MEMOIRS

OF THE

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

"V^ o 1 11 ixL e I X^ .

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1905.

^7/^

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

VOLUME IX.

MONOGRAPH OF THE BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMEPJCA, IXCLUDIKG

THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS AND ORIGIN OF THE LARVAL

MARKINGS AND ARMATURE.

PART II.

FAMILY CERATOCAMPID.E, SUBFAMILY CERATOCAMPIN.E.

^ \ •

BY

AliPHEl'S SPRING PACIvARD.

1905.

CONTENTS.

I'age.

I. Coloration and protective attitudes of the Notodontid;« 5

II. Tlie larval armature of the Ceratocampinfe 10

III. The eaudal horn of the Ceratocampidte 17

IV. Protective armature both in shape and color and defensive movements 22

V. Coloration in the larvae of the Ceratocampinje 22

VI. Dichromatism or color variation in the larva 26

VII. Life historj' of Ceratomia amyntor 30

VIII. Phyloseny of the Ceratocampin^e 33

IX. On the Phylogeny of the Sphingidie; their derivation from the Ceratocampidas 34

X. Origin of the Syssphingina, and also the Symbombycina from the Notodontidte 40

XI. Opisthenogenesis, or the development of segments, median tubercles, and markings a iergo 47

XII. The superfamily Syssphingina 49

XIII. Origin of the Syssphingina by both continuous and discontinuous evolution 50

XIV. The geographical distribution of the Ceratocampinse 51

XV. The f ore-tibial sjsur or epiphysis 53

XVI. The nomenclature of the veins of the Lepidoptera 55

XVII. Classification and life histories of the Ceratocampiuie 56

3

THE BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA.

PART II.*

I. COLORATION AND PROTECTIVE ATTITUDES OF THE NOTODONTID^.

COLORATION IN THE IMAGINES. ^

The species of this g-roup are all more or less protectively colored. Their grayish, brownish
hues, with yellowish or soinetiines greenish markings, harmonize with the tints of the bark of
the trunk or branches of trees, whether grown over with lichens or not. In their shape and size,
whether at rest or fl^'ing, they closely resemble the species of Noctuidte. They differ as a rule,
however, in their slower flight, and in resting on the liark or among the leaves of trees, not
nestling in grass or low heritage.

There are almost no observations yet made on the protective attitiides of notodontian moths,
and the subject needs to be cai'efuUy studied. Long and close observations in the field witli the
aid of the camera are needed before we shall have a satisfactory body of facts, and it is to be
hoped that this line of study will be taken up liy lepidopterists of future generations. Many
observations have doubtless been made by breeders of moths, but not published. What we have
to sa_v is mainly in the line of suggestion. The colors and attitudes of the more typical members
of the family, as the species of Notodonta, Pheosia, Lophodonta, etc., when at rest, with their
tufts and the consequent production of angles and points, assimilate them with the bark of trees
or twigs wich salient parts, buds, and other projecting points.

Those who have seen species of geometrids, Ingura, etc., at rest, with their tails curled up and
their wings partly spread out, will readily understand how the species of Apatelodes, Melanopha,
etc., with their tufted abdominal tips, angulated wings, and bars and spots, would tend to conceal
them from the pi'ving eyes of birds.

The species of Melalopha {Jf. inclusa and strigosa) sit with the wings folded sharply over
the back, with the fore legs held straight out in front, and the tufted tail upcurved. (Monogr.
Bombycine Moths, 1, p. 181.)

The pale yellowish hues of Datana and Nadata, the latter with its high dorsal thoracic tuft,
assimilate them with yellow and l)rown leaves.

Here reference might be made to Professor Poulton's statement that the shape and color of
Scoliopteryx lihatrix " forcibly suggest the appearance of a red leaf spotted with a few white
bosses of fungoid growth." (Trans. Ent. Soc. London. 1SS7, p. 308.)

Ilyparpax aurora may be found, like BliOihijiJiorti fforida, to frequent pink and yellow
flowers.

How the very unusual and conspicuous markings of Edema alhlfrona and of Nerid' hidentata
may mimic the dentate edges of leaves or projections of other objects will doubtless be eventually
cleared up.

The ground shades and tints of the species of Schizura and Heterocampa, with their green
and yellowish spots and streaks would, when the moths are resting on lichen-covered bark of
their food trees, amply protect them from the ol)servation of birds. This has been pointed out
b\' Rile\' in the case of Si-luzura v.nieornis. ''The moth always rests head downward, with the
legs all drawn together and its wings folded round the bod}', which is stretched out at an angle

*Part I of this monograph was published as Memoir 1, Volume VII, of tliis series of publications.

5

6 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

of about 45°, the dull gray coloring of the wings with the lichen-green and flesh color giving
the whole such a perfect appearance to a piece of rough bark that the deception is perfect."
(Riley in Packard's Forest Insects, p. 269.)

On the other hand the white ground color of the species of Cerura, with their black lines and
spots, make them very conspicuous, and it I'emains to be seen whether these are not warning
colors and whether they may not secrete a malodoi'ous or bad-tasting fiuid to render them
distasteful to birds. However this may be, the secretion is not sufliciently pungent or enduring
to prevent these moths from being eaten by Anthrenus larvi\? and other museum pests.

ON THE LARVAL COLORATION OF NOTODONTID.E, AND THE ORIGIN OF SPOTS FROM LINES OR

STRIPES.

The observations hitherto made on the coloration and markings of Icpidopterous larvae, with
especial reference to their origin, have been those of Weismann and of Poulton on sphingid
caterpillars, and of Poulton and of Schroeder on the markings of georaetrid larvw.

In preparing our monograph of the Notodontidai we reserved for a later occasion a discussion
of the origin of the stripes and spots, blotches, ".nd discolorations which serve to protect most of
the larva^ of this group from oliservation. What we have to ofl'er, however, ai'e only some facts
and conclusions derived from an examination of some living larva; and of the colored sketches
illustrating our work.

Perhaps the mosi striking examples of the effects of lights and shadows in altering the color of
the green pigment of certain parts of the body is seen in the markings of smooth-bodied larvw which
feed among pine needles. In the larvoe of Nematus and Lophyrus, the green lai'vaj of geometrid
moths, also the larva; of certain Noctuid:e, including the Euro])ean Panoliv 2'>iniperda, also the
species of the sphingid genus Lapara (Ellenia), which habitually feed on the leaves of coniferous
trees, the white and red longitudinal stripes have evidenth' been produced by reflections from
the light and shaded portions of the leaf, while the red stripes are reflected from the red sheaths
of the needles.

Humps a.s means of ohl'iterat'um or concealment. — Mr. Abbott H. Thayer truly says: "As
soon as patterns begin, obliteration of the wearer 1)egins." Thus a geometrid larva holding
itself out stiff like one of the twigs of its food plant, becomes lost to view. Some larva;, be
.says, "appear to be extensions of leaves," and this is admirably illustrated bj' the remarkable
caterpillar of JVerice hiclenfata (Monogr. Boinbycine Moths, I, Pis. XIX and XXIII). The pale
green and white shades of the bod}', the alternating oblique bars and stripes, blend with those of
the elm leaf on which it rests or feeds. This singular larva differs from all other known
notodontian caterpillars, and in fact from those of any other family, in each abdominal segment
from the tirst to the ninth, bearing a large fleshy two-toothed hump, the three largest on
segments three to Ave. Thus, as we have stated, "the outline of the back is serrate, and
perhaps mimics the serrate edge of the leaf of the elm on which it feeds;" the serrations or
humps are not only of the size and shape of those of the elm leaf, but the jagged outline of each
double hump strikingly resembles that of a serration of the leaf, which is two or three toothed.
Besides this, the tij)s of the teeth of the humps are reddish In-own, like those of the tips of the
leaf serrations. Moreover, the oblique dark and light lines leading up to the humps, as shown in
Miss Soule's excellent drawing (PI. XIX, fig. 4), strikingly resemble the light lateral veins of
the leaf and the shadows the^^ cast.

With little or no doubt the tubercles and humps of the notodontians, of certain tree-inhabiting
noctuid larva% as well as many butterfly larvse, besides the geometers, are obliteration marks,
and have arisen in a M'ay difficult to explain, but evidently through a merely mechanical process,
and have been the means of giving a hold on life that unarmed caterpillars do not possess.

The humped caterpillars of the notodontian subfamilv Heterocampinne, especially of the
genera Hyparpax and Schizura, are armed with high, often nodding, tubercles on the first, fifth,
and eiglith, or fi!-st and eighth, abdominal segments.

While the nutant or movable tubercles evidently so function as to frighten away other
insects and thus ward oft' the attacks of tachina flies and ichneumons, these and the other humps

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 7

and tubercles ;iio wonderfully adiiptod from their resoiiibhince to projections of tln^ leaf on
which thov rest or feed, to obliterate the form of tiie eateri)iilai-.

The larva> lijjured in tiieii- dilferent devt>lopm(>ntal staj^es on Pis. XXI V to XXVIII of my
monograph illustrate thi^ tubercles and humps of the fully fed caterpillars, while the figures of
the earlier stages show how these ])rocesses gradually develop. A striking case of deception or
obliteration, dependent both on form and color, is that of Sc/u':;ur<i ipanuiv^ noted by me on page
197 (Pt. I), as follows:

" Wonderfully mimics a dull blood-red portion of a leaf which had been tait partly off and
become somewhat twisted, so that the larva itself would easily be mistaken for such a part of a
prominent terminal leaf. The deception was perfect, as 1 did not myself at first see it when
within 10 inches of my eyes, and on holding it before the eyes of an observing boy of 13 he
could not at first recognize it as a caterpillar. The same leaf had blotches of dull red, and the
flesh-red abdominal feet of the caterpillar clasped the concolorous red leafstalk."

While near the Profile House, New Hampshire, the last of September, 1 observed the fully
grown larva of Sehizura lepttnoides on a maple. At first I entirely mistook it for an upturned
tattered sere and brown edge of the leaf, being at first completely deceived, as the outlines and
coloration of the creature were exactly like those of the dead and dry portion of the leaf.

This species, more than any of the others of the genus, as stated in my monograph (p. 2<)1),
bears a most striking resemblance to a portion of a dead leaf, '" and several leaves were noticed
with portions partly cut off and somewhat curled up, to which the caterpillars bore a striking
resemblance, ))oth in shape and color."

"The apparent aim, or rather the result of the action of the environment, has jjeen to
produce a caterpillar who-^e shape and color represent a sere-i)rown more or less twisted portion
of a serrated leaf, such as that of a beech, horn})eam, and similar trees."

The caterpillar of our common S. unicornis, which feeds on the apple, plum, thorn, etc.,
mimics in shape and color the trees on which it feeds. This has often been noticed. Riley has
called attention to this. Miss Emma Payne says that it furnishes a wonderful instance of
mimicry. "The green segments just back of the head resemble a small portion of the green
leaf, and the other parts admirably counterfeit the brown and russet tints of the dead leaf, while
the form of the animal in its various postures aids the deception by its resemblance to a leaf
partly alive and partly dead, the green mostlj' eaten and the brown torn." (Amer. Ent., ii, 341.)
I have also noticed that this caterpillar feeds in a very conspicuous exposed position, but is
"obliterated" or protected "by its resemblance to the twisted, partly dead, ends of some of the
leaves, the oblique markings of the larva resembling the twisted dead and russet portions of the
leaf."

Schisura concinna differs from the others of its genus in its stripes and large stout spines.
These aid in rendering the creature still more alarming and repulsive to birds and less open to
attack from parasitic insects. (See my Monograph, I, p. 215.)

Period of life when the coloratlonnl features and t\d>ercles of Schlzura appear. — As stated in
my monograph (p. 207), the mimetic colorational features, "those which especially enable the
larva to escape observation, appear shortly before the creature is half grown, these changes
occurring at the end of the third stage, while the movable terrifying tubercle of the first abdominal
segment becomes developed at the same time. When feeding on the edge of a leaf, the Schizuraj
exactly imitate a portion of the fresh, green serrated edge of a leaf, including a sere-brown
withered spot, the angular serrate outline of the l)ack corresponding to the serrate outline of the
edge of the leaf. And as the leaves only become spotted with sere-brown markings by the end
of summer, so the single-brooded caterpillars do not in the Northern States develop so as to
exhibit their protective coloration until late in the sunmier, i. e.. ])v the middle and last of August
(p. 207). _ _ .

Tlie rnarJiings of the species of TIeterocampa. — In my monograph (I, p. 22ti) I have drawn
attention to the fact in the case of these beautifully striped and spotted caterpillars, that durino-
their ontogeny thei'e is, after the second ecdysis, a strong tendency to a reduction in size of
the tubercles, so that by the fourth stage the body becomes smooth and free from all projections

8 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

humps, and spines, and thus more nottuit'oi'ui. At the same time the yellow and whitish stripes
and pinlc blotches become indicated at an earlier stage tiian usual, as if the aim were to adapt
the caterpillar to the hues of the ribs and parallel greenish and yellowish lines and redtlish spots
of the leaf on which it feeds.

A variety of TR'terocampa manteo (Monogr., PI. XXIX. figs. 5, ~Mt)^ with a ground color
like the green of birch leaves, is beautifully colored with two subdorsal white lines, which in the
thii'd and sixth abdominal segments expand so as to 'contain a conspicuous deep blood-red sjjot
on each side: there is also a lateral yellow spiraeular line. As I state in the monograph (p. \L^1%):
''It is plainly derived from normal ;«(/«?'<■«, and is adapted for existence on the pale yellowish
green underside of the birch leaf, while the deep l)lood-red spots are similar in color to those of
the birch twigs or leafstalks."

The evolution of the red dorsal spots on IL'ttrocuiiipa (jtdtivitta is shown on PI. XXXI. In
stage I there are no lines, the body being of a uniform reddish hue, and armed with nine pairs of
liorns, those of the tirst pair being really collossal in size, like the antlers of a stag; but after
casting its skin, when the horns are all dropped, onl\' slight vestiges of the prothoracic pair
surviving, two parallel paler reddish lines arise and extend along the sides of the Ijody. These
lines widen, become diffuse and are lost or at least the lower line, just before the next ecdysis,
leaving two medio-dorsal closely contiguous lines. These two lines after the second molt (stage
III) become broken up into large deep blood-red jjatches on the thoracic and third, fourth, and
seventh and eighth abdominal segments. On the prothoracic segment the two lines diverge,
Ijeing forked, and this forked line persists to the end of stage IV. Already in stage III there
are the indications of the three short lateral oblique lines, which are more fully developed in the
fourth stage and continue to the end of larval life. They are deep red and are shaded al)Ove with
white. With little doultt the dorsal red spots of the young larva of //. lumitio (PI. XXIX,
fig. 2, 2(/) arise in the same way, the spots being on the same segments, while the forked bright
red thoracic line is like that of JT. tjiifflriffii.

In //. hinndatu also the freshly hatched larva is red, the green hue appearing after the worm
has begun to eat. In this beautiful insect toward the end of larval life it is readily seen from
PI. XXXII that it is amply "obliterated" })y its coloration, and stands in no need of horns,
which are, rather late in life, however, discarded.

The caterpillar when at rest usually stands on the midrib on the underside of the leaf, where
its green and white shades and lines well protect it from the prying eyes of insectivorous birds.

The figures of this species on 1*1. XXXII well illustrate the wonderfully close resend)lance
in color and markings of this caterpillar to the hues of the leaf and the rust-brown and darker
brown blotches on either surface of the leaves, in whatever position the larva assumes.

ORIGIN OK THE LINES AND SPOTS IN DATANA.

Origin of the transverse spots of Datana iiiajcr from longitudinal stripes. — The larviu of all
the species of Datana, with the exception of I), major, are longitudinally striped. The ground
color of the body in all the species is usually some shade of reddish brown or dark brown,
while the sti-ipes are reddish, yellowish, or whitish, according to the species, as may be seen by
reference to Pis. X to XIV of my monograph. Part I. As is well known, these conspicuously
marked caterpillars feed in an exposed maimer in clusters cm the apple and certain forest trees
and shrubs, assuming grotesque attitudes; it is most probable, though no experiments have
been made with them, that these caterpillars are distasteful to birds, since the European Pygivra
huci'pluila is distasteful to lizards (Poulton). These larvae are abundant, there are numerous
species, and the genus in point of numbers of individuals as well as species is a successful one.

In my work I described in some detail the diffei'ences in the markings of the larviB at different
stages, but failed to draw, or rather deferred to a later occasion, some conclusions as to the mode
of origin of the lines, and particularly^ the transverse series of spots of D. major.

In D. major the larva has taken a wide departure from the style of markings of its congeners.
As may l)e seen in PI. XII, Part I, the young larva, up to the time when it is about half grown,

:\IEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 9

is like scvcM'iil cif the otliof species, yoUowi-^h. with twin rc<l(lisli lonn-itudinal stii|)('s. Al'lcr tho
third molt ;i yi-oal (liaiisie in the clmi'iictcr of th(> niariiinys laivcs place 'I'lic lono-itudinal stripes
now (lark or blackish brown and the yellowish or whitish stripes l)et\v(>eii them are so broken up
that the result is a series of transverse lines of spots of those colors. As stated l)y Doctor Dyar,
who has reared the insect from the eyo- antl allowed me to publish his notes in my mouooraph, Pt. I
(p. 114). the lin(>s are broken by the l)lack i^round color into a series of s(|uarish spots. "'The
two upper lines are liroken in all the segmental incisures an<l broadly thi'ouu'h the center of the
segment; the third (lateral) is brok(Mi in the same manner, but less broadly in the center of the
segment, while the fourth (substigmatal) is not liroken in the incisure nor center of the segment,
but once befoi-e the spiracle and again toward the posterior edge of the segment."

It will readily be seen that in the course of its ontogeny Datana jiuijcr passes thi-ough the
stages of coloration and markings of all the other species whose postembryonic development is
known, i. e., recapitulates their phases of coloration, but finally pushes back these phases in the
ontogeny and enters upon a more ad\anced stage, showing that it is phylogenetically the young-
est of all our species of Datana.

How far successful thi' new style of markings thus obtained is over that of the older, more
primitive species remains to be seen when further observations on this rather rare species shall
enable us to see how well it is protected, either by its markings or its bad taste.

Further observations are needed in order to ascertain whether the process of breaking up of
the longitudinal stripes into transversely arranged spots began at the hinder end of the bod\'.
The fact that the process began from above, where a greater amount of light falls upon the body,
resulting in white or yellow spots on a black ground, would seem to be an exemplification of
Thayer's law; that "animals are painted by nature darkest on those parts which tend to be most
lighted by the sky's light."" Again he says: "• While nature undeniably completes the conceal-
ment of animals by pitching their whole color gradation in a kev to match their environment,
the real magic lies in the gradation itself from darkest above to lightest below wherever this
gradation is found."

PHYTOGENY OF THE SPECIES OF DATANA.

Of the twelve known species or forms of this genus only a single one appears to have under-
gone in the larval state a high degree of specialization of its markings, i. e., the transformation
of the longitudinal stripes into transverse sei'ies of bright conspicuous whitish or yellowish
spots, such as occurs in the ontogeny of D. nmjor.

Since this radical change in the style of markings does not take place until after the last
ecdysis, the species has evidently only recently evolved; it is phylogeneticalh' the youngest
species of the genus. We thus have in our hands a means of classifying the species of the genus,
or at least of dividing them into two groups, i. e., comprising those which retain their stripes
throughout larval life, and the single one (unless additional species should occur) in Avhich the
body is transversely spotted.

Since the number of species in this genus is large, and the individuals abound, the type was
evidenth' a verj' successful one, and how successful the spotted species is, being so far as known
rather rare, and how much it is aided by its spotted coat in evading the attacks of birds, etc., in
the struggle for existence would be an interesting inquiry.

The genus Datana and its European ally Pygara are members of a distinct subfamil3-, which
has originated in the arctogaeic area, and as the .species of Datana are confined to America
north of southern Jlexico, and within that region are unusuallv numerous, both in species and
individuals, it is to be presumed that the original point of origin of the subfamilj^ was on the
Atlantic side of the North American continent. If this be the case the two Eurasian species of
Pygsera may be the descendants of late Tertiary emigrants from the polar regions.

"The law which underlies protective coloration. Smithsonian Report for 1897, p. 477.

10 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

II. THE LARVAL ARMATURE OF THE CERATOCAMPINiE.

The armature of lepidopterous larvie consists either of glandular hairs or seta?, tactile hairs,
and defensive spines, and in function are either glandular or simply tactile, or both functions
combined, or are defensive, the base of the spines of larva? of the group Cochliopodidie being
glandular and secreting an active poison. The setie are seci'eted by unicellular dermal glands.

The base of the seta is strengthened by the deposition of chitin or parenchyma so as to form
a pediment or support of the seta, and as a rule the size of the wart or tubercle thus formed is
correlated with that of the seta or spine arising from it.

Change of function in the armature. — While the primitive function of the hairs, judging
from the fact that they appear to have arisen in freshly hatched lai'vie of the more primitive
groups of Lepidoptera, though present in the first stage of butterfly larva and in Notodontida?;
they also at the same time served as tactile or sense-hairs. Then from l^eing simply tactile they,
by use or as the result of external stimuli resulting from the attacks of other insects, etc.,
became so strengthened, chitinized, and spiny as to render the animal unpalatable or inedible, as
nearly if not all hairy caterpillars are known to be.

A final step was the secretion of an acrid pungent poison at the base of the spine, as notably
in the case of the Megalopygida;, Liparidte, Hemileucida?, and Saturniidse."

The glandular hairs occur on the larva^ of Pterophorida? (Dimmock). I have observed them in
the first larval stages of Platypterycidcij and Notodontidfe, as well as certain Sphingidre {Deidauiia
insculptuni and Ampelophaga m}jron)\ also in the Saturniida? (Attacinaj); also in Ceratosia
tricoliyr. According to Scudder, in his work on the Butterilies c)f the Eastern United States, they
occur on the freshlj- hatched larva of the Nyiuphalidte, Lycwnidte, and certain Papilionidw
{Papilio cresphontes), Piei'lnse, and Hesperidi».*

Origin of the tuhercles or tubercular hase of the hrivtie or setm. — Not only in lepidopterous
larvEB, but also in those of other orders, especially certain larval Coleoptera and Panorpidie,
do the setse arise from a swollen, fleshy, or chitinous base forming a wart or tubercle. When
giving ofl' a hair or bristle such tubercles are referred to as setiferous. Theoretically the swollen
base of the hair (see Part I of this Monogi'aph, PI. XXVI, tig. 11) is apparently due to the motion of
the long slender hair in touching objects, as the caterpillar creeps among the leaves of its food
plant. Such motions and stimuli lead to the aggregation of tissue around the base of the seta,
serving to support it. The simple primary seta with its conical tubercle may lose its functions and
atrophy so as to leave only the tubercle, which may be soft, fleshy, as in certain Notodontidse in
which the}' are nutent, and thus fitted Ijy their slight movements to ward oft' or at least deter
parasitic insects from ovipositing on them. On the other hand, the tubercle maj', as in the Cerato-
campidse, become converted into a purely defensive horn-like spine, with branches like a deer's
horn, as in Eacles and Citheronia, etc. The horn-like spines on the prothoracic segment of Hetero-
campa are remarkable from their apparently sporadic occurrence in a group which are as a rule
not provided with spinous protections.

Arrangement <f the Setiferous tuhercies in Lej>i(?opte7-a .-^WhWe the larvre of certain Cole-
optera, Diptera, Panorpidaj, etc., are hairy and. as in Panorpidw, arise from a swollen conical
base, i. e., a tubercle, their special arrangement in the Lepidoptera is, so far as known, diagnostic
of the order.

In the Panorpidie, which, in some important respects, are allied to what may have been the
ancestral stock of the Lepidoptera, the setfe, judging by Brauer's figures of the first and final stages

« For notes on the armature of various families of moths see Proc. Amer. Phil. See. xxxi, 1893, pp. 83, 139.
'' See my Notes on some points in the external structure and phylogeny of lepidopterous larvte. Proc. Boston
Soc Nat. Hist., May, 1900, pp. 83-114.

.mi-:muiks of the national academy of sciences. 11

of Panorpa conuiiunis, form a sprios psissin";- ai'ouiul the .segment a little in front of its middle.
There are no seta> eorre.sponding in position to seta !i of lepidopterous larv:e; that is, there is no
posterior pair of dorsal setre, but the series of eight or ten setiferous tubercles to a segment form
a line passing on the side of the segment considei-abl}' behind the spiracle. In the Trichoptera,
as Dyar has ot>served, there are no setiferous tui)ereles.

In the larviv of the more primitive groups of Lepidoptera, and in stage I of the more
specialized families, I have always observed that, looking at the animal from above, there are
two pairs of setiferous tubercles, or four in all, arranged in a trapezoid, the tuljercles of the
hinder pair being wider apart than those of the anterior pair. This disposition in a primitive,
generalized form is seen in tig. 7, p. 63, of my monograph of Notodontida% representing the
larva of Ade/a vtridiUa, also fig. 9. This arrangement of the four dorsal setiferous tubercles
is common to all the more generalized lepidopterous families — as the families comprising the
Tineina, the Hepialida? (p. 7"J, 73, tigs. 31, 32), the Pyralidte, Noctuidse, etc. If we refer to
these setiferous tubercles as arranged in longitudinal series, such series may be designated as the
dorsal, subdorsal, supra and infraspiracular series, though this classification does not well bring
out the varying position of the posterior dorsal pair.

A more exact designation is that proposed b}' Doctor Dyar in 189-1:, who showed that there
are two types of arrangement. "The first, which is b}^ far the more generalized, consists (con-
sidering only the abdominal segments) of five tutjercles above the spiracle on each side, three in
a tranverse row about the middle of the segment and two behind; below the spiracle are two
oblique rows, containing, respectively, two and four tubercles. This type is found in Hepialus,
and is probably typical of the larvre of the moths in Professor Comstock's first su))order, the
Jugatie."

"The second type contains two dissimilar lines of modification of the first type; bu^, as they
agree in number of tubercles and in other characters, I will consider them together. The fundi-
mental arrangement of the tubercles is as follows: On each side above the spiracle three tubercles;
below, or behind the spiracle and above the base of the leg, three more; on the base of the leg,
three (or four) on the outside and one on the inside near the midventral line. These I propose to
designate thus, counting from the dorsal line down the side: Tubercles /, //, ///, above the spiracle,
iv, V, vi below it, the group of three on the outside of the leg as vii^ and the single one on the
inside of the leg as rlii. Tubercles rii and vi'il are present also on the legless abdominal seg-
ments (viz, segments 1, 2, 7, 8, and 9 of the abdomen) in the corresponding position."

Doctor Dyar has skillfully used these sette or setiferous tubercles in classifying the families
of Lepidoptera, especially \\\ separating the more generalized from the more specialized; yet in
some cases thej- hardl}' seem the best guide. It should be borne in mind that any single character
or set of characters do not prove in all cases reliable, since they shift or di.eappear in specialized
types and other characters are substituted and become prominent by being more useful and adap
tive, and, as we shall see, the tubei'cles il are the most variable in position and development of
any on a segment during the ontogeny of a species or group, and are thus important in working
out the phylogeny of the Lepidoptera or some special group.

The arrangement of the tubercles l-^oil on the trunk segment of a syssphingine moth, is
illustrated by Fig. 1. It will be observed that tubercle v is below, while in the Sphingidaj it is
situated directly in front, of the spiracle.

Presence or ahsence of dorsal tubercles ii. — The presence, reduction, or the atrophy of this
pair of tubercles in the course of the ontogeny has an intimate bearing on the phylogeny of the
subfamily under discussion.

In the first stages of Adelocmnpa hicolor this pair of dorsal tubercles are present (PI. XLV, fig.
2, m), the four dorsal tubercles being arranged in a trapezoid on abdominal segments 1 to 7, and in a
modified form on segments 8 and 9. It persists through stages II to III. Their presence in the
fourth and final stages is more doubtful, since the surface of the body is scattered over with

a " I have not had Micropteryx for examination."

12 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

minute secondaiy setiferous tubercles, and it is difficult to distinguissii the primary ones, wliose
growtii has become retarded or stationary, from the latter set, since they are so reduced in size.

To enter more into details, while the tubercles of the anterior dorsal pair (lig. 1) in stage I
are already large and much specialized, the integument crenulated or wrinkled, the seta finely
spinulated, while the long tubercle sends off a posterior tine or spur near the base; on the other
hand, the tubercles of the hinder pair (ii) are minute in comparison and primitive in shape, the
tubercle itself a simple cone and the seta simple hair-like. Both sets of tubercles (/ and //) occur
on abdominal segments S and 9, the caudal horn on 8 being a highl}- modified tubercle /. The
same relations exist in stages II, III (figs. 2, 3, //). In stages IV and V, or the last instar, tubercles
ii are difficult to distinguish from the secondary ones, which are rather thickly crowded over the
dorsal surface; thej' can be distinguished on abdominal segment S directly behind and near the
base of the caudal horn. It may be observed that all the thoracic and abdominal horns are in
Adelocephala hypertrophied tubercles /, and this will apply to the Ceratocampidas in general.

In tS'/saj'/ini.r molimi, stage I, tubercles // are wanting on abdominal segments 1 to 7, though
present on segment S behind the caudal horn. This atrophy of // at once clearh' indicates that

Fig. 1. — Head and first five trmik-segnieiits of Schizura cimcmna, showing tlie
arraBgement of tubercles i-vii.

this genus is a later, less primitive form than Adelocephala, a view corroborated by other
characters.

In EaclcH imperkdh, which, generally speaking, has evidently almost directly descended from
Adelocephala, the tubercles ii are absent in all the stages on abdominal segments 1 to 7. On
segment 8 the tubercles // are situated next to the caudal horn and are of good size in stages I,
II, and all the later stages, being about as large as tubercle /// on the side of the segment.

In Citheronia regaliH there are no tubercles ii on abdominal segments 1 to 7, but they are in
stages I to V on segment 8. In stage I they arc about one-half as large as the caudal horn itself.
In stages II and III (PI. LIV) they are large and branched, while in the last two stages they
become reduced, until in the final stage they are about as long as the caudal horn is thick at
its base.

These tubercles (//) are present on the eighth abdominal segment in V. f<ejjii/e/'(ih's in all
stages; in C. splendens, stages IV and V (PI. LV), and in the last stage of C. laocoon (PI. LV).

The species of Anisota form a side branch situated somewhat of!' the main evolutional track,
having undergone a greater reduction of tubercles in the larval state and of the maxilhc in the
imago than any of the other CeratocampinEe. Yet in the first larval stage of each of the four

MEMUIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEiMV OF SCIENCES. 13

spocios the trapozoid made by tuhorclcs /and // is present on abdoiniiial soiiinents 1 to S. In A.
8ti(jiiiii (1*1. LI) in stiiye III // have disappeared on segments 1 to 7, and in this stage and later
stages in all the specie.? these tubercles (ii) seem to have become atrophied, but retained on the
eighth abdomintil segment. In ^1. viiylnieiisls of the last stage tubercles // on this segment are
nearly obsolete and w hite. like the neighboring scH'ondary tubercles in the specimens examined,
but this may be an individual variation, as in all tlu^ tub(>rcles there is some difi'erence in
development. In a full-grown larva of ^1. stigiiut the tubercles // on this segment are larger
than in ^4. virginiciiKix and black or chitinized and pigmented. In ^1. ruh/'cinida of the last
stage the tubercles // are fairly distinct, hut not pigmented, while in ^1. snidtorla thev are larger
than in the other species and pigmented dark reddish-lirown like the other dorsal and lateral
spines, ^^'hy this pair of tubercles are retained on this segment and disappear, on those in
front is not easy to explain, unless it be that they are protected by the overhanging caudal
horn, for they are longest and best developed in Citheronia. which has the largest caudal horn
of any of the suljfamily.

The lower tubercles, supra- and infra-spiracular, are in the same line as the spiracles iii,
being directly above the spiracle and in a line with tubercle /, as in the family generally and
the Saturniida', as already observed bj' Dyar.

Ahse7ice of tubercle i on the ninth aidomijial segment. — In referring to the unpaired dorsal
tubercle on the ninth abdominal segment Doctor Dyar" states that it corresponds to //, "as
tubercle / is not present on the ninth segment." In the Ceratocampinie there is but a single pair
of dorsal tubercles on this segment, fused in the later stages; since they are situated near the
hinder edge of the segment, I take it they are tubercles //, but otherwise I do not now .see how
they can l)e distinguished fi'om tubei'cle /.

The history of the compound or fused horn or tubercle on this segment will be seen by
reference to Pis. XLV and XLVI of Adelocejyhala hlcolor.

In Anisota the double nature of this tubercle is plainly seen in the first stage of all the
species. In A. virg iniensls (Fl. L, ii) the two setiferous tubercles // are seen to arise from a com-
mon swollen base; in stage III the tubercle is slightly but distinctly' forked, and the paired nature
of the spine is seen in the full-fed larva in the pair of bristles arising from the end of the tuber-
cles (PI. LII, tigs, lb, Ic) not showing an}' terminal division. In A. stigma (PI. LII, fig. 3) the
separate swollen bases of the setre in stage I are seen to arise from a common large tubercle;
in stage II (tig. 3rt) the seta? are shorter but sepai'ate at base; while after the second molt the
tubercle becomes solid, pigmented, as in A. virginiensis. In ^4. senatoria, stage I (PI. LIII, fig.
1), there ai-e, as in all the other species, no traces of tubercle / and the double tubercle // arises
as in the other species, but in stage II (fig. la, ii), besides the primitive seta\ which are wide
apart at base, there have arisen two secondary minute seta? (showing that this species is younger
than virginiensis and stigma); in stage III (fig. \h, ii) the tubercle is much less advanced than
in the other two species mentioned, since the tubercular base of each seta is still separate from
its fellow, the two tubercles arising from a common base; from an oblique point of view the
tubercle is seen to be more deeply forked than in the other two species mentioned (fig. 15. // a).
In A. ruhicunda, stage I (fig. 2, //), the tubercle is as in ^4. senatvria. In stage III the tubercle
seen vertically and from behind or obliquely (fig. 25, a) to be deeply forked, and bearing at least
8 or 10 fine secondary setiferous tubercles, which suggest that this species is the most specialized
and therefore recent species of any of the others, this view being corroborated b}- the other
features of its armature and coloration. In the final stage the tubercle is slightly^ forked.

In Syssphinx, Eades, and Citheronia, tubercle * appears to be absent in stage I and through-
out larval life. The fused tubercles // in AdeJocejihaJa hicolor is in the last stage much reduced,
is simple, conical, not pigmented, but whitish, though showing the scars of two small setee.

In Syssphinx molina, judging from Burmeister's figure, it probably is much as in Adeioceph-
ala hicolor, reduced and scarcely distinguishable except by position from the secondary tubercles.
It appears to be a little more prominent in A. wardi, and still more so in A. argyracantha.

a Loc. eit., p. 232.

14 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

In Eacles imperial ifi, stage I (PI. XLVII, fig. 2, ii), the niidtubercle is large, highly devel-
oped, each //' being subdivided or two-headed. In stage III it lieconies smaller in proportion,
a little longer than the diameter of the caudal horn at its base, and four-headed; it becomes
shorter in stage IV and after the last molt is still more reduced and is forked, but no higher
than broad.

In Citheronia 7-egidis{F\. LI V) this spine is, in accordance with the rest of the armature,
much more developed than in the other genera. It is in stages I, II, III about half the thickness
and length of the caudal horn, repeating its shape and spinulation, while in stages IV and V it is
about a third as long.

In C. sjjIendenK, in stages IV and last, it is about two-thirds as long as the caudal horn,
while in the last stage of C. sejndcralis it is much shorter, onl}- about one-fourth as long as the
caudal horn.

The thoracic arniature. — We will ))egin with Adelocephala, whose matui'e larva is through-
out the body the most spiny, the abdominal segments between the tirst and the eigiith bearing
the caudal horn, being armed with large, and in certain species conspicuously colored, spines or
horns. The group is remarkable for the enormous thoracic and caudal horns in the earliest
stages.

In stage I of A. licolor (Pis. XLV and XLVI) and of Si/ssphinx vioUna (PI. XLVII), the
remarkable features are the enormously developed second and third thoracic tubercles or horns,
which are three times as long as the caudal horn. While the specific and generic differences are
given in detail under the special description of each life history, we may here give a comparative
account of the form and history of the thoracic spines in the Ceratocampina?.

The prothoracic segment in the two genera already named is usuall}- provided with setiferous
tubercles of even less than normal size, the dorsal ones no larger than the lateral ones, there being
six on each side of the segment. But in the undetermined mature Brazilian larva (PI. Ill, fig-. 1,
and PI. XLIX, tig. 4), they may be found in stage I when discovered to be long and well
developed; they are distinct, fairlj' long pi-othoracic dorsal spines.

In Eacles and Citheronia, however, there is a great change; those of the dorsal pair being
enormously developed, and ending in a fork or two twin setiferous tubercles, repeating the
two forms of those on the two hinder thoracic segments. In Eacles the dorsal spines or horns are
between one-fourth and one-third as long as those behind, have two to three secondary tubercles,
and end in two long diverging setiferous branches or tubercles about a third as long as the entire
horn. This 'form is repeated in the subdorsal horn, which is of the same general shape, but with
a shorter main shaft.

Of the horns behind, those of the mesothoracic segment are a little longer than the mcta-
thoracic ones. In Eacles the tubercles of the supraspiracular series are alike on each three
segments in being primarily two-headed, but with such large secondary' setiferous tubercles as
to make them appear tive-headed. The infraspiracular spine on the first thoracic segment is
veiy large, three-headed, while the one below is double headed. There are in all five tubercles
on each side of this segment. It is to be observed that in Eacles and Citheronia there is, con-
trary to Adelocephala and Sj'ssphinx, a close similarity in shape and size between the caudal horn
and the thoracic hoi'ns.

In Oitheroiiia regally, the dorsal prothoracic horns arc still more similar to those behind,
being nearly as long, and of identical shape and similarly spinulated. There is a marked differ-
ence in the development of the subdorsal horns of Citheronia, these being very much longer than
in Eacles, and only slightly differing in the shape of the bulbous end. The greater specialization
of the swollen end of all the eight horns as well as of the caudal horn in Citheronia is of
interest. The bulb is shaped like a chestmit, full, thick, forming the couuuon base of the two
diverging tubercles, which bear specialized set;« in the form of cylindrical straight rods, blunt
at the end; a seta of very characteristic shape. This style of specialized seta also occurs in the
thoracic horns of Adelocephala and Syssphinx, though in the caudal horn it docs not appear, the
setaj being of their primitive shape.

MEiMOlKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 15

III Adelocephiila, after the tirst molt (PI. XLV, tig-. 3). thoracic horns diti'cr in the reduction
of the bulbs, which lose their .swollen shape, becoming simply forked, and the rods becoming
mere setiB. In the third and later stiiges there is a further reduction of the two terminal spines,
the horns ending in a double point, with little sigiiiticance, while the horns themselves become
shorter. On the other hand, a new and striking feature comes into prominence, i. e., the silvery
color associated with pink of the larger tubercles on abdominal segments two, four, and six
(PI. XLIX, tig. 2b), as if the welfare of the species depended on this new colorational feature.
Just how this is to be explained depends on further special observation of the living caterpillar
amid its surroundings of leaves and spines.

In Eacles, stage II, a profound change takes place in the armature, the reduction of the size
of the spines being marked. From the prothoracic to the tenth abdominal segment thej' are cut
down, reduced. New influences have begun to be exerted, and the formidable set of complex
spines, inherited from some extinct ancestor, no longer of use, become discarded, and a new
kind of protection arises, these perhaps being the hairs so peculiar to this genus. In the third
stage the thoracic spines are as long as the body is thick, and taper at the end, which is forked;
in stage IV the horns are now considerably shortened, not so long as the body is thick, while
those on the prothoracii' segment are scarceh' higher than broad. After the tinal molt the
prothoracic spines (PI. XL VIII, figs. 3, i) are reduced to broad, low, flattened rough tubercles;
those of the two following segments are reduced to short, stout, conical tubercles, about half as
long as those in the fourth stage, and they are now shorter than in any other genus excepting
S.vssphinx.

In the second stage of C. rcgaJl.x the bulb of all the horns have become moditied into two
simple branching spines, each ending in a simple seta (i*!. LIV). The larva in this stage bears a
forest of twelve spinulated, long, slender spines, the longer ones equaling half the length of the
body, while at the end of the l)ody is a less dense forest or thicket of repellant branching thorny
spines.

In the third stage the iiorns are still slender, and the spinules, being large and long, they
appear to be much branched. In the fourth stage they have become three times as stout as
before and of the same thickness and length, but a little longer in proportion than in the last
stage. Their efl'ect is in the two last stages heightened by the black thoracic and the abdominal
oblique liands.

It still remains to be seen whether these spines secrete at their base a poison; and it is to be
hoped that close and repeated observations will be made on the larvse while feeding to see how
far thej' are protected by their armature and dark conspicuous stripes from the observations of
birds, etc.

It should be noted that while C. regalia has the longest spines of any species of the genus, in
C. sej)uIcraU.'i they are shorter, while in the Brazilian C. j)'^'''^'^'^'']"- f^^.v are scarcely longer than
in Euclen imperalis.

TTie hairs of Eacles vs. the reduction in the spines. — The bodies of all the Ceratocampinae
except Eacles are destitute of hairs. In Eacles the long irregular hairs are a generic feature.
They tirst appear in stage II, Ijut in stage IV these long white hairs are frecpientlj' as long or a
little longer than the body is thick. They are longer in the penultimate than the last stage, and
form a more dense clothing. Now, it is well known that birds and ichneumon flies of various
kinds avoid haiiy caterpillars, and the question arises whether the hairs of Eacles in its last stage
do not to some extent protect the creature from its natural enemies, and whether, since it is thus
protected, the spines have undergone reduction from being no longer useful in defense. On the
other hand, it is only fair to state that L'itlieronia penelope, with horns scared}- longer than
those of Eacles, is destitute of long hairs, though the vestigial dorsal tubercles of the abdominal
segments are represented by Burmeister as giving rise each to three or four short sets.

The d<jrs<il spines of Anisata. — In this genus the armature is so reduced that there is but a
single pair of horns on a single segment, the second thoracic, and this reduction is associated in
the moths with the atrophy of the maxilla?. In each of the four species whose ontogeny is
Vol. 9—0.5 2

16 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

known tho liirva is hiitched with thi.s pair of liorns alone, and it is signiticant that they are
situated on the most exjOTsed part of the body.

In stage I the dorsal spines are throughout longest in A. I'irghiieiisiK (those of tho tliird
thoracic segment largest in this species), and in this respect this species is the most primitive or
nearest its supposed Adelocephala ancestor; the dorsal spines are longest in A. stiguia^ are shorter
in A. senatorin, and much the shortest in ^1. nihicunda.

It is noteworthy that in tiie full-fed larva the dorsal horns of the second thoracic segment
are longest in A. riiyinensis, shorter in ^1. .fenatoria, and shortest in ^1. ruhicunda.

The question arises as to the probable cause of the reduction in all the spines in this genus.
This may perhaps be answered by the fact that they do not need a defensive armature, owing to
the style of coloration, the l)ody })eing striped, like so many unarmed caterpillars, especially
Noctuidw, etc. Moreover, the eggs are laid in large patches of over 200, the young larv» live
gregariously on the under side of leaves of the oak, maple, etc., which bear no spines, while this
gregarious habit in all but A. rnhicunda is maintained throughout larval life, as they, especiallj'
A. senaforiu, are seen to be crowded together in clusters on the partly defoliated twigs of the
trees, somewhat after the manner of caterpillars of Datana.

The 'iurnnal plate and its i/iod(p\'i(t/'>/is. — This is the reduced tenth abdominal segment, and
is flattened triangular, rather large, usually ending in a fork.

In its perhaps most generalized form, that of Adeloceph<di( hlenJor. the suranal plate in stage I
is armed with three well-developed setiferous tubercles, the tubercles themselves conical ))ut
higher than thick at the base, and bearing a long slender seta. The plate is forked at the end,
the two terminal tubercles giving it a forked appearance; there is also a pair of setiferous
tubercles similar in size and shape to the others, each one situated a little way in from the edge
and behind the middle. There are no secondary setiferous tubercles. This description will also
apply to Syssphinx in its first stage.

In the succeeding stage (II) and all the later stages the end of the plate is distinctly forked
and the surface of the plate is rough, with live secondary' setiferous tubercles, while the primary
ones are but little larger than the secondary ones and merely hold their own in size; on tlie base
of the two teiniinal tul)ercles forming the fork are several secondar_y setiferous tubercles.

In the last stage the setaj are much reduced in length, nearly atroj)hied in many cases, and
the surface of the plate is rather evenly granulated.

In Anlmta ruhictoidd (Pis. LII, LlII) the suranal plate is rather short, rounded at the end,
having lost the salient features of that of Adelocephala. The setiferous tul)ercles in stage I are
minute, though the bristles themselves are long, hair-like. The typical number is live on each
side, three marginal ones, one situated within, beyond the middle of the plate, and the pair of
terminal ones. After the tirst molt the pair of terminal tubercles are much larger than before,
giving the plate a forked appearance. In the last stage the primary tubercles are large, distinct,
and black-pigmented.

In stage I of A. tndiieunda and .senator/a the plate is simplest; in ^4. riiyinu'iis/i< and stiff ma
it is more specialized and somewhat pigmented. In the second to the final stages, however, of
A. senatoria the plate is more stoutly spinose than in an\' other species, the lateral and two
terminal spines or tubercles being solid, conical, and pigmented l)rown black (tig. 2).

In Eacles imperialix the armature of the suranal plate is very formidable in the two tirst
stages (Pis. XLVIII, tigs. 1, 2), especially before the tirst molt. The tirst tubercle, i. e., that
neai'estthe ninth segment, on each side is very large, four-headed, and as long as the entire plate.
In the second stage, the tubercle spines are reduced in size but retain the same structure, the
seta? remaining; but after the second molt the great basal spines become I'cduced to low, flattened,
broad, hubbly vestigial tubercles, with secondary tubercles. The plate is l)laik in the last stage,
with the edges yellow, while the granulations, or low stout conical tubercles, are coarse and
render the surface of the plate rough.

In CitheroniareffaJist\\Q armature of the suranal plate is similar to that of Eacles, on the same
plan, but the tul)ercles and their spinules are nuich longer and slenderer, as seen in PI. LIV, tigs.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OK SCIENCES. 17

1, 3. (si). Ill stage 111, tho pioportion l)ctwcen the spines is still the same; now, small sec-
ondary setiferous tubereles have arisen. In stage V (Hg. 6) the two lateral tubercles sj are
reduced to low flattened four-headed ones, and the plate is well rounded at ihc end; the two
terminal black tubercles are minute, while the surface of the plate is without secondary tubercles,
not being coar.sely granulated as it is in Eacles. In 6'. sj//e)ulcii-s (PI. LV, fig. la, Ih) the arma-
ture is more e.xccssivcly developed than in C. regalls or any species of the genus, and the surface
of the plate is covered with transverse rows of secondary tubercles, the two terminal tubercles
being distinct. In C. >!ij^>itlri'alis the armature of the surface is intermediate l)etweeM the two
species named (figs. 4(?, -iih), while in C. laocoon the plate is nearly smooth, with small tubercles
si, Iteing much as in C. rii/dl!.'^. On the otlier hand, in C. pharonra, judging by Burmeister's
figure, tubercles si are much longer, but the surface is merely rugose as in C. n-gulls.

In conclusion, the suranal plate and its armature coincide or are congruent with the other
larval characters, so that if found fossil they woukl afford a fair Iwsis for identification and
classification.

III. THE CAUDAL HORN OF THE CERATOCAMPID^E.

The larv;\? of Ceratocampidiu and Saturniidse, as well as a few other lepidopterous larvfe of
other groups, and more especially the Sphingidre, are characterized by possessing the so-called
"caudal horn." This modified tubercle is now known to l)e the result of the fusion either before
birth, or Ix'fore the first ecdysis, of the dorsal tubercles i of the two anterior tubercles of the
eighth abdominal segment. We have designated this double tubercle as the "eighth uromeral
tubercle:"" the term uromere being applied to any one of the abdominal segments. We will first
describe it in the group Ceratocampina;, and then discuss its mode of origin and occurrence, as
well as its phylogenetic significance, in other groups.

Caudal horn of Ci'rafommjt/'na'. —rln the species of the most generalized genus, Adelocephala,
the caudal horn is very large and prominent, as long as any of the thoracic horns in A. fncolor,
twice as thick, and considera})ly stouter; it is roughly tuberculated with secondary setiferous
tul)ercles; and at the tip has lost the bifid nature of the first two stages, ending in a single
tubercle which does not bear a terminal seta.

We will now trace its history from stage I up to the last. The great thick club-like slightly
cui'ved horn ends in two primary tubercles, each bearing a stifi' seta about as long as these
tubercles (PI. XLV, fig. 1). In stage II (fig. 3), the caudal horn is slenderer than before (in the
specimen figured it had become flattened down and attached firmly along the back).

In the third and fourth stages the bifid nature is lost, and the hdrn ends in a single
bristleless tubercle as in the last stage, the terminal or primary tubercle being l>ut little larger
than the secondary ones which render the horn so rough and coarsely spinose.

In the full-grown larvie of A. loai'dl and ai'gijracantha, as figured by Burmeistei', the caudal
horn is slightly longer and twice as thick as either of the thoracic ones.

In stage I of Siijxspli'in.f inolina the caudal horn, like that of Adelocephala, is entirely unlike
in shape and length the thoracic horns, being much shorter and nearly twice as thick (PI. XLVII).
In S^'ssphin.x the swollen, squarish end bears on each side a short rounded tubercle, each giving
rise to a long bristle, the main tul)ercle showing no signs of its double origin.

In Eaclt'S imjJer'udis the caudal horn is nearly as large as an}' of the thoracic ones of the
same shape, the end Ix'ing deeply divided, with no definite line of division })etween the two
terminal tuljercles and the main shaft of the ■"horn;" the seta? are a little longer than the forks
or branches. After the first molt the proportions are the same, all the horns being reduced in
size. In stage III the horn is still long arid slender, liut oidy about one-half as long as the
longest thoracic horns.

After the third ecdysis there is a decided reduction in size of the caudal horn, which, though
still quite large and prominent, is oidy about half as long and lai-ge as the largest thoracic horns.
In the fully grown larv:e, where the process of reduction has affected all the armature, especially
the dorsal spines, the caudal horn is reduced to a conical spinose tubercle but little higher than
broad, though still oidy about half as high as the larger tiioracic ones; and now the somewhat
dense secondary hairs rise far above the dorsal spines.

18 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADExMY OF SCIENCES.

Ill Citheronta regalis^ stage I (PI. LIV), the relations are much as in Eacles. The eaudal spine
is a nearly exact repetition of the twelve thoracic ones, endiiii;- in a similar bulbous body formed
by the fusion at their bases of the two terminal tubercles, each division or fork endino' in a thick
blunt rod.

In stage II the caudal horn again repeats the now somewhat modified shape of the horns on
the thoracic segments (tig. 1), ending in two iuie([ual si)ines.

In stage III the caudal horn is of the same proportionate shape and height (tig. 3).

In the last stage the caudal horn is high and prominent, being as large as the subdorsal
thoracic horn, spinose, and distinctly forked at the end (rig. ti).

In C. i<2)lendfj)is (PI. LV, rig. In. Ih /') the hoi'n is nuich shorter, l)ut still birid at the end;
in O. .sej/nJcrali's (rig. 4;^ -ih) it is much longer, but still ends in two minute tubercles; in ( '. Uincoon
(fig. 2, //) it is rather shorter and slendei'er than in the othei' species mentioned.

Anisota differs remarkably from the other genera of its group in having no caudal horn on
the eighth abdominal segment, the primary setiferous tubercles / not l)eing crowded and fused
into one aftei' the rirst molt, the characteristics of stage 1 l)eing retained throughout laival life,
the four primary dorsal setiferous tubercles being arranged in a trapezoid. It .should be noticed
that the eighth al)dominal segment is not any narrower than the seventh, while the ninth is much
narrower, the body rather suddenly narrowing to the end of tiie suranal plate. Whether this
width of the eighth segment has caused crowding and the fusion of the tubercles / is a matter
worth considering, though in Adelocephala and V. ri'ijalis the eighth segment appears to be as
wide as the seventh. Yet it remains a fact that in Anisota there is no fusion of tubercles /, no
median dorsal horn, whereas there is a fusion on the succeeding segment and a resulting median
tuliercle. Its history is given on page 13 and the reader is referred to Pis. L-LIII, which
illustrate the development of this ninth uromeral caudal or median horn in Anisota.

Here the question arises whether the lack of fusion of tubercles / on the eighth uromere is
due to inheritance from some notodontian ancestor, to reversion, or is simply the result of
disuse, resulting in reduction and partial atrophy. When we take into account the close
relationship between the moths of Anisota and Adelocephala, the incongruity between the larval
stages in respect to the armature of the end of the body seems remarkable.

It is to be ol)served that the ninth uromeral tubercle or median horn in the final stage shows
its double origin in being bifid at the end like that on the caudal horn of the eighth segment in
other genera than Anisota.

This ninth uromeral tubercle is well developed in all stages in I^acles and Citheronia
PI. LIV (fig. 6), but exists in a nuich reduced condition in Adelocephala and Syssphinx of the
first to the final stage.

The caudal horn in the Notodontidiv. — In only two groups or families is the caudal horn a
nearly persistent characteristic conmion to nearly every genus of these extensive groups — I
refer to the Ceratocampida> and Sphingidsv — while the more specialized Hemileucidie and Satur-
niida? have a similar double median tubercle, which retains its rounded or clavate form. Else-
where the fusion of the tubercles / on the eighth uromere is a sport, aberration, or, better, a
mutation, which has become fixed by heredity. Such is the caudal horn of Bomhi/.r iimri, of
Endromis versicolora^ the earlier stages of Brahmaeida?, and of certain Notodontidie.

Its appearance in this group we will first discuss, since their stages of evolution have been
examined and illustrated in my monograph of this family. In this group the larvae before the
first molt have the primitive arrangement of the four dorsal setifcM-rnis tubercles (/, //) arranged
in a trapezoid, as seen in the freshly hatched larva of Lophodonta, Pheosia. Dasylophia,
Hyparpax, Schizura, and Heterocampa. A caudal horn or tidiercle arises in the ontogeny of
the larva in four genera, i. e., Pheosia, Dasylophia, Hyjxirpax. and Schizura.

The tubercle is most characteristic in Pheosia, being like that of Sphinges, Bomhy.vmori, and
ceratocampids, except that it is smooth and not solid and tuberculated. If the reader will turn
to PI. XX of my monograph of the Notodontida- and consult the description of the early stages
he will obtain an idea of the mode of origin of the so-called horn. In stage I the arrangement
of the dorsal and subdorsal setiferous tubercles is plainly drawn. The pair of tubercles / on the
eighth abdominal segment are, at the birth of the larva, crowded together, their bases forming a

ME.MOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADlvMY OF SCIENCES. 19

coniiiioii foundiitiDii or \v:u-t-liko tuhcrclc. To quoto fi-oni my account: " On tlic cii^htli segment
i.s a .single central dorsal, black, oval, niodorately prominent wart, which is twice as large as the
largest on the ninth segment; it is transverse, bearing a bristle at each end, thus having plainly
originated from what was once two sejjurate warts." At the end of this stage, before the tirst
molt it becomes a double, large black tubercle, still ending in a i)air of sctiu; after molting
(stage 11) it is " now well developed, high, conical, and fleshy, slightly inclined backward, dark
at tip. and still liearing two bristles, though the dark chitinous spine is obsolete; the horn-like
tubercle is half as high as the segment is thick."' In the next stage it is nearl}- as long as the
eighth .segment is thick vei'tically. "The horn is slightly retractile in this stage, and the ba.se
is movable, being capaV)le of withdrawal and extension and is distinctly nutant, the apex some-
times hanging over baclcward." In the fourth stage the horn becomes larger, higher, and more
acute than before; "it is freely elevated or allowed to fall over backward, is soft and flexible,
but very slightly retractile, and bears a few scattered, tine bristles." In the tinal stage the horn
is high, stiff, not granulated, but somewhat annulated. The horn is more like that of a sphingid
than a ceratocampid. in not forming a solid spine, though this is not iuvariabl3' the case in the
Ceratocampida'.

In the allied genus Dasylophia the larva is hatched with the two tubercles i on the eighth
abdominal .segment still separate, and thus represents an earlier stage in the ontogeny than in
Pheosia. In stage I this pair of tubercles each end in a l)ristle; in stage II and later stadia the
tubercles are fused to form a low, flattened tubercle, the seta^ being lost.

In Ilyparpax aurora and the species of Schizura, whose segments are nearly all dorsally
humped, each side ending in a seta, the fleshy tubercles on the eighth abdominal segment are as
large or nearly as large as those on the rirst abdominal segment. In .V. L-pI'moultx the fusion of
what corresponds to the caudal horn is seen in PI. XXVI, flg. 1, tubercles il having apparently
become atrophied. The cause of the fusion of these tubercles, whether on the first or eighth
abdominal segment, is obscure, but proliably it is a mechanical one.

In some respects the most specialized genus is Heterocampa, and in two of the species whose
ontogeny is known, i. e., H. ohJlqua and //. tjutfiiutta, certain segments are armed with a pair
of dor.sal chitinized .solid spines or horns. Those on the eighth abdominal segment are well
developed, being long, erect, and bearing a few secondary spines. (See Pis. XXX and XXXI of
my Monograph of the Notodontidw, also fig. 8.5.) Their bases are, however, wide apart and
there are no signs of a tendency to fusion. They disappear at the first molt, and are probably
either defensive structures inherited from some earlier form, or" have arisen with comparative
rapidity, a sport or mutation due to stimuli from without. The ninth abdominal segment in
in these two species is well developed, but smaller.

These caudal horns do not appear in the first stage of 11. liinalatd, IL inanteo., IL untcohir. or
IL. astarte, which are thus proved to be more recentl}' evolved. In the tailed forms, such as
Heterocamjxt un/cohrr. ^lacrurocampa and Cerura, it is possible that the growth energv
expended in the productit)n of the armature has been transferred to a process of hypertrophy of
the anal legs.

Reference should also be made to the species of Notodonta, Sj'mmerista, etc., which bear a
hump or broad, low tubercle on the eighth abdominal segment, apparently resulting from the
fusion of the primitive setiferous tubercle.

The caudal luira of tlu- Botnhycida'. — In the majority of the species of this interesting group,
represented by Bomhy.v mori, there is a well developed caudal horn.

In stage I the larva is similar to a young Malacosoma (Clisiocampa), having the fine bail's
arising in tufts from small warts, but already the two warts on the eiglith abdominal .segment
have united into one.

On examining a series of larvw in the fourth stage the caudal horn is seen to be soft, fleshy,
thick at the base, and rather densely clothed with comparatively coarse seta^ it rather suddenly
contracts toward the end, which is somewhat acute, pointed, the ti]) dark chitinized, and bearing
no signs of its originally double origin; the slender end of the horn bears no hairs and is very
finely granulated.

20 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADE^SIY OF SCIENCES.

In tlie final stage the horn shows some reduction, being shorter than in the previous stage.
There is no tendenc_y to fusion of tlie two dorsal warts on the ninth abdominal segment.

The caudal horn in the Boni'iycidie sliows no resemblance oratSnity to tliat of the Ceratocam-
pidfe, and here I may state that the small family Bombycidw has no relationship with the Cerato-
carapidie or Saturniida?; on the contrary the family- is intimately related by its larval and pupal
characters with the Lasiocampidiv, and I am inclined to the view that the Boniliycida' have
actually originated from the Lasiocampidie, their larv;e having undergone a process of acceleration,
while the moths have 1)een modified by atrophy of the veins and mouth-parts. On comparing the
caudal horn of B<iiiil>y.f inor'i with that of Gdntrdjiai-Jui (Epicnaptera) Aiiieficana it was found to
lie similar in structure and armature, though that of Epicnaptera is Ijroad. short, flat, and conical.
On further comparison of the fully -grown larvae of the two genera I was surprised to find how
nearly allied they are. The head of BnnJiy.r mori (PI. XLIV, fig. 5) is of the same peculiar shape
as in the Lasiocampida% and densely clothed with long hairs; the}' are alike also in tiie nature
of tlie tergal region of the prothoracic segment, though B. mori is without the prominent lateral
tubercles so diagnostic of the larva' of Lasiocampida^ and Lyniantriida. In the ninth segment as
regards the shape of the suranal plate and of the anal legs, B. mori is closely similar to those of
Epicnaptera. I conclude, tiien, tiiat the Bombycida? being essentially lasiocampids in their
larval characters, as imagoes the group became modified by retrograde development and formed
a downward bent side-branch of the lasiocampid stem, ^^'e have here a clear examjjle of the
evolution by atrophy of one family fi-oni another. Dyar" states that the warts of B. mori iU'e
•• true warts of the typical lasiot'am})id pattern." He pla( es the family near the Lymantriidte.
To Professor Sasaki'' we are indebted for an account, with figures, of the first stage of the wild
silkworm of Japan, which Sasaki identifies as Theophiln imnularina, and its descendant or deriva-
tive Bomlitj.r tiiori. In both of thes^ forms there is already in stage I a single median wart
on the eighth abdominal segment. This shows that the larva has undergone, just as in Epic-
naptera, before hatching an acceleration of development as regards this pair of warts. After the
first molt the caudal horn is developed. Sasaki oljserves: '"After the second stage there are no
marked changes in both color and markings till the larva becomes mature."

I have always supposed that the Bombycida? were more nearly allied to tlie Saturniida?, since
they have but three branches to the median vein and atrophied month-parts, but we now see that
these reduction characters are not diagnostic of any particular grouj) of families, but maj- occur
in any group as the result of disuse and loss of power of flight in the imago. Here, as elsewhere
in the insect and animal kingdom, the larval or postembryonic character as a rule, though there
are exceptions, aflord the truest guide to the phylogeny of a group.

It is interesting to observe how the armature of certain species of Bombyx and allied genera
repeats in general appearance that of the ceratocampid genus Adelocephala, etc., though the
resemblances are surely cases of convergence, due perhaps to their living on trees whose twigs
are either tuljcrculated or spiny.

The two most striking cases of mimetic analogy, parallelism, or convergence are seen in the
larva of Thenphila /(/f/Zo;*/, described and figured l)y T. Hutton. In the newly hatched cater-
pillar there is, he says, '* a small anal tubercle on the penultimate segment: thus far there is
scarcely a ditterence between it and tlie young Chinese worm."" This is evidently the same as
tlie incipient caudal horn of the larva of the same stage of Bomby.r inandarimi and B. i),iiri.
After the first molt the warts l)ecome converted into short, conical, fleshy tubercles or spines. In
the mature larva "there are two dorsal rows of long, l)lack, slender, and sharp-pointed spines,
connnencing with the fifth [second abdominal] segment. While the median spine is thus fused
or doul)le, the warts on the ninth segment of stage I become long spines aliout as large as the
caudal horn.

"Oil the larvc-e of the higher Bombyces. Proo. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXVII, p. 140, 1896.
''On the affinity of our wild and domestic silkworms, .\nnotatioues Zoologieae Japonenses, ii, Part II, Joiie,
1898. pp. 33-10.

JMEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 21

■"111 otlior o-oiicra of this luiiiily, as tlic .species of Ocinaia. in wiiicli the lindy is slender, tlicre
is a caudal horn. In < >. signifera there \s a well-developed caudal horn, while the body is
iumiped on the second thoracic, second and fifth aV)doniinal seoiiients. Indi'ed. it ))ears a close
resenihlanee in general appeai'ance to certain oeometric or nieasurinti- worms, such as Ennomos,
Eutrapela. Eiio'onia, etc.

"It is worthy of notice, as ))earini;- on the use of these h()rn-lil<e tuhiM'cles as offensive struc-
tures, that Captain Hutton states that the extremity of the iiorn is retractile and is generally
withdrawn into the lower part a.s a sheath; when the animal is about to molt, or is disturbed
and irritated, the summit of this spine is exserted, and instead of Ijcing brown, like the base, is
whitish; Avhen exserted the whole stands erect, slightly inclining backward."

Horstield and Mooi'e figure the larva of 0. d'dectxda of Java as having a horn.

The caudal horn of the SphingidR'. — Much has been written on this subject. In 1882 Mr.
Meldola. in the appendix to his translation of "Weismann's "Studies in the theory of descent,"
calls attention to the caudal horn of sphinx larva\ mentioning that in the j'oung larvie it is "freely
movable," adding: ''It is possible that this horn, which was formerly possessed by the ancestors
of the Sphingida?, and which is now retained in many genera, is a remnant of a flagellate organ
having a similar function to the head tentacles of the Papilio larva' or to the caudal appendages
of Dicranura."

Poulton (18S4) concludes that the forking of the horns is a primitive character and observes
that it is movable in the two first stages of S. Ji(iusfri and under the control of the animal's will.
He also cjuotes notes from Mr. K. Trimen on the young larva of Lophoxfetlms dumoIi?iii Angus, in
which it is stated that the anal horn is, like the dorsal thoracic spines, "distinctly forked" at the
extremity. Mr. Meldola adds that "the forked caudal horn in the young larva of this species is
of interest in connection with the similar character of this appendage in the young caterpillar of
Uy/oicns pinasirP'' (p. 527).

The caudal horn of the fully grown larva of Loplionfethvx. diimolhiu, which is well figured
by Lieut. Col. J. M. Fawcett," differs from that of all other known sphingid caterpillars in being
a solid chitinous spine, sharp, not forked, and with several setaj, being in fact, judging by the
figure, no stouter, longer, or differing in any respect from the thoracic horns.

Willielm ]\Iuller, in 1886, at the close of his memoir, figures the end of the body of the larva
of Diloptonota and discusses the caudal horn of the Sphingid a\ considering that it has the same
origin as the unpaired horn of the Saturniida\ remarking: " Both have arisen from the supporting
structures [tubercles] of the two bristles upon segment 11." He concludes that the caudal horn of
the SphingidcV is the remains of another armature perhaps referable with that of the Saturniida? of
the present day to a common source, so that the caudal horn of the Sphingida^ and the caudal
spine {Ds horn) of the Saturniida^ are in the fullest sense homologues.

The present writer has paid especial attention to the double nature of this tubercle in the dif-
ferent groups and genei'a of the Ceratocampida\ Heniileucid;e. and Satui'iiiida", the facts being-
stated in the course of the description of the larvw in different stages and affording strong proofs
of its origin from the fusion of the two tubercles /.

Besides the caudal horn of Ceratomia, already described. I have previously stated* that in
stage I of Paonias exciecatas the caudal horn is distinctly forked at the tip, and that in stage III
it ends in two tubercles. In Sphinx Ixdmix in its second or thii'd stage the iiorn ends in three
or four tubercles, but in stage IV? there are no definite traces of a fork. In a Sphinx found on the
larch the horn is smooth, but ends in two fine setie. In a lot of freshly hatched Sphinx larva of
an unknown species the horn is distinctly forked.

In a full-grown Sj)hi)i.r chi-rsis the end of the horn is smooth and undivided. PI. XLII,
Fig. 3, represents the end of the caudal horn of I'aonias myops. the tip ending in two rounded
smooth tubercles without a seta, though the rounded spinules below each bear a distinct seta;
a represents the tip as seen from the end, showing the rounded ends of the fork.

"Trans. Zool. Soc, London, XV, April, 1901.

^Proc. Boston Soc. Xat. Hist. XXV, p. 103, footnote, 1890. Compare also C. M. Piepers, Ueber das Horn der
Sphingiden-Raupen, Tijdschr. v. Ent.. XL.

22 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

IV PROTECTIVE ARMATURE BOTH IN SHAPE AND COLOR AND

DEFENSIVE MOVEMENTS.

Referring to the aggressive or defensive movements of the caterpillars of Adelocephala,
Dr. Jewett remarks: " L'p to the third molt the larva? when alarmed move the pr<)tul)erances
on the second and third segments as if to frighten away the intruder."

In my Notes (p. 150) I remark regarding them in the second stage: "In this stage upon
touching or teasing the larva the tlioracic spines spring out; at the same time the head, together
witli the thoracic region, jerk violentlv. as if to beat oft' an intruder. Also, when two caterpillars
meet they evidentlj^ attack each other, butting and striking with their horns like two hostile goats,
deer, or cattle. It seemed evident, after repeated observations, that the great thoracic spines are
of real defensive use." Again, in referring to a larva in the fourth stage: ""it would appear
probable that the formidable spines of the grown-up caterpillar save it not infrequently from
being swallowed by birds, though the horns are probably of greater use in the earlier stages,
when they are much longer and much more movable, in frightening awa}' ichneumons and
Tachinffi. For example, even when 20 mm. in length, a larva was seen when teased to spread
apart its great arm-like horns, while the full-fed ones did not notice such stimidus."

It was also added that in the larva' of the last stage, instead of being green as in the earlier
stages, they become i"oseate pale coral red, and " not so near in tint to the spines of the food
plant as in the young. "When the caterpillar is at rest they are held close together in a recurved
position, and in the grown-up larva when touched they are not moved or the body jerked in
response to such stimulus."

"The horns in Sphingicampa are not held spread out as in C. regal i-i, but those of each pair
are constantly held close to each other. The horns and the six silver}', opalescent, shining tuber-
cles probablj" become terrifying by the movements of the larva. The latter are turned on and
throw their light out suddenly like flashes, and may thus have a deterrent effect on their
enemies." (Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, XXXI, p. 157.)

It is worthy of note that the larvfe of most of the species of this genus feed on spiny plants,
one, A. liiriihii\ on the spiny or honey locust.

In Brazil, according to Peters, .1. vardii lives on a spiny mimosa whose leaves on the under-
side are violet brown: ^4. suhavgnlata lives on a spiny climbing plant, A. hrevis on a thorny
mimosa in the gardens of Rio Janeiro, and the caterpillars of an undescribed species on an
acacia.

These caterpillars, with their remarkably long spines, including those figured by Peters and
by Burmeister, have the dorsal spines of the abdominal segments nearly or quite as long as those
on the thoracic segments. As these larva? are quite large, and their spines in some cases from a
half to an entire centimeter in length, they would easih* be mistaken by birds and lizards, as
well as monkeys and other mannnals. for the smaller spines of the trees or shrubs on w^hich they
feed, especially when not in motion, and it is a question whether they are not more useful as
mimicking the spines of their food plants than as simplj' defensive structures. Yet a l)ird, or
even a lizard, might hesitate before swallowing such spinose creatures.

As to the origin of these great spines and their adaptation as protective structures it is not
easy to frame a hypothesis. To suppose that thej^ arose by natural selection is scarcely an ade-
quate explanation, though this may account for their preservation after they have once been
developed.

V. COLORATION IN THE LARV.(E OF THE CERATOCAMPIN.^.

We will begin with the species of Anisota. in which the armature, owing to the reduction of
all l>ut the pair of slender thoracic horns, is reduced, and becomes subordinate to the coloration.
This is especially seen in A. ticruitorla where the alternating deep ocherous and black-brown bands
are so prominent, the effect of the black spines in most cases being lost, owing to the position
of those of the dorsal and subdorsal series in the dark brown or tdackish stripes.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 23

As regards coloration, ^l. ruhicHnda appears to be tin- most priiiiitiv c or pliylogenetically
oldest species of the yeuus. When hutehefl (stage I) tiiere are no stri|)es, the larva being' of a
pah; yeUowish green, the traces of tlie h)ngitu(linal stiij)es api^earing toward tiieendof the stage
and the iar\a. having fed. l)econiing greener in coloi-. 'Die gicen color in this species alone per-
sists throughout larval life, the alternate stripes being lighter or darker green, according to the
amount of green pigment depositccl in the hypodermis. It is to be observed that the dark green
stripes are no moi-c accentuated dorsally than on the sides. The green hue is a protective one,
most larvtv being green, and lience this species needs less spiny structures than the others of the
genus. Here it might be observed, what is well known to every entomologist, that the under-
side of all lepidopterous larva* is usually paler tiiau the upper, due to the lack of pigment. This,
as in all animals in which the underside of th(* body is lighter than the upper, is due to the
absence of direct light rays and of the resulting stimidus to the deposition of pigment, the under-
parts being in the shade. This is the case also in fishes, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Yet in some caterpillars there may be a dark ventral median line or stripe, and in A^'nirlndes
torrefacta (Pt. I of this Monograph, Fl. IX, tig. (v) there are two or three conspicuous black
patches on the underside of the body, \Qt the larva may occasionally assume a posture revealing
these marks.

It is notewoi'thy that in A. ruhirxnda all the green stripes, so far as we have observed,
appear at once along the entire length of the body, not apparently first originating at the end of
the body. But further observations are needed as to this point.

Origin of th>:- httercd {infraxpirneidar) n-d land. — Nearl\- all lepidopterous larva' have along
the sides of the abdominal segments 1-8 a lateral ridge, or salient, somewhat fleshy, convex, lon-
gitudinal fold, more or less regular, situated beneath the spiracles or spiracular line. This ridge
or fold, which is continuetl behind by the edge of the suranal plate, is apt in many caterpillars to
be pigmented with red or yellow, these tints appearing on the upper or more exposed surface,
while the lower side is pale or whitish, the shading being more or less gradual.

In the second stage of ^4. fuhiciinda this lateral ridge begins to be colored red, forming an
obscure line, which originates on the eighth and ninth abdominal segments and passes forward to
the first thoracic segment, though fainter on the anterior half of the body. This reddish line may
have been inherited from some extinct form, because in the third and subsequent stages it disap-
pears from the front and middle of the body and becomes restricted to abdominal segments 8 and
9. On these segments it forms a very conspicuous mark, being bright crimson or vermilion.
The body is also a little flattened on these segments, so that the spots show from above. I have
not specially noticed the larva while resting on a maple leaf, but am dispo.sed to think that
these two vermilion or reddish patches harmonize with the reddish petiole of the leaf of this
tree, and are thus protective. It is also noticeable that this line, originating at the tail end of
the body, is another example of the origin of certain new kinds of markings at the posterior end
of the body.

In the majority of the species, namely, in three out of the five whose transformations are
known, the longitudinal bands are either pink or grayish, and this style of marking thus seems
to have been the one most advantageous to the species. The lower lines in A. lurginiensis and
stigma, corresponding to the reddish line in A. ruhicunda, is pink, and of the same hue as the
subdorsal line. The tint appears in stage II. and remains in all the subsequent stages, extending
along the whole length of the body. Thev' do not. so far as we have been able to observe, origi-
nate at the end of the body. In stage II there are no signs of them.

A. seuatoria is the most conspicuously marked larva of the genus. Unlike A. ndjicunda
and the other species, it remains gregarious throughout larval life, clustering in great numbei's
on the terminal twigs of the oak, after the leaves have been devoured, so as to be verv conspic-
uous, j'et they appear to be avoided by insectivorous birds. Wh(*ther they are poisonous or not
we do not know, but the bright, deep ocherous stripes alternating with the black ones are prob-
ably warning colors.

What in ^-1. rid,icunda are dark green stripes become black in ^1. st-natoria^ while the deep
ocher or scotch snuff ones correspond to the pale green stripes of A. ral/icanda. All the spines

24 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

in .4. seJiatoria. except the horns, l)lend with the bhick tints, except tliose in the ocherousi
infnispiracular line. These black and ocht'r lines appear in stage IV. the black ones arriving in
stage II. In stage III the larva is still olixe green, with yellowish dorsal -and lateral lines. The
head in this species is persistently black from the tirst to the last stage. It is tinally to be
observed that in this genus color and ))i-ight stripes are of more importance than spines, whereas
in Adelocephala the armature is emphasized and the markings are a quite subordinate feature.

Ci)l<irati<m in A(MocephaJ(i.—\x\ the fully grown caterpillars the body is grass or pea green,
with usually no gay markings, and the spines bristle with large stout sal)er-like spines, those of
the abdominal segments being in certain species nearly as large as those on the two hinder
thoracic segments. Hence they are admirably protected from attack, since the horns are both
defensive, and also harmonize both in shape and color with the spines of their food plants.

Not so, however, with their ancestors, which, judging by the life history of A. hlroJor. espe-
cially its markings in stage I. were, liesides wearing long. knoVjbed, reddish horns, gaily and
conspicuously striped. A. hieolor on hatching is green, with three lateral white stripes and a
narrow thread-like red dorsal line ending on the red caudal horn. The head is black, while the
eight thoracic horns are all red. or reddish, including the suliglobular ends. As regards the
remarkable distinctness of these stripes, we infer that if we take into account the coloration alone
Adelocephala is a more primitive form than any other of its subfamily. Its ancestors mu.st have
been so marketl at larval maturity, and here we have a very clear example of the crowding back
to the tirst stage of the ontogeny of featui'cs characterizing the later and last one. and its life
history is a partial recapitulation of that of its ancestors. The horns in the earlier stages, when
the larv.T? may V)e huddled together on the underside of a leaf, ai'e of no use to them, and in the
tinal stages they tend more and more to be reduced and to lose their brilliant red coloring, though
in the mature ancestral caterpillars both the distinct lines, the threatening' forest of long banner-
like horns at the front and one at the end of the body must have rendered them inedible, or at
least unattractive to insecti\orous animals.

The ancestral caterpillar must have lived exposed to the sunlight, as the green stripes are
due to the greater abundance of chlorophyll, the white to a deticiency of pigment, such lines
being the eii'ects of light and shade and very common among lepidopterous larva\

In the second stage the head is reddish, and the spines still red, the small ones alongf the abdo-
minal region yellowish. A new colorational feature is a narrow, thread-like red line comiecting
the spiracles, becoming yellow on tlie edge of the suranal plate.

In stage III there are the same tints, but the lower side of the red lateral line is shaded
whitish yellow, while the line on the ninth segment and along the edge of the suranal plate is all
yellow. This line in front passes up to the base of the second pair of thoracic horns, so as to give
the appearance of a continuous red line, this being a concealment feature.

In stage IV the red portion of this line becomes purplish above, probably due to the reflection
of the purplish parts of the leaves. Now all the spines have lost their red color and have become
j-ellowish, hence nmch less conspicuous than before, and in the last stage the body is plain green,
the shades given otf from the pale yellowish horns and silver dorsal spines, as well as the purplish
red and white of the lateral strij^e blending with the hues of the leaves and spines of the honey
locust. It should also be observed that the yellow edge of the suranal plate shows from aboxe.

It may be concluded that all the colors and hues, as well as the spines of the beautiful larva
of A. hic(iloi\ naturally blend with or match the hues of the leaves and spines of its food plant.

Certain of the Brazilian forms have apparently no red lines. In one we po.ssess (PI. Ill, tig. 1)
the body and spines are uniformly grass green. In A. aiyymccnf/ia, figured by Burmeister (our
PI. XLIX, tig. 1). the body is uniformly green, and there are no red lines or spots, while the spines
are yellowi.sh.

In the Brazilian ^1. trard/ the body is g-recn. but the larger dorsal spines are very brilliantly
silvery, the smaller ones violet, and on the side of the body are three conspicuous, very large,
wide white bands, and the head and thoracic legs are also white. The larva> of ^4. !<ul>angulata
and h't'vis have a bluish head and lateral stripe.

IMKMOIHS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF sriFNC'ES. 25

Cii/orotkm of Si/xs/>/i/ii,r.^T\w larva of tho last staae has a tliit'k yrocn body, with the horns
and spines much reduced, while the lateral stripe is yellow, lleuee this form is protected simply
bv its o-reen color. Its young, freshly hatclied lar\ a. juduing from alcoholic examples, is plain
green, without stripes, but with long, large horns, nuich as in .1. />/'<■,,/(„■.

Coloration of Eachs riiijxridlix. — We now liave an entirely diti'erent style of markings in
this genus. In the freshly hatched young of this polyphagous form there are no longitudinal
stripes on the pale sieiuia-bruwn body, })ut the abdominal segments 1 to 7 have each two narrow
regular parallel dark brown Ininds across the back, with either one or two short ones on the side
reaching up to or a little l)eyond the spiracular region. The body is very .spinose. the four
thoracic and the caudal horn very long and deeply forked, and pinkish. From what ancestral
forui this unusual style of markings has been derived is difficult to conjecture. The hue of the
body is similar to that of the .sheathing base of pine needles.

This style of markings is retaincMl in the next stage, but the spines are somewhat reduced,
and are now black. At the second molting the larva enters on its third stage with no markings,
while the horns are pale, black at tips. After a third ecdy.sis the body is green (.sometimes
reddish brown): the horns are reddish and the spine-s are yellow, as ai-e the suranal plate and anal
leas and thoracic legs: the head is partly banded with yellow, while the midabdominal legs end
in yellow. The spiracles are in stage IV noticeable froiu the rich dark green ring in them, the
color of the pine needles.

These hues and markings are apparently protective, the caterpillars, both the green and
brown forms, in the Kortheru States being most common on the white pine.

In a larva of E. ji'-nflopc^Wwrn^ in the high mountains of the interior of Brazil. Peters figures
a form somewhat like E. imjwritdis. but with two violet dorsal bands bordered with white. This
kind of marking is exceptional and apparently unique in this subfamily. It lixes on a melasto-
maceous plant and also on the guava {Pyid'iim jfomffermri): neither of these plants is spiny.

It is questionable whether the caterpillar of E. im2)e7'ial k oviguvdWy lived on the pine, though
when feeding among the needles it is not readily detected.

t',)Iorafio>t in Citheronia. — Unlike Eacles, the two species of the present genus, the only ones
whose earliest larval stages are known, are not marked with l)ands either longitudinal or trans-
verse, or any spots. In C. regul!" and mpulGralis the body at birth is either dusky pale on the
upper side of abdominal segments four to six {C. regal i.-<), or pale yellowish lirown and dusky on
the dorsal side of abdominal segments five to eight (C. seju/leralifi).

The markings, or rather their absence in this stage, throw no light tin the relationships of
this genus, whatever may be said of the arnrature.

After the first molt C. rrt/alis is reddish and C. -vrpulcralix yellowish. Now. some very
interesting stripes appear in C. regalia. On each side of the back of abdominal segments one to
eifht are three short, dark, irregular longitudinal bands, the hnrext <f which is directed a little
ddii-ninird and extends under the xpiraclr. this hecoming the ohlique hand^ a characteristic color-
mark of this genus, not usually present in the Ceratocampid;e. Unlike the oblique stripes
in the majority of the Sphingidiv, these stripes pass from the front edge of the segments, and
also do not overlap on the succeeding segment. This is also the case with the corresponding
markings in the Saturuiida; (Telea, etc.). The two shorter upper bands are not retained, but
disappcirr with the second casting of the skin.

In stage III the seven pairs of oblique stripes are dark above and pale beneath. They
probably harmonize with the dark twigs of the food tree.

Those in C. sepalcralis arise in the same way. there being at first three, though more obscure
and irreo-ular. and in this species two are retained, only one being eliminated: there being on
each side a di.stinct straight dorsal stripe, besides the oblique one situated in front of the spiracles
which is not quite so long as in C. regal !". We thus see that colorntional features in these two
species appear to be more stable than the armature, since the two species under discu-ssion belong,
as regards the armature, to two quite different sections of the genus.

26 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

la the full-fed larva of C. sepidcralis there are no definite stripes, the oblique ones are not
present.

In C. regalis, especialh', the oblique, black stripes are continued by the large conspicuous
black si)iracles, and also by the black stripe on the outside of the niid-abdoniinal legs. Thus the
effect of the stripes themselves is heightened and e.xtended by these supplementary markings
situated in line with but below the oblique stripes.

In stage IV the oblique stripes are more diffuse, broader, and reach so as to almost include
the spiracles, which are as large as in stage V and last, and from each spiracle a black stripe
descends obliquely to just behind each infraspiracular spine, and then blends with the black
stripe on the mid-abdominal legs, though there is no corresponding stripe on the other legless
abdominal segments. It is also to be observed that the blackish oblique stripes are confined to
a single segment, not passing on to the next one, and an oblique antero-posterior stripe extend-
ing from the front edge of the segment down to the spiracle is the reverse of what obtains in
the majority of the Sphingidre-.

In stage V, C. regalts (in a dried, blown example) is rather less blackish than in stage IV,
and under each blackish stripe is a pale shade. The spines are also much smaller, so that the
larva is less black; the light shade is a little wider than the black band itself.

Another set of black markings is the great dorsal black patches on the second and third
thoracic segments of stages III to V, and the narrow cross-band between the third thoracic and
first abdominal segments; their significance may be cleared up by observations on the living
insect.

VI. DICHROMATISM OR COLOR VARIATION IN THE LARVA.

The best-known case of dichromatism in larvte is that of Thyn-iiK (ihJ)otii^ described by
Riley, in which there is a dark brown and a green form. Lieutenant-Colonel Fawcett describes
a dark form of the larva of Protoparce mauritu, of Natal, while AcJierontia atropos is said by
Trinien to have a dark form at Cape Town. Light and dark color varieties have been artificially
produced by Prof. E. B. Poulton. Mr. Meldola had previously (Proc. Zool. Soc, London,
p. 155, 1873) called attention to the fact that the younger larvfe of Geometra papllionaria are
brown, "and remain brown during hibernation, when the leaves are bare, while many of them
become green when older, after the leaves have expanded in spring." Mr. Poulton also
discovered that " the younger larva? possess the power of adjusting the shade of their brown
color to that of the twigs of their food plant." Mr. ]Meldola calls this phenomenon "seasonal
adaptation," and besides the species mentioned he cites Acidalia degenentria, and Gnophos ohscii-
rata, adding, "and many more could be named.""

In Eacles imj.)er!alis there are two color forms, i. e., a normal green and a brown form.
They do not, however, seem to be phytophagic varieties, as both occur on the white pine.

While the caterpillars in the early stages are usuallj' a light yellowish or claj^ brown, in the
fourth and last stages they vary in being either pale green or reddish brown. As these cater-
pillars are not common, it is not easy to state the proportion of brown to green individuals.
From what I have seen, I should suppose that the green in the two final stages were the normal
or more common, and the brown wei'e more of the nature of aberrations.

Mr. Bridgham has, more commonly, found the pale green form on the white- pine at
Providence, though the brown form occurred on the same tree.

I will describe the color forms in my possession:

The green form — Stage. I Y. — The bodj' of a blown example is pale green; the hairs very
long, white, and rather thick; the head is pale ocherous, paler than in the reddish brown blown
specimen, and of the same hue as the thoracic legs. The thoracic horns and other spines are

"Meldola also states that the larvte of Emnvlc^ia unifaaridta feeil on the seetls of a species of Bartsia when the
ca]>sules are in various stages of growtli, "and those caterpillars found on the green capsules were green, whilst tliose
on the brown capsules were of a corresi)onding colour." (Trans, of Weismann'a "Studies in the theory of descent,"
I., p. .S07, 1882.)

MKMOIIJS OK TlIK NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 27

pale reddish but imicli paler at base; the caudal horn nuu-h paler than the thoracic ones. 'J'hei'c^
is a black ring- around the bas(> of the thoracic legs.. The spii-aeles are deep purple around the
edge, those of the eight a))douiinal i)air darkest, becoming paler toward the first segment; the
prothoracic ones only partially stained with jiurjile. In Hi'idghain's drawings the spiracles are
drawn with a blackish ring (PI. IX). The niidabdominal l(>gs are dusky brown at base, and
the planta> blackish. The anal legs or claspers and also the suranal plate are yellowish, but
black in the middle area, though the granulations are yellowish. The head has a rlark short
line on each side, and two diverging dark lines on each side of the clypeus.

St(n/i> }'(f<i.if). — A blown specimen is uniformly deep pea green, with no lirnwu siiadc. The
head is as in Stage lY, but green ])ehind the yellowish fi-ont. The spines are yellow, with no
red discoloration on them. The spiracles are deep purple, and do not become paler anteriorlj-.
The}' are drawn bluish purple" by Mr. Bridgham (PI. IX). The suranal plate and anal legs are
identical in coloration with those of Stage l\ .

The hi'oicnforiii. — I will first describe a fully grown blown example of the same size and
shape as the above-described green larva. The body is reddish r)rown; ^yith three paler, clearer,
subdorsal dili'use ii'regular patches on each segment, forming two obscure broad interrupted
longitudinal bands. The region about each spiracle is also paler brown, forming an oblique oval
patch, passing from the front edge of the segment downward. The pale j'ellowish spiracles are
verj- conspicuous and are surrounded ])v a dark purple ring. The spines are fully as stout as in
the green form, and the l)ody is e(iuall3- hairy, the hairs being whitish. The head differs from
that of the green form in the greater amount of dark ))rown, both on the sides and along the
middle in front, yet the back part of the sides, that corresponding to the green portions in the
green larva, is dull obscure yellowish. The colors of the suranal plate and of the anal legs are
much as in the green form, but a greater extent of the anal legs is black-brown. The thoracic
legs are yellow, but the midal)dominal ones dark lirown.

St(t(je IV. — It ditlers from the green one of this age in being bright reddish, the tubercles
of the same hue, while the head is reddish, as are the legs, thoracic and abdominal, while the
edges of the suranal plate and anal legs are tinged with reddisli. The spiracles are surrounded
by a brown ring.

A third form, a true dimorphic form, appears to be that represented on PL YIII, fig. 6. I
will describe a specimen received ))v exchange from the nuiseum of the Brooklyn Institute. It
ditlers structurally in the slightl}' stouter tubercles and denser hairs. In color it differs from the
brown form aliove described in being of a rich, dark umber or Yandyke brown. The subdorsal
row of pal(> sienna brown patches is more distinct, and the sei'ies is made up of a single large
S(|uarish patch, situated on the fi'ont edge of each segment, except the prothoracic and the ninth
and tenth abdominal. The spiracles are conspicuously straw-yellow with a luown ring (I can
detect no purplish hue in the dried specimen); the oval oblicjue patches inclosing them are of the
same hue as those on the tergum, and also those of the brown form. The head (PI. YIII. tig. 6^/)
is nearly all black-brown on the sid(>s and in the middle, leaving an irregular yellow band on each
side of the front: the anterior clypeus and labrum are also yellowish or luteous. The suranal
plate is dark brown, as are the anal legs, except the front edge of the legs, which are yellowish;
the secondary tubercles or granulations are yellowish. The thoracic legs are yellow and lilack;
the niidabdominal ones brown-black. The tubercles are all l)lack-brown.

T/ii' three color forinx (if CitJteninta rrgalis. — Mr. A. Hyatt Yerrill has called my attention to
.some striking color variations of this caterpillar, of which he took photographs in color somewhat
touched up by hand. The variations are in green, green and orange, Ijlue, and brown. My
n(jtes are taken from his colored photographs as I have not yet had the fortune to see the larva
of this species while alive.

In all the forms the size, shape, and colors (orange, red, and l)lack) of the spines are the same,
as also the color of the head, thoracic and abdominal legs, and the suranal plate.

« In the plate, however, they are unfortunately printed black.

28 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

1. The green form. — (PI. XXI. tig.l, see also Riley's ligure in Anier. Ent.. i., PI. 1) {a) It lives,
or at least the examples collected, lived on the hickory. The general hue is a rather dark olive-
green, becoming slightly paler above, and pale turquoise blue around the bases of all the spines.
The seven oblique lateral inf raspiracular bands are paler, of a deep pea green. ' ih) The green-
orange form. It lives on the hickorv. It differs from the entirely green form in the orange tint
on the back of al)dominal segments 1 to 8. The lateral oblique bands are turquoise blue, and the
blue around the base of the spine is deeper in hue, while the ring around the spiracles, instead of
being orange-red as in «, is now deep blue.

2. Tlie blue and orange form. — PL XXII, fig. 1. It feeds on the butternut. The entire body
above is turquoise blue, including the oblique lateral stripes, which are deeply shaded on the lower
edge. The spiracles are tinged with orange, and there is a patch of orange behind each abdominal
spiracle of the third and fourth abdominal segments. On asking Mr. Verrill whether the colors
of his photographs are not too bright he replies: '"The color, however, is none too bright even
on the blue form; in fact, the brilliancy of this variety' can hardly be imagined. It is such an
intense opalescent l)lue that it resembles blue enamel more than animal tissue. When the cater-
pillars are first secured I always make a hurried water-color sketch to be sure of the exact shade,
and if in the photograph the tints are not true thej^ are touched up by hand."

The irown form, stage IV. — (PI. XXIII, rig. 1.) A brown form (a) was found feeding on the
ash. The ground color appears to be an olive green, with a faint orange tinge shading into a
reddish brown. The horns and spines are all dark black brown. The oblique lateral bands are
very conspicuous, and are of a bright olive-green hue. (5) The pink form (PI. XXII, rig. 2). also
living on the ash, was in the fourth stage. The body is uniforndy pale reddish or madder brown,
with a slight pink or carmine tinge. The two large dark thoracic dorsal patches instead of being
black are deep madder brown; the head, all the legs, both thoracic and abdominal, and the
armature, as well as the suranal plate, are of the same hue as the body. Tlie ohlique lateral
bands are much paler, almost pinkish." •■

It would be most desirable that some future observer favorably situated should ascertain the
exact conditions of the environment under which these colored forms have been produced, how
permanent they are, and whether hereditary or only confined to the lifetime of the individuals
themselves.

In 1892 Professor Poulton'' studied experimentally the adjustment of the colors of the larvEe
of AmphidaKis Vetularia to those of their environment, and in 1903'' he published the results of
experiments on another geometrid larva. Odontopera hidentata. This larva is extremely sensi-
tive, with a power of adjustment about equal to that of the Amphidasis, "'the most sensitive
larva hitherto known." A large number of records proves that the larvse, in the great majority
of cases, rested by day upon the ol)jects, lichen-covered twigs, whose hue they afterwai'ds came
to resemble, though this is "•i^robably not the case in the earliest stages, when the larva? doubt-
less rest on the leaves and stalks." '"The effect of green leaves alone upon hidentata is the same
as that obsei'ved in many other larvie, Noctua? as well as Geometrje, viz, the reduction of the
brown ground color to a very pale tint which would be far less conspicuous than the more ordi-
nary appearance." 0. hidentata appeared to be more sensitive to lichen than A. Jhtidaria, but
less sensitive to green leaves, though the two species are "'about equal in the power of color
adjustment." And Poulton adds, "■ lichen uuist have been the cause of the h,tidaria larva-, with
one exception, becoming green, for ordinary bark tends strongly to the production of dark forms

« From Mr. Verrill I have also received colored photographs of a green and of a pinkish form of Ampelophaga
myron on the grape vine; also of the red form of Cressonia jtigknidis, and a red form of Apalda brumosa.

''Further experhnents upon the color relation between certain lepiilojiterou.? larvpe, pupa?, cocoons, and imagines
and their surroundings. Trans. Ent. .Soc. London, Dec, 1892.

''Experiments in 1893, 1894, and 1896 upon the color relation between lepidopterous larva' and their surround-
ings, and especially the effect of lichen-covered bark upon Odottlopera hidentata, Gastropacha guercifolia, etc. Ibid.,
Oct., 1903.

MKMUIKS OF THE NATiO.NAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 29

of this spci'ios. evon in the iJi-cseiu-c of a <;roat propoiulcniiicoof ij'reeii leaves." (Trans. Ent. Soc.
Lond., lS!t2, pp. 331, 332.)

The hirva, says Mr. Poultun. never rested upon tiic lichen itself, but upon the Ijack of the
sticks between the masses of liihen. '• This position is eonsisteiit with the larval appearance,
which is that of bark partially grown o\ cr with lichen."

■'There can be little doubt that the larva is inllucnced by the colors of the environment from
the time at which it first seeks tlu' older wood, but a certain period is rc(|uired b(d'orc thi' ctlccts
become visible."

"The same relationship between susceptibility and the particidar needs of each species is
seen in the effect of an environment of green leaves anil shoots upon (t. (^Kci'cifdlla, O. Jjidt-ntata,
and A. hcfuhiria. The first named probably invariably i-ests l)y day, except for a brief period
after leaving the egg, upon the older wood, and the power of adjustment to leaves and young
shoots, being altogether useless to it, has never been acquired. The last named, with its remark-
able range of food plants, including man}- such as broom or rose, in which green shoots are a
prominent feature, is frequently in a position in which a green color could best conceal its nearly
smooth and cylindrical form; and we tind that, as a matter of fact, it always responds in this
way to an environment of the kind described above. B)d,ntat(i doubtless occupies an interme-
diate position between the other two species in this respect. The occasions are probably rare,
but not altogether wanting, in which it is compelled to develop in a green environment. We
finel that it has the power of making some considerable approach toward such surroundings, but
not of attaining any high degree of resemblance to them. It is probatdy the case, however, that
the tint which it produces on gi-een leaves and shoots is of great value on a pale j'ellowish-brown
bark, which may often form its environment; and it may well be that it is something in common
])etween the light reflected from this and from green leaves, which explains the similarity in the
effects produced upon the larvte."'

In his essaj' of 1902 Professor Foul ton draws the following conclusions:

"The other larva? {Smci'intlus^ Sphinx. AtjJ'xt) which I have tested are very inferior to the
genus CutiKixhi in this respect, but from what Colonel Swinhoe tells me it is evident that some of
the Indian Spliimjidix. are highh' susceptible.

"There may be a most extraordinary fluctuation in the amount of susceptibility within the
limits of the same genus {('ntdcala and in the pupw of Pup'dio).

"In Geometrsi alone have distinct green larvse been produced by these experiments. Prob-
ably the great majority of these larvie are sensitive. Out of 11 species, many of which were
selected at random, all l)ut 1 have proved to be so.

'"There is no evidence that the results ac(|uired ))y one generation can lie transmitted to the
next {Ruinliu CmcaUk). The susceptibilit}- is essentially an adaptiition to the fact that the indi-
viduals of each of such species are liable to find themselves in different enviromnents, so that
any bias from the experiences of the past would of course be injurious, unless the earlier and later
surroundings happened to correspond.

" In the case of B. cr<ds!g<Ata the test for hereditar\- effects was as complete as it could be in
one generation.

"Concerning the time which is necessary before the color changes begin to appear —

"Some effect was produced in eight days in young G. jxtpilionarm.

" Some effect was produced in eight days in young C. electa.

" Much effect was produced in twelve days in young C. elingnarin.

"Much effect was produced in about fourteen days in young 2[. iiiimtniiida.

" Much effect was produced in about eleven days in young C. elocata.

"Much effect was pi-oduced in thirteen (or less) days in j'oung //. aliruptaria.

"Much effect was produced in seventeen days in young R. cratsegata.

"'Much effect was produced in eight days in young ^1. hetularia.

30 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

"When carefully watched for, the changes are sometimes seen to occur quite suddenly
{C. elinguaria, R. cratxgata, 1886, 11)/'

"The effects can not be reversed by reversino- the surroundings for a short time {('. elin-
guaria, H. ahniptaria, A. IjetuJaria).

"AVhen the conditions are uniform the response to environment does not necessarily destroy
individual variabilit}', but the most powerful forms of environment, when applied to highlj'
sensitive species, very nearly do away with it.

"If the environment be mixed there does not appear to be an\' instinctive knowledge leading
the larvie to rest only on appropriate objects. Thus, if they have become green and are beyond
the power of change, they will nevertheless rest on brown twigs in preference to leaves, if
offered to them.

"The instinct of these Geotnetree is to rest upon twigs under any circumstances, and this is
probably tiie reason why so small a proportion of things produces so great an effect {A. hetularia,
1889). Contact, or at all events the closest proximity', is required to effect the change. Although
they are so much more susceptible to brown surroundings when these are mixed with green,
there were no exceptions among 105 larvie which, in 1889, became green among leaves and
shoots.

"The effects produced on the larvie do not inffuence the -colors of the moths (^4. hefidnria).

" Darkness does not produce so great an effect as V)]ack surroundings in strong light (^4.
hetularia, JR. cratsegata, C. elinguaria). Overcrowding tends to produce dark larv;e (^4. liefularia,
R. cmtiegata).

"In the case of B. cmtiegata and .1. Irtularia there is direct evidence of the power being
efficient in concealing the wild larvs. The larvre are probably chietiy sensitive at the time when
they quit the leaves and first begin to rest on the twigs.''

VII. LIFE-HISTORY OF CERATOMIA AMYNTOR.

(Piatt- XXXIV.)

The eggs were kindly sent me from Brandon, Vt., by Miss Caroline G. Soule. They were
deposited on the night of July 31, and the larva? hatched out at Brunswick, Me., early in the
morning of August 9.

Jlgg. — Large, oval, though nearly spherical, being but little longer than thick; it is not
flattened, as in the Ceratocampinw. The shell is veiy thin and transparent, and under a strong
hand lens is seen to be minutel}' pitted. Length, about 1.7 nun.; breadth, 1.5 nmi.

Larva, Stage I {Hg. 1, la). — Length when hatched, -1.5-5 mm., becoming at the end of the stage
12-13 mm. Its general shape and proportions are much like those of Eacles ■imj)e?'iaUs, though
slenderer, and the close similarity in the shape of the anal legs aid in the resemblance. The
head is. on escaping from the egg. about twice as wide as the hinder part of the body, being
1.5 mm. wide; toward the end of the stage, after the Ijodv is tilled out, it is no wider than
the body.

The head and body are very pale, whitish, glaucous gieen, the head and body of the same
hue, the latter at tirst with no definite markings. The head is smooth, with no traces of ffne,
short spinules; the trunk segments are also smooth, with no secondary spinules.

«I have observed that the flower-spider (Mi.'niiiiena vatla) requires at least a week or ten da3-s to change from
■white to yellow. This species is translucent and probably changes sooner than others of its family. U. Pouchet lirst
studied the faculty of adjustment of the color of shrimps to that of their environment, which faculty he calls the
"chromatic function" and which is cUie to the movements under the stimulus of light of tlie jiigment cells (chro-
matoijhores). He found that in the turbot the ccilor changes were only developed after the lapse of several days.
Very full and novel results have been obtained by Keeble and Gamble in their valuable work entitled "The Colour
Physiology of the Higher Crustacea" (Phil. Trans., vol. 19»i, pp. 295-388, 19114.)

ME.MOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 31

Armatinv. — Tlu' prothonicic phite large, occuiniiiy- tliu entire length of the segment, with
four doi'sal glandular setaj (/. //) and two subdorsal setse (tubercle v), a double one, /. c, one
with two seta>, directly in front of the spiracle, and two separate ones (vi, vii) at tiie base
of the leg, this arrangement being the same in all the thoracic segments.

The second thoracic is considerably longer than the third thoracic segment, the anterior
half forming on each side a distinct swollen, smooth boss, which in the succeeding stage becomes
one of the four false spines or " horns"; directly behind on each side of the median line is a
tubercle or boss sending ofl' tw'o glandular hairs (/, //, PI. XLII, tig. 1); each boss is at the end of a
transverse ridge. The thiixl segment repeats tiie same characteristics, but the smooth bosses are
lower and smaller. It is thus seen that already in this stage the " horns" of this sphingid larva
are in no way hou)ologous with the horns of the Ceratocampida?, which are specializations of
the tirst dorsal tubercles (/). These bosses or false tubercles become a little more prominent at
the end of the stage.

On each abdominal segment one to seven, the four dorsal tubercles (/, //), are arranged in
a trapezoid, as in nearly ail primitive larva\

On the side is a suljdorsal scries (///), nud directly below the spiracle tubercle ir; while in
front of each spiracle is tubercle v; tubercle iv is situated in a line vertically with u/, and mid-
way between it and the end of the mid-al)doininal legs. /. <., just above the base of each of these
legs. On the apodous abdominal segments one and two are tubercles vi and vii (I'egarded by
Dyar as representing tuljercle vi), which are rather far apart from each other.

The glandular hairs are all of uniform length and shape, being a little stouter than the other
seta? and enlarged or bulbous at the end. Those of the dorsal series (/, //), are much more
bulbous at the end than those of the sides {iii-^ii).

There are none on the eighth, ninth, and tenth segments with bulbous tips, the setw there
being somewhat acute and only slightly blunt at the end. The suranal plate is triangular, smooth
on the surface, and with four glandular setse on each side.

The caudal horn on tirst hatching of the larva is two-thirds as long as the body, or 2.5 mm.
in length. It is cylindrical and slowly tapers to the end, which is forked, each lobe bearing a
short, blunt seta, about half to a third as long as the horn is thick; it is blunt and S little swollen
at the end (PI. XLII, tig. 1). The horn is densely covered with microscopic glandular setw
which arise from a tubercle, and are broad and forked at the end; occasionally there is one twice
as lai'ge as the others.

It is worthy of notice that the fourth pair of mid-abdominal legs are remarkably thick,
being nearly twice as thick and long as the tirst pair. Also those of the tii'st pair are smaller
than those of the second, and the second than the third. The larger size of the fourth pair is
evidently due to their exercise in grasping while the larva rests in the sphinx-like attitude, the
body being supported on this and tiie anal legs. The thoracic legs are very pale vitreous green.

Coloration: At about the middle of this stage the oblique pale whitish lines appear; all the
granulations are whitish green, paler than the pale green ground color. The seven lines nearly
meet on the back, nearly blending with the whitish median line. The four thoracic bosses are
whitish. The caudal horn is slightly ilesh colored. There are two parallel whitish dorsal lines
which extend along the body and include the four bosses, which are also whitish, not yellowish
green. There are live transverse wrinkles ("subsegments") on second and third thoracic segments,
the bosses being on the second wrinkle.

The larvw molted August 12 to 16, 1900. The young larvw either in this or the next stage
spins a thread, by which it hangs and assumes the sphinx attitude.

Stage Il.—l^engih. 12-15 mm.; width of head. If nun.; length of caudal horn, 2.5 nun.
The body is long and slender, the head at tirst somewhat wider thati the body. Tlie htrca has
noir assumed the finahimental diameters of the fua] xtaije, the four thoracic false horns l:>eing
developed, and the integument of the head and trunk l)eing densely covered with sharp granula-
tions or secondary spinules. The head is pale green, with dense white conical secondary
tubercles or spinules of uneven size, two of which on the vertex are slightly larger than the
others. The trunk is yellowish green. Prothoracic segment with about twelve uneven conical
Vol. 9—05 i

32 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

tubercles on the front edj^e of the .shield, of which the four dorsal ones — two on each side — are a
little larger than those on the sides below.

The false horns of the second and third are now large and high, erect, like a dog's ears, iind
roughly tuberculated; they are of nearly the same size, but those on the third segment are
slightly smaller than the anterior pair. They are not in this stage one-half as long as the
segment bearing them, and end in a line short seta, l)ut the "horns'' do not end in a single
point, as the accompanying two or three terminal tuberculets project up nearly as far as the most
distal one. The two little double-headed tubercles (i and ii,), one pair behind each false horn,
are minute, like those behind on the abdominal segments, but still somewhat larger. On the
al)dominal segments (1-7) each of the eight transverse annulets or folds is raised dorsally into a
setiferous conical secondary tubercle. The caudal horn is as long as the seventh, eiglith, and
ninth segments with the suranal plate, all taken collectively, ^ and is densely covered with tine
setiferous simple tubercles. The tubercles on the median line of the abdominal segments 1 to 7
now form a white line, as in the fully grown larva.

The two lateral dorsal lines on the two hinder thoracic segments are now indistinct, but the
ol)lique greenish white lines are more distinct. The legs are as in stage I.

stage III. — Described August 21. Length, 15-25 mm. ; head, 2f mm. in width; length of caudal
horn, 3 mm. Now the false horns are higher, and the white median dorsal and seven long lateral
oblicjue lines are whiter and more distinct. The slight yellowish green ground color of the
previous stages has disappeared and the line is uniformly pale green. The head is still wider than
the body and rough with projecting white, sharp conical tubercles. The four false horns are
now larger than before in proportion to the size of the body, and covered with minute white
conical sharp tubercles; they are about one-third as long as the body is thick; those on the third
thoracic segment a little smaller than those on the segment in front. The white medio-dorsal
line of tine tubercles on the abdominal segments makes a distinct rough serrated line. The seven
pairs of oblique white lines are made up of sharp irregular white conical tubercles, each with
from one to three points, while the eight transverse ridges are covered with similar tubercles,
making a white crest on the edge of each ridge. The spiracles are still pale and inconspicuous
in my examples, but in those drawn by Mi-. Joutel they are represented as black. The caudal
horn has now a yellowish tint.

Stage IV. — Length, 18 mm. One molted August 2i». It is the same as in the previous stage,
but the tubercles are whiter and the lines more marked. The spiracles are now black. It molted
again September 8.

Stage Vand last. — Length, 45-65 mm. Head, a little more than one-half as wide as the body,
reddish olive-green, witli two faint, paler lines converging on the vertex from each antenna. The
surface of the head with tine dark tubercles. The four false horns are about one-third as long as
the body is thick. The two on the second thoracic segment are a little more pointed and slenderer
than the two behind, but the four are now of the same length. A dorsal line of small tul)ercles
connects each of the false horns on a side (indicated in stage II), and the two lines meet on the front
edge of the second abdominal segment. The ciiudal horn is of the same color as the thoracic
ones, pale at the end; it is soft and flexible, not stifl' and rigid. The groimd color of the body
is now, in my examples, of a uniform reddish olive, though hardly green. Mr. Joutel's drawing
represents the larva as pale whitish green, and 1 suspect that there is in this species a slight
degree of dichrouiatism. The spiracles are black on each side of the slit or opening. The
thoracic legs are now bright red. The suranal plate is convex, with a few fine dark tubercles;
it is reddish on the edges. The posterior three-quarters of the anal legs are also reddish-olive.
The mid-abdominal legs are olive, of the same hue as the body. The larva began to pupate at
Brunswick, Me., September 18. The color of the body when about to transform is of a peculiar
rust-red purplish tint."

"In a specimen found in Providence, September 24, the ground color is of a peculiar glaucous green, with a
pearly tinge; the lines and bands all white, as also the granulations. The tips of the thoracic and of the caudal horns
are dark. It is to be observed that this larva, which lives on the elm, is of the same hue as Nerke hklentala, while
the horns are, like the tubercles of the Nerice, tipped with dark. Does this not suggest that the color of the elm
leaves, with their dark tipped serrations, have reacted alike on thelarv.'e of the two moths?

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 33

It appears from Lt. Col. .1. A\'. Fawrctt's (l('scri|iti(iii ami liji'iirc of the larva of I'rotoparce
maiiritil Butler, of South Africa, that there are '•paired humps on first and second somites."
Judoiiio- hy his lio-ure. these humps ar(> h)wer, more rounded, hut ai'e situated on the front edge
of each seuuicut. as in Ceratomia. We thus have in two ([uite ditl'erent genera of Sphinginaj this
singuhir mimicry of the thoracic tubercles of Ceratocampina".

Tin- ^lirxt lari-al stage of ('■'ri(t(>ini(i undulom. — (PI. XXXIV, tig. i>.) Stiige I. The larva is
long, slender, cylindrical, but widely diflers from that of C. innyntor in the same period of life
in being destitute of the four boss-like rudimentary horns, the segments lieing in this respect
normal. The hinder or fourth pair of mid-abdominal legs are, judging by Mr. .Toutel's drawing,
even smaller than the third pair, which are much larger than those in front. The body is of an
uniform pale whitish flesh color, with no markings.

Incongrut-nce in, the (jeniiK Ceratomid. — Ceruhniiui ai«lid(i»i seems to f)e geneiically distinct
from O. amyntor in stage I, both as regards the absence of the rudiments of dorsal false horns
and in the mid-abdominal legs being smaller than the others, or at least no lai'gor than those of
the second pair.

The larva of 6'. catalpx in all its stiiges, as descril)ed and figured by Kiley, is also entirely
unlike C. cunyutnr, being, after the first molt, smooth l)odied, while its markings are very
different, the body being without any oblique whitish lines, and in the two last stages the skin is
"smooth and velvety." In the second stage the head is smooth and polished, with no traces
whatever of thoracic false horns (Kep. U. S. Entomologist, 1S82, p. IS'.t).

The larva of C. hae/eni resembles, according to Rilej', that of C. umhilotta; it is marked with
oblique vellowish-green lines. The incongruence between the larva? of the species now referred
to Ceratomia, is striking. It is to be observed that Riley refused to associate either
C. catedpm or C. liagenl with C. amyntor, l:)ut referred them to Sphinx. Certainlj' C. amyntor
stands alone, and the pupa3 and imagoes of the genus Ceratomia as now accepted should be
revised.

VIII. PHYLOGENY OF THE CERATOCAMPIN^E.

The most primitive, generalized genus of the group is Adclocephala. unless it should be
found that Astylis hellatrix is still more so. Unfortunately the larva and iiuago of this form are
not obtainable.

That Adelocephala is the stem-form from which the other genera have originated is
suggested by the larval armature, the presence in the undetermined Brazilian larva (PI. XLIX,
fig. -f) of quite well developed prothjracic horns, and by the equality in length and shape of the
dorsal horns both of the thoracic and abdominal segments.

.Already in Syssphinx the armature has undergone a very considerable reduction, showing
that it has diverged from the main line of descent.

A decidedly remote side branch, with no annectant form, is Anisota, which notably diflers
from all the rest of the group in the reversion of the caudal horn to a pair of separate setiferous
tubercles. This would seem to be the result of a j>er .m/fiu/t retrograde mutation — a case of
reversional evolution: also the decided reduction in length of all the thoracic horns, except those
of the second thoracic segment, is a case of discontiiuious evolution l)y partial atrophy. Corre-
lated with these modifications are certain differences in habits in the case of the species of
Anisota. which are gregarious and seem to l)e avoided by fiirds, judging by their feeding in
exposed situations and by the great luunber of individuals.

Returning to the main evolutional path of the group, we observe that Eacles is not remotely
disconnected from Adelocephala, although in this genus toward the end of larval life, in contrast
with the exuberant growth of horns in the earliest stage, there is a reduction in the length of
the spines. The pupa is of the type of that of Adelocephala, and in the imago there is not a
great difference.

34

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

In Citheronia, especisillj' C. regalis, we have a return to Adelocephala. with its prothoracic
horns and exuberant growth of spines, which are retained through all the stages of larval life.
The pupa, however, is more modified and diverges more widely than that of any other genus
from the other members of the subfamily, while the moths tend to have fairly well developed
maxilla', with which they lap up sweets, and sharp fore wings, anticipating the sphinges in their
shape. Which of these five genera gave origin to the ancestor of the Sphingidre is a question.
It must seem, however, as if the stem-form was an ally of Adelocephala.

The probable course of phylogemetic development may be expressed l)y the following dia-
gram, which also indicates the classitication of the group:

CrVAeronta

Eac/es

Syssphrnx

rrrs

so /a

A defocepha7a

IX.

A^o/'ocfonfr</a.e(//etsroccfmpa)

Fig. 2. — Diagram to illustrate the affinities and phylogeuy of the
Ceratocampinse.

ON THE PHYLOGENY OF THE SPHINGID-ffi; THEIR DERIVATION
FROM THE CERATOCAMPID.<E.

In his "Hawk moths of North America" (Bremen, Issti) the late A. R. Grote remarks on
the intimate relationship between the Sphingidw and Bombycidw "suggested by the American
group of the Ceratocampidfe," regarding the latter group as the "remains of an old type and
nearer to the hawk motlis than any su))family of the spinners now existing."'

In his "Notes in ISST upon lepidopterous larva'" (Trans. Ent. Soc, London, 18S8), Professor
Poulton, from a study of the armature of sphingid larvse and that of A</l.ia tan, states: "We
have therefore an accunuiliited l)ody of facts which seem to render it certain that the Sphingidse
are a specialization of the group of Saturnian Bombj'ces, and that the following order represents
the nearest afSnity and is an approach toward the expression of genetic relationship: Sphinx,
Acherontia. Smerinthus, Ceratomia, Lophostethus. Aglia, Cei'atocampa (Attacus). Saturniti." He
adds: "The imaginal condition of the Sphingida> which come nearest to Aglia, etc., is also strongly
in favor of the above arrangement. They alone do not feed in the perfect state, and do not fly
in the cluinu'teristic manner of other hawk moths: in the strict sense of the word they are xot
hawk moths. Their mode of flight, and especitilly their rudimentarj' and unused mouth parts,
are further points of affinity to the Saturnians.

"It therefore follows that the chief peculitii'ities of the Spliingida'. as opposed to the main
l)o(ly of BomVn'ces — the fact that they feed largely and are greatly speciidizcd in relation to
flowers — are characters which were absent from their Bombyciform ancestors, and are still absent
from Smerinthus, while they have been i-eacquired comparatively recently in tiie phyletic history
of the majority of Sphingida^.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 35

•'The most nsitiinil iirratiutMiiiMit would be for tlic Sphiuj-ida' to form the end of one special
line of Bombyce.s. the order being tiie exact reversal of that j;i\en above" (p. 578).

In an essay" published in 1890, I indorsed Poulton's conclusions, remarkini;- that while the
Sphingidiv had probably descended from forms iiUe the more generalized Ceralocampida\ there
were some points in the imaginal characters which ajjpeared to forbid the idea that the}' have
immediately descended from Aglia. It now appears that this genus does not stand alone, but is
closely related to Arsenura, etc.. the group Agliiiuc licing a South American one, with a single
Eurasian genus in the Arctogicic realm. I may 1)C permitted to (piote the view then presented.

''But the origin of tiie Sphingidre from forms like our modern CeratocampidiB is supported
by a fact not nuMitioned by other observers, i. e., the similarity in shape and tlic great size of the
anal legs of Sphingid;e and those of the Ceratocampidw.

"Anyone who will comi)are the larviB of the two groups will be struck with the resemblance.
The sphinx-like attitude is also assumed by Eaclex iiiiperlaJix while feeding, and, taking together
this ideutit}- in attitude, the presence of a caudal horn and the general shape of the body, I do
not see why the Ceratocampida? may not be regarded as an archaic group from which the Sphing-
id;¥ may have sprung, while the former may have originated from spined Notodontian larvfe,
such as (Edenuisla cv/icuuiu, the Notodontians being apparently the most generalized forms of
all the Bombyces, and also as regards the larva?, being the most plastic forms; either assuming
the greatest variety of ornamentation, or lacing (piitc unadorned."

In his excellent monograph of the Sphingidie of America north of Mexico'-' Prof. J. B. Smith
divides the family into four groups or subfamilies: Macroglossinaj, Chserocampinse, Sphinginw,
and Smerinthina'. in the descending order, regarding with others the Macroglossiniv as the most
specialized group, and the Smerinthinii? as standing at the foot of the series, having a "small
retractile head and obsolete tongue." He considers them as " insects thoroughly bombyciform
in habit and appearance, but completely sphingiform in larval and imaginal character." He also
briedy suggests more clearly than any previous author, though not in a detailed way, the
resemblance of the Smerinthina^ to what he calls the Saturniidaj, stating that the group'Sme-
rinthina- "seems to lind closer allies in the Saturniidse througli Cressoiiia to the most typical
Smerinthina?."

I have, after a somewhat prolonged study of the Ceratocampidse, compared them with the
genera Cressonia, 'Marumba. and Paonias, and have been greatly interested and surprised to find so
many vestigial ceratocampid characters in the larva, pupa, and imago of the Smerinthina^. The
result is to prove, at least to my own satisfaction, that the caudal horn is only one of a numlier
of characters which indicate the direct descent of the Sphingid;e from the Ceratocampida\ and
most probaldy from the most primitive subfamily, the Ceratocampina?.

The two diagnostic characters which separate the more primitive and generalized Sphingidse
from the Ceratocampida? are the position of the tubercle of the spiracular series, or /• of Dyar, in
the larva, and the presence of an additional vein (III 2, radius 2) in the forewings of the imago.
As stated fuither on, these appear to be sudden acquisitions which originated during the period
when the group diverged from the parent ceratocampid stock. It should be observed that the
tubercle /• is of the same shape and structure, the ditierence t)etween the larva? of the two families
being in regard to its position.

Lai'i'dl fe<iturt>i. — We will now, beginning with the larval characters, give the grounds for
our opinion that the Sphingida^ have directh' descended fi'om the Ceratocampiufe.

The young larva (Stage I, PI. XLII) of Ceratoniia amyntor, in the shape of the head and pro-
portions of the body, the shape of the suranal plate and anal legs, is the same as in the V'oung
of Eddes inqyerluVifi. 1 can see no distinctive family characters in the parts of the head and organs
of mastication, in the shape of the two divisions of the clvpeus; that of the cleft labrum and of
the antennie are nearly identical in Eacles and Ceratomia. It is doubtful whether there are diag-
nostic primary family features in the head and mouth parts of lepidopterous larvfe in general,

«Xotes on come points in the external structure and phylageny of lepidopterous larvfe. Proc. Boston Society
Xat. Hist. XXV. May, 1890, p. 100.
'' Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. XV, 1888.

36 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

whatever muj' be said of tlie .socondury armature; at least we have not observed any, certainly
none of taxonomic value, though this subject has not j-et been carefully or extensively examined.
The habits of nearly all lepidopterous larva- being the same, we should not expect any decided
ditierences except in the leaf miners and the more primitive forms, such as Eriocephala (Monog.
Bombycine Moths, I, p. «)0).

The head in the Smerinthina' genei'a is conical, the vertex tending to be narrow and some-
what elevated, but in the higher Sjihingidaj the head becomes round. Now, the conical shape of
the head of the Smerinthinje seems to have become directly inherited from the conical shape
characteristic of the Ceratocampida?, especially Adelocephala, the most primitive genus f)f the
group.

In tlie armature the position of the setifei'ous tubercle v directly in front of the spiracle is a
trenchant or ditierential character, and, as Dyar says, it is characteristic of the sphingid larvw.
We are able to contirm all he sa^ys as to this feature. As we have already stated (p. 81),
the freshly hatched larva of Oeratomia ajnyntar absolutely differs in this respect from anj' larviv
of the Saturniides. It should lie observed, however, that these primary tubercles disappear after
the tirst molt and that only the freshly hatched young of Ceratouiia (onyutor, and C. undnlom have
been examined. Provisionalh', however — namely, so far as our'present knowledge extends — I
quite agree with Doctor Dyar as to the significance and value of this grouji character. The posi-
tion of the tubercle in the Sphingida? is one apparently which was suddenly acquired, as if by a
leap, or "mutation, ".but as to the cause of the change of position, since in all the great groups
of bombyciue moths (Saturniides) it is universally situated below the spiracle, while tubercle
iv is moved up behind the spiracle — we are quite in the dark.

The glandular setaj of Ceratomia are like those of certain Notodontid;^.

This is a primitive character, not occurring in Ceratocampidie. in which the seta? are all
acute, nonglandular, or the seta? at time of birth are, with the tubercles, converted into large
spines. Another feature in smerinthine, but not the ' higher"' sphingid larvis, is the occur-
rence of crowded miiuite secoudary tubercles on the integument of the head and trunk, render
ing the skin rugose or shagreened. An approach to this is, however, seen in larval Adelocephala
and Anisota. Also sphingid larva; have no specialized lateral or submedian spines on the sur-
anal plate, or rough, coarse granulations on the edge of the anal legs. It will be remembered
that the head in the smerinthine larva? is subconical.. narrowing above, while in the more special-
ized groups the head is more rounded. This conical shape of the head seems to have been
directly inherited from tjie Ceratocampida?.

A salient feature of the Sphinx larva is the caudal horn; as has been shown by a number
of entomologists, and, as we have repeatedly observed, it differs in no respect in its general
shape and originally double origin fi-om that of the Ceratocampidie, and seems to be, like the
other characters here mentioned, an heirloom from the Ceratocampidie. It appears, then, that,
with the exception of the position of the tubercles iv and v, the larval characters of Sphingida^ are
such as indicate the direct descent by divergent and saltatory evolution of the group from some
primitive ceratocampine form, like Adelocephala.

In the ver3' interesting larva of the South African sphingid, Lophostefhus dm/ui/hu'I, we have
the unique occurrence of a larva beset with a complete armature of long, rathei' stout, chitinous
spines, those of the dorsal and subdorsal series about or uearl3- as long as the median caudal
horn. Doctor Dyar " has thoroughly discussed the armature of this larva and shows that while
it has a remarkaV)ly ceratocampid-like appearance the tubercle r is situated directly in front of
the spiracle, a characteristic of its position in those larvic of the sphingids y(>t known. There
ai-e no spines on the tirst thoracic segment; tubercle // is not represented. The larva, he says,
"is a true Sphinx, not moi'e nearly related to the Ceratocampids than any other Sjihinx, since it
possesses true sphingid tuliercles, ii: above r and before the spiracle, not united with /■ as in all
the Saturnian phylum. Functionally, indeed, it is a Saturnian like the African Saturnians,
with thorn-like tubercles; but the character is evidently adaptational, an irregular hypertrophy

«Proc. Eut. Soc, Washingtou, iv, May 13, 1901, p. 440.

MEMOIRS OF TUb: NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 37

of till" tulxMvles suporimpo-sLHi on the phyloyi'nctic cliiuacters of the Sphing-ida'." The style of
coloration, he says, is not sphinpfid but ceratooanipid. " Jhc lu'iid and cervical shield are con-
spicuously striped with black; tlie anal jjlates are red. with jilack borders; tlie body is green; the
spines black, with yellow bas(>s; the foot siiields black. A white or yellow bur extends between
the secoijd and third spines on the tirst to seventii abdominal segments."

We would note the fact that Fawcett places this hawk moth in the subfamily Smerinthinie,
the most primitive group of the Sphingida-. The pupa has short maxilhe. and a large, short,
rounded cremaster.

It is also interesting to note that the ariuature is very much like that so prevalent in the
South African subfamily Buna>ina\ represented by (iynanisa, Nudaurelia, Buna>a, etc., and that
the caudal horn is not like that of other Sphingida?, especially the Sniei'inthina\ in being thick,
fleshy, and tuberculated. and more or less flexible, hut is solid, stifl', chitinous, like the other
spines on the body. In this feature do we not see the ett'ects of the dry, peculiar climate of
Africa, where there are so many spiny plants and freest The spines may have arisen after the
ancestors of Lophostethus had established themselves on the African continent. It should be
borne in mind that the South American continent (Neogala) is apparently the center of origin of
the Sphingida?. The same or similar climatic conditions may have influenced the coloration of
this larva.

The pupa. — When we compare the pupa of Paonim exciecattis $ with that of Eacles
hnperialis S there will be found to be no salient or diagnostic diflerences, such as we
would expect, to separate the pupa of two great families. The shape of the body is nearly
identical; the head of Paonias is slightly more conical in front, not so much rounded; but the
surface of the integument is covered with line spinules. The antennaj are the same in width and
in the raised joints and pectinations. The maxilhv are of the same shape and length, but wider
at base than in Eacles; the eyes, epicranium, and ciypeus are the same, their surfaces similarly
though less rugose, but without any specialized spines. There are in either form no traces of
primitive characters such as occur in the more primitive lepidopterous families.

The cremaster in Paonias is large and ends in an undivided spine, not forked as in Eacles
and other ceratocampid pupie, with the exception of Citlu^^'onia regalis, in which it is vestigial,
and shows signs of an original division. Also the segments of the abdomen are smooth, aiid
segments IX and X are complete in Paonias, the sutures not interrupted and obsolete between the
scar of the genital opening and that of the vent. This may prove to be a family or diagnostic
character. (PI. LVI, fig. Sa.)

It is to be observed, then, that the pup» of the Smerinthina? are generalized, and in their
head-characters, those which are most fundamental, agree with those of the Ceratocampidte,
while in the more variable shape of the terminal abdominal segments and the cremaster there is
a departure from the ceratocampid shape.

As we ascend the sphingid series and reach Phlegethontifus with its enormous tongue case,
forming a partly free structure, we have a feature peculiar to the Sphingida?, but as is well
known the maxilla?, even in the more specialized SphingidR\ are exposed to great vaiiation, and
they ma}' be in the pupa buried between the fore legs on the l)reast, or if large, form a salient
prolongation of the front of the head, as in Cha?rocampa.

As regards the habits of the pupa the Sphingidw have retained the subterranean mode of
life of their ceratocampid ancestors, in no case known to us spinning a cocoon or lining their
subterranean quarters with silk, unless in sporadic cases a few silk threads are spun.

The uiiaqo. — There are in Sphingidie eleven veins in the fore wings and nine in the hind
wings. The most striking and diagnostic character separating the two groups of Sphingida and
Ceratocampida? is the presence in the former group of radius 2 (III,), which arises within the
middle of the wing before the end of the discal cell. By the addition of this vein the wing is
greatly strengthened on the costal border, which receives the force of the blow during the move-
ments of the wings in flight. This vein is absent in all the genera of Ceratocampinaj, but it is
generallv present in the subfamily of Bunaina?. where, however, it is a very short, weak vein
developed near the apex of the wing. It is absent in XudnunUu cytlit-n-a and vestigial in Salassa,

38 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Cremastochrysalis. Melanocera. and Cirina. It isr present in S Ci/rtagdin: aniu, hut absent in ?
C. herilla. In the Hemileucida' it is usually al)sent, though present in Coloradia. In Saturiiiida'
it i.s wanting, or very short, arising at the apex, and almost vestigial.

It appears, then, that in the Sphingidre this vein, either atrophied or vestigial in the super-
family of Saturniides, has become revived, restored, and strengthened, and functi()n>»as one of
the important veins in the wing. Its presence is correlated with the narrowness of the whole
wing, the acuteness of the apex, and consequent greater strength of the fore wing, adapting
the moth for swift, powei-ful flight. It is to be observed that the bombycine character of but
three branches of the so called, or what was formerly the median vein (now, according to
Enderlein, medius 3, cubitus 1 and 2). are the same a.s in the superfamily Saturniides, while
the '"independent vein" (medius 2) is detached as in the saturniide, init this vein arises nearer
medius 3 than medius 1. in this respect differing from the position of this vein in Ceratocampinffi.
The anterior discal vein of the Smerinthinte also differs in its direction from that of the Cerato-
campina% being directed inward instead of outward, toward the origin of the hinder discal; this
produces a change in the shape of the discal cell, the outer side of the discal cell being parallel
with the outer edge of the wing instead of being at right angles to it, as in Ceratocampina>. (See
PI. XLITI.)

The forking of the base of tiie axillary vein also occurs in the Ceratocampina?.

The hind wings of the Sphingidaj differ fiom those of Saturniides in tkose characters which
seem to strengthen the wing; the bristle is present, so that both wings are locked together, and
an additional axillary (A,) is added, while the subcostal and radius is strengthened ])y a cross vein
arising from near the middle of the discal cell and anastomosing with the subcostal vein (II).

Turning to the head with its appendages, we find that in the primitive Sinerinthinaj
there seem to be no positive diagnostic characters which separate them from the Cei'atocampina?.
The latter, like all the Saturniida?, have a large, long, broad, somewhat triangular or scutellate
clypeus, extending up and inclosing the aritennal foramina. As will be seen b\' reference to
PI. XXXVI, tigs. 6, 7, the shape and proportions of the front of the head of the two Smeiinthine
genera Marumba and Cressonia are nearly identical with those of the Ceratocampinse, as Eacles,
etc., except that the head is wider in front in the Sphinges. In the typical Sphinges with long
maxilkv the head is much larger, the front more convex, probably owing to the enlarged tongue
and its muscles.

The antenna" of the typical Sphingidie are, as is well known, of a peculiar prismatic fusiform
shape, in the Macroglossin* with a terminal hook and no pectinations, but in Cressonia, which
has evidently retained the vestigial characters of its ceratocampid ancestors, with their broadly
pectinated antenna% the joints are doubly pectinate, or with two pairs to a joint, the pectinations
of the anterior pair being a little shorter than those of the basal pair. (PI. XXXVI, tigs. ,S, S<(.)

The maxilla? of Cressonia, though scarcely "obsolete," as usually stated, being long enough
to form a roll when retracted, are but little longer than those of Eacles and Citheronia. It is a
very striking fact that while in the Smcrinthina', which appear to us to be pi'imitive rather than
degenerate forms, the maxilla? are so small as to be of little or at least very limited use. It
should be carefully' observed whether any of the Smerinthinw extend their maxilhe and probe the
corollas of flowers, like the typical Sphinges, or if they use the tongue to simply suck the sweets
of flowers while resting on their leaves or petals. It has been observed that Citheronia regal is
will be attracted by and sip the sugar laid as bait on trees. Its tongue is short and feeble, that of
Eacles a little longer, but in neither case extending as far as the end of the palpi.

When we compare the small size and lack of development and use of the maxiihi? of Cres-
sonia with those of Phlegethontius, which attain a length of over 3 inches (88 nun.), greater than
that of the entire body, or tiiat of the South American sphinx (Maernslla c/iwnf/t/.^), whose
tongue is said by Wallace to be 9i inches in length," we see that within the limits of a single
family an organ like the spiral tongue may by frequent exercise be greatly enlarged and other-

" One from tropical Africa, Macrotiila (Xanlhopan), morgani, is 7i inches long, according to Wallace (Natural
Selection, p. 146), though Rothschild and Jordan state that it is about 225 mm., equal to 8 inches. Revision of the
Lepidopterous Family Sphingida;, p. 32.

MK.MOIKS OF TlIK NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIFNCES. 39

wise nioditiod or specialized, iiiid ciiiivcrtiMl into an enormously lone' instfuinent for ])i'oliiiiu' the
deep tuliuiui' corollas of orchids.

I'lie jialpi of Sj)hina'itla' ai'c always ihrcc-jointcd and rallicr larLi'c. while those of th(> C'erato-
campiiia' have lost the third joint, hut in the Auliina' and l>nna'in:e they are hirge and often
three-jointed.

The legs of Sphiiijj'idie are stouter and piox ided with stout spines, tiuis ditiering from those
of the Ceratocampida'. wiiieh are comparatively weak and unarmi'd.

The genitals of Sphingida' are in certain genera like those of Ceratocampidre and do not
present family distinetions.

We have seen that there is in reality hut a slight break or gap between the Ceratocampidaj
and Sphingid;e. Were it not for the changed positions in the larva of tubercle i\ the presence
of an additional branch of the radius vein strengthening the costal edge of the fore wing, and
of the frenulum, there would be no absolute characters separating the primitive Sphingidro
(Smcrinthin;e, especiallj' Cressonia) from the Ceratocampidiv. The larger head, fusiform or
prismatic anteonfe, long maxillse, narrow, strong wings, stout, spiny legs, and the slight differ-
ences in the larva and pupa are simply adaptive characters, due to exercise of the modilied organs,
the result of the greater activity of the imago in seeking its food, in probing the deep corollas
of flowers, and in seeking their mates.

The I'ei'h'al, restoratio)), or rcaetpdsition of pari) ally atrophied organs. — We have observed
what a great range in size and adaptability for probing tubulai" corollas is seen in the develop-
ment of the maxillae of the Sphingida?, from an almost rudimentary condition in Cressonia to
those of the common potato Sphinx fPhlegethontius), and to the enormously long one of the
South American Sphinx, and that this is evidently the result of u.se, and of use-inheritance.
This is correlated with the narrow, powerful wings, the large thorax due to the enlarged muscles
which raise and lower the wings; with the stout spiny legs, and the large head.

If, as we have attempted to show, by presenting the facts supporting the view that the
family of Sphingidse has directh^ descended from some member of a definite family, i. e., the
Ceratocampida?, then we have to deal with instances of a most remarkable phenomenon, that of
the revival, restoration, or bringing back to active use, and consequent increased development,
of organs or structures which in the ancestral or stem forms have become partially or almost
wholly atrophied from disuse. It is universally the case that an organ, once wholly atrophied,
never becomes restored or revived so as to function or be of any service in the animal economy.
We have seen that in the case of the wings, a branch of the radius vein (III) either entireh'
atrophied or only vestigial in difterent groups of Saturnoidea becomes greatly developed in the
Sphingida?, thus strengthening the costal edge of the wing. This is a clear case of the restoration
oi- reaccjuisition by exercise of a structure or organ.

Another case is that of the maxillse. We should regard those of Cressonia as rudimentary
rather than vestigial: but those of the Saturnoidea are, as anyone will acknowledge, vestiges of
organs which, in the ancestors of the group, were well developed and of constant use to the
insect, as in the Noctuidse. It follows from this that here we have an instance, and we know of
none others on record, of the complete revival or restoration of the muscular, nervous, and
mechanical power and activity of a lapsed or nearly atrophied organ.

The infinite variety in the morphology of the mouth-parts of the arthropod phyla does not
afford, so far as we are aware, .such an instance. It is a nearly universal law that an organ in
the last stages of atrophj' is never restored to its pristine structural and functional activity.

To suppose that hj any process in nature the lost digits of a horse could ever be restored,
and that the splint bones could in the descendants of the modern horse in future ages be restored
and function as usable toes, seems on the face of it an absurdity; and yet in the useless tongue of
the ceratocampid moths we have, unless we are mistaken, an organ which, in the descendants of
the group, has become restored in form, structure, and vigor, and so greatly enhanced in develop-
ment as to form a most striking case of restoration by simple exercise maintained through many
jrenerations.

40 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Of course merely rudimentary organs may either remain in an indifferent state, or by
change of habit or during metamorphosis become developed and actively function.

X. ORIGIN OF THE SYSSPHINGINA AND ALSO THE SYMBOMBYCINA,

FROM THE NOTODONTID^E.

The family Notodontidw is divisil)ie by larval characters into two groups of subfamilies,
characterized ))y the presence in the larva (1) of simple unisetiferous tubercles (Notodontinw,
Heterocam]3ina% and Cerurina?) and {'A) of warts giving rise to several bail's, more than one at
least, or to tufts of hairs (Icthyurinte, PygiBrin^, and Apatelodinte). It seems evident that each
of these two notodontian groups has given origin to a subphylum or superfamily. rather than
that the whole familj' has given rise to one alone, i. e.. the Saturniidcs. These two groups we
would designate as the Syssphinghin and Syynboinhycina. (See fig. 4. p. 4*!.)

Origin of the Kuperfmnih/ Symhoinhycina. — I was led to this conclusion by a suggestion
thrown out by Doctor Dyar in IS'.tO," and again in 1901,^ when he shows the relations of the larval
armature or warts of the Icthyurina; (Melalophte) to that of the Eupterotid», Liparida?, Lasio-
campidie, etc. In his phylogeny published in 1896, he derives the following five families from
the hairy Notodontida% i. e., Eupterotida^, Lymantriid» (Liparida?), Bombycida'. Lemoniida-,
and Lasiocampida?, the last being in his view the latest and most specialized family. Following
the suggestion of Mr. Schaus, Doctoi' Dyar in 1S96 included the genus Apatelodes in the Eupter-
otida>. as also "the other hairy Notodontians. ]\Ielalop]ia. Datana. and Phalera," but afterwards
(1901) concluded that this arrangement is contradicted by the form of the eggs (p. 418).

Having lieen led V)y Doctor Dyar's suggestions to examine the armatui-e of the hairy
notodontians, and to study the head and other characters in abdominal segments 8-10, I am
disposed to accept his views as to the origin of hairy larv;e of the families named from the
Notodontida' with nudtisctiferous warts. Even where the fully fed larva is smooth-bodied,
without any hairs oi' only minute ones, as in Bomhy.i' iiivri and Eiidroiiiif< vt'xicoJora, as well as
the Brahma?idie, the young larva? are born with nudtisetiferous warts, the setie being long, tine,
and hairlike. In fact my investigations on the larvse have led me to observe that there is an
extensive group of families which are more or less related to the Bombycida^ in the restricted
.sense. This group, or superfamily, I have called the Symbombycina, the word referring to those
families all connected liy ties of blood, or kinship, with Bo)iJ)y:r mori. Tiie old terms Bombyces,
Bombycida?, formerly applied to any moths in which the maxilla? were altorted and consequently
from disuse the head became small, the wings less exercised so that one or more veins became
atrophied, must now be restricted to this group with its entirely new name, Symbom))ycina, i. e.,
all those families affiliated with the Bombycida\ as now restricted to the geiuis Bombyx and its
allied genera.

This superfamily has very plainly descended l>y divergent evolution from the hairy Noto-
dontida, i. e., the groups Ichthyuriiue and Apatelodinie, the former being the more ancestral
or primitive one.

On the other hand the Ceratocampidw, Hemileucida?, Saturniida^. and Sphingidse have
evidently descended from the smooth-bodied, often more or less humped Notodontida?, i. e., the
Notodontina^ and Heterocampinie, and this great group I regard as a superfamily. For this
group I iiave proposed the name Syssphingina, because it comiirises, Ijesides Sphingida\ the
ancestors or primitive forms which gave rise to that highly specialized family, the families
mentioned evidently forming a separate subphylum of Lepidoptera.

The steps which led me to consider the Notodontidte as having l)een the conuiion source of
these two great superfamilies may now be stated.

Doctor Dyar has shown the i-esemblances, or rather close affinity, of the hairy notodon-
tian.'? to the Liparidie, etc., as proved b\^ the nature and situation of tine hair-bearing or multi-

«Proc. Boston Society Nat. Hist., XXVII, p. 139.
''Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., IV, ix 418.

MEMOIRS OF THK NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 41

setose Wiirts. lie luis ulso (I. c. Sept.. ISDt;) stated tliat the warts of rh>iiihi/.r vkh-'i in Stag-e I
are " small and degenerate, tint true warts of the typical Lasiocampid pattern " (p. liO). and
for this reason he associates the liondncida; with the Eupterotida;, Leinoniida% Lymantriidte, and
Lasiocanipida'. Grote" had previously (June. ISiKi) drawn attention to tlie close resemblance
of the warts of Endrumis, Stage I. to those of B. mori. Stage I, and claimed that both of the
families which these genera represent should be removed from tiie Saturniides and placed in
his superfamilv Hombvcides, wliich. iiow<"vei'. contains many families wiiicii at ])resent we sliould
exclude from the Syml)oml)ycina. In rearing and studying the transformations of Bralduxa
japonica it was found that the young larva before molting is armed with nuiltisetose warts of the
bomlncine type, and for tiiis and other reasons should l)e associated with the Bombycidas. even
though there are diti'erenccs in tl)e venation, especially the cubitus (•'median") vein.

It has been throughout a decided mistake to attempt to classify the Lepidoptera on the
imaginal characters alone. As abundantly shown by Doctor Dyar and our own recent experi-
ence, the larval characters are the more fundamental and decisive: so also the pupal characters,
as shown by Doctor Chapman and myself, the egg also bearing as a rule characters which are
phjdogenetic. showing marks of kinshiji which can not lie overlooked.

The distinguishing cliaracters of the Symliombycina are as follows: The head may be (Bom-
bycidiB) small, not prominent, or (Brahmandai) fairly large and ratlier prominent and moder-
ately wide between the eyes: palpi either reduced (Bombycidie) or well developed. 3-jointed,
though not reaching beyond the front. The antenna> have but a single pair of pectinations to a
joint, and these invariably droop, not spreading out laterally as in the Syssphingina, especially
the Saturniidie. The maxilhe are usually short and feeble; in B. ///"/■/ atrophied.

The wings vary nuich in width and shape, while the medio-cubitus (•• median") vein is either
three or four branched.

The eggs vary greatly in shape in different groups, being flattened oval in Bombycida?,
hemispherical in Brahniieida', and long cylindrical in Clisiocampa. Their shape in the Eurypte-
rotida; is unknown to us. It should be borne in mind that in the stem-forms the eggs of the
Ichthyurin;e are hemispherical, witli meridional ribs, the surface of the shell being ornamented
with pohgonal areas.

The larvfe all agree in the peculiar shape of the head, a character which has been overlooked
by previous authors. It is broad, short, the sides parallel, not rounded, while the epicranial
suture is very short compared with that of the Ceratocampidw: also the epicranimn is more or
less distinctly swollen in fiont. on each side of the epicranial sutui-e, so that the clypeus is
sunken. I have thus far been unal)le to detect any characters of importance in the larval mouth-
appendages. The surface of the head is more or less setose, especially so in Lasiocampida> and
Bombveida?. (PI. XLIV, tigs. 2-7.) Besides the head-characters the larvae of the different
families all aoree in the armature. There ai'e among them no larva^ with unisetiferous tubercles
except in the first stage of the stem-form, Ichthyura, but as pointed out by Dyar, there are
several (about 6-12) setje: i. e., warts /, li, uV/ are multisetose.

In the lchthyurina> the first larval stage is noctuiform; after the first or second molt the
warts become developed and bear two or several setie. The noctuiform characters are axnoded
had- in the phylogeny of the group.

In the Eurypterotidic, so far as the larvie in this family are known, the caterpillar is densely
hairy, the warts multisetose like an arctian larva. Development is direct, and the group does not
become highly specialized.

In the first to fourth stages of Brahma?ida? these hairy warts are. on the front and hinder
trunk-segments, greatly prolonged into horn-like appendages. In the last stage of Brahmiva the
body becomes smooth, unarmed, with mere vestiges of the horns of early larval life; in Endromis
and B. mori the body is smooth, though the Bombycida? vary in this respect, the body being
humped on three segments in Ocinara, and in TheophiJa huttoni tibdomiual segments 2-7 and 9
bearing each a pair of rather long erect tapering processes.

« Die Saturniiden ' Nachtpfauenaugen), Mittheilungen ausdem Roenier-imiseiiiii, liildesheini, No. 6, Juni. 1896, p. 6.

42 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The shape of the three last abdominal segiuents, with the anal legs, is eharactei-istic in the
Sj'mbombycina. The eighth segment may or may not be humped or bear a horn-like excrescence,
but the ninth and tenth segments are well developed, more or less elongated, especially the ninth.
In shape and armature these segments widely differ from those in the Syssphingina.

The caudal hump or horn differs from that of the Syssphingina in being soft and fleshy,
usuall_v low conical: it is sporadic in distiibution, being either present or absent in the Lasiocam-
pida;; apparent!)' absent in the EiirypterotidiV.

In Bomhyx viorl,'^ as already stated (p. 20), it arises from a median multisetose wart: present
in stage I it is a large conical hump, which is distinctly divided at the end, plainly showing
its origin from two separate warts.

In Brahmiva japoniea in stage I it has lost all traces of its duplex nature owing to the high
degi-ee of specialization of the warts in this genus.

The suranal plate is broad, thick, fleshy, either smooth or somewhat rugose (Endromis and
Bombycida^), or in Brahma^a armed with two horns. In Apatelodes the suranal plate is short,
very broad and fleshy, witii no armature, and so it is in the Liparida^ and Lasiocampida'.

The anal legs differ widely from those of the syssphingine group of families in being soft,
fleshy, with no decided chitinous plate or granulations.

The hairy larvse, especially those of the Liparida" and Lasiocampida?, with their conspicuous
pencils of hairs have their prototypes in the notodontian genus Apatelodes. In A. torrefacta
the tufts or pencils arise from minute ill -defined warts. The tuft on abdominal segment 7 arises
from two separate areas (not wai't-like eminences), one on each side of the median line of the
bodv: those on the eighth segment form a larger area or double group, bearing numerous micro-
scopic papilla? like those all over the l)ody. giving rise to the long secondary hairs, from which
the hair-like seta» arise. There are in the full-grown larva no warts, like those piesent in the
young before the first molt. (For the arrangement of the warts in stage I, with figures, see
Dyar in Psyche, December, 1895, p. 317.) The pupa varies in the group with the habits of the
different generic types. All the larvii? are spinners except the Brahmieida'. in which the pupa
is sul)ter]'anean and with a well-marked cremaster, somewhat reminding one of that of Ka-Jts
imperialh. The pupa differs, however, from that of Eacles in the head not being bent so
far forward, the thorax not l)eing so full and overhanging the head. In this respect the pupa
is like the imago, that of the Ceratocampida* having the thorax very full and rounded in front
and overhanging the head. The base of the maxilla? are also nuich nearer the head-end of the
body, while they are about twice as long as in Eacles. The large cremaster reminds one of that
of Eacles, ])ut this is evidently a case of convergence; it differs in being constricted at ))ase,
beyond much smaller, and ending in two diverging points.

Pliijlogcny af the S[/iiihn/iJnjf!na. — The origin of the group may with a fair degree of cer-
tainty'be traced back to Ichthyura (Melalopha); at least that genus, especially' in the larval stage,
appears to be an ancestral type, prophetic of the incoming of more specialized families. It is
already as regards the multisetose warts, the secondarj' set», and two double humps and head-
characters quite far removed from the less specialized notodontians (Notodontinje) and approxi-
mated to the Synibombycina, these being points which I failed to see in preparing the monograph
of the group.

For example, the head of Ichthyura in its general shape is very different from that of the
Notodontinffi and Heterocampina?, being more as in the Lasiocampinw. It is broad: the broad
and short epicranium is swollen on each side of the epicranial suture, which is nuu-h shorter than
in the other notodontians; the clypcus is large. (PI. XLIV. fig. 2.)

The question ari.ses whether Ijecause of these features and the ancestral relation of the group,
the Apatelodina', Datanina», and Ichthyurina' should not l)e removed from the otIuT notodontians
and be regarded as collectively forming iui independent family. This may ultimately ha\e to be
done. But at present we may consider that the notodontians, originally derived from some

«I have this spring (1904) raised numbers of B. moti from eggs kiniUy sent me l»y Dr. L. O. Howard, Ento-
mologist U. S. Department of Agriculture, affording me an abundance of living material for examination.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 43

Thvatira-liUo noftuid. may have very soon after tlicir establishment become split by diveiyi iit
evolutionary forces into two jiroiips. one giving rise to the Syssphingina and the other to the
Symlioinln'cina. As will be seen by oui- i)ro\isional, tentative, phylogonetie diagram, the more
primitive notodontians. i. e., those which at birth are armed with simple setiferous tubercles,
gave rise to the Syssphingina.

The other branch or group of Notodontida". in which the larva on hatching is armed with
multisetose warts, gave rise through Ichthyura to the superfaniily Syml)oml)ycina, which com-
prises the six families alrea(iy mentioned.

The Eurypterotidiv may have descended from the Apatelodiiiie. I have; not recently studied
this group and follow the suggestions of Dyar, who states that ApatAodcn tonvfacta in its first
stages distinctly shows the wart characters of the Eurypterotidiv.

In the case of the position assigned to the Liparida- (Lymantiiidie) and Lasiocampida^ I
follow in the main the suggestions of Dyar, having at present nothing new to offer.

From the statements of Grote, and my own observations on the nature and position of the
warts of the freshly hatched larva of Bomhi/.r mor! and an investigation of its later stages, also
from an examination of the fully grown larva and the pupa of EnJromw versicolora^ as well as
recent studies on Brahmxa japonica, I have satisfied myself that the superfaniily Synibombycina
ends in a group of three specialized families, as represented in the diagram on page -Ki, which have
all apparently descended from some common type. All have multisetose warts in stage I, and
lose them after the Krst molt; all have a caudal horn, while the Brahma^ida> have thoracic and
hinder abdominal horns in stages H-IV. The P2ndromida> and Bonibycidw appear to have
branched oft' from a common stem-form, which had four medic-cubital branches. The Bombycidie
underwent a process of degeneration: losing a vein, the head becoming reduced in size, the
palpi much reduced or absent, the maxilhe completely lost, the wings narrow and the power of
flight weak, the frenulum absent, the legs being spurless.

The most aberrant and specialized group is the Brahnuvida>, which we shall elsewhere treat
of at greater length. It is to he ohservt-d that in these fain ilivs what are the larval characters of
the last stage of hairy notodontians and the families directly related to them have heen a'owded
hack during the coarse of their phylogenetic evolution, and are confined to stage las the result cf
the atrophy of the multisetose ivarts; the body after the first molt becoming naked and the caudal
hump or horn becoming a conspicuous feature, though even this is lost in the final molt of Brah-
mfea. It is interesting to observe in the ontogeny of Braitimra jajxmica that before the first
molt, besides the ordinary multisetose warts those of the second and third thoracic and the eighth
and tenth abdominal segments are greatl.v elongated and hypertrophied, with the fine spinulose
slender seta? scattered along the trunk and at the end. These horn-like processes are, however,
discarded at the last ecdysis, when the body becomes naked, with mere vestiges of the '• horns" left
to tell the tale of descent from some form more specialized in stage I than any other of the super-
family y(>t known.

It should be observed of the families embraced in the Synibombycina, that they are all
Asiatic and African forms; i. e., Arctogteic (chiefly inhabiting the oriental region) and Ethiopian.
The Apatelodina', on the contrary, which we may provisionally regard as the stem form of the
Eurypterotida'. is American, the species all being confined to Central and North America, though
A. ardeola Druce ranges from Panama to the Amazons.

It seems not impr<)i)able that the genus originated in Neogala, gi-adually passing northward
into the eastern Mexican and Atlantic regions of Arctog»a. Whether the ultimate origin of
such a great family as the oriental one of the Eupterotida' was in South America seems some-
what problematical.

Origin of tlie suprrfiinll y Syssphingina. — The proofs of the more or less direct origin of
the Ceratocampid;e, and especially the genera Adelocephala and Syssphinx from the more primi-
tive Notodontida>; i. e., those with larval unisetose tubercles, seems very strong. The affinities
of the larv;e of the two groups are seen in the shape of the head, the long high epicranium. nar-
rowing towards the vertex, the great length of the median suture of the epicranium, and the

44

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

comparatively small size of the ch'peus, which is not sunken below the level of the epicranium
as it is in the S_ymbonibycina (compare XLIV tigs. 10, 11, 12, with tigs. 13 and 14), the clypeus
being still smaller in Adelocephala than in the Heterocampinie.

As regards the armature, that of the notodontian groups Notodontina- and Heterocampinaj
is closely' similar to that of Ceratocampime. In neither group does more than a single seta arise
from a tubercle.

In Schizum concinna (fig. 3) the tubercles are solid, chitinous, forming horns; the position
of the tubercles is in general much as in Adelocephala, l)ut, as we should expect, the armature
is more primitive; tubercle Hi. is near the spiracle, io moved up to a position just below and
behind the spiracle; while /■ is quite remote, and ri nearly midway between t' and vil. Their
position, especially that of lit., U\ and i\ is the same in Iletervcampa giiftivitta, stage I, Seirodonta
hllhuata, and presumable in Notodontidffi in general. On the other hand in the Ceratocampidaj
tubercles iv and v are united. The difference is a family one, but this does not militate against

Fig. 3. — Head nnd first five trunk segments of ScJiizura concmna, showing the
iirrangement of tubercles i-rii.

the derivation by rapid evolution (tachygenesis) of the more specialized or modified Cerato-
campinifi from the Notodontid;*?, as it is now a matter of little doubt that evolution fi-oni one
family or order or class to another may have in most cases at least been effected by a jump or
sudden nuitation, without a long series of connecting links.

It should also be observed that in the Heterocampina? we have the frequent concurrence of
'"horns," i. e., of the conversion of tuliercles into solid chitinized horn-like processes, bearing a
seta at the end. While this may l)e a sporadic specialization of the dorsal tubercles of stage I of
from only one pair (prothoracic in //. hiundata and II. unicolor) to as many as seven [IF. (iJiliqiut)
and nine {11. guttiivftK), yet it is not without significance, as ]:)ointingto the evolution of a group
like the Ceratocampida', where they are retained throughout larval life.

Here the question arises whether these antlers and spines of Heterocampa and the reduced
prothoracic horns of Mncrnnx-aDipd inarthcxia and of Cerura may not have been handed down
from the genus Schizura, or at least that section of it, or the incipient genus represented \)X
S. cnncinna. in which ail the segments bear tul)ercles (/), which have become specialized into
stout spines.

While the pupa of Heterocampa resembles that of Eacles in the general sha])e of the head-
region, and in having a forked cremaster, what appears to be a difference of family importance
is seen in the two prominent divisions of the lower part of the front of the head, representing
the clypeus and lul)rum.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 45

As roo-jirils ilu' iiiiui;'!) --tutc, tlu' liciul, wlioii tlcmulcd. of notniloiit iaiis is iiiiicli us in Cei'ato-
cuinpiniv, tlio opicrauimn being trisuigular. (Compare I'l. XL\'III of this inoriograph, Pt. I.,
with PI. XLIV.) In voiiation tiioro is a goticral roscmhlanco, though in the Cenitocampiii.T there
is a loss of two radial veins. Aside from any theory, the Notodontichv proper are closcdy allied to
the Ceratoeanipidie. dirt'ering- in characters which, on the whole, are more primitive. The rela
tions of the .Suturniida^ to the Ceratocampida^ will be tliscussed in a future part of this work;
ill the diagram (tig. -J-) the position assigned to tlie HemilencidiW is purely tentative and
))rovisional.

It may be objected that the Notodontidie, especially the Ileterocampinie, markedly diHer
from the Ceratocampida* in not possessing the large usually tuberculated suranal plate and the
very large anal legs or claspers of that group. It should, however, be observed that in several
species of Heterocampa the long triangular suranal plate either bears a pair of horns, or at least
three pairs of setiferous tubercles. On the other hand the anal legs of these notodontians are
much specialized in the direction carried out so remarkably in the Cerurinie. Hence we ai'e led
to suppose that the Ceratocamijinw sprang from a more generalized form, which on the one hand
gave origin to the Ceratocampida^ as a whole, and on the other to the existing species of Hetero-
campa, of Macrurocampa, and tinallv of Cerura and its allies (Cerurina^).

Genera, fain il Us. etc., aiitfickil groups. — An}' systematist after finishing his work on a group,
rises from his task impressed with the difficult}- of classifying the genera and species. This
embarrassment is, of course, due to the fact that his best etl'orts are only tentative and provisional
attempts to trace out the intricate and bewildering lines or network of affiliated forms. Evolu-
tion has gone on by divergent paths, the lines of development forking and reforking from a
common origin. Without the aid of the theory of descent, without seeing that everywhere there
is a progressive development from the generalized or primitive to the specialized or more recent
forms, we should be lost in the fog, or be like sailors without a compass. If we believed that
variation was indefinite, fortuitous, without reference to changes in the conditions of life, we
should indeed be still sooner lost in a tangled mass of forms, especially in a great group like the
Lepidoptera. •

To take the present case as an example. The Notodontidiv, as compared with the families
evolved from it, is a composite or synthetic group, the mother of at least nine families, while
from the highest or most specialized family, the Sphingidaj, or some unknown group or form
allied to it, the Castniidie and the dift'erent families of butterflies forming the great superfamily
of Papilionides have probably evolved.

So far from being a homogeneous group or family, we have seen that within the limits of
what we call the Notodontid;¥ there are two chief groups, one with larva" armed with multisetose
warts, and one with larv;v provided with tubercles giving rise to a single seta or bristle.

From the beginning of the world's history, for we see it in Cambrian fossils, not only a
tendency to. but also an actual and rapid or tachygenic process of modification in diti'erent direc-
tions has taken place. Just as soon apparently as what we call the Notodontid;e ai-ose from
pi'obably the small group of Thyatiridaj, it began to diverge, to spread out and become adapted
to different conditions. While the more normal forms liecame Xotodontida\ there arose, follow-
ing the lino of least resistance, as the result of adaptation to conditions not encountered by other
forms, the more aberrant genera Hyparpax, Heterocampa, and Macrurocampa, as well as the
Cerurinw.

Meanwhile, in certain forms the tubercles became flat and broad, divided into a numl)er of
heads or tubercles, each bearing a hair, and gave rise to the genera Icythyura, Datana, Apate-
lodes. Datana Ijecame a specialized closed type, represented by numerous species, while
Ichthyura became the parent or stem-form of dve important and in some cases numerically
successful families; Apatelodes, .so far as we can judge, having given origin to the Euryptero-
tid;¥. If this phylogeny should prove incorrect, there is strong circumstantial e\idence that the
groups arose from similar though extinct forms. At all events, evolution followed various lines,
determined by the various conditions of life, and these lines are older or more recent, shorter or
longer, more or less divergent, each type adapted to its particular niciie. habitat, or mode of life.

46

MExMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Sph/'noidae 4-.

Brohmaeic/ae 3.

Bombycidae J.

Endfomida e. 4-

LipdYi d ae ,4 *

LO'Siocamptdae 4: «

Hemi/eucidae 3

^aturniidae 3

Ceratoca777p i d a e.3

tupteroti due 3 *

I chthyurin ae 3
^pate/odinae 3 *

Oa /'arti nae 3 *

A/otodoTy/'i T7ae & ^e/'erocampfpae.d

Cerurina.e.3

^y^bomhyci

na

Sys^p/^'7"

Notodo?7tic/ci.e. J

T/^yaZ-i ri c^ a e. -^

Fig. 4— phylogeky of the syssphixgina and symeombycina.
3, 4 refer to the number of branches of the mediocubital vein; * indicates the presence of multisetose warts in the larvse.

MEMOlllS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 47

XI. OPISTHENOGENESIS, OR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEGMENTS, MEDIAN
TUBERCLES, AND MARKINGS A TERGO.

Weismaiiiu in his suo-g-cstivc "Studios in the tlieorj- of descent" (1876), was the first to dis-
cuss tiie orijriti of the mariviups of cattM'pillars, and to show that in Deilrphila In'ppophaes the
ring'-like spots of tlie larva " tirst oriyiiiatod on tlic segment hearing tiie caudal horn, and were
then gradually transferred as secondary spots to the preceding segments" (vol. 1, p. 277).

Afterwards (1881-1890) Eimer " showed that in the European wall lizard " a series of mark-
ings pass in succession over the body from behind forward, just as one wave follows another,
and the anterior ones vanish while new ones appear behind." He speaks of this mode of origin
of the markings as the "law of wave-like evolution or law of undulation." In confirmation of
this process or law he cites the conclusions of Wi'irtenberger,'' who had long before (1873) observed
that "in ammonites all structural changes show themselves first on the last (the outer) whorl of
the shell, such a change in the following generations being pushed farther and farther toward
the beginning of the spiral until it prevails in the greater numl)er of the whorls."

Cope, in his "Primary factors of organic evolution" (1896), also shows that in the lizards
CnemidopJiorus tessd/ata.s and (/idar/.i, the breaking up of the striped coloration into transverse
spots begins first at the sacral and lumbar i-egions: " the confluence of the spots appears there
tirst."

We may cite some examples of this law of growth a te/r/o, or opisthenogenesis, as it might
be called, which have fallen under our own observation.

In Dasi/Iop/iia anguinu, as shown by the figures in PI. XXI of this monograph, Pt. I, it will
be observed that in stages III, IV, and the last stage, the dark longitudinal lines become on the
eighth-tenth abdominal segments broken up into separate isolated dark spots. In the larva
before the second molt there are no spots on the ninth and tenth segments. In stage III, how-
ever— i. e., after the second change of skin, as stated in my monograph (p. 175) — four black
spots now appear on the front part of the suranal plate. In the last stage the reddish spots
on the eighth abdominal segment, which are detached from the lateral lines of stages I and II,
now become specialized into the two black, comma-like spots, with a linear spot above and
beneath; and two, sometimes divided into four, black spots arise on the suranal plate.

It thus appears that in the ontogenv of this species the process of breaking up or origin of
the spots from the longitudinal lines takes place on the last three segments of the body.

In Symmerista alhifroiis the same phenomenon occurs. In stage I, as stated in my monograph
(p. ISO), on each side of the ninth segment, is a large black, comma-shaped spot, the point directed
forward and downward, while behind there is a median black dot. After the first molt there
arises behind the dorsal hump two instead of one median black spots, and two black sj^ots are
added on the side of the bodj- near the base of the anal legs, i. e., two each on the 9th and last
segments.

After the second casting of the skin the marking of the last three abdominal segments become
specialized; what on the body in front are parallel black and red lines being in tliis region now
represented by separate spots. Thus, as regards the marking, the anterior part of the body
remains ornamented with the primitive parallel lines, while the process becomes on the three
hitider segments accelerated or specialized. It thus appears that the more advanced or ontoge-
netically later st3-le of ornamentation originates at the end of the bod^'.

A parallel ijrocess takes place with the formation of the caudal horn or hump. Thus in
Symmerista, Dasylophia. and other horned Notodontida' and members of other groups, the eighth
abdominal segment is the theater of the pi'ocess of fusion of the two dorsal tubercles of the first
larval stage into a single tubercle or horn ; so that this segment appears to be the center of a
process of specialization which does not take place on any other segments of the bodj'.

o Untersuchungen iiber das Variiren der Mauereidechse. Archiv f. Naturg., 1881. Ueber die Zeichnung der
Thiere. Zool. Anzeiger , 1882, 1883, 18S4. Organic Evolution. London, 1890.

''A new contribution to tlie zoological proof of the Darwinian theory. Ansland, 1873. Nos. 1, 2, and .Studies
on the history of the Descent of the Ammonites. Leipzig, 1880. (In German. )

Vol. 9— 0.T i

48 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

When it does take place, and there i.s a specialized single tubercle on the first abdominal
segment, as in Notodonta, Nerice, and more especially in Hyparpax and Schizura, the process of
fusion of two tubercles into a single specialized one, as on abdominal segments 1 and 8, proceeds
from behind forward, as it were in waves of translation of the specialized growth force from
behind forward.

This may clearly be seen in the tigures on PI. XXIV, showing the development of the single
hump in Hyjxirpar aurora. In tig. 1 the dorsal tubercles / in stage I are all separated; in tig. 2
those on the eighth abdominal segment have ail begun to unite at their bases before they have on
the lirst abdominal segment; they seem to be a little behind at first, though later on the hump
on the first segment becomes higher and larger than the caudal horn.

If there were any doubt as to the relative period when the tubercles become fused in
Hyparpax, in Schhiwa leptlnoldt-s (PI. XXVI), it is very clearly shown by fig. 1 that the fusion
of the two tubercles forming the caudal hump, as we will call it, i. e., that on the eighth abdominal
segment, has taken place before any signs of such fusion have appeared in the pair on any of the
segments in front.

When the ontogeny oi JVerice hidentata is worked out, it will l)e a matter of umch interest to
observe whether the dorsal humps are formed from behind forward, or whether they appear
simultaneously, and thus form an apparent exception to the law of transfer of growth force from
behind forwards.

In this connection it might be observed that in the larva of Schisura unicornis, in which
there is the very unusual occurrence of a pair of short, thick spines on the vertex of the head
(Pt. I, PI. XXVIII, fig. 2, 2a, 2b), these spines do not appear in stage I and not until after the first
molt. These spines persist through stages II and III, but after this disappear, not being present
in the last two stages. Thus the growth force resulting in the development of the armature of
stage I does not reach the head until after the first molt, and then does not persist throughout
larval life.

In the ontogeny of the notodontian family, as well as that of Ceratocampida^ and Saturniiche,
the process of fusion of the two dorsal tubercles alwaj's first begins on the eighth abdominal
segment.

( )plsthenogenesis as regards the markings appears to be of a piece, or somehow connected,
with the opisthenogenetic origin in postembryonic development of new segments. In the cestodes
and in annelid worms, multiplication of segments occurs between the head region and the extreme
end of the body. Thus in Polygordius, as stated bv Balfour ("A treatise on comparative em))ry-
ology," 1880, 1, pp. 271, 272): The conversion of the larva into the adult takes place "by the inter-
calation of a segmented region between a large mouth-bearing portion of the primitive body and
a small aims-l)earing portion."

This region in the larval or early stages of worms and more primitive arthropods is the
"budding zone" of embryologists. While at the outset, in the beginning of embryonic life the
head region is the first to be formed and the trunk segments arise later, as in the trochosphere
of worms, and the protaspis of trilobites and of merostomes; a third portion arising from the
budding zone, or seat of rapid cell-formation, appears to be a secondary or inherited region,
due to the postembryonic acquisition of new characters (certain trunk segments and their appen-
dages) in many segmented or polymerous animals, i. e., those which have passed beyond the
trochozoon stage or type.

Prof. E. B. Wilson " has clearly stated the nature, now so well known, of the growth processes
involved in the interpolation at the growing point or budding zone of new segments. In Pol}'-
gordius, after the trochosphere has been formed and when it is about to enter on the adult stages,
the segments are formed successively, those in front being the oldest, "while new segments are
continually in process of formation, one after another at the growing point." This, he says, is
"a typical case of apical or unipolar growth." It is what we would call opisthenogenetic growth.

« Some problems of annelid morphology. Biological lectures delivered at the marine biological laboratory at
Woods Hole. 1891. p. 61. See also A. D. Mead. The early development of marine annelids. Journal of mor-
phology, XIII. May, 1897. p. 227-326.

MEMOIRS OF rilK NATIONAL ACADEMY OK SCIENCES. 49

Professor W'hitiiuui" lias sIkiwm tliat in tlic lecuh the iiitcnial tissues {iMcs(il)l;i,stJ of the budding
zone are arranged in two widely .separated lateral hands, which, to i|U()te Wilson's exposition,
"as the trunk orows older widen out and yrow together alonj;- the niedian line, ulliniatcdy <;"iving
rise to muscles. l)lood vessels, exeretorv organs, reproductive organs, etc." Now. if this is the
case with the more important tissues, why in caterpillars as well as in lizards may not this opis-
thenogenetic mode of growth also invohe the arrangement and distribution of the pigment
masses of the integument ;

\A'ithout entering into the mode of development of the germ liands, which are behind
completely separate, gradually Ix'coming united in front, resulting in their union or concrescence,
we would make the suggestion that it may be the initial cause or at least in some way connected
with the breaking up of the loiigituilinal stripes of the bod}', and their transformation into spots
at or near the budding zone of their polymerous or polypodous (Pei'i])atus-like) ancestors.

Jn the trilobites, Limulus, and diplopods, the new segments after embioynic life are inter-
polated between the penultimate and anal or last segment of the liody, and it is from this
region in certain lepidopterous larviv that the transformation of longitudinal stripes into
spots takes place. The question next arises whether there is any connection between the opis-
thenogenetic origin of the markings of lizards and that of caterpillars. The fact now well estab-
lished by embryologists that the phenomena of concrescence occurs not only in tishes but in
Amphibia and reptiles, would suggest that the cause of the transformation of longitudinal
stripes into spots on the lumbar and sacral regions of lizards is the result of the same specializing
growth force. It may, perhaps, be regarded as a surviving remnant of the segment-forming force,
which has ati'ected the pigment Itands in a manner identical in the veilebratcs and insects. This
transformation of stripes into spots, and the fu.sion of two dorsal tubercles into a median one
may be then the sign of some latent or surviving amount of force concerned in the origin and
formation of segments, which crops out in the larval stages of insects and in young lizards,
resulting in this opisthenogenetic mode of origin of spots from bands.

In this connection it will be of interest to quote some observations of Mr. Abbott H. Thayer,*
which bear on this subject:

The next thing to be pointed out is^ tliat the general tendency of birdi^ to wear longitudinal markings forward,
and transverse ones aft, is an important factor of protection, especially in the case of the pheasants and jjeacocks,
among whom this arrangement is very highly developed. Any one who has tried to catch a snake in the grass will
see at a glance why nature tries to direct an enemy's attention behind the animal he is hunting. The snake forever
proves to be farther on. It is hard to set one's foot far enough ahead as he moves, just as a wing shot tends to shoot
behind. Now, nature realizing this, offers the enemy the utmost inducement to strike too far back. The strong
crossbars of the Keeves or the copper pheasant, while visually they cut the tail to pieces when it is still, are, as with
the peacock, by far the most visible part of the bird as soon as he moves. The reason of this is that in forward
motion the longitudinal markings scarcely show, while the transverse ones become conspicuous. To prove this,
any reader has only to blacken a few points an inch or so apart on a white cord, and then move the cord longi-
tudinally, drawn tight across some aperture a few yards away, the cord being only visible when it crosses the
aperture. He will see that its motion is distinguishable nnich farther off when the spots are in sight than when
the unmarked cord is passing. The spots correspond to the tail marks of the pheasant, and the ciird when it is not
spotted represents the bird's longitudinal markings, i. e., his body markings.

XII. THE SUPERFAMILY SYSSPHINGINA.

Having shown what few and really slight absolute characters separate the Sphingidiv? from
the Ceratocampidse; that the tw^o groups are members of a single phylum or subphyhun. i. e.,
having evidently all descended from a common stem form, I would suggest that these facts,
proving blood relationship and comnuinity of origin, be emphasized by uniting the Sphingida? (or
Sphingoidea of Dyar) with the families grouped under the superfamily Saturnoidea (Saturniides
of Grote). They may be designated as the Sysyyhingina, this name indicating that the super-

« The embryology of Clepsine. Quart. Journ. Micr. Sc. XVIII. 1878. Journal of Morphology, Boston. 1887.
I am indebted to Prof. A. D. Mead for calling my attention to the concrescence process in this connection.
^ Trans. Entomological Soc. London, 1903, j). 569.

50 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

fiimily is a composite or synthetic one, embracing- forms both leading- up to and including- the
Sphingidie, all bound together by genetic ties. As there are already too many moditications of
the names Sphingidw and Bombycidffi, we venture to hope that the name we here propose
ma}' be accepted by entomologists. For all the syssphingine families, below Sphingidse, I pro-
pose the name Prvtosplihigina.

XIII. ORIGIN OF THE SYSSPHINGINA BY BOTH CONTINUOUS AND DIS-
CONTINUOUS EVOLUTION.

The results of our studies have taught us that two modes of evolution have been at work in
the origin of the family of Sphingidiv. First, there was, due to a change of habits, a gradual,
continuous process of progressive modification of the small-headed, short-tongued, thick-bodied,
sluggish, or nearlj- flightless Saturniides by way of the Ceratocampinffi into a Cressonia-like
form. This process of change and adaptation to new conditions of life went on for perhaps
many centuries or thousands of generations. At length there was a sudden acceleration or
revival of growth and development in those partly atrophied organs like the maxilhv, etc., which
became restored to the functions enjoyed by the more active ancestors of the saturnian
subphylum, and at a critical period, after one consisting of long preparatory but slight changes,
a per saltmn movement or leap occurred, and as the result of this rapid assumption of a new
character, which we call an aberration, sport, or mutation, the tul)ercle r of the larvse became
shifted fronl its position in the cei-atocampid larvae to what it is in Cressonia, Ceratomia. and the
other Sphingida thus far examined, and there also appeared an additional radial vein.

This has been the case with the origin of the genera not only of this group, but this process
of frequent rapid evolution takes place in the organic world in general. An example is the
differences between Adelocephala and Anisota, the larva? of the latter genus differing so
remarkabi}' from those of the stem-form in the return to the primitive separate tubercles ii of
the eighth abdominal segment and the reduction in the armature, that only a single pair of
thoracic horns are left.

Doctor Dyar " has called attention to the discontinuous evolution of a wart bearing hairs
from a simple setiferous tubercle, stating that " we do not find a series of intergrading forms
))etween the single-haired tubercle and the many-haired wart, though both may occur in different
genera of the same family." The wart-like tubercles which characterize the Saturniidre are
apparently suddenly produced characters; also the peculiar branched tul)ercle spines of the larval
Hemileucida>, and certainly the lateral eversible glands which are peculiar to and diagnostic of
that family. In fact the fusion of the two tubercles i on the eighth abdominal segment of the
Syssphingina is a case of more or less sudden or rapid evolution. Thus the discovery that Bom-
bycidic {Bomhyx viori), Brahmaddi^?, and Endromis versicolora (Endromida?) all have in the first
larval stage warts bearing several hairs proves that thej^ belong to a different phj'lum from the
S.yssphingina and should be associated with what we would call Si/inhohJiycina, including- the
Eupterotida% LasiocampidiB, and Liparida\ these families, perhaps, having arisen from the uoto-
doiitian groups Apatelodina? and Ichthyurina' (Melalophinw).

We hence infer that those absolute characters which distinguish or are diagnostic of lepi-
dopterous families, however slight or trivial in themselves, are sudden acquisitions, due perhaps
to compai-atively sudden changes in the conditions of life, involving new needs, the formation of
new habits, different food plants, etc., or some unknown stimulus. If this be the case, then the
different family groups, as well as generic groups in the Lepidoptera, have arisen as sudden
departures or changes or divergent steps in the course of what otherwise would be a slow, evenly
graduated process of progressive development. If this is the case with Lcpidoj^tera so it is in
other orders of insects and other arthropodous phyla, and, indeed, throughout the organic world.
For example, the birds with more or less suddenness diverged from the reptilian line of descent;
mammals with two condyles originated l)y a process of rapid evolution from reptiles with Imt
one condyle, and so on.

« Annals N. Y. Acad. Sc, viii, May, 1894, p. 196.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACAL)E:\IY OF SCIENCES. 51

If we realized liow arbitrary onr zoolojiicai classitications arc, especially the categories we call
Npccies, genera, families, and orders; if we could erase from our hooks and from our minds these
artiticial pigeonholes into which groups of individuals are thrown, and could divest ourselves of
the prejudices resulting from our often untimely and hast}' attcMnpts to — without ade(|uate knowl-
edge of the morphology, ontogeny, and life conditions of organisms — frame our ephemeral classi-
fications, we should realize that the secular growth of organic forms, to which we give the name
of evolution, is all of a piece with the causes, modes, and results of growth of any individual.
What we call primitive generalized forms and specialized forms are merelj' such stages as we
happen to have discovered, or (taking into account the fossil forms) fragments of defective series
of forms in process of evolution. Could we see the whole series arranged in the order of their
evolution we should realize that in the creation of any phylum or group of blood relations the
phylogenetic stages or steps are in the long run, or throughout the whole course of evolution,
the result of a process of gradual, slow, secular moditications, with accumulated phases, which
appear to us as sports or mutations, and to which process we give the name of discontinuous
evolution. There is not an uninterrupted, progressive, ascending series, but there are frecjuent
pauses and backward steps or reversions. Evolution has gone on both by progressive and by
discontinuous steps as well as by atrophy. There are often no intermediate forms or stages.
Rapid or saltatorial evolution may be compared with the sudden acquisition of characters seen at
the time of molting in insects, Crustacea, etc.

These phases or aberrations, often forming side Ijranches of the phylogenetic tree or sudden
departures from the main stem or trunk, branches which often are the result of eV'Olution by
atrophy, become bent downward and backward, as in Saturnides, the bombyciform types of other
lepidopterous families, or as in ecto- or eudo-parasitcs of other orders, classes, and phjia. They
are so frequent that we miust consider them as the necesnary and normal or natural results of
changes in the environment, leading to change of habit, station, food, and means of locomotion,
the tinal result being adaptation to certain niches, corners, stations, and hosts, where normal types
would be unable to exist.

XIV. THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE CERATOCAMPIN^.

(Fiij. 6 on p. 62; also iiiapx I to IX.)

This subfamily' is entirely confined to the western hemisphere, and practically to the
tropical and subtropical belt of the two Americas.

The center of origin was most prol)ably the region extending from Brazil to the Isthmus of
Panama. At present the group extends over the greater part of tropical and subtropical South
America or the Brazilian subregion of Wallace. Several species pass south of this region, as
limited \>\ him, into Paraguay and the valley of the La Plata in the Argentine Republic. On the
other hand none has yet been detected in the region of the headwaters of the Amazon, nor in
Bolivia or in eastern Peru, and none have been recorded from Venezuela and the West Indies
or Antillean su))region; one species of Adelocephala {A. cdliinJua), however, is recorded from
Colombia and Cltheronia eminent from Loja, Ecuador. While the absence of any other forms
in these countries may be simply due to lack of, extended exploration, it is quite the reverse with
the ceratocampinine fauna of Central America.

In its general characteristics the Central American fauna repeats that of the Brazilian
subregion, as will be seen by the following lists. The greater number of Central American
species iidiabit the tropical belt along the eastern coast and on the Pacific coast south of north
latitude 20-, and a few occur on the temperate plateau of the region about the City of Mexico,
but none have yet been found in the dry regions to the north and northwest.

52

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

SPECIES IXIIABITIXG THE BRAZILIAN" SUBREGION.

Adelocephala anthonilis.
Atlelocephala ^vardi.
Adelocephala tristygma.
Adelocephala arpi.
Adelocephala fallax.
A<lelocephala subangulata.
Adeloeejihala Ijoisduvalii.
Adelocephala cadinus.
Adelocephala leucostj'gma.
Adelocephala crocata.
Adelocephala argyracantha (Paraguay).
Adelocephala jueunda.
Adelocephala brevis.
Adelocephala leucantha.
Adelocephala janeira.
Adelocephala invalida.
Adelocephala coluinljia (Colombia).
Adelocephala acuta (Venezuela).
Crinodes bellatrix.

SPECIES INHABITING

Eacles imperialis.

Eacles eniinens (Loja, Ecuador)-

Citheroiiia princeps.

Citheronia principalis.

Citheronia laocoon (ixion).

Citheronia phoronea.

Citheronia aroa. var. of phoronea (Venezuela).

Citheronia ducalis.

Citheronia cacicus.

Citht^onia brissotii.

Citheronia leona (Paraguay and Uraguay).

Citheronia magnitica (Mexico to Paraguay).

Citheronia suffusa (Limas, ).

Citheronia vogleri (Cordova, Argentina).

Syssphinx molina.

Syssphinx ? Ijasirei.

? Anisota walked.

? Anisota bilineata (Uraguay).

CENTRAL AMERICA (MEXICO)

Adelocephala jason.
Adelocephala isias.
Adelocephala albolineata.
Adelocephala leueostygma.
Adelocephala hoegei.
Adelocephala boisduvalii.
Adelocephala quadrilineata.
Eacles imperialis.
Eacles orniondei.
Eacles masoni.

SPECIES INHABITING AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO

Citheronia mexicana.
Citheronia magnitica.
Citlieronia splendens.
Citheronia azteca.
Citheronia aroa. ( var.
Anisota suprema.
Anisota dissimilis.
Anisota assimilis.
Syssphinx molina.

' of phoronea)

Adelocephala bicolor.
Adelocephala bisecta.
Adelocephala albolineata.
Adelocephala heiligbrodtii.
Adelocephala quadrilineata.
Adelocephala isias.
Eacles imperialis.

Anisota virginiensis.
Anisota stigma.
Anisota consularis.
Anisota senatoria.
An'sota rubicunda.
Citheronia regalis.
Citheronia sepulcralis.

In the Arctogivic realm the group is chiefly confined to the eastern half of the Mexican (Sonoran)
region, i. e., east of the one hundredth meridian, two species (Adelocephala helllylmxltii and
A. isias), extending from central Texas, in the vallej' of the Colorado River, westward into New
Mexico and Arizona, probaV)ly the region drained by the upper Gila River, i. e., in those hot
extensions of the Lower Austral life-zone which pass up the upper Pecos and Rio Grande valle3's
to about latitude 33"^.

These are the onl}' species of the subfamily which have yet been detected west of about the
one liundredth meridian, and they are evidently migrants from the Gulf region of Texas. The
group, then, within the limits of the North American portion of the Arctogsvic realm is confined
to the Austroripariiui provinces (Lower Austral of jVIerriam) and also the Appalachian (Upper
Austral of Merriam) and upper Appalachian or Canadian province (transition of ]\Icri-iam), while
a few forms {Anisota ruhicimda and virginieiisis) cross into the Boreal province, these two
species occurring at Franconia, N. H., which rises into that zone.

It is worthy of note that with but two exceptions (^1. Jn iliylmnlti! and ^1. isias) none of
the group occur in America north of Mexico west of the one hundredth meridian, the Rocky
Mountain region and the Pacific coast being destitute of any of the group.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 53

Routes of secular migration."— Passing from Soutli into Central Ainei'icii l)y the Isthmus of
Panama tho species o-radually peopled each coast, though nioi-e prevalent alony- the Gulf of Mexico;
thence passiiij^ along the tropical Ijclt of Texas. A few of the moiv iiardy forms, as those of
Anisota, Citheronia. and Eacles, became adapted to or originated in tlir valley of the Mi-ssissippi
and tiie .\tlantic coast region, two Anisota> finally reaching the region around the Bay of Fundy
and the St. Lawrence Valley as far down as Quelu'C.

Perhaps as late an arrival in the Appalachian province as any of the group was Adelocephala
hi'serta. whose range in the United States is so fur as yet known restricted to the warmer parts of
Texas and to the valleys of the Mississippi antl Ohio, not perhaps having yet reached the Atlantic
coast or the region east of the Alleghanies.

Although the Ceratocampida- is a more primitive group than the Saturniidie. the question
arises whether they did not pass from Neogala into Arctogiva long after the latter. That they
did is indicated by the wide distribution of the SaturniidiB in North America and in fact through-
out tropical and temperate Arctogsva. For example, in North America the species of Samia
nuist iiave occupied the continent, for the genus is represented throughout its width from the
Atlantic to the Pacific. The species may not have become ditierentiated until the present climatic
features of North America were established. This is indicated hy the fact that Samia cecropia
appears to be the ancestral species, which, as it spread west, gave off the form (.S. gloveri!) adapted
to the Rocky Mountain and Great Basin region, the boreal form, S. columhia, and finally the
Pacific coast form. .S. caHfornica. xhlloopluda hixeeta and perhaps A. hteoJor may not have
entered America north of Texas until after the glacial period had passed away.

JVeogaa the ancestral home of the group. — From the foregoing facts it will be seen that the
original source of the Arctogwic forms was Neoga?a, and probably that the group originated in
the Brazilian sultregion. It is here that the most priniitive species of Adelocephala occur, as
also those of Citheronia, both of the genera toeing richest in species in the foi-est region of
tropical eastern South America. The genus Syssphinx (and Crinodes, if it be a member of this
family) is wholly confined to the Neogicic realm.

Oeological date of the secular migration into Arctogsea. — Here we shall have to follow the
clew discovered by the vertebrate paleontologists. It is probable that tiie group was at first
confined to the South American continent, not passing northward into Central America until the
elevation of the Isthmus of Panama at the end of the Miocene Tertiary. This would indicate
that the Ceratocampid* and the family of Notodontidie, from which the former originated,
probably date back to the beginning at least of the Pliocene Tertiai'y.

XV. THE FORE-TIBIAL SPUR OR EPIPHYSIS.
(PI. XXXVI, figs. 12-24.)

This movable appendage arises from near the base and is articulated to the inside of the tibia
of the fore legs. It is the tibial epiphysis of Smith, the ^'schieneiiplatte'' of Dahl, ^^schieiten-
Mdttchen^^ of Kathariner, and the "spur of the fore tibia" of Rothschild and Jordan. It is well
developed in the Ceratocampina?. It has the same general shape and size as in the Sphingidse,
in which it universally occurs, Rothschild and Jordan* stating that it is "never absent." It is,
as stated by Speyer"^ and afterwards by Smith'' and later by Kathariner, present in the Papilion-
idse and Hesperidaj and "all Heterocera," except the Hepialidaj and, according to Rothschild

« We propose the term "secular migration" for the slow migratory movement? of organisms extending through
one or more geological periods. Seasonal migrations may be applied to those annual migrations of animals
which take place in spring and autumn.

<> Rothschild and Jordan, A Revision of the lepidopterous Family Sphingidse. Xovitates Zoologicse, IX,
Suppl. 1903.

<^Isis. 184S, III, p. 101, figures.

rf J. B. Smith, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Club., VII, p. 69. Sept., 1884.

54 MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

and Jordan, the Chalcosiid®. While the statement i.s made that all the Lepidoptera below the
more primitive butterflies possess this .appendage, the above-named families excepted, it will be
interesting to ascertain whether there may not be here and there cases of its absence in scattei'ed
genera, and perhaps subfamilies, of the moths.

Kathariner" has recently published an excellent article, for the tirst time describing the
structure and tine anatomy of this appendage in Acherontia afropos, Deilephila elpenor, and two
species of Sphinx {S. convolvull and S. ligustri). i

While, as he says, there is no convincing proof of its being a scent structure, Kathariner
inclines to the opinion of Oudemans'' that it may be a scent organ. The objection to this view
is that in the microscopic sections made and tigured by Kathariner these are no traces of special-
ized cells like what have been found by Deegener'' in great numbers in the hypertrophied hind
tibi» of ITepialus hectus, there being little doubt but that these highly modified hind legs of this
genus are true scent oi'gans. In the tibial spurs examined by Kathariner there arc no specialized
cells besides the matrix or hj'podermal layer of the integument, which is, howerer, folded on the
anterior surface of the appendage, and consists of high cylinder cells with granular protoplasm
and large elongated nuclei, such as Dahl'' discovered in sections of the sole of the feet of locusts,
and which secretes a glutinous fluid. Whether these cylinder-cells secrete an odorous fluid is
prolilematical.

Dahl has suggested that these appendages may be adapted for cleansing the antenna?, being
analogous to the spurs on the limbs of other insects, especially the Hymenoptera. In accordance
with this explanation Dahl affirms that the fore-tiliial spur is wanting in most butterflies
with a well-developed antennal knob, and is vestigial in many moths with strongly pectinated
antenna\ That this appendage is in any way comb-like has never occurred to us, since in the
syssphingine moths, as also in the saturnioids, the edges are smooth and unarmed with setse
coarse enough to act as the teeth of a comb. AVe have found these spurs as well developed in
the male of Telea polyphemus as in the Ceratocampidse or Sphingidfe; in Caligula ja])on[ca 6
the spurs are long and narrow, but in the 9 only one-half as long and very narrow; in this sex
it varies in size and width, some being half as long as others, /. e., one-cjuarter as wide. In the
female of Si/ssp/iltix molina, however, the spurs are as large as in the male. Speyer states
that in the female of certain moths the spur is atrophied. The naked innei' side of that of Telea,
and presumably in moths generally, is covered with a dense growth of very fine, stifl' microscopic
setfe, which are short, sharp, and of even length. (See also Kathariner, figs. 4 and 5.) The
function of this minute growth seems problematical. In the fore tibia of Adelocephula JkikjcI, the
hair-scales are parted so as to expose the spur, the outer side of which is naked, though clothed
with a microscopic pile, the edges of the spur being densely scaled.

An objection to the odoriferous nature of these spurs is the fact that in the Sphingidse, where
they are so well developed, there occur, though not all in the same species, three kinds of what
appear to be, according to Rothschild and Jordan, undoubted scent organs. These authors
regard this appendage as homologous with the proximal spur of the hind tibia, but do not give
an opinion as to its function. Its use will have to be determined by careful observation. Its
large size and more complete development in the male shows that it somehow shares in the
movements of the limbs of the forms possessing it. We have never observed any decided signs
of these spurs having been put to any use, such as the loss by friction of the .scales clothing the
outside and edges.

The great size of the fore tibial spurs in Vithnronla sepuleralis is worthy of note; this species
is much more active than ('. regal is, being not infrequently attracted by electric lights.

In the Ceratocampinse this spur seems in some genera to afford good specific characters, but
it is of little practical use in separating either genera or families.

« Das ScliienenbUittcheii der Schwiirmer. lUustr. Zeits. Ent. IV, Nos. 8, 11. 1899.
'> Die Neaerliuulsche Insekten. 1897. IV, Nos. 8, 11.

■■DaM Diiftortjam'n von Hepiahis hectus L. Zeits. wisseu. Zool. LXXI, 1902, pp. 276-29.5.
''Beitriige ziir Kenntniss des Baues mid der Funktioneii der Insektenbeine. 1884.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 55

The spurs differ very considenibly in the dirt'erent species of Adelocephala; in A. mojitesuma
and .1. ■'<i(h<in<fuJiif<( the spurs are lont;; and wide; in the former species al)ont oncdialf as wide as
long; in .1. xiihanduhtid not quite so wide.

In ^1. hlcolor and A. alholini'nta the spurs are of the shape of those in Syssphinx and Anisota,
beino; narrow and sharp, lanceohite oval. In Anisota lur^/inhniKis tiiey are onediaif as lonj^- as
tlie til)ia. and very bhint at the end. They are also obtuse in ^1. Kfigma, but ditiei- in sliape. In
A. senatorla they are narrow, acute, and over one-half as long- as the til)ia. In ^1. nihiciinda they
are a little over one-half as lony and ditl'er in shape. It thus ajjpears in the genus Anisota to
aflord specific differences.

In Eudex imperialis (PI. XXXVI, tigs. 21, 21«) the spur is remarkably broad and short,
being nearly as broad as long, and one half as lon^- as the very short fore tibia. '

In Citht't'onia rcgallfi they are much smaller and narrower, but in C. ■sepu/cralis, in which the
tibia is much longer than in ('. regaUs, the spurs are also large and long; they are thus, like the
tibia?, generically different from those of ( '. n'r/alis. It thus appears that the length of the spur
accoi'ds witli and is conditioned by that of the tibia.

XVI. THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE VEINS OF THE LEPIDOPTERA.

In Part I of this monograph (p. 84) we adopted Spuler's nomenclature, assuming that he
was correct in supposing with Miiller, Brauer. Kedtedbacher, and Haase that the costa is only a
thickening of the edge of the wing, and not a vein having a trachea for its origin. This view
was weakened b\' Chapman's" discovery of a marginal vein, which he claims is a normal con-
stituent of all lepidopterous wings, a marginal trachea " occurring during the development of
the wing, and often to l)e discovered in the perfect wing," where it exists as a hollow tube, and
carrying like the other veins sensory hairs or bristles.

The whole question as to whether the costa represents or contains a true vein has now finally
been set at rest by the investigations of Dr. G. Enderlein,* who conclusively and very clearly
proves that the costal edge of the wing is in the pupa state supplied b}' a branch of the radial
trachea, as shown in his figure.

Indeed, it appears from a quotation from Speyer (1870) that that lepidopterist observed in a
great number of Ileterocera, and also in the Phryganeida', the costal vein, " with a very clear
lumen, sometimes the strongest vein of the whole wing." Enderlein adds that in certain stages
of Heterocera, as SlpJiin.v j)inastri, it is the "strongest tracheal branch of the w'ing." Spuler's
failure to detect the costal vein was, remarks Enderlein, due to his not following far enougli into
the interior of the body of the pupa to where it branches off' from the main tracheal radial trunk.

Enderlein clearly shows that the veins of eacli wing belongs to two geneticallv entirelj' dif-
ferent systems, which he designates as the radial wing-trunk and the median wing-trunk. His
scheme we quote, adding the numbers in Roman numerals in a separate column.

SCHEME OP THE FOKE WING OF A LEPIDOPTER.

Costa

1 branch

(c)

I

Radial trunk Subcosta

1 branch

(sc)

II

I Radius

5 branches

(''i, '"2. ''si '■)

r,) III

Media

3 branches

(m,, //ij, »)3

IV

Cubitus

2 branches

(CJti, CWj)

V

Median trunk

Analis

1-2 branche.s (atrophied)

(a,, a,)

VI

1 Axillaris

1 brancli

{axi)

VII

2 Axillaris

1-3 branches (branchetJ atrophied)

(ax^)

VIII

Enderlein shows that the discocellular veinlets, i. e., the hitherto supposed two veins closing
the discal cell are formed by one or two veinlets arising from the cubital 1 (not from the median,
as suggested by Grote).

"On some wing structures in Lepidoptera, London, 1901.

6Eine einseitige Hemmungsbildung bei 1901. Telea polyphemus von ontogenetischen Standpunkt. Zool.
Jahrb. Arth. fiir Anat. Bd. xvi, Jena, 1902.

56

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The subcostal vein of the hind wings unites with the first radial branch to form a single vein
(«c-[-?"i). The short spur froui the subcostal of the hind wings is shown by Enderlein to be the
costal vein. I may say that I had supposed that this short spur might possibly be the costal,
but Enderlein has now proved it to be such. All the cross veins, according to Enderlein. mor-
phologically (genetically) should be regarded as longitudinal veins. He also shows that the
enlargement of the wing takes place onto- and phylogenetically chiefly in the middle zone of the
pupal or rudimentarj- wing.

The numbering of the veins, then, in this and the following parts of this monograph will be
according to the system of Redtenbacher, Corastock, and Needham as modiiied by Enderlein, and
it is to be hoped that this system will be generally adopted by lepidopterists.

costa

Fig. 5. Nomenclature and numbering of the veins of the fore and hind wings i)f Eades intprriaUs.

XVII. CLASSIFICATION AND LIFE HISTORIES OF THE CERATOCAMPIN.ffi.
Family CERATOCAMPID^ Harris (enlarged).

Satumiidu; auct. in part.

Ceratocampidn' Harris, Report insects inj. veg. Mass., p. 287. 1841.
Ceratocampadii' Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, p 381. Nov,, 1864.
Ceratocampid.r Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep, Het. I, p. 739. 1892.

Neimocgen and Uyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. II, p. 147. Dec, 1894.
Cithi-roniidiv Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. See. II, p. 174. Dec, 1894.
Sphingicamjnda: Packard, Psyche, p. 280. Dec, 1901.

Family Characters. — Head .small, but larger than in the Saturniida?, not prominent; inAdelo-
cephala, nearly concealed from above l)y the overhanging thora.x. Front of the head either
distinctly triangular in the most typical forms (Adelocephala, Syssphinx. Eacles) or very narrow
(Arsenura), or moderately wide, with a vestiture either closely cropped, or shaggy, or with the
hairs long, uneven, and partly shading the eyes. When denuded, the front is formed by

MEMOIIJ^ OF rilK NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 57

the clypeus, the epicraniuni and occiput l)cin<f very short and .situated behind the insertion of the
antonniw The surface of the clypeus or front is flat, as in all the .saturnian moths, owing to
the absence of a functional toni,nie; in Sy.s.sjjhinx the lower edj^e forms a knob-like protuberance.
The eyes rather large, globose. Antenna? of $ almost invariably bipectinated, either on the ba.sal
half or basal three thirds or three fourths, or to the end; witii about 18 to 25 double pairs; the
distal pectination.s of each joint nearly as long as the ba.sal ones, and both generally densely
ciliated; they are sometimes plumose. In the 9 either simple, subsimple, or with .short, distinct
pectinations, only a single pair to each joint. Labial palpi in general large and stout, .sometimes
(Ar.>enura) passing beyond the front; usually 3-jointed, sometimes 2-jointed (Eacles), or but
1-jointed and dithcult to distinguish from the hairs of the front and sternum. They are large
and Sphinx-like in Agliinte. especially in Arsenura, where the third joint, usually buried in the
hairs of the end of the second joint, is distinctly .seen. ^Nlaxilhe in many g-enera sufficiently
developed to be visible, but even then small, weak, the two halves separate, very slender, and
evidently not functioning, unless slightly .so in Citheronia, where the two maxilla? are united for
about half their length to form the tongue. In Anisota there are no recognizable vestiges of a
tongue.

Body robust, spindle-shaped, or fusiform, or in general Sphinx-like; the thorax thick, and
the abdomen long, conical, and when the lateral claspers are large, as in Citheronia and
Syssphinx and certain AdelocephaUe, the dense vestiture on them forms lateral terminal tufts;
the abdomen is most conical in genera such as Ai-senura and Dysdiemonia. the vestiture being
closely cropped; in .some genera the vestiture of the thorax is long, dense, and shaggy. There
is rarely a prothoracic collar, one being slightly developed in Arseiuira and Dysda?monia. The
patagia are rarely distinctly apparent, owing to the dense, long vestiture of the thorax.

The fore wings vary greatly in shape, in the more typical forms being in Ceratocampidre
sphingiform, the costa straight, the apex acute or subacute, the outer edge verv oblique, or they
ma^' be verv broad as in Arsenura and Dysdremonia, or closely similar in shape to those of the
saturnians (Nudaurelia, Gynanisa. etc.).

The hind wings eciually vary from their normal proportions, the apex being rounded and
the outer edge entire, or they may be Sphinx-like, or variously angulated or tailed, as in Dysda;-
monia, in Urota, and Cercophana.

Venation: There are in the fore wings invariably eleven veins present, and in the hind wings
eight or nine (nine invariably in the Ceratocampiua?, seven in Euda'monia), there being no vein
VI. It also differs from that of the .saturnians in the discal cell being invariably closed by the
discal veins.

The discal cell is alwaj's closed, the cross vein, i.e., the two discal veins (anterior and poste-
rior, or "discocellulars") united to form a continuous line, which is either bent, more or less,
outward or inward, or regularly curved outward or inward, or directed obliijueh' outward
and inward. The discal cell is often small, in the typical members of the family (Ceratocam-
pinae) very small, short and narrow, and not extending to the middle of the wing, but in some
cases, in Poly thy sana, etc., it extends beyond the middle of the wing (along the cubital or vein
IV), .so that the veins beyond it may be very short.

Hind wings, with eight veins; the first or anterior discal vein is very oblique, directed inward
and backward.

J^(/g. — Those of the Ceratocampinie differ from those of the .Saturniida' in l)eing low, some-
what flattened, broad, elliptical, not cylindrical; the shell is thin and tough, parchment like,
while the sculpturing is partly obsolete. The eggs of the Agliina; and Buna?ina3 are not well
known.

Larva. — in the larva after stage I, as well as in subsecjuent stages, the .setiferous tubercles
are solid and chitinized. forming a stout, long spine or horn (never polysetose rounded knobs or
button-like tubei'cles as in Saturniidie), in some cases bearing a ffne seta at the end. The suranal
plate is armed with bosses, or in some ca.ses with horns, with the result that the armature of the
family in general is more formidable than in any other group of Lepidoptera. The anal legs or
claspers are large, squarish, and solid. There is, with a few exceptions (Anisota), a caudal horn

58 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

on the eighth iibdominal segment, due to the fusion in embrvonic life of tubercles /,• this horn
being long, acute, not a knob or rounded tubercle as in Saturniida>.

Pupa. — The head-end of the bodj' unusually full and rounded, overhanging the mouth
region; the sutures between the abdominal segments deeper than usual; no primitive characters
on the under side of the head, i. e. , no traces of maxillary palpi and of second maxillw, but the
first maxillffi either long or short; in the latter case the two maxillse together form a nearly
equilateral triangle (Adelocephala and Anisota); cremaster usually very long and stout, forked,
though sometimes (Citheronia) nearly atrophied: groups and lines of line sharp spines on
the head and thorax, or the body quite smooth and unarmed (Cithoi-onia). The pupa is
subterranean, the larva spinning no cocoon.

Geographical dhtrihat'ion. — The species are mostly antarctogteic, i. e., confined to South and
Central America,_ from which a few species have migrated into America north of Mexico, and
to the African continent south of the Sahara {Afrofinea). The only European form is Aylla taa,
while Salassa of the oriental region belongs to this famil\-.

Coiaparison with the Satiirniidpe. — The Ceratocampidre as here considered is a much larger
group than that to which Harris gave this name. As a large proportion, the Ceratocampinie
excepted, have hitherto been associat^ed with the Saturniidw, we may here recapitulate our
reasons for I'emoving such a large body of genera from that group, and for establishing a new
family or group for them. Oui- attention was first led to this conclusion by the great and
apparent differences from true Saturniidre in the shape and structure of what larvae of the
African genera were known, and their transformations.

But we will first call attention to the imaginal characters. In the first place the Ceratocam-
pinfe are sufficiently distinct. In the Buneinaj we have the greatest approximation to the
Saturniidie. Our chief guide and reliance here has been the venation of the two groups. This
is seen in the number and position of the veins, and the form, size, and completeness of the
discal cell. The normal numl)er of veins in the fore wings of CeratoicampinK is eleven, though
the second branch of the I'adial vein (vein IIIj) is sometimes absent, and very rarelj^ the vein
is undivided, onl} vein III3 being present. In the hind wings the usual normal number of veins
is eight.

On the other hand, the normal number of veins of the fore wings in the Saturniid.e is eleven,
but in Rothschildia, Samia, Telea, Anthenea, Rhodia, and a few other genera there are but ten,
while in Graellsia, Perisomena and Caligula, japoniea and aiinla there are but nine. This differ-
ence, however, is not significant, as it is due to the presence or absence of III, or III.,, or both,
these being short, unimportant veins. The usual, indeed so far as we know invariable, number
of veins in the hind wings is eight. It thus appears that the normal number of veins is the same
in the two families, the group Ceratocampinte. which have nine veins in the hind wing, excepted.

Subfamily 1. CERATOC^MPIISr.^ G-rote.

Ceratocamjiidu' Harris, Report Insects inj. Veg. Mass., p. 287. 1841.

Ceratocampcid:r Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 381. November, 1864.

Ceralocampinve Grote, List Lep. N. Amer., p. xiii. September, 1868.

Ceratocampada:- Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 20. May, 1882.

Ceralocampinie Smith, Entomologica Amer., ii, p. 20. April, 1886. p. 44. ]May, 1886.

Ceratocampidw Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 739, 1892.

Cfratocampin.-e Packard, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, i, p. 7. March, 1893.

Ceraloaiinpidn' Neoioegen and Dyar, .lourn. N. Y. Ent. Soc, ii, p. 147. December, 1894.

CilheronUd.it Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. ii, p. 174. December, 1894.

Ceratocampidic Dyar, List N. Amer. Lepidoptera, p. 75, 1902.

Snhfaiiiily characters. — Head triangular, wide at the insertion of the antenna? and narrowing
toward the oral region more rapidly than usual, coming to a point (especially so in Adelocephala,
S^'ssphinx, and Eacles; considerably wider toward the oral region in Anisota and Citheronia).
When denuded the front is seen to be more regularly triangular than in any other group of the
family, or in the Hemileucida; or Saturniida>.

Antennae of S bipectinate on the basal two-thirds or three-fourths, beyond filiform, the distal

MKMOIKS OF TlIK NATIONAL ACADEMY OP^ SCIENCES. 59

poctinatioiis rine, slonder. Hat, and closely pressed to the hasal branches of the next joint. (This
type of antenna^ is ver\- persistent, with no exception; those of 9 , either with a sini^le pair of
stout, siiort pectinations (AdiJoct'jiliala hicolor)^ or simple, witliout vestijj'ial branches (Anisota,
Adelocephala. Syssphinx, Eacles, and Cithcronia, except in I'. j)i'!ncljH(lis, in which the}- are
minute, teeth-like).

Palpi usually much i-educed; in Adclocoj^hala scarcely visible, short, f(^eble, depressed;
where largest and best developed, not rcachin<j' the front (Eacles and Citheronia); deiuxded,
3-jointed (Anisota, PI. XXXVl, tigs. 1<), 10a); iu Eacles, 2-jointed (fig. 11).

MaxilliV varying in degree of development even in the same genus; not united to form a
sucking tube; in Anisota, apparently no vestige left; in AdvlocephaJa suhaiigalata, they are
comparatively well developed, and are as long as the filiform tip of the antennas in Eacles,
longer than in any other genus, l)ut not visible without removing the scales; in Citheronia, as
long as the front of the head in the middle (PI. XXXVI, fig. 5).

Bod\- Sphinx-like, or spindle-shaped, thick; thorax stout; abdomen lai"ge and rather long.

Fore wings usually narrow. Sphinx-like in shape in Sj'ssphinx and manj^ species of Adelo-
cephala. The costa straight, apex acute, the outer edge very oblique; either simple or scalloped
(as in Smerinthus), the inner angle nearl}- effaced; or the wings become wider, the costa more
arched toward the apex, which tends to become square and the outer edge less oblique in Eacles
and Citheronia, those of Anisota being intermediate in shape.

Hind wings also sphingoid in size and shape; short, very broad, and not reaching so near
the end of the abdomen as usual; in Adelocephala and Syssphinx the costa very full, convex;
apex rounded, outer edge somewhat excavated in $ or, as in S Anisota, of a singular triangular
shape, somewhat produced toward the inner angle; this characteristic especially emphasized in
A. virginiensis. The hind wings are most normal or conventional in shape in Eacles and
Citheronia, where the outer edge of the wing is full and rounded.

Venation: Fore wings, eleven veins present; the discal cell smaller than in any other
subfamily of the protosphingoid group; it is only about one-third as long as the wing, and very
narrow, especially in Adelocephala, Syssphinx, Anisota. and Citheronia.

Vein IV2 (or sixth radial) forming a true independent vein, being widely detached from
its stalk, and situated in the middle of the extradiscal cell, i. e., just midwaj^ between veins IV,
and IV3. This lilieration or detachment of vein IV„ is most marked in Eacles, but less so in
Citheronia, j^et the character is very persistent and fairl}- diagnostic, as much as anj' character
can be.

The two discal veins taken together form an oblique line, which is directed outward in
Eacles, the posterior discal vein being directed inward in Citheronia, while the line is straight
in S^'ssphinx; in Adelocephala Msecta and suhangulata the line is regularl}^ curved. The course
of these veins is peculiar and characteristic of the group in Adelocephala, Sj'ssphinx, Anisota,
and Citheronia.

Hind wing: Vein II (subcostal + radial vein) is almost sinuous in Syssphinx. There are
invariably nine veins instead of eight (not counting I) (a diagnostic feature), this being the addi-
tion of vein VII; VIII being the second axillary vein. The discal cell very small; especiall}'
narrow in Adelocejyhala hisecta. The discal veins taken together form an oblique line, which
is curved outward, especially in Eacles.

Vein IV,, only partially detached, never forming a true independent vein, thus differing
from the Agliinse (though Aglia itself approaches Eacles in the venation of the hind wings).

Legs long, stout, strong, spined, the vestitui'e short and close, nuich as in Sphingid;e. The
fore-tibial epiphysis well developed, varying in shape from lanceolate to oval. (PI. XXXVI,
figs. 12-22.)

Larva. — Body sphingiform, anal legs like those of the Sphingidiv; head subconical, narrow-
ing toward the vertex; the surface smootli, not linelv spinulated with secoiidarj- spinules as in
SmerinthiuK. The trunk segments armed with long, sharp, dorsal and subdorsal curved spines,
those of the pi-othoracic segment sometimes well developed (in the more primitive species of
Adelocephala and Citheronia), but usually partially atrophied. A long, sharp caudal horn;
between this and the thoracic horns the dorsal spines of abdominal segments 1 to T in tiie more

60 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

primitive species of Adelocephala hi<rh and of equal size. In Auisota but a single pair of dorsal
niesothoracic horns, and the caudal horn is represented by two small separate tubercles.

In color and armature protected bj^ their resemblance to the color of the foliage and .spines of
the spiny plants on which the more primitive species feed.

In stage I the body bears no glandular hairs, and the thoracic horns and caudal horn in all
except Anisota are enormously long and end in a more or less bulbous knob, which gives rise to
two rod-like seta?.

Piqxi. — The head is unusually full and rounded, overhanging the mouth-region and, the pupa
being subterranean, is not provided with any large protuberances; the mouth parts present no
vestigial characters; the maxillae vary in length, the two together in Adelocephala and Anisota,
whose imagines have nearly aborted tongues being scarcely longer than bi'oad; abdominal sutures
deeply impressed. The armature consists of small sharp spines, either on the head between the
antenna? or on the prothorax, and elsewhere on the thorax. Metathoracic segment with a basal
transverse irregular ridge on each side; the cremaster is very long, flattened, and deeply forked,
or in Citheronia it may be nearly atrophied and functionless; the a))dominal segments usuallj'
with two rows of fine shai'p spines, but in Citheronia the segments are smooth. The surface of
the body difl'ers in degree of rugositj', either being deeply punctured or (Cithei'onia) nearly
smooth.

The pupa?, then, of this group are recognized by the full rounded head-region and the
unusually long, forked, flat cremaster.

History of the group. — As observed l)v Walsh, the group Ceratocampina^, as here understood,
was flrst established as a distinct and exclusive American family by Doctor Harris, ^ but has
been somewhat unnaturally united with Saturniadaj b^' succeeding authors," referring to Harris,
himself (Inj. Ins., p. 89S), and to Morris. He adds that "Doctor Clemens has beautifully shown
that it difl'ers from Saturniadw, not onl\- in the characters laid down by Doctor Harris, but also in
having the subcosto-inferior nervule of the front wing simple and not furcate. (Proc. Ent.
Soc. Phil., i, p. 177.) In other words, in Ceratocampada^ the subcostal vein sends oft' toward its
tip three branches or sectors which are all simple; in Saturniida', the middle one of these three
sectors, instead of rising directly from the subco.stal vein, rises from the basal sector or branch,
thus making that basal sector appear furcate.'''' (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ix, Feb.. 1S04,
p. 2(t(t. footnote.)

B3' Grote (List Lep. , ISOS) the name Ceratocampinse was proposed for the Ceratocampidae
of Harris and the present autiior, Grote then regarding it as a subfamily of Pombycidw.

The name Ceratocampina? was also given to the group by J. B. Smith in 1SS6, it being hy
him regarded as a subfamily of Saturniida;.

It received the family name Citheroniidic from Dyar in ISlMi, who proposed that name on
account of the generic name Ceratocampa being a synonym; in 1902 the same author restored
the more fitting name Ceratocampidic. In 1901 (Psyche, ix, p. 280), however, we showed that
it is a subdivision of the now more comprehensive family group for which we would use the
name Ceratocampidae.

As it now stands the family Ceratocampida; of the older authors, Harris and others, has been
found to be a subdivision of a much more extensive group of family, and possibly superfamily
rank. The family Ceratocampid;v as I have enlarged it, and as described in the foregoing pages,
differs in ^gg., larval, pupal, and adult characters from either the Hemileucidte or the Saturniida.
None of the members are spinners, but when about to transform the larva enters the earth, the
pupa being subterranean, its cremaster being a large stout spine.

To this extensive family group belong the great moths of central and southern Africa
(Afroga?a), Mhicli have iiitherto been regarded as true Saturniida'. For example. Nudaurelia, of
which there are about twenty species, and which, until separated by Rothschild, were confounded
with the Asiatic genus Anthertea, is in it^ larval, pupal, and imaginal characters closely allied to
our American Ceratocampina\ This is also the case with (iini<(n!sa isi.s, etc.

As the result of prolonged study of the venation, and what little we know of the larval and
pupal characters, it is necessary to remove many, indeed most, of the African genera heretofore

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 61

associated witli the Saturniidiv, also the Eurasian ivenus Alalia and the Indian <,'enus Salassa from
the Saturniidiv and associate them witii the Ceratoeampina>.

The group, as we are now disposed to limit it, is divided into several suiidivisions of nearly
equal rank.

We conclude, then, that the protosphinj^ine group for which we have retained the name
Ceratocampidw is represented by the following subfamilies, though wo would add that they may
ultimately be regarded as of family rank:

1. C'eratocainpimt' (Adelocephala, Syssphinx, Anisota, Eacles, Citheronia).

2. Agliinx (Arsenura, Rhescyntis, Dj'sdiemonia, Copiopteryx, Aglia, Cercophana, etc.).

3. Bioiiviiiiv (Runtva, Lobol)una^a, Im])rasia, Gynanisa, Cirina, Usta, Nudaurelia. Anthiyiua,
Melanocera, Cinal)ra, Aurivillius, etc.). The genera Cjrtogoue, Eudremonia, and others appear
to be t3'pes of additional subfamilies.

SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA.

Imago.

S Antennie with joints 1-17 or 18 doubly pectinated; 9 antennie simply pectinated or simple; thorax full and over-

hanginj; the head; maxilhe slightly developed; body and wings sphinx-like Adelocephala

Head (denuded), narrower than in Adelocephela; clypeus produced into a knob-like protuberance; body and wings

sphinx-like Syssphinx

S Antennie with joints 1-15 doubly pectinated; in 9 simple; palpi short and feeble; maxilhc either wholly or nearly

aborted; hind wings of $ triangular; costal edge much curved Aniaota

$ Antenn;e broadly pectinated; fore wings wide, apex subacute; outer edge less oblique than in Citheronia; hind

wings rounded ; palpi 2-jointed Eacles

Fore wings subacute at tip; hind wings rounded, but apex more produced than in Eacles Citheronia

Larva.

Prothoracic segment with either spines or rounded tubercles; second and third thoracic dorsal and subdorsal spines
but little longer than those of abdominal segments 1 to 7; caudal horn long, recurved Adelocephala

Like those of Adelocephala, but the thoracic spines and caudal horn short and conical; none on abdominal segments
1 to ~, Syssphinx

No fused caudal horn; two sejiarate tubercles i jiresent on eighth abdominal segment; a median spine on segment 9;
body striped longitudinally Anisota

Spines short and stout; no long prothoracic spines Eacles

Spines all very long; long prothoracic horns Citheronia

Pupa.

A. !Maxill« very short, the two together scarcely longer than broad.

Cremaster very long, deeply forked; surface rugose Adelocephala

Cremaster very long, deeply forked; surface smoother Anisota

B. Maxilla? long.

A long stout cremaster Eacles

Cremaster vestigial, reduced to a small bilobed tubercle, shorter than broad Citheronia

Habits. — Pupa subterranean; the larva spinning no cocoon.

Geographical didrihution. — Contined to Neoga?a, from which a few species have migra^d
into eastern America north of Mexico, and east of longitude 100. (See tig. 6 and maps I-IX.)

ADKLOCEPHALA. Heri-ioh-SchaefFer.

Plate XIX, etc.

Dryocampa Harris, Rep. ins. Mass., p. 293. 1841.

Sphliigirampa Walsh, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. IX, p. 290. 1864.

ylcWoeeyj/iafa Herr.-Schaeffer, Aussereurop. Schmett. I, pp. 60, 78. 1855. (Nodescr. )

Othorene Boisdcval, ,\nnales Soc. Ent. Belgique, XV, p. 82. 1872.

Adelocephala Boisov\ Ah, Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, XV, p. 85. 1872.

Jewett, Papilio, II, p. 38. March, 1882.

KiRBV, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 741. 1892.

Druce, Biologia Centr. Amer. Lep. Het., I, p. 170. 1885.
Sphingicampia Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 740. 1892.

Neumogen and Dyer, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, II, p. 148. Dec, 1894.
Adelocephala and Sy»s])hin.v (in part) Dver, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., IV, p. 427. May 13, 1901.

62

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Imago. — S and $ head as in Anisota, but tending in front to be more triangular, and nar-
rower towai'd the labrum; it is widest in A. hicolor, narrowest in A. hisecta and especially in
A. montezuma (PI. XIX, lig. G). Antenna? of S bipectinate, with 17 to IS pairs of pectinations
which are exactl_y as in Anisota; the 12 joints of the filiform extremity very short; in 9 simple,
except in A. bicolor, which has 16 pairs of short, thick, subclavate pectinations, a single pair to
each joint. Palpi short, varying in length, just visible, not reaching the front. Maxilla' varying
in length, not visible in ^1. hicoJor and A. heiUghrodtii, but in ^1. giihanguhda, the more primitive
form, they are comparatively well developed, though separate from each other; they are curled
up, and are nearly as long as the filiform tip of the S antenna>; they are also present in A. vardit,
but very slender and short. Fore wings either of the usual generalized form, with the costa
convex toward the apex, the latter obtuse, and the outer edge full {A. hicolm^ A. qnadriJineata,

Fig. 6.— Distribution of the subfamily Ceratocampinaj.

A. heiliglrodfi! and ^1. (dholineata), and the hind wings rounded; or i\\e\ are triangular, with the
outer edge oblique, not full, and the hind wings subtriangular, and not roacliing beyond the basal
two-thirds of the abdomen. The abdomen of the $ is acute at the end and witli a tuft on each
side of the tip in ^1. fiiihangulata.

Venation: Much as in Anisota, there being no vein III.,; vein II Ij arises luidway between
the anterior discal vein and base of common stalk of veins III3 and HI/, the greatest departure
is in A. .mlxingidata (PI. XXXVIII, figs. 1. la) where IIIj arises at the same point as the anterior
discal vein, in front of the origin of vein IV.,; venation of hind wings nearly' identical with that
of Anisota.

Coloration: Ocherous, with the hind wings more or less pink; the markings diffei- very
much in the difi'erent species; in ^1. l>iviiJor there are two twin discal dots, in ^1. Jieilighi'ddtii the
fore wings are stone gray; in ^1. alhoJineata the lemon-ocherous wings are crossed bj^'conspicuous
white lines, and in A. hlxecta there are no discal spots, while in ^4. suJiangnlata and ^1. monteziona
there is a large discal spot on the underside of tiie fore wings.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 63

The geuus^ as shown l>y tlu» larval rliaracters. is more giMicrali/.cil than Auisota. since the
spines on the prothoracic and abdoininal soo-nients arc lai'gci-, and the sphingiform imao'oes or
moths are rather more primiti\e and ancestral.

The species of the oeniis ditl'er very considerably, and may he divitlcd into several groups or
what may be perhaps regarded as incipient genera. The most sphingiform group of species and
that nearest Syssphinx is the Hrazilian ^1. xi(h((iHji(lutu. A.f<(Ua,v l}oisd.,aud A. hiieetu^ while the
rounder-winged species ^-1. afho//iit'a(a, A. Iiell>(/l>rodtli, and A. bicolm' avc later, more degenei'ate,
or modified forms. A. hicolor. with pectinated 9 antenna', shows a remarkable divergence from
the normal 9 form, the front of the head being wider, while the tongue is not visible. We
consider those species with a well-developed tongue as the more primitive forms.

Druce states: " Adelocephala I think will have to be divided, the typical species having
pectinated antennre in both sexes, those of the A. alholineatu group being only pectinated in the
males. I have not sufBcient material, however, to be certain how far this character holds good."
It appears, however, that only ^1. hicolor has pectinated antenna^ in the female. (See fig. 8.)

The South American and our ^4. hisecta are apparently the more primitive forms, both as
regards the sphingoid shape of the bod\- and wings and the more fully developed maxilla;. As
the type found its wa\- into North America it seems to have undergone a reduction of the
maxilla^ until they practically became aborted, while the outlines of the w'ings became less
distinctive and less specialized, as seen especially in^-1. hicolor, which in this respect approaches
Anisota. It is interesting to observe that all the South American species (except A. anthonilis)
have sharp fore wings and subtriangular hind wings, while in several of the Central American
and North American species the wings tend to become broad and rounded at the apex.

The most aberrant species is A. aJhoIineata. Its maxilhe are comparatively well developed.
I have not been able to examine the male antenna% having no examples of that sex. It differs in
venation from all the other species in the much wider discal cell of both wings, and in vein III;
of the fore wings, which arising between the anterior discal vein and III.,, springs off very near
the origin of the latter. The two discal veins taken together form a straight line, not being
curved as in most of the other species; the subcosto-radial (II) vein is much curved, so that the cell
between this and III is much wider than in any other species of the genus. If the genus is to
be subdivided A. aJhoUneata should be generically sepai'ated from all the other species, but it is
better to wait until we know the larva and its history.

E(nj. — Flattened, oval-cylindrical, disk-like, each end alike. Shell smooth under a low power,
but when highlj- magnitied seen to be ornamented with faint polygonal areas, with a swollen
nucleus in the center.

Liirra. — Head siibconical. narrowing above. Bodj- cylindrical, inclined to Ije slightly com-
pressed; in the more primitive species all the segments, except the prothoracic, bearing long,
high, saber-shaped dorsal spines as long as the body is thick; tubercles it nearly atrophied; in
the more specialized species (^1. hicolor. etc.) the four thoracic and caudal horns much longer than
the abdominal ones; of the latter those on each, or on the second, fourth, and sixth segments,
are stout, conical, smooth spines, conspicuously tinged with silver and rose red; no median spine
on the ninth abdominal segnnent; suranal plate coarsely tuberculated. but with no specialized
spines.

Young larva, stage I. — Armed with four thoracic horns, three-fourths as long as the body,
and ending' in bulbs bearing two dark rods; caudal horn spinulated. large, as long as the body
is thick, divided deeply into two setiferous lobes; tubercles // present on abdominal segments
1 to 9; suranal plate with three lateral and two terminal setiferous tubercles; the boch' marked
with conspicuous longitudinal sti-ipes.

Pupa. — Body moderateh' stout, head rounded; maxilhe short, taken together forming a
nearly equilateral triangle; a group of three stout spines at base of and between the antenna?,
as in Anisota; surface of the integument more rugose than in Anisota, and the spines a little
stouter; the cremaster is long, slender, narrow, rather deeply divided at the end, but not differ-
ing from that of Anisota.

Vol. 9—0.5 b

64

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The short luaxillie of A. iicolor, the only species whose pupa has been examined, show that
these appendages have been aborted in some ancestral form..

Geographical distrihutlon. — A South and Central American genus; the more primitive gen-
eralized forms being neogffiic — i. e., Brazilian, and extending into the Argentine Republic. The
North American species extend from Mexico into the Southwestern States and northward along
the Mississippi Valley and Atlantic coast — i. e., inhabiting the Austro-riparian and southern and
middle portions of the Appalachian siibprovinoes.

SynonymiccLl history. — Although Herrich-Schaeffer's name Adelocephala has the priority,
Walsh's name Sphingicampa is much more descriptive and applicable. He not only described
the imago, but gave a detailed description of the larva and pupa. Adelocephala was apparently

Fig. 7. — Distribution ot tbe geuus Adelocephala.

first proposed in MS, by Boisduval, but the first printed and published mention of it is to
be found in Herrich-Schaefl'er's Aussereuropaischer Schmetterlinge, as mentioned above in
the synonomy. Boisduval's Othorene can not be separated from his Adelocephala, while, in the
future, when its transformations are known, A. alholineata nvAX be found suflicientlj^ distinct to
be assigned to a separate genus.

Until we know the details of the life history of each species of this genus it would not be
advisable to split it up into distinct genera. After carefully working out, with what material I
have had, the larval forms and histories, and the head and antennal charactei's, as well as the

MEMOIRS OF TIIK NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIExNCES. 65

venation and gouital arniaturo of tlio moths. I do not find it possible to divide up the genus,
although it would be iTiost desirable if so apt a name as Walsh's Sphingieampa could be retained.
Tlic most aberrant species as regards its venation is ^l. iiUxiliurata. and when we know the larva,
and have studied the male genitalia, this species may have to be i-eferred to a separate genus.

1 scarcely think that from the facts here given Doctor Dyar is warranted in referring all
the species of Adelocephala which have simple antenna? in the female to Syssphinx. That name
should obviously be retained for .S'. inolina alone unless .S'. jnfrrxn should jjrove to be a member
of that genus.

The larva of Syssjihlnx mollna differs from any of those of Adelocephala in the general
reduction of the spines. In venation it approaches nearest to A. hicolor in vein III, and in the
size and shape of the discal cell of the fore and hind wings; the anteimie do not seem to atiord
in this subfamily reliable characters. As regards venation, A. alhoUneata is the most aberrant,
while A. hicolor^ A. helUghrodtit^ and ^4. »Hhangvlata form a group by themselves; and .1. hmeta,
with A. montezunia, are closely allied.

If we consider the S genital armature, Adelocephala ma\- be divided into three groups:
1, with the claspers rounded, A. hlsecta and heiUghrodttl ; 2, claspers acute, with the suranal
plate and penis ver\- different from 1, S. hicolor; 3, ^4. suhangulata, in which the armature differs
from all the other species examined.

In his diagnosis of Othorene, Boisduval states that the female antenna? are pectinated. He
places under this genus the following species: A. cadmus, ja»>ti , /alhu\ mexicana, and vmrdli.
Doctor Dyar considers the pectination of the female antennte as a generic character, and places
A. hicolof and cadinm in Adelocephala, referring A. hisecta, A. }n-il!g^)nidtii, and live Bi-azilian
species to Syssphinx. However interesting this difference in the female antenuie max lie, the
two groups regarded as genera b\' Dyar appear to contain quite incongruous material, and do not
appear to us to be natural genera, as genera go.

Until the larval forms of all the species of Adelocephala are known it would scarcel3- be
possible to present a natural classification, or to make an attempt at a phylogeny of the numerous
species of this genus.

It seems evident that A. anthoiulis, whose larva has well-developed prothoracic dorsal spines,
is one of the most primitive species. Then would come our Brazilian larva (PI. Ill, fig. 1), and
that of AdeJore2)haIa hrei'is, figured by Peters (PI. Ill, fig. 5); also ^1. h-itamtha^ of which
Boisduval says: "La collerette est garnie dime rangee de petites pointes assez saillantes;" also,
that the dorsal abdominal spines are of equal length, while the dorsal and caudal horns "sont ur.
peu dentelees."

Then would follow the larvjc v.ith long, even, dorsal spines, except those on the prothoracic
segment, which are reduced to button-like tubercles, as A. Kuhangidata (Peters, PI. III., fig. 4).
These would be succeeded by the more specialized species, in which the abdominal dorsal spines
are short and long on alternate segments, including ^4. uxirdU and our United States species.

We are therefore under the circumstances compelled to begin with the most recent and best-
known species, A. bicolor, and the others occurring in the L'nited States, and then consider
those of Central, and lastly those of South America, though the genus originated in >.eoga?a.

ADELOCEPIIj5i.LA. BICOLOR (Harris).
Plate XIX, fig. 3;

Dryocampa iicofor Harris, Rep. In;'. Mass., p. 29;:!. 1841; Treatise ins. inj. veg., p. 408. 1862.

Morris, Synopsis Lep. X. Ainer., p. 2:^2. 1862.
Sphinfficampa distigma Walsh, Proc. Bost. Soc. Xat. Hist., IX, p. 290. Feb., 1864.
Sphinqii-ampa bkohrr (?) Walsh. Proc. Bost. Soc. Xat. Hist., IX, p. 29:^. Feb., 1864.
Anisota hicolor Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., Ill, p. 93. June, 1864.
Dryocampa hicolor Fackarv, Proc. Ent. Sf)c. Phil., Ill, p. 384. Xov., 1864.
Adelocipliala hicolor and var. immacvlata Jewett, Papilio, II, p. 144. 1882.
Adelocephala hicolor var. snprema Xeumoegen, Ent. Amer., I, p. 94. 1885.
fiphingicampa hicolor Kirbv, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 740. 1892.

Sphingicampa hicolor Xeimoegex and Dyar, Jourii. X. Y. Ent. Soc, II, p. 148. Dec., 1894.
Adelocephala hicolor Dyar. Proc. Ent. Soc Wash., IV, p. 428. May 13, 1901.

66

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Liirra.

Platen XLV and XLVI.

Walxli, B. I)., Proe. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., IX, p. 292. Fel)., 1864. Last .stage, ii\i<o piipri.

Jeirett, II. S., Papilio, II, p. 38. March, 1882. All stages. Also ec/g.

Packard, A. S., Proi-. Auier. Phil. Soc. Mar. 17, 1893, p. 147. Egg and larmi stage.-, tig. 2, spines.

Imago. — 2 J' , 29. Head visible from ;il)ove; front moderately wide; psilpi very short,
niiixilhe not visible. Anteniiie of S with short joints; bipectinate on the basal three-fourths,
tip tiliform, but the sinjj-le pectinations are distinct, quite well developed, though not ending- in
a seta; in 9 antennte unipectinate, i.e., the pectinations of basal pairs thick, subclavate. and
well developed to a little be3'ond the middle, the longest pectinations being nearly twice as long
as the joint bearing them; the tilifonii tip with minute teeth. Head, thorax, and fore wings
ocherouS or Isabella, often pinkish ocherous.

Fore wings with the costa more convex on the outer half than usual; apex olituse, outer edge
full and convex, inner angle much rounded. The two sexes are much alike, so that it is difficult
to distinguish them by the shape of the wings or their coloration. Fore wings ocherous or
Isabella brown, with thick-set, dusky strigie. Basal line obsolete, extradiscal line faint, diffuse,
dusky, sinuous, ending- on the costa rather far from the apex; it is interrupted by the veins. In
one $ the wing beyond this line is pinkish. Two distinct conspicuous white discal
dots, varying in size, those on the same wing not equal in size; sometimes one
or all are nearly obsolete or wanting.

Hind wings not ([uite reaching to end of the abdomen in either sex; pale or
dark roseate; paler, almost ocherous on the outer margin and on the costa; in
one $ the pink is of a rich and dark color, deepening in hue toward the base of
the wing.

Underside of fore wings deep roseate, paler beyond the diffuse extradiscal line
and on the costal edge ocherous. Hind wings pale pinkish ocherous, clear, with
large, dusky striga;. No discal spots on the wings of either pair. Abdomen of the
t? somewhat flattened, tufted at the end; in l)oth sexes pinkish above and lieneath.
Legs dark; fore legs of S with a broad, tlat leaf-like tibial sack, sharp at the end
and about half as long as the tibia itself. (For the venation see Fl. L^'II, tigs.
1, \iU 1?-.)

Expanse of fore wing.s — S 60-7.5 mm.; 9 TiS mm. Length of a fore wing —
i 26-35 mm.; 9 34 mm. Breadth of a fore wing — $ 13-15 mm.; 9 IS mm.;
length of hind wing — S lS-2-1 mm.; 9 22 mm. Breadth of hind wing — $
14-15 mm.; 9 15 mm.

It varies in the ocherous hue of the fore wings, in the pink hue of the hind
wings, and in the presence or absence of the discal dots, though they are usually
present, and in the presence or absence of the extradiscal line.

The 9 antenniBare pectinated and the other secondary .sexual characters are
slightly developed. The body of the male is feminine in appearance, the abdomen
being full and thick; the hind wing in both sexes is of nearly the same size and
the coloration is the same.

Gi'ograjihlcal dixtribntlon. — New Jersey (a single specimen taken on the coa.st.
Smith); Iowa (var. f<>ij»-<7ii(i). Cedar Eapid.s, Iowa (G. H. Berry); Columbus, Ohio
(W. N. Tallant); Dayton, Ohio (Jewett); Kentucky; North Carolina (Harris); Arkan.sas (Grote).
Not reported from Mexico. (See Map I.)

This species is evidently distributed throughout the southern Appalachian subprovince, and
with little doubt ranges over the entire Austroriparian subprovince. and may be found to extend
into Texas and Mexico.

Edwards's var. imiiiaeuhita S and 9 . only differ, as ] tind on examining his types in the
American Museum of Natural History, in the speckles being obsolete, though in the i there are
traces of them to be seen. Thev are from Davton. Ohio.

Fig. 8.— Anteima of
A, bicohr, femnk'

MEMOIRS OF rilH NA'IIONAL ACWDK.MV OK SCIKNCES. 67

Dr. II. S. .h'wctt liiis ali't'udy (Pupilio. II. pp. 1^8 iind 144) fully (k'scrihcd the egg and the
larval and ])upal stayos of this iiiterostiiig iiisoct, arid I ha\(^ only to add sonic details omitted ))y
him. .My descriptions wefe drawn up from living speeimens. supi)lemented l)y e.xamination of
the aleoholic speeimens of the different stages. We have, perhaps, a no more interesting and
beautiful eatei-pillar. whether we consider its peculiar appendages, its rich and gorgeous colora-
tion, or its defensive haliits, and the most carefully descrihcid details will not he superfluous in
comparing the dift'ereiit stages with those of its allies, C'itheronia reyaliH and Eades imperialts,
anil the allied South American forms. I am indebted to my friend, Mr. W. N. Tallant, of
Columbus, Ohio, for sending me a good supply of eggs from which the second or July ])rood
of larva? hatched. The food plant is the honey locust {Gleditschia triacanthoi)^ though Doctor
Jewett adds GijmnocJudus ca)i<((lei(s!v, or Kentucky coffee-tree.

Egg. — Flattened oval, disk like, each end alike. Length, l.S mm.; width, 1..5 nun. At
first green in color, as the embryo grows, states Jewett, the egg becomes biconcave and changes
to yellowish brown, and from thirty-si.x to forty-eight hours before hatching the head of the
larva shows through as a dark brown spot. The egg is about one-half as large as that of Eacles
imperkilis, but of the same shape. The shell under a lens appears smooth, like parchment;
under a one-half inch objective the surface is seen to be ornamented with very faint polygonal
impressed areas, which are much fainter and less easy to detect than those of the egg of E.
inipei'iafis. The swollen nucleus or bubble in each polygon is very indistinct.

It is interesting to compare the sculpturing of the shell with that of E. imperialix and Cith-
e^'onia regalls, the former being intermediate between Adelocephala and Citheronia. In E.
imperialis the shell is sculptured a little more distinctly with irregular pol3-gonaI imprints which
are not so closely crowded as in Citheronia, and the median raised nucleus or bubl)Ie is pale but
tolerably distinct. Length, 3 mm.; width, 2.5 mm. In the shell of the egg of C. rega lis the
polygonal impressed cells are easily recognized under the microscope and faintly detected under
a strong lens. The cell imprints are much more distinct and more crowded than in the two other
genera, while the median nucleus or bubble is more piominent and darker; it varies in diameter
in different cells, being from about a third to a half as wide as the cell itself. The walls are quite
irregular and not always distinct.

Larva stage I. — (Described four to five hours after hatching.) Length, 4 nun. The head is
large, rounded, smooth, unarmed, except with a few scattered tapering dark hairs; it is blackish
chestnut; it is wider than the body and slightly wider than the prothoracic segment, which is
broad and flaring in front, as in Anisota; it is rather higher than wide, and on the vertex
slightly liilolied, and is paler in front than behind. The terminal joint of the antenna is slightly
bulbous and bears, besides the tactile bristle, about three olfactory rods.

The body is subcylindrical, a little flattened, but not so much so as in Ani.sota. The protho-
racic segment is broad and flattened, smooth and unarmed, except with about a dozen dark small
hairs. On each side of the second and third thoracic segments is a subdorsal pair of i-emarkabie
movable spines, nearly two-thirds as long as the body, which open and close together like great
arms, spreading apart, or directed foi'ward and outward more or less constantly while walking, the
creature at this age being rather active; they are evidently at this period defensive or deterrent
organs; they are stout, thick at the base, those of each pair close together at their base; they
slowly taper toward the end, and are armed with 12-14 short, thick. l)lunt. dark spines. At the
end of the spine is a remarkable bulbous expansion somewhat chestnut shaped, being a little
flattened and subtriangular, broad at the end, from each side of which arises a .small slender
tuljercle bearing a blunt, stout, dai'k, rod-like spine about a third longer than the tubercle. The
appendages themselves are dark chestnut, pale amber at base and on the outer third, but the
bulbous tip is dark reddish black. Those of the the third thoracic segment are very slightly
shorter than the pair in front, and in each pair the outer, i. e.. subdorsal spine is the shorter.
These horn-like appendages are flexible, especially near the end, and are sometimes bent over
and around, so as to form a decided bow or curve, or even a nearly complete circle. Compared

68 MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

with those of Cithenmia re<jal!><. which they most noiirly reseinl)le, those of Eaeles impcrinUs
being forked at the end, the bulbous tips are a little longer, but still of the same general shape
and size.

Along the abdominal segments are six rows of very long and slender conical tuberi'les (/). giv-
ing rise each to a single black seta, which is about a third longer than the tul>ercle. There are
thus eight setiferous tubercles on each segment (i-T), the lowest of which, one on each side, is
situated just above the base of the legs, and has a double l>ase (;•), sending off posterioi'ly at
nearly right angles to the main tubercle a small lateral one, which emits a l)lack bristle. Tubercle
// is also present, being about as high as / is thick at the liase. On the eighth segment is a very
large, stout, acute, bright-red horn, which is borne either erect or directed a little forward. It
ends in two long, slender tubercles, each bearing a bristle about as long as the tubercle, and along
the trunk are several long spinose tubercles, each ending in a black >)ristle. The dorsal median
tubercle on the ninth segment is bi-oader than long, being ti'ansverse, and Ijears two bristles.
The suranal plate is rather narrow, uuich narrower than long, and ending in two long, slender
tubercles, each bearing a diirk l)ristle, besides four otlier bristles on the plate. The anal legs are
provided with a dark patch on the side and bear below two long bristles, while there are three
black bristles on tiie base of each middle abdominal leg. There are sixteen (2)ossibly eighteen)
crochets on each of the abdominal legs.

The l)ody in general is pale green, with a slight yellowish tinge. There is a median linear
dorsal line along the body, and on each side are four narrow dark lines on a green ground, the
two middle lines being diffuse and inclosing a dark band and bearing a row of bristles.

The freshly-hatched larva spins a silk thread, which after a while is annoying to the observer
from its being in the way and adhering to the leaves of its food plant.

Tlie larva, July 17. — Just before molting. Length, 7-!' nmi. (tig. 2). The head is now
small, Idack, one- half as wide as the body, which is tilled out from five days' feeding. The long-
est thoracic spines are scarcely one-third as long as the body, and all are pale reddish amber at
base and on the outer third, the terminal knobs being black-brown. The caudal horn is also pale
reddish amber at base. The dorsal tubercles of abdominal segments 1-7 bear a minute line at the
base l)ehind. Theie is now a definite, broad, white lateral stripe along the abdominal segments
(not appearing on the thoracic), which is bordered above by a dark, thread-like, brownish, spiracu-
lar line, inclosing the spiracles, which ai'e minute and difficult to detect. Above the spiracular
line is a linear distinct white line, and above this is the pale-green subdorsal stripe, diffusely
edged on each side with a darker tint. There is a median, small, rounded, amber-colored, dorsal
tubercle on the ninth segment, which is doulile, bearing two bristles. The end of the suranal
plate is reddish amber, liifui'cate and bearing black bristles (ffg. 2). There is a dark patch on
the outside of the anal legs.

■Stage //— ]\Iolted July 18 and 19. Length, 10 mm. (fig. 3). The head is now high,
slightlj" angular on the sides; black-brown with a light brown or greenish lateral stripe on each
side, diverging from the light-green vertex to the antenna?, the two stripes var^ang from pale
brown to green. The gi'eat spines (both thoracic and caudal) are of al)out the same proportions
and colors as in stage I. except that the eight tlu)racic spines, which are still no shorter in pro-
portion to the body, being still one-third as long as the body, aj'e not so much swollen at the
end, the bulb being shorter and broader and the spines larger, making a more decided fork
(fig. 3, a), and thus resembling those of Eadt-s hnperiaJis. The setiferous tubercles on each seg-
ment are now rather large, conical, the two dorsal ones (/) large and stout, twice as large as the
subdorsal (//) and lateral ones, and all being lemon-yellow (less greenish than before), bearing a
terminal black spine, and with a second minute piliferous tubercle growing out from the side.

The dorsal lines have almost disappeared, there being a subdorsal, pale, almost whitish line,
besides a faint, narrow, dorsal, greenish line. The lateral ridge is now prominent and bright
lemon yellowish, forming a distinct broken line, bearing in the middle of each segment a very
slender, blackish, piliferous wart. A dark reddish purple, narrow, si^iracular line. Between
this and the yellow line is a white stripe and another nari'ower ong above it, while still above is

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

()9

aiidthiM- I'l'ddish piirpli' line. Otlicrw isc tli(> iiuirkings are the same. The siinuiiil plate, liowever,
is edged with K'liion yellow, hoiiiir the contiiiuatiori of thi' hiteral yellow hand.
Thoracic and ahdoiniiial leys "oroeii tipi)cd with hi-owii" (Jewett).

An cxaniiiiation of tit;-. !' (in the text) will illustrate better than a proli.x verbal description the
apjiearance of the spines in statues I and II of this s))(>cies. They are all drawn with the camera,
and it is to be observed that the "horns" are niort> like those of Cif/ieronia M/dlis than Earles
impenaliii. a, one of th(> horns on the second thoracic segment; a', the extremity enlarged,
showing the circular corrugations; n". the same more magnified; a'", a terminal spine enlarged,
showing its mode of insertion; it contains a central mass of minute globules; i, the first
abdominal segment enlarged to show the position of the dorsal, subdorsal, supraspiracular and
spiracular stripes, the latter inclosing the spiracle; also the position of the four spines, one dorsal
(i), one subdorsal (ii), and two infraspiracular; the spines are all minutely barl)ed; e, a dorsal
spine (/), bearing a spinule (ii) at its base; (/, ''caudal horn" or medio-dorsal spine on eighth
abdominal segment; ix. that on the ninth segment; it is small, conical, and forked at the end,
each fork bearing a long seta. All the foregoing in stage I. _/", a "horn" from the second
thoracic segment, stage II; the two terminal spines have etitirely changed in shape, being larger
and longer and bearing a tapering fine
liristle; a third smaller conical tubercle
has appeared near the base of one of the
forks. The spinules on the trunk now
bear a bristle; e, "caudal horn" of stage
II: now large and high, deeply forked at
the end; the spines or tubercles on the
trunk of the horn now bear each a slender
bristle.

S'fafft' ///.—Molted July 20, 27. Length,
13-15 mm. (PI. XLVI, tig. 1). The head is
now inuch larger, high, the face subtrian-
gular, not black as before, with a green
lateral stripe, but pea-green with a yellow
stripe on each side, shaded more or less
with black between the j^ellow V; and on
the outside, in one example, the black is
reduced to a diffuse patch inside, while in
another larva it is outside of the yellow V.
The head is now nearly as wide as the
body.

The eight horns are still about one-third
as long as the whole body and are now paler than before, being reddish chestnut and yellow at
base, with black spinules and blackish at the tips, which are now not bulbous, but irrogularlv
forked, the fork much shallower than in stage II; they are thicker than before, and the outer
ones of the first pair are much shorter than the dorsal ones. The spines along the body are
larger and stouter than before, with shorter setie; the tubercles at base are deeper yellow than
before, tipped with black, while the high, conical, or (sometimes) rounded granulations are snow,
white. The lateral yellow stripe along the body is more distinct than before; it is bordered
above with pure white, and above this is the linear dark purple spiracular line, shaded above
more distinctly than in the ijreceding stage with deep blue-green or verdigris-green; the caudal
horn considerably higher than before, being one-tifth as long as the whole body; it is pink, with
white spines bearing black bristles. The larva also differs from that of stage II in the suranal
plate, which is more deeply forked, the forks being thicker, larger, and with several tubercles;
the sides of the jjlate are heavily spined and G:>the surface are about six central, small, conical
spines. Now, the dorsal abdominal spines arc distinctly ivory-white on the outer side from the
base up to the dark tip. The spiracles are much larger than before, distinctly interrupting the
dark purple spiracular line, which is paler than before.

Fig. 9. — A. bicolor. armature of stages I and II.

70 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Stage IV. — It is possible that the hirva described bj' me in the Proceedings of the American
Philosophical Society were small or freshly molted specimens, since an alcoholic specimen
represented l)y fig. 2, 20 mm. in length, and in which the dorsal abdominal spines are small, not
being difl'erentiated as in the last stage, evidently is in the stage before the last. In this stage,
also, the two dorsal spines on the first abdominal segment are simpler and a little smaller than
those on the sncceeding segment.

I therefore cop3' Doctor Jewett's description of this stage, which gives the markings and
colors:

''Larva? passed their third molt June 13. three-fourths to seven-eighths of an inch long,
nearl}' cj'lindrical, green. Head green, bilobed, minutely pubescent. Mandibles brown, covered
with minute hairs. First segment at first as in last molt, but toward the end of this molt it
becomes very prominent and subtriangular in shape, with a yellowish-white line on each side of
anterior border, running from near the dorsal to the stigmatal line. The protuberances on the
second and third segments have now lost the knobs at their extremities and are brown in some
larva? and green in others. The only other changes are that the horn-shaped tuliercles on the
fifth to tenth segments are now larger and more prolonged, and are pink on the inside and have
the appearance of burnished silver e.xternally, and the stigmatal line is occupied by a marked
band of color, consisting of a dark carmine line (passing through the inconspicuous green stig-
mata), bordered above by a narrow pale blue and below by a white line. The legs of some larvse
are green and of others brown. Prolegs of some, green, and in others green tipped with brown.
In some larvte the stigmatal space has numerous small black tubercles on each segment; in
others there are no black tubercles."

Stage F(figs. 3, 3</). — Not seen to molt, ))ut it probably occurred August 1 or 2. Length,
25-28 mm. The head is. as before, with two yellow sti'ipes. one on each side, and bordered more
or less on each side, especiall}' in front, with black. The four pairs of thoracic horns are now
but little longer than the body is thick and are reddish flesh-color, dark at the slender, slightly
forked tips, and yellowish griHMi at the base." The '"caudal horn" is now considerably shorter
in proportion than before, being about two-thirds as long as the body is thick, and is of the same
peculiar deep flesh-red as th« thoi'acic horns. The sharp, stout, spine-like tubercles on the fourth
and sixth abdominal segments are slightly over twice as large and thick as the other dorsal
tubercles, which are as in the previous stage, and bear a verticil of from three to five short, blunt
spinules; they are now silvery white on the outside (Jewett says burnished silver). The lateral
yellow, carmine, white and blue })ands ai'e nmch as before. The increase in size of this stage
over the preceding one is noticeable.

In his account of this stage Jewett states that the head is "green, bilobed, minutelj'
pubescent,"' also that the tiioracic horns had lost their knobs at their extremities; but this takes
place at the time of the second molt.

In a larva 20 mm. long, and proba))ly of stage IV, the lateral band is tricolored, marked
with straw-3'eilow, the yellow inclosing the base of the black spines. Jewett savs: "The legs of
some larva' are green and of others brown. Prolegs of some green and in otiiers green tipped
with brown. In some larva? the stigmatal space has numerous small, black tubercles on each
segment; in others there are no l)lark tubercles."

The following description of another larva, drawn up Octolier lU and in tiie last stage, ma^-
be useful:

I'l. XLVI, fig. 3. — Length, 24 mm. Body rather thick. Head remarkably Sphinx or
Smerintluis-like. as wide as the Ijody, flattened in front, broad below al>out the mouth, but nar-
rowing toward tlie \ertex, as in Sphinx; the skin rough; with two lateral, rather broad, yellow
lines, which ai'ise from the base of the antenna^ and converging nearly meet on the vertex;
"across the upper division of the clypeus is a lilackish band which adjoins a l>lack blotch on each
side, and which touches the yellow line. Labrum^pale yellowish, blackish in the middle; eye-
patch and mandibles black.

"Jewett says the spines are "brown in some larvfe and green in others."

MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADKMY OF SCIENCES. 71

Prothoracio .sejjineiits very slii>litly wider tliaii the rest of tlie body in front; the front ed<re
flaring and rising up somewhat collar-like; this edge armed with a single row of white tubercles,
al)out 1<) on each side of the segment, those above nearly adjoining at base and tinged with
yellow; those on the sides below ])ure snow-white: behind the front edge; are four small but
distinct white warts, two in the middle.

The second and third thoracic segments eacii with two widely separated pairs of horns, not
<|uite so thick as the caudal horn, each about two-thirds as long as the segments l)earing them
are wide; they are slightly recurved and scattered over them are conical, white tubercles which arc
irregular and blunt at the end; they are yellowish at base, near the middle becoming dark pink
and at tip reddish black-brown. On the front edge of the second thoracic segment between the
horns is a row of three conical sharp tubercles, with a similar and some minute ones on each
side, while on the third segment are two similar white warts.

Across the dorsal side of the abdominal segments 1-7 are two rows of white, sharp, conical
tubercles; two of those on the front edge of each segment being longer and sharper than the
othei's and directed backwards. On these same .segments (1-7) is a third set of curious tubercles,
mosth' large, conical and black internally, but on the outside shining opalescent pearl or silvery
white, and resplendent, glittering brightly by lamplight. Of these curious spines those on the
first abdominal segment are smallest, and those on segments 4^6 are largest, being about one-
third as long as the caudal horn; the pair on segment 6 being the largest. The ''caudal horn"
on the eighth segment is large, with a few white tubercles, those at the end of the horn being-
reddish; the tip is slightly forked, there being two minute tubercles; all tho.se on the sides of the
horn bear a short, tine hair. In the middle of the ninth abdominal segment and in a position
homologous with the caudal horn, is a minute, short, median, white wart, which is reddish at tlie
base. The suranal plate and hind legs are very large, the surface rough and heavily warted.
especially on the edges: the lower edge of the anal legs and suranal plate are interrupted with
black. The eighth and ninth segments and base of the suranal plate are a little wider than the
middle abdominal segments. The suranal plate is a little longer than wide, subacutely triangular,
the tip forked and ending in two rather large tubercles, which are greenish at the end, blackish at
base, with a little transverse median black stripe in front.

The stigmata are deep ilesh-colored, with a slit in the middle, whitish, especially at the end.
The stigmatal line along the side of abdominal segments 1-S is whitish, edged above with purple,
and still above washed irregularlj' with livid, greenish blue, while from the eighth segment to
the tip of the sui-anal plate the line is straw-yellow. Below, near the base of the feet, is a lateral
row of sharp, black spines; there are several on the sides of the thoracic segments, and
one rather large one under each spiracle, with smaller, sharp ones below. The thoracic
legs are black; the middle al:)dominal legs large, greenish, with tw^o or three alternating
rows of sharp, black spines near the base, and also with fine, white tubercles like those on the
rest of the body. Along the middle of the under side of the body the skin is immaculate green.

Stage Y and last. — Length, 35-38 mm. (Jewett saj-s from two to two and a half inches
when fully grown). The head is now not angular but rounded, though slightly narrowing and
produced above; dark pea-green, considerably darker than the body; with a broad, yellow band
beginning on the antenna? and fading out on the vertex. The ocelli are black; the mandibles
black: the anterior lobes of the labrum l)rown, including the palpi. The head is about two-
thirds as wide as the body, the surface covered with tine minute granulations arranged in groups
(only seen under a strong, Tolles len.s).

The bod\- is thick; the prothoracic segment short, and not so wide as the second thoracic
segment. It is unarmed; its front edge with a transverse series of white, bead-like warts set
close together. Behind, the body is thick, being of the same thickness as far as the eighth
abdominal segment. Second and third thoracic segments each with two pairs of very large spines,
whicii are about two-thirds as long as the body is thick: the outer one of each pair is slightlj'
shorter and slenderer than the inner, but those of both pairs are alike in size; they are roseate,
pale coral-red and not so near in tint to the spines oi tiie food-plant as in tiie ^-oung; when the

72 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

caterpillar is at rest they are held close together in a recurved position and in the grown-up larva
when touched they are not moved or the body jerked in response to such.stiniulu.s. They are
adorned with white, blunt spines, which are often tipped with lilack.

"The 'silver horns' on the third to the sixth abdominal segments are now one-sixteenth to
one-eighth of an inch long, bright pink inside and ))urnished silver externally. The numl)er of
these 'silver horns' varies in different larvte, some having them only on the fourth and sixth
abdominal segments; others have them on the fifth, seventh, and ninth segments; still others have
them on the second, fourth, sixth, and seventh segments." (Papilio, II, 49.) "I have now to
add that this j'ear I reared three larvte having these silver horns on every segment except the
twelfth; still the imagines from these three larva? did not differ from the ordinary form."
(Jewett, Papilio, II. 144.)

The horn on the eighth abdominal segment is now only about one-fourth shorter and thicker
than the thoracic spines, and is of the same color and structure, the spinules being conical,
rounded, blunt, white, and liearing a tine bristle.

On abdominal segments 1-7 are two dorsal rows of acutel}' conical spines, which are recurved
and directed backward. Those on the fourth and sixth aljdominal segments are twice or thrice
as large as those on the other segments (1-3 and 4 and 7), and provided with three or four blunt
spinules; the spines themselves are roseate on the inner side, and exteruallj^ briUiantly painted
with a pearly silvery white, giving off' all the colors of the rainljow during the movements of the
animal. The corresponding spines on the other segments are painted in the same fashion, though
less brilliantly.

I find, as did Jewett, that the number of the dorsal "silver horns" varies, one larva having
but two pairs, one on the fourth the other on the sixth abdominal segment, while in another
there is a pair on the second abdominal segment (fig. 3). The degree of specialization of these
dorsal spines varies, but those of the first abdominal segment are always'smaller than any behind,
both in stages IV and V. This stage in armature differs from IV in the )nuch shorter and
stouter thoracic horns, and in the diff'ei'entiation of the two or three pairs of dorsal abdominal
silvery spines.

On the side of the body from the third thoracic horns to the eighth abdominal spiracle is a
bicolored stripe; it is pure marble-white below, and above rosy purple, and is interrupted by the
wax-colored spiracles, which extend above the \ipper limits of the reddish line. The suranal
plate is vei-y large and long, deeply divided at the end, the two forks being, like the surface,
coarselj' granulated with stout short conical spines; the plate is green, with the edge straw-
yellow. There is a minute median spine on the ninth abdominal segment. Each abdominal
segment with two dorsal transverse rows of white, liead-like, coarse granulations. Below the
bicolored lateral stripe is a black, double, conical spine on each segment, and underneath on
abdominal segments 1. 2. 7, and 8 is a group of unequal, smaller, black, sharp spines. The body
beneath is granulated with white, and also on the sides, as well as above.

The thoracic legs are black, partly greenish beneath; the abdominal legs, including the anal
pair, are greenish, with a group of singular black piliferous spines, while some of the spines ai'e
tipped with white.

The general color of the body is of nearly the same hue as the under side of the leaves of
the honey-locust, and thus colored it is partly assimilated and protected by its color, while the
horns are in general like the spines of its food plants. On the other hand, the gleaming silvery
spines certainly render the creature conspicuous, as well as the lateral parti-colored ))and.

It would appear probable that the formidalile spines of the grown-up caterpillar save it not
infi-equently from being ^swallowed by birds; though the horns are probably of greater use in
the earlier stages, when they are much longer and much more movable, in frightening away
ichneumons and Tachiniv. For example, even when 20 mm. in length, a larva was seen when teased
to spread apart its great arm-like horns, while the full-fed ones did not notice such stimulus.

MEMOIRS OF rilK X.VPIOxXAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 73

SUMMAKY OK THK K.Vl.IKNT FKATIUKS IN TIIK ONTOOENY OK ADELOCKIMIALA BItOLOK.

A. — dnti/i'iutdl ilHiriicfirx of tlii- Jurrii. (ill (ipjuiiriiKj ni nfiiiji I.

1. Tlie two piiirs of cnoniums spines of second and third tlionu-ic sej^ineiits, one-half as long
as the body, and endiny in a two-spined. large, flattened, dark bulb; freely iiiova})le and plainly
defensive in function.

2. The large, reddish, spiny •■ caudal horn." on tiie eighth uroinere, ending in two bristles.

3. The double pilif erous tubercle on the ninth uromere, becoming obsolete in stages IV and V.

4. The abdominal region is longitudinally striped with dark and whitish bands. })ut there are
no transverse marks in stage I or in later stages.

B. — Ei'ol lit 1(111 (if I (iter iidajitatiinud chiirocfcrK.

i. The head slightly angular, face subtriangular. with a light brown or greenish lateral
stripe (stages II-V).

2.' Appearance of a transverse row of dorsal granulations on the hinder end of each segment
in stage II. persisting through larval life.

3. The eight thoracic spines lose their bulbous tips, and })ecome simply slightly forked in
stage III, and later.

4. The two dorsal spines of uromeres 1-7 are in stage II larger than the others; in stage
III they become ivory-white externally, and in stage IV larger and silvery white on the outside.

5. In the last two stages the eight thoracic spines become very much shorter in proportion
to the size of the body and become less movable; as they decline in size and functional impor-
tance, the metallic, silvery, dorsal spines on the abdominal segments become con.spicuous and
apparently useful to the larva.

One larva, 36-37 mm. in length, ceased feeding August 7. and tjcgan to pupate, but 1 did
not carr}' any into the pupa stage.

What Doctor Jewett means by saying that '" the larvw change only in size during the last
moult," we do not understand, as the increase, so far as we have noticed, is gradual from stage I
to V, as in other larva?. The brood which Doctor Jewett raised in Ohio " began to quit feeding
on the "ioth of June, entering the ground within a few hours after ceasing to eat. Then they
pupated within an oval cell lined with a thin cocoon of silk, but tirst casting its skin on the 24th.
The pupa is at tirst bright green, but changes to jet black in a few hours.

•• Imagines began to appear on July 3. and had nearly all emerged l)y July lo. The insect
is three-brooded here, hibernating in pupa. Although the large majority of each brood follows
the cycle of development as described, yet a few of each brood are much slower in making their
changes. Thus a few of the brood did not complete their growth till the end of July, and three
pupa?, formed June 26, are still alive (February 2.'s), having hibernated. Other pupte of the
same brood disclosed their imagines at various periods during July and August. This accounts
for the fact that larva^ in all stages of development may be found at any time throughout the
summer till frost kills their food-plants." (Jewett.)

The Sj^i/iingi'd ajflu I'ties.— This is the most Sphinx-like of any cei-atocampid or other bom-
bycid 1 know, resembling sphingid caterpillars in the following characters:

1. The shape of the head and its markings.

2. The shape of the body.

3. The caudal horn.

4. The large, square, heavy anal legs.

5. The skin granulated with small white tubercles.

6. The sphingid attitude.

One can. when we take into account the larvie alone, well imagine that the Sphinges are, as
claimed by Mr. E. B. Poulton, descended from the Ceratocampida?. This view is also borne
out by the structure and subterranean habits of the pupa, and the structure of the moth, as
already stated.

74 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Ptqju. — (PI. LVI, figs. 3,4.) According toJewett the pupa isat first brightgrccii. but changes
to jet black in a few hours. Bodj- nearl}' c_ylindrical, the anterior extremity being nearly
hemispherical and the posterior extremity tapering rapidly in the last two segments to a blunt
point, which is extended into a bipronged spine three-sixteenths of an inch long. "'The sur-
face of the hemispherical portion is studded with minute, sharp, triangular points. AVing cases
small, covering- only the sides and under surface of the anterior one-third of the pupa. Four of
the abdominal segments are separated by a broad, deep sulcus; the anterior and posterior margins
of these segments are armed with a row of minute, sharp spines." Length, 24 mm. Without
examples of the pupa:- of other species it is im]50ssible to correctly define these of the present
species.

The eggs (in Ohio) were deposited May 26 and hatched May 31 (Jewett).

Food i)I(ints. — Spiny locust {Gleditschia triacxinfJios)-, Kentucky coffee tree {Gymnoeladus
canad^nsu).

Huhits. — The larvie in Ohio began to stop feeding June 20, entering the ground within a
few hours after ceasing to eat. "There they pupated within an oval cell lined with a thin cocoon
of silk, the first casting its skin on the 2I:th . . . Imagines began to appear on Julv 3, and had
nearly all emerged by July 10. The larva? pupate readily on the bottom of the breeding cage if
ground is not furnished them. In this case they build no cocoon."

'' The insect is 3-])rooded here, hibernating in pupa. Although the large majority of each
brood follows the cycle of development as described, yet a few of each brood are much slower in
making their changes. Thus a few of the brood did not complete their growth till the end of
July, and three pupw formed June 26 are still alive (February 28), having hibernated. Other
pupa^ of the same brood disclosed their imagines at various periods during July and August.
This accounts for the fact that larva; in all stages of development may be found at anj- time
throughout the summer till frost kills their food plants, which are GIed!tschi(( triacanthoslj.
(honey locust or three-horned acacia) and GyinnocJadus canadensis LiSim. (Kentucky coffee tree)."

Walsh, referring to the fact that he never saw the larva of Anisota senatorla assume a
sphingid attitude, states that that of ^4. hicoJor invariably assumes this attitude in repose, "clasp-
ing at the same time the under surface of the main rib of the honey-locust leaf with its prolegs,
so as to be overshadowed and concealed by the leaflets" (1. c, p. 294).

Siinrmary of iJie life hisfonj. — The larva hatching Mav 31 lived four days before the first
moult, which occurred June 4. The duration of stage II is four days; of .stage III, ffve days; of
stage IV, four da3'8, and of stage V, and last, three daj's. Entering- the earth to pupate, it
remained in this state from twelve to thirteen days, the moths appearing from July 3 to 10. In
southern Ohio it is 3-brooded and hibernates as a pupa.

A.X)E;LOCEFH;j\.LA QTJAr)RILINEA.T^ Grote and Robin.son.

Adelocephala qiKtdriliiieata Grote and Kobinson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, I, p. 11, PI. 1, fig. 2. — Druce, Biol.
Centr. Amer., Lep. Het., I, p. 171, June, 1886; II, p. 414, Mar., 1897.

This rare species is very closely allied in the shape of the wings and markings to A. hicolor,
but differs, according to Grote and Robinson, in the simple antenna' and in the distinct lines of
the upper surface of the fore wings.

Geographical disiribution. — Jalapa, Coatepec, Orizaba, Mexico; city of Guatemala, Cande-
lai'ia Mountains, Costa Rica (Druce). Dyar's List records it from the Mississippi Valley.

Piijxi. — II. Edwards states that in shape it is vei-y like that of Anisota. but a little longer in
comparison. It is pitchy black throughout. The entire surface very rough, and covered with
minute raised spines. The two rows of teeth on five last abdominal segments well marked. On
top of the head, first segment behind the head case, are two raised, sliining. large, lilack tubercles.
The cremaster is very long, bifurcate, and extremely rough. Length, including the cremaster,
54 mm.; width. If, mm. (Ent. Amer., IV, p. 62).

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 75

^DELOCEPHA-LA. BISECrA. (Liixtuei-).

PI. XX. tii.'. i:!<j, 149.

Aiiisola Imeda Lintxer, Can. Knt.. XI, p. 10, 1879.

SphiiKjirampa bineiiit var. Dehulom XF.f.MOXiEX, Knt. .\nifr., VI, p. 60, 1S90.

Sphiiifficampa bifccla Kiimx, l>yn. Cat., Lop. Het., I, i>. 740, 1892. — Neumcegen ami Dyer, .Tonrn. N. Y. Ent. Six'.,

11, p. 149, Dec, 1894.
Syssphinx bisecta Dy.\r, Proc. Ent. 80c., Wash., IV. ].. 428, May 13, 1901.

Lama.
Jewett, H. S., Papilio. II, p. .38, Mar., 1882.

Imago. — i Antenna? of $ with shoi'ter iind broack'r joints, and a little long-er pectinations than
in ..1. hicoJor ; the distal third tilifonii, and without the short vestigial pectinations of that species.

The front of the head is a little wider than in ^1. hieolor.

Fore wings with the costa straighter, the outer edge oblique, its course straighter, not so
full; hind wings shorter and rounder than in ^1. hieolor and not reaching' so near the end of the
abdomen as in that species.

Body and wings rather pale in hue. ocherous; the thorax with a slight pinkish hue in the
middle; abdomen paler, uniform ocherous.

Fore wings without any distinct discal spot, only a very faint oval elliptical ring. The wing
is inside the extraclLscal line nearly uniform ocherous, with but few dark specks or strigie, and
those minute and inconspicuous. Extradiscal line oblique, firm, not wavy or .sinuous, a little
incurved on the costal edge before reaching the apex; the line is pale brown, edged externally
with pink, and'the pink extends to the edge of the wing, including the fringe.

Hind wings rounded at the apex, full on the outer edge, and rounded at the inner angle;
ocherous, pink toward the base and inner edge, while the costal region and the outer third or
fourth is ocherous.

Under side of fore wings as above, but i)aler. th(> extradiscal oblique line is distinct and tlie
wing is pale ocherous within and pinkish lieyond it, the wing also is pale ocherous toward the
costa and pink toward the inner edge. A large difluse double smoky discal spot, not present in
S. hieolor. Hind wing.s pale ocherous, with coarse dark specks toward the costa, the rest of the
wing clear of them; outer margin ocherous, l)ecoming paler toward inner edge; a faint extradiscal
curved line which tends to fade out toward the inner edge. Legs dull pink red.

9 Antenna; simple. Fore wings rounded, full, much as in A. hieolor. but more rounded on
outer edge; hind wings rounded at the angles and excised, costally more than in ^1. hieolor. without
spots and with no median band, fore wings beneath with a diffused brown discal spot. It is paler
ocherous, with a more distinct extradiscal line than in any other North American species.

Expanse of fore wings, S 55 mm.; length of a fore wing, $ 26 mm.; breadth of a fore wing,
$ 13 nmi. ; length of hind wing, $ 17 mm.; breadth of hind wing, S 13 mm.

Resembles in shape of wings and head the Brazilian A. xuhnngulata more than any oth(>r
North American sj^ecies. For the genital armature see PI. LIX, tigs. 2. 2(/.

Var. )i<'hiiloKa. 9 . The extradiscal line very distinct, blackish Virown; discal spot prominent,
suffused with blackish brown grains. Hind wings of a rich yellow, with a beautiful roseate basai
hue, fading toward the center.

In the NeuuKegen collection is an unnamed pair from Brazil of the size and shape of ^1.
iiseeta. ])ut 9 much like ^1. hieolor. It .seems to represent ^4. hieolor in .South America.

L(irr(i.-X)v. H. S. Jewett briefly refers to the larva, as follows: "A larva found by a friend
(])y bushbeating) in company with hle"lor larva', having nt) silver horns, but oidy the rudiments
on one segment, but otherwise resembling hieolor larva .so closely that he supposed it to be only
hirval variation, disclosed S Animfo hiseefn Lint." Papilio II, p. 40 (footnote), 1SS2.

(Teo(jrnphic(tl (listrihntion. — Austroriparian passing up into the Appalachian province:
Racine, Wis. (Hoy); Columbus, Ohio (W. N. Tallant); Kentucky (Doll); Texas (Meske,
Neunioegen). It has not yet been detected north of Kentucky and central Ohio (hit. 40-) nor
along the Atlantic coast. (See Map II.)

76 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ADELOCEPH^L^ HEILIOBRODXII (Harvey).

(PI. XIX, flg. 5 ^'.)

Anisota heilighrodtii Harvey, Can. Ent. IX, p. 110. June, 1877.

Sphingkampa heiligbrodtii Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 740. 1892. — NEUMCEGEy and Dy.\R. Journ. N. Y.

Ent. Son. II, p. 149. Dec, 1894.
Syssphinx heiligbrodtii Dy.\r, Proc. Ent, Soc. Wash., IV, p. 428. May 13, 1901.

Imago. — 1 S . Antennse S bipectinate, filiform on the outer third, with fine seta3 iastead of
ve.?tigial pectination.'^ or teeth. Head and prothorax ))lackish; front of tiie head rather broader
than usual. Thorax gray behind, .slashed with blackish.

Fore wings rather short and broad compared with the other species; costa straighter than in
A. hicolor, but not so much so as in ^4. hlsecta, apex somewhat rounded, and outer edge moderately
convex, nearly as long as the inner edge, which is more convex than in ^1. hisecta. In hue
uniformly iron-gray or hoary brown, including the fringe, with no distinct lines, but a minute
white discal dot. with sometimes traces of a second or twin dot.

Hind wings short and much rounded, not reaching so far back as in A. hicoloi\ more as in
A. hisectd^ not reaching much over one-half way bej'oncl the middle of the abdomen, which is
rather long. In hue dull dark pink, gray-brown on the costal and on the outer edge: inner edge
pink; fringe gray-brown; wings dusky pink at base. Discal spot large, round (2 to 2i mm. in
diameter).

Under side of fore wings dusky in the middle, dull pinkish along the veins: an indistinct
extradiscal brown line; costa gra}'. No discal .spot.

Hind wings gray, with a slight pinkish hue, paler toward and along the outer edge. A large
round black discal spot. A faint diffuse extradiscal line disappearing toward the costa and inner
edge. Abdomen gray, with a faint ruddy tint.

Expanse of the fore wings, S , 55 mm. ; length of one fore wing, S , 28 mm. ; })readth of one
fore wing, $ . 14 mm.; length of a hind wing, S , 21 mm.; breadth of a hind wing, S , 15 mm.

This species may be recognized by the fore wings being unusually rounded, by the obtuse
apex, the hind wings being also rounded. For the venation see PI. XXXVIII, figs. 2, 2a.
Another distinctive mark is the dark gray or hoar}' brown fore wings, with the absence of dis-
tinct lines. The hind wings are dull pinkish, with a large black discal spot above and beneath.

Geographical distribution. — Bastrop County, Tex. (Heiligbrodt fide Meske); New Mexico
(Strecker). So far as known this moth is confined to central Texas and the southern portion of
New Mexico and Arizona.

Arizona (Neumcegen ?). It has not yet been detected in Mexico or any other part of
Central America. (See Map III.)

^D1^:L0CE:PH JlI^^ ^LBOLINEA-TA G-rote and Robinson.

(PI. XIX tig. 1 9.)

AdelocephaJa albolineata G rote and Robinson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., VI, p. 7. pi. i, tig. 7 $. 1866.
Adelocephala raspa Boisdi'val, Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, XV, p. 93, PI. Ill, fig. 1, 1872.
Adelocephahi albolineata Drcce, Biologia Centr. Amer. Lep. Het., I, p. 171. June, 1886.

Sphingicainpa albolineata KiRBY, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 740. 1892. — Necmcege.v and Dy.\r, Jourii. X. Y. Ent.
Soc. II, p. 150. Dec, 1894.

Imago. — 1 ^' , 1 9 . Antenna^ ^ (wanting). Head of moderate size, wide in front, narrowing
to a point at the labrum. Maxilhe (in 9 ) comparatively well developed, very slender, about a.s
long as the front is broad across the middle.

Head, thorax, and fore wings lemon-yellow-ocher, being brighter ocherous than usual. Edges
of the tegulfe white, forming two conspicuous diverging white lines, edged within with pale,
pearly gray, the hairs on the sides of the thorax at the base of the wings being of the same
gray hue.

Fore wings rather broad; costa straight, becoming arched towai-d apex, which is olituse;
outer edge full and convex, inner angle well i-ounded. Hind wings broad, ape.x not much pro-

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 77

diioed. outer odofo full: tho wiii<rs not i-oachint,' to the end of the abdomen in eitlier sex, though
near it.

Fore wings lemon-oehcrous in S , darker, vvith an olive tint in 9 ; basal line broad, very
distinct, snow white, nuich eiirved, beginning not on the inner edge, (tut at a point Ijctween that
and the costal edge of the wing and sweeping around so as to end on the co.sta a little before the
middle of the wing, and nearly touching the extradisoal line between veins IV and VI. Extra-
discal line snow white, broad, a little sinuous, extending from a point inside of the middle of the
inner edge to the apex, or nearer to it than in any other species. A small white discal dot.
Fringe, white.

Hind wings pale roseate in S , with the outer edge lemon-ocherous; fringe luteous or clay-
gray. In 9 the entire wing is uniformly deep roseate and the fringe is white. A very slight
diffuse, dusky, discal discoloi-ation. Extradiscal line curved, diftuse, arising on the middle of
the outer edge and ending before the apex.

Under side of fore wings paler than above, with a more faded appearan e; no lines except faint
indications; an irregular, squarish, smoky, dark discal spot. Hind wings of the same hue with
an irregular oval dark discal spot a little smaller than that on the fore wings. Underside of 9
whitish gray, washed with pink in the middle of the wings. A large diffuse blackish irregular
discal spot. Hind wings the same, but the costal edge whitish, and discal discoloration smaller
than on fore wing. Extradiscal line whitish, quite indistinct.

Abdomen lemon-yellow in <? , in 9 dull grayish pink, though lemon-yellow at base. Legs:
femora and tarsi grayish: a little dusky in 9 . Tiinal sack dark, leaf-shaped, acute, one-half as
long as the tibia itself, covered externally with hair-like scales.

Expanse of wings, S , 70 mm.; 9 , To mm. Length of a fore wing, ,? , 40 nuii. ; 9 , 38 mm.
Breadth of a fore wing, ,?,19mm.; 9,19 mm. Length of a hind wing, S 24: mm.; 9 25 mm.
Breadth of a hind wing, S , 19 nmi. ; 9 20 mm.

A very gaudily marked and striking moth; tiie white lines on the thorax and fore wings
and the white fringe rendering it a very conspicuous and handsome insect.

Geogi'dphleal dhtr'ihutlon. — Thus far only known from the eastern tropical coast belt of
Mexico. Jalapa, Mexico (O. T. Barrett, H. Edwards); Oaxaca (Boisduval); City of Mexico,
(Hoge); Oaxaca, "apparentlj^ rare" (Druce).

j^DELOCEPHA-L^ ^MO^rXEZXTMA. sp. nov.
(PI. XIX, % 6; XXXVII, figs, 'i, Za; LXI, fig. 3.)

This is perhaps the lai'gest and finest species yet known from Central America.

LiKKjo. — 2 S . This species is \ev\ near the Brazilian S. faUd.v S , but differs in the discal
spot being small, white, and in the presence of an extradiscal line on the hind wings, while the
extradi.scal line on the fore wings is not slightly curved, but straight in its course; otherwise
the ligure represents very well my .specimen. It is smaller than S. Jason, which has a brown
discal streak. The scalloped outer edge of the hind wings indicates that the species has undergone
a considerable degree of specialization.

Body and wings of a rich deep reddish-orange _vellow, less ocherous than usual in the genus.
Head with the front triangular, narrowing rapidly toward the labrum. Eyes rather large. The
shape of the head and wings almost exactly as in A. -mbangulata, but in the undenuded example I
can see no niaxilkv or labial palpi. The abdomen is pointed at the tip and with a lateral tuft on
each side just before the end, much as in A. sulanyulata. The central disk of the thorax is
ocherous, the edge of the tegulsB pinkish.

Fore wings with the costa straight, a little curved toward the apex, which is sharper than
usual; outer edge .' traight, not convex, oblique, and verj' slightl}- scalloped; outer edge of the
same length as the inner. (In A. Kulxingulata the outer edge is decidedly shorter than in the
present species.) Base of wing on the hinder half pink within the basal line. This line is oblique,
but not curved or sinuous. The extradiscal line arises well be3-ond the middle of the inner edge

78 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

and passes directly, without curving, to the costa ending near the apex; both lines dark brown;
veins of the same brown hue bej'ondthe middle of the wing; outer edge of the wing and fringe
pinkish, and also the inner edge as far as the extradiscal line.

Hind wings not reaching to the tip, only as far as the outer fourth, with a distinct but small
oval white dot at the outer and hinder angle of the discal ai"ea, and with a dark discoloration in
front. The wings are deep reddish-pink, almost brick-red at base and along the inner edge, but
the costal and marginal regions and inner angle are deep orange-ocherous. An extradiscal
bx'own line, not so distinct and dark as on the fore wings. In shape the hind wings are near
those of A. K((hau(ji(laf<i, but with a more decided inner angle, and the outei' edge is slightly
scalloped toward this angle; apex well rounded. Beneath, the fore wings are deeper orange-red
than above in the middle of the wing, but becoming ocherous toward the apex; bej'ond the
extradiscal line of the same hoary pale-pinkish hue as the bind wings; a large blackish irregularly
oblong discal spot; hintl wings with no discal spot and with dark striga-. Legs rose pink; tibiaj
ocherous externally; the tibial sack (pi. XXXVI, fig. 13) is rather large and broad, two-third.s as
long as the tibia itself, and concealed under it when the leg is folded to the breast; tibi* with no
spines.

Geograj)hical distribution. — Central America; Jalapa, Mexico (O. T. Barrett).

Expanse of fore wings, <? , lOU nun.; length of a fore wing. $ , 4.5 nun.; breadth of a fore
wing, $ , 2-3 mm.; length of hind wing, S , 3(1 mm.; breadth of hind wing, S , 20 mm.

A.TDET^OCTS.T'HA.J^A. HOCfEI Drace.

(Pis. XIX. tig. 4; XXXIII, fig. 3.)

Adelocephala hogei Druce, Biologia Central. Americana, Lep. Het., I, p. 172. TaV). XVI, tig. 9, J. 1S86. —
KiRBY, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het.. I, p. 742. 1892.

LiuKjo. — -i S . In the shape of the wings and markings allied to A. b/xecfa, though with the
discal spot as in hicolor. Ant«nnf« as in I//'secfa; '20 pairs of pectinations, and the filiform tip
with al>out 22 joints. Fore wings with the costa straight, apex subacute, rectangular, outer edge
as in liisccta, not so full and convex as in hicolor. Hind wings as in hlsrcta.

Fore wings deep brownish ocherous as in hmxia, outer edge with brown fiecks; inner edge
of the wing bathed with pink. The two lines l)rown. distinct, the liasal one nearly straight, l)ent
out a little on the median (cubitus) vein. Extradiscal line firm, distinct not wav}-, and as in
hlsecta, ending on the costa just before the apex.

Hind wings nearly all deep rose pink, paler on the costal and outer edge, no transverse lines;
two snow-white, discal, irregular, triangular sj)ots varying in shape and size, the two sometimes
being confluent, the anterior one being alwaj'S the smaller of the two.

Beneath, the fore wings with a large, black, discal spot centered with an obscure whitisli
lunule. Behind it the wing is dull pink; beyond it, toward the apex, the wing is ocherous brown
as above; edge of the wing bej'ond the extradiscal line bathed Mnth pale pink. Hind wings dull
pale pink, with faint traces of an extradiscal line. Legs dull pink.

Expanse of tiie fore wings, S , 55 mm.; length of a fore wing. S , oM nmi.; breadth of a fore
wing, S , 15 mm.; length of a hind wing, S , 2(i mm.; l)readtli of a hind wing, S , I-j mm.

Gi'o<jraj>ln<:<tl raiKjc. — So far as yet known, this sijecies is confined to southeastern Mexico
and Yucatan; Yalladolid in Yucatan (Gatmier). Jalapa (Hoge), Vera Cruz (Franck).

A. hoijel, var. montuna. In the museiuu of the Brooklyn Institute, Mr. Doll kindly showed
me two specimens from "among the moiuitains" near (Tuadalahara. It is of the size of ^1. JiiKjet;
the white discal spot the sam(> as in ^1. hocjel ; tlie middle of the wing is clear yellow, base and
outer edge lilac gra}. Hind wing with the outer edge yellow; there are no spots on the
wings. The under side of the wing is as in .1. Ii(i</cl. but without any spots or stripes. In one
S the two discal white spots are blended into a single irregular one.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 79

A. do//ii SY>. nov. Another species in the Brooklyn nmscum, from Mexico, is a little lurger
than ^1. /loffi'i; the body and wings are uniformly reddish brown as in Anisotasftf/ma, with a lilac
tinge, and with uo stripes. The basal line is very indistinct; the extradiscal line regularly
curved and ending on tli(> apex. The discal spot is minute, white. Beneath there is no discal
spot: there is a faint extradiscal line common to l)oth wings. It seems to have been undescribed.

^DP^LOCEPHAIL,^ ISIAS Boisduval.

(Plate XXXIII, tig. 1, S and 9.)

Adelocephala isias Boisdi'Val, Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, XV, \>. i'-. 1S72; Kirby, 8yii. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 742,
1892.

Imago. — 1 S , 9 ■ This species has been found l)y Mr. Jacob Doll at Brownsville, Tex., and
identified by Doctor Dyar. It is so closely allied to A. hogeu that that species will probably be
united with it, since the only important difference is the greater number of pairs of pectinations
to the male antenna\ The male genital armature should be examined to test the specific distinct-
ness of A. hoge! from this species.

The front of the head in the 9 comes to a point, the front l)eing decidedly triangular, nar-
rowing rapidly toward the labrum; in the male the front is wider at the labial region, and the
thickened projection of the ch'peus is visible.

Male antenna? with 21 pairs of pectinations, the simple tip consisting of about 20 joints,
while in four ^ c? of ^. hogei there are only IS pairs of pectinations, the filiform extremity being
18-jointed.

It is very near ^1. hvgei S in the shape and color of the head, thorax, and abdomen, in the
shape of the wings; the presence of two white di.scal spots, and the style of coloration, the chief
difference being the pearl-gray tint of the fore legs, and the duller ocherous groiuid color of the
wings.

21ale. — Head and liody ocherous, but not of .so bright a tint as in .1. hijge'i. Fore wings of
the same shape, costa and outer edge the same, but the outer angle is more angular, less rounded,
than in .1. laigei. while the ground color of the fore wings is more gray ocherous; the base of
the wings and their outer edge are washed with pearl gray rather than pink. The two cross lines
the .same in direction and width, but instead of being distinct and dark reddish as in ^4. Iiwjei,
they are somewhat indistinct and inclined to be dark brown. The two separate white discal spots
of ^1. hiigei are in ^1. /.y/rt.y represented by two nuich larger white spots which are very nearly
connected (at first sight they appear to be so); the larger spot is irregularly rhomboidal or
diamond-shaped, twice as long- as wide, pointed at each end. and very slightly separated from the
one in front, which is about one-quarter as wide as the other, and pointed at the outer end. (In
four A. hogei i , the two spots are small and usually separated, but in one example they are
confluent.)

Hind wings as in A. hijgei, except that they are paler, duller in hue, but the roseate patch
is the same. Beneath, body and wings of a decidedly duller, more graj^ish hue than above, but
identical in tint with some of the ^l. hogei; the fore wings are the same as in the other species.
The large black round discal spot is centered with whitish or pearl-gray scales exactly as in A.
hogei, the latter varying a little. The fore legs differ from those of A. hogei, which are pink, in
being grayish pearl.

All the slight difference from ,1. hiigei we have pointed out we believe to he varietal, except
that of the antennse. Its specific distinction or identity maj* be settled hereafter by an exami-
nation of the genital armature. From Boisduval's description of his S the two white discal
"points" appear to l)e like those of A. hiigei.

Female. — The antenna? are simple, with no vestiges of the male pectinations; slightly ciliated
on the distal half. In markings and shape of the wings very different from the S ; fore wings
with no white distal spots, but instead is a large round dusky brown spot, while the ground color
Vol. 9—0.5 6

80 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

of the wing- is a fawn gray; the hind wing as in $ ; in the fore wings the two lines and fringe
are dark brown, and the surface is distinctly strigated; the dark round discal spot is about one-
half as wide as the space between the two lines.

Beneath, a little less roseate, the hlaek round discal spot as in S . Tlie outer line on the
hind wings is more distinct than in ^4. hugei^ though it disappears in the middle of the wing.
All the legs are decidedly a pearl-gray and with the costa of the wings concolorous in both paii's.

Expanse of the fore wings, S , 51 mm.; 9 , 60 mm. Length of one fore wing, S , 25 mm.;
9 , 30 mm. Breadth of one fore wing, S , 13 mm. ; 9,15 mm. Length of hind wing, S , 12 mm. ;
9 , 20 mm. Breadth of hind wing, S , 12k mm.; 9 . 15 mm.

Although the hind wings of the S are not triangular as in A. wanh'i, etc., yet the equality
in size of the larger dorsal spines of the thoracic and abdominal segments of the larva shows that
this is the most primitive of the Central American forms. ^4. /lOgci will probably be found to
be a synonym of this species.

Larva (PI. Ill, flgs. 2, 2a XLIX, tigs. 3, 3a). — A blown example of a remarkably beautiful
larva of this genus was collected by Mr. Jacol) Doll at Esper Ranch, Brownsville, Tex., in the
spring of 1903, and I am indebted to him for the pi'ivilege of having it drawn l)v Mr. Joutel
-and described. It ditlers remarkably in coloration, but belongs to the same section of the genus
as A. hici/Ior.

Length, 51 mm. Body rather thick. Head a little more rounded, not so high and narrow
above as in the other Texan (San Antonio) larva, which may be a variation of this species.
The head is pea green, but above the clypeus and on the sides of a glaucous green: no lateral
stripe is present.

Prothoracic segment with the tubercles on the front edge of the same shape and size, form-
ing i-ounded smooth bosses, the two dorsal ones very slightly larger than the other.

The eight thoracic horns of equal size and length, shorter than in the San Antonio larva,
nuich shorter than the body is thick, with low slightly marked rounded spinules, which are much
less prominent; the horns are recurved and are deep pink, green at the tip.

The spines of the dorsal series (/) on abdominal segment 1 are minute and short, cherry red;
they are nuich reduced in size compared with those on segments 2, 4, and 6; no higher than
broad. On abdominal segments 2, 4, and 6 the dorsal tubercles are large, stout, flattened,
conical, cherry red on the inside, and externally porcelain white. Those on segment 6 are a
little larger than the others. Those of the subdorsal row (on segments 4, 6, and 7) are about
two-thirds as large as those of the dorsal series.

On abdominal segments 4 and (J a yellowish streak connects the spiracle and subdorsal spine.

Caudal horn short and stout; not so long and large as in the San Antonio larva; bearing low,
rounded, not prominent, tubercles. The horn is cherry red on the basal half, and beyond green
to the end.

Suranal plate with a single row of large yellowish-green bosses on the edge, not crowded as
in the San Antonio larva. Spiracles pale sienna brown. A lateral lilac line shaded beneath with
yellowish green.

This is a wonderfully beautiful caterpillar, and differs from anj' other known species in the
bright cherry-red tubei'cles, which externally are porcelain white, not like burnished silver or
gold, as seen in A. hirolor, etc.

It is perhaps a later form than .4. hlcolor and its allies, and appears to have undergone a
slightly greater moditication in its style of coloration.

The larva here figured and descril)ed has been referred to A. h'tas by Doctor Dyar. this
being the only other species known to inhabit both Arizona and Texas.

The pair figured on Plate XXXIII was raised from the larv;c by Mr. Jacob Doll and identified
as A. Islaa l)y Doctor Dyar. and I find it will agree with Hoisduval's description.

Two larvae collected by Mr. Jacob Doll at Brownsville, Tex., in April, 19(12, when compared
with those from San Antonio differ decidedly in the broader, more triangular abdominal dorsal
and subdorsal spines, while theie are nuich fewer granulations; also the caudal horn is a little
shorter.

MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 81

The specimen kindly sent mo by Dr. K. K. Kunze from Phoenix, Ariz., though it is deprived
of its head, agrees witii my tigurc {'2) of the hirva of ^-1. i.iutf!. It dilfers in respect to the armature
from my drawing on PI. XLIX, tigs. 3, 3a, in the following respects: The thoracic horns are
provided witii more spinules, which are not confined to the base, but are scattered along nearly
to the tip of each horn; the spines on abdominal segment 1 are larger, and but slightly smaller
than those on segments 2-7. As regards segments S-ld my larva agrees well with my figure 2e,
(PI. XLIX) though the dorsal tulicrcles on segment IX are larger.

Doctor Kunze has been obliging enough to send me the following description of the living
larviv collected b_v him:

Description of larva: In general appearance the larva reminds one of a young ViUierania rcr/aUs.

Face oval, green, a white line each side of triangular space and next to that a narrower black line of obovate
8hape. Mouth parts blackish. On tirst segment a diadem of silvery granulations from spiracle to spiracle, all of
which latter are lilack throughout. On second thoracic segment are two spinose tubercles, 6 mm. long, on each side,
four in all. On third thoracic segment are four tubercles, two on each side, spinulated like the others, and 6 mm. long.
The dorsal tubercle is purple or violet, and the lateral one of apple green throughout. Spinules of dorsal tubeccle
black, spinules of lateral one green. Segment 4 and inclusive of 11, have on each side one above the other, two
silvery, short tubercles, the upper of cuneiform shape, of which the inferior rests on the infraspiracular line. The
inner side of these silvery tubercles is bright red. A crescent of silvery granulations, just liack of the tubercles of each
segment 4 to 11. On the penultimate segment (12), a spinulated tubercle, 4 nnu. long, reddish brown at base, green
at tip, spinules whitish at base and green above. Three small silvery tubercles on last segment aliove ana! plate.
Dorsal and lateral surface smooth, apple green. Abdominal parts c^ncolorous. Prolegs much granulated from base
to feet, the granulations green. Thoracic legs, green, the base only with green granulations. Infraspiracular line
pink, with lilac reflections. Spiracles black. Between the silvery dorsal tubercles of each segment, two silver
granulations. The anal plate is lined by a triangle of white granulations. Clasper of the prolegs brownish.

Length of larva at rest, September 30, 1904, IJ inches (29 mm.) ; length of larva in motion, September 30, 1904,
li inches (32 mm.); width of larva j\ inch September 30, 1904 (.5 mm. ).

Found on Pai-kijuonia iiiicroplti/lla, September 28 and 29, 1904, Phoenix desert, Arizona.

Lest stage of Sphingicampid larra — Adelorephahi isias. — Found on a mesqviit tree {Prosopin julifloni), October 24,
1904, in the garden of Dr. E. E. Kunze. Phoenix, Ariz.

.\ntenn;e whitish, mouth parts brownish. The lateral thoracic tubercles on the second and third segments white
and but little spinose. Dorsal thoracic tubercles pink, tipped white, and green at the base, equally so, but little
spinose. The small cuneiform, silvered and pink-tipped tubercles on the segments of dorsal row 2 mm. long.
Those of the subdorsal row IJ mm. long, the points of all silvered. The tubercles had an upward direction. The
spinose tubercle on the penultimate segment pink, tipped white, and green at base. Infraspiracular line violet
lavender; spiracles black, edged with white. Thoracic feet green, claws brownish. Abdominal feet green at the
base; hooks brownish. General color an apple green. No other changes observable. Lengtli at rest, 4.5 mm. ; length
in motion, 54 mm.; average diameter of segment, 8 mm.

I^ood plants. — ParHtisonia microphylla, native name "Palo Verde," and mesquite tree
[Pi'osopis juJ iJJora). (Dr. R. E. Kunze). At Brownsville, Te.x.. it was found ))y Mr. Doll on
the Mexican ebony {Acacia Jie.ricavlii).

Geographical distribution. — While this species was first detected within the limits of the
United States at Brownsville in southeastern Texas, near the mouth of the Rio Grande, a few
miles south of latitude 26" N., and opposite Matamoras, Mexico, it was next discovered at
Phoenix, Ariz., and its geographical range almost exactly coincides with that of A. heilighrodtii
(see map III), though it has not yet been detected in New Mexico. In Central America it was
collected, in the State of Jalisco and Costa Rica (Druce); Mexico (Boisduval).

Habits of the larva. — For much that we know of the transformations and habits of this fine
species we are indebted to Doctor Kunze, who wrote under date of October 5, 1904.

During the latter days of September he camped for three days on the Pliocnix desert near
the mountains around Prescott, Ariz., and was fortunate enough to detect a beautiful larva
feeding in the hot sunshine on ParJcinKmna iidcnpliylla. or ■'Palo Verde" of the natives. The
following daj' he found a second specimen half a mile further away, but no others.

I looked carefully for a whole day or more, but could not detect another such, which are readily observed from
the two rows of silvery tubercles as bright as a mirror, glistening in the sun like gems. Fortunately I succeeded in
feeding the larva with a much larger-leaved species, Parkinnonla lorreyana, the leaflets of which are the size of the
head of a shawl pin. I mailed these larva? to Mr. L. H. Joutel, of Xew York, at once, and trust he received one or
both alive for figuring. I am sending him every three or four days a tin box of the food plant, because Parkinsonia
is a subtropical plant, and I know of only two species.

82 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

He again wrote October 29 that he found a full-grown caterpillar on the Mesquite {Prosopis
julifJai'd), which pupated the following day, burying themselves in his garden plot. On the 26th
October he again went to the desert and found four more of the same larvie on ParMnsonia
microphylla. All were fully grown, and the .smaller one was sent to me.

I have collected on that desert for nine years, and am positive that this larva did not previously make its appear-
ance in this locality. Palo \'erde trees have very scant foliage, and are easily looked over, so that a larva of such
beautiful ornamentation could not escape mine eyes.

In Brownsville, Tex., it was observed b_v Mr. Doll from the end of April until late in the
summer.

I add a description of the San Antonio larva, which appears to be a form of -1. Wmg. Mr. Joutel tells me that he is
quite sure that all the larvfe of this species figured on PL III are variations of A. isias. The more specimens I
examine the greater seems the range of varieties in the length of the thoracic and abdominally spines, and in the
degree of granulation of the skin. Such an amount of variation seems to indicate the primitive nature of this genus,
and its comparatively recent adaptation to spiny food plants.

Larva (PI. HI, tig. 2, 2«; XLIX, figs. 2, 2«, 2h, 2c, 2^/).— I have been able to examine through
the kindness of Dr. H. G. Dyar a well-blown larva in the U. S. National Mu.seum from San
Antonio, Tex. , the food plant of which is unknown. He thinks it may be that of A. heiUghi-odtli,
and this seems probable. Unfortunately no specimens of this species have yet actually been bred
from the larva.

Length, 5(» mm. The head (PI. XLIV, fig. li) is as in A. hicohir. l)ut slightly higher; pale
bluish green, extending from in front of the ej^es up to the vertex. On the front edge of the
prothoracic segment is a series of low rounded porcelain white tubercles, which are much as in A.
hieolor, but larger; thej" are nearer together, crowded, on the sides; and lower down are two
small tubercles on each side above the spiracle.

The dorsal thoracic horns are longer than in A. Vicolor, being nearly as long as the body is
thick, much less curved than in the Brazil species, but more so than in ^4. hicoJor; they are not
very sharp, and are armed with a few rather sharp spinules on the posterior .side. As usual the
subdorsal horns are a little shorter than the dorsal ones: all are green at the base, becoming
ro.seate towards the middle.

The dorsal spine of abdominal segments 1 to 7, all of tht- same she, .sharp, recurved, saber-
shaped, porcelain-white, becoming roseate at the tip; they are smooth except those on the 7th
segment, which are armed l)ehind with a few fine teeth. The spines of the supraspiracular
series (///) a little shorter, and as usual less prominent than those of the dorsal .series. There is
a series of small almost minute acute white infraspiracular tubercles {>v-\-i').

The body is coar.sely granulated. The porcelain-white tuberculets are larger and more
prominent than in A. hicolor. There is a group on the first thoracic segment below the spiracle,
and a larger group of still larger ones at the base of the thoracic legs. The sides of the second
and third thoracic segments are densely granulated, while on each of abdominal .segments 1 to 7
there are two transverse rows above the spiracles, and a group aliove the base of the legs. The
abdominal legs are also granulated, there being more on the fourth pair than on those in front
of them.

The caudal horn (fig. 2(') is not so stout as in the Brazilian larva, l)ut longer and thicker
than in A. bicolor. The spinules on it are uuich more luunerous than in the Brazilian larva, and
each ends in a minute short seta.

On abdominal segment 9 is a low porcelain-white median tubercle, conical, recurved.

Snranal ])late (fig. 2e) rounded at the end, not deeply cleft, with a double row of crowded
tubercles or granulations around the edge; and at the extremity not a pair of tubercles, but
several small crowded granulations.

Anal legs with setiferous granulations crowded around the edges, the central field smooth
except two or three small granulations, some of them long digitiform, but rounded at the tip.

Body in the drj' specimen pale green, with a yellowish tint. A lateral bright conspicuous
deep line, scarlet above and whitish beneath, extends from the hinder edge of the third thoracic
to the ninth abdominal segment.

iMEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 83

A larva of this species, ovidontly in st:ii,a^ IV, was collected at Brownsville, Tex., by Mr.
Jacob Doll. Wo add a description of it.

Sf(i</e IV{P\. Ill: tig. "2^0- — Length, :50 mm. The head is as in tlie fully grown larva above
described, but in the Itlown specimen it is not so green, and the lateral yellowish line is not so
distinct, though more yellow towards the base of the antennae.

It differs in this from the last stage in the prothoracic tubercles being a little longer in pro-
portion. The eight thoracic horns are slendei'er, with dec-idedly longer spinules, wiiich are
mostly black, the tips rounded. The dorsal and subdorsal spines are much as in stage V in size;
they are white externally and pale reddish on the inside along the middle, the ends being white.
On the sides of alidominal segments 2, 4, H, and 7 a yellowish streak connects the subdorsal spines
with the latei'al reddish line.

The caudal horn is now not so long as the body is thick, being a little shorter in proportion
than in the fully grown larva: it is erect, thick at the base, and the rather crowded spinules
bear long seta'.

The suranal plate does not bear on the edge so many or so crowded tubercles .as in the tinal
stage (fig. 'IJ). The integument Ijears a few scattered mimite white tubercles, but not nearly
so many as after the last molt.

A lateral dull Venetian red line, shaded on tiie lower side with yellow. The general hue of
the blown specimen is yellowish green.

Two specimens from Tucson, Ariz., collected by Charles Bendire, and now in the ^Museum
of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., were compared with the San Antonio blown larva.
They agree with it in the slenderness of the dorsal and subdorsal abdominal spines, and in the
numerous secondary tubercles or granulations on the sides of the segments. The eight thoracic
horns and the caudal horn are nearly identical, though the spinules on the latter are slightly
shorter than in the San Antonio example. There seems no doul)t at all that the larvaj from these
two localities are of the same species.

Of the two Tucson larvjv one has more lateral secondar}- tubercles than the other.

In the Tucson larvw the thoracic and caudal horns are decidedly cherry red, with the tips
IJaler.

In two examples from Brownsville there is some v^ariation in the size and length of the spines
of abdominal segments 1-7. The caudal horn is a little shorter than in the U. S. National
Museum specimen, as are the dorsal alidominal spines.

The suranal plate is the same in the size and number of the tubercles. The two Brownsville
examples differ among themselves, the dorsal and caudal horns being shorter in one than the
other.

The larva of stage IV is represented on PI. Ill, fig. 2«;,also the details of the armature on
trunk segments 1-6, on PI. XLIX. tigs. 2; the caudal horn and suranal plate at tig. 2d. Figs.
2«, 2J, and '2c represent the armature of the last stage; 2^ a tergal view of the suranal plate.

^DP^LOCEPH^L.A. BOISDTJV^LII Douinet.

Adelocephala boisduvalii Doumet, Eevue et Mag. Zool., 1859, p. 266 (<J).
Othorene mexicana BoisD., Ann. Soc. Ent. Beige, XV, p. 84.

Adelocephala boisdwnUi Drice, Biol. Centr. Amer. Het., I, p. 171. June, 1886. — I'l. — , tig. — . Kirby, 8yn.
Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 741. 1892.

Imago. — 1 $ . A large species, larger than A. hoge!, with the apex of the fore wings more
acute, the costa straight, the outer edge less full, more oblique than in ^-1. hinecta and A. huge!.
The antennfe are slighth' wider than in hiigel; about 20 pairs of pectinations, and 25 short ones
on the filiform tip. Head, body, and wings uniformly Ijright lemon yellow, with no dark spots
or stigma. Fore wings with no distinct basal line; the e.xtradiscal line very oblique, not wavy,
narrow, brown, and ending on the apex of the wing. Two discal spots, snow-white, the hinder
one subtriangular or distinctly triangular; the anterior spot smaller (nearly obsolete in my
example). The base of the fore wings is a little pinkish, and the fringe is pale lilac on the outer
and inner edges.

84 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Hind wings with the apex rounded, but the outer edge is veiy slightly concave, giving a
squarish appearance to the wing not present in any species except A. inontezuma and Syssjthhi.r
■t/io///Hi. Colored like the fore wing, hut with a large patch of deep pink behind the sul)median
vein {a.i\), and not reaching either the outer or inner edge of the wing. Beneath, of the same
lemon-yellow hue as above, a moderately large black discal spot, with an irregular eccentric white
spot between it and the base; behind the median vein a pink-red patch. Extradiscal line distinct
toward the apex, but obsolete toward the hinder edge. Hind wings uniformly lemon yellow,
duller toward the base of the wing. Legs: femora yellow, tibia? and tarsi pale pink on the
outside.

Expanse of fore wings, i , Si mm., length oS mm., breadth IS mm. Hind wings, length
25 mm., breadth 1!» mm.

In Druce's figure a basal line on the fore wing is represented. The 9 is the same but
larger, with the usual sexual ditierences; the outer edge of the hind wings is full and convex,
while the fore wings are more obtuse. (For the venation see PI. LVII, figs. 3, Sa.)

Geograjthicnl disfrihutioii. — Vera Cruz, Mexico. ''Presidio, Mexico, Oaxaca, Amazons,
Para." '(Druce.)

^DELOCEPHA-L^ CA.3DMTJS Heriicli-Sohaefler.

(PI. LXI, fig. 2.)

Adelocephala cadmug Heruich-Schaeffer, Sammburg Aussereur. Schmett., pp. 60, 78. Fig. g, 77, 78. 1854.

Olhorene cadmiix BoiSD., Annalea Soc. Ent. Belgique, XV, p. 8.3. 1872.

Adelocephala cadmiis Druce, Biol. Central American Lep. Het, I, p. 171. .Tune, 1886.

KiKBY, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het, I, p. 741. 1892.— Dyar, Proc. Ent. Soc, Wash., IV, p. 427.
May 13, 1901.

Imago. — 1 i , closely re.sembling ^1. hisectn and also /i(if/i'i in the shape of the fore wings,
but compared with ^1. hlxecta the costa is more convex at apex, and the outei' edge is more
convex, l)eing decidedh* .so. In the antenntt there are 22 pairs of pectinations, and the filiform
tip is composed of about 15 joints, with short toothlike vestigial pectinations on the outside.

Body and wings of a pinkish chestnut bi-own. Thorax slightly pinkish. Fore wings of a
pure chestnut hue, with no fiecks, pinkish at l)ase and along the inner edge, including the fringe.
Traces of a pinkish basal shade. Extradiscal line faint, oblicpie, ending on the apex; beyond it
the wing is washed with pink, but the fringe on the outer edge is pale chestnut: a minute white
roundish discal dot. Hind wings with outer edge full, rountied, though a little angular below
the apex and inclined to be very slightly excavated behind the middle of outer edge (this is
apparently much exaggerated in Herrich-Schaeff'er's figures); no lines or di-^coloration; a little
more pinkish on the inner edge. Under side of the wings chestnut brown: no lines, only a verj'
faint extradiscal brownish shade on botli wings, beyond which the wing is paler, with a slight
pinkish tinge: costa of hind wings pinkish. Legs pinkish. (For the venation see PI. LVII,
figs. 2, 2*/.)

Expanse of the fore wings, S , 75 mm. (expan.se of ? according to H.-Schaefler's figure
120 mm.); length of one fore wing, (?.-iOmni.; breadth of one fore wing, c? , 2(> mm.: length
of one hind wing, <? , 2(! mm.; breadth of one hind wing, S , V.} nun.

Geographical range. — Vera Cruz, Mexico, "rare" (Franck); Brazil (H.-Schaefl'er); Novo
Friburgo, near Rio Janeiro. Brazil (Boisduval). This species is the type of Boisduval's genus
Othorene.

The Mexican form appears to be the same as the Brazilian Cadmus, only ditiering from H.-
Schaefl'er's figui'es of the $ in tlie al)sence of a stigma, and in the basal two-thirds of the hind
wings not being so distinctly pinkish, while the hind wings are not so angular.

From Boisduval's description it diflers in not being "d'un gris rose." It may be a perma-
nent climatic variety, and if found to be distinct may be named castanea.

He defines the larv;* as having the protiioracic segment provided with sharp spines of
moderate length; the two following segments with dentate spines and the abdominal segments

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 85

bristling with lono- hooked (croclntes) spines of oinuil Icnofth and ctirvcil Inickward. He says that
ho has a larva of ,1. cadinus in alcoiiol. hut, unfortunately, does not specitically describe it.

AJDKLOCKPH^L^ic S-USJLyfGrX^Z^A.'VA. (HeTri<>h-Sohae«er).

(PI. XIX, tig. 2.)

S^/iiJipicampa si(6«»)ji(tota Herrich-Schaefper, Auaaereur. Schmctt., I, p. 60, 81, <J , lig.s. ;504, 31).'). 18.5.5.
Adelorephnlti .fttlxitigtilata BoisDiv.\L, Annales Soc. Ent. Bt'lgiqiie, XV. p. 92. 1872. — KuuiY, Syii. Cat. Lep.

Het., I, p. 742. 1892.— Peters, Die Heterot'eren-RaupiMi, p, 10 (1898), 1901.
Syssphiihi- suhdiigiildlx Dy.\r, Proc. Ent. Soc. AVash., I\', p. 4:«\ May l.S, 1901.

Larva.
Peters, Die Heteroceren-Raupen, Taf. Ill, (ig. 4, pupa 4a (1898), 1901.

Imago. — 2 S . In the shape of the body and outlines of the wings allied to A. Useetn. The
antennw are much as in ^4. hisecta, but the vestigial pectinations of the filiform tip are a little
more marked and each end in a fine seta.

Fore wings acute toward the apex; outer edge oblique, not convex, but very slightly excised
or hollowed out. Hind wings rounded at the apex and slightly angulated on the inner angle;
outer edge less full than in ,1. hisecfu. They reach, as in A. hisecta. a little more than one-half
or two-thirds the length of the abdomen; tip of the abdomen with an irregular terminal tuft.

Body and fore wings tawny or pale brown rather than ocherous. A faint basal and a more
distinct linear extradiscal line, which is oltlique and slightly incurved, ending on the costa a little
before the apex. Beyond this line the edge of the wing is slightly pinkish, and the entire wing
is finely dusted with dark scales. A faint, rather large, roundish ring-like discal spot, which
appears through from beneath.

Hind wings deep pink, more tawny on the costal, outer and inner edges. No discal spot
above.

Under side of the fore wings with a large squarish dark-brown discal spot, and behind it a
large part of the wing is deep roseate pink, tiiis hue extending to the distinct extradiscal line,
beyond which the wing is frosted over with white scales.

Hind wings beneath of the same color as the outer edge of the fore wings, being hoarv or
tannj- graj'. No discal spot visible beneath. On the fore tiliiie is a narrow but well-developed
epiphysis, which is about one-half as wide in proportion as that of ^4. monfeziniia n. sp. ; it is
lanceolate oval, nearlv three times as long as wide, narrow and pointed at the end. (PI. XXXVI,
fig. 42.)

The maxilla; in this species are well developed compared with the other species we have
observed; the two are separate, but curled up, each maxilla nearly as long as the filiform tip of
the (J antenna. The palpi are small. sl(>nder, not easily perceived in the undenuded specimens;
thev do not reach the front; they ascend and are nnich compressed. ^

9 Larger than the S , with the fore wings rounded and the outer margin beyond the discal
line l>rownish; hind wings of a more obscure red: under side of the fore wings whitish, with a
common brownish line. Fore wings beneath with a black lunate discal spot, as in the S , though
the disk is here whitish, not ro.seate (BoLsduval).

Expanse of the fore wings: 2 , 62 mm.: length of one fore wing, <J , 3(» mm.; breadth of one
fore wing, (J,14mm.; length of the hind wings, J^,20mm.; breadth of the hind wings, <J,18mm.

Larva. — Imperfectly preserved; the spines on second and third thoracic rings are quite long,
black, and toothed: the prothoracic collar is also provided with stiff' points or tubercles (Boisduval).

Peters describes the larva as dark green, with a blue head and a lateral streak, the trunk
segments beset with silver spines. It lives on a spinj' climbing plant.

He also states that the larva of .4. Irevh (Taf. Ill, fig. .5) is very similar to that of .1. sah-
angidata and lives on the same plant, yet the imago is very different. He found in Kio the larva
of this species on a spiny Mimosa.

86 . MEMOmS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Boisduval, referring to a badl3" preserved specimen, remarks: "Les epines ou pointes sont
noires, assez longues et dentelees sur le second et le troisienie anneau; la collerette est aussi garnie
de pointes roides."

GeograpJdcal dtstrihidiou. — Brazil (Donckier, Boisduval, Peters). It is not kno-vvn from
any other countrj^ than Brazil. Boisduval states that it is in certain years very common in
Brazil, while during others only a few caterpillars occur.

A-DKLOCEPHAL^ AVABUII (Boisclvxval).

(PI. XXXIII, fig. 2.)

Othorene wardii Boisduval, Annales Soc. Ent. Be)gique, XV, 1872, p. 84, PI. Ill, fig. 2. 1872. — Burmeister,

Descr. Phys. Rep. Argentine, Atlas, p. 46, Larva PI. XX, fig. .3. 1879.
Adelocephala irardi Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 741. 1892.
Olliorene wardii Fbiers, Heteroceren-Raupen, p. 10, Taf. Ill, fig. la, 1. (1898-) 1901.

Larva.
(PI. XVII, fig. 3.)

Burmeister, 1. c. Atlas, PI. XX, fig. 3, 1879. .

Peters, Heteroceren-Raupen, p. 10, Taf. Ill, fig. 1; lo, pupa. (1898-) 1901.

Imago. — 1 S , 19 • In the male the shape of the wings is as in A. hogei and more especially
A. hoi.siduvalii., Vjut the costa is still more straight, and the fore wings are more acute at the
apex, being a little longer and narrower than in either of the two species named. The
hind wings are of the subtriangular shape of those of ^1. hoisduvaUi and suhangidata, the apex
being well rounded and the outer edge very slightly excavated; the end of the abdomen is broad,
flattened, not laterally tufted; antenn;e broadly pectinated on the basal half.

Thorax and fore wings of a beautiful, soft, hoary, purplish hue; the middle of the thorax
ocher yellow, the band widening toward the abdomen, the base of which is also yellowish. Fore
wings hoary lilac along the costa and in the middle and on the outer edge of the wing; on the
base of the wing behind the costal edge an ocherous patch, and another broad one near the outer
edge, ending on the internal angle. No definite transverse lines, but a broad ocherous region or
band extends from the two white discal spots to the apex, the apical portion of the costa being
ocherous; this ocherous band is mottled with purpli.sh. The two di.scal spots of unequal size, not
as in A. hogei, arranged in a line at right angles to the costal edge, but parallel with it. Hind
wings ocherous at base and on the outer edge, the rest of the wing dull, purplish. Beneath, the
wings of both pairs are purplish, marked with ocherous near the apex and along the inner edge.
Abdomen purplish, with yellow bands on the basal two-thirds.

In the female the fore wings are broader, less acute at the tip, of much the same shape as in
A. iicolor ? ; the hind wings are not triangular, but of the normal shape, the apex being
rounded and the outer edge fidl and rounded. Tiiorax as in the <? , but the yellow median band
narrower. The wings of both pairs uniforndy clear, beautiful fawn brown or dark leonine,
without strigtB; the fore wings hoary and purplish violet at base, and along the outer edge a
single minute discal dot. Hind wings like the fore wings, with no markings.

Expanse of fore wings, S, 72 mm.; 9, 52 mm. Length of fore wing, <J , 37 mm.: 9,
27 mm. Breadth of fore wing, ^,16n}m. ; 9,12 mm. Length of hind wing, ^.20 mm.; 9,
1.0 mm. Breadth of hind wing, ^ , 15 mm.; 9 , 13 mm.

Burmeister states that the female is double the size of the male. It i.s very difl'erent. A
female in Strecker's collection is of the same color as Citheronia sepulcraUs.

This is the most conspicuously marked .species of the genus, diflering from all the others
known to me in the beautiful, soft, frosty, purplish-brown tints, the more j-ellow shades, and in
the arrangement of the two oval, discal, white spots.

Peters speaks of the remarkable sexual dimorphism of this species, the male with a ground
color of chocolate brown, but with large yellowish patches, as in my male above described.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 87

riu>ui;li tlic larva is of tlic type of .1. h!,;>l,,r in the abdominal dorsal spines being alternately
lonj.'- and >liort. tiio moths of the two s])ocies diticr very iiiiuh in the shape of the wings of the
lualo. Hoisdmurs figure represents it fairl}' well.

Lari'd (Plate XVII, tig. 3). — Hurmeister speaks of it as being the most remarkable of all
the siiecies of "(Yratoeanipa." T]i(> segments of the l)0(ly are siiort though large, with deep
sutures l)etwe(Mi them. The tirst thoracic segment b(>ars four dorsal spines, with two on each
side in front of the stigmata. The second and third beai- two stout dorsal violet spines and one
on each side. Of the abdominal dorsal spines those of the second, fourth, and sixth segments
are very large and of a brilliant siher hue, while those of the alternating segments are violet.
The long caudal horn is violet. The suranal plate is coarsely granulated.

Peters descrilies the larva as green with three great shining silvery spots on the side, and
with a number of gleaming spines.

Pupa. — Of the usual generic form, with a long cremaster and stout, short spines on the head.

Geographical dUtrihifio/t. — Rio Janeiro. Brazil (Rurmeister, Peters).

Jumd plants. — It lives on various leguminous plants, notably a spiny Mimosa whose leaves
are violet brown on the under side (Peters).

^r)ELOCEPII.A.L^-V AN'THO^sTILIS Hevrich-SchaefTer.

Adelocephala antlwnijis Herrich-Schaeffer, Saml. Aussereur. Schmett., p. 60, pi. 17, figs. 79. 1854. — Walker,
Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., VI, p. 1499. 18.5.5.— Boisdival, Annales Soc. Ent., Belgique, XV, p. 88.
1872.— KiRKY, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 741. 1892.

Syssphliu anthonilis Dvar, Proc. Ent. Sot-., Wash., IV, p. 429. :May 13, 1901.

IiiKtijd. — 9 of a peculiar uniform grayish brown, neutral tinted or slate color. An oblique
basal dark narrow line; e.xtradiscal line conunon to both wings; that of the fore wings slightly
sinuous and ending on the costa near the apex; that of the hind wings curved outward, a faint
discal line. In shape the wings are like the female of ^1. wnatoria. and the body and wings are
of the same size. We have not seen an example of this species, but judging from Herrich-
Schaeffer's tigure of it the ? resembles an Anisota in geneml appearance, but the larval shape
shows that it l)elongs in the present genus. It presents none of the characters of Sy.ssphinx;
certainly not those of the larval stage.

Lariia. — Entireh' black and provided with long spines of equal length, all curved backward,
like that of a porcupine when walking. The spines of the first thoracic segment (eollerette) are
very marked, but much shorter than the others (Boisduval).

Geographical distribution. — Brazil (Herrich-Schaeffer; British Mu.seum).

Food plants. — It lives on several kinds of trees and the moth is disclosed at two epochs
(Boisduval).

Judging by Boisduval's statement, this species, whose larva is armed with well-developed
prothoracic dorsal spines, must be a primitive form.

ADELOCEFH^LA. JtTCTJ:S"r)^ AValkev.

Adelocephda jucxmdti Walker, List Lep. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1.500. 18.5.5. — Boisdcval, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique,

XV, p. 91, 1872.— KiRBY, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 742. 1892'.
Adelocephala dimidiata Hebhich-Schaeffer, Aussereurop. Schm. fig. 307. 18.55. — Kirby, 1. c, p. 742. 1892.

Imago. — 1 S . Shape of the wings and antenna? as in A. bicolor, but the hind wings more
rounded at the apex and more produced toward the inner angle. It is of a more uniform darker
chestnut or fawn color than any of the other species. A shade passes from the base of the fore
wings along the cubital vein turning up to the apex; on the costal side, clear chestnut; on the
hinder side, lilac and fro.sted over with white scales. A faint discal dot or streak. Hind wings
reddish chestnut. Fore wings reddish beneath, hind wings whitish ocherous, as in the body and
legs, though the fore legs are reddish in front. The head in front is white; abdomen whitish on
the sides and beneath; fringe of the hind wings whitish ocherous.

88 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Expanse of the fore wings, S 5^ mm.; length of one fore wing, S 27 nnu.; breadth of one
fore wing, S 12 mm.; length of one hind wing, S IS nnn.; breadth of one hind wing, $ 13mm.
This is a verj- peculiar and well-marked species of the size of A. ward!!.
Herrich-Schacti'er states that his dimidiata is a synonj'm of Walker's species.
Oeograjjhlcal range. — Brazil (Neumoegen Coll. Brooklyn Museum); (Britisii Museum).

^^lEELOCEFH^L^ BREA'IS ^Valker.

Adelocephala brevis Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus,, VI, p. 1500. 1855. — BoisnrvAL, Annales Soc. Ent. Bel-

giqiie, XV, p. 89. 1872,— Peters, Die Heteroceren-Raupen, p. 10. (1898)-1901.
fitissj>hin.( brevis Dyar, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV, p. 429. May 13, 1901.

Larra.

Peters, Die Heteroceren-Eaupen, Tab. Ill, fig. 5. (1898)-1901.

Imago. — 1 9 • A distinct species allied to ^1. hicolor, but the apex of the fore wing is a little
more acute than in 9 of that species. Ground color uniform light gray, of the hue of a pale,
dead leaf with scalloped strig-te; the shade is peculiar and unlike that of any other species. A
distinct dark extradiscal line extending from within the middle of the inner edge of the wing to
the costa just before the apex; an obscure oblicjue basal line.

Hind wings with a single line extending across the middle; no discal .spot beneath.

Expanse of fore wings, 9 68 ram. ; length of one fore wing, 9 35 mm. ; breadth of one fore
wing, 9 16 mm.; length of one hind wing, 9 -1 mm.; breadth of one hind wing, 9 lo mm.

Geographical range. — Brazil (Neumosgen Coll. Brooklj'n Museum); Rio de Janeiro. The
specimen in the Neuma'gen collection does not exactl}' agree with the descriptions of Walker
and Boisduval, and further comparisons are necessary.

Larra. — Boisduval .states that the caterpillar is ^yellowish green with the spines of a brilliant
golden hue, of medium length, curyed backward and directed backward; the horns on the second
and third thorai'ic segments toothed, as is also the caudal horn. The tirst thoracic segment
(collerette) has no .spines, these being replaced by small conical tubercles.

Peters states that the larya is yery similar to that of ^4. suharujiduta and lives on the same
climbing, prickly plant; also on a spiny Mimo.sa.

A.r>F:LOC'EPTIA.LA VIIOCA.TA. Boi^^cluval.

Adelocephala crocaUi Boisduval, Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, XV, p. 90. 1872. — Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I,

p. 741. 1892.
Adelocephala argyraeaniha Boisduval, 1. c, XV, p. 90. 1872. — Var. Kirby, 1. c. p. 741. 1892.
Syssphhix argi/racantha Dyar, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., IV. p. 429. May IS, 1901.

Imago. — J. S ■ "One of the .smallest species; its fore wings are of a tawny j'ellow, as also
the tiiorax and abdomen; the fore wings are obliquely crossed from the apex to the middle of
the inner margin by a very narrow brown line; a basal sinuous ol)Scure line; a white discal dot;
outer edge of the wing loathed with rosy gray; hind wings unspotted, with the fringe paler; wings
beneath yellowish, with an oblique brown line; the discal region of the fore wings yellow, with
a darker central dot." (lioisduval.)

In the Neumoegen collection of the Museum of the Brookh'n Institute is a male from Brazil.
It is a small species. The body and wings are ocherous. It diti'ers from^l. argyravar)tha in hay-
ing on the fore wings a small white discal spot; the extradiscal line fades out before reaching the
inner edge, while in A. argyracantha it distinctly ends on the inner angle of the wing, curving
around to it, and the discal dot is not white, but deep ocherous brown. The fore wings on their
under side afe ocherous, with a pinkish wash toward the apex, and the ])ody and hind wings are
whitish ocherous, almost chalky white.

Expanse of fore wings, $ -42 mm.; length of one fore wing, $ 21 nun.; breadth of one fore
wing, S 9.5 mm.; length of one hind wing, S 15 mm.; breadth of one hind wing, S 11 mm.

•

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 89

Geogniphival /•-/«(/<'.— Brazil (BoiMlu\:il, Neuuicegen).

Var. Adelocephala an/iiniriiiillin Boisduval, Annales Sbc. Ent. Belgique, XV, p. 90. 1872.
Burmei^ter, 1. c, PI. XXIII, iig. 7. 1879.

Larva.

V\. XLIX, fig. 1.

Boisditial, Annales Soc. Eut. Belgique, XV, p. 91. 1872.

Burmeisler, Atlas de Deser. Phys. Rep. Argentine, p. 52. PI. XXIII, Iig. 7. 1879.

Imago. — 1 S . In this form, regarded by Kirby as a variety of ^1. crocafa, and which appears
to be .so from an examination of the Neumtegen collection, both wings and also the body are
ocherous. while the fore wings are more pink toward the apex.

Expanse of the fore wings, S 40 mm. ; length of one fore wing, S 19 mm. ; breadth of one
fore wing, S S mm.: length of one hind wing, S 13 mm.; breadth of one hind wing, S 9 mm.

Larva. — Resembles that of hrevis. Green or yellowish green, with the spines shining like
polished silver, curved backward and pointing backward, of nearly equal length, those of the
second and third segments toothed, as also the caudal horn, which looks like a recurved tail. The
front edge of the prothoracic segment (collerette) is garnished with quite prominent silvered
spines. (Boisduval.)

We copv (PI. XLIX, tig. 1) from Burmeister his figure of the larva of ^1. argyracantha. He
.states that the prothoracic spines are reduced to small hemispherical tubercles; the dorsal spines
of the two hinder thoracic segments, with the caudal horn, are very large and have the angles
toothed before and liehind; all the spines are bilateral and distinctly compressed. In the living
caterpillar the spines and tuljercles are magnificently silvered on the outer side, but roseate on
the inner side.

The pupa lies in the earth in a cavity lined with silken threads.

Food plant. — In Buenos Ayres the larva feeds on Gleditschia tricanthos.

Geographical range. — Boisduval states that this and anthoniUs are the two species most fre-
quently met with in the vicinity of Novo Friburgo, though the moths' themselves are rarely seen.

On the label of the specimen in the Neumoegen collection Paragtiay is given as the locality.
Burmeister records it from Buenos Ayres.

AdelocephaJa larva not determived (PI. 111. rig. 1). — The following description is drawn
up from a dry and contracted caterpillar from Brazil, obtained through M. Donckier: It is
a form of remarkable interest, since it appears to be more primitive in its characters than any
other species yet known. This is seen in the unusual development of the prothoracic spines and
in the equality in the size and unusual length of the dor.sal spines of abdominal segments 1-7.

Head (PI. XLIV. fig. 13) conical, much niore so and also higher than in ,1. /.sv'a.y, and
still more so than in A. Incolor. It is of a rich olive sea green, with a broad whitish band arising
from just in front of the ocelli, ending on the vertex, and edged behind with a dark-green
parallel line.

Prothoracic segment with high dor.sal (/) and subdorsal {jii) spines, polished, silvery white
or porcellanous, erect, nearly smooth, with minute low spinules, and nearly as long as the horns
behind are thick. Two dorsal (/) and two subdorsal (///) spines or horns on each of the two fol-
lowing thoracic segments, which are about as long as the head is high or as the bodj'is thick, and
smooth in front; they are smooth in front, but behind bear, besides a few minute ones, four or
five large rounded spinules about twice as long as thick in the middle. The distal third of each
horn is smooth. The horns are sharp and decidedly recurved; the subdorsal ones (//<) are but
slightl_y shorter than those of the dorsal series; those below (/v + v and vii) are mere short
tubercles.

On abdominal segments 1 to 7 the dorsal spines (/) are saber-shaped, compressed, recurved,
and very long, but little shorter than the subdorsal horns and about two-thirds as long as the
caudal horn. They are polished, glistening, and in life wei'e probably porcelain or silvery white.
All of the series are of the same length and but little shorter than the subdorsal horns {Hi) and

90 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

about two-thirds as long as the caudal horn. Those of the subdorsal series (///) are at base
broader in proportion than the dorsal ones and very sharp. Those of the infraspiracular series
(/(•+ v) are well developed, sharp, though but one-half as long as those of the subdorsal series.
Caudal horn large (fig. 4f), unevenly though decidedly forked at the end and bearing rounded
knobs or tubercles, some of which are quite long and slender. The horn is a little longer than the
thoracic dorsal horns and nearly three times as stout.

On the ninth abdominal segment is a median tubercle about twice as large as those next to it.
It is polished and silvery.

Suranal plate (PI. LIV, fig. 7), triangular, not rounded as usual, thick and solid, especially
on the edges, with rounded knoblike reddish tubercles, four on each side, and more numerous
smaller ones on the under side of the edge. Across the l)ase is a row of four small tubercles,
succeeded by a parallel row of smaller tubercles. The end of the plate is forked, each division
formed by a large stout tubercle.

Anal legs with cream-white porcellanous granulations or bosses ai'ound the thickened edges,
while the center is smooth. Spiracles green. The trunk segments are all smooth, without the
granulations present in A. 7>/'c"7or and the San Antonio larva. Length about 40 nun.

This larva is of remarkable interest, since there are quite high spines on the prothoracic seg-
ment, showing that this species is the most ancestral and primitive, nearer the stem form than
any other species of the genus whose larva is known. I had thought that ClfJicnmia regal im, with
its long pi'othoracic spine, might be the stem form of the group, tiiough the pupa is by no means
so primitive as that of the other genera. This South American larva, however, is apparently
the most ancestral of any of the Ceratocampina? yet known, and indicates that eastern South
America was the center of origin of the family. It appears to be allied to the larva of ^1. Irevis^
as figured by Peters (PI. Ill, fig. 5), in which there appears to be, judging bj' the poor figure,
shoi't prothoracic spines, while the dorsal spine of the abdominal segments is represented as
being as long as the thoracic horns. Whether the undetermined Adelocephala figured by Peters
(PI. Ill, fig. 6), with very long, slender horns on all the segments, is a true Adelocephala seems
uncertain.

The following species from Central and South America have not been examined by me:

Adelocephala jason Boisd., 1. c, p. 83. 1872. Mexico.

Adelocephala fallax Boisd., 1. c, p. 84, PI. Ill, fig. 3. 1872. Mexico.

Adelocephala leucantha Boisd., 1. o., p. 89. 1872. Brazil.

Adelocephala erubescent: Boisd., 1. c, p. 91. 1872. Brazil.

Adelocephala flavodgnata Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., XXXII, p. 575. 1865.

Adelocephala tristygma Boisd., 1. c, p. 86. PI. Ill, fig. 4. 1872. Brazil.

Adelocephala leacostygma 3oiiiD., 1. c, p. 85. 1872. Guatemala; Oaxaca, Mexico.

Othorene arpi Sch.\us, Amer. Lepidoptera, I, j). 20, Tab. Ill, tig. 7. 1892. Rio Janeiro.

Othorene janeira ScH.4.rs, 1., c, p. 20, Tab. Ill, fig. 9. 1892. Rio Janeiro.

Othorene ini-alida ScHAvs, 1. c, p. 20. Tab. Ill, fig. 8. 1892. Rio Janeiro.

Othorene columhia ScH.iCS, 1. c, p. 21. Tab. Ill, fig. 13. 1892. Colombia.

Adelocephala acuta Sch.^us, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, IV, p. 59. Aroa, Venezuela.

CRINODES BELL^TRIX Stoll.

Boiiibi/x hdlatrtx Stoll, Papillons exotiques, IV, taf. .305 F. 1781?. Suppl. Taf. XXII, p. 106, fig. 3. Larva.

1791.
Crinodes bellatric Herrich-Schaeffer, Aussereurop. Schmett., I, p. 11. 18.55.
Astylh bellatrix Boisfl., .\nnales Soc. Ent. Belgique, XV, p. 94. 1872.
Crhiodes bellatrix Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 616. 1892.

In the absence of any material for examination I can only follow Boisduval in regarding
this moth as belonging to this subfamily. The moth, judging from Stoll's figure, difl'ers from
Adelocephala. The species figured by him is apparently a female, with filiform antenntv, l)ut
Boisduval states that those of the male are finely pectinated on the liasal two-thirds. It does not
appear to belong with the Notodontidse, where it was placed by Herrich-Schaeffer and by Kirby.

The larva, judging by StoU's figure, appears to be allied to that of Adelocephala. Tiie head

MKMOIUS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 91

is l;u"ge, the protlioracic dorsal horns aro long-cr than tliick, showiiiii' the ]iriiiiitive nature of tlie
genus. Tlie caudal horn is not clearly shown; the lateral infraspiracular spines are a little
lonjjer than in ,1. aniijamnthn. Thoui^h the fijjui'e is poorly drawn, the suranal plate and anal
lei;-s appear to resenihle thos(< of Adeloet^pliala.

The pupa is undoubtedly closely similar to that of Adelocepliala, the creiuaster heiny Ion"',
slender, and deeply forked.

The larva" of Roisduval's Astylis. which includes A. T»'sl'!i and A. .soinuier!, l)otIi frf)Ui Brazil,
live oil diti'erent .species of bananas (J/usn sn^tientiuni, etc.).

GeograplucaJ dhtrihution . — Surinam to Brazil (Stoll, Boisduval).

Until examples of the moths and larviv can be had for study it is impracticable to further
discuss the species of this genus.

Crino sommeri Hiibuer will probalily be found to difl'er generically from C. htjilafrix; in
fact it does not appear to belong with th(> Ceratocampin;e, and may prove to be a noctuid.

(Pis. XXXriI, tig. 4; LVII, iigs. 4, 4a-4c.)

Syssphinx Hcbner, Verzeichniss Schinm., p. 143. 1818-1822.

Syssiaphhu- Walkeh, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1503. 1855.

Psephopaech's GiiOTE, Trans. Ainer. Ent. Sue, I, p. 5. June, 1867. $.

Adelocepliala Grote, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe. , I, p. ". June, 1867. J.

CcTOrfcre.-! Boisduval, Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, XV, p. 81. 1872.

Syssl])hmx Bcr.meister, Descr. Phys. Rep. Argentine, V. Lep., Pt. 1, p. 492, 1878, Atlas, p. 45. 1879.

Syssphin.r DnvcE, Biologia Centr.-Aiuer. Insecta, Lep. Het., I, p. 172. June, 1886.

Syssiphin.1- Kjrby, S\n. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 741. 1892. 8chaus, Anier. Lep., p. 19, 1892.

Imago. — S and 9 . Head nuich depressed, triangular in front, wide between the antennie,
but rapidly narrowing much more than in Adelocepliala toward the labrum: the end of the
clypeus is prolonged into a large solid knob-like protuberance. In this respect the genus differs
from any other of the subfamily. Eyes rather large, larger than in Anisota. Palpi minute,
short, slender. Maxilla? of male well developed, more so than usual, being longer than in
Adelocephala. The two are separate, loosely curled up, and would, if extended, reach well beyond
the front; those of the female invisible. Antenna? of S widely bipectinated to a little beyond
the middle, beyond tiliform. without distinct teeth, but instead a pair of rather long fine setw.
These of 9 perfectly filiform, with no denticles or .seta?, being simple and round.

Thorax full, the front overhanging the head as in Adelocephala. Fore wings Smerinthus-like,
with the costa straight, the apex sharp, in S the oblique outer edge distinctly, in 9 slightly
scalloped and convex.

Hind wings of S rounded at the apex; outer edge excavated; inner angle well rounded, but
in 9 rounded as usual, and the outer edge not excavated but full, more as in Adelocephala and
Ani.sota. Hind wings in <J reaching to the outer fourth of the abdomen; in 9 to the end of the
latter, extending farther in this direction than in Adelocephala and Anisota.

Venation (PI. LVII, tigs. 4, 4«, 4c): As in Eacles, Anisota. and Adelocephala vein HI, is
wanting; the venation difi'ers in no important respects from Anisota and Adelocephala, as will
be seen by reference to the figures. The two dlscal veins make a decided angle, as also seen in
A. heilighrodtil. In the hind wings the discal veins are less oblique, the two taken together
making more of a curve than in Anisota and Adelocephala.

Coloration: In general ocher yellow; the hind wings are pink in the middle; no di.scal spot
on the fore wings above, but beneath is a large black discal patch. The two usual lines, ba.sal
and extradiscal, well marked. On the hind wings a large black roundish discal spot, not centered
with white: this .spot is not repeated beneath; the extradiscal line is present, though not verv
distinct.

Genitalia (PI. XLI, figs. 2. 2'7): The suranal plate a flat ol)long plate of uniform width,
ending in a fork (as in certain Sphingid*). A single pair of claspers, which are (piite wide,

92 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ending in two points, the innei- much larger, forming a long sharp spine. Penis a thick cylindrical
style, obtuse at the end. The armature difl'ers decidedly from tiiat of Anisota and Adelocephala
in the simple ilat suranal plate, the ^-spined claspers, and the thick obtuse penis.

This genus, as already remarked by Grote. "'bears a remarkably close though superticial
resemblance to Smerinthus. and Boisduval afterwards stated that it has a slight resemblance to
certain varieties of Smerintluis popuJi in the shape of the fore wings, with their scalloped outer
edge." Also the tongue is unusually well developed, though Grote states that the oral struc-
ture is obsolete. This might by some be regarded as a case of mimicry, though the genus
probabl}' lived long anterior to a modern specialized sphingid. It diiiers from Adelocephala in
its larval characters, there being no dorsal spines on abdominal segments 1 to 7, as well as in the
genital armature; hence there seems no cause for uniting any of that genus with it.

There is a good deal of discrepancy (Androrophy) between the two sexes, so much .so that
the female was referred ))y Grote to Adelocephala, and the male to his genus Psephopaectes. this
l)eing a remarkable case of male divergence from the more normal or primitive type," which
has been pi'eserved V)y the female.

The head in front is much narrower than in Adelocephala,
and the clypeus is remarkably produced into a prominent knob-
like projection, which, so far as I know, is unique in the moths.
Larra — Stagr I. — Very similar to ^1. hicrilor, but body not
striped: prothoracic segment unarmed: eight long thoracic
horns like those of A. Vtcolot\ other spines as in liicolor, but
slightly more developed; caudal horn larger and higher, ending
in a thick swollen knob, which is square seen from in front,
with a bristle on each side.

Last stage. — Body thick; it dift'ers from Adelocephala in the
Fiu.io.-Huad, denuded, of Si/sspAinxm-;;i«», thoracic spiucs being stout and verv short, while there are no

mx, vestigial maxilla", male. . ., iii^^.i

spines on the tirst to seventh abdominal segments; the caudal
horn is very short, not nmch higher than thick. The third thoracic and eighth abdominal
segments are swollen.

Geographical distrthution. — This geniis ranges from the tropical zone or eastern coast of
Mexico (Jalapa) to Brazil, extending southward, according to Peters (in Schroder), to the La Plata,
and presumably northeastern Argentina.

Food plant. — 'Muga vera."

Ilistory of the genus. — The group is monotypic, there being but a single species, .S. niolma,
mentioned bj^ Hiibner, who placed it between the Sphinges and Endromis, quite remotelj' from
Eacles and Citheronia, the gap between being tilled by the Notodontida", Drepanulida?, certain
Saturniida;, and Aglia and Dirphia.

SYSSPHIN-X ]M:OLI]Sr.A. iStoll).

PI. XXXIII, fit:. 4.
Phaliena-Bombyx molinaSTOLh, Papillonn Exot., IV, p. 25, 221, Tah. .302, E. F. ( 9 ); Tab. 396, B. ( <J ). (I'Sl?)

1782.
Phalsena molina Bepp, Papillons de Surinam, III, p. 2.59, PI. US, $ and 9 (Amsterdam, n. d. ).
Syssphinx molina HiJBHER, Verzeichniss Schmett., p. 143. 1818-1822.
Syssisphinx molina W.vlker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., VI, p. 1503, No. 1. 1855.
Fsepho2Mecles simuliitilw Grote, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, I, p. 6, PI. 1, fig. 1. $. 1867.
Adelocephala yrandis Grote, Trans. .•Vmer. Ent. SSoc, I, p. 8, PI. 1, fig. 7 9. 1867.
Verodere.f molina Boisdi-vai,, Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, XV, p. 81. 1872.
Ceratocampa molina Buhmeister, Descr. phys. Rep. Argentine, V. Lep., Pt. 1, ji. 492, 1878; Atlas, p. 45, PI. xix,

fig. 1, 1879.
Syssphinx molina Drvce, Biologfa Centr. Amer. Lep. Het., I, p. 172. .June, 1866.
Sym.yjhinx molina Kirby, Sj-n. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 741. 1892.
Syssphinx molina Dy.\r, Proc. Ent. Soc, Washington, VIII, p. 428. May 13, 1901.

"See male preponderance (androrophy) in lepidopterous insects, bv A. S. Pacliard. Science, XVII, p. 2.50,
Feb. 13, 1903.

MEMUIKS UF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY UF SCIENCES. 93

T.drni.

I'l. Ill, tigs. 4, 4:i; XVI, fiL'. 4; XI. VII, ligs. 1, l-i-lc.

Stall, Supplement Cramer, Papillons K.xot., PI. 22, lig. 4. 17S2.

Sr/ip, Papillons tie guriiiam. III, I'l. lis, larva and pupa.

Not BdMitial, AiinaU's Soc. Knt. Bi-ltritnie, XV, p. 81. 1872.

Biirmei.tkr, La descripticiii physiqui- de la Rt'-publiiiuc Arsrentiiie, Lep., atlas, PI. xix, fig. 4. 1879.

Pelcrs, Die Heterocerfii-K:ui|n'n ( Scliriidi-r I, p. 10, Tat", iii, tig. 2, 2a. 1901.

liiitu/o. — 2 $,'22. l>c)dv and \v'm<;s pale fawn cDlor or hi'owni.'^li oc-horoii,-^. Abdomen of
the same hue as the head and thorax above and below. Leg.s darker, becoming purpli.sh on the
outside of the tibiw and tarsi.

Fore wino;s fawn color within and a little darker beyond the extradiscal line. Ba^^al line
obscure, a little irrei^ular, oblique, slightly curved outward behind the costal edge. Extradis-
cal line light brown. c>blitiue. not sinuous in S . very slightly sinuous in 9 . Apex of $ very
acute, below the apex the edge is excavated, leaving a projection in the luiddle of the wing, while
between this and the iiuier angle of the wing is a rather deep hollow subdivided into two sinuses;
in 9 outer edge moderately convex, not scalloped. In S the outer margin beyond the extra-
discal line is .somewhat darker than the rest of the wing, and with scattered obscure dusky strigie,
while along the middle of the wing is a hoary jHirplish or lilac discoloration, which in 9 is
wanting.

Hind wings of the .same hue as the anterior pair, but reddish pink in the middle of the wing
extending frotn near the base of the wing to the extradi.scal line, but not reaching the costal or
inner edge, which is pale ocherous. and of the same hue as the outer edge of the wing beyond
the extradiscal line. A large black discal spot, a little larger and rounder in 9 than in 1 . The
extradical line is definite and a little curved in i , in 9 much wider and more diffuse, and merging
into the pink area. Beneath, the fore wings are stained deep roseate in the middle, including the
large discal spot: extradiscal line pink behind, becoming wider, more diffuse, and tawny ocherous
toward and on the costa.

Hind wings beneath with no pink and no lines, the extradiscal being obsolete or quite faint,
and when visible broad and diffuse. In the S the a))domen is slightly ringed with dark ocherous.
The genital armature is as represented on PI. lix, tigs. 3, 3rt; as there is no other species of the
genus known, the specific characters can not be drawn up with precision.

Expanse of fore wings, i 90 mm.; 9 120 mm. Length of a fore wing. <J inuim; 9 .5.") mm.
Breadth of a fore wing, $ 20 mm.; 9 25 mm. Length of hind wing, $ 24 mm.; 9 S-t mm.
Breadth of hind wing, S 10 mm; 9 25 mm.

Gcograplucal dhirlhutlun. — Jalapa. Mexico (O. T. Barrett); Mexico (H. Edwards). The
following localities are given by Druce: Costa Rica (Van Patten, Gabb, Mus. Druce); Panama,
Yolcan de Chiriqui (Arce in Mus. Druce); Colon (Boucard, Mus. Druce); Guiana. Surinam, Brazil,
Trinidad, West Indies. He adds that the examples from Costa Rica are the darkest and agree
fairl}' well with Cramer's figui-e. The .specimens from Panama agree well with those described
bv" Grote and Robinson, which Mr. Edwards apparently received from the eastern coast of INIcxico.
It is recorded from South America by Sepp and by StoU; from the Brazilian coast at Rio by Bur-
meister. Peters states that it is tolerablj- common at Novo Friburgo, a town 3(i miles north-
west of Rio de Janeiro, and he adds that its southern range extends to La Plata.

IlalnU. — Regarding the breeding habits of this interesting moth Mr. Otis "W. Barrett writes,
under date of May 12, iy<iO, '• Eggs of SyssphinxmoUna are hatching to-day" (twelve da}'s incu-
bation); "'oddest looking fellows imaginable."

H(l(f. — It is very large compared with that of Anisota, being 2 nun. in length and 1.8-1.9 mm.
in width. It is clo.sely similar in shape and nearly- as large as those of Eacles iinperialis and
C. reg(ili'<, being flattened, oval, elliptical. The surface with obscurely hexagonal areas, and from
a central boss arises a slender, fine hair, which projects into the interior of the egg, precisely as
described under Eaeles imperialis.

94

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Larva — Stage Z — Length 3.5 mm. (Fi-eshl\' hatched, but described from five alcoholic spec-
imens, PI. XLVII. fig-. 1, \<i-\c.) Bod_v stouter than in A. hicoloi\ and the head a little larger
in proportion. The head is pale sienna brown or yellow ocher. As in A. Mcolor it is, before
the larva has taken food, much wider than the body, and is slightlj' wider than the prothoracic
segment, which is broad and flaring in front as in Anisota and A. hicolor. It is unarmed as in
A. hieolor, the front edge of the tergum being coarsely granulated. Of the 8 long horns,
4 on the second thoracic and 4 on the third, the dorsal or inner ones as usual are longer than
those of the subdorsal row hx the length of the bulb. They are as long as the body from
the front of the head to the eighth abdominal median horn, not being quite as long as the

\

Fig. U. — Distribution uf ^ij^^pltuu iuufinu.

body itself. They are as usual finely wrinkled. Along the basal iudf of tiie stalk are about
eight digitiforni tubercles, not .so many as in A. hicolor, and on the distal half only one or two.
The bulbous tips are of the same shape and proportions as in ^1. hicolor^ being chestnut-like,
and the two terminal lateral spines are as in ^1. hleoJor^ but darker. The dorsal spines on the
abdominal segments are as in A. hicolor^ but differ in being simple, not bearing a miiuite blunt
spine on the base behind. There are no small, setiferous tubercles behind the main oi' anterior
ones, such as occur in A. hicolor. The spined tubercles of the infraspiracular row are much
longer and deeply forked or double (see fig. 1). On the whole the armature of the body is in
this stage more developed than in A. hicolor, though undergoing a decided reduction at the end
of larval life.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 95

Th(> caudal horn (on tlio oit;litli iilKlominal segment), unlike .1. hifi>loi\ is largerand higher, as
long iis the body is thick, ending in a hroad, snuarisii. tliick. swollen knol>. and is not deeply liitid
as it is in A. hivaJor (tigs. 1, n. h. l/»). From tlie anterior edge arise, each from a small tubercle,
long bristles, equaling the wiiltli of the bull) or knob: the stem bears stouter but a less number of
digitiform tubeivles than .1. liii-nlnr.

On the ninth abdominal segment is a minute dorso-median, slender tubercle, giving rise to
two slender l>ristles (IJ, ix); it is much as in ^4. hln,li,i\ but slightly larger and not so dark.
All the tubercles on the body, except those on thesuranal plate, ai-e tinely wrinkled, and the setie
are tinely but sparsely setose. The suranal plate not granulated; witii a large 3-headed tubercle at
the base on each side (this is small and simple in ^1. hicoloi'), three smaller setiferous tubercles on
each side toward the end. The general shape and armature of the two forms (Syssphinx and
^1. htcolor) is the same as regards the suranal plate and anal legs.

Syssphinx on hatching differs decidedly from ^1. liieolor in having no lines, stripes, or any
other specialized deposits of pigment, while in alcoholic specimens of A. hicolnr the dark lines
are distinct. Judging from the lack of ornamentation at this stage A. h/'culor is hatched in a
more advanced stage, but judging from the armature (caudal horn) it is decidedl\' more primi-
tive, this horn reaching a considerable degree of specialization.

Z(hif sfiti/e. — For a description and colored figure of the fully grown caterpillar we are
indebted to Burmeister. He states that it differs from other species of Ceratocampa by the want
of spines on the first thoracic and all the abdominal segments except the eighth, which like those
on the second and third thoracic segments is '"recourbee en crochet." The bod}' is quite thick,
the surface of the segments finel_y granulated with l)lack dots. The ground color is gi'een, with
a yellow lateral line, which begins between the dorsal spines of the third thoracic segment.
These spines are equally j-ellow, like the caudal one, all having the tip red.

The eighth abdominal segment is swollen or humped up: the ninth segment and suranal
plate are transversely ridged in an unusual way. On each side of the head is a yellow line.

It chiefly differs in the reduction of the thoracic and caudal spines; these being stout and
short; those on the two last thoracic segments being conical and not over three times as long as
thick at the base, while the caudal horn, judging by Burmeisters ffgure, is but little longer than
thick at the base.

Pupa. — Judging from Sepp's figure the pupa closely resembles that of Adelocephala and
Anisota. the cremaster being forked, flat, long, and the body more or less spined.

Fund pJaid. — According to Sepp, as quoted bv Burmeister, the caterpillar feeds on the
^'■Juga ve)'a." Peters states that "the green, often bluish, caterpillar lives on different Legumi-
nosa?. i. e.. on the yellow flowering Cassia and on trees called there (Nova Fril)urgo, 30 miles from
Rio de Janeiro) Sauaudu aud Bandarra."

PSYSSPHCINX PEXERSII Peters.

fSijssphinx petersii Peters, Die Heteroceren-Raupen, p. 10, 1901, Taf. Ill, fig. 3, Pupa, fig. .3a.

Imago. — $ Fore wings reddish brown, with many small black flecks and an oblique trans-
verse externalh' pale, within darker, line extending from the apex of the fore wing to the middle
of the inner edge. Hind wings dark carmine red, with the edges of the color of the fore wings.
Abdomen concolorous with the hind wings. Expanse of wings IJ—Ki cm. (Peters.)

Lii/'va. — As figured by Peters it differs from S. i/ioh'na; there are two twin conical tuber-
cles on the prothoracic segment; a pair of long dorsal spines on the second and third thoracic
segments, of nearly ecjual length, nearlv as long as the segments are thick; the body gradually
widens to the eighth abdominal segment, which, however, bears no distinct "caudal horn." The
larva also differs from that of .§■. niolhin in having low conical dorsal tubercles on abdominal
segments 1-7. The suranal plate is much longer and larger, though with no salient spines, but
marked with yellow warts.
Vol. 9—05 7

96 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Pupa. — Much like that of Anisota and Adelocephala; the caudal spine being long and
slender and slightlj' forked at the end.

Food plant . — It feeds on a high forest Mimosa.
Geographical range. — Nova Friburgo, near Rio de Janeiro.

^^NISOTA Hlibner.

(Plates XX.)

^nisota HuEBNER, Verzeichniss Sehmett. p. 192. 1818-1822. «

Dryocampa Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass. in Hitchcock's Report on the Geology of Mass. 4°, 1834, and 2(1 edit.,

p. 72 (p. 592), 1835; Treatise Inj. Insects, p. 293, 1841. 3d edit. 1862.— Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br.

Mus. \l, p. 1495, 18.55.
Anisota Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., Ill, p. 93. June, 1864.
Dryocampa and Anisota Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., Ill, p. .384. Nov., 1864.
Adelocephala Boisduval (in part), Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, XV, p. 88. 1872.
Anisota Dyah, List N. Amer. Lep., p. 75. 1902.

Imago. — S and 9 . Head ju.st visible from above, not entirely concealed by the prothorax
as in Syssphinx. Front rather wide, not narrowing in front at the labrum, thus Vjecoming
triangular as in Adelocephala hlsecta and in Syssphinx; when denuded seems to be flat, somewhat
triangular {A. rubleunda, PI. XXXVI, tig. 3), or decidedly so in ^4. virghuensis (fig. 2); the
labral end of front i— i as wide as between the antenna^ while the surface is full and convex.
Antenna? of S bipectinated to a little beyond the middle; 15 pairs of pectinations, the basal pecti-
nations about as long as the proximal ones; the joints (12 in number) of the filiform end very
short, simple; the vestiges of the teeth very short and minute, and giving rise to thin tufts of
several fine setse. In 9 they are filiform and simple. Palpi scarcely visible, so short and feeble;
but denuded found to be 3-jointcd, joints 1-2 of nearly the same length, third joint about two-
thirds as long as second. Maxilla? either entirely wanting or minute, vestigial, not visible. I
can not discover in S ruhicunda and virginiensls any vestiges of them.

Fore wings of S .short, narrow, subtriangular to triangular (especially in A. virginiensis);
costa curved toward the obtuse or subacute apex; outer edge nearly equal in length to the inner,
oblique, and either moderately full or straight.

Hind wings short and broad, the outer edge convex, or (in A. virgijtlexsis) straight and
triangular, with the costa very convex toward the base. The wings reach to the last third or
fourth, or near the end of the abdomen. Legs moderately short; the fore tibial epiphysis
leaf-like, a little over half to two-thirds as long as tibia; no spurs.

Venation (PI. XXXIX): as in Eacles, no vein 111^; IIIj originates about halfway between
the origin of anterior discal vein and that of IVj, /. e., beyond the discal cell, while in Cithe-
ronia and Eacles, III; arises inside of the origin of the discal vein (PI. LVIII, fig. 5, and p. 56).
A. dliisiiallls ditfers in vein 111 arising a little within the origin of the discal vein, as in
Eacles (PI. LVII, fig. 5) the di.scal veins together forming a regular curved line, those of the
hind wings oblique. Other less important difierences in the venation are brought out by the
figures of the diflerent species on Plate XXXIX.

Coloration: The United States forms ocherous, bathed with lilac, or in the Mexican A. dis-
shiu'lk with ])urplish brown fore wings, and blackish hind wings; fore wings with a distinct discal
white spot, which is obsolete on the under side.

Genitalia (PI. XLI): Compared with those of Adelocephala to which they are in some respects
(suranal plate) nearest allied, the sui'anal plate is much broader, and ends in two thick rounded
lobe-like processes; the chitinous end incurved; tip bidentatc; the claspers not so wide as in
Syssphinx, but much shorter and stouter than in Adelocephala, and nearer those of Sj'ssphinx,
tip ending in two unequal projections. The harpes (h) are often well developed, as in Citheronia

" Scudder has shown that by the ond of 1822 only the first twenty signatures of Hubner's Verzeichniss were
printed, the first two signatures only having been printed in 1816, the date on the title-page. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts
and Sci., X, 1875, p. 96.

MEMOIKS (W TIIK NATIONAL ACWDEAIY OF SCIKNCES.

97

(I'l. LX, figs. 2, 2a, Sh, etc.). Penis c(mi))lic:ito(l; coiisistinj^ of tlio .slondiu- stvlo-likc penis proper,
forked at the end. and a wider broad triantr'ilnr aecessory or guard-plate (PI. XL, tig. 3*', 7")
situated above it. In the four North Auierieau species there seems t)nt little diH'erenc^e in the
dirt'erent parts of the genital armature, and these ean be best brought out by refei'eiice to my
eaniera drawings in Plates LIX. XLI.

£^!/ff. — Elliptieal, flattened, each end alike, a little longer than l)road; shell very thin, parch-
ment-like, the surface with obscurely marked microscopic irregular he.xagoruil areas. The eggs
are laid in large patches on leaves.

Larva. — Body cylindrical, slightly flattened at tiie end; armature consisting of two recurved
slender smooth mesothoraeic horns; prothoraeic spines reduced to low tubercles; all the other

Fi^. 12- IHslributirm of the genus Anisota,

dorsal and lateral spines of the body small, conical, acute; the two dorsal spines of the eighth
abdominal segment separate, remote, not fused into a median or caudal horn, but the two tubercles
i i on the ninth segment fu.sed into a caudal horn. Suranal plate rugose or granulated, with
from three to four lateral and two terminal stout conical spines. Body with conspicuous longi-
tudinal Ijands or stripes.

Young larva, stage I. — Body not spiny with the exception of a pair of smooth horns a little
longer than the body is thick, slightly divided at the end, each division bearing a long seta. The
other spines represented by minute setiferous tubercles; tubercles I I being present. Suranal

98

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

plate rounded at the end. The median dorsal tubercles i i on the ninth segment in process of
fusion: the two tubercles are separate, though arising from a common !)ase. but minute and each
bearing a seta.

PiijM- — Body moderately stout: the head overhanging tlie mouth-region and base of the
antenna'; the maxilhc taken together forming a nearly equilateral triangle, being very much
shorter than in Eaclesand Citheronia; cremaster long, deeply forked: surface spinose; two rows
of spines on the abdominal segments, the sutures between which are deep and wide; the surface
less rugose than in Adelocophala. There seem to be no generic characters, in the pupa, to sepa-
rate this genus from Adelocephala, either in the shape of the body, the maxilla?, the cremaster,
or the armature in general. See also description of the pupa of Eacles.

G<-ographleal (lisfrihutnjii. — The majority of the species inhabit the United States and Canada
east of the one hundredth degree of longitude; '2 occur in Mexico. It is doubtful whether the
genus occurs in South America. (Fig. VI.)

Stjiionymical hixfory of the genus. — Under Anisota Huel)ner mentions A. j'elhicida, stigma.
and senatona. He assigns the genus to a position far removed from the others of its group,
between Malacosoma (Clisiocampa) and Streblota. Dryocampa is an exact synonym.

PJnjhigeiuj. — .Judging by the stripes alone A. senatorio should, perhaps, be regarded as the
more primitive form. In this species the dark stripes or lines are developed in stage III, and
persist to the end of larval life, where they become the most characteristic style of marking. In
A. ruljicitnda. on the contrary, the lines ])ecome wholly or partially obsolete in the last stage.
In A. stigma the dai'k lines in stage II are very marked, but thej* are jiartially discarded in
stage HI. In A. virginiensis they are already partly blended in stage II.

It is evident, however, that the armature is preferal)ly to tie depended on to give us a clew to
the phylogeny of the genus, which has evidently diverged from Adelijcampa, with its comple-
ment of large spines along the entire body. A. stigma, with its longer spines, may be regarded
as the most primitive species of the genus.

The following diagram will serve to express the relationship as well as the phylogenj- of the
species of Anisota.

Rvh/cvncla.
Senatoria,

i//rarni'e/7SfS.
Consu/ari's

/TZeL.

//t? is o/'a .

'4 de/o c e ph a fa. .

Fig. 13. Affiniiies and phylogeny of the species of Anisota.

li:-!. June

A.>riSOT^ S'riG-M:^ (FabiiciTis).
(PI. XX, figs. 4-9. J

Bomhyx stigma Fabricius, Sp. Ins., II, p.
176,40. Mant. Ins., II, 112, 48. Syst.
Ent., Ill, 1 p., 563, no. 2.5, 1775.

Plidliena stigma Smith-Abbot, X. H. Lep.
Ins. Georgia, p. 111. Tab. .56. (1797.)

Anisota stigma Huebner, VerzeichnisS
Schmm., p. 19.3. 1818-1822.— Geyer,
Forts. Htilmer, Samml. exot. Schnim.,
III. PI. 26, figs. 1-4. 1837.

Dryocampa stigma Harri.s, Rep. Inj. Ins.,
Mass., p. 292. 1841. Treatise ins. inj.
veg., .Sd edit., p. 406. 1862.— Walker,
Cat. Lep. Hep. Brit. Mus., VI, p. 1496,
No. 11. 1855.— Fitch, Fifth Rep. Xox.
Ins., Xew York, p. 46. 1859. — Morris,
Synopsis Lep. X. Amer., p. 231. 1862.
1864.— Pack.\rd, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., Ill, p. 385.

Anisota stigma Grote, Proc. Ent. Sor. Phil., Ill, j:
Xov., 1864.

Adelocephala sti/gma BoisD., Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, XV, p. 86. 1872.

Anisota stigma Packard, 5th Rep. U. S. Ent. Comui., insects inj. forest trees, p. 125. 1890.— Kirbv, Syn. Cat.
Lep. Het., I, p. 739. 1892.— Neumoegen" and Dyer, Journ. X. York Ent. Soc, II, p. 147. Dec, 1894.—
BEi-TEXMt?LLER, Cat. bombycine moths, X. York, p. 439. PI. xx. fig. 4 <y . 1898.

MEMU1K6 OF THE .NATIONAL ACADEMY OE SCIENCES. 99

Larm.

(PI. V, ligs. 1-5; XXX, XXXI, fig. 1; L, fifrs. 2-2d; LI, figs. 2-2i-; LII, figs. 3-3c. )

Smith-Abbot, Nat. Hist. Lep. Ins., Georgia, p. 111. Tab. 56. 1797.

Lintner, J. A., 23a Rep. X. Y. State Cabinet, p. 190. 1873.

JiiUnj, C. v., in Packard's Rep. U. S. Ent. Commission, insects inj. id I'urust trees, y. ll'ii. bSIJO.

Packfird, A. S., Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, p. 146. March 17, 1893.

Benlenmiilter, TI'., Cat. bombycine moths, N. York, p. 4,S9. 1898.

Marhtt, C. L., Trans. Kansas Acad. Sc, 1887-88; XI, p. 111. Figs. 1889.

Imago. — \S and 5 9. Head. fix)iit. and antennae a.-; in .1. senatoria AwtS. A. viryinietisis,
there being no marked dirt'erenees: tip of antenna' tiliforni. with long fine seta^ on each .side.

Fore wings of S trianguhir. rather liroad. eosta iniieh curved toward the obtuse ape.x; outer
edge nearly straight, a little convex, slightly longer than the inner edge. Hind wings of the
normal shape, though short; apex mueh rounded, and outer edge full and convex, not triangular.
and inner angle .not partly produced. They reach nearer than in the other species to the end of
the abdomen; in ? thej^ are much larger. Fore wings of 9 more produced toward the apex and
reaching to the outer fourth of the abdomen.

Body ami wings dark reddish ocher. fore wings opaque in the middle, the base of the wings
and the outer edge beyond the extradiscal line tinged with lilac. Basal line obsolete. Extradiscal
line dark, in some examples slightly sinuous. Discal spot white, round or subtriangular,
conspicuous. Wings speckled with scattered dusky striga? which are rather heavy and distinct,
especially on the fore wings and outer edge of the hind wings. The latter of the same hue as the
anterior pair; the extradiscal line varies in distinctness. Under side moi'e ocherous. the conuiion
extradiscal line distinct and varying in width, being in some very ])road and diffuse; the outer
edge of the wing lilac and contrasting more than above with the inner ocherous region and more
heavily strigated than above.

P^xpanse of fore wing I -±7 mm.; V 53-60 mm. Length of a fore wing S 23 mm.; 9 30-34
mm. Breadth of a fore wing S 11 mm.; 9 15-17 mm. Hind wings, length <? Itinnn. ; 9 18-20
mm. Hind wings, breadth S 12 mm.; 9 14-15 mm.

This is the most generalized species of the genus, at least of those inhabiting the United
States. The two sexes are much alike, the hind wings of the S being of nearly the same shape
as in the 9 and not triangular, though short, and the 9 has much larger and longer wings, those
of the hinder pair being produced toward the apex.

A male in Mr. Doll's collection, at the Brooklyn Museum, is unusually black, the strigte on
the fore wings being confluent; the outer edge of the wing is almost lilack- brown. The discal
spots are very distinct. It was collected on Long Island.

Egg. — Flattened elliptical, as usual; shell thin, parchment-like, the surface marked with very
obscure, irregularly hexagonal areas, which are not much crowded. Length, 1|; width, IJ mm.

A lot of eo-os were sent me from Albanv. X. Y., bv ^Ir. Joutel. Thev hatched July 14 at
Brunswick, Me.

Larva — ^tage I. — Length. 3^ to 4^ and 5 mm. Head rounded, wholly black. Body pale
pea-green, with a very slight, yellowish tint; abdominal legs green; thoracic legs pale, dusky
amber, becoming darker toward the claws; prothoracie shield usually' forming a dusky patch
extending across the segment, but sometimes the shield is pale. All of the minute tubercles
(spines) are green and not distinguishable from the body; they are low and minute. Those on
the abdominal segments are minute, low, conical, green, and difficult to distinguish. The hairs
are horn-colored. The two horns on the second thoracic segment are greenish at base, black
beyond, while the .sette are black. In the living larva^ they are always directed forward. They
are about as long as the bod}- is thick (PI. L, fig. 2), and, as usual, with only the two terminal
bristles. The tubercles on the segments behind the second thoracic are minute, low, with rather
long setfe. The median one on segment IX is low, faint, not chitinized. giving rise to two long
bristles. The suranal plate is pale, of the color of the body, not pigmented, and is rounded; the
two terminal tubercles are small, weak, not chitinized, and smaller than the two on each side near

100 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the middle. Compared with A. mrglniensis of this stage the tubercles of the plate, as well as the
rest of the body, are smaller, while those on the suranal plate are larger than in ^1. senator/a.

While at first there are no oharacteristic markings, at the end of this stage appear faint
traces of the eight dark lines, which are more pronounced in the next stage.

One larva molted July ii4, and two or three molted for the first time July 3(i. When al)out
to molt it was 12 mm. in length.

Stage II. — Length, 7 mm.; at the end of the stage. 10 nun. Head nearly twice as large as
before and still black. The body is now dark, including the prothoracic shield, and the two horns
and all the tubercles are also black, as well as the suranal plate and abdominal legs, includino-
abdominal segments !> and Id. (Compare PL L. lig. -la; LII, fig. 3tf.)

At first after hatching the bodj- is pale, the future dark portions not yet being pigmented,
but toward the end of the stage the seven Mack lines hecome distinct. The spines now become
large and well developed, but short. The underside of the body is livid green.

The two horns are twice as long as in thejirst stage. (PI. LI, fig. 2.)

Of the seven dai'k lines or stripes the medio-dorsal or vascular line is narrow, while the one
on each side is much wider; the next below (supraspiracular or subdorsal, containing the series
of spines of that region) is not so wide or quite so dark as the two wider doi-sal ones. The
spiracular line (including the spiracles) is narrow, and a little fainter. Thei-e are no lines below
this, and the underside of the body is not pigmented.

So far as I can .see, the lines appear sinuiltaneously along the whole body; they ditJer in inten-
sity, becoming darker toward the middle of the stage, the pigment being deposited more abun-
dantly after exposure to the light.

Stage TIL — Described Julj'27, when just about to molt. Length, liU uun. ; length of horns,
7 nan. ; width of head, 2 mm. The head is now Indian or cherry red. The body is rather dark,
livid, cherry red, but without the white granulations of stage IV.

The spines on prothoi-acic segment black, more jagged, forked, and pointed than in stage
IV (where they are rounded at the tip and bear a single seta).

The two hoi'ns with much longer, slenderer ))arbs than in stage IV.

Suranal plate black above, beneath reddish, the ))lack, upper surface contrasting with the
dull, reddish hue of the body. Anal legs with a large, red, triangular spot inclosed in the dark
edge. The mid-a)idominal legs dull cherry red, with a black spot above the planta. There are
faint indications of a dark spiracular line. The spiracles are blackish, but smaller than in
stage IV. (For details of the armature see PL L, fig. 25, 2e/ LI, fig. 25/ LII, fig. Zl. )

In stage III there is a decided change in the markings; the dark lines of stage II are now
much modified. Thej' have become faint, and only traces of them remain, while a new kind of
ornamentation, the white granulations, appear, ^^'ith the disappearance of the dark stripes, the
traces of the two longitudinal pink lines now appear, a new plan of coloration being thus
installed and not apparently inherited from a previous ancestry. The three dorsal lines are
now blended together into a broad, pale, reddish band, and the pale or whitish line on each side
of the head is emphasized, this becoming the upper one of the two pink lines of the later stages.

Stage IV. — Length, 21-25 mm.; length of the mesothoracic horns, 10 mm. The horns are
longer and less spinulated than in stage HI, and the body is black, dotted with porcelain-white,
uneven setiferous graiuilations. Head Indian red or dull cherry red. Pratlioracic segment irlth
six large stoat forked .ynnes., where those of A. rirginie/hs/K are small, almost rudimentary, and
they are larger than in the final stage. These spines vary, however, in being rounded, not
forked, and l)earing a single seta. Also the porcelain white graiudations are much larger than
in .1. virginietisis. The horns on the second thoracic segment are movable and much longer
than in the last stage, being nearly twice as long in proportion. The dorsal spines on all the
succeeding segments are of nearly the same size, fjcing nearly one-half as long as the body is
thick; those on the third thoracic segment are unevenly forked and of the same size as those of
the sixth and eighth abdominal segments; those on segments 1-5 being a little smaller; those on
the third thoracic segment are more regularly l>ifid than the abdominal ones, which ha\e the
smaller fork lower down. The single median spine on the ninth segment is no larger than either

MEiMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 101

of tlic two on the eiglitli .sugiiiont, iiiitl ;inaeci with white .spiiuile.s. The suiaiKil [lUite lihieiv; it
is rounded with six l)laelv and several wiiite spines, the basal black ones the largest. The skin is
of a peculiar blackish pitchy color, ,'^piracics black, with a narrow white line around them.
The thoracic and abdominal legs arc dark pitchy, the latter sometimes very dark red with a sur-
plantar black patch; sides of the anal legs reddish, like the suranal plate; in other larva? the anal
legs are entirely black. S<> siilKlormI or latend j>i)il-ixh sfrlpc, lil-e those in A. inrginien-sis.

One observed just molting from stage III, Brunswick, Me., July 27; a few minutes after
exuviation the body was still of the same dull chestiuit red as in stage III (though the white gran-
ulations show that it is in stage IV). One (the left) horn is shorter tiiaii the others. The sitines
are now all pale livid, as also the suranal plate and the anal legs. The thoracic and mid-abdom-
inal legs are pale testaceous. In one hour it became dark and the spines black. Five more
larvffi had molted by July 31. (Compare PI. L, 2c, 'id; LI, tig. 2c,' LII, tig. 3c.)

Stage Y. — Length, 35 mm.; of the second thoracic dorsal spines, 0.5 mm. The head is of
the same cherry red color as in the previous stage. The second thoracic spine is about as long
as the body is thick and recurved; the other spines are moi'e curved backward and downward
than in the previous stage and their shape is ver}' diiierent, the upper surface being smooth, the
spinules being collected on the under side; the usually single large spine being white and beyond
the middle, with sniallci' aliortive spinules on the side; these spinules are larger on the spines of
the eighth and nintii segments. Suranal plate reddish, its surface rough, with white piliferous
granulations; near the base is a large black spine on each side, and two black ones of about the
same size at the end, forming a fork; the entire tentli abdominal segment reddish. Spiracles
black; a faint dusk}-, spiracular line. Thoracic and abdominal legs pitchy black; sides of the
anal legs reddish. Skin dark, with more numerous white granulations than in the previous stage.

It is quite different and easily distinguished from A. virginiensifi; compared with this
species, the head is of the same size, but the color quite different, being dtdl cherry or Indian
?W, while that of A. virginiensis is yellowish amber and usuallj' green. All the spines are much
longer; those on the back of the second thoracic longer, and those behind two or three times
loiiger; tlaif on the ninth ahdominal eertninJy three times a>< long as in A. virginiensis. The skin
is blacker, and thus the granulations are more distinct, besides being larger, while A. stigma
lacks the distinct suhdorsal and lateral //ink or flesh -colored hands present in A. virginiensis. The
spines on the suranal plate are stouter and longer.

Stage.YI. — Some specimens reared at Brunswick, Me., again molted July 30-31. The
following description was drawn up August 1:

Length, 37 mm.; width of head, -1:.5 mm. It differs from tiiose in stage V in the bod}' l)eing
dark, dusky chestnut and densely covered with porcelain-white granulations of uneven size.
There is no lateral paler line such as is seen in the previous stage.

The horns are now less spiny, and all the horns and spines are shorter than in stage V. The
spiracles are larger and with an outer white ring. The head, thoracic legs, and tenth abdominal
segment are reddish or pale chestnut.

Two were ol^served moving their heads from one side to the other on being disturbed.

The following notes by Eile}^ are added from my Forest Insects, page 126:

" Young larva. — August 24. 1870, found a lot of caterpillars feeding on Querctis bicolorf
They are 0.63 of an inch in length, and of a dark greenish-gra}^ color, with a broad dorsal line a
.shade darker; on each segment there arc six black thorns tipped with white; two on the dorsal
line, one on each side, and one on the margin of each side; those on the sides are very small and
more like tubercles; thorns on the Ijack and sides nearly equal in length, getting a little longer
on the last segments; on the second segment are two very long horns, resembling very much
antennic. the point of which is divided into two; they are directed forward and curved a little
backward. Head brick-red, not very glossy; feet black. Destroyed by parasites. (Rilej-'s
unpublished notes.)

^^ Full grown larva. — Average length 50 mm. (xeneral color pale tawny-red, inclining to
orange. The whole surface covered with ))right yellow, almost white papiihe of different sizes,
giving a speckled appearance; the usual medio-dorsal narrow line; a broad subdorsal longitudi-

102 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

nal stripe of a paler color and having a dingy carneous hue; a narrower .substigmatal stripe of
the same hue. Horns and spines black and marked with white papillse, and with a tendency to
branch, especially toward the tips; the longer horns on joint 2 V)eing blunt pointed, and also with
white papillte at the base. Head uniformly gamboge-yellow; cervical shield, anal plate, and
plates on anal prolegs of the same yellowish color as head. A pale medio-ventral line; the tho-
racic legs pale, the prolegs with pale papilhc outside on a dark ground.

"The species is at onee distinguished from the other species of the genus by the longer
spines, their tendency to furcation, and being speckled with white papillie, and by the less dis-
tinct striping."' (Riley.)

Aherrations in the Jarva. — In diiierent larval stages the following monstrosities or defects
were observed: One is represented on PI. LI, tig. 2,«v, where the right dorsal horn in Stage III is
about one-half as long as its mate and proportionately thicker; tig. )>,<( of the same plate repre-
sents at c a shortened thoracic horn (Stage IV;), as compared with d, a normal spine; at a a
third dorsal, and at ^' an abnormal second dorsal tubercle of a larva 12 mm. in length.

Food plan ts. — Oak . hazel .

Habits. — The larva of A. stiyma is said bj' Doctor Riley to be nearly- as destructive in the
Southern States as A. xenatoria is in the Northern.

According to Abbot and Smith, in Georgia the caterpillar goes into the gromid to pupate
September 20 and comes forth by the middle of June following. The young at tirst keep
together and as they grow larger disperse.

The following quotations are from Riley's unpublished notes in Packard's Forest Insects:

"Found feeding on oak and hazel at St. Louis, ISIissoui'i, by Professor Riley, on hazel in Illi-
nois, b}' Mr. Muhlemann, and on both oak and hazel by Mr. Saunders, London, Ontario. Moths
issue from middle of May to middle of June. Eggs were noticed to hatch July 10. Went through
the tirst two molts till July 20. and through third molt July 27. The tirst larva entered the
ground August •!. and the last one August 22, 1870. These are specimens from Canada, but
aroimd Kirkwood, Missouri, there are some found which are not vet full grown at this date.

"Mr. Saunders says, November 21, ls7<J, that he has noticed a second brood.

"According to Abbot and Smith this is the more spotted moth, and their larva agrees witli
mine, but is colored too yellow. Their larva of A. jx'lhicitJa seems to differ principally in having
two pink longitudinal vitta?, each side. The male and female of A. xtigma are almost alike,
while in A. pellucida they are unlike. Both are sometimes found on the same tree.

"Dr. Asa Fitch states that his little daughter was stung badly by a larva which he had
feeding under a glass; but, notwithstanding that a slight stinging sensation is disceriiibl(>. it can
not be likened to that of the true stinging larva? and is not more irritating than the prickly
spines of Yanessa interrogationis.'''

Geographical distribution. — Boston, Mass. (Harris); London, Canada (Saunders); Rhode
Island (Dearden); New York (Fitch, Grote, Joutel, Beutenmiiller); New Jersey (Smith);
Columbus, Ohio (W. N. Tallant); Southern Illinois (French); Springtield. 111. " (June 3(t,
July 1); St. Louis, Mo. (Riley); North Carolina (^lorrison); Georgia (Abbot); Kansas (Marlatt).

It probably ranges throughout the Appalachian and Austroriparian subprovinces as far west
as the one hundredth meridian; but its exact northern, northwestern, and southwestern limits
remain to be defined. (See Map Y.)

(PI. XX, flgs. 1, 2, :i)

Boiuhjix rirginiensis Drvry, Illustrations Exot. Ent. Append., II, ji. '23, I'l. xiii, fig. -. 177.3.

Bombiix asli/nome Olivier, Eneyc-l. Meth., V, p. 4.3, No. 73. 1789.

Phakrna pellucida Smith-Abbot, Nat. Hi.st. Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 11.5, Tab. .58. 1797.

Dryocamjja t)i>(/m(e>j«i« Westwood, Edit. Drury, 111., II, p. 24, Tab. XIII, fig. 2. 1837.

Dnior.ainpa pellucida Harris, Rep. Inj. Ins. Mass., p. 293. 1841.— Fitch, Fifth Rej). Nox. Ins. New York,

p. 44. 18.59.
Dryocampa riryinleiDiia W-KhKER, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit, iliis.. \1, \>. 1496. 1.S5.5.
Dryocampa pellucida Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Amer., \>. 232. 1862.

MEMUIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OE .SCIENCES. 103

AnUola pellucida Grote, Proo. Ent. Soc. Pliil., Ill, p. 93. June, 1864.

Anisota pdlucidd P.\CK.\nn, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., Ill, p. 38."). Nov., 1864.

Atmota rirginiensii: P.uk.\ui>. Proc V.nt. Sur. Phil., Ill, p. .'58."). Nov., 1864.— Fifth Pep. V. S. Ent. Coinm.,

p. 127. 1890.
Adelocephala pellucida Boisniv.vi., Annales Soi'. Ent. Belgique, XV, p. ST. 1872.
Anisota rirriiiiieiwi' Kirbv, Syn. Cat. Lfj). Het., I, p. 739. 1892. — Nei.mogen and Dv-\u, .lourn. New York Ent.

Soc, IT. p. 148. Dec, 1895. — BEUTEN.MrLLEK, Cat. bombycine nmths New York, p. 440. 1898.

Larva.
(Pis. IV, V, iig.s. 1-.^: XXIX, L, tijrs. 1-ld, LII, figs. 1-lc)

Smith-Abbot, Nat. Hist. Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. lib, Tab. 58. 1797.

Harris, T. W., Treati.«e Ins. inj. veg. 3tl edit,, ]». 407.

Riley, C. I'., in Packard's Insects Inj. Forest Trees, p. 127. 1890.

French, G. H., Rep. Curator Mus. S. 111. Normal Univ. 1880.

Packard, A. S., Fifth Rep. U. S. Ent. Comni. Insect-s Inj. Forest Trees, p. 127. 1890.

Lugyer, 0., Bull. 10. Agr. i;xpt. Station Minnesota, PI. I, fig. 3. 1890.

Beutenmi'dhr, IF., Cat. bombycine moths New Y'ork, p. 441. 1898.

Imago. — 5 cJ , 5 $ (and many other.^^ oliserved).

Male. Antenna? bipectinated a little beyond the middle, beyond filiform; as usual in 9
simple. Fore wings regularh' triangular and smaller proportionally than in any of the other
species; costa straight, curved towai'd tlie subacute apex, outer edge very oblicjue. not full and
convex as in S A. senatoria. but straight and nearly one-third longer than the inner edge; the
inner angle less rounded than in $ A. senatoria; middle of the wing transparent from the discal
spot outward to the hinder part of the outer edge and efl'acing the extradiscal line, except toward
the apex. Discal spot nearly twice as large as in A. senatoria and «ti(//iia, being roiuid or subovate.

Hind wings regularly triangular, costa very full; inner angle produced almost into a sort of
lobe and reaching to the outer third of the abdomen; the outer edge very oblique, either a little
convex or even slightly concave; innnacidate, not usually, if at all, speckled, and with no extra-
discal line.

Under side of wings: An extradiscal line common to both wings, though on the anterior
pair etl'aced over the hyaline area; on the hind wings broad and difiuse, sometimes wanting.
Discal spot faintly reproduced, the color paler than above.

Female. Wings not so broad as in ^1. si/iafo/u'a. hut of the same general shape as in A.sena-
toria. etc. In color, while the squamation is thin, as in A. nciuitoria, the wings both at the base
and on the outer margin are more lilac or purple and less ocherous, while the wings are less
speckled than in A. vfigma and xisinitiirla. the outer edge not l)eing spotted. Extradi.scal line dif-
fuse, not very distinct or dark. Discal spot slightl}' larger than in ^-1. Ktujma and senatoria.,
under side pale ocherous; outer edge of both wings deeper lilac than in A. stigma and ^4. senatoria.
Hind wings more convex toward the base of the costa than in any of the other species. Beneath
not spotted. The abdomen is much paler than in i .

Expanse of fore wings $ 40— 42 mm-. ; 9 50 mm. Length of a fore wing S 18-20 mm.; ?
26 nun. Breadth of a fore wing $ 8-9 mm.; ? 1.3 mm. Length of hind wing S 11-12 mm.; 9
17 mm. Breadth of hind wing S 7-8 mm. ; 9 11-12 mm.

This species ditiers markedh- from any of the others in the characteristics of the male, whose
narrow fore wings are regularly triangular, while those of the hinder pair are triangular, much
rounded on the costa, with the inner angle produced, almost into a lobe. The S is thus the most
divergent of any species of the genus, but in the shape of the wings only. Another characteristic
is the thinness and transparency of the fore wings beyond the discal spot, which is larger than in
any of the other species. The less divergent female differs from those of A. stigma and ^4. sen-
atoria in the stronger lilac hues and in the absence of the duskj' strigse.

"Moth. — Besides being smaller, the male differs from those of A. stigma and senaloria in the hind wings being
distinctly triangular, the outer edge being straight, and the hind angle somewhat produced; the fore wings are also
decidedly narrower, while the white discal spot is considerably larger, and the wings are throughout considerably
darker and free from dark spots. Expanse of wings of male, 40 mm." (Riley).

104 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Larva. — Stage /—Length fi-7 mm. Head black, a* wide as the body. Prothoracic plate
dark chestnut, almost black. The two horns on the second thoracic seoment black, as well as the
conical spines on the abdominal segments 'J and 10.

At the beginiung of the stage the body is considerably darker than at the end. where it is
amber or pale gamboge or of the color of beeswax (PI. IV, lig. 1), with faint traces of two
lateral pale, yellowish lines, which are more pronounced in the next stage.

The two horn-like spines on the second thoracic segment are but little longer than the seg-
ment bearing them is wide, or than the maximum thickness of the body.

The conical dor-sal tubercles on the abdominal segments are moderately high and distinct,
and ar-e one-half smaller than those on the thiixl thoracic segment.

Suranal plate and the triangular area on the outside of the anal legs l)lack. while the rest of
the anal legs is pale, greenish _vellow. The suranal plate is cordate. For the shape and arma-
ture see PI. LII, tig. 1.

Stage II. — Length. 7 nan. Head large and full, dark umber, wider than the middle of the
bod}-. The prothoracic segment is broad, with the front and sides flaring; upper surface dark
chestnut. Body chestnut-amber. From the second thoracic segment two very long, sparsely
spinulate, black horns arise, which are nearly half as long as the body; they are a little flattened
at the tip, ending in two piliferous tubercles. There are on all the other segments six rows of
conical acute black tubercles; the eightli segment is armed exactly as the seventh. All these
tubercles are distinctly- larger and more prominent than in Stage 1. On the ninth is a single
median spine. The tenth segment, or suranal plate, is paler than the body, and near the edge are
six whitish tubercles, and at the end are two long, piliferous tubercles. The spiracles are white,
distinct, being ringed with black. The thoracic and middle al)dominal legs are black; the anal
legs of the same varnish-colored tint as the suranal plate. The skin of the body is rough, with
two lateral ridges, on the upper one of which the spiracles are situated and on the lower a spine.
Across each segment behind the spine is a transverse row of small whitish warts, and other
granulations are scattered over the body. The caterpillar is dark and a somewhat consi^icuous
object on an oak leaf. Received from Providence, R. I.. July 1. It molted about July l-t oi' 1.5.

In the examples of this stage drawn by I\Ir. Joutel the head is dull raw sienna brown, the
prothoracic shield brown, while the second thoracic segment above is, directly after hatching,
reddish brown. The two lateral lines (subdorsal and infraspiracular) are pale and faintl}'
indicated. The larva diflers from Stage I in the pale-brown head, pale suranal plate and anal
legs, and in the broad dusky dorsal band and more distinct lines.

Stage III. — Length, 1.5 mm. Head light chestnut, slightly narrower than the body, which
is now colored somewhat like the full-fed larva, though only the lower pinkish line is clearly indi-
cated, the subdorsal pink line being narrow and faint. The two horns on the second thoracic
segment are now much shorter in proportion, being one-third longer than the segment is wide,
or as long as the second and third thoracic and flrst al)dominal segments taken together. The
color of the bodj' is nearly the same, but the white granulations, very unequal in size, are moi'e
distinct than before. The spiracles are wholly black, and situated between two indistinct brftkeu
white parallel lines. The black dorsal spines on the thii'd thoracic and flrst alxlominal segments
are smaller than those on the other abdominal segments; those on the eighth and ninth segments
are of the same size and larger than those on the other abdominal segments. The suranal plate
and anal legs are pale aml)er, much paler than the rest of the l)ody. The plate has two black
conical spines, one on each side. (PI. LII, flg. Xa). It molted July 'I'l., having l)een about seven
days in this stage.

Stage IV. — Length, 21 nun. Head as l)efore, as wide as the body in the middle, but now
greenish, as in the last stage. Some new marks now appear; there is a broad, do7'saI, dark,
longitudinal hand composed of a series of square dark patches, sprinkled over with thickened
white granulations, and a sahdoriial hand of the same color, composed of oblong dark patches,
bearing a spine above, and on the lower edge the black spiracle, situated on a white field. The
skin is of the color of beeswax; in some specimens decidedly greenish in hue. There is a median
black forked spine on the ninth abdominal segment. The suranal plate is as before, but the

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 105

tubercles iuv Imio- und slomler, lomuled ;it the tip, and porcelain white. The two spines at the
end of the siinmal plate are tipped with l)lack. this plate and the anal legs be'tny paler than the
bodv. Tiie horns on the second thoracic seynient are now shorter than liefore, or as long as the
third tlioracic and tirst abdominal segments taken together. They are. however, longer than in
the la><t (tit'th) stage, with longer spimdes, and end in two diverging spinules. The other .spines
are as before, those on abdominal segments -±-8 being larger than those on the three segments in
front. The two pink lines tire now more distinct from above as well as from the side; the pro-
thoracic plate is still blackish-brown. The legs, both thoracic and abdominal, are now pale
greenish, much as in the tifth and last stage.

In one larva of Stage III the lateral pink line is only present on the abdominal segments,
suggesting that the lines originate at the end of the body and become developed from behind
forward.

In this (third) stage the dark stripes are moi-e distinct and definite than in the corresponding
stage of ^1. .stigma. What corresponds to the three dorsal lines of the second stage of ^i. stigma
are alreadj^ blended into a broad dark dorsal band. The two lateral lines (spiracular and supra-
spiracular) are still distinct.

The white granulations are, on the back above the spiracles, transversely oval, and arranged
in transverse sei'ies. but below the spiracles they are round and show a disposition to be arranged
longitudinally.

Stage Va/id last. — Length, 55 inm. Head greenish yellow or green in life, in the blown
example pale sienna brown, or yellowish chestnut; three-fourths as wide as the body where thickest.
The prothoracic plate is now not black as in Stage IV, but concolorous with the rest of the body,
and bearing near the front edge four dark flattened tubercles.

The two horns on the .second thoracic segment are now shorter than in Stage IV, and diti'er
in shape (PI. L, fig. \c): the tip is bulbous, smooth, and destitute of the two terminal .setfe present
in the previous stages; the spinules on the trunk are short and blunt compared with those in
Stage IV. The horns vary in thickness (PI. L, fig. Ic, \<T).

The two dorsal spines on the third thoracic segment are short, when longest no longer than
the thickness of the horns at base; they are about three times as long as thick at the base, and are
bifid at the tip, each fork ending in a .short .stout seta. The two dorsal spines on the first abdom-
inal segment are minute, shorter than those on the second abdominal segment; the latter are a
little longer, simple, and the corresponding spines increase in length to the ninth segment, those
on the eighth and ninth segments being the longest; those of the infraspiracular series on the
eighth and ninth segments are bifid.

The suranal plate pale dull amt)er. and bearing two stout black conical spines, one on each side,
and not quite halfway from the base to the end of the plate; smaller tubercles are scattered over
the surface, but are larger at the edge of the plate. The plate ends in two slightly diverging
large conical tubercles, about twice as long as thick at the base, and twice as long as any others
on the plate, and bearing on the sides three or four setiferous tubercles (PI. LII. figs. IJ, If).
Compared with those of A. stigma, these two terminal tubercles are larger.

Anal legs of the same color as the suranal plate, with white tubercles on the edge around the
central area. The body is greenish on a grayish parchment-colored ground, scattered over
rather densely with white granulations, which have a central pit. and in some cases a vestigial
seta. The amount of green varies.

From the prothoracic to the ninth abdominal segment two In'oad distinct deep pink stripes;
the upper or subdorsal one situated on the subdorsal row and supraspiracular row of .spines,
the lower between the .spiracles, nearly touching them, the spines of the infraspiracular series
being situated in the middle of the pink stripe. The amount of pink in these bands varies.

The thoracic legs pale; those of the mid abdomen pale, with a dark spot on the outside
above the plate.

The full-fed larva diflei-s from that of A. stigma, with which it is liable to be confounded, in
the shorter spines. (See the figures of structural details in Plates L. LII.)

106 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

^^'e add also the following desci'iption, furnished by Doctor Rile}-, who has compared it
with the caterpillar of Aiusotii stlgtna:

" Pellucida comes nearest to A. stir/nid in general appearance, but the spines are shorter, more pointed, uniformly
lilaek; the color is darker, being almost Vilai;k, so that the iiapillre, which are rather denser, give the dark portion a
bluish cast; the subdorsal and stigmatal lines are of a more intense red, inclining to pink, and the stigniatal line is
rather broader than the suljdorsal. The average length is somewhat less and the larva more slender than in stlffina;
the shorter, blacker spines, deeper colors, and stronger contrast between the lines at once separating it from stigma." «

Specimens, without much doul)t belonging to this species, though we have not found the
moth in Maine, occurred on the red oak at Brunswick, Me., August 28. The bodj^was greenish,
with dark dorsal and lateral, not "reddish." bands.

Pi/j>ati'o)i. — One larva 25 mm. in length pupated about September 12-14. In casting the
larval skin the head split along the middle from the front edge, on the left side of the clypeus up
along the median suture, and through the median line of the thoracic segments to a point half
through the 3d abdominal segment.

Variation. — From the batch of eggs received from Albany. N. Y.. about 250 larvse hatched.
The entire number did not show any perceptible variation in color or in the length of the horns.
They had been placed in a gauze ))ag tied on the end of a small oak tree: but they soon crawled
out of the bag and were found huddled up together on the under side of a leaf.

Mr. Joutel informs me that the larvw of the tirst stage are all similar in color in all he raised,
but the other stages vary in the amount of pink in the stripes, some in the third stage showing
only a slight trace of it; they also vary in the amount of green.

Pi(j)a. — S . The body is slightly slenderer than in the S of A. riilicKnda. the spines not
quite so stout, while the cremaster is not quite so thick; the surface has similar punctures; other-
wise the characteristics of the species are those of the genus. Length, 23 mm.

Food jiJanta. — Oak of difierent species.

IlahiU. — This species (^4. virginiensis) has been said by Fitch to have been common for
many years in Salem, N. Y.. where ^1. stigma has seldom l)een seen. The larva? mosth' enter
the ground to transform into tht^ pupa early in August, though some remain on the trees as late
as the middle of September.

Parasites. — Limneria fugitiva Say attacks the caterpillar when about one-third grown, a
single Q^g being deposited in each caterpillar, the larva spinning a slight cocoon within its host.
A Tachina oviposits several eggs, usually in the neck of nearly full-grown caterpillars.

Geograpliieal disti'ihution. — Brunswick, Me. (Packard): Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); Boston,
Mass. (Harris): Williamstown, Mass. (Grote); Attleboro. Mass., June IS (Packard); New York
(Grote, Elliott): Rhode Island (Clark. Dearden); Columbus, Ohio (Tallant): New Jersey ("com-
paratively scarce," Smith): Maryland (Strecker): St. Louis. Mo., and Virginia (Riley): Minne-
sota (Lugger); Georgia (Abbot). (See Map IV.)

Amwla consuhtris Dyar, .Tourn. N. Y. Ent. Soc. IV, p. 166, Dec, 1896. List N. A. Lep., p. 75, 1902.

Larva.
(PI. V, fig. 8.)

^^ Imago. — Male; smaller than the female: body ocherous brown, wings dark purplish brown,
a larger ill-defined subhyaline space in the center of the fore wings; a round white discal dot.
Terminal space more purplish than the basal part of the wing.

"Found on different kinds of oak, October 2, 1873, many larv;e looking like D. stigma. The form is the same,
but they differ considerably from them in color and markings. It is to be distinguished from D. stigma iu its smaller
size, in the ground color of the dark parts being blacker, the papilL'e being yellow instead of white, and in the ]ialer
vittjc lieing of a deep pink or lake-red. The head and anal shield are more olivaceous, and the sj)ines are shorter and
stouter. The whole larva is more brightly and distinctly marked. iMoths issued April 22, 1874.

Some of the dried larva skins were brought from Loudoun County, Va., in July, 1881. (Riley's unjiublished
notes. )

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 107

"Closelv resembles tlic male of .1. .lenatorin in eolor. but the liiud wiiij^s are rounded as in
the female, not anyulated at apex and anal angle, and tlie t.-p. line is nuteh more obscure.

••Female; wings purplish l)ro\vn. l)asal and terminal spaces darker; a white discal dot and
faint lilaokish strigi¥. Hind wings with a purplish mesial band.

•"Darker than either St'iiatcrin ov stigma, the lines less distinct; wings opaque, not thinly
scaled as in virgin ie/if>/s. Types male and female, bred from lurva>.

This species also diti'ers from ^-1. stigma in the exti'adiscal line passing nuiih nearer the
discal spot, and in being decidedly incurved. The white discal spot is smalltn- and the wings
more opaque.

"Zanw. — Primary spines black, secondary granules sparse, white. Head shining red-
brown, width 3.5 to 4 mm. Body red-brown, a dorsal, subdorsal (i), lateral (iii), stigmatal. and
subvontral clouded black bands. Dorsal and stigmatal bands harp [dark ^J and narrow, the others
clouded, the subventral filling the whole space. All except the subventral are bordered by white
shaded lines on the lower side, that below the stigmatal line very distinct. All the lines become
obsolete on joint 12, leaving the anal end and all the feet red-l)rown. In large examples the
skin has a fleshy tint, difl'erent from the head and j)lates, while the shaded li-nes tend to be broken
at the primary spines." — (Dyar).

Food plants. — Live oak.

Habits. — Found liy Doctor Dyar on the live oak in January in company with those of
A. stigma, etc. The larva of this species is represented on PI. ^'. from a colored drawing made
by Mr. Joutel and kindly loaned me by Doctor Dyar.

Geographical distrH>utii»t. — West Palm Beach. Florida (Dyar).

AJ^rXSOTA. SK:N'^A.TORI^4i. (Snaith-A.ljbot).
PI. XX, figs. 10, 119, 12<J-

Phaliena smatoria Smith-Abbot, N. H. Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 113. Tab. .57, 17it7.
Anisota senatoria Hubner, Verzeichniss, Schmin., p. 193. 1818-1822.

Dryocampa senatoria H.\rris, Cat. Insects Mass., p. 72 (p. 592), 1835; Rep. Inj. Insects Mass., p. 292. 1841,
" Third edition, p. 405, fig. 200. 1862.— ■\V.\lker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., VI., p. 1496. 18.55.— Fitch,

Fifth Rep. Xox. Insects New York, p. 43. 1859. — Morris, Synopsis Lep., p. 231. 1862.
Anisota senatoria Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., Ill, p. 93. June, 1864.— Pack.\rd, Proe. Ent. Soc. Phil., Ill,

p. 384. Nov., 1864.— KiRBV, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 739. 1892.
Adelocephala senatoria Boisduval, Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, XV, p. 87. 1872.
Anisota senatoria Xecmogex and Dyar, Journ. X. York Ent. Soc, II, p. 147. Dec, 1894. — BEUTENiitJLLER.

Cat. bombycine moths X. York, p. 4,39. pi. xx, fig. 3 S . Oct., 1898.

Larra.

PI. VI: XXXI, figs. 2-4; XXXII, fig. 1; LI, figs. 1, 3, 3a, 3b, 3c; LII, fig. 2; LIII, figs. 1, lr,-l/.

Smith-Abbot, Xat. Hist. Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 113. Tab. 57, 1797.
Harris, T. W., Treatise Ins. Inj. Veg., 3d edit., p. 405, fig. 198; pupa 199. 1862.
Riley, C. V., in Packard, 5th Rep. Ins. Forest Trees, p. 124. 1890.
Boisduval, J. A., Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, XV, p. 87, pi. iii, fig. 5. 1872.
Lugger, 0., Bull. 10 Agr. Expt. Station, Minnesota, pi. i, fig. 12. 1890.
Felt, E. P., 7th Rep. Forest, etc., Comm. X. Y., pi. 16, figs. 1-7. 1903.
Packard, A. S., Proc Amer. Phil. Soc, p. 144. March 17, 1893.
Beutenmiiller, TI'., Cat. bombycine moths X. Y'ork, j). 439. 1898.

Imago. — 10 S , 10 ? . The characters of this species are best brought out by a comparative
description, as the females of this and ^1. stigma are scarce!}' distinguishable.

The S differs from that of ^1. stigma in the hind wings being distinctly triangular, the apex
being less rounded, and the outer edge of the wing not so convex, while the inner angle is
slightly produced: the wings reach only two-thirds of the length of the abdomen; they do not
extend back so far as in ^1. stigma.

In one S from Rhode Island the line is fully as dark as in $ A. stigma from southern Illinois,
and the discal spot is as large. The connnon extradiscal line is quite heavy, being on the hind

108 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

wings broad and distinct. Underside as above, but no paler; the outer edge of the fore wings
is deeper lilac than above, though becoming dark oeheroiis toward the inner angle. There is
little difference in tlie number and distribution of the strigse.

9 , fore wings paler, thinner in the middle than in 9 stigma., and it is a rather smaller moth;
the wings are less strigated or speckled, the specks being fewer and less distinct. The discal
spot is the same. The body and wings paler ocherous. Hind wings with the extradiscal line
obsolete above, but fairly distinct below. In shape they are exactly as in ^1. xfic/t/ni.

Expanse of the fore wings <? , 43 mm.; 9 , .50-5-1: mm. Length of a fore wing <? , 22 mm.;
9 , 24-26 mm. Breadth of a fore wing S, lO mm.; 9 , 13-15 mm. Length of hind wing S,
14 mm.; 9 , 15-17 nmi. Breadth of hind wing S , 11 mm.; 9 , 11-13 mm.

J^gg. — "'August 1, 1869, received of F. A. Gates, Massillon, Cedar County, Iowa, a rilibed
female of Dri/ocampa senatoria witii a batch of over 300 eggs on the imderside of a raspberry'
leaf. These eggs are almost round in outline, depressed, being about half as high as wide, the
width across l)eing 0.04 of an inch. The shell is so \erx transparent that it makes a very good
ol)ject for watching the development of the emVjryo. The egg when tirst laid is yellow, with a
darker brownish ring above." — (Riley).

Riley states that the female lays a batch of over 300 eggs, in the case observed, on the under-
side of a raspberry leaf.

Lugger found from 350 to 675 eggs in a cluster. He says they are very beautiful objects,
"both when fresh and after having hatched; in the former case they are of a pale green, and
change later to a golden brown. Tiie eggshells are \ev\ thick, transparent as glass, and if the
young caterpillars have left the eggs, the emptj' shells look like iridescent glass."

The larva? hatched August 1 and 2.

Stagt I. — Length. 3.5-4.5 mm. Head large, round, smooth, wholly black, a little higher
than wide; when seen from in front a little wider than the body. Prothoracic segment a little
wider than the second thoracic segment; smooth, unarmed, but with a transverse dusky patch
extending across it. The second thoracic segment bears a pair of high smooth clavate spines or
horns which are a little longer than the head is wide and each bearing two terminal bristles of
equal length. They are unarmed, no spinules visible vnider a lens. The spines on the other
segments are black, being of the same color as the thoracic legs. The body is ichoUy greenish
yelloiv, with long, rather pale, yellowish-brown hairs arising from conical tubercles.

The end of the body is a little more yellowish than toward the head.

Thoracic legs dark; abdominal legs all of the same color as the body. Suranal plate smooth,
pale, not granulated; the two terminal spines minute, weak; the plate is soft, thin, not pigmented,
anal legs pale, like the rest of the body. The two median setue on segment 8 arise from a
common base, but are nuich as in A. ruhteimda, Stage I. (See PL LI, tig. 3; LHI, tig. 1.)

August 4 the same larvre had become 5.5 mm. in length. The body was now green, with no
yellow tints, and the two horns are hJacl'. The head is scarcely as wide as the body, and the hairs
are greener and less conspicuous.

Stage II. — August 10-12. Length, 7-8 nmi. Ilead^ jirothoracic segment above and horns,
urdh the svi'iiniil plate and anal legs jetd>lacl\ The prothoracic shield is now present and black-
pigmented around the edge and along the middle (tig. 3 a). The body is now daA' green v:ith
yelloioish-green lateral lines andhlach conical acute icarts. A median dor.^al dark line; a suhdorsal
pale yelIoirish-gree7i line, and heleno it a lateral wider line of the same hue, separated hy a very
narrow dark-green line from a hroad lateral line which includes the lateral swollen ridge, and a
row of conspicuous black tubercles. Under side of body dark green. The tubercles on the
eight and ninth segments larger than those in front. Suranal plate rough, tuberculated, the two
terminal spines being now large and prominent, black; it is much specialized and pigmented,
while the two terminal spines are several times larger than in Stage I. Thoracic horns large,
long, black, nearly' twice as long as the body is wide, and one-third longer than the head is wide;
they are now finel}- spinulated, and less bifid at the end than in Stage I. Thoracic legs black;
abdominal feet dark green, except the anal pair, wliich are black.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 109

The two median setii:' on ninth segment are separate, but arise from a slightlj' marked
common base, as in Stage I. Tlic sl<in is now finely spinous, tiie short spinules acute. (See PI.
LI. % S,n LIU, Hg. 1,/.)

Stage III. — August 20. Length. 13-17 nun. The specific characters now appear, so that the
larviv may he easily identified. The black head is slightly narrower than the body. Prothoracic
plate distinct, entirely black, spinose on front edge. The thoracic horns are black, one-third
longer than the body is thick. The 1)ody is dark yellowish green, oi- rather olive green, with
two narroir i/eNoici-sA dorsal /i/wx, and a sul)dorsal and a lateral yellowish line on each side; the
underside of the bodj- is green. The spines are a little longer and sharper than before, other-
wise the larva is much as in Stage II, though the median spine on eighth segment is now
chitinized, solid, and black and as high as the diameter is broad (PI. LIII, fig. Ih).

Suranal plate black, more spinose, the surface tubercles being larger and more prominent.

Stage IV. — August 22-23. Length, 20 mm. Now the characters of the next last stage
appear. The body is entirely black, with four yellow stripes on each side, the subdorsal line
being the widest and firmest, and the infraspiracular line the most irregular and broken. The
under side of the bodj- is dull blackish. The horns are now a little larger and stouter than in
Stage III. The prothoracic plate has aline on each side. The suranal plate and sides of the anal
legs are sharply spinose, and the median spine on the ninth abdominal segment is higher, more
prominent than in Stage III (PI. LIII, fig. Ic-le).

Sfaqc y. — Length, i2—ih mm. The body is thicker and larger than in ^i. ruhicimda. Head
black. Body and the prothoracic shield black, the surface of the plate rugose, with the spines
on the front edge low, smooth, not so well defined as in ^4. 7'uiicunda, as they are lower, while
the surface of the plate is rough with small short spines. The two horns are a little thicker and
longer than in A. ruhlcunda. rounded, not slightly forked at the end as in the previous stages,
but slightly bulbous; they are also rougher than usual on the surface, with rather stout, firm,
nearly atrophied spinules. The skin all over the body is rough, with numerous fine granulations,
bearing short minute seta;, the granulations in the other species not being so acute, and being
mostly without a seta.

The ground color is black-brown; there are eight longitudinal deep yellow ocherous stripes,
the two dorsal ones narrowest; in one example wider than any of the others; the svibdorsal one
is straight, while the next one below (supraspiracular) is undulating; the one still below that
(infraspiracular) bearing the infraspiracular row of spines is divided l)y a narrow, irregular dark
line. A ventral yellow-ocher median stripe. The spiracles are black.

The dorsal spines on the third thoracic segment are minute, low, not so high as thick, not
ending in a single spine, but are forked, ending in two short, sharp spinules. On abdominal seg-
ments 1-7 the dorsal spines are small, sharp, those on the seventh segment a little larger than
those on the preceding segments. Those on segments 8 and 9 (PI. LII, fig. 2; LIII, fig. 1/) are
decidedly larger than in ,1. nthtcanda, and much heavier and larger than in stage IV. The four
infraspiracular ones on segment 8 are of the same size, sharp, nearly twice as long as broad.

Those on the ninth segment are from one-third to one-half larger than in A. ruhicwida, and
much larger and higher than in stage IV. The median one is a little more prominent than the
others, and decidedly forked at the end. The suranal plate is subcordate, with the two terminal
spines larger, though but little larger than the two on each side near the base, these belonging
to a group of three or four on each side, situated a little in from the edge near the base; the
surface is rugose, and with several spines differing in size (fig. if). The anal legs are blackish,
with numerous uneven spines around the edge, while over the central area are scattered fine
depressed spinules. All the spines, including the two horns, are stouter in proportion than in
any other species. Thoracic and abdominal legs all black, including the anal claspers.

This is a very distinctly marked and colored species, and is easily recognized by the larger,
coarser spines and the alternating black and deep ocher yellow stripes.

Another set of larva? received from Mr. Joutel, New York City, and reared at Brunswick,
Me., had already hatched July 2',t. They first molted August 9-10, the length between the molts
being nearlv the same as in the brood from Providence.

110 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Riley thus describes (in our Repoit on Forest Tree Insects, p. 125) the fully fed larva
received hy him from Cedar County, Iowa:

''' Larva. — Head large, fully as wide as the body; jet black. Body uniformly thick, cylin-
drical. On mesothoracic segment a pair of long and slender, stitl', black spines, lilunt at the end.
nearh' as long as the body is thick. They stand erect, diverging a little, and arise from swollen
bases, connected 1)V a slight transverse ridge. On each succeeding segment there is a transverse
series of four small, shai-p, simple sj)ines, one or two sometimes ending in two spines: and low
down on each side, below the spiracles, are three large and a fourth minute short acute spine.

'"There are on the hinder part of the back of most of the segments two small l)lack spines.
The spines become larger on the last three, especialh' the penultimate segment. Supraanal plate
large and tiat, rather rough, ending in two acute spines, with four smallei' spines on each side.
Al)dominal legs larger and l)road, with stiti' short hairs on the hinder and lower edge.

"Prothorax unarmed, ])ut with a thickened conical plate. Body jet-black, with a doulile
dorsal ocher-yellow-brown line, a narrow subdorsal line, and two wavy lateral lines of the same
color. A median ventral ocher-brown band. Length, \-l mm."

Food plants. — Oak of different species and, rarely, the birch and raspberry.

Ilahits. — The prickls' caterpillars of this species, during certain years, as I have noticed at
Amherst, Mass., and at Providi-nce, as well as in Maine, so aliound as to nearly strip large oak
branches of their leaves, and it is perhaps the most destructive of all our caterpillars to the
foliage of the oak. The spines, if they happen to penetrate the skin, as Fitch and others have
observed, sting like nettles. This species, ]Mr. Riley informs me, is the more injurious in the
Northern States, while A. ctigi/ni is most destructive in the Southern. According to Riley,
Mr. Bassett has bred a small ichneumon fly (Lhaneria {BaneJitis) fiigifiva Say) from this cater-
pillar. Riley has also bred it froiu the larva of Anisotit stigma, CJlsiocampa sijJmtlea, as well as
other caterpillars.

Mr. Lintner states that "the lai'ViV occur so alnindantly at Center as wholly to defoliate
numbers of the smaller oaks. On the 7th of July the female moths \vere seen to have commenced
the deposition of their eggs on the under side of oak leaves in patches often nearly covering the
entire surface. On the 11th of July some newly hatched larva' wei-e observed." (Ent. Contr. ,
I, p. 58, footnote 1.)

In 1882 this caterpillar was very destructive to oak forests in Pennsylvania. Professor
Claypole writes to the (Canadian Entomologist (X^^ p. 38):

"I have seen hillsides that looked as if tire had passed over them in consequence of the
destruction of the foliage hy millions of this species. In the w'oods they could be found crawling
over almost every square foot of ground and lying dead by dozens in every pool of water. The
sound of their falling " frass," too, was like a slight shower of rain. Farmers tell me they have
never known them so abundant before within their recollection. Harris sa3-s this species lives
on the white and red oaks in Massachusetts. Here the white oaks were untouched and the red
oak is not abundant. The food of the caterpillars was almost exclusively the foliage of the l)lack
oak {Quercus tinctmia), the scarlet oak (Q. cocchica). and the l)ear or scrub oak {(^}. ilicifolla).
(See also American Naturalist, XVI, p. 914.)"

It was also abundant in September of the same year in Sagadahoc and Cumberland counties.
Me., and in Rhode Island.

In the season of 1882 F. Clarkson observed the destruction to oaks in Columbia County,
N. Y. '"The moths,"' he says, "pair in the grass under the oaks, verj- shortly after pupation,
and as the wings of the female are small in proportion to the size of her l)ody, she is unable to
make a very extended flight. The eggs, as discovered by me, were attached to the under side
of the leaves at the terminal twigs of all the branches nearest the ground, the branches at an
elevation of 12 or 15 feet not showing a single deposit." (Papilio, II, p. 189.)

In Minnesota the caterpillar is regarded as the most common and injurious insect to oaka
in the State, white, scarlet, and scrub oaks being stripped of their foliage. '"I have seen,"
says Lugger, "such caterpillars so numerous that the whole grountl in the forests was covered

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Ill

with these craw Ihil;- insects, riuiiiiiii;' uliout in all diieetions t<i tiiiil food, \\ liich the trees, already
denuded of foliage, no louyer atVorded. Thev are found in large numl)ers every year and seem
to prefer, if not too numerous, the smaller trees. The leather large, flat eggs of this moth are
dei)osite(l early in July, and always in large, irregular cluster.s on the imder side of a leaf, and
ahnost invariably near the tip of a l)ranch."

•"The young caterpillars ajijx'af toward the end of July, but sometimes much later — so late,
in fact, that the mature ones tind it ditiicult to obtain the necessary food among the, discolored
autumnal leaves. The voung caterpillars are gregarious and feed only at regular intervals,
huddling together at other times. The younger and more tender leaves near the ends of
branches are first eaten and nothing of them remains but the midril) and stem, and in some
cases the leaf beneath the empty shell, . . . As the caterpillars grow larger the colony
separates into smaller families, and when the worms reach their full size they scatter more and
more, forced to do so by their ever increasing appetite. Before reaching their full size the\'
undergo a number of molts. Their empty skins are not eaten or thrown away, which is very
frequenth' the case with caterpillars, but remain for a long time upon the ribs of the under side
of a leaf, to which the caterpillar had fastened itself very securely before undergoing a n)olt.
The skin of these caterpillars is remarkably hard and stitf. which accounts for the peculiarity of
leaving the empty skin behind, as if inflated. Although gregarious, the_y do not form a web of
any kind."

Parasites. — Li inneria fugitiva Say. and a Tachina (Lugger).

Geograjiliical distrihutioii. — Island of Orleans, Province of Quebec. Canada, very rare (Han-
ham Bowles); Sagadahoc and Cumberland counties. Me., abundant; Amherst, Mass., Providence,
E. I. (Packard); Boston, Mass. (Harris); near Albany, N. Y. (Lintner); Pennsylvania (Claypole);
New Jersey (■"common," Smith): St. Louis, Mo., Cedar County. Iowa (Riley); ^linnesota (Lug-
ger); Georgia (Abl)ot). A member of the Appalachian and Austroriparian sultprovinces; its
northern and southwestern limits can not yet be exactly defined. (See Map VII.)

(PI. XX, figs. 15, 15a, 15b.)

Bombyx rubicunda FABRicies, Eiit. Syst., Ill (1), p. 429, u. 69. 1793.

Dryocampa rubicunda Harris (in Hitchcook's Report on the (jeologj-, etc., of Massachusetts, -t", p. .592, 1834,

and 2d ed., 1835), Cat. Ins. Mass., p. 72. 1835; Treatise Inj. Insects, 3 ed., fig. 206, p. 408. 1862.—

Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. JIus., VI, p. 1497. 18.55. -Morris, Synopsis Lep. N. Anier., p. 232. 1862.
Anisota rubicunda Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., p. 93. June, 1864.

Dryocampa rubicunda Packard, Synopsis Bombycid;e TJ. S., II, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., ]>. 384. Xov., 1864.
Dryocampa venusta Walker, Suppl. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., 2 (32), p. 574. 1865.
Adelocephala rubicunda Boisduval, Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, XV, p. 88. 1872.
Dryocampa {Anisota) rubicunda Riley, 5th Ann. Rep. Ins. Missouri, p. 137, fig. a, b, c. 1873.
Dryocampa rubicunda var. alba Grote, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sc, II, p. 183. 1874.
Dryocampa pallida Bowles, Can. Ent., VII, p. 108. 1875. — Beutexmdller, Cat. hombycine moths N. York,

p. 440. 1898.
Dryocampa rubicunda Packard, 5th Rep. U. S. Ent. Coram. Ins. Inj. Forest Trees, )). 392. 1890. — Kirhy, Syn.

Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 739. 1892.
Ajiisota rubicunda Neumoegen and Dyar, Journ. X. Y. Ent. Soc, II, p. 148. Dec, 1894.
Anisota rubicunda var. alba Neujioegen and Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, II, p. 148. Dec, 1894.

"Anisota senatm-ia Abbot & Smith (Nat. Hist. Lepid. Ins. Ga., 1797, v. 2, p. 113, pi. 57). Harris (Rept. Ins.
Injur. Veg., 1841, p. 291, 292) describes the larva, pupa, and imago of this sjiecies; the larva, he states, feeds upon
white and red oaks [Quercus sp.]. Morris (Synop. Lepid. N. A., 1862, p. 231) describes the larva and imago.
Harris (Treatise on Ins. Injur. Veg., 1862, p. 405, 406) figures and describes larva, pupa, and imago, and (Entom.
Corresp., 1869, p. 298, pi. 2, fig. 9, and pi. 4, fig. 12) gives a colored figure of the larva and a black one of the pupa.
Riley [?] (Amer. Entom., .Sept. -Oct., 1869, v. 2, p. 26) states that the larva eats raspberry [Rubus sp.]. Lintner
(Entom. Contrib., No. 2, 1872, p. 51, 52) describes the early stages of the larva, which, he write.s, has four molts
(five stages), and feeds on Quercus prinoidts. Packard (Bull. 7, U. S. Entom. Coram., 1881, p. 45) briefly describes
the larva, and gives a few notes upon its habits. The larva feeds on Behda alba. (Mrs. Dimiuock, Psyche, W.
p. 275. )

Vol. 9—05 8

112 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Larva.
(PI. VII; XXIII, tig. 2; XXXII, figs. 2, 3; LII, figs. 4, 4«-4'/.- LIII, figs. 2, 2a-2c.)

B. D. ^VaMl (description by Lintnei'), Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., Ill, p. 426. 1864.
II'. Saunders, Can. Ent, II, p. 75. 1870.

T. Glorer, Rep. U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 83, fig. 1870.

J. A. Lintner, 26th Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 'p. 133. 1872.

C. V. Riley, 5th Rep. Ins. Missouri, p. 137. 1873. Fig. of larva, pupa, and niotli 9 •
C. H. French, Trans. Dept. Agr. Illinois, XV, p. 196. 1877.

A. R. Grotc, Can. Ent., XIX, p. 52. 1887.

ifw. Ballard, Insect Lives, p. S3. 1879.

/. Marten, Trans. Dept. Agr. Illinois, XVIII, Appendix, p. 121. 1880.

A. S. Packard, 5th Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm. Insects Inj. Forest and Shade Trees, p. 393, fig. ex Riley. 1890.

.1. ,S'. Packard, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, :\Iar. 17, 1893, XXXI, No. 141, p. 142-144, PI. V, fig. 1. Larva, stage II.

H'. Beulenimdlcr, Cat. bonibycine moths N. York, p. 440. 1898.

Imago. — 5 ,? , 5 ? . Head and Ijody iiiiiforiuly pale oeheiou.s, varyini;- in depth of hue. The
front of the head below the vertex and the spi'eading tuft of hair-like .scales at the ba.se of each
antenna ro.se pink.

Fore wings deep roseate on the ba.sal half, the hue varying from light to dark; the outer edge
of the wing also ro.seate from about the middle of the inner edge to the costa just before the apex,
the middle of the wing being yellow; and this subtriangular median band varies in width, some-
times l)eing wide on the inner edge or not reaching clear across the wing to the inner edge; the
band also varies in regularity on the inner side; no discal .spot; fringe pale ocherous.

Hind wings 3'ellow ocherous, with a submarginal pink band, narrow in the middle of the wing
and widening on the inner edge. Underside of the fore wings much as above, but less roseate
at the base of the wings. Hind wings with the entire costal edge pink, otherwise as above.
Abdomen on the underside along the middle pink, but ocherous at the end. Legs all pink.

Expan.se of fore wings, S 4U mm. ; 9 48 mm. Length of fore wing, <J 2U nuu. ; 9 li-i mm.
Breadth of fore wing, J" 10 mm. ; 9 12uini. Length of hind wing, <? 13 mm.; 9 10 mm. Width
of hind wing, S 10 mm. : 9 12 mm.

Vxrialion-s. — One <^ from Franconia, N. H., received from Mrs. Slosson, is paler, less
ocherous, almost cream white, more bleached in appearance and with less roseate, and the pink
paler than in the normal form. Fore wings with an extradiscal narrow pink line, but be3"ond this
the edge of the wing is pale like the middle of the wing. Hind wing with no pink band above
or beneath, though the costal edge is pink. It is of the usual size, though slightly larger than
one of my males of the normal form. This mountain form is apparently intermediate V)etween
Grote's race aiha and the normal mthicunda.

Egg. — Length, 1.4 mm; oval, a little flattened; the shell j-ellow, thin, parchment-like, the
surface smooth, polished, under a one-half inch objective showing no traces of pits or polygonal
areas. The shell is so thin that unfertilized eggs collapse irregularly.

According to Riley the eggs are deposited in patches of thirty and upward on the luider side
of a leaf. Thej' are pale greenish in hue.

Larv<t — Stage I. — Length, 5 mm.; at end of the stage, 7 nuu. The head is deep black, large,
rounded, and directly after hatching, before the larva has begun to eat, much wider than the
body. Prothoracic segment at first nuich wider than the rest of the body and without any dark
pigment on the cervical shield. The tjodj' is nOw pale yellowish, with a slight greenish tinge.
Except a slight dusky medio-dorsal line the body is not yet striped, and there is no trace of
reddish pigment on the under side.

" The two horns on the second thoracic segment are al)out as long us the segment bearing
them is thick; they are entirely smooth, with no ti'ace of spiiuilcs; thev have numerous tine
wrinkles; greenish-yellow at base, beyond, black; thej' are .slightly enlarged at the end, which is
slightly divided, each fork giving rise to a seta nearly as long as the entire spine. (PI. LII, tig. 4.)

The spines on the rest of the body (there being none on the prothoracic segment) are minute,
smaller than in the other species, and much smaller than in the next stage, but with a propor-

MEMOIRS OK rilK NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 113

tiouiihly longer seta. There are two .separate niiiuite dor.sal seta: on tlie ninth abdominal .segment,
hut tiiev are nuieh nearer togetlier than the homologoii.s ones on the eighth .segment and arise
from a common slightly marked low eminence.

The suranal plate (PI. LIII. tig. L') is eoneolorous with the re.stof the body, not pigmented in tiic
middle; the surface is smootii, with no conieal spines, the four setffi on each side not arising from
definite tubercles, though there are two terminal, very small, microscopic, setiferous tubercles.
At the end of this stage the larva is green, and traces of the seven lines apjjear.

Stii)/e IT. — Length. 9-1(1 mm. The head is now smaller in proportion than before, Init still
black. Prot ho racic shield black. In some of the larvre it is divided in the middle by alight
line. The two horns (tig. 4) are now shorter than before in proportion to the body, being
about as long as the body is thick, and about two-thirds as long as the body is broad. They are
now spinulated, aliout a dozen spinules in sight from one side. The tip is more decidedly forked
than in stage I, and the seta? are short— about half as long as the spine is thick. All the primary
spines on the other segments are now much larger than before; stout, conical, of nearly uniform size,
those of the prothoracic segments being of the same size as those behind the succeeding segment.
There are three rows of spines on each side of the body, andtbe dorsal ones arc no larger than
tho.se of the subdorsal and subspiracular series. On the eighth abdominal segment there are two
widely separate dorsal spines, and two shorter ones on the ninth segment, with the median one
now chitinized, black, and as large as that on the eighth segment, but a little more obtuse, with
two fine seta?, showing the original double nature of this spine. On the first thoracic segment,
which is slightly narrower than the second, are two rounded ])lack flattened conical tubercles, not
piliferous, and two smaller Hatter ones behind. Two larger subtriangular subdorsal black
tubercles give rise to three minute short hairs. They are represented on the third thoracic
segment bv two minute conical, black tul)ercles, the homologous ones on the abdominal segments
being minute and greenish, tipped with black. Tho.se on the sides of each segment are larger,
acutelv conical and black. On the eighth abdominal segment are four conical black tubercles,
two dorsal and two subdorsal, one on each side. On the ninth segment is a single median conical
tubercle, not quite so high as those on the eight segment, but larger at the base. The subdorsal
tubercles on this segment are slightly larger than those on the eighth segment. Suranal plate
with the terminal spine very much larger than in stage I; black, chitinized: and on.each side, near
the middle, is a stout, short, conical black spine. On surface and sides are a few well marked
but small setiferous tubercles not visible in stage I. The suranal plate is subcordate, being
excavated in front; behind it is su))triangular. with two black tubercles at the end, which are
smaller than those on the side in front of the middle; the suranal plate is greenish, like the
prothoracic .segment, while the body is tinged with yellowish, with eight faint rather broad
whitish longitudinal stripes. Along the underside of the body is a band, which varies from light
lemon-yellow to reddish, and is usually darker on the underside of abdominal segments 8 and 9.
The spiracles are black. The thoracic legs are black. The anal legs are greenish, with a blackish
patch on the outside near the planta.

In this and the next stage it continues to feed on the underside of the leaf. Directly after
shedding the skin the head and horns are pale yellowish brown.

At the end of this stage the body is somew^hat reddish above, as well as beneath, while the
longitudinal stripes are reddish.

Stage III. — Length, 12-14 mm., at end of the stage, 21 nun. The head is now chestnut red
to pale sienna brown; width. 2 mm. Iii this stage first appear two square })lack patches on the
prothoracic plate, and a trapezoidal patch on the suranal plate.

The two horns (PI. LII, fig. 4) are now longer and slenderer than before, tajjering rather
more, and with more setiferous spiimles. On the top of the protlioriicic segment are two square
black spots, in some cases there are four, extending back from each spine; a nai-row one on each
side of the two square middle ones, while the two middle ones may be divided, making six in
all. or all mav lie wanting. The four prothoracic spines are now mor(> developed, forming low
conical warts. The dorsal spines on the last thoracic and first seviMi abdominal segments are

114 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

now much more prominent, longer, acute, especially those of the infi'aspiracular series, those
on the hack of alxlomiual segments 8 and !) (tig. -ih) and those on each side of the suranal
plate, including the terminal ones. The two middle ones on the eighth segment are the
longest, being about three times as long as thick at the base, and nearly three times as long as
the median one on the ninth segment, while that on each- side of the median spine is as large and
long as those on the side of the eighth segment. On the base of the suranal plate is a trapezoidal
lilack patch.

The body is yellowish green, with faint darker green longitudinal stripes.

/Stage IV. — Length, 1.5-25 mm. Differing Itut slightly from the previous stage. Width of
head, 2| mm. Prothoracic spines flatter, a little more button-like. The horns (PI. LII, tig. 4, 4-r)
are somewhat stouter than before; early in the stage about as long as the prothoracic segment
is wide, but at the end not more than half as long as the body is broad. The markings are as in
stage III, as also the granulations. The white stripes alternate with the dark-green ones, which
are ciuite distinct, the black .spines being situated partly on them. The black plates on the end
of the niidabdominal legs are well marked.

/Stii(/e Valid la.sf. — Length, 43 mm. ; widtli of head, 3| mm. The four prothoracic spines
are flattened, smooth on top, and the four black patches are wanting. The head is cherry-red
brown. T-he dorsal spines on all the segments (third thoracic and 1-7 abdominal), exct^pt the
.second thoracic (PI. LII, tig. 4<7), are not so high as broad and shorter than those of the infraspi-
racular series; but those on segments 8 and 9 are over twice as long as thick at base; the two
median spines on the eighth segment are longer than the subdorsal one is shorter than those on
the side. The suranal plate (PL Llll, tig. Sc), is comparativelv smooth above, with four black
stout spines on each side and no dark discoloration near the base.

The granulations on the skin of the body are coarser than in the earlier stages. Spiracles
black.

This only difl'ers in coloration from the previous stage in wanting the dark patches on the
first thoracic segment, and the dark spot on the suranal plate, while the green lines are a little
fainter; but the short lateral red stripes on abdominal segments 7-0 are as distinct.

At the end of the stage when beginning to shorten preparatory to pupation some examples
are gi-eener, the yellow being whiter and the green greener (Joutel).

The fully fed caterpillar of this species may be distinguished by its pale-green body tinged
with whitish, and the seven darker green longitudinal stripes, while on the side of abdominal
segments 7-9 is a broad conspicuous cherry-red line situated lielow the spiracles, though owing
■to the flattening of the body in these segments (a feature peculiar to this .sjjecies) it can lie seen
from above. The head is cherry-red, while the spines behind the horns are smaller than in the
other species of the genus inhabiting the United States. It is more nearly allied to the larva of
^4. seiiator/'a than any of the other species.

It difl'ers, however, from A. senatoria in coloration and the armature, besides being a smaller
larva. The four prothoracic dorsal spines are larger and better defined, those of ^4. seiuttdria
being nearly obsolete. The horns are a little more primitive, being slightly divided at the tip,
while those of A. senatoria are somewhat bulbous at the end. The spines of the segments behind
the horns to the 7th abdominal are slightly smaller and less stout, though of about the same
length; those of abdominal segments 8 and 9 are considerably slenderer, though scarcely shorter
than ^4. senatoria. The lateral spines are slenderer than in the species mentioned, where they arc
decidedly stouter and more prominent. The anal legs are less coarsely spincd than in ^4. senatoria.

The larva* of these two species are closely- allied, and judging by them the two species probably
had a common origin, and since ^4. senatoria has larger, stouter spines, especialh' on the end of
the body, this species may be regarded as the more primitive one. judging by the freshly hatched
lar\a.

Compared with the two other species, A. virginieiisis and ^4. stignia., which are also closely
allied, A. ruhlcimda and ^4. senatoria have a smaller head but stouter horns. The j)rothoracic
spines are nearly alike in all the species, but in ^1. ruhicunda and ^4. .senatnriu the dorsal spines

MEMOIRS OF rilK NATIONAL ACADlvMY OF SClENCEvS. 115

show a teiuloiu'v to rothiction. hoiiio- murli sliortor espocially lliiis(> on ulxloiiiiiial sognient.s S aiul 9.
The saino tendiMicv to atrophy is soon in tiio arniatur«' of llio suranai plate, whidi has siiialloi,
less iiiunorous spines on the upper surlace. thoiij;ii tiie lateral spines are no smaller and are
more pigiiiontod. The anal leys are nearly the same in all the species.

I*„2,a. — The characters are identical with those of the other species; indeed there soom to
bo no distinctly marked specific characters in the pupa- of this (r(>nus. either in the shape of the
body, the cremaster. or the armatiue. Length. S . "24 nnn.

Food plant. — Maples of ditlercnt species, especially the swamp or rod maple; in rare cases
the oak.

ILiJf'dx. — This species is usually northward much less gregarious than any of the others, living
after the first molt singly on the leaves of its food tree.

.\lthough in the Eastern States this insect, especially the moth, is not common, yet we have
observed it as far east as Brunswick, Mo., where it feeds on the maple, the moth there appearing
the middle of June; in the A\^estern States, Illinois, Missouri, and Kansas, it proves during
certain years very destructive, entirely or nearly stripping the soft or swamp, and sometimes the
silver, maple of its leaves, and discouraging people from planting this tree along i-oadsides. It
is known to feed on the oak. In Missouri and Kansas the worm is double-l)rooded, the tirst
brood of larvre appearing mostly during June and giving forth the moths late in July, while the
second brood of worms appears in August and September, wintering in the chrysalis state, and
not appearing as moths until the following ;\Iay. The cateri)illar molts four times, becoming
fully fed within a month, and then entering the ground to pupate.

Parasites.— K Tachina parasite, Tachlna {Belvosla) hifasdata Fal)r.. and an ichneumon fly
pre}' upon the caterpillars, and thus reduce their numbers. (Riley.)

Gt'ograpliiait runij,'. — Franconia, N. H. (Mrs. Slosson); Brunswick, Mo. (Packard); New
York City (Joutel); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); Pennsylvania (Strecker); New Jersey, "common
throughout the State, sometimes quite injurious to the maple " (Smith); Colund)us, Ohio (Tallant);
Missouri, Franklin County; Independence, Ivans. (Riley). (See Map VI.)

In 1890 it stripped to some extent the foliage of maples at Roxie, Miss. (G. H. Kent).

This species extends farther north than any of the others. Mr. W. Mcintosh writes me
that it is rare about St. John, New Brunswick, but common at Amherst, Nova Scotia, and also at
McAdam Station and Brown^•ille Junction, Me. It is more common in Kansas than any of the
other species.

PI. XIX, figs. 7, 7a.

Anisota gupremaH. Edw., Papilio, IV, p. 16, Jan., 1884.— Schaus, Papili.., IV, p. 102, :\Iay, 1SS4. Larva.—
Drcce, Biologia Centr. Aimer., Lep. Het. II, p. 415, Sept., 1897.

lAirva.
Sch.ms, II'., Papilio, IV, p. 102, May, 1884.

hnago. — 1 c? , 1 9 . Antennte pectinated as in ^4. hicolor. Thorax clothed with velvety dark
bav, chestnut brown scales; abdomen black, at the tip reddish chestnut. Fore wings uniformly-
dark bay or chestnut brown; a l)asal line which is narrow, faint, more pronounced on the veins;
an extradiscal line situated as usual, heavier than the basal and black brown. Discal spot quite
large, round, more oval in the ? than in S .

Hind winos of S distinctly triangular, much more so than in ,1. l/icuhir or heU Hjhrodtli and
A. stigma; it is intermediate in this respect between these forms and the $ of ^4. senatoria and
^4. virgiriiensis; the S is more aberrant, both in the shape of the wings and the coloration, the
hind wings being reddish-pink, the veins blackish, the single transverse line broad and diffuse,
blackish; in the 9 the hind wings are black, while the 9 fore wings are much paler than in S ,
with the V)asal line obsolete.

Abdomen dark brown, with ochorous rings, and the tip dull ocherous. Under side of the
fore wings darker on the outer and inner edges, while the hind wings are black. In 9 both
wings are like the hind wings above; discal spot very faint.

UG MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Expiuiso of fore wing^s, S , 55 mm.; 9 , 04 mm. Lciijith of one fore wiiio-, J . L'T mm.; 9 ,
32 mm. Breadth of one fore wincr, S, 12.5 mm.; 9, 1<> mm. Lenyth of hincl wiiio-. s . 1(5
mm.; 9,20 mm. Breadth of hind wing, J^ , 1-4 mm. ; 9,15 mm.

GeiKjrcqyhlciil dixtriltution. — Jalapa. Mexico (Edward.s); State of Vera Cruz (Schaus).
Described from EdwardsV type in .American Mus. Nat. History.

^^NISOTA DISSIIVIILIS (I3oisdiival).

Adi'locephala dissimilis Boisduval, Aiinales Soc. Ent. Belgique XV, p. 93, 1872.

Dryocampa dissimilis Dkuce, Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. Het. 1, p. 170, No. 1, tab. 15, fig.s. 9. 10, 18S6. — Kirbv,
Syn. Cat. I^p. Het., p. 740, 1892.

Jfale. — Boi.sduval describes the mah' as of the size of .1. iiiitlKniih's; the fore wings of a clear
reddish l)rown with l)lacl-;is]i veins; extradiscal line oblique. ])lack. preceded on the discal cell by
a large white dot. The hind wings are entirely black. The tliorax reddish yellow; the abdoDien
black above, with an anal brusli of yellow hairs. The wings beneath reddish, paler at the outer
edge, with the veins and a conunon line black. It is also figured by Druce in the Biologia
Central!- Americana.

1 9 • Head small, not prominent. Antenna* tiliform. slender, as u>ual. and much as in
A. »t'igiiii(. Head, thorax, and base of abdomen uniformly tleep ocher.

Fore wings uniformly pinkish red. almost purplish brick red. with no dark specks. No
basal line; extradiscal line dusk}-, grayish externally, not sinuous, but straight, oblique in its
course, ending on the costa at some distance from the apex. A rather large distinct white discal
spot. Veins dark brown.

Hind wings produced toward the apex, outer edge convex, the wings dusky, veins dark
brown; fringe dark, no discal spot, but the extradiscal line is broad. Idackish. and diffuse.

L'nder side of fore wings as above, but a little paler and the veins are darker and wider.
No discal spots on wings of either pair. Extradiscal line alike on both wings, heavy, broad.
1)lack bi'own. and quite distinct.

Abdomen black brown except at base and at tip, which is ocherous. and the hinder edges of
the dark segments are narrowly edged with ocherous. Legs and under side of abdomen black
brown.

Expanse of fore wings, 9 , T3 mm.; length of one fore wing. 9 - 36 mm.; I)readth of one fore
wing. 9 . ly mm.; length of hind wing, 9 , 25 mm. ; breadth of hind wing, 9 , 1" mm.

In shape this species is near ,1. rnli'ieunda and ^1. stu/nia, the fore wings being the same, but
the hind wings are a little more produced toward the apex. In venation it approaches Eacles
more than any other .species examined (PI. LVII, fig. 5).

In coloration this species widely diverges from any of the more northern or Austral and
Appalachian forms, showing much darker tints, and thus a ditlerent facies, probaldy the eti'ects
of its tropical surroundings.

GeiH/jvphical disfrihufion. — Jalapa, Mexico (O. T. Barrett); Oaxaca (Boisduval); Oaxaca,
Jalapa (Hoge); common at Jalapa (Druce).

E^CLES HCi'ilinei-.

{Pb. IX, XLVIII, etf.)

Certtranipn Kikbv and Spence (in part), Intr. to Ent., Ill, p. 2.51, 255. 1828.

.Borfe HuEBNER, Yerzeichniss Schniett. , p. 1.53. 1818-1822.

Ceratommpa Harrls, Cat. Ins. Mas?., .\i)pendix tn Hitchcock's Eep. Geology Mass., p. 592. 1834; Report

Inj. Ins. Mass., p. 287. 1841.
Ceratora/iijta Westwood, edit. Dnirv, III. Exot. Ent., I, ]>. 17. 1837.
Doryraiiipa Dincax (in part). Naturalists' Libr., p. 161. 1841.
Eacles Walker (in part), Cat. Lep. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1370. 1855. — P.vckard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., Ill, p. 381.

1864. — (Jrote, List Lep. N. Amer., I, i>. xiii. Sept., 1868; New Check List N. Ainer. Moths, p. 20. May,

1882.
Basilona Boisduvai,, .Annates Soc. Ent. France (4), VIII, p. 317. 1S6S.
Ceratommpa {Basilima) Bcrmeister, Descr. phys. Rep. Argentine, Leji. atlas, p. 46. 1879.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

117

£ac/es and Citheronia Druce, Biologia CVntr. Anur. l,i|.. Ilet., I, p. Itiil. 1.S86.

Crenudia Bikmkistkk, 1. c, p. 40. 187!i.

CItheroiiiii KiuBY, Syii. Cat. l,e|i. Het., 1. ]). 7-tL'. ISirJ.

BasiloiHi Xeimokcex ami Dv.Mi, .Icnini. N. York Knt. Soc. II, ji. ISl. Dcr., 1894.

£«(•/<■.•* BeitknmI'Li.er, Bull. .Vmrr. JIu.«. N. H., X, p. 442. IWi.s.

Basilona Dy.nr, List N. .\. Li'iiiduptera, p. 7<<. 1902.

Iinago. — The head uiul slia))i' of tliv front (uikIiiuuIoiI) as in ('itheronia. The ffoiit when
denuded (PI. XXX\'I. \\g. 4) di.stiiictly trianoiihif, wiileiiiiigtowui-d tlte veitex: eyes large and t'ldl.
Antennfe pectinated to the outer third, more widely l)ipectinated, and with a much larger number
(25) of double paiiN of pectinations than in Citlieionia (18); in 9 simple, with minute vestigial
pectinations, not so long and distinct as in Citheronia. Palpi very small and sliort, difficult to
see, not reaching the front: when denuded seen to he without a third joint, the second being

Fig. 14. Nomeuclature nn<l numbering of the veins of llie fore anil hin<i wings of Eacles iinperialis.

obttise at the end and a little longer than the basal one (tig. 11). Maxilla^ when unrolled nearly
as long as the front of the head is wide (tig. 4). very .slender and longer than in Citlieronia.
Thorax and abdomen .stout, sphingiform.

Fore wings wide, the costal edge moi'e arched toward tlie apex, which is squarish, suljacute;
outer edge less oblicpie than in Citheronia, much .shorter than the inner edge. Hind wings
more rounded, the outer edge very full and rounded, and the wings extend to the end of the
abdomen. In the 9 the wings are broader, those of the hinder pair extending Ijeyond the end
of the abdomen.

Venation (fig. l-±): Vein III, (second subcostal) wanting, wliile in Citheronia it is present: \'ein
IV; does not arise as in Citheronia part way. usually about lialfway, between the anterior discal
vein and the origin of III^, but at the outer end of the discal cell, directly in front of the discal

118

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

vein. The discal veins are very oblique, where they are straio^ht in Cithcronia: in tlie hind
wings the obliquity of the discal cells and elongated shape of the discal cell are more marked
than in Cithcronia.

Fore legs with the tibia tliicker, wider than in Citheronia; the tiV)ial epiphysis being verj'
wide (tigs. 21, 21a). more so than in Citheronia.

Coloration: Bodjr and wings yellow; wing.s with pale lilac blotches and spots; more or less
definite discal .spots and extradiscal line.

Lana. — Body armed with short, stout spinose dorsal horns on second and third thoracic

Fig. 15. I)istributi(_'ii \ji the guuu.s Kaelus.

segments, but none on the prothoracic segment; caudal horn verj' short; a vestigial median spine
on ninth abdominal segment. Body with long hairs. No bands or stripes.

Larva — Stage I. — Body armed with two dorsal branching prothoracic spines one-half as long
as those of the dor,sal .series of the two thoracic segments l)ehiiid; they are deeply forked, not
ending in a l)ulbous e.Kpansion. Body transversely banded. A high caudal horn, and one half
as high on the ninth segment; and a 5-headed spine on each side of the suranal i)latc. Tlie
horns become spinose after the lii-st molt, the body being clothed with hairs after the third molt.

Pupa. — Body thick; maxillse long, over three times as long in proportion as in Adelocephala
and Anisota: cremaster stouter and a little shorter, and the spines over the body smaller in
proportion than in the two genera named.

MEMOIRS OK TUK NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCP:S. 119

Si/notii/m/cal hislari/. — Altluuiiili Diiuc places the species of Cithcronia under Eacles, and
Kirliv lumps them under Citheronia, the two ^"-enera are liotli in their larval. pui)al. and adult
characters ([uite distinct, as may bo seen tiy reference to our descriptions and tii>ures, ji;iving
structural details. The palpi ha\e but two joints, the antenna are more broadly pectinated.

lliibner's type of the g'oiuis, i. e., the species first named, is E. hnperiaUx; ho then adds two
other species. Basilona of Boisduval is a synonym of Eacles, and the name need not have been
resurrected.

Geographical diMrihutlon. — Arctogceic (North American) and Neof^'jea; the species ranging
along the Atlantic coast region from Maine and Canada, and the vallej' of the Mississippi, to
southern Brazil.

E.A.CLES IMPEFil^LIS (Urtiry).

\\'\. XVIII, fig. 5.)

Phalsena (Attacus) imperialh Drury, Illustr. Exot. Ent., I, p. 17 (App. II), pi. !), figs. 1, 2. 1770.

Bomlii/x imperial is Fabricus, Species Ins. II, 181, 62, 17S1; Mant. Ins., II, 116, 79. 1787. Ent. Syst., Ill, I,

p. 435, No. 89. 179.3.— G.MELiN, Edit. Linn. Syst. Nat., I, 5, 2417, .510.— Stoll, Suppl. Cramer, ji. 178,

Tab. 42, fig. 1. 1790.
Phalieixi impenitoria Abbot and S.mith, Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 109, Tab. 55. 1797.
Bomhyx didyma Be.\ivois, Ins. Africa .\m^r., p. 52, Tab. 20. 1805.
Faciei iiiiperatoria Hf bxer, Verzeichniss Sclimett., p. 153. 1818-1822.
Ceraiocampa imperialls, H.\rris, Cat. Ins. ^lass.. Appendix to Hitchcock's Geology Mass., p. 592. 1834.

Second edit. 1855. — Westhood, Edit. Drury III. Exot. Ent., 1, p. 17, pi. 9, fig. 1, 2. 1837. — Harris,

Rep. Inj. Ins. Mass., p. 287. 1.S41. Tliinl edit., fig. 196, 197. 1862.— Du.ncax, Naturalists' Libr., XXXII,

p. 161, pi. 17, fig. 1. 1841.
Eacles imperialls Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., VI, p. 1371. 1855. — Pai kakd, Proe. Ent. Sue. Pliil.,

Ill, p. 381. Nov., 1864. *

Bagilona imperialls Boisduval, Annales Soc. Eut. France (4), VIII, p. 318. 1868.
Eacles imperialls Grote, List Lep. N. Amer., I, p. xiii. Sept., 1868; New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 20.

May, 1882.
Ceratocaiiipa {Basilona) imperialis Bur.meister, Descr. pliys. Rep. Argentine, V, p. 489. 1878; Atlas p. 46,

PI. .x.x, fig. 2. 1879.
Eacles imperi'ills Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer. Lep. Het., II, p. 412. Sept., 1897.
var. 7J!mc/(((/.«.?(nia Nevmoegen, Eut. News, II, p. 150. 1891.
var. nobllis, Nei'moege.n, 1. c, p. 150. 1891.
Basilona imperialls Neu'moegen and Dvar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, II, p. 151. Dec, 1894.
Eacles imperialls BEiTEXMiJLLER, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., X, p. 442. 1898.
Basilona imperialis Dv.\R, List. N. Amer. Lep., p. 76. 1902.

Larra.

(Pis. IX, XXVII. XXVIIl.)

Abbot and Smith, Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 709, Tab. 55. 1797.

Harris, Treatise Inj. Ins. Mass., third edit., p. 403, fig. 197. 1862.

Llntner, 24th Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 150. 1870.

Packard, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc Phil., XXXI, p. 157, all stages, pi. vi. 189.3.

Felt, 7th Rep. Forest, etc, Comni. N. Y.. pi. 13, fig. 1. 1903.

Imago. — 3 ,? 2 9 . Head and thorax in front yellow. Body behind and wings bright yellow,
marked with pale lilac. Disk of thora.K and at insertion of the wings pale lilac.

Fore wings yellow, with distinct basal and extrabasal pale lilac lines. In two $ the space
between the basal line and insertion of the wing is filled in with lilac, but in the 9 it is clear; the
line is bi'oad and deeply zigzag. Two round spots near the middle of the wing, one discal,
the other smaller and situated between the discal spot and the costa: each with the center paler.
Extradiscal line broad, distinct, scalloped on the inner edge, slightly incurved, beginning on the
outer third of the inner edge of the wing and ending on the apex; in some males the space
between this line and the outer edge of the wing is more or less filled in with pale lilac.

Hind wings like the fore wings in color, distinctly speckled with round or elongated dots
and strigffi; base of wing either clear, so that the broad basal zigzag line is distinct, or the line

120 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

and all within makes a lilac patch. A single discal spot, ])aler at the center: the extradiscal
line passes Aeiy near it; it is closely wrinkled or zigzag. The outer edge of the wing is cleai- in
all the specimens.

lender side of the wings all yellow; clearer tiian al)ove, and either no lines or only faint
traces of the extradiscal on tht> fore wings; the other being reduced and small. A triangular
lilac patch on the margin.

There is a great disparity in size, though not in markings between the two sexes, and in
markings it presents considerable variation. In size the Mexican female, reared in Providence,
K. I., from a pupa which I collected at Cordova, Mexico, in the "Tierra Caliente," exceeded
any United States specimen seen by me.

Expanse of the fore wings, ^90-110 mm.; 9 155 mm. Length of a single fore wing,
£ J:U-5i! mm. ; ? 75 mm. Breadth of a single fore wing, S 21-30 mm. ; ? 38 nnn. Length of
a hind wing. S 28-35 mm.; $ 50 mm. Breadth of a hind wing, <? 22-27 nun.: 9 38 mm.

The eggs were received from Mr. James Angus, and the larvEC hatched from them reared
in Maine, so that their development, owing to the cooler climate, may have been less rapid than
in New York, where the eggs were laid.

li'f/g. — Length, 3 mm.; breadth, 2.<;i mm.; thickness, 2 mm. Flattened elliptical, each end
alike, white, with an equatorial, smooth, distinct ridge. The shell is white, the surface under a
high-power triplet is seen to be finely pitted, the pits being shallow and not closely crowded.
Under a half-inch objective the pits are seen to be shallow, and not often with a detinite raised
edge; often there is a boss or bead in the center. Arising from the spaces between the bosses
are slender, short, very minute hairs, originating from a swollen base. Under a one-fifth objec-
tive, as well as a one-half and a triplet, I can not distinguish between the microscopic structui-e
and markings of the eggs of i)iij>er!alis and regalis.

The freshly hatched larvx. — Some were seen drawing themselves out of the shell June 3() at
noon. Length in a few minutes after hatching, 7-8 mm.; width of head, 1.5 mm. The tubercles
and spines become erect before the larva entirely deserts the shell.

The head is large and full, smooth, shining, nearly twice as wide as the body behind the
middle, but the prothoracic segment is nuu-h wider than the body; the prothoi-acic segment is
above of the same color as, and the sui-face shines like the head. The l)ody is pale chestnut, with
a slight pinkish tint. All the spines ai'e, before it entirely leaves the egg, shining jet-black; the
five longest ones (four thoracic and one median alidominal) bearing white hairs, the end hairs on
all the shorter ones being black." The thoracic segments are without transverse dark stripes,
but on each of abdominal segments 1-7 there are three transverse, distinct, conspicuous, black
dorsal stripes; the first one in the front of the spines is broken, and wanting on the first abdom-
inal segment, but the two behind are unl>roken and extend a little below the position of the spir-
acles. The spiracles are hard to detect, as they are situated on an oblong or fourth transverse
black l)and l)etween the two lateral spiracles. The eighth and last two segments are not banded.
The large anal legs are edged w ith black behind. The thoracic legs are black.

There are four spines on each side of the prothoi'acic segment, all of very unequal length: the
lowest one minute and l)ifid; the one in front of the spiracle stumpy and ending in five slender,
papilliform, piliferous tubercles. The subdorsal one is much longer and forked, while the two
dorsal ones are verj' long and slender, about as long as the head is broad and deeply forked, each
fork bearing a bristle. The two dorsal tubercles on the second and third tlwracic segments are

" " I am always amazed at tlie difference in experiences. This morning I watched a set of E. imjierialin hateli, and
in every instani* the seta> of the tulierdes were white for several minutes after the larva had left the egg, except
those of the four tubercles over the head, which were 1 ilai-k before hatching, and could he seen through the shell clearly.

" The rapid growth of the long "horns," after leaving the shell, was most interesting. In five minutes they were
of normal size, but half an hour was needed to give them the shining black color; in some cases longer.

"After watching them I looked up this point in your pamphlet on Cenitocampidue, and saw how your experience
differed. Then I went liack to my remaining eggs and watched the process fi'om the moment the egg was liroken,
hoping to find some agreeing with yours, but none would. I had a 15-diameter magnifier, and could see clearly." —
Miss Caroline G. Soule in a letter.

MEMOIRS OF Till-: NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 121

eno?'mouj<f 1/ hnuj mid I'l'vy sli'iidci^ beiiiii- about hall' a.s lony as tlic liody. Tlicy arc decplv fiirkcd.
each foi-k loiij^- and sUmuIcm-, and l)earin>i- a long- bristlo. The tiiborcle.s on alxluiiiinal seirinontts
1-7 ai'o small and .short, of nearly e(iual liMiyth, siniplo except those of the infraspii'ai'ulaf I'ow,
which are deeply forked. The sinj;le median tubercle on the eighth abdominal seiiuierit is
remarkably lonj;' and slender, about two-thirds as lono- as the thoracic ones. There is also a single
iiivdian furlied inhercle on, the ninth segnumtj not half a.s long, however, as the one directly in
front. The siiranal plate hears at the end tuw hmg ;fire-l)ranehed piliferous tuhereh's. All the
tub(>rcles are of nearly the same color as the body: the five longest ones, however, a little
brownish near and at the I'ud.

The four middle pairs of alxlominal legs are shining black externally on the outer half; other-
wise they are concoloroiis with the body.

The following description is drawn up from .some larvie at the end of stage J, living October
9 or 10 and reared by ]Mr. Bridghani; they were about T mm. in length, and had been kept for a
number of days, and died before molting. The head is large, full and rounded, smooth and
shining honey -yellow; nearly twice a.s wide as the body (actual width, 1..5 mm.), rounded above
on the apex; the eyes and mouth parts black; labrum whitish. The body is ocherous. The
prothoracic segment is very In'oad and flariiig in front, nearly as wide as the head, bearing ten
black spines, of which the two dorsal ones are about as long as the body is thick, each bearing
three or four small, .short tubercles, and ending in a long fork, each branch bearing a long seta,
which is white at the base. The sul>dorsal spines are a little less than half as long and large as
the dorsal ones. The dorsal second and third thoracic horns are very long and large, being
nearly twice as long as the middle of the body is thick; the stalks are knotted (not tuberculated)
and deeply forked at the end; each fork thick and ending in a seta. Those on the third segment
are slightly shorter, with a smaller fork than the two on the second thoracic segment. Each
abdominal segment is provided with six l>lack spines; the two dorsal ones about half as long as
the body is thick, with two or three minute warts; they are forked at the end. the lower fork
small, about as long as the spine is thick, and not bearing a seta, while the other fork or tine is
directed oblicjuely upward.

The spines of the next row outside (su])dorsal) are small and simple, while the lateral row near
the base of the legs is composed of branched spines nearly as large as the dorsal ones, and with
each branch ending in a long seta. The caudal spine on the eighth abdominal segment is nearly
as large as those on the second and third thoracic segments, but with a smaller fork, each ending
in a seta. There is a median dorsal spine on the ninth .segment, about one-half as long and large
as that on the eighth, with three branches, the two terminal forming an uneven fork. Thei-e is
no distinct suranal plate, only a subtriangular flattened area bearing along the edge six black spines
of very uneipial size. Around abdominal segments 1-7 is a double, black band, and the lateral
and subdorsal spines on these segments are connected by a black band, also inclosing the spiracles,
these short bands alternating with long ))ands passing over the liody. The thoracic legs are
black; the abdominal legs dull ocherous, with a large, black patch covering the outside. The
anal legs are rather large and square, ocherous, the hinder edge pitchy red.

It mav l)e obser\'ed that the median dorsal spines on the eighth and ninth abdominal seg-
ments are forked like those of Iltjperehiria in.

Stage II. — July 10. 11. Length, 13-15 mm. The head is as wide as the thoracic segments
(exact width. 2 mm.); it is chestnut brown, a little darker on the sides above the eyes and on the
ch'peal region. The .spines on the prothoracic segment are much as before, Ind xtmitx-r and
shorter. The dorsal spines on the second and third thoracic segments are nuich as before, hut not
quite .«r; dtephj furled ; they are dusky aml)er wax at the base, and black beyond; they are irregu-
lai'ly spinose fi'om base to tip; each folk l)ears a white hair. All fhi i>ther.y>ines are hlact:. The
"caudal horn" on eighth abdominal segment is .stouter at base, the trunk with larger, longer, and
more numerous >pinules. which end in a l)ristle which is not present in stage I; it is still evenly
forked.

122 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The subdorsal spines are now miu'li shorter than before and simple and eonieal; while the
lateral series, instead of being nearly as lontf as the dorsal ones and deeply forked, are short and
stout, ending in three short, stout, piliferous spines.

The body is now dull chestnut, with dusky diseolorations. but irithmit the decided hhicl'
handle and tijxits af st(i<je I. the body being decidedly darker. The black spiracles are surrounded
by a difl'use black ring. The thoracic legs are black; the middle abdominal legs jet-black outside,
on a chitinized portion; the anal legs are of the color of beeswax, with a jet-black spot or wart
at the tip, and a dusky patch on the sides; these Itlack plates are lan/cr mid hmyer than in stage I.

The descriptions of stages III and IV were drawn up from a series i-eared at my request hj
the late Mr. S. Lowell Elliott and preserved in alcohol; the colors are described from a set of
drawings by Mr. Bridgham. Mr. Elliott observed five stages.

Stage III. — (Preserved the third day after the .second molt.) Length, od mm.: width of the
head, 3 mm. The head is narrow, about one-half as wide as the second and third thoracic seg-
ments; chestnut brown, with two pale, longitudinal bands in front, each band ending at the base
of the pale antenna?. TIte two dorsal xpuies on thr jii'othoracic xegiaent are much shorter than in
stage II, with much .stouter lateral spinules, and with shorter forks at the tip, and the .spines on
the trunk are shorter. The two second thoracic dor,sal spines are a little stouter than before,
but are nearly as in stage II. and are spinulated in the same way; thej' are i.o mm. in length;
they are pale on the basal half and dark brown on the distal half; the corresponding spines on
the third thoracic segment are a little shorter. The dormi and lateral Kpines on (didominal
segments 1-7 are much smaller in proportion than in stage II, the dorsal spine being still unevenly
forked. The "caudal horn" on the eighth segment is now 3 mm. in length, and is still regularly
forked as before. The corresponding single median. spi?ie on the ninth segment is minute and
much smaller than hefore. The two larger spines on the suranal plate are smallrr than hefore,
each bearing four spines, and behind these on the edge of the plate are four minute conical
spines; the plate is regularly rounded behind; it is dark brown in the middle, with paler rounded
granulations. On the side of the anal legs is a similarly ornamented distinct, narrou\ triangular
field not developed in stage II. The middle abdominal legs are tipped with black as before. The
body is more hairy than l)efore.

The general hue of the body is at lirst pale yellowish brown (raw sienna), with a large pale
area around the dark spiracles. There are no distinct markings. Toward the end of the stage
the body in those feeding on white pine becomes decidedly reddish, and in fact the color varies
from violet through all shades of golden brown and orange purple to black. The horns are ro.sy-
red at base; there is a broad, pale, diffuse, subdorsal band on each side and the dark .spiracles are
rendered very conspicuous by the broad yellowish ring around them.

Fig. 3. — Armature of Hades imperial is. Stage I. a, a dorsal prothoracic spine; h, a sub-
dorsal prothoracic spine; c, a dorsal spine of the second thoracic segment; d, a dorsal spine of
the third thoracic segment; (% the lirst abdominal segment, side view, showing the anterior and
posterior black Vjand, and the position of the dorsal, subdorsal, and infraspiracular spines with
the spiracle; /", the suranal plate, in part, bearing the anterior .spine, ending in four setiferous
tubercles and the two smaller, .simple spines at the end of one side of the plate; g, the "caudal
horn"' or medio-dor.sal forked spine of the eighth uromere, seen partly from the side; g' , end of
the same, seen from in front, showing the two forks; A, one of the dorsal spines on the ninth
uromere. All drawn with the camera to the same scale.

Fig. If.. — Armature of Eacles imperialis. Stage II. a, end of one of the dorsal jnothoracic
"horns;" 5, one of the dorsal second thoracic "horns;" c, the "caudal horn," or medio-dor.sal
spine on the eighth uromei'e. Stage III. d. one of the second thoracic " horns;" f', the "caudal
horn" or medio-dor.sal spine of the eighth uromere. All drawn with the camera to the same
scale.

Stage TV. — (Four days after the third molt.) Length, 40 nmi.; width of the head, 4.-5 mm.
The characters of the full-grown larva are now nearly assumed. The head is, in one specimen,
twice banded with pale j'ellowish in front, in another the l)ands are nearlj' obsolete and the head

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

123

almost oiitiivly thirk chostmit. The two dorsul prothoracic tubercles are now very short, not so
hig-h as broad, and end in a jiroup of rounded conical spinules; those on the side of tlie same

Fig. 16.— Armature of Eacks impcrialis.

segment having the same general .shape. T/ie second and third thoi'acic segments, with the dorsal
horns, now much as in the fidl-grou-n larm, though a little slenderer; length, 5 mm.; they are

124 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

more curved than before and directed backward and provided with numerous dense conical tuber-
cles; they are pale j-ellowish at base, and rosj' on the distal half, becoming black at the tip, which
is still regularly forked: the two pairs are of the same shape and length. The abdominal dorsal
spines are much stouter and shorter in proportion than in stage III. The subdorsal (supraspi-
racular) spines are simple, conical: the lateral (infraspii-acular) spines are very short, and com-
posed of four spines. The "caudal spine" (single median dorsal spine on eighth abdominal
segment) /•« nov much stouter, more conical than l/efore; '2. .5 nun. m length and furnished with
crowded spines, liut still ending in a regular fork. The suranal plate is as before, but the spines
are shorter, and the exterior of the anal legs are ornamented as before.

The hairs arc now long and ahundanf, some of the dorsal ones longer than the body is thick.
The spiracles are very conspicuous, each being surrounded b}- a broad green ring, outside of
which is a yellowish ring, which is margined with yellowish })rown. The bodv is dark umber-
brown; the reddish spines and the spiracles, as well as the reddish edges of the suranal plate and
anal legs, decidedly contrasting with the dark hue of the body. The color of the spiracles varies
in different individuals, being sometimes mostly white or green or red. Also the yellow color
around it is sometimes large and of different width, sometipies Ijeing reduced to a line.

The last stage differs from stage IV in the shorter dorsal horns and caudal horn, those on
the sides also being decidedly shorter, and the anal legs are larger, with a wider dai'k granulated
area on the sides, and the body is much thicker and heaviei', while the head is pale.

Last (Jifth) sfcu/e. — Length. 1(> cent. (Described from one living on the choke cherry.)
Head one-half as wide as the body: width. 7 mm.; deep gamboge-yellow, and green on the side;
a double, deep-black frontal line extending from the vertex, diverging below so as to leave a
median yellowish line on the upper division of the clypeus. The front division of the cl3'peus
(clypeus anterior), the anteiuue. and the base of the jaws yellowish. The thoracic legs and the
horns on the second and third thoracic segments and the anal legs with the suranal plate are all
of the same color, /. t.. deep shining gamboge-j'ellow. The general color of the body in the
green individuals is a delicate pea-green (more usually the individuals are brf)wn or tawney),
varying from the shade of the upper side of the cherry leaf to that of the under side, being paler
above along the back and especially on the sutui'es than on the sides. The hairs are long and
slender and whitish, most of the dorsal ones as long as the body is thick. There is a prothoracic
plate of the same green hue as the body. l)ut with yellowish edges. Of the four horns on the
second thoracic segment, the outer ones are half as long as the inner or dorsal ones, which are
4.5 nun. in length; those of the third thoracic segment are of the same size as those on the
second. I'here are four similar l)ut nnich smaller dorsal and subdorsal horns on each of the
alidi)Hiinal segments (but they are shorter and more regularly conical than in stage IV). those
on each segment being of the same size, the two dorsal ones being almost three times as large as
the suixlorsal ones, each dorsal one bearing tiiree terminal spines. Those on the thoracic seg-
ments are tul)erculated. ending in a fork. On the eighth alidominal segment is a median dorsal
horn, now shorter in proportion than in stage IV. small and short, length 2 mm., nearly twice
as large as the other dorsal ones in front, tuberculated and slightly forked at the end. but not
so regularly forked as in stage II. There is a minute median one on the ninth segment, and
two minute lateral ones on each side of the segment. The spiracles are very large and conspicuous,
yellow with an outer ring of very dark green, which is edged on each side with paler green;
those on the prothoracic segment are without the deep green outer ring. The suranal plate is
resfularlv triano-ular. gambooe-vellow. with a swollen, routrh. coarselv gi'anulated edge, within

ft. OO'^. ft »ft ft^

which the surface is black, with yellow coarse granulations. A similar nari-ow triangular plate
on the anal legs. The middle abdominal legs dark pea-green, with a deep ocher-yellow tranverse
band above the black plaiita.

For a careful description of the egg and the larva in its tirst four stages see Dr. J. A.
Lintner's Ent. Contr., II, 150. His larvse molted four times, and he thought from the small size
of the specimens after the fourth molt that there might be a fifth one.

The lifth and last stage differs from stage IV in the shorter dorsal horns and caudal horn;

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 125

the tuhoivlosoii the .sidos of thi' body also boin<;- dt'cidcdly ^ihortci-. wliilr tlic iiiiul Icf^s are larger,
with a wider, dark, granuhited area on the outside. Tiie body is also thicker and heavier, while
the head is paler.

It is noticeable that in tlii-- form, us in the Attaciiia", there is a great increase from one
stage to another in the size or l)ulk of the body, while the head does not increase in a correspond-
ing ratio.

SUMMAUY OK TJIE CHIEF ONTOGENETIC FEATURES.

A. — Congen ital churttctcrs.

1. In stage I there are three pairs of very long dorsal deeply forked thoracic horns, nearly
half as long as the body.

2. A similar median spine on the eighth abdominal segment, with one about half as long
on the ninth.

?). The abdominal segments are transversely banded with black.

4. The lateral spines on the abdominal segments bitid and nearly as large as the subsimple
dorsal ones.

5. Body pale chestnut brown; head light reddish.

6. The spiracles minute and difficult to detect, as they are situated in one of the transverse
black bands.

B. — Evolution of later adaj>tatiimal c/ifiracter,^.

1. The forks of the larger dorsal spines disappear at the end of sta,ge III.

2. The dorsal thoracic spines become recurved in stage III.

3. The dorsal thoracic and caudal horns become much shorter and stouter in stage IV, when
the characters of stage V (and last) arc nearly assumed.

4. In stage II the dor.sal spines on the prothoracic segment begin to grow shorter and stouter.

5. In stage II the large horns begin to he less deeply forked.

6. The transverse black stripes disappear at the end of stage II.

7. The dorsal and lateral spines on abdominal segments 1-7 are much smaller in proportion
in stage III than in stage II.

8. Toward the end of stage III the colors of the body become more conspicuous and variable.

9. In stage III the spii-acles become particolored and very conspicuous.

10. The dorsal thoracic and the caudal horn become much shorter in stage IV, and not
forked at the tip.

11. The hairs become long and abundant in stage IV.

12. The bodv in stage IV becomes much stouter and heavier than before, while the head has
not greatly gained in size proportionally.

Food jjlants. — Oak, button wood, bass wood, maple, honey locust, wild cherry, sweet gum,
sassafras, elm, sycamore, beech, chestnut elder, horn beam, birch, alder, white pine, spruce,
cedar, cypress, juniper, (BeutenmiiUer). Sometimes injurious to trees, in Central Park, New
York (E. B. South wick).

JTi(hit--<. — The transformations of this moth were first described by Harris, but the earlier
staii-es were tirst fuUv described by Mr. Lintner in his Entomological Contributions No. II.
Though usually feeding on the white pine in the New England States, where we have seen it in
the breeding cages of entomological friends, it also feeds on the oak, button wood, etc., and will
eat the leaves of the chestnut. It is too rare to be of any economical importance, but will always
attract the attention of lovers of fine, rather rare insects. The moth laj-s its eggs in the northern
States late in June, hatching in about a week or ten days; the lar\ a, according to Lintner, molting
at least four if not five times. A local name for it in Rhode Island is "custard moth."

I have found the pupa at Cordova, Mexico, in March. Iniricd in the earth.

Viirii-tiix: ]\Ir. Doll has kindly shown me a vai'iety of the lai'va from Brandt Lake, in the
Adirondacks, in which the body is green. The Adirondacks larva has longer, more prominent

126 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

spines than Brooklyn specimens, and they are white and conspicuous. In the penultimate
stage, with a length of 35 mm., the spines are also a little longer and slenderer than in normal
E. imperUdiif of the same stage. It might be added that normal E. iinju'riulh larv.e vary in the
size of the spines of the infraspiracular series; in one example they arc nearly obsolete, and in
another thej^ are well developed. It is well figured by Mr. Joutel on Plate XV.

Beutenmiiller states that \\\v. junirtntimina is an aberration probal)ly produced b^' cold.

In the Neumoegen collection of the museum of the Brooklyn Institute there is an Eacles
from the City of Mexico which differs from E. iinjirrlalis in the extradiscal line of the fore
winfs being near the outer edge, the line being perfectly straight and tirm, not scalloped. Both
wings are suffused with reddish brown, and the outer edge of the wings of both pairs partly
reddish, not lilac red as in ?J. lmperialu\ the costa is straight and the apex acute. Expanse of
fore wings, 112 mm. It may prove to be a form or local variety of E. nnperlalh^ and seems to
resemble Schaus's E. manoni.

Oeographical distrihut'ion. — It has not yet been found north of Massachusetts and' southern
New Hampshire: Claremont. N. H. (F. H. Foster); Cambridge, Mass. (Harris); Providence, K. I.
(H. L. Clark, J. Bridgham, Deardon); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); Ithaca, N. Y. (Slingcrland);
New York City (Joutel); Pennsylvania (Strecker); New Jersey, "usually common throughout
the State," Newark in July (Smith); Cohmilms, Ohio (Tallant); Springfield. Alton. 111. (Riley);
St. Louis, Mo. (Riley); Cordova, Mexico (Packard); Jalapa (Druce). Race iiohiU.s, Texas
(Neumoegen).

Pri/>a. — S and 9 . (PI. LVI, figs. 5, 5rt.) Body much thicker than in Adelocephala and
Anisota, but the head and thoracic region less full and rounded; the abdominal sutures also less
deeply impressed.

The little spines on the vertex and front of the head are smaller and farther apart than in
Adelocephala and Anisota. The i anteiin;e are wider beyond the middle, i. e., on their distal
half, than in the two genera named. The maxilUe form a triangular space nearly four times as
long as broad, while in the two al)ovo-mentioned genera they form together a nearly equilateral
triangle. The S cremaster is stouter, a little shorter, and less deeply forked than in Adelo-
cephala and Anisota, while tlie end of the body is much smoother and less coarsely punctured.
The ? cremaster is a little stouter, with much coarser graiuilations or bosses, and the spines
near the base are longer than in the S .

There is a group of 6-8 spines on each side of the prothoracic tergum, l)ehind the insertion
of the antenna\ which are not present in the two other genera mentioned in which a group of
such spines arise from the vertex of the head itself between the l)ase of the antenna-. The iiind
edge of the antenute spinose, but the spines are shorter than in Anisota; on the front edge is a
series of slight, low, nearly obsolete spines.

Length of S. 3ti— 1(» nun.; thickness of the body, l-l-lo nun. Length of $ (the large
Mexican one), 6o mm.: thickness, 19-20 mm.

E:^VCI..E;S C^CICXJS (Boiscluval).

Bamlona cacicus Boisbuval, Annales Soc. Ent. France (4'"" ser. ), YIII, p. 318. 1868.

Eacks cacicm Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1375. 1855.— Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 743. 1892.

BasUona imperiiilis Burmeister, Deser. Phys. Rep. Argentine, Atlas, p. 46, PI. xx, fig. 2. 1879.

Lm-ra.

(PI. XVII, fig. 2.)
Biirmeiifler, PI. XX, fig. 2.

Boisduval states that this species is very near E. impetnalis. but that the female is much
larger. The fore wings of the male are much more pointed and a little falcate; the rose color is
replaced by brown, which reflects violaceous tints; the ring-like spot is accompanied toward the
costa 1>y a dot of the same hue. Tlie thorax is of the .same brown as the l)ase of the wings. The
female offers more decided differences; besides its greater size it is without the Itrown tint at
the base of the fore wings, this being replaced by a sinuous basal line.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SOIENCES. 127

W;ilki>r stiitcs tliiit tlu'i'e i.s in the ? a .slender ziivzajj' reddish biuid near the outer border.
Expanse of winys, 5*2 lines.

1 iiad supposed that this was prolnibly oidy a eliniatic variety of /'/. iiiipi'ri((lin, but on an
examination of \\w lai'va and pujia preserved in the Canil)ridge Museum, and kindly loaned nie
l)y Mr. S. Henshaw. 1 tiiid that there are differences in both. larva and pupa, which appear to be
most probably constant. If so. then K. ravicuK is probaliiy the stern-form inhabiting' Brazil, the
probable center of origin of the genus, and our Central and North American K. iiDper'uilis is
probably a later diniatic species, its specitic characters having been assumed as the result of its
exposure to a cooli>r. more northern climate.

Lii'rr,.—{\>\. XVII. tigs. i^. 2 A. 2 R. Copied from Hurmeister.)

An alcoholic specimen difl'ers from a Idown example of K. 'imperhtlh from New Yoi-k in
its nuich larger size. The head is dark, as was probably thc^ body, as in Burmeister''s iigure.
The dark head is j'ellowish brown on the sides. Prothoracic shield and armature just as in
E. imperialism the vestigial spines low, not nearly so high as broad. The most marked difference
is seen in the dorsal and subdorsal second and third thoracic horns and in the caudal horn.
They are in E. aic'ciis venj hnuj ntul slender, and the spinules are Jine and slender, acute, not
course, thick, and short as in E. tinperialis. The horns are also slenderer at base and not sub-
conical as in E. iniji, ri(d is. -incX are considei'ably longer in proportion. (See PI. XLVIII, fig. 4.)

Another decided difference is the ecjuality in size of the horns of the dorsal and sul)dorsal
series (///) in E. eacicus; in this species those of the subdorsal series are slightly thicker, but
very slightly shorter, than the dorsal ones, while in E. hnpertalis they are about a third as long
and scarcely higher tlian broad; they bear al)out 1:2 spinules, which are not short, l)road, and
crowded together, as in E. iinjierialis, being on the contraiy slender and delicate, very acute.
The caudal horn (tig. 4, e) is also longer and higher, less curved, thick at the l)ase, and with
scattered, slender spiiudes.

The body is very hairy, densely so. the hairs l^eing pal(> horn-colored and rather longer
than in the most hairy E. impierlalix. The suranal plate armed with granulations, which are
crowded as in E. !in)>erialis, but coarser and rounde(h Anal leg with somewhat crowded
granulations, which are larger and more roundinl than in /f. itnperialis.

Burmeister states that the spines are roiuje eunrune, but those of our E. hnperiaUs are
always dark brown or yellow. The ground color of the body varies according to Burmeister in
being of a clear green or of an obscure graj'ish brown. We infei'. therefore, that dichromatism
occurs in the South .\merican larva as well as in its representative in North America.

The stigmata of E. cacieus are carmine red with a white ring (eeinturc). The abdominal
legs are marked with a large lacquered red spot above the planta.

Burmeister, stating that Boisduval gives to the North American type, which is smaller and
clearer in color, the name of hnperialix, and to the South American that of .1. enc/eits, adds that
the individuals from Buenos Ayres resemble the North American form in size and color, with
some ap])arent modifications in ornamentation, bringing it nearer the Brazilian t3'pe. "This
form is known under the name of B<tsil<iii(i (or Crenadia) 'v^wcrt." (Atlas, p. -tC.)

Pupa. — Length. ti5 nnu.; thickness, io nnn. (PI. LVI, figs. 6, t>«). It differs from that of
E. iinperialis in the longei' maxilla^ and legs. The labi'um is more distinct; the head in front
le.ss rugose, but elsewhere, namely on the wings and bodv, the surface is more spinose (compare
figs. 5 and 6 and ha with 6«). The hinder edges of the posterior abdominal segments are much
more spinose, the teeth or spines on the hind edge of the sixth abdominal segment being longer
than thick, and acute. The cremaster is smooth on the under side, whereas in the S of E. iinperialis
there are longitudinal ridges; on the upper side it does not speciallj' differ from the other species
named. The armature on abdominal segments 8-10 is much as in E. iaqierialix.

Food plantx. — In Brazil, according to Burmei.ster, it lives on different plants; he found it at
Rio de Janeiro on Manglfera indica, at Buenos Ayres on ErytJtrina crista galli.

Geoijrapliical divtrihutiem. — Rio Janeii-o (.Vgassiz, Museum of Comp. Zoology, C'aml)ridge,
Mass.); Rio Janeiro (British Museum); Brazil (Beske in Boisduval).
Vol. 9—05 9

128 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

EACLES PEISTELOPE (Cramer).

Attactm penelope Cramer, Papillons exot. I, p. 70, PI. XLV, fig. A. 1774.

Elides penelojie HvB>iER, Verzeichniss Sehmett, p. 153. 1818-1822.

Lonomia penehipe Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. VII, p. 1766. 1856.

Bcwlona ducalis Boisduval, Annales Soc. Ent. France {4me ser. ) VIII, p. 319. 1868.

JSacles ducalis Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. VI, p. 1374. 1855.

Eades penelope Peters, Die Heteroceren-Raupen, p. 9, larva. Tab. Ill, fig. 7. (189S)-1901.

Basiloaa penelope TivRitEi^TER, Descr. Phj'. Rep. Argentine, Atlas, p 46, P!. xx, fig. 1. 1S79.

Bunneister giv'e.s an excellent figure and description of the larva. (See our PI. XVII. fig. 1.)

Peters describes the larva, which seems to be a true Eacles, having no spines on the pro-
thdi-acic segment, but low tubercles instead, the dorsal and caudal horns being short and stout — as
having a violet dorsal line bordered with white. It is peculiar in having yellow wart-like out-
growths on the anal legs and suranal plate (At'terklappe).

Food plant. — It lives on Melastomew, also on the guava [Pisidium poiiiifei'iiin), one of the
Myrtaceae. •

Geographical distrihutlon. — This species does not occur near Rio, and only inhabits the high-
lands, also occurring in the more southern states of Brazil. Cramer records it from Surinam.

The moth entirely differs from E. imperkdif! and jiuiijnijica, in the male sex.

SPECIES NOT SEEN BY ME.

Eades ormondei Schaus, Ent. Amer. V, p. 192, 9 1889; Jnurn. N. Y. Ent. Soc, IV, p. 154, g. 1896.— Drucb,
Biol. Centr.-Anier. Lep. Het. II, p. 413. Tab. lxxix, fig. 10, $. Sept., 1897.

Judging irom Druce's figure this species differs from E. imperkdls in rather slight features.
The wings are of the same shape, the spots and l)ands in the same position. Perhaps it will be
found to be a local variation of E. hiipvi'kdh.

It occurred in Coatepec and Orizaba, Mexico (Schaus).

Eades masoni Schaus, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. IV, p. 1.54. Dec, 1896. — Dkuce, Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. Het.
II, p. 413. Tab. LXXIX, fig. 9, S- Sept., 1897.

This also appears to me, judging from Druce's figure of Mr. Schaus's type, to be a local
form or variation of E. imperialu. The fore wings are more acute than in E. ormondei., but
E. iiiiper/al is vnvies in this respect. The outer edge of the hind wings is dull brown and the fore
wings more suffused with brown ocherous than usual. Tiie discal spots of both wings are
situated much as in 7^ iiiij>i'rialis and are of the same size and color. Orizaba, Mexico (Schaus).
Eades maz/nijica Druce, Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. Het. I, p. 169. Tab. 15, fig. 13, $. II, p. 412. Sept., 1897.

This is truly a magnificent form, but yet I am inclined, judging only from Druce's figure,
to suppose that it may prove to be but a local variety of E. ii/ijiir/'al/s, unless it prove to be
E. caclcus. The shape of the wings is the same; the discal spots and lines and patches of
purplish on both wings are almost identical with a smaller male from Pennsylvania.

Druce records it from Cordova, Durango City, Mexico; Chontalcs, Nicaragua; Joyabaj,
Guatemala, and also the city of Guatemala; Volcan do Chirique, Panama; San Pedro Sula, British
Honduras; Para. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Argentine Repul)lic and Paraguay.

CITHERO>.'^I^ Hiibiier.

(Pis. XVIII, XIX, XX.)

Bombj/x Fabricics, Ent. Syst, III (1), p. 436. 1793.

Plialat'iia .\hbot and S.Mrrn, Lep. Ins. Georgia. 1797.

Citheroiiia (Eacles pt.) Huhner, Verzeichniss Sehmett. , p. 153. 1818-1822.

Ceracampa Kirby ami Spence, Intr. Entomology, II, p. 235, III, p. 179. 1828.

Ceraioeampa (Ceracampa Kirby) IlARRLsCat. Ins. Mass., p. 591. 1834; Ibid., Hitchcock's Rep. Geology of Mass.,

pp. 72, 592. 18.35; Rep. Inj. Ins. Mass., p. 287. 1841; tliird edit., p. 399. 1862.— West wood. Edit.

Drury, 111. Exot. Ins.
Dorijcampa (in part) Duncan, Nat. Libr. Exot. M'oths, p. 158. 1S41.
Eades (in part) Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1370. 18.55.

MEMOIRS OF TIIK NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 129

Citherouia PArKAUi), I'roo. ICiit. Scic. I'liil., Ill, ji.SSl, Xdv. 18li4. — (iuiiTK ami Ron., Prof. Knt. 8oc. Phil.,

IV, p. 222, April. 1805; Annals Lycvuni Nat. Hist. N. Y., Vlll, p. 2!», PI. XII, %. 1 i. IStifi.

Ceratocampa Boismv.M,, Annales Soc. Knt. France {4""'S(?r. ), VIII, p. 310. 1868. — Bur.meister, Dcscr. Phys.
Rop. Argentine, V, Ix'p. p. 48t). 1878.

Cithcrtiiiia and iSiic/c.s- Kirhy, Syn. Cat. I>ep. Het. I, p. 742. 1892.

Cilhcro)iin NEiMOKtiKN and Dvah, .I.inrn. \. V. Knt. Sor. II, p. 1.50, Dec. 1894. — Pyar, List Lep. N. A., p.
76. 1902.

Imago. — Head broad in trout, suhtrianoular wlion denuded; ej^e.s larjje and round. Antennae
of S bipcctinated to a little beyond tlie nikldle; the pectinations shorter, stouter, and more
densely ciliated than in Eacle.s and le.ss numerous (IS double pairs); in ? .simple, but with tine,
minute, vestigial peetinations, a single pair to each joint.

Palpi stout, moderately large, slightly ascending, extending slightly or well beyond (in
C. sepulcral is) the front; the third joint distinct, button-like. Ma.xilhe minute, but distinct,
though very short, scarcely reaching beyond the palpi. Thorax and body stout and heavy,
sphingiform.

Fore wings narrow, apex jn'olonged, subacute; costa nearly straight to the apex, which is
subacute; outer edge very oblique, as long as the inner edge. In 9 the wings are much broader,
and the apex more obtuse. Hind wings rounded at the apex, but more produced in this region
than in Eacles, and the wing is more subtriangular. They do not extend so far toward the end
of. the abdoiuen as in P^acles. Legs not so stout and thick as in Eacles, and the tibial spur of the
S is not quite so broad; it is a little more than half as long as the tibia itself.

Venation (PI. L\'III, tigs. 1, 1</): As will be seen by the figures, the venation is quite constant
in the four species examined. Vein IIL is alwa_ys present, and is long and well developed; III,
always ari.ses well within the outer end of the discal cell, i. e., within the discal veins. The latter
together form a less oblique line than in Eacles, and tend rather to curve in toward the cubital
vein ( — ); the discal cell is rather small, triangular. In the hind wings the outer end of the
discal cell is straighter, less ol)lique than in Eacles, the discal veins being in C. hiaccfii^m, {i,vion)
more oblique, and thus approaching Eacles more than the other species examined.

Coloration: Ground color, tending to be l)rown-orange, orange-red on the veins, with yellow
spots, or lilac-brown predominates {s,ji)iJrr<(Ux and t/ie.vicana); no detinite discal spots; in .some
species a submarginal red or yellow zigzag line.

Genitalia (Pis. LIX, fig. Sa\ LX, figs. 2, '2<i-2d): Suranal plate, narrow, style-like (rei/a/is),
or broad and triangular (.v<yv///vv?//.s); two pairs of clasper.s; the lower pair distinct from the
upper, hook-like, curved upward, divided at the end; upper claspers, seen sidewise, large, broad,
oval; from above, narrow, oval, with no terminal projection or hook. Penis, style-like.

The genital armature of the male is characterized by the broad, oval claspers, the large
harpes, the short penis-guard (y'), and the long, acute penis (fig. 21, p.)

Egg. — Flattened, oval cjdindrical; shell thin, parchment like, obscurel_y and very minutely
sculptured, with hexagonal pits. (See p. 1.32.)

Larca. — A pair of long dorsal prothoracic horns in addition to those on the second and third
thoracic segments; the latter very large, usually longer than the body is thick; caudal iiorn long,
nearly half as nuich so as the thoracic horns; a shorter median horn on the ninth abdominal
segment. The other dorsal and lateral abdominal spines longer than in any other genus except
Adelocephala ; suranal plate rugose, but not granulated, diflering in this re.spect from Eacles;
bearing two short low stout spines one on each side of the middle.

Young larva, before molting, with long spinous thoracic horns ending in buHxnis expansions,
bearing a lateral terminal rod on each side; the caudal horn with a similar ending; the other
spines long and tjranching, difi'ering from Eacles in the l)ulbous endings and tiie spinuloso shafts
of the horns.

Pupa. — Body very thick, rounded in front; end of abdomen very blunt, cremaster reduced
to a vestige ending in two small rounded tultercles; body smooth with no si)ines; maxilhe long,
though slightly shorter than in Eacles. It sliould be observed that Hurmeister represents tiie
pupa of ('. prlncipaUn with a large, well-developed, forked cremaster. (PI. xx. fig. ti on
PI. XVII.)

130

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Geogropli Icfil distrihidion. — The genus is distinctively a South and Central American one, i. e.,
neoganc, a single species having perhaps migrated from Brazil and the regions northward up
into the Mississippi Valley and along the Atlantic coast as far north as Massachusetts, then
becoming modified, and assuming its peculiar characters. A second species, C. se.pulcralis,
appears to be peculiar to the Atlantic States, ranging from Maine to Georgia, but not j'et known
to occur west of the Alleghanies.

Syiionyniieal htstory. — The names Ceracampa, Ceratocampa, and Dorycampa were bestowed
on (his genus in ignorance of Hiibuer's work, which atthe time those names were proposed was

Fig. 17.— Distributiuu of thu guuus Citheronia.

an oijscure book. The recent combination of Eacles and Citheronia by Kirby was scared}' a step
in advance.

CITHERONI.A. R.EGA.LIS (Fabricius).
(PI. XXXV, figg. 1. la.)

Bomhyxregalis Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Ill (1), p. 436, No. 9.3, $ . 1793.

AUacii!< laocoon Cr.\mer, Pap. exot. II, tab. 117, B. C. — V. pp. 179-180, vdr. Stoll, Suppl. Cram. tab. 42, fig.

2, $. 1790.
Phakvna regia Aumn ixud i^iimi, Le'p. Ins. Georgia, II, tal). 61, 9- 1797.
Cilhenmia regalls HvBKER, Verz. Schmett., p. 153. 1818-1822.
Ceracampa Kirby and Spence, Intr. Ent. II, p. 235; III, p. 179. 1828.

MEMOIRS OK THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 131

Ceratocampa regalix IIauuis. Cat. Ins. MastJ., p. 72. 1835; A|)|ien(li-\ to llitc-licuck's Ki'p. (icology, Mas-s., p.

592, 2(1 nWt., 18;{5; Kep. inj. Iii.-^. Ma.ss., p. 287. 1841; Il)id., ;M edit., tig. 194. 1802.
Dorijcampa reyalis Duxcvn, Nat. Libr., XXXII, p. 1(51, PI. 18. 1845.
Eacles laocoon W.\i,ker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1372. 1855.
Cemlocampn rei/aUx Morris, Synopsis Lep. N. Amer., p. 229. 1802.
Cithtrouia regalia P.\ck.\ri), Proc. Ent. See, Phil., y. 381, Nov. 18ti4. — (tRote and Ron., Annals Lyceum Nat.

Hist., N. Y., VIII, p. 31. 1800.
Ceratocampa regalis Boisdiu-.m,, Annales Soc Ent. France (4""ser. ), VIII, p. 311. 180S. — Bi'k.mei.stkr, Descr.

Phys. Rep. Argentine V, Lep., p. 480. 1878; var. brU'iolii Larva, Atlas, p. 45, I'l. XIX, lig. 3. 1879.
Ceratocampa (Citheronia) rtyallx Rii.EV, Amer. Ent. I, p. 230, PI. I, Aug. 1809.
Citheronia regalia var. iiifcrmilia Strei'Ker, Paiiilio I\', p. 73. 1884. — var. mcngrri Xeu.moegex, Ent. News, II, p.

151. 1891.— KiRBY, Syn. Cat. Le)). Het. I, p. 742. 1892.— Neumoegen and Dv.^ii, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 11,

p. 150, Dec. 1894.— Beutenmui.ler, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. X, p. 441. 1898.— Dy.\r, ListN. A. Lep.

p. 70. 1902.

Laria.

(Pis. X-XIII, XXI-XXII, XXIII, lig. 1. VXIV-XXVI, LIV.)

Abbot and Smith, Lep. Ins. Georgia, II, Tab. 01. 1797.

Dunra}!, Naturalists' Library. Pi. 18, vignette p. 162. 1841.

Rile;/, Amer. Ent. I, p. 230, PI. I, larva, pupa and imago, Aug. 1869.

Burmeister var. briasutii, Atlas, p. 45, PI. XIX, fig. 3. 1879.

Packard, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, Phil., XXXI, p. 163, May, 1893.

Imago. — 2 $,29- Head and body oranffe-red, marked with cream-yellow ocher. Head
orange, the tufts at the base of each antenna yellow. Collar yellow, broadly edged with yellow.
Mesothoracic segment cream-yellow on the front edge, with a line of the same color pas.sing
back along the inner edge of the tegulte and ending at the l)ase of the hinder edge of the hind
wing. (This line is wanting in C. azt<x-(t and in C. principalis., but is present in V. xplendi-nx.')
A median short thoracic slash extending nearly to the base of the abdomen (the thorax in C.
phoronea being all \'ellow).

Fore wings in S narrow, the apex pointed; outer edge very oblique in 9 . much wider,
and the apex more obtuse: orange reddish-brown, two large cream-yellow spots at base of
wing, one costal, the other at the base of the median vein (III), and the fold (V) well marked,
like the longitudinal series, b}- a deep orange tint. A prediscal yellow patch, hut no true discal
spot, the veins being orange-red. A submurginal oblique row of seven oval longitudinal yellow
spots parallel with the outer edge, the two near the costa the largest, the third one-quarter
.smaller, none in the extradiscal .space, a lai'ger one in the succeeding space, and one of the same
size on the inner edge of the wing; veins and their l)ranches orange-red.

Hind wings much rounded, more so than in i'. aztcca, more reddish, less Urown than the
fore wings; base of the wings and the co.stal region and inner edge ocherous yellow, with a l)road
mai-ginal, indistinct, very ditfuse shade.

Under side nuuh more yellow and paler j-ellow than above; the base of the fore wing, costal
region, and inner edge yellow (edge of costa brown); the seven spots more or less connected;
the veins as above. An orange-red discal spot, large, irregular, diffuse, on the fore wings;
lunate in shape on the hind wings, and on the hind wings a faint, orange-red, scalloped extra-
discal line.

Base of the abdomen with an oblong cream-white yellow spot. Abdomen oi-ange-red, witli
a narrow yellow band on the front edge; beneath yellow.

Genitalia (PI. LIX, fig. 8'i; LX. figs. 2, 2^/, 2^>, 2c): The suranal plate forming a long, narrow
style-like acute process; the upper claspers very large, convex, oval, seen from the side half
as broad a.s long, flaring, simple with no process at the end: the claspers of. the lower pair or
harpes (fig. 2, /;), forming two stout hooped processes, a little shorter than those of the
upper pair, curved upward and divided at the end into two black, solid divi.-ions, the ends of
which are rough and .spiny; these claspers are much larger than in C. sepulcralis., while the
suranal plate is very mucli narrower: the genitalia on the whole arc on a larger scale than in
C. sepulcralis.

132

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Expanse of fore wing's, S 116 mm.; 9 155 mm. Lenoth of one fore wing, S 57 mm.;
9 75 mm. Breadth of one fore wing, <J 26 mm.; 9 35 mm. Length of hind wing', S 37
mm.; 9 50 mm. Breadth of hind wing, <? 28 mm.; 9 34 mm.

£}/(/. — Slightly larger than those of Fades imperialis. Length, 3.1 mm.; width, 2.8 mm.
Oval, cj'lindrical, somewhat flattened; the shell is thin, parchment like, flexible; the surface with
microscopical obscure pits irregularly hexagonal, the pits often only partially formed (PI. XV,
fig. 4). Between each of the bosses is a tine hair, as in Eacles.

For the eggs I am indebted to Miss Morton, who sent them June 25 from New Windsor,
N. Y. The}' hatched July 11. Tiie eggs nearly indistinguishable in shape and color from those
of E. imperiali'i. The egg-shell is so transparent that just )>efore the larva hatches it can be
seen lying curled up on its side. The head is large and black, while the body is pale, with
distinct yellow sutures. Also the black thoracic leg.s are visil)le, and the black spots, these
on the thoracic segments, elongated; also the dark spines and certain large ocherous patches on
the thoracic segments.

Larva — Sta(je I. — Length, 6 mm. The head is large, wider than the body, smooth and
shining black all over, with a few tine dark hairs. The body is cylindrical, black all over, with
no stripes or spots of a lighter hue. A pair of large, long dorsal horns on the first thoracie

segment, ending in a peculiar ))ul)ious swelling, and on
each side of the segment is a smaller subdorsal spine one-
third as long as the dorsal ones, which is simple at the
end, tapering to a point, bearing u short tine near the mid-
dle, and ending in a stout bristle. On each of the second
uul third thoracic segments is a pair of dorsal horns on
each side, or four to each segment. The outer or subdor-
sal horns are onl}' a little more than half as long as the
inner, but otherwise like the latter; the trunks are spiny,
the spinules minute, sharp, nearly equal in size, there being
about fifteen to each trunk or stem of the spine. The sin-
gular bull)ous termination is flattened, rather deepl}' divided, but somewhat like a chestnut in
shape, but wider in proportion, and each side is produced, ending in a ))lunt spinule, with a
stout thick base; the trunk is umber-brown, but the bull)ous extremity is l)lackisli brown.
On being touched the larva vigorously jerks its head and front body sideways.
Each of abdominal segments 1-7 has a pair of smaller sharp spines about one-third as
long as the longest thoracic spines, which are bent just beyond the middle where it sends ofl' a
spur; the end liearing a stout, not very long bristle. Besides these there is a pair of subdorsal
spines and a lateral smaller one situated above the insertion of the legs, or six spines to a segment.
There is a single median spine on the eighth segment just like the shoi'ter subdorsal ones on the
thoracic segments in shape and color, and ending like them in a forked bulbous expansion. Also
on the ninth segment is a smaller, shorter, single median donsal spine, but regularly forked at the
end, not swollen. On the tenth segment near the base are two stout, short spines, ending in four
jjranches. Behind them at the end of the suranal plate are four minute spinulo.se piliferous
spines, which are black, all the others in front being brown. The large, broad, squarish anal
legs are corrugated on the side. All the legs, thoracic and abdominal, are black. The specimens
died before molting.

According to Harris: ''Color of bodv black a})ove and beneath; an olisolete series of
. . . Y

ferruginous lateral lines directed obliquely downward toward the tail, most conspicuous on the

posterior half of the body; sixth and seventh segments ferruginous above; spines pale ferruginous,

black at tip. July 21. a. m., it cast otf its skin. July 25, cast its skin again." (Correspondence,

p. 297.)

The following description is drawn up from s])ecimens bred at rroxidenec. and described

October 10. They fed on hickory, and were sent to Mr. Bridgham from Ceorgia.

Fitf. Is. — Penis-sheath of C. rcjalU.

INIEMOIKS OK THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

133

Stage II. — (Probably stage II, as the increase in size t)et\veen tlic latter stages is very
niarlved.) Leno-th, 'J.") nii'.i. Tlie iieail (widtli. 2.S mm.) is ratiier large, rounded, as wide as the
bodv, sniodth and shining, mahogany brown, with two faint black siiades converging toward the
apex. The body is somewhat slender, tlie skin smooth antl dull llesh-brown, with smoky blackish
marks, the spines and spinules a little paler than the l)o(ly and tii)ped witli black. The prothorai'ie
segment is broad, the iixmi edge I'aised and Haring, with a transverse row of six black spines,
four dorsal and one subdorsal; of the four dorsal the inner two are about as long as tlie body is
thick, and sharp at the end. with long spinules; th(> two adjoining spines are minute. The four
spines on the .second thoracic segment are much larger, the outer ones on the second and third
thoracic of nearly the same size, but the inner two on the third tiioracic segment are a little
longer than those on the second.

The spines on abdominal segments 1-8 are of even size, and armed with long spinules; they
are about two-thirds as long as the body is thick, and end in two long diverging spinules. On

Fig. 19.— Armature of Cithcronia regatis. Stage I. a, the first abdominal segment, showing the relative position of the spines: sp, spiracle;
b, one of the dorsal prothoracic "horns;" c, one of the dorsal horns of the third Ihuracie segment; d, one of the dorsal abdominal spines,
those on .segments 1-6 not differing in size or structure, near the base are two minute blunt seta;; c-li, the armature of the last three
abdominal segments; e, the caudal horn; e', the subdorsal spine of the same (eighth) segment; /, one of the dorsal spines of the ninth
segment, which is evenly forked at the end; ,f7, one of the large lateral spines arising from the suranal plate (x); li, the end of the
suranal plate. All the figures drawn with the camera to the same scale.

the eighth segment, arising from a large, fleshy base, is a much spinulated caudal spine, nearly
half as long as the large thoracic ones; it is mostly black, })ut flesh-colored in the middle.
Behind it, on the ninth segment, is a median dorsal horn, about one-third as large as that on the
eighth.

The suranal plate is small, rough, bearing two large spines; the end is rounded, with two
minute spines between the last pair of lateral spines: the anterior two of the spines on this plate
are larger, but simpler than those on the ninth abdominal segment, and end in four spreading
spinules, the main stem being nearly smooth.

The prothoracic segment is blackish, reddish dark flesh color in the middle; the second
thoracic segment is of nearly the same color, but the third is entirely black. The stigmata are
black, surrounded by a blackish cloud, while in front is a ^'elvety black oblique dash, and beneath
a flesh-colored oblique raised ridge or fold. All the legs, both thoracic and abdominal, are black;
the anal pair are large, rough, and black. There is a large spine under each spiracle.

134 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Stage III. — Length, 30-35 mm. ]\Iolted on the morning (9 a. ni.) of October 10. "When
first seen the color of the body was uniformly ])urplish flesh color, with Ijluck markings. The
head (width, -i mm.) is dark chestnut brown, with the clypeus and adjoining parts pale. It differs
froin the preceding stage in the coni^idcrahly short'/' ulidmninal spinas, while their spimdes are
soiiicirhat larger in projiortion than in the jjreviinis stage. The thoracic spines are about or a
little more than twice as long as the body is thick, and the abdominal spines are about one-third
as long as the bod}- is tliick. The lateral oblique fleshy fold on the abdominal segments have a
more distinct dark dash above than in the preceding stage. The legs are black. The caudal
spine is now about one-third as long as the larger thoracic ones, lieing in the former stage about,
not quite, one-half as long as the longer thoracic spines. PI. LIV, flgs. 2, 3.

By 2 p. m., October 10. the thoracic and caudal spines, at first pale flesh color, became black,
and the head and thorax, as well as the botiy generally, had turned darker.

It assumes, like I^. iviperialis and A. l/icolor, a Sphinx-like attitude, so that this feature is
possibly inherited by the Sphingidiv from the Ceratocanipida' or a similar gi'oup. The thoracic
and caudal spines are somewhat sensitive to touch by an intruder.

Zast stage. — I will first describe an alcoholic specimen, 45-5U nmi. in length, which at first I
thought must belong to a fourth stage, or at least one before the last, but, as the head is of
nearly tiie same size as full-grown specimens, I am inclined to regard it as simply a belated
individual, or one which had recently molted, and had not fed up so as to fill out to its full size.

Length of body, 45-50 nmi.; lireadth of the head, 6.5 mm. The head is yellowish brown,
witli a dark spot on each side of the head opposite the apex of the clypeus. The two dorsal
prothoracic spines are nearly as long as the head is wide, but without the long slender spinules
of the jjrevious stage; they are yellowish, but black on the distal third; the third or metathoracic
pair are a third longer than the body is thick, and, like the others, with short, stout spinules.
The abdominal spines are now nuuh shorter than before, with short spinules, though slightly
longer than in tlie fully grown examples. The "caudal spine"' on the eighth abdominal segment
is as in the full-sized specimens. The general hue of the body is as in the full-grown larva, but
the thoracic dorsal black spots are smaller, though the metathoracic segment in front of the horns
is deeply stained with black.

Full-groirn larr<i. — Length, 125 mm.; thickness of the body, 20 nun.; width of iiead, 7 nun.
The head is about one-tliird as wide as the body, rounded, smooth, free fi'om hairs, and yellowish,
not spotted on the sides, and not lianded as in Eachs imperial is. The body is cylindrical; the
skin smooth and shining, not granulated, as in Adelocephala and Eacles. The two middle
prothoracic spines are large and long, being nearlj' as long as the head is wide, but the spiiuiles,
like those of the other "horns." are now short, thick, and acute, not long and slender as in the
previous stages; length, 0 nun.; they are yellowish and black on the outer third. This and each
segment of the body succeeding have six well-developed spines, except the eighth and ninth
al)doniinal. which have each an additional spine, the large median one. The two lai-ge median
horns on tlie two hinder thoracic segments are each about 20 mm. in length; the horns of the
second cow corresponding to the subdorsal or supraspiracular row of the abdominal segments,
l)eing about half as long (10 mm.) as the dorsal ones; they are also j-ellowish and blackish on the
outer third. All tlie six alxlominal spines of segments 1-7 are now very small, slender, and only
about twice as long as the large dorsal horns are thick at the base, viz, 4 mm. in length. Unlike
the full-grown Eacles. the supra- and infraspiracular spines are as well developed as tiie dorsal
ones. On the eighth and nintli abdominal segments the "caudal horns'" are supplemented by
two small, slender spines (//), situated just behind the large median horn. Length of the " caudal
hoi-n" on the eighth segment. 0 mm., that on the ninth segment being one-half as long. The
suranal plate is triangular, the surface rough, with two small tubercles on each side, but no
spines. The anal legs are very large, subtriangular. with the outer surface rough, and on the
lower edge above the planta is a group of seven or eight minute spines; a similar group of
minute spines occurs near the end of the middle abdominal legs.

For the colors the reader is referred to the hand colored ])hotographs reproduced in Pis.
XXI-XXIII of the living caterpillar. We have not yet seen a full-gi-own living larva. The

MK.MOIHS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCF:S. 135

forocvoint;' description bus hccn drawn u[) lioni four wcll-iiri'scrved alcoliolic specimens and a
blown one.

This larva diti'ers <i-enericaily from Eticles in has inj^- well-developed dorsal spines on llic
prothoraeie seyiiient. while the later:d ones aloiiy" the uhdoniinal region are also well develoi)ed,
these being nearly obsolete in Eaeles. The genus Citheronia is unique in having 7 spines on the
eighth and the ninth abdominal segments, respectively. • All these characters are seen to be
secondary and adaptive, and yet they are good generic characters, showing that the acciuiivmcTit
or loss of generic characters is due to adaptations to the surroundings. The speeidc characters
are well brought out by comparing C. regalU and C. aepulcralis.

RECAPITLLATIOX OF THE SAI.IIZNT FEATURES IX THE (1NTOGENY OF CITHERONIA REGALIS.

A. — Co)i</<n!ttd characters! <rf the /arrn. (is xtcii In stage I.

1. The three pairs of enormous spines, the first or prothoraeie pair but little shorter than
the third, and the middle pair aliout two-thirds as long as the body, all ending in a swollen,
triangular, two-horned flattened bulb; these appendages l)eing deteri-ent and for offensive use in
the earliest as well as latest larval life.

2. Both the eighth and ninth abdominal segments bearing a high median dorsal horn, and
these segments l)earing 7, instead of only 5, spines.

3. The lateral spines on the abdominal segments nearly as large as the dorsal ones.

4. Bod}' dark; head dark in color.

B. — Ecolntion of latt-r adaptational characters.

1. The bulbous tips of the thoracic horns dropped at the end of stage II.

2. The thoracic horns become curved in stage II or III.

3. The thoracic dorsal spines become much stouter, with much shorter and stouter spinules
at the last molt.

4. The mature larval features mostly assumed in stage III.

5. The dark colors exchanged after the last molt for pale green, with bluish tints.

6. The black dorsal thoracic spots and the lateral yellowish bands most showy in the last stage.
Attention should be drawn to the colossal size of this larva, as compared with that of

Adelocephala and even Eaeles, though the head is not so much larger. This is due. perhaps, to
its sluggish life, greater digestive and assimilative powers, so that a rapid acceleration of the
growth of the body takes place; owing to its protection from the attacks of birds, it may feed
openly and continuously. It is thus similar to sphingid and attacine larvte in its huge body and
enormous appetite. The largest cochliopod larva; are the spiny ones, and the spiny or
tuberculated Saturnians and Attacinse have thick, large bodies.

P«j!M.— PI. LVI, tig. 7; PI. XXXV, tigs. 2, 2fl, -Ih. 1 9 . Body thick, head well rounded: body
smooth, with no such spines as in Eaeles either on the head, thorax, or abdomen. The ma.xiihe long,
though a little shorter than in P^acles; these, as well as the parts of the head in front, and the legs, are
more convex on the surface than in Eaeles. Antenn;e slightly narrower and smaller than in ?
Eaeles. The abdominal segments smooth on the hinder edge, there being little pits instead of low
spines. End of the abdomen very blunt and rounded, the cremaster reduced to a vestige not so long
as broad, irregularly conical, with two short thick divergent tubercles at the end. No spines
on the fore or hinder end of the abdominal segments.

Length, 9 , 60 mm.; thickness, 23 mm.

Food plants. — Black walnut, l)utternut. hickory, persimmon, sumach, sweet gum, sycamore,
and ash. Found on the lilac in St. Louis (Kern ex Itiley).

Destroyed a considerable number of cotton plants in Natchitoches, La., in September, 1890
(Riley): did considerable damage to sea-island cotton in Bradford County, Fla., 1891 (Riley).

Odor of the pupa and moth. — Riley states: '•"Both the chrysalis and the moth have
a characteristic strong odor which can not easily be described for lack of comparison, though it

136 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

reminds us forcibly of the peculiar odor of the English Broad Bean." I can confirm this state-
ment as regards the pupa. Its smell reminds one of the odor perceived in shelling- beans, and also
recalls that of crushed lettuce and of Jaudanum. It is quite strong and like that of Spilosoma
and of Esth/Dieneaci'sea. It smells more at the end of the body than near the head, doubtless the
glands being near the rectum.

Ilahlfs. — It changes to a chrysalis in the earth. As earl\- as July 20, lS3ii, Doctor Harris
found on the black walnut a freshly hatched larva of this regal moth, and a few davs later, on the
4th or 5th of August, he discovered two large flattened eggs from which similar larvie were at
that time hatched. It shed its skin July 21, a. m., and molted again July 2.5. Kiley states that
it is single-lirooded in Missouri. It sometimes remains in the ground, in the chrvsalis state, fully
eleven months of the year. "The moths in the latitude of St. Louis usually issue during the last
half of June, and the caterpillars are found full-grown from the middle of August to the middle
of September." (Riley.)

While this fine species is very rare north of New York it is also scarce in the Middle and
Southern States. The Texan 9 collected by Mr. Boll differs froni the northern examples in
wanting the hinder spots on the fore wings.

In Georgia it is said by Abbot and Smith to be double-brooded. The moth is known as the
regal walnut moth, and the caterpillar as the "hickory horned devil."

Feeding Jtuhits of the moth. — Mr. Druce while sugaring for moths observed on the trunk
of a small ash tree a splendid C. regalin sipping the sugar with all the enjoyment of a Catocala
(Papilio ii, p. 188). Mr. R. Bunker has observed, according to Grote, that C. regalis "occa-
sionally comes to bait after the fashion of a Si^hinx" (Hawk Moths of North America, Bremen,
1886, p. 55).

GeograjihicaJ distrlhidion. — This species has not yet been detected north of Cambi'idge, Mass.
(Harris); Larva from North Leverett, Mass. (^lus. Comp. Zool.); Providence, R. I. (H. L. Clark,
T. E. B. Pope); Foster, R. I. (T. E. B. Pope); Phoenix, R. I. (W. W. Bailey): New Jersey (not
common; generally distributed, Smith); New York (Grote, Joutel); Ithaca, N. Y. (Slingerland);
Missouri, southern Illinois, where it is quite scai-ce (Riley); New Harmony, Ind. (Mus. Comp.
ZooL); Peoria, 111. (Dr. Ordway, M. C. Z.); Kentucky (F. G. Sanborn, M. C. Z.); Crescent City,
Fla. (H. G. Hul>bard); "\\'oodville. Miss. (Phares) (not uncommonh- met with); Dallas, Tex. (Boll);
Louisiana (\V. Sargent, M. C. Z.).

^^'hether North Leverett, Mass., is in a cooler, more northern region than Camliridge we
do not know; it is in the Connecticut Vallej', lat. 42° 30', and in presumablj' as mild a climate as
Camljridgc. In our iNIap VIII we have drawn a loop up the Connecticut River at Leverett.

The southern limits of this moth have not yd been worked out. It has not yet been reported
from Texas; it is not mentioned by Druce (Biologia Centrali-Americana) as occurring in Central
America. What is mentioned by Burmeister as C. regaJlx.^ is O. hrissotH, but no locality i.4 given,
and we take it, this example came from Rio de Janeiro. The locality of Cramer's specimen is
given as Bengal, while StoU's example is stated to have been collected in North America.

L(iri'<(l hrluo'ior. — Doctor Harris tlius describes the behavior of three young larv»: "Thej-
were just hatched at the time, and the caterpillars were near to them, resting on a leaf. The
position of these young insects was so peculiar as to attract attention, independently of the long
branching spines witii which the fore part will have to follow tiie original of their body was armed.
They were not stretched out in a straight line, neither were they hunched up like the caterpillars
of the Luna and Polyphenuis motiis; but, when at rest, they bent the fore part of the body side-
ways, so that the head nearly touched the middle of the side, and their long horn-like spines were
sti'ctclied forward in a slanting direction over the head. AVhen disturbed, they raised their heads
and horns, antl shook them fi-om side to side in a menacing manner." (Treatise Ins., p. 400.)

Riley, speaking of the "truly formidable" caterpillai- when fully grown, adds: "While a
peculiar hal)it which it has of spitefully wriggling from side to side, very ludike the up-and-down
movement of the Sphinx tribe of cater])illars, gives it a still more menacing appearance, yet it is
entirely harmless and can not possil)ly hurt iuiyone, for, as we have pi'oved l>v experiment, the

xMEMOlKS OF TllH NATIONAL ACADEMY UF .SCIENCES. lo7

prick of its spiiu's has no poisonous oHVrt wliuttn'or. Mr. Ahliot tolls us that this caterpillar is
calK'd in Virginia the hickorv-horucd devil, and that, when dislurix'd, it draws up its head,
shakinijor strikino- it from side to side; which attitude uiv(>s it so formidable an aspect that no
one. ln' affirms, will venture to handle it. ])eopl(» in o-cneral dreading;' it us much as a rattlesnake.''
(Amer. Eiit.. I. p. I'MO. )

Walhue. in his •■ Darwinis.u," remarks that the green color of this larva "suggests that its
ancestors were om-e protectively colored, hut. growing too large to l)e effectually concealed,
it acquired the habit of shaking its head about in order to frighten away its enemies, and
ultimately developed the crown of tentacles as an addition to its terrifying powers" (p. 210).
This is somewhat fanciful, for the catei-pillarsof Citheronia have not only a "crown of tentacles,"
but similar spines at the end of the body, with smaller ones along the middle of the body, and the
luxuriant armature is evidently inherited from its Adelocephala ancestors. The great develop-
ment of the spines may, as we have suggested (Pt. I. p. IG), have arisen in response to the stimuli
of blows on the more exposed parts of the body.

Sexual difei'ences in the larvce of Citheronia^ etc. — Burmeister, in referring to the larva of
C. hri^sotiu whicli he considers as a variety of C. nyalis. speaks of the caterpillar of C. regal its
figured in Abbot and Smith as representing an individual of the feminine sex. His own figure,
however (PI. XIX, fig. 3), is that of a male, "toujours plus petit dans ce genus."

PaniKites. — In the Loew collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology is a large species
of Tachina, Belcosia hifmeiata, bred from 0. vrfjaJix.

Variationx: \'ar. infernalis Streckcr. Head, body, and legs, deep orange or l)rick-red;
wings above and below of the same color. Fore wings slate colored in the interspaces, only the
veins red: a large red subapical spot near the costa, also a smaller one midway between it and
the inner margin. Bred from a blackish-blue larva of the usual appearance. Maryland and
North Cartdina.

CITH:Ti:RON"I^A. I3RISSOXII (Boir^du^-f^l i.

Ceratocampa brissotii Boisdcval, ,\iuiales tSoc. Ent. France (4) VIII, p. .SIL'. IStJS.— Kirby, Syii. Cat. Lep.

Het. I, p. 742. 1892.
Ceratocampa rt-galiK var. hrhsotii Bcrmeister, Pescr. R^p. Argentine, Lep. .\tlas, p. 45, pi. xix, fig. 3. 1879.

Liirra.

(PI. XVI, fig. .3.)

Burmeister, Descr. Rep. Argentine, Lep., p. 4-5, .\tlas, pi. xix, fig. 3. 1879. ( ,? drawn from a drie.i l)lo\vn
specimen.)

The figure of the larva (PI. XVI, fig, 3) is undoubtedly drawn from a poorly preserved
.specimen. In fact the armature of the larva? of Citheronia figured by Burmeister seems to be inac-
curately drawn, Burmeister states that it diflers from the larva of 0. laocoon {C. ixion) in hav-
ing longer spines, though otherwise the same, while they are of the same orange color, with a
black tip.

Three 5 9 in the Museum of Comparative Zoology-, brought by Prof. L. Agassiz on the
Thayer expedition, exactly agree with BoisduvaFs description. It diflers from C. regalis, to
which it is closely allied, in the middle series of yellow spots being united into a continuous band,
and in the presence of a submarginal zigzag orange-red line.

It appears to be a rarer species than any other in Brazil.

Fi'ik] plant. — In Brazil, according to Burmeister. it feeds on Exoecaria higlandulosa., an
euphorbiaceous plant.

Gi-ix/raphlcal dixfrihut'oti. — Lagoa Santa. Cantagalli: this latter town is a few miles up in
the interior from Rio Janeiro. (Museum of Comparative Zoology.)

138 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

CITHERO:sri^ jNIEXIC^N^ Griote and Robinson.
^ PI. XVIir, fig. 4, s.

atheroma mexicana GnoTE and Robinson, Annals Lyi'eum Nat. Hist. N. Y., VIII, p. 32, PI. .vm, fig. 1, Oct.,

1866.
Eades mexicana Dkuce, Biol. Centr. Anier. Lep. Het., I, p. 169; Tab. XV, fig. 11, S , June, 1866.
Citheronia mexicana Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 743. 1892.

Imago. — 1 S . Compared with C. recjcdh S it is smaller than any I have seen. Like that
species the number of pairs of fully developed antennal pectinations is 17-18. The fore wings
are slightly more acute at the tip, and the hind wings decidedly more triangular, the apex being
much less rounded than in C. regalis. The fore wings are darker, of a peculiar dull almost pur-
plish gray, a little duller than in C. splendens and C. azteca. The yellow spots are the, same in
arrangement and size as in C. regalis., but more reddish. It differs decidedly from C. regahs,
and in this respect resembles C. j^uironea and «/'««, in having a submarginal brick-red zigzag
line, with some j'ellow in it, which runs parallel with the outer edge of the wing. The hind
wings are colored and marked as in C. regalis. The wings beneath are much as in C. regalis.,
except that the submarginal zigzag line is present. The thorax and abdomen are as in C. regalis.

O. mexicana entirely differs from C splendens and C. azteca in the spots on the fore wings
being reddish ocherous instead of ocherous white, and in having a submarginal line on the fore
wings.

The tongue is well developed, fully as much so as in C. regalis.

Expanse of the fore wings, 90 mm. ( 9 according to Grote, 5.80 inches); length of one fore
wing, 46 mm.; breadth of one fore wing, 20 mm.; length of one hind wing, 28 mm.; breadth of
one hind wing, 20 mm.

Pupa. — "Scarcely distinguishable from that of C regalis, except that it is nmih smoother
and the spinules much larger in size. They are also raised considerably above the surface of the
segments. The crema.ster is also smooth at its tips." (H. Edwards, Ent. Amer., IV, p. 02.)

Geographical t/istrihiifion. — Orizaba, Coatepec, Mexico; City of Guatemala, Vulcan de
Chiriqui, Panama (Druce).

• CITHE:R0N^I^\. SPLKTsTTDENS (i:>iuce).

PI. XVIII, fig. 2 S, -" 9; larva, PI. XV, fig. 1.

Eades splendens Druce, Biologia Centr. Amer. Lep. Het., I, p. 169, PI. x\-, fig. 12, June, 1886.
Citheronia splendens Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 742. 1892.

Druce states that this species is closely allied to C regalis, from which it differs in the
entirely different coloration of the hind wings, in having the thorax striped and the yellow marks
at the base entirely absent, and also in the general grayer color of the wings of both pairs.

That it is quite distinct from C. regalis is proved by the difference in the larva; of the two
species.

Geographical distrihafion. — Guanagiiato, Mexico (Boucard, Druce).

Larva. — Stage before the last. Length. (!2nim.; width of head, (I mm. (that of C. regalis
in same stage, 7 mm.). Tiie head of the usual shape, being rather flattened in front; as wide as
the prothoracic plate; dark ciiestniit. and difl'ering from ('. regalis of the same stage not only in
the ground color being darker, l)ut in the front being black on each side of the clypeal region,
while the center of the clypeus-posterior is black.^ Prothoracic plate rugose, light colored, with
a black band on each side of a pal(> median line, and another above each spiracle; armed witii a
dorsal pair of large high spines about two-thirds as long and thick as tliose of the second thoracic
segment (1 mm. in length), broad and blunt at the end, not terminating in a sharj> point, as in
C. regalis or in a bidb as in I'.htoeixin; they are Itlack. yellowish at the base, and l)car about
10 to 12 large swollen blunt tuberculets, each ending in a short, stout seta. The supraspiracular
tubercles are not one-half as long as those of the dorsal i)air. The one directly in front of each
spiracle is a little shorter, but that at the base of each leg is stouter and larger, ending in five

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 139

spines; second and tliird tlioracie sco-nicnts each with eiojit s])in(>s, the dorsal tuherclos alik(^ in
shayjc and size, hiijii but l)liint at the end (h^igth 5 mm; that of (.'. rct/al/.s 1() mm.), as thiclv at
tiie end as iit the l)ase. not tapering- to a sharp point, as in (.'. regalls. The supraspiracidar spineS
about half as lon^' but (|uite as thick at the base as the doi-sal ones; the two lowiu'inost spines Hat
and short.

All the alxioniinal dorsal spines of t!u> same size and lu^irly of the same shape, with the same
number (.")) of teeth on spinules. On abdominal seginents 1-7, those without legs (1, 2, and 7),
there are eight black spines; on those segments with legs (3 to 6) the lowest spine is wanting.
On segments 8 and ii there are four spines on each side of the median dorsal one. That on the
eiiihth abdominal segment is large and thicdv, -i nun. in length and slightly l)ut uueverdy ))itid at
the tip. That on the ninth segment is umch thicker and about one-quarter longer than the others
on the same segment, and ends in two diverging short spines, more distinctly bifid than the
median spine on the eighth segment.

Suranal plate long and narrow, rugose; black; a lateral stout i-tootlied spine or tubercle on
each side near the middle of the plate; the edge is armed with spines as long as those of C. sejyul-
cnilis. Body })lackish: the pleural ridge yellowish. In this form the number of dorsal thoracic
spines is 10, as in C. ri-ydllx^ but the_v are remarkably short and thick and )>Iunt at the end.

I am indebted to Dr. Dyar for the opportunity of examining this very rare larva, a poorly
preserved blown example in the U. S. National Museum. For the details of the armature see
PL LV, figs. 1, hi, Ih.

From C. laocoon (i.vion) larva it differs in the shorter spines, the spinules being remarkably
large and swollen: also in the eciuality in size of the dorsal spines on the second and third thoracic
segments, while the eighth abdominal median spine (caudal horn) is nearly twice as thick.

CITHERONIj^ J^ZTECA. (Diuce).

PI. XVIII, tig. Sj$.

Eacles aziera Drcce, Biol. Centr. Amer. Lep. Het. II. p. AV.i; Tab. SO, fig. 1, Sept. 1897.

I/narfo.^1 S . This form is very near C. regal is, but differs in the fore wings being shai'per
at the apex; the outer edge a little more oblique; apex of the hind wing more produced, and
not so much rounded. The fore wings are of the same color and the markings are identical, but
the hind wings are moreyellowish; not only the costal and iiuier edge, but the outer edge is
yellow. There is a distinct, though very diffuse, dark gray extradiscal baud, bej'oud which the
wing out to the outer edge is j'ellow.

Under side of the wings cream-white, not so ocherous as in ('. regal is. The spots of the
extradiscal series are separate. Hind wings as in C. regalis, but cream-white; the markings are
the same. There are in my single i no yellow thoracic lines, but they are present in the $
figured by Mr. Druce.

Expanse of the fore wings. $ 12(imm.: length of a single fore wing, S 55 mm.; breadth
of a single fore wing, S 23 mm.; length of a hind wing, S 33 nun.; breadth of a hind wing S

Q

o nun.

This species differs from C. splendens, to which it is closely allied, in the outer margin of
the hind wings being ocherous. The two species maj' prove to be the same when reared from the
larva?. The markings of the fore wings are identical. In my single male, the thorax is almost
entirely brick red, without the yellowish white stripes of 6'. splendenti.
Geographical disti'ibutiiDi. — Jalapa (Barrett); Orizaba (Druce).

140 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

PI. XIX, tig. 8 9.

Eacles principalis Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, No. 8, p. 1376. 18.55.
Ceratocampa principalis Boisduv.^l, Antiales Sop. Ent. France (4), VIII, p. 316. 1868.
Citheronia principalis K.iRB'^ , Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 742. 1892.

Larva.

PI. XVII, tig. 4.

Boisduval, J. A., Annales Soc. Ent. France (4), VIII, p. 317. 1868.

Burmeister, Descr. Rep. Argentine, Lep., Atlas, PI. xx, fig. 4. Pupa, fig. 6. 1879.

Iumgo. — 1 9 • Thorax, abdomen, and wing.s tawny or reddish orange-brown; tufts at the
base of the antenna^ and two on top of the nietathorax, ocher in color, as also two yellow spots
at the base of the fore wings, one on the costal edge and the other at the base of the cubitu.s
(Vein IV). Fore wings with the basal line distinct, situated much nearer the di.scal mark than the
base of the wing; it is dislocated on the cubitus or median vein, where it makes a right angle, and
extends to the costa, being parallel with the costal mark; it is brown, shaded diffusely within with
gray. Di.scal mark a long, nari'ow, straight streak, gray, within edged with dark brown. A
distinct oblique, firm, not wavy, extradiscal line extending from the outer third of the inner
edge to the outer sixth of the costal edge; it is brown, edged externally' with gray. On the
inside of the line is a row of rive roundi.sh spots; the two nearest the costa obscure deep orange;
the two next in the extradiscal cell and the other in the cell behind are hyaline, with a few
yellow scales scattered over the surface and on the edges; the anterior one is roundish, the other
triangular; the anterior spot is about halfway between the discal mark and the outer edge.
Between the extradiscal line and the outer edge of the wing are two alternating rows of deep
orange-red irregular blotches. Fringe of both wings reddisli brown.

Hind wings like the anterior ones in color and marking, with no yellow, basal and extradiscal
lines as on fore wings, discal mark as on fore wings, and the two alternating rows of orange spots
are present.

Under side of wings paler, reddish brown; no distinct discal marks on the wings of either
pair; basal line wanting, but the extradiscal forming a brown sharle. The five spots within it
nearly as above, including t.wo hyaline spots. The submarginal alternating rows of spots are
represented by a very irregular, zigzag brown line, edged within with dull yellow ocher on both
pairs of wings. For the venation see PI. LVIII, figs. 3, 3«.

Expanse of the fore wings, 9 114 mm.; length of one fore wing, 9 62 mm.; breadth of one
fore wing, 9 31mm.; length of hind wing, 9 -lljmm.; breadth of hind wing, 9 30 mm.

This is a large species with the fore wings narrower, more elongated, and pointed at the
apex thar in C. phoronea var. There are no yellow spots on the wings; the hind wings are more
produced toward the apex. My specimen was compared with Walker's type in the British
Museum,, exactly- agreeing with it.

E<i(h — The eggs taken from the abdomen of a dried 9 ai"e of the same shape, the shell
similar, with apparently the same style of sculpturing as that of C. regaVi^t. The egg only
differ.': in its smaller size. Length. 2.4 nun.; breadth, 2 mm.

Larrii. — Fig. 4. Armed with six rows of spines, of which four on the second and third seg-
ments are much longer than the others and curved backward; that on the eighth abdominal
segment longer than the others, and like a (jueue. The prothoraeic segment with six spines, of
which the median two are half longer than the others (Boisduval).

Judging by l')urnieister"s figure, it differs from the larva of ('. jihoninut in the four dorsal
thoracic spines being shorter, more pointed, while the dorsal and other abdominal spines are
longer than in that species. Moreover, it differs from all the other species in the body being
barred oblicjuely, as in .Sphinx larviv, with seven stripes on each side, the upper part of each bar
being edged with l)rown. Anal legs and suranal plat(! very spiny.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OK SCIENCES. 141

Pitpit. — The fhrvsiilis is, accordinij to Burnicistcr, miifli like that of E. iinperlalis, but it is
less than half as large and the spines on the surface of the body are Oner.
Geographical distrihution. — Brazil (Boisduval, Burnieister).
Food plant. — Not in(Mition(>d l>v Bunneister.

C'I'ri-IERO>ri^V IJHORONE^ (Crainer).

PhaLrna-Attacus phoronca Cramer, Papillons Exot, HI, p. 77-78, Taf. 2:?9, A-C. (1780?), 1782.

Phakifiia-Atla'ttx hioroon Dki-ry, Illustrations Exot. Ent. Ill, Tab. 3, tig. 1, J. 1780. No. 1601.

Ciiheronia phoroiwa Hiebxer, Verz. bekannt. Scliniett., p. 153. 1818-1822.

Cossus laomon Westwood edit. Drury, Ulustr. Exot. Ent., Ill, p. 3, PI. 3, fig. 1, J. 1837.

Eacles j^horonea W.^lker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mug., VI, p. 137.5. 18.55.

Citheronia phoronca Grote ami I\obin.son, Annals Lj'ceum Nat. Hist., VIII, p. .30, 36. Oct., 1866.

Ceratocanipa phoronea Boisduv.vl, Annales Soc. Ent. France (4), VIII, p. 310. 1868. — Bi'rmeister, Descr.

Phys. Kepublique Argentine. Larva, Atlas, p. 44, PI. xix, fig. 1. 1879.
Citheronia phoronea Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het, I, p. 743. 1892.
Citheronia area ScH.\es, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, IV, p. .59 ( $ ). June, 1896.

Ldnv.

PI. XVI, fig. 1.

Burmeister, H., Descr. Phys. Rep. Argentine, p. 44. Atlas, p. 44, PI. xix, fig. 1. 1879.

Imago. — Boisduval describes the female as resembling C. iiuon, but of larger size. Its fore
wings are reddish brown, becoming violaceous toward the apex and on the costa; discal spot large,
yellowish gray, marked with four small blackish spots, and 1)eyond an oblique transverse band
formed of clouded ^-ellow spots, the two anterior of which are larger and oval. Beyond on the
violaceous margin is a zigzag yellowish line, and at the base of the wing a bright yellow spot.
The hind wings are reddish, tinged with violaceous, with the costal edge marked with yellowish,
an anal spot, and a suijmarginal sinuous clear yellow line. The thorax is yellow, with the collar
and a broad median spot of a violet-brown. Abdomen rust red, with yellow wings. The male
is smaller, and only differs in the hind wings lieing yellow with a ferruginous band, and a trans-
verse wavy violet-brown line. This species is very rare in our collections.

The following description is drawn up from a S in the Neumoegen collection of the Brooklyn
Institute:

It differs from C. htocoon ((.'. i.r!<in) in the much longer and sharper fore, wings, the
outer edge of which is much more obliciue. The hind wings are not quite so rounded at the
apex. The coloration is very different and the head and thorax are dark red-brown, as on the
fore wings; patagia pale ocherous, extending on the fore wings along the axillarj' vein (VI); a
curved discal mark situated in a lai'ge yellowish cloud; an ol)lique extradiscal row of eight
yellow spots obscured by reddish brown; a sul)marginal irregularly scalloped line as in the female.

Hind wings 3'ellow-ocher and red, ocherous at base and in the middle of the hinder edge,
and a submarginal .scalloped yellow line as in the $ . The abdomen is ringed with yellow.

Beneath, more yellow-oeher than al)ove. Discal patches distinct, extradiscal and submarginal
lines distinct. Hind wings nearly all yellow.

Expanse of fore wings, i 1(»3 mm.; length of one fore wilig, S 47 nmi.; ))readth of one fore
wing, S 20 mm.; length of a hind wing, $ '27 mm.; Ijreadth of a hind wing, <? lil mm.

OitJi<rron!a aroa Schaus is veiy closely allied to ('. jdiorotita^ and I am inclined to regard
it as a local variety. It differs from my Rio $ specimens, judging b}' Druce's figure, in the broad
extradiscal ocher band being in the middle and hinder part of the wings broken up into separate
spots, while the hind wings have a ground color of ocherous, not brick-red as \i\ phi>i'(ni,,i. The
colors of the body are identical in the two forms.

Larva. — Burnieister gives a iigure which we cop\-, and describes it as having on the rirst or
prothoraeic segment "four" [two] large spines of a clear rose color, the two small lower ones
being scarcely visible. The following segments have six spines, becoming successively .smaller
going Tiackward, the lateral ones each ending in a lilack tip bristling with short hairs; the two

142 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

middle dorsal ones are a little larger. The ''penultimate .seg-ment" (eighth abdominal one) has a
jiigh median dorsal spine, and two on each side, tlie last segment having only tour spines. In
fact, the larva is represented as being closely similar to that of C. regctlis, ditiering chief!}' in the
spines being bristly rather than spiny.

Larva. — (PL LV, tig. 3.) AVhat appears to be the larva of this species is represented hy
certain alcoholic specimens in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass., two
from Mondez, Brazil (Thayer Expedition), and one from Macacos, Brazil (Roberts).

Length, TM mm. Compared with the blown larva of C. laocoon (C. ixloii) in the U. S.
National Museum, it diflers in the following respects: The dorsal and subdorsal thoracic spines
are shorter, stouter, and the spinules on them are larger and much more crowded. They are
otherwise the same, being black at the swollen tips. The caudal horn is at least one-third shorter,
stouter, thicker at the base, subconical. and the spinules on it are more prominent and more
crowded.

The dorsal spines on abdominal segments 1-7 are of the same size and shape, there being no
essential diflerence.

Suranal plate not so smooth and free from low spines as in C. laocoon, there being 10-11
tubercles or granulations on each side, and one of them being much larger than the others and
5-headed, though not so high as broad.

The spines around the edges of the anal legs are also larger and more prominent. (For
details of the armature, see PI. LV, tig. 3.)

Burmeister states that the anterior spines of C. ixion {C. laocoon) are higher and the black
end swollen, and bristling with hairs; also that the upper lateral spines of the thin thoracic
rings are smaller. From this we infer that the specimens before us ai'e most probably the larva
of C. pli.oronea, rather than of C. principalis, the other Brazilian species.

His figure of C. ixion also shows that the middle spine on the suranal plate is higher, more
prominent.

Food plant. — Burmeister states that it eats the parasitic plant called by the Brazilians^/v'i/ia
(le erhe, the botanical name of which he did not know.

Gt'ograj}hicaJ distvihution. — French Guiana and Brazil (Boisduval), Rio de Janeiro (Bur-
meister). Burmeister says that the drawing of the larva was made by his son at Rio de Janeiro,
but he does not state whether it occurs in the Argentine Republic or not. Cramer states that
"it is not at all common" at Surinam. Drury gives Rio de Janeiro as the habitat, and Walker
Brazil. My specimen is from M. Donckier; it has no locality label.

Schaus's C. aroa is from Aroa, Venezuela. Druce gives as the habitat Honduras and
Venezuela (Aroa).

ClTHERON'I.'V Xj^OCOON (Ciainer).

Pis. XVIII, fig. 1 J' , XIX, fig. 99.

Phalxna Attacus laocoon Cramer, Papillons Exot., II, p. 30. PL cxvii, fig. A. 1779.
Ci(/i«WHa cmo.ssa Hi'EBNER, Verz. Schinett. p. 1.53. No. 1600. 1818-1822.
Eacles princeps Walker. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. IMus. VI, p. 1374, 18.5.5.
Ceratocampa laocoon SoisDW Ah, Annales Soc. Ent. France (4), VIII, p. 314. 1868.
Ceratocanipa ixion Boisduval, Annales Soc. Ent. France (4), VIII, p. 31.5. 1868.
Cilheronia laocoon Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 743. 1892.

Larva.

Pis. XVI, fig. 2, LV, fig. 2.

Biirmchtcr, Descr. phys. R^p. .\rgentine, Lepidopteres. Atlas. PI. xix, fig. 2. 1879-80.

InuKjo. — 1 $ . Body and wings of the .shape of S C. rcgalis and mexicana. Ground color
grayish orange, as in C. regalis. Antennae as in O. regaUs. Head yellow, with a distinct median
orange-red line on the front extending from the labrum upward, while the front in C. regalis is
all orange-red. The maxillas are separate, extending beyond the palpi, being a little longer

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 143

thuti tlio latter. I'lunax all yellow, as in ^ , witli n.) orange streaks; abdomen orange, distinetly
banded with yellow; tips yellowish.

Fore wings of the same shape as in 0. mjnHs, base of wing yellow, with two long lobes;
the discal blolehes inclosed in the broad, large yellow band, wliich otherwise is as iu 9 , extend-
ing to costa verv near the apex. Five uneiitial dull orange-l)rown discal blotches, and beyond is an
obli(|ue series of six intervenular blotches. A submarginal, scalloped, dark orange line, not
reaching the apex; this line not present in C. nyalis. Veins orange.

Hind wings very diHerent from the other species in being entirely yellow, except two
un(M|ual reddish blotches near the base, and an outer broad, diffuse, reddish shade beginning just
before the apex and ending distinctly on the inner angle; in 9 the wing is nearly all reddish,
with a submarginal zigzag line.

lender side of wings nearly all yellow; a large, squarish, reddish discal blotch on the fore
wings, a more irregular ditluse blotch halfway i)ctween the discal square and apex; outer edge
of the w^ing gray orange-red. containing a yellow 5-7-scalloped line. Hind wings all yellow,
except the discal spot and the narrow, wavy extradiscal line. For the venation see PI. LVIII,
tigs, -i, ia.

Expanse of fore wings, <J 88.5 nmi.; length of a fore wing, S .39 nun.; breadth of a fore
wing, $ ISnim. ; length of hind wing, S 25 mm.; breadth of hind wing, $ 18 mm.

No locality. In the Edwards collection of the American Museum of Natural History.
I have examined 3 S and 1 9 in the Cambridge Museum, and tind that they exactly agree
with Boisduval's description.

One 9 variety, and perhaps laomon Cramer. A large species, with broad, short wings;
nmch shorter than in C. regaJln; costal edge more convex; apex squarish; outer edge full and
convex, more so than in C. prtnciixdh^ and hind wings shorter, broader, and apex rounder than
in that species; the hind wings reach to the end of the al>domen.

Head and thorax bright ocher yellow, the thorax beinl- entirely j-ellow, with no orange spots.
Head deep orange-red in front Imt on the vertex and around the base of the antennte yellow;
a narrow transverse orange-i'cd line on the extreme front edge of the prothorax; abdomen
orange, narrowly banded with ocher.

Fore wings with more yellow than in C. regalia; their insertion yellow. No detinite basal
and extradiscal lines. Three large discal spots, the innermost round, the others parallel and
more or less broken up. The site of the extradiscal line is occupied by a series of intervenular
large l)rioht ocher spots, which are rounded on the outer edge, ii'regular on the inner, the
longest one being on the costa, the three behind diminishing in size, that in the extradiscal space
being the smallest one of the whole series. In the submarginal reddish brown space is a faint
irregular zigzag deep orange red line. Fringe of both wings reddish.

Hind wings with more yellow than in C. rujaUs; ocherous at base as is the inner edge; a
large ocherous spot on the costa; the hind wings are more reddish than the anterior ones, and
with a coarselv zigzag sulnnarginal reddish orange line edged internalh' with yellow. (The
yellow in this zigzag line on both wings may predominate as in Drury's "laocoon.")

Underside of the fore wings orange at base, extending out on the di.scal cell, and along the
inner edge: the extradiscal series of yellow spots as above. The hind wings beneath are j-ellow
ocher, a large hemispherical reddish spot; a broad extradiscal reddish line, the outer edge
reddish and yellow irregularly diflused. Abdomen yellow on the sides and beneath; a lateral
row of reddish spots.

Expanse of the fore wings, 9 H'' mm.; length of a fore wing, 9 56 nun.; breadth of afore
wing, 9 30 nun. ; length of hind wing, 9 38nnn.: breadth of hind wing, 9 27 mm.

My 9 specimen was compared with examples in the Paris ]Museum labeled C. i.rion. Boisd.
It also agrees perfectly with lioisduval's description.

From an examination of the collection of this genus in the British Museum, which doe-* not
possess Juoriion. I was led to regard my specimen described above as a variety of ('. plutroiua. It
is intermediate between that and the t^'pe of Walker's E. caclcus. The thorax is yellow as in

Vol. 9-05 10

144 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

E. cacieus, the abdoinen orange red, striped narrowly with yellow as in V. J/v'sso^/i Boisd., and
C. regalis. The fore wings are as in E. cacieus, the hind wings as in C. plioronea. It is quite
different from the 9 of C. hrissotli, which is near mextcana Grote. But I find that this same
9 specimen agrees well with Cramer's figure of C. laocoon S , though it is quite different from his
figure of the 9 . There is, indeed, no important difference except that the discal spot in his
figure is not double, but forms a single large yellow patch. The underside of my 9 agrees well
with Cramer's figure C of the underside, only differing in the three costo-subcostal yellow spots
being connected, but otherwise the fore and hind wings beneath are marked in the same way.

I quite agree with the remark of Boisduval that Cramer's figures B and C of his PI. CXVII
represent C. regalis.

It appears, then, that BoisduvaFs C. ivioii is a s^vnonym of Cramer's laocooit.

Larva — Last stage.' — PI. LV, figs. 2, 2ff. Length, 78 nnii. Body of the same general shape
as in C. regalis, thickest on the second and third thoracic segments. Head of the same width as
the prothoracic plate, pale, of the same hue as the suranal plate. On each thoracic segment
there are eight stout spines — four on each side — and there are ten long subecjual dorsal spines or
''horns." On the front edge of the prothoracic segment the two dorsal spines are large and
high and of the shape and about two-thirds of the size of those on the second and thii-d segments;
those of the suj^raspiracular row small, about one-fourth as long as those of the subjjiedian row,
but slenderer. One directly in front of each prothoracic spiracle is low, stout, conical, about
one-half as large as that in the lower or infraspiracular row. Of the four dorsal horns of the
second thoracic segment, each are of the same size, length, and thichiess; those of the supra-
spiracular row no s;i aller or shorter than those of the dorsal series. On the third thoracic segment
the_v are a little shorter. All the ten spines or horns end in a black polished bulb, the tip end of
which is whitish, the bulb bearing several (5-7) conical setiferous tubercles. The spines on the
sides of the body ai'e small and short; not so long as or scarcely longer than the dorsal ones are
thick. (Fig. 2.) On the thoracic segments those of the lowest row are much thicker, larger,
and longer than those of the next (infraspiracular) row above. On abdominal segments 1 to 7
the dor.sal, supraspiracular, and infraspiracular tubercles are all of the same shape and size, all
moderately long, acute, not tipped with black, and bearing from 7 to 8 sharp s^Dinules; those of
the lowest (infraspiracular) row a little longer than the supraspiracular ones.

The median spine on the eighth abdominal segment is fully twice as long and large as the
dorsal ones on segments 1 to 7. blackish at the acute tip, with rather numerous stout spinules.
On each side behind the median spine are two small low tubercles, as in C. sepulcralis. A stout
conical smooth tubercle on segment 9, which is about one-third as long as the median one on the
preceding segment with two similar spines on each side of it, though those of the lower row are
a little larger and more spinose.

Suranal plate (tig. 2«) short and broad, rough on the surface. Iiut unarmed (not so spiny as in
C. regalis, that of C. sepulcralis being still more armed); a group of four or five minute conical
setiferous reddish pink tubercles on each side, near the base, and a few minute ones along the
edge; but it is much smoother than in V. sejndcralis and also than in C regalis. Spiracles
black, inclosing a large pale straw-yellow center. Body green, with reddish pink spines.
Legs green; the mid-abdominal ones green with a blackish vertical shade, sometimes broken
into two spots. In front of each al)dominal spiracle is a narrow, oblique ascending black line.
Anal legs with a few minute spinules.

Eood plant.— The nature of the plant on which the species feeds is not stated by Burmeister.

Geographical distrihution. — Canta galli, Brazil (L. Agassiz, Museum of Comp. Zoology,
Thaj'er Expedition; collected by Doctor Teuschcr); Brazil, not rare, chiefly found in the envi-
rons of Bahia; a variety, 9 , from Para (Boisduval); Novo Friburgo (Boisduval, Burmeister.)

MKMOIHS OV THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 145

CITHEROlsriA. VOCrLKIil ^^Vey(•IlI.lll••;]l ).

Ceralocampa vogleri Wkykniuhch, IVridii. Zonl. .\r<.'inl. Ill, j). .Sd!). 1881. — Kihhy, Syii. Cat. Leji. Het. 1,

p. 744. 18i"»2.
Eacles leona DiacE, Pnu-. Zool. Sof. London. )>. 500. 1890.
atheroma ivgkri ^ciiws. Auut. Lcp., p. 21. I'l. Ill, fig. 2, <J. 18!»2.

Ima(/<K — 1 ^ , 1 9 . Aiiteniiiv of <f nuich liliatod, the iiliforni extremity forming more than
half their length. The shape of thewing.s much a.s in ('. in<i<jiiijic(i; fore wing.s acute, the outer
edge very oblique; hind wings acute at the apex, subtrianguhir. Body and wings of a peculiar
uniform umber brown, with two diverging cream-wiiite lines on tlie thoracic disc. Fore wings
with two unequal spots at base, and three rows of long oval cream-colored spots, eight in the
extradiscal I'ow, two subcostal, two median, and two near the inner edge; two minute scarlet
discal spots, inside of which is a large semioval cream spot, and beyond two triangular marks.

Hind wings with a large oblong bright conspicuous .scarlet spot; the wings at base 3-ellow-
ocher, extending half way along the inner edge; a row of narrow triangular j-ellow spots along
the margin. •

Beneath, more yellow than above; a large and conspicuous scarlet discal spot on the wings
of both jjairs. At the base of the fore and hind wings are Indian-red spots. Abdomen umber,
with a lateral yellow line, and cross-bands of reddish-ocherous, which do not meet above; $
marked like the S .

Expanse of the fore wings, S 77 mm. ; 9 104 mm. Length of one fore wing, S 37 mm. ;
9 54 mm. Breadth of one fore wing, $ 16 mm.; 9 25 mm. Length of one hind wing, S 22
mm.; 9 35 mm. Breadth of one hind wing, S 16 mm.; 9 25 mm.

Oeograplucal range — Cordova. Argentina (Weyenburgh); Brooklyn iMuseum, Neumoegen
collection.

CITHERONIA. SEPXJLCR^LIS &iote and Robinson.

PI. XX, tig. 16, S.

Citheronia sepulcralh Grote and Robinson, Proc. Ent. Soc. riuL, IV, p. 222. April, 1865. Annals Lyceum
Nat. Hist. New York, VIII, p. .382. PI. 12, figs. 2, 3, $■ Oct., 1866.— Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het. I,
p. 743. 1892.

Ldrva.

Pis. XIV, LV, figs. 4, 4o, 4ft.

Grote and Robinson, Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist., N. Y., VIII, p. 382. 1866.

Edu-ards, H., Ent. Amer., Ill, p. 168. Dec, 1887.

Packard, 5th Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm., Ins. Inj. Forest Trees, p. 772. 1890.

Imago. — 2 S . — Body, wings, and legs uniformly dark gray with a lilac tinge, nearly of the
hue of C. regalis between the orange-colored veins of that species. No yellow or orange marks;
thorax and abdomen with no j'ellow or oi'ange spots; head as in C. regalis; S antennas with 17
pairs of double pectinations, C. regalis having two more pairs (19); palpi large and stout, a little
more so than in V. regalis and azteca.

Fore wings with two pale pink spots at the base, one just behind the base of the median vein;
the other behind the origin of the vein at the base of the wing next to the i)ink patch on the body
at the insertion of the hind wings. (PI. LVIII, tigs. 4, 4«.) A moderately large dusky discal
spot centered by an irregular crescent-.shaped orange-red mark. No other markings.

Hind wings pale pink on the basal half or two-thirds of the wing, and the pink area incloses
the discal discoloration, which is smaller than on the fore wings.

Under side of the fore wings pink from the base along the middle to the discal spot; the
veins are as above, but a little paler, and more lilac. The fore legs are not spined; the fore
tibial epiphysis differs in shape from that of C. regalis., being a little longer and less acute.
(PI. XXXVI. fig. 23, 23a.) Hind $ tibiae with a stout spine on the inside, the outer one ves-
tigial. They are a little larger than in C. regalis. The genitalia (PI. LX. tig. 3, 3ff. ?jh.) differ

146 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

f rcim those of C. regalls in the upper claspers being a little nai rower and longer, while the lower
pair (harpes) are very different, being much smaller and thinner, rather l)roader, stouter, and
flatter below, less far apart and the tips less upcurved. The suranul plate is nuich wider at
base. I have not j-et seen the female in any collection, as it is very rare.

Expanse of the fore wings, $ 75 mm.; length of one fore wing, I .35 mm.; breadth of one
fore wing, S 15 mm. ; length of a hind wing S 22 mm. ; breadth of a hind wing. I 15 mm.

The uniformly dark lilac-gray hue of this species is noteworthy. Structurally it differs from
6'. regaJix in having fewer pectinations and in the palpi being apparently stouter, and in the
shape of the fore tibial epiphysis, as well as in the very different shape of the S genital armature.

This species, whether we consider the larva or imago, is the most highh- modified of any of
the genus, forming the type of a distinct section of the genus. In this connection it is note-
worthy that the species is, so far as yet known, confined te the Atlantic coast of North America
(Map IX), and this suggests that it is the most recentlj^ evolved species of the genus, whose
center of origin was evidently the eastern forest region of South America.

E</(j. — Slightly flattened spherical-oval; the surface very finely pitted. Length 2.3 mm.;
diameter 1.9 mm.

Received from Mr. William Dearden, Lonsdale. R. I., June '20; the larv;e hat'?hed July 1-2.

Larm — Stage I. — Length 6.5 mm. Body rather slender. Head smooth, shining jet-blaclv.
Prothoracic segment large, receiving the head, which is partly concealed or hooded by it. Three
pairs of large, dull })lack, rather long dorsal spines, each spine ending in a large flattened bull),
which (Mids in a long sliMider process; those of the prothoi'ax a little shorter than the two hinder
pairs, and extended out horizontally over the head. Second and third thoiacic and abdominal
segments 1-4 deep honey -yellow, the rest of the abdomen black, but irregularly spotted or mot-
tled with wax-yellow on the sides.

Abdominal segments 1 to 7 with small irregular ciorsal sj)ines each bearing four tines, the
upper bent horizontally; those on the seventh and eighth segments larger and more erect. The
median one on the eighth and ninth abdominal segments nuich larger and higher, but with no
bulbous enlargements.

On abdominal segments 1 to -t in front of each dorsal and lateral spine is an irregular angular
black spot, the lateral one nuich the larger and squarish. The suranal plate flat. The plates on
the anal legs are spiny, with long stiff' setie. Thoracic and abdominal legs lilack, all large and
long.

July 12. Length now l* nmi., about read}' to molt. The prothoracic segment is yellow, like
the two behind, except the large oblong black dorsal plate giving rise to the two horns. The
body is black on abdominal segments 5 to the end, though paler than before.

Stage II. — Just molted, July 13, 9 a. m. Length 10 mm. Head jet-black. The body is now
dull wax-yellow, with dusk}^ hues. A wax-yellow longitudinal band on the middle of the
prothorax. and the anterior edge of the second and third thoracic segments are dusky. An
interrupted dusky or umber-brown broad subdorsal band. Abdominal legs concolorous with the
band. The larger spines are a little larger, the bulbs a little smaller in proportion. All the
spines are black throughout, and the metathoracic horns are a little longer than the body is thick.
Prothoracic horns atiout two-thirds as long as the four behind.

On the outside of the abdominal legs above the planta is a rough jet-black plate. The
middle of the anal legs uml)er-brown. A sul)dorsal and a lateral row of black spots.

It somewhat reminds one, as regards the color, of a late wax-yellow stage of E. imperialix.

Stage III. — Molted for the second time (in New York) July 23. Length 15 mm. Head dull
pitchy reddish yellow. The three pairs of large dorsal spines now longer than before; one-
(juarter longer than the body is thick, but still retaining the l>nlbous horned expansions at the
end; they are much larger in proportion than the dorsal abdominal ones. The colors are faded
and too indistinct to describe.

I once found a nearl}- full-grown caterpillar of this rare moth on the pitch-pine at Bruns-
wick, Me., August 5, which lived in confinement until the 17th of the mouth. The following
3'ear a younger one occurred on the white pine during the second week in August.

MEMOIRS OF I'llK NATIONAL ACAI)E?»IY OF SCIENCES. 147

'"''Young larva. — Lono;tli. 11 iimi. Ilcml l;iii;'('. I'nif hrick-nHJ. Bddy ])alc yrccii. tul)Ci'<lcs
stniw-yollow, o-reen :it Iniso. Tlit' dorsal tul)Oirles all nearly tiic same size, cxci-pt the prothoi'acic
ones, wliicli arc nearly one-hair as lai'ge u.s the iiiesollioracic: those i)n mesotlionieic. iii(>ta-
thoracie. and lirst alidoniinal segments of equal size and oidy a little larger tiiaii those on the
other abdominal segments, Eightii pair of abdominal ones larger than the others and nearly as
large as the thoraeie ones. The long, slender spines on the thoracic segments black, those on
the alidoininal in part lilaek, t'spccially the inner ones.

■■ Lan-'t. jmihiihh/ l>, fere tlw hi^t indlt. — Head full, rounded, retractile in the jjrothorax,
nearly concolorous with the body, being corneous. Body unifornily horn-brown, the color of
old dark parciunent. witii no green shade about it. On eat'h thoracic segment a long, slender
warted sul)tlorsal spine, the prothoracic pair projecting a little in front and smaller and one-third
shorter than the other four, which are recurved. The six long thoracic spines are succeeded by
a dorsal row of short stout smooth acute spines with a dull orange-red tint. Each spine has two
or three small slender dark spinules and about three terminal unecjual spinules. On the side of
each thoracic segment are two short conical tubercles with a few stitl' s{)inuU's. On the alidomen
above the spiracles is a row of dull orange-reddish smooth spines, and below a row of nuich
slenderer spines, which are spinulated much like the dorsal thoracic ones. These spines are
situated on the folds of the lateral ridge of the body. Below this sul)spiracular row of spines is
asubventval row of small spines on the three thoracic segments, and which are large and long on
the first and second abdominal segments and on the last three segments. On the middle of the
eighth segment is a large straight dorsal stiti' spine nearly as large as the larger thoracic ones.
At its base behind are two minute spines. On the segment behind (ninth) is a median stout
spine, making the middle one of a transverse row of seven spines on that segment. Supraanal
plate tlat, obtuse, variously and ol)tusely tuberculated, especially around the edges, as are the
sides of the large anal legs and the sides of the prolegs, which are very retractile. The spiracles
are large, black, and very conspicuous, the last pair larger than the others. There are also
scattered smoky-black blotches, a row on the front edge of each segment and one at the base of
the dorsal spines. Length, 5u mm. (2 inches). The larva of ■sej^ulcndia (of which Professor
Riley has blown larva? of four stages) differs from that of C regaJija in the stage before the last
molt in having only si.x spines on the anterior end and two pairs of straight spines on the end,
those on the prothoracic segment longer in proportion than in C. ivgalis, and all ending in
bulbous enlargements. In the mature larva all the spines are shorter and the spinules have
shorter spines. Length lOU mm. (4 inches).'' (Rep. Forest Insects, p. 772.)

The tubercles ii are present in the fully grown larva on abdominal segment 8, and each
bears two short fine seta?.

(Tvvgraphlcal distrihufion. — From southern Maine and New Hampshire to Georgia and
Florida. Brunswick, Me. (Packard); Manchester, N. H. (F. H. Foster); Lawrence, Mass. (J. O.
Treat); Lonsdale, R. I., June 20 (Dearden); Providence, end of June (G. Gray); New York City
(Edwards, Grote); Pennsjdvania; Georgia (Abbot); Jacksonville, Fla. (Mrs. Slosson). (See
Map IX.)

n^DEX OF GEXERA AXD SPECIES.

Adelocephala .

alliolineiita. . .

anthonilis^

bici >lor

bisecta

boisduvalii...

brevis

cadmus

crooata

heiligbrodtii .

hijgei

isias

jucunda

montezuiiia . .
quadrilineata .
subangulata . .

wardii

albolineata, Adelocephala . .

Anisota

eonsularis

dissimilis

rubicunda

senatoria

stigma

sujirema

virginiensis

anthonalis, Adelocephala...

azteca, Citheronia

bellatrix, Crinodes

bicolor, Adelocephala

bisecta, Adelocephala

lioisduvalii, Adelocephala . .

brevis, Adelocephala

brissotii, Citheronia

cacicus, Eacles

cadmus, Adelocephala

Citheronia

azteca

brissotii

laocoon

mexicana

phoronea

'age.

61

76

87

65

75

S3

88

84

88 !

76 '

78

79

87

77

74

85

86

76

96
106
116
111
107

98
115
102

87
139

90

65

75

83

88
137
126

84
128
139
137
142
138
141

Page.

Citheronia principalis 140

regalis 130

sepulcralis 145

splendens 138

vogleri 145

eonsularis, Anisota 106

Crinodes

bellatrix 90

crocata, Adelocephala 88

dissimilis, Ani.sota 116

Eacles 116

cacicus 126

iinperialis 119

jienelope 128

heiligbrodtii, Adeloceijhala 76

hijgei, Adelocephala 78

imperialis, Eacles 119

isias, Adelocephala 79

jucunda, Adelocephala 87

laocoon, Citheronia 142

mexicana, Citheronia 138

molina, Syssphinx 92

montezuma, Adelocephala 77

penelope, Eacles 128

petersii, Syssphinx 95

phoronea, Citheronia 141

principalis, Citheronia 140

quadrilineata, Adelocephala 74

regalis, Citheronia 130

rubicunda, Anisota Ill

senatoria, Anisota 107

sepulcralis, Citheronia 145

splendens, Citheronia 138

stigma, Anisota 98

subangulata, Adelocephala 85

suprema, Anisota 115

Syssphinx 91

molina 92

? petersii 95

virginiensis, Anisota 102

vogleri, Cithen mia 145

wardii, Adelocephala 86

149

PLATES.

151

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

Fig. 1.— la, Adelocephala hicolor, larva, stage I, enlarged; Ih. tubercle )' of an aVjilominal .=egment; 1c. tubercle of

infraspiracular series.
Fig. 2.— 2a, The same, stage II. J. Bridgham, del. The hair line indicates the length of the specimen figured.
152

NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES, VOL. 9.

FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE I.

2a.

i

J. Bridgham. del.

A. HOEK &. CO.. LITH.. BALTIMORE.

Adelocephala bicolor.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IL

Fic. 1. — 'id, Adelorephnhi bicohjr, stage III.

Fig. 2. — 2a, Adelocephalxi bicolor, stage I^^

Fig. .3. — 3(7, Adelocepluda hicoloi; stage V; 3b, dorsal tubercle on fourth and si.xth abdominal segments, inside view;
3c, the same seen from the outside; Sd, the same, front view; 3e, the caudal horn; 3/, an abdominal
segment, showing a portion of the red and white lateral line, and spiracle. J. Bridgham, del.

154

NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES, VOL. 9.

FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE II.

J. Brid^ham. del.

A. HOHN & CO.. LITH., BALTIMORE.

Adeloceishala bicolor.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IIL

Fig. 1. — Undetermined Larva of Ailclocepliala from Brazil, natural size.

Fig. 2. — Larva of Adelocephala isi'os, last stage, San Antonio, Tex., natural size.

Fig. 2a. — Larva of Adelocephala isias, stage IV, Brownsville, Tex.

Fig. 3. — Larva of AdelorepknUi isias, Brownsville, Tex.

Fig. 4 — i«, Si/sspltin.r iiiolina, stage I, much enlarged.

L. H. Joutel, del. ^

156

NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES, VOL. 9

FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE III.

L. H. Joutel. dfl A. HOliX * CO.. UTH.. BALTIMORE.

1 . Adelocephala sp. miknowii, from Brazil. 2. Adelocephala isias. 2a, 3. Adelocephala isias, var.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

Fig. 1. — Anisola lirginiensis, stage I, enil of the tirst stage, much enlarged.
Fifi. In. — Anisota rirglnieusii', stage I, freshly hatched larva, much- enlarged.
Fig. 2. — Anisota virginiensis, stage II, larva having just molted, enlarged.
Fig. 2a. — Anisola virginiensis, stage II, larva in middle of the stage, enlarged.
Fig. 3. — 3a, Anisota rirginiensis, stage III, enlarged.
Fig. 4. — 4((, .inisota rirginiensis, stage IV, enlarged.
Fig. 5. — 5a, Ani-'ola rlrginlrnsis, stage V, last stage; natural size.
All drawn by L. H. Joutel.

15S

NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES, VOL. 9.

FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE IV.

L. H. Joutel. et al.. del.

A. HOEN & CO.. LITH.. BALTIMORE.

Anisota virginiensis.

Vol. 9—05 11

159

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

Fui. 1. — Anisota virginiensis stage. I, greatly (.'iilarged.

Fi(4. 2. — 2o, Anisota i^lrglniensis, stage III, enlarged.

Fig. 3. — 3a, Anisota virginiensis, stage III; end of the stage, enlarged.

Fig. 4. — Anisota rirginiensis, stage IV, enlarged.

Fig. 5. — Anisota rirginiensis, last stage, natural size.

Fig. 6. — Anisota stigma, stage III.

Fig. 6a. — Section through second thoracic; tW,, third; 6r, third aljdominal; <»', fourth alidominal; 6e. end of boil.v,

from rear.
Fig. 7. — Anisota stigma, last stage.

Fig. 7a. — Anisota stigma, section showing the spines. J. r.ridghani, del.
Fig. 8. — Anisota consularis, last stage, natural size. L. II. .Toutel, del.

160

NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES, VOL. 9.

FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE V.

J. Brid|;ham and L. H. Jomel del.

A. HOKN & CO., LITH.. BAI.TIMOKK.

1-5, Ani.sota virKiuieusis; (3, 7. A. stiguia. 8, A. cousularis.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VL

Fiti. 1. — Anisqta se.naloria, egg, much enlarged, usual color; In, one hour before the larva hatches: July 13.

Fig. 2. — 2<(, AnUota senatoria, stage I, much enlarged.

Fig. 3. — 3cr, Animta senatoria, stage 1, end of the stage, much enlarged.

Fig. 4. — 4a, Anisota senatoria, stage III, enlarged. J. Bridghani, del.

Fig. 5. — 5a, Anisota senatoria, last stage (V), natural size. L. H. Joutel, del.

Iti2

NAT. ACAD. SCIENOES. VOL. 9.

FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE VI.

•

3 b.

3a.

"^i

y M

^V

-5-

2a.

A. HOEN i CO.

UTil

. BALTIMORE

J. Bridgham and L. H. Joutel, del.

Auisota seuatoria.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.

Fig. 1. — In, Anisota rublcunda, larva freshly hatched; stage I, enlarged. Joutel del.

Fig. 16. — Freshly hatched larvae, natural size. Bridgham ilel.

Fig. 2. — 2o, Freshly hatched larva?, stage II; enlarged. Joutel ikl.

Fig. 3. — 3n, Freshly hatched larvse, stage IV; enlarged. Joutel del.

Fig. 4.— 4a, Freshly hatched larvie, last stage (V); enlarged. Joutel del.

Fig. 5. — oa, Adult larv.e.

164

NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES, VOL. 9.

FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE VII.

L. H. Joatel, et al., det.

A. HOEN & CO.. UTU.. BALTIMORE.

Anisota rubicnnda.

EXPLANATION TO PLATE VIII.

Fig. 1. — la, Eades imperialis, stage I, much enlarged.
Fig. 2. — Eades imperialis, .stage II, much enlarged.
Fig. 3.— Eades imperialis, stage III, much enlarged.
Fig. 4. — Eades imperialis, stage IV, enlarged.
Fig. 5. — Eades imperialis, stage V, enlarged.
Fig. 6. — Eades imperialis, stage VI, natural size.
Fig. 6a. — Front of head of dark form.
J. Bridgham, del.

166

NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES, VOL. 9.

FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE VIII.

J. Bridghsm, del.

A. UOKN & CO.. LITH.. It.Vl.lI.MOtlE.

Eacles iiiiperialis, stages I- VI.

EXPLANATION OF PLATt: IX.

Fig. 1. — la, Eadest Imperialis, stage IV, green form, natural size; 1/*, prothuracic s-egment; Ic, dorsal tubercles of
second thoracic segment; \(l, third abdominal segment; 1e, eighth to tenth abdominal segments.

Fig. 2. — 2<i, Eaclcs imperkilix, fully grown, green form; 2h, front of head; 2c, first thoracic segment; 2d. third
abdominal segment; 2e, eighth to tenth segments.
J. Bridgham, del.

168

PLATE IX.

lb

Jb

Ic

m'v

^'

0

C- ^ ."

y

/</

la

2c

2d

2e

SRIDGHAM DEL.

EAGLES IMPERIALIS.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.

Fig. 1. — la, Cilheroiiia regalis, sta<;e I, freshly hatched, much enlargeil; l'<, prothoracic segment; Ic, section of

eighth abdominal s^egment; Irf, tubercle of infrasiiiracular series.
Fk;. 2. — 2i(, CiDiiTiniid n-yalis, near end of stage I; 2b, subdorsal tubercle of first thiiracic segment; 2c, one of

dorsal row, same segment. J. Bridgham del.

170

NAT. ACAO. SCIENCES, VOL. 9.

FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE X.

J. Brtdgham. del.

A. HOC-V & CO.. LITH.. BALTIMORE.

Citherouia regalis.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XL

Fig. 1. — lo, C'ilheronia irgalis, sta^e II; much enlarged; \h, section (if eiglitli abdominal i?egment; Ic, abdominal

spine of subdorsal series.
Fig. 2. — 2a, C'dheronia regnlix, stage ITl; enlarged; 26, a dorsal abdominal spine.
Fig. 3. — Sa, Citheronia regalin, stage IV; natural size; Sb, dorsal spine of second thoracic segment.
•T. Bridgham, del.

172

NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES, VOL. 9.

FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE XI.

J. Bridghani, dd

A. UpKN ,t CO.. LITU.. B.VLTIMOHK.

Citheiouia regalis.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII.

Fig. 1. — l«f, atheroma regalis, stage III; 16, front view of head and thoracic segments 'n-ith the horns; enlarged.
Fig. 2. — atheroma regalis, stage IV, natural size; 2a, suranal plate; 2h, anal leg.
J. Bridgham, del.

174

NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES, VOL. 9.

FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE xri.

J. Brid^^hain, del.

A. UOliS & CO.. LITH.. BAI.T!MOUE.

Citheronia regalis.

Vol. il— 05 12

175

EXPLANATIOIN^ OF PLATE XIII.

Fig. 1. — 1((, Citlieroitia reijalis, stage IV, natural size; 16, spine of infraspiracular row; \c, a subdorsal spine of an
abdominal segment; lil, dorsal spine of same segment; le, anal leg; 1/, caudal horn.

Fui. 2. — 2a, Cithevonia rcfialis, stage V and last, natural size (under fed); 2li-2(\ spines; 2e, a thoracic leg; 2/', seution
through third abdominal segment.

Fig. 3. — Citheronia rctjallK, slightly larger than natural size; oa, dorsal horn; 36, subdor.sal horn. (Not a satisfartory
figure. )
J. Bridgham, del.

176

PLATE XIII.

BRIDGHAM DEL.

CITHERONIA REGALIS.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.

Fig. 1. — la, Cilheronia sepulcralis, stage I, much enlarged.
Fig. 2. — 2a, Cilheronia sepula'olis, stage II, much enlarged.
Fig. 3. — 3a, Cilheronia sepulcralis, stage III, enlarged.
Fig. 4. — Cilheronia sepulcralis, last stage, natural size. E. Shoemaker, del.

Fig. .5. — Cilheronia sepulcralis, last stage. Drawn by J. Bridgham from a blown specimen in H. Edwards's collection;
a little larger than life.
Figs. 1-3, drawn from life, by L. H. Joutel.

178

NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES, VOL. 9.

FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE XIV.

L. H. Jont«1. et al., del.

A. HOr-N & CO.. LITH.. B-\LTISIOKE.

Citheronia -sepulcralis

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV.

Fig. 1. — Cilheronia splendent, natural size.
Fig. 2. — Cilheronia laocoon, natural size.
Fig. 8. — Eacles imperialiti var.

All drawn from blown larvse, by L. H. Joutel.
Fig. 4. — (Outline of egg of Citlieronia regalis, greatly enlarged; ia, the seuli>tnring on the shell. Note. — The areas in
-i't .«hould have been drawn more polygonal.

180

NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES, VOL. 9.

FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE XV.

L. H. .Toutel. del. A. HOEN A Co.. UTH.. BALTIMORE.

1. Citheronia spleudens; 2. C. laocoou; 3. Eacles imperialis, var. 4. Egg of C. regalis.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI.

Fkt. 1. — Larva of Vilherotiia phoroiiea, natural size.
Fig. 2. — Larva of Citheriinia hiocoon (ixion) natural size.

Fig. 8. — Larva of " atheroma regalk," natural size, 3A, head in front; .SB, rt, mandible outer side; h, inner side; c, ocelli.
Fig. 4. — Larva of Syssjihinx molina, natural size.

Fig. 5. — Larva of Dtrphia cnnjndaris; bii, Ijody seen from end; bh, a spine enlarged.
Fig. 6.' — Pupa of the same, natural size; 6A, head of the same, from Ijeneath.
A copy from Burmeister's Atlas, of Plate XIX.

182

PLATE XVI.

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A

3.A.

a.

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3B.

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6co'

H. BuRMEisTER DEL. 1 -3, CI T H E RO N I A; 4, SYSSPHINX MOLINA; 5, DIRPHIA CONSULARIS.

Fig.

1.

Fig.

2.

Fig.

3.

Fig.

4.

Fig

5.

Fig.

6.

Fig

"

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII.

— Larva of Fades penelojii; natural gize.

— Larva of Eaclet! carious, natural size; 2A, head from in front; 2B, laliium and one maxilla.
— AiJelocejihala irarclii, natural size.
— CtlJieroiiia priiicipali'i, natural size.

— Pupa of Fades cacinix, 5A, head from Ijeneath; 5B, end of body, S ■ a, sexual opening; b.
— Pupa of Citlii'ronia priiicijMilix, natural size.
— I'nder side i:)f head of jiupa of Dirphia coiimlaris.
A copy of Plate XX of Burmeister's Atlas.

184

PLATE XVII.

BUHMEISTER DEL.

1,2, EAGLES: 3, ADELOCEPHALA WARDII: 4, CITHERONIA PRINCIPALIS.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII.

Fig. 1. — Vitheronia laocoon, $ .

Fig. 2. — CUheronia qthn'lens, $ ; 2 a, 9 .

Fig. 3. — CUheronia azteca, $.

Fig. 4. — CUheronia meximna, $ .

Fig. 5. — Eacles imperialis, $ .

186

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX.

Fig. 1. — AdelocepJiaki alhollneatii, 9.

Fig. 2. — AdcloLrphala suhaiif/alahi, $ .-

Fig. ?j. — Adelorcpli(i!(i hirolor, $ .

Fig. 4. — Adehcephtilu hoyei, $ .

Fig. 5. — ^deloceplmla hdligbrodtii, $ .

Fig. 6. — Adelocephala montetuma, $ .

Fig. l.—Anisota mprema, $. The moth is too green; the fore wing ehould be 01 a rich, warm brown.

Fig. 7f(. — Anisota svprema, f.

Fig. S. — Citheroriia principalis, 9.

Fig. 9. — Cilheronia laoroon, 9-

188

PLATE XIX.

^tf^ ^^^*T

1-6, ADELOCEPHALA.

7-7A, ANISOTA.

8-9, CITHERONIA.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX.

Fig. 1. — Anisota rtrginiensii', 9.

Fig. 2. — Aitisola firginiensis, S-

Fig. 3. — A^iisota rirginienxis, 9.

Fig. 4. — Anisota sligma, S-

Fig. 5. — Anisola tttiyma, $ .

Fig. 6. — Anisota sligma, 9 .

Fig. 7. — Anisola sligma, g .

Fig. 8. — Anisota stigma, 9. This examjile has no spots on wings of one side; loaned l>y Mr. Joutel.

Fig. 9. — Anisota stigma, $ .

Fig. 10. — Anisota senatoria, 9 ■

Fig. 11. — Anisota sniatoria, 9-

Fig. 12. — Anisota senatoria, $ .

Fig. 13. — Adelocvphalahiscda, $.

Fig. 14. — Adelocephula hiseda, 9 •

Fig. 15. — Anisota rvbimmhi, g .
Fig. 15a. — Anisota rubininda, $ .
Fig. 156. — Anisota ruhirumki, 9 ■

Fig. Ifi. — Cil}(eronia sepiilcraiis, S . The hue is too green; the niotli is of a warm jiurplisli gray brown.

190

PLATE XX.

i:,b

ANISOTA AND CITHERONIA SEPULCRALIS.

Vol. 9—05 13

191

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXL

Fig. l.—Oitheronia regalk, fully grown, green form (the black spots on the yellow of the anal legs should be

removed).
Fig. 2. — Citheronlu ref/alin, fully grown, green and orange form.

After colored photographs by A. Hyatt Verrill.

Note.— In all the figures of Cillieroiiia m/((?).s, the caterpillar should be represented as feeding back downward
with the body suspended by the very long mid-abdominal legs.

192

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LL
LU

C3

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cc

o

DC

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIL

Fig. 1. — Citheronia regalh, blue and orange form.
Fig. 2. — Pink form, stage IV.

After photographs by A. Hyatt Verrill.

194

X.
X

u
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a.

W

<

o

UJ
DC

O

DC
UJ

I

o

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIIL

Fig. 1. —Citheronia regalis, stage I\', natural size; brown form.
Fig. 2. — Anisota rttbicunda, last stage, natural size.
From colored photographs by A. Hyatt Verrill.

196

X
X

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV.

Fig. \.—Citheron!a regaU.% green form; last stage; in its resting attitude, tliough the head should hang downward.
Fig. 2. — The same (green form), dorsal view.
From photographs by A. Hyatt Verrill.

198

MEMOIRS of the NATIONAL ACADEMY of SCIENCES

VOL. IX FIRST MEMOIR

Plate XXIV

-i^ X

li

i^H

^^^ JjL^

tJU

11

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A. S. CAMPBEtL ART CO. ELIZ.. N. J.

jtf^-r

4.

Fig. I. C. REGALIS (green form) last stage, resting attitude.
Fig. 2. C. REGALIS (green form) last stage, dorsal view

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV.

Fig. 1. — Cilheronia regalis, green form, in feeding attitude.

Fig. 2. — Citheronia regalis, blue form, resting attitude. "^

The two photographs should be side by side with the heads of the caterpillars uppermost, as it hangs attached
by its al)dominal legs.

A. Hyatt Veirill, photo.

200

MEMOIRS of the NATIONAL ACADEMY of SCIENCES

VOL. IX FIRST MEIv^Oil;

Plate XXV

iffc

jkift^'^"-^

Fig. 2.

Fig I. C. REGALIS (green form) last stage, feeding attitude
Fig 2. C. REGALIS (blue form) last stage, resting attitude

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVL

Fig. 1. — atheroma regalis, pink I'oru], stage IV.
Fig. 2. — Brown form, stage IV.
A. Hyatt Verrill, photo.

202

MEMOIRS of the NATIONAL ACADEMY of SCIENCES

VOL JX FIRST MrMOIR

Plate XXVI

/

» S. C»VPBE>

Fig-

Fig. I. C. REGALIS fpink form) stage 4
Fig. 2- C. REGALIS (brown form* stage 4

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIL

Fig. 1. — Backs imperialis, eggs, with freshly hatched larvfe, natural size.
Fig. 2. — Eacles imperialis, eggs, with freshly hatched larvw , the .same enlarged.
Fig. 3. — Eacles imperialis, last stage, showing the long hairs, natural size.
A. Hyatt Verrill, photo.

204

MEMOIRS of the NATIONAL ACADEMY of SCIENCES

VOL, IX FIRST MEMOIR

Plate XXVII

Jw

r

A S. CAWfBEtl «RT CO

^'S- 3-

Fig. I. E. IMPERIALIS eggs and stage i

Fig. 2. E. IMPERIALIS eggs and stage p enlarged

Fig. 3. E. IMPERIALIS 'ast stage

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVUI.

Fig. 1. — Eacles imperialig, stages II and IV.
Fig. 2. — Eacles imperialig, stage III.
Fig. 3. — Eades imperialis, last stage.

From photographs by A. Hyatt Verrill.

206

MEMOIRS of the NATIONAL ACADEMY of SCIENCES

VOL. IX FIRST MEMOIR

Plate XXVI

Fig. I. t. IMPERIALIS stage 2 and 4
Fig. 2. E. IMPERIALIS stage 3
Fig. 3. E. IMPERIALIS last stage

Vol. ft— 05 14

207

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIX.

Fio. 1. — Anisota lyirginiensis, last stage.
Fig. 2. — Anisoia tirginienm, stage II.

Fig. 3. — Anisota rirginiensis, stage III. All of natural size.
From photographs by A. Hyatt Verrill.

208

MEMOIRS of the NATIONAL ACADEMY of SCIENCES

VOL. IX FIRST MEMOIR

Plate XXIX

-ig. 3

Fig

-^

A. S. CAMPBELL ART CO.

Fig. I. A. VIRGINIENSIS full fed
Fig. 2. A. VIRGINIENSIS stage 2
Fig. 3. A. VIRGINIENSIS stage 3

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXX.

Fig. 1. — Anisola stigma, stage II.
Fig. 2. — Aniisota sdymii, stage III.
Fig. 3. — Amsota sli/jnia, stage IV. All of natural size.
From photographs by A. Hyatt Verrill.

210

MEMOIRS of the NATIONAL ACADEMY of SCIENCES

VOL. IX FIRST MCMOIR

Plate XXX

/' .

Fig.

A. S. CAMPBELL ART CO.

Fig. 3

Fig: I. ANISOTA STIGMA stages
Fig. 2. ANISOTA STIGMA stage 3
Fig. 3. ANISOTA STIGMA stage 4

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXI.

Fig. 1. — Anisota stigma, last stage; also a caterpillar of Janassa lignicohr.
Fig. 2. — Anisota senatoria, stage II.
Fig. 3. — Anisota senatoria, stage III.
Fig. 4. — Anisota senatoria, stage IV.

From photographs by A. Hyatt Verrill.

212

MEMOIRS of the NATIONAL ACADEMY of SCIENCES

VOL. IX FIRST MEMOIR

Plate XXXI

A. S CAMPBELL ART CO.

ig- 4

Fig' 3

Fig. 1. ANISOTA STIGMA last stage; also Janassa ligni color

Fig. 2. ANISOTA SENATORIA stage 2

Fig. 3. ANISOTA SENATORIA stage 3

Fig. 4. ANISOTA SENATORIA stage 4

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIL

Fig. 1. — Anisoia senaloria, last stage, natural size.
Fig. 2. — Anisota ruhkimda, stages II and III, natural size.
Fig. 3. — Anisota ruhicunda, stage IV, natural size.
From photographs by A. Hyatt Verrill.

214

MEMOIRS of the NATIONAL ACADEMY of SCIENCES

VOL IX FIRST MEMOIR

Plate XXXII

*^r

Fig. I

■TWIT

A. S. CAMPBELL ART CO.

Fig. 3

Fig. 2

Fig. I. ANISOTA SENATORIA last stage
Fig. 2. ANISOTA RUBICUNDA stages 2 and 3
Fig. 3. ANISOTA RUBICUNDA last stage

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIII.

Fig. 1. — Adetocephala isias, $ and 9 .
Fig. 2. — Adelocephala wardii, $.
Fig. 3. — Adelocephahi hogei, $.
Fig. 4. — Syssphinx molina, $ and 9-

216

MEMOIRS of the NATIONAL ACADEMY of SCIENCES

VOL. IX FIRST MEMOIR

Plate XXXIII

Fig. I

.^rtH'iiiiii' •' "i'iif<«ri'i

Fie.

S. CAMPBELL ART CO., EL:Z. N.

Fig- 4

Fig. I. ADELOCEPHALA iSIAS (male ana fema:.

Fig. 2. ADELOCEPHALA WARDI

Fig. 3. A. HOGEI

Fig. 4. SYSSPHINX MOLINA (male and female)

EXPLANATION OF PLATP: XXXIV.

Fig. 1. — Ceratomia amynlor, middle of stage I, much enlarged.

Fig. la.— Ceratomia amyntor, end of stage I, enlarged. The body should be paler, more transparent.

Fig. 2.— 2n, Ceratomia amyntor, stage II, at end, enlarged. The bo<ly should be paler, more transparent.

Fig. 3. — 3<t, Ceratomia amynlor, stage III, about to molt, enlarged.

Fig. 4. — 4a, Ceratomia amynlor, stage V and last, natural .'iize.

Fig. 5. — Ceratomia undulosa, stage I, much enlarged.

Ail drawn by L. H. Joutel.
FiG. &.— Ceratomia amynlor, stage I, portion of surface of caudal horn, showing the glamlular setiP, and the tubercles

giving rise to them ; some of the seta' twice as large as the others.
Fig. 6a.— One lobe of caudal horn, stage I, armed with glandular set.-e and showing the large bulbous terminal seta.
Fig. 66. — The two tubercles i and /(' arising from the main tubercle of the second tlioracic segment, stage I.
Fig. 6c. — The same on the third thoracic segment. Author, del.

218

NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES, VOL. 9.

FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE XXXIV.

;iAvui4^k^.y::^

L. H. Joutel. del.

A. HOES A CO.. LITH.. BALTIMOKE.

Ceratomia aniyutor.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVI.

Fig. 1. — Aildocephala bicolor, head denuded.

Fig. 2. — Anhota rirginiensis, head denuded.

Fig. 3. — Anisota rublnmda, head denuded.

Fig. 4. — Fades imperialis, head denuded.

Fig. .5. — Citheronia regalu, head denuded.

Fig. 6. — Cressonia jnglandii, head denuded.

Fig. 7. — Marnmha modesta, head denuded.

Fig. 8. — Cressonia jugland in, part of <? antenna, seen from above; 8n, from beneath.

Fig. 9. — Cilheronia regalis, part of antenna", from beneath.

Fig. 10. — Aiiigotaruhicunda, palpus; the same denuded, more enlarged.

Fig. 11. — Backs imperialis, palpus, denuded.

Fig. 12. — Fore tibial appendage of Adelocephala sahaugiilata. g ; t. til)ia; /.■•■. til>ial spur.

Fig. 13. — Fore tibial appendage of Adelocephala tiiontezuma, $ .

Fig. 14. — Fore tibial api)endage of Adelocephala bicolor, $ .

Fig. 15. — Fore tibial apjiendage of Adelocephala albolineata, 9 .

Fig. 16. — Fore tibial apjiendage of Si/sspliiiix niolina, $ .

Fig. 17. — Fore tibial appemlage of Anisota rirginiensis, $ .

Fig. 18. — Fore til)ial appendage of Anisota stigma, $ ; sp, spine.

Fig. 19. — Fore tibial appendage iif Anisota senatoria, $ .

Fig. 20. — Fore tibial appendage of Anisota rubiciinda, g- ; 20a, the same from the other side.

Fig. 21. — Fore tibial appendage of Fades imperialis.

Fig. 22. — Fore tibial appendage of Cilheronia regalis; 22a, the same from the other side.

Fig. 23. — Fore tHiial appendage of Cilheronia sepulcralis, g ; 23(/, the same from the inside.

Fig. 24. — Fore tibial spur of Adelocephala hiigei, $ .

NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES, VOL. 9.

FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE ;«XXVI

.f^* M

F;g. 1.

Fig. 4.

A. HORN * CO.. LITH.. BAI.TIMORK.

Head (denuded); tibial epiphysi.s. etc. of Spbiugicanipiiiae, etc.

Vol. 9—05 15

223

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVIL

Fig. 1. — Adelocephala bisecia, venation of fore wing; la, hind wing.
Fig. 2. — Adelocepha'a albolineata, venation of fore wing; 2a, hind wing.
Fig. 3. — Adelocephala montezuma, venation of fore wing; 3a, hind wing.

224

NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES. VOL.

FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE XXXVII

Pa«-kilr<l. del.

A. HOEN ft CO.. I.ITH.. BAr.TtMORE.

Venation ut' Adelocephala.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVIIL

Fig. 1. — Adelocephala subanguhda, $ , venation of fore wing; la, of hind wing.
Fig. 2. — Adelocephala heiUgbrodlii, S i venation of fore wing; 2a, of hind wing.
Fig. 3. — Adelocephala ivardii, venation of fore wing; 3a, of hind wing.

226

NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES, VOL. S

FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE XXXVIM.

P«<'k«nl. dri.

HOKS A ro.. IJTII.. BAI.TIMORK.

Veins of wiiiijs of Adelocei)hala.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIX.

Fig. 1. — Adelocephala stigma, $ , venation nf fore wing; In, hind wing.
Fig. 2. — Adelocephala inrginienais, $ , venation of fore wing; 2a, hind wing.
Fig. 3. — Adelocephala senatorin, g . venation of fore wing; 3a, hind wing.

Fig. 4. — Adelocephala , venation of fore wing; 4'(, liind wing.

Fig. 5. — Adelocep/hala , venation of fore wing; 5a, hind wing.

Fig. 6. — Adelocephala , venation of fore wing; 60, hind wing.

228

NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES, VOL. 9.

FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE XXXIX.

Piukar.1. HhI.

A. HOK.V * CO.. I.nri.. BAl.Tr.MlfRH.

Venation of Anisota.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XL.

Fig. 1. — Adelocephala sidiangulata, genital armature; side view cif end of tlie al)domen; la, suranal plate and its

terminal forks; 16, side view of the harpes (Id), jienis, and suranal plate; Ic, harpes and penis, from

beneath; 1(/, harpes and penis.
Fig. 2. — Adehcepliala bicolor, genital armature, suranal plate, from above; 2'i, a clasper; 2b, side view fif suranal

plate, penis, and i)enis sheath.
Fig. 3. — Adelocephala heilighrodlii, genital armature, seen from above; 'Aa, side view of elasper; 36, genitals, seen from

beneath, ./ knoljlike; 'ic, the same side view showing plainly the relations of the penis to its sheath,

the dentate-divided end of the suranal plate, and the external clasper.
Lettering of the figures. — cl, clasper; Id, harpes; /), penis; ;/, penis .sheath; s, suranal plate; s', specialized, often

toothed end of the suranal plate; YIII, IX, X, 8th-10th abdominal segment.

230

NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES, VOL. 9.

FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE XL.

. HOKS * Vt,.. 1.ITH.. Hxt.TIMoKH.

Gcuital aruiarure oi Adelocephala.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLI.

Fig 1. — AiJelocephala bisecta, genital armature; <7, elasper; s, specialized, toothed end of suranal plate; }), penis; p',

penis sheath.
Fig. 2. — Si/ssphinx molina. genital armature, side view, showintr penis; 2'/, end view of the same, showing the elasper

and doubly mucronate suranal plate.
Fig. 3. — Anisota rirginien.sis, deeply forked suranal plate, below which is the penis and its sheath.
Fig. 4. — Anisota stigma, dorsal view of genital armature, show-ing the deeply divided, specialized end of the suranal

plate; -in, the same seen from beneath; 4h, side view of the same.
Fig. 5«. — Anisota senaioria, genital armature, elasper; 56, side view of the armature.
Fig. 6. — Atiisota ruhicunda, deeply bilobed end of suranal plate (.<') ; 6c(, inner view, showing the penis and its sheath;

6h, the same from Ijeneath; s', the specialized bilolied extremity of the .suranal plate.
Fig. 7. — Eacles impcrinlis, side view of elasper; 7(i. suranal plate from above; 7b, genital armature seen from tlie side,

p/, pleural meml)rane; 7c, a minute adjunct of the penis sheath.
Fig. 8. — Portion of male antenna of Eacles imperialis.
Note. — Lettering as on Plate XL.

232

NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES. VOL. 9.

FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE XLI.

, HOK.S * CO.. LITH.. BALTIMORE.

Genital armature of Adelocephala, Syssphinx, Auisota, Eacles.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLII.

Fig. 1. — Ceratomla amynior, stage I, highly magnified.

Fig. 2. — Ceratomia nmynfor, head aud four trunk segments, stage II, magnified; 2a, end of the stage (14 mm. long);

'2h, end of the body, showing the caudal horn, and sp, suranal plate; a, anal leg.
Fig. 3. — Paonias mi/op.t, caudal horn in last stage; 3a, end of the tip, from above and from the extreme of the tip.

234

Memoirs Kat. Ai'ad. Scieiioes, Vul. IX.

Plate XLII.

Author (til.

LARVA OF CERATOMIA AMYNTOR, STAGES 1, 2, ETC.

■ EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIII.

Fig. i.—Creesonia juglamUs, venation of fore wing; la, hind wing.

Fig. 2. — Marumha modesta, 9 , venation of fore wing; 2a, hind wing.

Fig. 3. — Anisota senaloria, $ > venation of fore wing; 3o, liind wing.

Fig. 4. — Anisota dmimills, y , venation of hind wing. (See for fore wing Pi. LVII.)

236

Memoirs Xiit. Aciid. SciolK'es. Vol. IX.

Plate XLIII.

VENATION OF SMERINTHIN/E ICRESSONIA AND MARUMBA), ETC.

Fig.

1.-

Fig.

o .

Fig.

3.

Fig.

4.-

Fig.

5.-

Fig.

6.

Fig.

7.-

Fig.

8.'

Fig.

9.

Fig.

10.-

Fig.

11.

Fig.

12.

Fig.

13.

Fig.

14.

Fig.

15.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIV.

-Head of a noctuid larva, allied to Apat-ela? seen from in front.
-Iihthyura americana, head, .«eeii from in front.
-Datana ministra, head, seen from in front.
-Apatelodes torrefacta, head, seen from in front.
-Bumhiix mori, last stage, head, seen from in front.
-Endromis versicolora, head, seen from in front.
-Brahrmca japonica, head, seen from front.
-Loplioclonta angulosa, head, seen from in front.
-Si/mmerisla alhifroiis, heaci, seen from in front.
-Heterocampa biumkita, stage III, head, seen from in front.
-Ilcterocampa gutliiitia, hea<l, seen from in front.
-Macnirorampa marthesia, head, seen from in front.
-Ailelod'phahi sp. Brazil. Seen from in front.
-Addorephala isias. Texas. Seen from in front.
-Paonias mi/ops. Seen from in front.

238

Memoirs Sat. Acnd. Sciences. Vul. IX.

Plate XLIV.

Author iitl.

HEADS OF SYMBOMBYCINE AND SYSSPHINGINE LARV/E, ETC.

Vol. 9—05—16

239

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLV.

Fig. 1. — Adelocephala bicolor, larva, stage I, much magnified.

Fig. 2. — Adelocephala bicolor, end of stage I.

Fig. 3. — Adelocephala bicolor, stage II, the caudal horn not shown, having been diseased and bent down; a, end of

second thoracic liorn.
Fig. 4. — Adelocephala bicolor, stage III, sliowing the armature of the two hinder tlioracic and first three abdominal

segments; the subdorsal tubercle (Hi); a', tubercle i, ii; second dorsal tubercle of third abdominal

segment.
240

MfiiiDirs Nal. Acnil. .Scienoes. \'n]. IX.

LARVA OF ADELOCEPHALA BICOLOR, STAGES l— Ml.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVI.

Fig. 1. — Acklocephala hicolor, stage III, much enlarged.
Fig. 2. — Adeloceplialn hinilor, stage IV, much enlarged.
Fig. 3. — .UhlocephaUt biroloi; stage V (last), enlarged.

242

Mt'lllDirs N':lt. .\rjnl. Srii'lU'cs, \'i'l- TX.

Plate XLVl.

AnthuT rid.

LARVA OF ADELOCEPHALA BICOLOR, STAGES III— LAST.

EXPLANATIO^^ OF PLATE XLVII.

f IG. 1. — iSyssphinx molina, stage I; «, end of body, with caudal liorn; b, end of caudal horn seen from in front endins:
in two setse; 16, another view of end of the body showing the caudal horn: IX, ninth abdominal
segment: ii, the second dorsal tubercle of segment eight. Ic, another (side) view of end of the body
showing the caudal horn, suranal plate, and anal leg; all highly magnified.

Fig. 2 — Eadcx imperialis, larva, stage I; ii, median donl.ile tubercles of the second series; VIII, eighth segment:
IX, ninth segment; X, suranal plate.

244

Momoir^ N'liI, Ai-ml. Soioiii'fs, Vol. IX.

Plate XLVII.

LARVA ISTAQE II OF SYSSPHINX MJLINA; 2, EACLES IMPERIALIS.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVIII.

Fig. 1. — EacJes imperialix, stage I; ch, caudal horn, highly magnified.

Fig. 2. — Eades hnperkdh, stage II, much enlarged.

Fig. Z.— Eades imperialh, ^rm&iwre ol full-fed larva, first stage; I, II; second thoracic tubercles, ), Hi; III, the same

of the third thoracic segment; la, a dorsal tubercle of the first abdominal .segment; r, caudal horn.
Fig. 4. — Eades cacicus, from Brazil; lettering as in fig. 3.

246

Moiuoir> Nut. Aoad. Scionoos, Vol. IX.

Plate XLVIII.

11

n'

A'

III

la

II

III

)

I

la

f

LARVA OF EACLES IMPERIALIS II, II i AND CACICUS.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIX.

Fig. ]. — Adelocephala arrjyracaniha [=croixit(i^; natural size; copied frum Burmeister.

Fig. 2. — Adelocephala isias, stage IV, dorsal armature of the three thoracic and first three abdominal segments (the
dor.sal horn of the third thoracic segment omitted); 2a, stage V, the dorsal tubercles; a', vestiges of
the prothoracic ones; h', .second thoracic (i and Hi); (■' third thoracic (/ and )//); 2/i, dorsal tubercles
()', ill) on first and sixth abdominal segments; VII i, dorsal (i) on seventh abdominal segment; 2c.
armature of eighth and ninth al)doininal segments, including the caudal horn; Id, caudal horn and
suranal plate of stage W \ 2?, suranal jilate, dorsal view. From San Antonio, Tex.

Fig. 3. — Adelocephala isias, dorsal armature of first thoracic segment (I); .second and third, II, III, and first two
abdominal segments^ 3a, of the last abdominal segments, including the caudal horn. From Browns-
ville, Tex.

Fig. 4. — Adelocephala from B-azil (see p. 14 1 Ih. i. prothoracic; th. 21, lli. 2iii, dor.sal and subdorsal horns (i, "'); "'> "^
dorsal spines of first and second alidoininal segments; c, caudal horn.

248

Memoirs Nnt. Acad. Si'iences, Vol. IX.

Plate XLIX.

•m i

LARVA OF ADELOCEPHALA ARGYRACANTHA, ETC.

Fig.

1.-

Fig.

la.

Fig.

16.

Fig.

Ic-

Fig.

Id.

Fig.

2.-

Fig.

2a.

Fig.

26.

Fig.

2c.-

Fig.

2d.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE L.

—Anisota virginiensu, head and first four trunk segments of larva, stage I.
. — Anisota lirginiemis, head and first five trunk segments, stage III.
— Atnsota tirginlensis, end of body, stage III.

— Anisota, rirghiiemis, second and third thoracic segments, full-grown larva.

, — Anisota virginiensis, head and four trunk segments, and tubercles ) (horn) and Hi (at base of horn), full-
grown larva.
—A7iisota stigma, head and four trunk segments, and last three segments (viii-x) of stage I.
, — Anisota stigma, end of body, end of stage II (length of larva 10 mm. ).
— Anisota .itigma, head and five trunk segments, stage III.

— Anisota stigma, second thoracic horn, and the third (reduced) thoracic horn, stage III.
. — Anisota stigma, head and four thoracic segments, stage IV.

250

Mi.'uinii"s Nut. .Vi'iul. Sciences, Vol. IX.

Plate L.

"'•;r'.«@ ■.•-.A ■■.-,. I.- iu.-, ^-^■. ■- I

26

LARVA OF ANISOTA VIRQINIENSIS AND STIGMA.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LL

Fig. 1. — Anisota senatoria, head and four trunk segments, stage III; a, third thoracic dorsal tubercle.

Fig. 2. — Anisota stigma, second thoracic horn, stage II, with third dorsal thoracic tubercle; larva 70 mm. in length;

also the same, stage III, with two views of third thoracic dorsal tubercle; and V, an aberrant,

shorter, stouter horn.
Fig. 2a. — Anisota stiijma, c, right thoracic horn, deformed, short, l>nt of the same thickness as its mate; i', tuliercle

m (supruspiracular), stage IV? <(, third donsal; h, abnormal second dorsal tubercle of a larva ll' mm.

long.
Fig. 2b. — Anisota stigma, end of body, stage III.
Fig. 2c. — Anisota stigma, end of body, stage I^'.
Fig. 3. — Anisota senatoria, head and five trunk segments, stage I.
Fig. 3o. — Anisota senatoria, head and four trunk segments, stage II.

Fig. 36. — Anisota sanatoria, prothoracic and second dorsal horn of stage III, and second thoracic horn of stage V.
Fig. 3c. — Anisota senatoria, head and four trunk segments, stage I\^.

252

Memoirs Xiit. Acad. Si'ionccs, Vol. IX.

Plate LI.

Author iltl.

LARVA OF ANISOTA STIGMA AND SENATORIA.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LII.

Fig. 1. — Anisola rirf/iniensis, stage I, end of body, shuwintc the median tnliercle {ii) on abdominal segment nine,

and tlie anal legs.
Fig. la. — Anisota rirginiensh. The same (withont anal legs), stage III.
Fig. 16. — Aiikota rirghiiensis, last stage.

Fig. Ic. — Anisola virgbiiensis, last stage. The same, drawn from a lilown (Elliott's) larva.
Fig. 2. — Anisota senaioria, last stage (V), ii, tubercle of second pair.
Fig. 3. — -.Anisota stigma, end of body, stage I.

Fig. 3a. — Anisola stigma, end of body, stage II; length of larva, 10 mm.
Fig. 36. — Anisota stigma, end of body, stage III.
Fig. .'ic. — Anisota stigma, end of body, stage IV.
Fig. 4. — Anisota riiliicunda, I, second thoracic horn of stages I, II, III, and IV; IIIo, end of stage III; length of larva,

(3d stage) 21 mm.
Fig. 4a. — Anisota ruhicunda, end of body, stage II, side view.
Fig. 46. — Aniisota ruhicunda, end of body, stage III.
Fici. 4c. — Anisota ruhicunda, head and four trunk segments, stage IV.
Fig. 4(/. — Anisola ruhicunda, second thoracic segment, la.st stage.

254

Momnirs Nat. Acad. Scioncos. \*>>1. IX.

Plate Lll.

LARV/t OF ANISOTA, SURANAL PLATE, ETC.

Vol. 9—05-

255

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LIII.

-Anisota miatoria, end of larval, stage I, showing suranal plate, from above; with tubercles i. and il.
-Anisota senalorki, end of larval, stage II, showing suranal plate, from above.
-AniMola senator ia, li, median double tubercle, end of stage III.
-Anisota senatoria, ii, median double tubercle, end of stage IV, side view.
'. — Anisota senatoria, ii, median double tubei'cle, end of stage IV, dorsal view.
-Anisota senatoria, ii, median double tubercle, end of stage IV, dorsal view, ninth segment from same larva

as Ir.
-Anisota senatoria, ii, median double tubercle, end of stage V (last).
-Anisota ruhicunda, end of body, stage I, dorsal view.
;. — Anisota ruhicaiida, end of body, stage II, dorsal view,

,,— Anisota ruhicunda, end of body, stage (III), dorsal view; a, median tubercle seen from behind.
-Anisota ruhicunda, end of body, stage V (last).

-Endromis versicolora, end of full-grown larva showing the small, short, double caudal horn ( cli ) ; also the
suranal plate, with the anal legs cd on each side.
Fig. 3k.— Caudal horn, seen from in front, showing its double nature, the tubercles being nearly separate.

256

Fig.

1.— .

Fig.

la.-

Fig.

ft.-

Fig.

Ic-

Fig.

1'/.-

Fig.

Ic-

Fig.

l./'--

Fig.

2.

Fig.

2a.-

Fig.

26.-

Fig.

2c.-

Fig.

3.—

Meiimirs Ntit. Ai'iifl. fioieiices. Vol. TX.

Plate LIII.

vm

/> r V-

"Ear

^w^V

LARVAE OF ANISOTA, SURANAL PLATE, ETC.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LIV.

Fig. 1. — Citheroriia regalia, larval armature: A, stage I; B, stage II; th, thoracic horns; lab, that of the first abdominal

segment 1; vii, that of abdominal segment 7; viii, caudal horn, horn on 9th segment; x, armature of

tenth segment.
Fig. 2. — Cttheroiila rfijalis, stage III; i, ii, in, horns of each thoracic segment.

Fig. 3. — Citherunia rcgalis, stage III, end of body, side view, including caudal horn, suranal plate, and anal leg.
Fig. 4. — Citheronia regalis, niage IV (next to last), armature of the thoracic segments, and of the 1st abdominal

segment; 1st, 2d, 3d dorsal tubercles of abdominal segments 1-3.
Fig. b. — Citheronia regains, last stage; tubercles J, Hi, v, rii of each thoracic segment. A, dorsal tubercle of the fii'st

abdominal segment II.
Fig. 6. — CHIieronia regalis, last stage, abdominal segments 8-10; .«i, lateral tubercle of abdominal plate; /, caudal horn;

ii, median or caudal horn of 9th segment.
Fig. 7. — Adelocepliala sp. from Brazil, PI. Ill, fig. 1; end of body, dorsal view of suranal plate.

258

"Memoirs S'nt. Arnci. Sc'iiMin"^. V.il. IX.

^oG>o '' V

^ ^)^

^

H

j\,

LARVA OF CITHERONIA REQALIS, ETC.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LVL

Fig. 1. — Anisota rirginlensis, S , pupa, end of abdomen, with creniai^ter. ^

Fig. 2. — Anisota seiintoria, $ , pupa, end of abdomen, with cremat'ter.

Fig. 3. — AdelocephaJa hicolor, $ , ]iupa, end of abdomen, with oreinaster.

Fig. 4. — Adelocephala hicolor, jiupa from beneath, head and thorax.

Fig. 5. — Eacles imperials, pupa from beneath, head and thorax.

Fig. 6. — Eacles cacicus, pupa from beneath, head and thorax.

Fig. 7. — Citheronia regalia, $ , pupa from beneath, head and thorax, and end of the abdomen, witli the nearly

atrophied cremaster.
Fig. 8. — Paonias cxcascatus, pupa, head from beneath, inx, maxilla.

262

Memoirs Nnl. Aeiul. Sciences, Vol. IX.

Plate LVI.

„«v,»^^;;;;;<j^-^

Author <M,

PUPA AND CREMASTER OF CERATOCAMPIN/t, ETC.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LVII.

Fig. 1. — Adelorephald bicolor, 9 , venation of fore wing; In, $ tiie same, enlarged; \h, hintl wing 9 .

Fig. 2. — Addorephaht mdmus, ,?, venation of part of fore wing; 2((, liind wing.

Fig. 3. — Adelocephala botsduvalii, $ , venation of fore wing; 3(i, part of liind wing.

Fig. 4. — Syssph'mx molina, $ , venation of fore wing; 4o, hind wing; 46, fore wing 9 , -tc, liind \\ ing 9 •

Fig. 5. — Anisota dissimilis, venation of fore wing.

264

Memoirs Xrtt. Acnd. St'ieiu'os. Vol. !>!.

f'LATE LVII.

mj-i,

VENATION OF ADELOCEPHALA, SYSSPHINX, ETC.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LVHL

Fig. 1. — Citheronia regalis, $ , venation of fore wing; lo. hind wing.
Fig. 2. — Citheronia laocoon, venation of fore wing; 2<r, hind wing.
Fig. o. — Citheronia principalis, 9i venation of fore wing; Za, hind wing.
Fig. 4. — Citheronia sepalcralis, $ , venation of fore wing; 4u, hind wing.

266

Mi-inoii^ Niil. Aiail. l^i'ioiU'OS, Vol. IX.

Plate LVIII.

VENATION OF CITHERONIA REGALIS, ETC.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LIX.

Fig. 1. — Adetocephala hicolor, S < genital armature, from beneath; cl, clasper; la, f:\i\e view of the same.

Fig. 2. — Adelocephala bisecta, $ , tergal view; s', end of suranal plate.

Fig. 2a. — Adelocephala bisecta, S , tergal view, end of body removed to show entire suranal plate (8), with it.s tip (s').

Fig. 26. — Adelocephala. bisecta, $ , cla-sper (side view); s, suranal plate.

Fig. .S. — Syssphinx molina, $., from beneath; 2a, clasper.

Fig. .3a. — Syssphinx molina, S > from above; s, basal piece of suranal plate; cl, clasper, with its solid black tip (2).

Fig. 4. — Anisofa rirginiensis, $ , seen from end; s', ends of the forked suranal plate; cl, clasper, fi-om the outside;

cV, the same, seen from the inside.
Fig. 4n. — Anisota rirginiensis, $ , the genital armature, from beneath.

Fig. 46. — Anisota rirginiensis, $ , the genital armature, under side of suranal plate, with the terminal fork (s').
Fig. 5. — Anisota stigma, $ , end of abdomen, from above.
Fig. 5a. — Anisota stigma, ^, sternal' view of claspers and forked tip of suranal plate; cl, r, right clasper; cl, I, left

clasper; st, sternum.
Fig. 56. — Anisota stigma, S, a portion (tergite) removed to show the forked eml of the suranal plate [s').
Fig. 5c. — Anisota stigma, $ , end of abdomen, lateral view.

Fig. 6. — Anisota senatoria, $ , tergal view of genital armature, the tergite of segment nine having been removed.
Fig. 6a. — Anisota senatoria, $ . The same, from beneath.

Fig. 7. — Anisota mbicunda, S, end of abdomen; p, penis; jil, penis sheath; cl, clasper-tip not shown.
Fig. ~a. — Anisota rubicurida, $, sternal view: .v, suranal plate bent down.
Fig. 8. — Citheronia regalis, $ , segment nine (IX I and clasper intact, dorsal view.
Fig. 8a. — Citheronia regalis, $, sternal view of clasper (cl), harpe (/(), with sternite of segment eight (VIII), and

the suranal plate between the harpes.

2G8

MiMiiiiirs N;il. Ai'iul. s.iciu'i's, Viil. IX.

Plate LIX.

GENITAL ARMATURE OF CERATOCAMPIN/t.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LX.

Fig. 1. — Fades imperialis, $ , ventral view of end of abdomen; p, penis.

Fig. \ii. — Eades imperial^, $ , lateral view of the same; I, cl, clasper.

Fig. Vj. — Eaclcs imperialif!, $ , end of abdomen, a portion removed; s, .xuranal plate.

Fig. If. — Eades imperialis, $ , the same, seen from beneath, claspers fully exposed.

Fig. 2. — atheroma regalis, $, side view of genital armature; d, clasper; /i, harpe; p, penis.

Fig. la. — CitJieronia regalis, $ , the same; /(, harpe; p, penis and its sheath: s, s, suranal plate.

Fig. 2h. — Citheronia regalis, $ , p, penis, showing the gutter at the end.

Fig. 2c. — Citheronia regalis, $, suranal plate; s, basal portion.

Fig. 3. — Citheronia sepulcrulis, $ .

Fig. 3a. — Citheronia sepulcralis, $ , genital armature, tergal view, genital armature, side view; h, harpe; d, clasper.

Fig. 3i. — Citheronia sepulcralis, $ , the same, seen from beneath: h, harpe; d, clasper.

Fig. 4. — Cressonia juglandis, $ , genital armature, from above.

Fig. 4«. — Cressonia juglandis, S • genital armature, from beneath, lettering as before.

Fig. 4b. -^Cressonia jugUmdis, ^ , genital armature; A, suranal plate and terminal hook.

Fig. 4c. — B, harpes, base and extremity.

Fig. 4d. — Cressonia juglandis, $ , genital armature; C, side view of suranal hook (s); //, harpe.

Fig. 4e. — Cressonia juglandis, $ , genital armature; D, penis {p); p', its base.

Fig. 4/. — Cressonia juglandis, ,?, genital armature; suranal hook; penis and harpe (p).

Fig. ig. — Cressonia juglandis, $ , the same, another siile view.

270

Memoirs Nat. Acml. Pi'ii'ni'i's. Vol. IX.

Plate LX.

GENITAL ARMATURE OF CERATOCAMPIN/€ AND CRESSONIA.

Vol. 9—05 18

271

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXL

Fig. 1. — Adelocephala hoqe'i, $.
Fig. 2. — Adelocephala cadmus, $.
Fig. 3. — Adelocephala montezumu, $ .

o

272

Memoirs Nat. Aciid. Sciences, Vol. IX.

Plate LXI.

■if.-

I

'^^

1, AOELOCEPHALA HOQEI; 2, A. CADMUS; 3, A. MONTEZUMA.

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