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* MEMOIRS AND PROCEEDINGS
fhe (MANCHESTER
Mere RARY & PHILOSOPHICAL
Soelnry.
Q(UANCHESTER MEMOTES,)
VOLUME XLI. (1896-97)
MANCHESTER:
36, GEORGE STREET.
1897.
1e are themselves accountable for all the statements
-reasonings which they have offered. In these par-
lars the Society must not be considered as in any
responsible.
TEX.
LY:
VE.
VII.
VUL
XIl.
CON TEN. TS.
MEMOIRS.
. On Rachiopteris cylindrica Will. Plate 1. By Tuomas Hick,
BAB: Se., A. LS. ate ae es oie ty 19) 0h
. On the Structure and Contents of Anthoceros tuberosus Taylor.
Plate 2. By J. H. AsHwortu, B.Sc. me 2 PD:
On Methods of Determining the Dryness of Saturated
Steam and the Condition of Steam Gas. By OsBorNE
RevNOEDSs Mow Ib Do PRS... a 20 ADD:
Hymenoptera Orientalia, or Contributions to a knowledge
the Hymenoptera of the Oriental Zoological Region.
Part V. Plates 3 and 4. By PETER CAMERON .. pp.
. On the Ampulle in some specimens of Millepora in the
Manchester Museum. By Sypney J. Hickson, M.A.,
BSC. eR. Sn. ss a oe me ne ay Ae
Descriptions of New Species of Brachiopoda and Mollusca
from the Millstone Grit and Lower Coal Measures
of Lancashire. Plate 5. By #HeEerRsBerr Boron,
Pa SE... wi 0 Ae me ok ste) pe
Descriptions of Thirty-four Species of Marine Mollusca
from the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, and Gulf of
Oman. Plates 6 and 7. By J. Cosmo MELvVILL, M.A.,,
is ae +5 =e se eis 2: Bree 98
Hypoiodous Acid and Hypoiodites. By R. L. Tay tor,
EGS. es A is a ae oe aa PP,
a2
. Some further investigation of Fossil Seeds of the genus
Lagenostoma (Williamson) from the Lower Coal
Measures, Oldham. Plate 8. By JoHN BUTTERWORTH,
ELRONCS. 2. « $6 a 3 AB = Pp.
. On Continuity. By Horace Lams, M.A., F.R.S. .. pp.
. The Costs of Sea Transport in proportion to Values of
Cargoes. Plates 9 to 12, By A. W. Fioux, M.A... pp.
The Fall in Prices during the past Twenty Years. Plates
i302 45. By A. W. Frox, M.A.. .. sie ase
PAGE
I-14
1-6
I-14
I-144
I-—ZO
vi. CONTENTS.
MEmoIRs (continued).
PAGE
XIII. Hymenoptera Orientalia, or Contributions to a knowledge
of the Hymenoptera of the Oriental Zoological Region.
Part VI. Plate 16. By PETER CAMERON... ee
XIV. The Composition of some Ancient Iron Implements and a
Bronze found at Thebes. By ArtHuR HarDEN, M.Sc.,
PhD. $5 5: at ae ae 2: -. Pp. 2-3
XV. On the Nature of the Rontgen Rays. (The Wilde Lecture.) .
By Sir GEorGE G. SToxKEs, Bart.; MvA}) @eigaee
ERS: an a fe a - oe -., pp. 228
PROCEEDINGS.
BAILEY, CHARLES, F.R.S.—On so-called Carnivorous Plants =. ie
BARNES, C. L., M.A.—On some Errors in Science .. ote 20 eee
BENNETT, ALFRED R., M.I.E.E.—A Convection Scope and Calori-
meter.. St SE a a5 6 =e ua «<, See
Bowman, F. H., D.Sc.—On the Method of Working the Marconi
Telegraph Receiver ot i se a oe ij. Ra.
a ,’ and Holothuride. » ERNE
CuorLton, Mr.—On a Swarm of Dung-beetles at King Arthur's
Castle ais ae oa . Nip = se «« SVE
Cowarp, T. A.—Exhibit of Eggs of the Cuckoo (Cuculus canovus.).. vi.
CRABTREE, B. H —Exhibit of a Collection of British Clearwings.. xxiv.
Farapbay, F. J., F.L.S.—On the Pont du Gard, in relation to the .
Theories of the Erosion of River Valleys oie ate se SRV
—— Exhibit of Photograph of the Pont du Gard .. Ae as ee
FisHER, H.—Exhibit of a Collection of Arctic Plants from the
Franz Josef Archipelago... = .. os of = 5 SRE,
GRIFFITHS, ALBERT, M.Sc.—On the Viscosity and nie
Resistance of a Gelatine Solution .. : ee Ss
— On a Mixture whose Electric Resistance jepanne on cid
Magnetic Field in which it is placed.. as L- woe
Gwytuer, R. F., M.A.—Exhibit of two Distribution-curves show-
ing the comparative results of Examinations in Mathematics
for Three Years” * ©. ae ae a 5. o- ow IT
Hickson, SypnEY J., M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.—Exhibit of Two Black- -
bird’s Eggs, one without yolk, the other with two yolks .. xviii.
CONTENTS. Vil.
PROCEEDINGS (continued).
PAGE
Hoye, W. E., M.A.—Exhibit of the Album of Photographs pre-
sented to Dr. John Murray by the contributors to the
‘Challenger’ Reports. .. oe se es ee »» Xxxiv.
Jounson, Linpsay, M.D., F.R.C.S.—Exhibit of, and Remarks on,
a Series of Drawings of the fundus oculi of Animals .. 5 subse:
KELVIN, Lorp, F.R.S.—Address to, on the occasion of the Jubilee
of his Professorship Se a a Se és ah au:
—— Reply to the Address a ae ate fe a0 Sei
LEES, CHARLES H., D.Sc.—On the Experiments of Wiedemann on
the Specific Heats of Vapours .. SiC << a0 ae Ve
—— An Account of Zeeman’s Experiments on the effect of a Mag-
netic Field on the Vibrations emitted by a Source of Light.. xxxi.
MELVILL, J. Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S.—Exhibit of Marine Mollusca
from the Loyalty Islands... Se 2. oc ae sa cVe
— Exhibit of Species of Droseracee .. ae a oe sq. ile
— Exhibit of a Specimen of Calophasia platyptera .. = AE esa
Seeeiauco! Arctic Plants) s/s. wes) wey, ene XL.
NICHOLSON, Francis, F.Z.S.—Exhibit of pamphlet entitled: ‘Rules
established for the government of the wea and Philo-
sophical Society of Manchester,’”’ &c. .. 5 ie seape ile
— Donations of Books to the Society’s Library .. se © XVili.
— Exhibit of a copy of Gilbert White’s ‘‘ Naturalist’s Calendar”
(1795) a 3A 2. ee we oe we be) XXXII
PAaNkKHuRsST, R.M., LL.D.—On the Patent Office .. Pr os SRR
REYNOLDS, OsBorNE, M.A., F.R.S.—On the top called ‘The Devil
en Dwo Sticks’ .. es ae st Ae ee ee abe
RoGers, THomas.—Exhibit of Specimens of Sacoglottis amazonica,
with Fruit .. 46 se as ae “5 os ae RXIV,
— Exhibit of a curious Caterpillar from Rio de Janeiro .. os XXV.
—— Exhibit of the fungus Torrubia gracilis growing out of the
Chrysalis of a Moth... o 5. .: H oa LT,
——- Exhibit of slides of Ostracoda. .. ac A os se, RRKIY,
ScHILL, C. H.—Exhibit of Elateride .. ae ie Ba 6h RLS
ScHILL, P. H.—Exhibit of a Collection of Palzarctic Parnassius.. xxiv.
ScHunck, Epwarp, Ph.D., F.R.S.—On Carminic Acid, with exhibit
of Cactus opuntia .. ae <6 ce . ae
met with, the appearance is as if a single group had, in
some way, been divided. When three, four, or five
groups are met with, as is often the case, they are
arranged symmetrically round the centre, and look as
though they had originated by division from a smaller
number.
As to the nature of the elements of the xylem, the ©
sections at my disposal do not enable me to speak
altogether without reservation. The larger are probably
tracheides, as good longitudinal sections, No. 127 for
instance, show. In this section the wall markings are
scalariform, the pits stretching for the most part from one
angle to another. But in some slightly oblique transverse
sections, represented by No. 114, the pits appear to be
much less elongated and approach an elliptical form.
The case of the smaller elements is not quite so
certain. In the longitudinal section just referred to, they
present themselves as scalariform structures quite similar
to the larger ones, save for the smaller diameter. The
same may be said of the oblique transverse sections, —
where the markings of the large and small elements
appear to be the same. In No. 127, however, there are
suggestions at one or two points of a spiral marking, but
whether these are actually spiral, or are really scalariform
markings altered in some way, it is impossible to say.
The position then as regards the xylem is this. In
tranverse sections we have one or more groups of small
elements that may be interpreted as groups of protoxylem,
but this interpretation has not so far been confirmed by
satisfactory evidence that they have spiral or annular
markings.
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1896), No. 1. 9
Neither in transverse nor longitudinal sections have
any cellular elements been met with in the xylem, so that
the xylem may be said to be wholly vascular, so far as
observation has at present gone.
Division of the Stele.
The description of the stele given above does not
apply to all the preparations that have been examined.
In the majority a condition is met with which does not
appear to have presented itself to Williamson at the
time he dealt with this plant, and which shows the stele
in a state of division (Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5). As this appears
to be associated with the mode of branching of the plant,
and the formation of lateral members, it deserves to be
described with some detail.
So far as has yet been seen, the division of the stele
takes place in one of two ways, being either (1) an equal
division, or (2) an unequal division.
In equal division, the stele divides along a diameter
in such a way that the two halves have, from the first,
the same size, form, and appearance, and when the
process is completed we get two distinct steles of the
type already described. An early stage of the process
is well shown in No. 110, where we have two semi-
circular masses of xylem, inclosed in a common zone
of phloem, and separated by a narrow band of thin-
walled parenchyma. This parenchyma cuts through the
xylem in such a way as to have the small groups of
elements, presumed to be protoxylem, abutting directly
upon it. As the two moieties of the stele become more
and more divergent, a centrifugal development of xylem
would seem to take place on the inner side of these
semi-circular masses until the circular contour is restored
in each, and we have the appearance seen in No. 105
(Fig. 2). Here we have two normal strands of xylem,
10 Hick, on Rachiopteris cylindrica, Will.
separated by a band of phloem, and enclosed in a zone
of the same tissue. At a later stage, shown in No. 107,
the two steles are found to be completely formed, and
are isolated from one another by the intercalation of
cortical tissue.
In this mode of stelar division we obviously have a
true dichotomy of the same, and it can hardly be doubted
that the process is associated with a dichotomy of the
axis itself. If this inference be correct, it will follow
that whatever be the nature of that axis, be it stem,
petiole, or other structure, it is characterised by a
dichotomous mode of branching.
In unequal division the stele divides into two portions,
which, from the first, are conspicuously different from one
another. Ultimately they become converted into perfect
steles; but they are not alike, one being of the normal
type, and the other differing in important particulars.
An early stage of this mode of division is met with in
No. 103 (Fig. 3), where a segment of the xylem, whose
height is not more than one-third of the diameter of
the whole, is cut off from the rest by a narrow band of
delicate parenchyma, resembling that met with in equal
division. The dividing line passes through some of the
smaller elements which have been referred to as probably
protoxylem. The smaller segment of xylem is composed
mainly of large tracheides, with only a few smaller ones
on the side turned towards the other segment. As the
process advances, the larger segment appears to receive
an accession of centrifugally-developed xylem on the inner
side, by which the detached segment is replaced, and the
normal, circular form and appearance is restored. The
smaller segment seems to develop little or no xylem on
its inner side, and the typical form and appearance is
not restored.
Thus, in Nos. ror and 102 (Figs. 5 and 4), where we
find two complete steles quite separated from one another,
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1896), No. 1. LE
which have arisen by unequal division, it is clear at a
glance that the two strands of xylem are very different
from one another. The normal stele needs no description.
The other presents a xylem, semi-lunar in form, with
small elements on the flattened side, and much larger
ones on the convex side. The number of preparations
of this type of stele is not large, and their phloem is
not clear enough to justify a definite statement; but two
or three of them have raised the suspicion that the phloem
is mainly, if not entirely, restricted to the convex side
of the xylem. It is somewhat tantalising that the
preparations should fail at this important point, because,
as will be seen below, the nature of the member to which
this stele belongs depends, at least in part, upon the
Eyimm@ctry oO: the stele. It is important, therefore, to
decide whether the latter is radially or bilaterally sym-
metrical.
Lastly, in No. 115, we have two distinct and complete
structures, lying near to one another, whose steles corre-
spond respectively to those found in the same axis in
No. 10r.
FamNo. 105.(Eie. 2), in-addition to, the two: steles
already described, a third structure is found in the
cortex, which is obviously some organ which, originating
at or near the bifurcation, is on its way from the central
cylinder to the surface. Coming off obliquely, its section
is an oblique one, but in it we can easily distinguish
both a central cylinder and a cortex. The cortical cells
seem to have had thin walls and copious cytoplasmic
contents, as if full development had not yet been attained.
The central cylinder is not at all well defined, but I
suspect it carried a diarch xylem strand. The real nature
of this organ is not quite certain, but its endogenous
origin leads me to think it is a root. Moreover, in several
preparations, Nos. 102 and 103, for example, sections of
12 Hick, on Rachiopterts cylindrica, Will.
the principal axis are accompanied by sections of struc-
tures that are almost certainly roots, and have some
resemblance to the organ in question.
Division of the Axis.
Looking at the whole series of sections with dividing
steles, it seems scarcely open to doubt that while in
equal division we have an indication of dichotomous
branching of the axis, in which the two members are
strictly homologous with each other and their common
podium, in unequal division of the stele we have an —
indication of the formation of some lateral organ which
is not homologous with the axis from which it arises.
As to the morphological nature of this lateral organ
or appendage, the evidence to hand is not sufficient to
justify any definite conclusion. The suggestion that it
is a foliar organ naturally and readily occurs, and that
may be its character. It would be in favour of this
view if the suspicion expressed above that the stele is not
radially symmetrical could be converted into certainty,
and this view is supported by the negative evidence that
besides the appendages in question, there is nothing else
that can be regarded as suggestive of leaves; indeed the
absence of anything like an ordinary leaf-trace bundle,
both in the cortex and at the periphery of the xylem,
is one of the peculiarities of this plant. But of positive
evidence, as just stated, there is not nearly enough to
justify a conclusion.
On the other hand, the large size of the detached
portion, relatively to that of the whole stele, is hardly
in accordance with the foliar hypothesis. In several of
his Memoirs* Williamson describes an unequal division
*See Part II. Phil. Trans., 1872; Part XI. Phil. Trans., 1881; Part XII.
Phil, Trans,, 1883; Part XVI. Phil. Trans., 1889; and Part XIR7 Pain
Trans., 1893.
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1896), No. 1. ve
of the stele of Lepidodendron, which in some respects
resembles that met with in our plant. But in these cases
‘it would seem that the detached smaller segment soon
becomes changed into a radially symmetrical stele,
similar, in essential points, to that from which it
originates, a condition of things which has not been
found in Rachiopteris cylindrica. According to Williamson,
this mode of branching in Lepidodendron is associated
with the formation of fruit-spikes or strobili, into the
axes of which the branches of the stele, successively
formed by unequal division, are distributed. While
there is a possibility, then, that in our plant the lateral
appendage may be some form of fruit or an organ axial
in its nature, the character of its stele is rather opposed
to such an interpretation than in favour of it.
Fig. 6, which is taken from No. 102, shows what are
probably the relations in space between the axis and its
offshoots. At A and B we have two normal axes which
have apparently arisen by the dichotomy of a common
podium. Just below A is a section, a, of what appears
to be a root, while another, 7, is seen just above B.
Below B, at s, is one of the unknown lateral appendages.
Symmetry of arrangement would suggest a lateral ap-
pendage above A, but the periphery of the latter is at
the extreme edge of the preparation, and it is impossible
to say whether such an appendage was or was not
originally present. The stele of B is undergoing un-
equal division in a plane at right angles to that which
contains all the other sections.
What 1s Rachiopteris cylindrica ?
Whatever interest or importance may attach to the
anatomical details set forth in the preceding pages, it must
be admitted that they help us but little towards a know-
ledge of the position which Rachiopterts cylindrica should
14 Hick, on Rachiopteris cylindrica, Will.
occupy in the Vegetable Kingdom. In the Memoir
referred to at the outset, Williamson found it extremely
difficult to form a reasonable conjecture on this point, and
ultimately remarks, “it may be a Fern Stem, though I
know no recent type of Fern which it resembles; it may
be the root of some type of Fern, an idea suggested by the
tendency to a concentric arrangement of the cortical
cells ; or it may belong to some dwarf type of Lycopodia-
ceous plants.”’ Whether in the last sentence Williamson
meant that it might be the root or the stem is not
certain. | |
From what has been said of the histology of the stele,
botanists will allow that its characters do not support the.
view that the axis of Rachiopteris cylindrica is a root. Nor
is it otherwise with the mode of branching. We may
conclude then with some confidence that it is either a
stem structure—a caulome, in fact—of some kind, or the
phyllopodium of a foliar organ.
The further question as to whether it should be
referred to the Lycopodiacez, or to the Filices, cannot
be answered definitely. Williamson teils us that “‘the
entire series of [his] sections of this plant displays a
considerable resemblance ”’ to ‘‘ sections of the aerial and
subterranean stems of Pszilotum triquetrum,” but those I
have examined hardly confirm this. Indeed, if the small
elements within the strand of xylem are, as I presume,
protoxylem elements, that fact of itself would be evidence
against Lycopodiaceous affinities. On the other hand, it
would not be inconsistent with what we know of the
xylem strands of Ferns. If, therefore, our choice is to
be restricted to the Lycopodiacee and Filices, the latter
seem entitled to the preference. As, however, there
are other types of Carboniferous plants in addition to
those mentioned, it will be well to leave this point for
future investigation.
at " Pe
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4
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Fig.
Pig,
Fig.
Fig.
ie.
Pig.
Hick, on Rachiopteris cylindrica, Will.
Explanation of Figures on Plate 7.
Transverse section of Rachiopteris, showing un-
divided stele. This photograph is taken from
slide No. 104 of the Cash Collection in the
Manchester Museum. |
Transverse section, showing division of stele
into two equal parts (Cash Coll., No. 105).
Transverse section, showing unequal division of
stele (Cash Coll., No. 103).
Transverse section taken a little higher up than
section 3, showing beginning of separation of
the two unequal steles (Cash Coll., No. 102).
Transverse section, showing completion of divi-
sion of the stele (Cash Coll., No. ror).
Photograph of a larger portion of slide No.
102, than in Fig. 4 showing two stems, A and
B, with their offshoots; a and 7 are probably
lateral roots; and s is a lateral structure of
unknown nature.
Manchester Memoirs, Vol X17 Plate I.
REcHloOrieE Ris CYLINDRICA.
II. On the Structure and Contents of the Tubers of
Anthoceros tuberosus, Taylor.
By J. H. AsHwortu, B.Sc.
[Communicated by Professor F. E. Weiss.|
_ Received October 6th. Read October 6th, 1896.
In the Synopsis Hepaticarum (Gottsche, Lindenberg
et Esenbeck, 1847) the occurrence of tubers in Anthoceros
tuberosus, Riccia vesicata, Riccia tuberosa and Petalophyllum
Preissit is mentioned.
~ In Anthoceros tuberosus, the tubers were first described
by Taylor in the London Journal of Botany (1846, p. 412),
the specimens described being collected by Drummond on
the banks of the Swan River in Western Australia. This
account is quoted in the Synopsis, where the oval tubers
are described (p. 792) as occurring chiefly, but not exclu-
sively, in sterile plants, being formed at the ends of out-
growths from the thallus, and containing a farinaceous
mass within a deeply coloured envelope or cuticle.
Attention is drawn to the presence of rootlets upon the
tubers, and the latter, which are to be regarded as
gemmez, are said to serve as organs which can resist
drying during the hot period of the year.
In Riccia vesicata (Taylor), the tubers are described as
oblong or round and provided with rootlets (loc. cit.
DP. 795): 7
In Riccia tuberosa (Taylor), the tubers are described as
pale yellow, rounded or oblong, slightly curved bodies,
Nov. 17, 1896.
2 ASHWORTH, Tubers of Anthoceros tuberosus.
provided with rootlets, and yielding, on compression in
water, a small amount of farinaceous matter and opaque
globules (loc. cit. p. 796). |
Nothing is said about the tubers of Petalophyllum
Preissii (Gottsche). beyond the statement of their presence
(loc: cit. p."702):
Recently Goebel* has found tubers on a Fossombroma
(n. sp.) from Tovar, which he finds are produced by the
thickening, and filling with reserve food materials, of a
downward-growing apex, on entering the soil. In these
tubers, Ruge (loc. cit. p. 306) finds that the reserve food
materials contain considerable quantities of starch.
Beyond these observations I have been unable to find
any other references to the tubers of Liverworts.
The object of my investigation was to ascertain the
structure and the nature of the contents of the tubers of
Anthoceros tuberosus. Unfortunately, I have had at my
disposal only dry herbarium material, but I have been
able to make out several new points of interest.
Anthoceros tuberosus. The tubers occur on the ventral
surface of the thalloid expanse, and they lie embedded in
the soil beneath the thallus. They are spherical or pear-
shaped, their diameter being ‘1535 mm., and the length
of the stalk attaching them to the ventral surface of. the
thallus *2—°35 mm. (Pl. 2, Fig. 1). The wall of each tuber
is formed of three or four layers of more or less rectangular
cells, which are almost devoid of contents, there being
only very small remnants of protoplasm found in some of
the cells (Fig. 1, C.)..’ The: walls of these cells areveanig
in nature, as they are coloured yellow by iodine, and are
not swollen or turned blue by a subsequent treatment
with strong sulphuric acid. Many of the cells of the
outermost layer, and some of the cells of the stalk, are
*Flora. 1893. Band 77. G. Ruge. Beitrage z. Kentniss der
Vegetationsorgane der Lebermoose. p. 305.
Manchester: Memotrs, Vol. xlt. (1896), No. 2. 3
produced into hair-like processes, attaining a length of
fmm. (Fie; 1, H:). These do not appear to be cut off
by a cell wall from the cells from which they arise. The
walls of these hairs, and also of the cells of the basal part
of the stalk, differ slightly in composition from the corky
cell walls, as on treating with iodine and sulphuric acid
they stain slightly bluish-green, but do not swell appre-
ciably. These cell walls appear to be cellulose which has
become almost transformed to cork. The hairs are
probably the remains of absorbing organs (the rootlets
“mentioned in the Synopsis) which performed some
function during the formation of the tuber.
Within the protective cells, lie closely-packed cells
which all contain food materials. The cell walls of this
portion of the tuber are thin, and of unchanged cellulose
fee tie, 2). Each’ cell contains a-large, central,
usually elongated nucleus (N), a large number of round
or oval. granules (G), colourless or slightly yellow
imbedded in the remains of the protoplasm (P), and
numerous small oil drops (O), or one large one due to
the coalescence of the smaller drops.
The oil is present in considerable quantity, as can
readily be seen on crushing a tuber in water between
a glass slide and a cover, when large fluid oil-drops exude. _
These are at once stained brown, or black, by osmic
acid. The drops are readily soluble in chloroform, ether,
benzene, but dissolve only slowly in absolute alcohol.
The oil is not vaporised by heating for two hours to
120°--140°C., and it is not readily saponified with
potash, even on heating for several minutes. The oil-
drops are fluid at the ordinary’ temperature (12°C.), as
can be seen on compression.
The granules present in the cells are of different sizes
(Fig. 2); a few are large, but the greater number are of
smaller size. The larger granules have an average diameter
4 ASHWORTH, Tubers of Anthoceros tuberosus.
of ‘oo6mm., the diameter of the smaller granules being
about ‘oozmm. Both larger and smaller grains contain
one, two, or three brighter and more refringent portions,
which may be enclosed bodies or only specialised portions
of the substance of the grains. The grains are swollen
and dissolved by a weak solution of potash (2%), and in
some grains there is an inner portion which remains
undissolved for a short time. The granules are not
starch, as they are stained yellow by iodine. They give
other reactions for proteids; ¢.g., they turn bright
yellow when treated with nitric acid and ammonia
(xanthoproteic reaction), and they stain readily with
picrocarmine, hematoxylin, aniline blue, acid fuchsin,
and other protoplasmic stains. The tests mentioned
above prove that the grains consist of some proteid
substance, and they appear to be aleurone grains.
The food material stored up in the tubers of
Anthoceros tuberosus differs, therefore, from that in the
tubers of Fossombronia (n. sp.), which were found by
Ruge to contain considerable quantities of starch. In
the Synopsis, the tubers of Anthoceros tuberosus are said
to contain a farinaceous mass; but it is necessary to
remember, in considering this statement, that the nature
of aleurone grains was only discovered in 1855, that is
eight years after the publication of the Synopsis.
The small size of the granules in the tubers of Antho-
ceros tuberosus does not preclude the possibility of their
being aleurone grains, as in some plants aleurone grains
attain a diameter of only ‘oormm. The occurrence of
larger and smaller grains in the same cell is also known
in other cases (e.g. Vitis). The occurrence of oil and
aleurone grains together as reserve food materials is not
at all uncommon, but they have not hitherto, to my
knowledge, been found together in Liverworts, though oil-
containing bodies-have long been known to occur in
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xl. (1896), No. 2. 5
them.* The oil found in these tubers closely resembles that
which Pfeffer found in other Liverworts in its solubility
in various reagents, its fluid condition at a temperature
of 12°C., the difficulty experienced in its saponification
with potash, and in the fact that the oil is not vaporised
on heating to 140°C.
Besides these stalked tubers projecting ventrally into
the soil, there are analogous bodies formed in the sub-
stance of the thallus, which have not hitherto been
described. These are produced by the formation of a
cellular mass (like that of the inner part of a stalked
tuber) between the upper and lower layers of the thallus.
The cells of these tuberous masses have the same structure
and contents as those in the inner portion of the external
tubers. These cellular masses are usually oval in shape,
and their average length and breadth are ‘2 mm. and
"15mm. respectively. They are somewhat flattened dorso-
ventrally, their thickness being *I—’15 mm. In several
sections, I have found one of these internal masses at
the base of the stalk of an ordinary (but small) tuber.
This suggests that, possibly, the stalked tuber in question
was in process of formation, and that the cells at the
base of the stalk were storing up food materials, which
would subsequently be passed into the tuber. Internal
masses of considerable size occur in other places in the
thallus where there is no sign of the formation of a
stalked tuber, and these probably always remain in the
thallus, and are independent of any external tuber.
Regarding the function of the tubers, the Synopsis
says they should be looked upon as gemmz, and Ruge
(Flora, 1893, p. 306) suggests that this process of
vegetative reproduction is an adaptation to a mode of life
in which the plants are subjected to periodic droughts.
In support of this view he mentions the fact that the four
* Pfeffer. Die Oelkorper der Lebermoose. Flora. Jan., 1874.
6 ASHWORTH, Tubers of Anthoceros tuberosus.
plants which bear tubers, mentioned in the Synopsis, come
from Western Australia. We may regard these tubers as
gemme, the inner cells of which have become stored with
food materials, and which are protected by a corky
envelope formed by modification, when the tuber is fully —
formed, of the cell walls of the outer cell layers. In
Anthoceros tuberosus, we may presume that the internal
cellular masses, as well as the ordinary tubers, can give
rise to new plants, and hence if the thallus becomes dry
and dies there will still remain several living cellular
masses, filled with food materials, which will be enclosed
and protected by the remains of the dead thallus. These
would probably be able to survive a considerable time and
then give rise to new plants under circumstances favour-
able to their germination. It is possible that this plant
forms the cellular masses in the thallus before it produces
the stalked tubers, and, thus, early secures protection
against extinction by drying during hot periods. That
this is a possible explanation is supported by the fact that,
in the dry herbarium specimens at my disposal, the
histology of the cells of these internal food-laden cells is
quite good, and the normal shape of the cells is retained,
whereas the ordinary cells of the thallus are shrunk and
collapsed.
The specimens used in this investigation were obtained
from the Carrington Herbarium in the Manchester
Museum, Owens College, and the work was carried on
in the Botanical Laboratory of the College during the
Lent Term of this year, under the direction of Professor
Weiss, to whom I am indebted for advice and criticism.
AsHwortu, Tubers of
’ 3 4 ef
@ t6'A Sy ae meat On mos.
Explanation of F igures in Plate 2.
Fig. 1. Longitudinal section of the tuber wi h
stalk) of Anthoceros tuberosus, x 100.
Fig. 2. Three cells from the internal portio
tuber, x 1,000. In the two upper cells the proteid
are shown, and in the lower one the oil-drops. _ ers
CG. Gork cells: | he
G. Proteid Sa
Fle Eiains. ae
N. Nucleus. oe ie
O. Oil-drops. | a a
P, “Proteplasm,
Vol. XLI. Plate 2.
Manchester Mi eMours .
Fig.1
rn Bros. Itth.London
Minte
J.H.Ashworth.del.
ANTHOCEROS TUBEROSUS.
III. On Methods of Determining the Dryness of
Saturated Steam and the Condition of Steam Gas.
By OsBORNE REYNOLDS, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S.
Received October 20th. Read November 3rd, 1896.
When, after all air has been expelled from a vessel
partially filled with water and kept at rest at a constant
temperature, equilibrium is established, the vapour is said
to be dry saturated steam.
It is easy to show that under these circumstances the
pressure of the steam is a definite function of the tem-
perature. But it has been found very difficult to show,
by direct means, that the density of the steam is also an
invariable function of the temperature, although many
experiments, from the time of Watt, have indicated that
this is the case; those of Fairbairn and Tate being the
least open to criticism.
That the density of dry saturated steam is a constant
function of the temperature has, however, been com-
pletely established indirectly by the experiments of M.
Regnault on the total heat of evaporation, although
these experiments do not directly furnish a measure
of the density. These experiments consisted in main-
taining a vessel containing a definite quantity of water
in steady constant condition as to temperature and
pressure and quantity of water, by the steady admission
of water at any constant temperature, and the withdrawal
of the vapour in an upward direction, with a slow motion
so as to preclude the convection of water out of the vessel
Nov. 17, 1896.
2 REYNOLDS, Dryness of Saturated Steam.
by the steam, the steam so withdrawn being condensed
in a calorimeter back again to water at any constant
temperature. The results proving that the total amount
of heat given up by the steam for each temperature in
the boiler is consistently proportional to the weight of
steam condensed.
It thus appears that the density of saturated steam at
constant temperature must be constant, and that gravity
alone is sufficient to free the saturated steam from any
water that may have been entangled with it by the action
of boiling, provided the rate of flow over the surfaces is
not sufficient to carry along with the steam any water
there may be on the surfaces. It was only after the
utmost care in securing these conditions that Regnault
succeeded in obtaining consistent results—which results
have since been confirmed by many researches, including
that of Messrs. Harker and Hartog read before the
Society last year. . aa
It is to be noticed that the whole theory of the proper-
ties of steam, as at present accepted, and all the steam
tables are founded on these experiments of Regnault’s
on the total heat of evaporation, so that if any other
definition is given of dry saturated steam, than that of
the vapour of water which results from boiling the water
under constant pressure after it is drained of entangled
water by gravitation, these properties and tables will not
apply. :
Wet Steam.
For the most part the precautions taken by Regnault
are precisely those under which steam is produced in
practice. That is to say, in practice the conditions in
the boiler are maintained, as far as practicable, steady,
and the steam is withdrawn ina vertical direction from
the steam space over the water, where it is drained by
gravitation. Owing, however, to exigencies as to space ~
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1896), No. 3. 3
and weight, a great deal more steam is often generated in
proportion to the space than was the case in the experi-
ments. Also the velocity of the steam after entering the
steam pipes is, in practice, often so great that, even where
these are ascending, any water that may have been drawn
in with the steam, or produced by condensation owing to
the radiation of heat from the pipes, is swept along with
the steam; and where, as in cases like the locomotive,
the engine is under the boiler, so that the pipes are
descending, this must be so. Under such conditions the
steam as it enters the boiler will be accompanied by some
water, and is then variously called ‘‘ wet steam, nearly
or ‘“‘super-saturated”’ steam, though the last
99 66
9
dry steam,’
name is apparently intended to imply that, notwith-
standing Regnault’s experiments, the density of steam
after drainage is not necessarily a definite function of the
temperature or pressure.
Whatever may be the cause of the water entering
the engine with the steam, its presence in unknown
quantity prevents Regnault’s formula for the total heat
of evaporation from being used to form a correct estimate
of the quantity of heat received by the engine. For the
only measures of the steam supplied to the engine are
obtained from the measures of the feed-water supplied
to the boiler or the water discharged from a surface
condenser, so that, if an unknown quantity of water
enters with the steam, estimates so formed must be in
eXcess.
This is a matter of very serious consideration in all
attempts to obtain a comparison of the actual performance
of an engine in work done as compared with the theoretical
performance under ideal conditions. And, as the modern
practice of steam engineering is largely guided by the
results of such attempts, methods of assuring dry steam
or, failing that, of in some way measuring the percentage
. " i ; :
4 REYNOLDS, Dryness of Saturated Steam.
of water passing with the steam into the engine, have
attracted a great deal of attention.
For purely experimental purposes, it is always possible
to supply the engine with dry steam, even where the boiler
is at a distance, by passing the steam through a sufficiently
large vessel close to the engine, so that the water may be
disentangled by gravitation before the steam enters the
engine. These are called water-separators. In some
cases such separators form part of the engine, but, although
their employment is becoming more common, it is only in
comparatively few cases that this is practicable. }
In other cases, that is, in the great majority of cases,
the desire to obtain some experimental evidence of the
percentage of water in the steam as it enters the engine,
has led to the use of methods of testing samples of the
steam drawn continuously from the steam pipe close to the
engine. : |
Sampling the Steam.
In such methods, the question of getting a fair sample of
the steam as it enters the engine is quite distinct from that
of testing the sample so obtained. The water in the pipe,
although moving in the direction of the steam, will not be
uniformly distributed throughout the steam, and will, toa
great extent, merely drift along the surface of the pipe and
mostly on the lower surface, so that unless a sample taken
from the lowest part of the pipe is found to be dry, in
which case the steam is dry, such methods afford but
little evidence as to the percentage of water entering the
engine with the steam.
Testing the Samples.
For absolute dryness such samples may, where the
pressure in the steam pipe is steady, be tested by allowing
the sample to flow quietly through a separator, so as to
drain out the water, the weight of which is then observed.
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1896), No. 3- 5
But any attempt to estimate the percentage of water in
the sample involves the subsequent condensation and
weighing of the steam in the sample as well as the drained
water, which are difficult and complicated operations.
Besides this, the pressure in the steam pipe near the
engine is generally subject to considerable periodic altera-
tions owing to the intermittent and periodic demand for
steam in the engine, which introduces complications of
unknown extent.
Wire-drawing Calorimeters.
With a view to obtaining a test for the samples of
steam which should be independent of the separator, the
so-called Wire-drawing Calorimeter has been introduced.
In this, the sample of steam, whether it has been first
drained or not, is received quietly in a vessel at the same
pressure as the steam pipe, where it is at steady known
pressure; from this it is allowed to escape continuously
through a small orifice into a second larger vessel, main-
tained at greatly lower pressure than the first. In this its
temperature and pressure are measured, the steam then
passing on into a condenser or into the atmosphere.
The quantity of water present is then estimated from
the observed pressures in the two vessels, and the difference
between the observed temperature in the second vessel
and the temperature of saturation at that pressure, as
taken from Regnault’s tables.
Such calculations are at once seen to be based on
Regnault’s determination of the relations between the
pressure and temperature of saturated steam, together
with the heat relations, whatever they may be, between
saturated steam and superheated steam. And, as the
second relation does not appear to be known except as
a very rough approximation, the results so obtained must
be doubtful.
6 REYNOLDS, Dryness of Saturated Steam.
Results.
The results obtained with these calorimeters have ap-
parently revealed the presence of anything up to 5 per
cent. more water in the samples than those revealed
by the simple separator, and this even when the steam
has been drained in the separator before passing into the
calorimeter.
This apparent experimental evidence of previously un-
suspected water carried by steam has necessarily excited
great interest, and is naturally welcomed, as it ap-
parently brings the engines by so much nearer perfection.
On second thoughts, however, a very serious con-
sideration will present itself, namely, that if the drained
steam from a separator contains latent water, the
drained steam from the separator on which Regnault
made his experiments must also have contained similar
latent water, and hence the theoretical volumes of steam,
which are based solely on these experiments, must be
subject to identically the same corrections as the observed
results, so that the discovery, if true, would thus leave the
percentage of theoretical performance unchanged, while it
would upset the truth of Regnault’s results as to the
properties of steam—and, moreover, upset all other
deductions from these properties, including the deduc-
tions involved in these estimations.
That such is the case cannot be admitted until after
the fullest consideration and verification of the experi-
ments and of the method of reduction by which the novel
results have been obtained.
These experiments are many, and the methods of
reducing the results have not been very fully, although
widely, published, but in all that I have seen the
results have been deduced by means of the properties of
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1896), No. 3- i
steam as determined by Regnault’s experiments, by a
formula which is based on a misunderstanding of the
meaning of ‘the specific heat, at constant pressure, for
steam when in the gaseous state,’’ as determined by
Regnault. And that this must have been the case with
the other results would seem to follow from the fact that
this formula, when based on the correct meaning, affords
no definite result at all under the circumstances of the
experiments.
It has thus seemed to me important not only to call
attention to the error in reduction by which certain of
these results have been obtained, but also to indicate, and
if possible to verify, a method by which experiments
could be made, so that Regnault’s determination of the
specific heat of steam gas could be correctly used to
ascertain whether or not such latent water does exist in
drained steam—that is, to ascertain whether Regnault’s
experiments on the specific heat of steam gas are consis-
tent with his experiments on the latent heat of steam.
In the present paper the purpose is limited to pointing
out the theory of the reductions, and to giving indications
of the method of experimenting, the general character
of the apparatus, and the precautions necessary.
The Theory of the Reductions.
By the law of conservation of energy, when a steady
stream of matter flows through a chamber with fixed walls,
so that the condition within the chamber is steady, the
energy of the matter which enters (potential and actual)
is equal to the energy which leaves in the same time,
and hence is equal to the energy of the matter which
leaves, together with such energy as may escape into the
walls of the chamber. Thus, if a stream of fluid flows
in a horizontal direction through a fixed passage and if
P,'=pressure,
1, =temperature,
V,'=volume per lb. of fluid,
at ae
H,’'— P,’V;'=mechanical equivalent of heat ,
per Ib. of fluid,
m=velocity of fluid
P,'=pressure, 3 \
T, =temperature,
V.'=volume per lb. of fluid, abs
H,’— P,'V.’=mechanical equivalent of heat
per Ib. of fluid,
up=Vvelocity of fluid |
and H,=the mechanical equivalent of heat, per lb. of fluid
passing through, received through the surface. _
2 2
Then H,'+“. ++ Hj =H,'4+-2 eoveccvescee : CER
28 28
Also, if the fluid at A consists, per lb., of
S; lb. of steam and (1—S,) lb. of water,
and at B consists of
S, lb. of steam and (1—S,) lb. of water,
and if i, and /, are put for the mechanical equivalents of
heat per lb. of water respectively at the temperatures,
T, and T;, of saturated steam at pressures of P,’ and P,’
respectively, then T,’=T,, where P,’ and Ty are pressure
and temperature corresponding to the initial state of
saturated steam at A, and T, may be taken to correspond
Manchester Memotrs, Vol. xli. (1896), No. 3. 9
to the temperature of saturated steam at pressure P,’.
And if, further, H, equals the equivalent of the total heat
of evaporation at pressure P,’ per lb., then
H,'=S(Hi— Ay) hy coc eecccecceees (2):
And if, similarly, H, and fz correspond to the temperature
of saturated steam at pressure P,’, then
Hy’ =S,(H2— 2) +h,.+K(T2'—T,) ...... (3):
Where K is the mean specific heat of steam at constant
pressure between the temperatures T,’ the actual tem-
perature at B, and T, the temperature of saturated steam
at the actual pressure (P,’) at B. It being noticed that, it
I—S, is greater than nothing, T,’=T,, so that the last term
in (3) vanishes. While, if (I—S,) is zero, this last term ex-
presses the heat, whatever it may be, requisite to raise
steam, at constant pressure P,', from the temperature of
saturation T, to the observed temperature T,’.
Substituting from equations (2) and (3) in equation
(1), this becomes
2
S,; (HW; —/) +++ el
co)
Une
=S, eg 5s
If then ™, m, and H; are small enough to be neglected,
since the values of H,, #,, He, 4.2, T, are obtainable from
Regnault’s tables, when P,', P,' or T,’ are observed, all the
remaining quantities may be known except 5), S., and K.
And either, if S, is not equal to unity, (T,’/—T,)=o, and
KG (ley bases (4).
S, (H,—A,) +h, =S. (He—Ie) +he «2.00.00. (5),
or, if (I—S,)=o
S, (9, —f4,)-+-h=HL+K (T.'=—T,).....0 ses (6).
Equation (5) gives S; in terms of S, when T,'=Th,, but,
since S,is unknown, this is of no use; while, if T,’ is greater
10 REYNOLDs, Dryness of Saturated Steam.
than T,, equation (6) gives S, in terms of K which is a
function of T, and T,’, which has not been determined.
If it were possible to determine the exact value of T,’
at which S,—1=o0, then
S, (H,;—/,)+/,= Hs.
But, here again, this is practically impossible, since
the only indication .that S,—1=o is thal)aj ee
greater than T, as given by Regnault’s tables for
steam at P,, and, for any. such excess as ‘eamegpe
observed, the value of K (T,'’—T,) is considerable, since,
at the point of saturation, K is apparently infinite, so
that neither of these determinations are practical.
With a view to getting over these difficulties, the
course that has apparently been adopted is to obtain a
condition such that the temperature (T,’) after wire-
drawing is from 10° to 20° F. higher than the saturation
temperature (T,), and then to assume that K is equivalent
to the specific heat at constant pressure of steam gas as
determined by Regnault, or that
K=772 x 0748,
an assumption which constitutes the error in reduction
to which I have referred.
The possibility of obtaining an accurate estimate.
This depends on obtaining a certain condition in the
experiment, and reducing by a formula proved by Rankine
(Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb., 1849, 1855).
Rankine’s formula is that the total heat to convert
water from a liquid state at any particular temperature,
say 32°, to steam gas at any temperature (T,’), the
operation being completed under constant pressure, is ex-
pressed by
H,’
772
=C,+a (T2’—32),
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1896), No. 3. ET
C, being a quantity depending only on the initial state,
and a being the specific heat at constant pressure of the
steam gas, determined by Regnault to be
0°48.
Taking the initial state to be at 32°, Rankine obtained, as
the most probable value,
C,= 1092.
It is to be noticed, however, that although this value
0°48, as obtained by Regnault, has been universally
accepted, the experiments by which he obtained it
were independent of the method by which he determined
the total heat of evaporation of saturated steam, and
that, as Regnault observes,* the smallness of the scale
as compared with that by which the total heats were
determined rendered it necessarily less accurate, as
regards the measurement of the total quantities of heat
observed; although the extreme care with which the
numerous experiments in the four cases were made, seems
to assure their relative accuracy. The experiments con-
sisted in determining the total heat necessary to raise
water from 32°F. or o°C. to temperatures of about 120°C.
and 220°C. under the pressure of the atmosphere, then
taking the differences as being the heat necessary to
raise water from 120°C. to 220°C. It thus involves the
assumption that steam at 20°C. (or 36°F.) above the
boiling point is in the condition of steam gas. This is
probably very near the truth. Had, however, the experi-
ments been as absolutely accurate as those for the total
heat of saturated steam, they would have afforded the
means of comparing the two methods of Regnault by
Rankine’s thermodynamical formule. As it is, such a
comparison can be made. Thus, substituting the total
heats as obtained in the experiments for specific heat
* Mém. Acad. Sci., Vol. XXVI., pp. 170, 909.
12 REYNOLDS, Dryness of Saturated Steam.
in Rankine’s formula, the constant C, is found to be
not 1092, as given by Rankine, but between 1076°4 and
1053°7, with a mean of about 1055. Taking this value,
the heat necessary to raise water from 32° to 248°F.
at constant pressure of 14°7lbs. per square inch is
1055+0°48 (216) =1158°68
To raise water from 32° to saturated steam at 212° requires
by Regnault’s formula for total heat of saturated steam
10g1°7-+°305 (180) =1146°6
Hence, to raise saturated steam from 212° to 248° at con-
stant pressure would require 12°08 T.U., which, divided
by the difference of temperature, gives for the mean
specific heat of steam from saturation at 212° to 248°F.
at constant pressure _
T2208:
36 San
which shows that the specific heat, at constant. pressure,
of steam rises with the temperature. And this, although
in accordance with the results obtained by Regnault for
other vapours, presents great thermo-dynamical diffi-
culties; since many experiments have shown that the
steam, on being heated from saturation to 36°F. above,
expands three or four times as much as it would if it
were gas. It is to be noticed that an error of 3% im
estimating the total quantity of steam, which in these
experiments would only mean an error of
0°0004
in the actual weighings, would account for the differences
in the values of C, as determined by Rankine and as esti-
mated from Regnault’s experiment on specific heat, while
such an error on the determination of the specific heat
would fall within the limits of experimental accuracy.
It thus seems probable that Rankine’s determinations of
the constants in his formula are approximately right.
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1896), No. 3. i
In order to make use of this formula in the reduction
of the experiments under consideration, all that is necessary
is to bring about, by means of wire-drawing, the condition
that T,' shall be sufficiently larger than T, to insure that
the final condition approximates to that of steam gas.
That this difference must be more than 20°F. has been
shown, but it would appear that with this difference the
error is not great.
To use the formula,
{ 1092-+0°48 (T,’— T,) bore
is substituted for the right member of equation (6),
2 2
a of Me being small, so that
&
2g" 2
S:(Hi—m) + =7724 1092-++0°48 (la 32.) fae. (GAB
which only requires the experimental determination of
T, and T,' to give the value of S,, provided that the final
condition is that of steam gas.
The means of assuring the condition of Steam Gas.
Perhaps the most important fact to which attention is
herein directed is that, although, as already stated, the
limiting relations of temperature and pressure of steam
gas are not known with any degree of precision, the wire-
drawing experiments are capable of affording simple and
direct evidence of the existence of such a final state. As
the pressure of steam is reduced by wire-drawing which
is gradually increased, at first, owing to the great expan-
sion, the temperature falls considerably, but, as the wire-
drawing increases, by the diminution of pressure in the
receiving vessel, the fall of temperature gradually diminishes,
until the gaseous state is produced, when the temperature
T,' will be unaffected by still greater wire-drawing.
14 ~ REYNOLDS, Dryness of Saturated Steam.
So that to insure a gaseous state, all that is necessary
is to gradually diminish the pressure in the receiving
vessel, maintaining that in the first vessel, until the
temperature T,’ in the receiving vessel becomes constant.
The only doubt is whether this point can be practically
reached, and this can only be determined by experiments.
The remarkable circumstance in the flow of gases, of
which I published the explanation in a paper read before
this Society in 1885, that when steam or gas flows through
a restricted channel from one vessel into another, in which
the pressure is less than half that of the first, the quantity
which passes is independent of the pressure on the
receiving side, must have an important place in simpli-
fying the apparatus required for such experiment.
Thus, with boiler pressure on one side of an orifice
opening into a vessel from which its escape is allowed by
an adjustable valve, the whole experiment can be regulated
by this valve, the quantity flowing through remaining
constant for all pressures after the half is reached.
The only precautions necessary for accuracy are those
to secure approximately small velocities at the points where
the temperature is measured, and those to render small
the loss of temperature in the steam by radiation. And,
although these must complicate the appliances, they
appear to be practical. I may also notice that, should
such experiments be accomplished, they will afford the
means of verifying or correcting Rankine’s value for C,,
which he has only given as a probable approximate value.
I hope these experiments may shortly be made, as
Mr. J. H. Grindley, B.Sc., Fellow of Victoria University,
has undertaken the research in the Whitworth Engineer-
ing Laboratory, Owens College.
IV. Hymenoptera Orientalia, or Contributions to a
knowledge of the Hymenoptera of the Oriental
Zoological Region. Part V.
By PETER CAMERON.
[Communicated by. Cosmo Melvill, M.A., FolS.|
Received November 9th. Read November 17th, 1896.
In view of the fact that Colonel C. T. Bingham is at
present engaged on a Monograph of the Indian Hymenop-
tera, I deem it advisable to give in this part of my paper
descriptions of new species only, leaving the information
I possess regarding the distribution and habits of the
known species to be dealt with in another paper.
Compared with the immense number of parasitic
Hymenoptera (Ichneumonide, Braconide, &c.) known |
from the Nearctic and Palearctic zoological regions they
are but feebly represented, in fact they are almost absent
in the southern parts of the Indian Peninsula; but they
appear to be more numerous in Ceylon, and are probably
not uncommon in the Himalayas.
ICHNEUMONID-.
ICHNEUMON CLOTHO, sp. nov. (Pl. 3, f. 1).
Niger, abdomine ceruleo; linea antennarum, orbtitis
oculorum, scutello, post-scutelloque albis; alis fusco-hyalims.
=. long. 15mm!
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head black, shining, the face strongly, the front and
vertex much less strongly punctured; the orbits on the
top and bottom and on the inner side, on the bottom very
Feb. 22nd, 1897.
2 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Onientalia.
broadly; on the sides narrowly, and dilated in the middle,
especially at the top, yellow; the mandibles thickly
covered with dull fulvous hair; rufous before the apex, —
Antenne stout; 7-8 joints near the middle on the
underside yellowish-white; the scape punctured; on the
underside covered with pale golden hair. Thorax black;
the edge of the pronotum, scutellum and post-scutellum ~
yellow, the mesonotum closely punctured ; thickly covered
with a short, dull fulvous pubescence; the scutellum
punctured ; the post-scutellum hardly so the sides of the
former smooth, shining, and impunctate; the depression
at the side of the post-scutellum also smooth and shining
and with a distinct margin; the median segment coarsely
irregularly striolated at the base; the middle of the apex
closely transversely striated; the sides much more strongly
transversely ‘striated; all the arez clearly defined.
The lower part of the propleurz irregularly obliquely
striated. The mesopleure closely punctured; the middle
with some irregular longitudinal striations; the meta-
pleure closely punctured, running into irregular striations
at the apex. Legs covered with pale pubescence; the
outer and lower half of the four anterior coxe, the hinder
cox entirely black, except a yellow spot in the middle
above; the front femora are rufo-testaceous on the under-
side, the middle pair towards the apex only; the front
tibiz testaceous in front; the middle pair rufo-testaceous
towards the apex; the hinder pair quite black and both
the hinder pairs have a broad white mark near the base;
the four anterior tarsi dull testaceous, the hinder pair
dark, with the third and fourth joints white. Abdomen
shining, bright blue, except the petiole, which is darker ;
shining, almost glabrous; the petiole at the apex before
the gastrocceeli with a strongly punctured spot; the gas-
trocceeli shallow, large, the base with some striations; the
apex flesh-coloured.
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xl. (1897), No. 4. 2
ICHNEUMON TAPROBANZ, Sp. nov.
Niger, pedibus flavis: coxis trochantertbusque nigris, alis
fulvo-hyalinis, stigmate fusco. ¢c. Long. 11mm.
Hab. Ceylon (Rothney).
Head bearing a white down; closely punctured, the
clypeus with the punctures widely separated; the palpi
testaceous. Thorax closely punctured ; the depression at
the base of the scutellum wide, deep; the scutellum finely
punctured, shining; the centre fuscous; its apex finely
longitudinally striated; the post scutellum finely rugose ;
the median segment rugose; there are two straight keels
at the base, forming an almost square area; the lateral
keels end in stout, blunt spines; the apex oblique, with
two straight keels down the centre. The propleure
finely longitudinally striated at the base; the mesopleurz
punctured, an oblique band of fine striations in the
middle; the metapleurz longitudinally striated, indis-
tinctly at the base, much stronger at the apex. The
front coxz on the lower side are thickly covered with
fulvous hair; the middle femora are fuscous on the under-
side at the base. At the top the areolet is narrowed,
being there as long as the space bounded by the second
transverse cubital and the recurrent nervures. Abdomen
black; the apex of the petiole finely rugose, keeled down
the sides; the gastrocceli finely striated at the base.
ICHNEUMON INTAMINATUS, Sp. nov.
Niger; femoribus posticis rufis; alis hyalinis, nervis
stiigmateque ngris. 3S. Long. 9mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head entirely black ; the front and vertex very shining,
sparsely covered with white hair; the face and clypeus
almost impunctate, covered with long white hair; the
mandibles and palpi black. Antenne as long as the body,
black, the scape with longish pale hair. Thorax shining,
4 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Onentalia.
the pleurz and sternum with long white hair; the median
segment with an oblique slope at the apex; its base
smooth, the rest rough, the apex with a few irregular
striations; the apical part of the propleurz near the
middle with a few striations; the rest of the pleure
obscurely punctured; the mesopleurz and the metapleure
at the apex on the lower side striolated. Legs thickly
covered with short white hair; black, including the
calcaria; the hinder femora red. The areolet is a little
narrowed at the top, being there as wide as the space
bounded by the first transverse cubital and the recurrent
nervures. Petiole coarsely aciculated, keeled down the
centre and the sides; the apex smooth, shining; the other
segments smooth and shining.
ICHNEUMON VACILLANS, sp. nov.
Niger ; tibus tarsisque anterioribus, femoribus basique
tibrarum posticarum, rufis; alis hyalinis, nervis fuscis. ¢.
Long. II mm. |
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head black, thickly covered with moderately long
white hair, closely but not strongly punctured; the palpi
black. Antennz entirely black; the scape with a longish,
the flagellum thickly with a microscopic pile. Thorax
entirely black; thickly covered with short fuscous pubes
cence. Metapleuree much more strongly punctured than
the mesonotum and more opaque; the apex with a
gradually rounded slope; obscurely striolated in the
middle ; a shallow furrow leads down from the spiracles ;
the pleurze uniformly punctured. Wings hyaline; the
nervures at the base and the stigma in the middle testa-
ceous. Legs: the apical third of the anterior femora,
the tibize and tarsi, the middle legs except the coxe and
trochanters, the hinder femora except the knees, and the
basal third of the tibiz, red; the calcaria pale rufous.
Abdomen black, shining, impunctate.
leery
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xl. (1897), No. 4. 5
ICHNEUMON APPROPINQUANS, Sp. /ov.
Niger; multo albo-maculato ; pedibus rufis, bast nigris ;
alis fulvo-hyalinis, stigmate fulvo. 2%. Long. 15mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head black; strongly punctured; the vertex trans-
versely striolated; the inner orbits from the clypeus to
the hinder ocelli broadly yellow, narrowed towards the
eyes ; at the outer side at the foot of the eyes is a large
yellow mark; and on each side of the clypeus is a _
crescent-shaped mark; palpi pale fulvous. Antenne
black, the upper side beyond the middle broadly white.
Thorax closely punctured, covered with a pale short
down; the edge of the pronotum, tegulez, tubercles,
scutellum, post-scutellum, two large marks on the median
segment at the tubercles; and a large mark on the
me-opleuta,, clean yellow. The apex of the pro- and
meso-pleure crenulated ; on the median segment are only
the basal arez; the apex oblique; at its top are some
stout longitudinal keels; the centre coarsely rugosely
punctured; the sides with stout transverse keels. The
four front coxz are broadly white at the base in front ;
the hinder pair have a large white mark at the base
above; the trochanters black; the four anterior white at
the apex; the hinder with a small white mark above; the
apex of the fore femora, the tibiz and the base of the tarsi
white in front ; the tarsi black, paler at the base. Wings
fulvo-hyaline, the nervures fuscous, paler towards the
apex; the stigma fulvous; the areolet at the top nearly as
long as the space bounded by the recurrent and second
transverse cubital nervures. Abdomen black; the apex
of the petiole and a large mark on each side of all the
other segments, white. Petiole smooth, shining, longi-
tudinally striolated in the middle before the white;
gastrocceli broad; their base roughly and irregularly strio-
lated.
6 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Ortentalia.
/
ICHNEUMON HYPOCRITA, Sp. nov.
Niger, annulo antennarum, facie, scutello, coxts, trochan-
teribus tarsisque posticis albis; pedibus fulvis; trochanteribus
posticis tarsisque posticis late mgris; alis fusco-hyalims. ¢.
Long. Iomm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head black, closely punctured; the face thickly covered
with short white hair; below the antennz entirely white,
including the oral organs. Antennz black, the scape
beneath, and a broad belt (9 joints) beyond the middle,
white. Thorax black; the tegule, tubercles, scutellum,
and post-scutellum white; closely punctured; the scutellum
with widely separated punctures; at the sides of the post-
scutellum is a row of stout keels ; the arez on the median
segment clearly defined; the supra median longer than
broad, bulging out at the sides; the lateral wider than
it and impunctate; the rest of the segment transversely
striated. Pleurz strongly punctured; the lower part of
the propleurz strongly striated; the metapleure rugosely
punctured. The four anterior coxze and _ trochanters
white; the rest of them fulvous; the hind coxe black;
the hind femora black except at the extreme base; the
hind tibiz broadly black at the apex; the hind tarsi
white except at the base. Wings hyaline, with a faint
fuscous tinge; the stigma and nervures black; the
areolet a little longer than broad; the transverse cubital
nervures straight, parallel; the recurrent nervure is
received shortly beyond the middle. Abdomen black,
shining, smooth; the second and third segments at the
apex fulvous. .
ICHNEUMON ROTHNEYI, sp. nov. (Pl. 3, f. 2).
Niger; abdominis segmentis 2—6 ferrugineis; ttbits
tarsisque sordide testaccis ; alis flavo-hyalims, stigmate fulvo.
Oy ees tO Te.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 4. 7
Head black, strongly and closely punctured; thickly
covered with short grey hair; the mandibles piceous
before the apex. Antennz black, 7—8 of the middle
joints yellowish-white. Thorax black,closely punctured; a
line on the pronotum and the scutellum yellow; the latter
smooth and almost impunctate; its apex black. The
median segment rugose ; thickly covered with short white
hair, its apex hollowed in the centre; its sides with stout
keels ; there are two central keels widely separated; the
space between these and the bordering keel stoutly trans-
| versely: striated, it being also striolated obscurely on the
innerside of the central keel; the basal area is a little
wider than long. All the coxz and trochanters are black
and thickly covered with a pale down; the anterior
femora slightly; the middle pair even more so and the
hinder pair still more so, the apex of the hinder tibiz and
the apical joints of the tarsi, blackish. Wings hyaline,
but with a distinct fulvous tinge; the stigma clear
fulvous; the nervures fuscous, darker towards the base;
the top of the areolet is a little less in length than the
space bounded by the second transverse cubital and the
recurrent nervures. Abdomen ferruginous; the petiole
and the base of the second segment, black; the petiole
smooth at the base; the sides at the apex coarsely
punctured ; the raised central part closely longitudinally
striated. Gastrocoeli large, deep, with a few stout,
irregular keels; the second segment between longitudi-
nally striated; the apical segments are smooth and
impunctate.
ICHNEUMON BUDDHA, Sp. nov.
Niger, scutello flavo; flagello antennarum medio late
albo; pedibus rufis; apice tibtarum posticarum tarsisque
posticis migris ; abdonune late rufo, apice albo. 2%. Long.
8mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
8 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
Head black, the sides of the clypeus and the greater
part of the mandibles in middle rufous; the eyes very
distinctly margined on the inner side; the front and
vertex closely punctured; the clypeus, except at the
base, with very few punctures. Antenne stout, sparsely
and shortly pilose; the middle of the flagellum broadly
white beneath and at the sides. Thorax black; the
pronotum yellowish in the middle; the mesonotum
coarsely alutaceous; the scutellum shining; post-scutellum
narrowed towards the base; the part at the sides of the
scutellum behind with strong, stout keels, which become
wider from the inner to the outer side; the part at the
sides of the post-scutellum crenulated. Median segment
large; the apex with an oblique slope, roundly excavated
in the centre; coarsely punctured; the sides at the apex
irregularly obliquely striated; all the areze completely
defined; the central coarsely transversely striated; there
are two stout keels bordering the central depression
on the apical part. Propleure at the apex strongly
striolated; the part above this coarsely punctured, the
puncturing becoming finer towards the top; above the
front coxz are two stout, sharp keels, forming between
them a sharp channel. All the coxze and base of
trochanters black; the apex of the hind tibiz and the
tarsi black; the middle tarsi fuscous. The basal half
of the petiole black; the apical rufous; coarsely punc-
tured; and with two sharp keels down the middle. The
second and third segments entirely rufous; the apical two
cream white above, except at the side of the penultimate;
the ventral surface broadly rufous at the base; gastrocceli
striated at the base.
ICHNEUMON VISHNU, Sp. nov.
one. fere: 10mm: ¢.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
A species very like the above described species. It
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xl. (1897), No. 4. 9
seems to differ from it in too many points of colouration
and structure to be its d. For example, the supra-median
area on the median segment here is rounder and com-
pletely separated from the base, which is not the case
with the other species; it is, further, fully larger, while
if it were the dc, it should be smaller.
Antenne as long as the body, the scape covered with
long fuscous hair; a white band of six joints beyond the
middle. Head black; strongly punctured; the clypeus
with only a few punctures on its apical margin. The
orbits, except at the top, yellow, the inner band being
the wider, especially at the bottom; the mandibles broadly
yellow in the middle; the labrum fringed densely with
golden hair. Thorax black; the edge of the pronotum,
but not completely, the tegulz, tubercles, and scutellum
broadly at the sides, but not uniting at the apex, a line
at the sides in front of it, and the post-scutellum, yellow.
Pro- and meso-thorax closely punctured; the scutellum
thickly covered with brownish hair; at the sides of the
post-scutellum there are some stout keels. The median
segment has an oblique slope at the apex; the central
area complete, rounded at the base, almost transverse at
the apex; the other nervures are not so clearly defined;
the apex is transversely striated. Legs rufous; the coxe,
trochanters, apex of the hinder tibiz and the posterior
tarsi, black; the fore coxz yellowish white at the apex.
The areolet is much narrowed at the top; the transverse
cubital nervures almost meeting there. Petiole black, a
yellow band across its apex; the second and third seg-
ments rufous; the apical two .segments white above;
beneath the 2— 4th segments are rufous.
ICHNEUMON CONFUSANEUS, Sp. nov.
Niger, flagello antennarum albo; tibtis tarsisque anticis
testaceis ; abdomine late rufo; alis hyalinis, stigmate fusco.
23 Long. 6mm:
10 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Ortentalia.
Hab. Trincomali, Ceylon (Yerbury).
Antenne black, the 8—14th joints clear white beneath.
Head closely punctured all over; the clypeus with the
punctures more widely separated; the mandibles before
the teeth rufous. Pro- and meso-notum closely and rather
strongly punctured; the scutellum with the punctures
smaller and more widely separated. Median segment
with the areas complete; coarsely punctured; the apex
in the middle closely transversely striated. The apex of
the propleure strongly longitudinally striolated; on the
mesopleure there is a shining impunctate spot below the
hind wings. The middle tibiz are darker coloured than
the anterior, especially in front. The areolet is narrowed
at the top, being there not much wider than the space
bounded by the recurrent and the transverse cubital
nervures; the recurrent being received nearly in the
middle of the cellule. Petiole shining, black; the apex,
except in the middle, with some distinctly separated
punctures; the second, third, and base of the fourth
segment ferruginous; gastrocceli smooth.
ICHNEUMON INQUIETUS, sp. nov.
Long. 6mm.
Hab. Trincomali, Ceylon (Yerbury).
Is nearly related to J. confusaneus ; but differs in having
the legs without black, except on the apex of the hinder
femora and tibie; the propleure more completely and
strongly striolated, and the second abdominal segment
closely longitudinally striated.
_ Head closely punctured, immediately over the antennz
obscurely striated transversely ; the clypeus more shining,
with the punctures much more widely separated; the
mandibles pale yellow, piceous before the apex. Antennz
black; the g—12th joints clear white. Mesonotum
closely punctured ; the scutellum shining; sparsely punc-
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 4. Lt
tured, especially at the base. Median segment coarsely
punctured ; the apex in the middle transverely striolated.
The mesonotum punctured ; the pro- and meta-pleure on
the lower part longitudinally striolated. The four anterior
legs fulvous; the coxe and trochanters yellow; the hinder
legs have a more reddish tint, including the coxe and
trochanters ; a spot on the underside of the coxz, the
apex of the femora and the tibize black. Petiole black,
shining ; the second and third segment rufous; the base
of the second depressed and with an interrupted transverse
smooth shallow furrow at the apex of the depression ;
strongly longitudinally striolated, the stria becoming very
faint towards the apex, especially in the middle, which is
aciculated.
ICHNEUMON INTEGRATUS, sp. nov.
Niger, facie, scutello, maculis 2 metanott abdomiumsque
segmentis late, flavis; alis fulvo-fumatis, stigmate fulvo.
Long. I5 mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head black, densely covered with white, behind with
fulvous hair; the face below the antenne yellow; fulvous
in the middle (perhaps through discoloration); the apex
of the clypeus black; the mandibles reddish towards the
apex; the base densely covered with fulvous hair; the
palpi fulvous. Thorax thickly covered with pale pube-
Seence, tiewruwercies, tesula, a short line m front of
them, scutellum, a line on the post-scutellum, and two
triangular marks on the median segment near the
spiracles, yellow. Propleurz irregularly striated towards
the apex below. The median segment has only the basal
area clearly defined ; it is broader than long, rough; the
centre with four stout keels, converging towards the
apex; the apex has an abrupt slope; the central area
closely and roughly transversely striated; the lateral areze
12 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
with the transverse keels much stouter, more widely
separated, and they are divided into two by a stouter | keel.
Coxz black ; the four hinder broadly yellow at the base; ’
the apical joint of the four anterior trochanters pale; of
the hinder pair entirely rufous; the apex of the hinder
femora and of the hinder tibiz black; the hair is fulvous
on the coxe. The alar nervures fuscous, pale at the
base; at the top the areolet is as wide as the space
bounded by the second transverse cubital and the
recurrent nervure. Petiole shining at the base; the apex
closely longitudinally striolated ; the gastrocceli shining ;
the base with some stout keels; the yellow on the second
and third segments, broad; the apical segments entirely
rufous, the fourth and fifth only rufous at the base.
ICHNEUMON NUMERICUS, sp. nov.
Long. 15mm. dé.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney). :
Resembles I. iniegratus; but has the yellow markings
much more expanded on the thorax; the pleure having
two large marks; the apex of the median segment yellow,
and the antennz yellow, broadly black at the apex.
Head rather strongly punctured, the lower part
densely covered with white, above the antennz with
longer fuscous hair; below the antennze entirely yellow;
the inner orbits broadly to the hinder ocelli, and the _
outer to near the level of the lower, this latter belt
becoming gradually narrowed to the top, yellow. The
front in the middle transversely striated; the mandibles
and palpi yellow; the former piceous at the apex; palpi
yellow. Antennz as long as the body, rufous-yellow,
the apex broadly black; the three basal joints black ~
above. Thorax closely punctured; thickly covered with
short hair, which is darker on the mesonotum, whiter on
the rest; a broad band on the pronotum; the scutellum,
ee a ee
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 4. 13
post-scutellum, the apex of the median segment, except
a small black mark in the middle at the apex, a triangular
-mark on the lower part of the propleurz, a large mark on
the lower side of the mesopleure, and an oblique one
on the metapleura, yellow. On the median segment
only the basal area is defined; it is longer than broad,
smooth; the apex with four stout longitudinal keels, its
extreme apex, yellow; the sides at the base rugosely
punctured; the apex transversely striated, more strongly
at the sides; the central keels stout, straight. The four
front coxz entirely yellow; the hinder black; the
apex broadly rufous; the four front legs entirely rufous,
yellower in front; the hinder rufous; the apex of the
tarsi broadly black. Petiole black; the sides margined;
stoutly keeled at the apex, which is strongly longitudinally
striolated, raised at the middle, depressed at the sides;
the base of the second segment striated; the gastrocceli
shallow; the black bands on the second and _ third
segments broad, triangularly produced in the middle at
the base; in the centre of the fourth segment at the apex
is a black mark, triangularly produced at the base.
ICHNEUMON AGRAENSIS, Sp. nov.
Fulvus, pedibus posticits nigro-maculatis; alis fulvo-
hyalims, stigmate fusco. 3S. Long. 13mm.
Hab. Agra (Rothney).
Head luteous, the orbits paler ; covered with a white
microscopic pubescence; the face closely covered with
shallow punctures; the apex of the clypeus rounded ;
the tips of the mandibles blackish. Scape of antennz
luteous; the flagellum, brownish beneath, darker above.
Mesonotum of a darker tint than the rest of the body;
rough in texture; the scutellum with large punctures;
and covered with long fuscous hair, large, raised above
the level of the mesonotum; a deep depression at its
14 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Ortentalia.
base; its apex oblique. Median segment closely rugosely
punctured; the base with the punctures larger and
more widely separated; the extreme base impunctate.
There is a central pear-shaped area, and two wide lateral
ones; the apex is rounded and transversely striolated in
the middle. The lower part of the propleure shining,
impunctate; the upper with shallow punctures, the meso-
and metapleure closely punctured; an impunctate spot
on the mesopleurze near its apex. Legs fulvous; the apex
of the hind femora, of the hinder tibize and the hinder
tarsi except at the base, black. The areolet at the top is
as wide as the space bounded by the recurrent and the
second transverse cubital nervures. Except at the base
the abdomen is closely punctured, the apex of the petiole,
depressed at the sides; the gastrocceli large, the innerside
at the base striolated, the outer punctured, the space
between longitudinally striated; the sixth joint entirely,
the seventh, black with a large white mark in the middle
at the apex; the two apical segments entirely black
beneath.
CRYPTUS INFERNALIS, sp. 10v.
Ferrugineus, capite, antennis, abdominisque apice late
mgris; flagello antennarum annulo late albo; alis hyalims,
nervis fuscis. Long. 7mm.
Hab. Agra (Rothney).
Head black; the orbits from the top of the frontal
depression to the occiput, white, the white mark nar-
rowed at base and apex; the frontal depression trans-
versely striated; the palpi testaceous. Antennz black,
the middle of the flagellum broadly white. Thorax
entirely red; the pro-mesonotum and scutellum shining ;
almost impunctate; the depression at the base of the
scutellum crenulated. Median segment closely rugosely
punctured; the base laterally shining and impunc-
tate; at the base and at the top of the flat part is a
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 4. 15
transverse keel which bulges backwards in the middle,
the basal one being rounded, the apical transverse at the
base; the apex has an oblique slope; the pleure closely
punctured; the propleure at the base more shining and
obscurely striolated. The four anterior legs rufous; the
hinder femora and the coxz black, except at the base
and apex; the hinder tibiz and tarsi black, the former
only black behind. The petiole is broadly black at the
base; smooth and shining, the apex -without keels and
not raised in the centre at the apex; its apex and the
‘second segment ferruginous; the other segments black
except the last, which is milk-white above. Gastroccell
absent. Areolet almost square.
CRYPTUS INDICUS, sp. nov.
Niger, albo-maculatus ; pedibus antertoribus pallidis ;
coxts, trochanteribus femoribusque posticis rufis ; tibis tarsisque
posticis nigris, bast albis; alts hyalinis, apice fumatis. c.
Long. 8—9 mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head shining, the front sparsely punctured; below the
antenne, including the oral organs and the inner orbits to
the ocelli broadly, white; the tips of the mandibles
black; the basal portion of the antennz white beneath ;
the apical brownish. Thorax black, shining, minutely
punctured; the prothorax in front, a curved mark
narrowest on the outerside, on the side of the meso-
notum at the base, the tubercles, tegulz, scutellum, and
a mark on the apex of the metapleure over the coxe,
white. Pro- and meso-notum punctured; the scutellum
impunctate, the median segment much more strongly
punctured and without any keels. The four front legs are
entirely pallid yellow; the hind coxe, trochanters, and
femora red; the apex of the hind femora, tibiz, and tarsi,
black; the base of the hind tibiz and the greater part of the
16 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Ortentalia.
metatarsus at the base, white. Wings clear hyaline, the
apices of both wings smoky; the nervures fuscous; the
areolet shortly appendiculated at the top; the recurrent
nervure received in the basal third of the cellule.
Abdomen very smooth, shining; the petiole entirely
white on the basal half; its apex narrowly, the base of
the second segment, its apex narrowly, the base and
apex of the third and fourth, broadly, white; the ventral
surface for the greater part white.
CRYPTUS ORIENTALIS, sp. nov.
Niger, pedibus abdomineque late rufis; alis fusco-hyalims,
nevus testaceis. 9. Wong; 12; terebra 4mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head black; the apex of the clypeus, the ores
narrrowly, except near the top behind, the base of the
mandibles, a line at their base joined to the eyes, pale
testaceous; the palpi fuscous, testaceous at the base,
Antenne black; the 6—8 joints pale testaceous beneath.
Thorax black; closely punctured; the lower half of the
propleure strongly longitudinally striolated; the parap-
sidal furrows complete, deep, broadest at the base; the
scutellum closely punctured; the post-scutellum shining,
and bearing a few scattered punctures; on the base
of the median segment are two large areas, curved;
truncated at the sides, the space enclosed being finely
rugose ; between the basal and the apical keels the front
is strongly irregularly striolated; the central keels being
the larger and most regular; the spines large, somewhat
triangular. The apex has an oblique slope; the centre
coarsely coriaceous; the sides with stout transverse
striations. Coxz and trochanters black; the anterior
trochanters testaceous at the apex; the hinder tibie
infuscated, especially towards the apex; the hind tarsi
rufo-testaceous, the metatarsus except at the apex, and
the apex of the terminal joint black. At the top the
*
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 4. 17
areolet is as wide as the space bounded by the second
transverse cubital and the recurrent nervure. Abdomen
shining, impunctate; bare; black; the apex of the petiole,
the apex and sides of the second segment, the third
segment except at the base and the others almost
entirely, rufous.
HEMITELES VEDA, Sp. nov.
Ferrugineus, thorace nigro-maculato; alis fulvis. Long.
15; terebra 4 mm.
Hab. Trincomali, Ceylon (Yerbury).
Head ferruginous, the part above the antenne, and a
triangular mark leading down to it from the ocelli,
black, the part enclosing the ocelli being also black;
strongly punctured, the clypeus and the part immediately
over the antennz, smooth; the inner orbits below the
antennz obscure yellow; the inner orbits above the
antennz distinctly margined; the clypeus near the base
of the mandibles, black. Antennze bare; from the
thirteenth joint brownish beneath, blackish above.
Thorax rufous; a small mark on the propleure, the
mesopleure broadly at the base, narrowly at the top and
down the apex, the metapleure except a mark in the
centre leading into a smaller one at the side, black; the
extreme base of the median segment, its apex and two
oblique marks there, black; the metanotal keels almost
obsolete at the base; towards the apex there are two
straight central and an oblique lateral fairly well indi-
cated; the lower side of the propleure obliquely striolated ;
the base and apex of the mesopleurz narrowly longitu-
dinally striated; the base of the metapleurz crenulated,
and on the lower side there is a stout curved keel. Legs
ferruginous, the tips of the tarsi and a large mark on the
hinder side of the posterior cox, black. Wings fulvous,
lighter coloured at the apex; the stigma and costa fulvous;
the nervures blackish; the areolet wider than long,
B
18 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Ortentalia.
narrower at the bottom than at the top through the first
transverse cubital nervure being sharply, the second
slightly, oblique; the recurrent nervure is received in the
basal third of the cellule. Petiole shining, the apex
finely punctured, and with an elongated depression; the
base broadly black; the rest of the abdomen shagreened.
MESOSTENUS HIMALAYENSIS, sp. n0v.
Niger, albo-maculatus; pedibus fulvis ; coxts anterioribus
albis, bast tibiarum tarsorumque posticorum late megrnis ;
alis hyalims ; nervis fuscis. &. Long. gmm.
Hab. Himalayas.
Antenne as long as the body; black; the scape
beneath and a broad band beyond the middle, white.
Head shining; the face closely punctured; the front
obscurely striolated; below the antenne, the oral region
except the apices of the mandibles, the orbits except
near the top of the eyes, white. Thorax black; the
mesonotum closely punctured; a broad line on the pro-
notum, tegulz, tubercles, a mark on the centre of the
mesonotum, scutellum, post-scutellum, three marks on
the median segment in a triangle, a mark at the base
of the mesopleura, a smaller one at the apex nearer
the breast, a somewhat triangular mark below the hind
wings, a large pear-shaped mark on the metapleura and
the greater part of the mesosternum, white. Median
segment with a gradually rounded slope, coarsely punc-
tured; the basal white mark is longer and narrower
than the apical. The four front coxz and trochanters
white; the hinder red like the femora; the basal joint of
the trochanters blackish; the apex of the second, the
third, and the fourth tarsal joints are white. Wings
hyaline, the areolet quadrangular; the recurrent nervure
received at its apex. Abdomen black, shining, impunc-
tate; all the segments broadly white at the base above
and beneath.
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 4. 1g
ROTHNEYIA, gen. nov.
Differs from all known Ichneumonide by having only
three visible abdominal segments, the third ending at the
apex in a semicircle which forms at each side a stout
tooth; the scutellum projects at each side in a stout
triangular tooth; there are two large spines on the centre
of the median segment at the side. Antennz 25-jointed.
Legs and wings as in Ichneumon.
This genus does not fit well into any of the subtribes
of Ichneumonides. The alar neuration is quite as in
Ichneumon ; but otherwise the genus differs completely ;
and, as regards the abdomen, it can only be compared
with some Braconidz such as Chelonus. The form of the
spiracles I cannot determine from the roughness of the
median segment.
ROTHNEYIA WROUGHTONI, sp. nov. (Pl. 3, f. 3).
Nigra, petiolo ferrugineo; pedibus rufis; geniculis, trbis
tarsisque posticis, mgris; alis hyalims, bast antennarwm late
rufis. 2. Long. 5mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Antenne black; the 5—6 basal joints of the flagellum
brownish ; closely covered with a microscopic down, the
scape with white hair. Head black; below the antennz
thickly covered with long white hair; the front and
vertex punctured, more sparsely covered with fuscous hair.
Mandibles depressed at the base; piceous in the middle ;
the palpi white. Thorax black; the mesonotum more
strongly in the centre, which is broadly raised; the
scutellum rugosely punctured ; the sides raised; the apex
between the teeth depressed; the apex of the teeth
rufous. The middle of the metanotum between the teeth
stoutly bordered or margined all round; the top longi-
tudinally, the apex irregularly transversely striolated ;
with a semicircular keel at the extreme apex. Pleure
20 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Ortentalia.
shining; the lower part strongly transversely striolated ;
the mesopleure at the top punctured, on the lower part
more closely punctured; the central part impunctate and
with a few striations. Wings hyaline, the nervures
fuscous ; the cubitus a little narrowed at the top, being
there as wide as the space bounded by the second trans-
verse cubital and the recurrent nervures, which, as is also
the second transverse cubital, are widely bullated. Legs
rufo-testaceous; the apex of the hinder femora and the
hinder tibize and“tarsi, black. Abdomen black; the petiole
rufous; covered closely with short white hair; closely
and strongly punctured; petiole with the sides strongly
keeled; the keels at the dilated apex being continued
slightly obliquely to the apex down the middle; the
genital armature white.
PIM LID ES.
PIMPLA PULCHRIMACULATA, Sp. nov.
Nigra, late flavo-maculata; pedibus fulvis ; alis hyalims,
aipice violaceo-maculatis. %. Long. 14mm.
Hab. Trincomali, Ceylon (Yerbury).
Head smooth, shining; yellow; the ocellar region, a
band leading down from it to a broad transverse band »
over the antenne, and the occiput broadly, black.
Antenne nearly as long as the body, black. Palpi
testaceous. Pronotum narrowly edged with yellow; the
mesonotum black, with two lines in the middle running
from the base to the tegula, becoming gradually narrower
as they do so; the scutellum, except at the apex; post-
scutellum and two broad curved lines on the sides of
the median segment; the base of the propleure, a large
mark on the mesopleure much narrowed on the lower
side, the tubercles, a mark before the middle coxz, and
the metapleure, except a black oblique line leading to
the spiracles, yellow. A broad black mark, narrowed
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 4. 21
in the middle down the centre of the median segment.
Legs fulvous, the coxez yellow; a large mark in front of
the hind pair and a smaller mark behind, joined together
by a broad band at the top, black. Petiole smooth and
shining; a broad band in the middle ending before the
apex in a large semicircle; the other segments closely:
punctured; the terminal segments are brownish; the
oblique depression on the 2—4th segments distinct ;
the second segment broadly depressed at the sides at
the base, the segment at the outer side of the depression
being yellow. The outer half of the cubitus curved; the
areolet oblique, shortly appendiculated at the top; the
cloud at the apex extends from the costa to about the
same distance below the cubital nervure.
PIMPLA TAPROBANZ, sp. nov.
Nigra, pedibus flavis, coxts trochanteribusque mgris ; alts
fulvo-hyalims. 2. Long. 13 mm.
Hab. Ceylon.
Head closely punctured, covered with a short white
-pubescence; the face projecting, at top forming almost a
triangle ; clypeus forming a semicircle at the top, where
it is obscurely punctured ; the apex almost perpendicular;
the labrum piceous, fringed with long golden hair; palpi
and mandibles entirely black. Pro- and meso-notum
thickly covered with fuscous hair; obscurely shagreened ;
a large square spot on the scutellum and a long one on
the post-scutellum, yellow; the median segment broadly
raised in the middle at the base; the centre raised;
strongly, the sides finely transversely, striated ; the centre
at the apex with an oblique slope; the sides rather acute
at the top. Pro- and meso-pleure shining, impunctate,
thickly covered with short whitish pubescence; and
having a plumbeous tinge. Legs almost bare; the fore
trochanters beneath and at the apex all round, yellow.
Wings fulvo-hyaline; the stigma testaceous in the middle;
22 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
the tegule black. Abdomen entirely black; shining,
impunctate; the petiole at the base depressed in the
middle; oblique; its top somewhat triangularly, its sides
much more widely depressed; gastrocceli oblique, smooth,
raised in the centre; and from them an oblique furrow
leads to the apex of the segment; the oblique furrows on
the third segment moderately deep and wide; on the
fourth they are shallower.
PIMPLA LAOTHOE, Sp. nov.
Nigra, pedibus rufis ; coxis, trochanteribus, apice tibtarum
posticaruin tarsisque posticis, nigris; alts fulvo-hyalinis ; nervis
fuscis, stigmate fuluo. &. Long. 13mm.; terebra 3—5 mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head black, thickly covered with pale fulvous hair,
- especially long and thick below the antennz, where there
is in the centre a shining, impunctate line; the front
broadly but not deeply depressed; the front ocellus
surrounded by a furrow, which is continued down the
front to the antenne; the front with the punctures
shallow, especially towards the eyes. Thorax entirely
black; the pro- and meso-notum closely punctured, thickly
covered with short fuscous hair; scutellum shining,
smooth; the punctures shallow, widely separated, the
sides much more strongly and closely punctured, except
at the base; post-scutellum rugosely punctured; the
median segment with a gradually rounded slope, rugose ;
the centre transversely striated. Propleurz at the bottom
longitudinally striated; at the top are two stout longi-
tudinal keels. All the coxze and trochanters black; the
coxze beneath thickly covered with fulvous hair, as are
also the tibiz and tarsi; the hinder tarsi black. Abdomen
entirely black; above closely, strongly, and uniformly
punctured, except at the apices of the segments, which
are smooth and shining; the base of the petiole widely
depressed, smooth and almost impunctate.
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 4 23
PIMPLA NEPE, sp. nov. (Pl. 3, f. 4).
Long. 13mm.; terebra 4mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Almost identical in coloration with P. laothoe, but
may be known from it by the absence of the furrow on
the front and of the keels on the propleure; by the
scutellum being more closely and strongly punctured
and pale yellow in the centre.
Head closely and strongly punctured below the
antennz; the front widely depressed, impunctate, shining;
the palpi dirty testaceous. Pro- and meso-notum strongly
and closely punctured, thickly covered with short pale
hair; the scutellum thickly punctured behind, more
sparsely in front; the top with a pale orange mark;
the post-scutellum strongly longitudinally — striolated.
Median segment with a gradually rounded slope from
the base to the apex; coarsely rugosely punctured; the
centre broadly raised in the middle towards the apex.
Picure and sternum punctured. All the coxe and
trochanters are black; the former on the lower side
thickly covered with fulvous hair; the hinder tarsi
black, except: at the apex. The petiole with a deep
impunctate excavation at the base; the other segments
closely and somewhat strongly punctured, except at the
extreme apex.
OPHIONIDES.
ENICOSPILUS CEYLONICUS, sp. nov.
Flavus; alis hyalims, stigmate fulvo. 2. Long. 15 mm.
Hab. Ceylon, Trincomali (Yerbury). |
Antenne longer than the body, uniformly fulvous ;
the scape bare, the flagellum with a close microscopic
pile. Head fulvous, the face paler, more yellowish; the
tips of the mandibles black; the palpi testaceous; the
ocelli very large, raised above the level of the eyes,
24 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
which the hinder almost touch. Mesonotum shining;
the scutellum pallid yellow; the base of the median
segment depressed in the middle; a stout transverse keel
behind it; behind this keel the segment is coarsely
shagreened and with an indistinct furrow down the
‘centre; the pleure coarsely shagreened. Legs uniformly
fulvous, almost bare; wings clear hyaline; the stigma
fulvous; the clear bare space contains one large horny
mark, with a distinct dark border; above it is a curved
spot, and behind two smaller spots. Abdomen darker
towards the apex. The cubital nervure is much thickened
at the base.
Emcospilus, or Hentcospilus as the purists would have
it, differs from Ophion proper in the fore wings having a
clear space, which usually contains one or more horny
points; and, the stump of the cubital nervure, found well
developed in Ophion, is absent. In some cases the smooth
space 1s present without having horny points in it, or they
are very faint. In either case I believe it will be found
that the base of the cubital nervure is thickened, which
is not the case with Ophion, sensu str. In view of the
great similarity of the species of Opjion, it seems to me
desirable to adopt Enicospilus as a distinct genus. Species
belonging to it are found in all parts of the world.
ANOMALON DECORUM, Sp. nov.
Nigrum, facie, orbitis oculorum, ore, palpis, linea pronott,
tegulis, scutello, coxis trochantertbusque, flavis; alis hyalinis.
2. Long. 10omm.; terebra 3 mm.
Hab. Trincomali, Ceylon (Yerbury).
The scape yellowish beneath; the flagellum absent.
Head shining, sparsely covered with white hair; yellow;
the centre of the vertex broadly (the black narrowed
towards the bottom), and the occiput, except at the
edges, black; the tips of the mandibles black; the eyes
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 4. 25
largely converging at the bottom, they being there not
separated by much more than twice the width of the
scape. Thorax black; the pronotum broadly, tegule
and tubercles yellow. Mesonotum opaque; the central
lobe raised; the scutellum yellow; the median segment
reticulated; the pro- and meso-pleure longitudinally
striolated, closely above, more widely below; the meta-
pleurz reticulated. The four front legs yellow; the tibiz
and femora infuscated beneath; the tarsi at the apex
black. The wings reach to the middle of the abdomen.
Petiole black, smooth and shining, the apical third
dilated; its top with an elongated depression; the other
segments testaceous beneath.
ANOMALON BRACHYPTERUM, Sp. nov.
Nigrum, pedibus anterioribus, trochanteribusque posticts,
pullidis; alis brevibus, hyalinis; abdomine testaceo, apice
mgvo. &. Long. gmm.
Hab. Trincomali, Ceylon (Yerbury).
Antenne black, the scape yellow beneath; the flagellum
covered with a microscopic down. Head black; closely
punctured; the face densely covered with white hair;
the mandibles testaceous, the palpi white. Thorax black,
rough; in front sparsely, behind thickly, covered with
white hair; the median segment with a gradual slope.
Wings short, not reaching much beyond the apex of the
petiole; the nervures black. The front four legs whitish
yellow; the posterior black, the trochanters, knees, and
spurs whitish-yellow (the front four legs are vermilion, but
this is probably owing to discoloration with chemicals).
Abdomen more than twice the length of the head; the
petiole longer than the second segment, nodose at the
apex; the base black; the apex brownish; the rest rufo-
testaceous ; the second segment testaceous, black above;
the apical two segments black above.
26 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Ortentalta.
ANOMALON MUSSOURIENSE, Sp. nov.
Nigrum; flagello antennarun, pedibus abdomineque fulvts ;
alis fulvo-fumatis. 2. Long. 17—18 mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Antenne fulvous; the basal two joints entirely, and
the third above, black. Head black; thickly covered
with long fulvous hair, palest on the face; the lower
three-fourths of the inner orbits, broadly in front,
narrowed behind, the front and vertex coarsely, rugosely
punctured; the face below the antennz, the clypeus,
labrum, and the mandibles, except at base and apex,
fulvous-yellow; the palpi rufous; the face and clypeus
coarsely punctured, depressed at the sides. Thorax
strongly punctured; thickly covered with short fuscous
hair; the scutellum yellow; a fulvous mark on the apex
of the mesopleurz and an oval one on the metapleura,
rufo-fulvous; the suture on the apex of the mesopleura,
yellow. The median segment coarsely reticulated; de-
pressed in the middle; the apex in the centre with stout
curved transverse keels. Legs rufous; the anterior paler,
of a more yellowish tinge; the four posterior coxz black,
rufous at the base; the apex of the hinder femora and
of the hinder: tibiz, black. “A line on the top @patae
second and on the top of the fifth and sixth and the third
to sixth abdominal segments, broadly at the sides on the
lower part, black. The wings are uniformly fulvous smoky ;
the stigma and costa fulvous; the other nervures fuscous.
CAMPOPLEX BUDDHA, Sp. nov.
Niger, tibiis tarsisque anticis flavis ; abdomims medio late
vufo.; alis hyalinis; nervis stigmateque nigris. 2. Long.
14mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Antenne black, shining, sparsely covered with long
white hair. Head closely and almost uniformly punctured,
er
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 4 ay
the face thickly covered with white hair; the hair on the
top is equally thick and somewhat longer. Palpi testa-
ceous, black at the base. Thorax closely punctured, thickly
covered with white hair, short on the mesonotum, longer
on the rest of the thorax; scutellum distinctly margined
at the sides; the median segment longitudinally rugulose ;
the apex more coarsely transversely striolated. Propleure
on the lower side irregularly obliquely striolated ; the apex
of the mesopleure shining, almost impunctate ; the meta-
pleurz opaque, finely rugose. Legs covered with a white
down; the anterior knees, tibiz, and tarsi yellow; the
middle knees testaceous; the calcaria white. Abdomen
shining ; the third and fourth and the lower half of the
fifth segments rufous.
CAMPOPLEX SPECIOSUS, sp. nov.
one. 12 mim.
Hab. Ceylon.
Is very near to C. buddha; but may be known from
it by the base of the median segment having a clearly
defined large triangular keel.
Head closely and uniformly punctured; thickly covered
with glistening white hair; the mandibles yellow, the
teeth piceous. Antenne entirely black, longer than the
body. Thorax black, closely punctured, thickly covered
with short white hair; in the centre of the mesonotum
is a longitudinal furrow; the median segment in the
middle in the part below the triangular keel is irregularly
striated; the apex with the striz more apart, and it is
more shining. The mesopleure have the punctures more
distinctly separated than the others. The anterior coxe
and trochanters entirely, the apex of the middle coxe
and the basal joint of the middle trochanters and the
underside of the four anterior femora, bright lemon
yellow; the anterior tibiz and tarsi entirely and the
28 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
middle tibiz in front whitish-yellow; the coxz thickly
covered with long glistening white hair; the calcaria
white. Wings clear hyaline; the costa and nervures
black. Abdomen black; the third to fifth segment red.
CAMPOPLEX SUMPTUOSUS, Sp. nov.
Hab. Ceylon.
Is similarly coloured to the preceding two species,
but is much smaller (7mm.), and otherwise may be
readily separated by the two keels at the base of the
median segment being roundly curved.
Black; the apex of the second segment, the third
and fourth and the base of the fifth segments red; wings
clear hyaline. Head black, closely and uniformly punc-
tured, thickly covered with short white hair, darkest
and shortest on the vertex; mandibles and palpi black.
Scape of antennz sparsely covered with white hair; the
flagellum with a close, black, microscopic down. Thorax
closely punctured, the propleure strongly obliquely strio-
lated at the bottom; the raised part on the mesopleurz
below the tegule finely transversely striated. Median
segment broadly, but not deeply depressed in the middle,
the basal keel roundly curved. Legs thickly covered
with white microscopic down; the calcaria black. The
areolet oblique, triangular at the top; the recurrent
nervure received near the apical third of the areolet.
LIMNERIA CEYLONICA, Sp. nov.
Nigra, abdominis apice late rufo; trochanteribus, tibtis,
tarsisque anticis, rufis; alis hyalimis, stigmate mgro. 3G.
Long. 7—8 mm.
Hab. Ceylon (Rothney).
Head very closely and rather strongly punctured all
over ; the fuce somewhat thickly covered with short white
hair; the mandibles ferruginous, black at the base; the
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 4. 29
palpi testaceous, paler towards the apex. Antenne
entirely black,.covered with a dark microscopic down.
Thorax entirely black, alutaceous; thickly covered with
white hair; the propleure shining, obliquely striated ;
strongly at the base, much finer at the apex; the meso-
pleurz punctured; in the centre above to near the middle
transversely striolated; the metapleurze alutaceous; all
thickly covered with short white hair; the median
segment has a gradually rounded slope, and is thickly
covered with white hair. Anterior coxe black, white at
the apex; the base of the trochanters and the anterior
femora tibiz and tarsi fulvous; the apex of the middle
femora and base of tibiz, rufous; all the spurs pale.
Wings clear hyaline, slightly infuscated towards the apex;
the areolet shortly appendiculated at the top; the
nervures slightly curved, the lower side sharply angled in
the middle. The basal segment of the abdomen entirely
black; the second segment black, except the apex above
and a mark on the side of the apex which are rufous like
the rest of the abdomen.
LIMNERIA AGRAENSIS, sp. nov.
Nigra, pedibus rufis; apice tibtarum posticarum tarsisque
nigris; alis hyalims, stigmate testaceo; tegulis flavis. 2.
ene. 7—0 mim-.; terebra 3mm.
Hab. Agra (Rothney).
Head alutaceous, except on the vertex very thickly
covered with white hair; the mandibles testaceous,
thickly covered with golden hair; the teeth black, the
part in front of them piceous; the palpi yellow. Thorax
black; closely punctured, thickly covered with white hair;
the middle of the mesopleure transversely striated, and
with a smooth spot at the apex of the striated part; the
basal area of the median segment larger, longer than
broad; the keel straight, forming an acute angle in the
30 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
centre; the apex of the apical area bulges into divas 2
triangle from the sides of which a keel goes round the
edge of the segment; there is a short, stout, oblique keel
outside the spiracles, beyond which it curves round to
the apex of the segment, but is much thinner than the
basal branch. Legs rufous; the base of the anterior pair
yellow; the apex of the hind tibiz and the tarsi black;
the latter thickly covered with a white down, the spurs
pale yellow. Wings clear hyaline; the stigma and
nervures dark testaceous. Abdomen black; the second
and third segments pale testaceous beneath; the petiole
with an elongated area at the base of the thickened
part; the apices of the second and third segments obscure
rufous.
LIMNERIA MOROSA, Sp. nov.
Nigra, palpis tegulisque albis; pedibus rufo-testacets,
abdomims segmentis testaceo-maculatis; alis hyalims. &.
Long. 5 mm. |
Hab. Trincomali, Ceylon (Yerbury).
Antenne entirely black, thickly covered with a pale
microscopic pubescence. Head closely punctured, the
face thickly covered with white pubescence; the man-
dibles and palpi white. Thorax shagreened, opaque,
sparsely covered with minute pale hair; the three basal
aree on the median segment distinct; the others not
clearly defined, the apex finely transversely striated. The
four anterior legs pale testaceous; the femora with a
more reddish hue; the coxez broadly black at the base ;
the hinder entirely black; the apex of the hinder tibiz
and tarsi fuscous. Petiole black, shagreened, the base
flat, very smooth and shining; the other segments black,
broadly rufo-testaceous at the apex and at the sides;
the ventral segments of a paler more yellowish testaceous
colour. The stigma testaceous on the lowerside; the
areolet distinctly petiolated.
~ A OS
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 4. AE
PANISEUS CEYLONICUS, sp. nov.
Long. 19mm.; terebra 4mm.
Hab. Trincomali, Ceylon (Yerbury).
Comes near to P. lineatus, Bé. from Bengal, but that
has the mesonotum marked with brownish lines; the alar
nervures brownish at the base, reddish at the apex, while
here they are uniformly black, and no mention is made of
the dark antenne.
Antenne as long as the body; the scape testaceous ;
the flagellum black, dark brownish on the underside
beyond the middle. Head clear yellow, the occiput in
the middle of a more fulvous line; the teeth of the
mandibles black, rufous at their base. Thorax bearing a
microscopic white down; the median segment finely and
closely but distinctly transversely striated. The hinder
tarsi pale yellow. Abdomen infuscated towards the apex.
The second transverse cubital nervure is interrupted on
the lower side.
Giy PHONIDES.
EXOCHUS AITKINI, sp. nov.
Niger, pedibus strammets; coxis tarsisque posticis migrts ;
alis hyalims, stigmate fusco. g. Long. 7mm.
Hab. Bengal (E. H. Aztkin).
Head shining, closely covered with short black hair ;
below the antennz closely and somewhat strongly punc-
tured ; a semicircular furrow in front ‘of the ocelli, the
palpi, yellow; the mandibles before the apex piceous.
Antenne bearing a close fuscous pile; the flagellum, .
especially towards the base, brownish. Pro- and meso-
notum sparsely covered with fuscous pubescence; the
supramedian area on the median segment a little longer
than broad; the keels at its base curved outwardly tc
shortly beyond the middle, when they become straight
and oblique; the apical keel transverse. Pro-, meso-,
a2 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Ortentalia.
and base of the meta-pleure shining and impunctate; the
latter with a curved keel on the innerside of the spiracle,
beyond which the segment is shagreened. The base of
the petiole depressed; the depression margined, the
margin continued shortly beyond it as blunt keels; the
apex of the segment obscurely punctured.
The areolet is petiolated to near the bottom, where
there is formed a minute cellule, not much wider than the
transverse cubital nervure; its outer nervure is faint, and
is interstitial with the recurrent.
BRACONID AE.
BRACON CEYLONICUS, sp. nov. (PI. 3, f. 5).
Niger, pro- meso-thoraceque rufis; pedibus anticts testacers ;
alis fere hyalims. °. Long. fere 7mm.; terebra fere 2mm.
Hab. Ceylon (Yerbury).
Head black, shining, impunctate, the oral region
(including clypeus) rufo-testaceous; the tips of the
mandibles black; the palpi pallid testaceous. Antennz
longer than the body, entirely black. Thorax shining,
impunctate, sparsely covered with white pubescence; the
prosternum black; the metapleurz and the median seg-
ment at the apex infuscated. Wings longer than the
body; the lower side of the stigma fuscous. The middle
legs, except at the base, infuscated; the hinder eames
femora, tibiz, and tarsi, black; the trochanters fuscous.
Abdomen black; the basal three ventral segments white,
with a black spot in the centre of each. Petiole broadly
depressed at the base and down the sides; the rest
rugosely longitudinally punctured. The other dorsal
segments coarsely rugosely punctured; the second with a
raised somewhat triangular space in the centre at the base,
from which a sharp keel runs to near the apex; at its side
is an oblique furrow, with a sharp border on the inner
side; the suturiform articulation longitudinally striated.
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 4. 33
BRACON TRICARINATUS, Sp. nov.
Niger, capite, prothorace, scutello, abdomims bast et apice
pallide luteis; alts ferehyalimis. 2. Long. 7mm.; terebra
3mm.
Hab. Ceylon (Yerbury).
Head testaceous-yellow, except at the orbits; shining,
impunctate; the tips of the mandibles black and piceous;
a deep, wide furrow leads down from the ocelli. The
scape of the antenne black; the flagellum broken off.
Pro- and meso-notum smooth, shining, impunctate; in the
centre of the latter is a large black mark reaching from
the extreme base to near the middle, and two equally
large lateral ones reaching from near the base to the
apex; the scutellum luteous; the mesonotum at its sides
and apex, black. Median segment entirely black; at the
base in the centre is a depression which is finely longi-
tudinally striated. Meso- and meta-sternum black; the
metapleure and the mesopleure from the end of the
oblique furrow, black. The front legs are entirely testa-
ceous; the middle pair testaceous except the coxe and
trochanters; the posterior pair entirely black. The petiole
testaceous; its raised centre black; the raised central part
is narrowed gradually towards the apex, where it is a little
less than the width of the lateral parts; at the apex it is
_ stoutly keeled in the centre with the sides depressed; the
base of the depression sharply keeled; the lateral depres-
sion on the inner side obliquely striated; its sides keeled
down the centre. The second segment in the centre
irregularly reticulated; the sides rugosely punctured; in
the centre is a straight, stout keel, triangularly dilated at
the base, this part being aciculated; the latter keels are
equally stout, not dilated at the base and oblique; the
third segment is longitudinally rugose, except at its sides
at the apex, where it is smooth and shining; in the centre
C
34 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Ortentalia.
is a keel; the other segments are only black down the
centre and at the sides; the ventral segments black, the
base testaceous, sharply produced in the middle.
BRACON ITEA, Sp. nov.
Long. 4-5 mm. terebra 2mm,
Hab. Trincomali (Yerbury).
Head testaceous, shining, the face, except in the
centre, aciculated; the palpi pale; antennze black; the
second joint obscure testaceous. Thorax testaceous, the
median segment infuscated in the middle, where there is
a shallow furrow. The legs pallid testaceous ; the hinder ~
femora and tibize infuscated, the former above and beneath.
The raised central part of the petiole aciculated; the
second and third segments rather strongly rugosely punc-
tured ; keeled down the centre; the dilated base of the
keel on the second segment aciculated; the suturiform
articulation finely longitudinally striolated ; the third and
fourth segments with a transverse furrow, oblique at the
sides and longitudinally striolated ; the second, third, and
fourth segments broadly black in the middle; the black
suffused with piceous on the third; the third with a
distinct, the fourth with a less distinct longitudinal
furrow ; the ventral segments yellowish-testaceous.
BRACON AGRAENSIS, sp. nov. (Pl. 3, f. 6).
Flavus, vertice antenmisque nigris; alts fuliginosis, bast
lace favo. 2. Jcongea7imim.; terepra 2 mime
Hab. Agra (Rothney). :
Antenne as long as the body, black, almost glabrous.
Head shining, thickly covered with long fulvous hair; the
sides of the clypeus with an oblique, the base with a
straight furrow; the apices of the mandibles black;
behind the black extends to near the middle of the eyes.
Thorax entirely yellow, smooth; a broad, curved furrow
across the mesopleurz. Legs entirely yellow. The raised
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 4. 35
part of the petiole strongly longitudinally striolated; the
second segment inside the oblique furrows strongly longi-
tudinally striolated; the base at the sides smooth; the
furrows striolated; the suturiform articulation longitu-
dinally striolated, broadened at the sides. The wings are
yellow to near the base of the first cubital cellule; the
first cubital cellule is hyaline above and beneath and at
the base; and there is a clearer hyaline spot below the
transverse cubital nervure. The stigma is broadly yellow
at the base.
| BRACON INGRATUS, Sp. nov.
Long. fere Io mm.
Hab. Agra (Rothney).
Head shining; the tips of the mandibles black; a
broad furrow leads down from the ocelli. Thorax shining,
impunctate ; the curved furrow on the mesopleure wide ;
the median segment with a gradual slope, very smooth
and shining. On the metapleure is a broad oblique
furrow. Legs entirely luteous, the tibiz thickly covered
with pale hair. Wings bright yellow to near the stigma,
which is luteous, black at base and apex; the first cubital
cellule with a large somewhat triangular hyaline spot, and
there is a smaller one below the first transverse cubital
nervure. Petiole smooth; the apex in the centre with a
few stout longitudinal keels; the lateral furrows wide.
The other segments strongly rugosely punctured; the
second segment with a stout keel in the centre reaching
near to the apex; at the sides is a broad slightly curved
depression, stoutly keeled on the innerside; the other
segments have a stout transverse keel at the base, which
become wider at the sides, and are crenulated.
In coloration it agrees exactly with Bracon agraensis;
but may be at once separated from it by the strongly
punctured abdomen with the longitudinal keel on the
second segment.
; oe 5”
Py
36 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
BRACON ROTHNEYI, sp. nov.
Fulvus ; alis fuscis, bast flavo; antennis nigris. Long.
6°5 mm. |
Hab. Agra (Rothney).
Head entirely yellow, except the tips of the mandibles,
which are black; the front and vertex shining, impunc-
tate; below the antennz it is obscurely rugose; furrowed
down the centre; the clypeus shining, impunctate.
Antenne entirely black. Thorax above entirely smooth,
shining, impunctate, very sparsely haired. Pleurze smooth
and shining; the metapleurze with an oblique furrow.
Legs entirely luteous, sparsely covered with white hair.
Wings uniformly dark fuscous; the costa, except before
the stigma, and the latter at the base, fulvous. Abdomen
rugosely punctured; the raised part of the petiole with a
double keel, open at the base, rounded at the apex. At
the base of the second segment is a shining, smooth,
raised area from which a stout keel proceeds to near
the apex; at the side is a large oblique /A-shaped space,
acutely margined on the innerside and obliquely strio-
lated; there are indistinct depressions on the sides of the
third and fourth segments.
BRACON YERBURYI, Sp. nov.
Niger, orbitis oculorum, pro- et meso-thorace rufo-testacets ;
tibizs, tarsis anterioribus, femoribusque anticis, testaceis; alts
fere hyalinis. 9. Long. 4mm.; terebra fere 1mm.
Hab. Ceylon, Trincomali (Yerbury)..
Antenne black; the flagellum covered with a very
microscopic pile. Head obscure dark testaceous, darker
on the face and on the vertex; the face with a distinct
longitudinal keel. Thorax dark rufo-testaceous; the meta-
thorax much darker; the mesopleura with an oblique
deep wide furrow at the top. The hinder legs are
entirely black and thickly covered with white microscopic
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 4. a7
pubescence; the middle tibiz are obscure testaceous at
the base; the rest of it and the tarsi black. The lower
side of the stigma and the apical nervures are testaceous.
The petiole obscure brown; the raised central part finely
longitudinally striated; the second and third rather
coarsely longitudinally striated; the second much more
strongly than the third; and it has also its sides depressed
and finely and irregularly striated; both have a smoother
longitudinal line down the middle; the other segments
are obscure brownish and aciculated.
SPINARIA NIGRICEPS, sp. nov. (Pl. 3, f. 7).
Nigra, thovace abdominisque bast rufis; pedibus ante-
vioribus pallide flavis; alis fuscis. Long. 7mm.
Hab. Ceylon (Yerbury).
Head black, the oral region and organs testaceous; a
broad furrow leads down from the ocelli and there is a
curved one over each antenne. Antenne longer than
the body, black, the flagellum covered with a close
macroscopic pile. | Mherax bare, shining; the sutures
crenulated ; a broad curved crenulated depression on the
lower part of the mesosternum, which is black for the
greater part; the median segment bears large shallow
punctures. Legs covered with white hair; the four
anterior entirely pallid yellow; the hinder black, the
apices of the coxz and the trochanters pale. Wings
longer than the body; fusco-hyaline; the nervures and
stigma blackish; the former paler towards the apex.
Abdomen shining, base longitudinally striolated ; the base
with a large distinctly margined (rounded at the apex)
space, which is smooth, except for a few scattered punc-
tures ; at the end of the metapleura over the apex of the
hind coxa is a sharp tooth; the apical segment in the
middle ends in two large sharp teeth, the part between
them at their base being rounded; at their side is a
38 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Ortentalia.
shorter tooth about one-fourth of their length; the two
proceeding segments end at the sides in large, sharp
teeth. The basal segment is pallid fulvous, except for a
black band in the middle; the second and third segments
black, except the side of the second broadly and a
triangular mark on the side of the third; the fourth
segment is pallid rufo-fulvous except at the base and the
sides ; the terminal spines pale fulvous; the others deep
black; the basal half of the ventral surface testaceous ;
the apical blackish.
The above described species comes nearest in form to
S. leucomelana, West., as also in its general coloration ;
but Westwood’s species may be known from it by the
black thorax.
APANTELES TAPROBANZ, Sp. 10v.
Niger, pedibus abdominisque subtus rufo-testaceis; alts
hyalinis. 2. Wong. (2anm:
Hab. Trincomali, Ceylon (Yerbury).
Antenne longer than the body, the scape testaceous,
the flagellum obscure brownish beneath. Head black;
the mandibles and palpi testaceous; the face finely punc-
tured; its centre raised, the raised part becoming gradually
wider towards the apex. Thorax above thickly covered
with a pale pubescence; the median segment rugosely
punctured; the propleure, the mesopleure in front of the
depression, and the sternum finely punctured; the apex of
the metapleurze more closely and coarsely punctured; the
legs rufo-testaceous except the base of the fore coxze and
the whole of the hinder coxe, which are black; the latter
coarsely punctured. The stigma fuscous; the nervures
pale white, the basal two segments of the abdomen closely
punctured; the sides of the second segment narrowly, the
others broadly, and the ventral surface rufo-testaceous.
Manchester Memotrs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 4. 39
CHALCIDIDA,
CHALCIS BENGALENSIS, sp. nov. (Pl. 3, f. 9).
Nigra, pedibus anterioribus albis, bast late mgro; coxts
trochanteribus femoribusque posticis, rufis; tibiis posticis albrs,
anticis nigris; tarsis posticis albts; alis hyalints, nervis nigris ;
ies albis. (4.1 Lone. 2mm.
Hab. Barrackpore (Rothney).
Antenne 11-jointed, placed in the middle of the face;
black; the scape bare, shining; the flagellum with a pale
microscopic pile; the scape not reaching to the hinder
ocelli; the antennal depression deep, sharply bordered ;
at the apex produced roundly in the middle; the vertex
rough; the cheeks and clypeus covered thickly with long
glistening white hair; the apex rounded at the top,
smooth, and shining; the mandibles with the three teeth
piceous. Thorax above coarsely punctured; covered
sparsely with white hair; the sides and apex of the
scutellum thickly covered with long silvery hair; the apex
of the scutellum rounded; the median segment with an
abruptly oblique slope; strongly reticulated. The lower
part of the propleurz coarsely, the upper part finely punc-
tured; mesopleurz coarsely punctured; the depression at
its base wide, deep, strongly longitudinally striolated; the
metapleure strongly irregularly reticulated, the reticula-
tions much closer at the base. The four anterior coxe and
trochanters entirely black; the front femora black at the
base; the middle black with the apex white; the hind
cox (except at the base where they are black) trochanters
and femora red; the tibiz white, black in front; the tarsi
white except at the apex; the femoral teeth, black, short,
stout, closely pressed together at the apex, over a dozen
in number.
CHALCIS ECCENTRICA, sp. nov.
Long. 5mm.
Hab. Bombay (Rothney).
Very similar in coloration to C. bengalensis; but has
oe os Ay
40 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Ortentalia.
the scape of the antennz reddish beneath; the thorax
almost bare, the scutellum wanting the thick mass of
white hair at the apex entirely ; while the apex looked at
from above is seen to be stoutly bidentate; instead of
being uniformly rugosely punctured, the punctures are all
widely separated, while at the base in the middle there is
a large shining impunctate space.
Head rugosely punctured, sparsely covered with white
hair ; the clypeus shining, impunctate, glabrous, with two -
elongated punctures on either side of the middle; and
there is a shining, impunctate spot above it. Base of
mandibles finely longitudinally striated; the centre
broadly rufous. Scape of antennz rufous, darker at the
apex; the flagellum stout, thickly covered with short
white hair. Pro- and meso-notum with large deep punc-
tures; the scutellum also strongly punctured; the centre
at the base with a large smooth, impunctate space,
surrounded by large shallow widely separated punctures;
its apex ending in large teeth, rounded at the points ;
the median segment strongly reticulated. Propleure at
top finely shagreened; its lower part and sides behind
irregularly reticulated; the mesopleure shining; at the
base on the lower side with some large deep punctures,
this basal part being separated from the larger posterior
by a distinct keel; the metapleure coarsely rugosely
punctured, and in front thickly covered with long white
hairs. Legs: the four anterior coxz and trochanters,
black; the four anterior femora broadly black at the
base; the apex white; the tibize and tarsi white; the
former broadly lined with black at the base; the hind
coxe, trochanters and femora red.- The tibiz and tarsi
white, like the anterior, the tibiz broadly black in the
middle ; the femora with 10 minute black teeth. Abdo-
men very smooth and shining; the penultimate segment
aciculate, and bearing large deep round punctures.
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 4. Ax
HALTICELLA ERYTHROPUS, sp. 10.
Nigra, pedibus rufis, coxts, trbis tarsisque posticis nigris;
alis hyalinis. Long. 5mm.
Hab. Agra (Rothney).
Head coarsely punctured; above sparsely covered with
silvery hair; the face from the bottom of the eyes on
either side of the antennal groove thickly covered with
pale golden hair; the sides of the head stoutly margined.
Antenne long, slender, bare, the apex of the second joint
rufous. Thorax strongly punctured, the punctures on the
mesonotum much finer and closer at the base, and there
is a smooth, impunctate spot on the sides. Median seg-
ment areolated, the base fringed with long pale golden
_hair; the basal central area elongated pyriform, trans-
versely striclated. Propleurz strongly punctured; the
mesopleurz hollowed, bare, stoutly longitudinally strio-
lated; metapleurze coarsely rugosely punctured, thickly
covered with long fulvo-silvery hair. Fore coxe with the
edges on the outer side margined; the hind coxe very
smooth and shining, thickly covered with long silvery hair
in front; the femora slightly, the tibiz and tarsi thickly
covered with silvery hair. Abdomen very smooth; the
second segment at the top and apex laterally thickly and
the other segments more sparsely covered with long
silvery hair. Wings hyaline, a faint fuscous cloud under
the costa; the nervures fuscous; tegule rufo-testaceous.
The parapsidal furrows are obsolete; the apex of the
scutellum without teeth; the antenne are 11-jointed, long,
slender; the scape reaches to the ocelli; the hind cox
have a large stout tooth at the apex. The fore tibia may
be infuscated, and the hinder rufous behind; the median
segment at the sides near the apex projects into a stout,
large tooth.
This species agrees best with Euchalcis as defined by
Kirby (Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) xvii., 63).
42 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
TEMNATA, gen. nov.
Antenne 12-jointed, situated immediately over the
mouth. Face broadly, but not deeply, excavated. Meso-
notum without parapsidal furrows. Scutellum at the apex
narrowed, and projecting at the sides into two oblique
triangular teeth. At the base of the metapleurz near the
hind wings are two stout keels almost united on the outer
border and forming a somewhat horseshoe-shaped area ;
on the side beyond this are two stout spines widely
separated. Ovipositor short.
Comes nearest to Kirby’s genus Megalocolus ( jouee
Linn. Soc. (Zool.) xvii., 61), which differs from it in having
the antenne inserted ‘in the middle of the face; the hind
cox have a leaf-like projection on the upperside, and
the ovipositor is as long as the abdomen itself.
TEMNATA MACULIPENNIS, sp. nov. (Pl. 3, f. 10).
Nigra, argenteo-pilosa; alis fumatis, albo-fasciatis. 2.
Long. 6mm.
Hab. Agra (Rothney).
Head strongly punctured, very sparsely covered with a
microscopic pile, which gives it a greyish appearance.
From the middle of the lower side of the cheek a distinct
keel runs to the eyes. Pro- and meso-notum closely punc-
tured ; the scutellum with the punctuation equally strong,
but closer; the apical teeth are not twice longer than
wide and rounded at the apex. Median segment with
keels all over from the base to the apex; the two central
straight, the others more oblique; the sides at the apex
thickly covered with long silvery hair. Pro- and meta-
pleura coarsely and uniformly punctured ; the mesopleurz
with longitudinal keels rather widely separated; the upper
side at the apex rugosely punctured. Legs black, sparsely
covered with a silvery pile. Abdomen shining; the apex
opaque, shagreened; the fore wings to the base of the
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No.4. = 43
stigma hyaline; there is then a narrow fuscous stripe,
followed by a hyaline one extending a little beyond the
cubitus; the rest of the wing smoky, lighter at the apex.
ReocrotrRUPIDZ:.
EPpyRIS AMATORIUS, sp. nov. (Pl. 3, f. 8).
Kong. 7 mine (é
Hab. Barrackpore (Rothney).
Head strongly punctured, more widely separated
behind the ocelli, the clypeus stoutly keeled down the
middle, and a curved keel on either side of this united to
the central at the base; the mandibles with large punc-
tures; the four basal teeth brownish. Antenne entirely
black; the scape sparsely; the flagellum more closely
covered with pale fuscous hair, nearly as long as the
thickness of the joints. Pro- and meso-notum thickly
covered with long fuscous hairs; the base of the pro-
notum closely transversely striolated; the rest of it
coarsely irregularly rugosely punctured, except at the
apex, the smooth apical part being separated by a dis-
tinct keel from the rest; the mesonotum with scattered
punctures; the parapsidal furrows reaching not quite to
the apex; the scutellum almost impunctate. The median
segment transversely, more widely at the base, where
there is in the centre a somewhat triangular area; the
apex is more strongly and closely transversely striolated.
Propleure shining, smooth; the mesopleurz covered with
large, distinctly separated punctures, except a smooth,
elongated, slightly raised space under the wings; the
metapleure punctured at the top and round the apex;
the top at the base with two longitudinal keels, between
which are two perpendicular ones. Legs black, the joints
testaceous; the femora and tibiz sparsely, the tarsi more
thickly covered with shorter white hair. Wings hyaline,
with a very faint fulvous tinge; the stigma black; the
—_
44 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
nervures testaceous. Abdomen shining; the apex sparsely
covered with long pale hair; at the base is a distinctly
bordered longitudinal furrow.
Except the radius, the alar nervures are obsolete.
SC OLED AS,
TIPHIA TARSATA, Sp. nov.
Nigra, tibis tarsisque anticis rufis; alis fusco-hyalinis.
6.) Lome, 9 mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head shining, strongly pusctured; the punctures
widely separated on the vertex; the front and vertex
covered with longish pale hair; the clypeus and lower
part of the cheeks thickly covered with long white hair;
the base and the apex of the mandibles broadly in the
centre, ferruginous. The scape of the antennz strongly
punctured beneath and sparsely covered with long white
hair ; the flagellum obscure brownish beneath. Pronotum
punctured, except at the apex; and rather thickly covered
with long pale hairs; the mesonotum with a_ broad
fringe of large punctures round the sides; the scutellum
with large punctures all over, which are much closer
towards the apex. Median segment alutaceous; with
three complete keels down the centre; the apex at the
sides shining, smooth. Propleurz obscurely punctured
round the edges; the rest finely obliquely striated; the
mesopleure strongly punctured; the metapleurz obliquely,
somewhat irregularly striated, the striz widely. separated.
Legs thickly covered with white hairs; the fore knees,
femora, and tarsi rufous; the tarsi pale; the apex of the
middle tibiz and the middle tarsi testaceous, as are also
the apices of the basal two joints and the third joint of
the posterior tarsi. Abdomen shining, thickly covered
with long white hair, especially towards the apex, where
it has a fulvous hue.
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 4. 45
TIPHIA MAGRETTII, sp. nov.
Nigra, nitida, femoribus posticis rufis ; alis fusco-hyalinis.
Long. 10 mm. .
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Black, shining, sparsely covered with longish glistening
white hair. Antennz entirely black; the scape shining,
bearing a few large punctures and long white hairs; the
flagellum opaque, covered with a dull microscopic pile.
Head covered with long glistening white hair and bearing
large moderately deep punctures; the mandibles shining,
grooved, and broadly red towards the middle. Pro- and
meso-notum shining, bearing long white hairs; and widely
separated punctures; the scutellum irregularly punctured
round the sides and apex; those on the latter being the
larger; the apex of the post-scutellum with scattered
punctures. Median segment shagreened; the base almost
glabrous, with two complete keels in the centre, and
having between them one which is only three-fourths of
their length; the apex slightly hollowed towards the
centre, which has a straight keel; sparsely covered with
long white hair. Propleurz smooth, shining above; the
lower part obscurely transversely striated ; the meso-
pleurz projecting at the base; almost straight, smooth
and impunctate; the sides rather strongly punctured, but
with the punctures all distinctly separated; sparsely
covered with long white hairs; the metapleurz strongly
obliquely punctured. Legs thickly covered with stiff
white hairs; the short thick spines on the hind tibie
and the calcaria pallid testaceous. From the stigma the
wings have a decided smoky tinge; and are traversed
by four white lines (two above and two below the cubital
nervure) like nervures. Abdomen black, shining, and
covered, especially towards the apex, with long white
hairs; the sides of the basal segments sparsely; the
apical more closely and thickly covered with long white
46 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
hairs; the last segment more or less piceous; the ventral
segments shining, sparsely covered with long white hairs.
This can hardly be Tiphia rufofemorata Sm., for the
head with ‘‘ numerous fine punctures,” ‘‘ the apical half
of the mandibles ferruginous,”’ the scutellum “strongly
punctured” cannot apply to our species; nor is there any
mention of the metasternum being striolated. It is very
like the well-known European species Tiphia femorata;
but differs in having the hinder tibiz black; the apex of
the clypeus more sharply projecting and more deeply
incised, and the second abdominal segment not depressed
and crenulated at the base.
Tiphia femorata is recorded by Magretti from Burmah.
(Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, XII. p. 52.)
TIPHIA CASSIOPE, sp. nov.
ee. eon, 7 mi.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney). .
Resembles T. Magretti in coloration, brie is smaller
and the clypeus is not distinctly projecting and incised
in the middle as it is in T. Magrettii. |
Head shining, sparsely punctured, and bearing some
long white hairs behind; the clypeus punctured, transverse,
the apex smooth; the apical three-fourths of the mandibles
rufous, the extreme apex black. Antenne black; the apex.
of the scape piceous; bearing a few large punctures and
some longish pale golden hairs. Pro- and meso-notum
shining; the former with the basal three-fourths punc-
tured, the punctures being closer together at the base;
the sides in the middle and the apex, impunctate; the
mesonotum with moderately large punctures in the middle,
the sides with a few widely separated punctures; the
scutellum punctured at the apex and sides. Median
segment shining, slightly shagreened at the base; the
three longitudinal keels complete. The lower half of
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 4. AW
the propleure finely longitudinally striated; the meso-
pleure with scattered punctures and sparsely covered
with long white hairs; the metapleurz finely and closely
longitudinally striated. Legs thickly covered with long
white hairs, the four hinder trochanters and femora bright
rufous; the fore femora and tibiz underneath more or
less dull rufous. Wings hyaline, slightly suffused with
fuscous. Abdomen shining, the apex of the first segment
with a transverse row of punctures; the apical half of the
last segment shining, dull piceous.
The three species here described with red on the legs
may be separated as follows :—
1 (4) Femora red, wings smoky.
2 (3) Clypeus incised, projecting. Magretti
3 (2) », transverse, not projecting. casstope
4 (1) Femora black; anterior tibiz and tarsi
rufous. tarsata
TIPHIA CLYPEALIS, sp. nov.
Nigra, clypeo, tibiis anticis, tarsisque anterioribus, rufis ;
alis hyalinis, nervis fuscis. 2. Long. 7mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head shining, punctured ; covered with long silvery
hairs, which are densest below the antennz; the clypeus
rufous; punctured; the apex smooth, impunctate, and
slightly curved; mandibles broadly rufous in the middle.
Antenne ferruginous beneath towards the apex, the last
joint entirely so. Pronotum shining, punctured; the
mesonotum with the punctures more widely separated ;
the sides being free from them, and being there too more
widely separated than they are on the sides; the scutellum
with large, widely separated punctures all over. Median
segment coarsely in the middle, the sides much more
finely aciculated. Propleurz finely obliquely striated
throughout. Legs thickly covered with white hairs; the
48 3 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
anterior knees, tibiz, and tarsi, the base and apex of the
middle tibie and the apices of the hinder tarsal joints,
rufous. Radial cellule closed; the second recurrent
nervure received in the apical third of the cellule. Basal
segment of the abdomen except a belt at the apex, with
only a few scattered indistinct punctures; the apices of
the others closely punctured ; and sparsely covered with
long white hairs; the apical ventral segment strongly
aciculated, rufous at the apex; there is a distinct curved
keel on either side of the penultimate segment.
TIPHIA FUSCINERVIS, sp. nov.
Nigra, tarsis anticis rufis; abdominis apice longe fulvo-
hirto; alis hyalinis, nervis stigmateque fuscis. 2. Long.
fere 8mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head densely covered with long fuscous hairs; shining,
strongly punctured, the mandibles broadly ferruginous
before the apex; the palpi dark testaceous. Antenne
obscure brownish towards the apex, covered with a pale
microscopic pile, the scape shining, coarsely punctured
on the inner side. Pronotum closely punctured; the
mesonotum with the punctures larger and more widely
separated; the scutellum with a wide belt of punctures
at the apex, a narrower one at the sides and base, and
a somewhat broader one down the middle; the post-
scutellum finely rugose. Median segment coarsely alu-
taceous; the keels straight, a little converging towards
the apex; an interrupted keel down the middle at the
base; the apex with an oblique slope. The lower part
of the propleure obliquely striolated; the upper part
obliquely aciculated; the mesopleurz strongly punctured.
Legs thickly covered with longish white hairs; the
calcaria pale luteous. Wings hyaline; the stigma dark
piceous; the nervures pale testaceous. The basal seg-
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 4. AQ
ment of the abdomen very smooth and shining, sparsely
punctured in the middle; the third and following segments
punctured, thickly covered with long pale fulvous hairs,
which are more silvery towards the apex.
TIPHIA INCISA, sp. nov.
Nigra, longe argenteo-pilosa; apice clyper incisa; alts
hyalinas, nervis fuscis. 3S. Long. g—10 mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Fothney).
Head black, thickly covered with cinereous pubescence;
tather strongly punctured ; the clypeus closely punctured;
the apex smooth, roundly incised. Antenne thick, the
scape with a few large punctures and with longish white
hairs; the flagellum closely covered with a pale micro-
scopic down. Pronotum closely punctured, the extreme
apex only impunctate; the mesonotum strongly punctured
but not closely ; the scutellum more closely punctured all
over, this being also the case with the post scutellum ;
the median segment short, finely rugose, opaque, the base
sparsely, the apex much more densely covered with long
white hairs; at the base are two straight keels, with an
indistinct one in the centre, the two forming an area
nearly as broad as long; the apex has an oblique slope
and has an indistinct keel down the centre. Propleure
aciculated, obscurely striated at the bottom ; mesopleure
punctured ; the metapleure with about eight semi-oblique
keels at the top. Wings hyaline, the nervures and stigma
plack; the radial cellule closed at the apex. Legs
entirely black except the calcaria, which are pale fulvous;
the tarsi with a fulvous pubescence beneath. Abdomen
covered with longish white hairs; the basal segment with
widely separated punctures all over, its apex depressed ;
the apical more closely and strongly punctured than the
middle segments.
50 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
TIPHIA IMPLICATA, Sp. nov.
Long. 9 mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head densely covered all over with long white hair ;
opaque, the clypeus largely produced and projecting ; the
sides oblique, the apex transverse ; the mandibles entirely
black, covered with long white hairs; the base punctured.
Pro- and meso-notum closely punctured all over; the
latter more strongly than the former, and more sparsely
towards the middle; the scutellum punctured all over
like the mesonotum; the post-scutellum closely finely
rugosely punctured. The median segment finely rugosely
punctured, towards the apical keel irregularly striolated ;
the two outer keels curving inwardly ; the central straight,
not reaching quite to the apex. The apex onmiege
segment sharply oblique. Propleurz strongly transversely
striolated, except at the extreme apex, which is shining
and impunctate; the mesopleura alutaceous; the meta-
pleura depressed at the base, closely longitudinally
striolated. Legs black, thickly covered with long pale
hairs, the hairs on the underside of the tarsi pale golden ;
the calcaria and the tibial and tarsal spines pale fulvous.
The wings hyaline, infuscated towards the apex; the
radial cellule is not appendiculated ; the second recurrent
nervure is received shortly beyond the middle of the
cellule.. Abdomen shining, impunctate at the base,
more opaque and thickly haired towards the apex; the
basal segment above with a long shallow depression ; the
ventral segments sparsely covered with long pale hairs.
TIPHIA ERYTHROCERA, Sp. 10v.
Nigra, mandibulis, tibiis, tarsis anticis, flagellogue anten-
narum rufis; alis hyalims. 2. Long. 8mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Antenne rufous, covered with a pale microscopic pile;
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xl. (1897), No. 4 51
the base of the scape black; covered with long golden
hairs on the underside. Head shining, sparsely haired ;
covered with large distinctly separated punctures; the
mandibles ferruginous; sparsely covered on the lower side
with long golden hairs; the teeth are black. Pro- and
meso-notum with scattered punctures except at the apices;
the scutellum with a few punctures at the apex. Median
segment alutaceous; the three keels complete. Propleurze
alutaceous, smooth and shining above; the mesopleure
punctured, alutaceous at the top; the metapleurz strio-
lated throughout, much more finely at the base. Legs
thickly covered with white hairs; the tibial spines pale;
the four anterior tarsi; the front tibiz behind and the
middle tibiz entirely ferruginous; the hinder tarsi ferru-
ginous; the calcaria and tarsal spines pale fulvous.
Wings hyaline, suffused with fuscous; the nervures
fuscous; the stigma black; the second recurrent nervure
received in the apical third of the cellule. Abdomen
shining, sparsely covered with long white hairs; the
transverse depression on the apex of the petiole closely
and coarsely punctured at the sides, more widely and
sparsely at the middle; the puncturing on the dorsal
segments becomes closer and coarser towards the apical ;
the last shining, impunctate, piceous broadly at the apex.
METRHOCA.
Smith described two Indian species of Methoca, under
the same name—orientalis—(Cat. Hym. III., 66) from
Northern India and another, renamed Smuthiit by Magretti
(Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, xxx1., p. 259), taken by Mr.
Rothney at Barrackpore (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1875, p. 35).
Both were described from males; and represent, so far
as can be judged from the descriptions, different species.
The undernoted female is, I should say, quite distinct
from either.
52 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Ortentalia.
METHOCA BICOLOR, sp. nov. (PI. 4, f. 12).
Nigra, nitida, thorace basique abdomimis rufis. 2. Long.
5mm.
Hab. Barrackpore (Rothney). |
Antenne stout, the four basal joints of the antennz
rufous, sparsely covered with white hairs, becoming
slightly and very gradually thickened towards the apex.
Head shining, impunctate. Thorax shining, impunctate,
except at the base of the scutellar region where it is
transversely striated ; the mesonotum at the sides of the -
scutellum is also somewhat obliquely strongly striated.
The basal segment of the abdomen is rufous, except at
the extreme apex; the other segments shining, impunc-
tate; the apical segment obscure rufous. Legs black,
the tarsi obscure testaceous, the femora sparsely haired ;
the tibiz covered with stiff hairs.
METHOCA RUGOSA, sp. nov. (Pl. 4, f. 11).
Nigra, bast flagello antennarum late, femoribus tarsisque
anticis rufis ; alis violacets, bast hyalinis. 3. Long. 15mm.
Hab. Ceylon.
Antenne stout, almost bare, the basal three joints
and the base of the fourth rufous. Head black; the
mandibles broadly rufous in the centre; the front strongly
punctured, almost reticulated, thickly covered with
fuscous hairs; the vertex more shining, less pilose; the
punctures shallower and more widely separated, especially
at the side of the ocelli. Thorax black, the pronotum,
except a smooth, impunctate band at the apex, coarsely
transversely striolated; the mesonotum much more
strongly and irregularly transversely striolated ; scutellum
strongly irregularly reticulated; the sides towards the
apex impunctate; in the centre of the metanotum is a
pear-shaped area, with four stout transverse keels, the two
central being the longest; at the side of this are stout
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 4 53
semi-longitudinal keels; the apex at the top is stoutly
margined ; at the top is a triangular area, the sides with
stout oblique keels, meeting in the centre; the pleura
coarsely irregularly reticulated, the. sternum irregularly
transversely striolated; its side stoutly keeled with a
sharp margin at the edge, the pleura at the side of this
being hollowed ; the sternum widely hollowed, the hollow
becoming gradually wider towards the apex. Abdomen
shining, impunctate; the base stoutly longitudinally
striated; the basal ventral segment strongly reticulated ;
keeled down the middle to near the apex; the other
segments with punctures at the apex, these being fewer on
the middle and more numerous on the apical segments.
MU TILED AS.
Since my paper on the Indian Mutillide (Manchester
Memows, V., 1892) was published, some additional
species have come into my possession from Mr. Rothney
and from Col. Yerbury. The collection from the last-
named gentleman is of especial value, as it enables us to
unite the sexes of a few species.
The discovery by Mr. Rothney of an apterous ¢ Mutilla,
although not unique, is of interest. It is remarkable that
the four known apterous species of d Mutilla have the
thorax emarginate, as it often is with 2 Mutille, while it
never is so in the winged males.
a. Males. Weangless, thorax incised.
MUGECACGIDIBUS, sp. nov. (Pl, 4, 13. o.)
Ferruginea, aptera, abdomine nigro, albo maculato ; pedibus
migris; thorace late inciso. S. Long. fere gmm.
Hab. Barrackpore (Rothney).
Head large, wider than the thorax, the part behind
the eyes more than twice their length; coarsely punctured,
closely covered with white pubescence; black, ferruginous
54 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Ortentalia.
from shortly above the antennal tubercles to the top of
the eyes; the black above the outer side of the eyes being
oblique. Antenne entirely black; the scape thickly covered
with stiff white pubescence, the black part of the head
densely covered with glistening white pubescence; the
vertex and occiput with the pubescence longer, darker,
and more erect. Thorax not twice the length of the head;
gradually narrowed to the metathorax, which bulges out,
so that it is as wide as the prothorax. Above, the thorax
is coarsely rugose and covered with long fuscous hairs;
the apex of the median segment is oblique and has a
sharp spine in the centre. The pleure are shining, im-
punctate; covered with white pubescence; black; the
upper part of the pro-, the upper third of the meso-, and
the meta-pleurz above the oblique furrow, rufous. The
sides of the median segment with three large and one
short spine. The legs black; covered densely with white
hairs; the tibiz almost spineless. The abdomen longer
than the head and thorax united, velvety black, covered
with long black hairs; a square spot on the centre of the
first segment; three large oval ones at the apex of the
second; a small one in the centre of the third, a larger
one in the centre of the fourth, both narrowed and
rounded at the base; and the greater part of the fifth,
white. Ventral segments black; the second strongly
punctured, sparsely covered with white hairs; the others
are fringed with long pale hair.
The genital armature is normal.
b. Winged, thorax not incised.
Fore wings with only one recurrent nervure; three
transverse cubital nervures; stigma elongate; apex of
abdomen bispinose, middle tibiz with two spines.
Petiole serrate beneath, elongate, nodose at apex. Eyes
very large, oval, entire; ocelli large.
=.
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 4. 55
The precise generic position of this species must stand
over for further study in connection with its unknown &.
It is very closely related to the Photopsis section of the
American genus Spherophthalma. In general form and
appearance it is very like Mutzlla obliterata Sm., which
is, however, abundantly distinct otherwise. It differs
from Mutila proper in the eyes being entire in the cd.
MUTILLA APICIPENNIS, sp. nov.
Thorace capiteque ferruginers ; abdomine nigro, bast ferru-
gineo; pedibus pallide testaceis; alis hyalinis, apice fumatis.
oe. Long. 10 mm.
Hab. Trincomali (Yerbury).
Head as wide as the thorax, shining, glabrous; the
mandibles with long fulvous hairs ; their teeth deep black;
a slight depression on the front above the antenne; the
eyes and ocelli large; the head behind the eyes not half
their length. Antennz thick, uniformly fulvous, covered
with a close white pubescence. Thorax uniformly fulvous,
shining; the mesonotum obscurely punctured; _ the
scutellum rugosely punctured ; the median segment with
a gradually rounded slope ; reticulated uniformly, sparsely
covered with long white hairs. Pro- and meso-pleure
rugosely punctured ; the edges of the former crenulated ;
the metapleure reticulated. Legs pale testaceous, covered
with long pale hairs; the hinder femora broadly infuscated
towards the apex. Petiole elongated, gradually dilated,
and strongly punctured, especially towards the apex;
where there is a black band ; beneath it is hollow, shining,
the edges rough, the other segments shining, their apices
obscure testaceous; covered with long pale hairs. The
wings, which do not reach to the apex of the abdomen,
are milk-white. The nervures pale testaceous. The apex
from the third transverse cubital nervure smoky ; the two
basal transverse cubital nervures curved ; the third sharply
56 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Ortentalia.
angled; the first recurrent nervure received in the basal
third of the cellule; the second completely obliterated.
The ocelli are larger than usual; the second abdominal
segment unarmed beneath. On the mesonotum the two
parapsidal furrows are complete ; the last dorsal abdominal
segment rufous and punctured at the apex.
In appearance this species resembles the American
genus Photopsis. It is apparently closely related to M.
pedunculata from Arabia and Egypt.
A. Descriptions of species known in both sexes.
The following species belongs to a group the species
of which, being so similarly coloured, are very difficult to
identify ; and I should not have ventured to describe it if
I had not got both sexes.
MUTILLA ACIDALIA, sp. nov.
. Black, thorax above ferruginous. Head as wide
as the thorax, coarsely punctured; the head behind the
eyes developed a little less than the length of these latter;
covered with a short, sparse, white pubescence. Antennze
stout, covered with a white down; the basal joint reddish
at the apex. Thorax above, coarsely punctured, sparsely
covered with fuscous hairs; the median segment with an
abrupt slope, coarsely punctured, covered with long white
hairs. Abdomen not much longer than the head and
thorax united; black; sparsely covered with long fuscous
hairs; the hypopygium rather strongly longitudinally
striated; on the second segment are two oval, on the
third and fourth segments two square marks of silvery
pubescence; the basal ventral segment is ferruginous ;
the others obscure testaceous at their apices ; and marked
with long white hairs. Legs black, the tibia and tarsi
with white hairs; the tibial spines stout, fuscous; the
calcaria pale. .
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 4e 57
3. Head and thorax black, the former in front and the
pronotum thickly covered with long white silvery hairs ;
abdomen ferruginous, except the apical segment, which is
black above and beneath; wings fuscous, paler at the
base. Antennz elongate, slender, tapering towards the
apex; the scape grooved laterally, sparsely covered with
long white hair; the flagellum covered with a sparse
down; the third joint nearly twice the length of the
fourth. Head not much narrower than the thorax;
behind the eyes it is a little longer than their width; the
_ front and vertex strongly punctured. Prothorax strongly
punctured, the pronotum thickly covered with grey
pubescence; the mesonotum strongly punctured, the
punctures deep and clearly separated; down the sides
run two deep furrows; the median segment with a some-
what abrupt rounded slope; reticulated; in the centre is
an elongated area reaching from the base to shortly
beyond the middle, the base being dilated. Propleure
obliquely striolated, smooth behind; the mesopleure
coriaceous, projecting in the middle, where they are
thickly covered with long white hairs. Legs covered
with longish white hairs; the calcaria pale. Radial
cellule elongate ; the basal abscissa of the radius sharply
oblique, the apical more rounded; the first transverse
cubital nervure oblique; the second broadly and roundly
curved ; the third sharply angled above the middle; both
the recurrent nervures are received shortly beyond the
middle. Keel on basal ventral segment stout, black.
MUTILLA OPULENTA, Smith.
The 2 of this species is probably M. soror, Sauss. (Ann.
soc. Ent. Fr., vit., 1867, 354, t. 8, f. 3.) As Smith’s name
is the older one, it will have to be adopted should soror
prove to be a variety.
Col. Yerbury has taken the sexes together. The 2?
however has the thorax black, while in the typical M. soror
58 Cameron, H yimenoptera Orventalra.
it is reddish; but in other respects the two agree, except
that the hinder femora have more black. It may, how-
ever, be as well to give a description of the ° M. opulenta
in case M. sovor may be different.
Head as wide as the thorax; red, coarsely and rugosely
punctured, shining, bare, behind the eyes the vertex
almost as long as the width of the eyes. Scape of the
antennz rufous, darker at the apex and beneath, and
bearing large punctures; the flagellum black, thickly
covered with fuscous pile. Thorax black, twice the length
of the head; the sides almost parallel, not dilated towards
the apex, very coarsely rugosely punctured; the apex of
the median segment with a very slight oblique slope;
above coarsely punctured, the rest finely and uniformly
rugose; the lower part covered with long golden hairs.
The pleurze smooth; the base of the pronotum and the
metapleurz coarsely punctured; the lower portion of the
metapleurz thickly covered with pale golden pubescence.
Petiole black, the apex (probably the whole in fresh
examples) fringed with golden hairs; on the base of the
second segment are two large oval golden marks; its apex
has a golden band, broadly narrowed in the centre; the
third segment is entirely golden; the pygidium coriaceous,
fringed at the sides with long golden hairs. The second
ventral segment has large, somewhat shallow, clearly
separated punctures; all the segments fringed with long
golden hairs. The front four legs red, the knees black,
sparsely covered with golden hairs, especially the tarsi;
the apical three-fourths of the hind femora are black; the
tibize and tarsi thickly covered with golden hair.
The form of the spots on the second abdominal seg-
ment varies. In one example on the inner side at the apex
they are rounded; in another they are there truncated as
figured by Saussure in his M. humbertiana; in another
they are more as he figures them in M. soror, but the
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 4 59
band on the fourth segment is as in M. humbertiana; in
M. soror it is figured as straight at the base. M. insularis
Cam., may be known from it by the thorax being red; by
the metapleure not being coarsely punctured throughout,
only at the extreme apex, the band on the third segment
complete, not incised at the base.
MUTILLA PERELEGANS, Sp. Nov.
This is the supposed variety of M. pulchrina figured
by me (Manchester Memoirs, V., 1892, pl. 1, f. 6), but
which I now regard as quite distinct; and, thanks to Col.
Yerbury, I am enabled to describe the male, as well as
the female, in detail.
°. Head very slightly narrower than the thorax;
stoutly keeled on the sides behind, ferruginous, coarsely
_tugosely punctured; covered sparsely with longish black
hairs; almost transverse behind, where it is developed
the length of the eyes. Mandibles black. Scape of the
antenne deep black, shining, glabrous; the flagellum thick;
the third joint twice the length of the fourth; brownish
beneath. Thorax a little narrowed from the middle to
the apex; above coarsely rugosely punctured, the punc-
tures elongated; sparsely covered with long black hairs,
but very thickly on the pronotum, while the median
segment is thickly covered with long pale golden hairs,
and has a somewhat oblique slope. Pro- and meso-pleura
shining, impunctate; except a broad punctured projection
down the mesopleure, the projection itself being covered
with long pale golden hairs; and, above, it forms a pro-
jecting tooth, behind which is another slightly larger
and rounder one. Legs black; the femora slightly, the
tibiz and tarsi thickly covered with long golden hairs.
Abdomen longer than head and thorax together; black;
an orange-coloured mark of hairs, broader than long and
with the sides rounded, in the centre of the second seg-
60 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Ortentalia.
ment; the sides of the second segment above broadly
fringed with pale golden hairs; the third segment entirely
covered with golden hairs; the rest of the abdomen
with black stiff hairs; the third and fourth Yyemtral
segments covered with golden hairs; the fifth and sixth
slightly fringed with golden hairs; the apical segment
with a dense tuft of golden hairs at the end.
eneth, 12 mim’.
¢ much larger (17 mm.) has the head and thorax red;
the abdomen with the apex of the third and the fourth,
and the fifth segments entirely covered with golden
pubescence. Head distinctly narrower than the thorax,
coarsely rugosely punctured ; sparsely covered with long
black hair; below the antennz the hairs are longer and
fulvous ; behind rounded at the sides, about one half the
length of the eyes; the apical half of the mandibles black.
Antenne short, thick; but tapering very considerably
towards the apex; the basal two joints red; the rest
black and almost bare; the scape with a few long hairs;
and strongly punctured above. Pro- and meso-notum
coarsely rugosely punctured ; thickly covered with long
black hairs; scutellum flat, the sides and apex projecting;
covered with long black hairs, except at the apex, where
they are longer and pale fulvous in colour; this being
also the case with the post-scutellum. Median segment
strongly reticulated; the apex roundly emarginate; the
sides projecting into stout teeth. Pro- and meso-pleure
coarsely rugosely punctured except the lower part of the
former. The fore legs are reddish like the thorax sauee
four hinder legs are entirely black, except the coxe at the
base; they have the femora slightly, the tibiz and tarsi
densely covered with long pale golden hairs. Wings
fusco-violaceous; the base much lighter, almost hyaline;
the basal and apical abscissz of the radius are oblique
and, at the base of the latter, it projects a little; the first
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 4. 61
and second transverse cubital nervures are curved; the
third is obliterated entirely, while the cubital nervure
itself terminates at the second transverse cubital. The
abdomen has the basal two segments strongly punctured ;
golden band on the apex of the second segment is
interrupted in the middle; the basal ventral segment is
more or less rufous, and projects at the apex into a sharp,
triangular plate; at the base in the middle it is semi-
circularly incised.
iB. Species described from males only.
a. Fore wings with only two transverse cubital nervures.
MUTILLA PERVERSA, Sp. nov.
Nigra, thorace rufo, sterno mgro; alis subfumatis, nervis
ipeseis. 6. “lLone) 5mm.
Hab. Barrackpore (Rothney).
Head black, shining, sparsely covered with longish
pale hairs. Vertex behind the eyes equal to their length,
and not much narrowed ; the mandibles dark piceous, the
teeth black; the palpi fuscous. The antennal scape not
furrowed beneath, sparsely haired; the flagellum stout,
covered with a microscopic down. Thorax above entirely
obscure ferruginous, punctured, but not strongly; sparsely
covered with long white hairs; the median segment with
a gradually rounded slope. Propleurz almost black; the
mesopleure obscurely punctured in front ; the metapleure
impunctate at the base; the apex strongly reticulated.
Legs covered with long soft hairs; the calcaria white.
Alar nervures fuscous; the first abscissa of the radius
oblique; the apical small, almost straight; the first
transverse cubital nervure straight, oblique; the second
curved and largely bullated at the bottom; the first
recurrent nervure is received shortly beyond the middle
of the cellule. Abdomen shining, almost impunctate
covered, especially towards the apex, with long soft
62 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
white hairs. The basal abdominal segment without a
keel sharply separated from the second, which is gradually
raised to the obliquely depressed apex, thus leaving a
sharp depression between the two.
b. Fore wings normal, with three transverse cubital
nevvures.
MUTILLA INDEFENSA, Sp. nov.
Nigra, vertice fulvo-lirta ; collare late abdomuneque ferru-
gineis ; abdominis bast apiceque megris ; alis fuliginosis. &.
Lone. 17 mm.
Hab. Bombay District (Wroughton).
Head a little narrower than the thorax; the vertex
and front densely covered with fulvous pubescence, inter-
mixed with long fuscous hair; the clypeus sharply keeled
in the middle; the mandibles entirely black, fringed with
long golden hairs. Antenne entirely black, the scape
widely grooved ; sparsely covered with long fuscous hairs.
The head behind the eyes is rapidly narrowed, and is not —
half the length of the eyes. The pronotum is broadly
covered with thick orange pubescence; the pleurz at the
base coarsely punctured; the rest is longitudinally strio-
lated. Mesonotum coarsely punctured especially towards
the apex; there are two moderately wide longitudinal
furrows. Scutellum pyramidal; coarsely rugosely punc-
tured; and, like,the mesonotum, thickly covered with
long black hairs. Median segment coarsely reticulated ;
its base thickly covered with golden hairs;.the centre
with an elongated area reaching to the edge of the slope,
which is oblique. Mesopleurz coarsely punctured, covered
with silvery pubescence; the apex impunctate; the base of
the metapleure impunctate; the apex coarsely reticulated.
Legs black; the calcaria white; the femora, tibiz, and
tarsi thickly covered with long white hairs. Wings fusco-
violaceous, paler at the base; the basal abscissa of the
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 4 63
radius oblique and twice the length of the apical; the
second cubital cellule elongate, its lower side twice the
length of the third; the first recurrent nervure is received
shortly beyond the middle; the second in the apical third’
of the cellule. Abdomen thickly covered with long rufo-
fulvous hairs ; the petiole black; the sides with large deep
punctures; the keel blunt; the second segment indis-
tinctly punctured; the last two segments black; the
apices of the others fringed with long orange hairs; the
last segment is more strongly punctured; and is stoutly
keeled at the sides.
MUTILLA DILECTA, sp. nov.
Nigra, thovace rufo, mesopleuris nigris; alis fusco-
hyalias.- 3. Long. 8mm.
Hab. Barrackpore (Rothney).
Head black, coarsely punctured, covered densely with
white pubescence and more sparsely with long fuscous
hairs; a furrow leads down to the antenne; head rounded
and narrowed behind the eyes, the vertex less than half
the length of the eyes; an indistinct furrow at the sides of
the oceili; mandibles entirely black; palpi pale. Antenne
stout, the flagellum covered with pale down; the scape
sparsely haired. Prothorax large, red, except a somewhat
triangular black mark on the lower part of the propleure ;
in front it is transverse; the sides above straight, very
slightly widened and straight towards the tegulea. Meso-
notum coarsely punctured, as also the scutellum; the
median segment strongly reticulated; the reticulations
large and all well defined, the central reticulation at the
base being the largest, with the sides straight, and the
apex triangular. The apex of the median segment is
obliquely truncated. The propleurz are coarsely longi-
tudinally striolated; the mesopleurz somewhat strongly
punctured except at the base and the apex, the latter
64 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
being excavated, smooth, shining; and impunctate; the
metapleurz coarsely reticulated. The basal abdominal
segment is a little longer than broad, strongly punctured, —
‘bearing long pale fuscous hairs, and, at the apex, pale
golden hairs; the second segment is not quite so strongly
punctured as the apex of the first; the other segments
are less strongly, but more closely, punctured, than the
second; the apical is more strongly punctured than the
penultimate. The basal ventral segment is keeled down
the middle. Legs entirely black, and covered with white
hairs; the calcaria pale. Tegulz densely covered with
long white hairs. The basal abscissa of the radius
straight, oblique; the apical roundly curved; the first
recurrent nervure received in the middle; the second in
the apical fourth of the cellule. The nervures are dark
fuscous.
MUTILLA DISCRETA, Sp. nov.
Nigra, longe argenteo-pilosa; alis fusco-violaceis. 6.
Long. fere 9mm.
Hab. Barrackpore (Rothney).
Head densely covered with silvery pubescence; that
between the ocelli and the antennz completely hiding
the texture; that on the vertex intermixed with long
grey hair; vertex behind the eyes rounded and narrowed
a little more than the length of the eyes. Antennal
tubercles acute, piceous; the middle of the mandibles
piceous. Antenne black, the flagellum with a short
pile; the scape with long hairs, and apparently more
deeply excavated beneath than usual. Sides of the
pronotum rounded, closely punctured and covered with
long pale hairs. Mesonotum bearing large, round, deep
punctures, the scutellum also with large deep punctures ;
at its base is a wide deep distinct furrow, behind which
is a longer narrower one. The median segment has a
gradually rounded slope, and is strongly reticulated.
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 4. 65
Pleure strongly punctured ; the apex of the propleurz
strongly crenulated; the base and apex of the mesopleure
excavated, shining, impunctate, except on the lower part ;
the propleure reticulated, except at the base. The base
of the abdomen excavated, projecting at the sides;
the other segments punctured, but the punctation
becoming weaker towards the apex; all the segments
fringed with long white hairs. The keel on the basal
ventral segment stout, a little curved, and a little
projecting at the apex; the second segment has the
punctures large and deep; the others have the base
impunctate; the apex closely punctured, and with the
oblique lateral furrows distinct; the apical half of the
hypopygium roundly depressed. Legs densely covered
with white hairs. The first transverse cubital nervure
curved and bent at the lower third; the second sharply
elbowed a little above the middle; both the recurrent
nervures are received shortly beyond the middle of the
cellule.
: MUTILLA RUFODORSATA, Sp. nov.
Nigra, dense argenteo-lirta; mesonoto rufo; abdomine
nigro-ceruleo; alis fusco-violaceis. 3S. Long. 13mm.
Hab. Agra (Rothney).
Head narrower than the thorax, rugosely punctured,
densely covered with silvery hairs all over; the mandibles
before the tips piceous. Antenne entirely black; the
basal two joints covered thickly with silvery hairs; the
flagellum with an indistinct down. Thorax densely
covered with silvery hairs all over, black; the mesonotum
and basal half of scutellum rufous. Pronotum and
mesonotum coarsely punctured, almost reticulated; the
scutellum very coarsely irregularly reticulated; the apex of
- the median segment has a sharp oblique slope; coarsely
reticulated ; the base thickly covered with silvery pubes-
cence. The pleurz coarsely punctured, except the base
E
66 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Ortentalia.
and apex of the mesopleure; the metapleurz coarsely
reticulated. The legs are thickly covered with white hair.
The basal two segments of the abdomen above are some-
what strongly punctured; the punctations becoming
weaker towards their apices; all the segments at their
apices are fringed with silvery hairs. The apical dorsal
segment terminates in the middle in a triangular depression,
with raised stout lateral keels, and with a central keel not
half the width of the lateral ones. The second ventral
segment is coarsely punctured; the sides at the base
depressed, and with an indistinct keel between; the keel
on the basal segment broad; the basal part the longest.
Tegule large, rather strongly punctured. The wings are
strongly fusco-violaceous, more lightly coloured at the
base; the basal abscissa of the radius sharply oblique, the
apical curved; the first transverse cubital nervure oblique,
the second almost straight ; the third sharply angled in
the middle; the first recurrent nervure is received shortly
before, the second at a slightly greater distance beyond
the middle of the cellule.
MUTILLA PROVIDA, sp. 100.
Nigra, pro- meso-thorace mesonotoque rufis; alis fere
jumais.. 36. Long) tere 7 mmni-
Hab. Bombay Presidency (Wroughton).
Comes very near to M. dilecta; but is easily known
from it by the black scutellum and metathorax.
Head as wide as the mesothorax; entirely black,
except the antennal tubercles, which are rufous; densely
covered all over with long soft white hairs; rounded
behind, where it is as long as the eyes; the palpi
fuscous; the mandibles before the teeth rufous. Antenne
black; the scape with some white hairs; the flagellum
with a fuscous down. Pro- and mesothorax coarsely
punctured, covered with long white hairs; ferruginous,
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 4. 67
except the lower part of the propleure and the pro-
sternum. Scutellum black; covered with long white
hairs; the base and centre of the median segments with
large, the sides with smaller reticulations, and having a
gradually rounded slope. The propleure are coarsely
punctured, almost reticulated; the mesopleurz coarsely
punctured and densely covered with long white hair;
the upper part of the metapleure reticulated, the lower
smooth. Legs black, densely covered with long white
soft hairs; the calcaria pale. The alar nervures testa-
ceous, slightly darker at the base; radial cellule wide;
the basal abscissa of the radius oblique, straight, shorter
than the apical which is curved, almost angled in the
middle; the first transverse cubital nervure is oblique,
slightly curved; the second is curved and bullated beneath
hardly oblique; the third is sharply angled in the middle;
the first recurrent nervure is received in the middle,
the second in the apical third of the wing. Abdomen
at the base rather strongly punctured, towards the
apex, the punctation becomes weaker ; covered, especially
at the apices of the segments, with long white hairs.
The basal abdominal segment coarsely punctured; the
central keel, moderately strongly developed and hardly
raised at the apex; the second segment strongly, the
others much more weakly punctured; their apices fringed
with long white hairs; the apical segment entire, not
depressed, punctured throughout.
Cc. Species described from females only.
MUTILLA LUXURIOSA, sp. nov.
Nigra, thorace supra obscure ferrugineo; abdomine albo-
sexmaculato. %. Long. 7—8mm.
Hab. Ceylon (Yerbury).
Head not broader than the thorax; black; the man-
dibles in the middle, clypeus and the antennal tubercles
68 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
rufous; coarsely punctured, covered with longish and
white and fuscous hairs; behind the eyes less than their
length; narrowed and rounded. Antennal scape covered
with long pale hairs, not grooved; the flagellum obscure
fuscous beneath; covered with an indistinct microscopic
down; the third joint nearly twice the length of the
fourth. Mandibles grooved on the outer side. Thorax
a very little dilated gradually towards the apex; the pro-
notum coarsely shagreened; mesonotum coarsely rugosely
punctured; median segment at the apex with an abruptly
oblique slope; the propleure obscurely, the metapleurz
coarsely rugosely reticulated, its outer edge spinose; the
mesopleure shining, a little excavated, smooth, shining,
and glabrous. Legs thickly haired; the spines thick,
pale and black on the tibiz, rufous on the tarsi. Basal
abdominal segment gradually dilated towards the apex,
not distinctly separated from the second; on the latter
are two oval whitish fulvous marks near the base; the
third and fourth have two marks of the same colour;
those on the latter the smaller; the apical is fringed
laterally with pale long hairs, and is closely aciculated
or shagreened. The basal ventral segment is obscure
rufous; the keel in the middle has a longer and a shorter
blunt tooth; the second segment has widely scattered
punctures; the others are finely transversely striated at
the base; the apex with scattered punctures and covered
with long pale fulvous hairs.
Resembles closely M. aulica Sm., in coloration, but
wants the large spot of silvery pubescence on the
vertex, and otherwise is easily known from M. aulica by
having the pronotum at the base transverse, with the
sides acute; while M. aulica has the sides broadly
narrowed and the base not transverse. In one of my
examples of M. aulica there are only four white spots
on the abdomen.
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 4. 69
MUTILLA REMOTA, Sp. “ov.
Bone. 151mm. * 2.
Hab. Trincomali (Yerbury).
Comes very near to M. egregia Sauss., in the colora-
tion of the abdomen and in the sides of the thorax having
a stout spine; but differs in having the head and thorax
entirely black, not red.
Head narrower than the thorax, deep black, coarsely
rugosely punctured, thickly covered with long black, inter-
mixed on the front with shorter golden hairs; the orbits
on the outer side narrowly rufous. Antennal scape rufous,
covered with long golden hairs. Thorax at the base
narrower than the head, becoming gradually wider to the
spines, then becoming rather abruptly narrower to the
apex; coarsely rugosely punctured, sparsely covered with
long black hairs; the apex of the median segment with an
abrupt oblique slope; coarsely rugosely punctured; the
hairs long; on the upper part black, on the lower golden.
The pro- and meso-pleure rugosely punctured ; the latter
projecting in the middle and ending at the top in a stout
rufous spine ; the space beyond the spine a little hollowed
and finely transversely striated; the metapleurz entirely
rugosely punctured. The legs black; the tibiz rufous;
the femora covered with long black hairs; the tibize and
tarsi more thickly with long golden hairs. The petiole
narrow at the base, gradually dilated to the apex ; thickly
covered with long golden fulvous hairs, broadly at the
apex, narrowly at the base; the intermediate space
covered with long black hairs. Second segment coarsely
punctured; covered with short black hairs; the apex with
a belt of golden pubescence ; the fourth segment covered
with golden pubescence; the other segments covered
with long black hairs. The basal two ventral segments
covered with fuscous ; the third and fourth covered with
golden pubescence.
70 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
MUTILLA MANDERSI, sp. mov.
Nigra, thorace rufo; abdomine fulvo-sexmaculato ; bast
femorum late rufo. 2. (Leong. 17 mm:
Hab. Shan States (Manders).
Comes very close to M. funaria, but differs from it in
its longer and, as compared with the head, somewhat
narrower thorax, which is further entirely rufous, besides
being less strongly punctured; and by the legs being
broadly rufous at the base. It comes near also to M. sex-
maculata, but that has the thorax more thickened towards
the apex, with its sides entirely black, while the marks on
the abdomen are much more elongated on the second
segment.
Head as wide as the thorax, black, coarsely rugosely
punctured, covered with fuscous and golden hairs; behind
the eyes it is rounded, and is there somewhat shorter than
the length of the eyes; the mandibles are rufous in the
middle. Scape of the antennz covered sparsely with long
silvery hairs; the flagellum with an obscure down; the
third joint twice the length of the fourth. Palpi black.
Thorax more than twice the length of the head ; the sides
almost straight ; hardly dilated towards the apex; above
closely and strongly punctured; covered with longish
fuscous hairs ; the apex with a semi-abrupt slope, rounded
at the top; the pleurz smooth, shining, beneath covered
with a silvery down; the base and apex obscurely punc-
tured. Abdomen with the basal three segments as long as
the head and thorax united; the top covered thickly with
black; the sides and ventral surface more sparsely with
longer silvery hairs; velvety; the basal segment gradually
dilated towards the apex; the two marks on the second
segment are oval, large; on the third they are more than
twice broader than long; on the fourth they are not much
longer than broad; there are none on the fifth; the
pygidium is densely covered at the sides with long fulvo-
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 4. 7
aureous hairs. The basal ventral segment is coarsely
punctured, and has in the middle a projection, which rises
a little towards the apex, which is a very little curved; the
second segment has distinctly separated punctures; the
others are finely and closely punctured on the apical half
and thickly clothed with long pale fulvous hairs. The legs
are moderately pilose; the tibial spines fulvous or pale;
the fore femora are rufous at the sides and beneath in the
middle ; the two hinder pairs rufous, except at the base
and apex, where they are black.
In size and form it comes near to M. sex-maculata, but
may be known from it by the thorax being entirely red ;
and by the third and fourth abdominal segments having
interrupted white bands instead of spots; the marks on
the second segment, too, being oval and not elongate.
MUTILLA VALIDA, Sp. nov.
Nigra, thorace supra rufo, abdomine albo-bimaculato,
bast longe fulvo-mrto. ¢. Long. 8mm.
Hab. Barrackpore (Rothney).
Head slightly wider than the thorax; thickly covered:
with long, the sides more thickly with silvery pubescence ;
behind the eyes it is developed twice the length of the
eyes. Scape covered with long white hairs; the flagellum
with fuscous down. Thorax about one half longer than
the head, its sides straight ; the pronotum and the apical
three-fourths of the median segment black; the rest
reddish ; strongly punctured, almost reticulated; the apex
with an oblique slope; slightly hollowed, smooth; the
pro- and meta-pleurz coarsely reticulated, the mesopleure
impunctate, smooth; the lower part thickly covered with
white hairs. The basal segment of the abdomen smooth,
obscurely shagreened, the apex with a broad, thick band
of rich fulvous hair; the second segment with two oval
marks of pale fulvous hairs; the apex with a broad
72 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Ortentalia.
fulvous belt of thick hairs; the third covered with thick
hair, laterally pale, in the middle rufo-fulvous; the other
segments fringed with pale fulvous hair. Ventral seg-
ments sparsely covered with pale hairs; the second
strongly punctured.
MUTILLA HUMILIS, sp. nov.
Nigra; capite et thorace rufis; abdomine argenteo 4-
maculato; pedibus anticis obscure rufis. 2. Long. 4mm.
Hab. Barrackpore (Rothney).
Head wider than the thorax, rufous; the orbits
broadly black; the vertex and front obscurely longi-
tudinally striolated; the oral region and the palpi testa-
ceous; the mandibles piceous before the apex. Thorax
above ferruginous, the sides all round the top, bordered
with black and irregularly longitudinally striolated; the
edges irregular, rough; with a few teeth which are more
numerous on the sides of the median segment, which
has a gradually rounded slope, and has at the top a
large tooth. Pleurez shining, impunctate, glabrous. Legs
black; the anterior tibiz and tarsi obscure rufo-testaceous.
Abdomen black, sparsely covered with long black hairs;
on basal segment is a square of silvery pubescence; on
the apex of the second segment are three oval silvery
marks; the other segments are marked with silvery
pubescence in the middle.
MUTILLA LAETA, Sp. nov.
Nigra, thorace supra rufo; abdomine argenteo 4-maculato.
>. Lone. 9mm? |
Hab. Barrackpore (Rothney).
Head hardly wider than the thorax, very coarsely
rugosely punctured, covered with long glistening hair; a
rufous mark in the centre of the vertex. Scape of the
antenne covered with long glistening hairs; the flagellum
with a distinct down; the thorax is not quite twice the
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 4. 73
length of the head; the sides looked at from above are
straight; but the mesopleurz are slightly excavated ;
above coarsely uniformly punctured; the propleure
entirely black, coarsely punctured; the mesopleure
smooth shining, separated from the propleure by a keel ;
black, rufous above, the lower part densely covered with
silvery pubescence; the metapleurz coarsely reticulated,
rufous above, black below. The median segment has at
the apex a sharp oblique slope. Abdomen black, covered
with black hairs, two elongated oval marks of silvery
pubescence on the second segment near the middle; the
third and fourth segments with silvery pubescence at the
sides above ; the other segments fringed with silvery pile.
The ventral segments covered with silvery hairs; the
second segment strongly punctured, the punctures dis-
tinctly separated. Legs entirely black, densely covered
with stout hairs; the tibial spines stout, longish.
MUTIELA PUERILIS, Sp. nov.
Ferruginea, sparse longe albo-lirta; abdomine nigro. 2.
Long. fere 8mm.
Hab. Ceylon (Yerbury).
Antenne ferruginous, the scape shining, sparsely
covered with longish white hairs; the flagellum closely
covered with short white down. Head shining, sparsely
covered with longish white hairs; the tips of the mandibles
and an elongated mark extending from the antennal
tubercles to the eyes, becoming narrowed as it approaches
them, black. Thorax above coarsely rugose, becoming
somewhat reticulated towards the median segment; the
mesothorax hardly narrowed towards the middle. The
propleure a little shagreened; the base of the mesopleure
a little aciculated and hollowed; the rest very shining and
impunctate; the apical part of the metapleure with
distinctly separated punctures. The median segment is
74 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
rounded at the top; the apex semi-oblique; abdomen
shining, closely and minutely punctured; sparsely covered
with long pale hairs; the base of the first to third segments
in the middle bearing long pale golden hairs; the hypo-
pygium covered with long pale golden hairs and closely
punctured; the ventral segments black, sparsely covered
with long white hair; the second segment bearing large, |
widely separated punctures; the other segments more.
closely and finely punctured at the apex. Legs covered
with long stiff whitish hairs; the anterior tibize and femora
slightly infuscated.
MUTILLA ARIEL, sp. nov.
Ferruginea; abdomine ceruleo, argenteo-maculato ; antennis
pedibusque nigris; basi antennarum ferrugineo. 2. Long.
II mm. |
Antenne black, sparsely pilose; the basal two joints
and the greater part of the third rufous. Head ferru-
ginous; above the antennz blackish; coarsely punctured ;
sparsely covered with long fuscous hairs. Thorax ferru-
ginous, not half the length of the abdomen, the sides
rounded at base and apex; the latter with an oblique
slope, broadly rounded at the top; above coarsely
punctured, sparsely covered with long blackish hairs,
which become silvery white on the median segment,
there is a large pale golden spot on the base of the
mesonotum; the sides are slightly and gradually narrowed
from the base of the mesothorax to the apex. The meso-
pleure a little hollowed in the centre, infuscated; the
lower part densely covered with pale golden hair; the
pro- and meta-pleurz coarsely punctured. The abdomen
is metallic blue, shining, sparsely covered with long black
hairs; there is a spot of silvery pubescence on either side
of the basal segment, an oblong or oval one in the middle
of the second; the second segment at the apex has a
broad band of silvery pubescence, dilated, broadly and
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xl1. (1897), No. 4. 75)
roundly in the middle; the other segments above in the
middle bear silvery spots; the ventral segments are some-
what thickly covered with long silvery pubescence. The
legs are covered with longish stiff silvery hairs; the tibial
spines stout; the calcaria pale testaceous.
Comes nearest to M. regia Sm., of which it may be
a variety, but is larger judging by the examples at my
disposal; the latter has the flagellum rufous, not black;
the legs for the greater part rufous, and the thorax more
dilated at the base. The head and thorax want the
metallic brassy tint of M. metallica and M. pulchriventris.
MUTILLA DIVES, sp. nov.
Nigra; thorace supra ferrugineo; abdomine argenteo-
maculato. °. Long. 8mm.
Hab. Barrackpore (Rothney).
Antennz entirely black, stout, as long as the head .
and thorax united. Head a very little narrower than the
thorax, coarsely punctured, sparsely covered with fuscous
hairs, thorax coarsely rugosely punctured; the base
rounded, the sides not contracted as seen from above;
the mesopleure excavated, shining, impunctate; densely
covered with long silvery hairs. The median segment
sharply oblique ; the metapleurz coarsely rugose; the
propleure with shallow punctures. Abdomen a little
longer than the head and thorax united, deep black,
velvety, the base of the second segment with silvery
pubescence in the middle; a somewhat roundish spot
above in the middle, and a slightly smaller one at the
apex; the third segment is covered entirely with silvery
pubescence; and the apical segment is fringed with long
silvery hairs. Legs entirely black, densely covered with
long white hairs.
Is not unlike M. taprobane but is longer, and has the
pleurz entirely black.
76 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Ortentalia.
MUTILLA PEREGRINA, Sp. 10Uv.
Long. 7 mm.
Hab. Barrackpore (Rothney).
A smaller and more slender species than M. discreta,
from which it may be known by the mesonotum being
more coarsely punctured and having besides two stout
longitudinal furrows.
Head distinctly narrower than the thorax; the part
behind the eyes, almost less than their length; strongly
punctured; thickly covered with long white hairs; the
mandibles ferruginous before the teeth; the palpi dark
fuscous. Antenne stout; the scape grooved beneath;
sparsely covered with long pale hair; the flagellum
thickly covered with fuscous down. Pronotum strongly
and closely punctured; the mesonotum strongly punc-
tured; and with the punctures more widely separated ;
the longitudinal furrows wide and continuous; the
scutellum less strongly punctured than the mesonotum ;
the median segment with a gradually rounded slope ;
strongly reticulated. Pleurz coarsely punctured; the
base of the metapleurze impunctate, the apex reticulated.
The basal abdominal segment very coarsely punctured ;
the second less strongly, the other segments almost
impunctate, and rather densely covered with long white
hairs. The basal ventral segment coarsely punctured,
without a keel; the second rather strongly punctured ;
the others finely and closely punctured at the apex; the
apical segment closely punctured, without any depression.
MUTILLA COTESII, sp. nov.
Nigra ; thorace capiteque argenteo-maculats ; pedibus
nigris, bast rufis. 2. Long. 8mm.
Hab. Barrackpore (Rothney).
Head large, wider than the thorax, but not much;
black; a large somewhat roundish mark of silvery
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 4. ae
pubescence on the centre of the vertex, the edge of
the occiput rufous; the vertex strongly longitudinally
striolated; the front strongly striolated; the antennal
tubercles shining, rufous; the middle of the mandibles
broadly rufous. Antennz covered with white pubescence ;
the flagellum for the greater part rufous beneath. Thorax
not one-half longer than the head; very slightly widened
towards the apex; the edges at the top irregular; those
of the median segment with four large pale rufous teeth,
the apex of the median segment oblique, but not sharply
The pleurz shining, impunctate, black, except the apices
of the metapleurz which are rufous; the mesopleure are
hollowed at base and apex. Legs black, covered with
white hair; the tibial spines long, pale rufous. The
coxe, trochanters, and base of femora (the hinder broadly)
rufous. Abdomen not much longer than the head and
thorax united; the basal segment at the base obliquely
truncated, and at the apex distinctly separated from the
second; and with a square mark of silvery pubescence
in the centre at the apex; the second segment has at the
apex three somewhat oval marks of silvery pubescence ;
the fourth and fifth segments have silvery pubescence at
the apex. The keel on the basal ventral segment ends
in the centre in two teeth, the basal being twice the
length of the apical; the second segment bears large,
round deep punctures; the centre is a little raised, and
the raised part ends before the apex in a blunt raised,
somewhat triangular tooth. The other segments are
more closely punctured, except at the base; and all are
covered with long pale soft hairs.
MUTILLA ROTHNEYI, sp. nov. (Pl. 4, f. 14).
Capite thoraceque supra ferrugineis, abdomine nigro,
argenteo 5-maculato. 2. Long. 8mm.
Hab. Barrackpore (Rothney).
In coloration and form of the head and thorax like
<
78 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
M. edtpus, but the latter is easily known from it by the
thorax being contracted in the middle.
Head large, a little broader than the thorax; coarsely
longitudinally striolated ; the striz running into reticula-
tions towards the antennze; black; the front and vertex
broadly ferruginous; the ferruginous colour extending
to alittle below the bottom of the eyes; the antennal
tubercles and a stripe on the mandibles ferruginous. The
scape of the antennze covered with long silvery hairs, the
flagellum sparsely with a pale down. Thorax short, not
much longer than the head; coarsely rugosely punctured,
sparsely covered with black hairs; the apex of the median
segment oblique; the pleurze excavated, shining, impunc-
tate; the base and apex a little pilose; at, the fopame
the middle the median segment ends in a sharp spine.
Abdomen a little longer than the head and thorax united ;
the base obliquely truncated, with a narrow margin at its
apex, and with a spot of pale golden pubescence in its
centre above; at the apex of the second segment there is a
central and a lateral somewhat larger oval mark of pale
golden pubescence ; the other segments have a somewhat
squarish mark in the middle of the same colour. The
ventral segments punctured, the basal segment much
more strongly than the others; they are fringed with
fulvous hairs. Legs entirely black, bearing white hair.
The present species may, of course, be the 2 of my
M. edipus, but this is a point which can only be
decided by direct observation. The head in M. Rothneyt
is wider compared to the prothorax; the mesothorax is
stoutly spined; the front and vertex strongly longi-
tudinally striated all over, while in M. edipus it is only
punctured ; the head behind the eyes in M. edipus is much
more thickly covered with white hairs. There is no
appreciable difference in the form and coloration of the
two; in M. Rothneyi the sides of the median segment are
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 4. 79
stoutly spined all over; in M. w@dipus there are only five
large, stout, widely separated spines, these becoming larger
from the base to the apex ; in M. Rothneyi the second basal
abdominal segment is stoutly produced in the middle
towards the apex, which is not the case in M. ewdipus.
HOSSORES:
OXYBELUS CEYLONICUS, sp. nov.
eng. 7 mil.
Hab. Trincomali, Ceylon (Yerbury).
Approaches nearest to O. squamosus Sm., with which
it agrees best in the form of the squama; but O. squamosus
may be known from it by the hinder tibiz and tarsi being
yellow, while here they are black.
Head closely punctured, covered, with short white
pubescence, especially above, where it assumes a fulvous
hue. The scape of the antennz black above, yellowish
beneath; the flagellum fulvous; its base yellowish,
blackish above. The clypeus projects and is thickly
covered with longish silvery hairs; the mandibles yellowish
at the base, black at the apex, and piceous between. Thorax
piack; a line ‘on the pronotum behind; the tegulz,
tubercles, sides of the scutellum, and the squamz on the
post-scutellum yellow. Mesonotum closely punctured, the
punctures more widely separated towards its apex; the
suture at the base of the scutellum crenulated ; the scu-
tellar punctures large, widely separated, more numerous at
the apex, where there is, in the middle, a stout projection.
Post scutellar squamz curved on the outer side, ending in
a curved triangular tooth; the squama large, curved at
the base, where there is a stout longitudinal keel; the rest
of it with stout striations all clearly separated ; the apex
roundly incised; the ends rounded; the segment at the
side of the squama is smooth except for a few striations,
80 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
and is for the most part pale brownish; its outer side
aciculated and with a few stout striations; the apex has
in the middle two stout keels, which form a large tri-
angular space rough in the centre and depressed at the
apex ; the keels prolonged as one to the apex; the sides
obliquely aciculated. The mesopleure punctured, the
metapleurze obliquely striated; the striations widely
separated. Legs: the coxz and the base of the fore
femora black; the fore femora yellowish; the four
posterior ferruginous, the fore tibize yellowish ; the middle
ferruginous ; the hinder blackish; the tarsi blackish; the
anterior testaceous, yellowish at the base; the hind tibize
strongly spined, the spines white, the spurs of a more
testaceous hue; the apex of the middle femora and the
four hinder tibize at the base, yellow. Wings clear hyaline,
the nervures dark fuscous. Abdomen black, strongly
punctured, the sides with a broad yellow line on the four
basal segments; the pygidial area thickly covered with
longish fulvous hairs.
ASTATA TARDA, Sp. nov.
Nigra; abdomine rufo late balteato; alis hyalimis, fere
fumatis ; stugmate testaceo. 3. Long. 1omm.
Hab, Ceylon (Yerbury).
Resembles A. agilis Sm., but is larger, and has
not the wings distinctly smoky at the apex; the radial
cellule at the top much longer than the stigma, while in
A. agilis it is only about its length; the third cubital cellule
much longer compared to the second; and the median
segments with no distinct longitudinal keels. Head
closely punctured; the sides and clypeus thickly covered
with long white hairs; a furrow leads down to the
antenne, the space between the latter smooth and
shining, as is also the space in front of the ocelli.
Scape of the antennze covered with long white hairs.
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 4. 81
Thorax covered with long white hairs; the mesonotum
closely punctured; the scutellum at the base smooth,
impunctate; post-scutellum rugose ; the median segment
reticulated; its top on the oblique apex with a deep oval,
impunctate depression; a wide deep oblique depression
on the mesopleura. The basal segment of the abdomen
black ; its apex, the second segment and the base of the
third, ferruginous; the base and apex thickly covered
with long white hair; the basal ventral segment ferru-
ginous at the sides.
PIson (PARAPISON) ROTHNEYI, sp. nov. (Pl. 4, f. 15).
Nigrum, argenteo-pilosum ; mandibulis geniculis, trbusque
anticis rufis; alis hyalims. 2. Long. 6—7 mm.
Hab. Barrackpore (Rothney).
Black, shining, covered with silvery pubescence. Head
finely punctured, covered with short fuscous pubescence,
except at the incision of the eyes; the cheeks thickly
and the clypeus more sparsely covered with silvery pubes-
cence; an indistinct shallow longitudinal furrow below
the ocelli; the mandibles and palpi rufous. Antenne
black; the apical three joints rufous beneath; covered
with sparse fuscous pubescence. Thorax shining, impunc-
tate; sparsely covered with white pubescence, especially
at the sides and base; the median segment with a broad
longitudinal furrow extending from the base to the middle
of the segment. Pleurz sparsely covered with short white
hairs; the apex of the propleurz brownish and surrounded
by a fringe of silvery pubescence; in the centre of the
mesopleura is a deep short depression, a little longer than
wide; the sternum deeply and widely excavated. Legs
black, thickly covered with short silvery pubescence; the
apical third of the fore femora, the front tibiz entirely,
the hinder side of the middle, the basal three-fourths
of the hinder, the hinder knees and the calcaria, rufo-
EF
82 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
testaceous. Wings hyaline, the costa and nervures black,
the latter paler towards the apex of the wing; the second
cubital cellule is much narrowed towards the top, the
space there bounded by the transverse cubital nervures
being less than that bounded by the first recurrent and
the first transverse cubital nervure; the second recurrent
nervure is almost interstitial nervure. Abdomen shining,
impunctate; sparsely covered towards the apex with a
silvery pile; the apical segments at the apices testaceous.
Parapison was erected by Smith (Trans. Ent. Soc.,
1869, p. 298) for those species, otherwise agreeing with
Pison, which have only two transverse cubital nervures.
Kohl (Die Gattungen und Arten der Larriden, Verh. z.-6.
Ges. Wien, xxxiv.) regards it as only a section of Pzson.
PISON STRIOLATUM, Sp. nov.
Nigrum; facie argenteo-pilosa; alis hyalinis. &. Long.
8 mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Has the typical neuration of Pison as figured by Kohl,
(Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien., xxxiv., t. 8, f. 1,) 1.¢., the Tequnnerae
nervures are both interstitial.
Head in front opaque, coarsely rugose, behind the
ocelli the vertex more shining, and with the punctures
more distinct and much more widely separated ; below
the centre of the eye incision thickly covered with silvery
pubescence; the apex of the clypeus gradually brought
to a sharp point. Thorax black; sparsely covered with
fuscous, the median segment with longer white hairs ;
the sides with oblique, the centre with curved striz; the
base with a short straight keel at the base; the apex is
broadly depressed. Pleurz strongly punctured; a wide
longitudinal furrow on the mesopleura; the metapleurz
smooth; covered sparsely with long hair. Tibiz and
tarsi thickly covered with white pubescence, which gives
ie aki
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 4. 83
them a whitish appearance. The two recurrent nervures
are completely interstitial; the pedicle of the second
recurrent nervure is longer than the lower cellule.
Abdomen smooth, shining, impunctate; the apex sparsely
covered with white hairs.
CEMONUS..
Neither this genus (or subgenus according to some
authors) nor its type Pemphredon has been recorded
hitherto from the Oriental Region.
CEMONUS FUSCIPENNIS, sp. nov. (PI. 4, f. 16).
Niger, nitidus, sparse albo-hirsutus; alis fumatis, bast
fere hyalinis. 2°. Long. 8—gmm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head very shining, the front closely, the vertex much
more sparsely covered with shallow punctures; sparsely
covered with long fuscous hairs; the cheeks and clypeus
at the sides much more thickly covered with long white
hairs; the clypeus with a few punctures in the middle;
mandibles entirely black. Antennz entirely black; almost
bare. Thorax shining; the pronotum coarsely punctured ;
the mesonotum shining, smooth; in front with a few
widely separated punctures; and an indistinct, shallow,
longitudinal furrow ; and there is a more distinct lateral
One. The cmoeoth arca in the base of the median
segment is stoutly crenulated; and there is a distinct
longish longitudinal furrow in the centre; and the sides
(but not at their extreme edges) have some shallow
punctures. The propleure at the base are strongly
aciculated; the centre smooth, almost impunctate, the
mesopleure strongly punctured ; the metapleurz obliquely
striolated, almost reticulated. Legs black; the femora
and tibize sparsely covered with long white hair; the
84 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Ortentalia.
tibiz also with a pale pubescence; the tarsi have the
hairs thicker and shorter. Wings, nervures, and stigma
black; the second recurrent nervure received shortly
before the first transverse cubital. Petiole rugosely
punctured; covered with long white hair; the rest of
the abdomen very smooth and shining, almost glabrous,
except at the apex, where there are a few pale hairs.
POMPILIDZA:.
CEROPALES ALBOVARIEGATA, Sp. nov.
Lutea ; capite thoraceque albo-maculatis ; vertice, pronoto
basique mesonoti, mgris; alis hyalims. &. Long. 8mm.
Hab. Trincomali, Ceylon (Yerbury).
Antenne black; the basal two joints of the flagellum
brownish beneath; the scape yellowish beneath; the
flagellum thickly covered with short pubescence. Head
shining, impunctate; the front, vertex and occiput, except
at the sides, black ; the rest white ; the labrum brownish;
the tips of the mandibles black; the antennal tubercles
largely projecting above the antennz, clear white; oval,
deeply triangularly cleft down the middle; the anterior
ocellus in a depression from which runs a furrow. Thorax
smooth, shining, impunctate, glabrous; the pronotum
black, lined with white at the apex ; its sides at the base
projecting beneath, clear white ; the mesonotum black to
the scutellum, in front of which it is white, it having also
a white line at the tegula; there is a white mark under
the tegula, a smaller one under the hind wings; a large
mark at the base of the mesopleurz on the lowerside, and
a narrow line opposite it at the apex, a small triangular
oblique mark and a curved one over the hind coxe, clear
white ; legs fulvous; the anterior coxz white beneath ;
the hind tarsi fuscous. Wings clear hyaline; the stigma
and neryures black.
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 4. 85
POMPILUS ICHNEUMONIFORMIS, Sp. nO0v.
Fulvus ; capite, thorace apiceque antennarum nigro-macu-
latis; alis fulvo-hyalimis, stigmate fusco. 2.. Long. 13—
14mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head fulvous; a broad black band with straight sides,
extending from the ocelli to near the eyes; the vertex
sparsely covered with fuscous; the clypeus much more
densely with longer fulvous, hairs; the apex of the clypeus
transverse, smooth, and shining; the orbits have a yellower
tint than the clypeus; mandibles yellow, black at the
apex. Antennz fulvous; the apical five joints black;
thorax fulvous; the base of the pronotum, of the meso-
notum, two broad black lines on it extending from the
base to the scutellum, the sides at the post-scutellum, the
base of the median segment, the pleural sutures and the
sternum, black. Legs entirely fulvous; the coxze with a
more yellowish hue. Wings fulvous, the apex with a
smoky violaceous hue; the second cubital cellule at the
top is a little longer, at bottom shorter than the third;
the first recurrent nervure is received shortly before, the
second in, the basal third of the cellule. Abdomen
fulvous; the extreme base black; where there is a deep
triangular depression.
DEPLOPTERA.
RHYNCHIUM BASIMACULA, sp. nov. (Pl. 4, f. 17.)
Nigrum ; facie abdomineque flavo-lineatis ; alis violacets.
igone, Tomm,. . >.
Hab. Barrackpore (Rothney).
Black; the apex of the first and of the second
abdominal segment much more narrowly, and a short
line behind the eyes, white; the wings violaceous. Front
and vertex with large, clearly separated punctures; the
86 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
clypeus with the punctures obscure; its apex depressed ;
slightly curved; the base of the clypeus, and the inner
orbits to the top of the incision, white; the mandibles
deeply grooved. Antenne entirely black. Thorax opaque;
black; the edge of the pronotum white behind; the
pro- and meso-notum strongly, but not very deeply punc-
tured. Scutellum and _ post-scutellum more _ rugosely
punctured than the mesonotum. Pro- and meso-notum
more strongly punctured than the metapleure, of which
the punctures are more widely separated and not so
deep. Legs black, covered with a white down. Abdomen
shining, impunctate; the apex of the basal segment with
a broad white band of equal width; the second with a
much narrower band, dilated slightly at the sides. Wings
violaceous ; the second cubital cellule at the top is as long
as the space bounded by the second recurrent and the
second transverse cubital nervures.
The ¢ is very similar to the ¢ ; the clypeus is entirely
pale yellow, with a mushroom-like black mark at the
apex; the line on the orbits is broader; the scape is for
the greater part yellow, beneath. 7
This species was recognised by the late Mr. F. Smith
as an undescribed species; but it has not, so far as I
know, been described.
EUMENES BUDDHA, Sp. nov.
Nigra; clypeo, lines pronott, tibisque anterioribus
flavis ; alis fusco-violaceis. %. Long. 15mm.
Hab. Barrackpore (Rothney).
Head black; the clypeus, and a narrow line dilated at
the top reaching from it to near the ocelli, lemon yellow ;
the clypeus triangularly cleft in the middle at the apex
forming two straight teeth; the part behind these being
oblique; the teeth and apex of the mandibles rufous;
front and vertex strongly punctured, sparsely covered
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 4. 87
with white down; there is a short yellow line behind,
and close to, the eyes above the middle. Antenne black,
except the terminal hook and the two joints in front of
it which are fulvous; the hook sharply curved. Thorax
coarsely punctured all over, sparsely covered with white
pubescence; a very narrow line on the side of the
propleure joined to a larger one on the mesopleura,
a line on the apex of the prothorax, one in the centre
of the post-scutellum and a line on the apex of the first
and second abdominal segments, lemon-yellow. Pro-
_pleure shining, impunctate, deeply obliquely excavated ;
there is a short longitudinal furrow in the centre of the
mesopleura ; the oblique space below the hind wing
smooth shining, impunctate, except the lower half at the
base, which is strongly punctured; the upper edge at
the apex crenulated. The median segments at the apex
roundly depressed. Legs black, covered with a white
down; the hair on the under side of the front tarsi is
fulvous.
EUMENES ADVENA, Sp. nov.
Nigra; tegulis pedibusque rufis; alis fusco-violacets.
Rone. i mm. ¢.
Hab. Barrackpore (Rothney).
Antenne entirely black; the scape shining, the flagellum
coarse, opaque. Punctures of the head, close, especially
on the front where they run into reticulations; the clypeus
very thickly, the rest of the head more sparsely covered
with silvery hairs; the front somewhat triangularly pro-
duced between the antennae. Mandibles with two deep,
wide longitudinal grooves on the apical half, the grooves
being piceous towards the apex. Thorax coarsely punc-
tured, more sparsely in the middle of the mesonotum,
and still more sparsely on the scutellum; the parapsidal
grooves are deep, wide, and run from base to apex. The
propleure are coarsely irregularly obliquely striolated, on
88 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
the lower half the striations being stout; the rest of it,
being irregularly punctured and on the lower part irregularly
striolated ; the mesopleurz strongly punctured; the punc-
tures widely separated; shortly beyond the centre is a
wide deep depression bearing some stout irregular keels;
the hinder part of the mesopleure strongly aciculated.
Scutellum shining; the middle at the apex a little
depressed ; at the base is a wide depression with five stout
keels; and at its apex is a deep wide depression with
oblique median segment depressed in the middle; the sides
of the depression oblique and meeting at the bottom, and
irregularly, somewhat obliquely striolated, the bottom and
sides with a sharp keel; the lower part outside this central
depression strongly irregularly reticulated. Legs red,
covered sparsely with white hairs ; the greater part of the
fore coxz and the base of the middle pair above, black.
Abdomen black; covered with white hairs; a long
depression, keeled in the centre, down the middle at the
base; the second segment punctured ; the other segments
also punctured, but with the punctures closer together ;
and covered with long white hair.
ANTHOPHILA.
ANDRENIDZ.
As will be seen, the Andrenidz are almost exclusively
confined to the northern parts, and more particularly to
the mountainous regions of India.
PROSOPIS.
Only one species of Prosopis has been recorded from
the Indian Peninsula; but several are known from the
Australian portion of the Malay Archipelago. The new
species here described may be separated as follows :—
1 (2) Front strongly longitudinally striated (only the hinder
tibize yellow at the base). striatifrons
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 4. 8g
2 (1) Front not longitudinally striated.
3 (4) Tibiz not annulated with white. leucotarsts
A (3) Tibiz annulated with white at the base.
5 (6) The keel on the median segment rounded inwardly
in the middle at the apex and not running into a
central furrow. strenua
6 (5) The keel on the median segment not rounded inwardly
in the middle at the apex.
7 (8) The middle of the median segment raised and sepa-
| rated from the sides, which are not striated, base
of tibiz black. obsoleta
8 (7) The middle of the median segment not raised and
separated from the sides and uniformly rugose;
base of tibize white. — bellicosa
Prosopis STRIATIFRONS, Sp. nov.
Nigra; orbitis oculorum infra lineaque pronott flavis ;
alis hyalims. 2. Long. 7mm.
Hab. Barrackpore (Rothney).
Comes near to P. obsoleta; but is larger and stouter ;
the front is stoutly longitudinally striated; the median
segment longitudinally striated.
Head black; the inner orbits yellow, the yellow dilated
towards the middle, gradually at the bottom, more sharply
and obliquely at the top. The front and clypeus longitu-
dinally striated; the front raised, its sides with a stout
border; the vertex finely punctured, very sparsely and
shortly haired. Antenne stout, the flagellum obscure
brownish beneath. Thorax closely punctured, the meso-
notum rather strongly punctured; the scutellum with the
punctures finer and more widely separated. Centre of
median segment at the base irregularly and somewhat
strongly reticulated; this reticulated part being sur-
rounded by a distinct border; the rest of the segment
coarsely aciculated; the apex with a furrow down the
go CAMERON, Hymenoptera Ortentalia.
centre. Mesopleuree more strongly punctured than the
mesonotum; the oblique furrow obscurely crenulated.
In the front of the pronotum is an interrupted yellow
line; the tegule are yellow in front, fuscous behind, and
below them is a yellow mark. Wings hyaline; the costa
and stigma black; the nervures more fuscous in tint ;
the first recurrent nervure is received shortly in front of
the transverse, almost interstitial; the second interstitial.
Legs covered with white hairs; the fore tibiz broadly
obscure rufous (perhaps discoloured) in front; the basal
third is lined with yellow behind; the base of the hind
tibiz clear yellow. Abdomen shining, glabrous, impunc-
tate.
PROSOPIS LEUCOTARSIS, sp. nov.
Nigra; clypeo, tegulis tarsisque flavis; alts hyalinis, nervis
stigmateque pallidis. 2. Long. 5 mm. |
Hab. Ceylon (Rothney).
Head nearly as wide as the thorax ; shining, impunc-
tate; the front and vertex sparsely covered with long pale
hairs; the clypeus and labrum yellowish-white, immacu- .
late. Antenne black, sparsely microscopically pilose ;
the scape sparsely covered with fuscous hair. Thorax
black, shining, bearing longish white hairs; the base of
the median segment somewhat flat, aciculate; the apex
with an oblique slope; covered with long pale hairs.
Pleure shining, impunctate, thickly covered with longish
pale hairs, and having a bronzy tinge. Legs black, with
a greenish tinge, sparsely haired; the tarsi rufo-testaceous,
thickly covered with white hairs. The second recurrent
nervure is straight, oblique; the second is, at the top,
curved towards the first; the cellule at the top being
there not much more than half the length it is at the
bottom ; the first recurrent nervure is almost interstitial ;
the second recurrent nervure is received very shortly in
front of the second transverse cubital.
Manchester Memoirs, Vol xl. (1897), No. 4 gi
PROSOPIS STRENUA, Sp. nov.
one. Guam. o -
Hab. Barrackpore (Rothney).
Head as wide as the thorax, closely, but not very
strongly, punctured; sparsely covered with pale hairs; a
square mark on the clypeus, a line on the inner orbits
extending from the base of the mandibles to near the
level of the front ocellus, and becoming gradually wider
in the middle, bright yellow; the labrum and tips of the
mandibles piceous; the palpi testaceous. The front raised
and stoutly keeled laterally over the antenne. Antenne
covered with a fuscous pubescence; the base of the scape
and the second and third joints, obscure rufous; the
flagellum obscure testaceous beneath. Thorax black;
a line on the base of the pronotum, narrowed in front,
the tegulz at the base and a mark in front of them,
lemon-yellow. Mesonotum closely and rather strongly
punctured; the scutellum with the punctures, if anything,
larger, but more widely separated. Middle of the median
segment raised, the raised parts forming a rugose triangle,
bordered by a smooth space semicircular at the apex,
which again is bordered by a distinct keel; its apex has
a straight abrupt slope; the base in the middle excavated;
the apex transversely rugose. Pleure rather strongly
punctured ; a wide furrow running down from the tegule
to the sternum, which is strongly punctured and slightly
hollowed in the middle. Legs black, slightly covered
with white pile; the anterior greater part of the fore
tibiz, the base of the middle, the basal half of the
hinder, and the greater part of the basal joint of the
hinder tarsi, bright yellow; the front four tarsi testaceous,
obscure yellow at the base, black at base behind. Wings
hyaline; the nervures fuscous, the stigma and costa
darker; the two recurrent nervures interstitial. Abdomen
black, shining, the ventral segments obscurely punctured
at the base; the apex bearing fuscous hairs.
92 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
PROSOPIS ABSOLUTA, sp. nov.
Lone. 5 mm. 72.
Hab. Barrackpore (Rothney).
Resembles P. strenua; but may be known by the base
of the median segment wanting the smooth space and the
curved keels.
Head scarcely so wide as the thorax, strongly punc-
tured, almost rugose; thickly covered with short white
hairs; a mark rounded at the base and broader than
long at the apex of the clypeus; an elongate somewhat
triangular spot, extending from the base of the clypeus
to near the front ocellus, the apex of its dilated part being
at the top of the clypeus, and the lines are united there by
a yellow mark, which is truncated at the bottom, rounded
at the top. Flagellum brownish beneath, covered with
a microscopic down. Thorax black, strongly punctured ;
covered with short white pubescence; the median segment
broadly and coarsely rugose in the middle, the rugose
part triangular, and at the apex bearing stout transverse
irregular keels; the sides and apex of the median segment
alutaceous, covered with a pale microscopic down. Meso-
pleurz rather strongly punctured, the punctures all
distinctly separated; the metapleurz coarsely alutaceous.
Legs covered with white pubescence; the greater part of
the fore tibiz and the hinder four broadly white at the
base; the front pair piceous behind; the calcaria white;
the tips of the tarsi testaceous. Wings hyaline, the
stigma and nervures dark fuscous; the first recurrent
nervure received in front of the transverse cubital; the
second interstitial. Abdomen entirely black; a spot of
white pubescence on the side of the second segment.
PROSOPIS BELLICOSA, sp. nov.
Long. 6 mm.
Hab. Barrackpore (Rothney).
May be known from the other species by the central
Manchester Memotrs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 4. 93
part of the median segment being distinctly raised and
separated from the lateral; these are smooth, shining,
and impunctate; the surrounding keel is stout and
piceous in colour.
Antenne black; the flagellum brownish beneath, and
bearing a slight white microscopic down. Head coarsely
punctured ; bearing short white microscopic pubescence ;
the inner orbits to near the lower ocellus, and dilated
below the antennz and narrower at the bottom than at
the top, and a large mark on the clypeus, broad at the
base and gradually narrowed to the top, yellow; the
upper part of the mandibles yellow, the apical piceous.
Thorax black; the pro- and meso-notum punctured; the
median segment at the base witha large somewhat square
coarsely rugose space, surrounded by a smooth impunc-
tate area, bordered by a stout, semicircular piceous keel ;
the apex without a distinct furrow and thickly covered
with white hairs. Pleurze and sternum strongly’ punc-
tured ; a line on the pronotum at the apex, the tubercles
and the base of the tegulz yellow, the apex of the tegule,
piceous. Legs black, covered with white pubescence ;
the anterior knees, tibie and tarsi, the middle tibize
_broadly at the base and slightly at the apex, the hinder
tibiz broadly at the apex and the metatarsi, yellow; the
hinder femora incline to piceous beneath ; and the yellow
is suffused at the base or apex with brownish. Abdomen
shining, the sides sparsely covered with white pubescence.
The size of the yellow mark on the clypeus varies.
JnesOIK@ AM OSs
a. Species with the abdomen more or less reddish.
HALICTUS WROUGHTONI, sp. nov.
Niger ; longe dense pallide lirtus; abdominis basi late
vufo; pedibus mgris, femoribus fere piceis, longe albo-pilosis ;
alis hyalints, stugmate piceo, nervis pallidis. 2. Long. 8mm.
Hab. Bombay Presidency (Wroughton).
94 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
Head black, very densely covered with grey pubescence,
longer and slightly sparser in front; short and very dense
behind, completely hiding the surface; the labrum fringed
with long golden pubescence; the mandibles ferruginous
at the apex, their base, on the outer side, covered with
short, close, white pubescence. Antenne black, slender,
the scape sparsely covered with short white hairs. Thorax
densely covered with soft white hairs; the mesonotum
closely but not deeply punctured; the hairs on the post-
scutellum shorter and covering it entirely; the base of
the median segment closely, irregularly striolated; the
hairs on the pleure long and thick. Legs black; the
femora dark piceous; covered with long white hairs, those
on the hinder femora being especially long; on the hinder
tibia and tarsi they have a fulvous tinge. The third
cubital cellule is nearly twice the length of the second
at top and bottom. Abdomen shining, impunctate; the
basal segment and the basal half of the second red; the
basal segment at the base covered with long white hairs;
the others fringed with white pubescence; the ventral
segments red; the apical two black; thickly covered with
long pale hairs.
HALICTUS DECORUS, Sp. nov.
Niger; abdominis basi late rufo; tarsis testaceis; alis
hyalinis. 2. Long. fere 5mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head with a slight greenish tinge; the clypeus and
the lower part of the front thickly covered with white
pubescence ; the vertex with longer, sparser fuscous hairs;
the mandibles ferruginous, the teeth blackish; their
base sparsely covered with pale hairs. Antennz black,
brownish beneath from the fifth joint. Thorax black,
almost impunctate; the pronotum thickly covered with
white hairs; as is also the post-scutellum and the sides of
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 4. 95
the scutellum; the median segment has an elongated
semicircular area, the base raised, rugosely punctured ;
the rest of it smooth, with a distinct central and a few
incomplete longitudinal keels, there being also a trans-
verse keel before the apex. Behind the narrow part
of this area, at the sides of it, is a strongly irregularly
obliquely keeled area; the apex of the segment semi-
oblique, strongly aciculated. Meso- and meta-pleure
thickly covered with white hairs; the latter obliquely
/ striated. Legs black, with a piceous tinge, the femora
darker ; the femora sparsely, the tibiz and tarsi thickly,
covered with white hairs. Tegule testaceous, darker
behind. Wings clear hyaline, the nervures and stigma
blackish ; the recurrent nervures received near the apical
third of the cellules. Abdomen shining, smooth; the
basal three segments red above and below; the apical
black, thickly covered with longish white hair.
Comes near to H. xanthognathus Sm., but is much
smaller and otherwise quite distinct. |
HALICTUS DISSIMILANDUS, sp. nov.
Meng. icte 6mm. *.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Is very like H. decorus in size and coloration, but may
be at once known by the base of the median segment
not having a depressed semicircular area clearly defined
by a keel, it being instead strongly reticulated ; the legs,
too, are much lighter in tint.
Antenne black, thick, sparsely covered with white
microscopic hairs; the front and vertex more sparsely
with longer hairs; the vertex obscurely punctured ;
mandibles rufous, the tips black. Pro- and meso-notum
covered with fuscous hairs; the hairs on the scutellum
longer and paler; the pro- and meso-notum coarsely
punctured; the scutellum not quite so strongly punc-
* * ie
96 _ CAMERON, Hymenoptera Ortentalia.
tured as the mesonotum ; the median segment stoutly
reticulated; its apex oblique shining, not reticulated.
Propleurze smooth, piceous; the base with some longitu-
dinal keels; the apex fringed with woolly hairs; the
mesopleurz coarsely rugosely punctured; the metapleure
with an oblique smooth space in the centre, the base
and apex coarsely punctured. Legs obscure piceous ;
the femora darker; sparsely covered with white hairs.
Wings hyaline; the nervures and stigma fuscous; the
first recurrent nervure received quite close to the trans-
verse cubital; the second in the apical third of the
cellule. The basal three segments of the abdomen
rufous, widely suffused with black in the middle; the
apical segments sparsely covered with white hairs; the
ventral segments coloured like the dorsal.
One of this species has projecting from the apex of
the third dorsal segment the larve of one of the Stylopide,
probably a Halictophagus.
HALICTUS INVIDUS, sp. nov.
Niger; thorace fortiter punctato ; metanoto reticulato ;
abdominis medio ferrugineo ; alis hyalinis, apice fere fumatis.
2. Long. 7—8 mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head rugosely punctured; below the antennz thickly
covered with white hairs; the front and vertex more
sparsely covered with longer white hairs. Mandibles
piceous in the middle; underneath with a few long golden
hairs. Antenne stout, the flagellum thickly covered with
longish white hairs; the joints of the flagellum dilated
broadly beneath; towards the apex bearing a white
microscopic pile. Thorax coarsely rugosely punctured ;
the punctures on the apex of the mesonotum larger and
more widely separated ; the base of the median segment
with stout longitudinal keels, irregular in the middle,
Manchester Memotrs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 4. Q7
forming almost reticulations ; at the apex in the middle
is an area broad and rounded at the base, becoming
narrowed towards the apex; forming an almost pyriform
space ; there is an oblique, somewhat similar, area at its
side at the top; the rest has four stout slightly oblique
keels, running from the centre. Pro- and meso-pleurz
coarsely strongly punctured, running into strong reticula-
Jations at the apex; the metapleure coarsely strongly
punctured; the base coarsely obliquely striated; the
fuumetures at the apex large, round. Legs black; the
apices testaceous; the femora sparsely, the tibiz, and
especially the tarsi, covered with silvery white pubescence.
The first and second transverse cubital nervures are
bullated at top and bottom; the first recurrent nervure is
received quite close to the transverse cubital; the second
shortly before the apical third of the cellule. Abdomen
shining, the basal three segments punctured; the apical
smooth and shining; the ventral segments shining,
broadly ferruginous in the middle; the third ferruginous
in the middle.
HALICTUS SERENUS, sp. nov.
Niger; abdominis basi late rufo; alis hyalinis, nervis
wesiaceis. 3. Long. 5mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head finely punctured, thickly covered with long
white hair; the mandibles before the apex ferruginous ;
beneath with some long golden hairs. Antennz stout,
the scape with some long white hairs; the flagellum
almost bare. The base of the median segment with its
area irregularly striolated; the lateral striations on it
straighter and more widely separated; the apex hollowed,
smooth, impunctate at base, the apex rough, but without
any distinctly defined keels. Pleurz strongly aciculated,
covered with long white hairs; femora clothed with some
long white hairs; the tibiz and tarsi more thickly with
G
98 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalta.
golden hairs. Abdomen shining, black, the basal segment
reddish, the base with longish white hairs, deeply and
widely incised above; the ventral segments like the
dorsal. The first recurrent nervure almost interstitial,
received immediately in front of the transverse cubital
nervure ; the second in the apical fourth of the cellule.
b. Green or blue spectes.
HALICTUS GRANDICEPS, sp. nov.
Cupreo-viridis, longe albo-hirsutus ; antennis nigris; alts
flavo-hyalinis. 2. Long. 8—gmm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head large, wider than the thorax, coppery green,
thickly covered with white pubescence; closely and
uniformly punctured; except above, and on the clypeus,
where the punctures are more widely separated; the
apical half of the clypeus coppery and fringed with golden
hairs. Antennz black; very sparsely covered with micro-
scopic pile. Thorax above closely and rather strongly
punctured ; the punctures wider apart and larger on the
apex of the mesonotum and on the scutellum; the hairs
on the mesonotum sparse; on the post-scutellum long
and thick; the base of the median segment depressed,
finely longitudinally striated; this part in front being
bordered by a shining, smooth, glabrous space ; the apex
has an oblique slope; an elongated deep depression in
the middle, into which run two shallow curved furrows
from the top, which enclose a triangle at the top. Pleure
closely and finely punctured; the enclosed space below
strongly, the hind wings at top and bottom strongly
transversely striolated ; the lower part of the metapleure
at the bottom at the base finely longitudinally striated.
The four hinder tibiz and tarsi thickly covered with long
pale fulvous hairs; the femora and the fore legs with the
hairs whiter and sparser ; the spurs pale fulvous. Wings
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 4. 99
hyaline but with a distinct fulvous tinge, especially
towards the base; the stigma and nervures fulvous, the
lower nervure of the costa blackish. Abdomen shining,
shagreened, except the base of the basal segment; the
apices of the segments fringed with white hairs; the last
segment thickly covered with long pale golden hairs; the
ventral segments shagreened and covered with long pale
hairs at the apex. |
HALICTUS ALEXIS, sp. nov.
Viridis, dense fulvo-hirtus; alis hyalinis, stigmate pallide
flavo ; pedibus longe, dense, pallide pilosis. &. Long. 7mm.
Hab. Barrackpore (Rothney).
In its bronzy green coloration it agrees with H. pro-
pinquus; but it is larger, and the tibize and tarsi are not
yellowish-fulvous, neither are the tegulz fulvous.
Head uniformly and closely punctured all over, except
on the clypeus where they are fewer and much more
widely separated, densely covered with longish pale ful-
vous hairs; the apex of the clypeus shining, dark bronzy;
the labrum covered with long pale golden hairs; the
mandibles entirely black; their lower side bearing some
long pale golden hairs. Antenne entirely black; the
scape sparsely covered with long pale fulvous hairs; the
flagellum almost glabrous. Mesonotum closely and rather
strongly punctured, thickly covered with fulvous hairs ;
the parapsidal furrows distinct; the fulvous hairs at the
apex of the scutellum and on the post-scutellum long and
thick. The basal curve on the median segment finely
and closely rugose ; its apex shining and impunctate; the
apex of the segment with an oblique slope; shagreened ;
furrowed down the centre. The propleurze deeply ex-
cavated; the excavation forming an oblique triangle,
obscurely striated down the centre and at the apex
thickly covered with white hairs; the mesopleure strongly
100 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Ortentalia.
and closely punctured; the hairs very long and thick ;
the metapleure finely punctured; the middle finely
striated. Legs, especially the hinder, thickly covered
with pale fulvous hairs; the femora with the hairs longer
and much sparser; the fore femora beneath glabrous,
shining, black; the tarsi ferruginous at the apex. Wings
clear hyaline, the stigma and nervures yellowish-testa-
ceous, the stigma darker; the second cubital cellule at
the top somewhat shorter, at the bottom equal in length
to the third at the top, which is there scarcely half the
length it is at the bottom; the first recurrent nervure is
almost interstitial; the second received near the apical
third. Abdomen dark bluish-green; the segments fringed
with pale fulvous pubescence; the apical very thickly
-with longer fulvous hair, except on the furrow in the
centre. Ventral segments shining, thickly covered with
long pale fulvous hairs.
HALICTUS DISCURSUS, sp. nov.
Long. fere 4 mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Comes near to H. propinquus Sm., but may be known
from it by its smaller size, by the thorax not being
thickly covered with white hairs, and by the deep, wide,
longitudinal furrow on the base of the mesopleurz; and
by having a short longitudinal furrow at the base of the
mesonotum.
Bluish-green, metallic, shining, the knees, tibiz and
tarsi rufo-testaceous ; wings clear hyaline, the stigma and
nervures pallid, the stigma somewhat darker. The apex
of the clypeus is bronzy; the labrum is thickly covered
with long golden hairs; the mandibles and trophi tes-
taceous; scape of the antenne black; the flagellum
brownish beneath ; covered with white microscopic pile.
The area at the base of the median segment finely and
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 4. IOI
closely longitudinally striated except at the apex; which
has an oblique slope; the pleure shining, impunctate,
sparsely covered with white hairs; at the base of the
mesopleure and above its middle is a wide, deep furrow,
extending from the base to the apical third; the meta-
pleure finely punctured at the base. Legs thickly covered
with white hairs. The second and third cubital cellules
are subequal: the first recurrent nervure is interstitial ;
the second, the third transverse cubital and the cubital
nervure from the second transverse cubital, are almost
obsolete. Abdomen shining ; the base with a wide, deep,
longitudinal furrow ; the apical segments thickly covered
with long white hairs; the fifth segment on either side of
the smooth dark testaceous central rima, thickly covered
with long pale golden hairs ; the ventral segments pale at
the apices ; the sides of the basal segments and the apices
of the apical segments thickly covered with long white
hairs ; the basal segments in the middle sparsely covered
with long white hairs.
c. Species entirely black; the abdomen banded with white
hatrs.
HALICTUS SEPULCHRALIS, sp. 10v.
Niger ; abdomine late albo-balteato ; pedibus longe fulvo-
Iursutis; alis hyalimis. 2. Long. 8mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head black, hardly so wide as the thorax, the face
and outer orbits thickly covered with short white pube-
scence ; the vertex and front closely punctured, sparsely
covered with long fuscous hairs; the middle and apex
of the mandibles piceous. Antenne black, shining, almost
glabrous. Pro- and meso-notum very shining, with only
a few microscopic punctures ; sparsely covered with short
white hairs; the post-scutellum with long white hairs;
the median segment at the base with a belt of longi-
102 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
tudinal striz narrowed gradually towards the apex ;
shining; its apex with an oblique slope, hollowed in the
centre, the sides distinctly bordered; the pleure and
sternum alutaceous, covered with long white hairs. The
hind legs covered all over thickly with white hairs; the
front four legs less strongly and thickly haired; the
femora bare and shining in front; the hairs on the tarsi
have a more fulvous tinge; apices of the tarsi rufous.
Wings clear hyaline; the nervures fuscous; the stigma
paler; the costa darker; the first recurrent nervure almost
interstitial ; the second received in the apical fourth of
the cellule; the tegule black, piceous in the middle.
Abdomen shining, impunctate; the base of the first
segment sparsely covered with longish pale hairs; the
second to fifth segments bordered at the apex with white
depressed pubescence; the apical segment finely punc-
tured laterally; the rima aciculate, piceous; the ventral
segments sparsely covered with long hairs, shining, the
basal segments more or less piceous. )
HALICTUS PICIPES. —
Niger, nitidus; pedibus piceis; capite thoraceque long albo-
hivtts; alis hyalinis; 3 flagello antennarum subtus bronneo.
2. Long. 6—7 mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head alutaceous, thickly covered with longish white
hairs, which are shorter, sparser, and darker coloured on
the vertex. Mandibles piceous before the teeth. Antennz
stout, the flagellum beneath, brownish, darker at the
apex. Pro- and meso-notum shining, impunctate, sparsely
covered with fuscous hairs; post scutellum thickly covered
with white down and with long white hairs. Base of the
median segment irregularly longitudinally keeled; those
in the middle being wider apart; its apex with an abrupt
oblique slope ; shining, impunctate ; the middle hollowed
widely at the top. Pro- and meso-pleure closely and
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 4. 103
finely rugosely punctured; the oblique depression under
the fore wings irregularly transversely striolated; the
metapleurze have a blistered appearance, and are covered
with long white hairs. Wings clear hyaline; the nervures
fuscous; the first recurrent nervure interstitial; the
Second received in the apical fourth of the cellule.
Tegule fuscous, lighter coloured round the edges. Legs
piceous; thickly covered with longish white hairs; the
coxe black. Abdomen shining, impunctate, the basal
segment at the base with some long white hairs; the
others fringed with white hairs at the apices; the ventral
segments fringed with long white hairs; the apical seg-
ment broadly rounded; its sides acutely projecting.
HALIGnUS TARDUS, sp. nov. (Pl. 4, f. 18).
Niger; longe albo-hirtus; tarsis fulvo-hirsutis ; metanoto
reticulato ; alis hyalins. 2. Long. 8mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head closely and somewhat strongly punctured;
densely covered with long soft white hairs; the labrum
fringed with long fulvous hairs; the mandibles piceous
at the base. Antennz stout; the scape with longish
white hairs; the flagellum with sparse white down.
Mesonotum and scutellum shining, bearing widely sepa-
rated shallow punctures, and, as well as the _ post-
scutellum, thickly covered with long white hairs; the
median segment at the base closely longitudinally striated,
the striz not all quite straight; the apex of the striated
area smooth and impunctate; the apex of the segment
strongly reticulated; and with a deep and wide furrow
down the centre; the sides sharply and stoutly margined.
Propleurze smooth, shining; the top bluntly triangular ;
the mesopleurz rugosely punctured; the metapleure at
the base alutaceous; the apex reticulated; but with the
keels much weaker than they are on the mesonotum.
104 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
Legs black; the coxz and femora sparsely covered with
long white hairs; the tibiz and tarsi much more thickly
with fulvous hairs; those of the tarsi having a deeper
fulvous tint than those of the tibiz; the calcaria fulvous.
Wings hyaline; the nervures fuscous; the costa and
upper part of the stigma black; the lower part of the
latter piceous; the second and third cubital cellules at
the top and bottom nearly equal in length. Abdomen
impunctate, shining, shagreened towards the apex; the
basal segment at the base covered with long erect white
hairs; the other segments, except the last, fringed with
depressed white hairs; the last segment thickly covered
with stiff black hair; the apical area fringed with golden
hair; the ventral surface thickly covered with long white
hairs.
HALICTUS FUNEBRIS, sp. nov.
Lone. 9 mm.) 23
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
This species agrees with H. tardus in having the meta-
notum strongly striolated at the base; and in having the
tarsi thickly covered with long golden hairs; but it may
be at once known by the apex of the median segment
not being reticulated, and having only a few oblique stout
keels.
Head shagreened, the clypeus obscurely punctured ;
covered all over with long white hair; the mandibles
piceous towards the apex, bearing beneath a few fulvous
hairs. Antennz stout, bare, the scape with a few long
white hairs. Mesonotum coarsely shagreened, opaque;
the lateral furrows distinct; covered, as is also the scu-
tellum, with long pale hairs; the scutellum rough at
the base, the apex irregularly reticulated; the base of
the median segment longitudinally closely and stoutly
carinated ; the apex with a central keel, from which run
a few oblique keels. Legs black, the femora and tibiz
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 4. 105
sparsely covered with white -hairs; the hairs on the tarsi
denser and golden. Wings clear hyaline, the nervures
black; the second cubital cellule at the top equal in
length to, at bottom shorter than, the third; the first
recurrent nervure is received very shortly- before the
second transverse cubital; the second before the apical
third of the cellule. Abdomen shining, impunctate,
sparsely covered with fuscous hairs, above and below.
FTARICEUS IRIS, Sp. n0v-
Niger; clypeo, labro, scapo antennarwn subtus, tibis
tarsisque, flavis; flagello antennarum subtus brunneo; alts
Wyalunis. 2. Long. fere 5mm.
Hab. Barrackpore (Rothney).
Head black, from shortly below the ocelli to the apex
of the clypeus thickly covered with short white hairs.
_Clypeus shining, bearing large widely-separated punc-
tures; at the top, in the middle, the yellow projects
triangularly into the black. Mandibles yellow, the apex
rufous; the palpi and tongue testaceous. Antennz stout
covered with a pale microscopic pile; the yellow on the
under side of the scape with a black mark in the middle.
Thorax black, alutaceous, not shining, sparsely covered
with a short down; the edge of the pronotum in front
and below the tegulz lemon-yellow; the tegule yellow;
the base of the median segment longitudinally striolated ;
the space between the striz aciculated; the apex of the
depression smooth and shining; the apex of the segment
oblique; furrowed down the centre; the sides distinctly
and strongly keeled. The pleure strongly aciculated,
opaque, thickly covered with white hairs; the propleure
excavated. Legs covered with white hairs; the apex of
the fore femora and the hinder four knees rufo-testaceous ;
the tibiz and tarsi yellow; the hinder tibia rufous before
and behind, with a large black line in front. Wings clear
106 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
hyaline; the nervures pallid yellow; the costa darker; the
first and second transverse cubital nervures bullated at
the top next to the radial nervure; the first recurrent
nervure interstitial; the second received in the apical
fourth of the cellule.
HALICTUS VISHNU, sp. nov.
Niger; clypeo, geniculis tarsisque testaceis ; alis hyalims,
nervis stigmateque testaceis. 2. Long. 4mm. j
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head thickly covered with longish fuscous hairs; the
clypeus testaceous, the middle of the mandibles piceous.
Antenne almost glabrous; the flagellum brownish beneath.
Mesonotum covered with longish fuscous hairs; closely
punctured; the scutellum with the punctures more widely
separated; post-scutellum thickly covered with long ful-
vous hair; the base of median segment shining, glabrous,
impunctate, and marked with a few straight longitudinal
keels, which do not reach to the bordering carina at the
apex of the basal region; the apex has a sharp oblique
slope, and is sparsely covered with long hairs. Pleurze
covered with longish white hairs. Legs covered with
white hairs; the knees, anterior tibiz in front and the
tarsi testaceous. Wings hyaline, the stigma and nervures
testaceous; the first recurrent nervure received in the
apical third of the cellule, the second in the second
shortly beyond the middle. Abdomen shining, impunc-
tate; the segments above and beneath thickly covered
with white hairs; the apical ventral segment with a dis-
tinct bordering keel.
HALICTUS SALUTATRIKX, sp. nov.
Niger, mtidus; genicults tarsisque albis; alis hyalints.
+ poo. one. 6 nam:
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head black, closely and minutely punctured; thickly
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xl. (1897), No. 4. 107
covered with pale fulvous hairs; the clypeus shining, the
punctures, especially towards the apex, more widely
separated ; the mandibles testaceous in the middle,
piceous towards the apex. Antenne black, covered with
a microscopic down. Thorax shining, minutely punc-
tured; covered with white hairs, especially long on the
pleurz, post-scutellum and apex of median segment; the
area at the base of the median segment longitudinally
striated ; the apex at the base very shining; its central
furrow not very wide. Propleurze deeply excavated in
the middle and finely striated; the apex at the top, finely
striated ; the meso- and meta-pleurz opaque, shagreened,
covered with long white hairs. Legs covered with long
white hairs, which are especially thick on the hinder four
tibiz and tarsi; the knees of the front pair, the base of
the hinder four tibiz and the tarsi yellowish-testaceous.
Wings clear hyaline, the nervures fuscous; the stigma
darker at the base; the first recurrent nervure is almost
interstitial; the second is received in the apical third of
the cellule; the apices of the basal three segments of the
abdomen pale, slightly fringed with pale hairs, the apical
segments thickly covered with long fulvo-golden hair ;
the ventral surface, especially towards the apex, bearing
long pale fuscous hairs, the apical segment for the greater
part aciculated.
HALICTUS BUDDHA, sp. nov.
Lone: Samm. 2.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Agrees closely with H. salutatrix, and, like it, has the
base of the tibie and the tarsi white; but the front
four tibiz are entirely white; the clypeus broadly white
at the apex, the antennz broadly brownish beneath,
the base of the median segment much more strongly
striolated.
108 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
Head below and between the antennz thickly covered
with white hairs, the front and vertex more sparsely
covered with long fuscous hair; the vertex opaque,
coarsely shagreened; the apex of the clypeus and labrum
yellowish-white; the palpi fuscous; the scape of the
antennee and the second joint entirely black; the others
black above, brownish beneath. Pro- and meso-notum
shagreened, bearing a short pale down; a narrow longi-
tudinal furrow down the centre of the mesonotum at the
side; the scutellum uniformly shagreened like the meso-
notum; the post-scutellum rugose, covered with long pale
hairs. The curved basal area on the median segment
shining, irregularly longitudinally carinate, the keels less
distinct in its centre. The pleurz closely longitudinally
striated; the part below the hind wings covered with
long white hairs; the propleurz and the pronotum in
front shining, glabrous, impunctate; and sharply separated
obliquely perpendicularly behind. Wings clear hyaline,
the nervures pale yellowish ; the second and third cubital
cellules almost equal in length at top and bottom; the
first recurrent nervure is almost interstitial; the second
is received in the apical third of the cellule. Abdomen
shining; the basal segment, except at the apex, covered
with long white hairs and without a longitudinal furrow;
the segments at the apex fringed with white depressed
hairs; the ventral segments bearing long white hairs; the
penultimate segment shining and smooth in the middle.
HALICTUS ALPHENUS, Sp. nov.
Nigro-ceruleus ; abdomine nigro; femoribus subtus prcets ;
pedibus longe albo-fumatis. 3. Long. 6—7mm.
Hab. Mussouri (fothney).
Head and thorax dark blue; the clypeus black. Head
obscurely shagreened, covered with long fuscous hairs ;
the base of the mandibles piceous. Antenne entirely
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 4. 109g
black, the flagellum almost bare; the scape bearing long
white hairs. Pro- and meso-thorax impunctate, covered
with long white hairs; the pleure under the wings
striated; the base of the median segment obscurely longi-
tudinally striated; its apex oblique, slightly hollowed in
the centre, the sides margined. Legs black; the femora
with a piceous hue; sparsely haired, the hairs on the
tibiz and tarsi much thicker, especially on the tibiz
which have a fulvo-golden hue; the spurs yellowish-
_testaceous. Abdomen black, shining, glabrous, except
at the apex, which bears fulvous hairs; the ventral seg-
ments shining, impunctate, almost glabrous. Wings clear
hyaline, the nervures fuscous ; the first recurrent nervure
almost interstitial; the second received in the apical
fourth of the cellule.
HALICTUS GARRULUS, Sp. nov.
Niger, pallide fulvo-Iurtus ; gemicults, tibis tarsisque pallide
fulvis ; alis fulvo-hyalinis, stigmate fulvo, nervis pallidis, S.
Long. 7 mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head black; the front and vertex coarsely alutaceous;
the lower part of the face densely covered with golden-
fulvous pubescence; the mandibles dark piceous, black
at the base. Antennz brownish, the upper part blackish;
the scape black, sparsely covered with longish pale hairs.
The edge of the pronotum, the mesonotum, fringed all
round with pale fulvous hairs; the mesonotum closely
and rather strongly punctured; the scutellum with the
punctures more widely separated; the post-scutellum
thickly covered with pale pubescence, completely hiding
its surface; the base of the metanotum strongly longi-
tudinally keeled throughout; the remainder opaque,
closely punctured, furrowed in the middle at the apex
and thickly covered with long white hairs. Pleurz
ILO CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
opaque coarsely alutaceous; thickly covered with long
white hairs. Legs thickly covered with fulvous white
hairs; the femora with a piceous tinge beneath; the
tibie and tarsi fulvous; the tarsi paler. Wings with a
faint fulvous tinge; the stigma and costa fulvous; the
nervures testaceous; the second transverse cubital nervure
largely bullated ; the recurrent nervures received shortly
beyond the middle. Abdomen shining, impunctate ; the
segments edged with white pubescence; the ventral
surface shining, the first and second segments shining,
very sparsely haired; the others much more quickly
covered with longish fuscous hairs. .
d. Abdomen thickly banded with fulvous hatrs.
HALICTUS PULCHRIVENTRIS, Sp: ow:
Niger; tarsis albis; alis fere hyalinis, apice fumatis. 3G.
Long. 9mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head black; in front from shortly above the antenna,
densely covered with pale fulvo-aureous pubescence, which
completely hides the skin; vertex and front strongly punc-
tured, half shining, sparsely covered with fulvous hairs.
Antenne black, the second and base of the third joint
beneath rufous; the scape covered with longish pale
fulvous hairs; the flagellum with a microscopic down.
Thorax black, a thick band of fulvous pubescence on the
pronotum, and a broader belt behind the scutellum of
longer fulvous hairs; the mesonotum covered with short
fuscous hairs; the median segment from shortly below
the basal area covered with long pale fulvous hairs.
Mesonotum strongly punctured; a short shallow longi-
tudinal furrow on each side of the mesonotum, originating
at the base and reaching to the middle. The basal area
of the median segment longitudinally striolated except at
the apex, where it has some widely separated punctures
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 4. LEI
on either side of the base of the furrow; the sides of the
segment at the area are impunctate; the rest of it with
distinctly separated punctures. The mesopleure, except
at base and apex, thickly covered with long pale fulvous
hairs; the metapleurze covered with a pale fulvous down
and more sparsely with long pale fulvous hairs. Wings
hyaline, with a slight fuscous tinge; the apex from the
apex of the radial cellule smoky; the nervures fuscous;
the stigma darker at the top; both the recurrent nervures
are received about the same relative distance beyond
the middle. Legs thickly covered with longish fulvous
hairs, the tarsi and the anterior tibize in front testaceous.
Abdomen punctured, strongly towards the base, more
weakly towards the apex; the segments shining at the
base, sparsely covered with long fuscous hair; the fourth
segment thickly covered with depressed fulvous pube-
scence; the fifth obliquely depressed; covered with long
fulvous hair; the last segment ferruginous.
HALICTUS TAPROBANS, Sp. nov.
Long. 6mm.
Hab. Ceylon (Rothney).
Agrees very closely in form and coloration with H.
pulchriventris, but is much smaller; and otherwise easily
separated by the striated area of the median segment
being distinctly and triangularly produced at the apex,
which is not the case in H. pulchriventris ; it is also not
hollowed at the apex.
Antenne black, the flagellum brownish on the under-
side, covered with a pale microscopic down. The face
below the antennz and the sides as high as the lower
ocellus, thickly covered with pale fulvo-aureous pube-
scence; the mandibles broadly ferruginous in the middle.
Thorax black; the mesonotum and scutellum closely
punctured, the edge of the pronotum behind and a belt
£12 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
behind the scutellum thickly covered with long pale
fulvous pubescence; the mesonotum covered with short,
the scutellum with long, dark fulvous hairs. The area
on the median segment triangularly produced in the
middle, and longitudinally striolated; the central strize
not reaching to the apex; the area bare, the rest of the
segment covered with long pale fuscous hairs. Meso-
pleurze thickly covered with fulvous hairs; the hairs on
the metapleurze sparser and longer. The front femora
entirely, beneath and above, and the four posterior entirely
on the under side, obscure testaceous, as are also the apices
of the tibiz; the basal joint of the tarsi white; the others
white, but with a testaceous tinge. Wings hyaline, the
apex slightly infuscated, the stigma and nervures testa-
ceous, the former black at the extreme base. The first
recurrent nervure is received shortly before, the second
shortly beyond, the middle of the cellule. Abdomen
shining, the segments shagreened; their apices thickly
fringed with pale hairs; the last segment testaceous.
Ventral segments shining, sparsely covered with long
hairs, their apices white; the last testaceous; the penul-
timate with a shallow depression, wide at base, becoming
eradually narrower towards the apex.
ANDRENA ROTHNEYI, sp. nov.
Nigra; abdominis basi late rufo ; capite thoraceque rufis ;
alis hyalims. Long. 10o—1I mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney). 3
Antenne entirely black; the scape sparsely covered
with long fuscous hairs; the flagellum with an obscure
microscopic pile. Head covered with long pale fulvous
hairs, more sparsely on the centre of the clypeus and
of the vertex; the inner orbits of the eyes bordered
with a band of pale fulvous depressed pubescence ; the
apex of the clypeus fringed with golden hairs; the clypeus
sparsely; the inner orbits more closely punctured; the
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No.4. 113
vertex finely and closely longitudinally striated from the
hinder ocelli, behind which it is smoother and shining;
the occiput thickly covered with long pale golden hairs.
The mandibles are piceous before the middle; the joints
of the palpi are white at the base. Thorax bearing
pubescence of moderate length; fulvous above; that
on the pleure paler; finely punctured; a longitudinal
furrow on either side of the mesonotum, a very indistinct
one down the middle of the scutellum, which at the apex
is fringed with long fulvous hairs. The middle of the
median segment bearing a large somewhat triangular
Opaque shagreened space not uniting with the apex;
the sides shining and smoother, and bearing long fulvous
hairs; the apex being similarly clothed. The pleure
shagreened, somewhat shining; the apex of the pro-
and of the meta-pleurz thickly covered with long pale
fulvous hairs; the sternum sparsely covered with long
pale fulvous hairs. Legs black; the hairs pale fulvous.
Abdomen with the basal two segments ferruginous above
and beneath; shining, impunctate, almost glabrous; the
other segments black, their apices fringed with pale
fulvous hairs; the hypopygium aciculated, the sides
sharply bordered; the centre with an elongated raised
space, sharply pointed towards the apex; the ventral
segments covered, but not very thickly, with long fulvous
hairs, which are longest towards the apex. Wings with
a faint fuscous tinge; the nervures black.
Andrena communis Sm. (‘‘ North India, Masuri; taken
at an elevation of 7,000 ft.’’), resembles this species in
coloration; but it has the antennz fuscous beneath; the
apical margin only of the first abdominal segment is
ferruginous, which colour also extends to the third.
Both, as also the following species, resemble the Euro-
pean Andrena cettt. Smith points out this resemblance in
regard to his A. communis (Descr. New Sp. Hym. p. 51).
H
rid CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
ANDRENA MALIGNA, Sp. nov.
Long.gmm. oc.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Agrees with A. Rothneyi generally in coloration ; but
the basal abdominal segment is only ferruginous at the
apex, while the third is entirely ferruginous ; the hairs on
the head and thorax much thicker and longer and uni-
formly distributed; the pleure much more strongly
punctured, the mesopleure also being obliquely striolated
behind. Judging from the description it can hardly be
the d of A. commumnts.
Antenne entirely black, the scape sparsely covered
with long fuscous hairs; the flagellum opaque, almost
glabrous. Head large, distinctly wider than the thorax ;
black; thickly covered with long fulvous hairs; the
vertex except at the sides and behind, closely, some-
what obliquely, striated; the clypeus with large, clearly
separated, punctures; tips of mandibles piceous. Thorax
densely covered all over with long fulvous hairs; pro-
pleurz deeply excavated; the mesopleurze opaque; the
base obscurely punctured, the apex obliquely striated ;
the base of the metapleurz with a deep shining, oblique
depression. Legs densely covered with long pale fulvous
hairs. Wings hyaline, but with a distinct fuscous tinge ;
the first and second transverse cubital nervures are
distinctly bullated at the base and apex and roundly
curved, the third on the lower side. Abdomen thickly
covered with longish fulvous hairs; the first segment
black, except at the apex; the second ferruginous, except
a black stripe before the apex; the third is entirely
ferruginous; the apical three segments thickly covered
with long fuscous hairs; the basal five ventral segments
ferruginous; the two basal segments with a black line
in the centre which bifurcates on the third to fifth; the
sixth and seventh black; the seventh thickly covered
with long fulvous hairs.
Manchester Memotrs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 4. 15
ANDRENA RETICULATA, sp. nov.
Nigra; capite thoraceque pallide fusco-hirsutis ; metathorace
veticulato; alis hyalinis, nervis fuscis. 2. Long. 12mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head black; covered with long cinereous hairs, except
on the clypeus; and having them sparser on the front ;
the clypeus strongly punctured all over; the extreme apex
transverse, shining, impunctate; immediately below the
antenne is a clearly defined space, a little longer than
broad, the apex transverse, the sides straight, smooth, and
shining. Mandibles deeply grooved; the tips piceous.
Antenne black, covered at the apex with a pale down.
Thorax covered all over with pale fulvous hairs, which
are paler and longer and thicker on the pleure and
sternum. Mesonotum strongly punctured, the punctures
in the middle more widely separated than on the sides;
the scutellum punctured; the punctures smaller than on
the mesonotum, and very sparse in the middle at the
base; the base of the median segment with stout distinctly
separated longitudinal striz, those in the middle being
more widely separated than those at the sides; the apex
on either side of the central hollow, strongly transversely
striated. Pleurz with the punctures somewhat less in
size than they are on the mesonotum. Femora covered
with longish pale hair; the hair on the tibiz and tarsi
shorter and thicker, the spurs rufo-testaceous. Wings
hyaline, the nervures blackish. Abdomen shining, im-
punctate; the segments narrowly lined with silvery hairs.
ANDRENA SASVISSIMA, Sp. 10.
Long, 12mm, 9 doy
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
A larger and stouter species than A. phedra, which
agrees with it in the structure of the median segment ;
but the present species differs from it in being larger and
116 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Ortentalia.
stouter; the base of the median segment is more strongly
reticulated, the central fovea larger and deeper; and the
apex is strongly transversely striolated.
Head black; the front and vertex sparsely covered
with long pale fulvous hairs; the clypeus almost bare;
the vertex closely punctured; the clypeus with the
punctures larger and more distinctly punctured below;
projecting between the antennz is a raised space, very
smooth, shining, and triangular at the top; transverse
at the bottom and with a few large punctures. Antennz
black, almost glabrous. Thorax densely covered with
long pale fulvous hairs; the median segment at the base
almost glabrous; the triangular space in the middle at
the base aciculate, the apex shining, impunctate; the
sides more strongly aciculated. Pleurz shining, 1mpunc-
tate. The hairs on the femora fulvous; on the tibiz and
tars! blackish: the middle tarsal joints testaceous. The
wings have a decided fusco-violaceous tinge beyond
the transverse basal nervure; the nervures and stigma
in the centre fuscous; the tegule pale testaceous. The
basal segment of the abdomen thickly covered with long
pale testaceous hairs; the other segments thickly covered
with black hairs, except at the apices which are fringed
with white depressed hairs; the basal half of the ventral
segments smooth, glabrous; the apical fringed with
longish black hairs; the pygidium glabrous, shining,
impunctate; the lateral furrows wide, covered all over
with long pale fulvous hairs, closely and rather strongly
punctured ; the punctures larger and more widely sepa-
rated towards the apex; the base of the scutellum almost
impunctate ; the base of the median segment with short
stout keels; those at the. sides being longer and sharply
bent in the middle; the middle before the basal keels
coarsely reticulated; in front of this again is a large,
somewhat pear-shaped, shining, impunctate depression ;
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No.4. 117
the rest of the segment is rugosely transversely punctured.
The propleure have a dense curve of pale fulvous hair ;
the propleure below and at the junction with the meso-
pleure are widely furrowed, the furrow being transversely
keeled. Legs thickly covered with pale hairs, which
are darker on the hind legs. Wings clear hyaline; the
nervures fuscous; the second cubital cellule at the bottom
as long as the third; the first recurrent nervure is received
very shortly beyond the middle ; the second in the apical
third of the cellule. Abdomen shining; the segments
above and beneath lined with white depressed hair; the
basal segment with a deep, wide, longitudinal furrow.
The present species agrees very closely with A. rett-
culata, but it may be known from it by the deep furrow
on the basal segment of the abdomen, by the large
shining, deep depression at the middle of the median
segment; which in A. reticulata is smooth, shining, and
without any depresion.
ANDRENA MEPHISTOPHELICA, Sp. nov.
- Long. 11—12 mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Is related to A. se@vissima; but may be known from it
by its smaller size; by the much stronger and closer
punctation of the clypeus; by the hairs on the median
segment being much longer, closer and fulvous in colour,
differing from the hairs on the mesonotum, which are
much paler.
Head, except on the clypeus, covered thickly with
long hairs, pale beneath, darker on the front and vertex.
Clypeus with large punctures, which are much sparser
on the apex, its apex being almost clear of them and
fringed with dark fulvous hairs ; the base of the mandibles
aciculate. The antenne almost bare; the flagellum from
the second joint brownish beneath. Pro- and meso-thorax
118 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Ortentalia.
thickly covered with long pale fulvous hairs, the scutellum
with only long hairs behind, and almost without punc-
tures; the median segment, except a triangular space in
the middle at the base, thickly covered with rufo-fulvous
hairs, which completely hide the texture; the triangular
bare space at the base opaque, rugosely aciculated ; with
an indistinct keel down its centre. The upper part of
the propleurz aciculated. Legs thickly covered with
pale fulvous hairs; the calcaria white. Wings clear
hyaline; the nervures dark fuscous; the first recurrent
nervure is received shortly beyond the middle of the
cellule; the second about the same distance from the
third transverse cubital nervure. The first and second
dorsal segments of the abdomen are covered with long
pale fulvous hairs; the others have the hairs darker and
shorter, and the second, third, and fourth are fringed at
the apex with glistening white hairs; the ventral segments
are broadly fringed at the apex with long pale hairs.
ANDRENA GRACILLIMA, sp. nov. (PI. 4, f. 19).
Nigra; capite thorace abdomimsque basi longe fulvo-lurts;
alis fumatis, basi fere hyalinis. &.. Long. 15mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head deep black; the occiput thickly covered with
long fulvous hairs; the front with hairs almost as long,
but somewhat shorter. The front from the hinder ocelli
closely longitudinally striated; a sharp keel runs down
from the ocelli; the clypeus shining, the punctures close
at the base, becoming more widely separated towards the
apex; which is in the middle almost free from them; the
apex slightly projecting. Antenne black; the flagellum
almost glabrous; the fifth and following joints brownish
beneath. Pro- and meso-thorax and the median segment
punctured ; the scutellum with the punctures more widely
separated, especially in the middle at the base; the
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No.4. 119
median segment has an oblique slope; the extreme base
has short stout longitudinal keels; below this it is reti-
culated; the rest strongly transversely striolated. Pleurz
rather strongly punctured, covered with long pale hairs;
the hairs on the metapleure longer and thicker. Legs
black; thickly covered with pale fulvous hairs; those on
the hind legs thicker and longer. Wings hyaline, the
nervures dark fuscous; the first recurrent nervure received
very shortly beyond the middle of the cellule. Abdomen
shining; the segments fringed with white pubescence,
above and beneath; the ventral segments more strongly
punctured than the dorsal.
ANDRENA MOROSA, Sp. nov.
Nigra; capite thoraceque longe pallide hirtis; abdominis
basi ferrugineo-maculato; alis hyalims. Long. 12—13mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney). |
Head, except the clypeus, thickly covered with long
greyish hair; opaque, and coarsely alutaceous, the front
closely longitudinally striated; the clypeus shining, almost
glabrous, and bearing distinctly separated punctures; the
labrum broadly and roundly incised at the apex. Thorax
thickly covered with long greyish hairs, more sparsely on
the mesonotum; the mesonotum and scutellum shining,
almost impunctate. Median segment coarsely alutaceous;
the base rugosely longitudinally striolated; the centre
with a shallow longitudinal furrow; the sides bare, and
apex thickly covered with long grey hairs. Pleure alu-
taceous, covered with long grey hairs. Legs, especially
the hinder pair, thickly covered with long greyish hairs ;
those on the hind legs being darker; the calcaria white.
Wings hyaline, but with a slight fuscous tinge, especially
in front; the nervures fuscous. Abdomen shining, im-
punctate; the first and second dorsal segments at the
apex piceous; the second to fourth segments at the apices
120 | CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
fringed with pale hairs; the fifth segment with the fringe
thicker and longer and dark fulvous; the sixth seg-
ment similarly clothed at the sides; the hypopygium
alutaceous; the centre triangularly raised, but not sharply.
The second ventral segment rufous, black in the centre,
the black mark being dilated at the apex; the third and
fourth black, piceous at the base.
ANDRENA PH2DRA, Sp. nov.
Long, Sinim.. +
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
This species is very closely allied to A. reticulata, and
has, like it, the base of the median segment reticulated ;
but its apex is not transversely striolated; while in its
centre, below the reticulated part, is a deep, shining,
impunctate, and somewhat triangular space; the widest
part of which is at the base.
Head densely covered with long greyish hairs; closely
rugosely punctured; the clypeus strongly punctured, with
the punctures more widely separated ; depressed at the
apex and with very few punctures; the mandibles deeply
grooved; their teeth piceous. Antenne black, towards
the apex with a fuscous down. Thorax densely covered
with long pale fulvous hairs; the mesonotum and scu-
tellum bearing large, clearly-separated punctures except
the former in: the middle at the apex and the Tateeman
the base; the base of the median segment with a band of
short longitudinal keels; and a second band of similar
keels in the middle behind the first; and from the centre
of this runs a short deep, shining, somewhat triangular
depression ;*the rest of the segment rugosely punctured.
Mesopleure’ with large punctures ; a curved furrow above
the middle ; above which is a large, smooth, impunctate
space; the part immediately below the wings being
coarsely punctured; the metapleure closely rugose.
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 4. E2E
Legs covered with long white soft hairs; especially
thick and close on the tarsi. Wings clear hyaline; the
nervures dark fuscous; the second and third cubital cel-
lules at the bottom almost equal in length; the first
recurrent nervure is received shortly before the middle;
the second in the apical third. Abdomen with the apices
of the segments fringed with white hairs; the basal seg-
ment sparsely covered with long white hairs; at its base
is a deep triangular depression; the ventral segments
_ shining; their apices fringed with white hair.
ANDRENA SODALIS, sp. 10v.
Long. 8—g mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Agrees with A. phedra and A. reticulata in having the
median segment reticulated at the base; from the former
it may be known by there being a triangular keel and
spot in the middle of the segment at the base, in which
there is no deep triangular depression ; from the latter by
its smaller size and by the median segment not being
transversely striated.
Head densely covered with long pale fulvous hairs,
hiding the sculpture; the front and vertex finely and
closely rugose ; the clypeus strongly punctured, the punc-
tures distinctly separated ; the mandibles deeply grooved ;
their teeth piceous. Antenne black; the apex with a
microscopic down. Thorax above thickly covered with
fulvous hairs ; the sides and head with longish pale hairs;
the mesonotum closely and rather strongly punctured, less
closely in the middle towards the apex; the scutellum
punctured pretty muchas the base of the mesonotum,
and covered with longer hairs. Median segment with an
oblique slope ; the base with a double row of short thick
keels; below these is a large wide triangular shining
reticulated space; the rest of the segment rugosely punc-
122 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
tured. Legs thickly covered with white hairs; the spurs
white. Wings clear hyaline; the tegule sordid testa-
ceous; the nervures dark fuscous; the second and third
cubital cellules at the bottom subequal; the first recurrent
nervure is received shortly beyond the middle; the second
in the apical third. Abdomen black; the basal segment
sparsely covered with long pale hairs; the others belted
with white depressed hair at the apex; the ventral
segments fringed with white hair; the apical bordered
with piceous.
ANDRENA ANONYMA, Sp. nov.
Long. I1I—12 mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head black; the front and vertex covered with long
pale hairs, the latter alutaceous, except at the top of the
eyes, where it is smooth and shining; in front of this
smooth space is a spot of dark fulvous hairs; the clypeus
strongly punctured, especially towards the base, the apex
broadly shining, smooth, with some widely separated
punctures, the centre almost impunctate. | Ampemmr
entirely black; the flagellum almost glabrous. Thorax
covered with long fulvous hairs, which are paler on the
pleure; the mesonotum and scutellum almost impunc-
tate, shining; the median segment alutaceous, with a
gradually rounded slope; at the base is a shallow indis-
tinct longitudinal furrow. Legs thickly covered with
pale hairs. Wings clear hyaline, the stigma and nervures
fuscous; the first recurrent nervure is received in the
middle, the second in the apical fourth of the cellule.
Abdomen shining, smooth, impunctate, the segments
fringed with white hairs at their apices; the apical seg-
ments thickly covered with fuscous to dirty white hairs ;
the ventral segments fringed with long white hair.
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No.4. 123
APIDA.
NOMADA CEYLONICA, sp. nov.
Ferruginea; capite thoraceque late nigro-maculatis ; abdo-
mine flavo-bimaculato; alis fuscis, basi fere hyalims. &.
Long. fere 6mm.
Hab. Ceylon (Rothney).
Head black; the orbits narrowly, the clypeus, man-
dibles except at the apex, ferruginous; coarsely punctured ;
the front and vertex covered with long fuscous, the face
more thickly with shorter, white hairs; the apex of the
clypeus shining, impunctate. Antenne rufous; almost
bare ; the flagellum blackish above; the front projecting
sharply between the antenne. Thorax ferruginous,
coarsely punctured, rather thickly covered with white
hairs; a broad central and two narrower black continuous
bands on the mesonotum; the metanotum entirely, the
propleure, except at the top, the mesopleurz below the
tegulz, under the wings, and at the apex (but the latter
with a long ferruginous mark at the top), the metapleurz
and the sternum, black. The curved furrow in front of
the middle coxe is deep, and the part enclosed by it is
much less strongly punctured than the rest of the sternum.
The scutellum is strongly punctured and longitudinally
depressed down the middle; the post-scutellum is of a
paler colour. The median segment is entirely black ; the
basal area almost rugose; the sides at the front of it
_ very thickly covered with long white hairs. Legs rufous,
covered with white hairs; the greater part of the hinder
coxe, the base of the hinder femora, above and beneath,
and the hind tarsi, black. Wings fuscous, paler at the
base ; the stigma fuscous, lighter in the centre. Abdomen
shining, impunctate; black. The first segment with a dull
ferruginous band before the apex; the second segment
124 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
dull ferruginous, black in the centre and with a large
yellow mark at the side; the ventral surface ferruginous,
marked with black.
A form of what is no doubt the same species has
only ‘the central line on the mesonotum black; the
median segment broadly black only down the middle;
the pleurze and sternum without black; the abdomen
above almost entirely black, except the yellow marks,
and the hinder femora without black.
ANTHIDIUM FLAVIVENTRE, Sp. nov.
Flavum, nigro-maculatum ; vertice nigro, flavo-maculato ;
pedibus flavis ; alis hyalinis. Long. 5mm.
Hab. Poona (Wroughton).
Head yellow, the vertex from the antennz to shortly
behind the eyes, the black surrounding them entirely
narrowly behind; on the vertex is a large yellow mark,
broader than long, in the centre between the antenne
and the ocelli; strongly punctured, sparsely covered with
white pubescence. Mandibles yellow, the teeth black.
Antenne black, shining, the flagellum obscure brownish
beneath. Thorax black, strongly punctured; a large
mark in front of the tegulea; on each side of the meso-
notum at the base is a thick straight line which curves
round the tegule to their end; on each side of the
median segment is a large yellow mark, obliquely trun-
cated at the apex, leaving a somewhat triangular black
mark in the middle at the base, the apex of the median
segment transverse, the sides oblique. Pleurz coarsely -
punctured; behind covered with white hairs., Legs
yellow, thickly covered with white hairs, the hinder
femora broadly black at the base. Wings infuscated at
the apex; the nervures black. Abdomen above black,
coarsely punctured ; on the basal five segments are broad
yellow lines, which become gradually broader until, on
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No.4. 125
the sixth, they almost unite; ventral surface lemon-
yellow, rugose, thickly covered with short white hairs.
STELIS PARVULA, sp. nov.
Nigra; dense albo-hirsuta; tegulis abdomineque albo-
maculatis ; alis hyalimis. Long. 4mm.
Hab. Barrackpore (Rothney).
Head thickly covered with longish white hairs; the
rest of the head covered with similar hair; but not so
thickly; the tips of the mandibles piceous; punctured.
Antenne with the scape covered closely with moderately
long pubescence; the flagellum with a microscopic pile.
Pronotum finely, the mesonotum coarsely, punctured; the
pronotum in front fringed with long white hair; the meso-
notum in front is also fringed with long white hair; the
rest of it has the pubescence sparser and shorter; the
scutellum nearly as strongly punctured as the meso-
notum ; its apex entire, rounded; its sides broadly white.
Mesopleurz thickly covered with white hair; the pro-
pleure slightly pilose; the meta- as thickly haired as the
meso-pleure; the base of the median segment thickly
covered with long white hairs; its apex hardly pilose.
Legs black; thickly covered with long white hairs, the
knees and apices of the tarsi rufous; the calcaria yellowish-
white. Wings clear hyaline; the nervures fuscous; the
stigma darker; tegule large, yellow, a large black mark
in the centre. Abdomen thickly covered with white hairs,
especially towards the apex; the sides of the segments
with longish, moderately broad yellow marks; the basal
two segments narrowly lined with yellow; the third to
fifth segments bear two elongated yellow marks; the
apical segment has an elongated mark at the sides, and
two somewhat roundish ones in the centre. Ventral seg-
ments thickly covered, especially at the apices, with long
white hairs; their sides lined with yellow.
126 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
COELTOXRYS:
The species of this genus known to me from India
may be separated as follows :—
1 (6) Thorax coriaceous, the punctures not distinctly
separated.
2 (5) With metanotal spines.
3 (4) The metanotal spines long, sharp, curved.
basalts
4 (3) The spines short, blunt, straight, wings subhyaline.
apicalis
5 (2) Without metanotal spines. argentifrons
6 (1) Thorax coarsely punctured, the punctures distinctly
separated.
7 (8) Thorax with six marks of white pubescence, the
scutellum much more finely and closely punc-
tured than the mesonotum. sexmaculata
8 (7) Thorax not maculate, the scutellum not more
coarsely punctured than the mesonotum.
g (10) Apex of scutellum projecting in the middle.
Suscipennts
10 (9) Apex of scutellum almost transverse, not projecting
in the middle. confuscus, cuneatus
COELIOXYS SEXMACULATA, Sp. nov,
Lone ar imm: (8
Hab. Barrackpore (Rothney).
Head in front densely covered with white pubescence,
which is thicker at the sides; the orbits behind except
at the top with similarly coloured hairs; the vertex and
front strongly punctured. Antenne black, almost glab-
rous. Pronotum strongly punctured, lined with white
pubescence ; mesonotum more coarsely punctured; the
scutellum more closely and finely punctured; there are
two white spots on the base of the mesonotum, two on
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 4 127
the base of the scutellum, and a smaller one behind the
tegule. Scutellar spines stout. Mesopleurz and meta-
pleure thickly covered with white pubescence; strongly
punctured. Wings fuscous; more lightly coloured at the
base. Legs black; the tarsi beneath thickly covered with
golden pubescence; the spurs black. The basal segment
closely and rather strongly punctured, margined with
silvery white pubescence; the transverse furrow on the
second and third segments rugose; the apical segment
above closely punctured, keeled down the centre; the
keel indistinct at the base, becoming thicker towards the
apex, where it is depressed on either side of it. The
ventral segments punctured; a band of white pubescence
down the centre of the basal; the others transversely
banded with silvery pubescence.
Comes near to C. fuscipennis, but that species wants
the white marks on the mesonotum, which has also the
punctures more distinctly separated, this being especially
noticeable on the scutellum, where they are round and
deep, and not, or hardly, touching each other, whereas in
C. sexmaculata they are much coarser and closer, forming
a rugose surface.
ANTHOPHORA DEIOPEA, Sp. nov.
Nigra, longe dense pallide lurta; capite nigro S facie
gue. one.13mm., &.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head black, thickly covered with long pale grey hairs,
especially on the front and vertex; the labrum fringed
with golden hairs; the mandibles ferruginous, black at
the apex. The vertex behind the front ocellus bare,
shining, broadly depressed. Thorax thickly covered with
long grey hairs all over. Legs: the femora and tibize
dark rufous; the former sparsely covered with long white
hairs, the front four tibiz covered densely behind with
128 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Ortentalia.
pale fulvous hairs; the hairs on the hinder tibize much
longer, thicker, and of a brighter fulvous tint; the tarsi
rufous, thickly covered with long golden hairs at the base.
Wings hyaline, with a faint fuscous tinge; the costa and
nervures blackish ; the first recurrent nervure is received
shortly before the second transverse cubital nervure ; the
second is interstitial. Abdomen above and at the sides
thickly covered with long pale fulvous hairs; the penul-
timate segment rufous at the apex; the apical ferruginous,
black at the apex, the base closely transversely striated ;
the sides, especially towards the apex, broadly furrowed ;
abdominal segments black, the base and apex broadly
ferruginous; the segments at the apices thickly fringed
with fulvous hairs.
The ¢ is covered all over with long hoary hairs; the
clypeus, except at the sides and the inner orbits, cream-
yellow; the extreme apex piceous, the mandibles cream
coloured; the tips black, ferruginous in front of the black;
the labrum black, covered with white hairs; the ventral
segments are coloured as in the ¢; this being also the
case with the legs, which bear long white hairs.
MEGACHILE SAMSON, Sp. nov.
Nigra; thorace abdonunisque bast rufo-hirsutis; alis
fusco-violaceis. 3S. Long. 25mm.
Hab. Himalayas.
Head deep velvety black, opaque, coarsely alutaceous,
thickly covered with black hairs, which are longest
and thickest on the front and at the base of the clypeus,
which is short, coloured and haired like the vertex, and
projecting in the middle into a stout, large, somewhat
triangular thickly-haired tooth; its apex shining, and
smooth at the sides; the labrum large, as long as the
space between the ocelli and the apex of the clypeus,
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No.4. 129
covered with a dull golden down and with some long
black hairs; its apex bearing much longer hairs. Mandibles
very large, opaque, the middle above with some elongated
punctures and elongated striz; the apical tooth large ;
the basal rounded in the middle. Antennz black,
glabrous. Thorax opaque, closely rugosely punctured ;
above thickly covered with rufous hair, this being also
the case on the upper part of the pleure; the hairs on
the lower part are much darker; on the sternum fulvous,
the latter broadly depressed in the middle at the base.
Wings smoky, darker and more violaceous at the apex ;
the base with a slight yellowish tinge; the costa, stigma,
and nervures black; the last with a yellowish tinge in the
middle of the wing; the recurrent nervures are both
received at the same distance from the transverse cubitals.
Legs thickly covered with stiff black hairs; the anterior
four tibize end above in a large stout somewhat
triangular process, which ends in a small curved point.
The basal abdominal segment broadly depressed in the
middle above; the sides, base, and apex thickly covered
with rufous hairs; the second segment depressed at the
base, fringed with fulvous hairs, this being also the case
with the third at the sides; the second and following
segments thickly covered with stiff black hairs. Ventral
surface thickly covered with long stiff black hairs. The
hinder calcaria are short and thick.
This Megachile is, next to M. Pluto Sm. (from Bachian),
the largest of the species from the Oriental Region.
Smith’s species is 18 lines in length, that being however
the length of a &, the only sex known to its describer
(Trans. Linn. Soc., V., 1860, 133). Our species is also
apparently related to M. monticola Sm., but I cannot make
it agree with Smith’s description.
130 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalta.
MEGACHILE HORNEI, Sp. nov.
Nigra; facie longe fulvo-lirta; pedibus anticis rufo-
festacets, alis jumatis. (, ) Weone. 17 mim,
Hab. Mussouri (Iothney).
Head large; below the antenne and the orbits to the
ocelli, densely covered with long fulvous hairs. Mandibles
black, covered with long fulvous hairs, and with large
clearly separated deep punctures. Antenne black; the
scape closely punctured. Thorax black, closely and rather
strongly punctured; the pronotum and prosternum thickly
covered with long fulvous hairs; the rest of the thorax
thickly covered with black hairs, that on the mesonotum
shorter, on the median segment as long as the fulvous
hairs on the pronotum. On the base of the median
segment is a dull impunctate area dilated into a sharp
point in the middle; the rest alutaceous, obscurely punc-
tured; the pleurze opaque, obscurely punctured, thickly
covered with long black hair. Legs: the anterior femora
and tibiz, the base of the middle femora and the lower
part of the middle tibiz in front, fulvo-testaceous; the
anterior four tarsi thickly covered with pale fulvous hairs;
the hinder tarsi covered with longer, thicker, and whiter
hair. Wings at the apex fuscous, with a faint violaceous
tinge, lighter below the stigma and at the base. Abdomen
black ; above closely punctured, thickly covered with
black hairs, very long at the base and the apex; the base
semicircularly incised; its apex very smooth, shining, and
with a bluish tinge; a narrow furrow extends from the
middle to the base; the apical dorsal segment deeply
incised in the middle; the apex flat; triangularly incised
in the middle. The ventral segments fringed with short
fulvous hairs at the apex ;.the apical segment depressed,
coarsely punctured, covered at the base with long fulvous
hair. |
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 4. aeH
Allied to M. anthracina Sm.=M. fasciculata Sm., ¢ cf.,
Horne and Smith (7vans. Zool. Soc. vit. (1872), p. 179).
The fore coxe are sharply triangularly produced in front.
MEGACHILE SYCOPHANTA, Sp. 100.
Nigra; capite thoraceque longe cinereo-lurtis; abdomine
subtus longe albo-lirto; alis hyalims. 2. Long. 13—14mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head thickly covered with long hairs; fulvous above,
_cinereous below the antennz. Clypeus coarsely punc-
tured; a shining, impunctate longitudinal line down the
middle; the teeth on the mandibles blunt, rounded; the
inner side of the mandibles smooth; the rest irregularly
striated and punctured; the lower side bearing long golden
hair. Antenne black, shining, smooth. Thorax closely
and rather strongly punctured ; the mesonotum (but very
sparsely in the middle) with long pale fulvous hair; the
scutellum almost impunctate, the post-scutellum fringed
with long pale fulvous hairs; the pleure and sternum
punctured like the mesonotum and covered with long
memice hairs. legs black; the hairs of the tibize and
tarsi on the inner side thick, deep golden; on the rest
of the legs the hairs are longer, sparser, and pale silvery ;
the calcaria pale. Wings hyaline, the nervures blackish.
Abdomen closely punctured, the basal segments thickly
covered with long pale fuscous hairs; the third and
following segments fringed with short silvery hairs, the
third and fourth deeply depressed; the last segment
coarsely and closely rugose; the ventral scopa apparently
white, but the colour hidden by reddish pollen.
The ¢ is similarly coloured to the 2; there is no
spine before the front coxze; the apical abdominal seg-
ment has no spines; it is broadly and roundly incised ;
this being also the case with the fourth, and, to a less
extent, with the third segment ; above the apical segment
is depressed at the apex.
T32 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Ortentalia.
MEGACHILE IMPLICATOR, Sp. nov.
Nigra, longe fulvo-lirta; alts hyalinis, apice fumatis. ¢.
Long. 9mm. .
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Antenne black, the scape with fulvous hairs; the
flagellum almost bare. Head densely covered all over
with long fulvous hairs, being especially thick and long
on the face and vertex. Mandibles entirely black, coarsely
punctured at the base, where they have a few fulvous
hairs. Thorax thickly covered all over with long fulvous
hairs; the mesonotum strongly and closely punctured.
Legs thickly covered all over with long pale hairs ; those
on the under side of the hinder tarsi inclining to fulvous ;
the claws piceous. The wings are almost hyaline to the
~end of the radial cellule, when they become fuscous; the
tegulz black. Abdomen black; the basal segment at the
apex thickly; the second and third more narrowly fringed
with long fulvous hairs; the apical segments with long
black hairs; the ventral segments fringed at the apices
with long white hairs; the apical broadly and roundly
incised. |
The anterior four coxze and the base of the femora are
strongly punctured; the apex of the latter very smooth
and shining and with a piceous tinge.
Comes near to M. lanata; but, apart from the difference
in coloration, the latter may be known from it by the
strongly rugosely punctured pleurz and sternum.
MEGACHILE ALBOLINEATA, Sp. nov.
Nigra; abdomine albo-lineato ; femoribus posterioribus
rufis; alis hyalinis. &. Long. fere 10mm.
Hab. Ceylon (Rothney).
Head rather closely punctured; the inner and outer
orbits of the eyes broadly covered with white hairs; the
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No.4. 133
clypeus projecting; smooth, shining, impunctate, and
slightly notched at the apex; mandibles coarsely punc-
tured, their lower edges smooth, shining, and impunc-
tate, and fringed with long golden hairs. Mesonotum
strongly punctured, thickly covered with long fuscous
pubescence; the sides, base, and apex of the tegule
thickly with long white hairs. Base of median segment
shining, impunctate; the rest of it closely punctured, and
covered with leng white hairs. Femora on the lower
side sparsely covered with soft white hairs; the tibiz
more thickly; the tarsi still more thickly covered with
fulvous pubescence, especially the hinder four. Wings
clear hyaline, the nervures and stigma black. Abdomen
above rather strongly and closely punctured, black; the
segments at the apex densely fringed with white pube-
scence ; the transverse furrows on the second and third
segments deep, shining, impunctate. Ventral fringe
long; clear white.
MEGACHILE MALIGNA, Sp. nov.
Nigra; femoribus rufis; abdominis scopa fulva; alis
hyalims. & et Sd. Long. 8—gmm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head black, the front and face thickly covered with
long pale fulvous hair; the vertex closely punctured, the
hairs much sparser and of a deeper fulvous tint. Man-
dibles strongly punctured, thickly covered at the base
with long pale fulvous hairs; the apical two teeth stout;
the part at their base piceous. Antenne entirely black.
Thorax coarsely alutaceous, thickly covered with white
hairs, which are especially long on the sides and meta-
notum, where they are of a paler tint. Median segment
alutaceous, its slope rather abrupt. The fore femora
black; the lower side entirely and the upper side at the
base above, and the hinder four pairs, rufous; the tibiz
134 | CAMERON, Hymenoptera Ortentalia.
and tarsi thickly covered with white hairs, which have a
fulvous tint on the metatarsus; the spurs pale testaceous ;
the apex of the hinder tibiz piceous on the outer side.
Abdomen black; above closely punctured; the segments
fringed with silvery pubescence; the scopa pale fulvous ;
the basal ventral segment rufous.
The ¢ is similarly coloured to the 2; except that the
ventral segments are rufous, except the apical one, which
is depressed broadly in the middle, and cleft slightly
and roundly; on either side are three stout teeth, which
_become successively, but not much, shorter. On the
sternum in front of the fore coxe are two stout project-
ing plates, curved on the inner side, straight and slightly
oblique on the outer.
MEGACHILE PULCHRIPES, sp. nov.
Nigra, longe argenteo-pilosa ; coxis, trochanteribus, femo-
ribus tibisque posticts, ae alis hyalims, stugmate fusco. °.
Long. 6 mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head coarsely punctured; the inner orbits thickly
covered with white depressed pubescence; the rest of the
head sparsely covered with fuscous hairs; the labrum
bears some long golden hairs; a straight keel runs from
the base of the antennz to the apex of the clypeus, the
part on the latter being the thinner; the mandibles
furrowed on the lower side ; the teeth piceous ; the apical
two large. Antenne black, shining, smooth. Thorax
coarsely punctured ; the scutellum more strongly than the
mesonotum; the scutellum at the sides projecting into
triangular teeth at the apex; the rest of the apex rounded,
sparsely pilose ; the edge of the pronotum and the base
of the scutellum thickly covered with white hairs. The
median segment sharply oblique, its sides thickly covered
with white woolly hairs. Propleure finely and closely
Manchester Memotrs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No.4. 135
punctured; the mesopleurze with the punctures much
larger, those at the top being more widely separated and
larger; the top, base, and apex thickly covered with white
hairs. Legs thickly covered with white hairs, especially the
tarsi; the base and apex of the fore femora; the hinder
four femora entirely, the apex of the hind coxe, the
apex of the middle trochanters and the hinder trochanters,
the hinder tibz and the hinder tarsi broadly at the base,
rufous; the hinder tibize and base of tarsi strongly punc-
tured ; the lower part of the metatarsus covered thickly
_ with long golden hairs; the calcaria pale golden. Abdomen
closely punctured; the segments fringed with silvery hairs;
interrupted on the basal segment; the abdominal segments
strongly punctured ; the scopa pale fulvous. Wings clear
hyaline, the nervures and stigma fuscous.
MEGACHILE PARVULA, Sp. nov.
Nigra, dense albo-pilosa; alis hyalinis, nervis megro-
juscis. “2: Long. fere 6mm.
Hab: Mussouri (Rothney).
Front and vertex strongly punctured, the former not
so strongly as the latter; the clypeus more closely and
not quite so strongly punctured as the front; the vertex
covered with long fuscous hairs; the inner orbits and the
clypeus more thickly with white pubescence, especially
the orbits; the clypeus slightly projecting; its apex
curved; the labrum thickly fringed with golden hairs;
the mandibles closely punctured ; the apical three-fourths
deeply furrowed ; the two stout teeth rufous. Antenne
shining, almost glabrous. Thorax strongly punctured ;
the pronotum and the sides of the mesonotum fringed
thickly with white hairs ; the post-scutellum covered with
much longer hairs. The base of the median segment with
short stout longitudinal keels all over ; those at the sides
more widely separated and a little longer; the apex
136 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Ortentalia.
smooth, shining, impunctate, glabrous at the top; the
rest of it obscurely punctured and sparsely covered with
white hairs. Pleurz coarsely punctured, and covered
with‘long white hair ; a shining, impunctate, semi-oblique
furrow on the lower three-fourths of the mesopleure at
the apex; the base of the metapleure finely and closely
punctured. Legs thickly covered with white hairs; those
on the under side of the hinder tarsi fulvous; the cal-
caria fulvous; the claws rufous. Wings clear hyaline;
the nervures and stigma dark fuscous. Abdomen closely
punctured; the base smooth and shining; the segments
fringed with white hairs; the ventral scopa fulvous.
MEGACHILE CHRYSOGASTER, Sp. nov.
Nigra; capite thoraceque albis; abdomine subtus longe
aureo-hirto; alis hyalinis. 2. Long. 7mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head strongly and closely punctured-; the vertex
sparsely, the front more thickly covered with long fuscous -
hairs ; the sides of the clypeus and between the antennz
thickly covered with long white hairs; the mandibles
coarsely punctured, their lower side fringed with long
golden hairs. Antennz shining, the scape slightly pilose ;
the flagellum glabrous. Mesonotum rather strongly punc-
tured; sparsely covered with long fuscous hairs; the
scutellum with the punctures larger and more widely
separated ; its. apex fringed with long white hairs (longer
than those on the mesonotum). The base of the median
segment is coarsely crenulated, the edge being stoutly
keeled ; the apex with a sharp abrupt slope, and covered
with long white hairs. Pleure strongly punctured, thickly
covered with long white hairs. Abdomen shining; the
basal segment with an abrupt, very slightly concave,
slope; the top at the base with a distinct raised margin,
the part behind this being depressed and crenulated. The
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 4. 127
other segments covered with shallow clearly separated
punctures; the basal segments bare; the apical thickly
covered with silvery pubescence, especially at their
apices; ventral hairs dense, aureo-fulvous; the apical
segment strongly punctured, fringed at the apex with
pale fulvous hairs. Legs stout, covered with long white
hairs; the anterior femora and tibiz strongly punctured,
the tibiz almost rugose; the tarsi densely covered with
long golden hairs. The wings clear hyaline; the nervures
black; the tegula black, edged with white in front;
shining, impunctate.
CERATINA PROPINQUA, sp. nov. (Pl. 4, f. 20).
Carulea; clypeo, geniculis tarsisque albis ; alis hyalints.
2. Long. 4—5 mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head blue, an elongated shining impunctate white
mark, rounded at the top,a little dilated at the apex,
on the clypeus; the front in centre broadly carinate, the
apex however of it being sharply margined, and from
the ocelli a curved shining keel runs into it from either
ocellus; the front and vertex very finely punctured ; the
face on either side of the white mark with large irregular
punctures, which are continued up ina single row along
the inner orbits. Antenne black, brownish beneath.
Mesonotum closely and finely punctured, shining; the
scutellum more closely and finely punctured ; the median
segment finely and closely punctured, shining, except in
the middle at the base; the pleurz closely punctured.
Legs thickly covered with white hairs; the anterior
femora at the apex above and more broadly beneath,
and the tibiz and tarsi white; the tibiz for the greater
part fuscous behind ; the hinder tibiz fuscous, white at
the base. Wings clear hyaline, the nervures fuscous,
the stigma darker; the first and second transverse cubital
138 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
nervures roundly curved and meeting closely at the top,
where they are separated by about the space bounded by
the first recurrent and second transverse cubital nervures;
the third cubital cellule at the top is twice the length of
the space bounded by the second fecurrent and third
transverse cubital nervures. Abdomen closely shagreened,
shining and impunctate at the apices of the segments
above and beneath.
Differs from the other green and blue species by the
very much less strongly punctured head and thorax.
CERATINA TAPROBANE, sp. nov.
Viridis ; abdonune migro, late flavo-balteato ; pedibus
flavis; alis hyalins. Long. fere 4mm.
Hab. Ceylon (Yerbury).
Head green, shining, sparsely covered an pale hairs,
clypeus, labrum, mandibles, and palpi pale yellow; the
clypeus with two black lines. Scape of the antennz
yellow; the flagellum yellow beneath, black above.
Thorax green, the scutellum dark purple; the meta-
notum of a darker green than the mesonotum, coarsely
alutaceous; the pleurz green, very finely punctured ;
the edge of the pronotum and the tubercles lemon-
yellow. Legs yellow; covered densely with white hairs;
the coxe, trochanters, the basal third of the anterior
femora; the basal half of the middle, and the basal
fourth of the hinder, black. Wings hyaline; the stigma
and nervures pallid testaceous; the recurrent nervures
are almost interstitial. Abdomen pallid yellow; the
second and third segments broadly black in the middle;
the others broadly black at the base; the ventral
segments broadly banded with black.
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xl1. (1897), No. 4. 139
CERATINA BEATA, Sp. nov.
Nigra, flavo-maculata; alis hyalins. Long. fere 5mm.
Hab. Trincomali, Ceylon (Yerbury).
Head shining, impunctate, glabrous, lemon-yellow; a
broad black line runs down to the mandibles, curving
round the side of the clypeus, and continued broadly
upwards till it joins a broad black mark on the vertex,
enclosing two yellow marks joined at the apex above the
antenne, these two yellow marks being joined to the
lower yellow one by a narrow line between the antenne;
the inner orbits are yellow; behind the eyes is a broad
yellow line which reaches near to the base of the man-
dibles, nearing the eyes as it does so; on the top of
the occiput is a yellow line dilated in the middle; the
vertex behind the eyes has large shallow punctures; the
mandibular teeth black. Antennz black, rufo-testaceous
beneath; the scape having a yellower line. Prothorax
yellow; the mesonotum black, with two yellow longi-
tudinal lines in the centre and two narrower ones at
the sides, neither reaching the base nor apex; its base
obscurely punctured. Scutellum and _ post-scutellum
yellow; the sides and apex of the median segment
shagreened. Mesopleure closely punctured, yellow, except
a broad line, below the wings and round the apex; the
metapleura black; under the wings is a raised shining
spot. Legs entirely lemon-yellow; thickly covered with °
white hairs. Abdomen yellow, shining, minutely punc-
tured, the segments broadly black at the base; the ventral
surface yellow.
CERATINA MODERATA, Sp. 10v.
Nigra ; labro, clypeo, bast tibiarum, lineisque abdominis,
flavis; alis hyalims. Long. 5mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Black ; the labrum, clypeus, a curved line on the face
close to the eyes and between the antenne, the dilated
140 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
yellow mark on the clypeus, and a transverse mark
roundly dilated in the middle above, yellow. Front and
vertex sparsely covered with long fuscous hairs; the face
below the antenne with three irregular rows of round
punctures; the front depressed sharply between the
antenne and with a row of punctures between the furrow,
the orbits above bordered with a row of punctures; the
vertex punctured, except at the sides of the ocelli, the
punctures large, clearly separated. Antenne black,
shining, the scape sparsely clothed with long white hair ;
the flagellum bare. Thorax shining, rather closely covered
with white pubescence, which is darker in front than it is
at the apex; the apex of the pronotum broadly yellow ;
the mesonotum shining, bearing widely separated shallow
punctures ; the scutellum minutely punctured. The base
of the median segment has an elongated finely rugose
area, bordered with a shining, impunctate space, the rest
of the segment obscurely shagreened, and with an in-
distinct shallow narrow furrow down the middle; the
propleure shining, the mesopleure with large, widely
separated punctures; the metapleurz alutaceous. Legs
black, thickly covered with long white hairs; the lower
apical half of the fore femora, the front four tibiz before,
the hind tibize also, but with a black line in the centre,
bright yellow; the tarsi covered thickly with long white
hairs; the front pair inclining to testaceous. Wings clear
hyaline, the nervures testaceous; the first transverse
cubital nervure is oblique; the second gradually curved
towards it at the top; the second cubital cellule at the
top is not half the length of the third; the first recurrent
nervure is received slightly less than the length of top of
the second cubital from the second transverse cubital
nervure. Abdomen shining at the base, the rest more
opaque, shagreened, and clothed closely with white hair ;
the ventral segments closely punctured.
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 4. 141
CERATINA ORNATIFERA, Sp. 10v.
Long. 8mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Very similar to C. Mmeroglyphica, but with the legs
entirely black, except a yellow line on the tibiz.
Head shining, sparsely covered with long fuscous
hairs ; the vertex with scattered punctures ; a depression,
narrowed towards the apex, in front of the anterior
ocellus ; the sides of which are flat, shining, and bear a
row of. punctures, there being a row of three inside of it at
the apex; there is a sharp keel between the antenne,
from which the sides slope sharply and are punctured.
The clypeus has widely separated punctures, except in the
centre; the labrum is rugosely punctured. Antenne
entirely black, smooth, shining, the scape with a few long
fuscous hairs. On the clypeus, extending from the base
to the apex, is a broad yellow mark, which at its apex
extends on either side to the base of the mandibles, where
it is bounded by a curved furrow; on each side of the
central yellow mark is a yellow mark with its apical half
broadened on the inner side ; and over the central yellow
mark is a broad curved one which extends beyond its
sides, and there are two oblique broad lines, narrowed at
base and apex behind the eyes; above the antennz are
two yellow marks wider than long. Thorax black,
shining ; the pronotum with a broad line on either side in
tae centre, tne tubercles, the apex of the tegule and a
broad slightly curved mark on the scutellum, yellow; the
scutellum slightly punctured at the base and apex; the
median segment coarsely shagreened ; the base flat, more
shining in front laterally. The propleure at the top
shining, smooth; the rest closely and strongly longi-
tudinally shagreened ; the mesopleura and sternum with
large distinctly separated punctures; the metapleurz at
the base closely punctured, the rest coarsely shagreened.
142 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
Legs thickly covered with long pale hairs ; a mark on the
under side of the fore femora; the tibiz above yellow, the
yellow becoming successively longer, but not reaching to
the apex ; the hairs on the hind tibiz and tarsi very long
and thick. Wings clear hyaline; the nervures and stigma
fuscous; the top of the second cubital cellule is as wide as
the space bounded by the first recurrent and the second
transverse cubital nervures. Abdomen shining, smooth ;
the basal segment above, with a deep wide somewhat
triangular depression, but with the apex rounded; on the
apex of the basal segment is a yellow line, intersected
by two square black marks, the second, third, and fourth
segments bordered with yellow, which is dilated at the
sides. Ventral segments strongly and closely punctured,
lined with yellow at the apices and covered with long
white hair.
The ¢ is similar; but with the yellow markings larger;
there is a curved yellow mark on the mesonotum near the
scutellum and two long narrow ones down the sides; the
yellow line behind the eyes much larger; that on the
scutellum much larger and dilated widely in the middle at
the apex; the yellow on the anterior four tibiz and tarsi
more extended; and the yellow bands on the abdomen
are broader above and beneath.
ANTHOPHORA ROTHNEYI, sp. nov.
Nigra, longe pallide hivta; abdomine pallide argenteo-
fasciato; scapo antennarum, mandibularum bast oreque
flavis ; clypeo nigro-bimaculato ; alis hyalinis, nervis nigris.
2. Long. 1o—II mm.
Hab. Mussouri (Rothney).
Head densely covered with hoary hairs, longest and
thickest on the top; the labrum and clypeus yellow,
obscurely punctured; the two marks on the clypeus are
dilated at the apex and reach from the base to shortly
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xl. (1897), No. 4. 143
beyond the middle. Antenne black, the scape yellow
beneath, sparsely covered with long white hairs. Mandi-
bles yellow, the apex black. Thorax covered, except on
the scutellum, with long hoary hair ; the scutellum closely
and rather finely punctured, except in the middle. Legs
black ; the femora sparsely in front bearing white hairs ;
all the tibiz in front and the four front tarsi in front
thickly covered with silvery white hairs; the hinder tarsi
thickly covered with black stiff hairs. Wings clear hyaline;
the nervures black ; the second cubital cellule at the top
is as wide as the space bounded by the first transverse
cubital and the first recurrent nervure; the second
recurrent nervure is almost interstitial. Abdomen black;
the ventral segments more or less piceous; the dorsal
segments fringed with depressed silvery hair.
The ¢ wants the black marks on the yellow clypeus ;
the flagellum is brownish beneath; the apical ventral
segment is deeply furrowed down the middle, and the
sides are also deeply and more widely furrowed; the
bounding keels being acute, stout; the space between
them in the centre slightly hollowed.
Agrees with A. cincta in form and general coloration ;
but is smaller; the hairs on the head and thorax hoary,
not fulvous; and the fascia on the abdomen are pale
silvery, not blue.
SOCIALES. |
TRIGONA BENGALENSIS, sp. nov.
Nigra, nitida; antennis flavo-testaceis; abdominis basi
late brunneo; alis hyalints. &. Long. 3mm.
Hab. Barrackpore (Rothney), in old tree stumps.
Head black, shining, the face thickly covered with
white pubescence, the mandibles and palpi rufo-testaceous.
Antenne entirely rufo-testaceous. Thorax shining, im-
punctate; the pleurz “thickly covered with long white
144 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Ortentalia.
hairs, but more sparsely in the middle; the mesonotum
sparsely covered with longish fuscous hairs; the
semicircular depression at the base of the scutellum
deep; the scutellum fringed with long fuscous hairs at
the top and at the apex behind, the latter oblique, pro-
jecting at the top; the median segment very smooth,
shining, glabrous, rounded. Legs covered with white
hairs, shining, the apical four joints of the tarsi testaceous;
the hinder femora and tibiz have a piceous tinge. Wings
clear hyaline, the stigma pallid-testaceous ; the radial
nervure complete; the cubital only extending to the
middle of the second cubital cellule; the two transverse
cubital nervures very faint, almost obsolete.
Explanation of Plates.
PLATE a:
Ichneumon clotho.
Ichneumon Rothneyt.
Rothneyia Wroughtont.
Pimpla nepe.
Bracon ceylonicus.
Bracon agraensis.
Spmaria nigriceps.
Epynis amatorwus.
Chalcis bengalensis.
LTemnata maculipennis.
FDO DI AARY So
~
~
Le!
PLATE 4.
Fig. 11. Methoca 3 rugosa.
», 12. Methoca 2 bicolor.
5, 13. Mutilla edipus.
5, 14. Mutilla Rothneyt.
5, 15. Ptson (Parapison) Rothneyi.
», 16. Cemonus fuscipennis.
5, 17. LRhynchium basimacula.
» 18 Halctus tardus.
5, 19. Andrina gracillima.
»5 20. Ceratina propinqua.
Plate
Manchester Memotrs. Vol. XLL.
W.Purkiss. del. et lth
HMiViENOP TERA ORIEN TALIA.
a
Manchester Memoirs. Vol. XLT.
W Purkiss, del, et lith.
BYMENOPIERA ORIENTALIA,
Plate #4.
V. On the Ampullz in some specimens of Millepora
in the Manchester Museum.
Eye ovONEY |. Elickson, M.A., D.Sc., P.R:S.
Received December 15th. Read December 15th, 1896.
In 1884, Quelch called attention to certain cavities
in the superficial coenenchym of Mullepora Murrayt, from
Samboangan, which he called ‘‘ Ampulle,”’ and considered
to be of the same nature as the ampullz of the Stylas-
teridz.
In 1890, I was fortunate enough to obtain some spirit
specimens of this species from Professor Haddon, and
I found that each ampulla contains a curious male
medusiform gonophore, in different stages of development.
As this was the first intimation of the presence of
medusz in the group of the Hydrocoralline, and the
medusz were only males, I have been for some time
collecting specimens of Mullepora from different localities
in the hope of obtaining the medusz in other species.
I have obtained spirit specimens from the Bahamas,
Bermuda, West Indies, and Tonga, through the kindness
of Professor Agassiz, Mr. Shipley, Mr. Lister, and Dr.
Giinther, and I have carefully re-examined my own
specimens from Celebes. :
I have also examined numerous skeletons in the
possession of the British Museum, of the Museum at
Cambridge, and elsewhere; but none of these, except
Feb. 22nd, 1897.
2 Hickson, on Ampulle@ in Specimens of Mullepora.
Millepora Murrayi, showed any signs of possessing
meduse or ampulle.* |
Quelch, moreover, gives no account of any ampulle
in any species he describes except M. Murrayt.
When searching through the collection of Milleporas
in the Manchester Museum I came across a _ single
branch of a coral labelled M. Schrammi, which resembles
very closely the figure of the specimen of this name
given by Duchassaing and Michelotti.
Unfortunately the specimen has no history, and I
cannot tell where it came from. Michelotti’s descrip-
tion of the M. Schramm, from the Antilles, is very
imperfect, and it is quite impossible to determine with
any degree of certainty whether the specimen in the
Museum really belongs to this species or not; but it is
very different indeed in form from M. Murrayz, and could
not possibly, under our present system of classifying
species of these forms, be included in Quelch’s new
species.
Now, the specimen shows clearly several scars of
ampulle, some in clusters, some quite irregularly
scattered.
In another specimen of Muillepora without history,
which is very much broken and dusty, several areas are
covered with the scars of ampulle.
The discovery of the ampullz on these fragments led
me to examine very carefully the larger and more perfect
specimens in the Museum, and I was delighted to find
that one which is labelled Millepora alcicornis, and another
labelled Millepora complanata, exhibit these cavities in large
numbers on some of their branches.
* NotEe.—Since the above was written I have examined a number of
specimens in the British Museum and the Museum of Natural History at
Liverpool, and I have noticed several ampulla-bearing specimens, other
than those belonging to the species M. Muvrayi—January 28th, 1897.
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 3 3
The general effect of the scars is to give the branches
which bear them a diseased or weather-worn appearance,
and it also obscures the regular symmetry of the circles
of dactylopores round the gastropores.
It is, perhaps, for this reason that collectors and
curators of museums have rejected the ampulla-bearing
specimens and branches of specimens in favour of the
more healthy-looking sterile branches.
It is certainly a very extraordinary fact that hitherto
the ampullz have been recorded only on the single species
M. Murrayt.
The interest of these observations lies in the fact that
they suggest very forcibly that free swimming medusz
occur in other species of Mullebora both in the West
Indies and the East Indies, and that they appear in large
numbers either spasmodically or at the times when the
vitality of the colony is on the wane. I may take this
opportunity of again asking zoologists and others to send
me spirit specimens of Millebora. Fragments of the older
and outer branches of large colonies seem to be the most
favourable for the investigation of this particular feature ;
but from what has been observed on the dried skeletons,
it seems possible that the medusz may be found on other
parts as well.
The most important problems that have still to be
solved are these: Are the medusz of the different species
of Mullepora alike, or do they present specific differences ?
Are the medusz confined to the male sex, or do medusz
occur bearing the ova?
The general features of the anatomy of Millepora show
that it is a genus which stands quite by itself. Its
relations to the Stylasteride, the group of coral-forming
hydroids with which it is usually associated, are so remote
as to be problematical. Its wide geographical distribution
is associated with a very bs
structure. are hg
These facts all indicate that M ipo
our science.
VI. Descriptions of New Species of Brachiopoda and
Mollusca from the Millstone Grit and Lower
Coal Measures of Lancashire.
Dy tHEREERT DOLTON, F.R-S.E.
Received November 19th. Read December 1st, 1896.
The invertebrate fauna of the millstone-grit and coal-
measures of Lancashire has been industriously collected
by many local geologists over a considerable number of
years, but very little has been done to satisfactorily
determine the various collections of fossils. Especially
has the group of Mollusca been neglected, and until quite
recently it was impossible to decide what forms were
clearly recognisable species and what forms were new.
Dr. Hind’s recent ‘‘ Monograph on Carbonicola,
Anthracomya, and Naiadites,” published by the Palzeon-
tographical Society, has placed these three genera upon
a more satisfactory basis; but many other genera of the
Pelecypoda, and the whole of the Gastropoda yet remain
to be dealt with.
The accession by gift of the C. Dugdale collection
of millstone-grit and coal-measure fossils from the
Rossendale area, of the Kay-Shuttleworth collection of
fossils from the Burnley coalfield, and by a similar gift
from Mr. Robert Cairns, of Ashton-under-Lyne, has
caused the collections of the Manchester Museum, Owens
College, to be enriched by several new species from
the Lancashire coal-measures. It is very desirable that
these species should be named and their generic position
determined in order that they may be placed in their true
position amongst the geological collections of the Museum,
May 20th, 1897. A
2 Botton, New Brachiopoda and Mollusca.
and in order that they may be of use to geologists who
make use of these collections.
Three of the species here described are from the
shales and ‘ bullion-balls’’ of the Bullion or upper-foot
coal-seam of the lower coal-measures. The seam is by
far the most remarkable of all the coal-seams which
occur in the Lancashire coal-measures, and has yielded
to the paleobotanist and palzontologist more material,
and of greater interest, than all the rest.
From it were obtained the ‘‘coal-balls,” by the
cutting up of which the late Professor Williamson, your
late member Mr. T. Hick, and others were enabled to
determine so much of the original structure of the coal
vegetation.
It seems less known that resting upon the ~ roof
of the coal are other stone balls, often with an outer
crust of pyrites, and usually filled with a great number of
Goniatites, Aviculopectens, &c. The shales are full of
crushed shells and the bones, teeth, and scales of fishes.
Indeed, it is no exaggeration to say that the Bullion
seam, and the few feet of shale which form its roof,
contain the most varied and abundant fauna of the coal-
measures. The species which I describe as Tellinomya
vobusta is a middle coal-measure fossil, and appears to
be of considerable value as a zonal fossil. In every case
where it has been brought before my notice and the
locality has been known, it has been obtained from the
shales immediately over the Cannel mine.
DIscINA (ORBICULOIDEA) ORBICULARIS, sp. 10v.
(Pi. 5, 4.4 and 2):
Discina, G. Wild, ‘‘The Lower Coal Measures of
Lancashire” (Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc., Vol. XXI.,
18g0—92, p. 365, pl. 111., f. 9).
Diagnosis: Shell almost circular, the sides contracted a
little posteriorly. Free valve much flattened and slightly
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 6. 3
conoidal. Apex halfway between centre and posterior
margin. Surface covered with equidistant concentric
lines of growth. Ventral valve flat, more circular than
free valve, and bearing a narrow slit-like foramen passing
from the centre to the posterior margin. Marked with
concentric striz# as in the free valve. Shell thin and
horny.
Diameter 13 mm.
Localities and Horizons: Carre Heys, Colne; roof of
Bullion coal, lower coal-measures.
Ashton Moss Colliery, Ashton-under-Lyne; ‘‘ Marine-
band,” middle coal-measures.
Observations: This form has been known for a long
time from the Lancashire coal-measures. It is a much
less robust species than Discina mtida, and less elevated.
It approximates somewhat to Discina Davreuxiana, but is
flatter, smaller, and more circular. The dorsal valve of
D. orbicularis is extremely low, almost flat.
AVICULOPECTEN CAMRNSIT, sp. nov. (PI:.5, 1. 3 and:.4).
Diagnosis: Valves feebly convex, wider than long,
inequilateral and markedly oblique. Surface bearing faint
concentric striations, probably lines of growth. Hinge
line straight, short, and about half the length of the shell.
Anterior ear of right valve small, and gradually merging
into anterior border. Posterior ear marked with four or
five strong rounded ribs; byssal notch deep. Ears of
left valve equal, and concentrically striated.
Locality and Horizon: River Tame, Dukinfield ; “‘ Marine-
band,’’ middle coal-measures.
Observations: This species is a little larger than dA.
fibrillosus, Salter, with which it is found in association,
and presents important differences. It is a much more
oblique form, and destitute of the radiating ribs which
are sO conspicuous a feature in Salter’s species. The
4 Botton, New Brachiopoda and Mollusca.
valves are also shorter in proportion to their width, and
the ears are more nearly equal. It gives me great
pleasure to name this species after Mr. Robert Cairns, of
Ashton-under-Lyne, who has for many years been a
diligent student of Lancashire geology.
ANTHRACOMYA BELLULA, sp. nov. (Pl. 5, f. 5).
Modiola Macadanui, C. Dugdale, ‘‘ General Section of
the Lower Coal Measures and Millstone Grit
Rocks of Rossendale” (Tvans. Manch. Geol. Soc.,
Vol. XIX 3 18375-p. 228):
Diagnosis: Shell transversely oblong; narrowest in
the region of the umbones; slightly expanded posteriorly,
ventral margin sub-parallel to the hinge line. Umbones
moderately tumid, almost touching, placed far forwards
at anterior fifth of length. Lunule small. Anterior end
of valves produced, narrow, acutely rounded. The
diagonal ridge almost obsolete, lost on the convexity of
the shell before reaching the ventral margin. Ventral
margin but slightly rounded. Posterior border sloping
obliquely upwards. Surface of shell smooth, marked by
faint concentric lines of growth, which broaden out over
the posterior third of the shell.
Localities and Horizons : Bonfire Hill, Crawshawbooth;
in dark shales immediately under the lower rough-rock
of the millstone-grit series.
Bankside Quarry, Bacup; in shales under rough-
rock. Not now exposed. |
Greens Clough, on the moorland between Bacup and
Portsmouth; in shale under rough-rock.
Observations : Only three specimens of this species
have been seen by me, although more have been found.
The specimens now in the Manchester Museum are so
well preserved that no doubt need exist as to their specific
identity.
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 6. 5
/
A small slab in the Dugdale collection bears two
whole shells with open valves.
A small slab with a single pair of valves is in the
Cairns collection at the Manchester Museum.
This species has a general resemblance to A. pumila
and A. minima var. carinata, but differs from the former in
being much narrower in proportion to the length, in the
more forward position of the umbo and the produced
anterior extremity. The latter feature also distinguishes
it from A. minima var. carinata, as also the absence of a
strong oblique ridge.
The species occurs much lower than any other of the
genus in the English carboniferous.
TELLINOMYA ROBUSTA, sp. nov. (Pl. 5, f. 6, 7, 8 and 8a).
Diagnosis : Shell oval, obtuse, surface smooth, marked
by faint concentric lines of growth, strongest along
anterior border. Valves strongly convex, umbones
gibbous. External ligament present and usually well
defined. Anterior lunule well marked, and a posterior
escutcheon which is bounded by a slight ridge passing
backwards from the umbones to the upper posterior
border. Anterior border a little produced and well
rounded, and gradually merging into the ventral border.
Posterior border short, sometimes a little produced and
angulated.
Localities and Horizons :
Chequerbent,
Tyldesley,
Bank Colliery, L. Hulton,
Worsley Tunnel,
Watergate, Bolton, middle coal-measures.
Hulton Park, Bolton,
Mill Hill Bleachworks, Bolton; horizon not known.
Observations : This species is readily distinguishable by
its stout swollen form and smooth surface, together with
Cannel mine
: of the
6 Botton, New Brachiopoda and Mollusca.
the presence of an anterior lunule. In well-preserved
specimens the lunule and anterior border meet in an
obtuse angle. The species seems restricted to the shales
overlying the Cannel mine of the middle coal-measures. |
For some time I regarded the species as belonging to
the genus Schizodus, but further consideration has led me
to place it in the genus Tellinomya (Nucula?) by reason
of the presence of an external ligament, a lunule, and a
feebly marked corselet, and by the absence of the
posterior truncation and oblique ridge so characteristic of
Schizodus.
One cast shows a small anterior adductor impression.
The occurrence of the species in so many localities
immediately over the Cannel seam of the middle coal-
measures makes it of considerable value as a zonal
fossil.
NATICOPSIS.GLOBULARIS, sp. nov. (Pl. 5, f. gj:
Diagnosis: Shell globose, spire depressed, and very
acute, volutions six, increasing in size rapidly, last
volution large and swollen ; suture well defined ; aperture
ovate. Surface smooth or marked by faint lines of
growth.
Locality. and Horizon: Carre Heys, Colne; over
Bullion coal, lower coal-measures.
Observations: This. beautiful little Naticopsis is to be
found in most collections from the Lancashire coal-_
measures. |
It is readily distinguishable by the almost globular
last volution, above which stands the extremely short
acute spire.
Specimens are almost invarably completely pyritised.
RAPHISTOMA (?) ORNATA, sp. nov. (Pl. 5, f. 10).
Diagnosis: Shell small, spire depressed, increasing in
size rapidly; consisting of three and a half whorls.
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 6. Yi
Suture deep, whorls sharply convex above, sides almost
flat, broadly convex below. Ornament of strong raised
longitudinal lines, crowded on the shoulder, more widely
spaced below.
Locality and Horizon: Bacup; in “ bullion-balls”’ of
the Bullion seam, lower coal-measures.
Observations : Several specimens of this pretty little
shell were found by me in a bullion-ball which had been
partially ‘calcined in order to extract the fossils.
The species was associated with what appears to be a
small form of Anthracomya. .
It may be that this species belongs to the Pleuro-
tomaria, but the flattened spire and the.absence of any
evidence of a sinus have led me to place it in the genus
Raphistoma.
Botton, New Brachiopoda and Mollusca.
Explanation of figures in Plate 5.
(The lettered numbers ave those of the registers of the Manchester Museum, and are
painted upon the matrix enclosing the specimens.)
Fig. 1. Discina orbicularis. Ventral valve. Carre Heys, Colne.
99
39
99
99
99
2.
9
W 466, e coll. Wild.
», Dorsal and ventral valves. Ashton Moss
Colliery. L 2620, e coll. Cairns.
3. Aviculopecten Cairnsu. Left valve. River Tame, Dukin-
4.
9 39
field. L 3489, e coll. Cairns.
Right and left valves. Same locality
and collection as fig. 3. L 3490.
5. Anthracomya bellula. Conjoint valves. Bonfire Hill,
OV
8a.
Crawshawbooth. L 3491, e coll.
Dugdale.
. Tellinomya vobusta. Conjoint valves seen from above.
Watergate Colliery. L 3492. (The
anterior side of the shell is to the
right, the faintly marked area to
the left of the umbone being the
escutcheon within which is a small.
well-marked ligament. The anterior
lunule is more strongly defined than
is indicated by the figure, and bears
a few feeble longitudinal ribs.)
Same shell as above, viewed from the
right side. Posterior margin much
contracted, partly by abrasion.
Seen from the left side, and showing
a greater development than fig. 7.
Watergate Colliery. L 3493.
Diagrammatic section through original
of fig. 8.
9? 9
79 9)
99 9
9. Naticopsis globularis. Carre Heys, Colne. W = 467,
e coll. Wild.
10. Raphistoma (?) ornata. Figure of whole shell, built
up from a series of four incomplete
specimens. Bacup, Rossendale.
L 3494, e coll. Bolton.
Manchester Memoirs. Vol. XLI. Plate 5.
GM Woodward del cthth. Mintern Bros. imp. London.
BRACHIOPODA AND MOLLUSCA.
=
Pans
hea,
VII. Descriptions of Thirty-four Species of Marine
Mollusca from the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf,
and Gulf of Oman.
(Mostly collected by F. W. Townsend, Esq.)
by james Cosmo’ Merviti, M.A., F.L.S.
Received and read December 15th, 1896.
For the past three or four years, Mr. F. W, Townsend,
of Manora, Karachi, has been most successfully utilising
the exceptional advantages possessed by him as officially
connected with the Submarine Telegraph Service in the
North Indian Ocean, embracing the whole distance from
Karachi to Bushire, frequent inspection of the cable
being, of course, necessary.
Various marine objects, both animal and vegetable,
rapidly surround and encrust the cable, and these have,
from time to time, to be removed.
It is only natural to suppose that many Mollusca take
up their abode amongst the Alg@ and other growths, and
the results of Mr. Townsend’s dredgings and examinations
of the cable have, in this particular, been beyond all
measure gratifying and encouraging.
Mr. G. B. Sowerby, F.L.S., has already described
some remarkable new species thus discovered by Mr.
Townsend, of which the most remarkable, perhaps, are
a most beautiful Niso (N. venosa Sowb.), a Cancellaria (C.
paucicostata Sowb.), a large orange and white Sfondylus
May 20th, 1897.
2 MELVILL, Descriptions of Marine Mollusca.
(L. exilis Sowb.), a handsome Pecten (P. Townsendt
Sowb.), and some very pretty Tvochid@, Bullia, and other
Mollusca.*
Mr. Townsend’s collection abounds in species not yet
satisfactorily named. Many, especially amongst the
Pelecypoda, are juveniles, and for identification, therefore,
not in good condition; others are mature, but obscure in
themselves. Amongst such are many small Pleurotomide.
However, as the following paper will show, there are
amongst them some very fine and unequivocal addenda
to Molluscan species, the most conspicuous, perhaps,
being the Mitra (Costellaria) stephanucha, a giant of its
section, and which Mr. Townsend has just discovered in
greater plenty than when the first specimens came to
light. The beautiful Scalaria fimbriolata is also note-
worthy, a large Tapes, and a Yoldia, of which the forms
known hitherto are arctic rather than tropical.
We believe it to be Mr. Townsend’s intention to
publish sooner or later a complete summary of the species
obtained in his various dredging expeditions in this
locality, or, rather, series of localities between long. 50°
and 70°.
This catalogue, when fully worked out, will be found
to contain several hundred species, and will be the most
important contribution towards the Mollusca of the
North-west Indian Ocean (embracing the Persian Gulf,
Sea of Oman, and the Arabian Sea) that has been written
within recent years.
Combining and connecting, as this vast region does,
the fauna of the Red Sea and Aden with that of Bombay
and Ratingiri, and, still further south, Ceylon, it is not
surprising to find that several species hitherto thought
peculiar have extended their range. Only very recently,
when describing certain new marine shells from Bombay,
* Vide Proc. Mal, Soc. Lond., Vol. I, pp. 160, 214, 278.
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 'V. 3
I dwelt upon the specialised nature of the forms. Already
one has had cause to modify that opinion. Of the 50 to
- 60 species then described as novelties, more than 20 have
already been found in Mr. Townsend’s dredgings, thus
extending their range. Of these we may mention, as being
especially abundant, the following: Rissoina pachystoma,
R. epentroma, Marginella mazagonica, Tellina lechriogramma,
and Engina zea. Pyrgulina callista, P. Edgaru, and Sela
bandorensis have also occurred, and Phasianella minima.
A few of the following new forms were dredged by
Captain E. R. Shopland, at Karachi, or off the Mekran
Coast, and we also include a Columbella (C. Cartwrighti),
collected by Capt. Cartwright, R.N., from this same region.
It now only remains for me to briefly tender my best
thanks to Sir Rawson W. Rawson, K.C.M.G., for kindly
forwarding for my inspection Mr. Townsend’s MS. lists,
with valuable notes of locality, and for giving me informa-
tion thereupon; to Mr. Hugh Fulton, for many notes and
specimens bearing on the results of the examination of
this collection at, and comparison with the stores of, the
British Museum of Natural History; and especially am I
under a great debt of obligation to Mr. G. B. Sowerby,
F.L.S., of Fulham Road, London, whose notes on most
of the species now to be described have been of the
greatest possible value, and they nearly all have passed
through his hands.
Now also, as on many other occasions, must I render
thanks to Mr. Edgar Smith for much help and assistance;
and finally, and here I speak not only for myself, but for
all interested in the geographical distribution of Marine
Mollusca, much gratitude is due to Mr. F. W. Townsend,
for it is too rarely that such exceptional advantages as
those possessed by him, as chief executive officer with
regard to the Telegraph Cable, are grasped at, at all
events so thoroughly and enthusiastically.
4 MELVILL, Descriptions of Marine Mollusca.
NassA (NIOTHA) MAMMILLIFERA, sp. nov. (Pl. 6, f. 2).
N. testa fusiform, spira attenuata, ad apicem acuta,
gracilt, solidiuscula, anfractibus octo, quorum apicalibus
duobus, witreis, laevibus, ceteris apud suturas multum
impressis, subventricosis supernis tribus, ultimo undecim gem-
mularum vel mammillarum ordinbus spiralibus decorato,
mamillis parvis, rotundis, nitidis, valdé regularibus, infra
suturas et ad medium ultina anfractus obscuré rufo-vittata,
apertura oblonga, labro extus paullum effuso, incrassato,
nitido, albo, intus denticulato, canali brevi, margine columel-
lart paullum effosso, dente sutwralt prominente.
Long. 11, lat 5 am., sp. maz.
Hab. Persian Gulf.
Five specimens of a small Nassa, which is unlike any
in the National collection. . It would appear near N.
margaritifera Dunker. The above description will show
its peculiarities, the very regular mammillate nodules,
three-rowed in the upper whorls, eleven-rowed in the
lowest, with much attenuation of whorl, and sharp apex.
The shell is obscurely banded transversely with rufous.
NassA (H1MA) TOWNSENDI, sp. nov. (Pl. 6, f. I).
N. testa fusifornu, eleganter superne attenuata, sub-
turvita, pallidé brunnea, anfractibus octo, tumidulis, ad
suturas impressis, longitudinaliter arcté obliquicostatis, spira-
liter livatis, costis ad juncturis livarum clathrato-nodulifens,
livis ultimt anfractus erga basin fortioribus, ad suturas et
ad medium ultimt anfractus obscuré rufocincta, apertura
subrotunda, sinu canali lato, peristomate extus incrassato,
intus sex crenato-dentato, dente suturalt prominente.
Long. 14, lat. 6 mm.
Hab. Mekran Coast.
An elegantly formed Nassa, the upper whorls becoming
much attenuate, somewhat tumid, impressed at the
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. %- 5
sutures, lower whorls rounded, pale brown, banded with
obscure rufous toning at the sutures and middle of the
last whorl. Longitudinally costate, costze somewhat
noduled at the junction of the spiral lire, mouth
roundish, sinus of the canal broad, lip thickened without,
six crenate-dentate within, sutural tooth prominent. Near
N. concinna Powis. Two specimens, precisely similar.
I venture to dedicate this interesting species to Mr. F.
W. Townsend, its discoverer.
SISTRUM RAwsonl, sp. nov. (Pl. 6, f. 3).
E. testa ovato-fusiform, brunneo-castanea, anfractibus octo,
quorum tribus apicalibus pallidé brunnets, vitrers, levissimus,
ceteris paullum ventricosis, longitudinaliter laticostatis, costis
obtusis, spiraliter crassiliratis, interstitis transversim tenu-
striatis, livis in penultimo et antepenultimo anfractu quatuor,
in ultimo. circa octodecim, apertura ovata, labro extus
tncrassato, intus rufo-carnoso, decem vel undecim denticulato,
denticulis albis, mtidis, columella rufo-carnosa, simplice,
canalt paullulum producto.
Long. 15, lat. 7mm., sp. max.
Bocainy eecrsiam Gut. . Iong. 27 N., lat. 52 E.
A very pretty species, that might almost equally well
be considered an Engina; but there are several points
of similarity between the shell now before us and S.
concatenatum Lam. Of a warm chestnut-brown colour,
covered with a fugitive epidermis, the whorls eight, three
being apical, pale brown, glassy, smooth, the remainder
thickly ribbed, and coarsely transversely lirate ; the mouth
oval, outer lip thickened, ten or eleven denticled within,
the denticles being white, shining, the interstices, with
the outer lip and columella, rufous, flesh colour; canal
very slightly produced.
I venture to associate with this species the name of
Sir Rawson W.. Kawson, K.C.M.G., so well and uni-
6 MELVILL, Descriptions of Marine Mollusca.
versally known for successful scientific investigations
conducted both in the Eastern and Western hemispheres.
A great many specimens.
CORALLIOPHILA PERSICA, sp. nov. (Pl. 6, f. 4).
C. testa pyranudata, fusiform, utrinque attenuata, sordidé
alba, anfractibus septem, quorum apicalibus duobus, minutts,
lavibus, sordidé albis, cateris obscure costatis, costis infra
sutuvas evanidis, et spiraliter arctissimé livatis, liris pulchré
squamatis, ultimo anfractu expanso, apertura ovata, labro extus
effuso, parum incrassato, columella sumplice, canalt producto,
recto.
Long. 15, lat. 6°50 mm.
Hab. Persian Gulf.
A fusiform shell, much attenuate both apically and at
the base. Seven-whorled, dirty-white, the whorls obscurely
ribbed, and transversely beautifully lirate, the lire being
squamigerous.
MITRA (COSTELLARIA) STEPHANUCHA, Sp. 10v.
GeENG, ta).
M. testa attenuata, fusiformi, solidiuscula, rufo-cinerea,
indistincté fasciata vel hic illic maculata, apice acutissimo,
anfractibus quatuordecim, gradatulis, supernis multicostulatis,
costulis sumplicibus, quingue vel sex ultimis longitudinaliter
fortiter paucicostatis, costis infra, juxta suturas, angulatimn
noduliferis, nodulis arctis, spivaliter coronatis, interstitiis
omnes apud anfractus inter costas spiraliter puncto-lratis,
apertura angusta, oblonga, labro extus tenw, intus striato,
columella quadriplicata.
Long. 42, lat. 12mm.
Hab. Persian Gulf, Muscat, &c.
A very highly interesting Mitra ; doubtless its affinities
are with M. imucronata Swn., and its allies, e.g., M.
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. %- 7
fustformis, chem M. Dohrni A. Ad., M. nodilyrata A. Ad.,
&c., but it differs from all in its large size, attenuate
fusiform shape, cinereous-red colour, the gradate whorls
I4 in number, smoothness of the whorls (to the naked
eye), excepting where the spiral acutely noduled corona-
tions encircle the upper part of the last five or six whorls,
these coronations gradually get fainter, and disappear
altogether in the upper whorls, which are many-ribbed,
with interstitial transverse liration; these Jirz continue on
the lower whorls, many-punctate, and the ribs on these
last are fewer and very strongly marked.
Two specimens, and, I believe, others have been more
recently procured by Mr. Townsend, from Muscat.
(«tepavovxos, crown-bearing.)
MARGINELLA (GIBBERULA) CHARBARENSIS, Sp. 100.
(Pls 62 t.. 16).
M. testa oblonga, nivea, politissima, apice acuto undique
polito, anfractibus quinque, levissimis, unicoloribus, ultimo
anfractu recto, apertura angusta, oblonga, labro extus sub-
mmcrvassato, involuto, intus planato, levi, columella quinque-
plicata.
Long. 8, lat. 4mm.
Hab. Charbar, Mekran Coast; also Persian Gulf.
A snowy-white, unicolorous, vividly polished shell, five-
whorled, the last whorl straight, aperture narrow, oblong,
outer lip slightly thickened, involute, columella five-
plaited. Though allied to M. monilis Phil., and others
of the same section, it appears distinct from its congeners.
We have seen several specimens, from the two distinct
localities as given above, all much alike, excepting that
one (Charbar) form has a more sunken spire.
8 MELVILL, Descriptions of Marine Mollusca.
MARGINELLA (CRYPTOSPIRA) SHOPLANDI, Sp. nov.
CPi Gt res):
M. testa ovata, conica, albo-lactea, semipellucida, tenui,
levissima, mtida, anfractibus quatuor, linea lactea suturas
circumcingente, spira conspicua, pronunente, apertura angusta,
oblonga, labro extus paullum incrassato, supra applanato, intus,
precipué ad basim, minuté denticulato, columella quadriplicata.
Long. 3, lat. 1°50 mm.
Hab. Karachi.
This has been collected at the above-mentioned
locality by Captain E. R. Shopland, in whose honour
we have the pleasure of naming it, as well as by Mr.
Townsend.
It is a delightful little species, of a beautiful semi-
pellucid milky-white colour, four-whorled, whorls shining,
smooth, a milk-white line encircling the sutures, the spire
prominent, mouth narrow, oblong, outer lip flattened
above, attenuate below, within, especially towards the
inner base, minutely denticled, columella four-plaited.
This species is of the same contour as the larger and
coarser M. mazagonica Melv., and here we may take
the opportunity of mentioning that this latter species,
described in the Manchester Memoirs, vii. (1893) p. 57,
from Bombay, has since been dredged both on the
Mekran Coast and Persian Gulf by Mr. Townsend, much
enlarging its area of distribution in consequence.
COLUMBELLA (MITRELLA) CARTWRIGHTI, sp. nov.
(CP ayia,
C. testa oblongo-fustform1, versus apicem attenuata, solid-
iuscula, anfractibus octo, feré laevibus, castaneo-brunneis,
longitudinaliter albo-maculatis vel strigatis, strigis zebrimis,
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. %. fo)
ultimo anfractu versus basim attenuato, et sulculoso, apertura
ovato-oblonga, labro crassiusculo, intus multrdenticulato,
columella simplice.
Long. 6°50, lat. 3mm.
Hab. Bahrein, Persian Gulf (Captain Cartwright,
i N:).
Several specimens received from Captain Cartwright
of an almost smooth Mitrella, eight-whorled, and typically
striped with longitudinal yellow or whitish flames on a
dark-chestnut ground. There is, however, more variable-
ness in marking, other specimens being yellow-chestnut
and round spotted; others, again, paler, and showing the
white marking as calcareous, on a pale cinereous semi-
transparent ground. It is a smaller, more compact shell
than C. Euterpe Melv. from Bombay, and which Mr.
Townsend has also dredged at Karachi. The specimens
have been examined by Mr. Stephen Pace, who meditated
at one time describing them, and, indeed, gave the name
as above in MS., in honour of the discoverer; but his
approaching departure to the East Indies has compelled
him to abandon the idea, and, accordingly, we include it
in this paper, gladly adopting his proposed name for
the species.
TEREBRA SEVERA, Sp. nov. (Pl. 6, f. 8).
I’, testa aciculata, per attenuata, cinereo-brunnea, anfrac-
tibus undecim, quorum duobus apicalibus levissinus, brunneis,
tvibus vel quatuor proximis Ins supernis longitudinaliter acuti-
costatis, costis paucis, et transversim uni- vel bi-livatis, ceteris
valdé irregulariter rvudicostatis, vel striatis, ultimo anfractu
guxta basim obscuré spiraliter albo-vittato, apertura oblonga,
labro extus simplice, margine columellari subplicato, apud
basim corrugato.
10 MELVILL, Descriptions of Marine Mollusca.
Long. 14°50, lat. 4mm.
Hab. Mekran Coast.
A very attenuate, finely aciculate species of sombre
colour, and rude irregular longitudinal plaiting. I agree
with Mr. Hinds and other authors that the genus is
difficult to sub-divide; but this shell would probably be
termed an Acus, being allied to A. cinerea Bom. in form.
(severus, grave, austere.)
TEREBRA (EURYTA) THYR&A, sp. nov. (Pl. 6, f. 13).
T. testa gracil, nitida, fusiform, albida, anfractibus octo,
quorum duobus apicalibus, pervitrers, levissimis, ceteris ventri-
cosis, apud suturas wmpressis, longitudinaliter sindistincté
obliquicostatis, apud basim evanescentibus, undique sprraliter
trregulariter sulculosis, anfractibus supernis transversim
brunneo-vittatis supra suturas, in ultimo trivittato, viz.; imfra,
juxta suturam, irregulariter squarroso-maculato, apud medium
laticincto, ad basim vwitta continua irregulavt dorsaliter con-
Jluente, apertura recta, angusta, labro tenu, columella recta.
Long. 12, lat. 4mm.
Hab. Karachi and Mekran Coast.
This is a very elegant, chaste species, and quite an
outlying form of the genus, being most allied to T.
(Euryta) Braziert Angas, from Australia, and T. pulchella
A. Ad. It is almost an Olivella in shape, graceful, attenu-
ate, white with transverse interrupted brown banding
or spotting, eight-whorled, two being transparent, apical,
the remainder obscurely longitudinally obliquely ribbed,
and irregularly sulculose. Aperture straight, narrow,
outer lip simple, columella straight. Two specimens.
(@vpaios, outside, outlying, from its characters when
compared to the majority of the genus.)
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. '%. II
NATICA STRONGYLA, sp. nov. (Pl. 6, f. 20).
N. testa parva, globosa, pallidé ochraceo-cornea, profundé
angusté umbilicata, sptra brevissima, anfractibus quinque,
quorum apicalibus duobus albo-vitreis, levibus, apud suturas
valdé wnpressis ultimo anfractu permagno, rapidé accrescente,
et, cum penultimo, infrd, juxta suturas, spiraliter oblique
crenulato-rugosts, im uno specimine ultimo anfractu transversim
squarrosis brunnets maculis decoratis, cum bino malcularum
minorum ordine intercalato, in alteris wnicoloribus, apertura
lunata, labro parum effuso, levi, margine columellant
mmerassato, extus stnuoso, callo intus regionem umbilicarem
extenso, operculo normalt, pulchré costato.
Long. 9, lat. 9 mm.
Hab. Persian Gulf.
A pretty little Eu-Natica, of a pale ochraceous-brown
colour, deeply impressed at the sutures, five-whorled, two
being apical; below the sutures on the last three whorls
obliquely wrinkled; on one specimen two transverse
bands of square red spots are seen on the last whorl, and
between these two rows, two other rows of very small
brown dots. The aperture is lunar, lip smooth, columellar
margin without cinereous, thickened, extended into the
region of the deep but narrow umbilicus. The operculum
is beautifully ribbed. Near N. pulicaris Phil.
We cannot exactly match this little species, which
may not have quite attained its full growth. Three
specimens.
(arpoyyvAos, round).
SCALARIA FIMBRIOLATA, sp. nov. (Pl. 6, f. Io).
S. testa attenuato-fusiformi, gracili, candida, delicatula,
tenur, anfractibus quatuordecim, quorum apicalibus quatuor
albo-vitreis, levissimis, ceteris longitudinaliter arcté lamel-
12 MELVILL, Descriptions of Marine Mollusca.
latts, apud suturas multum impressis, lamellis delicatis,
fimbriolatis, duplicatis, ad suturas supra angulatis, interstitiis
vegulariter transversim squarrosé clathratults, ultimo anfractu
infra medium biangulato, angulo inferiore acuto, ad basim
extremam spivaliter pulchré coronato, et spiraliter exime
clathrato, apertura rotunda, peristomate incrassato, albo,
nitido, continuo, margine columellart simplice.
Lone..19,; lat. 54cm.
Hab. Karachi.
An exquisite species. The whorls are 14, four
attenuate, fusiform, colour white, much impressed at the
sutures, the longitudinal lamellae are doubly fimbriate,
angled below the sutures, very close, and interstitially
transversely latticed. Below the middle of the last whorl
are two angles, the lower, or most basal of them, is acute,
and spirally extending round the base of the shell,
the base itself being spirally crenulate-fimbriate, and
within beautifully latticed. Mouth round, peristoma
white, shining, continuous. Allied to the large and
powerful S. decussata Kien (= Kienert T. Canefri) in sculp-
ture and texture, but the whorls are not so ventricose.
(fimbriolata, from the fringed appearance of the
lamelle.)
SYRNOLA KARACHIENSIS, sp. nov. (Pl. 6, f. 9).
S. testa attenuata, aciculata, fusiform, subpellucida,
perlevi, leté ochraceo-brunnea, anfractibus undecim, ad suturas
paullum canaliculatis, rectis, levissinus, anfractu ultimo tres
proximos altitudine exaequante, apertura oblonga, labro extus
tenut, ad basim paullum reflexo, columella uniplicata.
Long. 10, lat. 2°25 mim:
Hab. Karachi.
A very sharply pointed, attenuate species, with smooth
straight whorls, ochraceous-brown, subpellucid, II in
number. Slight canaliculation exists at the sutures, the
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. %. 13
mouth is oblong, outer lip simple, somewhat reflexed at
the base, columella one-plaited. We have seen three
specimens, all similar. The shell might be considered
S. brumnea A. Ad., in miniature; but the latter species is
of very much stouter build throughout, and is not, really,
very nearly allied.
ELUSA BRUNNEO-MACULATA, sp. nov. (Pl. 6, f. 5).
E. testa aciculata, terebrali, albida, parum mitente,
_antractibus quatuordecim, apicalibus ?, rectis, minimé turrits,
undique longitudinaliter crassicostatis, costis obtusis, planis,
interstitus spiraliter tenmstriatulis, albis, sparsim raro brun-
neo-maculatis, apertura ovata, labro paullum crassiusculo, apud
medium extus simul ac imtus brunneo-tincto, margine columel-
lari, incrassato, umplicato.
Long. 15, lat. 4°>50mm., sp. maj.
Hab. near Karachi, 7 fathoms.
A fine, conspicuous Elusa, of bold design, and dis-
tinguished by the scattered brown spots and dashes here
and there, on a white ground. The whorls are 14, all
uniformly thickly costate, the interstices being spirally
very finely striate. Mouth ovate, outer lip a little
thickened, stained both outside and within in the middle
with a brown streak. Columellar margin thickened, one-
plaited. Two or three specimens only.
EUCIMA EERPrANESN sp. ov. (Pl. 6, £6).
E. testa aciculata, politissima, levi, lactea, apice acutissimo
anfractibus quatuordecim, rectis, continuis, levissinuis, ultimo
yecto, apertura oblonga, labro paullum producto, margine
columellart obliquo.
Long. 14, lat. 2°50 mm.
Hab. Linjah, Persian Gulf, 5 fathoms, soft mud.
14 MELVILL, Descriptions of Marine Mollusca.
This very graceful Eulima resembles nearly only two
others of the genus, viz., E. attenuata Sowb. and E.
epeterion Melv.
From the former of these (attenuata) it differs in
greater width of whorl, and more oblique columella;
from the latter in smaller size, more straightness of
whorl, and less width in the last whorl. To E. pura
Ad. it also bears some resemblance, but the outer lip
is not thickened as in E. pura, and the aperture is longer
in proportion to the length of the shell in our species.
(eripavns. Manifest, conspicuous.)
TURRITELLA FULTONI, sp.. “ov. (Pl. 6, Eee
T. testa attenuata, pergracili, apice aciculato, pallidé albo-
ochracea, anfractibus sexdecim ad novemdeciun, ad suturas
impressis, ventricosis, supernis tricarinatus, quatuor vel quinque
ultimis, ad penultimum spiraliter quadricarinatis, ultimo
anfractu octo vel novem carims instructo; preter has, carinula
minore primam et secundam carinam intervenmente, imter
secundam et tertiam, tertiam et quaternam lris elevatis
accingendis, apertura rotunda, labro simplice, basi liratula.
Long. 27, lat. 8mm., sp. max.
Hab. Ormara, 2 fathoms, in sand.
Allied to T. incrassata Sowb., but the sculpture is not
quite the same. The largest specimen is sixteen-whorled,
very gracefully attenuate, whorls screw-like, impressed
at the sutures, with in the upper whorls three, in the
lower four thick angular spiral keels, the last whorl being
adorned with eight or nine. Between these principal keels
there are lesser ones, sometimes degenerating into mere
varied lire—the base of the shell being also lirate.
Mouth round, lip simple.
Six specimens.
In the National collection is a tablet of this shell,
collected in the Persian Gulf by Mr. W. D. Cumming.
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. Ge 15
GIBBULA (CANTHARIDELLA) PHEDRA, Sp. nov.
CPG. f° 17).
G. testa acuté conica, augusté ad profundé perforata,
pyramidali, parva, solidula, anfractibus sex, nigro-olivacets,
infra juxta suturas, hic illic cinereo-flammatis, undique longt-
tudinaliter et minuté punctolineatis, liners regularibus, ultimo
ad peripheriam acutangulato, apertura quadratula, intus vivi-
dissimé iridescente, bast siumilt modo sulcato-lineata, columella
recta.
alt. 6, late 4 mi:
Hab, Charbar Pt.; 7 fathoms.
Allied to G. Stolickzana Nevill, from Ceylon, but of
totally different shape, being more acutely conical, and in
this respect exactly (save for the umbilicar perforation)
resembling a Cantharidus or Elenchus. The whorls are
six, colour dark olive, with occasional white flaming at
the sutures. The peripherial angle of the last whorl is
acute, the whole shell is closely sulcate-linear, these lines
being most regular. The square mouth is intensely
green, iridescent within.
Three specimens.
(paidpos, brilliant.)
MONILEA ASTROLABENSIS, sp. nov. (Pl. 7, f. 21).
M. testa perforata, depresso-globulosa, solida, alba, anfrac-
tibus quatuor, ventricosis, undique spiraliter tenwiliratis,
mfra sutuvas et ad medium anfractus ultimt squarrosé
brunneo-maculatis, et hic illic leté brunneo-ochraceo inter-
spersis, ultimo ad peripheriam rotundato, ad basim spiraliter
livato, et ochraceo-sparso, circa umbilicum crenulifero, apertura
rotunda, peristomate levi, haud multum incrassato, simplice.
Alt. 3°50, diam. 4 mm.
Hab. Astrolabe Island, Mekran Coast.
16 MELVILL, Descriptions of Marine Mollusca
A thick, almost smooth shell, but when examined with
a lens it is found to be uniformly spirally striate. Four-
whorled, the whorls tumid, and painted below the sutures
and in the middle of the last whorl with square brown
spots, the surface between being mottled with lighter
ochraceous-brown painting, as is also the case at the
base. This is likewise spirally striate. The umbilical
region is crenulate, the umbilicus itself narrow. Mouth
quite round; peristome not much thickened, simple. The
nearest ally is the more sombre-coloured M. rotundata
Sowb., from Hong Kong (Proc. Mal. Soc., Vol. I., p. 158,
' pl. xi., f. 19), with which it agrees in .size, “aleleme
character of the thickly crenulated basal ridge fringing
the umbilicus; but we have compared it closely with the
types, and find many differences, notably in the striolation.
MINOLIA CLIMACOTA, sf. nov. (Ph. 7, f./28)%
M. testa gradato-conica, subdepressa, angusté wmbilicata,
solida, albo-ochracea vel albo-cinerea, anfractibus septem, apud
suturas multum impressis, undique irregulariter spiraliter arcté
livatis, livis conspicus, sulculosis, pulchré tornatis, infra juxta
anfractuum suturas mgris, mgro-rufis vel cinereis flammis
maculisve depictis triangularibus, bast planata, levissima, ad
pertpheriam unangulata, infraque peripheriam brunnets vel
cinereis flammuis decorata, apertura angulato-rotunda, labro
sumplice.
Alt. 14, diam. 14 mm., sp. may.
Hab. Charbar.
Though allied to M. variabilis Sowb., we do not think
this shell a form of that species. Four specimens are
before us, the three larger of these being gradate, and
from them the above description is taken; the smaller
shell, perhaps not full grown, is, as in the types, very
deeply spirally lirated and sulculose, the triangular
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. @. 17
notches of black-brown painting being the same, while
the narrow umbilicus and smooth base are also identical,
but the whorls are not gradate, or hardly so.
(kAuaxwros, terraced.)
MINOLIA NEDYMA, Sp. nov. (Pl. -7, f. 23).
M. testa laté et profundé wmbilicata, depresso-comea,
gradatula, anfractibus quingue concinné tornatis, infra suturas
vectangulatis, flammis varits longitudinaliter cinereis depictis,
ultimo vapidé accrescente, rvegulariter spiraliter sulcato, et
longitudinaliter obscuré decussato, apud peripheriam rotundo-
angulato, et pulchyé marginato, bast concentricé costulata,
costulis gemmatis, apertura rotunda, labro simplice.
melt. 3, lat. 5 mm.
Hab. Off anchor, Bunder-Abbas, Persia.
About 20 specimens. Mr. Hugh Fulton has compared
closely with this M. Cazsfassii Caramagna, from Assab,
Red Sea, from which it differs in being less fragile, and
in its much flatter and more depressed form. M. gradata
Sowb. is a much larger shell.
(duos, delightful.)
WUALOTIA BELUCHISTANA, sp. nov. (Pl. 6, f. 19).
T. testa pyramidata, angusté umbilicata, solidiuscula,
anfractibus novem, tribus aptcalibus ventricosulis, striatulis,
pumtceo-tinctis, ceteris ad suturas, et ultimo ad periphertam
sptraliter carina elevata, filosa, rufo-punicea, longitudinaliter
obliquissimé striata accinctis, superficie anfractuum transversim
vegulariter livata, et obliquissimé longitudinaliter striata,
cinerea, apud peripheriam anfractus ultimt acuticarinatam,
bast concinna, applanata, concentricé decemlirata, liris filosts,
regulariter vufo-punctulatis, apertura quadrata, peristomate
ten, margine columellart paullum reflexo, umbilicum
semobtegente.
18 MELVILL, Descriptions of Marine Mollusca.
Alt. 10, diam. 9mm.
Locality. Charbar, 7 fathoms.
An extremely neat shell, which seems better placed
in Thalotia than Calliostoma. It is allied to T. Torrest
Smith, being identical in form, and in umbilicus, but
the grained pattern is here replaced by smooth whorls,
spirally lirate, and at the sutures elevate, threaded, red
tained, and the whole surface of the whorl being
extremely obliquely striate, the striz passing from lett
to right. The periphery is acutely keeled, the concentric
lire at the base are rufous-dotted, and the reflexed
columellar margin half conceals the narrow umbilicus.
The upper whorls are tinged with pink—say the three
apical, and the next three as well.
CALLIOSTOMA FUNICULARE, sp. nov. (Pl. 6, f. 18).
C. testa solida, pyramidata, pallidé fulvescente-ochracea,
hic wllic cinereo-effusa, anfractibus decem, apicalibus duobus
pellucentibus, deinde quatuor supernis transversim tribus gem-
mularum ordinibus instructis, ceteris quatuor vel quinque
cingulis funiculatis accinctis, nitidis, cingulo superiore angusto,
crenulato-gemmulifero, duobus inferioribus cingults precipue in
penultimo, antepenultimo, et apud peripheriam ultiumi anfractus
latiovibus, nitidis, et regulariter leté rufo-maculatis, ad pern-
pheriam acutangulato, basi spiraliter concinné novem-funicu-
lata, delicaté et regulariter rufo-punctata, apertura subquadrata,
labro paullum effuso, marginem apud columellarum incrassato.
Alt. 14, diam. II mm.
Hab. Telegraph Cable. Lat. 27 N., longs 522)
(F. W. Townsend.)
A compact pyramidal species of the normal type of
Calliostoma, being in pattern not altogether unlike a small
C. zizyphinus L. The whorls are 10, two being apical, and
the next four transversely beaded, shining, the remaining
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xl. (1897), No. %e 19
whorls are four or five spirally banded with raised lire,
the upper lira beaded, the two lower broader, smooth,
rufous-spotted. At the periphery there are two similar
lire, and the base is beautifully spirally lirated, the lire
being also rufous-dotted. The mouth is square, outer
lip somewhat expanded, columellar margin thickened.
: (funicularis, bestowed in double sense, from the locality,
and also from the rope-like spiral banding.)
ETHALIA CARNEOLATA, sp. nov. (Pl. 7, f. 25, 26).
E.. testa. depresso-comica, profundé sed angusté umbtlicata,
solida, levissima, leté carnea, anfractibus quinque vel sex, apud
suturas wmpressis, apicalibus minutis, omnibus levibus, supernis
interdum spiraliter tenwissimé striatis, ultimo ad peripheriam
obtus-angulato, rapidé accrescente, omnibus spiraliter pallidé
brunneo- et albo-vittatis, ultimo apud basim levi, circd umbilicum
incrassato et levi-tornato, apertura rotunda, imtus pumceo-
carnea, peristomate extus simplice, columellarem apud mar-
ginem albo, incrassato, umbilicum callo mtido paullum obte-
gente.
iit. 4, diam. 7 mm.
Hab. Bass Island, 10 fathoms.
A depressedly conical smooth little species, which,
owing to the callus on the columellar margin, seems better
included in Ethalia than Minolia. It is of a pale carnation
or flesh-colour in hue, inside the mouth a deeper shade of
the same colour, painted with fillets spirally of ochre-
brown beaded with white.
Several specimens.
N.B.—A much larger shell (alt. 6, diam. 11) is in the
collection, from the Persian Gulf. This shell, though it
shows no trace of carnation tinging, as in the Ethalia just
described, yet has so many points in common with it that
we expect it will be found to bean outlying variety of
this species. |
20 MELVILL, Descriptions of Marine Mollusca.
ETHALIA MINOLINA,; spi nov. (Pl. 7, 1) eae
E.. testa depresso-comca, rufo-carnea, spiraliter albo-vittata,
solida, anfractibus sex, inclusis apicalibus, undique spiraliter
arctissimé filostriatis, striis varius, anfractu penultimo grada-
tulo, ultimo apud periphertam rotundo-angulato, bast simile
modo filostriata, umbilico profundo, apertura rotunda, pert-
stomate marginem apud columellarem linguifero, calloso,
umbilicum impendente. Operculo corneo.
Alt. 6, diam. 10 mm.
Hab. Persian Gulf.
A pretty, bright shell, depressedly conical, six-whorled,
rufous-flesh colour, uniformly very closely filostriate, the
pattern being, as is so often seen in this genus and the
congeneric Minolig, a banded filleting of white and fawn
colour. The umbilicus is deep, and partly covered by
the tongue-shaped callus extending from the columellar
margin. Allied to E. striolata A. Ad., from Borneo.
(minolina, resembling a M inolia.)
FISSURELLA TOWNSENDI, sp. “ov. (Pl. 7, 4. 27.027
F. testa oblonga, ad medium utrinque paullulum attenuata,
foramine oblongo, declinato, undique radiatim arcté costulato,
spivaliter clathrato, interstitis squarrosis, colore pallescente,
vadus varius brunnets depicto, margine basali crenulato.
Long. 21, lat. 13 mm.
Hab. Karachi.
Mr. Hugh Fulton, who has carefully studied this
species, and compared it with its congeners, writes me
that it is near F. fumata Reeve and F. corticula Sowb., but
flatter than the former, and the orifice, though in declen-
sion, is more terminal than in either of the foregoing.
Several specimens.
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. %- 21
DENTALIUM CONSPICUUM, sp. nov. (Pl. 7, f. 28).
D. testa mtida, subulata, arcuata, lactea, longitudinaliter
tenumstriata, stris inequalibus, hic tenurbus, rllic crasstoribus,
spivaliter «irregulariter concentricé livicinctis, ad apicem
octagonalibus, ad basim evanidis, bast ipsa perlevi, rotunda.
Long. 13, lat. 3%; unc.
iad. Warachi.
A milky-white conspicuous species, slightly arcuate,
eight-angled at the apex, the longitudinal strize very
unequal down the body of the shell, and entirely vanish-
ing before the base, which is very smooth, and round at
the orifice. It is concentrically unequally lirate.
Two specimens.
EBUCOTINA JASKENSIS, SP. nov. (PI. 6, f. 11).
L. testa pergracilt, multum attenuata, delicatula, alba,
anfractibus novem, ad suturas impressis, ventricosulis, spiraliter
costatis, costis levibus, nitidis, interstitis decussatis, apertura
oblonga, peristomate extus haud incrassato, paullulum producto,
columella recta.
Long. 10, lat. 2°50 mm.
Hab. Jask, Persian Gulf.
A white, exceedingly graceful, attenuate Leucotina,
nine-whorled, the whorls being slightly ventricose, all
uniformly spirally ribbed, the ribs smooth, bold, and
shining. Interstitially the whorls are decussate. Mouth
oblong, the peristome thin, slightly produced, columella
straight. Another beautiful form of this genus, L. speciosa
Ad., also occurs in Mr. Townsend’s collections.
CHIONE MEKRANICA, Sp. Ov. Cae se).
C. testa parva, subtriangulart, pallidé albo-carnea, postice
trapezifornn, anticée paullum producta, margine ventrali recto,
22 MELVILL, Descriptions of Marine Mollusca.
intus denticulato-serrato, umbonibus parvis, haud conspicus,
lunula brunnea, angusta, valvis longitudinaliter radiatim
sulcatis, sulcis irvegularibus, interstitus imaqualibus, posticé
majoribus.
Alt. 7°50, diam. 3°50, lat. 10 mm.
Hab. Mekran Coast.
A small somewhat triangular species, almost colourless,
except for one or two cinereous blotches on the posterior
side; it is slightly produced anteriorly, the ventral margin
being almost straight. Umboes inconspicuous, the valves
being longitudinally radiately ornamented with irregular
sulcations, the sulci not being equi-distant, large inter-
stitial spaces occurring on the posterior side. The
lunule is dark brown, and narrow. ?
Allied to the group of C. Layardt, &c.
DosIniIA GLOBA (A. Ad. Mss.), sp. nov. (Pe 7, tagaae
D. testa feré rotunda, solida, sordidé alba, ommino concen-
tricé regulariter costulata, costis parvis, simplicibus, anticé
abbreviata, cum margine ventral: ad latus posticum rotundato,
umbonibus incurvis, lunula cordata.
Alt. 25; lat. 26, diam. 12mm., 5). max.; alee
lat: 18, dian. 9 min., sp. min.
A typical Dosinia, apparently common on the East
coast of the Arabian Sea. It is in our Bombay list, as col-
lected by Mr. Abercrombie, under the name D. gibba Ad.,
and also in Paetel’s catalogue (Vol. III., p. 90), under
the same name, without locality or reference. We think
there has been some confusion here, and that this Mollusc
has never been properly described, and accordingly we
consider it best to rectify this omission at the present
opportunity. is
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xl. (1897), No. 7%. 728
TAPES ONCODES, sp. nov. (Pl. 7, f. 34).
T. testa rudi, sordidé alba, tenm, inflata, concentricé
vudiplicata et lineata, anticé rotunda, posticé oblonga, producta,
umbonibus convexis, margine dorsali posticé rectiusculo, anticé
declivt, margine ventrali subconvexo, feré recto.
mit. 29; lat. 47, diam. 25 mm.
Hab. Mekran Coast.
A coarse, dirty white shell, but of light make, and not
~unlike some forms of T. pullastra L. Many specimens.
(oyxwdns, inflated.)
TELLINA (M#RA) METHORIA, sp. nov. (Pl. 7, f. 31).
T. testa parva, alba, mtida, perlevi, pulchré prismatica,
subtrapezifornu, anticé oblonga, decliv1, posticé truncata,
brevt, margine ventralt paullulum sinuosa, umbombus parvis,
dorsaliter utrinque declivt, valvis delicatissimé spiraliter con-
centricé striatulis.
Mites, lat. 12, diam. 4°50 mm.
Hab. Dredged at 2 fathoms off Mekran Coast.
A shining white shell, very smooth, with beautiful
prismatic reflections. With aid of a lens the surface of
both valves is seen to be very finely spirally striate ; the
umbones are very small, posterior margin truncate, and
very contracted ; the anterior is oblong, somewhat slant-
ing, the ventral a very little sinuous.
Many specimens allied to T. lechriogramma Melv.,
which, described four years ago from Bombay, has been
found to have a wide distribution further north, Mr.
Townsend having dredged beautiful specimens, some
with a flesh-coloured tinge. Our shell, however, differs
from this in shape, sculpture, and presence of prismatic
reflections.
(ueB0ptos, akin to, t.¢., lechriogramma.)
‘
24 MELVILL, Descriptions of Marine Mollusca.
DONAX APERITTUS, sp. nov. (Pl. 7, f. gam
D. testa solidiuscula, compacta, levi, nitida, indistincté
livata, latere antico producto, postico subtruncato, paullum
extenso, vadiatim vecti-corrugato, margine ventralt minuté
servato, umbonibus imconspicus, planatis.
Long. 8, lat. 15 mm.
go. Karachr
A smooth shell, with the anterior side produced, some-
what truncate, though slightly extended also posteriorly,
the radiate corrugations being prominent; the rest of
the surface almost smooth, the umbones inconspicuous ;
ventral margin minutely serrate.
Sans :
(a7répitros, simple.)
PECTUNCULUS MASKATENSIS, sp. nov. (Pl. 7, deg
P. testa paullum compressa, aquilateralt, solidiuscula,
votundata, dorsaliter recta, brunneo-rufo-alboque sparsa, wm-
bonibus parvis sed conspicuis, radiatim fortiter costulata, costis
untformibus, apud medium et infrd sulculo divisis, utraque
parte nodulis parvis decoratis, interstitis spiraliter tenuissimé
livatis, cardine dentibus octodecim in utradque valvad istructo,
pulchré brunneo-tinctis, intertore albo-lacteo.
Alt. 22, lat. 25, diam: 20min.
Hab. Muscat (or Maskat), Arabia, 10 fathoms in sandy
mud.
Allied to the well-known P. pectiniformis, Lam., but
the ribs, as seen by the above description, are of an
entirely different character, being smooth and undivided
by a sulculusin Lamarck’s species. It ranks among the
more select of a genus famous for a highly-individualised
type of beauty. Mth
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. @- 25
VORDIAV TRerien, sp. ov. (PI. 7, f. 29).
Y. testa oblonga, trapeztoide, tenm, levissima, spiraliter
striatula, epidermide olivacea contecta, anticé prolongata subro-
striata, posticé brevi, rotundata, margine ventral recto, dorsalr
declivi, wmbonibus parvis, lunula angustissima, dentibus anticts
septemdecim, posticis quatuordecim, pectinaceis, intus albo-lactea.
Alt. ro, lat. 18, diam. 7°25 mm.
fab. Karachy.
One perfect example of an interesting shell, of which
one valve also exists, unnamed, in the National Collection.
It is thin, covered with an olivaceous epidermis, spirally
finely striate, squarely elongate. Slightly swollen towards
the umbones, which are small, anteriorly prolongate,
posteriorly short and rounded, ventrally straight, dorsally
slightly sloping on each side of the umbones. The
Bieenion comp-like teeth are 17, the posterior I4 im
number. Within the shell is milky-white.
MELVILL, Descriptions of Marine Mollusca.
da Deo die ey
Ll
Ba
33.
34.
35-
Explanation of Plates.
jRic Nina 16.
Nassa Townsendt.
Nassa mammullifera.
Sistrum Rawsont.
Corallioplila persica.
Elusa brunneo-maculata.
Eulima epiphanes.
Mitra (Costellaria) stephanucha (nat. size).
Terebra severa.
Syrnola karachiensts.
Scalaria fimbriolata (nat. size).
Leucotina jaskensts.
Turritella Fulton (nat. size).
Terebra (Euryta) thyrea.
Columbella (Mitrella) Cartwright.
Marginella (Cryptospira) Shoplandt.
Marginella (Gibberula) charbarensts.
Gibbula (Cantharidella) phedra.
Calliostoma fumculare.
Thalotia beluchistana.
Natica strong yla.
PLATE: 7.
Monilea astrolabensis.
Minolta climacota.
Minolia nedyma.
Ethalia minolina.
Ethalia carneolata.
Ethalia carneolata, var.
F | issurella Townsendt.
Dentaliwm conspicuum.
Yoldia tropica.
Chione mekranica.
Tellina (Mera) methoria.
2, e -
| Pectunculus maskatensts.
Donax aperittus.
Tapes oncodes.
Dosinia globa.
VIII. Hypoiodous Acid and Hypoiodites.
Bye ey PAVEOR, F.C.5.
Received and vead February 9th, 1897.
MeeOrODITES.
It appears to have been always considered very
doubtful whether hypoiodous acid has ever been pre-
pared at all, and many chemists are hardly willing to
recognise hypoiodites as very definite compounds. The
information one can obtain about these bodies is very
vague and indefinite, and in some respects contradictory.
My investigation was originally undertaken with the
object of isolating hypoiodous acid, but the following
experiment led me to include hypoiodites as well. I had
found that a solution of iodine in water acted in many
respects very much better than any other solution, or
than the solid substance, and trying the effect of adding
a little alkali to some of this aqueous solution, I was
astonished at the particularly definite character of the
solution obtained, and especially at its bleaching action,
and felt sure that this remarkable solution could not
be generally known, or else hypoiodites would certainly
have met with better recognition than they have hitherto
received.
So far as I am aware, the most important papers on
hypoiodites have been those by Schénbein (Journal fiir
praktische Chemie, 1861, p. 387), and by G. Lunge and
R. Schoch (Berichte, 15, p. 1883) on Calcium Hypoiodite.
May 20th, 1897.
2 TAYLOR, Hypotodous Acid and Hypotodites.
The more important of these is that by Schénbein, and
in the first part of this paper I shall describe some of
Schonbein’s experiments, with others which I have per-
formed and which confirm and extend his results. I
shall refer to the work of Lunge and Schoch afterwards.
I find that Schénbein, in his experiments, used the very
solution which I have already mentioned as giving such
remarkable results, that is, iodine dissolved in water.
Unfortunately, however, Schodnbein’s paper has been
badly summarised in all the standard dictionaries and
works on chemistry, and this important point is not
usually mentioned. Sch6nbein’s paper is one of a series.
He had been trying experiments on the action of chlorine
water and bromine water upon dilute ammonia, and then
naturally passed on to iodine, using that substance also
in solution in water. Such a solution is very dilute,
being at the most only about one part in 5,000; but this
solution, in many respects, gives more definite results
than any other.
Schonbein first described the action of ammonia upon
iodine water, whereby the liquid was decolorised, and
a solution obtained which bleached indigo just as the
liquids produced by the action of ammonia upon chlorine
water and bromine water did. He found, further, that
the solution gave a deep blue coloration with a mixture
of starch-paste and potassium iodide, and even with
starch-paste alone. Left to itself, the liquid lost these
peculiarities, more quickly at high than at low tempera-
tures, and almost instantaneously when boiled. He then
found that similar results were obtained with potash
solution, and that both solutions were decomposed by
hydrogen peroxide, with manifest liberation of oxygen.
He also pointed out that the solutions smelt of saffron.
He not unnaturally concluded from these results that
the liquids contained hypoiodites, and that the action
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 8. 3
of iodine upon the alkalies was similar to the action
of chlorine and bromine, and might be represented as
follows :—
ILtz2KOH=KI+KOI1+H,0.
_ He also concluded that, as the liquids lost their bleaching
power, they gradually changed into iodide and iodate,
according to the following equation :—
ane t——2 KT K 1 O3.
One thing which seemed to puzzle him very much
was that the liquids gave a blue colour with starch
alone, even when he added potash in the proportion of
two equivalents to one of iodine. He thus made the
liquid strongly alkaline, and capable, as he said, of
taking up more iodine; and he argued, therefore, that
there could not be any free iodine present in the excess
of potash, and that hence the blue colour could not be
due to iodine. In addition he pointed out that the
liquid was almost, if not quite, colourless. He found,
however, that the addition of potassium iodide turned
the liquid brown again, manifestly owing to the libera-
tion of iodine. I shall show further on that these results
are easily explained.
I may mention that in all my experiments the iodine
used was carefully purified by Stas’ method, and that
the indigo was a solution of indigo carmine in water.
As has been already mentioned, the liquids produced
by the action of alkalies upon aqueous iodine have a
most energetic bleaching action upon indigo; they also
bleach cochineal and logwood, but not litmus. In
bleaching indigo they are much more active than either
a solution of chlorine or of bleaching powder of
anything like the same strength; in fact, compared
with Schénbein’s solutions, chlorine and hypochlorites
may be described as very sluggish.
4 TayLor, Hypotodous Acid and Hypotodttes.
Borrowing, with some modifications, a method
described by Lunge and Schoch in their paper, I
attempted, by means of a standard solution of indigo
carmine, to ascertain the strength of the bleaching
liquids, in order to find, if possible—assuming that the
reaction goes as Schénbein suggested, and as the corre-
sponding reaction with chlorine and bromine are well
known to go,—the amount of iodine converted into
what one may call “bleaching iodine.” After many
attempts, I found that the best results were obtained
by standardising the solution of indigo carmine against
a dilute solution of chlorine, which had been titrated
against a standard iodine solution by means of potassium
iodide and sodium thiosulphate in the usual way. The
aqueous iodine solution was also standardised against
the same standard solution of iodine. The amount of
iodine present in the aqueous solution was usually from
o'I7 to 0°22 grammes per litre. One of the difficulties
experienced in standardising the solutions was due to
the end-reaction with chlorine water and the indigo
solution being exceedingly slow. No such difficulty,
however, was anticipated with the iodine bleaching
solutions, the end-reaction with these being apparently
sharp and distinct.
The method employed was to take a measured volume
(usually 20 c.c.) of the aqueous iodine solution, to add
one or two drops of potash or soda, and then immediately
run in the standard indigo carmine until there was a
distinct green colour. (The indigo solution is bleached
to a slightly yellow liquid, and this of course becomes
green aS soon as an excess of indigo is added.) Fora
long time the results were unsatisfactory. The bleaching
power of the solutions seemed to vary in an extraordinary
manner. Frequently the results obtained gave 90% and
95 % of the iodine converted into ‘‘ bleaching iodine,” and
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 8. 5
then, in another experiment, with the same solution of
iodine, the bleaching action, without any apparent reason,
ran up to 30 or even 40% above the theoretical amount, that
is above the amount which it ought to be if the whole of
the iodine used had been converted into iodide and hypo-
iodite according to the equation
2KOH+1,=KI+KOI+H,0.
Similar anomalous results were obtained when solutions
of bleaching powder or of sodium hypochlorite were used
instead of chlorine water. These extraordinary results
were ultimately found to be due to a very strange action
on the part of the indigo, an action of which I can at
present offer no explanation. The excess of bleaching
action upon the indigo is not permanent; on standing for
a minute or two the blue colour returns. This of course
is not the case with what I may call the genuine bleach-
ing action. If one cubic centimetre of indigo solution in
excess of what is permanently bleached be added, although
there appears to be no indication of when the end-point
is being passed, on standing for a minute or two a blue
colour appears. I further found that this curious tempo-
rary bleaching action only occurs when a large excess of
alkali (in comparison with the amount of iodine present)
has been used. |
Now, of course, it was possible to determine the
amount of permanent bleaching action. The following
example is one out of a great many experiments which
I made :—
20c.c. of the aqueous iodine solution (=*0035 iodine),
after the addition of alkali bleached 15¢c.c. of standard
indigo solution, Ic.c. of which (titrated with standard
solution of chlorine) corresponded to ‘000228 of iodine,,
so that the amount of iodine indicated by the bleaching
action was °000228 X 1500342, which was practically the:
6 Taylor, Hypotodous Acid and Hypotodites.
whole of the iodine. The solutions used are extremely
dilute, but there is really no difficulty in making estima-:
tions which will be accurate to within two or three per
cent. The general result of these experiments is that
95% of the iodine in Schénbein’s solutions undergoes the
reaction represented by the equation
2 KO BAS Kk 140 tore
These results are amply confirmed by an altogether
different method—one which was used by A. Schwicker
(Zeit. phystkal. Chem., 16, 303-314) in an investigation
which he has recently made on the reaction velocity of
potassium hypoiodite. He takes advantage of the fact
that potassium bicarbonate will decompose a mixture of
hypoiodite and iodide, with liberation of iodine. He also_
uses a little soda-water, the carbonic acid in which is
intended to convert any liberated potash into the bicar-
bonate. The bicarbonate apparently decomposes the
mixture of hypoiodite and iodide, with formation of
normal carbonate and liberation of iodine, according to
the following equation :—
KOI+KI+2 KHCO;=2 K,C O;+ H,O+1,.
With my dilute solutions, I find that it answers just. as
well to run into the liquid, which is always sufficiently
alkaline, a small quantity of soda-water. This imme-
diately liberates the iodine, which can now be estimated
by means of a centi-normal solution of sodium arsenite.
Carbonic acid does not decompose potassium iodate, so
that this method may be employed in all mixtures of
hypoiodites, iodates, and iodides. In one determination
by this method 977 of the iodine originally used was
liberated on the addition of the soda-water. We may,
therefore, conclude that when potash acts upon iodine-
water there is practically no iodate formed.
Manchester Memotrs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 8. 7
As Schénbein pointed out, the solutions are very
unstable. I have made a number of experiments upon
the rate at which the change occurs, estimating this by
the diminution in bleaching power. I find that the
presence of excess of alkali makes the solution more
stable; but even then a solution loses half its bleaching
power on standing, in the dark, for four hours. In 24
hours 757% of the bleaching power goes. If a much
smaller amount of alkali is used half the bleaching power
goes in an hour. On heating the solutions, they alter
very rapidly, and every bleaching liquid of this kind
which I have prepared loses its bleaching power entirely
m@potled for three or four minutes. As Schonbein
assumed, this loss of bleaching power is doubtless due
to a change of the hypoiodite into iodide and iodate—
AICO l-=2 K 1K 10%.
As mentioned above, Schwicker has recently investi-
gated the rate at which the above change occurs at the
ordinary temperature with different proportions of iodine
and potash present. The results do not appear to have
been altogether satisfactory. But he used iodine dissolved
in potassium iodide, and there is no doubt that the
latter would affect the results materially. Probably
better results would be obtained by the use of a solution
of hypoiodite made from hypoiodous acid (see page 16),
which would not contain any iodide at all.
I may refer here to the fact that whether the liquid
contains iodide and hypoiodite or iodide and iodate, the
addition of an acid at once liberates the whole of the
iodine; in the one case hypoiodous and hydriodic acids
are liberated, which at once decompose each other
(H OI+HI=H,0-+1,); in the other hydriodic and iodic
acids are similarly liberated, and in the exact amounts
8 TAYLOR, Hypotodous Acid and Hypotodites.
needed to decompose each other (5H I+HIO;=3H,O
+31).
I have made similar bleaching solutions by using lime-
water and baryta-water with aqueous iodine, and in
nearly all respects these resemble Schénbein’s solutions,
there being perhaps a little difference in their stability in
favour of the sodium and potassium compounds. They
are all decomposed on boiling.
I have further found that, by using a little very finely
divided (preferably precipitated) iodine with the aqueous
lodine and then adding the alkali, very much stronger
solutions may be prepared. A solution made in this way
bleaches large quantities of indigo, and gives further
reactions which add very strongly to the evidence that
these solutions contain hypoiodites. Thus they give a
black precipitate (on standing) with a cobalt solution; an
immediate dark brown precipitate with a solution of a
manganous salt; and with lead salts a precipitate which
manifestly contains a considerable amount of the brown
peroxide of lead. Also these strong solutions give an
immediate and copious evolution of oxygen with hydrogen
dioxide. In these reactions the solution acts exactly as
the corresponding hypochlorites and hypobromites do.
The dilute solutions made with aqueous iodine naturally
do not give these reactions so satisfactorily unless large
quantities are used. On the other hand, the stronger
solutions would not be so suitable for the quantitative
experiments as the more dilute ones.
The solution made with iodine water and not too
much alkali gives with nitrate of silver a precipitate
which is quite distinct from the ordinary precipitated
hydrate of silver, having a sort of dark buff colour. Of
course the precipitate must contain silver iodide and
probably also some hydrate, as the original liquid must
of necessity be somewhat alkaline; but it probably also
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 8. 9
contains some silver hypoiodite. If the liquid is poured
off or filtered off from the precipitate, it is found to have
completely lost its bleaching power. On the other hand,
if the precipitate is treated with a dilute acid, part of it
dissolves up, leaving the yellow iodide of silver, and at
the same time the solution acquires bleaching properties,
though not to anything like the extent that would corre-
spond to a complete transformation of the hypoiodite into
a silver salt, and then to hypoiodous acid. In the two
transformations a large amount of the hypoiodite is
evidently decomposed. 3
I have already mentioned that Schonbein was greatly
puzzled to account for his bleaching solutions giving a
deep blue colour with starch alone. Lunge and Schoch,
in their paper, suggested that some iodine probably
existed in the liquid in combination with potassium
iodide. But a much more reasonable explanation had
already been supplied by the experiments of E. Lenssen
and J. Lowenthal (Journal fiir praktische Chemie, 1862,
p- 245), who found that sodium iodide and hypoiodite
decompose each other, liberating iodine, and that the
amount of alkali required to react with free iodine
was greater when potassium iodide was present than
when there was no iodide. They practically stated that
the reaction
MeOH IK EK OTH ELO
is a balanced one, and that the addition of potassium
iodide reverses the action, which now produces potash
and free iodine.
It follows that the amount of alkali required to
complete the above reaction must be greater than that
represented by the equation. I have added varying
amounts of a standard solution of soda to the same
amount of aqueous iodine. With one equivalent of
10 TayLor, H ypotodous Acid and Hypotodites.
alkali to one of iodine the solution is distinctly yellow,
and gives a deep blue colour with starch; with two
equivalents of alkali the liquid is a very pale yellow,
and the.colour with starch is much less intense; with
three equivalents the liquid appears colourless, and gives
only a slight colour with starch, so that apparently the
reaction is all but complete, and with four equivalents
it is quite complete.
It is probable that the character of this reaction has
something to do with the comparative failure to obtain
bleaching solutions when using iodine dissolved in
potassium iodide. It may also help to explain the fact
that in the action of ozone upon potassium iodide the
development of free iodine may proceed to quite a
remarkable extent, considering that its liberation must
be accompanied by the formation of an equivalent
amount of potash. It is clear, however, that, as there
is always a very large excess of potassium iodide present,
this must tend to prevent the formation of any but the
smallest amount of hypoiodite.
In 1882 the paper by Lunge and Schoch on Calcium
Hypoiodite appeared. The authors criticised Schonbein’s
work at some length. They objected to the importance
which Schénbein appeared to attach to the fact that his
solutions gave an evolution of oxygen with hydrogen
peroxide, pointing out that a mixture of potassium
iodide and iodate does the same thing. There is a
certain amount of weight in this objection, but not
much. It is quite true that a mixture of iodide and
iodate does evolve oxygen with hydrogen dioxide, but
only either on standing or when gently warmed; whereas,
as I have already pointed out, the stronger hypoiodite —
solutions which I have prepared give an immediate
violent effervescence on the addition of the peroxide.
Schonbein’s dilute solutions certainly do not give oxygen
7 a Van
'
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 8. best
anything like so rapidly as these stronger ones, but still
much more rapidly than a mixture of potassium iodide
and iodate. I still consider, with Schoénbein, that the
immediate evolution of oxygen with hydrogen peroxide
is a valuable indication that these solutions contain
hypoiodites.
Lunge and Schoch prepared their ‘‘ hypoiodite of
calcium ”’ by rubbing together for some time iodine with
a large excess of lime and a comparatively small amount
of water, allowing to stand for some hours, and then
diluting with water. They thus obtained a solution
which apparently resembled Schénbein’s solutions in
many respects, but gave ‘
precipitate—no black peroxide.” It bleached cochineal,
logwood, and indigo carmine just as Schénbein’s solu-
‘with cobaltous nitrate a green
tions do.
The authors attempted to estimate the bleaching
strength of the solution by means of a standard solution
of indigo carmine, standardised against a dilute solution
of bleaching powder, the strength of which was estimated
by means of a standard solution of sodium arsenite.
But they could not succeed in measuring the bleaching
power of their iodine-lime solution directly, because
towards the end the decolorisation was so extraordinarily
slow. They therefore added an excess of indigo solution,
and allowed to stand for 15 minutes; then excess of
bleaching powder solution was added, and this excess
finally brought back by a drop or two of sodium arsenite
solution. In this way they estimated that in their
solution 14°6 per cent. of the total iodine present existed
as ‘“‘bleaching iodine.” They further stated that the
solution, kept in the dark, gradually lost its bleaching
power, but that only 76 per cent. of the bleaching action
had disappeared at the end of 23 days. They also tried
the effect of heating the solution, and found, on one
12 TAYLOR, Hypotodous Acid and Hypoiodites.
occasion, that when boiled for one hour, 52 per cent.
of the bleaching power had disappeared. In another
experiment a sample was boiled for seven hours, and
then only lost 53 per cent. of its bleaching power !
It is evident that there are some irreconcileable dis-
crepancies between these results and mine. In the first
place, I never found any difficulty in estimating the
bleaching power of a solution directly, except in the case
where the bleaching is not permanent. Secondly, my
solutions gave black precipitates with cobalt; and, in the
next place, every bleaching solution that I have made is
decomposed completely by boiling for, at most, four
minutes. Judging from the analogous bodies, hypo-
chlorites and hypobromites, and from the instability of
hyopiodites on merely keeping them in the dark, it is
inherently highly improbable that any hypoiodite could
stand being boiled for seven hours! I have prepared
what I should call calcium hypoiodite by adding lime-
water to aqueous iodine, and it decomposes completely
when boiled for three minutes. Whether the complicated
method adopted by Lunge and Schoch for estimating the
bleaching action has anything to do with these dis-
crepancies I am not prepared to say, but it seems quite
plain that if Schénbein’s solutions consist of hypoiodites,
then Lunge and Schoch’s solution does not. I have tried
to repeat Lunge and Schoch’s experiments, following their
directions, and have obtained a bleaching liquid which
acts practically lke Schénbein’s solutions ; that is, there
is little or no difficulty in estimating the bleaching power
directly, and it loses its bleaching power completely when
boiled for a few minutes. If, also, as I should recommend,
the iodine and lime are rubbed together with water, and
then diluted zmmedzately, instead of, as they recommend,
allowing the mixture to stand for several hours, a solution
is obtained three or four times as strong, which gives a
Manchester Memoirs, Vol xli. (1897), No. 8. ug
dark brown precipitate with cobalt; but this also is
decomposed completely when boiled for a few minutes.
It also gradually decomposes when kept in the dark, and
a sample tested on one occasion, after being left for three
days, had lost entirely its bleaching power.
Since the appearance of Lunge and Schoch’s paper
there have been occasional references to hypoiodites in
tier papers. Uhus ©. Lonmes (Zet. anal. Chem., 35,
409-430) has pointed out that the conversion of iodine
into an iodide and an iodate by an alkali is not imme-
diately complete, part remaining uncombined, and part
being converted into hypoiodite, and that the hypoiodite
has greater stability in presence of excess of alkali.
Chattaway (Chem. Soc. Jour., lxix., p. 1572) has stated
that in several of the decompositions which the so-called
““ Nitrogen Iodide”’ undergoes, hypoiodites are produced.
@urre reeemily (voc ney. Soc. Edin., xxi., 235) Dr: J.
Walker and S. A. Kay, B.Sc., have published a paper on
the so-called ‘‘ Magnesium Hypoiodite,” a brown sub-
stance formed by the union of magnesia, either wet or
dry, with free iodine, and which has sometimes been
supposed to be magnesium hypoiodite. They conclude,
however, that it is simply a case of absorption of iodine,
without any chemical combination. They find that this
brown precipitate is produced when potash is added to a
solution of iodine in potassium iodide until the iodine
just disappears, and then a solution of magnesium
sulphate is added, magnesium hydrate being precipitated,
and iodine manifestly liberated. They have concluded
from this that, as pointed out above, the reaction between
iodine, potash, potassium iodide, and water is a balanced
one.
14 TayLor, Hypotodous Acid and Hypotodites.
HYPOIODOUS ACID.
So far as I have been able to ascertain, it has always
been stated that all attempts to obtain hypoiodous acid by
the action of iodine and water upon mercuric oxide have
failed, and that nothing but iodic acid was formed.* I
had tried the action once more with the aqueous solution
of iodine, and had apparently been as unsuccessful as
ever. I had succeeded, as I believe, in obtaining the acid
by other methods, to be presently described, and had
noticed the curious anomaly that the free acid, or what I
took to be the free acid, bleached indigo with far less
energy than the hypoiodites described in the first part of
this paper; but I had failed, as others no doubt had
frequently failed, to obtain any bleaching solution by the
action of iodine and water upon mercuric oxide. 7
In the paper already referred to by Walker and Kay,
the authors state that they ‘““made a solution of hypo-
iodous acid by agitating pure aqueous solution of iodine
* So long ago as 1845 Kone (Poggendorff’s Ann., 66, p. 302) tried the
experiment of shaking up precipitated mercuric oxide with an alcoholic
solution of iodine, and, from the fact that he obtained an unstable solution
which gradually liberated iodine, and from analogy with the chlorine com-
pounds, he concluded that hypoiodous acid was formed. I have repeated
the experiment, and there certainly appears to be a hypoiodous compound
produced; the alcohol which is present, however, interferes with the
reactions. The filtered liquid contains a considerable amount of mercury.
It gives a yellowish precipitate with water, and if a little alkali is added
to this it possesses very strong bleaching properties. The precipitate
produced with water dissolves up in sodium hydrate, but in a few seconds
another precipitate appears which is manifestly iodoform; at the same
time the liquid loses it bleaching power. This appears to point to the
conclusion that the formation of a hypoiodite is the necessary prelude to
the formation of iodoform (see Van Deventer and Van’t Hoff, Chem. Central.,
1888, p. 362). Onaccount of this rapid change in presence of an alkali, the
solution does not give the cobalt reaction. If the precipitate produced by
water in the alcoholic solution is allowed to stand for some hours, scarlet
mercuric iodide separatesout. Thealcoholic solution is moderately stable,
but it gradually liberates iodine on standing.
Manchester Memotrs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 8. 15
with mercuric oxide,’ filtered, neutralised with potash,
and added magnesium sulphate, so obtaining a white pre-
cipitate. The addition now of a few drops of potassium
iodide stained the precipitate brown. This certainly pointed
to the presence of a hypoiodite, which would be decom-
posed, with liberation of iodine, by potassium iodide. I
thought the reaction might possibly be due to iodic acid,
which is usually said to be the sole product of the action
of iodine on mercuric oxide; but experiment convinced
me that it was not. Further investigation soon showed
that hypoiodous acid is really produced when iodine water
is shaken up with mercuric oxide (the precipitated oxide
is far the best) and filtered. Many others besides Walker
and Kay have no doubt prepared the acid in this way but
failed to recognise it. The explanation is that the
bleaching action of the free acid is excessively feeble as
compared with Schonbein’s solutions. Contact with the
indigo solution for a long time causes the colour slowly to
disappear, but the addition of a drop of alkali immediately
transforms the acid into as strong a bleaching solution as
Schénbein’s solutions.
I may at once state what appears to me a possible
explanation of what seems at first sight a most extra-
ordinary anomaly—that a free acid has a very much
feebler oxidising power than one of its salts! When
hypoiodous acid bleaches, I suppose it does so according
to the following equation :—
EAOu=-i 1 @:
It thus produces hydriodic acid, an extremely unstable
body itself, and, further, a compound which would
immediately decompose the remaining hypoiodous acid.
On the other hand, in presence of an alkali, the result of
losing oxygen would be to produce sodium or potassium
iodide, both perfectly stable bodies, and with any ten-
D
16 TAYLOR, Hypotodous Acid and Hypoiodites.
dency to decompose the remaining hypoiodite counter-
acted by the presence of the alkali. Then there is also
the further consideration that apparently hypoiodous acid
can only have about one-half the total bleaching power
that a hypoiodite will have, because, as soon as any of
it does bleach, it produces hydriodic acid, which would
immediately decompose an equivalent amount of the
remaining hypoiodous acid. (In one comparative experi-
ment that I made, the bleaching power of the free acid
was almost exactly half that of an equal volume of the
same iodine solution to which soda had been added.
But the bleaching continued for two hours, so that the
effect would be complicated by the spontaneous decom-
position of the free acid.)
When a little alkali is added to the hypoiodous acid
prepared in this way, the solution behaves almost exactly
like Schonbein’s solutions. It bleaches strongly, and
some determinations I have made with the standard
indigo solution gave a bleaching action equivalent to
807% of the iodine used, that is, representing 40 out
of a possible 507% of iodine existing as hypoiodous
acid. This result again is confirmed by experiments by
Schwicker’s method, only in the case of this solution,
when it is neutralised by an alkali, it forms nothing else
but hypoiodite, and consequently the addition of soda-
water simply liberates hypoiodous acid, and there is no
separation of iodine. In order to complete the deter-
mination potassium iodide has to be added, when there is
an immediate liberation of iodine. A determination by
this method, which is probably more accurate than the
bleaching method, gave liberated iodine equal to go /
of that originally used, so that 45 out of a possible 50/
of iodine existed in the solution as hypoiodous acid.
The hypoiodous acid solution to which a little alkali
has been added gives a precipitate with cobalt solution,
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 8. 17
which gradually turns brown. and then black, and an
immediate brown precipitate with a manganous salt.
With silver nitrate it gives a buff-coloured precipitate
similar to the one I had previously obtained from
Schénbein’s solutions, but in this case of course it will
not be mixed with so much silver iodide. If nitrate
of silver is added to the solution containing the free acid
a milkiness is produced, and on boiling there is a further
precipitate, which contains silver iodide and iodate; the
iodate can be dissolved out by ammonia. This reaction I
had previously noticed with the acid prepared in another
way. The hypoiodous acid is manifestly converted into
hydriodic and iodic acids :—
3H1O=2H1+H10,.
The aqueous solution of the free acid appears to be
moderately stable. When it decomposes, as one would
anticipate, it appears to do so according to the equation
given above, only in this case the two acids immediately
decompose each other, liberating iodine.* In the case
of the solution made, as described, with the use of
aqueous solution of iodine, the appearance of free iodine
in the liquid is very slow; but, by using iodine-water with
a little suspended precipitated iodine, a much stronger
solution of the hypoiodous acid is obtained, in which the
brown colour of iodine begins to show itself within a
minute or two of its being filtered. (It appears also that
some mercury comes through, because on standing for
some hours there is a slight deposit of the scarlet iodide
of mercury.) After standing for some time, this solution,
*Tt will be somewhat difficult to measure the rate at which the
hypoiodous acid decomposes. Neither of the two methods mentioned in
the text for estimating the amount of hypoiodite is applicable when once
the decomposition of the acid has started, because each of them would
require the preliminary addition of a little alkali, and this would at once
convert any liberated iodine into iodide and hypoiodite.
18 TayLor, Hypotodous Acid and Hypotodites.
which manifestly contains free iodine (carbon bisulphide
shaken up with it is coloured deep violet), gives no blue
colour with starch until the addition of a drop of alkali, or
until it has been exposed to the air for some time. Ifa
little of the mixture of the brown solution with starch is
poured into a shallow vessel, or is poured backwards and
forwards from one vessel to another, it soon turns blue.*
Some time before obtaining the free hypoiodous acid
in the way described above, I had obtained what must
have been either the acid or a solution of its silver salt by
another method. It was pointed out by Dancer (Chem.
Soc. Journ., xv., 447) that hypobromous acid could be
obtained by the action of bromine-water upon solution of
nitrate of silver, according to the following equation :—
Ag N O;+-Br,+H,O=Ag Br+H O Br+H N O,.
Chlorine acts in a similar way, producing hypochlorous
acid. A solution of nitrate of silver with powdered iodine
appears to form nothing but iodide and iodate of silver ;
but I found that iodine suspended in water gave a
bleaching liquid when shaken up with solution of silver
sulphate, or with a paste of silver carbonate, the carbonate
giving the better result. Wishing to obtain some quanti-
tative results, I began to use an aqueous solution of
iodine, instead of having it merely suspended in water.
Shaking up this solution with a little silver carbonate and
rapidly filtering, a liquid is obtained which contains a
small amount of silver, but which gives all the reactions
which I have described as characteristic of Schonbein’s
* Dr. A. Harden tells me that he has found that a mixture of aqueous
iodine and iodic acid, in certain proportions, behaves in exactly the same
way as the above solution. It is known that iodine forms no blue
compound with starch unless an iodide be present; but I can offer no
explanation of the effect which the air appears to have on the above
reaction.
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 8. 1g
solutions, complicated a little, in some cases, by the silver
which is present. It bleaches indigo slowly, but much
more rapidly than the acid prepared with mercuric oxide ;
it also bleaches cochineal and logwood, and oxidises cobalt
and manganese salts in presence of an alkali. The action
of the iodine upon the silver carbonate may probably be
represented by the following equation :—
Ag,C O;+2 1,+H,O0=2 AgI+2H OI-+C O;.
If a drop of silver nitrate is added to the solution and
the liquid boiled, a yellow precipitate is produced, con-
taining iodide and iodate of silver.
I made many attempts to ascertain, by various
methods, the proportion of the iodine used which was
converted into hypoiodous acid. I filtered the liquid into
an acidified solution of potassium iodide, whereby iodine
is liberated, the amount of which I estimated. Another
method tried was to allow the liquid to run into a standard
solution of sulphurous acid, and then to find the amount
of this which was oxidised. The results were not satisfac-
tory, as I seldom found that more than 50 / of the iodine
was converted into bleaching iodine. I have reason to
believe that this result was due to some insoluble hypo-
iodite of silver being left in the precipitate. Finally I
tried the standard indigo solution, and found that it was
possible to estimate the bleaching power even in the
muddy liquid containing the excess of silver carbonate
and the silver iodide which was produced in the reaction.
Shaking up a known volume of the iodine solution with
silver carbonate and immediately running in the indigo
solution, the bleaching action indicated about 50 to 60 7%
of the theoretical amount; but the addition of a few drops
of dilute sulphuric acid carried the bleaching power still
further, owing no doubt to the decomposition of some
insoluble silver hypoiodite by the acid. By adding the
20 TayLor, Hypotodous Acid and Hypoiodites.
dilute acid immediately after shaking together the iodine
and the silver carbonate, a bleaching action was obtained
equal to from go to 95 / of the theoretical amount. Sub-
sequently, I found that, with the aqueous solution of
iodine, nitrate of silver reacts perfectly well, producing a
bleaching liquid which gives all the reactions already
described, complicated a little by the presence of excess
of silver. The bleaching action, immediately after the
silver nitrate has been added, indicates 957 of the
theoretical amount.
The solutions prepared by the use of these silver salts
are extremely unstable; that made with the silver nitrate
loses 90 / of its bleaching power on standing five minutes.
This I think may be attributed to the presence of silver in
the solution and to the tendency of the iodine and silver
to form the insoluble silver iodide. The solutions pre-
pared in this way are considerably more sluggish in their
bleaching action than the alkaline hypoiodites, but very
much more rapid than the free acid prepared by the
mercuric oxide method. If the explanation which I
suggested for the difference between the free acid and
Schonbein’s solutions is correct, it seems to me that it
would apply in this case as well. There is silver present
in the solutions, and therefore when the bleaching is
finished the final product will be silver iodide, a much
more stable body than hydriodic acid.
I have to thank Mr. G. P. Varley, B.Sc., and Mr.
J. H. Wolfenden, B.Sc., for assistance given me in some
portions of this work.
Central Board School, Manchester.
‘ Se
rin
IX. Some further investigation of Fossil Seeds of the
genus Lagenostoma (Williamson) from the Lower
Coal Measures, Oldham.
By JoHN BUTTERWORTH, F.R.M.S.
Received February 17th, 1897. Read February 23rd, 1897.
[Communicated by Mr. John Boyd.]
In studying the remains of the plants that compose
our coal seams it is as well to bear in mind that the
names given to many of them are only provisional, and
often derived from their resemblance to some well-known
object. Such provisional names are convenient, as they
can be readily dropped or changed when the true history
and genus of the plant or fruit is known. Thus it is with
the seeds under consideration, which have been named
Lagenostoma by the late Professor W. C. Williamson, a
name derived from the peculiar bottle-shaped mouth
of the seed. Seeds of this genus run rather small in
dimensions, varying from 1I-roth to 1-4th of an inch in
length and 3-64ths to 1-1oth in breadth; but to give a
better idea of their character, as they have been known
up to the present, I exhibit a number of seeds, some of
which are detached from the matrix in which they have
been embedded, while others are still embedded but
ground to transparency. I am not prepared to enter into
any speculation as to the character of the tree or plant
which bore these seeds, but am disposed to believe that
May 20th, 1897.
ae | -
2 BUTTERWORTH, Fossil Seeds of Lagenostoma.
the seeds were borne in clusters, each seed being carried
on a separate pedicel. In support of this view some seeds
are shown that still retain the impression where the
stalk has been attached, and in a paper read before the
Geological Society in 1872 by Mr. Carruthers, he also
figures Cardiocarpon Lindley: as borne in clusters.
In Professor Williamson’s eighth memoir (Phil. Trans.
167, 1878) he describes two species of Lagenostoma, L.
physoides and L. ovotdes; but it is the figure of L.
physoides that represents the seeds under consideration.
From a careful reading of Williamson’s description of
this seed it appears that he had a slight suspicion that
the seed was not perfect in all its parts; one common
defect attending these seeds, which is very much against
reading their structure correctly, is, that they are
often surrounded with dark carbonaceous matter. This
was the case with Williamson’s seeds, and is also the
case with many seeds in my own cabinet. I supplied
Williamson with many seeds detached and partly em-
bedded in the matrix, but I do not remember one that
did not show the dark carbonaceous band, which is so
opaque and requires to be ground so thin that the
structure (when present) is often destroyed before it is
ground thin enough. I refer to this carbonaceous matter
so pointedly because it is quite clear to me that William-
son has been led astray by its alteration of the structure.
In the batch of seeds just discovered the above carbona-
ceous matter is not present, and the structure of the
’ respective parts of each seed is perfectly clear so far as it
has been preserved. I should like here to direct attention
to a statement Williamson made in his description of
L. physoides. In his eighth memoir, p. 242, referring to
Fig. 78b, he says ‘“‘even the endotesta of the seeds being
entirely absent”; but from my photographs (Plate 8)
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 9. 3
it will be seen that the endotesta is in each case
present, and I have not the least doubt that the
absence of the endotesta in Williamson’s seeds is due to
the presence of so much carbonaceous matter. But
there are other more marked differences between my
recently discovered seeds and the one Williamson
describes, for if we turn again to Figs. 77—78, we shall
see that only one zone of tissue is shown, starting at the
base of the canopy measuring downwards, whereas in
three at least of my new seeds (Plate 8) three zones are
shown, viz., taking the endotesta as one, the testa proper
as the second, and the investure of the thick body of
hairs as a third. Another point of difference existing
between my new seeds and Williamson’s Lagenostoma is
this, in all my seeds the testa is shown to be lobed
longitudinally, and it is quite clear that the sides and
crown of each lobe form the seat from which the hairs
spring, but none spring from the spaces between the
lobes; this feature is wholly absent in all Williamson’s
figures of L. physoides as well as L. ovoides. I may,
however, remark that in my cabinet I have sections of
seeds which show the testa surrounded by a series of
very acute lobes, but no hairs spring from them. I do
not think they have yet been described; at least Wil-
laamson has nothing figured that corresponds to them.
I think the points of difference between my new seeds and
Williamson’s L. physoides will be clearly seen from the
matter and material I have laid before you, yet I do not
see that the difference is such as to warrant the removal
of either from the genus Lagenostoma. They have both
the peculiar bottle-shaped mouth, and this is the
characteristic on which the genus rests at present.
In conclusion, I wish to mention a curious coincid-
ence in the finding of these new seeds: I found the
block from which I took five photographs, but two of my
»=*
4 BUTTERWORTH, Fossil Seeds of Lagenostoma.
fellow-workers have fortunately picked up parts of the
same block in which they have each met with one seed.
The whole of these seeds have been found at one pit
which has just been abandoned owing to the nodules in
which the seeds and plants are found taking the place
of the coal.
Description of figures in Plate 8.
Fig. 1 is a slightly tangential section of Lagenostoma. On
the upper side, the section is cut through the centre
of a lobe, and shows the hairs springing from it.
On the lower side, the section is cut through the
space between two lobes, and therefore shows few
hairs.
Fig. 2 is an oblique section of another Lagenostoma. In it,
the seed appears to have a continuous zone of hairs:
all round, but they spring only from about the
crown of each lobe. The cavity passing down
the centre of each lobe is shown at (A).
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. XLII.
FossIL SEEDS
OF LAGENOSTOMA.
Plate 8.
‘
4
‘
Aw
ad
1.
Ae
+
X. On Continuity.
By Professor Horace Lamp, M.A., F.R.S.
Received and read March 9th, 1897.
A word or two of apology may possibly be needed
for bringing before the Society a paper whose most
definite results consist merely in new, or rather modified,
proofs of one or two fundamental theorems in the Infini-
tesimal Calculus. It may, perhaps, be allowed to urge
in excuse that although in the past English mathemati-
cians have taken their share in discussions concerning
the logic of the mathematical sciences, yet the particular
subject at present in view, the Theory of Functions of a
Real Variable, has as yet attracted very little notice in
this country. It may also be said that the current proofs
of the theorems referred to present little variety, and that
the five or six treatises in which they are to be found
reproduce the same steps in almost exactly the same
order. There may, therefore, be some justification for
an attempt to bring these theorems more immediately
into connection with first principles. Of any fundamental
novelty in the treatment of the matters involved there
ean, from the nature of the case, be no question; but
opportunity is taken of insisting on a point which, simple
as it is, is in some danger of being overlooked in the
modern endeavours to establish the Calculus on a purely
numerical basis.
1. It is necessary to explain, in the first place, the
point of view from which the theorems referred to are
developed. For reasons to be given further on, the
May 20th, 1897.
2 LAMB, on Continuity.
geometrical notion of magnitude is adopted. More pre-
cisely, it is assumed that every magnitude of the particular
kind under consideration can be represented by a length
O M, measured on an unlimited straight line X'X from
a fixed origin O on it, to the right or left, “aceerame
as the magnitude is positive or negative. To every
magnitude of the kind in question there corresponds,
then, a definite point M, and when we say that a
magnitude admits of ‘‘ continuous variation,” it is implied
that the point M may occupy any position on the line
X'X ,within (it may be) a certain range.
Algebraically, any magnitude is represented by a
symbol, such as x, denoting the ratio which it bears to
some standard magnitude of its own kind. It is im-
material, for our present purpose, what basis we adopt
for a precise definition of the term “ratio.”
2. Suppose, now, that we have an endless sequence
of magnitudes of the same kind
Mig Neg Kayisssac® sce (Es
each greater than the preceding, so that the differences
Mn Xj, Ng Xo, Ly—Negy-0-+-
are all positive. Suppose, further, that the magnitudes
(1) are all less than some finite quantity @. 7 iie
sequence will, in this case, have an ‘‘ upper limit”; that
is to say, there will exist a certain quantity mu, greater
than any one of the magnitudes (1), but such that, if
we proceed far enough in the sequence, the members ~
will ultimately exceed any assigned magnitude which is
less than u.
This has been justly characterised by Dedekind” as the
fundamental theorem of the Calculus. The proof, from
the geometrical point of view, is of course almost intuitive.
* Stetigheit und ivvationale Zahlen Brunswick, 1872.
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 10. 3
In the geometrical representation, the Mag ruu cles (a) are
represented by a sequence of points :—
ACLS IE (eS aa IBS (2),
each to the right of the preceding, but all lying to the left
of some fixed point A. Hence every point on the line
X'X, without exception, belongs to one or other of two
oO My, ' Ms M3 M,zA Xx
mutually exclusive categories. Either it has points of the
sequence (2) to the right of it, or it has not. Moreover,
- every point in the former category lies to the left of every
point of the latter. Hence there must be some point M,
say, such that all points to the left of M belong to the
former category, and all points to the right of it to the
latter. Hence, if we put u=OM, wu fulfils the definition
(‘a3
of an ‘‘ upper limit’ above given.
3. One variable quantity is said to be a ‘‘function”’ of
another, when, other things remaining the same, if the
value of the latter be fixed, that of the former becomes
determinate. This definition is due to Dirichlet; all that
it implies is that for each value of the independent
variable there is one, and only one, definite (and
therefore finite) value of the dependent variable, or
function.
The definition of a ‘‘ continuous function ” is a matter
of some nicety, the difficulty being apparently to frame
a definition which shall not merely be sufficient, but shall
embody a test which can be immediately applied to any
proposed analytical function. The definition now usually
adopted is as follows : |
Let x and y be corresponding values of the inde-
pendent variable and of the function. Let éx be any
admissible increment of x, and dy the corresponding
er Swe) )!
4 LAMB, on Continuity.
increment of y. Then if, o being any positive quantity —
different from zero, we can always find a positive quantity
e, different from zero, such that for all admissible values
of dx which are less (in absolute value) than e, the value
of dy will be less in absolute value than o, the function
is said to be “‘ continuous” for the particular value x of
the independent variable. |
As already indicated, this test can be easily applied to
particular cases ; but it does not lend itself very readily to
the proof of general theorems. The reason is that the
definition does not warrant us in making any statement
whatever about the value of the function for any value of
x other than the one referred to, however near. In the
ignoring of this consideration lies a fruitful source of
fallacies.
4. We may construct a mental representation of the
relation between two variables x, y; one of which is a
function of the other, by taking rectangular co-ordinate
axes X'O X,:‘Y'O Y. If we measure OM along OX to
represent any particular value of the independent variable
x, and ON along OY to represent the corresponding
value of the function y, and if we complete the rectangle
OMPN, the position of the point P will indicate the
values of both the associated variables.
<
Since, by hypothesis, M may occupy any position on
X'X, between (it may be) certain fixed termini A, B, we
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 10. 5
obtain in this way an infinite assemblage of points P. But
we are not entitled to assume that this assemblage, even
in the case of a continuous function, constitutes a curve, in
the ordinary acceptation of the word. Indeed, one of
the most remarkable achievements of the modern Theory
of Functions is the discovery of continuous functions
possessing properties which transcend our faculties of
even mental representation. |
5. After these preliminaries, which have necessarily
consisted in a recapitulation of known matters, we can
proceed to the theorems more especially in view.
I. A continuous function cannot change sign without
passing through the value zero.
Let ¢(*) be a function of x which is continuous from
x=a to x=b, where b>y’. The contradiction shows that
y, cannot differ from p.* |
6. The above investigations have been clothed in a
geometrical form, and it remains to consider how far this
affects the essence of the demonstrations.
*The diagram is intended merely to exhibit the mode in which the
successive points M,, Mz, M3,...are determined. If OK=y, then, in the
figure, N, bisects HK», Nz, bisects N, K, and so on.
For a function which can be adequately represented by a curve, the
proof is superfluous, as already indicated.
th
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 10. 9
So far as regards the representation of functional
relations by Cartesian co-ordinates, this 1s merely a mode
of expression. We have not assumed any property of the
assemblage of points representing a continuous function
which is not contained in the formal definition.
It is otherwise with the fundamental conception of
continuous magnitude from which we started in §1. As
the method here followed runs counter to the arithmetical
tendency which is so marked a feature of the modern
Theory of Functions, some remarks are called for in
justification. In the writer’s opinion, the question as to
whether a geometrical or an arithmetical basis is the
more appropriate foundation for the Calculus cannot be
answered absolutely. It is a question of point of view.
But in some of the most important applications of the
Calculus, it would appear that the geometrical basis is
not only legitimate, but is imposed on us by the nature
of the case. As regards Analytical Geometry this is a
truism; but it is perhaps not so generally recognised
that the whole of Mathematical Physics is in the same
case.
A few instances will suffice to make this clear. In
Dynamics, the ideal clock consists of a point describing
a straight line; it follows that time in this subject has
exactly the same kind of continuity as length. A velocity
is a distance described in some standard time; a mass
is the ratio of two velocities acquired in the same time
under certain conditions; and so on.
It is when we pass from the ideal representations
of things which we construct in Theoretical Physics to
the question of concrete measurement that the arith-
metical view of the subject claims special attention.
This lies, however, beyond the scope of the present
paper.
XI. The Costs of Sea Transport in proportion to
Values of Cargoes.
By jae We FP Lux, M.A.
Received and read March 9th, 1897.
Among the many causes which have been assigned for
the extraordinary and persistent fall in general prices
during the past quarter of a century, some considerable
prominence has been given to the cheapening of trans-
port. There can be no doubt that the railway and
the steamship have contributed in no small degree to
enabling raw products to reach our shores in abundance,
and to distributing cheaply the products of our mills,
factories, mines, &c. It is worth inquiry, however, to
what extent the reductions in cost of carriage have
directly contributed to the fall of prices. The importance
of this element is by no means entirely disposed of, even
were it proved that the whole costs of handling and
transmission of goods had been reduced far less in
proportion than prices have fallen. To this point I shall
return later. At present it is sufficient to note that it
is important to determine, if possible, what proportion
of the fall in prices has been offset by a reduction in
the costs of transportation.
May 20th, 1897.
2 FLux, Costs of Sea Transport in proportion to Values.
The investigation of this question on a thoroughly
satisfactory basis seems hardly possible, even were the
information available far more abundant and reliable than,
in reality, it is. One section of the inquiry has been
taken up by Mr. W. E. Bear and others, and it appears
to have been established, if the figures quoted are really
fair representative figures of prices and freights, that, great
as has been the fall in the cost of carriage of wheat by
sea, it has no more than kept pace with the fall in the
wholesale price of wheat in English markets.
My attention was attracted to another mode of
examining the question than that of taking quotations of
freights and comparing them with the price-variations of
the leading commodities one by one. The course of
inquiry I propose to lay before you is by no means one
which is unencumbered with numerous pitfalls. In fact,
it has seemed to me that to pick one’s way safely and
securely through the various difficulties of the official
returns which must be used, is a task which may be com-
pared with that of riding a pneumatic-tyred bicycle along
a country lane strewn with prickly twigs from the hedges
on either side. He must exercise great care who would
succeed in getting through the lane without a serious
puncture.
The method I propose to adopt is to compare the
values of the totals of the trade between selected pairs of
countries, as represented by the returns of the Customs
Houses at either end of the journey. On the one side we
shall have recorded the values of goods exported from
country A to country B, on the other the values of the
same goods regarded as imports to country B from
country A. If we could rely on the accuracy of both
estimations, the differences shown would represent the
various charges for freight, insurance, and commissions or
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 11. 3
profits. The greater part would be freight, and we should
be provided with a means of comparing the freight
charges with the values of the goods entering into the
trade, not piecemeal, but in bulk.
Unfortunately it will not do to select at random our
pairs of countries for such a comparison. In the case of
the trade between France and Germany, for example,
the German records of imports are uniformly below the
Isench records of exports. Our own imports from
Germany are recorded at lower figures (since 1889) than
the German exports to this country. Icannot pretend to
give all the reasons for such divergencies in the records.
One influential cause in the latter case may be that a
considerable quantity of goods from Germany reach us.
via Holland or Belgium, and are accredited to the country
of latest departure in place of that of ultimate origin.
Similarly the French records include goods passing
through Germany to other countries; the German figures
which apparently apply to the same goods only include
imports for German consumption. So far as possible
liability to error from such causes as these must be
guarded against.
Next we come to a source of error more difficult to
treat, namely, systematic under- or over-valuation of the
goods concerned on one or both sides of the account.
Protective duties are a powerful stimulant to an under-
valuation of imports. A notable example is afforded by
the case of our trade with the United States of America,
from which I had hoped to obtain valuable evidence on
the subject of inquiry. During the five years ending 1880:
American records of imports from the United Kingdom
showed an annual average of 271 millions sterling. Our
records of exports to America showed an average of 24+
millions. The difference of 124% is a not unreason-
4 Frux, Costs of Sea Transport in proportion to Values.
able allowance for freight and commissions. During
the succeeding five years, the records on~ both sides
averaged about 35; millions sterling yearly. Then comes
a change, and, in the ten latest years of the record
the averages have been: American imports from United
Kingdom, £34,000,000; British exports to America,
rather over £40,000,000. The goods have lost some
15% of their value in their journey across the Atlantic.
Apart from this fatal weakness, the American system of |
valuing imports at their value in the country of origin
~would deprive us of useful evidence on this part of the
trade. Before leaving the American trade, it may not be
amiss to record the comparison of the figures of the
movement eastwards to us. The British figures of
imports exceed the American figures of exports by
15% in 1876-80, by 74% im 1881-85,. by 22572
1886-90, and by 7% in 1891-95. The fact that the
American official year ends in June will not seriously
disturb the comparison of five-year averages.
The last point mentioned makes it advisable to state
that the comparison of the figures year by year cannot in
any case be entirely satisfactory. Goods are exported
from one country in the later months of one year and
there recorded as exports, but may not reach their
destination till the next year has begun, and thus fall
into a different year when regarded as imports. The
movement of this kind may easily differ considerably in
successive years, but the irregularity will be slight when
spread over the records of three, five, or more years.
Similarly the differences in the dates at which accounts
are made up (those of India, for example, being made
up to March 31st) will not seriously disturb averages
extending over three years at least.
For the purposes of the inquiry to be made, I shall
take the United Kingdom as one of the countries in the
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 11. 5
comparison in every case, if for no other reason than
because changes in tariffs, and complicated and com-
prehensive systems of import duties, will not be liable
to disturb the basis of comparison on one side of the
account at least. If the valuations are less accurate
at one time than at another, it will not be by reason
of efforts to escape newly-imposed exactions. For the
other side of the comparison it is desirable to select
a country not likely to be greatly affected by transit-
trade, that is, one with which our trade as recorded
approximates closely to the trade as it exists in reality.
The movement in each direction should be, as far as
possible, a direct movement, not a movement via a third
country. We have, also, to exercise care in regard to
the inclusion or exclusion of bullion and specie, some
countries including, others excluding, treasure in their
trade accounts.
We proceed, then, with the examination of the
records. By way of preliminary, the comprehensive
survey of the trade of the world given by Dr. von
Juraschek may be noticed. It is as follows (amounts
in millions of marks) :—
Average Imports Exports Excess Imports
of the years of the world. of the world. per cent.
1880-84 Sc 35,0712 - 30,5872 ae 14°7
1885-89 te 33,6327 oe 29,2131 se 151
1890-94 ae 37,6789 re 32,485) 46 16°0
Phere. are so many sources of error in suchy'com-
prehensive estimates as that here quoted that it is not
advisable to rely upon their indications too implicitly ;
on the other hand, the very fact of the errors being
numerous and independent may give a total not affected
by large errors. Taking the figures quantum valeant,
they do suggest that the low freights of the present day
6 FLux, Costs of Sea Transport in proportion to Values.
are a greater burden on trade than the heavier charges
of former times. (See Plate g).
To approach more nearly to the case where we can
examine the details on both sides of the account with
some approach to precision, we may take the case of
the trade between the United Kingdom and British
Possessions abroad. The Channel Islands, Gibraltar,
Malta, and Hong Kong are omitted on both sides of
the estimate, for lack of complete returns. As bullion
and specie are included in the greater part of the Colonial
returns, we must include them also in the home side of
the account. Before passing to the aggregate values of
this trade, it may be worth while noting that a useful
piece of information is contained in the latest Statistical
Abstract for the Colones. In the case of Barbados, before
1893 the imports into the colony were entered at their
values at the port of shipment. An estimated amount
for freight insurance and value of packages was included
from that date, and the addition to the values of the
total imports of the colony was 21°47 in 1893, 15°9/
m 1894, and 13°37 in 1895. So also with the Geld
Coast, where a similar change in 1894 resulted in an
increase of 15°3 / on the value as estimated at the port
of shipment, and in 1895 the addition was 14°7%. In
the latter case the imports from the United Kingdom
are separately given, and the charges for freight, &c.,
on these were 13°4% and 14°3% respectively in 1894
and 1895.
Such changes in the mode of record as these would,
if they affected any large amount of the trade, render any
attempt at comparison with former years comparatively
valueless unless the figures were corrected for these
errors. The great bulk of the trade, however, has not
undergone any such change in the mode of record
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. Ul. 7:
during the past twenty years, to which the following
comparison is confined (the total movement is shown in
Plate 10) :—
AVERAGE VALUE OF TRADE BETWEEN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND THE
COLONIES IN QUINQUENNIAL PERIODS (IN THOUSAND f).
Shipping
Excess employed. Amount ot
of Thousands of excess per
Imports tons cleared ton of
Average of Exports. Imports. percent. or entered. shipping.
1875-79. Ss. de
sRomeolomes .... 9747270" +. | 80,700" .{ 8S... gorg” 3 "32/6
irom Colomiess.9 72,630) 2: 9877723, -s 2078... 3,532 -.. 85/6
shotalitrade .\.:.'. WATE on GBA” kee a yey
1880-84.
Mame olonies a.2/.1 168,790. 3 90,951) .- G2 ~. 5,185 =. 31/6
con Colonies. 733,280)... 99,395 .- 193 .- 4,039 *-. 79/9
Total trade .... EAP? PhS). Qy224 av 520
1885-89.
Mer@olonies!... 89,078 .> 97,942 .. 919 -. 5,541 “=. 32/—
EnemnGOlonicsy. 7O,S750 <2) (O2|434r .. X72 ... 4,020 -..) 07/5
Motaltrade .... TES) se) ONGOTe ak iy
1890-94.
son@olomiess.:.., 69,722) 2. (90,400 <.. 75 .. 5,330 «~ 25/3
meanmeColonies., gol484% 5. 107,487... 188 .. 4,477 2. FO/—
Motalitrade: .. .\. IPD) Ge) OPSIsy Vonw | Ayes
_ The reduction in the costs of transport, in proportion
to the value of the goods handled, is not very marked
here, especially in the case of the movement towards this
country. It may be fairly remarked that the records of
the outward movement might be expected to show
evidence of such undervaluation in the imports as has
been already noted in the trade with America. The same
cause would produce but little effect on the homeward
movement. The comparison made in the last column is
suggestive. It should be remarked, however, that, even
if it be just to exclude transhipped goods from the
comparison of direct imports and exports (to include them
would not affect the main point, the change in the
proportion of transport charges to values), these goods
8 FLux, Costs of Sea Transport in proportion to Values.
are carried by the ships included in the summary, and
their inclusion would make some difference in the final
column of the table.
There is something unsatisfactory, however, in dealing
with an aggregate of such a heterogeneous character as
that obtained by summing the trade of our various
colonies. We, therefore, proceed to particularise further,
and examine our trade with Australia and New Zealand.
We are here freed from complications arising from an
inclusion on one side of the account of home products
(or goods for home consumption) only, while the other
side includes goods in transit in addition to the former.
There appears, however, to be room for considerable error
yet, for we are informed that goods arriving (say) from
Japan in a British ship at Sydney and thence proceeding
to Melbourne are commonly entered as Japanese imports
in Sydney and again as British goods in Melbourne.
What the extent of error from this cause may be is quite
impossible to gauge. The import duties, again, may be
expected to act as a depressing cause of values of imports.
Changes in the pressure of Customs dues may vitiate
comparisons of one period with another. Export dues,
where levied, may also be expected to have an analogous
effect. The question of transhipped goods is a serious
one, for a value varying from about £600,000 per annum
to more than the double of this is transhipped in this
country for Australasia, and may be included in the goods
there recorded as imported from the United Kingdom.
The following comparison omits these, but includes bullion
and specie. As to these transhipped goods, if we admit
them to the account, we shall, in several years, havea
result with Australasia analogous to that with America,
namely, goods going half way round the world without
gaining in value.
” ee
}
—
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xl. (1897), No. 11. 9
In order to include the latest available returns, those
for 1895, we shall take periods slightly different from
those adopted in the other cases. (See also Plate 11).
TRADE BETWEEN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND AUSTRALASIA
(IN THOUSAND £).
Shipping
Excess employed. Excess
of Thousands of per ton
Imports tons cleared of
Average ot Exports. Imports. percent. orentered. Shipping.
1871-75. Sauce
HapAustralasia --ecmee 57. << 19,920 2: 777 .- 465 58/2
Prom Australasia... 925,024 .: 24,4607 .. 13°1 .. 240
a
7 i
aa o>-2 ]
re
r 2
12 Frux, Fall in Prices during the past Twenty Years.
cheaper. Even if the estimates were so reliable as to
make the estimate worth computing the meaning of the
result would be questionable, for it would only include
the most obvious effect of causes the other effects of
which may easily be far more important and possibly
quite other in their nature. It is worth calling attention
to the fact that if it be true that the import price-fall is
over-estimated, that of exports under-estimated, the
growth of volume of imports is exaggerated, that of
exports insufficiently shown in the diagram. (Plate 15).
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 12. £3
APPENDIX.
Let P, be the declared value of (say) the imports in
any year, P,_, in the preceding year, &c.
Let A,, be the value of a part of them, B, the value of
the same at the prices of the preceding year.
Then we may write |
A,/Ba=PalPa-1s
and we may also write A,=fn4, Bu=Pn-1%, the p’s being
symbols indicating the average price-level, the a’s simi-
larly denoting movements of quantity.
As A,_, denotes the value of goods of the same kind as
those included in A,, B, and A,_, denote the values,
on the same price-level, of these goods imported in the
two years, and we have B,/A,-1:=4,/a,-1, a result which
follows from B,=fy)-14, An-1=pp-14%n-1-
Let P,=A,%,, %, denoting the proportion which the
value of the total imports bears to those which are
included in the above estimates. If also Q, denote the
value of the preceding year’s imports on the assump-
tion that the average change of price in the goods
not included in A, is identical with that of the goods
which are so included, R, the true value of the whole
imports at the prices of the preceding year, we have
On=By%, Ro=Boos
where y, denotes the proportion of the whole to the part
evaluated at the prices of the preceding year. We can
accurately determine the x’s, but the form of the returns
and the nature of some of the goods do not permit us
to know the numerical values of the y’s. 7
We have
Pi=fndoXns On=Pn-19n%p; Ria=Ppn-14n\n-
14 Frux, Fall in Prices during the past Twenty Years.
If also we write P,= Tyan 7p Coe the price-level,
a, the quantity, we have
and
An i, dive Ay Vn
es
An-1 1 cae - Ay 41 Xn -1
. TER . ° . .
In practice —~ is not ascertained, and ~~ is used in
TWn-1 n-1l
Xn
a
nis not ascertained, and ———"
: : Ap-1 : An-1 ¥n-1
in its place. In contrasting the n” and the 7 years we
its place; also is used
have
Tn _ Pn aditesd es CEE pa]
Ties pe Vor Vn-leeeeseceeees Vr4i
Gn An %y Ye Vn-tere veer esse: Wal
ity hak. Dine, Ge nema eae Cae
In using the proportions of the #’s and _a’s in place of
those of the 7’s and a’s therefore, we are liable to intro-
duce errors.
It is-clear that
‘TnOn _ Pa - %%n
Mle op ie a
which might have been arrived at without using the
Ty
in place of the true ratios, the eee of the calculated
a Thus when using,
values above shown for and
price- and volume- ratios, errors might exist in both
the latter ratios as estimated, but not in their product.
Only if each x be equal to the corresponding y, could
we get accurate results for each of the ratios separately.
This last condition implies that the price-variation 1s
the same for the quantified and unquantified parts of the
total dealt with.
T5
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xl. (1897), No. 12.
INDEX NUMBERS REFERRED TO 1886 AS STANDARD DATE.
¥.SQ
+.SQ
/ £.29
1.16
£.z6
+.L6
z.vor
Q.zOI
I.ZOI
¢.OO1
00r
C.001
-.601
C.Z11
T.G1r
V.ZZI
V.1ZI
C.QII
o.Fz1
Z.0£1
L.6e1
9.26
¢.€6
8.16
0.66
£.001
9.g01
ZTOr
1.SO1
£.001
6.46
001
1.ZOI
‘Sita
o.VII
Teese
6.071
6.021
(A icay
6.1Z1
L.Gz1
L.Gz1
"9881 YIM poreduiog
‘sjl0dxq
jo ‘podojdurs sutddiys ff o1ysowo0g
*syioduy
jO uo} rod ‘onjea
Z.Qr1 €.191
COLT I.cGS1
v.For 1.vvr
O.IOI O.TEE
€.€o1 o.€€1
o.Zo1 ©:2e1
O.€11 o.Lz1
Oar O14
O.OII Asia et
0.SOI 0.SO1
001 0Or
9.F6 F.001
9.96 1.66
¢.46 F.zo1
z.S6 9.56
0.20 €.06
V.€g 9.£6
C.rZ 8.98
TOL, Z.SQ
9.69 C.vg
¢.L9 ¢.19
‘O88I YIM poredwo0g
s}10dxq pourejo1
sji0dwy
jo ouInjoA
9.16
z.00
9.£6
9.86
¢.001
¢.Sor
I.QOI
¢.IOI
z.66
z.66
001
L.So1
HG copseat
Q.9II
€.0z1
Trel
6.921
9.0ZI
9.9z1
0 SEI
0.QE1
‘sj10d wy] 0} uaATS
IY SIM IY} SOUIT} 9eIYI, YS] 2 ‘WIG
sji0dxq SurIAIs poulq
-U109 OM} SET OUT,
| 4.96 +.96 L6g1
0.56 £.1Q v.69 C.9g v.96 8.36 g6g1
9.£6 6.62 +.06 1.06 v.€6 1.66 S6gr
AAS) 8.23 TL0 €.16 0.ZOI 6.z01 b6gt
¢.IOI 6.68 £.66 9.96 g.So1r g.vor €6g1
€.€o1 0.26 9.66 0.66 0.Zo1 v.So1 zOgI
9.901 0.96 z.Sol o.vor O.III L.01I 16gr
9.601 $.S6 €.Sor 1.For Grea ¢.O1I o6gI
0.€01 9.96 g.So1 6.vo1 (op ienese T.QO1 O6ggI
F.oo1 9.S6 v.€or I.ZOI v.Lor Z.O1I QQgI
S.66 €.96 +.66 1.66 ¢.€o1 Q. 101 L991
0Or 001 oo! Oo! OOo! OOL {98st
9.So1 0.901 z.Sor €.vo1 g.€o1 L.€o1 Cggi
Tete Wert Q.O1I 6.601 Greil g.601 VEgr
g.SII L-Oci 6.021 COur O.QII Q.GII €ggI
coin L.Ec1 Cece L.Le% 1.Vz1 v.oz1 ZQQI
¢.611 0.9z1 g.beI Eeeex L.1Z1I V.L11 IQgI
LSet Si corgit Z.0€1 V.LZ1 Geer ¢.Sz1 OggI
Q.0Z1 6.611 Eee. b.oz1 Q.QII 0.011 6Z81
€.6z1 V.gz1 6.621 6.9z1 Q.0€1 o.SzI gLZgI
z.VEI V.LEI z.OVI I.Q€1 g.zb1 z.vEI LLQ1
9.6£1 Geer T.EVI o.L€1 g.1b1 o. FEI gLgt
‘ogonpoIg ‘sj1odxe-oyf ‘gggt 0} Feet See ‘Teak yore jo 1 ‘uv{
jo s}t0dxq saedan ee = pennpen ‘TEUHO
JO Soolig *4S1MOuor zy
16 Fux, Fall in Prices during the past Twenty Years.
Description of Plates.
Plate 13 (left-hand figure). The broken line shows
the variation of the Index Number of the Economist for
January ist of each year, from 1876 to 1897, expressed
as a percentage of its amount on January Ist, 1886.
The full line shows the variations when each of the 22
quotations making up the Index Number is expressed as
a percentage of the quotation on January Ist, 1886,
instead of as a percentage of the average quotation for
1845-50, as in the original number.
The right-hand figure shows the same for Mr. Sauer-
beck’s Index Number, where the quotations are the
average for each year.
Plate 14. The left-hand figure shows the result of
compounding the price-variations for Imports and Exports
[the former Imports less Re-exports, the latter Exports
‘of British and Irish Produce], as these are calculated
by the Economist year by year.
The right-hand figure compares Mr. Sauerbeck’s
original Index Number with that obtained by taking
three times the Export Index Number plus the Import
Index Number, as these are shown in the left-hand
figure, and dividing this sum by four.
Plate 15. The left-hand figure shows the variations of
the value of the Exports and Imports of the United King-
dom, including transhipped goods, but excluding bullion,
per ton of shipping cleared or entered with cargoes only.
The right-hand figure shows the variations in the
Imports and Exports of the United Kingdom as they would
appear if the average level of prices for each remained un-
changed, assuming that the variations of price are accurately
represented in the left-hand figure of the preceding diagram.
The table on the preceding page gives the numerical
results sufficing for the construction of the diagrams.
Plate 17.
Vol. xlt.
Manchester Memoirs.
96.6 76 £62010 06 68 89L999 $8 °8 22 EP /POROLLLL EE! 1896. C6 96 £6 E6 10 06 68 88 LB 9BEBVQEB IS IPOROL SLLE UES
OO
yout ----
AE Lr Yael) cial 7 amen (00/981 Ug patodlcryjog \O
(001 o8s1 yam pasoduog | 0 paul ----
AOU / XYIU SYIIGLIMMIT
CSUTNLLS SY ISS opponweng
YYIA HOUT Mf Noo
AOU, YS HOIUT JSTUMOUOLT
Hi/
FO/
oO
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414
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Oc/
S61
Plate /4.
Vol. xl.
Manchester Memorrs.
966 #6 £6 26 /6 O06 62 27 L992 $2 8 SP CP /P Of 6£ GL LL Ue)
zi (OOD) O89) QO Ppatlifad
| @peodug sysauogy pysoduy pounzagz)
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LOGULT LYIUT SY IdG.LONII ~~~ ced
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(speodluaat 9807) sflolUl = 06
£0
“. (OO) OSS/ Yum Praindeuoo ee
‘ Vi ele abana
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Plate 17.
Vol. ole.
Manchester Memoirs.
IGLC676 £626 /600 68 SE 4898 €8 FS ES CS 18 O08 6LEL LL GLE!
szt0dlca-ay SSOF bee CL
Gx) 989 autho MQ SAMMI oe
aa BINQOA TY YSIAY JUD YUEYIAG AO /
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(0GW98S/ AfYAM GI0tI200 LOD
pasgua buidleliys
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pasage burleliys ;
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Ae
XIII. Hymenoptera Orientalia, or Contributions to a
knowledge of the Hymenoptera of the Oriental
Zoological Region. Part VI.
By PETER CAMERON.
[Communicated by J. Cosmo Melvill, M.A., F.L.S.]
Received March 16th. Read March 23rd, 1897.
In continuation of my last paper on Indian Hymenop-
tera, I give here descriptions of new species belonging to
various groups.
CHRYSIDIDA.
This interesting family is being revised, as regards the
Indian species, by M. Robert du Buysson, in the Journal
of the Bombay Natural History Society, from material
chiefly collected by Mr. R. C. Wroughton, in Bengal.
CHRYSIS.
A. Apex of abdomen undulated, without distinct teeth.
CHRYSIS PERFECTA, Sp. nov.
Long. 8—g mm.
Hab. Barrackpore.
Green, the flagellum of the antenne black; the
vertex, the middle of the pronotum and mesonotum,
bluish; the apex of the first abdominal segment nar-
rowly, of the second segment to near the middle, bluish,
with a purplish tinge; the tarsi blackish, the basal
joint testaceous; the wings fuscous, lighter coloured at
the apex.
September 22nd, 1897.
\
2 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
The scape of the antennz, the second joint, and the
base of the third, green; the flagellum black, covered
sparsely with a microscopic white down; the third joint
slightly, but perceptibly, longer than the fourth. The
vertex coarsely punctured; a curved keel runs from the
side of the lower ocellus, the space between being
irregularly longitudinally striolated, except in the centre
at the apex, where it is smooth; the space below the
antennze thickly covered with long white hair; the
clypeus has some scattered, moderately large punctures ;
the mandibles black, piceous towards the middle. Pro-
notum coarsely punctured ; depressed in the middle; the
mesonotum with the punctures as large, but, if anything,
more widely separated; the median segment with the
punctures still larger, deeper, and coarser, and with an
oblique wide depression at the sides, this depression
having at the base a few stout oblique keels. Pro-
pleure strongly and somewhat irregularly punctured,
and with a large oval depression on its lower side; the
mesopleure in front with small punctures; the rest with
the punctures large, coarse, and deep; at the bottom
are five stout perpendicular keels, which form one oval
and three straight foveze ; the sternum finely punctured ;
the mesosternum with a straight keel, which does not
quite reach to the apex. Legs green; the femora and
tibiz punctured, sparsely covered with white hair; the
tarsi with the hair shorter and thicker, black; the base
broadly testaceous. Wings fuscous, with a violaceous
tinge; the apex almost hyaline. Abdomen large; the
puncturing moderately close, deep, and of about equal
strength on all the segments; on all closer and
stronger laterally. The apical segment waved; without
teeth, but with a rounded projection on either side of
the middle; there are 10 fovez, the central large, broader
than long, the others smaller and rounder; the ventral
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 13. 3
surface green, finely punctured, the apical segment with a
longitudinal furrow down the centre; the apex blackish.
B. Apex of third abdominal segment rounded, with a
tooth on either side at the end.
CHRYSIS FURIOSA, sp. nov. (Pl. 16, f. 9).
Viridis, late ceruleo-maculata, flagello antennarum nigro ;
alis fere hyalims. 2%. Long. 6mm.
Hab. Barrackpore.
Head nearly as wide as the thorax, green, a large
purplish-blue patch on the vertex. On the front dis-
tinctly below the ocelli is a stout keel depressed inwardly,
broadly in the centre, continued as a straight somewhat
oblique keel down the sides of the eyes, from which
it is distinctly separated, and becoming united to a
semicircular keel over the frontal depression, which is
finely and closely punctured at the sides, and finely
transversely striated in the middle. From the centre of
the top frontal keel a short thick keel runs down to
the centre of the area. The vertex bears longish fuscous
hair ; the sides of the frontal depression with short white
hair. Antenne black; the scape, second and _ third
joints, green; the flagellum covered with a microscopic
down ; the scape with white hair; the third joint is fully
one quarter longer than the fourth. Prothorax half the
length of the head; the sides, seen from above, oblique
at the base; the rest curved, the base and apex of the
curve being distinct, almost forming teeth ; the punctua-
tion coarse and even; in the central region is a large
bluish band. Mesonotum coarsely punctured, the punc-
tures large, round, and deep; the punctuation on the
scutellum and the middle of the median segment similar
to that on the mesonotum. The front of the propleure
coarsely punctured; the rest excavated, shagreened ; the
mesopleuree coarsely punctured, almost running into
4 CAMERON, H. ‘ymenoptera Orientalia.
reticulations; the hinder part with the punctuation
closer and finer; over the sternum is a wide, deep,
longitudinal furrow. The prosternum has a semicircular
furrow at the apex ; and down its centre, before and
behind the semicircular furrow, is a straight keel.
Cc. Apex of abdomen with a tooth on either side and
in the middle.
This section resembles closely that of the preceding,
from which it differs in having a tooth in the centre of
the apex of the abdomen,.and also in the front having
no area enclosed by stout keels.
CHRYSIS MENDICALIS, sp. nov.
Long. 6mm.
Hab. Barrackpore.
Green, the centre of the thorax and the greater part
of the second and third abdominal segments, blue; the
coxe, femora, and tibie green; the tarsi fuscous; the
wings almost hyaline.
Antenne stout, black; the first and second joints
green; the third joint hardly one-quarter longer than the
fourth. Vertex coarsely punctured, almost reticulated
on the lower side; the ocellar region, and the part
behind, bluish-purple; the excavated front closely punc-
tured at the side; the centre finely transversely striated ;
the keel over the depression stout, and reaching to near
the bottom of the eyes. Pronotum slightly more than
half the length of the eyes; the sides oblique, rounded
in front, uniformly coarsely punctured, the central area
more coarsely, almost running into reticulations towards
the apex, and for the greater part purplish. The pro-
pleurze with a large oval depression at the top, which
is almost smooth; the lower part shagreened. The
mesopleurz coarsely punctured, almost reticulated; a
small basal and a larger apical, smooth, deep depression
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 13. 5
on the side of the mesosternum; the metapleurz almost
smooth above, shagreened beneath. Wings almost
hyaline; the nervures fuscous; the stigma black; the
tegule green, punctured. Abdomen with a triangular
depression in the centre at the base; the basal segment
green, tinged with blue; the second and third segments
blue, their sides green; the apices with a brassy tinge;
there are on each side of the centre two distinct fovez
of nearly equal size, and a much larger one looking
like two united, at least on one side of the example
examined; for on the other side there are four fovee,
all clearly separated from each other. Ventral surface
smooth, shining, green, with brassy tints.
D. Apex of abdomen with four teeth.
CHRYSIS DISPARILIS, sp. nov.
Long. nearly 7 mm.
Hab. Barrackpore.
Green; the vertex, the mesonotum, and the greater
part of the abdominal dorsal segments, bluish-purple ;
the tarsi broadly testaceous at the base.
Head as wide as the mesonotum and somewhat longer
than the pronotum, green; the ocellar region and the
greater part of the occiput purple, coarsely punctured ;
the cheeks thickly covered with long white hair. Over
the frontal depression and below the ocelli is a curved
keel. Antenne stout; the third joint on the lower side
equal in length to the fourth. The thorax strongly
punctured; the pronotum entirely green; the mesonotum
purple ; the scutellum and metanotum green; the scutel-
lum with a faint purplish tinge. Wings hyaline. The
first abdominal segment green, with a large purplish
mark across the middle; the second segment purple,
green at the apex; the last purple, green before the
teeth, which are themselves purple.
6 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
HEDYCHRUM LUGUBRE, sp. nov. (Pl. 16 f. 10).
Ceruleum, viride maculatum; flagello antennarum fusco;
tarsis fusco-testaceis ; alis fuscis. Long. 4—5 mm.
Hab. Barrackpore.
Scape of the antennz green, rather strongly punc-
tured; the flagellum fuscous-black, covered with a pale
fuscous down; the third joint about one-quarter longer
than the fourth. Head strongly punctured, the frontal
depression finely and closely transversely striated. The
base of the mandibles green, the rest of them blackish,
with a piceous stripe before the middle. Prothorax
longer than the head, strongly punctured above; two
large blue splashes, nearly united, behind; its sides
oblique, except at the apex, which is straight. Meso-
notum in the middle purplish; the base, especially in
the centre, with the punctures smaller and more widely
separated than they are at the sides, and more especially
behind; the scutellum, with the punctures larger and
deeper than they are on the mesonotum; the median
segments with the punctures larger and deeper than on
the scutellum. Propleurz in front coarsely punctured ;
behind smooth; the mesopleurz coarsely punctured,
behind finely striated; the metapleurz finely longitu-
dinally striated, more finely on the lower than on the
upper side; the mesopleure finely transversely striated.
Legs green, the tibiz with a bluer tinge than the
femora; the apex of the tibiz testaceous; the tarsi
dark testaceous, paler towards the apex. Wings uni-
formly dark fuscous; the nervures darker. Abdomen
bluish, greener in tint in the middle; the punctures on
the second segment more widely separated than on the
basal; that on the third much coarser than on either.
The ventral surface smooth, sparsely covered with
white hair.
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 13. a
The head and thorax may have brassy tints; the
relative proportions of the blue and green in the
abdomen varies.
ICHNEUMONID#.
ICHNEUMON ARDATES, Sp. nov.
, Niger, scutello flavo; abdonune rufo, flavo- et mgro-
balteato; pedibus rufis ; alts fere hyalinis, stigmate flavo. &.
Long. 13 mm.
Hab. South India.
Head coarsely punctured; the inner orbits in the
middle broadly, and a mark immediately below the
antenne, rufous; the palpi pale yellow. Antennz short,
thick, the 13—14 basal joints pale yellowish-testaceous,
the apices deep black. Thorax black, except the scutel-
lum which is pale yellow; closely punctured; the pro-
pleurz closely obliquely striated except at the top. The
lower part of the mesopleurz coarsely punctured; the
upper shining, irregularly shagreened; the metapleure
closely coarsely irregularly striated. Median segment
closely rugose; only the supramedian area clearly
defined ; it is a little wider than long, slightly narrowed
from the middle; the apex in the middle a little dilated
inwardly. Legs, including the coxe, rufous. The narrow
part of the petiole rufous; the broad apex with a
yellowish band, the sides black; the raised central part of
the apex closely longitudinally striated. The sides of the
gastrocceli stoutly striated. The second segment is
entirely rufous; the basal half of the third segment and
the whole of the fourth black; the apical half of the third
yellow, with a reddish tinge; the apical segments pale-
yellow.
8 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
ICHNEUMON LVANUS, Sp. nov.
Capite, abdomine pedibusque rufis; thorace nigro, rufo-
maculato; antenms rufis, apice late nigro; pedibus rufis, coxts
posticis nigris; alis fusco-violaceis. S. Long.23mm.
Hab. India, South-east Provinces.
Head entirely rufous, strongly punctured all over; the
orbits distinctly margined on the inner side; the vertex
broadly depressed; the tips of the mandibles black.
Antennz stout, the flagellum bare, from the 15th joint
deep black. Thorax strongly punctured, black; the pro-
notum in front in the middle, its sides, a mark in front
of the scutellum, the scutellum and post-scutellum, the
tubercles and the lower part of the mesopleure in front,
rufous; median segment strongly punctured, except in
the middle at the base; the supramedian area rounded
and narrowed at the base. Legs closely covered with
short hair; the tibiz and tarsi are. paler than the femora.
Wings uniformly fuscous violaceous; the areolet longish,
narrow; at the top slightly narrower than the space
bounded by the recurrent and second transverse cubital
nervures. The basal half of the petiole black; coarsely
punctured, especially toward the apex; the sides there
depressed, and there is near the ‘base of the dilated part
a shining, impunctate, somewhat triangular space; the
gastrocceli longitudinally striated from the base to near
the apex; the striz stout, all distinctly separated and of
nearly equal thickness. The apical segments are thickly
covered with short fulvous hair.
ICHNEUMON GODWIN-AUSTENI, Sp. nov.
Ceruleus, orbitis oculorum, geniculis tibiusque anticts
flavis; alis fusco-violaceis. ¢%. Long. 15 mm.
Hab. Khasi (Godwin-A usten).
Antenne black, the z1th and 12th joints white
beneath and at the sides, from these joints becoming
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 15. 9
thickened and slightly compressed laterally; almost bare.
Head shining, the outer orbits at and a little below the
middle and the inner from the top to shortly below the
middle, yellowish. Face flat, slightly dilated in the
middle below the antennz; punctured, the punctures at
the sides more widely separated than in the middle, this
being also the case on the front and vertex. Pro- and
meso-thorax closely and uniformly punctured; the scu-
tellum more shining and sparsely punctured; the median
segment more strongly and closer punctured than the
mesonotum, which has the arez all clearly defined.
Legs blue, the coxz closely and thickly covered with
white hair; the femora sparsely haired. Areolet nar-
rowed at the top, the transverse cubital nervures being
almost united; the recurrent nervure is received in the
apical third of the areolet. Abdomen closely and strongly
punctured; the apex of the petiole raised; the raised
part clearly margined and separated from the sides; this
raised part is longitudinally striated. Gastrocceli wide,
deep; their sides obliquely striated; the part between
the gastrocceli in the middle longitudinally at the sides,
especially at the base, more strongly obliquely, striolated.
This species has the antennz thickened towards the
apex somewhat as it is in Joppa, but I cannot look upon
it as congeneric with the American species of Joppa.
Apart from the dilated antennz (and in this point we
find considerable variation in Jchneumon) I can find
nothing whereby to distinguish it from Ichnewmon as
generally defined.
CRYPTUSEBEREULCHER, spi nov. (PI. 16, £7):
Niger, thorace abdomineque flavo-maculatis; pedibus
fulvis, apice femorum posticorum basique tibiarum posti-
cavum, mgris; alis hyalims. S. Long. 13mm.
Hab. Borneo.
10 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Ortentalia.
Antenne black, bare, a broad white band near the
middle. Head black; a mark close to the eyes oppo-
site the ocelli, a mark touching the eyes immediately
under the antenne, and having a somewhat roundish
projection issuing obliquely from above its middle, thé
mandibles (except the teeth) and the palpi, whitish-yellow;
the face above the clypeus irregularly striated; front
depressed, especially over the antennz, where there is a
straight keel in the centre; below the ocelli are a few
oblique stout striz. Pro- and meso-notum smooth,
shining, impunctate ; the middle lobe of the mesonotum
well developed ; the pro- and meso-pleure stoutly longi-
tudinally striolated, except the former above at the base,
where there is a smooth triangular spot ; and the apex of
the mesopleurz where the striations only extend to the
lower side. The base of the median segment before the
keel is smooth, the rest of it closely transversely striated ;
the metapleure irregularly rugosely punctured. The
following yellow marks are on the thorax: The tegulz,
scutellum, post-scutellum, an elongated triangular mark
before the spiracles; a smaller one in front of and above
the hinder coxe; and a J-shaped mark on the median
segment extending from near the transverse keel to the
apex of the segment, the cross piece being thicker than
the longitudinal. The coxe are black, except the anterior
at the extreme apex; the middle pair have a small mark
at the base, and the hinder part a large yellow mark
extending from the base to near the apex, its inner end
being more prolonged than its outer; the fore coxe and
trochanters are whiter in tint than the others; the hinder
trochanters are black, this being also the case with the
apex of the femora, and to a less extent the base of the
tibie; the four front tarsi are dark fuscous; the apex of
the hind tibiz, the base of the metatarsus broadly, and
the extreme apex of the tarsi, black; the fore tarsi are
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 13. EI
infuscated; the middle almost black. Wings hyaline,
the stigma and nervures black; the areolet longer than
broad; the second recurrent nervure received near the
apical third of the cellule. Abdomen black, shining. All
the segments pale yellow at the apex; the apical one
almost entirely yellow; the ventral segments black, dull
yellow at the apices.
CRYPTUS BROOKEANUS, Sp. nov.
Niger, annulo late flagello antennarum tarsisque posticts
albis; pedibus fulvis; trochanteribus posticts, apice femorum
posticorum tarsisque posticis nigris; alis hyalims. 2. Long.
II mm.
Hab. Borneo.
Antenne as long as the body, from the apex of the
fifth to the base of the fourteenth joint white above
and at the sides; bare. Head black, bearing a short,
sparse, black pubescence; the front, except at the sides,
irregularly longitudinally striolated; the striz rather
stout; the face shagreened; the palpi white. Thorax
entirely black; the pro- and meso-notum almost shining,
impunctate; the base of the median segment behind the
transverse keel (which is broadly curved backwards in
the centre) irregularly longitudinally striated, and with
two stout straight keels down the centre; behind this
keel it is irregularly reticulated; in the middle at the
sides are two stout spines. The upper part of the
propleure is obliquely striolated, the striz becoming
stronger towards the apex, at the base in the middle
being almost obsolete; the portion over the coxe
impunctate, smooth; the mesopleure closely irregu-
larly longitudinally striolated; immediately under the
wings are a few stout, clearly-separated oblique stria-
tions, which are mostly turned up at the base. The
mesosternum smooth, impunctate, except a crenulated
12 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
furrow down its centre, and separated from the pleure
by a curved crenulated furrow. Legs fulvous; the four
anterior tibiz and tarsi infuscated; the fore tibiz white
in front; the hinder trochanters, the apical third of the
hinder femora and the hinder tibiz, black; the hinder
spurs black; the tarsi white, the extreme apex black.
The second transverse cubital nervure is faint; the
recurrent nervure is received in the apical third of the
cellule. The petiole is smooth and shining; the sides
at the apex depressed; the rest of it alutaceous; the
apex of the second segment pale testaceous.
ICHNEUMON MITRA, sp. nov. (Pl. 16, f. 6). ,
Long. 12 10m.
Hab. Borneo.
Antenne stout, almost bare, the 10—15 joints white
except beneath. Head black; the orbits from shortly
above the antenne to shortly behind the hinder ocelli,
the sides and apex of the clypeus (the latter narrowly),
the labrum and palpi, yellowish-white; the mandibles
piceous before the middle. The face rather strongly
punctured; the punctures on the clypeus more widely
separated towards its apex; the space above the antenne
shining and impunctate; the vertex coarsely punctured.
The face and vertex covered with short white hair; the
inner orbits distinctly margined. Thorax black; the
edge of the pronotum, tubercles, tegule in front, and
scutellum, yellowish-white. Thorax closely punctured ;
the propleurze closely punctured above, beneath shining,
and with strong, somewhat oblique keels behind; the
mesopleure with the punctures larger and more clearly
separated above, the lower part with them smaller and
much more closely set together, and at the apex running
into strie. The mesonotum closely punctured; the
scutellum has the punctures shallower and more clearly
separated ; the yellow mark does not occupy quite its
ee ee
Manchester Memotrs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 13. 13
entire surface, and is somewhat mitre-shaped ; the post
scutellum shining, impunctate. The median segment
strongly punctured, thickly covered (especially behind)
with white hair; the supramedian area longer than
broad; the sides almost straight; the base transverse;
the apex curved roundly inwardly. The metapleure are
more coarsely punctured than the mesopleure, and more
thickly haired. Legs black; the front tibiz and tarsi
_ dirty testaceous (perhaps discoloured) ; the outer half of
the fore coxe, the outer side of the middle and a larger
mark on the hinder side of the hinder coxe, yellowish-
white; the spurs also yellowish-white. Wings hyaline;
the stigma and nervures black; the latter paler towards
the apex; the areolet at the top in length a little less
than the space bounded by the recurrent and the second
transverse cubital nervures. Abdomen black; the base
of the first, second, and third segments with yellow bands
dilated at the sides, and which become gradually narrowed,
a large mark on the sixth, rounded at the base, narrowed
gradually at the sides and the greater part of the seventh,
yellowish-white. The ventral segments black; the basal
yellowish in the middle.
This species is abundantly distinct from the two
species of Ichneumon described by Smith from Borneo,
the antennz of I. penetrans and the head of I. conus-
sator being for the greater part yellow.
BRACONID.
BRACON BORNEENSIS, sp. mov.
Capite, thorace pedibusque flavis, abdomine ferrugineo ;
alis fuscis, bast late flavo; flagello antennarum nigro. ¢.
Long. Iomm.
Hab. Borneo.
Scape of antennz pale yellow, sparsely covered with
longish hairs; the flagellum entirely black. Head
14 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Onentalia.
shining, sparsely covered with fuscous hair, which is
longer and paler below the antennz than on the vertex.
At the sides and behind the ocelli are bordered by a
distinct furrow; in front of them is a depression from
which a straight narrow furrow runs to the base of the
antenne. Thorax smooth, shining, impunctate, the
upper part fulvous, the sides and sternum paler. Legs
fulvous, sparsely haired. Wings from the transverse
basal nervure dark fuscous, with a slight fulvous tinge;
the stigma and the nervure in the fuscous part of the
wings, blackish; in the yellowish, yellow. The central
part of the petiole above has a few widely separated
keels; the lateral furrows wide and deep; the central
part has the sides at the apex rounded and with a
wide short furrow on the inner side. Down the centre
of the second segment is a straight keel depressed in the
middle, and which does not quite reach the apex of the
segment; on either side at the base is a wide oblique
depression reaching near to the apex; at its base are
some sharply oblique keels; the rest of it has a few
seml-oblique keels; the suturiform articulation has
throughout straight stout keels; the other segments
coarsely rugosely punctured, except the last, which is
smooth, shining, impunctate, and of a pale yellow colour.
Is not unlike B. Rothney: but is larger, the base of
the wings more broadly yellow; the lateral depression
on the second abdominal segment is much larger and
deeper ; the central keel much more complete and clearly
defined and without a smooth triangular base; the base
of the antennz yellow, not black, &c.
BRACON DISSIMULANDUS, Sp. nov.
Niger ; capite, pro- mesothorace metapleurisque ferruginets ;
alis fuscis, fere violaceis. &. Long. 14; terebra 5 mm.
Hab. Borneo.
an
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 18. 15
Head ferruginous, the teeth of the mandibles black;
rather closely covered with black hair, particularly on the
face ; the front and vertex smooth, the face smooth in the
centre, the sides with large, shallow, distinctly separated
punctures ; the sides of the clypeus have a yellowish hue;
the palpi are covered with long, black hair; the man-
dibular teeth black. Antennz entirely black; the scape
with longish black hair. Pro- and meso-thorax smooth
and impunctate; their pleurz and sternum sparsely
covered with fuscous hairs. The metathorax thickly
covered with longish black hair; the upper part almost
entirely black. The two anterior legs entirely ferruginous;
the four hinder black ; the intermediate with the base of
the coxe broadly, and the extreme base and apex of their
femora ferruginous; the hinder legs are thickly haired.
Wings large, uniformly smoky-violaceous; there is an
elongated clear hyaline spot below the first transverse
cubital nervure. The petiole is deeply depressed at the
base; the raised centre bordered along the sides by a
wide, moderately deep, shallow furrow ; the raised central
part bearing stout longitudinal keels; the central being
stouter and straighter; at the apex of the segment there
are shorter keels between the longer ones, or those
become bifid. The third segment is nearly similarly
striolated, but with the strie closer together; and there
is at the apex an interrupted transverse furrow; the
remaining segments shining, smooth; the ventral surface
pale-yellowish, the sheaths of the ovipositor thickly
covered with long hair.
Of the Oriental species it comes nearest to B. foveatus
Sm., but that has the ovipositor twice the length of the
body.
BRACON CHARAXUS, Sp. mov.
Niger ; captte, thorace pedibusque anticis ferrugineis ; alts
Juscis, fere violaceis. 2. Long. 11; terebra 12mm.
16 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
Hab. Borneo.
Antenne black; the flagellum almost bare; the scape
thickly covered with blackish hairs, and piceous in the
middle beneath. Head shining, sparsely covered with
long fuscous hairs; below the antennz bearing all over
except in the middle, where there is a smooth space,
moderately large punctures; the front and vertex very
smooth and shining, except for a few small punctures
along the inner orbits; the mandibles ferruginous, their
teeth black; the palpi fuscous. Thorax entirely fer-
ruginous, smooth, shining, impunctate; the middle
lobe of the mesonotum raised; the median segment
sparsely covered with long black hairs; on its side is
a deep wide furrow, which does not reach the base.
Wings uniformly deep smoky, but with a _ violaceous
tinge. The fore legs entirely ferruginous, as are also
the middle coxz, except that they are darker; thetous
anterior legs sparsely covered with short hair; the hinder
tibiz and tarsi have the hair much longer and thicker.
The petiole above is smooth and shining, except the
apex in the middle, where it is a little rough; the
middle part bounded by the keels is almost transverse,
and has behind it a small space bearing some minute
punctures; the outer divisions at the apex are obliquely
truncated. The 2—4 segments are closely and strongly
longitudinally striolated, the striations on the second
being irregular; in the centre of the second segment
are two keels, which unite in the middle and are con-
tinued to the apex as one; from the base near the edge
runs another keel, which runs obliquely to the central
keel, when it becomes straight; the sides are distinctly
margined above; on the side of the second segment is
a large smooth, shining space; and there is a similar
one, but smaller, on the third in front of the depression ;
the other segments are smooth and shining, the last is
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 13. 7
depressed at the base and is fringed at the apex with
longish hairs. The ventral segments, except at the apex,
are, in the middle, yellowish-testaceous; the last ventral
segment projects beyond the apex of the dorsal.
Allied apparently to B. foveatus Sm. from Singapore ;
but that, among other differences, has the ovipositor
twice the length of the body.
POMPILIDA:.
SALIUS LEPTOCERUS, Sp. nov.
Niger, abdomine pedibusque rufis; capite, thorace coxisque
dense fulvo-hirtis; alis fusco-violaceis. Long. 17; exp. al.
24mm.
Hab. Sikim.
Antenne a little longer than the body, entirely black,
except the scape on the under side, which is rufous. Head
densely covered all over with a golden fulvous pile and
less densely with long fulvous hair. Mandibles densely
covered with short depressed fulvous pubescence; the
palpi blackish. Thorax densely covered all over with
golden fulvous pubescence and more sparsely with longish
pale fulvous hair; there is a wide, deep furrow down the
centre of the post-scutellum, and there is a narrower,
less distinct one down the base of the median segment,
which is obscurely transversely striated. Wings fuscous-
violaceous, shining, the nervures blackish; the first recur-
rent nervure is received a short distance in front of the
second transverse cubital; the nervures dark fuscous, the
stigma darker at the base. Legs red; the coxe black,
densely covered with golden pubescence and, more
sparsely, with longish fulvous hair; the posterior are
rufous on the under side; the trochanters are black at
the base. Abdomen dark fulvous; the second, third,
and fourth segments black at the base.
Comes near to S. zelotypus Bingham from Tenasserim.
18 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
DOLICHUSUS CLAVIPES, sp. nov. (Pl. 16,1.
Niger; alis hyalinis. 2. Long. g mm.
Hab. Barrackpore (Rothney).
Antenne filiform. Immediately above, and_ slightly
protruding over them is a large projection which, seen
from the side, is triangular; above depressed, the sides
and apex distinctly raised; the base not margined; the
front and vertex shining, impunctate. Antenne sepa-
rated from the base of the clypeus, which is keeled
down the centre. Eyes reaching to the basesoreeme
mandibles. Radial and cubital cellules not differing
from Pseudagenia. Prothorax somewhat longer than in
typical Pseudagena. Mesonotum with two nearly com-
plete, deep parapsidal furrows; the median segment
with distinct arez; on the sides on the top of the apical
part is a small blunt tooth, and in the middle is a
much larger and more distinct one. At the base of the
third ventral segment is a transverse furrow; the sheath
of the ovipositor largely projecting. Claws with one
tooth.
Antenne filiform, the scape sparsely haired; the
flagellum closely covered with a short pubescence. Head
shining, impunctate; sparsely haired ; the outer orbits on
the lower side thickly covered with longish white hair;
the clypeus, especially at the sides, and the base of the
mandibles with longer white hairs. Thorax shining ; pro-
and meso-notum thickly covered with fuscous hair; the
hair on the median segment longer and thicker; the apex
of the pronotum depressed and clearly separated from the
mesonotum. The parapsidal furrows do not quite reach
to the apex of the mesonotum. Apex of scutellum semi-
circular; post-scutellum stoutly longitudinally striolated.
In the centre of the median segment are two keels which
converge a little at the apex of the flat part, and these
are united by a transverse keel; the centre at the base
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 13. 19
shagreened and with four irregular longitudinal keels; the
oblique apex shagreened. Propleure shining; the meso-
pleura shining above, shagreened below; the top pro-
jecting, oblique; a keel runs down the base from the
tubercles; the metapleurz closely longitudinally strio-
lated. Legs shining, sparsely haired; the base of the
hind spurs thickly covered with stiff pale hairs. Wings.
clear hyaline; the nervures blackish; the first transverse.
cubital is sharply elbowed from a little below the middle
- towards the apex of the cellule, the second straight, the
third curved roundly toward the base of the cellule; the
first recurrent nervure is received shortly beyond the.
middle of the cellule, the second near the basal third.
SPHEGIDA::
DIODONTUS STRIOLATUS, sp. nov. (Pl. 16, f. 3).
Niger, mandibulis, tegulis, geniculis, tibus tarsisque
flavis; alis hyalinis, nervis stigmateque fuscis. dS. Long.
fere 5 mm.
Hab. Lahore (Rothney).
Antenne entirely black, almost bare; the apex of the
scape fuscous. Head shining, the front and vertex with
fine, distinctly-separated punctures; mandibles yellow,
the extreme base black, the teeth piceous-black; the palpi
yellow; the clypeus projecting, roundly and deeply incised
in the middle. Thorax shining, faintly aciculated above ;.
the propleurz with stout, distinctly separated striz; the
apical half of the mesopleure closely longitudinally
striated, the striations becoming closer together at the
apex; the metapleurze, except at the base beneath, more
strongly and irregularly striolated. The apex of the four
front femora, the tibiz and tarsi, testaceous; the middle
tibiza infuscated behind; the hinder tibize blackish;
the hinder tarsi infuscated. Wings short, not reaching
20 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Ortentalia.
much beyond the middle of the abdomen, slightly
infuscated, the nervures testaceous, the stigma black;
at the top the second cubital cellule is slightly wider
than the space bounded by the first transverse cubital
and the second recurrent nervures. Legs _ sparsely
covered with white pubescence; the apex of the femora,
tibiz and tarsi, testaceous; the hinder tibiz infuscated.
Abdomen shining.
DIDINEIS -ORIENTALIS, sp. nov. (Pl. 16,482)
Niger, mandibulis, scapo antennarum subtus, tibits, tarsts
tegulisque albidis, alis hyalinis, nervis fuscis. dS. Long.
5mm. :
Hab. Barrackpore (Rothney).
Antennz fuscous, darker above, the scape bee a
few hairs, the flagellum thickly covered with short pile;
the base of the apical joint before the base of the
curve projecting. Head shining, the vertex with shallow
closely-pressed punctures, and covered with longish
blackish hair; the vertex with the hair shorter and
closer; the cheeks and clypeus thickly covered with
silvery hair, that on the clypeus being the longer.
Mandibles with longish silvery hair; their base black,
the rest piceous, with a yellow band between; the palpi
yellow. Thorax black, shining, closely covered on the
pro- and meso-thorax with black hair; almost impunc-
tate ; the depression on the propleurz with a few stout,
oblique keels. In the centre of the median segment is
a large somewhat triangular area, but with the apex
rounded, bounded by stout keels, and having in the
centre of it two slightly diverging keels, which reach
a little beyond the middle. From the apex @agame
triangle a straight keel runs down to the apex of the
segment, and in the centre at the side is a somewhat
semicircular area, which is joined to the central keel
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 13. 2I
by two short transverse ones. Legs thickly coveted with
short white hair; the apices of the coxe, of the trochan-
ters and of the femora, the base of the hinder tibie, the
four anterior tibize and all the tarsi, yellowish-testaceous ;
the femoral tooth stout, oblique, somewhat triangular ;
the apex of the hinder femora fuscous. The wings have
a faint fuscous tinge; the stigma fuscous, the nervures
dark testaceous; the second cubital cellule oblique, at
the bottom longer than the third cellule; the recurrent
nervures almost interstitial; the third transverse cubital
nervure is curved at the top; the lower part straight,
oblique. Abdomen smooth and shining, sparsely covered
with longish white hair, which becomes longer and thicker
towards the apex.
This and Alyson are Mee ceine additions to the
Oriental Zoological Region, the few described species
being from Europe and North America.
ALYSON ANNULIPES> sp. nov. (PI. 16, f. 1).
Niger, mandibulis basi tibtarum posticarum maculisque
2 abdommms flavis ; alis hyalims, fusco-fasciatis. 2. Long.
6mm.
Hab. Poona (Wroughton).
Black, shining, almost impunctate; the head, pro-
and meso-thorax sparsely covered with long fuscous hair;
the apex of the median segment with shorter white hair.
Head shining, smooth; the upper part covered with
fuscous hair, which is much longer behind the ocelli;
the lower part is more thickly covered with short sil-
very pubescence. Mandibles broadly yellow behind the
middle, the two basal teeth piceous, the apical tooth
darker in colour. The inner orbits with a yellow line;
the clypeus yellow, the extreme apex piceous; the central
tooth larger, the lateral not half its size; the palpi
yellow. Thorax black, except two yellow marks on the
22 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Ortentalia.
scutellum; rather thickly covered with longish fuscous
hair; the hair on the pleure and apex of the median
segment white. Median segment transversely irregu-
larly striated; in its centre is a somewhat triangular
area which reaches near to the apex of the top part,
where it is rounded, and from which a straight keel
runs to the apex; down the centre of the triangular
area are two keels not reaching the end of the area,
and bulging out at the apex. At the top of the oblique
apex are, on each side of the central keel, three arez;
the inner being the larger; the rest of the arez irregular.
Wings clear hyaline, the stigma and nervures black ;
the radial, the base of the first and the second and
third cubital cellules, smoky. Legs thickly covered with
short white hair; the anterior knees, tibiz, and tarsi
yellowish in front; the apices of the four hinder coxée
and of the trochanters, a line below the apex of the
hinder tibiz, and the spurs yellow; the femoral tooth
oblique, stout, twice as long as broad, the apex bluntly
rounded. Abdomen shining, impunctate, the apex and
ventral surface sparsely covered with long black hairs ;
the spots on the second segment obscure yellow (per-
haps discoloured); the third segment obscure testaceous
laterally at the base.
GASTROSERICUS BINGHAMI, sp. nov. (Pl. 16, f. 8).
Leng, «5. mm. od.
Hab. Barrackpore (Rothney).
This species differs in too many points from G. Roth-
neyi to be its d, It differs also from the type of the
genus (G. Walti from Egypt) in having the clypeus
toothed in the middle.
Head alutaceous, the vertex covered with a pale golden
microscopic down; the orbits behind with silvery pu-
bescence ; the face and oral region thickly covered with |
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 13. 23
golden pubescence; the space where the hinder ocellus
should be, shining, smooth. Clypeus yellow, the apex
piceous; its centre raised and projecting into a stout
triangular tooth; the mandibles yellow, piceous at the
apex. Antenne stout; the basal joints with a minute
silvery pubescence; the apex of the scape yellow; the
ocellar space raised and surrounded, except in front, by
a furrow, and a wider furrow runs down the vertex.
_ Thorax alutaceous; the scutellum finely punctured; the
median segment at the apex finely punctured; the
extreme apex minutely transversely striated ; the fovea is
wide and deep, sharply narrowed at the apex. The sides,
base, and apex of the mesonotum thickly covered with
golden hair; the hair on the meso- and meta-pleure
silvery. Tegule and a curved spot at the apex of the
pronotum yellow. Wings hyaline, the nervures and
costa fuscous, darker towards the apex. Legs black; the
apical half of the fore femora, the apices of the four hinder
and the tibiz and tarsi clear yellow; the four hinder
tibiz broadly lined with black behind at the base; the
3—5 joints of the hinder tarsi infuscated. Abdomen
covered with a sericeous pubescence; the sides of the
dorsal and the apices of the apical ventral segments
obscure testaceous; the apical segment for the greater
part rufous.
PISON ORIENTALE, Sp. nov.
Long. 8mm.
Hab. Barrackpore (Rothney).
Comes near to P. striolatum, but differs in the
striolated metapleure. Entirely black; head and thorax
thickly covered with long fuscous hairs; the face more
closely covered with silvery hair. Front rugosely punc-
tured; behind the ocelli the punctures much finer and
more widely separated. Apex of clypeus shining, bare,
the apex in the middle produced into a small rounded
24 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Onentalia.
point. Antennz covered with a white microscopic pile.
Thorax thickly covered with longish whitish hair.
Mesonotum bearing large distinctly separated punctures
which are much closer together; scutellum with the
punctures smaller and not so deep, and almost absent in
the centre. Median segment with a wide furrow in the
centre in which are a few stout transverse keels; on
either side of this it is irregularly punctured and has
some curved striz. Propleure shining, strongly de-
pressed obliquely in the centre; mesopleure strongly —
punctured all over, and without a distinct longitudinal
furrow; metapleurze almost impunctate and more shining
than the mesopleure. Wings hyaline, the costa and
stigma black, the other nervures not so deep in tint;
the recurrent nervures received shortly in front of the
transverse cubital. Abdomen thickly covered with white
hair, which is especially thick at the sides of the seg-
ments at their apices; the basal segments sparsely punc-
tured; the others impunctate; the basal ventral segment
strongly punctured.
PISON APPENDICULATUM, sp. nov. (Pl. 16, f. 5).
Long. 7—8 mm.
Hab. Barrackpore (Rothney).
Resembles P. orientale, but has the body more thickly
pilose, the apex of the clypeus more broadly produced in
the middle, the appendicle of the areolet as long as the
cellule itself, and the recurrent nervures are received at
a greater distance from the transverse cubitals.
Head closely and rather strongly punctured, more
closely and hardly so strongly behind the ocelli; the
front and vertex covered with long fuscous hair; from
the lower part of the eye incision to the apex of the
clypeus thickly covered with longish silvery hair, which
hides the sculpture entirely; the apex of the clypeus
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 18. 25
roundly produced in the middle. Thorax thickly covered
with long fuscous hair; the mesonotum strongly punc-
tured, particularly at the sides; the centre of the
scutellum almost without punctures ; the median segment
at the base shagreened, the centre with a wide, deep
furrow, in which are a few stout transverse keels; the
apex is irregularly and rather strongly transversely
striated, the striations coarser above than below; there
iiceea decp furrow at the top. Propleurz coarsely
shagreened; the mesopleurz strongly punctured and
without a furrow; the basal half of the metapleure
more shining and less pilose than the rest. Wings
hyaline, the nervures and stigma blackish; the pedicle
of the petiole oblique, as long as the cellule; the recur-
rent nervures are received somewhat less than half the
length of the cellule in front of the transverse cubital
nervures. Legs thickly covered with longish hair and
white pile; the spurs pale testaceous at the base.
Abdomen thickly haired, and, at the apices of the seg-
ments, lined with silvery pubescence.
. PISON (PARAPISON) CRASSICORNE, Sp. nov.
ong, 5 mim: | 2.
Hab. Barrackpore (Rothney).
Comes near to P. Rothneyi, but smaller, the furrow on
the median segment extending from the base to the
apex; and the apex transversely striolated.
Head: the vertex and front shagreened, covered with
a short fuscous pubescence; the cheeks and clypeus
thickly covered with silvery pubescence; the mandibles
and palpi pale testaceous. Antenne entirely black, dis-
tinctly thickened towards the apex. Thorax shining, the
pro- and meso-thorax impunctate, the oblique half of the
median segment transversely striated; there is at its
base a narrowish furrow, and behind the striated part,
26 CAMERON, Hymenoptera Orientalia.
and separated from the basal, is a short, wider, and
deeper furrow. The pro- and meso-pleurz are shagreened;
the latter has a wide and deep longitudinal furrow in the |
middle ; the metapleure are shagreened at the base; the
rest smooth and shining. The second cubital cellule at
the top is as wide as the space bounded by the recurrent
and first transverse cubital nervures; the upper part of
the second transverse cubital nervure is curved; the
lower straight, only slightly oblique; the second recur-
rent nervure is interstitial. The four front tibiz are for
the greater part dark testaceous ; the hinder pair broadly
dark testaceous at the base; the calcaria pale. Abdomen
shining, impunctate, densely covered with white pube-
scence towards the apex ; the five apical segments cream-
coloured at their apices, the last more broadly than the
others.
TRYPOXYLON COGNATUM, Sp. nov.
Nigrum, abdomine rufo-balteato, capite thoraceque dense
albo-ptlosis, calcaribus albis; alis hyalinis, apice fere fumato.
+. Long, 11 mm:
Hab. Himalaya.
Head black; the front and vertex alutaceous; the
former with a shallow longitudinal depression in the
centre; the eye incisions and the clypeus and the space
below the antennz densely covered with silvery pube-
scence ; the vertex covered with short fuscous pubescence ;
the outer orbits except at the top, covered with longish,
silvery pubescence; the mandibles piceous towards the
apex; the palpi pale yellow. Antennz entirely black,
the scape covered with white hair. Thorax black; the
mesonotum very shining, and with a bluish tinge; the
pubescence on the pro- and meso-notum and scutellum
dense, pale, that on the post-scutellum longer than on the
scutellum. At the base the median segment is longi-
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xl. (1897), No. 13. 27
tudinally striated; in the centre depressed, and in the
middle of the oblique part is a longer, wider, and deeper
depression ; the apex closely punctured. Pro- and meso-
_pleurze and sternum densely covered all over with dense
white pubescence; the metapleurz sparsely covered with
shorter white hair at the apex. Legs entirely black,
except the apices of the four anterior tarsi, which are
rufous, and the spurs, which are white. Wings clear
hyaline, the apex slightly infuscated; the stigma and
costa black; the nervures paler. Abdomen densely
covered with short, pale hair; the petiole longer than
the second and third segments united; the apex of the
petiole and the second and the third segments ferruginous.
Comes nearest to T. rejector Sm. from Mainpuri, with
which it agrees in coloration, but which differs from our
species in having ‘‘an impressed line in front of the
anterior ocellus, terminating at an elevated carina just
above the insertion of the antenne”’ (cf. Trans. Zool. Soc.
vit., 189).
E xplanation of Figures in Plate 16.
CAMERON, Hymenoptera ©
my 4)" ’
~
Alyson annulipes.
Didineis orientalis.
Diodontus striolatus.
Dolichusus clavipes.
Pison appendiculatum.
Ichneumon mitra.
Cryptus perpulcher.
Gastrosericus Bingham.
Chrysts furtosa.
Hedychrum lugubre.
on.
HYMENOPTERA ORIENTALIA.
Manchester Memoirs. Vol. XJ
W. Purkiss, del, et lith.
XIV. The Composition of some Ancient Iron
Implements and a Bronze found at Thebes.
By ARTHUR HARDEN, M.Sc., Ph.D.
Read April 27th. Received May 1st, 1897.
The iron implements in question were found by
Flinders Petrie, and are stated by him to date from
about 670 B.c., a period at which iron had not passed
into common use even among the Greeks. According
to their discoverer the forms of these tools are quite
unknown in Egyptian use, but were evolved by an iron-
using people. The implements are probably relics of
the Assyrian invasions (669-666 B.c.) Although many
specimens of iron more ancient than these are known,
so far as I am aware, no analyses of manufactured iron
dating from before the Christian Era have hitherto been
made.
The collection of implements which is now in the
Owens College Museum includes several chisels, saws,
files, rasps, nails, and other small objects. The main
interest of the analytical examination was to ascertain
the amount of carbon present in the iron, along with
the several amounts of silicon, phosphorus, sulphur, and
September 22nd, 1897.
2 HARDEN, Composition of Ancient Iron Implements.
manganese. Two implements were selected for examina-
tion :—
(1) A chisel shaped like a modern mortise chisel,
which weighed 333°05 grams and had a specific gravity
of 7°763 at 18°/18°. The blade was sufficiently hard to
scratch apatite but not felspar, and must, therefore, be
considered as soft. This implement contains a small
amount of nickel and cobalt (about o'15 /), metals
which are frequently found in iron in small amount. It
also contains a trace of copper, but appears to be
quite free from manganese.
(2) An implement shaped like a modern hard edge or
hardie, used in blacksmith’s work. This weighed 46275
grams, and was decidedly harder than the chisel, the
edge distinctly marking felspar. The metal of this im-
plement is free from nickel and cobalt, as well as from
manganese.
The analytical results were as follows :—
(I) CHISEL. (2) HarpDIE.
CUPIOT, oc yee eee pais OF Tt. eee O°I5
SMC OI ce eee reer...» s OPOF Pane 0°22
ke J) 8) 0 Gare eee ane 7020" toe 0°03
Phosphorus: 44 20 ee..-. O'OR ..ee 0°07
Both the implements, therefore, contain a very low
amount of carbon, and must be characterised as very
mild steel or even malleable iron incapable of becoming
very hard by tempering.
An experiment was made with one of the files to see
whether it was capable of becoming hard, and it was
found that when the metal was heated to whiteness and
quenched in water it did become distinctly harder, but
was still much softer than a modern file.
The specimen of bronze was taken from a small
model of an implement found in the foundation deposit
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 14. 3
of a building in Thebes, and probably dating from
1500-1000 B.c. Analysis shows that it is a true bronze,
its composition being—
CTD Ack ee 93°3
CSTE eh Soe bos Senecio 8 ak ae 6°8
ISINGHY a4 tabs Ateagcad ape Ge ne O°5
This metal, it must be remembered, was not intended
for use as an implement but merely as a model, and
hence it had not been hardened by the addition of
cuprous oxide, as were some of the tools of similar date
analysed by Gladstone. The presence of tin also indi-
cates that the alloy is not of the highest antiquity, since
Berthelot has shown that a Copper Age preceded the
Bronze Age. It is interesting to note that the particular
bronze which was analysed had not been at all converted
into carbonate, and was quite free from any green coating,
although the opinion is held by some archzologists that
articles which escape attack in this way may be classed
aS pure copper.
may
Ce i
oy ‘
THE WisDE. LECTURE.
XV. On the Nature of the Rontgen Rays
Dy sin GG. STOKES, Bart., FoK.S.
Delivered July 2nd, 1897.
Ever since the remarkable discovery of Professor
Réntgen was published, the subject has attracted a
great deal of attention in all civilised countries, and
numbers of physicists have worked experimentally,
endeavouring to make out the laws of these rays, to
determine their nature if possible, and to arrange for
their application. I am sorry to say that I have not
myself worked experimentally at the subject; and that
being the case, there is a certain amount of presumption
perhaps in my venturing to lecture on it. Still, I have
followed pretty well what has been done by others, and
the subject borders very closely on one to which I
have paid considerable attention ; that is, the subject
of light.
In Rontgen’s original paper he stated that it was
shown experimentally that the seat of these remarkable
rays was the place where the so-called cathodic rays
fall on the opposite wall of the highly-exhausted tube in
which they are produced. I will not stop to describe
what is meant by cathodic rays. It would take me too
much away from my subject, and I may assume, I
think, that the audience I am now addressing know what
is meant by that term. This statement of Rontgen’s
was not, I think, universally accepted. Some experi-
mentalists set themselves to investigate the point by
September 22nd, 1897.
2 STOKES, on. the Nature of the Rontgen Rays.
observing the positions of the shadows cast by bodies
subjected to the discharge of the Rontgen rays—to
investigate, I say, the place within the tube from which
the rays appeared to come. Now, when the shadows ©
were received on a photographic plate, and the shadow
was joined to the substance casting the shadow, and
the joining lines were produced backwards, as a rule
they tended more or less nearly to meet somewhere
within the tube—Crookes’ tube, 1 will now ‘cally
and some people seem to have had the idea that at
that point of meeting or approximate meeting there
was something going on which was the source of these
rays. I have in my hands a paper published in St.
Petersburg by Prince B. Galitzin and A. v. Karnojitgiae
which contains some very elaborate photographs obtained
in this way. A board was taken and ruled with cross
lines at equal intervals, and at the points of intersection
nails were struck in in an upright position. The board
was placed on top of the photographic plate, with an
opaque substance between—a substance which these
strange Ro6ntgen rays are capable of passing through,
though it is impervious to light. The shadows cast by
the nails were obtained on the photograph, and this
paper contains a number of the photographs. It is
remarkable, considering the somewhat large space in the
tube over which the discharge from the cathode is
spread, that the shadows are as sharp as they actually
are; and the same thing may be affirmed of the ordi-
nary shadows of the bones of the hand, for instance,
which one so frequently sees now. Another remarkable
point in these photographs is that in some cases. it
appears as if there were two shadows of the same nail,
as though there were two different sources from which
these strange rays come, both situated within the
Crookes’ tube. Now, have we a right to suppose that
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 15. 3
the place of meeting of the lines by which the shadows
are formed, prolonged backwards into the tube, ts the
place which is the seat of action of these rays? I
think we have not. If a portion of the Crookes’ tube
which is influenced by the cathode discharge be isolated
by, we will say, a lead screen containing a small hole,
you get a portion of the cathodic rays which come out
through that small hole, and you can trace what
becomes of them beyond. It is found that the influence
is decidedly stronger in a normal direction than in
oblique directions. Professor J. J. Thomson, of Cam-
bridge, who has worked a great deal experimentally at
this subject, mentioned that to me as a striking thing.
You might imagine that the fact that the shadows
appear to be cast approximately from a source within
the tube could be accounted for in this way. Supposing,
as Rontgen believed, that the seat of the rays is in the
place where the cathode discharge falls on the surface
of the glass, those which come in an oblique direction
have to pass through a greater thickness of glass than
those which come in a normal direction. Now, glass is
only partially transparent to the Réntgen rays; therefore
the oblique rays would be more absorbed in passing
through the glass than the rays which come in a normal
direction. I mentioned that to Professor Thomson, but
he said he thought the difference between the intensity
of the rays which come out obliquely and those which
come out in a normal direction was much too great to
De Accoumed for im that way.* J, will take it)as a
* I have found by subsequent inquiry that the experiment referred
to was not made by Professor Thomson himself, but by Mr. C. M.
McClelland, in the Cavendish Laboratory, and that on being recently
repeated with the same tube the effect of the X rays was found to be
by no means so much concentrated towards the normal to the wall of
the tube as in the former experiment. It seems likely that the difference
may have been due to use of the tube in the interval, which would
4 STOKES, on the Nature of the Roéntgen Rays.
fact, without entering at present into any speculation as
to the reason for it, that the Rontgen rays do come out
from the glass wall more copiously in a normal direc-
tion than in an oblique direction. Assuming this, we
‘can rightly say that the results obtained by Prince
Galitzin and M. v. Karnojitzky, and similar results
obtained by others, do not by any means prove that the
seat of the rays is within. the tube. Suppesejgmas
example, that the tube were spherical, and a portion of
this spherical surface were reached by the cathodic rays;
if the Rontgen rays which passed outside came wholly,
we will say, in a normal direction, produce the direc-
tions backwards and you will get the centre of the tube.
But we have no right to say from that there is anything
particular going on in the centre of the spherical tube.
The result is perfectly compatible with Rdontgen’s
original assertion, which I bclieve to be true, as to the
seat of the rays.
Everything tends to show that these Réntgen rays
are something which, like rays of light, are propagated
in the ether. What, then, is the nature of this process
going on in the ether? Some of the properties of the
Rontgen rays are very surprising, and very unlike what
we are in the habit of considering with regard to rays
of ight. One of the most striking things 1s the facility
with which they go through bodies which are utterly
have made the exhaustion higher, and caused the X rays given out to
be of higher penetrative power, so as to render the increased thickness
of glass which the rays emerging obliquely had to pass through to be
of less consequence. But the subject is still under examination. In
consequence of the result obtained in the second experiment, the state-
ment in the text should be less absolute; but it may very well have
happened that in the experiments of others the conditions may more
nearly have agreed with those of the first experiment, caus.ng what we
may call the resultant activity of the X rays tu have had a direction
leaning towards the normal drawn from the point casting the shadow
to the wall of the tube,
Manchester Memotrs, Vol. xl. (1897), No. 15. 5
opaque to light, such, for example, as black - paper,
Mead, and so forth. If that stood alone it would,
perhaps, not constitute a very important difference
between them and light. A red glass will stop green
rays and let red rays through; and just in the same
way if the Rontgen rays were of the nature of the
ordinary rays of light, it is possible that a substance,
although opaque to light, might be transparent to them.
So, as I say, that remarkable property, if it stood alone,
would not necessarily constitute any great difference of
nature between them and ordinary light. But there are
other properties which are far more difficult to reconcile
with the idea that the Rontgen rays are of the nature
of light. There is the absence, or almost complete
absence, of refraction and reflection. Another remark-
able property of these rays is the extreme sharpness of
the shadows which they cast when the source of the
rays is made sufficiently narrow. The shadows are far
sharper than those produced under similar circumstances
by light, because in the case of light the shadows are
enlarged as the effect of diffraction. This absence, or
almost complete absence, of diffraction is then another
circumstance distinguishing these rays from ordinary rays
of light. In face of these remarkable differences, those
who speculated with regard to the nature of the rays
were naturally disposed to look in a direction in which
there was some distinct difference from the process
which we conceive to go on in the propagation and
production of ordinary rays of light. Those who have
speculated on the dynamical theory of double refraction
have been led to imagine the possible existence in the
ether of longitudinal vibrations, as well as those trans-
versal vibrations which we know to constitute light. If
we were to suppose that the Rontgen rays are due to
longitudinal vibrations, that would constitute such a
6 STOKEs, on the Nature of the Rontgen Rays.
very great difference of nature between them and rays
of light that a very great difference in properties might
reasonably be expected. But assuming that the Rontgen
rays are a process which goes on in the ether, are the
vibrations belonging to them normal or transversal ?
If we could obtain evidence of the polarisation of those
rays, that would prove, that the vibrations were not
normal but transversal. But if we fail to obtain evidence
of polarisation, that does not at once prove that the -
vibrations may not after all be transversal, because the
properties of these rays are such as to lead us a priori
to expect great difficulties in the way of putting in
evidence their polarisation, if, indeed, they are capable
of polarisation at all. Several experimentalists have
attempted, by means of tourmalines, to obtain evidence
of polarisation, but the result in general has been nega-
tive. Of the two photographic markings that ought to
be of unequal intensity on the supposition of polarisa-
tion, one could not say with certainty that one was
darker than the other. Another way of obtaining
polarised light is by reflection at the proper angle from
glass or other substance; but, unfortunately for the suc-
cess of such a method, the Roéntgen rays refuse to be
regularly reflected, except to a very small extent indeed.
The authors of the paper to which I have already
referred appear to have had some success with the tour-
maline. Like others who have worked at the same
experiment, they took a tourmaline cut parallel to the
axis and put on top of it two others, also cut parallel
to the axis, and of equal thickness, which were placed
with their axes parallel and perpendicular respectively to
that of the under tourmaline. But they supplemented
this method by a device which is not explained in the
paper itself, although a memoir is referred to in which
the explanation is to be found—at least by those who
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 15. 7
can read the Russian language, which, unfortunately, I
cannot. I-can, therefore, only guess what the method
was. It is something depending on the superposition
of sensitive photographic films. I suspect they had
several photographic films superposed, took the photo-
graphs on these, and then took them asunder for
development, and after development put them together
again as they had been originally. They consider that
they have succeeded in obtaining evidence of a certain
amount of polarisation. If we assume that evidence to
be undoubted, it decides the question at once. But as
the experiment, as made in this way, is rather a delicate
one, it is important for the evidence that we should
consider as well what we may call the Becquerel rays.
If time permits, I shall have something to say about
these towards the close of my lecture, but, for the
present, I shall say merely that they appear to be inter-
mediate in their properties between the Rontgen rays
and rays of ordinary light. The Becquerel rays un-
doubtedly admit of polarisation, and the evidence appears
on the whole pretty conclusive that the Rontgen rays,
like rays of ordinary light, are due to transversal, and
not to longitudinal, vibrations. It remains to be ex-
plained, if we can explain it, wherein lies the difference
between the nature of the Rontgen rays and rays of
ordinary light which accounts for the strange and
remarkable difference in the properties of the two. I
may mention that, although Cauchy and Neumann, and
some others who have written on the dynamical theory
of double refraction, have been led to the contemplation
of normal vibrations, Green has put forward what seems
to me a very strong argument against the existence of
normal vibrations in the case of light. The argument
Green used always weighed strongly with me against
the supposition that the Rontgen rays were due to
8 STOKES, on the Nature of the Roéntgen Rays.
longitudinal vibrations; and the experiments by which,
as I conceive, the possibility of their polarisation has
now been established, go completely in the same direc-
tion, showing that they are due, assuming them to be
some process going on in the ether, to a transversal
disturbance of some kind.
Now, the so-called cathodic rays are, as we may say,
the parents of the Rontgen rays. Consequently, if we
are to explain the nature of the Rontgen faysy eee
very important that we should have as clear ideas as
may be. permissible of the nature of the -cathenm
rays. Now, two views have been entertained as to
the nature of the cathodic rays. According to one
view, they are not rays of light at all, but streams of
molecules which are projected from the cathode, and,
if the exhaustion within the tube be sufficient, reach the
opposite wall. That was the idea under which Crookes
worked in his well-known experiments, and, so far as I
know, it is the view held by all physicists in this country.
Another opinion, however, has been published, and there
are some eminent physicists who favour it, especially, I
think, in Germany. According to this latter opinion, the
cathodic rays are, like rays of light, some process going
on in the ether. The cathodic ray, coming from the
cathode towards the opposite wall of the tube, is invisible
as such if you look across it. There is in reality a faint
blue light ordinarily, but not necessarily, seen when you
look across it. Lenard, in his most elaborate “and
remarkable experiments, succeeded in producing the
cathodic rays within a space from which the gas was
so very nearly completely taken away that, although
the cathodic rays passed freely through the space, there
was no appearance of the blue light when you viewed
their path transversely. They produced, however, the
ordinary effect of phosphorescence at the other end of
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 15. )
the tube. The appearance, then, may be analogous to
that of a sunbeam coming from a hole in the clouds. If
it were not for the slight amount of dust and suspended
matter in the air, the sunbeam would be invisible if you
looked across it. But as the air is never free from
motes, you see the path of the sunbeam when you look
across it by the light reflected from these motes. Some-
thing of the same kind may be conceived to take place
_ with regard to the cathodic rays if they are some pro-
cess going on in the ether. But there are very great
difficulties in the way of this second hypothesis, and
especially as regards certain properties of the cathodic
rays. In the first place, they act mechanically. In
Crookes’ experiments he succeeded in causing a light
windmill, if I may so describe it, to spin rapidly under
the action of the rays. And when they were received
on a very thin film of blown glass, the glass was actually
bent under them as they fell upon it. But that is not
all. These cathodic rays appear to proceed in a normal
direction from the cathode, and ordinarily proceed in
straight lines. But—and this is the important point—
they are capable of being deflected in their path both by
electro-static force and by magnetic or electro-dynamic
force. Nothing whatever of the kind occurs with rays
of light, and there are enormous, almost insuperable,
difficulties in the supposition of any such deflection
occurring if the cathodic rays are a process going on
in the ether. I will not go into all the arguments for
and against the two views, especially as the cathodic
rays only enter incidentally into the subject I have
chosen to bring before you. I will confine myself to
one or two of the chief difficulties in the way of the
supposition that the cathodic rays are streams of mole-
cules. In his admirable experiments Lenard produced
the cathodic rays in a tube which was highly exhausted,
IO STOKES, on the Nature of the Réntgen Rays.
but not exhausted to the very highest degree that art can
obtain. When you get to such tremendous exhaustions
as that, you cannot get the discharge to pass through
the tube. What did he do? Previous experiments had
shown that certain metals—aluminium especially—are,
or appear to be, to a certain extent transparent to these
rays. Working on the supposition that an aluminium
plate is, to a certain extent, transparent to these rays,
Lenard constructed a tube, highly exhausted, but not
to the very last degree. Then a window of aluminium
foil—a very small aperture for mechanical reasons—was
fastened in an air-tight manner at the end of the tube,
to lead into a second tube provided with a phosphorescent
screen. The cathodic rays produced in the first tube
fell upon the aluminium plate and, as Lenard supposed,
passed through it as rays of light would pass through
glass. And so he got them into the sécond tube, and
it not being necessary to make an electric discharge pass
through the second tube, he could exhaust it to the very
highest power of skill that he had. It was a work of days
and days. The cathodic rays behaved in this very highly
exhausted tube like ordinary cathodic rays. We are
asked to assume that we are dealing here with a vacuum,
and according to Lenard that shows—and no doubt it
would if we grant the assumption—that it is no longer a
question of matter, but of some process going on in the
ether.* And, apparently on the strength of that very
elaborate experiment, Rontgen in his first paper seems
to have been of the opinion that the cathodic rays were
something going on in the ether. But are we justified
in assuming that we are here dealing with a perfect
* Even if the vacuum were perfect, and the result were still the
same, that would not disprove the theory that the cathodic rays are
streams of molecules, for the molecules might have been obtained from
the aluminium window itself.
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 15. ie
vacuum? I do not think we are. I believe it passes
the power of art to produce a perfect vacuum. You
always have a little residue of which you cannot abso-
lutely get rid, and some of Lenard’s own figures show
the effect of the residual gas. He isolated by screens a
small part of the cathodic discharge in the second tube,
and received it on a phosphorescent screen. He repre-
sents the phosphorescent light in the tube as consisting
of a bright nucleus surrounded by a less bright halo.
The bright nucleus was such as would be produced if
the cathodic rays were rays of light, provided that that
light were incapable of diffraction. But, then, how do
you account for the halo? The blue lght by which
the cathodic rays are seen under ordinary circumstances
i@ecue, 1 believe, to am interference, of the projected
molecules with the molecules of the gas. In some of
Lenard’s experiments he received the cathodic rays in
the first tube into the air, and a considerable amount
of this blue light was seen. The appearance was much
as if you had admitted a beam of light into a mixture
of milk and water. To my mind this fainter halo in
the most refined of Lenard’s experiments, lying outside
this well-defined nucleus, was evidence that the vacuum,
in spite of all the skill and time expended upon it, was
not perfect. And for aught we know to the contrary—
I believe, indeed, it is the case—the cathodic rays in
the second highly-exhausted tube were really streams of
molecules coming from the residual gas in the tube.
But now comes a difficulty with regard to the passage
of the cathodic rays through an aluminium plate. If
the cathodic rays were something going on in the ether
we might very well understand that an aluminium plate
might be transparent to them although opaque to ordi-
nary rays of light. But if the cathodic rays are really
streams of molecules, how can we imagine that they get
12 STOKES, on the Nature of the Réntgen Rays.
through the plate? Do they get through the plate?
I do not believe they do. Do they riddle the plate like
a bullet going through a thin piece of board? I do
not think it. Suppose you have a trough containing a
solution of sulphate of copper, and at the ends of it
you have two copper plates; if you send an electric
current through the trough, copper is eaten away at
the anode and deposited at the cathode. Now, suppose
you divide this trough into two by a plate of copper,
you still have copper eaten away at the original anode
and copper deposited at the original cathode. The
interposed plate really divides the cell into two, in each
of which electrolysis goes on, so that you have not
only copper eaten away at one end of the trough and.
deposited at the other, but in your interposed plate
you have copper eaten away at one side and deposited
at the other. So it may be that the second surface of
the aluminium foil becomes, as it were, a new cathode,
and starts cathodic rays. This, perhaps, is not what
we should have anticipated beforehand. Still, there is
nothing unnatural in it, and nothing, it seems to me,
in consequence of which you would be obliged to reject
the theory which makes the cathodic rays to be streams
of molecules. There are one or two other difficulties
mentioned by Wiedemann, but I do not think they are
at all serious; they are certainly not so serious as the
one I have just referred to. I will therefore pass on.
The possibility of deflecting the cathodic rays by elec-
trostatic and magnetic forces seems to be an insuperable
difficulty in the way of the theory which makes them
to be a process going on in the ether; but both of these
are perfectly in accordance with what was to be expected
on the supposition that they are streams of molecules,
_ provided you remember that these molecules are highly
charged with electricity. A moving charged body behaves
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 15. 13
as regards deflection like an electric current. Again, if
you have highly-charged molecules in the neighbourhood
of a positively or negatively statically-charged body, they
will be attracted or repelled, and the deflections of the
rays are precisely what was to be expected according
to that theory. I think we may assume that the cathodic
rays are really streams of electrified molecules which
strike against the opposite wall of the tube, or, as I
will now call it, the target. Now, when a molecule,
coming in this way from the cathode, strikes the target,
how does the molecule act? It may act in two ways.
It may act as a mass of matter, infinitesimal though
it be, by virtue of its momentum—by virtue of its
mass and velocity—and it may act also as a charged
body, a statically-charged body. What the. appropriate
physical idea is of a statically-charged body is more
than I can tell you. I was talking not long ago to
Lord Kelvin about it—and he is a far higher authority
in electrical matters than I am—and he considers that
the physical idea of a statically-charged body is still
a mystery to us. Well, if these charged molecules
strike the target we may think it exceedingly probable
that by virtue of their charge they produce some sort
of disturbance in the ether. This disturbance in the
ether would spread in all directions from the place of
disturbance, so that each projected molecule would on
that supposition become, on reaching the target, a source
of ethereal disturbance spreading in all directions. Well,
what is the character of such a disturbance? © The
problem of diffraction, dynamically considered, may be
supposed to reduce itself to this. Suppose you have
an infinite mass of an elastic medium, and suppose a
small portion is disturbed in the most general way
possible, what will take place? A wave of disturbance
14 STOKES, on the Nature of the Rontgen Rays.
will spread out spherically from the place of disturbance.*
You might at first sight suppose that you could have:
a wave, in any limited region of which you might have
a transversal disturbance in some one direction, the same
all through the thickness of the shell occupied by the
wave, though naturally the direction of disturbance might
vary from one region to another more or less distant
region. But the dynamical theory shows that that 1s
not possible. In any limited region, or elementary area,
as we may regard it, of the wave, as you pass in a
direction perpendicular to the front, the disturbance in
one direction must be exchanged for a disturbance in the
opposite direction, in such a manner that ultimately—
that is, when the radius of the wave is very large com-
pared with its thickness—the integral of the disturbance
in one direction, which we may designate as positive, —
must be balanced by the integral of the disturbance in
the opposite, or negative, direction. The simplest sort
of ‘‘ pulse,” as I will call it, in order to distinguish it from
a periodic undulation, would be one consisting of two
halves in which the disturbances were in opposite direc-
tions. The positive and negative parts are not necessarily
alike, as one may make up by a greater width, measured
in the direction of propagation, for a smaller amplitude ;
but it will be simplest to think of them as alike, except
as to sign. The following figure represents this concep-
tion, the positive and negative halves being distinguished
by a difference of shading.
KE
* If the medium be compressible there will be two waves, that which
travels the more swiftly consisting of normal vibrations; but the opinion
has already been expressed that it is transversal vibrations with which
we are concerned.
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 15. 15
According to the view here put forward, the Rontgen
emanation consists of a vast succession of independent
pulses, starting respectively from the points and at the
times at which the individual charged molecules pro-
jected from the cathode impinge on the target. At
first sight it might appear as if mere pulses would be
inadequate to account for the effects produced, seeing
that in the case of light we have to deal with series
consisting each of a very great number of consecutive
undulations. But we must bear in mind how vast,
according to our theoretical views, must be the number
of molecules contained in the smallest quantity of
ponderable matter of which we can take cognisance by
our senses. Hence, small as is the quantity of matter
projected in a given short time from the cathode, it may
yet be sufficient to give rise to pulses the number of
which is inconceivably great. It remains to consider in
what way this conception may enable us to explain the
most striking properties of the Rontgen rays in relation
to the contrasts which they offer to rays of light.
The most elementary difference, as being one which
has relation only to propagation in the ether, consists
in the absence, or, at any rate, almost complete absence,
of diffraction. As the different pulses are by hypothesis
quite independent of one another, we have to explain
this phenomenon for a single pulse.
In the “gure let € 1 be a portion of a, spherical
pulse spreading outwards from the centre of disturbance
16 STOKES, on the Nature of the Réntgen Rays.
(which I will call O) from which it came, P a point in
front of the wave, where the disturbance which will -
arrive there is sought. From P let fall a normale
on the front of the wave, and let A B, taken around Q,
be a small portion of the spherical shell which at the
present moment is the seat of the pulse, and suppose
the breadth of AB to be small compared with PO and
with the radius of the shell, but large compared with
the shell’s thickness. Let CD be an element of jie
shell of similar size to AB, but situated in a direction
from P distinctly inclined to PQ; and supposing all the
disturbance in the shell stopped except what occupies
one or other of the elements AB, CD, let us inquire
what will be the disturbance subsequently produced at
P in the two cases respectively.
I have shown elsewhere* that in our present problem
the disturbance at P is expressed by a double integral
taken over such portion of the surface of a sphere with
P for centre and 6? for radius (6 being the velocity of
propagation) as lies within the disturbed region, which
in this case is the spherical shell or a part of it. It
will be convenient to think of a series of spheres drawn
round P with radi 0¢ for increasing values of ¢. When
t is such that the sphere just touches the shell at Q,
and then goes on increasing, the disturbance is nearly
the same all over that portion of the surface of the
sphere which lies within the small region AB, and
that, whether we take the portion of the expression
for the disturbance at P which depends on the dis-
turbance (displacement or velocity) at the surface of
the sphere whose radius is bt, or the portion which
depends on the differential coefficient of the displace-
*«“On the Dynamical Theory of Diffraction.’’ Cambridge Philo-
sophical Transactions, Vol. IX., p. 1, or Collected Papers, Voi. I1., p. 243,
Arts. 19-22.
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 15. a7
ment or velocity with respect to a radius vector drawn
from O. Consequently the positive and negative parts
of the disturbance will reach P in succession. But if
instead of the small portion AB of the shell we take
i D. lying ina direction from P not. very mear, the
normal, it is easy to see that the positive and negative
parts of the disturbance expressed by our double integral,
reaching as they do P simultaneously, almost completely
fancel each other, And this cancelling is so much more
nearly complete as the obliquity is greater, and likewise
as the thickness of the shell is smaller. If, then, the
disturbance in the ether consequent on the arrival of
any projected molecule at the target is very prompt,
lasting it may be only a very small fraction of the period
fora) single vibration of the ether in the case of. light,
our shell will be so thin that a small isolated portion
of the Rontgen discharge is propagated so nearly wholly
in the direction of a normal to the wave that the almost
complete absence of diffraction is thus accounted for.*
The explanation which has just been given of the
apparent absence of diffraction in the case of the
Rontgen rays is closely analogous to the ordinary
explanation of the existence of rays and shadows. It
differs, however, in this respect, that here we are dealing
* It is known that there is a difference of quality in Réntgen rays,
and that the Réntgen discharge may be filtered by absorption. It is
known also that the increased exhaustion in a Crookes’ tube, which is
accompanied by increasing difficulty in sending a discharge through it,
has the effect of giving rise to increasing penetrative power in the
Rontgen rays which it gives out. It seems to me probable that this
difference of quality corresponds to a more or less close approach to
perfect abruptness in the production of disturbance in the ether when a
molecule propelled from the cathode reaches the target, and accordingly
to a less or a greater thickness in the outward-travelling shell of
disturbance in the ether; and that at relatively high exhaustions the
molecules are propelled with a higher velocity, and so give rise to a
more prompt disturbance when they reach the target.
18 STOKES, on the Nature of the Réntgen Rays.
with a single pulse, whereas in the case of light we are
dealing with an indefinite succession of disturbances.
In order to understand the sharpness of the shadows
produced by the Rontgen rays, we are not obliged to
suppose that the disturbance is periodic at all. It must
be partly negative and partly positive, and that being
the case, if the thickness of the shell is very small, the
amount of diffraction will be very small, too. Those who
have attempted to obtain evidence of the diffraction of
the Réntgen rays have been led to the conclusion that if
the rays are periodic at all the period is something enor-
mously small—perhaps thirty times, perhaps a hundred
times, as small as the wave-length of green light. It
seems difficult to imagine by what process you could
get such very small vibrations, if vibrations there be.
It is easier to understand how the arrival of charged
molecules at the cathode might produce disturbances
which are almost abrupt.
Well, then, this is what I conceive to constitute the
Rontgen rays. You have a rain of molecules coming
from the electrically-charged cathode, which you may
think of as the rain-drops in a shower. They strike
successively on the target, each molecule on striking the
target producing a pulse, as I have called it, in the ether,
which is essentially partly positive and partly negative ;
and you have a vast succession of these pulses coming
from the various points of the target which are not
protected by some screen interposed for the purpose of
experiment.
This explains the absence, or almost complete absence,
of diffraction. But that is not all we have to explain;
we have still a very serious thing behind. What is it that
constitutes the difference between the Rontgen rays and
rays of ordinary light in consequence of which the one
are not refracted, or only in an infinitesimal degree, while
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 15. 19
the other are freely refracted? This difficulty led me
to conceive of a theory, which I believe to be new, as
to the nature of refraction itself—as to the nature of
what takes place, for example, when light is refracted
through a prism. Suppose we have light of a definite
refrangibility, and a prism on which it may be made
to fall. When the light is admitted we commonly
imagine—at least, I believe so—that the light is imme-
diately refracted, and with proper appliances you get the
spectrum. Immediately? I do not think so. How is it
that light travels more slowly through refracting medium
than through vacuum? There are different conjectures
which have been advanced. One is that the ether within
refracting media is more dense than the ether in free
space. Another is that while the density is the same
the elasticity is less. Then, there have been speculations
as to the ether being loaded with particles of matter.
Take a piano. If you strike a note a string is set
in vibration. You would hardly hear any sound at all
if it were rigidly supported. But it rests on a bridge
communicating with a sounding-board, and the sounding-
board presents a broad surface to the air, and is set
in motion’ by the string. The sounding-board and the
string form a compound vibrating system. In the same
way it may be that the molecules of the glass, or other
refracting medium, and the ether form between them a
compound vibrating system, and, when the motion is fully
established, the two vibrate harmoniously together. But
how does it get to be established? We can hardly
imagine otherwise than that the ether is excessively rare
compared with ponderable matter.* Well, supposing
* The views as to the nature of refraction, which I have endeavoured
to explain, lead me incidentally to make a remark on another subject
not, indeed, very closely connected with it. From the first, Rontgen
recognised as the seat of the X rays which he had discovered the place
ww" ee
tw) is a
=x
‘ L}
20 STOKES, on the Nature of the Rontgen Rays.
the ethereal vibrations start and reach a set of molecules,
they are somewhat impeded by the molecules, and they
tend also to move the molecules. But as the molecules
are relatively very heavy, it may be that it takes some
considerable time for the molecules to be set sensibly in
motion. Now, if the system of molecules is exceedingly
complex, a mode of motion of the molecules, or it may
be of the constituent parts of the molecules, may be
found such that the system tends to vibrate in practically
any periodic time that you may choose; only as you
choose one time or another the mode of vibration will
be different; and, again, according to the direction in
which the molecules are successively made to vibrate
the actual mode of vibration will be dfferent. Well, I
conceive that the difference between the propagation
of the Rontgen rays and rays of ordinary light with
where the cathodic rays fall on the wall of the Crookes’ tube. This
place is indicated to the eye by the fluorescence of the glass. But we
are not on that account to regard the fluorescence as the cause of the
Rontgen rays, or even to regard the Roéntgen emission as a sort of
fluorescence. I have seen it remarked, as indicating no very close
connection between the two, that with a metallic target we have a
copious emission of Rontgen rays though there is no fluorescence, and
that when a spot on the glass wall of a Crookes’ tube has for some
time been exposed to a rather concentrated cathodic discharge, though
the fluorescence which it exhibits under the action of the cathodic
discharge becomes comparatively dull, as if the glass were in some way
fatigued for fluorescence, it emits the Réntgen rays as well as before.
Fluorescence is undoubtedly indicative of a molecular disturbance ;
but in what precise way this disturbance is brought about by the
cathodic discharge, is a matter on which I refrain from speculating.
But whatever be the precise nature of the process, it seems pretty
evident that it can only be by repeated impacts of molecules from the
cathode that a sufficient molecular disturbance can be got up to show
itself as a visible fluorescence.
Suppose a shower of molecules from the cathode to be allowed
suddenly to fall on the anti-cathode, and after raining on it for a little
to be as suddenly cut off. According to the views I entertain as to
the nature of the Réntgen rays, the moment the shower is let on the
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlt. (1897), No. 15. 21
reference to passing through a prism depends upon that.
When you let a ray of light fall upon a refracting
medium such as glass, motions begin to take place in
the molecules forming the medium. The motion is at
first more or less irregular; but the vibrations ultimately
settle down into a system of such a kind that the regular
joint vibrations of the molecules and of the ether are
such as correspond to a given periodic time, namely,
that of the light before incidence on the medium. That
particular kind of vibration among the molecules is kept
up, while the others die away, so that after a prolonged
time—the time occupied by, we will say, ten thousand
vibrations, which is only about the forty thousand
millionth part of a second—the motion of the molecules
of the glass has gradually got up until you have the
molecules of the glass and the ether vibrating har-
emission of Rontgen rays begins, it lasts as long as the shower, and
ceases the moment the shower is cut off. But the fluorescence only
gradually, quickly though it may be, comes on when the shower is
allowed to fall, and gradually fades away when the shower is cut
off. So far trom the fluorescence being in any way the cause of
the Rontgen emission, there seems reason to think that if it exercises
any effect upon it at all, it is rather adverse than favourable. For it
has been found that when the target is metallic, and gets heated, the
Rontgen discharge falls off; and fluorescence, like a rise of temperature,
involves a molecular disturbance, though the kind of disturbance is
different in the two cases.
As the fluorescence of the glass wall and the emission of X rays
are two totally different effects of the same cause, namely, the molecular
bombardment from the cathode, the intensity of the one must by no
means be taken as a measure of the intensity of the other, even with
the same tube. The former effect would appear to be the more easily
produced. This consideration removes a difficulty mentioned at p. 10
of the paper by Prince Galitzin and M. v. Karnojitzky, as attending
the supposition that the X rays originate in the points in which the
cathodic rays fall on the wall of the tube or other target. Nor need it
‘surprise us that in some cases the shadows seem to indicate more than
one source of action, when we remember that from a given point more
than one normal can be drawn to a given closed ‘surface.
22 STOKES, on the Nature of the Rontgen Rays.
moniously together. But in the case of the Rontgen
rays, if the nature of them be what I have explained,
you have a constant succession of pulses independent
of one another. Consequently there is no chance to get
up harmony between the vibrations of the ether and the
vibrations of the body. :
Go back to the case of light passing through glass.
When the regular combined vibration is established you
have a kinetic energy, due partly to the motion of the -
ether and partly to the motion of the molecules. If you
make abstraction of the loss of energy by reflection, the
rate at which the energy passes within the glass must
be the same as it has outside, and consequently there —
must be the same energy for one wave length, which
corresponds to one period of the vibration, inside as
outside. But if the kinetic energy of the ether is the
same for the same volume inside and outside, and you
have in addition inside a certain amount of kinetic
energy due to the motion of the molecules, the two
taken together can only make the energy for a wave
inside the same as for a wave outside on the condition
that the velocity of propagation inside is less than the
velocity of propagation outside. That is the theory I
have been forced to adopt as to the nature of refraction
in consequence of the ideas I hold as to the nature
of the Roéntgen rays; and if you adopt that theory I
think everything falls into its place. When you have the
Rontgen rays falling on a body, the motion of the ether
due to them is interfered with by the molecules of the
body, more or less. No body is perfectly transparent to
these rays, and on the other hand perhaps we may say
no body is perfectly opaque. That all falls into its
place on this supposition as to the nature of the action
of the ether on the molecules. Now, why is it that
the Roéntgen rays do not care whether you present them
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 15. a3
with black paper or white paper? What is the cause
of blackness? The light falling upon the paper produces
motion in the ultimate molecules. In the case of a
transparent substance you have a compound vibrating
system going on, vibrating without change. But in the
case of an absorbing medium the vibrations which after
a time are produced in the molecules spread’ out into
adjoining molecules, by virtue of the communication of
the molecules with one another, and are carried away ;
so that in the case of an absorbing medium there is a
constant beginning to set the molecules in vibration;
but they never get to the permanent state, because the
vibration is carried away by communication from one
molecule to another. : But in the case of the Rontgen
rays you have done with the pulse altogether long before
any harmonious vibration between the ether and the mole-
cules can be established; so that a state of things is not
brought about in which you get a, comparatively speak-
ing, large vibration of the molecules. Consequently, the
Rontgen rays do not care whether you give them black
paper or not. |
I must not keep you more than a minute or two
longer; but I do not like to close this lecture without
saying a word or two regarding the Becquerel rays.
What takes’ place there» »lo be brief, | must reter to
the most striking case of all. Take the case of metallic —
uranium. That gives out something which, like the
Rontgen rays, has an influence passing through black
paper, and capable of affecting a photographic plate.
~It is also capable of effecting the discharge of statically-
charged electrified bodies. Apparently this goes on in-
definitely. You do not need, apparently, to expose the
metal to rays of high refrangibility in order that this
strange thing should go on. What takes place? My
conjecture is that the molecule of uranium has a struc-
24 STOKES, on the Nature of the Réntgen Rays.
ture which may be roughly compared to a flexible chain
with a small weight at the end of it. Suppose you have
vibrations communicated to such a chain at the top;
they travel gradually to the bottom, and near the bottom
produce a disturbance which deviates more from a
simple harmonic undulation. So, if a vibration is com-
municated to what I will call the tail of the molecule of
uranium, it may give rise to a disturbance in the ether
which is not of a regular periodic character. I conceive,
then, that you have vibrations produced in the ether,
not of such a permanently regular character as would
constitute them vibrations of light, and yet not of so
simple a character as in the Rontgen rays—something
between. And accordingly there is enough irregularity
to allow the ethereal disturbance to pass through black
paper, and enough regularity on the other hand to make
possible a certain amount of refraction. You can also
obtain evidence of the polarisation, and, consequently,
of the transverse character of these rays.
According to the theory of the nature of the Rontgen
rays which I have endeavoured very briefly to bring
before you, we have here, as I think, a system the
various parts of which fit into one another. You start
with the Roéntgen rays, which consist, as I conceive,
of an enormous succession of independent pulses; you
pass to the Becquerel rays, which are still irregular, but
are beginning to have a certain amount of regularity;
and you end with the rays which constitute ordinary
light. According to this theory, the absence of diffrac-
tion in the Roéntgen rays is explained, not by supposing
they are rays of light of excessively short wave length,
but by supposing they are due to an irregular repetition
of isolated and independent disturbances. So far as I
know, the view I have been led to form as to the nature
of refraction, and which forms an integral portion of the
Manchester Memotrs, Vol. xl. (1897), No. 15. 25
theory as to the Réntgen rays, is altogether new; so much
so that I felt at first rather startled by it; but I found
myself fairly driven to it by the ideas I entertain as to
the nature of the Rontgen rays, and I am not aware
of any serious objection to it.
ADDITIONAL NOTE.
The problem of diffraction in the case of a vast system
of independent very slender pulses deserves to be treated
in somewhat greater detail. It is rather simpler than
the problem of diffraction in the case of series of un-
dulations such as those which constitute light, because
the pulses are to be treated separately and independently,
like streams of light from different sources; and as the
whole thickness of a pulse in the case of the Rontgen
rays may probably be something comparable with the
millionth of an inch, we have no need to inquire what
will be the disturbance continually passing across a fixed
surface in space; we may treat the shell at any moment
as constituting an initial disturbance in the ether, and
then examine the efficiency of different parts of the shell
in disturbing at a future time the ether at a given point
of space in front of the shell.
The thickness of the shell is not necessarily the same
at points situated in widely different directions as regards
their bearing from the centre, and the same applies to
the direction of disturbance. But in any case for a
small portion of the shell the thickness may be deemed
uniform, and the direction of disturbance sensibly the
same as we pass from point to point in a direction
tangential to the shell, while it varies with great rapidity,
26 SToKEs, on the Nature of the Rontgen Rays.
at least as regards its amount, when we pass from point
to point in a normal direction, vanishing at the outer
and inner boundaries of the shell.
As the disturbance we are concerned with is of the
distortional kind only, the disturbance at time ¢ at a
point P in front of the shell may be obtained from that
at time o in the shell in its position which is taken as
initial by the last equation in Art. 22 of my paper on
diffraction already cited. Let R be a point in the shell
0
of disturbance when in that position which is regarded
as initial, 7, 7’ the distances PR, OR; 0, 0’ their incli-
nations to OP; ¢ the azimuth round OP of the plane
PRO. Then in the formula referred to dr=sin 0 dO dd.
Also rd@Xsin (06+6’)=dr'; and sin 6/sin (0+0/)=7'/O P
=y7'/(r+7’) very nearly.
Let OP cut the inner boundary of the shell in S, and
let ab or QS, the thickness of the shell, be denoted by X.
In the equation referred to, the term arising from the
differentiation with respect to ¢ of the ¢ outside the sign
of double integration will be of the order X/r’ as com-
pared with the others, and may, therefore, be neglected,
Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xli. (1897), No. 15. 27
The ¢ outside may be replaced by 7/d, and the fraction
y/(y-+-r'), being sensibly constant over the range of inte-
gration, may be put outside. Our expression then becomes
d tee
abst f (mig) areo
bt
As the disturbance deemed initial was only a momentary
condition of a wave that had been travelling outwards
with the velocity 0, we must have m=—06;,, and
onf=— | if e dvds
The expression is left in the first instance in this
shape in order to show more clearly the manner in
which each portion of the disturbance in the state
taken as initial contributes towards the future distur-
bance at P. When there is no obstacle to the transmis-
sion we shall have 7. dp=27, and y i dy' = (fo) taken
bt
between limits. If bt< PQ, the sphere round P with
radius b¢ does not cut the disturbed region at all,
aerne disturbance ame ois mil. If 6% >.P'S, the
limits of 7’ are the distances from O at which the
sphere round P cuts the inner and outer limits of the
shell, and as the disturbance there vanishes, we have
again no disturbance at P. But if b¢ lies between
these linuts, .and:.the sphere ,cound.P cuts.O Poin TF
(which point must lie between Q and S) the limits of
vy’ will be OT to a point in the outer boundary of the
shell, where therefore € vanishes. Hence the displace-
ment at P is the same as was initially at T, only
diminished in the ratio of v-+7' to 7’, as we know it
ought to be.
therefore
*The suffix bt means that the integration is taken over a spherical
surface with centre P and radius bt.
28 STOKES, on the Nature of the Réntgen Rays.
Reverting to the expression for € given by the double
integral, we see that the only portion of the shell which
is efficient in producing a subsequent disturbance at P
lies between the sphere round O with radius OQ and
the spheré-‘round P with radius PS. If 6 Gewene
distance from OP of: the intersection of these spheres,
we have, considering the smallness of the obliquities,
DAVIN
gaz.
If we suppose 7 and 7’ to be each 4 inches, and A the
millionth of an inch, we have 8=o'oo2 inch, so that at
a distance not less than the one-250th of an inch from
the projection of the edge of an opaque body intercept-
ing Rontgen rays coming from a point 4 inches off, and
received on a screen (fluorescent or photographic) 4 inches
on the other side, there would be full effect or no effect
according as we take the illuminated or the dark side
of the projection. We see then how possible it may be
to have an almost complete absence of diffraction of the
Rontgen rays if the pulses are as thin as above supposed;
and as these rays are started in the first instance in a
totally different manner from rays of ordinary light,
namely, by the arrival of charged molecules from a
cathode at a target instead of by the vibrations of the
molecules of ponderable matter, we know of no reason
beforehand forbidding us to attribute an excessive thin-
ness to the pulses which the charged molecules excite
in the ether.
PROCEEDINGS
OF
fee MANCHESTER LITERARY AND
PEHMEOSOPEMICAL SOCIETY.
Extraordinary General Meeting, July 7th, 1896.
Epwarp Scuunck, Ph.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The circular summoning the meeting having been read,
Mr. Joun Jackson ASHWorRTH, Hillside, Wilmslow Park,
and 39, Spring Gardens, was unanimously elected Treasurer
in place of Mr. Rupert Swindeils, M.Inst.C.E.
General Meeting, October 6th, 1896.
Professor OsporNE ReEyNo.tps, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S.,
Vice-President, in the Chair.
Mr..James. Flardie, M.D. F.R:C.S.; Wrenwood, Higher
Broughton, and Mr, FP, dy Bowman, DiSe., ~PiR.S EY,
Mayfield, Knutsford, were elected ordinary members.
id. PROCEEDINGS. [October 6th, 1896.
Ordinary Meeting, October 6th, 1896.
Professor OsBorNE Reyno.tps, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S.,
Vice-President, in the Chair.
The thanks of the members were voted to the donors
of the books upon the table.
The announcement was made that, during the recess,
the Society had lost by death four ordinary members: Mr.
William Brockbank, F.G.S., F.L.S., Mr. Samuel Cottam,
F.R.A.S., Mr. Thomas Hick, B.A., B.Sc., A.L.S.andsiie
James Parlane; and one honorary member: Sir Joseph
Prestwich, I .K:S:(F-Go:
And that, after consideration of the replies of the mem-
bers to the circular issued in June for the purpose of
learning the wishes of members as to the hours of meeting,
the Council had decided that the meetings should be held
alternately, at five o’clock in the afternoon and at half-past
six in the evening.
Also, that the Council had acted with Councils of other
_ learned Bodies in sending a representative with an Address
to the Celebration of the Jubilee of Lorp KeLvin’s appoint-
ment to fill the Professorship of Natural Philosophy in the
University of Glasgow, and that Professor Schuster, Ph.D.,
F.R.S., had kindly been present on that occasion as their
representative. The Address and the reply from Lord
Kelvin were read, and it was moved by Professor F. E.
Weiss, seconded by Dr. C. H. Lees, and resolved unani-
mously, that the Address sent to Lord Kelvin on the cele-
bration of his Jubilee, and his reply to it, be entered among
the proceedings of the Society.
October 6th, 1896. | PROCEEDINGS. lil.
[ADDRESS. |
To the Right Honourable Lord Ketvin,
Pic mae te. WD Se.; FF RS.;
Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of
Glasgow.
The Council of the Manchester Literary and Philo-
sophical Society beg to offer you their heartiest congratu-
lations on the occasion of the Jubilee of your Professorship.
The members of the Society unite with the whole scientific
world in the expression of admiration and gratitude for the
great services rendered by you to the cause of Science;
but they desire especially to refer to the long and friendly
relationship which has existed between yourself and this
Society. You were one of the first to recognise the merit
of the work of our townsman and member Joule, and we
look back with pleasure to the visit you paid to this city
when you unveiled his statue in our Town Hall.
We have counted you as one of our Honorary Members
since 1851, and it was to our Society that you first com-
municated your Memoir ‘‘On the Convective Equilibrium
of the Atmosphere,” which forms the foundation of the
science of Meteorology.
It is our earnest wish that you may long be spared to
prosecute the researches which have rendered your name
famous throughout the world.
(Signed) Epwarp Scuunck, Ph.D., F.R.S.,
President,
June 16, 1896.
Iv. PROCEEDINGS. [October 6th, 1896.
[ REPLY. |
THE UNIVERSITY, GLASGow.
For the Address which I have had the honour to receive
from the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society on
the occasion of the Jubilee of my Professorship of Natural
Philosophy in the University of Glasgow, I desire to express
my warmest thanks. I value very highly the great honour
which it has conferred on me. The friendly appreciation
of my scientific work contained in the Address is most
gratifying.
I feel deeply touched by the great kindness to myself, and
the good wishes for my welfare, of which it gives expression.
(Signed) KELVIN.
july 7, 1896. 3
The SEcRETARIES recalled the attention of the members
to a circular lately issued asking authors of papers to supply
abstracts of their papers before the date of reading them, in ©
order that copies might be quickly communicated to suitable
periodicals, and also supplied to members present at the
meeting when the papers are read.
Professor F. E. Weiss prefaced the reading of the late
Mr. Tuomas Hicx’s paper “On Rachiopteris cylindrica,
Will.,” by lamenting the loss which the Society, and
Botanical Science generally, has sustained from Mr. Hicx’s
death. The paper read was the record of the last work
upon which Mr. Hick was engaged, and it had been for-
warded by his family, having been found with the pencilled
note 20 be vead at the Manchester Literary and I xlcsophical
Society in Mz. Hick’s handwriting.
The paper is print:71in full 1+ tne Memoirs.
The circumstances under which the paper came to the
Society were felt to be exceptional, and it was moved by
Mr. Charles Bailey, F.L.S., and seconded by Mr. J. Cosmo
October 6th, 1896.] | PROCEEDINGS. V.
Melvill, M.A., F.L.S., and resolved unanimously, ‘“‘ That the
Secretaries be desired to write to Mrs. Hick and express to
her and her family the sympathy and condolence of the
Society in their heavy loss.” :
Mr. J. H. AsHwortu, B.Sc., Owens College, read a paper
entitled, “‘The Structure and Contents of the Tubers
of Anthoceros tuberosus.”
The paper is printed in full in the Memours.
Professor Weiss pointed to the biological interest of
the tubers as illustrating the adaptation of a liverwort, a
plant usually associated with a damp climate, to a dry
locality. The presence of oil, together with a nitrogenous
food-material in the cells, too, was of more usual occurrence
than granules of a starchy nature, such as those described by
Ruge.
Mr. James Cosmo MELvILL exhibited a number of small
Marine Mollusca from the Loyalty Islands, many of which
were new to Science.
V1. PROCEEDINGS. [October 12th, 1896.
[Microscopical and Natural History Section. |
Ordinary Meeting, October 12th, 1806.
CHARLES BaliLey, F.L.S., President of the Section, .
in the Chair.
Mr. Cowarp exhibited a few specimens of eggs of the
Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) along with the eggs of their foster
parents. He remarked on the vexed question of the
resemblance of the eggs to those of their foster parents.
There were, among his specimens, two distinct types of the
eggs of the Tree-Pipit, and also two types of Cuckoo’s eggs
closely resembling these, but one of the clutches of Tree-
Pipit’s eggs of the dark brown type contained a Cuckoo’s
egg of the greenish type, and a clutch of greenish Pipit’s
eggs contained a dark brown Cuckoo’s egg.
That the Cuckoo sometimes makes mistakes was illus-
trated by an egg taken froma Linnet’s nest, together with
one egg of the latter bird, where the type of the Cuckoo's
egg resembled that of the insectivorous Whitethroat, a
bird which was exceedingly common in the locality where
the egg was taken.
Mr. J. Cosmo Me vitt exhibited all the species of the
order Drosevacee contained in his herbarium, consisting of more
than half the known species throughout the world, and in
which all the six genera, Droseva, Drosophyllum, Aldrovanda,
Dionea, Roridula, and Byblis, which compose the order, were
represented. The differences between the genera were
pointed out, and the geographical distribution was dis-
cussed (Australia being their metropolis). The affinities
of the order, which are evidently with Saxifragee, were
pointed out, and one or two of the most noteworthy exotic
species remarked upon; ¢.g., Drosera Huegelui, D. pallida, and
the purple-flowered D. Menziesii, from West Australia ;
Lae,
October 12th, 1896.] PROCEEDINGS. Vil.
Rovidula dentata and R. gorgonias, with pink flowers, from the
Cape; Byblis liniflorva, with blue flowers, from North Aus-
tralia; Dionga muscipula, which Mr. Melvill gathered near
Wilmington, North Carolina, in 1872; it being only found in
two localities in the world, one in North, the other in South
Carolina; the curious yellow-flowered Dyrosophylium lusitant-
cum, peculiar to the Iberian peninsula; and last, but not
least, the aquatic European Aldvovanda vesiculosa.
The assemblage of Dyvoseva and allies constitute a re-
_markably interesting group, whether viewed esthetically,
congenerically, or geographically. Three species alone inhabit
Europe, all being found on our peat moors, within a walk of
Manchester.
Mr. Cuarues BaiLtey expressed doubts as to whether the
experiments made on these, so-called, carnivorous plants
were sufficiently conclusive to establish the alleged fact that
such plants absorb nourishment from the captured insects
through their leaves, owing to the absence of suitable organs
therein; and suggested that a more reasonable explanation
of the benefit derived by the plant, from the products of
decomposition, was that the nutrient matter was conveyed
by rain and dew down the leaf-stalks (which were frequently
channeled) and stems to the ground, whence it was absorbed
through the appropriate organs in the roots. In this way,
too, the insects captured by the glands on the surface of
the stems of the catchflies (Silene), and on the stems and
leaves of other plants not counted carnivorous, ultimately
furnished nutriment to the plants through their roots.
Similarly the pitchers of Nepfenthes, with their engulfed
insect-remains would, on the decay or rupture of the
pitchers, provide the roots of the plant, through the soil,
with a highly-charged liquid manure.
ops ® 7
s ie
= r
ree
Vlil. PRocEEDINGS. [October 20th, 1896.
General Meeting, October 2oth, 1896.
Mr. CuHartes Baitey, F.L.S., Vice-President,
in the Chair.
Mr John Wright, Sandiway, Whalley Road, Whalley
Range; Mr. Leonard F. Massey, 4, Egerton Road, Fallow-
field; Mr. W. P. Steinthal, M.Sc., Melrose, Didsbury; and
Mr. Abraham Emrys Jones, J.P., M.D., M.Ch., 10, St. John
Street, Manchester, were elected Ordinary Members.
Ordinary Meeting, October 2oth, 1896.
Mr. Cuarves Battery, F.L.S., Vice-President,
in the Chair.
The thanks of the members were voted to the donors
of the books upon the table.
One of the Secretaries mentioned that it appeared from
the Catalogue of the British Museum that the Society had
published in 1782 a quarto pamphlet containing the Rules
of the Society and a List of Members at that date, and
in 1783 had published another quarto pamphlet containing
an account of the institution and views of the Society,
which was re-published in 1784. None of these pamphlets
are in the possession of the Society, and their existence
appears to be generally unknown. They are not alluded
to in Dr. Angus Smith’s Centenary Volume..” Tihany
member found that he possessed a copy of either of the
pamphlets, he was requested to allow the Secretaries to
have a transcript made for re-publication.
Mr. Francis NicHotson exhibited, and presented to the
Society, a copy of the earlier pamphlet entitled ‘Rules
established for the government of the Literary and Philo-
sophical Society of Manchester, and a List of the Members,
October 20th, 1896.| PROCEEDINGS. 1s
1782,” which he had found among papers which had belonged
to his relative, Mr. Matthew Nicholson, one of the early
members of the Society. Under the same cover was an
anonymous paper, dated March 30, 1771, entitled ‘“‘An
attempt to account for the different quantities of rain
which fall at different heights over the same spot of
ground.” A note states that the paper was intended only
for the inspection of the author’s philosophical friends.
The following papers were read :—
“On the Viscosity and Electrolytic Resistance of
a Gelatine Solution.” By Apert Grirritus, M.Sc.,
‘Demonstrator in Physics at the Owens College, Manchester.
(Communicated by Professor Schuster, F.R.S.)
It has been thought by some physicists that a connection
exists between the viscosity of a liquid and its electrolytic
resistance, and that, other things being the same, the one
will prove to vary directly as the other. The chief object
of the following experiments is to test whether any such
relation is indicated in the case of a gelatine solution con-
taining salt.
E. Fraas, in Wied. Ann. 53, 1894, has shown that the
elasticity of a gelatine jelly, as measured by Young’s
Modulus, increases with time; and that common salt not
only diminishes the rate of increase, but also the elasticity
ultimately attained. It seemed to me likely that the salt
would exercise a retarding influence on the changes at work,
even before the solution sets, and experiments, made with a
I per cent. solution of gelatine in water, have proved that the
viscosity of the solution without salt increases at a distinctly
more rapid rate than when 5 per cent. of salt is present.
It is known that gelatine is a body of somewhat variable
composition, but in many respects its properties are of an
inert character, and it seems likely that a small quantity of
gelatine dissolved in water will, in general, not have a great
influence on the degree of dissociation of a salt also dis-
solved in it, and hence concurrent experiments on the
RD
; ” ¢ ne a,
Xi PROCEEDINGS. [October 20th, 1896.
electrolytic resistance and the increase of viscosity of such
a solution may afford an indication whether there is, or is not,
any direct connection between the two physical quantities.
One part of gelatine, and 5 of sodium chloride were dissolved
in 100 parts, by weight, of water, and the whole was kept at a
temperature of about 50°C. for two or three hours. The
solution was then cooled rapidly to about 20°C., about one
quarter of an hour afterwards its resistance measured by the
Kohlrausch apparatus was 8'5 per cent. Jess than a correspond-
ing solution free from gelatine; since the degree of dissocia-
tion of the latter is over 70 per cent., it is very probable that
the greater part of the salt in the gelatine solution was ina
state of dissociation; in an hour and a half its resistance had
increased and was only 4 per cent. less than that of the salt
solution free from gelatine; its resistance then diminished,
and in 54 hours was about 8 per cent. less than that of
the salt-free solution, after which it remained practically
stationary.
Concurrent determinations by Poiseuille’s method were
made of the viscosity, which was found to increase at a con-
tinually augmenting rate. In order to be sure that the liquid
was in the same state when used for the determination of resist-
ance as for that of viscosity, all the solution was mixed together
every hour and well stirred. Stirring doubtless affects the
rate of increase of the viscosity. In 84 hours the viscosity
was 12 times as great as near the beginning, and was increas-
ing at a rapid rate; I was then compelled to leave the work
for the night. By morning the solution had set into a jelly,
and further experiments were thereby rendered impossible.
Doubtless, before setting, the viscosity became very great,
but there was no indication of any corresponding change in
the electrolytic resistance, for it was practically the same as
the night before.
The experiments indicate that, in the case of the particular
gelatine solution considered, there is probably no direct con-
nection between the viscosity in mass and the resistance
which the ions experience in their motion.
October 20th, 1896.| PROCEEDINGS. X1.
“On a Mixture whose Electric Resistance depends
on the Magnetic Field in which it is placed.” By
ALBERT GRIFFITHS, M.Sc.
(Communicated by Professor Schuster, F.R.S.)
The idea of examining this mixture originated in an
attempt to elucidate certain obscurities in the process of
electric conduction, such, for instance, as occur in the
case of bismuth, whose resistance increases in the magnetic
field. The mixture consists of a gelatine jelly containing
ferrous sulphate, iron filings, and powdered graphite; the
object aimed at being the production of a conducting solid
with magnetic particles scattered throughout its mass.
The jelly was allowed to set in a glass tube, copper
terminals being inserted before the solidification of the jelly.
The resistance so prepared was placed between the poles of
a large electro-magnet, whose field, with the current used,
was about 4,000 C.G.S. units. The tube was so arranged
that the electric current through it ran at right angles to
the lines of magnetic force.
The experimental resistance was connected up with the
Wheatstone Bridge in the ordinary way, and measurements
were made both during the activity of the magnet and when
the magnet was unexcited. The results were fairly con-
cordant, and indicated a fall of the resistance in the magnetic
field of about 25 per cent.
Mr. C. H. Lees and Mr. P. J. Hartoc took part in the
discussion on the papers.
X11 PROCEEDINGS. [November 3rd, 1896.
General Meeting, November 3rd, 1896.
Epwarp Scuunck, Ph.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
Mice [eck Lynde, M.Inst.C.E., Buckland, Ashton-on-
Mersey; Mr. J. Crowther, Assoc. R.S.M., Assistant Lecturer
in Metallurgy, Owens College; Mr. William Milligan,
M.D., 28, St. John Street; Mr. Edward Hopkinson, D.Sc.,
M.Inst.C.E., Salford Ironworks; and Mr. John Burke, B.A.,
Berkeley Fellow, Owens College, Manchester, were elected
ordinary members.
Ordinary Meeting, November 3rd, 1896.
Enwarp ScHunek, Pi). F.R-S., President, in the Chair.
The thanks of the members were voted to the donors of
the books upon the table.
In answer to a request for information from Mr. C. L.
Barnes regarding the form of top referred to in Garnett’s
Life of Clerk Maxwell, under the name of ‘‘ The Devil on
Two Sticks,” Professor REyNo.ps said he had used the top
to illustrate gyrostatic stability, and that practice was
necessary to acquire skill in its use.
Professor OSBORNE REYNOLDS, F.R.S., then read a paper
entitled, ““On Methods of determining the Dryness of
Saturated Steam and the Condition of Steam Gas.”
The paper is printed in full in the Memoirs.
Professor Lams, Mr. C. H. Lees, and Mr. P. J. Hartoe
took part in the discussion.
November 17th, 1896.) PROCEEDINGS. X1Ll.
General Meeting, November 17th, 1896.
Epwarp Scuunck, Ph.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
Rev. Alexander Gordon, M.A., Memorial Hall, Albert
Square, Rev. Arthur W. Fox, M.A., Albion House, The
Downs, Bowdon, Mr. Lonsdale Broderick, F.C.A., Somerby,
mimsiow, Mr. rermann Emil Schmitz, B:A., B.Sc,
_ Manchester Grammar School, Mr. John Henderson, B.Sc.,
Municipal Technical School, and Mr. Edwin Jacob, 6,
Mauldeth Road West, Withington, were elected ordinary
members.
Ordinary Meeting, November 17th, 1896.
Epwarp ScHunck, Ph.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The thanks of the members were voted to the donors
of the books on the table.
Dr. PaNKHURST expressed his opinion that the Society,
by containing among its members persons of various pro-
fessions, and engaged in different scientific pursuits, was
in a favourable position to undertake the investigation of
some of the very numerous problems which present different
aspects, according as they are regarded from one or from
another point of view. He named as an important instance
of the kind of problem he meant, the question of the
responsibility of the insane, upon which medical men and
lawyers hold widely different opinions.
Mr. GwyTHER exhibited two distribution-curves showing
the comparative results of examinations which he had held
during the last three years, in which the same persons had
been examined in both Algebra and Geometry at about the
same standard. It was pointed out that information of
considerable value would be obtained if distribution-curves
Professor of Engineering, Owens College. Ladybarn
Road, Fallowfield.
Rhodes, James, F.R.C.S. Glossop.
ikoberts, 1D; Lioyd, MD.) Fiks.2., PRC Ps (end).
Ravenswood, Broughton Park.
Robinson, John, M.Inst.C.E., M.Inst.M.E. Westwood
Hall, Leek.
Schill, C. H. 117, Portland Street, Manchester.
Schmitz, Hermann Emil, B.A., B.Sc. Manchester Grammar
School. :
Schunck, Edward, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.C.S. Kevrsai.
Ixxviil.
Date of Electton.
1873, Nov. 18.
1895, Nov. 12.
1890, Nov. 4.
1890, Jan. 21.
1886, April 6.
1895, Nov. 12.
1896, Feb. 18.
1896, April 14.
13696, ‘Oct. 20:
1894, Jan. 9.
1894, Nov. 13.
1892, Nov. 29.
1895, April 9.
1893, Nov. 14.
1873, April 15.
1896, Jan. 21.
1889, April 30.
1896, Jan. 21.
1897, Jan. 26.
1895, Mar. 5.
1879, Dec. 30.
1873, Nov. 18.
1892, Nov. 15.
1895, April 9.
1859, Jan. 25.
1859, April 19.
Ordinary Members.
Schuster, Arthur, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., Professor of
Physics. Owens College, Manchester.
Shearer, Arthur. 36, Demesne Road, Alexandra Park.
Sidebotham, Edward John. LEvlesdene, Bowdon.
Sidebotham, James Nasmyth, Assoc.M.Inst.C.E. Parkfield
Groby Place, Altrincham.
Simon, Henry, M.Inst.C.E., M.Inst.M. E. Lawnhurst,
Didsbury.
Southern, Frank, B.Sc. Burnage Lodge, Levenshulme.
Spence, David. Pine Ridge, Buxton.
Stanton, “homas E.,' M.Sc.
Park, Liverpool.
Steinthal, W. P.,M.Sc. 7, Brazennose Street, Manchester.
Stevens, Marshall, F.S.S. Bolton Lodge, Eccles,
Stirrup, Mark, F.G.S. High Thorn, Stamford Road,
Bowdon.
Swindells, Rupert, M.Inst.C.E. Wilton Villa, The Firs,
Bowdon.
_
23, Kelvin Grove, Princes
Tatton, Reginald A., Engineer to the Mersey and Irwell
Joint Committee. 44, Mosley Street, Manchester.
Taylor, R. L., F.C.S., F.I.C. Central School, Whitworth
Street, Manchester.
Thomson, William, F.R.S.E, F:C:S2 EG
Institution, Manchester.
Thorburn, William, M.D., B.Sc.
Manchester.
Thornber, Harry. Rookfield Avenue, Sale.
Thorp, Thomas. Moss Bank, Whitefield, neay Manchester.
Tristram, James Floyd, M.A., B.Sc. 180, Princess Road,
Moss Side, Manchester.
Royal
2, St. Peter’s Square,
Ward, Adolphus William, LL.D., Litt.D., Principal of
the Owens College. The Hollies, Fallowfield.
Ward, Thomas. Wadebrook House, Northwich.
Waters, Arthur William, F.G.S. Sunny Lea, Davos Dorf,
Switzerland.
Weiss, F. Ernest, B.Sc., F.L.S., Professor of Boras,
Owens College. 4, Clifton Avenue, Fallowfield.
Whitehead, James. Linfield, Fulshaw Park, Wilmslow.
Wilde, Henry, F.R.S. The Hurst, Alderley Edge,
Wilkinson, Thomas Read. Vale Bank, Knutsford, Cheshire.
Date of Election.
1888, April 17.
HeQo, Dec.; I.
1889, April 16.
1860, April 17.
1896, Jan. 21.
1863, Nov. 17.
@idos,, Béb. 21.
1895, Jan. 8.
£690, Oct. 20:
Ordinary Members. Lexi.
Williams, Sir E. Leader, M.Inst.C.E., M.Inst.M.E. Spring
Gardens, Manchester.
Wilson, George, M.Sc. Owens College, Manchester.
Wilson, Thomas B. 37, Arcade Chambers, St. Mary’s Gate,
Manchester.
Woolley, George Stephen. Victoria Bridge, Salford.
Wordingham, Charles Henry, A.M.Inst.C.E., M.Inst.M.E.
Hazelhurst, Urmston Lane, Stretford.
Worthington, Samuel Barton, M.Inst.C.E., M.Inst.M.E.
Mill Bank, Bowdon, and 37, Princess Street, Manchester.
Worthington, Thomas, F.R.I.B.A. 46, Brown Street,
Manchester.
Worthington, Wm. Barton, B.Sc., M.Inst.C.E. 2, Wilton
Polygon, Cheetham Hill.
Wright, John. Sandiway, Whalley Road, Whalley Range,
Manchester.
N.B.—Of the above list the following have compounded for their
subscriptions, and are therefore life members :—
Brogden, Henry.
Johnson, William H., B.Sc.
Bradley, N.
Lowe, Charles, F.C.S.
Bailey, Charles, F L.S.
Worthington, Wm. Barton, B.Sc., &c.
Ixxx.
Date of Election.
1892, April 26.
1892, April 26.
1894, April 17.
1887, April 19.
1892, April 26.
1892, April 26.
1886, Feb. 9.
1886, Feb. 9.
1886, Feb. 9.
1895, April 30.
1892, April 26.
1892, April 26.
1886, Feb. 9.
1860, April 17.
1888, Apri 17.
1889, April 30.
1866, Oct. 30.
1889, April 30.
Honorary Members.
HONORARY MEMBERS.
Abney, Capt. W. de Wiveleslie, C.B., R.E., F.R.S.
Rathmove Lodge, Bolton Gardens South, S. Kensington,
London, S.W.
Amagat, E. H., Honorary Professor, Faculty of Sciences,
Lyons. 34, Rue St. Lambert, Paris.
Appell, Paul, Membre de l'Institut, Professor at the
Faculty of Sciences. Paris.
Armstrong, Wm. George, Lord, C.B., DCL eas
F.R.S. Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Ascherson, Paul F. Aug., Professor of Botany. Berlin.
Baeyer, Adolf von, Professor of Chemistry, For. Mem. R.S.
1, Arcisstvasse, Munich.
Baker, Sir Benjamin, K.C.M.G., F.R.S.
Place, Westminster, S.W.
Baker, John Gilbert, F.R.S. Royal Herbarium, Kew.
Berthelot, Prof. Marcellin, For. Mem. R.S., Membre de
l'Institut.
Beilstein, F., Professor of Chemistry, 8th Line, No 27;
St. Petersburg, W.O.
Boltzmann, Ludwig, Professor of Physics.
2, Queen’s Square
Paris.
K. K. Univer-
sitat, Vienna. :
Brioschi, Francesco, Pres. R. Accad. dei Lincei.
Cavour, Milan.
Buchan, Alexander, F.R.S.E. 72,-Northumberland Street,
Edinburgh.
Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm, Ph.D., For. Mem. R.S., Prof.
Heidelberg.
4, Place
of Chemistry.
Cannizzaro, Stanislao, For. Mem. R.S., Prof. of Chemistry.
University of Rome.
Carruthers, William, F.L.S., F.R.S., late Keeper of
Botanical Dept., British Museum. Central House, Central
Hill, London, S.E.
Clifton, Robert Bellamy, M.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., Prof.
of Natural Philosophy, Oxford. New Museum, Oxford.
Cohn, Ferdinand, Professor of Botany. 26, Schweidnitzer
Stadtgraben, Breslau.
Date of Election.
1887, April 19.
1892, April 26.
1892, April 26.
1886, Feb. 9.
1894, April 17.
1888, April 17.
1892, April 26.
1892, April 26.
1892, April 26.
1895, April 30.
1889, April 30.
1889, April 30.
1889, April 30.
1860, April 6.
1892, April 26.
1892, April 26.
1892, April 26.
1895, April 30.
1892, April 26.
1894, April 17.
1894, April 17.
1894, April 17.
Honorary Members. IXxxi.
Cornu, Professor Alfred, For. Mem. R.S., Membre de
l'Institut. Ecole Polytechnique, Paris.
Curtius, Theodor, Professor of Chemistry. Kiel.
Darboux, Gaston, Membre de I’Institut, Professor at the
Faculty of Sciences. 36, Rue Gay Lussac, Paris,
Dawson, Sir John William, C.M.G., M.A., LL.D., F.R.S.,
F.G.S. McGill College, Montreal.
Debus, H., Ph.D., F.R.S. 1, Obeve Sophienstrasse, Cassel,
Hessen,
Dewalque, Gustave, Professor of Geology.
Liége.
Dohrn, Dr. Anton. Zoological Station, Naples.
Dyer, W. T. Thiselton, C.B., F.R.S., Director of the Royal
Botanic Gardens. Kew
Germany.
University of
Edison, Thomas Alva. Ovange, N.J., U.S.A.
Elster, Julius, Ph.D. 6, Lessingstrasse, Wolfenbiittel.
Farlow, W. G., Professor of Botany.
Cambridge, Mass, U.S.A.
Flower, Sir William Henry, K.C.B., LL.D., F.RS.,
Director of the British Museum (Natural History).
Cromwell Road, London, S.W.
Foster, Michael, M.A., M.D., LL.D., Sec. R.S., Professor
of Physiology. Trinity College, Cambridge.
Frankland, Sir Edward, K.C.B., Ph.D., M.D., LL.D:,
Ge NE G:S4 F_R:S., Cot. Mem.) inst. oii
(Acad. Sci.), &c. The Yews, Reigate Hill, Reigate, Surrey.
Friedel, Ch., D.C.L., Membre de l'Institut, Professor at
the Faculty of Sciences. 9, Rue Michelet, Paris.
Firbringer, Max, Professor of Anatomy. Jena.
Harvard College,
Gegenbaur, Carl, For. Mem. R.S., Professor of Anatomy.
Heidelberg.
Geitel, Hans. 6, Lessingstrvasse, Wolfenbiittel.
Gibbs, J. Willard, Professor of Mathematical Physics, Yale
University. Newhaven, Connecticut, U.S.A.
Glaisher, J.W.L.,D.Sc.,F.R.S. Trinity College, Cambridge.
Gouy, A., Professor at the Faculty of Sciences. Lyons.
Guldberg, Cato, M., Professor of Applied Mathematics,
Christiania, Norway,
]xxxil.
Date of Election.
1894, April 17.
1894, April 17.
1892, April 26.
1892, April 26.
1888, April 17.
1892, April 26.
1892, April 26.
1869, Jan. 12.
1851, April 29.
1892, April 26.
1894, April 17.
1895, April 30.
1892, April 26.
1887, April 19.
1894, April 17.
1892, April 26.
1887, April 19.
1889, April 30.
1892, April 26.
1892, April 26.
1889, April 30.
Honorary Members.
Harcourt, A. G. Vernon, F.R.S. Lee’s Reader in Chemistry
Christ Church. Cowley Grange, Oxford.
Heaviside, Oliver, F.R.S. Bradley View, Newton Abbot.
Hermite, Ch., For. Mem. R.S., Membre de 1’Institut.
2, Rue de la Sorbonne, Paris.
Hill, G.W. West Nyack, N.Y., U.S.A.
Hittorf, Johann Wilhelm, Professor of Physics. Polytech-
nicuin, Minster.
Hoff, J. van’t, Professor of Chemistry. Amsterdam.
Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton, F.R.S. Sunningdale, Berks.
Huggins, Sir William, K.C.B., LL.D, DCL eee
F.R.A.S., Corr. Mem. Inst. Fr. (Acad. Sci.) 90, Upper
Tulse Hill, Brixton, London, S.W.
Kelvin, William Thomson, Lord, M.A., D.C.L., LL.D.,
F.R.S., F.R.S.E., Prof. of Nat. Phil) im Uageee
Glasgow, For. Assoc. Inst. Fr. (Acad. Scij 2, College,
Glasgow.
Klein, Felix, For. Mem. R.S., Professor of Mathematics.
3, Wilhelm Weber Strasse, Gottingen.
Konigsberger, Leo, Professor of Mathematics. Heidelberg.
Lacaze-Duthiers, Henri de, Membre de 1'Institut, Prof.
ala Sorbonne. 7, Rue de l’Estvapade, Paris.
Ladenburg, A., Professor of Chemistry. 3, Kaiser Wilhelm
Strasse, Breslaw.
Langley, S. P. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, U.S.A.
Lie, M. Sophus, Professor of Mathematics. Leipsic.
Liebermann, C., Professor of Chemistry. 29, Matthdi-
Kirch Strasse, Berlin.
Lockyer, Sir J. Norman, K.C.B., F.R.S., Corr. Mem.
Inst. Fr. (Acad. Sci.) Sctence School, Kensington, London,
S.W.
Lubbock, Sir John, Bart., M.P., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S.
15, Lombard Street, London, E.C.
Marshall, Alfred, Professor of Political Economy. Balliol
Croft, Madingley Road, Cambridge.
Mascart, E., For. Mem. R.S., Membre de I’Institut, Pro-
fessor at the Collége de France. 176, Rue de l'Université,
Paris.
Mendeléeff, D., For, Mem. R.S, St. Petersburg.
*
i eee
Date of Election.
1895, April 30.
1892, April 26.
1894, April 17.
1894, April 17.
1887, April r9.
1894, April 17.
1892, April 26.
1894, April 17.
1851, April 29.
1892, April 26.
1892, April 26.
1892, April 26.
1849, Jan. 23.
1886, Feb. 9.
1897, April 27.
1889, April 30.
1894, April 17.
Honorary Members. ]xxxill.
Mittag-Leffler, Gosta, Professor of Mathematics. Djursholm,
Stockholm.
Moissan, H., Membre de l'Institut, Professor at the Ecole
Supérieure de Pharmacie. 7, Rue Vauquelin, Paris.
Murray, John, LL.D., D.Sc., F.R.S. Challenger Lodge,
Wardie, Edinburgh.
Neumayer, Professor G., Director of the Seewarte.
Hamburg.
Newcomb, Simon, For. Mem. R.S., Professor of Mathe-
matics and Astronomy. Joins Hopkins University,
Baltimore, U.S.A.
Ostwald, W., Professor of Chemistry.
Leipsic.
34, Briidersivasse
Perkin, W.H., F.R.S. The Chestnuts, Sudbury, Harrow.
Pfeffer, W., Professor of Botany. Botanisches Institut,
Leipsic.
Playiair, Lyon, Lotd, K,.C.B., LL.Dy Ph.D» FAs:
F.G.S., V.P.C.S., &c. 68, Onslow Gardens, London,
S.W.
Poincaré, H., Membre de l'Institut, Professor at the
Faculty of Sciences. 63, Rue Claude Bernard, Paris.
Quincke, G. H., Professor of Physics. For. Mem. RS.
60, Hauptstrasse, Heidelberg.
Raoult, F., Dean of the Faculty of Sciences.
Alpes, Grenoble.
Rawson, Robert, F.R.A.S. Havant, Hants.
Rayleigh, John William Strutt, Lord, M.A., D.C.L.
(Oxon: LEAD. (Univ. McGill), ©.KSi, POR SACS.
Tirling Place, Witham, Essex.
Roscoe, Sir Henry Enfield, B.A., LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S.,
F.C.S. 10, Bramham Gardens, Wetherby Road, London,
S.W.
Routh, Edward John, Sc.D., F.R.S. Newnham Cottage,
Cambridge.
Rowland, Henry A., For. Mem. R.S., Professor of Physics.
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, U.S.A.
2, fue des
Ixxxiv.
Date of Election.
1872, April 30.
1889, April 30.
1892, April 26.
1894, April 17.
1892, April 26.
1892, April 26.
1869, Dec. 14.
1851, April 29.
1894, April 17.
1886, Feb. g.
1895, April 30.
1868, April 28.
1895, April 30.
1894, April 17.
1894, April 17.
1886, Feb. 9.
1894, April 17.
1894, April 17.
1894, April 17.
Honorary Members.
Sachs, Julius von, Ph.D., For. Mem. R.S., Professor of
Botany. Wéiirzburg.
Salmon, Rev. George, D.D., D.C.L., ELD Pigs:
Regius Professor of Divinity. Provost's House, Trinity
College, Dublin.
Salvin, Osbert, F.R.S. Hawksfold, Fernhnrst, Haslemere,
Surrey.
Sanderson, J. S. Burdon, F.R.S., Regius Professor of
Medicine. Oxford.
Sharpe, R. Bowdler, LL.D. British Museum (Natural
History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W. p
Solms, H. Graf zu, Professor of Botany. Strassburg.
Sorby, Henry Clifton, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., &c. Broom-
field, Sheffield.
Stokes, Sir George Gabriel, Bart., M.A., LL’ Dy Digs
D.Sc., F.R.S., Lucasian Professor of Mathem. Univ.
Cambridge, Corr. Mem. Inst. Fr. (Acad. Sci.), &c.
Lensfeld Cottage, Cambridge.
Stone, Professor E. J..M.A., F.R.S. Radcliffe Observatory,
Oxford.
Strasburger,.Eduard, D.C.L., Professor of Botany. Bonn.
Suess, Eduard, For. Mem. R.S., Professor of Geology.
9, Africanergasse, Vienna.
Tait, Peter Guthrie, M.A., F.R.S.E., &c., Professor of
Natural Philosophy, Edinburgh.
Edinburgh.
Thomson, Joseph John, Sc.D., F.R.S,, Professor of
Experimental Physics. 6, Scrope Terrace, Cambridge.
Thorpe, T. E., Ph.D., F.R.S. Laboratory, Somerset House,
London, W.C.
Turner, Sir William, F-.R.S.,
Edinburgh.
Tylor, Edward Burnett, F.R.S., D.C.L. (Oxon), LL.D.
38, George Square,
Professor of Anatomy.
(Univ. St. And. and McGill), Keeper of University
Museum. Oxford.
Vines, Sidney Howard, F.R.S., Sherardian Professor of
Botany. Headington Hill, Oxford. ee
Waage, P., Professor of Chemistry. Christiania, Norway.
Warburg, Professor E. Physikalisches Institut, Neue Wilhelm-
stvasse, Berlin.
fw Oy,
SL ee
Date of Election.
1894, April 17.
1894, April 17.
1892, April 26.
1889, April 30.
‘1886, Feb. 9.
1888, April 17.
1895, April 20.
‘Honorary Members. Ixxxv.
Ward, H. Marshall, Sc.D., F.R.S., Professor of Botany,
Cambridge.
Weismann, August, Professor of Zoology. Freiburg-i.-B. —
Wiedemann, G., For. Mem. R.S., Prof. of Physics. 35,
Thalstvasse, Letpsic.
Williamson, Alexander William, Ph.D., LL.D., F.R.S.,
Corr. Mem. Inst. Fr. (Acad. Sci.) High Pitfold, Shotter-
mill, Haslemere, Survey.
Young, Charles Augustus, Professor of Astronomy. Princeton
College, N.J., U.S.A.
Zirkel, Ferdinand, Professor of Mineralogy. University of
Leipsic.
Zittel, Carl Alfred von, Professor of Paleontology and
Geology. University of Munich.
Ixxxvi.
CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.
Date of Election. aan Ae
1866, Jan. 23. De Caligny, Anatole, Marquis, Corr. Mem. -Accad. oe 4
Turin and Caen, Socc. Agr. Lyons, Sci. Cheneaaeay
Liége. oe ieee
1850, April 30. Harley, Rev. Robert, Hon, M.A., Oxford, F.R.S., F.R.A. S.,
Hon. M.R.S. Queensland. Hosslyn, Westbourne Road,
Forest Hill, London, S.E., and The Atheneum Club, ~
: London, S.W. det Ae
1882, Nov. 14. Herford, Rev. Brooke. 91, Fitzjohn’s Avenue, Hampstead,
London, N.W., :
1859, Jan. 25. Le Jolis, Auguste-Francois, Ph.D., Archiviste-perpétuel
and late President of the Soc. Nat. Sci., Cherhee &e.
Cherbourg.
1857, Jan. 27. Lowe, Edward Joseph, F.R.S., F.R.A.S,, RG. S., Mem:
Brit. Met. Soc., &c. Shivenewton Hall, near Chepstow,
Monmoushshive.
Awards of Medals and Premium. IXxxvil.
Awards of the Wilde Medal under the conditions of the
Wilde Endowment Fund.
1896. Sir GEorGE G. STokEs, Bart.
1897. Sir Witiiam Huaaeins, K.C.B.
Award of the Prenuwm under the conditions of the Wilde
Endowment Fund.
1897. PETER CAMERON.
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