.67
.66
.70
0
.68
70
70
71
.67 1
.69 1 S
.71 I i
.87 )
.69 ^
.71 I J
.69 I 1
. 70 >
.71 >
.71'.
M
.71 1^
.71 !i
.71
.73
.75
.66
.65
.63
.66
.64
.63
.68
.67
.70
0.61
.65
.60
.60
.59
.54
.55
.52
.57
.54
.54
.53
.48
.49
.43
.42
.40
.42
.46
.45
.44
.42
.38
.85
.37
.40
.43
.38
.43
.38
.677
.703
.700
.643
.683
0.630
.600
.505
.535
.555
. 535
.485
.425
.493
.410
.455
.430
.365
.385
.405
.405
1892.
Nov. 28 \
29
30
Dec. 1
2
3
4
5
1893.
Jan. fi
.40 )
.41 i
.38
.39
.45
.39
.38
.42
.40
.47
.43
.42
.40
.41
.46
.42
.42
.44
.41
.41
.41
.47
.40
.39
.42
.44
.39
.41
.37
.38
.37
.40
.37
.39
.38
.38
.35
.36
.37
.35
.32
.34
.37
.33
.31
.34
.35
.34
.33
.34
.37
.33
.30
.31
.34
.34
.28
.■30
.28
.31
.29
.33
.3*
..■M
.32
.32
.32
.32
.31
.36
.31
.31
.31
.33
.32
.33
.34
. 4u5
.385
.420
.400
.435
.425
.405
.440
.430
.410
.440
. 4.55
.395
.430
.400
.375
.385
.380
.380
.355
.360
.330
.350
.325
.345
.335
.350
.305
.340
.290
.295
.310
.333
.320
.315
.335
310
.325
.335
Date. Chlorine. Mean
1893.
Jan. 20
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Feb. 1
2
3
4
5
G
7
36 j
28 I
.35
.35
.35
.36
.37
.38
..39
.38
.37
.39
.37
.36
.37
.39
.35
.33
.36
.34
.32
.35
.30
.30
.31
.31
.28
.31
.27
.26
.24
.25
.24
.26
.27
.26
.22
.23
.27
.22
.24
.23
.24
.22
.24
.21
.24
.25
.23
.20
.23
.20
.24
.20
.16
.22
.26
.20
.21
.25
.29
.26
.26
.29
.25
.30 1 (
.31 J
.29 )
.31 5
.25i)
.343
.350
.340
.345
.350
.355
.375
.385
.380
.365
.380
.340
.350
.335
.320
.310
.295
.265
.245
.257
.240
.250
.230
.235
.230
.225
.240
.215
.220
.180
.240
.205
.270
.260
.270
.305
300
.257
474
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Table VII. — Chlorine, laboratory tap — Continued.
Date.
Chlorine
< .27
\ .28
Mean.
i Date.
Chlorine
Mean.
Date.
Chlorine
Mean.
i Date.
Chlorine
1 Mean.
1893.
Mar. 1
\ .275
1893.
Apr. 10
C .27
) .27
.270
1893.
Mav 25
( .30
\ .30
J
.300
1893.
July 3
( .50
\ .57
^ .635
2
( .31
) .29
^ .300
11
C .29
) .27
.280
26
C .29
) .32
.305
4
C .58
i .37
^ .575
3
5 .27
\ .29
\ .280
12
C .29
) .28
.285
27
( .:'0
) .32
.310
5
C .57
i .59
^ .580
4
( .28
\ .29
S .285
17
C .26
[ .24
.250
. 28
5 .36
i .33
.345
6
( .58
\ .58
1 .580
.■)
( .30
i .30
^ .300
18
C .26
\ .27
.265
29
C .32
J .33
.325
7
C .55
) .58
I .565
6
f .29
\ .31
( .300
19
C .22
) .23
.225
30
C .32
i .36
.340
8
( .56
) .58
^ .560
7
S .30
i .31
1 .305
20
C .27
\ .22
.245
31
( .31
\ .35
.330
9
? ..56
) .54
l| .550
8
C .32
\ .30
1 .310
21
C .25
} .23
.240
June 1
C .32
\ .30
.340
10
<, .54
) .58
^ .560
9
C .31
) .28
\ .295
22
C .25
J .25
.250
2
C .34
) .33
.335
11
( .57
) .58
1 .575
10
<; .26
) .29
f .275
23
C .26
\ .23
.245
3
C .33
\ .36
.345
12
S . 54
\ .54
1 .540
11
( .25
) .21
\ .230
24
C .24
X .24
.240
'
5 .34
i .38
.360
13
( ..55
\ . 57
1 .560
1 J
12
J .21
i .22
f . 215
25
C .23
} .23
.230
5
f .36
\ .38
.370
1 1*
( .59
j .54
J .565
13
( .21
i .19
\ .200
26
< .2)
J .25
.240
6
( .43
i .40
.415
15
( .58
) .59
j^ . 585
14
< .26
) .24
^ .250
27
C .21
) .22
.215
7
5 .40
) .42
.410
16
(, .60
( .6!
1 .605
15
( .21
) .18
\ .195
28
C .22
I .24
.230
S
{ .39
) .38
.385
17
( .67
) . 61
1 .590
16
( .20
} .19
^ .195
29
C .23
\ .23
.230
9
( .39
\ .39
,
.390
18
< .58
I .GO
^ .590
17
( .22
) .22
f .220
30
C .24
) .28
.260
I 10
C .36
) .40
.380
19
( .58
( .54
^ .660
18
< .20
) .21
\ .205
May 1
<, -21
) .26
.235
12
5 .39
( .41
.400
20
( .54
; . 55
^ .345
19
( .22
\ .23
? .225
2
< .24
i .26
.250
13
C .39
i .41
.400
21
( ..53
( .50
1 .545
20
( .21
! .25
\ .230
3
( .23
{ ,24
.235
14
C .40
( .41
.405
22
V .58
) .59
^ . 585
21
5 .28
\ .24
1 .260
4
( .25
i .27
.260
15
( .43
j .48
.455
23
>, .60
) . 63
} .625
22
23
24
( .22
i .25
C .23
i .25
^ .235
1 .240
5 .265
5
7
( .20
) .20
( .22
\ .25
( .21
J .21
.200
.235
.210
16
17
.42
.41
.42
.45
.44
C .46
X .42
.428
.440
24
25
26
< .05
) .03
( .57
[ .66
V .65
) .64
1 .640
1 . 615
1 .645
25
C .22
i .2«
\ .250
8
5 .21 !1
.225
18
( .48
I .50
.490
27
f .60
\ .68
^ .670
26
{ J2
j^ . 220
9
( .21 |l
\ .25^
.230
19
t .49
) .52
.505
28
<, .64
) .68
^ .660
27
{ :i
\ .260
10
C . 23 1 >
) . 22 1 5
.225
20
< .50
J .50
.500
29
( .66
) .65
j . 655
28
S .25
J .23
5 .240
11
c .24')
! .261$
.250
21
< .50
) .51
.605
30
{ .70
) .70
^ .700
29
30
C .25
i .26
< .24
I .26
J .255
, t
\ .250 '
12
13
5 .21 (
( ■ 28 , S
5 • 28 ' )
> .26,1
.245
.270
22
f .55
1 .50
\ .55
[ .52
.530
31
Auk. 1
( .67
J .65
C .09
\ .72
^ .600
1 . 705
31
Apr. 1
C .24
1 -27
C .25
\ .26
\ .255
} .255
15
16
C .28
\ .26
r .28
\ .27
)
.270
.275
23
24
( .50
\ .49
( .56
} .50
5
.495
.530
2
r .68
.65
.70
.05
i .670
2
< .23
\ .24
? .235
17
( .28
( .28
.280
25
C .50
} .52
.510
3
f .65
\ .63
\ .640
3
( .23
1 .25
1 .240
18
5 .26
> .30
.280
26
< .50
) .51
.605
4
< .65
i .63
1 .640
4
( .24
\ .25
1 .245
19
f .29
i .27
.280
27
C .50
\ .48
.490
5
C .62
\ .60
\ .610
5
5 .24
\ .25
1 .245
20
( .27
\ .27
.270
1
28
( .50
\ .53
.515
6
C .69
{ .69
1 .690
6
f .27
\ .25
1 .260
21
f .32
} .27
1
.295
29
5 .54
) .53
.535
7
1 .66
1 .650
7
( .29
\ .25
. 1
J .270
22
J .26
5 .20
.275
30
J .48
^ .48
.480
8
; .65
; •''I
} .680
8
9
( .25
J .25
< .26
5 .24
1 .250
1 .250 j
23
24
i .29 }
.290
.310
July 1
2
C ..50
J .66
J .50
) .53
.530
.515
Aver
< .70
\ .70
age
1 .700
C .31
i .3)
[_
.417
APPENDIX.
EXAMINATION OF THE WATER OF THE SCHUYLKILL RIVER FOR THE COLON BACILLUS OF ESCHERICH.
By Dr. Olmstkad, Jssislanl Bad riologist, Lahoralorij of Hygiene, University of PeunsyUaii ia.
Advantage was takeii of the fact that inauy forms of water bacteria will not grow at the
temperature of 37° C. Thirty samples of water were examined during February and the early
part of March of this year.
The tap was opened, and after the water had been running au hour SO cc. were collected iu a
sterilized Erlenmeyer's flask, containing 20 cc. of sterilized alkaline sugar bouillon, quadruple the
ordinary strength. The mixture, after the addition of the sample of water, was composed of —
Sodium chloride grains.. 0. 4
Peptoue do 0. 8
Liebig's extract of me.at do 0. 15
Glucose do 1.5
Sterilized water cubic eeutiraeter.. 20
Water for examination do 80
Caustic solution sufficient to make alkaline.
The fla.sk was then placed in a thermostat and kept at a temperature of 37° C. for twenty-four
liours, when, as a rule, there was a prolific growth in the flask. A set of agar-agar plates was
made from this growth and placed in the thermostat. In about tweuty-flve samjjles pure cultures
of only one organism were obtained on the plates; in the other five samples two, or perhaps three,
varieties of germs were present. Only those with a morphology similar to the colon bacillus were
taken for further examination.
For identification the following media were used:
1. Agar-agar.
2. Potato.
3. Gelatiu, stick and plate.
4. Peptone, for indol and motility.
5. Litmus milk.
6. Sugar bouillon in Eiuhorn's fermentation tubes, as recommended by Smith.
The growths were all compared with those of a typical culture of colon bacillus obtained from
the intestinal tract. The germs found may be divided into four groups:
Group I. — Iu this are placed bacilli obtained from three specimens whose morphology and
cultural ])eculiarities resemble in every particular those "f the colon bacillus and, we believe, are
identical with it. Thus they formed a whitish band-like growth on agar-agar; a yellowi.sh, slightly
raised growth on potato; reddened and coagulated lituuis milk; produced indol ; caused fermen-
tation of glucose in bouillon. The colonies in gelatin were of two principal varieties, the deep
ones being round, yellowish brown, finely granular, with some circular markings. The superficial
475
476
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
colonies were irregular in outline at the end of about three days, yellowish brown color more-
marked iu the center and gradually lading from this point toward the top of the colony. The
surface presented a complex network of coarse and tine gi'ooves and markings. The colonies
varied in size, being from 2 mm. to 5 mm. in diameter, and to the naked eye had the white
mother-of-pearl appearance. There was no liquefaction of the gelatin. In the stick cultures
the growth extended along the line of inoculation, had a granular appearance, and grew on the
surface of the gelatin around the point of inoculation in the irregular leafy manner like the
superficial colonies just described. The movement of the bacilli in the hanging drop were not
distinct, and in only one of the three organisms of this group could it be said that there was
Ijositive motility. It was demonstrated, however, that all possessed tiagella. Flagella were also
shown to be on the colon bacillus used as the standard (in small numbers), although its motility
appears doubtful.
(iiotq) II comprises those organisms obtained from two specimens, and which differed from
the colon bacillus in having a rather more prolific growth on agar-agar and gelatin.
Groiq) III. — The bacilli placed in this group dift'ered from the bacillus of Eschei-ich in the
appearance of the colonies in gelatin. They had the appearance of several pale yellow disks
superimposed iu an irregular, rosette like manner upon each other, giving one the idea that there
were several colonies together. At the end of a week there were a number of smaller colonies
joined to the original one by a series of these pale-yellow disks. These bacteria were found iu
four of the samples.
Groiq) IV. — All of the bacteria that could not possibly be mistaken for the colon bacillus
were placed here. One of the organisms grew invisibly on potato, and in this resjjcct resembled
the typhoid bacillus, but was easily ditlerentiated from that germ by its action with other media.
Of the thirty organisms examined, twenty-five produced gas iu the fermentation tube. The tubes
used were supplied by Eimer & Amend, of New York, and had the ui)right limb divided off' into
five e(iual parts, numbered from abo\e downward. The readings of the amount of gas were
made daily, the tubes remaining in the thermostat. The maximum amount of gas was observed
at about the third day. It diminished a little by the fourth or fifth day. This gas was treated
with a solution of caustic potash to absorb the carbon dioxide; the amount of residual gas was
then noted and ignited in the presence of air. There was always an explosion, showing it to be,,
probably, composed chiefly of hydrogen.
The composition of the medium used in the tubes was —
Chloride of .sodium grains-- 5
Peptone do 10
Liebig's meat extract do 3
Glucose do 20
Water liter.. 1
Caustic soda sufficient to make distinctly alkaline.
The subjoined table gives the readings for the ditterent days for the colon bacillus and the
first three groups of organisms:
First
day.
Second
day.
Third
day.
Fourth
day.
Fifth
day.
After .id-
dition of
KaH.
Ex-
plodes.
2.2
2.3
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.6
2.0
2.3
2.4
2.2
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.6
2.6
2.3
2.4
2.1
2.4
2.2
2.1
2.1
2
2.6
2.5
2.3
2.5
2.1
2.3
2.1
2
2.1
1.9
2.4
2.2
2.1
2.4
2
2.2
2.1
2
0
1.11
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.3
1.2
1.3
■ 1.3
,1.2
1.2
1
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.7
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes,
Yes.
Yes.
Yns,
Yes,
Yt's.
Yes.
Group I;
No.l
No 2
Is'o.3
Group II :
Mo. 1
No. 2
Group III:
No.l
No 2
No 3
No.4
THK INFLUENCE OF LIGHT UPON THE BACILLUS OF TYPHOID AND THE COLON BACILLUS.
By JdHX S. Rii.uxGS,
Presinjting- results i)t' ;iii investigation lij- Aileluidc AV. PeeVham.
[Read buliire tlia >.'atiiin:il Acaclrmy of Sciences Aiiril lu, 1804.]
Ill 1877 Dowiies and Blunt presented to the Eoyal Society of Loudon a report on "Eesearclies
on tbo eflects of light upon bacteria and other organisms." (Proceedings of the Eoyal Society of
London, Dec, 1S77, vol. 20, p. 488.)
Their conclusions were that light affects unfavorably the development of the bacteria and
microscopical fungi associated with putrefaction and decay, the action being greatest on the
former; that the direct rays of the sun are much more powerful in this resi^ect than diffused
light; that the action is chiefly due to the actinic rays, and that the nutritive power of the
culture medium is not impaired by insolation.
Since that date a number of papers on the subject have been published. These were summed
up by Raum in his paper published in 1889 ("Der gegeiiwiirtige Stand unserer Kenntnisse iiber
den Eiutiuss des Lichtes auf Bakterien, etc.,'' Zeitschr. f. Hyg., VI, 188!t, 812), and since then
several other papers have appeared, the most important in relation to the observations here
reported being that by Janowski, "Zur liiologie der Ty])hus Bacillen (Centralbl. f. Bakteriologie,
etc., VIII, 1890, 1(!7, 193, iJO, 262).
In a research now in progress under the direction of I3r. Weir Mitchell and myself, in the
Laboratory of Hygiene of the University of Pennsylvania, with the aid of a grant of funds for
the purpose made by the trustees of the Baclie fund, the influence of light, of desiccation, and of
the products of certain ordinary water bacteria upon the growth and development of the bacillus
of typhoid and of the colon bacillus are being investigated, and there is now presented to the
academy a brief statement of the I'esults obtained by the experiments bearing on the first ])art of
this inquiry, namely, the effects of light upon these microorganisms. These experiments were
made in accordance with a general scheme prepared by Dr. Mitchell and myself, the details being
carried out by Dr. Adelaide W. Peckham, under'the immediate supervision of Dr. A. C. Abbott,
first assistant in the Laboratory of Hygiene.
Tiie first series of experiments to determine methods was made on the staphylococctis 2)i/of/eues
aureus, which was inoculated in the usual manner on agar spread iu a thin layer iu Petri dishes,
which were then placed in sunlight for definite periodsof time, varying from fltteen minutes to two
hours, after which they were jjlaced in the incubator to remain until the next morning. In some
cases one-half the plate was shielded from the direct rays of the sun by a sheet of colored glass,
the colors selected being a? near to the iiriucijial ones of the spectrum as could be obtained. The
results corresponded with those obtained by ])revioHS observers, some colors evidently giving
much more protection than others, but it was not possible to obtain in this way an accurate
measure of the effects produced by different colored lights in certain definite ^leriods of time,
and hence the following methods were devised and used by Dr. Peckham:
477
478 MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
1. Prepuration of ciiUnres nucd for inocidation of af/ar-iif/ar. — TiibfS of bouillon, each contain-
ing 10 cc, are inoculated with one drop of a bouillon culture and placed in the incubator for
twenty-four hours. A small quantity of sterilized gravel is then added to the culture tube and
it is shaken thoroughly, so as to separate the germs and disperse them evenly throughout the
bouillon. Ten cubic centimeters of a one-half ])er cent salt solution are then added, and the
culture is drawn into a dropping apparatus like the oue used by Nuttall for counting tubercle
bacilli, which he describes as follows (Bulletin of the Johus Hopkins Hosjiital, May-June, 18'Jlj :
"It consists of a finely graduated burette, to which a finely drawn-out dropper is attached by a
rubber coupling. From the upper end of the burette proceeds a piece of rubber tubing which
leads — a glass stopcock intervening — to a mouthpiece, which can be placed at the highest point
of the apparatus out of danger of any possible contamination." By simply filing a snuill groove
with a triangular tile on one side of the aperture in the stopcock, the groove gradually fading
as it proceeds away from the opening, a most effective and simple means of controlling the rate of
dropping was found. When ready to use the stopcock is turned enough to allow about twenty
drops to a cubic (centimeter.
i'. Inoculation of agar-agar. — Oue drop of the bouillon culture was dropped iuto a tube of
melted agar-agar, which was slowly and thoroughly agitated, aud then jioured iuto a Petri plate
placed upon a leveling tripod over ice water.
3. Isolation of cultures. — The plates, when solidified, were placed in an east window, bottom
upward, aud half of each i)late covered with black paper or glass of different colors. A ther-
mometer with a blackened bulb was placed in the sun to note the temperature. At intervals of
fifteen minutes a plate was removed and placed in the incubator. A control plate made at the
same time as the others was placed immediately in the incubator.
1. Counting the colonies on plates. — An eyepiece was divided iuto fields, as done by Nuttall,
by introducing a disk of black cardboard, which has a square opening divided into four parts by
two hairs placed at right angles. This eyepiece and an objective of low power were used in
counting. The colonies in each field were counted iu exactly the same portion of each half of the
jjlate and from the sum of these numbers the per cent was estimated. Thus the ])er cent
destroyed by insolation was ascertained, aud also an estimate of the difference of protection
afforded by the different colors used. The i^lates were insolated on clear, sunny, still days. If
the sun became obscured during the period of insolation the plates were counted to note the
effect, but the per cent was not used in the final estimation. The temperature of the plates
during the insolation was kept below 34° G. in every instance. Each jjlate used for counting was
insolated for either fifteen, thirty, forty-five, sixty, ninety, one hundred and five, or one hundred
and twenty minutes, and then placed in the incubator. Plates uniform in size and as level as
could be obtained were used, so that 10 cc. of the medium would be evenly distributed by using
the leveling apparatus.
Cultures were also insolated for varying periods of time. A culture of the staphylococcus
pyogenes aureus exposed to the rays of the sun for nine hours gave six colonies on the insolated
portion. The number of colonies on the other half, protected by red glass, was also lessened.
Plates of the bacillus coli communis were iusolated for six hours, one-half of each plate being
covered with either red, yellow, or blue glass. Five colonies were Ibuiul on the iusolated portion
of the plate protected by red glass and a few colonies at one edge of the plate covered with
yellow glass. Under the glass the number of colonies had decreased somewhat. On the plate
with a blue-glass shade eight colonies were found on the iusolated half and the same number
on the protected part, the result being that at the end of six hours the colonies had been equally
destroyed on both sides of the plate. Four plates of the bacillus typhi abdominalis shaded with
black, red, orange, or blue glass were insolated three hours. From these,.six colonies were found
on the insolated half of the i)lates, protected by black, red, and orange. Not a colony was found
on the entire plate, which was half shaded with blue.
Diffused //r//;/.— Plates were made and exposed in the same manner as used for suulight.
Clear, sunny days were taken for the cxjieriments, the plates being placed in a light part of a
room and exposed for periods varying from fifteen minutes to two days, aud then placed in the
incubator for twenty-four hours and counted as before. Many plates were made, using the
MEMOIKS UF THE NATIONAL ACAUEJIY OE SCIENCES. 479
different organisms, but the result was negative. On couuting, tlie colonies on each side of
the plate they were approximately the same.
Gaslight. — Plates were exposed in the light afforded by an ordinary gas burner and in a dark
room, one-half of each plate shaded as before. Ou counting the colonies on i)Iates ilhiniinated two
and one half hours, the nanil)er on the protected side was slightly larger than ou the illnminated
side. Many other i)lates were made uith varying results, and, finally, some plates exposed for
sixteen hours were counted and gave about the same number of colonies on each side.
Electric li(jht.^-V\at(i!^ were exposed to an incandescent light for varying periods, the longest
illumination being for four and a half hours. The colonies numbered approximately the same on
botli halves of the plate.
Comparatii'c absence of lij/kt. — Plates of agar-agar were inoculated, placed in a closet for some
hours, and then incubated. The number of colonies did not vary in any noticeable degree from
those on the control plate.
A series of exj)eriments were made with tubes of bouillon inoculated with the different
organisms and then inclosed in larger tubes containing tluids of different colors — red, orange,
yellow, and blue. These tubes were exposed to sunlight and control tubes were also exposed, one
being- placed in water and the other in a tube of water covered closely with black paper. The
materials used for making the colored solutions were corallin, chromate and bichromate of
potassium, and methylene blue. The solutions were Altered and then i)laced in the sun several
days to see if they remained clear.
The tubes were made in sets of seven for each organism — one for each color — and two control
tubes. They each contained 15 cc. of bouillon, were plugged with cotton through which pii)ettes
passed, and the whole top was covered with cotton fastened around the tube with a wire.
From the first set of tubes plates were made each day, but the constant opening allowed
contamination, so that a- new set was begun. The number of colonies increased from an average
of twenty at the first counting to about one hundred at the end of seven days. Three sets of
tubes of bouillon cultures — seven for each organism — were iusolated as before, beginning on
December 26. Each tube had received from a dropping apparatus one drop of a bouillon culture
of the organism used, had been incubated twenty four hours, and then jilaced in the glass tube
containing the colored solution and exposed to the sun. A control plate was made immediately
after inoculation and counted ou the following day. After insolation for seven days three sets of
plates were made, each set containing five plates, or one for each color used. These plates were
incubated for twenty-four hours and then counted — the average of four counts being made. All
the plates showed great increase ifi the number of colonies. After eighteen days' insolation new
plates were made and counted and still showed an increase in the number of colonies. After
fifty-eight days of insolation there was a great decrease in the number of colonies and in many
of the tubes molds had appeared which had probably grown through the cotton plugs. Rubber
caps were not used for the reason that such a limitation of the amount of oxygen in the tube
would not maintain the conditions desired.
A second and third set of tubes treated in the same manner and capped closely with paper
remained undisturbed for a month and then showed contaminations as in the set first noted.
The chart gives the duration of insolation, the dates upon which plates were made, the colors
used for the protecting tluids, and the number of (-olonies found as an average of four counts made
in different portions of the plate.
The results of this study upon the effect of light ou the bacillus tiiphi abdominulis, the bacillus
coli communis, and the staplnilococcus pi/oe/enes aureus, in which several hundred plates have been
insolated and a considerable number exposed to diffuse light, gaslight, and electric light, are
summed up in the following statements:
Insolation for even the short period of fifteen minutes destroys to some extent all three of the
organisms named above. Three to six hours' insolation kills nearly every colony on the plate.
The bacillus coli communis is more easily destroyed by insolation than the bacillus typhi abdomtnalis.
On jilates covered with black paper, producing complete shadow during the insolation, no destruc-
tive effect IS produced, as shown by the number of colonies being the same as on the control,
plate. The heat absorbed by the black paper does not destroy the organisms.
480
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Eed, orange, yellow, and green afford nearly as mucli protection against insolation as complete
shadow. Blue and violet give niuoli less protection, and if the insolation continues for four or
five hours all the colonies are killed. In the articles referred to in the literature collected on this
subject the authors attribute this protective power to the opaqueness of red, orange, yellow, and
green to the actinic rays, while blue and violet are perfectly transparent to these rays. Glass
affords some protection from the sun, l)ut as a constant tactor in this experiment it does not alter
the result as far as comparison of the effect on the different organisms is concerned.
If during insolation the sun becomes obscured for even a short time, as from wind clouds, the
effect is seen by diminution of the number of colonies destroyed.
Diffuse light has very little destructive effect upon the organisms studied.
Gas and electric light as used in the illumination of houses have little if any effect upon
these organisms.
Under ordinary circumstances one might be tempted to explain the effect of sunlight as a
disinfectant as produced by the drying of the substances exposed to it, especially in the case of
those bacteria which do not form spores: but desiccation for a considerable period of time has
little effect upon the bacillus of typhoid or the colon bacillus, neither of which is known to
form spores.
Geisler (Zur Fratje iiber die Wirhung des LicMes auf BaMerien, Centrnlhl.f. BaltcrioL, Jena,
1802, XI, p. 161) reports that he found no qualitative difference between the effects of the electric
arc light and the direct sunlight; but that sunlight has a greater effect in checking the develop-
ment of the bacillus of typhoid; that all the rays of the spectrum, except the red, exercise some
inhibitory effect; that the heat of the sun's rays has some effect, and that perhaps changes in the
culture medium must be taken into account.
Light affects some of the bacteria which it does not destroy. For example, it diminishes the
]iignient-producing power of some of the chromogenic bacteria, such as the bacillus jn/ocyancns
and the hncillus jrrodiiiiosKS, and it probably lessens the pathogenic power of such organisms as
the bacillus of typhoid and the bacillus of tubercle, because it not only diminishes the raijidity of
their multiplication and hence the amount of their products, but so modifies them that, for a time
at least, when placed in the dark or inoculated into an animal the siiccessive generations are less
vigorous and prolific and give rise to less of their characteristic jiroducts. Some bacteria seek
the light and some i^roduce light, especially some forms resembling the cholera spirillum.
The practical importance of sunlight in preventing disease and destroying contagion has long-
been known, but it is only recently that we have obtained any definite knowledge as to how it
acts. Eecently Vou Esmarch [Uehrr Soiinen-Besinfection, Zeitschr. f. Hyy., XVI, 1894, 257) has
given x\\e results of a number of trials in disinfecting bedding, skins, etc., by sunlight, and while
the action of the light was, as might be ex^iected, mainly confined to the surface, yet it extended
more deeply into a iiillow containing the diphtheria bacillus than one would have anticipated. It
has been proposed to employ a i)owerful movable arc light to disinfect rooms, and it is possible
that good results may be thus obtained. The bacillus of tuberculosis appears to be more quickly
destroyed by light than some other forms, and is killed by diffuse daylight in about a week.
The following tables and charts show the results obtained by Dr. Peckham. In the charts
each color is that of the glass used during insolation. Charts are given also to show i^ercentage
destroyed as comj)ared with the half protected by the different colors.
Charl slioifiiig the protection from insolation giren htj Mack.
Percentage of organisms destroyed in the insolatcd lialf of tlie
plate as compared wiili the protected half.
Number of micutesiiisolated..
15
30
45 fO
75
90
-
105
120
17
25
28
15
33
25
55
34
71
65
83
63
88
72
90
97
80
98
99
90
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OE SCIENCES.
Chart showing the protection from insolation (/ircii bji blue.
481
Percent.igo of or^aui.siiis dt'stroyed in the iiisolatt^d half of the
plate a.s comparcil with tlio protd'tcd lialf.
Number of minutes exposed...
15
30
43 60
75
90
105 120
7.
13
14
29
38
30 32
39 ' 35
24
38
59
35
60
48
52
52
50
Colon .
34 54 sr
Chart shoivintj the protection from insolation 1
105 i 120
Typhoid
7
25
27 ! 40
■ 24 27
00 fin 1 ST
92
89
95
95
96
97
80
88 ! 88
Aureus
65
84 1 ^^'
Chart ahuiriny the effect of insolation thruuijh colored fluids
Typhoid.
Colon;
Aureus.
Beginning —
Beginning —
Beginning —
Deo. 26.
Jan. 3. Jan. 14.
Feb. 12.
Dec. 26.
Jan. 3.
Jan. 14.
Feb. 12.
Dec. 26.
Jan. 3. 1 Jan. 14.
Feb. 12.
(a)
9
(a)
None.
Sliadow
Red
3
3
3
3
3
16.4
25.5
11
8
12.6
24.4
17.8
19.5
16.3
(0)
(a)
4
4
(6)
73
61
54
72
25
4S. 2
55.5
51.3
76
53.4
43
(a)
45
(a)
17
3
3
3
3
3
67
50
39
41
38
(a)
48.5
49.5
84
70
Orange
Yellow
Blue
rt Contiiminated. b Six colonit's iu whole plate.
Chart shoiving the protection from insolation {/iven b}/ (jreeu.
Percentage of organisms destroyed in the insolated half of the
plate as compared with the protected half.
Xumber of minutes exposed. . .
15
30
43
60
75
90 105
120
Typhoid
17
7
11
6
41
40-
35
36
53
44
51
62
81
51
86 «7
92
99
95
83
80
95
75
Chart shoH'infj the protection from insolation given by orange.
Percentage of organisms destroyed in the insolated half of the
plate as compared \vitn the protected half.
Number of minutes
exposed. --
15
30
43 60
75
90
103 120
Typhoid
1
17
22
23
39
39
29
51
46
31
63
58
73
69
72
86
91
84
91
96
99
Colon
S. Mis. 50 31
482
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Chart showing the protection from insolation given hij yellow.
Percentage of organisms destroyed in the iiisolated lialf of the
plate as compared with the protected half.
Number of ininates exposed...
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
1 22
25
35
55
58
40
62
66
83
50
69
88
89
77
93 1
18
30
44
89 ; 99
90 , 84
1
ON THE INFLUENCE OF INSOLATION UPON CULTURE MEDIA AND OF DESICCATION
UPON THE VITALITY OF THE BACILLUS OF TYPHOID, OF THE COLON BACILLUS,
AND OF THE STAPHYLOCOCCUS PYOGENES AUREUS.'
By Dr. J. S. Billings, U. S. A.
At the meeting of the National Academy in Washington in April, 1804, I j)reseuted a paper
upon the influence of light upon the bacillus of typhoid and the colon bacillus, giving the results
of experiments made at the Laboratory of Hygiene of the ITiiiversity of Pennsylvania by Dr.
Adelaide W. Peckham, in accordance with a general scheme of investigation piepartpd for that
purpose by Dr. Weir Mitchell and myself.
This paper has not yet been ])ublished, and within the last three months there has api)eared
in the thud Heft of the uiuth volume of the Arheiten aiis dem Kuiserlichen Gcsuudlicitsdmtc a
paper by Dr. A. Dieudonne, entitled " Beitrage sur BeurtheUung der Einwirli^uuj des Lichtes auf
Buliterienj' in which he gives, as the results of experiments ou the effects of sunlight on bacteria
by methods which are almost identical with those used by Dr. Peckham, results which are
substantially the same as those announced in my iiaper above referred to.
I desire now to present to the Academy certain results which have been obtained since last
April iu experiments upon the influence upon certain microorganisms of culture media which
have been exposed to sunlight, and of desiccation of the bacteria themselves. These experiments,
like those previously reported, were made in the Laboratory of Hygiene of the LTmversity of
Pennsylvania by Dr. Adelaide W. Peckham, in accordance with the general scheme iirepared by
Dr. Mitchell and myself, the expenses of the investigation having been borne by an appropriation
from the Bache fund.
I. RESULTS OF INSOLATION OF CULTURE MEDIA.
Sterile bouillon msolated from one to ten days and then inoculatvd with the hdciUii.s typhi
abdomimdls showed no diminution iu the number of colonies as compared with a control plate.
Twenty days' insolation and then inoculation with the typhoid bacillus showed great decrease in
the number of colonies ou all the ])lates; some of them were perfectly sterile. Insolation of forty
days and inoculation in the same manner gave very few colonies for each plate, probably the
same as the number of germs introduced, i. e., there had been no development. Bouillon iusolated
fifty to sixty days and inoculated gave perfectly sterile tubes. This iusolated bouillon, after
inoculation and incubation, remained perfectly clear, and plates made after a week of incubation
gave no more colonies than those made at the end of twenty-four hours. Its reaction was alkaline,
but not intensely so.
Inxoluted tigariigar. — Of twenty-three tubes of agar-agar iusolated twenty days and then
inoculated with the hacilliis li/plii iibdoniinalis, all except one remained sterile, and neither the
bucillns ti/phi alidoiniiiulis iror the li(tciUii.s coH co7nmums grew when inoculated in Stripes ou these
' Presented to tlir National Academy of Sciences at its meeting October 30. 1894.
483
484 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
plates. Of seven tabes of agar-agar insolated forty days and then inoculated with the bacillus
of typhoid, all remained sterile. On four of these plates molds appeared after some days. Of
seven tubes of agar-agar insolated forty days and then inoculated and incubated as before, all
remained sterile.
Insolated (lelatin. — Of ten gelatin tubes insolated forty days and then inoculated with the
bacillus tfiphi t(bd(niiiiKilis, six remained sterile, two contained a few colonies of hacillus fi/phi
abdominalis, and two were contaminated.
It will be seen from these experiments that the long continued exijosure to sunlight of culture
media makes them incapable of supporting the growth of the bacillus of typhoid and of the colon
bacillus.
II. DESICCATION.
Bouillon cultures of the bacillus typhi abdominalis, the bacillus coli communis, and the
staphylococcus pyofjenes aureus were roughly dried ou threads 1 cm. long and then desiccated, a
portion being placed in a vacuum, another portion in a desiccator over sulphuric acid, and a third
in a closet; all were kept in the dark. The result of the desiccation under the three diB'erent
conditions is as follows :
Bacillus tjiphi ahdominalis :
Lived in a vacuum from December liO uutil July 21, or 207 days.
Lived in a desiccator over sulphuric acid from .lanuary 3 until July 24, or 203 days.
Lived in a closet from December 18 until July 21, or 219 days.
Bacillus coli communis :
Lived iu a vacuum from November 29 to May 30, or 183 days.
Lived in a desiccator over sulphuric acid from January 3 until July 24, or 203 days.
Lived in a closet from December 30 until May 30, or 152 days.
Staph ijlococcns pyogenes aiireus :
Lived iu a vacuum from November 2!) uutil July 24, or 238 days.
Lived iu a desiccator over sulphuric acid from October 25 until April 19, or 177 days.
Lived in a closet from Febi-uary 13 until July 24, or 162 days.
In will be seen from these experiments that the organisms experimented on endure desiccation
for five months or more without losing their vitality, and hence that what little desiccation may
have occurred in the insolation experiments had probably no influence ou the results.
PI -ATE I.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 1.
Cladothrlx Rufula. Surface colony-
Roll tube culture. 5th day.
Fig. 4.
B. Convolutus. Surface colony.
Gelatin roll culture. 2 days.
B. Fluoreacens Incognitus.
Young surface colony. Gelatin plate. 2 days.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 5.
#
B. Fluorescens Foliaceus.
Surface colony. Roll tube culture. 3 days.
Fig. 7.
/
■^f
B. Candatus.
Surface colony. Gelatin plate. 3 days
Fig. 10.
B. Fluorescens Schuylkiliensis.
Surface colony. UoUtuhe. 2 days.
B. Desldiosus.
Young colony. 2 days
Fig. 8.
B. Caudatus. Liquefying colony.
Gelatin plate. 4 days.
B. Subtilis.
Deep colony in gelatin. 84 hours.
B. Desidiosus.
Gelatin roll tube. 5 days.
Fig. 9
B. Arborescens. Var. B.
Deep colony. Gelatin plate. 2 days.
J
Fig. la.
^
4
,y
B. Delabens. Gelatin roll culture.
Surface colony. 8 days.
Fig. \X
m
Fig. 14.
^
B. Coadunatus.
B. Detrudens.
Fig. 15.
IT
*\r:
Deep colony. Gelatin roll culture. Deep colonies. Gelatin plate. 2 days
B. Detrudens. Deep colonies.
Unusual forms. Gelatin. 2 days.
'fk
A. HOEN * CO., LITH., BALTIXOBE.
PLATE II.
Fig. 2.
Kiff. !.
B. Detrurtens. Surface colony.
Gelatin plate. 2 days.
Fig. 4.
•
B. Capillaceus.
Surface colony. 24 hours.
Fig. 8.
B. Capillaceus. Deep colony.
Gelatin roll tube. 3 days.
/if
B. Detrudens. p-*'
Small surface colonies.
Gelatin plate. 30 hours.
Fig. 7.
B. Capillaceus. Deep colony.
Gelatin plate. 2 or 3 days.
Fig 3.
<^
B. Detrudens. Deep colony.
Gelatin plate. 2 days.
B. Crinitus.
Margin of colony in liquefaction.
Gelatin plate. 2 days.
Fig. 8.
B. Capillaceus. Deep colony.
Gelatin roll culture. 3 days.
Fig. 11.
Fig. 9.
B. Oenictilatus.
Surface and deep colonies.
Gelatin plate. 2 days.
Fig. 12.
Fig. 10.
B. Flexuosus.
Colony in gelatin plate. 2 days.
Fig. 13.
"^^
B. Lacunatus. Sarface colony.
Gelatin p'ate. 24 hours.
B. Multistriatus. Surface colony.
Gelatin plate. 2 days.
T-^
W
B. Nebulosis. Surface colony.
Gelatin roll culture. 3 days.
Fig. 14.
#
Proteus Mirabilis. Surface colony.
Gelatin plate. 24 hours.
A. HOEN i. CO., LITH., BALTIXOBE.
3
CHART OF BAC. COLI COMMUNIS.
15 Ml N.
30 IVl I N.
45 M I N.
60 IVl I N.
75 MIN.
90 MIN.
105 Ml N.
I20 M I N.
The different colors on the chart represent the amount of protection afforded by glass of the same color.
10tlltCOUTH.g*mMOII£
STAPHYLOCOCCUS PYOGENES AUREUS
IS MIN. 30 MIN.
45 MIN. 60 MIN. 75 fVllN. 90 MIN.
105 MIN. 120 MIN.
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The different colors show the amount of protection afforded during insolation by glass of the same color.
5
BAG. TYPHI ABDOMINALI8.
15 MIN. 30 MIN. 45 MIN. 60 MIN. 75 M 1 N . 90 MIN. 105 MIN. I20 MIN.
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r^ different colors show the amaimt of protection afforded during insolation by glass of the same color.
Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences. Vol. VII.
ROXBOROUGH district. upper schuyuill.
2 1 ST AND MORE THAN HALF OF 22nD AND 28tH WARDS.
Rain fall
INCHES
NOVEAIBER
6.640
DECEMBER
i.srs
JANUARY
2.380
FEBRUARY
5.530
HARCH
2.900
APRIL
4.105
HAY
5.360
JUNE
3.750
.IIJLY
2.470
Typhoid Fever
30000
BACTERIA
In One
Cubic-
Centimeter
6000
2000
11 Cases
20
30
44
57
58
31
20
iztc
±1^
^-i-r
hn=Z
22
Parts rer
Nitrogen
as
Nitrates
too Thousand
0.10
O.OS
0.04
free
Ammonia
0.005
0.002
0.012
Albuminoid 0.006
Ammonia
OXYGEN
Consumed
Oilorine
0.18
0.12
0.06
0.4
0.2
m
H
H
a
SB
■ ■ Q o
■ ■ ■
n
n
^
i~t*i
in I
I ■ ■
dbb
ht
I ■ n -
J Ll
m
il
HI
J-1-H
d
^
i=i
T=±
S
Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences. Vol. VI
I.
LOWER
SCHUYLKILL.
1
FAIRMOUNT
ST. 2nd. 3rd. 4th. 26th. -
DISTRICT.
JOth and 36th Wards.
DiAQttfi
M II.
NOVEMBER
DECEMBER
JANUARY
FEBRUARY
HARCH
APRIL
HAY
JUNE
JULY
Rain Fall
6.640
i.srs
2.380
5.S30
2.900
4.105
5.360
3.750
2.470
Typhoid Fever
22 Cases
23 Cases
22
22
23
29
43
36
32
22000
BACTERIA
in one loooo
Cubic
centimeter ^^^^
1
1 000
■— -
1 III
, .1.1
. 1 .
Pans per lOO Thousand
0.12
Nitrogen ^^^
1
1 I.I
1 II
1
■
m ■ ■
as
Nitrates
1
1
1 III
III
II II
III
1 1
Pfcc 0.006
■
1
Ammonia o.ooo
1 1
1
1 .
1 III
■ . .
. . 1
1 . II
i ll
1 1
0.018
0.012
1
Albuminoid 0.006
1
■ ■ 1
1 .1
1
Ammonia 0.000
1
1
Mil
1
1 ll
o:i8
■
0.12
OXYGEN 0.06
1
1
1 1 .
I . ll
1
ConsumeJ 0.00
1
1
Mil
1
II II
0.6
0.4
1 1
1
. 1
■ . ■
■
s 1-*
1 1
Liiiorine qq
1 1
1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
-f-l
n
^
f-r+f
—1
-H
=1
=:i
Memoirs of the Natioual Academy of Sciences, Vul. VII
BELMONT DISTRICT. Laboratory of hygiene.
LOWER SCHUYLKILL. 24th, 2rTH and 34th Wards.
Diagram III.
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER
DECEMBER
JANUARY
FEBRUARY | HARCH
APRIL
HAY
JUNE
JULY
Rain Fall - inches
0.4r5
6.640
i.srs
2.380
5.530
2.900
4.105
5.360
3.r50
2.470
Typhoid Fever
11 Cases
14
10
16
22
IT
35
21
24
22000
BACTERIA
In One
Cubic
Centimeter
6000
2000
Parts per lOO Thousand
Nitrogen
a£
Nitrates
0.06
Free
Ammonia
0.006
0.002
Albuminoid
Ammonia
OXYGEN
Consumed
0.15
0.07
0.020
0.015
0.008
E
dt
a.
n
ml
±±
n
u
tn
EH
tn
nmt
n
J ■
n
Memoirs of the Xatioual Academy of Sciem;es. Vol. VII.
FRANKFORD DISTRICT. Delaware water.
23rd, 25th, 35th and part of 19th and 33rd Wards.
NOVEMBER
DECEMBER
JANUARY
FEBRUARY
HARCM
APRIL
HAY
JUNE
Diagram IV,
JULY
Rain Fall
7.12 Inches
1,63
3,04
5.78
2.56
4.96
4.50
3.62
1.88
Typlioid Fever
19 Cases
13
24
35
36
29
44
1.9
23
bacteria
In One
Cubic
Centimeter
10000
5000
IC
■ ■ - ■
I ■ I -
JLl
Nitrogen
as
Mliatcs
0.06
0.03
tit
tt
^
^
tt
&
rzt
Parts per loo ThousanJ
0.012
Free
Ammonia
0,005
0,002
l=t
M
B£
I ■ - I
JLJ.
I=t
Alhuminiiid
Ammonia
0.02U
0.015
0.008
It
0.48
OXYGEN 0.24
Consumed
0.12
Clilorinc
0.6
0.4
0.2
l-m
1— r
n
T=FI
33
Mruanirsot tbeNaUoDal Actiiletiiy orSi-ieno»<. V'.l VII
MBI. WHOl I.IHHARY
lilH lAFG 5
2^fS