Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. VOL. X, PART II. Issued 30th March, 1932. EDITED BY THE DIRECTOR, HEBER A. LONGMAN, F.L.S.. C.M.Z.S. ISSUED BY THE AUTHORITY OF THE CHIEF SECRETARY FOR QUEENSLAND, THE HON. A. E. MOORE. CONTENTS. PAGE. A New Cretaceous Nish — Plates X-XI, Text-figures 1-3 - Heber A. Longman, N.L.S., C.M.Z.S. - 89-97 Bestoration of Kronosaurus queGmlandicus—V\Q.te XII - - Heber A. Longman, F!L.S., C.M.Z.S. - 98 Some Fishes of the Family Leiognathid^— Plates XIII-XIV, Gilbert P. Wliitley _ - - - 99-116 with Text-figure Some Wasps of the genus Zoyphium - - _ _ - Professor T. D. A. Cockerell - - 117-118 Acridiodea aus dem Queensland Museum zu Brisbane - - Yngve Sjostedt _ _ - - 119-121 Barnacles from Magnetic Island, North Queensland - - Thomas H. Withers, F.G.S., F.Z.S. - 122-124 ^ome Earthworms from Queensland — Text-figures 1-2 - - W, Boardman ----- 125-130 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, Vol. X., Part II. A NEW CRETACEOUS FISH. By Heber a. Longman, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., Director, Queensland Museum. {Plates X-XT, Text-figuros 1-3.) The remains of vertebrates as yet described from the Lower Cretaceous deposits ■of Queensland are so few that considerable interest is attached to a large fossil fish presented to the Queensland Museum in August, 1931, by Mr. H. W. Dcnmead. This specimen was discovered one mile east of the townshij) of Richmond, on the Flinders River, North-western Queensland. It not only adds another genus and species to the few Cretaceous fishes recorded for Australia, but, although very incomplete, it appears to exhibit certain combinations of characters wliich may be ■deemed significant to specialists in phylogenetic studies elucidating the classification of fishes. FLINDERSICHTHYS DENMEADI, genus and species new. Material . — The fossil consists of the head of a large teleost, with fourteen A^ertebrae, remains of the jjectoral girdle, and a fragment of a pectoral fin. (Reg. No. E. 2210.) The specimen is nineteen inches (483 mm.) in length, ten and a-haH inches .(266 mm.) in heiglxt, and was approximately five inches thick (126 mm.) when received. The left side, which is considerably abraded in places, was fairly clear of superficial matrix when received, but' the whole of the right side was heavily investecl with a buff-coloured, fine-grained calcareous mudstone. Although much of the matrix was fairly soft, the exposure of the roof of the skull and the deeper elements, especially the basioccipital region, necessitated many hours of work. Several fragments of the common Lower Cretaceous shell, Aiicellina gryphopoides (J. de C. Sow'.) were found in the matrix. Principal Characters . — Head large, laterally compressed. Breadth of cranial roof relatively narrow, with longitudinal dej)ression in ]x()sterior region ; supraoccijxital and ej)iotic feebly developed, but squamosal prominent ; cheek bones massive. Opercular apparatus and hyomandibular wxdl developed ; gape wide, but not extending below^ orbital region ; upper jaw' formed mainly by maxillae. Jaw's massive, w'ell equipped with multiserial, villiform teeth ; cleithrum w^ell developed. Centra of vertebrae com])letely ossified symmetrical cylinders, much deeper than long, marked with longitudinal striations between rims ; isospondyious. The external cranial bones are invested with ganoine. The fossil denotes a large fish of robust proportions, provided with jxow'erful fins (judging from the rudiment preserved of the pectoral). It w^as probably about .four feet in total length, and in life may have weighed from 70 to 80 lb. 90 MEMOIBS OF THE QVEEN^LAED MUHEUM. Detailed description — Cranium. — The specimen has been subjected to consider- able distortion, especially on the right side, the roof of the skull having been obliquely crushed down, several of the elements have been displaced, and most of the bones are more or less abraded. (Plate XI, fig. 1 ). Tlie supraoccipital is relatively v^ery small, and is scarcely raised above the plane of the ])Osterior border. Although the region is obscure, the parietals are considered to be small elements not se])arated by the supraoccipital, but its anterior small hange apparently underlies them slightly. The e])iotic is feebly developed. The cranial roof, in its posterior region, exhibits a wide, quadrangular, mi'dian longitudinal depression, hni this has probably been much exaggerated by strong [>ressure during fossilisation. It may be noted that a deep quadrangular ]>it in the cranial roof is a marked feature of species of Thrissopater, a g(uius of the Cretaceous Klopida? from Cretaceous deposits in England. On the right side, a ])rominent feature is the large squamosal or ])terotic bone, 110 mm. in length. The anterior portion of this bone lias beeti forced upwards. The surface is distinctly marked with about eight smooth oblicpie furrows. Only a small posterior fragment of the left bone is preserved. In the anterior region of the right squamosal, the s]dieuotic or ])ostfrontal forms a laterally projecting ]>rocess (largely obscured on the left-hand side), which has an oblicjue trough in its median surface which ])asses downwards and backwards. This massiv^e structure evidently formed a remarkable feature in the supraorbital region, perhaps as distinctive as that of the giant Xiphaciinus, as described by Alban Stewart froju the U])per (Vetaceous of Kansas (IhOO). The roof of the skull is so much disrupted in places, however, that Flvndersichthys may well have been preyed u])on by one of tlie huge marine reptiles such as Kronosa/urus, and it is difficult to inter]>nd precisely its structure. Between the orbital region and the occipital border, the roof, mainly comprised of frontals, appears to have been parallel-sided. The Avidth at the occipital border Avas at least 75 mm., and it Avas apparently quite as Avide between the orbits. Anteriorly, the cranium is distinctly narroAAcr. The premaxillye ha\'e been displaced. The most anterior element ])resent in tlu^ roof is the unpaired inesethmoid, Avhich is a stout bone Avith a median projecting process. On the left side the mesethmoid is in co)itact Avith an iuAvardly curAanl process, much abraded, of the maxilla. Eragments of the nasals Avath contiguous ])refrontals are present. The A^omer is apparently hidden in the cemented material in the upper jiart of the gape, and some of the many small teeth here present probably came from it. The bones in the roof of the skull in the ])refrontal region are relatiA^ely thick, attaining about 8 mm. As the result of long-continued a\ ork on the matrix on the right-hand side, poitions of the basioccipital, exoccipital, and ojusthotic are j^artly exj^osed, but the area is too obscure to permit of significant description. MandUjles.—The massive character of the left mandible is shown on Plate X, but its ajiterior ])ortion is incomplete. The right unit has been considerably displaced, and the Avhole bone has been thrust some 45 mm. backwards. Its anterior portion has been tilted up and noAv lies partly above the incomplete left unit. There is A NEW CEETACEOUS FI SB. 91 evidence of a tumid extension in the anterior part of the symphysis. On the left mandible much of the lateral surface has been abraded, exposing an extensive area representing Meckel’s cartilage. Fortunately the right mandible has been preserved^ as exposed from the matrix, and it is no less than 230 mm. in length. It is relatively slender in its anterior portion, the lateral surface of which is prominently convex. The dentigerous area, as exposed, is a broad platform extending backwards for at least half the length of the bone. Anterioi’ly this area extends on a prominent wing- like process over the lateral border of the dentary. Numerous multiserial villiform teeth are preserved, many of which are in sitv, but for the most part they are rexjresented by a close-set mosaic of circular bases. Although most of the teeth were villiform, there is evidence of slightly larger units, w^hich may be described as conical with somew^liat curved tips, but all of these teeth are relatively very small. (Text- figures 1 and 2.) Text-figures 1 and 2 . — Flindersickthys denmeadi. Sections of mandible showing bases of villiform teeth exposed from matrix (partly diagrammatic). The coronoid elevation is incomplete on the left side, but it is evident that it was prominent and in keeping Avilli tlie massive proportions of the mandible. The preserved portion gives the left mandible a depth of 02 mm. in this region. The right coronoid is hidden in matrix. 1’he area of the articular on the lateral surface is considered to be confined to the posterior fifth of the mandible, but the junction of the tAVo elements is obscured. On the left side the actual articulating surface for the condyle of the cpiadrate is incomplete, and the right ramus show^s that the ])osterior portion is curved upwards behind the actual fossa. Within the gape is a displaced fragment from the u])per jaw% 40 mni. in length, which exhibits a dentigerous area, slightly convex in transverse section, containing the bases of villiform teeth similar to those of the mandible. This fragment is almost certainly a portion of the left premaxilla. Judging from the dimensions of the mandible and the maxillee., the inemaxilla.' w'ere relatively small, curved elements, such as are characteristically found in Lower Cretaceous fishes. MEMOIliH Ob' THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, :y2 Alaxillce. — The left maxilla is very incomplete and much abraded. Anteriorly it shows a j^rominent, inwardly-directed process, apparently terminating at its junction with the unpaired mesethmoid. The region above the maxilla, overlying the palato- quadratc bar, is so abraded that it cannot be stated whether supjdementary or supra- maxillary bones were j)resent. On the right side, exposed under deep matrix, the maxilla has been forced downwards and inwards on to the margin of the mandible. The length, as exposed in the matrix, is fully 188 mm., and the depth is approximately 25 mm. The anterior ]K>rtion gives evidence of a pronounced inward and upward curve. The bone is gently curved througliout its length, and is somewhat convex on its lateral surface \n transverse section. The depth is fairly uniform, but the bone was evidently thicker anteriorly. On the superior border there is a small elongated channel, which may have been associated with the bases of supramaxillary bones. Unfortunately the matrix on the oral border is extrejnely hard, and the bone cannot be further exposed. Thei'e is evidence of a close-set series of tiny conical teeth, which may be seen in the matrix. Within the anterior portion of the gape, the matrix is very hard, being evidently composed of the cemented detritus of disrupted bone, but numerous remains of vilUform or minute conical teeth are more or less exposed. QmdrateaiidSi/mphclic. — These two conjoined bones form a massive triangular ])late. At the condyle the quadrate is no less than 20 mm. thick, thus forming a powerful hinge for the mandible. The right quadi-ate has been forced backwards and inwards, but its condyle is still in the articulating surface of the mandible. The condyle, as shown on the left side, has a pronounced inwardly-directed process, a])j)arently as in Oligopleurm vectensis, as described by Smith Woodw'ard (1890, p. 347.). The symplectic is closely associated with the quadrate on its supero-posterior border. The ])osterior edge of tlie symplectic passes beneath the lower portion of the hyomandibular. which partly overlaps it. Palailne, — Articulating obliquely with the anterior border of the quadrate, and in the same lateral plane, is an elongated, curved bone, much abraded, which evidently represents the palatine with a jderygoid element closely adpressed. It terminates in the ethmoid region in juxtaposition with the maxilla. It may be mentioned tiiat in Arapaiwa, according to Ridewnod (1004. p. 73), the cctopterygoid is fused with the ]mlatine. Inside this palato-pterygoid arch and below' the suborbital ]date a small portion of a meso])terygoid bone is exposed. (Jrbital regm?!..— Immediately above the quackate and the palato-pterygo- quadrate arch, a massive plate of bone extends from the hyomandibular to the ])rcorbital region. The natural surfaces are somewhat abraded, but it appears to consist of a single bone, extending to the lower l)order of the orbit. This })latc is verv thick and convex near the quatkate, but it shelves inw'ards in consonance with the narrow ing of the cranium in its upper })ortion. The diameter of the orbit appears to have been about 40 mm. The actual region is partly filled with cemented detritus. MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, Vol. X., Plate X, § « fctc O Ss ^ bO Co b?5 ^ s - 0 CL( ^ P-i ® si 0 1 •g S " 1, H u ^3 •- S 3-8^ :6 ^ ^ 1—. t5 7^ 0^ B t, -«s 51, Ca (D 5S s > If 1 -C fi. Face 2 )(ige 92. MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, Vol. X., Plate XI. Figure 1 . — Flindersichthys denmeadi. Upper aspect of distorted cranium, as exposed from matrix. {Approximately one-half natural size.) Figure 2 . — Flindersichthys demncadi. Lower aspect of mandible showing gular plate, anteriorly, and remains of branehiostegals. {Approxhmitely five-ninths natural size). Photographs : F. Jesson. Face, page 92. A NEJV CBETACEOUS FISH. 9 ?- There is also an abraded plate in the post-orbital region, filling the space between the- anterior branch of the hyoraandibular and the lower siib-orbita.! plate. Ganoine . — There is a distinct film of ganoine on most of the bones of the cranial roof, and there are small patches remaining on the other external cheek-bones, showing that these were enamelled. Where the ganoine is well preserved it gives a shining brown appearance to the fosvsil, and here and there are small patches with a bluish or opalescent tint similar to that on the large scales of onr specimens of Belonosiomtis ^ (Ganoine is here used for a layer of successive lamellai of enamel-like, cell-less substance,” as defined by E. S. Goodrich (1909, p. 218).) H't/ornandibular . — The vertical head, articulating with the pterotic region, is somewhat massive, and is much larger than the anterior head, which projects forwards to the sphenotic, some 50 mm. from tlie median line of the bone. The abraded outline of the bone is well marked on Plate X, and it will be seen that there is a more slender branch passing posteriorly to the operculum. Below the anterior and posterior branches, the lengthy median portion of the hyomandibular extends to the sym])lectic, and this portion forms almost a right angle to the series of vertebriic. Although this left-hand bone is much abraded, a displaced fragment of the right (component, exposed from deep matrix, shows that the lateral surfaces of this large and complex bone were prominently flanged on the axes of the branches and that a thin plate of bone extended between the anterior and vertical heads. Opercular The posterior margin of the operculum is incomplete, but there is no evidence of radial furrows or striations or of a serrated border. The portion preserved is an extensive plate, considerably deeper than wide. There is an oblique suture between it and the suboperculum, which is very incomplete, but this and the interoperculum, represented by .fragments, were evidently extensive plates. Only a small portion of the anterior j3late of the preoperculum is preserved, and this abuts on the median })art of the hyomandibular. The exposed area betw^een the hyoniandi- bular and the operculum is now filled with wliite matrix and disrupted l)ones. Gular Plate. — Betw’een the mandibular rami in their anterior half is an extensive tongue of bone, which represchits a gular ])late. (Plate XI, figure 2.) This element was evidently paired, but owing to the displacement of the rami the area is somewhat obscure. The gular plate projects from the infero-lateral surfaces of the mandible and extends for about half the length of the rami, but it is much less robust posteriorly. In the anterior part of tlie symifiiyseal region there is evidence of a tumid extension of the mandible, which is now' much abraded. Bro-ncJhiosiegals . — Below' the j)osterior third of the mandibles are the disrupted remains of large branchiostegal rays, and there are fragments of at least eight large rays present on each side. Behind these and below the quadrate there is a compressed cylindrical bone, which apparently represents the cerato-hj^al and epihyal, w'ith a well- marked suture betw'een the tw'o. Pectoral Girdle . — The remains of the pectoral girdle form an extensive curved plate, about 50 mm. behind the opercular apparatus (Plate X). Unfortunately the 94 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM. upper elements have been subjected to so much pressure that their articulations with the cleithrum cannot be defined. There is evidence, however, of a thin plate (supra- or post-temporal) that almost links the pectoral arch with the posterior margin of the cranium. Probably the wiiole arch has been forced posteriorly. The cleithrum (following tlio terminology of most modern systematists) is a very extensive bone, which carries the pectoral arch downw'ards and inw^ards. Although somewhat (lisru])ted, this bone has a broad ]}osterior flange in its central region, wiiilst the anterior margin is here very convex in section. Tile remains of a large pectoral fin are present (Plate X), and at least six rays are ]>reserved. These are bony and sjiine-like and are not segmented as in typical rays of Teleosts. In the matrix, near the base of the rays, are two large actinosts, wliich are somewhat constricted centrally, and, judging from their size, these sup])orts WTjuld he few in number. Jordan (1905, p. I) notes that in the Teleosts “ the actinosts are few (four or six) in number,” but they may remain numerous in the “ Ganoids.” On the right-hand side, deep dowm in the matrix, a portion of the right pectoral girdle is present. The presence of a mesocoracoid cannot be determined. Text-figure 3 . — Flmdersichthys dentneadi. Centra of vertebrae, natural size. Fer^e^ra.— Probably fourteen vertebree are present, but five of the series are hidden beneath the opercular and the scapular arches. The last two are only rejiresented by the right-hand moieties of the centra. The vertebra? are completely ossified and symmetrically cylindrical (Text-figure 3). There is no evidence of even a minute perforation for a persistent notochord. The centra are deeply amphicctlous. They are more than twice as deep as long (30 mm. x 11). There are fine transverse striations betw'een the anterior and posterior rims, which are thickened, the vertebrse being somewhat similar to those of Oligopleurus vecte^isis^ as described and figured by Smith Woodward. Remains of the neural arches can be obscurely seen in the matrix over some of the centra, but these appear to have been relatively small. There is no ])iecise evidence of actual anchylosis with the centra. The neural spines on the anterior vertebrae are well developed, attaining at least 80 mm. This series of contiguous vertebra? has been pushed over somewhat to the left side of the fossil. Ihe most anterior vertebra is close to the basioccipital region, w hich has been located in the matrix on the right side. This vertebra, which is almost certainly the first of the series, presents no evidence of division or of special A NLAV CRETACEOUS FISH. 95 structure, and the whole series as preserved is isospondylous. Lateral pits do not appear to have been present. Remains of ribs are adpressed to the vertebrse exposed behind the opercular, and these are attached just below the median line of the centra. Other remains of lengthy ribs are to be seen in the matrix below the last two vertebrse. The surfaces of some of the fragments, M*hich have an enamelled appearance, are channeled. The actual method of their attachment is obscured. The vertebrse are very distinct from those from Queensland concisely described and figured, but unnamed, by Smith Woodward (1894, p. 447.) Classifkation . — In view of the special interest attached to the osteology of Lower Cretaceous fislies, a fairly full descri])tion of this Flinders River fossil has been attempted, although the condition of some of the bones has made this difficult. It is with considerable diffidence that the writer records tentative views as to its actual classification. The cranium of Flindersicldhys denmeadi agrees in some respects with the general characters of the primitive Actino])terygii at the dawn of the Cretaceous era, as outlined by Smith W^oodward in his introduction to Vol. IV of his great ‘‘ Catalogue of Fossil Fishes.” It affords another example of the difficulty of separating "Ganoid” and ‘‘ Teleostean” groups. Unfortunately certain salient features used in diagnostic keys, such as those by Smith Woodward (1901, Part IV"), and Tate Regan (1909 and 1929), cannot be verified in the fossil, and its affinities can only be suggested on the evidence of the com])lex of characters available. The status of the Order Isospondyli has been recently criticised by W. Garstang (1931) in his interesting stvuly of ]4iyletic classification, and Goodrich (1909, p. 370) writes that “ the group can no longer be fitted into any ])hylogenetic scheme.” It is convenient, however, to ])lace FlindersicMhys with its completely ossified, symmetrical vertebrae, in this assemblage, as the term Isospondyli is in such general use. Although the fossil cannot be positively allocated to any of tlie families of the Isospondyli with which com]>arisons have been made, it is tentatively ])lace(l in the Family Elopidse. So far as the evidence is available, its complex of characters agrees fairly well with this group. W. G. Ridewood (1904, ]v 54) has expressed the opinion that the Elopidae are the most archaic of existing Teleosteans,” but adds that some of the extinct forms would seem to be more specialised than the living EJIoj^s and Megalops. The presence of a gular plate in Flindersichlhys is probably significatit, but tliis is also characteristic of the Amiidai, and other Arnioidei. 4die massive structure of the sub-orbital bones do not suggest close affinities with the Oligopleurida^y although the vertebrse are very similar. On the other hand the undoubted presence of ganoine is an anomalous condition for the Elopida^. Flindersicldhys does not appear to be closely related to the ljej)tolepida% so well represented in Jurassic deposits in Australia, in which the persiste}it notochord is evident in the centra. It appears to possess both Holostean and Teleostean characters. The Lower Cretaceous was evidently a period of rapid evolution for bony fishes. Smith Woodward records (1912, p. 253) that some Cretaceous genera combine '' features which are characteristic even of separate families in the existing fauna.” 96 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM. Among the Eugnathidee he records NeorhomholeRis and Otomitla as having vertebral' centra as completely develope>d as those of Amia. In view of the distinctiveness of the reptilian fauna of our Lower Cretaceous (dealt with by the writer in several papers in these Memoirs), it would not be surprising if this large Teleost has no close affinities with species found elsew'here, although the writer regrets that he has been unable to consult the full literature of the sid)ject. Smith Woodwai'd has j)ointed out (1901, p. IX) ‘‘that stoutness of bones indicates a life in shallow water or at the surface of the ocean during the Cretaceous period.” It is obvious that Flmdersichihys demneadi was well equipped wrth broad bands bearing thousands of tiny teeth, and its diet was evidently very distinct from that of its contemporaries Portheus and IcMhyodecles, with their large, strong teeth, or from that of the slender-snouted Aspidorhynchus and Belonostomus, described from the same deposits by Smith Woodward and R. Etheridge. R. T. Wade (1930) has given a valuable review of the Fossil Fishes of the Australian Mesozoic Rocks, in which the literature of the subject is fully stated. Associated Fossils. — Dr. F. W. Whitehousej A\hose j)apers on our ammonite fauna are a notable contribution to Australian paheontology, lias made the following note regarding the bivalve Aucellina. gryphopoides (J. de 8ow.) : — “ A cosmopolitan species with a range of Ujijier Albian to Lower Cenomanian, Avhich has been found in Australia only in the Lqiper Albian beds of the 'Tambo Series of the Great Artesian Basin and the Point Charles Beds of the Northern Territory.” A series of much-abraded vertebrse, tAventy-two in all, received from Mr. Robert Poole, Alderley via Hughenden, probably belongs to Flindersichthys denmeadi.- (Reg. No. F. 98(>.) Ackyiowledgmenis. — It is my pleasant duty to record keen ajipreciation of Mr. H. W. Denmead’s action in securing this fossil at Richmond, bringing it to Brisbane and presenting it to the. Queenslatid Museum. Tavo text-figures haA^e been drawn by Mr. Wilfrid Morden. I must also thank the Director of the Australian Museum (Dr. C. Andei'son) for the loan of a publication unobtainable in Brisbane, Mr. L. C. Ball, Chief Government Geologist for a volume from the Library of the Queensland Geological Survey, and the Queensland University Librarian, Miss E. K. MclA^er, for another volume. l^LATE X. Fia NU lORSTCUTU YH DENMEADI . Explanatimi. — has, basals of pectorals ; hr. branehiostegals ; cl, cloitbrum ; d, dentary ; eph, epihyal ; gu, gular plate ; hm, liyomaridibular ; iop, interopercular ; ynx, maxilla ; nas, nasal ; opc, opercular; orb, orbit; papi, palato-pterygoid arch; pop, preopercular ; por, postorb '.tal ; qu, quadrate ; sor, suborbital ; sop, subo])ercular; sph, sphenotit^ ; sq, squamosal ; syyn, symplectic ; t‘er, vertebriE ; x, tlisplaced deiitigerous fragment. A NEW CEETACEOUS FISH. 97 PLATE XI. Figure 1.- — Flindersichtkys denmeadi, Upper aspect of distorted craniuin, as exposed from matrix. Figure 2. — Flindersickthys demneadi. Lower aspect of mandible showing gular plate, anteriorly, and remains of branchiostegals. LITERATURE CONSULTED. 1895. Boulenger, G. A., Catal. Perciform Fishes, Brit. Mus. I. 1904. Boulenger, G. A., and Bridge, T. W., Camb. Xat. Hist., vii, Fishes. 1918. Chapman, F,, Cretaceous and Tertiary Fish Remains of New Zealand, Pal. Bull. No. 7, N.Z. Geol. Survey. 1887. Davis, J. W., Fossil Fishes of the Chalk of Mount Lebanon, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc., vol. iii. 1850. Dixon, F., Geology and Fossils of Sussex. Cretaceous Fishes. 1917. Eastman, C. R., Fossil Fishes of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 52. 1892. Etheridge, R., and Woodward, A. Smith (Bclonostomus). Trans. Roy. Soc. Vic,, vol. ii, pt. 2, 1905. Etheridge, R. {Ichthyodectes), Ree. Aus. Mus., vi, pp. 5-8, Plates 1-11. 1931. Garstang, Walter, The Phylotie Classification of Teleostei, Proc. Leeds Phil. Lit. Soc., ii. 1909. Goodrich, E. S., Treat. Zooh, part ix. Vert. Craniata. 1880. Gunther, A. C. L. G., Intro. Study of Fishes. 1895. Hay, O. P., On the Structure and Development of the Vertebral Column of Amia, Field. Col. Mus. Zool. Ser., vol. i. 1903. Hay, O. P., North American Cretaceous Actinopterous Fishes, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol, xix. 1917. Kingsley, J. S., Comp. Anat. Vert. 1913. Longman, H. A-, {Portheus) Mem. Qld. Mus., vol, ii, p. 94. 1905, Jordan, D. Starr, A Guide to the Study of Fishes. 1866. Owen, Richard, Anatomy of Vertebrates, vol. i. 1873. Parker, W. K., Development of the Skull in the Salmon, Phil. Trans., vol. 163. 1909. Regan, C. Tate, The Classification of Toleostean Fishes, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) iii, p, 75-86. 1929. Regan, C. Tate, Fishes, EncyclopMulia Britannica, 14th edition. 1913. Reynolds, S. H., The V'ertebrato Skeleton, Cambridge. 1904. Ridewood, W. G., O.steology of the Elopidte and AlbululiO, P.Z.S., pt. 2. 1901. Starks, E. C,, Synonomy of the Kish Skeleton, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., iii, 1901. 1904. Starks, E, C., Osteology of Some Berycoid Fishes, Proc. L^. S. Nat. Mus., vol. xxvii. 1900. Stewart, Alban, Teloosts of the Upper Cretaceous, Univ, Geol. Sur. Kansas, vol. vi. 1930. Wade, R. T., Fossil Fishes of Australian Mesozoic Rocks, Jr. and Pr. Roy. Soc., N.S.W., Ixiv. 1926. Whitehouse, F. W., The Cretaceous Ammonoidea of Eastern Australia. Mem. Qld. Mus., vol. viii, part 3. 1889-1901, Woodward, A. Smith, Catal. Foss. Fish. Brit. Mus., parts i.-iv. 1890, Woodward, A. Smith [OUgopleurus, etc.) Proti. Zool. Soc., pp. 346-353. 1894. Woodward, A. Smith [Portheus and Ohidooyclus). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) vol. xiv. 1902-1912. Woodward, A. Smith, Fossil Fishes of the English Chalk. Pal. Soc. Woodward, A. Smith, British Museum Guide, Foss. Rept. Amph, Fishes. 1902. Zittel, K. A. V., Text-book of PaUeontology, vol. ii. (traris. C. K. Eastman). 98 MEMOIBS OF THE QJJEENSLANl) MUSEUM. RESTORATION OF KRONOSAURUS QUEENS- LANDICUS. (Plate XII.) In order to make more attractive the fragments of Kronosaurus queens- landicus exhibited in the Queensland Museum, a painting which suggests the appearance of this gigantic Cretaceous Pliosaur in a natural environment has been placed beside tliem. Plate XTI is a much reduced illustration of this painting, but owing to the absence of colour it does not do justice to the original. Owing to the incompleteness of our material, this restoration has been largely based on the skeleton of Peloneustes philarchus, as given by C. W. Anch’ews in his Catalogue of the Marine Reptiles of the Oxford Clay, published by the British Museum, part 2, 1913. Although no claims for precise accuracy should be made for restorations of this kind, it is considered that the approximate contours are represented, and I wish to pay a tribute to the care and skill exercised by iVIr. Wilfrid Morden, after making many preliminary sketches, in completing this work. Kronosaurus qtieenslandicAis was first descilbed in 1924 (Mem. Qld. Mus., VIII, pt. I) from a fragment of a lower jaw from Hughenden, presented by !Mr. Andrew Crombie. Supplementary material was received in 1929 from the same district through Messrs. H. A. Craig, W. Charles, and N. E. Anderson, and this was described in 1930 (Mem. Qld. Mus., X, pt. I). Heber a. Longman. MEMOIBS OP THE QHEEySLAXD MU.SEUM, Vol. X., Plate XII. Face yngc 98. !^KsT()KATH>N ok KjjoNOX AT'KI S (^I Kk'N’SI AXDICUS. SOME FISHES OF THE FAMILY LEIOGN ATHIVM. 99 SOME FISHES OF THE FAMILY LEIOGNATHID/E. By Gilbert P. Whitley, Ichthyologist, The Australian Museum, Sydney. (By permission of the Trustees of The Australian Museum). (Plates XIII-XIV and one Text-figure). In the present paper, several hitherto little-known species of Pony Fishes (Leiognathidse) are redescribed and figured from their types or from authentic specimens, and an attempt has been made to classify them into recognizable genera. This has been possible mainly through the kind help of Mr. H. A. Longman, who forwarded me practically the entire collection of Leiognathidse in the Queensland Museum for study and comparison with the Australian Museum and Endeavour ” collections in Sydney. I am also under obligation to Miss Joyce K. Allan, of the Australian Museum, for most of the illustrations, which render the species easily determinable. The family Leiognathidse, as understood here, is substantially the same as that indicated in Jordan’s ‘‘ Classification of Fishes,” and may be defined as follow's : — Five to six branchiostegal rays ; jiseudobranchiee present ; eyes large, on the sides of the head ; mouth remarkably protractile ; suborbitals not or but feebly ossified, no subocidar shelf ; lower edge of preoperculum generally serrated ; gill- membranes narrowly joined to isthmus ; body compressed, generally elevated ; air- bladder terminating anteriorly in two liorns, pyloric appendages few^ ; scales small, cycloid ; dorsal continuous, with eight spines (normally) and from fifteen to seventeen rays ; anal with three sj)ines and thirteen or fourteen rays ; a procumbent spine before dorsal and anal fins and a row^ of not very prominent bucklers along bases of soft dorsal and anal fins ; colouration generally silvery, darker above, with or without dusky or black markings. KEY TO TEfE GENERA. A. Mouth protractile horizontally ; mandible vertical . . . . . . . . . . Secutor, AA. Mouth protractile downwards ; mandible oblique. B. Second dorsal spine more than twice as long as third. (Second ana Ispine also produced. Supi'aorbital smooth ; teeth villiforrn ; body very deep ; breast naked) . . . . . , . . . . . . . . Aurigequula, BB. Second dorsal spine not so produced. C. Seven dorsal spines and more than 18 rays . . . . . . . . . . Argylepes. CC. Eight (abnormally 9) dorsal spines; less than 18 rays. D. Body elongate, its depth 3 or more in standard length . . Macilentichthys, new genus. DD. Body deep, doj')th generally about 2-2J in length. E. vStrong liooked teeth in jaws . . . , , , . . , . . . Gazza. EE]. Teeth weak, small. 100 MEMOIBS OF THE QVEENSLAHI) MUSEUM. F. Breast naked. (Lateral line complete; teeth minute; supraorbitalj denticulated) . . . . . . Equula,. FF. Breast scaly. O. Teeth fine, small, weak, bruslj-like ; supraorbital entire. (Spinous dorsal generally plain; snout with a dark blotch ; lateral lino im-omplete) Equulites. GG. Teeth in a single row in each jaw; supraorbital serrated. (Snout plain, lateral line extending almost to root of caudal fin). H. JVo dark mark on dorsal fin (or on nape) , . . . . . Leiognathns., HH. A dark mark or black blotch on spinotis dorsal. I. Depth about 2 or less in length ; no dark mark on nape . . EnhUekeria. II. Depth more than 2 in length, a dark mark on nape . . . . . . . . . . Nuohequula, new subgenus of Euhleekeria.. The characters given in this artificial key are apparently constant in species of Leiognathida}, but the combinations of characters given for eac‘h genus do not always hold good. The genera are closely related and are easier to distinguish by facies when one is familiar with, them than can be expressed in conventional key form. Genus ARGYLEPES Swainson, 1839. Argylepes Swainson, Nat. Hist. Classif. Fish. Amphib. Kept, ii., July 1839, p. 247. Haplotype,. A, indica Stvainson. Argyrolepis Agassiz, Nomencl. ZooL, 1846, Index Univ., p. 33, Emendation for Argylepes Swainson. Not Argyrolepis Agassiz, ibid., a genus of Lepidoptera. A monotypic genus, of whose relationships little appears to be known. ARGYLEPES INDICA Swainson. Argylepes indica Swainson, Nat. Hist. Class. Fish. Amphib. Kept, ii., July, 1839. p. 247. Based on Mitta parah Russell, Fish, \izag., 1803, p. 41, pi. clvi., in genus Scomber. Vizagapatam, India. Russelks figure of the type shows a fish of carangoid facies with D. vii./21 and 2 anal spines. Jaws toothed ; maxillary of the Leiognathid form ; scales either rubbed off or never present ; form elongate ovate ; lateral line complete, and curving downwards (unless a median ridge of the body has been mistaken for the lateral line). This species may not belong to the Leiognatlnda>, and seems to approach Psenesjavanicus Cuv. & Val., as figured in Day’s “ Fishes of India.’’ Jordan regarded Argylepes as a synonym of Leiognathvs. Genus AURIGEQUULA Fowler, 1918. Halex^^ Lacepede, Hist. Nat. MS. polynomial name : without generic status. ^Poiss. V., 1803, pp. 460 and 462, footnote 9. Ex Commerson Halex corpore late ” &c. = Clnpea fasciata Lacepede, Name ‘^Clupeo” Cuvier rofiIe gibbous and the lower forming an obtuse angle : an irregular area on each side of the supraoceipital and the procumbent dorsal spine naked ; scapula, breast, and most of thorax in advance of a line joining pectorals and ventrals naked ; remainder of body covered with small, imbricate, deciduous, cycloid scales of round or oval shape; tubes of lateral line largo anteriorly and SOME FISHES OF THE FAMILY LEIOGNATHIDJE. 103 decreasing in size posteriorly ; lateral liiie complete, dipping a little before following its fairly even and gently curved course below the dorsal fin, and terminating a trifle in advance of the root of the caudal ; axillary ventral scale almost as long as ventral sjnne. Dorsal preceded by a large j:)rocumhent spine ; first true dorsal s])ine very small ; the second much produced and curved proximally ; the third nearly one-seventh the length of the second, and tlie posterior spines rapidly decreasing in height ; base of soft dorsal fin equal to that of soft anal ; scaly sheaths protect the bases of the dorsal and anal spines, and rows of spines, Avhich hardly break the skin, flank the bases of the rays ; first anal spine very small, situated on a vertical with the first dorsal ray ; second anal spine profluced, nearly tljree times as long as the third ; third dorsal and anal spines weakly serrated : pectorals rounded, fourth rays longest ; ventrals reaching, Avhen adpressed, a short distance along the long procumbent anal spine ; vent large, with two openings ; caudal strongly forked, the lobes subequal to head. The colours have now faded but Avere originally described as ‘‘ silvery, washed AA’ith blue on the back ; sides of the head tinged Avith gold : snout, and a band from the upper angle of the eye to the opercle, black.” Described and figured from the holotype of Equula symihursti Ramsay & Ogilby, a specimen 151 mm. in standard length or 7^ inches in total length, with the mouth extended. Museum Registered No. B. 9962. LocaUiy . — Hood Lagoon, South-eastern Ncay Guinea ; purchased from Mr. Harry Smithurst. In the old collection of the Queensland Museum, there are four small specimens labelled '' LeiognaiMis fasdahis '' from Cape York, Queensland. These agree A^ ith Ramsay & Ogilby’s type, but the elongated dorsal spine does not extend so far back- wards, doubtless owing to their immaturity. 8avilIc-Kent recorded “ Eqmda fasciata’' from Queensland, and these arc almost certainly the specimens upon which his record was based. These specimens are intermediate in size betAveen the types of Equula (mna and E. smithursti and demonstrate that the two are conspecific and, in my opinion, synonyms of Aurigeqimla longispinis (Cuv. & VaL). Specimens in the Australian Museum labelled Leiognathus fasciatus from Samoa (L". S. Bur. Fisheries collection) and Malekula, Ncav Hebrides (Cummins & Stevens) also belong to this species. Gomis EQUULA Cuvier, 1816. Equula Cuvier, 5Iern. Mus, d'Hist. Nat., Paris, i., “ 18i5 March 1816, pp. 463 and 466. Tautotypo, Scomher equula (Korskaal) [ ^ Ponnaterro]. Date of publication Sherborn, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), xiii., 1914, p. 365. Id. Cuvier, Regne Anim. ed. 1, ii., “ 1817 ” = before 7 Doc. 1816, p. 323. Date of publication fide Mathews, Novit. Zool. xviii., 191 1, p. 18. Id. Cuvier, Regno Anim. ed. 2, ii., April 1829, p. 212. Orlliotype, Scomher equida, designated. Not Equula Guichenot, Diet. f)itt. d’Hist. Nat. viii., 1839, p. 335. Orthotype, FJquula ensifera Cuvier ; and Valencienne.s, Diet. Univ. d’Hist. Nat. v„ 1861, p. 382. Orthotype, E. ensijera Cuv., which are strictly referable to tlie genus LeiognathuH, Head about one-tliird of standard length ; lower limb of preopcrculum serrated ; mouth protractile obliquely dowmvards ; second dorsal spine tiot produced ; eight 104 MEMOint< Oh' THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM. dorsal spines ; depth about half the length of the fish ; a band of curved, bristle-like teeth in each jaw ; breast and thorax naked ; lateral line ceasing just before root of caudal ; supraorbital finely denticulated ; no conspicuous colour-martnngs. EQUULA DECORA Do Vis. (Text-figure J ). Equula decora Do Vis, Proc. Liim. Soo. N. S. Wales, ix., 3, Nov. 29, 1884, p. 543. Cape York, Queensland. Queensland Museum cotypes (No. 1. 13/1698) examined. Id. Saville-Kent, Prelim. Kept. Food-Fish. Qld., 1880, p. 10 and Gt. Barrier Reef, 1893, p. 369 (listed only). Equula argentea. Do Vis, Proc. Linn. Hoc. N. H. Wales ix., 3, Nov. 29, 1884, p. 542. Cape York, Queensland, Queensland Museum leototypo (No. I. 13/1699) examined. Not Centrogaster argentatus Houttuyn 1782, and not Leiognathus argenteus Lacepede, 1802. Id. Saville-Kent, Prelim. Kept. Food-Fish. Qld., 1889, p. 10, as argenlia ; Gt. Barrier Reef, 1893, p. 369 (listed only). Equula. spiniceps Haville-Kont, Prelim. Ropt. Food-Fishes Qld., 1889, p. 10 and Gt. Barrier Reef, 1893, p. 369. Nomen nudmn. Queensland. Chirotype (Austr. ^lus. No. I. 382) from Joimstono River, Queensland, examined. Leiognaihus spinicepn McCulloch & Whitley, Mem. Qld. Mus. viii., 1925, p. 145. Ex Saville-Kent. Queensland. Leiognathim decorm IMcCulloch & Whitle}^ Mem. Qld. Mus. viii., 1925, p. 145. Ex De Vis. Queensland. Id. McCulloch, Austr. Mus. Mem. v., 1929, p. 213. Leiogmithus argeriteus McCulloch & Whitley, Mem. Qld. Mus. viii., 1925, p. 145. Ex De Vis, 1884, non Laeeped(% 1802. Queensland. Leiognathi^s devisi AVliitley, Rec. Austr. Mus. xvii., 3, Juno 27, 1929, p. 113 (fig. 2). New name for Equula argentea Do Vis, not Lciognathus argenteus Lacepefle ; based on De Vis’ type. Cape York, Queensland. Holotype (Qld. Mus. No. I. 13/1699) re-examined. Id. McCulloch, Austr. Mus. Mem. v., 1929, p. 214. Description of the lectotype of Dcjiiula decora De Vis. D. viii. /IT) ; A. iii./14 ; P. 21 ; V. i,/5 ; C. Jb. L. lat. 50 + ? Head (10 mm.) 2*9, and depth (14) 2*07 iu length to hypural joint (29) ; eye (S-6) rather greater than postorbital portion of head (3*3) and interorbital (3-1) which is equal to snout (3*1). As the types are young specimens and the heads slightly shrunken in preservation, it is probable that the eye would normally be subequal to these other dimensions in this species. Second dorsal s])iue (5*5) 1*8, and second anal spine (5) 2 in the head, and shorter than the ])cctoraI fin (0). Agrees in general details with my description of the holoty])e of Equula argentea De Vis = Leiognaihus devisi Whitley, published in 1929, and agrees exactly when the type-specimens ai’c compared. Sup)ra jrbital ridge very sliglitly rugose posteriorly ; inner antorbital spines largest ; gill-rakers slender, pointed, pectinate ; a bony peg protrudes into the branchial aperture before the pectoral base : the scales are now rubbed off the types of Eqmda demra and it is impossible to obstTve whether the breast was naked or scaly ; lateral line complete, continuous to caudal, but the tubes are small on the caudal 23eduucle ; no trace of a black dorsal blotch ; second to fourth dorsal, and second and third anal s]>ines with strong serrations anteriorly along the jjroximal halves ; these serrations are less conspicuous iu tlic type of Leiognaihus devisi j upper caudal lobe longer than head without snout. SOME FISHES OF THE FAMILY LEIOGN AT HIDYE. 105 The colours have now faded, but De Vis describes them as '' Colour silvery, with a pink tinge on the back. Three dark lines, terminating very obscure bands, .across the back, at the base of the soft dorsal and one on the edge of the caudal peduncle.” Text-figure 1. Equula decora De Vis. Lectotype o? Equula argeniea De Vis-Holotype of Leiognathus dcvlsi Whitley. Loc, Cape York, Queensland. Cx. P. Whitley del. Described from the lectotype of Equula decora De Vis, the smallest of three ■specimens which have been utilised in making the description, 29 mm. or slightly more in standard length or about If inches in total length. Six cotypes are recorded by De Vis, but only three are in the Queensland Museum consignment, and there arc none in the Australian Museum. Locality. — Cape York, North Queensland ; coll. Kendall Broadbent. Lectotype of Eqimla argentea De Vis = IJolotype of Leiognathus devisi Whitley. The type-specimen, though now almost denuded of scales, has one or two left ■on the sides of the thorax ; lateral line complete ; two small antorbital spines ; about fifteen pointed gill-rakers on lower limb of first gill-arch ; teeth weak, movable, spaced, pointed, arranged in a narrow strip (almost a single series) in each jaw ; no black blotch on dorsal fin or on snout ; depth 2 in length. B 106 MEMOIRS OE THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM. Chirotyjye of Equulu spiniceps Saville-KenL A specimen is labelled Equula spiniceps in the Australian Museum (No. I. 382) and may be regarded as the chirotype of that species. It is 2| inches long and agrees with the specimens described above in detail. Locality.— 3ohn^ione> River, Queensland ; received by exchange from the Queensland Museum in 1886. Genus EQUULITES Fowler, 1904. Equulites Fowler, Journ. Aead. Naf. Sci. Philad. (2), xii., 4, June 10, 1904, p. 513. Orthotype, LeiognaihuN venniculatua Fowler. This genus has the lateral line ceasing well before the caudal fin, and the breast and thorax scaly. The dark wavy marks on the back, slender fin-spines, and graceful form of body are useful recognitioti marks. EQUULITES NOV-®HOLLANDI.ffi (Sfceindaehner). Equula 7 iovcehoUandice Steindachner, .Donkselu*. Akad. AVien xli., 1, 1879, p. 11. Townsville, Queensland (Jliiller). Type in Stuttgart Museum. Id. Klunzinger, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien Ixxx., i., 1879, p. 379 (listed only). Leiognafhns novoehoUandiop MeCulloch & Whitley, Mem. Qld. Mus. viii., 1925, p, 145. Id. McCulloch, Austr. Mus. Mem. v., 1929, p. 212. D. viii./16 ; A. iii./14 ; L. lat. c/rcrt 60. Head almost 44, depth somewhat more than 3 in total length (nearly 00 mm.) ; eye and snout about 3. interorbital slightly less than 3 in head : snout conical, somewhat compressed ; antorbital siiines present ; lower border of lower Jaw straight ; lower margin of preoperculum extremely linely denticulated ; tlie angle slightly more tlian a right angle. Body elongate oval : the dorsal prohle ascends more strongly in the nuchal region than the corresiionding anterior ventral profile ; the upper profile of tlie head rises without any curve to the beginning of the weakly curved occipital slope ; body- scales very small, only the pierced ones of the lateral line, of which there are about ()0 to the base of the caudal, are moderately large in proportion, and easily deciduous ; lateral line very weakly curved to the base of the short, low, caudal peduncle, on which it is horizontal. First dorsal spine very short ; second dorsal and anal spines strongly produced, compressed and flexible ; the first as long as the head, the last more than in the liead. When adpressed, the second dorsal spine readies the middle of the dorsal base. Third dorsal spine more slender, a little longer tlian the second anal spine, and shorter than the head by somewhat more than half the length of the snout ; the pectoral is at least | and the ventral about % of the head ; caudal forked, slightly longer than the head. Colour (in sjiirits) — Upper half of body washed with clear reddish-violet, lower half silvery with some speckles ; undulating, curved, small, dark stripes on the upper lialf of the body ; sides of snout blackish-brown ; dorsal with a black spot on the spinous portion. SOME FISHES OF THE FAMILY LEIOGNATHIDJE, 107 The above description has been compiled from a translation of the original account given by Steindachner, who noted that his species was near Equula leuciscus Gunther, but had the head relatively longer and second dorsal spine shorter. I have not been able to recognise this species in the series of Queensland fishes which I have studied, and regard its present generic identification as tentative only. EQUULITES HASTATUS (Ogilby). {Plate X1V-. flg. 1.) Equula longispina. De Vis, Proc. Linn. Soc. X. S. Wales, ix., 3, Nov. 29, 1884, p. 542. Cape York, Queensland. Holotype (Austr. Mus. No. I. 405) examined. Name preoccupied bv E. longispinis Cuv. & Val., 1835, a species of Aungequula. Equula Hneolata De Vis, Proc. Linn. Soc, N. S. Wales ix., 3, Nov. 29, 1884, p. 545. Cape York. De Vis’ specimen seen. Not Equula Hneolata Ckiv. & Val. Leiognalhus hastaim Ogilby, Mem. Qld. Mus. i., 1, Nov. 27, 1912. p. 58. New name for Equula lonqispina. De Vis, preoccupied. Id. McCulloch & Whitley, Mem. Qld. Mus. viii., 1925, p. 145. Id. McCulloch, Austr. Mus. Mem. v., 1929, p. 214. D. viii./lf) ; A. iii./14 ; P. 18 ; V. i./5 ; C. 15 branched rays. L. lat. circa 45. Head (19 mm.) 3-5, depth (30) 2-2 in length to hypnral joint (67) ; eye (7) subequal to interorbital (7) and postorbital portion of liead (7) and longer than snout (6) ; .second dorsal spine (14-5 mm. 4- ?) and second anal spine (c. 15 mm.) unfortunately broken, but Ogilby stated they were 1-7 and 3-4 in length of body respectively, so the dorsal spine must have been about 39 mm. in length originally. A narrow strip of long, slender, movable teeth in each jaw ; suj)raorbital very slightly irregular to the touch, but smootli to the sight ; lower preopercular margin feeblj' serrated ; antorbital spines small ; gill-rakers slender, pointed, pectinate. Skin pitted. Most of the scales have been rubbed off, but breast evidently originally scaly ; second and third dorsal and third anal spines serrated : spines anil rays of dorsal and anal fins comparatively lojiger than in most species of Leiognathida^ ; the last doi'sal spine looks rather like a rav. which mav account for De Vis’ formula D. 7/16. The general characters are as described by Ogilby. Colour (after long preservation)— Cniform silvery, browmish on back with some irregular grey markings which are now difficult to discern ; a. dark mark on snout ; apparently no black blotch on spinous dorsal. Described and figured from the liolotype of Equula longispina De Vis and Leiognalhus hastatus Ogilby, a specimen 67 mm. in standard length or little over 35- inches in total lengtli. Australian IMuseum Registered No. I. 465. Locality.— C&pe York, Queensland ; received by exchange from the Queensland iMuseum in 1886. This species is distinguished from its congeners by its elongate fin-spines and deep body. It is allied to Equulites morelonitnsis (Ogilby), of which it seems to be a northern form. The “Endeavour” trawled twenty-five specimens of E. hastatus in 19-35 fathoms, N.E. of Gloucester Head, Queensland, in August 1910 (Austr Mus Nos. lA, 4909, 4910, 4919 ; E. 2775, 2776). 108 MEMOmS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM. EQUULITES MORETONIENSIS (Ogilby). (Plate XIV., Fig. 2.) Eeiogmxthus moretoniensis Ogilby, Mem. Qld. Mus. i., 1, Nov. 27, 1912, p. 59. Bulwer, Moreton Bay, Queeuslaml (type: Qld. Mus. No. 1 1583) and of£ Moreton Island, 9 fathoms (“Endeavour” (!oll.). Id. Faradiee & Whitley, Mem. Qld. Mus. ix., 1927, p. 84 (Pellew Group, Gulf of Carpentaria). Id. McCulloch, Austr. Mus. Mem. v., 1929, p. 214. A co-tvpe of Leiognathm moretonieMsis Ogilby is in the Australian Museum (No. J. 12590) from Moreton Bay, Queensland. It is 57-5 mm. in standard length or nearly 3 inches in total length, and is the smaller of the two types from Bulwer. The species has been described in detail by Ogilby. but the following characters are note\^ortliy. B. i-iii./16 (last di\n‘ded) ; A. ni./14 ; P. 17 ; V. i./5 ; C. 15 branched rays. L. lat. less than 40, becoming obsolete below la-st dorsal ray. Head (17 mm.) 3*3 and depth (25) 2*3 in standard length (57-5) ; eye (6-5) greater than intcrorbital (5), snout (5*o), and postorbital portion of head (5*8) ; second dorsal spine (10 mm. ? incomplete) and second anal spine (10) 1*7 in head ; dorsal and anal spines and rays att(muate ; top of head pitted ; supraorbital rugose , a narrow stri]> of minute teeth in each jaw ; breast scaly. Snout dusky , no black blotch on dorsal fin ; greyish marks on upper part of body and a more or less distinct dark stripe along posterior part of sides, as shown lin the accompanying figure ; a conspicuous dark band below the base of the soft dorsal fin. Specimens from Port Darwin and the Pellew Group, North Australia, in the Australian ]\Iuseum may represent a new variety of this species, as in these the lateral dark stripe is broken up into speckles which extend over the lower parts of the iiosterior portion of the sides.* EQUULITES VIRGATUS (Fowler). ■? “ Bindoo karah ” Kussell, Fish. Vizag. 1803, p. 50, pi. Ixiv., in genus Vizagapatam. ? Eqimla hindus Ouvie.v & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. x., Sept. 1835, p. 78, Based on Bussell, pi. 64. Vhzagapatam. Id. Cantor, .lourn. Asiat. Soc. Bengal xviii., 1850, p. 1130* Cat! Malay. Fish. 1850, p. 148 (Sea of Pinang and Coromandel). Id. Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit, Mus. ii., 1860, p. 497. Id. Day, Fish. India, 1876, p, 240. ■iEquula bindoMe.^ Bleekor, Nat. Tijds.l.r, Ned. Ind. i., 1851, pp. 344 and 372 Batavia Id Giinthor, Cat. P’i.sh. Brit. Mus. ii., 1860, p. 501. Leioqnathus virgatm FoNvlor, Jouru. Acad. Nat. Soi. Philad. (2) xii., 4, June 10, 1904, p. 515 pi. xv. loM^or figure to right. Padang, Sumatra. Id. Evermami & Seaie, Bull. U. S Bur Fish' 'iol',” & Bean, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus. Ixii | 1922, j). 22 (Formosa), Leiognathus hindus Queensland. Cuv. & V'al. Ogilby, Ann. Kept. Amat. Fish. Assoc. Qld., 1910-11 (July 1911) p 11 Ogilby’s specimens in “ Endeavour ” coll, examined. ? Not Equula bindus * Mr. Melbourne Ward has water. Broken Bay (Austr. Mus. 'G. P. W., Feb. 1932. recently^ collected s]:)ecimens of Equulites moretoniensis at Pitt- Regd. Nos. lA. 5428-9). New record for New Soutli Wales.— SOME FISHES OF THE FAMILY LEIOGF ATHTDJE. 109’ The F J.V. '' Endeavour ” trawled thirty-live .specimens of this small-headed deep-bodied, Orange-tip Pony Fish,” off Bowen, Queensland. These were identified as Le.iognathus bindus by Ogilby, but differ from Russeirs figure in their proportions, and in having longer fin-spines. They agree fairly well with Fowler’s description of Leiognaihus virgatus, but have the supraorbital rugose and no dark bar on spinous dorsal. Possibly this .species should be made the type of a new subgenus, intermediate in some respects between Eubleekeria and Eqmdile^, but distinct from both in others. D. viii./16 ; A. iii./14 ; P. ii./]4. Head 3*4-:H> and depth 1-5-1-8 in standard length ; a single row of fine teeth in each jaw ; supraorbital with a band of rugosities ; lower ])reopercular margin with small serrations ; lateral line ceasing Ijelow soft dorsal fin ; curved branches ascend the shoulder-region and cross the upper part of the cheek ; breast scaly ; thorax very deep ; ventral profile more convex than that of dorsal ; dorsal and anal spines not nearly as long as head, the fins with dense scaly sheaths ; ventrals subequal in length to eye. After long prcvservation in formalin, the colour has faded to brown, with spaced punctulations on lower part of body and head and inside the mouth. A large dark })lotcli on operculum and a smaller one on each side of the snout anteriorly ; an interrupted fuscous band along each side of tlie dorsal base ; upper part of body with vermiculate greyish markings ; a brown blotch on spinous dorsnl ; inner surface of pectoral base and of gill-opening Avith dark spots. Locedihf . — Seven miles X.N.E, of EoAven, Queensland ; 16 fathoms, August, 1910. Trawled by the F.l.V. Endeavour.” Austr. Mus. Beg. Nos. E. 2528-2520,. 2717-2718 ; lA. 4905 4907, and 4923. New record for Australia. Genus EUBLEEKERIA Fowler, 1904. Eubleekeria Fowler, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. (2) xii., 4, June 10, 1904, p. 516. Orthotype,. Equula splendens Cuvier. This genus, characterised by having the breast scaly and the lateral line com])lete, is closely allied to Leiognathus, sensu siriefo . The species fall into two groups, which may be differentiated into those having the depth less than, or about, 2 in length with no dark mark on na])e (subgenus Eubleekeria) and those with depth more than 2 in length and having a dark nuchal mark. For the latter, I propose the new subgeneric name NUCHEQUULA, with Equula blo('liii Cuv. & Val. as orthotype. EUBLEEKERIA OVALIS (Dc Vis). Equula ovalis Be Vis, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales ix., 3, Nov. 29, 1884, p. 543. Cape York,. Queensland. Types (No. I. 1703) in Queensland Museum, id. Saville-Kent, Prelim. Kept. Footl'Kish. Qld., 1889, p. 10, and Gt. Barrier Reef, 1893, p. 369 (listed only). EquulO' fiwiplex Be Vis, Proe. Liim. Soc. N. S. Wales ix., 3, Nov. 29, 1884, p. 544. Cape York,. QuoeriKland. Types (No. I. 1702) in Queensland Museum. Id. Saville-Kent, Prelim. Kept. Food-Fish. Qld., 1889, p. 10, and Gt. Barrier Reef, 1893, p. 369 (listed only), Leiognuthus omlis McCulIocdi & Whitley, Mem. Qld. ^lus. vih., 1925, p. 145. Id. McCulloch, Austr. Mus. Mom. v„ 1929, p. 213. 110 MKMOIBS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM. Leiognathus simplex McCulloch & Whitley, Mem. Qld, Mus. viii., 1925, p. 145. Id. McCulloch, Austr. Mus. Mem. v., 1929, p. 212. Leiognathus splendens Ogilby, Ann. Kept. Amat. Fish. Assn. Qld., 1910-11, (July 11) p. 11. Id. McCulloch & Whitley, Mem. Qld. Mus. viii., 1925, p. 145. Not Equula splendens Cuvier. T). viii. ir> ; A. iii./U ; V. i./r> : r. IS : C. 16. L. lat, ? Head (114 mm.) 2*9 in length to hypnral joint (34) or 3*7 in total length (43) ; depth (15*5) nearly 2-2 in length to hypnral joint ; eye (4) and interorbital (4) equal to postorbital portion of headi (4) and greater than snout (3) ; second dorsal spine (7) 1-6, and second anal spine (d-o) 2-5 in head. Head longer tlian high and broadest just behind the eyes, its upper profile not so convex as the lover ; vertical ami horizontal diameters of eye equal to one another and to tlie distance across check from eye to the strongly serrated lower preopercular margin ; two antorbital spines and a series of serr^e on the supraorbital ; tAvo large nostrils on each side ; interorbital sunken, boumled on each side by strong ridges winch are A\ idely separated anteriorly but hank, and later join, the median occipital ridge jjosteriorly ; some Avell-markcd radiating stria? at the anterior root of tlie occipital ridge and others on upper part of o]?ercuhim ; a minute opercular spine : preopercular stay prominent, Avith a feAV coarse serrse at its angle : mouth slightly oblique, its gape not extending to below eye ; a band of Avell-developed, hooked. setifor*m teeth in each jaw ; a ])ranch of the lateral line system runs around the posterior margin of the eye and crosses the upper part of the cheek obliquely to ascend the anterior margin of the preorbital, wliere it vanishes before reaching the snout Body subovate, eompress(Hk its jnofiles of about equal couA^exity. The type is now almost completely denuded of scales, but those remaining are large, round, cycloid, and with a simple tube on each of the lateral line scales. The lateral line is noAv damaged, but A\ns apparently originally complete ; a row of strong, backwardly directed sf>ines along each side of the base of the dorsal and anal fins ; a long alar scale at the base of each ventral fin : a ridge extends from the base of the last pectoral ray to near the alar scale and on a ievei with the origin of the spinous dorsal hn ; in advance of this ridge the breast and thorax are scaly. Dorsal preceded by a procumbent spine ; first erect spine small, the second long and strong, with slightly rugose anterior edge, and followed by the third and fourth spines Avith ])rominent serrations on their anterior edges, which are directed to the left and right sid(‘ respectively : the remaining spines are not serrated and decrease in size posteriorly ; tlie rays of the dorsal, anal, jiectoral, and caudal fins are damaged in the tyj)c : anal spines w ithout serrations, the second erect spitie longest and strongest : ventral s]>iue strong, reaching, when adpressed, to tip of procumbent anal spine ; caudal a|)parently forked. General colour, after long preser\ntion in formalin, straw-brownish, Avith dark broAvn pimctulations on snout, extensive membrane of mouth, cheeks, opercles, thorax, and flanks ; upper par’ts of body plain : a black blotch on spinous dorsal membrane. Described from the lectotype of Eqtuda ovalis De Vis, a specimen 43 mm. in total length, selected from ten cotypes, 37 to 45 mm. long. SOME FISHES OF THE FAMILY LEIOGN AT HUJ/E. Ill Locality. — Cape York. Queensland ; collected by Kendall Broadbent. Queensland Museum Reg. No. I. 1703. Synonymy. — On comparing the types of Eqimla simplex with those of E. ovalis, I find no characters to maintain the two as distinct species. The middle-sized of three speennens labelled type in the Queensland Museum (No. I. 13/1702) is hereby designated Icctotype of Eqmda simplex. This specimen has J). viii./16 ; A. iii./14. Head (11.5 nnn.) 3, depth (17) 2 in length to hypural joint (35*5) ; eye (4) equal to postorbital portion of head (4) and a little greater than snout or interorbital (3*7) ; second dorsal spine (7) 1*6 and second anal spine (6) T9 in head ; total length 1% inches. Otherwise agreeing exactly with the description of E. ovalis given above. The types of both species were collected at Cape York by Broadbent at the same time. Affinities. — Eubleel'eria ovalis is closely allied to E. splendens (Cuvier) .from India, but is plumper in build, with the mouth terminal instead of overhung by snout, and has depth T9 to 2*2 in standard length instead of 1*7 to T9 as in Madras specimens of the latter species examined by me. The anterior portion of the lateral line dips downwards slightly in E. ovalis vhereas it is evenly curved throughout its length in E. splendens and the latter species has the upper profile of the head steeper. Besides the types of Equnla ovalis and smiplex from Cape York, I have examined specimens identified as LeiognalJms splendens by Ogilby in the ‘‘ Endeavour ” collection from off Gloucester Head and Bowen and in the Queensland Museum from Cape Bowling Green, collected by Dr. R. Hamlyn-Harris, Reg. Nos. Qld. Mus. I. 1981- 1984 and 1987-1988 ; Austr. Mus. lA. 4908, 4917-4918, 4920, 4924 ; Endeavour ” Nos. E. 2520-2524, 2721, and 2780-2781. EUBLEEKEEIA (NTJCHEQUBLA) NUCHALIS (Temmiuck & Schlegel). Cenirogaster argentatus Houttuyn, Verb. HolL Maat. Weet. Haarlem xx., 2, 1782, p. 334 (fide SherV)orn, ludox Anim.). Japan. Not Leiognathus argenteus Lacepede, 1802, from India; not Equula argeniea Do Vis, 1884, from Queensland. Equula nuchdis Temmiiu^k & 8chIogel, Kaun. Japon. (Poiss., 1845), p. 12(3, pi. Ixvii. (fig. 1). Nagasaki, Japan. Id. Kiciiardson, Kept, loth meet. Brit. As.sii. Adv. 8ci., 1845 (1846), p. 276 (Canton). Id. Blookor, Verh. Bat. Gen. xxv.. 1853, Japan, p. 38 (Nagasaki ; described). Id. Ounthcr, Cat. Fisb. Brit. ^lus. ii., I860, p. 500. Id. Be Vis, J*roc. Liim. Soc. N. 8. Wales ix., 1884, p. 545 (Quoen.sland, i.e.. Cape York; De Vis’ specirnens seen). Id. Saville-Kent, Prelim. Kept. Food-Fish. Qkb, 1880, p. 10, and Gt. Barrier Reef, 1803, p. 369. Leiognathus nuchalift Bleeker, Ned. Tijdsehr. Bierk. iv., 1873, p. 132 and Verb. Akad. Amsterdam xviii., 1870, p. 16 (fide W'eber & Beaufort, 1911). Id. Jordan & Hubbs, Mem. Carnegie Mus. X., 1925, p. 225. Id. McCulloch & Whitley, Mem. Qld. Mas. viii., 1925, p. 145. Id. McCulloch. Austr. Mu.s. Mem. v., 1929, p. 213 (Queensland, &c.). Equula gerreoides Be Vis, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales ix., 1884, p. 545. Cape York, Queensland ; Be Vis’ .specimens seen. Not E. gerreoides Bleeker, 1851, from Batavia. Spelt E. ge^ieoides by Saville-Kent. Leiognathus argentatum Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xxiii., 1901, p, 747. Ex Houttuyn. Japan. Leiognathus argentimn (sic) Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xlii., 1912, p. 412 (Suruga Market, Japan). Leiognathus argenteus Jordan & Metz, Mem. Carnegie Mus. vi., 1913, p. 29 (Fusan). Not L. argenteus Lacepede, 1802, from India. 112 OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM. Leiognathns gerreoides McCulloch & Wliitley, Mem. Qld. Mus. viii., 1925, p. 145. Id. McCullochv Austr. Mus. Mem. v., 1929, p. 212. Four Japanese specimens (Nos. I. 13711-2) in the Australian Museum, presented by Mr. S. Nagakarai, have the following characters : — D. viii./16 ; A. iii./14 ; L. lat. 58-62. Head 3-3 and depth 2-1 in standard length ; supraorbital denticulated ; a band of small bristle-like teeth in each jaw ; form ovate, with general characteristics as shown in Temminck and Schlegel’s figure lateral line complete ; skin of Hanks pitted ; breast and thorax naked ; a. subtriangular dark blotch on each side of nape ; spinous dorsal membrane with a broad dark brown margin ; a few irregular wavy marks on upper part of body and a fuscous band along each side of the bases of the dorsal fins ; snout dusky, with spaced dots above. Day (Fish. India, 1876, p. 241) remarks that the type-specimen of Equula nuckalis has a naked chest. I have not seen Houttuyn's account of this species but,, if his name be binomial, it must take precedence over Temminck and Schlegers. The specimens from Cape A^ork, Queensland, which were listed as Equula mickalis by De Vis, are preserved in the “ old collection” of the Queensland Museum. They agree with my Japanese specimens but have the head (13-18 mm.) 3*2 and the depth (21-21)) 2 in standard length (42-58). Three other specimens in the Queensland Museum (Nos. I. 3491, 3517, 3518) from Bimdaberg, Queensland, presented by Mr.- L. H. Maynard. I have examined the series of small specimens recorded from Queensland as Equula gerreoides by De Vis and regard them as young forms of Eubleelceria {Nucheqioda) mickalis. Gojni.s GAZZA Ruppell, 1835. Gazza Riippell, Neue Wirhelth. Abyssin., Fische, 1835, p. 3. Haplotype, O. equulcejormis Ruppell. Id. Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. .Mus. ii., 1890, p. 506. Id, Klunzinger, Fisehe Rothen Meeres,. 1884, p. 107. Id. Regan, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), xii., 1913, p. 122. Mouth protractile obliquely downwards, armed with a series of well developed curved teeth, largest anteriorly ; gill-rakers elongate ; lower margin of preoperculum serrated; supraorbital smooth, or with only minute serra? ; depth 2 or more in length ; breast naked ; lateral line ceasing on anterior ]>art of caudal peduncle ; dorsal and anal spines not produced ; no dark blotches on head, body, or fins. This genus includes Gazza equulceformis Iiu])pell, whoso figure of the type agrees fairly well with Queensland specimens thus identified by De Vis, and upon wFich the above definition of the genus is based , Gazza min ula ( Bloch), of which Equula dentex Cuv. & Val. is a synonym, G. achlaniys Jordan and Starks, G. iapeimosoma Bleeker and its ally G. dispar De Vis, and G. argenlaria (Bloch & Schneider), with Sparus scombroides and Chromis scombroides Gunther as synonyms. SOME FISHES OF THE FAMILY LEIOGN ATHIDM. 113 GAZZA DISPAR (De Vis). Equula dispar De Vis, Proc. Liim. Soe. N. S. Wales ix., 3, Nov. 29, 1884, p. 542. Cape York, Queens- land. Holotype (No. I. 13/1701) in Queensland Museum examined. Id. Saville-Kent, Prelim. Kept. Food-Fish. Qld., 1889, }). 10, and Ct. Barrier Reef, 1893, p. 369 (listed only). Leiogruitlms dispar McCulloch & AVhitley, Mem. Qld. Mus. viii., 1925, p. 145. Id. McCulloch, Austr. Mus. Mem. v., 1929, p. 212 (listed only). D. viii. ?/17 : A. iii./14 ; P. 18 ; V. i./5 ; C. 16. Head (8-5 ram.) 3, depth (10) 2*6 in length to hypural joint (26) ; eye (3*1) 2*7, interorbital (2.5) 3*4, snout (2*1) 4 in head ; second anal spine (4) 2*1 in head ; dorsal s]hnes damaged in type. The type-specimen of Eqmila dispar is a small specimen, 33 mm. in total length. The spinous dorsal fin, jaws, and opercles are damaged, so that accurate description is difficult and figuring impracticable. Head deep, the upper profile much less steep than the lower ; interorbital with a median ridge, separate from the supraoccipital ridge and flanked on each side by two smooth supraorbital ridges ; two antorbital spines ; eye large, circular, not so deep as cheek below it ; lower preopercular margin irregularly serrated ; maxillary reaching to below anterior fourth of eye ; jaws armed with a single series of strong, rather close-set, slightly curved teeth which are of fairly even height except near the sympliysis, where larger teeth occur ; gill-rakers elongate, pointed, the longest about ] mm. ; thirteen on lower limb of first gill-arch. Body compressed, deepest anteriorly, the lower profile more convex than the upper. The type is now almost denuded of scales. The lateral line follows the curve of the back but is now indistinguishable from below the soft dorsal fin. De Vis, however, remarked that it \vas/‘ continued to the caudal peduncle.” A procumbent dorsal and anal spine ; some raised serrations on the anterior surfaces of the bases of some of the erect dorsal and anal spines ; a small axillary ventral scale ; a slight ridge extending from below pectoral base to near ventral fin ; caudal bilobed. Colour no-w faded to stra-w-yellowish with spaced brown punctulations on lower parts of head and sides and along base of soft dorsal fin. De Vis described the colours as “ silvery-brown on the back with a series of blotches below the base of the dorsals.” Described from the holotype of Equula dispar De Vis, a specimen 26 mm. in standard length or about inches long. Queensland Museum Reg. No. I. 13/1701. Thin species is perhaps merely based on a young specimen of Gazza tapetnosoma Bleeker, but as the latter was originally described from Batavia, I hesitate to relegate the Queensland form to its synonymy without critical com])arison of specimens. Gazza dispar has a more attenuate form than the so-called G. equula/formis Ruppell from Queensland, and seems to iiave fewer teeth than the extralimital G. arge 7 ifaria (Bloch & Schneider). 114 MEMOIliH OF THE QUFPJN^SLAND MUSEUM. Genus LEIOGNATHUS Lacepcde, 1802. Leiogmthn^ Lacepc-do, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv., 1S02. p. 448. Haplotype, L. argenteus Lacepede = Scomber edeyjtulus Bloch. Id. Jordan, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1918 {1919), p. 336 ^not synonymy). Liognathus Agassiz, Noruoncl. Zooh, 1846, Index Univ., pp. 203 and 212. Bmendation for Leiognallm^ Lacepcdt^. Logotype, Leiognathus argenteus Lacepede, by present designation. Id. Began, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1903, ii., Oct. 1903, p. 63. Id. Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xii., 1913, p. 122. Authors who have regarded the E^quiila edeniula of Day s “ Fishes of India ’ as the type of this genus instead of the original Scewher edenhUvs of Bloch (wliich Day seems to have misidentified as Eqmda Hneolaia Cuv. & Val.), appear to have been misled into applying the name Leiognaihns to the group of species which I have here restricted to Kqimla. The true Leiognathus edenlidns (Bloch) ajiparentiy has scaly breast, dorsal dusicy, bars on body, supraorl^ital serrated, snout plain, and lateral line complete, a group of characters which entitles it to generic separation from Equula. LEIOGNATHUS SERRULIFER (Richardson). Equula serrtilifera- Richartlson, Zool. Voy. Erebus and Terror, Fish. 1848, p. 137, pi. lix., figs. 12-14. Sydney, New South Wales. Type in British Museum. Id. Bleeker, \ erh. Akad. Amsterd. ii., 1855, p. 11. Equula edeniula Giinthor, Intr. Stud. Fi.sh., 1880, p. 450, fig. 200. Australia. Copied from Richardson. Not Scomber edenlulus Bloch. E(]uula. edentata (sic) Savillc-Kcnt, Prelim. Rept. Food-Fish. Qld., 1889, p. 5, pi. x., fig. 33 ; E. edentula on p. 10 and on plate, which is copied from Richardson. Id. Saville-Kent, Gt. Barrier Reef, 1893, p. 290, and as E. edeniula on p. 369. Leiognathus serrulifer McCulloch, Austr. Mus. Mem. v,, 1929, p. 212. Richardson’s fish may have been wrongly localised as no member of the family LeiognathidjB has yet been reported from New South Wales.* Saville-Kent’s Queensland record is unsatisfactory and probably refers to a species of Equula. The elongated and strongly serrated dorsal spines slioukl enable this species to be identified without difficulty. LEIOGNATHUS NOVEMACULEATUS (Klunzinger). Equula splejidem var. noveynacAileatus Klunzinger, 8itzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien Ixxx., 1, 1879, p. 55. Port Denison, Queensland. Type in Stuttgart Museum. D. ix./lli ; A. iii./l3-]4. Height 2|, head 4t in length. Second dorsal spine H in head ; no black blotch on dorsal fin (Klunzinger). This may be a species of Enbleekeria, but a re-examination of the type is much to be desired. MACILENTICHTHYS, new genus. Orthotype, MACILENTICHTHYS POPEl, new species. Mouth protractile downwards ; teeth small ; head subequal to depth of body. I). viii./16 ; A. iii./14 ; fin-spines slender, not greatly produced; breast scaly; * Since writing this, I have received specimens of Eqimlites moretoniensis (q.v.) from Pittwater, near Sydney. — G. P. W., Feb. 1932. ^iOME FISHES OF THE FAMILY LEIOGNATIUDTB:. llo lateral line complete ; body elongate, its depth more than 3 in standard length, with irregular dark markings. This genus includes five species from the East Indies, Philippine Islands, Japan, and Formosa, as follows : — Leiognath/w^ ekmgatus Smith & Pope = MacilenticJithys popei Whitley. Equula elongata Gunther = Macilentichthys elongatus (Giintlier). LeiogimthuH Htercorarius Evermann and Seale = Macilentichthys stercorarius (E. and S.). Equula leuciscus Gunther Macilentichthys leuciscus (Gunther). Leiognathus edwardsi Evermann and Seale = Macilentichthys edwardsi (E. and S.). MACILENTICHTHYS POPEI, new species. Lciogyiathus elongatus Smith & Pope, Proc. U. S. Xat. Mus. xxxi.. Sept. 24, 1906, p. 467. Kagoshima, Japan. Kame anticipated by Equula elongata Guiither, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xiv., Nov. 1, 1874, p. 369, from the Celebes, which is apparently congeneric. Smith and Pope's species, characterised by having the head equal to the depth and 3-75 in standard length, eye less than postorbital portion of head, and lower preopercular margin finely serrated, evidently requires a new name, as it has a much more elongate body than Leiognathus and the specific name has been anticipated by Gunther. Genus SECUTOR Gistel, 1848. Secutor Gistol, Handb. Nat. Thierr. hob. SchiiL, 1848, p. ix. Haplotype, Equula insidiator (Bloch). Id. Jordan, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1918 (1919), p. 336. Devexinientum J’owlor, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. (2) xii., 4, June 10, 1904, p. 517. Orthotype, Zeus insidiator Bloch. Equula tlordan & Seale, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm, xxv., 1906, p. 272. Not Equula Cuvier, 1816. J. & S. regard Zeus insidiator as type of Equula but “ Scomber equula Forskaal ” has prior claim as tautotype. Easily distinguished from the other genera of Leiognathidae by having the mouth practically vertical and protractile horizontally. SECUTOR PROFUNDUS (De Vis). Equula profunda De Vis, Proc. Linn. Soc. N, S. Wales ix., 3, Nov. 29, 1884, p. 544. Queensland coast. Holotype (without registered number) in the Queensland Museum examined. Id. Saville-Kent, Prelim. Kept. Food-Fish. Qld., 1889, p. 10, and Gt. Barrier Reef, 1893, p. 369 (listed only). Leiognathus profundus McCulloch & Whitley, Mo/n. Qld. Mus. viii., 1925, p. 145. Id. McCulloch, Austr. Mus. Mom, v., 1929, p. 213. I). viii./lO ; A. iii./14 ; P. ? ; V. i./5 ; C. 16. L. lat. ? Head (c. 10 mm.) 3*7, and depth (23) 1*6 in length to hypural joint (37) ; eye (4) subequal to interorbital (4) and greater than snout (2*9) and postorbital portion of head (3T) ; second dorsal spine (5) 2 and second anal spine (4) 2*5 in head. Hoad elevated, naked, rather shrunken in the type which also has the jaws protracted so that exact measurement of the head is difficult ; eye large, as deep as the cheek below it and equal in length to second anal spine ; nostrils large, the posterior ones twice the size of the anterior ; two upstanding antorbital spines on each side ; supraorbital serrated ; opercles entire, except the convex lower margin of the preoperculum, which is regularly serrated ; mouth protractile in a horizontal direction ; 116 MEMOIHH OF TEE QVEENBLAED MUSEUM. maxillaries subvertical when retracted ; jaws weak, a])parently toothless, though the mandibular symphysis feels rough ; gill-rakers very slender, over 1 mm. long and strongly pectinate ; sixteen on lower limb of first gill-arch. Body very deep and much compressed ; ventral profile deeper and more convex than the dorsal profile, which is more evenly rounded. The type-specimen is denuded of scales, but there are traces anteriorly of a lateral line, which becomes obsolete below^ the soft dorsal fin, and some rather large scale-pockets on the thorax. De Vis noted the scales as ■' minutely granular.’’ Anterior portion of breast apparently naked. Dorsal and anal fins each preceded by a large procumbent spine ; third dorsal and anal spines with some inconspicuous serrations ; base of anal fins less than that of both dorsals ; pectorals damaged, but Avith the second ray thickened ; ventral spine 2 mm. long, rest of fin damaged ; caudal damaged, apparently foi'ked. The colour has now faded to brown \\ ith widely spaced dots on head and lower part of body ; a row of these dots corresponds to the underlying interhaimals of tho anal rays. De Vis described the colours as : “ ColoTir above the vertical line silvery grey, above it a median black longitudinal streak ; between this and the dorsal numerous oblique streaks descending backw ards and on its lower side backwardly ascending streaks from a lower longitudinal stripe defining the vertebral line above.’’ Apparently no black blotch on dorsal fin. Described from the holotype of Equula profunda De Vis, a damaged and semi- macerated specimen, 37 mm. in standard length or about If inch, in total length.. The dorsal spines have become detached, and the specimen is in such poor condition that it has not been figured. Locality. — Cape York, North Qxieensland. Relationships. — Secidor profundus is apparently a valid species distinct from S. ruconius (Buchanan-Hamilton) and S. insidiator (Bloch), Avith Indian specimens of which, from Day’s collection, I have compared it. Australian specimens identified as Equula interrupta^ Cuv. & Val. may be Secutor profundus. Forty-four specimens (Austr. Mus. Nos. lA. 4911-4915, 4921-4922 ; E. 2525- 2527, 2673-2674), trawled off Bowen, Queensland, by the ‘‘ Endeavour,” are apparently referable to this species. MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, Vol. X., Plate XIII, Face page 116. Figures 1 and 2 . — Aurigequula longisjnnis (Cuv. and VaL). Large figure : Holotype of Equula smithursti Ramsay & Ogilby. Hood Lagoon, New Guinea. Small figure : A cotype of Equula asina De Vis. Cape York, North Queensland. MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, Vol. X., Plate XIV. Figure 1 . — Equulites hastatus (Ogilby) Holotype of Equula longispina De Vis, and of Leiognathus hastatus Ogilby. Cape York, Queensland. Joyce K. Allan, del. Figure 2 . — Equulites moretonie?isis (Ogilby). A cotype of Leiognathus moretoniensis (Ogilby) Moreton Bay, Queensland. Joyce K. Allan, del. Face page 116. SOME WA^PS OF THE GENUS ZOYFRWM. 117 SOME WASPS OF THE GENUS ZOYPHIUM. By T. D. A. Cockerell. When I visited Brisbane in 1928, Mr. H. Hacker handed me for description Two species of Zoyphium which he had already determined as new. They are described herewith, and I take the opportunity to add some comments on the characters of the .•genus. ZOYPmUM HACKERI n. sp. $ Length about 7*;5 mm. ; rather robust, with dull surface ; head black, with oral region red ; thorax and legs entirely terra-cotta red ; abdomen with the fiivst segment red, the tergite with a broad whitish hind margin, the remaining segments black ; orbits diverging below ; a little appressed silvery pubescence in the region of the antennae ; antennae red, with the flagellum, except basally, strongly infuscated above ; clypeus clear red, quite pale, minutely and closely punctured, the margin with a pair of small rounded tubercles, very close together, at each extreme side ; labrum broadly rounded, with outstanding golden hairs ; inandibles robust, pale red, black at apex, and with a strong tubercle beneath near base ; front dull, minutely rugulose ; mesothorax bare, very minutely and closely (microscopically) punctured ; scutellum prominent, the sutures before and behind it incised ; pulvilli immense, as usual in the genus ; hind tibiae with very short s})ires posteriorly ; abdomen with pale golden pubescence on apical tergite ; tegular clear red ; wings hyaline, a little dusky at apex, stigma and nervures ferruginous ; basal nervure falling a little short of nervulus, which has a slight double curve, but is essentially in a straight line with lower part of basal nervure (the wing here more like Sericoplioms than the type of -Zioyplhymri) ; second cubital cell very broad below, narrowed to a point above, receiving second recurrent nervure nearer its end than first to end of first cubital ; marginal cell ending practically on costa, not appendiculate. Kuranda, Queensland (H. J. Carter). Owing to the red mesonotum it recalls Z, rufonigrum Turner, but that is much smaller and has no lateral tubercles or clypeus. ZOYPHIUM HUMILE n. sp. ? Length about 5-2 mm. ; rather slender, but with large broad head ; black, the head dull, but the thorax and abdomen moderately shining ; face and front covered with beautiful silvery hair ; antennaB black ; orbits diverging below ; mandibles strongly curved, testaceous with black tips ; labrum dark ; clypeus without lateral tubercles ; prothorax black, not emarginate ; mesothorax minutely, more ■or less transversely, rugose, with very short and sparse silvery hairs ; tegula? dull testaceous ; wings hyaline, tlie small stigma dusky testaceous, tlie nervures verv pale ; basal nervure going a short distance basad of nervulus (style of typical 118 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM. Zoyphium) ; second cubital cell of the usual triangular form, but with a face on marginal, nearly as long as lower side beyond second recurrent nervure ; first recurrent ending a considerable distance from end of first cubital ; marginal cell pointed, but not quite on costa, and not distinctly appendiculate ; knees, tibiae (hind pair with a dusky suffusion behind) and tarsi red ; abdomen polished, with thin silvery white hair at sides ; apical plate narrow. Bribie Island, Queensland, Nov., 1918 (H. Hacker). Buns in the table near Z. argyreum Hacker & CklL, or possibly Z. iridipeiine Turner, but very distinct from both. Z. argyrevm has a j)ale clypeus. Turner reinarked (1914) that Zoyphium could oidy be separated from Sericophorus by the absence of an appendix to the marginal cell. He questioned whether the genera should be kept apart. In Sphodrotes the marginal cell is obliquely truncate, with the apex far from costa, and appendiculate. In Sericophorus this truncation is smaller, the tip more nearly approaching the costa. The truncation is very narrow indeed in S. bicolor Sm., yet it is there, and a long appendicular nervure is present. In Zoyphium the tip has moved a Imost to the costa, and the appendicular nervure has disappeared, or is represented by the merest stump. Thus the character, though rather insignificant, does serve tcj distinguish the genera without fail. It is possible that microscopic studies of the mouthq)arts and genitalia will eventuallv indicate that there has been parallel evolution, some, species of Sericophoriis and Zoyphium being more nearl^\- related to one another than to their ostensible congeners. If we take oidy the type species of the two genera, the differences apjiear more numerous. Thus, in Herkophorus [S. rhalybcrus Sm.) theanallobe of hind wing is larger ; in Zoyphium (Z. sericeum Kohl) it is small. In S'., the basal nervure falls short of the nervulus ; in Z. it goes beyond (basad of) it. In N. the second cubital cell receives the recurrent nervure far beyond t he' middle ; in Z., at the middle. In S. the third discoidal hardly bulges outward apically ; in Z. it distinctly bulges. Unfortunately these characters are not constant within the genera. Thus in Nericophorus bicolor Sm. the basal nervure goes basad of the nervulus, while in 8 . viridis Sauss. it falls a little short of it. In Zoyphium crasskorne Ckll. the basal nervure goes far basad of the nervulus, and the second cubital cell receives the second recurrcjit nervure far beyond the middle. In Z. affine H. & C., the basal nervure goes a moderate distance basad of nervidus, and the second cubital receives the recurrent only slightly beyond the middle, thus approaching much more nearly the venation of the genotype. In Z. ■spJendidum H. &. C„ the second recurrent is far beyond middle of second cubital, in this respect resembling Sericophoriis. It remains to be learned whether the habits of the two genera differ api>reciably. It is a strilcing example of the influence of convention or custom that genera so nearly allied as Serkophorus and Zoyphium are separated, Avhilc the characteristic Australian Acanthoskthus, with many species, is treated as a subgenus of Nysson. I suggest that Acanthoskthus should be projuoted to generic rank. ACKIBIOBEA AVS DEM QUEENSLAND MUSEUM ZU BEISBANE. iiy ACRIDIODEA AUS DEM QUEENSLAND MUSEUM ZU BRISBANE. Von Yngve Sjostedt, Stockholm, Family TETTIGIT)^. Peraxelpa monstrosa Sjost. n. gen. et n. sp. Mt. Tambourine (H. Hacker).* Loxilobus jmlcker Bol. Brisbane (Hacker), Mai, Juli, Sept, Nov., Caloundra (Hacker). Okt. Coptotettix planus Bol. National Park, Queensland (Hacker). Nov. ParaBdlix amplus Sjost. Bidsbane (Hacker). Feb., April. Faratettix nigrescens Sjost. Healesville Hist. Viet. (Eland Shaw), Febr., April, Sc])t., Brisbane (Hacker) April. ParateUix histricus St?\l. Blackall Range (Wild) April. Paratettix femoralis Bol. Brisbane (Hacker) Jan., Marz, Juli, Sept., Okt., Nov. Healesville Distr. Viet. (Shaw) April, Nov., Gold Creek (Hacker) Nov., Caloundra (Hacker) Okt. (zahlreich.). Bol. Brisbane (Hacker) Febr., April, Juli. ParateUix argillaceus Erich. Healesville Distr. Viet. (Shaw) Miirz, April, Sept., Nov. (zahlreich.) Brisbane (Hacker) Juni. ParateUix inalatus n. sp. Black’s Spuv. Paratettix dunlcensis n. 'sp. Dunk Isl. Paratettix quinquecarinatus n. sp. Brisbane (Hacker). Vinselina trituberculata n. -sp. Mt. Tambourine (Hacker). truxalid.t:. Callitala major Sjost. Brisbane (Hacker) Febr., Mai, Acrida turrita Lin, Brisbane (Hacker), Healesville Distr. Viet. (Shaw). FroggaUia australis Walk. Brisbane u. Caloundra (Hacker u, Shaw) Jan., Okt. (gemein !). Austrohothrus ustatus Sjost. Mt. Yole, Healesville Distr. Viet. Febr. (alae basi in vivo flavae !) Cryptobothrus chrysophorus Rehn. Tooloom, N. S. W. (Hacker) Jan., Brisbane (Hacker) Jan. Cliam Creek, Dec. Cryptobothrus pidcher n. sp. Healesville Distr, Viet. (Eland Shaw). Nchizobothrus fiavovittatus Sjost. Healesville Distr. Viet. (ShaAv) April (gemein !). Piapsitla fusca Sjost. Brisbane (Hacker) Marz, Mai. Caledia propinqua Walk. Brisbane (Hacker) Jan., Mai., Okt., Bribie Is. (gemein!). * The new genera and species in thij list are described in Arkiv ior Zoologi '(Stockholm), Band 23 A. No. 11, 1931.— Kd. 120 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM. Calataria terminifera Walk. Hcalesville Dlstr. Viet. (Shaw). Calataria terminifera var. elegans Sjost. Hcalesville Distr. \hct. (Shaw). Chortoicetes vulgaris Sjost. Australia. Aiolopus taynulus Fabr. Brisbane (Hacker), Mt. Tambourine (Hacker). Cunnamulla (Wild), Healesville Distr. Viet. (Shaw), Febr., Mai, Okt. OEDWODJDAF. Gastrivmrgus m,usicus Fabr. Healesville Distr. Viet. (Shaw) Jan., Marz. Oedale/ns australis Sauss. var. plana Sjost. Ark. Zool. Bd. 22 A. N-7 p, 2 (1931), Healesville Distr. Viet. (Shaw), April, Brisbane (Hacker), Miirz. Ileteropternis obscurella Blanch. Q. M. Blackall Range (VAJd) 2. V. 11, Stradbroke Is. u. Brisbane (Hacker), Mai, Sept., Oct., Dec. Pycnostictus seriatus Sauss. Brisbane (Hacker), Mai, Sept., Stradbroke Isl. (Hacker), Sept., Oct., Dec. Mt. Tambourine (Hacker) April, Brisbane Distr. (Shaw) Gemein. PYRGOMORPHTD'F. Actractomorpha crenatkeps Blanch. Brisbane (Hacker) Jan., Mai, N. Pine River, Juli, Blackall Range Q. M. (Wild) April. Moyiistria concinna Walk. Healesville Distr. Viet. (Shaw). acridiiixt:. Gesonia reciicereus Sjost. Brisbane (Hacker) April. Oxya velox Fabr. Brisbane (Hacker) April, Stradbroke Is. (Hacker) Dec. Bermiella acuM St“l. Brisbane Distr. (Shaw). o Bermius Siali Sjost. Brisbane (Hacker) April. Mefhiola genienla.ta St.il. Brisbane (Hacker). Betisca pedestris Er. Healesville Distr. Viet. (Shaw). Cervidia lobipes StM. Lr. Burdekin Distr. N. Q, (L. Kelly). Coryphistes longipeymis Sjost. Brisbane (Hacker) Jan. Adreppus brevirostris Sjost. Brisbane et Stradbroke Is. ; Caloundra (Hacker). Adreppus rotundoalatus Sjost. Brisbane (Hacker). Gonima ausiralasicje Leach. Stradbroke Isl. (Hacker) Dec. Goniceafusca Tepp. Mt. Yule, Healesville Distr. Viet., Brisbane (Hacker) Jan., Febr., April. Gonima ^namlkoriiis StB. Brisbane u. Stradbroke Isl. (Hacker), Brisbane T. C. Marshall), Blackall Range Q. M. (gemein) Mai, Sept. -Dec. Etwas kleiner als die ebenfalls von Queensland stammenden Typen : o DeckH. 24-26, o 41-43 mm. Audi dicht fein dunkel gefleckte Ex. kommen vor. Gonima rugulosa St:B. Brisbane u. Stradbroke Isl. (Hacker), Birkdale, Febr., April, Dec. ACinmODEA AVS DEM QUEENSLAND MUSEUM ZU 7SEISBANE, 321 Gonicea vitripennis Sjost. Daly River N. T. (C. G. L.). Pardillana limbata StPil. Brisbane (Hacker) Febr., April. Gonl(Poidea hiforrna Sjost. Daly River N. T. (C. G. L.). (Jirphula soror Sjost. Stradbroke Isl. (Hacker) Okt. Macrolopholia tuherculafa Walk. Sine patria indicata (Brisbane ?). Epallia exigua Sjost. Brisbane (Hacker) Okt. Phavlamdium gemini Sjost. Stradbroke Isl. (Hacker), Firnshaw, Mai, 1911. Eumacrotona securiformis Sjost. Healesville Distr. Viet, (Shaw). Cedarinia vermic/ulata Stal. Brisbane. Tasmaniacris iasmaniensis Bol. Tasmania ; Mt. Wellington. Tasmaniacris micropferyx n. sp. Tasmania : Cam River. M acrazelota flavi’pemnis n. sp. Brisbane et Stradbroke Isl. Valanga mac/ulicollis Walk. Brisbane (Hacker). Valmiga niaculicollis var. vittata Sjost. Sine patria indicata (Brisbane ?). Valanga irregularis Walk, et var. signata Sjost. Brisbane (Hacker n. Shaw) Mai. (tres sine patria indicata). Austacris proxmia proxima Walk. Brisbane (Hacker) Palm Isl. N. Q., Mai, Aug. Austacris guitulosa guUulosa Walk. (locality ?). Carlijypia rubripes Sjost. Brisbane et Stradbroke Isl. (Hacker), Firnshaw : Mars, Nov., Dec, Catantops angustifrons Walk. Stradbroke Isl. (Hacker) Dec. C 122 UEMOIBS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM. BARNACLES FROM MAGNETIC ISLAND, NORTH QUEENSLAND. By Thomas H. Withers, F.G.S., F.Z.S. Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum. (Text-figs. 1, 2.) Two pieces of limestone containing remains of barnacles were submitted to me for examination and report by Mr. H. A. Longman, Director of the Queensland IVruseum, in 1930. These barnacles he thonght belonged {see Longman, Abstr. Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, 1930 (1929), ]>. x.) apparently to Coronula, a form found living attached to whales. The pieces of limestone were found by Miss Marian Rowland among rocks considerabl\' above high-water mark on Magnetic Island, North Queensland. Evidently they represent a comparatively recc.7it de]70sit, possibly of Pleistocene age, ami both pieces were apparently originally attached to a pink biotite granite, for fragments of such a rock can be delected on the nnder surface of each. One piece (E. 2()2(i) is compo.sed almost entirely of a mass of Serpula tubes vhich have grown over a number of barnacles. Now that it has been removed from its original attachment, only the base.s of the barnacles can be seen. Among the barnacles is a single specimen of TetmcUla with its typical cellular walls, but the four compartinciits can only be seen on the inner side of the sheath. There are also five examples of Oriomcris, in wliieh the eight compartments are clearly shown, and seven examples of Chfhamalus, showing their six compartments. ‘'^'^'^ond specimen consists mainly of the remains of barnacles, apparently all belonging to Ociomeris. but so encrusted with calcareous matter that only in a few instances is it at all jiossiblo to see the. form of the shell. Both pieces of ‘limestone are somevliat waterworn, and the bases of the barnacles are worn down. I'ai'iiac'les are tlierefore reiire.sented, namely, Tetradita, Odmnens, and Chthamalus, and all three inhabit the littoral zone. So far Odomeris has not been recorded from Australasian waters Family BALANIILF. Genus TETEACLITA, Schumacher, 1817. TETRACLITA sp. The single shell shows only the base, and it is not possible from this to determine more than «ie genu.s It possibly represents one of the varieties of Tetradita squamosa (Briiguiere). The shell has a rostro-carinal length of 26 mm. BAHNACT.EH FROM MAGNETIC lAI.AND, NOKTIf QIM^IENSLAND. 12:i Family CHTHAMALID.F. Geims CHTHAMALUS, Ranzani, 1817. CHTHAMALUS sp. There are seven examples on specimen P. 2026, all showing only the base of the shell, and one has the inner surface of the opercular valves exposed. The walls of the shell are tliick, although aft(ir due allowance has been made for the fact that they have been worn down by erosion, they are probably no thicker than in the Australasian species C. antennatus Darwin (1854, p. 460, pi. xviii., fig. 2). They may even belong to that species, but the apparent toothed edges of the radii, and the sinuous basal margin of the scutum, does not allow one to be at all confident. Largest shell with a rostro-carinal lengtli of 7 mm. Genus OCTOMERIS, G. B. Sowerby, 1825. So far this genus is known only by 0. angiilosa G. B. Sowerby (1825, p. 244, pi. xii. Suppl.) from South Africa, by 0. hrunnea Darwin (1854, p. 484, pi. xx., figs, 3a, b; Nilsson-Cantell, 1021, }>. 200, text-hgs 58, 50, pi. iii, fig. 7 ; 1926, p. 1 ; 1030, p. 10) from the Philippine Archipelago, Sumatra, Java, and Pisang Island, S.W, of New Guinea, and by 0. interniedia Nilsson-Cantell (1021, p. 303, text-figs. 60-61, iii. fig. 8 ; 1026, p. 1) from Java. OCTOMERIS CRASS A sp. n. (Text-figs. 1, 2). Diagnosis . — Shell brownish coloured, depressed, closely but not so regularly ribbed radially as in 0. hrunnm, with numerous interlocking ribs along the natural edges ; walls extremely thick. OCTOMERTS CRASSA n. Sp. Fig. 1.— Shell, viewed from the base. Fig. 2— Lateral and carino-lateral compartments, attached, (a) Outer view ; (5) inner view, 124 MEMOins OF THE QVKKN^LAFn MV&EVM, Holotijpe. — A shell with its base only exposed (%. 1) on slab F. 2026, in the Queensland Museum. Four other shells are on the same slab, all showing their bases. On another slab are remains of numerous individuals, mostly broken, including one poorly exposing the outer surface, and from this slab were obtained the two attached compartments (figs. 2a, b). Locality . — ]\lagnetic Island, North Queensland. Description . — Shell circidar, depressed, with eight compartments, the carino- lateral compartments narrower than the Icvteral. Basis membranous. Radii comparativ^ely narrow, toothed, the teeth representing the upper part of the ribs on the sutural edges of the compartments (fig. 3). Walls, even after allowing for the wearing down of the base by erosion, extremely thick. Largest shell with a rostro- carinal length of 20 mm. Comparison with other species. — 0. crassa is readily distinguished from 0. angidosa, which has the shell steeply conical and the surface extremely rugged, for the radiating ribs are irr-egular and stand out quite sharply with extremely deep intervening de})ressions. 0. brnnnea agrees with O. crassa in the close-set radial ribs, but the ribs are finer and more regidar ; the main difference from 0. crassa, however, lies in the very thin walls. 0. iniermedhis has a shell less flattened than in 0. brnnnea and O. crassa, but not so steep as in O. angulosa ; it has ribs like 0 . ang^dosa, although a little weaker, and the sutures have distinct teeth which are fewer and larger than in 0. angulosa, and much fewer than in O. crassa. The walls of the shell of 0. intermedins are not so thick as in. 0 . crassa. LITERATURE REFERRED TO. Darwin, C. R., 1854. A Monograph on the Sub-class Cirripedia with figures of all the Species. The Balanicltc, &c., viii., 084 pp., 80 plates. London : Ray Soc. Nilsson-Cantell, C. A., 1921. Cirripedeiv-Studien, Zur kenntnis der Biologie, Anatomie und Systematik dieser Gruppe. Zool. Bidmg Up'psala, VII., pp. ix, 75-394, plates i.-iii., 89 text-figs. Nilsson-Cantell, C. A., 1926 (Feb.). Neue und wenig bekannte Cirripoden aus den Museen zu Stock- holm und zu Upsala. Ark. Zool., XVllI.u, Xo. 3, pp. 1-46, plate i., 15 text-figs. Nilsson-Cantell, C. A., 1930, Rcsultats Scientifiques dii Voyage aiix Indes Orientales Neerlandaises. Cirripedes. M(m. Mas. Boy, Hist. Hot. Belg., III., Fasc. iii., pp. 1-24, 7 text-figs. Sowerby, G. B., 1825 (July). On a New Genus of Cirripedes. Zool. Journ., IT., pt. 6, pp. 244-5, plate xii., (Suppi.). SOME EARTliyVOEMH VnOM (^VEEN HLAM). lL>r) SOME EARTHWORMS FROM QUEENSLAND. By W. Boardman, Assistant Zoologist. The Australian Museum. (By permission of the Trustees of The Australian Museum). (Text-figures I -2). Family MEGASCOLECTD/IT Subfamily M EGASCOLECIN^. Genus DIGASTER E. Perrier. DIGASTER LONGMANI. sp. aov. External Characters. — Length about 520 mm. ; diameter ])ehiiid the clitellum about 18 mm, in front 20 mm., but dimensions difficult to determine accurately owing to distortion and swelling of tlie specimen. Colour in formalin ; Behind the clitellum light mole-brown, in front deeper mole-brown ; clitellum very dark brown. Number of segments about 315 ; segments v.-xiii. biaimular, iii. and iv. faintly so ; vii.-xiii. have also an additional less well-defined annulus lietween the main one and the posterior furrow ; iii.-vii. show more or less faintly defined annular rings, one in front of, one behind, the principal anmdus. Prostomium proepilobous. Dorsal pores begin in furrow 5/6. Setpe widely paired. In front of the clitellum ah = ;j- aa = h be = | cd ; behind the clitellum ah -= i aa = J be = f ed ; at midbody ab = \aa ^ <\hc = eel ; dd is greater than half the circumference. The setae are very difficult to discern on the pre-clitellar region except on a couple of segments immediately preceding the clitellum. The clitellum is well developed, complete all round, and embraces segments xiv.-xviii. (=5). The intersegmental furrows are visible, dorsal pores absent, setae (except a and b on xviii.) present. Male pores paired on xviii., in form of transverse slits lying within, and almost as long as, ah ; lips tumid, cream in colour. The left pore is excentrically placed on a somewhat ovate papilla with uncertain boundaries which extends a little beyond ah dorsaily and ventrally, })laced rather nearer the ventral and posterior boundaries. 12t; MEMOIRS OF TTIF QUKFKHLAND MUHF.UM, The right pore is placed at the ventral-most corner and slightly nearer the posterior than the anterior edge of a somewhat diamond-shaped, flattened, glandular area which extends from just ventral of a to a distance beyond b about equal to ah. Between the two papillic there is a well-defined groove which bifurcates at the papillae to include about a half or less of them in the fork so formed. The posterior limb of each bifurcation is the continuation of a deeper, narrower groove wdiicli forms the posterior portion of the main one. The female pores are paired and close together on xiv., anterior of the setae ring. The spermathecal pores are two pairs situated at the anterior edge of viii. and ix. in grooves 7/8 and 8/9. The setae are not visible on these segments, but the pores seem to be about in line with, or just dorsal of, a. On the ventral surface of segments viii.-xii. there is a glandular strip posteriorly bounded by the segment edge, anteriorly just clear of the central annulation furrow, and extending beyond b on each side to about half way between b and c. These strips have a definite deep pink colour. Internal Anaiomy . — Septum 0/7 muscular and thick ; 7/8 somewhat thicker ; 8/9 considerably thicker than 7/8 but only about half as thick as 9/10 ; 11/12 enormously thickened ; 10/11 and 12/13 less stout but still very thick, 12/13 being the stouter ; 9/10 a little thinner than 10/11 ; 13/14 about the same as 8/9. Gizzards Avell developed and bulbous in vi. and vii. Large intestine commences in xviii. There is in xi. a structure which looks like and probably is a calciferous gland ; it is unpaired and placed saddle-wdse on the intestine of which it embraces about tw'o-thirds. Vascular swellings present in xii.-xv. Last heart in xiii. The excretory system is micronephric with numerous micronephridia in each segment, which are ])ai'ticularly plentiful in the segments in front of xix. ; in xix. and from thence backwards micronephridia less numeroxis and tend to be aggregated in a transverse band in the middle of the segment. Testes and funnels paired and free in xi. There is a single pair of large, loosely granular seminal vesicles in xii. attached to the anterior septum of the segment and approximated above the intestine. Prostates paired in xviii., flattened, tongue-shaped ; they are comparatively small and lie on the floor of the segment. The duct is short and slender and joins the gland at the level of the imier surface of the body w^all. Penial setae absent. Ovaries and funnels paired in xiii. SOME EABTHW0RM8 FROM QVEEN8LANT). 127 (Text-figure 1.) Figure 1. Digaster longmani, sp. nov. Spermatheca from holotype. The spermathecse are two pairs normally occurring in viii. and ix., but the left one of the anterior pair has become dis]daccd forward into vii. General shape of spermatheca tubular ; ampulla ovoidal, half as broad as long, slightly less than half the total length of the organ. The duct is about one-third as broad as long ; has one or two conspicuous, obliquely placed saccnlations about half way from the ectal end, if two, they are on opposite sides and converge ectally. Diverticulum small, trans- versely elongate, ovoidal structure obliquely placed near the opening of the duct ; extends almost across the flattened side of the duct, sessile. Within the diverticulum there are visible several iridescent clumps of sperm. Remarkft.- — '^I'he species Digaste:r longmani seems to be most closely related to I), brimnms Spencer, from which, however, it differs in several characters, notably in the s]X‘rmatheca, These two species are unique within the genus in being metandric. Tambourine Mountain, Southeni Queensland. One complete specimen (the holotype) aiul four fragments including a head end. Donated by C. (Jolquhoun, and registered G. 084. Genus WOODWARDIELLA Stephenson. WOODWARDIELLA TRYONI (Fletcher). 1890. Cryptodrilus Tryoni, Fletcher, Free. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., iv. (2), pt. 3, p. 994. 1910, Woodwardia (?) Tryoni^ Miehaelsen, Kungl. Sven. Vet.-Akad. Hand. 52, No. 13 (Mjoborg’s Austral. Kxpd.), p. 02. A single specimen from Brisbane, 580 mm. long, soft and poorly preserved, is referred to Fletcher's Cryptodrilus tryoni, although it differs in some points from the original description. The nephridiopores are in furrows 1/2, 2/3, 5/0, and thence in alternate furrow's in d ; in 3/4, 4/5, and thence in alternate furrow's to 10/11 in c, further back in b. Fletcher describes the spermathecse as “ three pairs, each of them with two caeca.” This would seem to indicate that the caeca or diverticula are simple. In the specimen before me the ampulla is somewhat tubular, bloated a little in its proximal half and at the wddest portion one-third to a haK as broad as long ; the duct short, about two and a half times as long as broad, the length less than half the length of the ampulla. The tw'o diverticula are attached close together on the anterior face of ,128 MEMOinS OF THE QVh:ENSLAK7) MUSEUM. the duct about half-way down ; the form of the diverticiilum is very variable ; it may be a short, simple, club-shajied structure scarcely extending to the junction of the am])ulla and duct or it may be com 2 :)osed of a cluster of from two to four tubules of varied lengths, sometimes somewhat convoluted and anastomosed (varying from slightly to almost completely) from the base distally. The component tubules of a compound diverticulum may be sufficiently long to extend well beyond the junction of the ampulla and the duct. The ])rostates are small, narrow, tongue-shaped bodies confined to xviii., finely granular ; tlie duct is very short, traversing only the body wall. Although not sectioned the external appearance of the prostate leaves little doubt that the glandular part has a branched canal system. Penial setae present but seemingly all with the tip missing and too damaged for examination. Locn/%.— Brisbane, Queensland. Donated by W. E. Weatherill and registered Don. 14373. WOODWARDIELLA YOUNGI, sp. nov. External fferactera.— Length 3fi0 mni., diameter 9-10 mm. In alcohol the colour is mole-grey dorsally, with a greenish tinge on the head end as far back as and including the clitcllar segments ; brownish-cream ventrally. Number of segments 225. Prostomium proepilobous. Dorsal pores commence in furrow G/7. Setae widely paired in regular lines, lu front of the clitellum ab = ^ aa ^ > A be = = cd ; behind the clitellum ab = jL aa = | be = cd ; at midbody ab = ^ aa = I, be = cd ; dd is loss than half the circumference. The clitellum embraces segments xiv.-| xviii. (= 4§) and also encroaches slightly on xiii. ; the three anterior segments are complete all round ; onxvii. extends to the dorsal limit of the genital j>its on each side and then across the ventral portion of the segment as a strip immediately anterior of the genital pits ; on xviii. cut away like a saddle. Setfe present, dorsal pores absent, interscgmental furrows visible. Ventral surface of xviii. glandular generally ; seta a on each side absent ; seta b surrounded by a darkened, somewhat eircidar halo of slightly swollen epidermis about equal to ab in. diameter ; from these halos the j'^igmentation not so deep continues ventrally and finally fades out just beyond a. Male pores could not be discerned from an external examination ; dissection demonstrates that they are jiaired and open in the immediate vicinity of b. The female pores are distinct and paired on xiv. ; they lie one at each end of a comparatively wide V-shaped groove just anterior of the setfe ring. The spermathecal pores are three pairs in furrows 6/7, 7/8, and 8/9 slightly dorsal of 6, ^oME KAirnnvifiiM^ f]a)m qi eee^ljni). 129 On the ventral surface of x. and xi. there is on each side a brownish, oval, glandular patch somewhat less than twice as long as broad ; the posterior curve extends just beyond the setae ring, anteriorly well clear of the intersegmental furrow ; the dorsal limit is just beyond h and the v(mtral limit rather more beyond a. On xvii. there is a ]>air of transversely elongate ‘‘ pits ” each about three-fifths as wide as long with tumid, glandular lips ; the posterior lip of each groove which is wide includes setic a and b ; the structiu’es extend ventrally and dorsaliy a little beyond a and b respectively. On xix. tlu're is a ]>air of I’aised, battened, gluiulular cushions about twice as long as broad, somewhat rectangular in general shape witlt the angles rounded ; seti.e a and b are included in the posterior edge ; ventrally and dorsaliy these areas extend a little beyond a and b respectively. On the right side of xx. there is what a[)p('ars to be a similar but rmlittientary cushion ; it is much smaller, extends less distance beyond a and not quite to b. [fiternal Septa b/O-b/lO progressively thickened ; 10/11 and 11/12 very stout ; 12/13 about the same as 8/9 ; 13/14 and 14/15 about the same as 0/7 and 5/G respectively ; 15/10 almost as thin as the normal ones further back. Gizzard in v. large and bulbous. Calciferous glands are five pairs in segments ix.-xiii. ; they are attaclied ventrolaterally to the intestine by a broad base ; large intestine commences in xvi. Last heart in xiii. Excretory system meganephric. Testes and funnels paired and free in x. and xi. Seminal vesicles, two pairs, in ix. and xii., small ; the anterior ]>air the smaller, attached rather high up to the front face of the septum ; the posterior pair attached to the posterior face of the septum and situated lateral of the (esophagus. Prostates paired in xviii., kidney-shaped ; -duct short, straight, and slender. Penial setse absent. Ovaries and funnels paired in xiii. (Text-figuro 2.) Figure 2. Woodwardiella yotingi, sp. nov. Sperinatheca from holotype. Ihe spermathecie are three paii-s in vii., viii., and ix. The duct is slender and slightly curved, above the diverticulum gradually expands towards the base of the ampulla ; about two thirds as long as the ampulla. Ampulla generally cylindrical, D MKMOn^S OF THE QlOCK^’SLASD MVSKVM, VM^ sometimes the ])roximal lialf is a little bloated, end rounded ; width slightly less than half the length. Diverticulum or diverticula anteriorly attached to, and originating at a ])oint about two-thirds along from the opening of, the duct ; slender, tubular, iridescent, and much contorted. Tlie diverticulum may be simple but at a j)oint nearer or further from the junction with the duct generally bifurcated ; usually one of the branches shows a secondary bifurcation. In the spermatheca from vii. (left) there are three diverticula which originate from tlie duct as a trifurcate bunch of simple tubes arrang(Hl very close together and transversely. Tlie spermatheca from ix. (loft) has an unbranched diverticulum terminating in a rather hard bulb (probably due to disease or a vagary of the preserv^ation) having a diameter about four times that of the diverticulum. Parafi/pe . — The single paratype differs in some details from the holotype ; it is ca. 2b0 mm. long and has 194 segments. The five segments immediately preceding the clitellum distinctly biannulate, the two in front of these faintly so. It differs from the holotype in having the prostomium epilol)ous (to*igue cut off l)ehiml), and the dorsal ]>ores conniicncing in a/b. Tlie clitellum encroaches very slightly on xiii. and does not extend further back than Jxviii. On xviii. setm a and h absent. The male pores which are very difficult to discern seem to be a little, anterior and slightly ventral of b, Co})ulatory cushions absent from xi. and pits ” Jiot developed on xvii. ; there is a pair of cushions on xx. and a less well-developed one on tlie Udt side of xxi. Two spermatheca! wore dissected, one from the left side of vii. and viii. respectively. The first has four div^erticula, one of which is bifurcated ; they are arranged transversely across the duct and originate very close together. Tlie second has two diverticula similarly originating close together, both of Avhich are bifurcated for most of their length. In the paratype tlie diverticula are relatively longer than in the holotype. Th(‘ vas defewens joins the prostatic duct at its union with the gland. Sherwood, Brisbane, Queensland ; June, 1925. Two specimens donated by J. E. Young and registered G. 783. Genus PLUTELLUS E. Perrier; subgenus PLUTELLUS Michaelsen. plutellus (PJutellus) unicus (Fletcher) subsp. fasciatas (Fletcher). 1890. Cryptodrilus (9) fnsciatus, Fletciier, Proc. Liim. Soe. K.S.W., iv. (2), pt. 3, p. 988. Three specimens which agree with Fletcher's description of his Cryptodrilus (?) fasciatus are identified as this subspecies. Locality . — Queensland National Park, Maepherson Range, Southern Queensland : two specimens collected by H. Hacker, December 1919 ; one specimen collected by H, A. Longman, September 1931. My thanks are due to Mr. H. A. Longman, Director of the Queensland Museum, for permission to examine the material which forms tlie basis of this contribution. All the specimens are lioused in the Queensland Museum, Brisbane. Frederick Phillips, Government Printer, Brisbane. \ }