sheer te se teehee rerereserkrerieitdeeel wey? oe ee ee reer ee ye ee we OT NE Ss oe ees bebe Be poset ei . eeeerert ts chaee een thoes < pojessr esos eter ressetes cope ett ae te myeseperevene ete tateagse ett Pee ett ahs tie Se + yes aarti vbeeoes Scaceelsteheeeee viet ‘4 Sie ihe 3 SESS eSNG, saree We ” tay ~~ 1 bdeg . osbney ermieier tinier: bea Socsteteteaten wt rre, ti beh teense 167) i wptre-eitit rs tse [ey tsee4 boda bis ieteees et ves v 1 € 4 ‘o> + ithe bes - bees tre oe wy \ mer, ree 3 Poe (lass | 4 =. ~ + =} pe oe - ae: cy". - : ry eRe , : f j Tos Tous - : 5 . : * ee Ne seus . vue i we ’ & 4 Sis : y Al iu a 4 e : vuvee 19 ®. ° 3 ites » a ve 7 ' visivis auch ae | “ ; “vin OF 7 j < i “ i . ~ . ve " ‘ 4 ’ s e e 7 7 = ; c ’ . 4 P ’ ‘ - _ be S , 3 ; : as A a as cls SE RSE CRneneneneeeoseeesie ees eae 5e a a. its faggot i vis - : " . t : on ; > ‘ : ian —_ he. i é ai 56TH ConerREss, | SENATE. : { DocumENT 2d Session. t Noy 39: MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, TRANSMITTING A COMMUNICATION FROM THE SECRETARY OF STATE, FORWARDING - THE REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES COMMISSIONER 10 THE INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION OF 1898 AT BERGEN, NORWAY. DrcEMBER 11, 1900.—Read, referred to the Committee on Fisheries, and ordered to be printed. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1901. r tt he totas PLATE |. 56TH CONGRESS, | SENATE. | DocuMENT 2d. Session. { Ie NoOn39: MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, TRANSMITTING A COMMUNICATION FROM THE SECRETARY OF STATE, FORWARDING THE REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES COMMISSIONER TO THE INTERNATIONAL FISHERTES EXHIBITION OF 1898 AT BERGEN, NORWAY. December 11, 1900.—Read, referred to the Committee on Fisheries, and ordered to be printed. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 1oOr. al 4 \ —__ wereie p AIK ER: ae a 4 : d KAK HRS ® 5 th UNITED STATES EXHIBIT, IN MAIN BUILDING, Photographed by Nyblin. To the Senate and House of Representatives: I transmit herewith a communication from the Secretary of State, forwarding the report of the United States commissioner to the Inter- national Fisheries Exhibition of 1898 at Bergen, Norway. Wintuiam McKIntey. EXECUTIVE MANSION, Washington, December 10, 1900. The PRESIDENT: I have the honor to submit for transmission to Congress the report of the United States commissioner to the International Fisheries Exhibition of 1898 at Bergen, Norway. Respectfully submitted. Joun Hay. DEPARTMENT OF STATE, Washington, December 6, 1900. Iil Pak enna *, Fa aaa He DEPARTMENT OF STATE, Washington, March 2, 1898. Str: The President having, under the joint resolution of Congress approved February 17, 1898, appointed you to represent the United States at the International Fisheries Exposition to be held at Bergen, Norway, from May 16 to September 30, 1898, I inclose herewith your commission in that capacity. I also inclose a copy of the joint resolution. Its object is to secure at the exposition a suitable and proper exhibition and display of the food fishes of the United States and the methods of catching, salting, curing, and preserving the same, and of the implements and appliances used in carrying on the fishery industries of the United States. To this end you may, with the consent of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, use at the said exposition any portion of the fisheries col- lection in the National Museum. To pay the expenses and costs of representing the United States at the exposition and to pay all the costs and expenses and outlays per- taining or incident to the making and carrying on of the exhibition and display aforesaid, the sum of $20,000, or so much thereof as may be necessary, has been appropriated by Congress... Of this appropri- ation the sum of $2,500 is specifically set aside by the joint resolution for your compensation, including your personal and traveling expenses. The disbursing clerk of the Department of State will pay any accounts for expenses that you may actually and necessarily incur in carrying out the intention of Congress in the United States. Previous to your departure for Bergen you will be furnished with a letter of credit upon the Government’s bankers in London, upon whom you will subsequently draw. You will promptly furnish the Department with an account of your expenditures under the letter of credit. sup- ported by subvouchers. At the end of the exposition you will, in accordance with the direction of the joint resolution, make a full report to the Department of State of the participation of the United States therein, and of all the information and results acquired and obtained at or by means of said exposition touching the fishing industry throughout the world. Respectfully, yours, JOHN SHERMAN. J. W. Cotiins, Esq. (Care Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, Washington, 1). C.). v VI LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Mr. Collins to the Secretary of State. LaurEL, Mp., May 20, 1899. Str: I have the honor to forward herewith my oflicial report as United States commissioner to the International Fisheries Exhibition at Bergen, Norway, in 1898. This report is divided into two parts. Part I is a report upon the participation of the United States in the International Fisheries Exhibition at Bergen. This deals exclusively with the exhibit made by the United States, its preparation, installa- tion, conduct, and return. It also embraces such other information as bears on the subject under consideration, including a synoptical catalogue. Part I] is a report upon the Bergen Exhibition and the fisheries collections exhibited by various countries. An effort has been made to embody in this part the ‘tinformation acquired touching the fishery industry throughout the world,” even although the time available for the preparation of these data has been inadequate for such an under- taking, having in view the care that must be exercised to insure accuracy in technical descriptions. I respectfully invite attention to the illustrative material submitted herewith, particularly that relating to fisheries exhibits of other coun- tries, and venture to hope it may be utilized, for it will undoubtedly enhance the yalue of the report. Respectfully, yours, JosEpH W. CoL.ins. CON TES is: Page. cher Cmenesident: ton Oneness mer ae = ser Sees eee eee olan ie Saye ae =i Il Mettenon secretary, Olstate to bresident==-mee se aeer aean see oe eee eee s = Ill LEeiLenrOr secretary Ol state: tor Mir Collins: sce. -ss25ces seen eases aoe a2 Vv ihetteriot Mr. Collins tothe Secretary of State <-22--22-4.2235..-2---2- 222 -- VI aero tales AGO S me sper 2 es eer ween enya Se Ste sic kee aes, SOC Sere XIX Part I.—Reporr upon *THE PARTICIPATION OF THE UNITED STATES IN THE INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION, HELD AT BERGEN, NorRWAyY, IN 1898. Aut horizahonrotexhibit by WmitedStates-o222. 5. .6--sceeen ceases -2e—e 5 =e 3 JBL Ss CNN 0) LS oe SS NS ot ts Rig ee Ree ae Ue aed eR eh ee SP 3 EME OM EM CliH Ole hac OMMOMSSIONET oe elas pic aie Weleriaiatie ye sie e eos Lei 28 4 RENO | es oS eo ORS MES ee AES te ae RN ee ies Seer acs Oe EE A a 5 PND PUGALLONETOT SPACe ey ace ort eee aes ee Petre ey area ee eete la cite Sita. 2 5 Elan and geape otthe United States exhibit, 22 22.52.22 s2ha0-- s Sees -2 Ss. 6 erenarcailonkomcolectonsiGuGry- meee een. oe oe are ae eres iene 6 Preliminary preparation tor imstallation, ete..2=-2-------22--s2--ses--4----- 9 ModiticationtotalllotmenttoWspace= seer osceoees ceee coe sects ee nee ee ie OWEMORES, GOA IS Bae A oie EE SE Se Pace SGT SAe EN SEES OS eae cee te re ee ea 10 FAUT COI EI Oley © RUN UUS ere es erer em So epee na a eA ne oa penta espe 10 NOT ka ienins tata bl On petee ia vo ose oc ott Ss ook See there oe Ae see ertets 13 AMIN ont nerexstl Its ye waned sete oS ne ra a arse Sette ee ot eee Ss aoe 15 IANS UELUG ITs Se ees eee eee a a Oa fe PN So he 15 IDAGRETS Cut Voereslelni Gl ss Soe BES oo Ree Ore Bee BES aan see Se see aAtc. 18 AP PMCATOMMORMMUDIGAtIONS pELCe Satna ee ie ese ie es ne so eee eee a eee 18 CrMisO Me Ate Ol ClO. 5. Ss sec sc de sot Gee cise meee ane etn oe eee Se 19 Disposivemofthe collections 2=#5 222.225. 02ss54-5-2 on cutee oe, Se ee 19 OO OMMMNNe Mtr OINGe pUlb\ eras asso cena, Sele ine = ee ee ne ee Oe eee eee 20 IRESShCopoton oases Se he eR ROO SO SUS ODO E DS SD Oona ne OOOO Oo abo Seed oe 21 Coumuntesiests ta os ass a ee es es eae eta Ge it a et een 24 APPENDIX.—PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE AND SYNOPSIS OF THE COLLECTIONS EXHIBITED BY THE UNirep Srares Fish CoMMIssIoN AND BY SPECIAL EXHIBITORS, WITH A CONCORDANCE TO THE OFFICIAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE EXHIBITION. List of persons engaged in the preparation of the collection..........-------- 26 Statistics of certain fisheries of the United States...................---.---- 27 Statistics of the fisheries of the United States, 1897..-..-..-- SgeR Cee 30 Vill CONTENTS. COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT OF THE UNITED STATES. Section A,—Aquatic animals and plants of North America beneficial or injurious to man. Mammals, birds, reptiles, and batrachians, fishes, mollusks, marine and fresh- water invertebrates, exclusive of mollusks -2__..-.....-2-222s2-222_-__..- Maps of fishing grounds: :. : 232.2525 38 es ee ee Ee ae eee Section B.—Apparatus for sea and fresh water fishing. Glubs; spears, darts;-rakes, and’ dredress. 33 9--5 ee ee eee 2 eee Fishhooks, jigs and drails, artificial baits, flies, and fly hooks, gulleters, clear- Ine TINA: ClGe. a hse rhe eek ek aes ree ns =, ae ate eg Pn ee Fishine lines: and riceedicearnt tes ee ee ne one. ee eee ae Mishing rods‘andmreelstor limeésianed miciszse = = ss a ee een ee re eee Nets and seines, and materials used in their mauufacture..............------ Bish trapsyawelts;, and pounds: 2253 5: 2 ee ere 2 Se ee ee KNIVES Palin, and.dther apparatus, =. 2.522. 335 be ae 5 eee iustrationsofstine fisheniés 2. 5-2 es eas ne ee pee ae ee ee SecTion C.—Fishing vessels, boats, and fittings. WeRselsa and! "boats 22 ot Ses 3 ee es eee a ee a iBoathttingsand appliances® iene <2 2. sy) 52 She eee eee Section D.— Fishermen and anglers. Fishermen and ‘their apparel: 28242252 ee ee oe ee ee eee Shelter: 6te--. 2t8o3-6 ee Eee oe re ee re ee Habits. of fishermen <<< 22h ee ee eee Hishermen’s tools and outfits: :=-4 22 ee eee eee Section E.—Apparatus used in the whaling and sealing industry. Wehalin vessels. am cs O ati ccc a chew ee eae ee es Se ee Wihaline. cratt-harpoons) ums sarily G ese e = ae = ee ee @utting gear ..- 2.2.2 a aSeen ee se ee ee ee Aoricinal whaline and sealins apparatus... =o: 45 esees eee See eee Section F.—Fishery products and their preparation. Apparatus and materials used in the preparation and care of products. - - ----- Produetaiot the fisheries\prepared#for food) = 2-55—- sae ee eee Materials employed in the arts and manufactures. ---.....------------------ Section G.—Fish culture. Apparatus and methodsiof fish culture. - 222s.) -5 55-4 seem eee Page. 32 33 RRR CONTENTS. Ix Section H.—IJnvestigation of the waters and research. Page. JEG SaSeM RAETINO RN . 255 UA SARS 6 Se5 5 on oo 56 soa See eee ae ae eee 41 Imvestiaationvolutine mesh waters: . 222-25 542e2555 2-52 25- Sake See Sa soeteeee 41 Section I.—Literature. VERON SS! - 2 3 si a Fe eee ee ese RS NAS DB iets Sn A ye eee 2 A ee ee ee a 41 Collections displayedsbyaspecialvexhibitorsse. 242 ee eeise eee 2. - =< 42 Concordance of the official classification for the use of juries. ....--.--..----- 56 Parr IJ].—Report upon THE BERGEN EXHIBITION AND THE FISHERIES COLLEC- TIONS EXHIBITED BY OTHER COUNTRIES. iaine COG - oe ite Ae eae ay = See eee Bene ee fee SS Eee 63 CGeverllererhunesotshherexhil Diol Ol ost = S28 6 oe fase wen oe Stitarol= ae 65 BSAnM NS oe Be Sane Oe Hee oe hee eR se nae oes Se Oe Ee a 69 Industrial exhibition: KEreMerale Le TMG lO Mas sae evs eke Pe Leis, he Sioa he Ne ews EE UE A 70 liteni and: locationvof exhibits. .2- 2). 6 ee ee eee - 70 BS IE ERE ET Oye onal oe op ceacre tao, 27 Aa ets MON eae PN ot gma A EN as 71 International Fisheries Exhibition: Scope, official representation, ete... ..-- 79 Norway: CreNeralveOnsi CETationSse ia cole oe wees wee aloe eee eR Sejotpes ese. 80 Pighine vessels and fishing boats;: So4-- 2. 2.526.222. eee csp ede 82 PS UGA CTS (ope ss mee eee re har airk 1ae Sen eRe iiay> el gi peep ly (3 Phan Peat ep vor 83 Rinmeankenowinslem steam ers: {o. 8 6-4 e eo eee poe Ste ee 83 Pome lose: wihaling. Sheamenrs se — . ote Toe. oy tel oe oe thes 85 Se UNOS CAI CTS pare oe eepeeger ys ate Lin AR ee, PR A coh ia Sis ie RR ae 86 Market iishimovsteamersee = ot same | ti cee toc aoe ee eS saase 87 Bate SHOU CER pets nek he SR ad tre gant Miata Re Oe Dee cee iS SEE, Sek Mce 88 BISHICCArEYy Ine SieAmneis ] OYOeE 4: ye aeaiespmntes oN Pen See ew leer Poni oa ens ais neg So ee ae 191 SLO LAMINA] als lns LONI Oa OU ee ee pamper eee oe es Serene ea eee ee em 192 Meee rtmnbleicnined Wouter as ke a eeeeey oe Pye Re on eee 192 SHOCckMolmMeweledchs limes WOAtIe ss s6 sos set ere sere nee eae er sees ae 162 [ISTE SCETiS! SVE 10°00 peak ae el ahs ek ee gee eee MR Pee At Rt 194 els olan dik slimes bOatecre ri \2et ets eee ne oN pes Sere ae octecs Sees 194 PLEA REHM PAO AD pie nye Se ee et een FAR ee By ae 195 WViramimeo Shishi ono ate scercsrects ty eee tac Se ae ore ore aera otc ona ee RS = one 197 Salli cmp Oa bwes ees ye eases tie err ee bt on ee Nm ach nah ene Re 197 EA KCmVCIIe Tg tts IM Oy OAM bate eee Sears ee. < aye Soak eel ene ere a 199 alxemyVetbenmmisinine: Wats. atts Serine oc ee cmon cceemcuae tee Soe eee 199 TEA Ke Dolly ain) Oe Uber ae es, Se ee, Se tad epee lt ye ney eee an ection mee 200 eaiceavia laren ies hime Silt tee a ee Ne ee eo Sees, oe 200 RIV ELE OLS tes eae eee eats = ore Ppa ie ee res a aren core ieee Se re ee ee 201 PNP PALALUS Ok Cap Ue ME LGs eee eee eI ak ec epee ee eye a ere 201 Sel vaPeaee oy ae ee NDI cy Ren i nO ae Se ES en EO See AEE HEN CT a oe RY 202 ElStan SEIN ease meer tee ee tet ey ee et ee ee ety es oe 202 [SLSR cE AR ills Sie) aaa le A eg Eagle ae 204 ADCP UAL LIMA SIS IS, oes Secs oil ac oS IS OS POPS A A he i a a 208 and Ware imMneesPuNOeS . Itoh o. oe ee oe dite lode www ae eee 208 REN IORRUSTUIM ert IDS ae rie ee rece! Shaun ne See es ee lela SKa ea cee 208 Walibin Sales pees ene tnt oo SNe ee Soe a chains oeait oe fe 209 XII CONTENTS. Swepen—Continued. Page. fake fishine wear. o 22005 bo 3c 2 ee ee ee eee 209 Land-lne*hormns: .- 22s. 22.2. Se eee ee 210 Potseoe 8 ec en i re er eo 210 Lobster ‘pote . 23.2225 22 Ss. 2 Se a sale See ee eee 210 Kish ‘baskets... /. +... 4-225 205 o5 Sa ee eee 211 Hel pots... ...2..- 2523.2 se Se a ee ee 211 Lamprey pots .2- 222 =52.0c%2 <-S e PAZ, Crayfish pot - 2230 React 2 ss oa cn nie ene a a ee ee 212 Kallicks ‘and: erapnels 2 = areas ree oe ne re a 213 KMIVOS or oan Sek ae we ciate ore oe a re ee a 213 BUOYS = 2 2c0 tc oe a ee aye Sate ee re iO a a ee 213 Water telescope? soso se aa ie one en ee ese ee ere ae eee 213 Fishermen? sbarkiShoess2os. 2+ = aisos- see ace ee eres =e ee 214 Methodsoft fghine and tishine stations’be-—- ae see eee ee ae eee 214 Fish-packing establishments and accessories.........------------------- 215 Oilkand euano taCwOny 224s. se 2 eee ine oe Oe ae ee ee eee 215 HIShproducts:.25 sco =. soc osewee Sees Moses one ae ae ee. eee ee 217 Mishceulture 2.2 22 =o c tor Saree pa re a as Oe ee eee ere eS oe 218 D ENM ARK: GoMmmMIsslONeh so - = ooo Sere cee eae ooo a-e ee een 220 General considerations? e552 os 55. noe Sees Seer eee eee 221 Mishime:-yesselsy ads his lnm ou DO alts ts ore = te ces reer ee ee 221 North Sea tishimneistesmen. 22.2 oes oan oo ee ee 222 Steamer tor fishing apelicel amd: 228 oes = ae es ore ee er 223 Mloun der: snvacks ese cetacean lee ee en ee eS eee 224 Herring diritit-net b0at.42-2s262622 a8 a ae so aye ee 225 Skovshovedherrme boats... 2 22 o253 Ss eae see oe ea eee eee 226 Bornholmuherrine boat: 2 os. ee ee ee ee eee ee eee 227 Bormhobm salmon, boat +22... see nee ee ae 228 Drift boats forieeliifishine-, 25 8 222. cen nee oa eee 229 Old: style fishing vessel. 2 t eo ao ee ee aes eee oan oe ees 230 Cattegat fishime boato22282e fs ssec eee ee toe oo eee eee eee 231 Lynes herring boat? a.) ho. sh Sees oo ake eee igee oem Sei 232 Hornback ‘fishing boat. See ee ee eee ener ee eee 232 Linfiorden fishing boats {s2 52-2... a en eee eee 232 Cod fishing boats. ..-...-.-- soo 1 2S 3 edhe Re oe ee eee Zou Sound fishing boat: 4.22. s2252..22 22 Sk Boe eee eee 239 Jutland ‘fishing boat 2s 222 secs 5 aoe a, k Se ee ed a eee ee 236 Baroe: Island:fishine: boat: =< 2252-6 eee 2c. See ee ee ee ee 237 Teéeland ‘fishine boats: 22 -c hese wc ee ee oe ee eee 238 Greenland: kaiak J. <2). 2c ete on See ne eee ee a ee 241 Apparatis ‘of capture, ete. 2 <2 asec kee eee ne ee 241 Faroe; whaling implements: : =.) 2-5-0 -aeae= See = eee eee 241 WNetsiand"seines) 2-3... <2 322 ee eS eee eee ee ee 242 CONTENTS. . XIII DenMARK—Continued. Page. (OWiSie EN Se ocaec ow Sat BEBERe Oboe 5 2256 Soe Cee ees 244 elean Oeil GuUNGernoraw ls - |<< Soe ee een sce Soa Ae Sys iorve tye ae 245 TALS) ohn) SP eh ee A Ue ee ee 246 Tea INOS SSeS Shee Conse eS Ee Oo hee ra aera 247 BICC S Mie ares flee ee ee a ke a ee ee 248 ieopchand -neeenr eos ene Seen ee ate 2 tie scree Ser FS oka + 248 TET) OG pg ek el ee le fis, enn hare ey et a ee eae 250 SAPS SUING SAMs tes eR. Se lemme Se eae Cis Piece on ays a, 2 250 TEL) th ENN Se eee I Ee rere ergs RN Cea Ae eR Re 252 Bienen eee eras ety arts here ee eer Stabe cere ataranst ere aie wits Ctra & peu s 2 252 Nielaiiomme teem are Gee cats ee ait ce able einai cates cate eo) eel eee pee JL itraye “TRONS AS eae EA eT ee ean ae ee ae eee 253 DCMT ESGru bs 3 for) 0) 0 SS aa 253 IBC WS) AU CRS a aE Se GO RCS ie SR Ee nee a aa ee RE ae 253 MietlnoG sole Sinn Ome een ies nee NS Skene ees 5 he eee a re = Se 253 1 EVESLEPSYAV HCO’ @ RING) 6 VEL RCs Ss aegis a nO eo RE 255 Rishmeulturezssat masses cc sce. ssh ese ae abe escola oe So 2S, 255 Russia: (Clomninint Moms sek Ss asoSouaeuE oe sono Sor Coseer eee a Saeer 56a. aaeeeee 256 Gamerz Corse MOL TS as RS os See ere NER a i pense ar ek ee 256 Hisimnouverselsand ishing beats .5-4 kolo o.c. ce Seeds ae esau the 264 SCAN RG eee ee eres ee are a oats yore arn Srey et a Seva uae ee Le 264 Bonn nUeSSG Ls al DOMDS em acne ee See Re eee 2. Ach gees eels 264 IN Ca CSSC Lae eee eee eae a oe bee Oe 1 A ee oe eS ae 264 ean Kage eee ee os. oe eS eee Se ee ne oe Oe eee ee 265 (CHSTeie Tm (See) ais somaver lbtefeCer eee ere et eee ee eee a arses 5 es ee 266 Souther Caspian: Sea fishing yessel!< 2 <2. 54.2. 2.22 ese Sete ask ec ee 267 Wanpinin: Nea Kelled ny Case ls. (55 Se Ee apo Ros eee WAS Eee as aris Oe 267 PAS Gralla EULVeOr sin vO Kes 9 ete Ae NS ee tee Sa ee an ey a ee 268 LPS OU Tn RBTNSA OEY ope ne ee ees cele A ea eal Se ee ee ae IR OR x Mg 268 SAspian ea lime shiny DOU econ 6-22 252.55-5.60 es Se oho baSamees Sole 269 CAS MianyScarlonelMenOd tae. eames set seis = somes Ho tussetey ne eee 270 Dar pasiininpanodbeermencn sc. 22). Sa oe tebe. ce oes Aa eee toes 271 ROL eeinat Sig OINEOR Ue ceceta waco ee a ASS seat See Swe ee eed bee 271 Volga police: bugnessosae2s- fa coonss so ean ee Be ee se 272 Caspian Sea Seitenonteencn w Sea st oaee te ake. Wink eu Soe ee ees 272 ral. Cossack’s boudaracs2% 02 S2a-t Pat Fae Ee en ee ag ee 273 GER S 56% ee 2 ee a a anes Ae ee ET 8 oe a 273 ene (NULL. .c eee ee es Jet Lee ee ve Ee Ge cs 274 iveer mination Dagiieece. -Seee more che so tae e se ABs eo 2 ot see 274 Mirrmany Coasticod abs nino bOabier se. asters ape eee AS Se ce 274 ii Sse ves ao) vel) Bee Ae oe ey ne ie Se ra 276 RERRCALIRPOMEHDIULC, OG 2 sceme ce ace. soe oase-atege sks soest ase teen. 277 Uy bo esi hrce ti 2 Se Oe ee a 277 XIV CONTENTS. Russta—Continued. NealIno apparatus: =. -- fos = one ee Nets and seins. 2... 2. 2 2522 1 so2 teen eee eee = ae eee Cast nets, fykes, traps, welts, te -.-2-3 223s eee eee Gast nets” 2.2... .. seis. - 245525 shee See ere ep eee aaa eee esata Byke nets: -- .. 240-0 = bisa ee a ee ee eee eee The “ssisha”? 2.225 52.520.t 52 sess See eee ee Black :Sea:fishing trap. 3225 2a 2 So cee oe ae ee ee ee ee es Pishing mate 22252222 cee ome eee oe beta, © ee ee ee Dip nets. and scoop metas 552528 sak se ie nein a eee Pira w Uimi@s ss Says Se Hee a re ee i a re Harid-line ea: oe sane co Re Se re ra aa get eee Spears, gigs; Calis; Che =s25 2. oe-- eae ee = ge ee ee a [itsloPd offs) delish. OLVF] (ENC nee SRO OEE Re Oe aor eee ee heer Se oe Sleds: 2 sc Se ene eee en ee Ee I A ear eee ROU OTS: cis ete Se ee Ne ee CS eis pe rim ae ane ante ee eae Waillicks and rape Aes s-seeh os ee a an end ee ee [Gath (co (ae SE ee eet ae ae a ee seoc come nee ee abe See secccs Bish=hookk file 2232 222 222 eos eee ee Se eee ee oe ee ee eee Buoys:and: bailers:2:.2-05 25. 225222250 2c - 22S. Soe oe TUAVG) CHIE: = sae kes orcs ieee See ec he re Snes ete rate ete ae eee Straka Litye Car e.: eaters etek ree cere a eee eee ee ee ee Suurseon. testing Meet le. = = 2a a tensa 28 Seas eerie ae a ee Surin Ine MCCMLes! soe Sos ee ae eae ele ae oe ce ee Bishermen’s'apparel, ete. a.e 6 ee oan eee ete ee ee Apparatus used in preparation ...------------------------------------- 18 Ekate lopna go), Pee ene OS aoe es Beso oS IRS oe eee ane ea aaere aS a5a= = Wheel bamrowsie = foe ce ae ee ae ee ere ans ae a ee Wish wag0ns.5 23522552 sess Soe Se eee ee ee Measuring sticks << +2 2242 822s. - Sees a ee ee ee ee Salita ve be: coe eee cee eee a ae ee ae re ee Soakine tub.c..8 cu Soon he eee Si ae ee er SNH Ab Oe a Sa eek ot oe Sa Se Sea Rae 8 Be ee eee Sa SaiSS 5 @aviarectubs: = cece coe ee ae ee ee sl oe ee Bish-cleaning box .222..2-552 ==) 2 oben eee Draining board. << ot kare a See MOE OE! Tl BO 343 Vi PSs Tet H Nea Ts 1071 i en fy A ee aE Re Pe yo 343 vicleee LIGNE sereene tema tee tN is et ee ee ee pee ee. foe's 344 Sraieemad aca isiine POAL = .€ Soc. su snc th Sh Set cee desee as SE S| 345 Witilastarenis imo Oaltrs ss cies, snes a oe eet te tt Sc sR, Re Med oe) 346 CAPE VOEDDOR LES jyeee: hoes ee eae eine thre Pees We Nee 346 SS ELTUINE TAN (OSI he ee Ak Sade RN or, 4a ee ah eas Bec, Mera ep ge de SE 346 Pape CUTTS Oly CA LUNG ee Pepe See ete Le eee mee ete eye keel Se oe 346 Sea iireteiMnpl Cra Ciies = Me sree Unt 2 tems NOMS ta NO elt 346 CCL ete ae ocd ee oo Ia iene 8 a 346 Rc muta Wells COs os ort ener ee ek cele em en tet eee ee ee 347 ese pete eee ere he ee oe eee 2 aie 2 UMN ee ae 349 PALHISPRIEIE WA GLO hoe ee tee oe wok Sat Oe See ret eee Ne a eee eee 351 NEST OOS IG), ts Hin ores seen oe. ae tees eer te on Ce ee eee 392 Se Ll OPS) ay eR a 4 at See eR ee ROR ee OA Sgt lee feels Se ed RAN 352 _FRANCE: Se PSH SSI HOR Seen ok eee: ee eee. ee ta eee eee 354 Seelicit Re ORT CramOnses So. Nie ss oe ok Se SoS cee oe eee ee Sees 354 Pas ritll sateen Sainc QOdtSE «este eae Oa eee eee oe ee 395 MEGaIaY TIRE Vesme tse et WOR att beens ee ha es 356 Sailing ketcheqamc yawisest eon Sete ee eee oe 396 ishing luepersy eae te eee ere. oe ts Ae ae mee, 396 perce ishing” Dogme ae. wet ee ie ese Oe ip ee ee ee 361 brine: boat of Comegenent 22-4 one. sceee eee eee ft 362 aera tPCT CLOT enn eens ee eee 2 oo he PO a SENSI oe Et f 362 TWANG Oil 0 81 pS Mele oe andl a Le Roa ie ae a, 80 By SO a 363 Ee erga pate) evi ate 22) ets A ol ie oy Se) LO Re een dl re a ee 364 Bern: DOM Or Wun ee Mee a ae ee oe oes oe So owe 364 os We oie 55 Scag eh nS el es Meee et een a 365 XVI CONTENTS. France—Continued., Page. Spongce-fishime: boat... ...-.:. 2-22 26a ee ee ee ee 366 Fishing apparatus... ....- 2... =a.en-ees = eee oes = fe ee eee 368 Nettie G2 Sasi Se cn.2L- oc meee oa te ee Se 368 Bow met .... 2s cc.2 cc Sse so eee Baia 368 Shrimp nets, =... -.-22.-20- 2eas See see ee 369 Pound nets; traps, Wells; ete!= so. sseecer ane e eee ae 369 Draw] lines), »: <= a2). 2 See Be ge ee eet eee aaa = oa 372 Spears, ete... 2.2208. oS: Sas oe Se rs eee ee eee ee ee ee 372 Pots. «22.5222 S88 Be a ee ee o = She Coral-apparatuss «22 one oe eS ae SG oe ee ee 373 Accessory appliances! 2.6 So ee ae aa ee ee 373 Light-houseslens*andlamternstss- 2 © aoee me eae eee 373 Sextants spyelasses; barometers; ete 2--- 2-2-1 - c= seo on oe er ee 374 Meteorological amplementis= 2 oo. + 2-6 a2: os aoe nese ask a eee 375 Methodsiotfishine 27 Sa .c a. ees Ce SL 376 Coralenshime $5532 32 3) tysse tte sets ee ee 383 Sponge fishery. ° Scio. acuta Slee Sooo a oe 384 Squidiishimow.- 22 sc: FSese oS e Rs eS ee ee 385 Fishery products 223. soi ..5 24 3-2 2t Sout oat Sete ee ee 385 Methods) of preparation s= 3225062) 2.7522. tok Gohan eee ee ee 385 Accessories ob fish packing, 205 2 i- 52 he des obo. ni soc ase e eon 386 Reirigerationigns. tess 2 ac 6 sek einl eee Sh eae cee eee 387 Gatiecsawinge soles. Sao Wee Sa heres sete mete see one cle ee 388 JAPAN: @ommussionen-cet ieee = soe stesso Sloe ae ieee Rae eee ee oe ee 388 General considerations = 22 = =-- soe ene a eee ae eee nse eee ee 388 Hishine vessels.and\ fishing: boats-S.-o4---eeese oe = oe eee eee eee 391 Fishing ‘echoonerci2: lc 2h eect Soe ee eee 392 The kawasaki-s 2st hte toe es ot ee a Oe ee 393 Bonito fishing boat-------- Roald etna ce See eae eee eee tee ae ee ee 394 Tanny. fishing: boates: .25.3.25.. 0-2 sans eee ee ne ae 594 Dockle-dredging jhoaticvs.t22- 12s Se eee eee a ee 396 Scane=cord! fishing oats: 222.255. e ne ee een ee 397 The market boat. s2-40 222 32.355 = aoe See ee ee eee 397 Captain’ s boats. 2 scenic te Seeticce ee ee ee 398 Other boats 2.22. 22,6. 26S cee ~ 22 ee ee 398 Purse-seine' boats 22 -.c2.. 225.0. 26 50.5. poe ee ee ee 399 salmon: fishing: boat :.<2t 2.6 Sec e 2052 2 ec ie 400 Anparatusiol captures 2.0.2 ee oS oe eee ee ee = 400 Nets'and seines! 2.2. S.ccsee sce oie ce oc oe ee eee ee ee 400 Dolphin nets 2 2. 2322s de eee owen. to tae ee = ee ee 400 Wal SeINe: 2.2 <0 Assia. See meeeine be OR eae pees ae OS ee 401 AV Scare-Cord Neb... SaetSs- Soe oe ae 4 ee eee sein 401 CONTENTS. XVII JAPAN—Continued. 5 Page. Promises 5 3G5 Gos dost geese Coppa 6 se eet sae ee Seeee ores 402 BonMitoyeinelemeiw@ee saa=5 > 425 o2ee nae ene Soe ot ees tse estat 402 - Ces Srl ine ie Ses eee epee sh 2 SC yh Soe eee rae 403 INE ER@RaTING ke SO eo ho 5 ab oS oe c= Sen eee pone eae eee 403 Spa One MOb ses Sos oe See rere re en nm mips oe 403 SUinyc Fiche ote ate oye) (eae SR eR ee Be | gS ES one eee 404 igh CS} TAR eT ila yg ee es PS yg oT Ry Py NS tne eee 404 Mier eeweiie SCLC ree ease oa NS eee se ree a.) eeptehera gee Sawin cts 404 gata a OUELG SE US or eee ie ls oan re Peeper a 404 Salon POUmG Mel OL Weller an 2k see aes es oe eo tee Someta esse 406 Lake Wwitlitse2 oo betee nse e eet weap es cater See een on aan ee are eee ar See 406 Thieaieell Uma t 2 S SEs es a a ee ee ee a eae 406 Staul ipa: Moespe eee So ee eae ieee See ae ere ot ei eer ne, © 407 LSpieaRy SIAC INNS. ees oe ee os 8 ae pe Re ee 407 (Chaya qiaeraiyall Tiras = eS Ae eee lee reine ee ak ee 408 Soy enielcaa trea ovi livin Guava aca rst en ey tas = neh d So mp Re vep apa eee eats ope SL aS os 408 ie leeba yy iene: seeteoe see enya a eee eer Oia 2 ee a eas 2 409 INTe vel eee Teeth alla hice aE A ee ee ees Ay See oe eee 409 PANO ine Ishin OwAppIANCeS 2.525 55 epee Sen ae =e eee ee Sten 409 asim Ene! = See a. Ako cn nS sin ee ee aE aoe ease ue Se = 409 A1Cell aye peed ATT Sh eee ed EE AS SIE Ne mre eo 410 TM buueSTL walkenave be Ne Oe Se Ee ee Oe ae SS Oe ee coe OMe in on Se ree 411 isn cealun emery ers aa ae eo een seg. nie eters READ Sac, See ee ote es 411 ionse-mackenelulin€ 222 28 oe een SOR ae ce Smet ets = Pee 411 Weaekenel@iemdwliteSs aes 2 see fees ae Bie Veabpgcg 21 ae el at, 412 ingodll ers Clean itin (ei), 8S A ee ee ee ee eee ea en ee 412 Some shin claim caer ewer ce aes Te, Bs We eps pate ee 413 SIT NEL CAS Wel Lee ee eee es teeta tee go cee ae ens, So ae ne) TS ere oe 413 Bad -Celtishianie POM a toes sees ss Se Se eA ae a2, Sepa sie 413 Deep water squid gear....-..-- BS oc ete sa cays NSE Poem erS= o 414 STAKES pinks eh es Speer eames oc ono Soe oe nee See eer Bee aerer +14 (GREIF (Ga ee ee e B s o .4o SUee Or ee eee 414 Elena een MMOS st So 1 ae se pe kee Pe SS Rae cos oo = 414 Bis mee ese Oke ene er. oo ope ne Se RE ER rar 2 2 oa sw he re es 415 PP Tau WL: GUUS ee tse ce ee ee eS eS corns Sree aetna Share 415 Bel trap. 225 So ee oe ee eR iors ark BES Sad 8 Se a 416 Cockle Gréd ces eee eee ee ee ee ae wee eee Sse ais 416 /NomVelaYorgspeenoco Ml cell lllitel ge 25 ANE le Se NS eae ee Se ae 417 [SITIES Ge ros ac ot AE AREAS to USAC See SS 5 eee ee a ee 417 Wkeidaverots Moy MiaGinitayies So eee de Ste cst Eee ane aa A fe 417 SRT LS NO ae eR Pe Se GARS 2! Cd ie le Re SIs Se eR cle ie kobe 417 IS Savkve paicvannie Se oo) Ss eee oe ie A ment 4 OO Ae 418 TD YCURISTAITI TE oes hens OE Ne ee Sen 419 eeamENIME Mle ke LO EUNII TS ee ha a aes inn 2 BoM ayn din wins ne dlrs Se = eels + - 419 S. Doc, 39— -1 XVIII CONTENTS. JAran—Continued. ENG Other countries Sardine circle-net fishing. ......-.......2.2.-- Mackerel shine _ 22 oe) = oe eee eee Progu@is2..<2t. oo. 2 ee eee LAND: Wessels =~ snc S223 tea eee eee PATO Gad Quan or) SU ee Fishing gear and general outfits .........-.--- Observations on fisheries and fish markets -. -- Ni Ke aVojolsbfoptandeniy lovee (RO pe Se ee Lonezline ris hime ees sent agen eee ae BIShin om Cars Gee tere ee ea ee Micthodsroitishin tw so ~ ree 2 ee oe Per, eee CarexOi tie nice ye ees a nerse tery ee meee SUPP eCsHONS seas come oe eee eee ee ee eee International. MishenesiConvress-<226 24. 2< See See ee cee eee ee eee eee LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Prate I. United States exhibit in main building -._..._.....--..- Frontispiece. II. Section- of United States exhibit near north entrance to main builcinom Modellot Mernmacwat leita... 222-426. sas. = 4 III. Sectional front view of United States exhibit _..._...._......-.- 8 IV. Section of United States exhibit in main building. ...........--- 16 V. Models of American fishing vessels and boats..............-..-- 22 Wile Wmitedistatesre sini ity amm esx. oo see ae ee Se ee ee 36 Ville bisheny products: Wnited'States exhilbitoe2=—25.-225255-2225---- 42 VIII. Plan of United States exhibit in main building --_..---..----.- 46 xe Plantot United! States exilim annex 222922 94525-45522 5s555—- 50 New Vaimive xlanllontto nel wil ine aes a eee ee a ee a 64 Nee Norwerlanlarmy.and naviyrzexhibit 22-. 25.2222 5-2- 24-5 sees2-- =. 66 XII. Norwegian exhibit under the dome, in main building. .__-..----- 68 XIII. Norwegian exhibit, southeastern hall of main building -----.----- 70 MWe eSouth ballot main: buildings 222.95 s62fessst<.. 2. alesse aes 72 XV. North hall of main building. General yiew of fisheries ex- Dies weet tases ee Ss aap ts et i a eee TT. ee 74 Ne Aleve lner y Mlle ys 28 eRe Se Looe a Seti OS oe 76 KAVA eELOTerculturalte ssn te noe eee Ss hens ares foe eee 80 MOVIES Steammwihaline bankentinesRagnvald Janes 3245526 sees see 84 NGEXG Sealingsandiwinalimpisteanneme sa ee a eee ae ere £2 86 XX. Plans of improved Nordland fishing boat .....--..........-.-.- 110 NEG Plans (ob4-oared ‘boat; <= 52 eae eee sts oe ee 120 DONS lee niie-savime boat) ..). 272 seek Sa eee See se eee wee 130 Pee HaGaoCks AnG-line Seal. os ieee sees see ees Ab sol 2 dL 140 XEXDV> Bronti view ol Mlodevicen cod hatchery 24. -~ 2-225. 22 2eee 156 XXV. Covered cod-spawning pond in rear of hatchery -......-----..--- 158 XXVI. Interior of Flodevigen hatchery, showing cod-hatching boxes in QP eTAOMEy eee erase ee ees SPR, Shree oat ak eR LMTASE 162 NONeVsla Cimbnshammsmleckeds bodtemssa = seen aoe eee ee semen 186 DeONOVlIe Plans of Stockholm welled boat aeemes4 14 9ssss 8552... 4.2 ee 192 rel eer Plans olsinteamimmam oy Pomdn + 28 cso d 2 a - Jets Vel oak os 196 2G Robe Uitslabe ay eagl bias of lc) Ato] Oa ae a a = 210 XX XI. Fish houses and fishing boats at Hudiksvall ..................-. 214 eee Oil. and guano iactory at Drigsmark.-*o22252-222'se-. 4. 26s 2-28 216 SEU Chid=siivle fishing vessel {= 2 20% S5..5 cess che teaaoes sen est <= 2k 230 ‘ 1 X2 ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATE XA VY. ishing vear, ete ....2... 2.22 ae ee eee eee Rew Ve Hishhooks'\.<.2.22. .o<% 220 ee ee ee MOK VE. "Lowins an ottertrawll sa. ee eee MARX VIL. Caspian Sea welled vessel. o5-e eee eae eee eee KM VILE Ice fishing onstheVioleas ses See tear see ee eee RNMEXEX. Ice dishing om the Wihite Seas 2622.6 eee eee XL. Ural ‘River fishing apparatus: =52 2226-6 ee SLI: Sleds.and:sledgés: —- S35 so =e ee eee XLII. Objects used by Astrakhan fishermen...-................-- XLII. Seinine whiteswhales. 222 sss) 2 a8 ee eee RETV= Methodoksettine salmonmeis ss. 222526 2 oe eee eee MV s Hailing: aniverseiness- a2) sos. stan. ee See See ee XG VleSAnitummshshinsontthe WralsRivenass=2. 4 ees eae eee eee SHV ie = Wintershshineonrtihe UraleRiveras=ss. = _s2s see ae XLVIII. Cleaning fish for salting; women at work .._....-.-........- MIX Cutumoyand packing sturceon! aes eee eee eee ee L. Fish-packing establishment on the Volga..-...........---.- LI. Hatching salmon eggs on glass grills at Luga River station --- LIL. “Yawlerigced trawler ...3. sis2 Seve sto ee Sis 2 eee LILEDieppe tishineliceers,{. S22. ae ee eee LIVe Fishing fleet sailing trom Dieppe ce. -- 0-5-2222 see ae eee live Stadia telemeter -252 22 922 22-2 soe see te eres ee ee ee EV iL Dunnyatishing sss So. soe sate see see ee ee DVL: THauline seme at Rochelle= 2222: 2 a. ae eee ee eee LVI. “Sardimnedishing 2) 22 525. oka. 22 282 seo. eee eee LEX PlanstotMawasakis.s: sec 5s qcsee es ores ee ee a ee LX. Plans of Sampae: os: = 2 os5.5 ones eee ee ee ee LX. Fishing cear-etcs. 25-22 sas Gate Soe ee LXIL. Fishing cear -: :.: -2eS55o2 tse eee ee ee LALO. Hooks and Jurés 225 Soe eee eee eee Ses25- LTV... Fish-kniives.s. 223 ses ensce 4 eee eee ee LXV. Sheer and deck plans of steam trawler built by Cochran and Cooper.) 345-2 Ss eas sec Pil icin SJ ee LX VI. Sailing trawler Prank Buckland =. 2250-22-22 ee LXVII. Engineering department of Great Grimsby Coal, Salt and Tanning \Co 23:2 522: ..5 55s ee oe oe ee eee LXNVIII. Ironmongery ‘department of Great Grimsby Coal, Salt and Tanning Co s2otpsniacee Se ee ee ee eee LXITX.: On the“ )Pontoont? sap Grimms Oversee see = se ere FIGURES IN TEXT. Fic. 1. United States whaling and sealing exhibit --.......-...--...-.-..- 2. Hine.arts building: "223 eee eee eee a ee eee 3. Christiania: building. = 235 se 6 soe oe ce ee eee are: ee 4, Main restaurant... 3. 2222282 os cee a ee ee ee crete Fia. ILLUSTRATIONS. Keropelinis pavilion’ =. 2262222525. 2u2-- inecleapaylNlOn asec. aete se eeeees eee iirc. s pavilion. Banker's trawl-line boat. ---..2.--.---.-- sBergentherring boating sass ee oe es stavangenr hering, boate==snses-- l= = see oy Stavanger welled: boat. ..25.. 2-222 G: Hardanger seine boat --2---2.-.--2-55--- » Hardanger cill-net-boat.4---------- 45--- 5 IUSELP Vils| atiayes oye NS Se eee ee eo ee a . Arendal six-oared fishing boat -.......--- Pe SiS ama OO RAM se ern pee eee en ree oe . Gun harpoon with barbs closed .......--- 2. Gun harpoon with barbs open ..........- SiS PTL AINE! YP OY SANS Sens perce ye ere . Catching small pollock in bag net ..--.-.-- MU OG-TSMUR OM CCM. So. ete tas ota: soos . Cod-line sinker and spreader...........-- Baal 5 Levole cyl Al aV a0) ck een 2 oe ee ee fp ing! bugyisecmeettss tar astus ions saae RC ONMea Mrs ko eee OSES a eee . Dannevig cod-hatching boxes in operation . Non-explosive gun harpoon with rigid head ......-.......--.------ . Non-explosive gun harpoon with swivel head ->............------- X XII ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Bicgee 750) (Dannevic cod-hatchine box. o.- =... 22s eee. Eee eee 162 ol. Hatchine=box attachment... - <<. esse See ee eer Sh tats sors 163 o2: Bankskutay 2 3. cece ao at eect eee ee ee ee eee 173 55. Swedish fishing keteh. 222. cscs .ce Se ae eee ee ey ee 178 54. Mackerel boat): 4. a6. se boat oe Sa eae ere 180 5D; -banker’strawl-line boatsa< 2s.22 Joeces onions eee ee 181 56: Skane fishing boats). 2.2 22.2. onto oe Se ee ee eee 183 5/. Skanesishine: boat, 5.3 oe eee re ee eee ee ee Is4 58. Cimbrishammns shine oats soee esate ee eee eee eee 186 59. Blekinve.brakekal i bees <2 ae csteri oe. bee ee 187 60: Blekinge*tishinet boats. eset eee oc oe eee 189 61... Delaro fishinesbodtasse4 3-2. S8e as ote ee ieee eee 191 62, Helsinpland ishinpsbodts >--- 2: xc teense ee eee ke eee 194 63. Body plan and cross section of Piteaé boat....-....-...---.-------. 195 640 Sailiplanvotebites boats: -—2 2... >» bl o ——- : on : 108 ; Up rpg be iced oe a a inl Arg ee) The AG els HOU ENt ant i 5da Dy Se Oia edd & UPON THE PARTICIPATION OF THE UNITED STATES IN) THE INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXMIBITION, HELD AT BERGEN, NORWAY, IN” 1898 AUTHORIZATION OF EXHIBIT BY THE UNITED STATES. The authorization for the participation of the United States in the International Fisheries Exhibition, held at the city of Bergen, Norway, in 1898, was contained in the following joint resolution of Congress, accepting the invitation of the Government of Norway, approved February 17, 1898: Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That said invitation is accepted, and that the Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries is hereby directed, in person, or by a deputy to be appointed by the President of the United States, and whose compensation if not in the public service shall not exceed two thousand five hundred dollars including personal and traveling expenses to represent the United States at said Exposition, and to cause a suitable and proper exhibition and display to be made at said Exposition of the food- fishes of the United States, and the methods of catching, salting, curing, and presery- ing the same, and of the implements and appliances used in carrying on the fishery industries of the United States, and to this end may, with the consent of the Secre- tary of the Smithsonian Institution, use any portion of the fisheries collection in the National Museum at said Exposition. That the sum of twenty thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated, out of any money in the United States Treasury not other- wise appropriated, to be immediately available, and to be expended under the direction of the Secretary of State, to pay all the expenses and costs of representing the United States at said Exposition, as aforesaid, and to pay all the costs and expenses and outlays pertaining or incident to the making and carrying on of the exhibition and display aforesaid at said Exposition: Provided, That the total expenses and liabilities incurred under this resolution shall not exceed the.sum of twenty thousand dollars. That the said Commissioner, or his deputy, is hereby directed to make a full report to the Department of State of the participation of the United States in said Exposition, and of all the information and results acquired and obtained at or by means of said Exposition touching the fishery industry throughout the world. Approved, February 17, 1898. FUNDS AVAILABLE. From the foregoing joint resolution of Congress, the money ayail- able for making an exhibit of fish and fisheries of the United States » cS) + INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. (including fish culture and scientific investigation) was limited to $20,000. From this amount all expenses of personnel, transportation of exhibits, and preparation of exhibition material had to be met. The sum appropriated was similar in amount to that assigned for the participation of the United States in the International Fisheries Exhibition at Berlin in 1880. But a comparison of the favorable conditions under which the exhibit was made by the United States in 1880 and those which prevailed in connection with the exhibit at Bergen, indicates that a larger sum was actually required in the latter case to meet the demands of the occasion, having in view the fact that the amount appropriated in 1880 barely sufficed for the expend- itures of the exhibit at that time. Professor Baird, in alluding to the exhibit of the United States at Berlin, mentioned the fact that ** with unexampled liberality the great ‘ailroads between Washington, New York, Philadelphia, and Balti- more * * * agreed to transport packages [the exhibit of the United States| to the point of shipment, and return them to Washington free of expense. The North German Lloyd Company was equally gener- ous, carrying them from New York and Baltimore to Bremen and back, free of cost, so that the entire mass * * * cost nothing what- ever for transportation between Washington and Bremen. * * * Reduced rates of transportation were given to the party [the commis- sioner to the exhibition and assistants] by the North German Lloyd on the vessels of which company they were taken to Bremen.” The saving to the appropriation for the exhibit at Berlin, by this generous action of the transportation companies, was approximately from $3,000 to $5,000. In considering the amount available for the exhibit at Bergen, this should be remembered when making a compar- ison, since in the latter case no courtesies of this character were extended, and full prices had to be paid for transportation of material and personnel. It was also necessary to hire temporary quarters for the preparation and packing of the exhibit. The difference in these particulars between 1880 and 1898 amounted approximately to one-fifth of the appropriation. This indicates the necessity which existed for the greatest economy in the expenditure of the funds available for the exhibit of the United States at Bergen. APPOINTMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER. In conformity with the joint resolution of Congress, and in compli- ance with the nomination of Hon. George M. Bowers, United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, the President appointed me, on March 1, 1898, to represent the United States, in Bergen, Norway, and to assume responsible charge and direction of the preparation and installation of the exhibit to be made by the United States, urqaN Aq poydrasojoyd dlalsta) lini LY OVWIMYAW 30 TSGOW “ONIGTIING NIVW OL SONVYLNA HLYON YVAN ‘LIGIHXS SSLVLS GSLINM 30 NOILOAS -WOISSINWOD HSI] "|| alvid INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 5 PERSONNEL. As soon as possible after my appointment, the appointment and des- ignation to duty of the individuals constituting the personnel received attention. Mr. George H. H. Moore, who for many years had been associated with the work of the United States Fish Commission, was selected as chief assistant in the preparation of the exhibits. Mr.W.H. Abbott, who had long been connected with the exposition work of the Fish Commission, was appointed in charge of the preparation of fisher- ies exhibits, and later was assigned to the important work of assisting in installation. Mr. Friman Kahrs, of New York, was appointed assist- ant, and sent to Bergen to look after the construction of a large case, screens, tables, etc., that were required for the installation of the exhibit, and which could be built in Norway for less expense than they could be transported from the United States to Bergen. Mr. W. H. Wentz was temporarily put in charge of accounts, but was subsequently assigned to other duties. Mr. W. H. Johnson was appointed as skilled laborer in the preparation of material. Mr. William P. Sauerhoff was temporarily assigned by the Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries to assist in packing the exhibit. The appointment of most of the people referred to was made immediately after the appointment of the com- missioner, and the assignment of Mr. Sauerhoft was made from time to time when absence from his usual duties was possible. Miss H. B. Blackwell was temporarily appointed as typewriter to assist in the office work during the period of preparation. Mrs. 8. A. Collins was appointed secretary, in charge of accounts and correspondence, on April 15. On May 9 Mrs. G. C. Ennersen was appointed as transla- tor and general office assistant. In addition a corps of laborers was employed in the preparation of the exhibit. The assistance received from collaborators will be referred to elsewhere. As has already been stated, Mr. Kahrs was sent to Bergen imme- diately after his appointment; and on April 20 I sailed from New York, accompanied by the following members of my staff: Mr. W. H. Abbott, Mrs. $. A. Collins, Messrs. W. H. Wentz and W. H. Johnson. Mr. Moore remained in Washington to superintend the completion of the packing and shipment of exhibits, also to attend to other matters in connection therewith. Miss Blackwell was assigned to assist him until May 31. APPLICATION FOR SPACE. Hon. A. Grip, the minister from Sweden and Norway, very courte- ously offered to cable the executive committee of the exhibition, at Bergen, a request for space for the United States; subsequently he also cabled for plans of the area assigned. 6 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. The authorization for the participation of the United States in the exhibition had come so late that the executive committee were not prepared to assign the amount of space required, since they had only 6,000 feet available in the buildings, for the installation of the exhibit from this country, although they offered the United States the privi- lege of constructing, at its own expense, an additional building, or buildings, in the park, but the limitations of the appropriation made this impracticable, and it was decided to arrange the exhibit to fit the space allotted. Beyond the knowledge of the amount of floor area available, received by cable March 1, nothing was known of the space to be occupied until March 17, when diagrams were received showing that the space at our disposal was in two buildings, but these gave no details in regard to the construction of the main building or other data requisite for the arrangement of plans for the exhibit. As there was no time to obtain additional information by correspondence, it was, therefore, necessary to go ahead with the preparation of the exhibit with only a meager knowledge of the character of the space to be filled, and the fact that the exhibit fitted so completely to its allotment is a matter for much gratification. PLAN AND SCOPE OF THE UNITED STATES EXHIBIT. The plan and scope of the exhibit of the United States were neces- sarily limited by the means, time, and space available for preparation and installation. In general, it was decided to embrace in the exhibit various animals, or other objects which constitute objects of fishery, or are included among those inhabitants of the waters that are useful or injurious to man; specimens of apparatus—including boats and vessels— by which they are pursued, taken, or otherwise obtained; illustrations of the methods of capture; representations of the methods and machin- ery for utilization; samples of raw material, and collections of manutfac- tured products derived from fisheries; representations, by models or otherwise, of appliances and methods for the artificial production and multiplication of economic species; and illustrations of scientific research relating to fisheries and fish culture. PREPARATION’ OF COLLECTIONS, ETC. The scope and magnitude of the exhibit were promptly decided upon as soon as limitations of space to be occupied were known. The special character of some details was influenced by the fact that the United States Fish Commission had to make an exhibit at Omaha, Nebr., contemporaneous with that made at Bergen. Therefore, as the material intended for exhibition at Omaha had already been selected, and most of it prepared before I was appointed, the available collections of the Commission were reduced to that extent. For this INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 7 reason it was not so easy, as it otherwise might have been, to obtain all that was required for a symmetrical presentation of objects relating to fish and fisheries of the United States. This difficulty was, how- ever, overcome much more readily than might have been expected, although the accomplishment of this task involved much additional labor. Owing to the conditions alluded to it became necessary to supplement the available material, to some extent, and especially in certain directions, in order that the objects of fishery and fishing products should be properly represented. The time at command for the assembling, preparation, packing, and shipment of collections was so exceedingly short that the accom- plishment of the work, within the limit, seemed almost beyond possi- bility. This will be evident when consideration is given to the fact that the date of my appointment was only two and a half months prior to the opening of the exhibition; and, inasmuch as no line of steam vessels was running direct from United States ports to Bergen, the transshipment of material in Europe had to be counted upon. Fully one month of this time, or more, was required for transportation of collections after they were shipped. The work of preparation was inaugurated on the very day of my appointment. A suitable building for the preparation and packing of the collections was rented. Among the first work done was the repair- ing and putting in proper order for exhibition of a series of models of fishing boats and vessels obtained from the collections in the United States National Museum. At the same time lists of other material in the Museum, or held in storage, were made out, and Mr. Abbott was detailed to look after its obtainment. Correspondence was also opened with preparators, manufacturers of fishing tackle and fishery products, State authorities, and others who were known to have material that was desirable, and which they might be disposed to exhibit. It was apparent, however, that time was too short to conduct an extensive correspondence, especially with people resident on the other side of the continent. Nevertheless, it is gratifying to observe that much more was accomplished than could have been anticipated, and with the exception of fish products, and a few other objects, all was obtained that might r.asonably have been expected, and fully as much as there was room to accommodate. The following is a sample of a letter widely circulated: Unirep Srares Commission or Fish AND FISHERIES, INTERNATIONAL FiIsHERIES Exposition, BERGEN, Norway, Washington, D. C., March —, 1898. An exhibit of the fish and fisheries of the United States will be made at Bergen, Norway, the present year, by the United States Fish Commission, under the authority of the joint resolution of Congress, approved February 17, 1898. The Bergen Exposition opens May 15 and will close September 30. The resolution provides that ‘‘a suitable and proper exhibition and display [shall] be made at said [Bergen] Exposition of the food-fishes of the United States, and the 5 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. methods of catching, salting, curing, and preserving the same, and of the imple- ments and appliances used in carrying on the fishing industries of the United States.” For this purpose the sum of $20,000 has been appropriated, and information has been obtained that the space available for the installation of the United States exhibit will not exceed 6,000 square feet of floor space. While these limitations, as well as the extreme shortness of time available for the preparation and shipment of material, make it difficult if not impossible to pro- vide for American exhibitors the space, etc., that may be justly considered desir- able, the fact remains, nevertheless, that this opportunity to display in Europe the products and manufactures relating to the fisheries of this country should not be neglected. The advantages to be gained by American exhibitors at a technical exposition like that to be held at Bergen have been so fully demonstrated heretofore that discussion is unnecessary. Nor has this depended on the size of individual displays, but rather on excellence of the material. The object, therefore, of the commission is to offer to possible exhibitors every facility consistent with the limitations indicated, and it is confidently expected that manufacturers and producers will be disposed to participate in this exposition, bear- ing in mind that quality rather than quantity will be considered in making awards. The commission will undertake the installation, care, and transportation of any material loaned to it for exhibition purposes, and will return the same at the close of the exhibition. I wish to learn at the earliest practicable date if you desire or intend to exhibit material at Bergen; also the space you estimate will be required, and the earliest date when you can send the objects here or to the point of shipment. Please use the inclosed envelope, upon which no postage will be required. Yours, very truly, J. W. Couurns, Commissioner. The time available for preparation of exhibits was so inadequate that many who might otherwise have desired to exhibit were disin- clined, for the reason that they felt they could not arrange a dis- play that would be satisfactory. In many cases it was impossible for packers of fishery products to prepare an exhibit on so short a notice, particularly as the notification reached them ‘* between seasons,” when they had disposed of their previous year’s pack, and before it was possible for them to utilize the season’s catch. The necessity, too, of limiting exhibits to the minimum of space prevented some from exhibiting, who believed that a small collection would receive little attention. , After the work was well organized and in an advanced stage of completion, I found it necessary to make a brief trip to New York and New England to confer with parties who possibly might desire to exhibit, particularly fish packers. In most instances the packers were disinclined to make exhibits, and I had to purchase the material needed for a reasonable presentation of fishery products. In the meantime correspondence had been begun with various rail- road and steamer companies in order to secure the best terms for the transportation of the exhibits to Bergen. Arrangements were made PLATE III. SECTIONAL FRONT VIEW OF UNITED STATES EXHIBIT. Photographed by Nyblin. ‘ a ~~ ee =) as pa +AL ieh,* et i. t Aw, eee tate Le Se te ee eee Se Sees cormor Son Maryan ees eee ese ne see ie ae Mireinial sca seta n ee eee eee eee POT ass aaa as Sareea es aoe ace South Atlantic States: NorthCaroling.-ssssco. ose South Carolingisease acc eon eee GeOrgites oe acca eer eee Florida (east coast) ...-.------------ Mota ese deen cen racists Gulf States: Florida, (westicoast))--.-2---\2------- AL ADSM ale Slee ee eee eee ee eae IMISSISSID Diese a enna eee es MoOuisian aene28 sccs/ncees= scsse 25-< 32 ROXAS Eee ese aca WScteee Sess Motaleeeess see ease rn eeeen eee Great. Wales seccn onan eee se oe Salmon. Market fishes. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. 4D°'931° (500 j|, sels 219078 Mle kee ee oe | eee | 21, 684, 211 551, 546 3, 140, 759 | $63, 469 | 25,536, 701 781, 000 2,763, 779 | 39, 028 4, 862, 408 179,031 | 14,190, 804 369, 631 | 94,314,820 2,731,550 | 20,095, 342 472, 128 152, 740 34,118 | 17, 989, 998 244, 286 FP Cate ea oe eal Poe Ae RW 1, 090, 300 13, 881 139 | 68 | 68,092, 741 1, 400, 499 Se See teen re lS Me Beier ee 9, 625, 934 224,174 280 222 3, 388, 126 160, 853 153, 159 34,408 } 100,187,099 | 2, 043, 698 Fe oe Se soa ee ee 21, 603, 849 | 833, 305 MOTTON) pee bo S ee 31, 455, 260 | 1,363, 991 LCR i: BRE cd et 5, 397, 848 182, 181 SED eapee tea ene o5 OEE kn 4,679, 711 163, 036 A Rr la Ste Se ae 32, 745, 587 760, 425 Pee fe eed Se le 31, 102, 404 801, 625 Di ieixe MU cart || ENSMEY Wey he 126, 984, 609 4, 104, 563 Ns Chm ae ae a 33, 226, 393 | 967, 764 Seattal paen a |e eae ea | 3, 950, 605 148, 710 pe baie yh eli | 1, 163, 556 66, 055 BAS Is . SRR Read ee rite 6,614, 231 196, 882 Me Bil re tal roms Ea | 44, 954, 785 1, 379, 411 ——— a Be oa a Ana iy Dhce | 24,326, 679 506, 038 Behe aes ee ae | 1,404, 778 46,119 [Lae es chia A Le a 1, 825, 395 64, 368 Se er Oe: 6, 965, 582 139, 449 be cies ete en ee ee | 3, 718, 000 164, 200 O47 eae A ee | ee eer 38, 240, 434 920, 174 b te ees een 96, 619, 671 2,270, 618 94, 467, 979 2,765,958 | 427,081, 940 11, 190, 587 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. Statistics of certain fisheries of the United States—Continued. States. Pacific States (including Alaska): Alaska New Hampshire Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic States: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland Virginia South Atlantic States: North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida (east coast) Gulf States: Florida (west coast) Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Great ligikeske ses acne os. esse seen eee Grand total Lobster. Oyster. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. 52 Bao ps Ad ae eee 1, 154, 468 $147, 995 Pe rae aeons. ae 11, 431 3,062 Bee ey tl Sie ee 1, 250, 515 698, 257 esd Rl! gir eerie 2,416, 414 | 849, 314 10, 300, 880 GERI RU! ea Mee eats ieee ae knees 90, 300 BAC PS Geterace sourced peeamee cece ace 2, 089, 502 157, 330 338, 604 70, 946 774, 100 | 58, 762 1, 525, 749 261, 275 1, 614, 530 101, 358 14, 911, 218 1, 432, 479 14, 869, 312 1, 001, 025 16, 775, 571 1, 764, 700 165, 098 15, 655 18, 277, 434 2,748, 509 143, 905 10, 861 18, 204, 291 1, 766, 648 aS seagneep ne seks Memes ite 926, 660 101, 850 5, 600 285 1, 227, 324 73, 863 epee ts SN ere en eee 69, 615, 406 5, 295, 866 AR re eA eRe ee aes 43, 134, 602 2, 524, 348 314, 598 26,801 | 151,385,717 12,511, 084 Nears SM tle, Rel nese Series a ee 4, 977, 336 150, 845 a eee Ret Teel (Nee CEE 442, 050 23, 204 Le eet BE ON [ee ie eR os 1,570, 485 40, 520 Ceram 1 eal epee oe ens, 681, 450 14, 850 Be ee eee Sea ee 7, 671, 321 229, 419 Es EE ee eel Pere Se et ae 2,597, 567 98, 692 Bg ao BER Ae eee Ae ea 3, 367, 490 10%, 812 ed oe aye | RO. eA ot 5, 645, 346 166, 672 bi, ie Se es | ee ee ee 5, 891, 095 299, 896 Eh ie ee lade, Sa 3, 085, 600 127, 990 peas sobeetyy Eo eeare eecead 20, 587, 098 796, 062 15, 183, 910 1,027,826 | 198,836,121 16, 150, 579 30 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. Statistics of the fisheries of the United States, 1897. [Prepared by the United States Fish Commission. ] State. Ald@bama-. .2. skis dec st ce oases AVASES 6.925% ae dere fence eee ones ATE GNSAS Sto fec ose ee eee ee ee Califormiay: . 2-2-2. 2 .Shis. sot ccceaexe sooo Connecticut. 4-208 s osteosascceemese es FCRTISHS Soe ace ee cece oe Seamer aceatse Ren GUGKine seer ose ee come fe ets eee WOOUISIA Ma eee een ae Sees mee Serer site oe IMGING seco ese toten a wcsoSetn ls eee zewaus Maryland feiss sees seses cau Suwon wns Cece IMARSR.GHUSELIS Scot Ay INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. Statistics of the fisheries of the United States, 1897—Continued. 31 State. PATIKAITISASE AeA eee Se neat So ee ee GATORS: o: fe, eho see ee eee oe Sees Connecticuts-2s22 2255) - = 2 ees sea eee Delaware NOMIC Gras tnt soe ees oe at see Georgia Idaho MOUS Eerste ers acct osc iets eee eee rce ok AISA cn eee eres = eet cee ae = ck cietele = INETUUC Eye ere ets ae SS ow oe San enee As Tho yb htc th 110 Ree gt ere eee Maryland MGSSACIUBCtISS 5. s at cesses as ss. nes gone e Michigan MIRTUITOS OUR Seem Sanpete aera ais See Mississippi Missouri Nebraskan 2 sos os- Saccssccn asses adeeses Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey INGwewouletsosticcd-e css melee useaas Sacco (QU ACi Sa Soca pees SotU ORG IEM ER OOmneaars Pennsylvania Rhodelislandie 2k os secee ssc cese ese nue ce Sout Carolingecnee see ae sea eens cla South Dakota MOEVMESSCOS Soe enc anloes cass ae Se eee eee: AV ite inlay ste en Ahi see a ese ease oe Washington? os. eee cee een eee Wrest: Virgiliaiss.<. tesecetee eee tee a WiUSCONSIN' .:.1 9252 J. Se See ee ar oe P Products. Other prop- | Total invest- = : erty. ment. Pounds. Value. X [ee =e eae ees S $97, 304 | $149, 777 1, 869, 400 227, 370 1, 963, 728 2, 535, 703 64, 159, 235 2, 901, 055 28, 647 36, 564 3, 875, 858 | 116,011 1, 386, 469 2, 615, 534 50, 065, 734 1, 794, 729 2,065, 987 | 2, 826, 834 61, 458, 221 1, 871, 413 | 151, 965 224, 259 7,194, 688 250, 853 | 502, 799 1, 138, 135 37, 563, 598 1, 253, 140 | 137, 865 174, 431 2,994, 117 123, 563 | 1, 835 DTS 235, 058 11, 929 929, 693 1, 004, 252 12, 631, 505 371, 410 23, 292 31, 838 2, 746, 383 131, 567 31,913 46,710 4,079, 704 | 124, 851 2,728 3,411 242, 387 11, 022 25, 319 35, 494 2, 273, 585 90, 024 490, 282 797,215 27, 063, 306 852,146 1, 838, 572 2,889, 793 121, 700, 200 2, 225, 806 4, 932, 848 | 7, 345, 814 141, 177, 827 6, 460, 759 8, 352, 028 13, 245, 229 301, 349, 331 7,531, 194 1, 243, 551 1, 674, 168 34, 019, 915 964, 279 181, 649 268, 512 7,307, 165 185, 649 383, 664 449, 279 10, 345, 471 301, 793 32, 984 44, 205 3, 821, 654 119, 786 2, 187 2,721 340, 466 14,015 83 683 42,821 3, 056 65, 3891 112, 660 3, 956, 824 91, 481 1,176, 167 2, 437, 480 73, 267, 434 3, 646, 382 4,374, 140 5, 786, 935 176, 040, 903 5, 045, 560 954, 584 1, 243, 988 51, 799, 142 1, 027, 669 1, 340, 650 1, 681, 958 30, 194, 846 567, 039 2,370, 478 2,637, 412 38, 141, 682 1, 282, 036 1,117,378 1,314, 058 15, 045, 384. 403, 886 733, 700 1,020,178 | 127,365,475 9359144 66, 633 127, 762 | 4, 944, 840 202, 602 1,973 2,911 416, 920 13, 261 25, 324 30, 203 2,445, 291 82, 502 187, 842 319, 122 7, 959, 400 318, 832 10, 560 11, 735 1, 230, 124 37,479 3, 704 4,794 208, 139 7,160 1, 447, 751 2, 846, 259 183, 993, 834 3, 647, 845 1, 693, 930 2,024,469 99, 089, 527 1, 401, 433 1, 445 4, 075 162, 021 8, 701 555, 998 770, 984 | 21, 593, 673 529, 415 40, 945, 040 59,919,919 | 1,596, 413, 068 47,180, 847 32 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT OF THE UNITED STATES ANALYSIS. Section A.—AQUATIC ANIMALS AND PLANTS OF NORTH AMERICA BENEFICIAL OR INJURIOUS TO MAN. I.—MamMALs. 1. Group of sea lions, Humetopias stelleri, with large series of water-color sketches by Henry W. Elliott, and photographs by Charles H. Town- send, illustrating life and habits of the sea lion and the fur seal, Callorhinus ursinus; stuffed hair seals. 2. Cast, head of black-fish, Globicephalus; photographs and paintings of black-fish and whales. 3. Cast of cow-fish, Tursiops. II.—Brrps. 4. Collection of skins of acquatic birds. 5. Mounted acquatic birds. III, [V.—Reprites And BATRACHTANS. 6. Alligator, Alligator mississippiensis; diamond-backed terrapin, Melaco- clemmys palustris; ved-bellied terrapin, Pseudemys rugosa; western terrapin, Chelopus marmoratus; hawk’s-bill turtle, Eretmochelys squa- mata. 7. Hellbender, Menopoma allegheniensis. 8. Six species of edible frogs, including five drawings and alcoholic speci- men of the giant bullfrog, Rana catesbiana. V.—FISHES. 9. Casts of characteristic fishes, including most of the economic species. 10. Series of water-color paintings of fishes. 11. Series of chromo-lithographs of important species of fishes which have been artificially propagated. 12. Series of photographs of fishes. 13. Series of fishes in alcohol. 14. Representation of fish eggs. VI.—Mo..uvsks. 15. Series of gastropods useful for food, bait, ete., or injurious to edible mollusks. 16. Collection of plates and diagrams illustrating the embryology of the American oyster. 17. Series of American oysters, illustrating geographical distribution and . local variations. 18. Other useful mollusks. 19. Enemies of the oyster. VII.—MAaArINE AND FRESH-WATER INVERTEBRATES, EXCLUSIVE OF MOLLUSKS. 20. Collection of economic crustaceans, mainly alcoholic, used as food or bait, ete. It includes the lobster, Homarus americanus; spiny lobreter or salt-water crayfish, Panulirus; common edible crab, Callinectes hastatus; rock crab, Cancer irroratus; jonah crab, Cancer borealis; red crab, Cancer productus; Pacific crab, Cancer magister; stone crab, Menippe mercenaria; prawns, Pandulus and Palemonetes; shrimp, Cran- gon, Palemon, and Peneus; horseshoe or king crab, Limulus, ete. 21. Collection of economic echinoderms, chiefly dried specimens of star-fish, Asterias vulgaris, illustrating the way in which this species attacks the oyster, INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. b3 Section A.—AQUATIC ANIMALS AND PLANTS OF NORTH AMERICA BENEFICIAL OR INJURIOUS TO MAN—Continued. VIT.—Marineé and FresH-waTerR INVERTEBRATES, ETC.—Continued. 22. Collection of Florida commercial sponges, and other sponges, contain- ing 53 specimens, including series showing development of sponges by artificial cultivation. 23. Collection of fresh-water crayfishes, Cambarus and Astacus, occurring within the limits of the United States. VIII.—Maprs or Frsninc-Grounps. 24. Series of charts showing the location of oyster beds, ete. 25. Series of general sailing charts, coast and harbor charts, covering the principal North American fishing-grounds; exhibited by the United States Coast Survey and the United States Hydrographic Office. Section B.—-APPARATUS FOR SEA AND FRESH-WATER FISHING. IX.—C.vss, Spears, Darts, RAKES, AND DREDGES. 26. Darts, throwing sticks, harpoons, clubs, etc., made and used by the Indians and Eskimos of Alaska, the Northwest coast, and other parts of the United States. 27. Kel spears, porpoise and dolphin grains, sword-fish lily irons, lances, and harpoons used along the Atlantic coast of the United States for the capture of numerous species; halibut killer and gob stick for killing fish and disgorging the hook; squid jigs used to catch squid for bait; mackerel gaff and mackerel bob, formerly used by New England fish- ermen for the capture of mackerel without the use of bait. 28. Clam rakes, hoes, moss rakes, oyster tongs, deep-water oyster tongs, rakes, scrapes, and dredges. X.—Fisnnooks, Jias anp Drars, Arrreicran Barts, Fires anp Fry Hooks, GULLETERS, CLEARING RINGs, ETC. 29. Series of Indian and Eskimo hooks made of bone, wood, and iron. 30. Series of steel hooks, showing the manufacture of hooks from plain wire to the finished hook; and all the principal varieties of fish hooks used in sea and fresh-water fishing, including the Barbless, Limerick, Cen- tral-draft, Kirby, Aberdeen, Kinsey, Carlisle, shark, and dog fish hooks. 31. Jigs and drails for the capture of cod, weak-fish, Spanish mackerel, bass, bluefish, and dolphin; mackerel jigs formerly extensively used, with lead, ladles, molds, file, rasp, ete., used in their manufacture. 32. Spoon baits, trolling spoons, spinners, minnows, and insects for salmon, trout, bass, pike, and pickerel fishing. 33. Case of lure baits and ornamental hooks from Alaska. 34. Collection of over 700 varieties of salmon, bass, and trout flies, arranged on cards and labeled with their trade names. 35. Case of insects used for bait and injurious or useful to the fisheries, pre- pared by Prof. C. V. Riley. 36. Spring hooks for pickerel, ‘‘snap and catch’em hooks,”’ Edgar barbless hooks, eagle-claw trap. 37. Bait boxes, creels, gulleters, clearing rings, pocket scales, and other miscellaneous articles used by anglers. XI.—Fisuine Lrxes ann Riccep Gear. 38. Indian and Eskimo lines made of kelp, whale and seal hide, and cedar bark. 39. Cotton lines, shroud laid and cable laid, white and tarred; linen, flax, grass, and silk lines, including waterproof fly lines, and other silk lines for salmon and trout fishing. S. Doe; 39——=3 34 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. Section B.—APPARATUS FOR SEA AND FRESH-WATER FISHING—Continued. X1.—Fisnine Lines anp RigGrep Grar—Continued. 40. Spanish gut as imported for the manufacture of leaders; single, double, and twisted gut leaders; minnow gangs, brails, gangings, used in varioug sea fisheries. 41. Stone, lead, brass, and composition sinkers for nets, seines, and hand lines. 42. Indian and Eskimo floats carved in wood; glass, cork, and wood floats for nets and lines in sea fisheries; wood, cork, and quill floats for pond fishing. 43. Hand lines rigged for cod fishing on the offshore and inshore banks and ledges; pollock hand lines; blue-fish trolling lines; lines for pond fish- ing; gear for the capture of cat-fish, weak-fish, and others pecies; Indian trawl lines made of cedar; cod, haddock, and halibut trawls in sections and fully rigged with buoys and anchors; snares and eel bobs; Indian fishing lines from Alaska and the Northwest coast. XII.—Fisuina Rops anp Reets ror Lives anp. Nets. 44. Rods for salmon, trout, bass, and general fishing, exhibited by the Horton Manufacturing Company. 45. Reels for fly fishing; multiplying reels for trout and salmon; automatic reel; spools, winders, trawl-line rollers, ete. XIII.—Ners anp SEINEs, AND MATERIALS USED IN THEIR MANUFACTURE. 46. Samples of netting, white and tanned, showing varieties of mesh and kinds of twine. 47. Gill nets, full size, for the capture of shad, mackerel, herring, and other species; gill nets made by the Eskimos from strips of whalebone, ete. 48. Trammel nets for general fishing; models of shad seines; Baird collecting seine, ete. 49. Handle or dip nets and landing nets used in the capture or in handling mackerel, menhaden, trout, and other fish. 50. Oyster dredge and hoisting apparatus, dredge nets, ete. 51. Folding or jerk nets, including models of mackerel purse seines and models of mackerel-seine pocket, ete. XIV.—Fisu Traps, WeErrs, AND Pounps. 52. Drawings of fish slides and wheels used for catching shad in the rivers of North Carolina; photographs of floating and stationary wheels for catching salmon in the Columbia River. 53. Models of bar weirsand brush weirs used for catching herring in the Bay of Fundy; pound nets, etc.; photographs of various kinds of weirs used for catching herring; pound nets for the capture of salmon, her- ring, mackerel, and many other species of fishes. 54. Various kinds of fish pots; models of several kinds of lobster pots used on the coast of New England. XV.—Knives, GAFFs, AND OTHER APPARATUS. 55. Indian and Eskimo knives made of stone, bone, and iron for cutting fish and blubber. 56. Cod splitting, ripping, and throating knives; finning and flitching knives; bait-chopping knives; mackerel splitting and reaming or creasing knives; scaling knives, slivering knives, etc. 57. Salmon, cod, haddock, halibut, and mackerel gaffs; halibut cutters; hook used in decapitating fish; fish forks and ‘‘ pews’’ used in storing and handling fish. XVI.—ILLustRATIONS OF THE FISHERIES. 58. Series of oil paintings, and sketches, in crayon, illustrating the sea fish- erles, INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 35 Section B. APPARATUS FOR SEA AND FRESH-WATER FISHING—Continued. XVI.—ILuustratTions oF THE FisHERtEsS—Continued. 59. Series of more than five hundred photographs, large and small, showing the methods employed in the hand line and trawl] line, cod and halibut fisheries, the lobster and other sea fisheries, the fisheries of the Great Lakes, rivers, etc. Section C.—FISHING VESSELS, BOATS, AND FITTINGS. XVII.—Vessets AnD Boats. 60. Series of rigged models and builder’s models of all types of vessels used in the American fisheries, past and present. 61. Series of rigged models showing evolution of the New England fishing schooner. 62. Series of models of all important types of boats used in the fisheries; also full-size dory, shad skiff, Aleut bidarka, and Eskimo kaiaks. 63. Series of large photographs showing fishing boats and vessels in different situations. 64. Series of large and small photographs of ship yards and boat shops, illus- trating the construction of fishing craft. XVIII.—Boat Firrincs anpD APPLIANCES. 65. Photographs of sail loft where sails of fishing vessels are made. 66. Nelson’s canvas-preserving solution. 67. Anchors, killicks, ete.; oars and paddles. 68. Charts of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey and the United States Hydrographic Office. Section D.—_ FISHERMEN AND ANGLERS. XIX.—FISHERMEN AND THEIR APPAREL. 69. Lay figures of fishermen, showing costumes, implements, methods of work, ete. 70. Photographs, 30 by 40 inches and smaller, showing groups of fishermen of different nationalities, or engaged in the several branches of fishing. 71. Collection of fishermen’s oil clothing, ete. X X.—SHELTER, ETC. ; 72. Series of photographs of fishermen’s houses, boarding houses, etc.; underground dwellings of Alaskan natives. XXJ.—HAasits oF FISHERMEN. 73. Collection illustrating the games, amusements, art work of fishermen; carvings, ete. XXII.—FisHERMEN’s Toots AND OUTFITS. 74. Fishermen’s tools, ditty-boxes, palms, sail needles, ete. Section E.—APPARATUS USED IN THE WHALING AND SEALING INDUSTRY.! XXIJII.—Wauatine VeEssets anpD Boars. 75. Model of the steam whaling bark Orca, of San Francisco, Cal., fully rigged and equipped, with all sails set and boats at cranes. The Orca is the largest whaling vessel in the United States. Builder’s model of the sailing bark Jireh Swift, one of the vessels burned in the Arctic Ocean by the Confederate cruiser Shenandoah. 76. Model of a whaleboat, one-sixth full size, completely equipped for the chase, with sails set and harpoons, lances, oars, etc., in their respec- tive positions. 'For convenience of arrangement, there are included here the apparatus of manu- facture or preparation of whaling products, the preliminary stages of which, being usually conducted on board of whaling vessels, may be regarded as a portion of the fishery proper, 36 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. Section E.—APPARATUS USED IN THE WHALING AND SEALING INDUSTRY—C’ td. XXIV.—Wuatine Crarr, Harpoons, Guns, AND LANCEs. 77. Series of hand harpoons of various patterns, including the toggle harpoon. 78. Series of guns, including shoulder guns, darting guns, ete. 79. Series of yarious forms of gun harpoons. These have no commercial value at present, but are interesting, as they constitute a link in the chain that connects the past with the present. 80. Earliest types of hand lances, formerly used exclusively for killing whales; past and present forms of lances for killing seals, sea ele- phants, and walruses; the old-fashioned, non-explosive gun lance, and the bomb lance, darting bomb, and rocket bomb of the present; also an example of the first bomb lance, according to the records of the United States Patent Office, patented in this country for killing whales. 81. Prussic-acid lance, ete. XX V.—CurTrina GEAR. 82. Cutting spade, used for cutting blubber from whales during the process of flensing or ‘‘cutting in’”’ a whale. XX VI.—ABorIGINAL WHALING AND SEALING APPARATUS. 83. Series of whaling apparatus used by Indians and Eskimos, including harpoons, lances, ete. Section F.—FISHERY PRODUCTS AND THEIR PREPARATION. XX VII.—Apraratus AND MATERIALS USED IN THE PREPARATION AND CARE OF Propvcts. 84. Models of welled vessels and boats for keeping fish alive; photographs of fish and lobster cars. 85. Models of ice scoop, fish fork, ete., used in handling ice and fish in pack- ing fresh fish for market or storing them in a yessel’s hold; sectional model of fishing schooner, showing arrangement of hold for presery- ing fish in ice. 86. Photographs of fish wharves, packing and curing houses, showing the appliances for handling, culling, weighing, and packing mackerel and other pickled fish, for curing dry fish, including weighing scales, butts for pickling, flakes for drying, etc.; photographs of smokehouses for curing herring and halibut; of sardine canneries, showing exterior and interior; of salmon canneries; of lobster-boiling house at Boston, showing vats for steaming lobsters; of fish packing and refrigerating houses on the Great Lakes, interior and exterior, with gangs of men at work cleaning fish; of menhaden factory, showing the various appa- ratus and processes for making oil and guano. 87. Apparatus used in the preparation of boneless fish, including series of knives, nape hooks, ete.; cod-splitting knives, mackerel-splitting knives, menhaden-slivering knives, ete. 88. Series of three large photographs, mostly 30 by 40 inches, showing the manner of handling and curing fish, landing from the vessels, wash- ing, pickling, drying, culling, packing, smoking, etc., also showing the preparation of boneless fish, landing and shipping fresh fish, ete. 89. Series of large photographs showing landing, shucking, packing, and shipping fresh oysters, steaming oysters, and packing them for ship- ment, ete. XX VIII.—Propucts or THE FISHERIES PREPARED FOR Foon. 90. Dry salted or plain dried preparations, including whole and boneless codfish. 91. Smoked preparations, including halibut, herring, finnan haddie, ete. 92. Pickle or brine salted preparations, including mackerel, herring, cods’ tongues and sounds, ete, UITQAN AQ poyd sOJVOUe XANNV NI LIGIHXS SALVLS G3SLINNA “IA aLvid { = - Fl : ° y \ 7 bee ' pa: i r v4 A, Te na : ; n Sv & - } f ‘ i f , ? ; , r tik he ee ; , ‘ : ‘ ' ‘ « , ‘ yh 7 i ‘ 7 7 » ‘ ‘ 4 - 4 = ny 7 i zs ' 4 fi 7 s INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. Ba Section F.— FISHERY PRODUCTS AND THEIR PREPARATION—Continued. “XX VIII.—Propucts or rue Fisnertes Prerearep ror Foop—Continued. 93. Preparations in spices, vinegar, etc., Including sardines in mustard and tomatoes, mackerel soused and in mustard and tomato sauce, ete. 94. Preparations in oil, including American sardines. 95. Cooked preparations in cans, including mackerel, herring, salmon, lobsters, fish balls, clams, clam chowder, clam juice, ete. XXIX.—Marertats EMptoyep in tHe Arts AND MANUFACTURES. 96. Ivory of mammals, including teeth of sperm whale, Physeter macroceph- alus, ete. 97. Bone of mammals, including parts of jawbone of whale; bone of fishes, including bill of sawfish, ete. 98. Baleen or whalebone, crude and prepared for various uses, including slabs of whalebone from bowhead whale, Baleena mysticetus, northwest coast; right whale, Hubalena sieboldii; strips of bone prepared by the Eskimo and made into nets. 99. Pearls; pearl-yielding shells, with the mother-of-pearl in the rough state and in its various forms to the finished buttons, ete. 100. Leather of the alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, salted and tanned and manufactured into satchels, etc.; leather of lizards, sharks, ete., and articles manufactured therefrom (see exhibit of Tiffany & Co.); skins of cod, Gadus callarias and other species, crude and manufactured into isinglass and glue. (See exhibit of the Russia Cement Co. ) 101. Isinglass, Jchthyolla, made from the air-bladders and skins of fishes and used in the manufacture of fine glues and sizes, adhesive and court plasters, diamond cement, table jelly and confectionery, in refining wines and liquors, in adulterating milk, in fixing the luster of arti- ficial pearls, and in lustring silk ribbons; samples of dried sturgeon sounds or bladders; liquid fish glue made from the skins of cod, cusk, hake, and other species; carriage axle and various other articles in the manufacture of which fish glue is used. (See exhibit of the Russia Cement Co. ) 102. Specimens of American commercial sponges. (Seeinyvertebrate exhibit. ) 103. Oils and fats, including blackfish and porpoise-jaw oils, used in lubri- cating fine machinery, watches, clocks, and guns; whale oils, sperm oil, ete. (See exhibit of Wm. F. Nye.) 104. Fertilizers in the preparation of which fish are use \, including guano, made from waste fish products in the preparation of fish glue. (See exhibit of the Russia Cement Co.) Section G.—FISH-CULTURE. XX X.—Apparatus AND MetHops or FisH-CuLture. 105. Map showing the location of the hatching stations belonging to the United States Fish Commission. The following is a list of the hatching stations operated by the United States Fish Commission in 1897: 1. Greenlake, Me., station for collecting eggs of the landlocked salmon (Salmosalar sebago), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), and the golden brook trout (Salvelinusal pinus aureolus) . 2, Craig Brook, Maine, station for the propagation of the eggs of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), brook trout (Sa/velinus fontinalis), landlocked salmon (Salmo salar sebago). In connection with this station a small auxiliary station is operated at Grandlake Stream, Maine, for the collection of eggs of the landlocked salmon (Salmo salar sebago). 38 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. Section G.—FISH-CULTURE—Continued. XXX.—Apparatus AND Mernops or Fisa-Cutrurs—Continued. 3. St. Johnsbury, Vt., station located 13 miles from the town of St. Johnsbury, and devoted exclusively to the propagation of the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). 4. Gloucester, Mass., station located on Ten Pound Island, in the harbor of Gloucester, and established for the propaga- tion of the marine fishes, chiefly the cod (Gadus callarius), pollack (Pollachius virens), mackerel (Scomber scombrus) , and the lobster (Homarus americanus). 5. Woods Hole, Mass., station located in the town of Woods Hole, and devoted chiefly to the propagation of cod ( Gadus callarius) and lobsters (Homarus americanus), though the eggs of several other of the marine fishes are handled, including the flatfish ( Pseudo-pleuronectes americanus), mack- erel (Scomber scombrus), tautog (Tautoga onitis), and sea bass (Centropristes striatus). It is also equipped for bio- logical investigations, and most important scientific work is conducted there each summer. 6. Cape St. Vincent, N. Y., station located on the St. Lawrence River near its mouth; established for the propagation. of whitefish (Coregonus clupeiformis), pike perch (Stizostedion vitreum), and lake trout (Cristivomer namaycush). It is utilized also for the hatching of quinnat salmon ( Oncorhyn- chus tschawytscha) eggs transferred from the Pacific coast. Battery Station, Maryland, located at the head of the Chesa- peake Bay, 4 miles from the town of Havre de Grace, Md., for the purpose of collecting and hatching eggs of the shad (Alosa sapidissima), striped bass ( Roccus lineatus) , and white perch (Morone americana). 8. Bryan Point, Maryland, station situated on the Potomac River 12 miles below Washington, D. C., and used chiefly for col- lecting and hatching eggs of the shad ( Alosa sapidissima). Fish Ponds, Washington, D. C., used for years for the propa- gation of carp, now chiefly devoted to the rearing of black bass (Micropterus), crappie (Pomoxis annularis), and shad ( Aloso sapidissima). 10. Central Station, Washington, D. C. This station is provided with apparatus for the hatching of the eggs of the shad ( Alosa sapidissima) and Salimonidee; also as a distributing center for the stations in the vicinity, and as headquarters for the car and messenger service. Attached to the station isa small aquarium used to exhibit fresh and salt water fishes, which also affords opportunity for natural-history study. 11. Wytheville, Va. This station is located 3 miles out of the town of Wytheville, in Wythe County, and is devoted prin- cipally to the propagation of the rainbow trout (Salmo irideus), rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris), black bass (Microp- terus salmoides), and crappie (Pomoxis annularis). s~I go INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 39° Section G.—FISH-CULTURE—Continued. XXX.—Apparatus AND Metuops or Fisu-Cutrure—Continued. 12. Ney, 14. 16. 18. iS). Erwin, Tenn. This station was established in 1897 for the propagation of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), rainbow trout (Salmo irideus), black bass (Micropterus salmoides), and crappie (Pomoxis annularis), and is located in Unicoi County, 23 miles from the town of Erwin. Put-in-Bay station is located on the island of Put-in-Bay, in Lake Erie, and is the largest whitefish and pike perch sta- tion in the world, having a capacity of 200,000,000 eggs of the whitefish (Coregonus clupeiformis) and 500,000,000 eggs of the pike perch (Stizostedion vitreum). Northville, Mich., station, located in the town of Northville, 25 miles from Detroit, was established for the propagation of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), but during the past year, 1897, over 11,000,000 eggs of the lake trout (Cristivomer namaycush) were handled. 5. Alpena, Mich., station, located in the town of Alpena, on Lake Michigan, is devoted exclusively to the collection and hatch- ing of the eggs of the whitefish (Coregonus clupeiformis). Duluth, Minn., station is located at the western extremity of Lake Superior, in the town of Duluth, on Lester River, and was established for the collection and hatching of the eggs of the lake trout (Cristivomer namaycush), whitefish ( Core- gonous clupeiformis), and pike perch (Stizostedion vitreum). . Manchester, Iowa, station, located 4 miles from the town of Manchester, is equipped for the collecting and hatching of eggs of the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and rainbow trout (Salmo irideus); also for the propagation of bass ( Micropterus salmoides) and crappie (Pomoxis annularis) in ponds. Quincy, Ill., station is for the collection of black bass (Micro- pterus salmoides) and of fishes indigenous to the Mississippi Valley. The pondsfor the retention of these fish are located at Meredosia, Ill., 40 miles from Quincy. Neosho, Mo.; a station in the Ozark region of the State of Missouri, for the propagation of rainbow trout (Salmo irideus), black bass (Micropterus salmoides), and crappie (Pomoxis annularis). San Marcos, Tex.; a station established on the San Marcos River, Texas, for the propagation of black bass (Micropterus salmoides), rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris), and crappie (Pomoxis annularis). . Leadville, Colo.; a station located on the Rocky Mountains 4 miles from Leadville, and receiving its water supply from Rock Creek. It was established for the propagation of the black-spotted trout (Salmo mykiss), the ycllow-fin trout (Salmo mykiss macdonaldi), and the rainbow trout (Salmo irideus). Several million eggs of the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) have also been collected and hatched at this station. 40 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. Section G.—FISH-CULTURE—Continued. XXX.—Apparatus AND Mernops or Fisu-Cutrure—Continued. 22. Bozeman, Mont., station is located in the Gallatin Valley, 4 miles from the town of Bozeman, and is devoted to the propagation of the black-spotted or mountain trout (Salmo mykiss), the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), and the grayling ( Thymallus ontariensis montanus). 23. Baird station, California, was the first salmon station estab- lished on the Pacific coast, and is devoted exclusively to the propagation of the quinnat salmon (Oncorhynchus ischawytscha) . (a) Battle Creek, an auxiliary station, operated in con- nection with the Baird station, at which 50,000,000 eggs of the quinnat salmon (Oncorhynchus tscha- wytscha) were collected during the season of 1897. 24. Fort Gaston, Hoopa Valley, California. This station is on the Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation, and is devoted to the propagation of the steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri), the silver salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) , and the quinnat salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha). Two auxiliary stations, one at Redwood, Cal., and the other at Corbel, Cal., are also operated in connection with this station. 25. Clackamas station, Oregon. The stationis situated on the banks of the Clackamas River, a tributary of the Columbia River, and is devoted to the collecting and hatching of eggs of the quinnat salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha). In connec- tion with this station, three auxiliary stations are operated, one at Sandy River, distant 16 miles, one on the Little White Salmon River, in the State of Washington, and one on the Rogue River. 106. Lay figures of two men, one in the act of haulinga shad gill net and the other taking the eggs from a shad ina pan, in which they are to be impregnated. These figures are in a shad gilling skiff, such as is com- monly used on the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. 107. Model of United States Fish Commission schooner Grampus, used in connection with the propagation of cod, lobsters, ete. (see also under head of deep-searesearch ); photograph, 30 by 40 inches, of the United States Fish Commission steamer Fish Hawk, built in 1880, at Wil- mington, Del., and used as a floating hatchery during certain seasons of the year. 108. Model of the United States Fish Commission hatching house at Put-in Bay, on Lake Erie, for hatching white fish and other lake species, fitted with ‘‘ batteries’’ of hatching jars, etc.; model of the United States Fish Commission hatching house at Gloucester, Mass., for the hatching of cod, haddock, potlock, lobsters, ete. Both of these models were built under the direction of Capt. Joseph W. Collins. 109. Series of large photographs of the most important fish-hatching stations and the most interesting features of fish-cultural work, such as col- lecting the fish, taking and impregnating the eggs, and the process of manipulating eggs and young fish at the hatchery, rearing fish in troughs, feeding fish in ponds, ete. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 4] Section G —FISH-CULTURE—Continued. XXX.—ApparAtTus AND Mernops or Fisa-Cuurure—Continued. 110. Model of United States Fish Commission car used for transporting eggs and young fish from the hatcheries to various parts of the country, and for carrying adult fish from one section to another. The com- mission has four of these cars specially fitted for the transportation of eggs, fry, and fish. 111. Photographs, 30 by 40 inches, of one of the cars and its interior arrange- ment. 112. Series of fish-hatching apparatus, including all of the important kinds used in the United States. Each specimen in this series is of actual size and in condition for use. 113. Series of accessory apparatus used at fish-hatchery stations, such as pans, dippers, ete. 114. Series of apparatus for the transportation of eggs and young fish. This is what is usually termed a ‘‘ messenger’s outfit,’’ but does not include the full complement of fish cans, which are generally about fifteen in number. 115. Models of fish eggs for the purpose of illustrating the use of fish-cultural apparatus. 116. Prints showing the development of eggs during the process of hatching, including the embryology of the oyster. 117. Series of sponges, showing their development, as a result of artificial culture. Section H.—INVESTIGATION OF THE WATERS AND RESEARCH. XX XI.—A.—DeEeEp-sEA RESEARCH. 118. Model of United States Fish Commission schooner Grampus; large photographs of the United States Fish Commission steamers Albatross and Fish Hawk. 119. Series of nine charts showing the dredging operations of the United States Fish Commission; charts showing the investigation of oyster grounds in the Chesapeake Bay region; series of photographs of fur- seal rookeries on the Pribilof Islands, taken in 1895, showing the condition of seal life on the islands, ete. B.—INVESTIGATION OF THE FRESH WATERS. 120. Maps, prints, and photographs showing investigation of interior waters; collections of fish, crayfish, ete., from the rivers or lakes of the United States. Section I.— LITERATURE. XX XII.—Booxks. 121. Publications of the United States Fish Commission; publications of the United States Government relating to the fisheries; principal works of American writers on the marine and fresh-water fauna of the United States; the geographical distribution, development and life history of aquatic animals, and, generally, investigations upon seas, lakes, and rivers, and their inhabitants. 42 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. COLLECTIONS DISPLAYED BY SPECIAL EXHIBITORS. WILLIAM H. ABBOTT, Washington, D. C.: Bills of the sawfish, Pristis pectinatus. MAX AMS, New York, N. Y:: . Caviare. . Pickled eels. Smoked eels. . Smoked sturgeon. . Stuffed sturgeon. . Cans for packing fish, showing that cans can be made air-tight without the use of solder. A. H. BALDWIN, Washington, D. C.: Pen-and-ink drawings of edible frogs. J. W. BEARDSLEY’S SONS, 179-180 West street, New York, N. Y.: i: y) Shredded codfish. Boneless herring. MARCUS BENJAMIN, 1710 N street, Washington, D. C.: Series of portraits and autographic letters of the presidents of the American Association for the Advancement of Science from 1848 to 1898, the first half century of its existence. William C. Redfield .........- 1848 Josephableninye sea = sae se 1849 Alexander Dallas Bache ._-..-- 1850 JUOMISHACASSIZ epee Seg aes cee oe 1851 Benjamin Pierce (letter only). 1853 James Dwight Dana..-..----- 1854 JoOhmMelOnre yee ee ee oe 1855 Jammes ele Gre ete Se eer pee 1856 Jacob Whitman Bailey ------- 1857 AllexisiCaswellizse.ss.-2-2eee 1857 Jeffries Wyman (portrait only) 1858 Neaaeubeai ses sec eee = ees 1860 Frederick Augustus Porter Bar- NAT gies eh aye 1866 John Strong Newberry --.---.-- 1867 Benjamin Apthorp Gould- ---- 1868 John Wells Foster......-...-- 1869 William Chauvenet.-.....-.-.- 1870 Thomas Sterry Hunt.......--- 1870 SAMOA pre wae eee 1871 John Lawrence Smith ..-.---- 1872 Josephrbovernme cs 50] - = 187: John Lawrence Le Conte-.---- 1874 ‘W. H. BENTON, Washington, D. ¢.: Statistical charts of United States fisheries, and the fish-cultural work of the United States Fish Commission. The complete list is as follows: Julius Erasmus Hilyard ------- 1875 | William Barton Rogers ...---- 1876 Simon Newcomb =o. a. sseee 1877 Othniel Charles Marsh--.---.--- 1878 George Frederick Barker-.---- 187 Lewis Henry Morgan ..------- 1880 John William Dawson .--..---- 1882 Charles Augustus Young ------ 1883 John Peter Lesley ...--------- 1884 Hubert Anson Newton -------- 1885 Edward Sylvester Morse ..---- 1886 Samuel Pierpont Langley ----- 1887 John Wesley Powell - -----.---- 1888 Thomas Corwin Mendenhall .. 1889 George Lincoln Goodale. - ----- 1890 Albert Benjamin Prescott - ---- 1891 Joseph Le Conte.......------- 1892 William: Harkness’. 22.22" Sse 1893 Daniel Garrison Brinton -.---.- 1894 Edward Williams Morley ----- 1895 Edward Drinker Cope -------- 1896 Theodore Nicholas Gill .------ 1897 Wolcott! Gibbs < 222-2 =e eee 1898 PLATE VII. UNITED STATES EXHIBIT. FISHERY PRODUCTS Photographed by Nyblin. -S ; fi ~— = - OF ea Pe 4 | ss re 4 ie oe 2. sai | oy aa 2 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 43 G. B. BORDEN, Acushnet, Mass.: Gill net made of strips of baleen or black bone from the polar whale (probably Balexna mysticetus) by the Eskimos of northern Alaska. Used for fish- ing through the ice. Net is about 40 feet long and 33 feet deep; mesh 25 inches. It is stretched across a stream when the fish are running down to the sea. The bone net is superiorto anet made of twine for the conditions under which it is used. In extremely cold weather one made of twine soon becomes so clogged with ice that it is useless, while one made from bone needs only a vigorous shake to free it from clinging ice, when it is again ready for use. BRISTOW & DIXON, Stormont, Va.: Deep-water oyster tongs. F. E. BROWN, 12 William street, New Bedford, Mass.: Collection of whaling apparatus. 28. 29 Darting gun and bomb lance. Pierce harpoon for darting gun. Wooden model of harpoon. Darting harpoon, gun attached. Brown’s shoulder bomb gun. Wire-shank harpoon Allen’s gun harpoon. Freeman’s bomb harpoo Toggle harpoon. Brown’s gun harpoon. Brown’s gun harpoon. Double-action harpoon. Barker’s bomb harpoon. Single-barb harpoon. Two-barbed harpoon. Brown’s bomb lance. Prussic-acid lance. Egger’s explosive bomb. Pierce’s bomb lance, rubber guides. Pierce’s bomb lance, metallic guides. Pierce’s bomb for darting gun. Pierce’s first patent bomb lance for darting gun. Brand’s bomb lance. Toggle harpoon for Pierce’s darting gun. Pierce’s darting-gun harpoon. Pierce’s muzzle-loading darting gun. Pierce’s darting harpoon gun. Cunningham and Cogan’s bomb gun. Cunningham’s darting gun. PAUL E. COLLINS, 1323 Washington street, Boston, Mass.: Series of paintings and pastels illustrating methods of fishing; portrait of Hon. George M. Bowers, United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries. SHERMAN F. DENTON, Wellesley, Mass.: Casts and mounted skins of fishes. F. F. DIMICK, 3 Long Wharf, Boston, Mass.: Reports of the Boston fish bureau. 44 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. HENRY W. ELLIOTT, Cleveland, Ohio: Series of over 100 water-color paintings of Alaska, including a large collection showing the life and habits of the fur seal ( Callorhinus ursinus) , its breed- ing grounds on the Pribilof Islands, methods of driving and killing it, ete. Entrance to the Straits of Fuca. 2. Steaming through Portland Canal. 3. Baranof Island, Sitka Sound. 4. Town of Sitka. 5. Mount Verstovia, from Sitka. 6. Mount Kruzof, Sitka Sound. 7. Baranof Castle. 8. Fairweather and Crillon mountains. 9. The island of Kadiak. 10. Sathalidak heads, Kadiak Island. 11. Kahgook, Kadiak Island. 12. Surround of the otter, Kadiak Island. 13. An extended glimpse of the Aleutian chain 14. Volcanoes of Pogromni and Shishaldin. 15. Study of voleano rocks, Kahlecta Point. 16. Akun Island, Aleutian chain. 17. Oogalgan Island, Aleutian chain. 18. Glimpse of Shishaldin, from Bering Sea. 19. ‘‘The Bishop,’’ Kahlecta Point. 20. Unalaskan snow squalls. 21. Waterfall Head, Unalaska Harbor. 22. Vesolia Mees, Unalaska Island. 23. Voleano of Makushin, Unalaska Island. 24. Volcano of Makushin, from Oolachta Harbor. 25. Unalaska heads, from the village. 26. Interior of Unalaska Island. 27. Unalaska village and mountains. 28. Bogoslof, Bering Sea. 29. The island of St. George. 30. The Reef Point, St. Paul village. 31. English Bay, St. Paul Island. 32. Fur seals fighting. 33. Vanquished bull. 34. Seal-breath fog. 35. Village Hill, St. Paul Island. 36. East landing, St. Paul Island. 37. Stroll on Lukannon Beach. 38. Reef rookery, St. Paul Island, 1872. 39. Polavina rookery. 40. Tolstoi seal grounds. 41. Seal pups podding. 42. Fur seals approaching rookeries. 43. Fur seals hauling. 44. Hauling grounds, English Bay, St. Paul Island, 1872. 45. Sea-lion rookery. 46. Sea-lion rookery at Tolstoi, St. Paul Island. 47. Sea-lion pen. 48. Drive of sea lions. 49. Natives driving fur seals to killing ground, St. Paul Island, 1872. 50. Natives and fur-seal drive. 51. Killing fur seals, 1872. a HENRY W. 52. do. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 45 ELLIOTT, Cleveland, Ohio—Continued. Killing seals. Natives skinning seals. . Loading skins. . Natives and Bidarrah egging. 3. Netting Choochkies, St. Paul. . New village, St. Paul, 1878-1891. . Old village, St. Paul, 1786-1876. 99. Village of St. George. . Village of St. Paul. . The south shore of St. George Island. . The east shore of St. George Island. . The east rookery of St. George Island. . The north shore of St. George Island. . Starry arteel rookery, St. George Island. 6. Zapadnie, looking north, St. George Island. . Zapadnie, looking south, St. George Island. 8. The island of St. Paul. 9. The north shore of St. Paul. . Lukannon sands, St. Paul. . Polavina rookery, St. Paul. . Northeast point and sand dunes. . Killing grounds and landing, St. Paul Island. . Sea lion neck, St. Paul Island. . English Bay seal grounds, 1890. . English Bay seal grounds, July 18, 1872. . Lukannon rookery. . Zapadnie rookery, St. Paul Island. . The lagoon aud village, St. Paul Island. . Katavie rookery. . Reef and Garbotch rookeries. 2. English Bay sands. 0. Tolstoi rookery. . A herd of fur seals in waiting. 5. Group of sea lions. ). Walrus Island, Pribilof group. . Otter Island. . Otter Island. . Polar bears on Halls Island, near St. Matthew Island. . Cape Upright, St. Matthew Island. . Magnet Head, St. Matthew Island. 2. St. Matthew Island, from Magnet Head. 3. Pinnacle Islet, near St. Matthew Island. . The Bishop and his Thumb, St. Matthew Island. . Banded Point, St. Matthew Island. }. Northeast Cape, St. Lawrence Island. . Innuits stacking frozen hair seals. . The Diomedes, Bering Strait. . Innuit huts, Lower Kuskokwim River. . Cape Prince of Wales. . Portion of the tundra, St. Lawrence Island. 2. Point Barrow, Alaska. 3. Sealers off Shishaldin, Pacific Ocean. . St. Matthew Island. . Old Sitka, October, 1866. 46 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. ENTERPRISE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Philadelphia: Meat and bait chopper. BARTON WARREN EVERMANN, Ph. D., ichthyologist, United States Fish Commission List of papers on the fishes of America: ile oo ~JI 8. 10. late A Review of the Species of Gerres Found in American Waters, a B. W. Evermann and Seth E. Meek. (Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1883 116-124. ) ? . List of Fishes Collected in Harvey and Crowley Counties, Kans., by Barton W. Evermann and Morton W. Fordice. (Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1885, 412.) List of Fishes Collected in Harvey and Cowley Counties, Kans., by Bar- ton W. Evermann and Morton W. Fordice. (Bull. Washburn Col- lege Lab. Nat. Hist. 1885, 184-186.) . A List of the Fishes Obse ae in the Vicinity of POSE Franklin County, Ind. (Bull. 2, Brookville Soc. Nat. Hist. 1886, 3-11.) Notes on a Collection of Fishes from the tenon eaten River, by Barton W. Evermann and Charles H. Bollman. (Proc. N. Y. et Sci. 1886, 335-340. ) The Food Fishes of Indiana, by David S. Jordan and Barton W. Ever- mann. (Rept. Ind. State Board Horticulture 1886, 156-173. ) A Revision of the American Species of the Genus Gerres, by Barton W. Evermann and Seth E. Meek. (Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1886, 256-272. ) Description of Six New Species of Fishes from the Gulf of Mexico, with Notes on Other Species, by David S. Jordan and Barton W. Ever- mann. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1886 (Noy. 26, 1886), 466-476. ) . Description of Eighteen New Species of Fishes from the Gulf of Cali- fornia, by Oliver P. Jenkins and Barton W. Evermann. (Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus.-1888 (July 2, 1888), 137-158.) Notes on Indiana Fishes, by Barton W. Evermann and Oliver P. Jen- kins. (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1888, 43-57.) Report upon a Collection of Fishes made at Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico, with Descriptions of New Species, by Barton W. Eyvermann and Oliver P. Jenkins. (Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. 1891, 121-165, Pls. I, II.) . Description of a New Species of Fish from Tippecanoe River, Indiana, by David Starr Jordan and Barton Warren Evermann. (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1890, 3-4.) . Two-Ocean Pass. (Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci. 1898, 29-34. ) . The Work of the United States Fish Commission Steamer Albatross in the North Pacific and Bering Sea in 1892. (Proc. Ind. Ae. Sei. 1892, 56-57.) 5. The Ichthyologic Features of the Black Hills Region. (Proce. Ind. Ac. Sci. 1892, 73-78.) . The Work of the United States Fish Commission and its Relation to the Farmer, by Barton Warren Evermann. (Rept. Indiana Fish Comm. 1893-94, 15-25.) 17. The Fishes of the Missouri Basin, by Barton W. Evermann and J. T. Scovell. (Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci. 1895, 125-180. ) 18. Recent Investigations concerning the Redfish, Oncorhynchus nerka, at its Spawning Grounds in Idaho, by Barton W. Evermann and J. T. Scovell. (Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci. 1895, 131-134. ) 19. Description of a New Species of Pipefish (Siphostoma scovelli) from Cor- pus Christi, Tex., by Barton W. Evermann and William C, Kendall, (Proc, U, 8, Nat. Mus, 1895, 113-115. ) COSI we ON TE i, ZZ 23 . Model of U. S. transport Merrimac . Screen, with casts and paintings ¢ . Charts. Sereen, with fish casts and paintir . Swinging screens. . Models of whaling scenes. . Sereen, with whaling apparatus, | . Sereen, with views of fishing towr . Sereen, with photographs of meth . Models of weirs. . Sereen, with views of net making . Models of pound nets. . Oyster and clam rakes and dredge . Cases, with oil clothes, nets, twine . Bait and meat chopper. . Cases containing fishing apparatus . Large case for models of vessels ar . Group of hair seals. Opetese of fish and literature. LLL LTTE LLL Lp LLL ILLITE LTTE PTTL OOO POEL LO AWAMALMMSYLLLIS 1 PLA Ls Vv I I I ? a y YZ MLC TTT Mlb hddttca, sna Ka 6 aE atl : 7] /7 } 24 22 29 <3 vere ti — 3/ 33 30 Ee 3 28 35 34 27 38 PLAN OF UNITED STATES EXHISIT IN MAIN BU'LDING. . Model of U. S. transport Merrimac. ; 20. Unmounted fish cating birds. . Sereen, with casts and paintings of fish. 21. Fish casts. . Charts. 22. Fish casts and sponges, . Screen, with fish casts and paintings of Alaskan seal herds. | 23. Mounted birds, alligator skins, ete. . Swi screens. 94. Alcoholic exhibit Of fish and reptiles. . Models of whali enes. 25. Sea lions and fur s@al, . Sereen, with whaling i rage paintings, e 26. Alligator. Sereen, Lian views 0 en i nih ken ajethods of fishing. 2. yam nd other iii és hotogra me of fishin 28. Oysters a ca; crustaceans; utilization of ri Models of Spel og : = 29. Tiffany’s exhibit Is, ete ver muscles. Sereen, with views of net making and methods of fishery. 30. Rigged fishing ge and reels. Models of pound nets. 31. Bugged fishing ge Oyster and clam rakes and odes 32. H Angler's ete. : Platform for trawl€r’s dory. ; Main alse screens OF) graphs, . Main ais througn Manion anetion Se ale throug iding between exhibits of Sweden and 8 <8 ip ge p ee IRR 024 2 Cees i a Se), ooo a INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 47 BARTON WARREN EVERMANYN, Ph. D., ete.—Continued. List of papers on the fishes of America—Continued. 20. The Whitefishes of North America, by Barton W. Evermann and Hugh M. Smith. (Repft U. 8. Fish Comm. 1894, 283-324, pls. 11-28.) 21. Report upon the Fishes of the Missouri River Basin, by Barton W. Evermann and Ulysses O. Cox. (Rept. U.S. Fish Comm. 1894 (Nov. 27, 1896) , 325-429. ) 22. An Annotated List of the Fishes known from the State of Vermont, by B. W. Evermann and W. C. Kendall. (Rept. U.S. Fish Comm. 1894 (Nov. 27, 1896), 579-604. ) 23. Description of a New Species of Shad (Alosa alabamex) from Alabama. (Rept. U.S. Fish Comm. 1895 (Dee. 28, 1896), Appendix 4, 203-205. ) 24. A Check List of the Fishes and Fish-like Vertebrates of North and Middle America, by David Starr Jordan and Barton Warren Ever- mann. (Rept. U. 8. Fish Comm. 1895 (Dec. 28, 1896), Appendix 5 207-584. ) 25. Report on the Fisheries of Indian River, Florida, by Barton W. Ever- mann and Barton A. Bean. (Rept. U. S. Fish Comm. 1896 (1897), Appendix 5, 223-262, pls. 23-59. ) 26. The Fish and Fisheries of the Coastal Waters of Florida. (Senate Document No. 100, 54th Congress, 2d Session, 1897, 1-80.) 27. Notes on Fishes Collected by E. W. Nelson on the Tres Marias Islands and in Sinaloa and Jalisco, Mexico. (Proc. Biol. Soc. of Wash. 1898, 1-3, Jan. 27, 1898.) 28. Report on the Establishment of Fish-cultural Stations in the Rocky Mountain Region and Gulf States. (Articles 1 and 2, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. 1891 (May 25, 1892), 1-90, pls. I-XXXVI.) 29. Description of a New Sucker, Pantosteus jordani, from the Upper Mis- souri Basin. (Article 2, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. 1892 (Jan. 27, 1893) 51-56. ) 30. The Fishes of Texas and the Rio Grande Basin, considered chiefly with reference to their Geographic Distribution, by Barton W. Evermann and William C. Kendall. (Article 3, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm. 1892 (Feb. 6, 1894), 57-126, pls. X-L.) 31. The Investigation of Rivers and Lakes with Reference to the Fish En- vironment. (Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. 1893, 69-73. ) 32. A list of the Species of Fishes Known from the Vicinity of Neosho, Mis- sourl, by B. W. Evermann and W. C. Kendall. (Articles 22 and 23, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. 1894 (May 23, 1895), 469-472. ) 33. The Fishes of the Colorado Basin, by B. W. Evermann and Cloud. Rutter. (Articles 22 and 23, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. 1894 (May 23, 1895), 473-486. ) 34. The Salmon Fisheries of the Columbia River Basin, by C. H. Gilbert and B. W. Evermann. (Article 16, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. 1894 (Aug. 27, 1894), 153-207, pls. 13-25.) 39. A Preliminary Report upon Salmon Investigations in Idaho in 1894. (Article 2, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. 1895 (Feb. 20, 1896), 253-184. ) 36. The Fishes of the Neuse River Basin, by Barton W. Evermann and Ulysses O. Cox. (Article 4, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm. 1895 (March 2, 1896), 303-310. ) 37. A Report upon Salmon Investigations in the Headwaters of the Colum- bia River, in the State of Idaho, in 1895, together with Notes upon the Fishes Observed in that State in 1894 and 1895. (Article 2, Bull. U.S, Fish Comm, 1896 (1897), 149-202, pls. 67-72.) ? ? 48 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. BARTON WARREN EVERMANN, Ph. D., ete.—Continued. List of papers on the fishe$ of America—Continued. 38. A Report upon Salmon Investigations in the Columbia River Basin and Elsewhere on the Pacific Coast in 1896, by Barton Warren Evermann and Seth Eugene Meek. (Article 2, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm. 1897 (Jan. 6, 1898), 15-84, pls. 1 and 2, and 6 text figures. ) 39. Descriptions of New or Little Known Genera and Species of Fishes from the United States, by Barton W. Evermann and William C. Kendall. (Article 5, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. 1898 (Feb. 9,1898), 125-133, pls. 6-9. ) 40. The Fishes of North and Middle America: A Descriptive Catalogue of the Species of Fish-like Vertebrates found in the Waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama, by David Starr Jordan and Barton Warren Evermann. (Published as Bulletin No. 47, U.S. National Museum, in 4 octavo volumes (3 of text and 1 of plates), of more than 3,000 pages and 700 plates. Vol. 1 published in 1896, the other yolumes in 1898. ) 41. The Fish Fauna of Florida. (Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. 1897. ) MARY A. GARDNER, Miami, Fla.: Fish-scale jewelry, etc. CALVIN V. GRAVES, Natural Bridge, N. Y. Trolling bait. Protected live-fish bait. An annealed, flanged, flint-glass tube, into which a live minnow is placed, the tube being so arranged as to magnify the minnow; hole in each end to keep the bait alive. Three sets of white hooks—one treble hanging from lower end of tube and two double from upper end on opposite sides; piano-wire leader and white swivel. Sizes 1 and 2. Tubes 33 and 4 inches long. Only the minnow is seen in a foot of water. Angleworms, crabs, grasshop- pers, or any bait can be used. MONROE A. GREEN, 125 Broadway, Rochester, N. Y.: Samples of barbless hooks, made by Mr. Green for trout and bass fishing. Box for transportation of fish ova. THE W. J. HOOPER MANUFACTURING CO., Baltimore, Md.: 1. Gill nets for the capture of various kinds of fish. 2. Samples of white and tanned netting, showing kind of twine, size of mesh, ete. 3. Models of pound nets, floating traps, ete. 4. Model of fyke net. THE HORTON MANUFACTURING CO., Bristol, Conn.: 1. Bristol steel fishing rods. 2. Bass rod, full nickel-mounted, plain maple handle. 3. Bass rod, full nickel-mounted, with plain maple handle. 4. Fly rod, full nickel-mounted, telescoped, plain maple handle. . Fly rod, full nickel-mounted, telescoped, plain maple handle. 6. Fly rod, full nickel-mounted, telescoped, plain maple handle. 7. Fly rod, full nickel-mounted, jointed, plain cork-grip handle. 8. Henshall bass rod, nickel-mounted, plain maple handle. 9. Henshall bass rod, nickel-mounted, celluloid-wound, double-grip handle. 10. Bass rod, nickel mountings, solid agate tip, white celluloid-wound handle. 11. St. Lawrence bass rod, full nickel-mounted, silver three-ring tip, plain maple handle. 2. Rangely fly rod, full nickel-mounted, one-ring fly tip, cork-grip handle. —_ ~ INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 49 THE HORTON MANUFACTURING COQ., Bristol, Conn.—Continued. 13. Favorite bait casting rod, full nickel-mounted, solid German-silver double- hole tip, cane-wound handle. Glove-leather cases for Bristol fishing rods. Five sizes: Nos. 4, 8,9, 11, 13, and 16. CHARLES B. HUDSON, Washington, D. C.: 1. Painting of fleet of American schooners fishing for mackerel with hook and line; entitled ‘‘ Mackerel fishing in the fifties.”’ 2. Pen-and-ink drawings of fishing vessels. GEORGE E. JENNINGS, 203 Broadway, New York, N. Y.: Bound volumes of the Fishing Gazette, from 1892 to 1897, inclusive. Book of recipes for cooking fish. DAVID S. JORDAN, President of the Leland Stanford Junior University, Stanford Univer- sity, Cal.: Publications upon American fish and fisheries, ete. H. & G. W. LORD, Boston, Mass.: 1. Model of mackerel purse seine. 2. Model of drag seine, with bunt pocket. 3. Model of gill net. 4. Samples of white and tanned netting, showing different kinds of twine and sizes of mesh used for various purposes. 5. Collection of twines for making nets. GEORGE FREDERIC KUNZ, New York, N. Y:: Publications on pearls. L. D. LOTHROP, Gloucester, Mass.: Collection of models and full-size specimens of fishing apparatus, etc., as follows: Candleholder. Cod splitter. Cutthroaters. Dory scoop (model). Dory knife. Kel spear. Fish forks (model). Fog horn (model). Fish gaff (model). Fishing sinkers for hand lines. Fishing sinkers. Georges hand-line swivel. Hand-line swivels. Haddock ripper. Ice scoop (model). Improved snap hook. Line splicer. Mackerel splitter. Mackerel plow. Mackerel jigs. Net swivels. Paint scraper. Patent swivel. Swordfish dart. Skinning knife. S. Doe. 39-——4 50 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. L. D. LOTHROP, Gloucester, Mass.—Continued. Collections of models, ete. —Continued. Small lead sinkers. Spreaders. Sail needles. Squid jigs. Sucker spears. Trawl swivel. Thole pin. Trawl swivel. Trawl roller (model). THOMAS F. McMANUS, Boston, Mass.: 1. Models of fishing vessels. 2. Model of pilot schooner. 3. Photographs of fishing schooners. GEORGE MARSHALL, Laurel, Md.: Collection of aquatic birds— 1. Bonaparte’s gull, Larus Philadelphia. 1 specimen. 2. Least tern, Sterna antillarum. 1 specimen. 3. Hooded merganser, Lophodytes cuculbatus. 1 specimen. 4. Mallard, Anas boschas. 1 specimen. 5. Black duck, Anas obscura. 1 specimen. 6. Blue-wing teal, Anas discors. 1 specimen. Wood duck, Aix sponsa. 2 specimens. a | 8. Great blue heron, Ardea herodias. 1 specimen. 9. Green heron, Ardea virescens. 2 specimens. 10. King rail, Rallus elegans. 2 specimens. 11. Virginia rail, Rallus virginianus. 1 specimen. 12. Sora, Porzana carolina. 2 specimens. 13. American woodcock, Philohela minor. 1 specimen. 14. Wilson’s snipe, Gallinago delicata. 1 specimen. 15. Pectoral sandpiper, Tringa maculata. 1 specimen. 16. Greater yellow legs, Totanus melanoleucus. 1 specimen. 17. Bartramian sandpiper, Bartramia longicauda. 2 specimens. 18. Spotted sandpiper, Actitus macularia. 1 specimen. 19. Golden plover, Charadius apricarius. 1 specimen. 20. Belted kingfisher, Ceryle aleyon. 2 specimens. MEMORIAL MUSEUM, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, Cal.: Kighty-seven gelatine casts of Pacific coast fishes. B. C. MILAM & SON, Frankfort, Ky.: Collection of Kentucky fishing reels— 1. Trout reel. A small real that will hold ample line for trout fishing. 2. Black-bass reel. It holds from 86 to 100 yards of line, and is an ideal black-bass reel. 3. General utility reel. Used for trout, bass, and salmon fishing. 4, Salmon or lake reel. Used for salmon and heavy lake fishing. 5 Sea-bass reel. Used for same fishing as No. 4, but is larger and stronger, and specially suited to sea fishing. GEORGE H. H. MOORE, Washington, D. C.: Specimen of fossil fish, JOHN R. NEAL & CO., Boston, Mass.: Smoked fish, including finnan haddie. ‘snqyuindde Suryoyey-ystq “OL ‘6 “SNMUDLY IAMIOOYOS JO [OPO “LT *peys SuIUM eds pUuB SUTTO} Rd JO Spoyjou Surmoys dnoswy ‘*g ‘asn OJ ApRodt ‘yROG SBAURD ‘OT “UO!} RIS SULOVY-Ysy 1oJsoonopy) *L "JRO SBAURD YI YSoYO “ET ‘SULYy xvyy pur urdurop IueuteD UBISSNY JO SIIqIUXy “9 ‘SUDOIOS SUISUIMS “FT | “SuRdWO:) ‘IBD UOISSIUIMLOD YS SoyBIS peyuUy Jo [apoW ‘ET | JUNTIAD UBISSOY PUB AUBAUOD OUT[BALESAId JO STIGIUXY °¢ ‘VYINO §$1oSUOssoW “ZL | ‘SSRLSUISE PUR STIO “E UOT}RIS SuryoyVy-ysy Avg ulin “IL | ‘USY payouts puw pouuxy ‘Ff ‘Z ‘LT *XSNNV NI LIGIHXS SALVLS GSLINN 3O NW1d f — ! | | | | | | | | | | | | | ! | I I | I \ ! | I OM IMSS SSS /{ SSSA UDI ~~ LLM. SSS SSSI ERED OURS 4 *X| SLVId RAAT AAUAA_A_AQA gq RAV YZ . -«@ a ® - mA is INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 51 CHRESTEN NELSON, 307 Main street, Gloucester, Mass.: 1. Patent preservative for canvas, manila rope, and netting. 2. Specimens of canvas, rope, and netting preserved with the fluid. WILLIAM F. NYE, New Bedford, Mass.: Collection of oils— 1. Finegrades of porpoise and black-fish oils for lubricating watches, machin- ery, etc. 2. Whale oil, sperm oil, ete. WILLIAM PALMER, United States National Museum, Washington, D. C.: 1. Casts of cetacea. 2. Casts of fishes. EBEN PIERCE, New Bedford, Mass.: Series of whaling implements, including new type of whaling gun. EDWARD PITCHER, Brooklyn, N. Y.: Exhibit of spear fishhooks, squids, wire snells, swivels, and swivel sinkers— 1. Pitcher’s swivel blue-fish squids. 2. Pitcher’s plain blue-fish squid. 3. Pitcher’s swivel weak-fish squids, single hooks. 4. Pitcher’s swivel weak-fish squid, double hooks. 5. Pitcher’s swivel weak-fish squid, treble hooks. 6. Blue-fish pearls on trolls. 7. Jointed tined piano-wire snells. (oe) . Pearl weak-fish squids, fish shape. 9. Pearl weak-fish squid, profile. 10. Snapper blue-fish trolls. 11. Pitcher’s treble swivels. 12. Pitcher’s adjustable treble swivels. 13. Pitcher’s swivel bass-casting sinkers. 14. Pitcher’s swivel sinkers. 15. Columbian swivel pear! trolls. 16. Piano-wire snap pearl trolls with treble hooks. 17, Curio. 18. Spear fishhooks. THE PRESERVALINE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, 12 Cedar street, New York, N. Y.: Samples of preservaline, and fish treated with it, as follows: . Preservaline for fresh fish, smoked fish, and frozen fish. 2. Preservaline for pickled fish. 3. Preservaline for dry salted fish. 4. Preservaline for shrimp. 5. Preseryaline for oysters, lobsters, ete. 6. Shredded cod treated with preservaline. srick (boneless) cod. 8. Whole cod. 9. Smoked finnan haddie. 10. Shrimp put up in preservaline. SS W. DE C. RAVENEL, United States Fish Commission, Washington, D. C.: Publications on fish-culture, ete.— 1. Report of operations at St. Jerome station for 1884. United States Fish Commission Report for 1884, XII. 1886. 2. Report of operations at St. Jerome oyster-breeding station during 1885. United States Fish Commission Report, 1885, XIII. 1887. a | 52 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION, W. De C. RAVENEL, United States Fish Commission, Washington, D. C.—Continued. Publications on fish-culture, ete. —Continued. 3. Report of operations at the shad-hatching station on Battery Island, Havre de Grace, Md., during the season of 1887. United States Fish Commission Bulletin, VII, for 1887. 1887. 4. Information bearing upon the artificial propagation of mullet. Bulletin, VII, for 1887. 1889. 5. Report of operations at Battery station, Havre de Grace, Md., for the year ending December 31, 1886. United States Fish Commission Report for 1886, XIV. 1889. 6. Report of operations at St. Jerome oyster-breeding station for the year 1886. United States Fish Commission Report for 1886, XIV. 1889. EDMOND REDMOND, 112 Spencer street, Rochester, N. Y.: Copper cast of perch—a new process of making fish casts from copper. RUSSIA CEMENT COMPANY, Gloucester, Mass.: 1. Fish skins used in the manufacture of liquid fish glue. 2. Collection of various kinds of fish glue from the raw, unrefined liquid through the several stages to heavy, refined glue. 3. Fertilizer resulting from the manufacture of fish glue. 4. Collection of various objects showing the utilization of fish glue in the arts and industries. A. F. RICH, 13 T Wharf, Boston, Mass.: Photograph of the steel steamer New England, for bank fishing. JOSEPH H. ROWE & CO., Gloucester, Mass.: Collection of oil clothing. A. ZENO SHINDLER, United States National Museum, Washington, D. C.: Paintings of the great auk, Plautus impennis, and Funk Island— 1. The great auk, one-third life size, water color. 2. Funk Isiand, distant about 13 miles, in oil. 3. Funk Island, distant about 5 miles, in oil. 4. Head of Indian Gulch, eastern end of island, in oil. 5. Grave on Funk Island, in oil. Norr.—The great auk has been extinct for about sixty years. It was formerly abundant on Funk Island, off the east coast of Newfoundland. An expedition, under command of Capt. J. W. Collins, collected large quantities of its remains in 1887. The paintings of Funk Island are from sketches made by Captain Collins. SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING COMPANY, New York, N. Y.: Publications on Gems and Precious Stones of North America including chapter on pearls. G. M. SKINNER, Clayton, N. Y.: Collection of fluted trolling spoons: 1. Nos. 1 to 8, inclusive, treble hooks. 2. Nos. 1 to 4, inclusive, single hook fly. 3. Nos. 1 and 2, casting single hook. 4. No. 2, casting auxiliary single hook. 5. No. 43, combination. HUGH M. SMITH, United States Fish Commission, Washington, D. C.: 1. Publications on the fish and fisheries of the United States. 1. Notes on two hitherto unrecognized species of American whitefishes. 2. The fishes found in the vicinity of Woods Hole. 3. Notes on fishes from the Lower Potomac River. 4. Report on a collection of fishes from Albemarle region of North Carolina. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 53 HUGH M. SMITH, United States Fish Commission, Washington, D. C.—Continued. 1. Publications on the fish and fisheries of the United States—Continued. 5. A review of the history and results of the attempts to acclimatize fish and other water animals in the Pacific States. 6. The fyke nets and fyke-net fisheries of the United States, with notes on the fyke nets of other countries. 7. Notes on an investigation of the menhaden fishery in 1894, with special reference to the food fishes taken. 8. The giant scallop fishery of Maine. 9. Notes on the capture of the Atlantic salmon at sea and in the coast waters of the Eastern States. 10. Notes on the king-erab fishery of Delaware Bay. 11. The salmon fishery of Penobscot Bay and River in 1895 and 1896. 12. Notes on an improved form of oyster tongs. 13. Economie and natural history notes on the fishes of the northern coast of New Jersey. 14. Notes on the crab fishery of Crisfield, Md. 15. Remarks on the maintenance and improvement of the American fisheries. 16. The fisheries of Japan (compiled). 17. Report on the fisheries of Lake Ontario. 18. Notes on a reconnoissance of the fisheries of the Pacific coast of the United States in 1894. . 19. Statistics of the fisheries of the United States. 20. Report on the fisheries of the South Atlantic States. 21. A statistical report on the fisheries of the Middle Atlantic States. 2. Collection of sheepswool sponges, Hippospongia equina gossypina, grown from clippings, in water 4 feet deep, near Key West, Fla., 1897-98. Two small clippings that had been planted a few weeks. One small sponge about 4 months old. Five sponges between 8 and 10 months old. 3. One drop-fyke net, from Delaware River. 4. Collection of fresh-water pearl-bearing mussels, Unionide, of the United States, and their utilization in the manufacture of buttons. Specimens of fresh-water mussels: Unio rectus, Mississippi River. (Salmon-colored nacre. ) Unio rectus, Mississippi River. (Purple nacre. ) Unio crassidens, Mississippi River. (Salmon-colored nacre.) Unio crassidens, Mississippi River. (Purple nacre. ) Unio anodontoides, Cedar River, lowa; Mississippi River. Unio plicatus, Cedar River, Lowa. Unio ligamentinus, Rock River, lowa River, Mississippi River, Skunk River, Towa. Unio capax Wapsie River, Iowa. Unio lavessimus, Mississippi River. (Pinkish nacre. ) Unio tuberculatus, Cedar River, Skunk River, Rock River, Iowa. Unio alatus, Mississippi River. (Purple nacre. ) Unio fallaciosus, male and female, ponds and lakes, Iowa; Mississippi River. Unio ventricosus, ‘‘ Pocketbook clam,’’ Mississippi River. Unio multiplicatus, lowa River, ponds and lakes, Iowa. Unio undulatus, Des Moines River, Iowa. Unio ebenus, Mississippi River. Margaritana rugosa, Mississippi River; Skunk River, Iowa. Margaritana confragosa, ponds and lakes, Lowa. Anodonta grandis, Des Moines River, Lowa. 54 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. HUGH M. SMITH, United States Fish Commission, Washington, D. C.—Continued. Fresh-water mussels (Unio anodontoides) from Cedar River, Iowa, locally called ‘‘yvellow sun shells,’’ used in manufacture of buttons, as shown in the series exhibited. Fresh-water mussels ( Unio anodontoides), with serviceable portions cut out by drills for use in making buttons. Fresh-water pearl buttons in process of manufacture: fl; te Rough blanks. Ground blanks. Rough turned buttons. Drilled and beveled buttons. Polished buttons ready for sewing on cards. Finished buttons on cards, ready for market (2 cards). Additional samples of finished buttons (3 cards). Shells of fresh-water mussel ( Unio ebenius) from Mississippi River, showing por- tions cut out for manufacture into buttons. 4. Crayfish trap, Milwaukee, Wis. LEONARD STEJNEGER, United States National Museum, Washington, D. C.: Publications on the fur-seal, Callorhinus ursinus, ete. E. STERLING, Cleveland, Ohio: Patent fish spears. TIFFANY & CO., New York, N. Y.: 1. Collection of leather of alligators, lizards, etc. 2. Shagreen made from shark skins, ete. 3. Articles made from skins of alligator, lizard, shagreen, ete. 4. Collection of pearls. CHARLES H. TOWNSEND, United States Fish Commission, Washington, D. C.: 1. Publications on the fur-seal, Callorhinus ursinus, ete. 2. Portfolio of photographs of the fur-seal rookeries on the Pribilof Islands, showing the condition of seal life thereon in 1895, and method of killing seals. Illustrations showing condition of fur-seal rookeries in 1895 and method of killing seals. Northeast Point rookery, St. Paul Island, July 24, 1895, station 1. Northeast Point rookery, St. Paul Island, July 24, 1895, station 2, north. Northeast Point rookery, St. Paul Island, July 24, 1895, station 2, south. Northeast Point rookery, St. Paul Island, July 24, 1895, station 3. Northeast Point rookery, St. Paul Island, July 24, 1895, station 4. . Northeast Point rookery, St. Paul Island, July 24, 1895, station 5. Northeast Point rookery, St. Paul Island, July 24, 1895, station 6. Northeast Point rookery, St. Paul Island, July 24, 1895, station Polavina rookery, St. Paul Island, July 26, 1895, station 21. bo OU . Polavina rookery, St. Paul Island, July 26, 1895, station G. . Lukannon rookery, St. Paul Island, July 20, 1895, station 12. . Lukannon rookery, St. Paul Island, July 20, 1895, station 26. . Ketavie rookery, St. Paul Island, July 20, 1895, station 13. . Ketavie rookery, St. Paul Island, July 20, 1895, station 14. . Ketavie rookery, St. Paul Island, July 20, 1895, station 143. }. Ketavie rookery, St. Paul Island, July 20, 1895, station 15, . Reef rookery, St. Paul Island, July 20, 1895, station 16. Reef rookery, St. Paul Island, July 20, 1895, station 17. Reef rookery, St. Paul Island, July 20, 1895, station 18. Reef rookery, St. Paul Island, July 20, 1895, station 19. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 55 CHARLES H. TOWNSEND, United States Fish Commission, Washington, D. €.—Con’t’d. Illustrations showing conditions of fur-seal rookeries, etc. —Continued. 21. Reef rookery, St. Paul Island, July 20, 1895, station 20. 22. Reef rookery, St. Paul Island, August 5, 1895, near station 17; grass area showing growth of grass upon ground almost bare in 1892. 23. Reef rookery, St. Paul Island, “‘grass area,”’ July, 1892. (To be compared with same view for 1895.) 24. Lagoon rookery, St. Paul Island, July 11, 1895, station 27. 25. Tolstoi rookery, St. Paul Island, July 24, 1895, station 11. 26. Tolstoi rookery, St. Paul Island, July 24, 1895, station F. Lower Zapadnie rookery, St. Paul Island, July 20, 1895, station 7. 28. Lower Zapadnie rookery, St. Paul Island, July 20, 1895, station 7c. 29. Lower Zapadnie rookery, St. Paul Island, July 20, 1895, station 8qa. 30. Upper Zapadnie rookery, St. Paul Island, July 20, 1895, station 8. 31. Upper Zapadnie rookery, St. Paul Island, July 20, 1895, station 9. 32. Upper Zapadnie rookery, St. Paul Island, July 20, 1895, station 10. 33. Kast rookery, St. Paul Island, July 18, 1895, station 9. 34. Little East rookery, St. George Island, July 18, 1895, station B. 35. North rookery, St. George Island, July 18, 1895, station 1. 36. North rookery, St. George Island, July 18, 1895, station 2. 37. North rookery, St. George Island, July 18, 1895, station 5. 38. Starry Arteel rookery, St. George Island, July 18, 1895, station F. 39. Zapadnie rookery, St. Paul Island, July 19, 1895, station D. 40. Zapadnie rookery, St. George Island, July 19, 1895, station H. 41. A drive of seals from Reef rookery, St. Paul Island, July, 1895. Killing, skinning, cutting meat for food; rejected seals going back to showing condition in 4 beach. 42. Seal killing, St. Paul Island, July, 1895. Clubbing and driving off rejected seals. 43. Seal killing, St. Paul Island, July, 1895. “*Sticking’’ seals just clubbed; rejected seals returning to beach. 44. Seal killing, St. Paul Island, July, 1895. A “pod” just knocked down. 45. Seal killing, St. Paul Island, July, 1895. Skinning gang at work. 46. Seal killing, St. Paul Island, July, 1895. Skins removed; food meat being cut from carcasses. HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE, Bureau of Navigation, United States Department of the Navy: Charts of Atlantic and Pacific coasts and of the North Atlantic Ocean. UNITED STATES COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY, Henry S. Pritchett, Superintendent, Department of the Treasury: Collection of charts of Atlantic and Pacifie coasts of North America. L. WILZINSKI, 1057 North Halsted street, Chicago, IIL: Collection of dried sturgeon sounds (isinglass) from fish taken in various sections of the United States. J. & W. R. WING, New Bedford, Mass.: 1. Cutting spade used in whale fishery. 2. Mounted hand harpoon (toggle iron). 3. Mounted hand lance. 4. Slab of baleen or whalebone from Bowhead whale ( Balena mysticetus), taken in Arctic Ocean. YAWMAN & ERBE, Rochester, N. Y.: Automatic reel. 56 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. CONCORDANCE TO THE OFFICIAL CLASSIFICATION FOR THE USE OF THE JURIES. NOTE. In the collective exhibit of the United States are included many articles which are labeled with the names of the persons from whom they were obtained. These are not, as a rule, entered for competition. In the following list are included the names of all exhibitors who will be permitted to receive awards or special mention from the juries. The artists and preparators by whom the pictures, photographs, casts, stuffed specimens, lay models, ete., have been prepared may be classed as exhibitors. A list of their names is given at the beginning of this catalogue. Group I.—FISH PRODUCTS. Class 1. Fish, fresh, iced or frozen, lobsters, oysters, mussels, ete. The Preservaline Manufacturing Company, New York, N. Y. Class 2. Fish, salted, dried, smoked, or cured in similar manner. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. Groups 90, 91, and 92. Max Ams, New York, N. Y. J. W. Beardsley’s Sons, New York, N. Y. John R. Neal & Co., Boston, Mass. William H. Wonson & Son, Gloucester, Mass. Class 3, Fish, tinned, or preserved in similar manner. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. Groups 93, 94, and 95. Max Ams, New York, N. Y. John R. Neal & Co., Boston, Mass. The Preservaline Manufacturing Company, New York, N. Y. Class +. By-products, as oil, roe, stearin, glue, feeding stuffs, guano, ete. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. Groups 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, and 104. Max Ams, New York, N. Y. Mary A. Gardner, Miami, Fla. William F. Nye, New Bedford, Mass. Russia Cement Company, Gloucester, Mass. Hugh M. Smith, Washington, D. C. Tiffany & Co., New York, N.Y. L. Wilzinski, Chicago, III. J. & W. R. Wing, New Bedford, Mass. Group II. FISHING APPARATUS. Class 1. Twine of hemp, flax, cotton, silk, and other material; seines and nets, in netting as well as complete, also models. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. Groups 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, and 53. G. B. Borden, Acushnet, Mass. The W. J. Hooper Manufacturing Company, Baltimore, Md. H. & G. W. Lord, Boston, Mass. Te INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 57 Group II.— FISHING APPARATUS—Continued. Class 2. Apparatus for the angle fishing, including long lines, hand lines, leaders, fishhooks, floats, buoys, cork, and artificial bait for the sea fishery. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. Groups 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, and 34. L. D. Lothrop, Gloucester, Mass. B. C. Milam & Son, Frankfort, Ky. Edward Pitcher, Brooklyn, N. Y. E. Sterling, Cleveland, Ohio. Class 3. All kinds of natural bait and methods of its application. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. Groups 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 18, 20, and 23. Class 4. Apparatus for the whale, bottle nose, and seal catch, and trawling. All kinds of fish pots, eel spears, and representations of other methods of catching. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. Groups 26, 27, 52, 53, 54, 58, 59, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, and 83. F. E. Brown, New Bedford, Mass. Paul E. Collins, Boston, Mass. The W. J. Hooper Manufacturing Company, Baltimore, Md. Charles B. Hudson, Washington, D. C. L. D. Lothrop, Gloucester, Mass. Eben Pierce, New Bedford, Mass. Hugh M. Smith, Washington, D.C. J. & W. R. Wing, New Bedford, Mass. Group III.—VESSELS EMPLOYED IN THE CATCH, AND THEIR EQUIPMENT. Class 1. Fishing vessels, fishing boats, with models and drawings of same. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. Groups 60, 61, 62, 63, and 64. Charles B. Hudson, Washington, D. C. Lawrence Jensen, Gloucester, Mass. C. R. Luscombe, Washington, D. C. Thomas F. McManus, Boston, Mass. A. F. Rich, Boston, Mass. Class 2. Seine, net, and line winches, windlasses, anchors, and grapnels with cables. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. Groups 45, 65, 66, 67, and 68. L. D. Lothrop, Gloucester, Mass. Class 5. Compasses, spy-glasses, barometers, signal apparatus, wave-subduers, life belts, drag-sails, stoves, ete. Joseph H. Rowe & Co., Gloucester, Mass. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. Group 67. Hydrographic Office, Bureau of Navigation, United States Department of the Navy. United States Coast and Geodetie Survey, Henry 8. Pritchett, Superin- tendent, Department of the Treasury. Class 4. Canvas, prepared and unprepared; cordage, blocks, tarpaulins. Chresten Nelson, Gloucester, Mass. Group IV.— PRESERVATIVES. Class 1. Salt, boracic acid, ice, and other material for the preservation of fish. The Preservaline Manufacturing Company, New York, N. Y. 58 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. Group IV.— PRESERVATIVES—Continued. Class 2. Bark, catechu, oil, paint, tar, compositions for coating ships’ bottoms, canvas preservatives, and other materials for the preservation of apparatus. Chresten Nelson, Gloucester, Mass. Group V.—LODGING SHIPS, LODGING HOUSES, AND STATION HUTS AND THEIR INTERIOR ARRANGEMENTS. MODELS AND DRAWINGS OF SAME. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. Group 72. Group VI.—_TANK AND OTHER TRANSPORT VESSELS. Wells, transportation wagons, cases, or other transportation of fish. Models or drawings of same. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. Groups 84, 85, and 88. Group VII. Class 1. Models and drawings of warehouses, salting establishments, smoke- houses, ice houses, and other cold rooms. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. Groups 86, 88, and 89. Class 2. All kinds of apparatus necessary for the preservation of fish, including barrels, staves, and hoops, fish cases and cans, and also machines used in the manufacture and soldering of same. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. Groups 85, 86, and 87. Max Ams, New York, N. Y. L. D. Lothrop, Gloucester, Mass. Group VIII.—MACHINES, TOOLS, AND APPARATUS. Class 1. Machines and tools used in the manufacture of fishing tackle or parts of same, including knives, cooper’s tools, ice crushers, ete. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. Groups 55, 56, and 57. L. D. Lothrop, Gloucester, Mass. Class 2. Apparatus for the manufacture and improving of the by-products of the fisheries. All kinds of oil, glue, feeding stuffs, guano, ete. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. Groups 56, 57, 82, and 86. Russian Cement Co., Gloucester, Mass. Group IX.—FISH CULTURE. Class 1. Apparatus for hatching fish, oysters, mussels, with models and drawings of fish ladders, ete. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. Groups 110, 111, 112, 118, and 114. Class 2. Collections illustrative of hatching, development, and growth of fry, either alive or in alcohol, or otherwise. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. Groups 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 115, 116, and 117. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 5S Group X.—PLEASURE FISHERIES. All apparatus pertaining to this category, as fishing rods with gear, nets, long lines, hand lines, artificial bait, ete. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. Groups 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 44, 45, 49, and 69. Calvin W. Graves, Natural Bridge, N. Y. Monroe A. Green, Rochester, N. Y. The Horton Manufacturing Company, Bristol, Conn. B.C. Milam, Frankfort, Ky. Edward Pitcher, Brooklyn, N. Y. G. M. Skinner, Clayton, N. Y. Yawman «& Erbe, Rochester, N. Y. Group XI.— FACTS ABOUT THE FISHERIES AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT. Class 2. Scientific collections, pictorial representations, casts of fishes, stuffed fishes, birds, and other marine animals and plants of importance to the fisheries. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. Groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23: A. H. Baldwin, Washington, D. C. Henry W. Elliott, Cleveland, Ohio. Sherman F. Denton, Wellesley, Mass. George Marshall, Laurel, Md. Enterprise Manufacturing Company, Philadelphia, Pa. George H. H. Moore, Washington, D. C. William Palmer, Washington, D. C. Memorial Museum, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, Cal. A. Zeno Shindler, Washington, D. C. Charles H. Townsend, Washington, D. C. Class 4. Books, charts, periodicals, and drawings of importance to the fisheries. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. Groups 105, 119, 120, and 121. Marcus Benjamin, Washington, D. C. Paul E. Collins, Boston, Mass. Henry W. Elliott, Cleveland, Ohio. Barton Warren Everman, Washington, D. C. Charles B. Hudson, Washington, D. C. George K. Jennings, New York, N. Y. David 8. Jordan, Leland Stanford Jr. University, Stanford Uni- versity, Cal. W. de C. Ravenel, Washington, D. C. T. W. Smillie, Washington, D. C. Hugh M. Smith, Washington, D. C. Leonard Stejneger, Washington, D. C. Charles H. Townsend, Washington, D. C. Hydrographic Office, Bureau of Navigation, United States Depart- ment of the Navy. United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, Henry S. Pritchett, Super- intendent, Department of the Treasury. 8. G. Worth, Washington, D. C. 60 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. Group XI.— FACTS ABOUT THE FISHERIES AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT—Continued. Class 5. Publications bearing upon the politico-economical importance of the fisheries. Statistics. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. Group 121. W. H. Benton, Washington, D. C. F. F. Dimick, Boston, Mass. Henry W. Elliott, Cleveland, Ohio. David S. Jordan, Stanford University, Cal. George Frederic Kunz, New York, N. Y. Leonard Stejneger, Washington, D. C. Scientific Publishing Company, New York, N. Y. Hugh M. Smith, Washington, D. C. Charles H. Townsend, Washington, D. C. Class 6. Facts about relief funds and loan offices for fishermen and other particu- lars about the economy of the fishing population. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. Groups 69, 70, 71, 72, 78, and 74. Speyer eta) gee oll Oe REPORT UPON THE BERGEN EXHIBITION AND THE FISHERIES COLLECTIONS EXHIBITED BY OTHER COUNTRIES, 61 VF ee PeRE PR soln pete Tey ae > +” ape > oe 4 ne wVG Die Ls B-=0%e pantie OP taal 7 J _ —- 6 : no is it Seat a, = eA art Cs Veet 768) =o | 2 | heat Pee cake eye aa ies Ril HT ol) OL RS wear! Leelee 2 + =Z _ — Co ae - § oh © ae Ree Orne UPON THE BERGEN EMMIBITION AND THE FISHERIES COLLECTIONS EXHIBITED BY (THER COUNTRIES, INTRODUCTION. A report upon the fisheries of other countries, particularly those of Europe, must obviously contain much information which may prove advantageous to the fishery industries of the United States. This may be conceded, even if it is true that our fisheries hold an advanced posi- tion in many particulars, and especially so far as apparatus, methods of capture, and preparation of products are concerned. For it is wiser to avail ourselves of all obtainable knowledge, however simple it may appear, since it is sometimes difficult to say exactly what class of information may lead to important, and perhaps unexpected results in the profitable utilization of our natural resources. Our fisheries are so varied and extend over such an immense area, even in littoral waters, reaching from the tropical regions to the arctic, that a published account of some method of fishing, or of cur- ing, or a description of certain forms of apparatus may contain hints or suggestions of value to fishermen and curers, even if the things described may seem to a cursory observer to have little real merit in them. This view of the subject has impressed me most forcibly, and for this reason I have ventured to discuss the exhibits of other countries as I found them. It has seemed to me inadvisable to refer only to so-called improvements, which, though given prominence, have not been allowed to monopolize attention. For it is quite possible that the simplest and most common-place things may be most useful under cer- tain conditions of environment, where the proper utilization of avail- able material is perhaps the most potent question that may confront the fishermen, and the determination of this question decides whether fishing can be successfully prosecuted or not. Other things, however, are so obviously meritorious that uncer- tainty as to the advisability of their adoption by Americans is largely, if not entirely, eliminated. Sy Woc-39———» 63 o4 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. While, therefore, it has been manifestly impracticable to monograph the exhibits of other countries, an effort has been made to present the salient features of them in as clear and efficient a manner as the limitations of this report will permit. In all cases conciseness has been considered, particularly when illustrations have aided in making a proper presentation of the subject under consideration. In many cases, however, detailed discussion has been unavoidable, largely because no similar report on an international fisheries exhibi- tion has heretofore been published by the United States Government, and also because inexact or indefinite treatment of technical subjects would prove misleading and unsatisfactory. The main object in view has been to consider most fully those subjects which are believed to offer suggestions of greatest value to people interested in American fisheries. The gathering of the data upon which this report is based was a task of no small magnitude. It demanded the closest attention and most exacting labor on the part of the writer during the comparatively brief time available for the work.* Translations were made chiefly by Mr. Kahrs and Mrs. Ennersen, although Mr. Johnson aided some in this work. Mr. Abbott made many drawings,” and a large number of photographs were made by Mr. Wentz, under the personal supervision of the writer. It was not, however, permissible to take photographs inside the grounds, conse- quently the illustrative material for the exhibition buildings, etc., had to be obtained elsewhere. The obtainment of an extensive collection of photographs and draw- ings was deemed very important, for technical descriptions unaided by suitable illustrations may prove of little or no value because of the difficulty people unfamiliar with the subjects may have in under- standing them clearly. This is especially true when, as in the present instance, the necessities of the case compel the prompt completion of the report quite regardless of any other consideration—a condition that makes impossible more exhaustive treatment of the subjects under consideration. The extreme courtesy of the foreign commissioners, the exhibition authorities, and many of the Norwegian exhibitors made possible the procurement of a rich and varied assortment of illustrations. 'The early part of the exhibition period was occupied in completing the installa- tion. This was followed by duties in connection with making the awards, which continued until late in August. Thus only a little more than a month remained in which to secure illustrative material and to collect notes needed for the report. * These were mostly made with pencil or roughly with ink. Subsequently they, as well as drawings by the writer, were redrawn by Mr. Abbott, or by others assigned by United States Commissioner George M. Bowers to assist in the work. Mr. Abbott also retouched many of the photographs to make them suitable to be engraved. The private collections of the writer have also been drawn upon to some extent to illustrate this report. ul[qAN Aq poyduasojogd ‘ONIGTING NOILIGIHXS NIV MM 'X aLVId INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 65 Special acknowledgments are due to Dr. Von Grimm, commissioner from Russia, and his assistants, Messrs. Von Hulsen and Von Kuhne, for uniform kindness and courtesy in affording me every facility to obtain photographs and drawings of Russian exhibits, and also for making translations of great value. Like acknowledgments are due Mr. Sandman, commissioner from Finland; Dr. Rudolph Lundberg, commissioner from Sweden; Mr. Feddersen, commissioner from Den- mark; M. Pérard, commissioner from France, and Dr. Kishinouye, com- missioner from Japan. Without exception these gentlemen and their assistants did all in their power to make possible the proper illustration of the objects exhibited by their respective countries. The writer is also under obligations to Capt. G. Sorensen, who was in charge of the Norwegian fisheries exhibits, for information, and for aid in securing illustrative material; to Mr. Johan Fleischer, secretary of the Society for the Promotion of Norwegian Fisheries, for many courtesies; to Messrs. Kraasby Bros. & Co., for the privilege of copying their painting of a whaling steamer; to M. Jornsen, for a similar courtesy; to Mr. J. A. Johnsen, for plans of his improved design for a Nordland fishing boat; to Mr. Olaf T. Olsen, for plans of a four-oared boat; to Mr. C. F. Carter, for photographs of the Grimsby fish market and the workshops of the Great Grimsby Coal, Salt, and Tanning Company, Limited; to Mr. O. T. Olsen, of Grimsby, for rarious courtesies, including information in regard to the British fish- eries; and to Messrs. Cochran & Cooper, of Beverly, England, for plans of fishing steamers. GENERAL FEATURES OF THE EXHIBITION. The site of the exhibition, the fine public park known as Nygaards- parken, was well chosen, considered from the standpoint of location or fitness. This park has an area of 35 acres, and is situated in the southern part of Bergen, in one of the most fashionable sections of the city. It has a broad water front on the Puddefjord, where boats may lie, and a salt-water pond or lagoon for marine mammals and sez birds. On the border of this pond is located the Bergen marine bio- logical laboratory, with its aquarium, which easily became a most interesting part of the exhibition. The section of the park near the water is low and rather flat, and this furnished satisfactory sites for many of the principal exhibition build- ings, including the main building, which stood on the edge of a salt- water lagoon that afforded accommodation for a fleet of fishing boats moored there. Back of this the park is diversified in contour, rising gradually in some places, but more abruptly elsewhere; and the winding or zigzag roads, fringed by shrubbery or green lawns, are adapted to the natural terrace-like arrangement of the elevations. The existing fountains, trees, shrubbery, and flowers combined to lend their charm to the landscape, thus making the effect exceptionally pleasing; the 66 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. more so, perhaps, because fortunately it was not necessary to subor- dinate the natural beauties of the park to the needs of the exhibition. The main building (Pl. X), because of its size and Norse character- istics, may, perhaps, be considered the most noticeable architectural feature of the exhibition, particularly if only those structures are considered which were devoted to exhibition purposes. As a rule, the buildings in which the exhibits were installed were quite devoid of architectural beauty, since they were mostly plain, roughly constructed, shed-like wooden structures temporarily erected for the occasion, or existing storehouses which were adapted to the needs of the exhibi- tion, but in some cases at least they were improved in appearance by external additions or modifications. The accompanying illustrations indicate their general appearance. Fic, 2.—Fine arts building. (Photographed by Nyblin.) As already indicated, these buildings were mostly located near the fjord. The only exception, so far as the general exhibition buildings are concerned, was the fine arts building (fig. 2), which stood on the road leading from the main entrance to the principal restaurant, the ‘** Hovedrestaurant.” This was a low, plain, unpretentious stucco edifice, well adapted to its purpose so far as the interior and arrange- ment of light were concerned, but without any specially attractive feature exteriorly, though it must be confessed its neat, modest appearance impressed one favorably. As a specimen of ancient Scandinavian architecture, which it was IX aLlvid UL[GAN Aq poydRisoyoyd “LIGUHXS AAVN ONY AWHYY NVISSMYON | | . , arches, balconies, and @: INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 67 intended to reproduce, the building (fig. 3) erected by the city of Christiania deserves mention. The plain exterior, gables, pitched roots, square, pointed bell tower and antique-looking windows with small panes, gave the structure a notable and very interesting appear- ance, even though it differed radically from prevailing architectural forms of the present day. regem = o9f 2080 iaae pied | Among the restaurants, booths, and small structures for exhibition purposes were some rather interesting examples of the architect's skill. These included the ‘* Hovedrestaurant.” Kropelin’s pavilion, Friele’s coffee pavilion, Digre’s yacht pavilion, and the building of the Christiania butter manufactory—‘*‘ Christiania smorfabrik.” Fic, 4.—Main restaurant. (Photographed by Nyblin.) The first of these (fig. 4) was built on the side of a steeply terraced hill, facing the main exhibition building, and the combination of open « yaubles on the front had a pleasing effect and 68 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. harmonized with the surroundings, while attaining the maximum of utility. Kropelin’s pavilion (fig. 5), in imitation of a Swiss chalet, was light and pretty, and its colors contrasted effectively with the bright green of the sloping hillside upon which it stood and the foli- age in its immediate vicinity. Fic. 4.—Kropelin’s pavilion. (Photographed by Nyblin.) Friele’s pavilion (fig. 6), of Moorish design, and intended to repre- senta Tunisian café, seemed unique and strangely at variance with the structures around it. Fic. 6.—Friele’s pavilion, (Photographed by Nyblin.) IX 3Lv1g “SA RAABAA Py Se 70 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. International Fisheries Exhibition, which embraced exhibits of fish and fisheries from Norway and various other countries. Under this arrangement it was apparently intended to exclude from the first division all foreign materials, or manufactures, as well as objects pertaining to fisheries, while all the latter were supposedly inclusive under the international section, which, however, was not expected to embrace material except such as was directly associated with the fisheries. This was the general purpose of the exhibition programme. It must be conceded, notwithstanding, that the classification was rather indefinite in some particulars, and it developed, in connection with the jury work, that there had been more or less misunderstanding of its provisions, due in part, it was claimed, to differences between the “nglish version and those in other languages. It is not deemed neces- sary for the purposes of this report to do more than make a passing allusion to this matter, chiefly for the purpose of leading to a better understanding of certain conditions hereafter to be mentioned. INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITION. General definition.—That part of the exhibition coming under the official designation of *‘ Haandveerks and Industriafdelingen,” was, as its name indicates, designed to be an exhibition of national handiwork and industrial development. It is not my object, however, to discuss this section in detail, but simply to refer to its most salient features, in order that some idea may be conveyed of its scope and its relations to the international, or fisheries section of the exhibition, with which this report chiefly deals. Extent and location of exhibits.—The magnitude of the national industrial collections was far in excess of the international exhibits, and the most conservative estimate would indicate that the former occu- pied fully six or seven times the space assigned to the fisheries. In the main building the industrial exhibits filled two of three wings, the central space under the dome, and the galleries. Besides, large buildings were filled with the naval collections, the school exhibits, machinery, agricultural implements, horticulture, etc., while smaller structures—usually exhibits in themselves—were scattered over the park in such manner as to appear to the best advantage. The building containing the naval exhibit and various other collec- tions was one of the largest structures. It was situated between the Puddefjord and the main building, directly opposite the latter, and separated from it by the lagoon heretofore referred to. The post-oflice and postal telegraph, illustrating the postal facilities and postal management in Norway, the horticultural building, the machinery hall, the buildings containing exhibits of carriages, stoves, agricultural implements, etc., were northwesterly from the main building, on the low flat area next the fjord. UNIGAN Aq poyduasooyd SNIOGTING NIVW 20 11VH NYSZLSVSHLNOS ‘LIGIHXS NVISSMYON year: “WX Stvdd 4 | ot Cae) ae ian ~ ——— | ae INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 71 Farther back, on or near the road leading from the main entrance, were the Christiania building, containing collections chiefly illustrat- ing the municipal government of that city—schools, police, fire pro- tection, architecture, etc.—the fine arts building; an elevator or lift arranged in an open tower, from the top of which a bird’s-eye view of the park, city and harbor could be obtained; and certain small struct- ures of brick, paper, etc. Elsewhere were exhibits of structural objects, such as slate, cement, and artificial stone, put up attractively as towers, ornamental stairs, and such other forms as they were well adapted to. A seter, with its birch-bark roof, covered with sod and a luxuriant growth of grass and small shrubbery, although somewhat diminutive in size, was an interesting isolated exhibit, since it illustrated a peculiar phase of Norwegian peasant life, which probably is not par- alleled elsewhere in the world. A seter is usually a small log hut, generally not exceeding 12 or 14 feet in length by 8or10 feet in width. Inmany sections of Norway this is the summer residence, high upon the mountain side, of one or more members of a peasant’s family—often girls from 14 to 20 years of age —who care forand milk the herds of goats and cattle which, in early summer, are driven up the mountains, where grazing can be found far above and miles distant from the farms along the fjords. The milk is converted into cheese and butter at the seeter, but sometimes it is sent down on wires strung from the mountain tops to the houses far below: and, after the cans are emptied, they are hauled back to be refilled the next day. Special features.—If space and other conditions permitted, an extended consideration of the special features of this section of the exhibition might prove interesting as bearing on the general indus- trial development of Norway; but it seems impracticable to do more than to make a brief allusion to some of these, sufficient only to convey a general idea of the subject-matter. The naval exhibit embraced materials illustrative of the history and present condition of the Norwegian navy. Models and plans of obso- lete types of war vessels and ancient guns were shown beside the rep- resentations of modern war ships and ordnance. The collections afforded an opportunity for an interesting study of the development of war vessels and their equipment, from the ancient viking ship, carrying warriors’ shields on its sides for the use of its spearmen when boarding another vessel or when making a foray on land, to the armed and turretted battle ship of the present day, a floating steel fortress, armed with high-power rifled guns, possessing a range and accuracy of fire scarcely short of marvelous. The inter- mediate steps were found in the round-bowed sailing frigate of a century ago or more; the paddle-wheel steamer of the forties; the 72 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. high-sided wooden war ship propelled by a screw: and the monitor, the advent of which led directly to the highly specialized battle ship of recent design. Associated with the naval display was an army exhibit, which embraced in like manner materials relating to the equipment and operations of anarmy. Figures of soldiers dressed in the uniforms of the service, small arms of various kinds, field guns, plans or other representations of fortifications, field-hospital equipments, ete., fairly illustrated what had been accomplished in these directions. The very creditable exhibits of models and plans of ship builders or designers, seen in the main building, emphasized the important strides recently taken by Norway in the shipbuilding industry. There are at least two large shipbuilding companies at Bergen, not to speak of others in Norway, which make a specialty of constructing iron and steel vessels. While it is probable their facilities may not equal those of the mammoth shipbuitding concerns in Great Britain, they never- theless are doing good work, and, so far as form of hulland excellence of construction are concerned, the Norwegian merchant vessels (not including small coasters) will probably not suffer by comparison with those of any other country. I have never seen superior designs for the purpose for which the ships were required, and, so far as I had opportunity to study the construction of iron and steel vessels, I was most favorably impressed by it. ’ Having in view the rapid growth of the Norwegian merchant marine, the low cost of labor, the notable aptitude of the people for maritime affairs, and the natural advantages for building, such as deep harbors, etc., the development in this special industry, as shown by the exhibits, may fairly be taken as indicating larger growths in the near future. There were many exhibits of furniture, not a few of which were worthy of special mention. Some of the native woods lend them- selves readily to the manufacture of household furniture, and even in conventional forms are so well prepared that they show considerable skill and art in manufacture. A very prominent feature in this field of Norwegian industry is, however, the tendency to reproduce, in more or less idealized forms, the peculiar ornamentation in favor among the ancient Norsemen; and it must be confessed that the carvings, when well executed, are far from commonplace, and often possess a charm and a fitness entirely their own. In the eager search for novelties in furniture American manufacturers may possibly find it advantageous to adopt some of these Norwegian designs, even though it may be conceded that the historical or traditional associations that connect them with the past in Norway may often have stronger influence on the buyer than the beauty or utility of the article itself. The displays of Norwegian jewelry, silverware, and enameled ee EDR MOM HOS ny eae | : iid i : ii we J EC it _ “AIX 3LV1d “ULIQAN AQ poydrasojoyg SNIGVWAG NIVW 40 T1VH HLnos INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 73 goods were rich, comprehensive, and for the most part strictly char- acteristic of the domestic manufacture. While it is true that conven- tionality was observable in some things, the enameled ware and articles of silver included many original Norse designs which are artistic and attractive, even if disassociated with the idea that they are represen- tations of Scandinavian handiwork—a feature that enhances their value to some, and especially to people of Scandinavian origin, The exhibits of structural materials, such as marble and other forms of building stones, were well arranged and very creditable; they embraced many kinds of stone worked into attractive and appropriate designs. Iam informed that this branch of Norwegian industry is largely of recent development, particularly so far as the quarrying of marble is concerned. Slate is easily obtained and is widely utilized. It seems ~ probable the demand for other building stones may steadily deyelop as their qualities are better understood. The improvement in recent years in the manufacture of textiie fabrics was well exemplified by numerous exhibits more or less com- prehensive. Although the handloom is by no means obsolete in Nor- way, and homespun is extensively if not universally worn by the peas- antry, the fabrics turned out by the woolen mills are of a quality needed to supply the demand for high-grade goods, as well as for cheaper materials, and doubtless will ultimately take the place of the coarser homemade cloth. A noticeable feature in the manufacture of textiles is found in the production of ancient forms of Norse tapestries, known as Aahilacder.' For some years past there has been a growing desire on the part of Norwegians to collect antique tapestries and to use them for decorative purposes in their homes. Naturally the demand for such articles was increased and the price enhanced correspondingly. This led to attempts to copy the old patterns, a not very difficult matter, since the handloom alone is used in their production and the work is simple, though the finished fabric is often quite artistic. These tapestries are generally of rather small size, seldom exceeding 4 or 5 feet in length or breadth, so far as my observation extended, and they more nearly resemble in design the work of the Navaho and Zuni Indians than any other fabrics I have seen. They are exceedingly popular among Norwe- gians, and the numerous exhibits and large variety of patterns indi- ‘ated the effort now being made to cater to the national taste. Some of the exhibitors of such goods had handlooms in operation in con- nection with their exhibits, thus furnishing a practical demonstration of the method of production. In no other way, perhaps, were the special features of Norwegian b ' This is pronounced ‘‘doklair,’’? while the singular form of the noun, Aaklaede, is pronounced ‘‘aoklay.”’ 74 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. handiwork more strongly demonstrated than m the numerous and varied presentations of the native embroidery. Some of the finest of this, it is true, was more or less conventional in execution, but the larger part was purely Norwegian. The Hardanger embroidery has long been celebrated for its unique beauty, and the numerous examples of it in the industrial halls attracted well-deserved admiration. Wood carving and painted woodwork were well represented. Nor- way has long been famed for its wood carvings, which are largely the product of the province of Hardanger. It would be impracticable to enumerate here the different carved objects made for sale by the peasantry. The most common forms are fancifully carved knives and forks, spoons, mugs, placques, picture frames, viking ships, and drink- ing horns. These are used almost wholly, if not exclusively, for decorative purposes. The painted woodwork is unique, and notably a domestic production. The colors are garish, and the effect not always pleasing or harmonious. Nevertheless, this style of ornamentation is in high favor for many varieties of wooden articles. Among these the most noticeable are chests or trunks and hand baskets, the latter often taking the place of areticule for shopping purposes or marketing. ‘They are also used as work baskets. Wooden shoes and toys, crudely cut out with knives, are decorated in this manner. The method of decorating wooden objects, by burning with hot irons, is in vogue in Norway, and pyrography undoubtedly competes for popularity with the more characteristically national forms of ornamentation already alluded to. This likewise has a considerable range of application, being adapted to most forms used purely for decorative purposes, as well as those of general utility. Among the articles of this kind on exhibition work baskets, market baskets, and fancy placques took precedence. The exhibits of leather goods, such as trunks, valises, portfolios, ete., though good, were conventional, and presented no strikingly novel feature. There were several fine collections of furs, and garments made of fur, on exhibition. They generally embraced not only peltries used for wearing apparel and the completed garments, but also skins for rugs, carriage robes, and other articles. These exhibits, as a rule, included skins of animals from tropical countries, such as the tiger, for example, but northern peltries pre- dominated. Among the latter were skins of the white bear, foxes of several varieties, the fur seal, hair seals of various species, skunks, martens, sable, mink, beaver, ete. Some of the collections were installed with much skill and taste. The background of one, for instance, represented a polar scene, with a ship in the distance locked in the ice, and hunters in the foreground UTqAN AQ poydvasojogd ‘ONIGUING NIVW 40 11VH HLYON SLISIHXS SSIYSHSI4A 4O M3IA WYSANSDO . 7 Fewenr ; names us a3 ‘ ON Xara Vall INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. ris attacking a polar bear. The life-size figures of men and animals, the former equipped with guns, and the accurate representation of ice and ship made up a realistic picture of life in the far north, which was an appropriate accessory to an exhibit of northern furs and fur- bearing animals. In no part of the industrial exhibition was more artistic skill dis- played than in the arrangement of some of the collections coming under the general classification of confectionery, while the quality of the goods of this class was very high. Considered from the stand- points of method of installation and meritorious material, the displays included under this head were not excelled by any commercial exhibits, and it may justly be said that they reflected honor on Norway for the advanced position she has taken in this particular. The life- size figures made of chocolate were examples of artistic installation. The soap industry was well represented, and also commanded atten- tion for the character of the goods exhibited and the exceptional taste displayed in presenting them to the public. Among sporting goods the effective arrangement of wooden snow- shoes, locally called ski, was perhaps most conspicuous, since they are especially associated with the national life and sports of Norway. There was one good exhibit of angling tackle and other accessories of sport fishing. This also included some fine plaster casts of salmon. But the showing in this direction was scarcely what might have been expected in a country exceptionally rich in trout and salmon streams, and without a rival in western Europe in the inducements it is able to offer anglers. Considering the extent of the exhibition, machinery was well repre- sented, both in variety and amount. Inasmuch, however, as this sec- tion was supposed to form a part of the national exhibit of handiwork and industrial achievement, one could scarcely fail being impressed with the large quantity of foreign-made machinery exhibited by sell- ing agents. Machinery of American manufacture was much in evidence. A large part of the agricultural implements exhibited were manufac- tured in the United States; indeed there were few others of approved designs. Besides these, American windmills, sewing machines, etc., were among the most prominent objects in the industrial sections of the exhibition—a fact that emphasizes the adaptability of our mechanical productions and the place they occupy in Europe, despite the keen competition which confronts them. Nothing in the national collections of Norway was more strikingly characteristic of the country than the paintings, and probably nothing else conveyed a clearer idea of the genius of the people and the condi- tions which enyiron them. It would be a pleasant duty to notice these 76 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. in detail, not alone for the artistic skill shown, but. still more because they reveal many aspects of life in Norway which can be seen only through the eyes of the painter, unless one is privileged to study the economic conditions of the people and to share with them experi- ences, often of danger and privation, that few care to meet. But the dimits of this report preclude it, and the briefest mention must suffice, except in a very few cases where the life and experiences of the Gshermen are delineated. That the fisheries have furnished inspi- ‘ation to Norwegian artists was too apparent to admit of a doubt, and the numerous canvases devoted to these industries or closely related subjects indicated how rich a field lies open to the painter in this land of the midnight sun, of midday night, of towering snow-capped moun- tains, of fierce storms and howling gales, and of brave, hardy, self- denying men and women, who labor on courageously and almost defiantly in their efforts to overcome the obstacles with which nature confronts them; and, despite it all, to exact sufficient tribute from her to sustain themselves along the ironbound rugged coasts, or on the limited areas in the narrow valleys between the mountains, or the slopes that fringe the fjords. The most impressive of the paintings was a large marine view, by Hans Dahl, entitled Bad weather. It is a realistic depiction of one phase of life frequently experienced by the fishermen and their fami- lies, the women of which are generally trained from early childhood in the management of boats. The artist is fortunate who can reproduce nature faithfully, as in this case. An open fishing boat, under spritsail and jib, is seen scud- ding before a rising gale, which tears the tops from the waves and sends the spoondrift scurrying off to leeward, while the dark, windy- looking clouds that sweep past the distant mountains presage danger to those on the little craft. The bareheaded old fisherman at the helm turns his wrinkled face anxiously to windward, his snow-white locks and whiskers streaming in the wind. His daughter, with that skill and fearlessness that Nor- wegian women acquire by familiarity with the sea, is leaning at the bow, unhooking the tack of the jib, preparatory to taking it in, while a little girl of five or six years crouches amidships, but shows no signs of fear. Both boat and water seem to move. ‘The former is just ris- ing on the slope of a passing wave; her sails stand out bard and full; one almost imagines he hears the whistle of the gale and the swish of water as it goes seething by, and one feels in studying this painting afuller appreciation than ever before of the perils the coast people are always liable to meet whenever they venture forth in the carriage of the fjord, the fisher’s boat, that all must learn to use. Two smaller canvases by Hans Dahl, though well executed and distinctively Norwegian, were much less impressive than the one men- UIIQAN Aq poyduisojoyg “TIVH AYSANIHOVA INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 77 tioned. One of these, entitled Happy Girls, showed how three young peasant girls managed to play a practical joke ona sturdy young fisher- man who, perhaps, was a little too vain of his personal prowess and knowledge of boats. They are about to cross a fjord, and the young man strains, tugs, and pushes at the boat’s bow in the effort to launch her, but she will not move, while his two companions stand by, laughing and taunting him with his lack of strength, their chief effort being to distract his atten- tion, so that he will not see the rope they have tied around a project- ing stone and the rowlock on the side opposite to where he stands, thus holding the boat firm despite all his endeavors. One of the trio, near the rope, is sedate-looking enough, and is evidently encouraging the outlay of greater strength. One feels disposed to laugh with the mis- chievous maidens. The other painting represents a bridal party embarking in boats for a trip across the fjord to the church, where the marriage ceremony is to be performed. A wedding procession on the water is one of the common episodes of peasant life in Norway that is both unique and interesting. A scene in Svolver, by Chr. Eggen, conveyed a good idea of condi- tions at this celebrated fishing station of Lofoten on a fine afternoon in late winter, when the codfishery is at its height. The day’s sue- cess in fishing and fair weather combine to make this picture of the fisherman’s life cheerful and inspiring. The fleet of fish-laden boats— hundreds of them—are coming into the harbor from the fishing grounds in the fjord beyond the snow-covered jagged peaks that guard the entrance, and the setting sun throws a gleam of soft radiance over the mountains and the square sails of the Nordland boats, some of which are still so far off that their canvas looks like the tip of a gull’s wing on the distant horizon. The bluish shadows in the foreground contrast strongly with the beautiful tints of light beyond, and would seem an exaggeration in any place but Norway, where light and shade contrast so strangely. Another large painting of Svolver, by Gunner Berg, shows the inner harbor under the ordinary conditions that prevail in winter. In the foreground is a fleet of jagts, skoite, and fishing boats. The latter are gathered around the larger craft which assemble at Svolver in winter to purchase fish as they are brought in from day to day. The gray, sunless sky is almost of the same shade as the snow-covered mountains that guard the harbor, and the outlines of which are so indistinct that they can scarcely be seen. The picture gives one a good conception of the gloominess of the dull, sunless winter days that hang over Lofoten for the most part during the codfishing season. The painting of a Nordland Cove, by Henrik Backer, delineates another phase of a fisherman’s life in Nordland. 1t represents a storm 78 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. such as often prevails on the coast at Lofoten and vicinity during the fishing season. One sees a fleet of fishing boats hauled out upon the beach above the sea, while the spoondrift of surf mingled with thickly falling snow is driven shorewards by the fierce winter wind—a realistic scene which speaks volumes of the dangers which beset the fishermen when caught out in their frail boats in such a hurricane, as, alas, is too often the case. Halfdon Strom’s Rest after Work tells still another story of the primitive life of Norwegian fishermen. This shows the interior of a fisherman’s cottage at evening, when the day’s toil has ceased and rest is sought to recuperate strength for the morrow’s labor. The interior which the artist shows is rude and simple to a degree. The log walls of the structure are revealed in the subdued light that comes from the fire on the hearth, and against the walls of the hut are rough board bunks, which serve as beds for its inmates. In two of these men are sleeping. One old man sits on the side of another bunk, in which his wife is sleeping, while he calmly smokes his pipe and eyi- dently meditates over the work of the day just past before turning in. Scattered about the floor are the fishermen’s boots, shoes, and outer garments, as they have been carelessly thrown off. Another glimpse of domestic life in Norway is given by Helen Gundersen in her painting entitled, The Baby Sleeps While Mother Works. The infant lies sleeping in a wooden cradle in the center of the room; two larger children, although yet of tender years, stand quietly by, evidently ready to soothe the baby again to sleep if there are any indications of wakefulness. Meantime the mother works steadily at a loom in the corner of the cottage, her occupation evincing the universal industry that obtains in Norway. Besides the above, which have been mentioned at some length, be- cause they depict various aspects of the fisherman’s life, there were many other paintings deserving of extended notice. It is, however, practicable here to briefly refer to only a few of them. Skovsfjorden, near Mandel, by Almedus Neilsen, is a fine picture of Norwegian scenery, where the glory of summer ona fjord, with the hills, mountains, and water, make up a combination of almost inde- seribable grandeur and beauty. Strong Wind and Fine Weather, by the same artist, shows one of the many conditions met on the coast. It represents a large boat com- ing in from sea, her reefed sail suggesting the ** strong wind” which prevails, while the blaze of sunlight streaming across the fjord, light- ing up the waves until they glisten like molten silver, tells of the prevalence of ‘* fine weather,” despite the rough seas beyond the head- lands. Harriet Backer, in her Game of Cards, shows four young men playing cards on a plain deal table in a peasant’s cottage. This is a EE Ca ——— INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 79 side light on the life of the peasantry, and teaches a lesson of their amusements. One view of farm life is shown, by A. Askevold, in Cows Return- ing Home. This is a summer scene, and the representations of cattle with the attendant maiden and the natural glories of the season deserve commendation for the faithfulness of portrayal. The antithesis of the above was Winter Time, by G. Stenersen. The prevailing snow which this depicts, the cottage seen dimly in the middle distance, and the pony urged by his driver, sturdily pulling a sled load of wood along the country road, make wp a scene entirely in harmony with conditions in Norway when the sun hangs low on the southern horizon. It also suggests that the storm has no terrors for the hardy peasant or his dumb companion. Who Can It Be, by Sven Jorgensen, illustrates a human weakness that is not confined to the rural districts of Norway. The old cot- tagers, man and wife, peer out of a window at a passer-by; their in- tense curiosity, written on every lineament of their wrinkled faces, evidences the appropriateness of the title. Hauling a Lifeboat on the Coast of Holland, by Elizabeth Sindeing; After Bad Weather, a scene on the Dutch coast, by Fr. Smith-Hald; and A Fishing Harbor, Loch Fyne, and Sannox Bay, Scotland, by Hans Gude, indicate that Norwegian artists have occasionally been tempted to portray other scenes than those which their own country is so celebrated for. The many portraits, some of them showing exceptional skill, and the treatment of other subjects also point to the fact that the painter's brush is by no means limited to mountain scenery, the beauties of rural life, the perils of the coast, or the picturesque features of the fisheries, all of which must be alluringly tempting to the artist’s imagination. Christ and Mary, by Marcus Gronvold, was a good example of Nor- wegian painting of Scriptural subjects. Hans Hynerdahl, in his painting entitled Tell Me What I’ve Done, deals with a subject as old as humanity, but never uninteresting. The artist paints a misunderstanding between lovers. The maiden is evi- dently the offended one, for she turns away, while her lover, uncon- scious of having offended, inquires why he is thus treated. The composition and execution are good. The same artist exhibited an Old Fisherman, which was a fine piece of bust portraiture, with its strong wrinkled face, fisher’s dress, and nets upon his shoulder. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. Scope, official representation, etc.—The international exhibits were limited by the programme and classification to collections illustrative S. Doc. 39——6 80 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. of fish and fisheries, fisn culture, and scientific investigation relating to fisheries and pisciculture. As arule no attempt was made to exceed the limitation thus made, but the classification was not always strictly adhered to, or its meaning was differently interpreted, hence there was, in some cases, material in the foreign exhibits not apparently germane to the fisheries. Aside from the United States, the exhibit of which has been dealt with in another section of this report, the following countries were oflicially represented at Bergen: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Russia, Japan, and France. The Russian province of Finland and the French province of Tunis were also officially represented; their respective exhibits were made distinctive and separate from others, and in each case so as to illustrate the industries of those countries. For the sake of clearness, as well as political relations, they will be associated with the countries of which they form a part. There were individual exhibits from the following countries, which were not, however, officially represented: England, Germany, Italy, Spain, and Belgium. Some of these unofficial exhibits were exceptionally good and instructive, as will be seen by reference to them hereafter to be made. NORW AY. General considerations. —Considered from the standpoint of fisheries, probably no country on earth holds a more important position, in proportion to its population, than that occupied by Norway. The rugged nature of the coast, often precipitous, and with only a limited amount of tillable land, and the fact that its waters abound in fish, which at certain seasons appear in phenomenal numbers, have all con- tributed to make fishing a leading industry for many centuries, par- ticularly since the art of curing herring by salting was discovered. For this reason, and especially because the Norwegians have found it necessary to apply scientific methods to their fisheries, so far as their means admit, it seems desirable to discuss their apparatus and methods, as represented at the exhibition, and to allude to certain matters con- nected therewith, which may contain suggestions of possible utility or benefit to American fishery interests. No comprehensive statistics of Norwegian fisheries were exhibited, and none have been published, so far as I am aware, which show in pounds or tons the total amount of fishery products. It is customary, in presenting the statistics of the Norwegian cod fishery and its allied branches, not to give the weight, but the number of fish, hence there are no data extant showing the weight, which can only be estimated. Nor is the system of determining the number of fishermen employed satisfactory, since it only shows the number engaged in special fisheries at certain seasons, and there is nothing to indicate how many of these change from one fishery to another, and apparently no data upon UILIGqAN AG poydess Ud LIGIHXS WWYNLINOILYOH WAX SLV1d INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 81 which the total number of fishermen in the country can be accurately arrived at. Notwithstanding all this the official figures avanable are sufficient to show the important position held by Norway in the fisheries, and to what extent she contributes to the supply of marine food in the various markets of the world. For this reason, and because it serves as a basis for a clearer understanding of the statements which follow, I venture to give the following statistics: The total number of fishermen employed is estimated at 95,000, of which 35,000 are at Lofoten in the season and 31,000 in the fat-herring fishery. The average annual catch of cod in Norway, in the period from 1891 to 1895, inclusive, was 65,000,000 fish in number; of these, 34,000,000 were taken at Lofoten. In the same period the annual catch of whales off the Finmarken coast was 900, with an aggregate value of 975,000 kroner, equal to $263,250. The average annual value of the catch in the principal fisheries, at prices paid the fishermen, aggregated 23,897,000 kroner, equal to $6,452,190, divided as follows: Cod, $3,723,160; pollock, ling, and cod (other than those above), $804,060; fat herring (summer catch), $682,020; spring herring, $591,840; salmon, $196,830; mackerel, $118,530; sprats, or small herring (‘‘ brisling”), $108,950, and lobster, $96,390. The maximum annual value of exports, taking the highest price reached with any product during this period (1891-1895) was $12,933,- 000; and the average value was $12,562,560. These exports included oils to the value of $1,652,400. The exports of fish go to the following countries; they are «1 the kinds indicated, and have the values stated: Spain.—Nearly all dried cod (klipfish), a few smoked fish, $3,247,290. Germany.—Chiefly fat herring, klipfish, and stockfish; also a large amount of whale and seal oils and medicinal cod oil, $2,628,720. Great Britain, including [reland.—Mostly klipfish; whale and seal oils, medicinal cod oil; salmon; also fat herring, stockfish, ete., $1,784,430. Sweden.—Largely fat herring and pollock, $1,171,800. Austria and [taly.—Principally klipfish and stocktish, $970,650. Russia.—Mostly fat herring, stockfish, pollock, and_ klipfisk, $812,970. Netherlands.—Chiefly stockfish and oils, $719,000. Denmark.—Nearly all fat herring and lobster, $431,460 France.—Mostly cod roe, $314,550. Portugal.—W holly klipfish, $297,270. United States.—Chietly fat herring, mackerel, and medicinal cod oil, $64,800. | 82 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. Since the date for which these figures are given (1891 to 1895) the exportation to the United States has increased materially. In the year ending June 30, 1898, there were exported to the United States from the Bergen consular district alone fishery products amounting to a total value of $541,268.25. These were divided as follows: Ancho- vies, $19,340.84; canned fish, $22,642.12; stockfish, $61,711.69; salt herring, $221,508.79; salt mackerel, $98,879.14; fish skins, $2,529.11; cod-liver oil, $65,751.97; sardines and anchovies in tins, $28,904.59. Belgium.—Largely klipfish, but many other varieties, $49,140. Finland.—Chiefly klipfish and fat herring, $48,870. Other countries.—$10.800. Kishing vessels and fishing boats.—The fishing fleet of Norway is one of the most interesting to be found in the world. In the Norwegian fishery craft of to-day are seen many of the peculiar characteristics that distinguished the viking ships of a remote period, in which the famous navigators of Scandinavia pursued their voyages. ** Little, if any, change appears to have been made in northern naval architecture,” remarks Boehmer, **for in the Northland boats of the present day we recognize the oldest forms known to us from the rock sculpture (//elleristninger ov Halbristningar) discovered in Sweden and Norway, with an antiquity reaching far back into prehistoric times, and supposed to have originated from boat-shaped stone burial groups (Skibssaetninger or Stenskepper) supposed to have been erected during the transition time from the bronze period to the iron age in Seandi- navia, and from boat remains found at various times and places, rep- resenting structures dating from the third to about the ninth or tenth century of the Christian era.” ! The remarks quoted apply chiefly to open boats, but it must be con- ceded that, while the steamers are of course modern, and improvement is noticeable in some of the sailing vessels, certain types of the latter are evidently of ancient origin, and other forms indicate little advance. It is somewhat difficult to understand the extreme conservatism of the Norwegians in the matter of boat and vessel construction. Nothing connected with the prosecution of commercial fisheries is of greater moment than having boats and vessels well adapted to the purposes for which they were designed. The questions of strength, safety, speed, and suitable capacity are all of much importance, and the highest combination of these to meet the requirements of special conditions is what is needed in a fishing boat. It is evident, however, that consid- eration must be given to the cost, a matter that can not be overlooked, when the means of those who own and operate boats or vessels are so limited that expense must always be kept at the lowest practicable point. Iam satisfied that this has much to do with the remarkable conservatism that has continued for centuries, but it is not suflicient 1See Norse Naval Architecture, by Genres 18k Eimer in Proceedings e “the United States National Museum, 1886, p. 444. — INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION 83 excuse for certain conditions in construction or rig which might be materially improved without additional cost. More specitic reference will be made to this matter elsewhere. The greater part of the Norwegian fishing fleet is composed of open boats, some being simply rowboats, while others depend chiefly upon sails for propulsion. With comparatively few exceptions, these boats have a sharp stern, a feature that dates back to prehistoric times. Some of the larger decked vessels are also sharp aft, but most of the fish freighters and some others have square sterns. The vessels employed in the Norwegian fisheries include several types that are used for freighting only, devoting the larger part of each year, or possibly all of it, to the fish business, though some engage in general freighting ‘* between seasons,” carrying wood or other prod- ucts, from point to point, but chiefly from the country districts to the towns. Most of these vessels are used for receiving and salting the catch of cod or herring that is purchased from day to day, and others serve as homes for seine fishermen, who move from place, following the migrations of fish. Steamers.—Steam vessels have been little used in the Norwegian food-tish fisheries until recently, though they have been employed in the whale and seal fisheries for some years. The tendency of the times is strongly in favor of increasing the steam fleet, and it is probable that steam liners, and possibly trawlers, like those of Great Britain, may soon be engaged in the Norwegian ocean fisheries. Finmarken whaling steamers.—A small fleet of screw steamers is employed during each season in whaling in the Arctic Ocean off the coast of Finmarken. In 1896 the fleet numbered 29 steamers with an ageregate tonnage of 730 tons; the crew numbered 544 men; and they caught 1,212 whales. The species sought are the blue whale (Lalenoptera sibbaldi), finback (2B. musculus), sei whale (LB. borealis), and humpback (Megaptera boops). These steamers, with one exception, are owned south of Tromso, chiefly at Tonsberg, Sandefjord, and Christiania. They are schooner- rigged, built of iron or steel; usually about 75 to 85 feet long; 14 to 16-feet beam; 20 to 30 nominal horsepower, and resemble the fishing steamers of Great Britain. A whaling steamer, fully equipped, costs from $13,500 to $16,200. A large engraving, from the painting by Professor Saltzman, of the whaling steamer Duncan Gray, on which Emperor Wilhelm II wit- nessed the killing of a whale, was exhibited by M. Jorsen, of Tonsberg (fig. 9). A typical arctic whaling steamer has a moderate sheer; sharp bow, with convex water lines; stem almost vertical above water line, but tumbling in slightly at top, and curved below to join the keel; rather low floor; round bilge; fine run; round stern; two pole masts, fitted 84 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. “to carry small sails, which, however, are little used. The mainmast steps in the forward part of the quarter deck, which is somewhat higher than the main deck. The foremast stands well abaft the stem, and the smokestack is between the two masts. Boats are carried on side davits, high above the rail. One of these is generally a praam and the other a whaleboat, but they are seldom used. There isa ** crow’s nest” at the foremast head, a large cask fastened to the mast, so that the man onthe lookout for whales can stand in it when on watch, and thus be safe and partially sheltered from the icy arctic wind. Fic. 9.—Killing a whale off Finmarken. (From painting by Prof. Saltzman.) A little abaft the stem head is a small cannon, from which is shot a large wide-flued harpoon that fastens into the whale, and also carries with it an explosive bomb to kill the animal. Just forward of the eun an iron bridge is arranged on hinges, so that it can be elevated or turned forward to a horizontal position. ‘This platform is 9 feet wide and 6 feet long, fore and aft. When a steamer is hunting for whales the bridge is turned forward and some 20 fathoms of the large harpoon warp is coiled in front of the gun, so that there may be rope enough to easily reach a whale when the harpoon is fired, although it is a rare thing to attempt to shoot a ‘‘fish” more than 15 fathoms off. About 300 fathoms of warp is carried. -~ eow "IHAX Sivid “surured Woy ‘TYVP GQIVANOSVY ANILNSXYVE ONITVHM-WV3LS INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. rod) These steamers are equipped with steam winches for raising the whales after they are killed, for they often sink and can be saved only by a strong warp and the wide-spreading flues of the harpoon, which are generally sufficient to stand the strain of bringing a dead whale to the surface; when it is properly secured and towed to the station. To pase the strain on the towline, some steamers are fitted with a rubber accumulator to the foremast, and in a rough sea the flexibility of this device lessens the effect of a jerky motion of the vessel and decreases the chances of losing the whale. The following are the principal dimensions of one of these vessels: Length over all, 81 feet; beam, 16 feet; depth, molded, 9 feet; fore- mast, above deck, 41 feet; mainmast, above deck, 20 feet. Bottle-nose whaling steamers.—The steam vessels employed in the fishery for the bottle-nose whale (//yperoodon rostratus) difter radically from those on the Finmarken coast, as will be seen from the illustration of the steam barkentine Ragnvald Jarl (Pl. XVIII), copied from a painting exhibited by Kraasbye Brothers & Co., of Aalesund. These vessels are generally small wooden barks and barkentines, ‘anging from 100 to 120 tons in size, carrying substantially the same amount of canvas as a sailing vessel, and being equipped with auxil- lary steam power, with a two-bladed screw that can be raised when the pressure of ice makes it necessary. In addition to the vessels that engage exclusively in the pursuit of the bottle-nose whale during the season, usually more or less of the sealing steamers hunt this species after the close of the spring sealing. These vessels are much larger than those which find their principal employment in the bottle-nose fishery, averaging about 230 tons each. They are described under the head of sealing steamers. A model was exhibited of an auxiliary steam bark employed in the bottle-nose whale fishery. This represented a wooden vessel about LOO to 110 tons register, of the conventional half-clipper type. with well- shaped bow and run, full midship section, and a two-bladed screw. A large **cutting-in board,” made of planks, extended from the rail to below the water line and was about 13 feet long on the vessel. Sup- ported by a special stay, extending from the mainmast to the foremast head, were two large cutting-in tackles used for hoisting in the blubber, and an iron steam winch just forward of the poop deck furnished the power for operating the tackles. The poop deck, flush with the main rail, extended forward nearly halfway between the mizzen and main masts. Just forward of this was the smokestack. The bridge extended from side to side of the ship across the forward end of the poop, above which it was elevated about 5 feet. It was sheltered with canvas wind-breaks. The topgallant forecastle deck, underneath which was the forecastle occupied by the crew, was unusually long, for it reached abaft the foremast. Two 86 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. stanchions on each side at the bow and one stanchion on each side of the poop were fitted to support the swivel harpoon guns used for kill- ine bottle-nose whales, which are sometimes shot from the vessel as well as from boats. A pole mizzenmast, rolling topsails, and no sails above the latter were the chief peculiarities of rig. A ‘*crow’s-nest” for the lookout was on the main topgallant mast.’ Vessels of this class are fitted with iron tanks to receive the blubber, which is not tried out until after it is discharged at the home port. These tanks vary in size, according to the shape of the vessel’s hold, which they are made to fit, and have a capacity of from 10 to 30 barrels. Large casks are also used. The tanksare filled with water for ballast at the beginning of a voyage. A steamer will carry from 5 to 8 open boats, which are 20 feet long, 6 feet wide, and 2 feet 8 inches deep. They are stout, carvel-built, keel boats; with curved, raking stem and sternpost; V-shaped square stern; 5 thwarts and a half deck forward for 4 feet abaft the stem. In this half deck is a stanchion, on which is mounted the swivel harpoon gun that is always carried on boats which hunt the bottle-nose whale. The following are the principal dimensions of the bark represented by the model alluded to: Length over all, 104 feet; beam, 20 feet; depth, 10 feet; length of topgallant forecastle deck, 31 feet; poop, 32 feet. Sealing steamers.—Among the vessels employed in the seal fishery are some auxiliary screw steamers of a type similar to those engaged in the industry from Dundee, Scotland, or St. Johns, Newfoundland (Pl. XIX). They average something over 230 tons register. In 1896 the fleet consisted of 18 steamers, aggregating 4,188 tons and carrying 853 men. As has been stated, some of these engage in the whale fishery after the spring fishery for seals is ended. These steamers are generally bark rigged and are fitted to carry a full complement of sails, but light sails and spars are generally sent down and stowed away when working in the ice packs. The two-bladed screw propeller is so fitted that it can be lifted in case of a nip. The greatest strength is required in vessels that must enter the ice, and experience has proved that only those built of wood can endure the strain that sealers have to encounter. Consequently only the best wood is used in the construction of the hull, oak and American rock-elm being in high favor. Outside of this, from the keel to above the yater line, is a thick sheathing of green heart, ironwood, or some other exceptionally hard and durable wood. The bow of a sealing ship, for several feet abaft the stem, is built up 1Tn most cases the ‘‘crow’s-nest’’ is on the fore topgallant mast, as shown in the illustration of the Ragnvald Jarl. YA \ ine =U Sea ‘suTTIOD (Mf Aq UM RIG 'YSWVSLS ONITIVHM ONY ONIIVES "XIX 3LW1d INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. Si solid of deadwood, and the outside sheathing comes flush with the forward part of the stem. This gives enormous strength to this part of a vessel. ; The bows are further strengthened inside by diagonal oak logs, and outside of the stem is a heavy iron plate, 2 to 3 inches thick in the center, carried to the keel, and iron plates to protect both sides of the bow, from top of doubling down below the water line. The steni itself is very thick and usually has a strong rake, which is of advantage when a ship is working among ice, for with good head- way she can push her slanting bow upon a floe, when the combined weight of the vessel and force of the blow will often break the ice and open a passage for her to proceed. The crow’s-nest is secured to the fore or main royal mast, and a sup- ply of boats is carried at the cranes or on deck. Market fishing steamers. —In the past few years there has been a marked change in the vessels engaged in deep-sea fishing, especially in the market fishery from Aalesund, and Norwegian-built iron steam- ers have come into favor for the long-line fishery from off Cape Stadt north to Christiansund, and even on Storregen Bank in summer. Their catch of cod, halibut, or ling is marketed daily, and their adapt- ability to the market fishery, as compared to the sailing vessels, is so immensely superior that the latter are being transformed into steamers by having an equipment of boiler, engine, and screw propeller added, The vessels so transformed are chiefly the round-sterned bankers ‘*banskiote ”—which retain their general characteristics, hereafter to be referred to. Not having been built for steamers, they are not so well adapted to their work, even after transformation, as vessels specially designed for working under steam, but the change is an improvement. The vessels are sturdy and seaworthy, and, even if rather slow under steam, it is believed they will give a fairly good account of themselves. The steamers specially designed for this fishery are about 70 feet long, 16 to 17 feet beam, and 8 or 9 feet deep; usually with schooner rig, and resembling in general appearance the small steam liners of Great Britain. A steamer of this kind will cost double as much as the large sailing skiete, but it will catch so many more fish that its earnings for both crew and vessel are much larger. It is an interesting fact that the employment of steamers in the Norwegian line fisheries for cod, halibut, etc., has led to the adoption of the American dory, which, 2s is well known, is peculiarly suited to this fishery, and is gradually making its way in various parts of the world where long-line fishing is prosecuted in boats going out from vessels. CO CO INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. suilders’ models of steam liners were exhibited, and a painting by O. A. Ekren, of Aalesund, showed two of these vessels working off Cape Stadt in a fleet of sailing vessels and boats. Bait steamers.—A considerable number of small steamers, of vary- ing sizes and designs, engage in supplying bait for the cod fishermen at Lofoten and Finmarken during the seasons. These vessels are bait carriers in the strict sense of the term. At other times they find employment elsewhere, and it seems unnecessary to refer to them at length. Fish-carrying steamers.—During the height of the herring season it is common for coasting steamers to engage in carrying herring from Norway to British ports. But, inasmuch as this is not a perma- nent or regular business and is only incidental to their usual trade, and also because they have not been designed for the fisheries so far as lam aware, a passing allusion to them must suffice. Steam whaling launch.—In carrying on the bottle-nose whale fish- ery, and the fishery for white whales, steam launches are sometimes employed. Captain Thompson says that ‘*a vessel pursuing the bottle- nose whale carries two or three launches.” A screw steam launch such as the Norwegians use for whaling is rarvel-built, of oak. It is entirely open, with a sharp bow, round bilge, ‘rather long midship section, a short run, no overhang, and a nearly vertical, V-shaped square stern. It is equipped with harpoons, and a small steel cannon for shooting whales is mounted on a pivot at the bow. The following are the dimensions and other particulars: Length, over all, 27 feet; beam, extreme, 7 feet; draft of water aft, loaded, 24 feet; cannon, 13-inch caliber; speed of launch, 8 miles per hour. It has an ordinary inverted, single-cylinder, noncondensing engine, with cast-iron standards. Diameter of cylinder, 5 inches; length of stroke, T inches; number of revolutions per minute, 200. The boiler is of the straight through, dry-ended type, with small fire box and no combus- tion chamber. Length of boiler, 4 feet; height, 3} feet; number of 2-inch tubes, 410. There are 2 coal boxes, one on each side of the boiler, the dimensions of those being: Length, 34 feet; width at top, 16 inches; depth, 2 feet. Cost: Boat complete, but without shooting apparatus, $900; steel ‘annon, complete, with stand, $175; shooting harpoons, $25; hand harpoon, $15; hand lance, $5; boat anchor, $2.50. Sailing vessels and boats. —There are many varieties of sailing craft employed in the Norwegian fisheries, with which may, perhaps, be properly included the fish carriers, fishery police boats, and life-saving boats, which really form a part of the fishing marine. Most of these were exhibited either in full size or models. The boats of many of the principal fishing districts usually have marked peculiarities of form, construction, or rig which distinguish INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 89 them from fishing craft in other sections of the country. The fish- ermen of each section, according to Norwegian authorities, are gen- erally much prejudiced in favor of the boats they use themselves, often believing them far superior to those of their brother fishermen in a neighboring district, while the latter, in turn,are as fully convinced that their own boats are better than others. But this appears not to be an invariable rule, even if it is a common prejudice. So far as the decked vessels are concerned, with few exceptions they seem to be very generally employed along the coast. ‘‘Although there are distinct types of vessels,” remarks Holmboe, ‘* differing very much from each other, it can not be said that a certain model is used for a special kind of fishing. Neither is it possible to tell to what part of the country a certain model properly belongs. These different types of vessels used in the fisheries are represented in almost any port, and are found in almost any kind of fishing or trading.” It is self-evident that this does not apply to the vessels used for cod fishing on the banks. The Norwegian bank skiste is used for no other purpose, and no other kind of vessel (with a few exceptions) is used in this fishery. The Nordland jagt.—Bergen is the principal port where are gath- ered for exportation the products of the Nordland fisheries, chief among which are the stockfish—cod dried without salt—dry salted cod, or klipfish, cod roe, and cod-liver oil. A remarkable type of vessel employed in transporting these products from the various Nord- land fishing stations to Bergen (and perhaps to other less important ports) is called a ‘* jeegt” (fig. 10), a name which is applied to a single- masted vessel, with movable deck, carrying one or two square sails, and distinct from the type known as ‘‘jagt,” which has a fore-and-aft rig. The jegt is peculiar in form and rig, and, according to Norwegian traditions, has remained almost entirely unchanged in both for many centuries. It is even believed by some that the Norsemen came to America in such a vessel about one thousand years ago. The spirit of improvement which characterizes the present age has made some slight changes in the modern-built jegts, which will be noticed farther on, but the old-style craft is still employed, and clinker-built vessels of this type may still be frequently seen at Bergen. Following is a description of one of them: The hull is very broad and full; the stem curves considerably below and rises vertically 8 or 9 feet above deck. The bow is bluff and round, the bilge low, there is no overhang to the counter, and the stern is excessively full and square, giving the vessel the appearance of having been cut in two in the middle and only the bow portion left. . It has a keel of medium depth, and little or no run, The rudder hangs outside, and is square at the heel; a boat is car- ried at wooden stern davits, which are like those in use on American fishing vessels fifty years ago. A little more than three-quarters of 90) INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. the vessel’s length, from aft forward, is a raised bulwark, or waist, some 3 or + feet higher than the bow, and between these elevated sides the deck is not permanently secured, but consists of movable aprons, which may be raised to the middle height of the mast, to cover the dry fish that are piled high above the rail when the vessel is loaded. Vessels of this kind usually have two cabin windows in the stern, or painted representations of windows. The custom of having stern windows on coasting vessels, which was very prevalent fifty or one Sim, ie Z P< |} h _— iS (gs ws ba S es 8 Tas ste fess Fie. 10.—Nordland jegt. hundred years ago, has generally been abandoned, except on the jegts of Norway. The rig consists of a single mast, stepped almost in the center of the vessel and standing as nearly upright as possible. This is supported by four shrouds on a side, in addition to backstays, while a forestay sets up at the stem. A single square sail, with three bonnets, is used, in the upper corners of which are black patches that are still carried by some of these vessels at least, as emblems of mourning for a famous INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. oat poet and priest, Peter Dass, who lived in Nordland from about 1650 to the early part of the eighteenth century, and who is said to have been much loved and esteemed by the Norwegians. ' Another jrgt, from Trondhjem, has the same general features as that above, but is somewhat more symmetrically formed, and represents the improved type of this class of vessels. It has a full, round bow, hollow at water line; hollow floor; shallow run, and heavy, square stern; narrow, square-heeled rudder; considerable rake to stern post. The greatest beam would be about 8 to 10 feet from the stem; from this it narrows gradually to the stern. It is painted black, varied with narrow white stripes and bright varnished streaks. The wind- lass, which is worked with handspikes, stands well forward, about 5 feet from the stem. Just abaft this is the entrance to the forecastle. which is under deck, and on the port side is the stovepipe. The cabin occupies some 10 to 12 feet of the vessel’s length, at the stern, and between this and the forecastle is the hold where the cargo is stowed, this part being covered with the movable deck previously mentioned. The cabin is below deck, and is lighted by a large square skylight just forward of the tiller, this skylighé also serving for a bin- nacle. The cabin companion way is a small box-like affair. The pump stands at the after end of the apron or movable deck. This vessel is provided with davits for carrying two boats. A pair of nearly straight wooden davits project from the stern, while on the starboard quarter are a pair of stout upright wooden davits. The bulwarks are of moderate height, and the rails are flush on top, fore, and aft. There is little sheer to the vessel, except near the bow, which has consid- erable curve upward. It carries a lap-streaked, square-sterned boat, having six thwarts, and five sets of rowlocks on a side. Her rig differs from that of the jxgt first described in having a jib and topsail, while the square mainsail has four instead of three bonnets in it. It may be explained here that these bonnets serve a double purpose, namely: In the first place they are removed from the sail when the vessel is loaded with fish, enough bonnets being taken off to allow the foot of the sail to swing clear of the deck, which, as has been explained, is sometimes hoisted nearly halfway up the mast, where it lies on top of the load of fish; secondly, these serve the purpose of an ordinary reef, and, when sail must be shortened because of strong winds, one or more bonnets are taken off the foot. The tacks and sheets, which ‘Peter Dass was a Lutheran clergyman, who made long journeys in boats over his extensive diocese in Nordland. This gave him opportunities to meet the fishermen and to learn much of their lives, habits, work, dangers, and hardships; also of their families and the country. These are discussed in a book he wrote (The Nord- land’s Trompet), which, with his preaching, made him very popular. His death was sincerely mourned, and black patches were worn in the sails of Nordland ves- sels as an emblem of mourning. They may still be seen occasionally, 92 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION, are permanently bent to the lower corners of the square sail, above the bonnets, follow down along the sides of the latter, to which they are secured by a number of small stops (generally four or five stops to sxach side of a bonnet), and are lashed securely to the clews of the lower bonnet. ‘To the middle of the foot of the square sail, and to the foot of each bonnet, are attached lizards, through which is rove a lace- line that passes around the mast, and prevents the sail from bellying out too much. There is a bowline bridle on each leech of the sail, to which is fastened one end of a bowline that reeves through a block at the stem head. When sailing by the wind, the bowline is hauled taut on the weather side, and assists in keeping the sail flatter than it would otherwise be. When the vessel is running, the foot of the square sail is often triced up so that the helmsman can look ahead to see anything in that direction. A peculiar sort of parrel is used on the main yard. This slides up and down on the mast; is constructed of thirteen long, thin pieces of hard wood (the central piece being the longest), straight on one side, ends rounded, and the other side hollowed out slightly near each end. In each piece are three holes, except the middle piece, which has more. A line passes through these holes and through small circular parrels, which alternate with the longer ones. When the whole are strung on lines, the parrel is fitted to the after side of the mast, where it is held by two parts of a stout rope, the bights of which go round the yard on each side of the mast. As the yard is raised or lowered this parrel is lifted or slacked down by a line rove through a block at the mast- head. The square-sail tie, by which the yard and sail are hoisted, passes over a large sheave in the masthead. A heavy, threefold purchase is used to hoist the sail, the lower block being simply a large square standard fixed in the deck and having three sheaves in its upper end, The upper block, which hooks into the tie, is prevented from turning and thus fouling the purchase by a long leader which runs up and down on the starboard backstay. The topsail is set from deck; the sheets reeve through bull’s-eyes at the ends of the main yard, and through other bull’s-eyes near the slings of the yard. Sometimes the last-mentioned bull’s-eyes are secured to the parrel lashings. She has a pole mainmast, the upper end being tapered to form the topmast. In addition to the four shrouds on a side (the starboard rigging only being rattled down), there are two backstays on a side; the after one is set up permanently, with a lanyard rove through dead- eyes, while the other is a runner and tackle purchase. There is also a topmast backstay on each side. There are two stays from the mast- head to the stem. The jib bends to the smaller stay that sets up over INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 93 an eyebolt on the stem. The topmast stay comes down to the stem head. Chain cables are used. At the present time these vessels, while engaged in freighting fish, sail along the Norwegian coast about 600 to 1,200 miles, depending, of course, chiefly on favorable winds, since a craft of this form and rig would be eminently unfitted for beating against head winds. It is claimed, however, that these jegts will sail before the wind at a speed of 8 to 9 knots. The following are detailed measurements of the vessel last described: Length over all, 60 feet; beam, 21 feet; width of stern, 14 feet 74 inches; height amidships (bottom of keel to top of rail), 12 feet; bow (to top of rail), 14 feet 3 inches; stem, above rail, 8 feet 3 inches; depth of keel, 18 inches; height of bulwarks, 27 inches; length of movable deck, - 32 feet 3 inches; length of stern davits, 3 feet 9 inches; mast, above deck (to eyes of rigging), 46 feet 6 inches; topmast, 10 feet 9 inches; metal vane pole, 3 feet 9 inches; main yard, 37 feet 6 inches; topsail yard, 27 feet. Sails: Jib, luff, 35 feet 3 inches; leech, 29 feet 3 inches; foot, 16 feet 6 inches; mainsail, hoist, 39 feet 9 inches; width, 36 feet; topsail, hoist, 10 feet 6 inches; head, 25 feet 6 inches; foot, 33. feet. Boat: Length, 17 feet 74 inches; beam, 4+ feet 13 inches; depth, 18 inches. Very little iron is used in the construction of the jegts, or, indeed, in any of the small coasters or fishing vessels, the fastening being almost wholly treenails. While it may be conceded that this type has some features which recommend it to favor, notably the movable deck, it is quite impossible to understand the conservatism that, at the close of the nineteeth century, prompts one to build vessels which can not sail to windward and must lie windbound in harbor for days or even weeks when adverse winds prevail, even if the weather is moderate. The movable deck, or even a better protection, may be put on almost any kind of vessel, and one froma modern design, with a better shaped midship section and stern, and carrying a centerboard, would have fully as large, if not greater, capacity for the same tonnage and expense in building, and undoubtedly would prove vastly superior for all purposes. The jagt and galeas.—Vhe jagt (fig. 11), of which numerous models were exhibited, is a type of vessel employed in Norway for buying and transporting fish and for various other purposes, including the seal fishery. So far as its hull is concerned, it is considered by Norwe- gians an improved form of the jegt. The former, however, is essen- tially a fore-and-aft rigged vessel with a single mast, and usually car- rying three or four head sails. Some have only fore-and-aft sails, but in most cases they carry, in addition to these, a square sail set flying on a stay below the hounds of the mast and inside of the forestay. S. Doc. 39——7 94 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. These vessels have not the high stem of the jegt and are usually sharper forward, although their sterns are very similar to those of the square-rigged fish freighters. The following reference to this type of vessel has been made by Holmboe: The most common and what is considered the handiest and most convenient vessel for all these purposes, fish trading and fish freighting, is the jagt, which undoubtedly in more than the name originated from the old-fashioned ‘‘jeegt.’’ Their average tonnage is, I think, about 40 tons. They have their mainmast (with no topmast) about two-fifths of the vessel’s length from the bow, and carry mainsail, topsail, Fig. 11.—Sealing jagt at Spitzbergen. three jibs, and (like all the other Norwegian one-mast vessels) the square sail. The main boom extends about one-fifth beyond the stern. The hull may be de- scribed as something between that of the jegt and the sloop, being rather full, short, and sometimes with very much sheer. They may be found rather clumsy, but they will load well for their size and are very easy to handle when sailing through the narrow straits and estuaries along the coast. They are very stiff, and in other respects splendid seagoing vessels, and when the rather low rig is taken into con- sideration they may be said to sail very well. The best jagts are built in Hardanger. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 95 A model of a jagt exhibited at Bergen represented a carvel-built, square-stern, keel vessel, with sharp, wedge-shaped bow; straight, moderately raking stem; short rising floor; short run; heavy, square stern, with no overhang, and square-heeled rudder hung outside. — It had a good sheer, flush deck, a cabin trunk aft, and a cook’s galley forward of the trunk. It had a modified cutter rig with boom and gaff-mainsail, club headed gaff-topsail, fore staysail (set on stay com- ing down to stem head), jib and flying jib, and a small square sail set on rope stay forward of the pole mast, and below the hounds. The principal dimensions of the vessel represented by this model were as follows: Length over all, 61 feet 8 inches; beam, 17 feet 6 inches; depth, 8 feet 4 inches; mast, above deck, 53 feet 4 inches; boom, 45 feet; gaff, 30 feet; bowsprit, outboard, 11 feet 8 inches; jib-boom, outside cap, 13 feet 4 inches; lower square sail yard, 36 feet 8 inches; upper yard, 25 feet. The galeas is simply an enlarged jagt, with a ketch rig similar to that of the fishing ketches from the east coast of England, but carry- ing a flying square sail like the jagt. The form and construction of hull are essentially the same. The models exhibited and the vessels I saw all had the moderately sharp wedge-shaped bow, with slight flare and straight stem, without head or ornamentation of any kind; a ris- ing, rather sharp floor; usually a well-shaped run, but always the large, square stern, without overhang and with rudder hung outside. Ves- sels of this type generally have a flush deck and symmetrical sheer, and are considerably larger than the single-masted jagt, ranging in size from 40 to 100 tons, or more. They are not as a rule quite so wide in proportion as the jagt, the difference in size making a slight change in this respect preferable, and the floor is somewhat longer. Thus, without material change in form, these larger vessels are rigged with two masts, the mizzenmast being somewhat longer in proportion to the mainmast than is common on the English ketch, or **dandy-rigged” cutter. The typical name of galeas is therefore simply a designation indicating the rig. The large number of these vessels indicates their popularity. That the jagt and galeas are far better adapted to the purposes for which they are used than the old-style jegt is too evident to admit of discus- sion. At the same time candor compels the statement that they can easily be much improved, so that the carrying capacity, speed, and handiness can all be increased, not to speak of the better appearance of an overhanging stern of suitable proportions. Norwegian bank fishing vessel.—One of the most noticeable types among the Norwegian fishing vessels is that locally known as the ** Bankskoite” (fig. 12). Vessels of this class engage exclusively in the deep-sea fisheries for cod, ling, and halibut, from Aalesund and vicinity. A favorite fishing locality in summer is Storreggen Bank— 96 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. literally the Great Ledge—which lies off the west coast of Norway, where the vessels anchor and the fishermen go out in open sail boats to set trawl lines, in much the same way as the French fishermen do in the Grand Bank cod fishery. The bankskoite is wide and deep; it has a rather full convex bow and rounding stern; the ends are shaped nearly alike, except that the bow is higher and usually has more rake than the stern. The bilge is round and easy; there is considerable rise to the floor, which is hollow in some vessels, although this feature is less pronounced in recent designs. Fic. 12.—Bankskgite. The stem curves moderately, and has a strong rake; the keel isof medlum depth, while the run is rather short and the sternpost has a moderate ‘ake, and is usually straight, but issometimes curved near the top. The rudder hangs outside, is flush with the bottom of the keel, and is square on the foot; it is moved by a tiller. Vessels of this type have only a moderate sheer on the deck line, but the bulwarks forward are gen- erally raised considerably by a double set of heavy bow chocks, the lower ones come aft to the after main shroud, and the top chocks reach INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. OF about half as far. The outside planking is usually hard wood and the deck pine. The old-style handspike windlass is used. Sometimes the cabin is forward, but other vessels have a cabin aft and forecastle forward. The rig is nearly the same as that known in England as the ** dandy” or ketch rig. It has two pole masts, the upper ends of which are tapered to form topmasts. The bowsprit runs through an iron band on the port side of the stem; the bobstay sets up with a tackle pur- chase near the outer end of the bowsprit. A permanent forestay sets up on end at the stem head. There are usually six sails, namely; jib, which sets flying; fore staysail, the sheet of which works on an iron traveler; loose-footed mainsail; mizzen, and two square-headed gaff-topsails. The lower sails have less angle to the head than English- made sails, while the heads of the gaff-topsails are comparatively narrow. There are generally two shrouds on a side to the mainmast and a heavy backstay that consists of a pennant and purchase, this being set up well aft on the weather side. A single shroud on a side supports the mizzenmast, which is sometimes provided with a pen- nant-and-tackle stay to keep it forward. It is of course necessary to slack this up and shift it whenever the vessel changes her tack, unless it is taken to the side. Heavy, wooden-stocked, short-shanked anchors and tarred hemp cable are carried. Vessels of this class vary from 50 to 75 tons. The following are detailed measurements of one of them of about the average size: Length over all, 60 feet; keel, 34 feet; beam, 21 feet ( inches; depth of hold, 8 feet; draft, 5 feet 6 inches; freeboard, about + feet; bow- sprit, outside of band, 18 feet; mainmast, deck to hounds, 35. feet, from deck to truck, 57 feet; stem to mainmast, 16 feet; main gaff, 18 feet; main gaff-topsail yard, 7 feet; between masts, 21 feet; mizzen- mast, deck to hounds, 29 feet, to truck, 45 feet; spanker boom, 19 feet; gaff, 14 feet. Sails: Jib, on luff 37 feet, foot 20 feet, leech 24 feet; stay foresail, on stay, 31 feet, leech, 28 feet, foot, 14 feet; mainsail, hoist, 24 feet, leech, 30 feet, head, 16 feet; main gaff-topsail, leech 17 feet. foot 14 feet, head, 3 feet; mizzen or spanker, luff, 18 feet, leech, 24 feet, foot, 16 feet, head, 12 feet; gaff-topsail, luff, 12 feet, leech, 13 feet. foot, 11 feet, head, 4 feet. These vessels carry a crew of 10 to 12 men when engaged in fishing on the banks, but in the winter, when cod fishing nearer the coast, they use a greater number of boats, although these are not so large as those carried to the banks. The crew is, however, somewhat increased at this season, for besides the men who go out in the boats it is common to have two or three additional, who fish from the deck, and go ona special ** lay” because of this. Vessels somewhat similar in design, with a dandy rig, are occasion- 9S (NTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. ally employed in the arctic fisheries and in the fish trade along the coast, but the real bankskgite is seldom used in any business besides that for which it was built. There are many smaller cutter-rigged vessels, ranging from 10 to 20 tons. which are substantially of the same form, but these naturally come under a different class. Reference has already been made to the fact that these large bank- skoite are being transformed into screw steamers, and it is probable that the day is not far distant when the type will disappear as sailing vessels. The skotte.—Vhis typical name has a rather wide application, but when used alone, without modification, generally applies to a style of vessel very extensively employed as a small coaster, or trading craft, along the Norwegian coast, and also to a considerable extent in the fisheries, or for the fishery police to cruise in from point to point. It differs in form, rig, and construction from the bankskoite, but Hoim- boe thinks the latter is a large and improved form of the type which bears the general name of skoite. There are also other modified or improved forms to which reference will be made in succeeding para- graphs. The typical skoite seldom exceeds 35 tons, and is commonly clinker- built (as are also many of the jagts), but for the arctic sea fisheries only carvel-built vessels are employed, since great strength is required for encountering the ice; and the edges of the planks on clinker-built craft would soon be so badly worn as to ruin the vessel. It is sharp aft,and, in its hull, has a general resemblance to the bank vessel, ‘though it is not so deep relatively, and usually has a low, round floor. It is always a single-masted vessel, witha sloop or cutter rig, the lat- ter being the most common, if not universal. The special feature is the square stern, which is unique in its construction, and owes its origin, | am informed, to the necessity for carrying the boat on stern davits, since it would occupy too much space on the small deck, not to speak of the inconvenience of frequently pulling in a boat and launch- ing it again over the vessel’s side. It also adds to the deck room aft. Instead of building the conventional form of square-sterned vessel, the Norwegian builders of this type prefer to make a sharp-sterned craft, and then to put ona sort of square stern—often called a ** chicken stern’ —by extending the deck and bulwarks aft of the rudder head and fastening planks across their ends. It follows, of course, that the counters, if such they may be called, are entirely flat, since there is nothing underneath the projecting afterpart of the deck. In order, therefore, to prevent the sea from lifting and breaking this fragile structure to pieces when a vessel pounds the flat surface on choppy waves, the stern is supported by iron braces which extend downward from the underneath side of the afterdeck and are fastened INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 99 securely below. This stern is considerably narrower than the beam of the vessel, which lessens the strains it must endure, and it can be removed without doing any injury. The following notes on a skigte used by the Government fishery police (fig. 13) will apply generally to this class, with the exception that many, if not all, of these little vessels are clinker-built, and the trading and fishing boats seldom or never have large deck houses, and are, perhaps, not quite so loftily rigged in all cases. It was a carvel-built, flush-deck, keel vessel, with full convex bow; raking, slightly curved stem; low, narrow floor; round, easy bilge; Fig. 13.—Fishery-police skgite. flaring sides; short, full run; raking sternpost, curving forward at head; square-footed rudder; flat, shallow, ** chicken” stern; long tiller and large cabin trunk extending from the end of the tiller to the heel of the bowsprit, and with only a narrow runway on each side. Cutter rigged, with large sail area; carrying boom and gaff-mainsail; club- headed gaff-topsail; stay foresail and jib, the latter set flying on along, running bowsprit. Relative dimensions: Length over all, 32 feet 3 inches; beam, 11 feet 3 inches; depth, 4 feet 3 inches; mast, above deck, 29 feet 2 inches; 100 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. topmast, heel to truck, 16 feet 8 inches: main boom, 22 feet 6 inches; gaff, 16 feet: bowsprit, outside, 183 feet 4 inches; gaff-topsail club, 8 feet 4 inches; oars, 23 feet + inches. Lister skoite.—A new type of small decked fishing vessel, which is now quite extensively used in the North Sea drift-net mackerel fishery, from southern and eastern Norway, takes its specific name from Lister, where it is said to have originated. It is, however, a close copy of the boats from the southwestern provinces of Sweden. It has largely superseded the open Lister boats formerly employed in drifting for mackerel, because it is better adapted to meet the exigencies of deep- sea fishing, and can go farther to sea if necessary. It is also suitable for prosecuting the hoak-andeline mackerel fishery. It usually carries 5 men in a crew and from 50 to 80 nets—an average of about 60—each 18 fathoms long and 120 meshes deep. It varies in length from 27 to upward of 37 feet, and the average capacity is about 120 barrels of fish, including what may be carried on deck. The fishing grounds are from near the land to 40 or 50 miles offshore. The following description is based on a model of one of these boats: It is a clinker-built, sharp-ended, keel boat, with curved raking stem and sternpost; hollow floor and water lines; rather full forward and aft at deck line; very straight on top: wide, nearly square-footed rudder, curved to fit sternpost, and tiller fitted over rudder head. It has a flush deck, with small cabin trunk aft, and large hatchway abaft the mast. On the port side of the stem is a roller for hauling the net warp over. It is cutter rigged, with long bowsprit reaching back to the mast; the bowsprit is used as a spinnaker boom when running free. — It car- ries a loose-footed sprit-mainsail of nearly uniform width; a stay foresail; a jib set flying, and, in light winds, a club-headed topsail, set on a long pole that comes nearly to the deck on forward side of the mast. The principal dimensions are as follows: Length over all, 36 feet 3 inches; beam, 12 feet 1 inch; depth, 6 feet 8 inches; cabin house, 5 feet 10 inches long, 5 feet 5 inches average width, and 15 inches high; mast, above deck, 30 feet 10 inches; bowsprit, outboard, 16 feet ; top- sail pole, 30 feet 10 inches; topsail club, 14 feet; average width of main- sail, 16 feet; oars, 25 feet long. The **slup.”—A cutter-rigged vessel, called by the Norwegians a **slup,” or sloop (fig. 14), is employed to some extent in the fisheries of Norway, but chiefly as a trading vessel or carrier. In general char- acteristics it resembles the single-masted fishing smacks of England, from which it has been copied; the rig is essentially the same, with the exception that the Norwegian craft carries a square sail forward of the mast for use when running free. It seldom exceeds 50 tons, and some of these vessels are considerably smalier. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 101 It has a sharp bow; straight vertical stem; rising floor (occasionally hollow); long easy run; raking sternpost, and overhanging, shallow square stern, of the English pattern; very little sheer: flush deck; usually a cabin house aft; and often davits on the quarter for carrying a boat. The mast stands a little more than one-third the vessel’s length from the stem, and is nearly vertical, with a long topmast. It has a boom and gaff-mainsail; a narrow club-headed topsail; stay foresail, jib set flying on a long running bowsprit; usually a jib topsail, and the square sail heretofore referred to. A peculiarity of the latter is that it is generally fastened to the upper yard only at the earings (or upper Fic. 14.—Fishing sloop. (Drawn by J. W. Collins and C. B. Hudson.) corners of the sail), while the center of the sail is supported by the hoisting tackle, which hooks into a cringle in the head rope. This square sail is called the ‘* bredfok” or broad jib. These vessels are generally fairly good sailers and very seaworthy, but they do not work so well as they would if their fore foot was cut away instead of being square, as it usually is. The following are the dimensions of one of these sloops: Length over all, 75 feet; beam, 20 feet 3 inches; depth, 9 feet 6 inches: mast, above deck, 54 feet; topmast, heel to truck, 42 feet; main boom, 51 feet 2 inches; gaff, 28 feet 6 inches; bowsprit, outboard, 28 feet 6 inches; topsail yard, 10 feet 8 inches; upper square-sail yard, 43 feet. A builder’s model of a cutter intended for the mackerel fishery had 102 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. essentially the form described above, and represented a vessel of the following proportions of hull: Length over all, 60 feet 5 inches; beam, 16 feet 2 inches; molded depth, 7 feet 10 inches. Fishing ketches or smacks.—In recent years a number of English- built ketch-rigged fishing vessels have been purchased in Norway and have been found serviceable. Vessels somewhat similar have been built in Norway for the deep-sea fisheries. Builders’ models of these were exhibited, which embodied many of the sturdy features of the bankskoite, the chief difference being the overhanging stern, which is a decided improvement. One of them represented a carvel-built keel vessel, with moderately sharp bow, convex above, and slightly concave below water line; rising floor; easy bilge; well-shaped run; raking sternpost; overhanging round stern, and fine sheer. The principal dimensions were as follows: Net tonnage, 51.16 tons; length over all, 72 feet 11 inches; molded depth, 8 feet 10 inches; draft, extreme, 8 feet 4 inches. Fishing schooners.—The schooner rig has not met with much favor in Norway, although some attempts have been made to use vessels of this rig in the offshore bank cod fishery. According to Holmboe, a schooner was built for Aalesund, in 1882, to engage in bank fishing. This vessel had the following dimensions: Length over all, 70 feet; beam, 20 feet 4 inches; depth of hold, 7 feet 4 inches; tonnage, gross, 54.14 tons; net, 50.19 tons. Her cost, fitted for sea with fishing gear, ete., was $6,300. Various builder’s models of fishing schooners were exhibited, among them one designed by the writer, but there was no evidence that they were anything more than suggestions which builders displayed to attract attention. For this reason it seems scarcely necessary to refer to them at length. Small fishing vessels. —In recent years small decked and half decked vessels, from 8 to 15 tons, have been extensively adopted for fishing purposes in Norway, particularly for the cod fishery at Lofoten and Finmarken; the market fishery at Aalesund, and the mackerel fishery off the southwestern coast. While there is considerable experimenta- tion in the attempt to get the best form, one type of hull seems to be in most common use, with the possible exception of the sharp-sterned skgite. This is, however, not always rigged the same, and small vessels of the same model and construction are rigged as single-masted sloops, or as two-masted ketches. The latter is, perhaps, the most in favor, especially in the north. Decked sloops.—At Aalesund small sloops are used in the bank and market long-line fisheries. According to a model exhibited by the Fishery Society of Aalesund and Sendmere, a boat of this type has the following characteristics: It is a clinker-built, keel, decked vessel; with ee: sharp bow; INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 1038 stem straight and vertical above water, curved at forefoot; rising hollow floor; easy round bilge; long well-formed run; raking stern- post; round-heeled rudder; rather flat counters; and wide, overhang- ing round stern. The deck is flush, with rather low bulwarks; a trunk forecastle, with raised companionway forward of mast; cabin trunk aft, and small square steersman’s cockpit abaft the after house. There is one large hatch just abaft the mast, and a smaller one between that and the cabin. It is sloop (or cutter) rigged, with pole mast, fore stay setting up to large hook at stem head, and jib set flying on running bowsprit. The fore staysail sheet and main sheet run on iron travelers. Fig. 15.—Fishing ketch. Vessels of this type range from about 30 to 50 feet in length; some are less, perhaps, than 30 feet in length, and few so long as 60 feet. The following are the relative dimensions of one of them: Length over all, 38 feet 3 inches; beam, 12 feet 6 inches; depth, 3 feet 10 inches; bulwarks, 11 inches high; stern, 8 feet + inches wide; mast, deck to hounds, 30 feet 24 inches: deck to truck, 39 feet 7 inches; main boom, 24 feet 4 inches; gaff, 18 feet 4 inches; gaff-topsail club, 12 feet 15 inches; bowsprit outboard, 11 feet 3 inches; cabin trunk, 6 feet long with average width of 5 feet 8 inches; forecastle trunk, 5 feet long, 5 feet 4 inches average width. Fishing ketches.—The small ketch-rigged vessels are generally clinker-built, and in form, construction, and relative proportions of 104 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. hull they closely approximate the sloop just described. The chief dif- ference is in the rig, which is a compromise between a schooner and a yawl, and most nearly resembles the ketch rig of the English North Sea fishing vessels. This is distinctively an improyement in rig, introduced in the eighties and, 1 understand, has been quite exten- sively applied to the largest Nordland boats, the ‘* femboring, ~ which formerly carried a square sail. Indeed, these small decked, or half- decked, vessels have superseded the large open boats to such an extent that there is official authority for stating that the ** femboring” is no > . longer built, the tendency of the times being to construct modern types. The rig of the ketch is shown in the accompanying illustration of Fic. 16.—Sealing boat. one built by O. Alvig, of Troms (fig. 15), who exhibited «a builder’s model of it. ; e. Following are the relative dimensions of this vessel, which may be taken as a type: Length over all, 42 feet; beam, 10 feet 6 inches; depth, 4 feet 3 inches. Sealing and whaling boat.—Many of the boats used in the seal and bottle-nose whale fisheries are alike’ (fig. 16) and are constructed with special reference to their employment among drifting ice, or ice floes. The chief difference is in the equipment; those engaged in hunting the bottle-nose whale have a stanchion forward to mount the har- 'The exceptions .are steam launches and square-stern boats, such as have been described. Otherwise than this the sealing boats, which may also be used for killing bottle-nose whales, are alike. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 105 poon gun on, while those designed for sealing have an equipment for that fisherv. Following is a description of one of the latter, built at Tromso: It is an open, carvel-built, sharp-ended keel boat, with convex lines fore and aft; curved raking stem and sternpost; rising floor; round, easy, rather full bilge; heavy gunwales and slight sheer. The stem and sternpost curve sufficiently to make it easy to haul the boat onto ice, either end first. The keel, stem, and sternpost are protected by half-round iron, and the sides of the boat are sheathed with sheet iron from amidships to the stem, for a width of 30 inches, 18 inches above water line and 12 inches below it. It is built very substantially, having fifteen full frames of large size. Fic. 17.—Nordland codfishing boat. It has five thwarts and a half deck forward, the space below it being arranged to hold ammunition, ete. There is also a box on each side for ammunition. It has four rowlocks on a side, with beckets for the oars. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. OE tion, and rig, and it is said to be dificult to tell one of these boats from another. The Lister boat is sharp aft, has water lines very much concaved, hollow floor, and deep keel. It is clinker-built; has usually about six frames, and a breasthook at each end; the stem is curved and has a moderate rake; sternpost slightly curved; rudder, hung outside; wash- boards or runways along the sides from stem to stern, and five thwarts, through one of which—the second from the bow—the mast steps. It has a cutter rig; the mast is about one-third the boat’s length from the bow, and on this is set a loose-footed sprit-mainsail, stay forsail tacking to stem head, and jib set flying on an adjustable bow- iG. 28.—Lister fishing boat. sprit, which passes through an iron ring on the starboard side of the stem; the heel of the bowsprit is held in a wooden bar that crosses the boat’s bow. The Lister boat has much initial stability, and will carry sail well with a comparatively small amount of ballast; it is swift in most chances. But it seems rather questionable, at least, that the extremely hollow lines would permit of its sailing exceptionally fast in rough water. The fact that it has recently been superseded to a considerable extent in the mackerel fishery by a different type of decked boat, which, though no larger, is better adapted to the work it has to do, proves that for deep-sea fishing other forms may be superior. The dimensions of one of the largest are as follows: Length over 128 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. all, 40 feet; on keel, 30 feet 2% inches; beam, extreme, 15 feet 14 inches; depth amidships, + feet 8 inches; depth of keel, 103 inches; height of mast above thwart, 30 feet 8 inches; total length of bow- sprit, 16 feet; outside stem, 9 feet 9$ inches. Sails: Mainsail, luff, 24 feet, head, 14 feet 22 inches, foot, 16 feet 4 inches, leech, 28 feet 54 inches; main jib or fore staysail, luff, 26 feet 25 inches, leech, 22 feet 8 inches, foot, 14 feet 8 inches; jib, luff, 24 feet 103 inches, leech, 19 feet 14 inches, foot, 12 feet. Arendal seine boat.—A full size five-oared seine boat from Arendal was wide and deep, and very heavy in construction. It was an open, sharp-ended, clinker-built boat, with full, round sides, and less rise to floor than most Norwegian fishing boats. It had Fie, 29.—Arendal six-oared fishing boat. washboards along the sides, these being one foot wide amidships, but tapering to a point at bow and stern. It was not fitted with a sail. The dimensions were: Length over all, 20 feet 10 inches; beam, 7 feet 10 inches; depth, 3 feet 3 inches. Arendal six-oared fishing boat.—The six-oared boat of Arendal, in southern Norway, is very similar in form and construction to the four-oared boat already described. It is usually provided with three pairs of oars, hence its specific name. It also generally has a small lugsail, though the spritsail rig is now growing in favor among Norwegians. The dimensions of one of these boats are: Length over all, 19 feet; beam, 5 feet; depth, 15 inches. The seven-oared boat differs only in size. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 129 lishing praam.—The praam (fig. 30) is used to some extent in the fisheries of southeastern Norway, but rarely, if ever, on the west coast, where it is considered unsuitable for a fishing boat. It is an odd-shaped, open, clinker-built boat, with a round bottom and a long scoop-shaped bow, which is square and narrow at the extremity and nearly heart-shaped in cross section. The keel follows the upward curve of the bow and protects the planks when the boat is beached. It has no run, but the square stern is somewhat smaller than the midship section, and there is usually a small skag aft. It has four thwarts and a stern seat. The praams used for fishing generally have a small mast stepped in the second thwart from the bow, and on Fig. 80.—Fishing praam. this is set a lugsail. One of these boats was 17 feet long, 5 feet 3 inches wide, and 19% inches deep. Norwegian life-saving boats.—Inasmuch as the sailing lifeboats of Norway were designed with special reference to saving the lives of imperiled fishermen, and assisting them to reach safety in gales by towing their boats to shelter, it seems appropriate that mention should be made of them here. Of all the attempts made to benefit the Nor- wegian fisheries, nothing has been done within the present century deserving of greater commendation than the introduction of these life- saving boats, and perhaps nothing has been more helpful. Eleven of them lay moored to the piers in front of the exhibition grounds throughout the summer. These boats vary somewhat in form, the earlier ones being sharper than those built at a later date. The three 130 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. boats first built were designed in imitation of the typical Norwegian- built pilot boats, and were rigged like the latter—having one mast stepped about two-fifths the boat’s length from the stem, a running bowsprit, double head rig, a short main boom, and long gaff. The lifeboats most recently built have a yawl rig (Pl. XXII), higher free board, and fuller lines than their predecessors. They also have a winch windlass abaft the mainmast. They have flush decks, with low open rails extending from about + or 5 feet aft of the stem to abaft the mizzen rigging. The under-deck accommodations for cooking, sleeping, etc., of the larger boats are ample and comfortable. These boats are sturdy seagoing craft, designed especially for work- ing in strong winds and a heavy tumble of a sea. Their area of can- vas is, therefore, rather small, and they are not intended to attain high speed in ordinary winds. It is evident that they must be out in the severest weather, and in sharp high seas; consequently they have a high degree of buoyancy, seaworthiness, and stability, so that they ean live under the worst conditions and render assistance to fishing boats that are unable to gain the land unaided, or rescue men from the the bottoms of capsized boats. Their work is various, although perhaps they are most frequently called upon to perform the duty of towing to windward fishing boats which are in danger of being blown off the coast or stranded upon some dangerous shore to leeward, which is not infrequently the case. One of these lifeboats will if necessary pick up and tow into port four or five fishing boats which otherwise would drift helplessly away to destruction. In case a vessel is stranded, and her crew can not be rescued from the land, the lifeboat is maneuvered until she is in a position nearly dead to windward of the wreck. A line is then shot over the wreck and a larger line is drawn on board and fastened so that the ordinary apparatus for transferring people from stranded vessels to shore is used, and the crew are brought on board of the life-saving boat. The life-saving service of Norway, for which these boats are built, and which was instituted in 1890 for the special benefit of the fisheries, began in 1893 with one single-masted cutter. Two boats were, how- ever, built that year, four in 1894, three in 1895, one in 1896, and two in 1897. As a result of theiroperations, 110 fishing boats and 341 fishermen have been saved, also 7 ships and 83 seamen. In addition 2,118 boats and 38 ships have received assistance when imperiled. The assistance rendered merchant vessels is mostly on the southern coast, and often consists in piloting them to safety when regular pilots are unobtain- able, and competent men who are familiar with the coast are needed to insure the safety of vessels. PLATE XXII. LIFE-SAVING BOAT. Photographed by Muriaas. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 131 The records of some of these boats indicate their usefulness as well as the skill and hardihood of those who man them. For instance, the Bergen, built in 1895, was officially reported on May 31, 1898, to have saved 21 boats and the lives of 70 fishermen, besides assisting 55 other boats. The Colin Archer, built a year earlier, at the same date had saved 16 boats and 69 men, and had assisted 294 boats. The Langesund, one of two built in 1893, had saved 12 boats and 23 lives, and had assisted 927 boats. When it is considered that the boats so assisted were in the most extreme peril, and that generally they would have been lost, together with their crews, except for the aid rendered by the lifeboats, the importance of this service can be better appreciated. Other life-saving boats also have done good work, and all may well be proud of their records. It may be mentioned here that before the introduction of this service the loss of life on the Finmarken coast was often considerable. In the fall, winter, and early spring gales rise suddenly on that far north- ern coast and blow furiously, generally accompanied by snow. Boats fishing a few miles offshore usually are unable, under such conditions, with the wind blowing fiercely off the land, to reach harbor. Often in former years the fishermen were compelled to anchor when they found it impossible to make headway against the sea and wind, and try to ride out the gale until it moderated sufficiently to enable them to reach home. But even if the boat weathered the storm, human endur- ance was too often not equal to the demands upon it. Thus confined within the narrow limits of a fishing boat, tossed about in a tumbling sea without possibility of adequate exercise, and with the biting blast of an arctic storm piercing to their vitals, the unsheltered fishermen have succumbed to the inevitable. On some occasions, after the sub- sidence of such a storm, boats have been seen riding quietly at anchor off the coast, and when visited the frozen bodies of the fishermen proved more forcibly than words could tell the hardship that could not be endured, and that courage and hardihood failed at last and the fishers lay down, like the Vikings of old, to yield up their lives in the boat that had so often borne them safely. One of the recently built lifeboats may be described briefly as follows: It is a carvel-built, sharp-ended, decked vessel; wide and deep; with curved, raking stem; moderately sharp bow, with slightly convex lines; sharp, hollow floor; a deep lead keel; well-formed run, and raking stern- post, curved near the top. It has a moderate sheer; flush deck; low . open bulwarks; helmsman’s cockpit aft; cabin companionway a few feet forward of cockpit, and winch aft-of mast; also stout stanchions on deck, fitted to receive bolt of the small swivel gun used for firing life-saving projectiles; yawl-rigged, with running bowsprit; pole masts, 132 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. and sails made of very stout canvas. The sails consist of jib and jib topsail set flying (there are several sizes of jibs and fore staysails), fore staysail, mainsail, main gaff-topsail, and jigger or mizzen. Following are the dimensions of a design of Olaf J. Olsen, of Bergen, from which the life-saving boats Stadt and Bergen have been built: Leneth over all, 44 feet; beam, extreme, 14 feet 4 inches; depth, rail to garboard, 7 feet 105 inches; least freeboard, 3 feet 5 inches; area of immersed midship section, water line to garboard, 38.2 square feet; center of buoyancy, 0.90 foot forward of midship section and 1.73 feet below water line; metacenter, 2.26 feet above water line; extreme draft, 7 feet 6 inches; displacement, 925 cubic feet; mainmast, above deck, 42 feet; main boom, 19 feet; main gaff, 10 feet 5 inches; jigger mast, above deck, 21 feet; boom, 11 feet; gaff, 9 feet 6 inches; bow- sprit, outboard, 13 feet 6 inches; gaff-topsail pole, 22 feet; sail area, 1,061 square feet; center of effort, a lit- tle over 4+ feet forward of midship section and 22 feet above water line. Apparatus of capture, ete.—A large variety of appa- ratus is used in Norway in the capture of marine mammals and fish, and in the preparation of fishery products. It is, however, impracticable to do more in this report than to briefly describe some of the more important or interesting forms, since time and space preclude the possibility of anything approaching monographic treatment, however tempting the subject may be. Most of the fishery apparatus is distinctively Nor- wegian, and some of it, the whaling implements, for instance, is exceedingly effective, and indicates invent- ive ability of no mean order. Much progress has also been made in the manufac- ture of nets, which are quite equal to the best of other countries, but the hand-line fishing gear is primitive and indicates less advancement than is noticeable in other directions. Whaling apparatus.—The successful prosecution of the whale fishery off the Finmarken coast depends upon having a harpoon that can be fired from a gun, and which at the same time is large and strong enough to raise a whale after it has been killed and has sunk; for most of the whales captured sink as soon as they are dead. Captain Svend Foyn invented the great explosive harpoon used in the Finmarken whale fishery and for a number of years had a monopoly Fic. 31.—Gun harpoon with barbs closed. —— ee ee ee INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 1338 of its use. Since then it has been generally adopted and some fifteen firms now use it. The gun harpoon, of which specimens were exhibited by M. Jornsen, of Tonsberg, consists of a double shank for receiving the shackle, into which the hawser is bent. This shank is provided with an eye at its end, and is attached to the head (or ** barb-holster”’) of the harpoon by asortof swivel joint, the handle being held permanently in place by two nipples, one on its end entering the head of the harpoon, and another on the eye of the head of the harpoon, projecting into the handle. — It is prevented from unjointing when the harpoon is fired by two arms locking over projecting lugs on the eye of the handle. “(See figs. 31, 32.) As soon, however, as the ‘‘iron” enters a whale, and the barbs open, the shank is loosened, so that it will turn in any direction that the warp pulls it, for it swings easily on the swivel joint. This arrange- ment, which is a recently devised and most important feature of the Norwegian harpoon, obviates the pos- sibility of bending the shank by the strain of the warp upon it, and en- ables the harpoon head to hold more firmly in the flesh of the whale. The harpoon is fitted with four large flukes or arms, and beyond these is an adjustable, bottle-shaped, cast-iron shell that contains the explosive, on the end of which is a cone-shaped point. To prepare a harpoon for use the shell is screwed into place in the so- called ‘‘holster,” and the pivoted flukes or barbs are secured to the shank (or ‘* pole”) by a rope-yarn. The four flukes, the harpoon head, the explosive bomb, and the shank now form a rigid, compact implement. But when it enters a whale the rope-yarn slips off, leaving the flukes free to open. As they spread their inner ends crush a glass tube containing sulphuric acid, which quickly flows through a hole in the screw and causes the explo- sion of the powder in the shell. If the ‘‘iron” has entered near a vital part the whale is killed at once, but sometimes the gunner— who is nearly always the commanding officer of a steamer—misses his aim and strikes somewhere else. In such instances the whale may be very difficult to kill and several additional shots may be fired before it suc- cumbs. The total length of one of the harpoons is 5 feet 8? inches; shank, Fig. 32.—Gun harpoon with barbs open. 134 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 3 feet 6% inches; shell, 134 inches long and 42 inches greatest diam- eter. Extreme length of the arms or flukes, 13% inches. Different patterns of gun harpoons are used by the Norwegians, but the largest differ only-in minor details. None are more modern or more formidable than that described above. Some idea of the size of these implements may be obtained when it is stated that one of them, without whale line or shell, but with spun- yarn lashing and wire grommet, weighed more than 123 pounds. Steel muzzle-loading guns, mounted on swivels, are used for shoot- ing these harpoons. One exhibited was 3 feet long, with a bore of 2 Fic, 33.—Non-explosive gun harpoon with rigid head. inches, but, according to Capt. Neils Jules, the largest are 1.2 meters long and 0.078 meter caliber. He gives the dimensions of the shell as 0.519 meter long and 0.104 meter diameter, while the charge of powder is about 1 pound. There are several varieties of smaller non-explosive gun harpoons, some with rigid shank and others with the shank toggled or swiveled to the harpoon head in the same manner as that described. (See figs.- 33, 34.) These are used chiefly for killing bottle-nose whales, and are gener- ally two -flued, but some have three flues. The specimens figured were Fic. 34.—Non-explosive gun harpoon with swivel head. exhibited by M. Jornsen. The smallest of these had a rigid double shank, with a flattened, sharp-pointed, arrow-shaped head. This is provided with two folding flues, which are closed when the gun is dis- charged, but open after entering the whale, when the strain of the rope comes upon the harpoon. The objection to this form of apparatus is that the shank is liable to be bent and must be straightened before it can be used the second time. The following are the dimensions of this harpoon: Extreme length, 3 feet 9£ inches; shank, 2 feet 9 inches; head, 72 inches long by 34 inches broad; flues, 54 inches long when open and 64 inches long when closed. eee INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 155 The larger of these harpoons had a pointed, arrow-shi aped head, with two arms or flues fitted to close, similar to those in the one first described, and also, like it, having a swivel arrangement which permits of the shank turning in any direction after a whale is struck. This form of harpoon, which is perhaps the most effective used in the bottle-nose whale fishery, has the following dimensions: Extreme length, + feet 24 inches; shank, 3 feet; head, including swivel eye, 123 inches long; head, 74 inches long by 4 inches wide; flues, 64 inches long when open, 7{ inches long when closed. The warps used in the bottle-nose whale fishery are of the best hemp and are 23 inches in circumference. The gun used for shooting these harpoons is mounted on a swivel- post, and is hung in steel and brass gimbals, so that it can be pointed in any direction. It has a pistol grip; barrel 3 feet long, with 143 inches bore; it has a brass lock cover, and is provided with breech- loading cartridges. Toggle harpoons are usually carried on the whaling vessels, but are seldom used. It is also the custom for the steam w Ailer rs to carry the old-fashioned long-handled hand lance, for the purpose of killing whales in case they are not killed by a harpoon. But these are rarely used at the present day. This is due to the fact that the gunners on the whaling steamers have become so expert that it seldom happens they do not kill a whale at the first shot. Long knives are used for cutting the blubber from the whales caught off the Finmarken coast, and this is stripped off by a tackle operated by a hand winch which is turned by three or four men. It takes two tides to strip a big whale, but sometimes a small whale is flensed in one tide. Cutting spades are used in stripping the blubber off bottle-nose whales, the process being very similar to that generally employed on board other whaling vessels. Implements for killing walrus and seals.—The killing of walrus is only an incident to the seal fisheries. The implements used are the rifle and a hand lance like that employed in the whale fishery. Different implements are used for the capture of various kinds of seals. Young seals constitute an important part of the catch, and, in order to get these, vessels are forced into the ice fields in the vicinity of Jan Mayen until a herd of breeding seals is discovered on the ice, when the fishermen leave the vessels and engage in killing the young pups. For this purpose they are equipped with the so-called ‘‘seal club,” consisting of a wooden handle, 4 feet 10 inches long, Sonne at one end a steel implement so formed as to combine in one an ice pick, ice gaff, and hammer for killing the seals (fig. 85). The hammer is used to kill the young seals by hitting them a blow on the head. The pick at the end assists the seal banter’ in making his way along the ice, 136 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. andthe long, slightly curved prong or gaff isuseful for many purposes, especially in pulling to him a cake of ice upon which he wishes to get ACTOSS An Open space. Following are the dimensions of a seal club exhibited by H. Henrik- sen, of Tonsberg: Handle, 4 feet 10 inches; vertical ice pick, 24 inches long; horizontal pick or gaff, 52 inches long from handle; hammer. 14 inches long. Apparatus for catching jish.—The apparatus for catching fish in Norway may be divided under three heads, namely: Nets, long lines, and hand lines. There are, of course, many different forms of each of these, but it isa notable fact that up to the present time no attempt seems to have been made in Norway to introduce the floating fish trap, or pound net, such as are used so extensively on the coasts and in the lakes of the United States. It is not practicable, however, to discuss here in detail the many kinds of fishing appliances, nor is it deemed necessary to do so, since many of these are conventional and in common use nearly everywhere, while others are more or less obsolete. FiG..35.—Seal club. Mention will be made of certain implements accessory to catching fish or used in the curing and preparation of them. Nets and scines.—As arule, the nets used in the fisheries of Norway correspond very closely with those of the United States, both in mate- rial and manufacture. Cotton and linen twines are now chiefly used, while the machine-matle cork and wooden floats differ in no essential particular from those of American manufacture. It is true there may be some minor difference in size of mesh, etc., between the Norwegian gill nets used for herring and mackerel and those made here, but these are unimportant and scarcely deserving of extended mention. The gill nets used in the cod fishery seem to be the only ones that are specially distinctive, but nets similar to those used in Norway were introduced in the fisheries of New England eighteen years ago, and are as well known in this country as almost any other kind of net. For descriptive details of this form of net and method of use, refer- ence is made to a paper published by the writer in the United States Fish Commission Bulletin, Vol. I, pages 1-17. The so-called ‘‘sink seine” was employed for several years in the Lofoten cod fishery, but was considered so destructive that its use INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 137 has been prohibited there. It is used for catching pollock and coal fish in some of the fjords, particularly on the coast of Finmarken. During June and July these species come into the fjords in great numbers and gather in schools on shallow spots, where there is often not exceeding 10 or 15 fathoms of water. Here the fish are taken in large numbers with the sink seines, which are lowered in the water from four boats and raised when a school of fish comes over them. The sink seine is simply a square or oblong sheet of netting of varying diameter hung so as to make it somewhat baggy (see figure 164 in chapter on Russia). It is sufficiently weighted to carry it to the Fig. 36.—Catching small pollock in bag net. bottom, where it is allowed to remain until the proper time for rais- ing it comes, when the men in each of the four boats at the corners pull up on the lines and lift it to the surface. The net, as already stated, is baggy and the lines or ropes will easily come to the surface, while the inclosed fish find room enough inside the bag that hangs several fathoms below. The method of operation is simple. The men in each boat now pull in on the lines and net until the fish are brought to the surface in a compact mass, when they are transferred to the boats. Another method of fishing with a bag net for small sei (pollock or coal fish), although differing in details, is somewhat similar to that last . Woc.eo9-———10 138 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. described. Only two men, or a man and a boy, are required for oper- ating this device (fig. 36). The apparatus consists of a large bag net attached to a hoop, resembling in form the old-fashioned lobster hoop- net formerly used on the New England coast, but very much larger, the diameter being 15 to 20 feet. For operating this net the boat is specially fitted with a derrick-like arrangement, consisting of a short mast anda long boom, the former being stayed with shrouds and the latter being supported by a lift, so that it stands at an angle of 30 to 45 degrees. ‘To the end of the boom is attached a single block, through which is rove a rope that leads to a many armed rope bridle that supports the hoop of the net. Thus equipped the boat proceeds to a suitable location, where the net is lowered into the water to a depth of several feet. Bait is then thrown out to attract the pollock over the position occupied by the net. When a school of fish is gathered, the net is quickly raised until the hoop is level with or above the boat’s gun- wale, then, while one person pulls on the line to lift the hoop, the other gathers in on the slack of the net until the fish are brought to the surface, so that they can be easily transferred to the boat. Drag seines are the only kind used in Norway, or at least no others were exhibited. These are of the old, straight pattern, consisting simply of a large sheet of netting hung in the ordinary manner, and intended for either dragging fish to the shore or else inclosing them in arms of the fjords. This form of seine is so well known that a detailed description seems superfluous. Trawl lines. —The trawl lines used in the Norwegian cod fishery are sunilar to those employed by American fishermen, except that in the construction of the former tanned hemp line and galvanized eyeless hooks are used instead of the cotton lines and black, eyed hooks, which are so popular in the United States. The size of lines and hooks used on the Norwegian trawls vary considerably, according to the locality, the size of fish taken, and possibly other conditions. They also rary in the distance which the hooks are placed apart, but in nearly all cases the hooks are about the same distance apart as is customary on trawl lines used by American fishermen. On some of the cod trawl lines, however, the hooks were not so far apart as they com- monly are on gear used on the banks by fishermen of the United States, but in size of line, length of gangings, and size of hooks, specimens examined more nearly correspond with the ‘‘ shore trawls” of New England. One of these Norwegian lines had gangings 14 inches long, placed 4 feet 6 inches apart, and round-bowed galvanized hooks 1$ inches long, There were no floats on the gangings. The latter, as well as the ground line, was tanned. Sometimes the hooks are wider apart, and this is particularly true of the gear used in the bank fishery for ling and halibut. But these are simply differences of detail, and the construction of a trawl line is so well known that extensive men- INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 139 tion seems to be unnecessary. Reference may be made, however, to the fact that some of the Norwegian fishermen still prefer to have wooden or small @lass floats on their gangings, although, judging from specimens of lines exhibited, I am led to infer that this custom has been abandoned to some extent. Hand-line fishing appliances.—Vhere are many forms of apparatus used for catching fish with hand-lines. But, so far at least as the cod fishery is concerned, they are limited to a few general types, although these are subject to much modification in details which it is imprac- ticable and unprofitable to follow here. The banana-shaped or crescent- shaped lead sinker, usually with one snood, but frequently with two and a corresponding number of hooks, is very generally in use along the coast of Norway for cod, pollock, and haddock fishing. Nh Fic. 37.—Codfishing gear. (Drawn by W. H. Abbott.) Cod-fishing gear with an iron sinker, with or without a spreader, with one or more snoods and hooks, is extensively used, especially in Nordland, and it is difficult to say whether this has a wider application than the gear with a lead sinker. There are differences in weight of sinkers, also variations in spreaders and material used for snoods or gangings, but the principle of arrange- ment may be classified under one of a few forms, to which, of course, there are exceptions, though the latter are comparatively unimportant because of the lack of wide application. Besides the more common appliances, there are special kinds of apparatus, such, for instance, as decoy hooks, to which reference will be made. The fisheries for mackerel, small pollock, etce., employ forms of hand-line gear different from those alluded to above, a few of which are sufficiently important to deserve mention, 140 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. Nordland two-hooked hand-line Jear.- One form of cod-fishing gear used in Nordland has the typical Norwegian iron sinker, square in cross section and tapering to a blunt point at each end, the upper end being provided with an eye to receive the line and spreader. The latter is made of iron wire, which is passed through the eye of the sinker, where it is bent so that the arms reverse their direction, and each end of the spreader is turned over to forma hoop-shaped eye. The spreader is about 15 inches long. The upper ends of the snoods bend into the eyes of the spreader, while the lower ends receive the hooks or the gangings to which they are fastened. Conventional shaped hooks are commonly used, generally galvanized and much larger than are in favor for the same size of fish in the United States. The line is hemp. Another form (fig. 37) is simi- lar to the haddock gear (Pl. XXIII), but larger. Nordland single-hook gear.—This style of hand- line cod-fishing gear appears to be more in favor than any in Nordland. The iron sinker is used. The specimen studied (fig. 38) had a wire ring in the upper end of the sinker. A sort of spreader- like device of wire, double throughout about three- quarters of its length, passes through the wire ring, being bent so as to form a sort of half loop which is closed by overlapping the wire turned back from the lower end. This spreader has an eye at its upper end to receive the line and an eye- shaped loop at the lower end in which is fastened a small brass swivel. The upper end of the snood is spliced into this swivel and the lower end is fastened to the hook by twine. The following are the dimensions: Length of spreader, 18 inches; length of sinker, 6 inches; greatest diameter, 14 inches; length of snood, 8 Fic. 38.—Cod-line sinker feet 3 inches; length of hook, top of shank to and spreader. (Drawn P ‘ . - . by J. W. Collins.) lowest point in bend, 6 inches; spread of hook, 2+ inches. Finmarken hand-line gear.—TVhe gear used at Finmarken appears to be an improvement on that of Lofoten. It has a blunt-ended iron sinker, 9 inches long by 14 inches greatest diameter. A few inches above the sinker is a curved-wire spreader about 3 feet long, the ends being 32 inches apart. This passes through a leather strap into which the hemp line bends. The snoods are smaller than the line, and are each 32 inches long. They bend to gangings that are 18 inches long. The latter are simply small pieces of line, one end of which is bent into a loop at the hook and the other into the lower PLATE XXIII. i ar ow oe ee WLLLLILLLIL LILLIA SSIS PLIIITIIIL ET CLIT TOT rp 600 tra, L2II a, ra, ZZ 2 = wnt eA TH = eer eee TITEL aera é al oe - fi eer HADDOCK HAND-LINE GEAR. Drawn by J. W. Collins. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 141 end of the snoods. Galvanized round-bowed hooks 3 inches long are used. The line is wound on a double-pronged reel, 25 inches long, 12 inches wide at lower or open end, and 8$ inches wide at the upper end. Haddock hand-line gear.—A common form of hand-line gear used for catching haddock (Pl. X XIII) has the com- mon iron sinker. The line passes through the hole at the top, where it is seized together, so that the end comes 8 or 10 inches below the sinker, and is bent to the middle of a long, curved-wire spreader, at the ends of which are small | swivels to receive the snoods. The latter are compara- } tively short, each with an eye at its lower end. Galva- nized, round-bowed eyeless hooks are used, these being about 2 inches long (fig. 39). To the top of each of these is fastened a short line loop, into which is bent a long snood or gang- ing of fine brass wire, the upper end of which is bent into the lower end of one of the line snoods. The sinkers are usually about 6 inches long by x inches diameter; the spreaders are 3 feet long; the line snoods each 18 inches long, and the wire snoods about the same length. Lofoten lead-sinker gear.—The most common, if not the only, form of lead-sinker used in the cod fisheries of the Lofoten Islands and probably of all Nordland has a semi-crescent shape; it is some- what flattened, moderately concave on one edge and strongly convex on the other; the ends are pointed, and each is perforated with a hole (fig. 40). The line bends: into the upper end or into a loop fastened to it,and there is a loop at the lower end into which the single snood bends. Sometimes, if not generally, these sinkers are thinnest on the convex side, so that they will have less resistance to the current when the tide is running. The snood varies from 5 to 7 feet in length, but it is usually about 6 feet long. A round-bowed hook is generally used, this being about 44 inches long. The lead described is L0$ inches long and 1% inches greatest width. Fig. 40.—Cod-line sinker. Hemp lines are used, and these are almost invari- ve oe by J. W- Cor ably wound on a two-pronged reel, with one end open, so that the line will run off easily. A hand-line gear of this form, used at Kaalvag, in the Lofoten Islands, differs somewhat from that above described. The lead-sinker is similar, but somewhat wider and thicker in proportion to its length; Fic. 39. 142 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. it weighs about 24 pounds, and is 54 inches long, 12 inches extreme width, and 1 inch greatest thickness. In the hole at each end is a line loop; one of these serves for a tail for the line to bend into and the other is a horse, in the end of which is bent the snood. Both are served their entire length—from 5 to 8 inches—except where the loop is formed at the ends. A noticeable feature is a piece of whalebone (baleen) put into the hole under the line, to prevent chafing. At Séndmére, too, the same form of gear is used, but the sample studied is rather larger than either of those referred to. The line is hemp and weighs about 6 pounds to 300 fathoms. The lead-sinker is the same in shape. It is 114 inches long, 1g inches extreme width, and 13 inch thick, and weighs about 5 or 6 pounds. The snood is much smaller than the line and about 6 or 7 feet long. Lister hand-line gear.—A peculiar kind of hand-line gear is used for catching cod and pollock on the southwest coast of Norway, and especially at Lister. The lead-sinker is of the sow-bug pattern, 3$ inches long by 14 inches greatest diameter, and probably weighs about 13 to 2 pounds. It has a wire eye cast into the upper end of it, and two long wire horses or spreaders in the lower end, these spreading from the sinker at an angle of about 25 degrees. These are each 14% inches long, and are provided with swivels at their lower ends to receive the snoods, which are from 3$ to 4 feet long. Galvanized round-bowed hooks, about 3 inches long, are used. Small lead sinkers are also used, with a horse of wood or brass, and having only a single snood and hook. These sinkers usually are from — 22 to 8 inches long and weigh about a pound or less. The horse is 8 to 12 inches long. It is not uncommon on gear used for small fish, including mackerel and pollock, to have a cup-shaped device of leather, with about the capacity of a large teacup, hung in an inverted position alongside the sinker. This leather cup is filled with fine tole bait, which is pressed in tightly. After the gear is lowered the bait gradually soaks out and attracts the fish in the vicinity so that more can be caught. The hooks used are generally small, often not larger than an ordinary mackerel hook. Some are of improved forms, like the Limerick hook. Jiggers and decoy hooks.—It is not uncommon in the cod-fishery for bait to be scarce or unobtainable when fish are exceptionally abundant. To meet this condition the fishermen (and others) have invented various devices, such as jiggers or other artificial lures, to deceive and attract the fish, and thus to make their capture possible with hand lines with- out the use of bait. Perhaps the most common forms of these heretofore in use are fish- shaped jigs of pewter or lead cast on to the shanks of hooks—trom one to three hooks in each—which, when kept bright and moved up and INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. aS down in the water in simulation of the movements of small fish that the cod preys upon, serve to attract large numbers of the latter around the glittering object. Thus, though the cod do not swallow the decoy fish, it is liable to be hooked by the jigger. Many fish are sometimes caught this way. Jiggers with fish-shaped decoys of glass on the shanks of the hooks are in favor in Norway. ‘These glass decoys are sometimes silvered, so that they glisten in the water, and some are brown or other color which will best imitate a small fish. These may have only a single hook, but some have two hooks. Another favorite device has been to cast a jig 3 or 4 inches long on the shanks of two or more large cod hooks. The jig does not cover the whole length of the shanks, which are about 14 inches above the lead. To the upper part of the hooks, therefore, is fastened double gangings 15 to 18 inches long, and to these are attached, at intervals of 4 or 5 inches, fish-shaped pieces of bright tin, which hang loosely. As the ‘‘jigger” is moved up and down in the water these attract the fish. The object is to gather a school of cod, pollock, or other fish around the jigger, so that when it is raised with a sudden jerk one or more of the fish will be impaled upon the hooks. The natural result of the use of such apparatus is that many fish are badly wounded and escape, perhaps to die of their injuries. For this reason the Norwegian Government has prohibited the use of such devices. Small pollock are often caught with pole and line from boats, and mackerel are sometimes taken in the same manner when they go into the fjords. The apparatus is simple, as a rule consisting only of a hook and line fastened to a flexible pole made of a small sapling. Shark-fishing gear.—Vhe apparatus used for catching the ground shark (Scymnus microcephalus) consists of a stout hand line fastened to the chain ganging of a large hook from 7 to 9 inches long. ‘The modern hook is usually galvanized, and it is necessary to have several feet of small chain next the hook, otherwise the line would be bitten oft by the sharks. Squid or cuttle-fish gear.—The squid jigs used by the Norwegians may be classified under two general heads, the old and modern styles, though there are variations in each of these. The old style squid jig is made of wood, with a cylindrical base and tapering top, which is perforated by a hole that the wire ganging bends into. Attached by seizings to the base of the jig are several hooks, or pointed wires bent into the shape of hooks. One of these jigs had eight hooks. Length of wooden part was 7 inches, and its greatest diameter 2 inches. The distance from the base to the point of hooks is about 2 inches. In addition to the seizing passing around the shank, there is a seizing of twine run from one hook to the other. The Norwegians often attach 144 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. little strips of fish skin about 6 inches long, cut in the shape of a fish, to the ganging, at a distance of 1 or 2 feet above the jig and the same distance apart. The object of this is to attract the squid, so that when the jig is pulled suddenly it will impale them. The modern jig consists of a steel wire, with eye at the top and a cone-shaped piece of lead at the bottom, into the top of which is fixed a number of stout pins standing out at an angle from the shank. About halfway from the bottom of the jig to the top of shaft are attached three hooks of the size ordinarily used for trawl-line fishing for cod. One of those examined had a shank 23 inches long, the lead part at the bottom being 3% inches long, 14 inches greatest diameter, and provided with 17 pin hooks, each 2 inches long. A swivel is fitted into the eye at the upper end of the shank, and to this is attached the line, which is about the size of ordinary ganging line for cod. In some cases the squid jigs are much smaller than the one referred to, and some of : ORAS : Oa ~ has the name of ‘‘clip fish.’’ Part is packed, half dry, in one-fourth kegs, ana EES EEE EEE ——— INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 175 called ‘‘salt codfish,’’ or, in a somewhat drier and less compressed state, salt ling (saltlanga). The bigger ling are cut in two. The backbone is taken out to three- fourths of its extent, after which the fish is split open, stretched on thin wooden splints, and air dried. Thus prepared the fish is called ‘‘spil-langa”’ (split ling). The number of boats engaged in the deep-sea fishery proper amounted, in the years 1891-1896, to 91, 95, 97, 107, 112, and 122, respectively. The following is a description of the bankskuta, as built a few years ago, and it is probable that this form still predominates in the deep- sea fishing fleet of Sweden: It is carvel-built, is deep and very beamy; has a flush deck and strong sheer, the upward curve at the forward rail being materially increased by heavy, high bow-chocks. The bulwarks are low and very cumbersome, and are made by bolting thick timber togther, one piece above the other. The ends of the vessel are full and rounding at the rail, but hollowed out a great deal at and below the water line. The bow is high and flares strongly outward, the stem curves moderately near its upper part, and rakes very strongly below, meeting the keel at an obtuse angle. The floor is hollowed out excessively near the keel, the lower planks rising nearly vertical, so that there is as much as two or three feet of deadwood in height, next to the keel, above which the floor curves outward and is rather flat for about half its width, terminating in a round bilge and flaring side, the ‘‘ flare” being continued to the top of the rail. The concavity of the bottom rises at either end, forming the run aft and making a scoop-shaped bow of very peculiar appearance, but which the Swedish fishermen deem it neces- sary to have to enable their vessels to ride out gales at anchor on the banks they resort to.". The body of the vessel above these concavities at the bottom and ends has a curious oval shape, not very much unlike the half of an egg which has been cut in two horizontally on the axis of its greatest length. The sternpost is straight and has a slight rake; the rudder, which is narrow and square on the foot, is hung outside, and a curved tiller is used for steering. The cabin is under deck, for- ward, and is entered through a low companion, aft of the windlass. The windlass is of the old-fashioned type and is worked by handspikes. It is placed well forward, near the stem; the pawl-bitt is on the port side of amidships. and only the starboard end of the windlass is used 'The theory that it is necessary to build a vessel so full, flaring, and high forward, to ride safely and comfortably at anchor, is undeniably a mistaken one, since a craft of this form must necessarily surge and strain very heavily on her anchor, and con- sequently would need heavier ground tackle to hold her than would be required for a vessel with finer shaped ends. The experience of American fishermen has taught them that the best vessel at anchor is one having at least a moderately sharp bow with a fine sheer; for example, like some of the schooners now employed in the Grand Bank cod and halibut fisheries, that ride out at anchor the fiercest winter gales that sweep the western Atlantic, and which, in this respect, are probably not excelled by anything that has ever been built. 176 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. for the hawser to pass round. ‘The cable, instead of going through a hawse pipe, as is generally the case on most vessels of this size, passes over a roller or pulley in the stem head, which rises a little distance above the upper part of the knightheads. The top of the pawl-bit is hollowed out to receive the heel of the bowsprit; the bit is firmly braced on its forward side by a stout beam, which extends from side to side, its ends being securely fastened to the top of the bow-chocks. A heavy wooden-stocked anchor is carried. Just abaft the windlass is the heel clamp for the bowsprit. This is made of round iron, shaped something like an inverted U, with the lower ends turned out so that they will fit into stout eyebolts that are driven into the deck, while at the top or apex is a heavy iron band, into which the heel of the bowsprit ships when the latter is run out. When the bowsprit is taken in, the heel rest or clamp drops on deck out of the way. The bowsprit runs through an adjustable iron band (one end of which is held in place by a key bolt) on the top of the bow rail on the port side of the stem head. There are usually four hatches; a small one just abaft the mainmast, aft of which is the large main hatch; still further aft and immediately forward of the pump is a second small hatch, while another, of about the same size, is abaft the mizzenmast. A sort of “* horse,” generally made of oak plank, extends from side to side, a few feet forward of the sternpost. This is supported by a bulkhead, in the starboard end of which is a hole to admit the end of the mizzen outrigger. A vessel of this class carries two pole masts, the upper ends tapered to form topmasts, and a running bowsprit. The mainmast stands more than one-third of the vessel’s length from the bow and the stay sets up to a heavy iron band which is fastened to the stem head. The mast is supported on each side by two rope shrouds and also by a heavy, adjustable backstay, which is set up by a whip purchase. The mizzen- mast stands close to the stern and is supported on each side by a single shroud, which sets up a little forward of the mast. There are six sails, namely, jib, fore staysail, mainsail, sprit mizzen, and square-headed main and mizzen gaff-topsails. These are usually made of hemp canvas. The jib sets flying (without stay) from the bowsprit end; the stay foresail sets on the mainstay, the upper part of the sail being bent to hanks, while below the second reef it is laced to the stay with a small rope. There are two reefs in this sail. The lower sheet block moves from side to side on an iron traveler as the vessel changes her tack. The standing part of the jib-sheet fall hooks into a cringle on the first reef, instead of into the lower part of the upper jib-sheet block, as is generally the case on American vessels. The mainsail has four reefs, three of which are straight across the sail in the ordinary manner, while the ‘* balance reef,” or storm reef, runs diagonally from just above the 3-reef cringle, on the leech, to the — INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. Lay upper hoop near the throat of the sail. The head is bent to a gaff, the upper part of the luff to hoops, while the lower part, from the third reef down, is laced to the mast with rope. There is no boom to the foot, and the sheet is the same as on the jib, and, like the latter, runs from side to side on an iron traveler. The main gaft-topsail is nearly square; it has a long yard, but much less peak than the English-cut sails. The mizzen has two reefs; it is laced to the mast; is hoisted by a single throat-halyard that reeves through a sheave hole just below the hounds of the mast, and the end of which splices into a combina- tion hoop and hook (of iron), the former running on the mast and the latter hooking into a shackle at the throat of the sail. The sheet trims to a wooden outrigger, extending outward from the starboard side of the stern. The mizzen gaff-topsail differs from the main gaff-topsail only in size, it being smaller. The rig of the bankskuta resembles somewhat that of the ketch- rigged English fishing vessels, though as previously.stated its rig is more properly that of a yawl. The masts are considerably taller, in proportion to the length of the vessel, than those of the British trawler; the mainsail is not so wide, has more hoist and less peak than the English cut sails. On the whole the Swedish vessel has not a large spread of canvas, especially if it is compared with American fishing schooners, and, judging from its form, there is probably little danger of its capsizing, since in fair ballast it is reasonable to suppose that sails or spars would first be blown away. It must, however, be slow, if not clumsy, in anything like moderate winds. The proportion of length over all to width is about 24 beams. A vessel of 60 feet over all would be about 26 feet wide and 9 to 10 feet deep in the hold. The following are the dimensions of a vessel of this type: Length, over all, 63 feet; on keel, 42 feet; beam, extreme (at top of rail), 26 feet 8 inches; depth amidships (bottom of keel to top of rail), 13 feet 3} inches; depth of hold, 9 feet; depth of keel, 18 inches; height of dead wood above keel, 2 feet 54 inches; height of bulwarks amidships, 16 inches; at stem and stern, 3 feet 9 inches; bow- sprit, outside stem, 21 feet 9 inches; mainmast, deck to hounds, 46 feet 6 inches, hounds to truck, 24 feet 45 inches; main gaff, 24 feet 4} inches; mizzenmast, deck to hounds, 43 feet 6 inches, hounds to truck, 12 feet 9 inches; sprit, 33 feet; outrigger (beyond stern), 15 feet 9 inches. Sails: Jib, luff, 47 feet 3 inches; leech, 31 feet 1 inch, foot, 22 feet 6 inches; fore staysail, luff, 37 feet 6 inches, leech, 34 feet 6 inches, foot, 18 feet 24 inches; mainsail, luff, 32 feet 3 inches, leech, 46 feet 6 inches, head, 22 feet 24 inches, foot, 23 feet 3 inches; main gatt-topsail, luff, 24 feet 9 inches, leech, 18 feet, head, 18 feet 44 inches, foot, 23 feet 74 inches; mizzen, luff, 28 feet 6 inches, leech, 29 feet 74 inches, head, 18 feet, foot, 19 feet 14 inches; mizzen topsail, 178 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. luff, 18 feet, leech, 19 feet 6 inches, head, 16 feet 6 inches, foot, 17 feet 7+ inches. The foregoing descriptive notes are based upon vessels built at and prior to 1883. Models of the bankskuta exhibited at Bergen, however, indicate that in recent years a material change has been made in their design. The recently built vessels of this type (fig. 52) have a raking stem and sternpost. The bow and stern are sharper and much better formed than those of the earlier vessels, while the floor is sharper and not hollow; thus the modern fishing vessel employed in the bank fish- eries is much improved in bouyancy, speed, and seaworthiness, if the Fic. 53.—Swedish fishing ketch. latest models fairly show the changes made. The rig remains the same. The relative dimensions of a modern bankskuta, represented by a model exhibited at Bergen, are as follows: Length over all, 51 feet 4 inches; beam, 18 feet 4 inches; depth, 7 feet; mainmast above deck, 48 feet 8 inches; main gaff, 23 feet 4 inches; mizzenmast above deck, 37 feet 6 inches; bowsprit, outside stem, 17 feet 10 inches.. Fishing ketch.—In vecent years the English type of ketch-rigged fishing cutter has been introduced for bank fishing outside the Skaw. These are, of course, sharper and generally better formed than the old-fashioned bank sloop, and are much swifter than the latter—a quality which is especially advantageous to the fisheries. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 179 A model of one of these vessels (fig. 53) was exhibited in the collec- tions of the Stockholm Fisheries Museum. This type of vessel is carvel built, with sharp bow; straight nearly vertical stem, except at forefoot, where it is curved; rather shallow keel; sharp floor; long easy run; moderately raking straight stern- post; round-heeled rudder; overhanging round stern; moderate sheer; flush deck; steers with tiller; binnacle just forward of mizzenmast; cabin companionway 5 or 6 feet farther forward; boat usually stowed on deck. It has a short running bowsprit; a moderately long mainmast, about one-quarter the vessel’s length from the stem; a short main top- mast, and pole mizzenmast, which is almost as far from the taffrail as the mainmast is from the stem. The jib sets flying; the stay foresail sets on stay to stem head; the boom and gaff-mainsail is low on the peak compared with British sails; the jib-headed main gaff-topsail is laced to the topmast; the boom and gaff spanker or ‘*mizzen” also has a low peak, and over it is set a club-headed topsail. Following are the principal dimensions of an average size vessel of this kind: Length over all, 64 feet; beam, 17 feet; depth, 7 feet; mainmast above deck, 42 feet; main topmast, heel to truck, 23 feet: main boom, 26 feet; gaff, 25 feet; pole mizzenmast, deck to truck, 38 feet; spanker boom, 20 feet; gaff, 18 feet; topsail yard, 18 feet; bow- sprit, outboard, 19 feet. Mackerel jishing boat.—The mackerel fishing boat of Bohusliin (fig. 54) has some of the features of construction and rig which char- acterize the bankskuta of this province. A large fleet of these decked boats is employed during the season in the drift-net mackerel fishery ; hence they are called ‘‘mackerel boats,” though at other times they may engage in various branches of fishery. According to Von Yhlen, there were, in 1878, in all Bohusliin, 370 mackerel boats, with an aggregate tonnage of 3,480 tons, carrying 10,450 nets and 3,480 men. Some boats of 5 to 8 tons, each carrying 4, 5, or 6 men and boys, engage exclusively in the hand-line mackerel fishery, says the same authority, from the middle of June to the last of July. **Any afternoon during the season,” he writes, ‘‘from 150 to 200 boats, each 8 to 10 tons and carrying 4 men, may be seen in the nar- row channels between the islands engaged in the mackerel net fishery.” Since 1878 there has been an increase in the fleet, which in recent years has numbered from 420 to 563 boats. As has been stated, 520 of them were engaged in the mackerel fishery in 1896. | Dr. Lundberg makes the following reference to their work: It is only in Bohus that the mackerel fishery is of any importance or where it forms a separate industry. It is true that mackerel are found in the Cattegat and in the Sound, but they do not occur in large numbers and are caught only together 180 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. ce with other fish. Tle fishermen of Bohus fish for mackerel with ‘‘dérj’’ and with drift nets in the Gulf of Bohus, the Skagerack, and the Cattegat, and, though nowa- days more seldom, with seines inshore. The drift-net fishery is carried on from May until the middle of July. During the latter part of the summer the fishing is carried on by means of mackerel lines for ‘reeling’ or ‘‘railing’’—towing plummets under sail, with a bit of mackerel skin as bait. As we have mentioned before, the bank-fishery boats take part in the mack- erel fishery in the North Sea, but the greater number of fishermen use smaller decked boats with crews numbering 4 or 5 men. The fish is disposed of at home in Graf- varna, Smdégen, etc., and at Gothenburg. Those whe fish in the Skagerack and the North Sea sell their catch in Norway, from whence it is sent to America. It is dis- Fig. 54.—Mackerel boat. posed of fresh on ice within the country, or exported to Norway, England, Denmark, or Germany. Even the mackerel thus exported usually finds its way to America. A small quantity is salted at home for native consumption. The mackerel boat is usually built of fir; is generally from 24 to 28 feet long on the keel and from 5 to 8 tons measurement, though occa- sionally as large as 10 tons. It is wide and deep and, in good ballast, has almost a maximum of stability, a quality which is essentially neces- sary in the region where they are used, since, according to Dr. Mahlm, the wind blows from the highlands of the coast in sudden and furious gusts, which would be extremely dangerous to vessels of ordinary width and form. — INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 181 It isa decked, sharp-ended, clinker built keel boat, with hollow under-water lines, and rather strongly convex above; sharp floor; easy round bilge; raking curved stem and sternpost, and moderate sheer. The deck is flush with the gunwale, but there is an open railing about a foot high running along the sides. The low cuddy companionway is forward of the mainmast, and between the masts are hatches for the stowage of nets and fish. Abaft the mizzenmast is a small circular or oval-shaped cockpit for the helmsman. A small boat, usually a short wide praam, is carried on deck. The mackerel boat is yawl rigged, with running bowsprit going through iron band at stem head; pole mainmast about one-third the boat’s length from stem, and pole mizzenmast 5 or 6 feet from the stern- post. Ordinarily it carries a jib set flying; a stay foresail set on stay to Fic. 55.—Banker’s trawl-line boat. stem head; loose-footed gaff-mainsail (sometimes a sprit-mainsail); club- headed or jib-headed main topsail; loose-footed sprit jigger sail that trims to outrigger, and sometimes a topsail set over the jigger, though generally the mizzenmast is not long enough for this. On the model exhibited at Bergen the mainsail was bent to hoops, and the sprit jigger was laced to the mast; but it has not been uncommon for both sails to be laced. Following are the relative dimensions of one of these boats: Length over all, 42 feet 3 inches; beam, 15 feet; depth of hold, 6 feet 3 inches; mainmast above deck, 42 feet; bowsprit outside stem, 15 feet 8 inches; main gaff, 20 feet 2 inches. Bank-trawlers boat.—A special type of boat called ** kvassing” or **kak ” (fig. 55) is used on the coast of Bohusliin for setting trawl-lines 182 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. from the bankers that fish outside the Skaw. It is also employed in the coast fishery for haddock. bait species, ete. It is an open, clinker-built keel boat, with raking stem, sharp bow, rising floor, well-shaped run, and V-shaped square stern. It has a square-footed rudder, moderate sheer, but rather quick rise at the bow, and is provided with a stern seat and three thwarts. It is sloop rigged, and carries a wide-headed sprit-mainsail and a jib set on an adjustable bowsprit. Boats of this type are seaworthy and good sailers, but they are much less convenient than dories for stowing on a vessel’s deck, and are therefore less suitable for bank fishery. The relative dimensions are as follows: Length over all, 21 feet 7 inches; beam, 8 feet + inches; depth, 3 feet 6 inches; mast above gun- wale, 18 feet 6 inches; bowsprit outside stem, 3 feet + inches; width of mainsail, 10 feet; oars, 12 feet 2 inches. Bohuslin herring boat. type of sharp stern, open, clinker-built, keel fishing boat is used on the coast of Bohusliin for operating her- ring gill nets set near the shore, and locally called ** standings nets.” This boat has raking stem and sternpost; sharp floor; hollow water lines; strong shear, and large beam. It has six thwarts; is yawl rigged; and in light winds carries a main gaff-topsail set on a pole by a halyard rove through a hole at the top of the mainmast. It has a loose-footed gaff-mainsail and sprit jigger. Its relative proportions are as follows: Length over all, 26 feet 6 inches; extreme width, 10 feet 6 inches; depth, 3 feet 3 inches; main- mast above gunwale, 21 feet 3 inches; mizzenmast above gunwale, 17 feet 3 inches; bowsprit, outboard, 3 feet 74 inches; gafl-topsail pole, 19 feet: oars, 16 feet 6 inches. Bohuslin fishing yawl.—An open, clinker-built, sharp-ended, keel boat is used in the coast fisheries of the archipelago of Bohuslin. It hasa sharp floor; hollow water lines; raking stem and sternpost; strong sheer and a square-heeled rudder. It has a yawl rig. It carries a jib and loose-footed sprit-mainsail and jigger, the sheet of the latter trimming to a short outrigger. It so closely resembles the herring boat of Bohusliin that the two may be considered one type, the only apparent difference being in details of rig. The following are the relative dimensions of a boat of this type: Length over all, 29 feet 7 inches; beam, 8 feet 9 inches; depth, 2 feet 6 inches; mainmast above gunwale, 26 feet 8 inches; mizzenmast above gunwale, 17 feet 2 inches; bowsprit outboard, 2 feet 6 inches. Shane fishing boat.—There are several types of fishing boats from Skane, which engage in the so-called ‘*Sound fisheries,” whence is derived the name ‘‘ Sound fishing boats,” which is often applied to them. Some of the largest of these are decked, but others are open. In all cases, however, the larger ones are sturdy, seaworthy boats. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 1838 The general appearance of the fishing boats of Skane is shown in figure 56. As will be noticed, they are double-ended; clinker-built; decked boats; with broad beam; single mast; and cutter rig. They have a high freeboard, and are well designed to carry a large cargo of fish and to sail dry in choppy seas such as they are liable to encounter. Many of these boats strongly resemble those used by the Danes who frequent the same fishing grounds. Nor is this surprising, in view of the fact that it is common for the fishermen of one country to pur- chase boats from the builders in the other. Fic. 56.—Skane fishing boats. Dr. Lundberg is authority for saying: Skane has no boat peculiar to that province. The Sound boat is principally used in the fishing on the Cattegat and the Sound; the Bornholm hoat, which gradually began to come into use on the east coast of Skane, and seems destined to take the place of the third form; the Blekinge boat, which, however, is still in general use on the south and east coast of Skane. At present the Sound boats are generally covered, with the exception of the Torekoy and Molle boats, which, even when of considerable size, are open, because they are also used for carrying lumber, ete. The smaller boats, however, are all open, as is the case with all the fishing boats used on the coast of Skane. Most of the Sound boats are at present built at Viken, north of Helsingborg. Their general dimensions are as follows: Length from stem to stern, 30 feet; length of keel, 19.5 feet; breadth back of the mast, 12 or 13 feet; depth of hold, 4.5 feet; height of the mast, 32 feet. Generally they have only one mast, with a boom and jib. They also have a topsail, fastened to a pole attached to the top of the mast. ©, Doc. 39 is 184 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. A common Bornholm boat, such as is used on the east coast of Skane, measures 26 feet from stem to stern by 13 feet in breadth back of the mast, and has a hold 4 feet deep. Their sails are, as a general rule, like those of the Blekinge boats. These boats are built in Bornholm. The Blekinge boats vary in size, the largest being of the same size as the Bornholm boats, having only one mast and one square sail, which can be hoisted and let down very rapidly. They are good sailers, but there is always some danger of their being upset.! At the time the above was written. Dr. Lundberg was of the opinion that the open boats on the east coast of Skine would probably be Fig. 57.—Skane fishing boat. replaced by decked boats, which he considered absolutely necessary for the safe prosecution of the winter salmon fisheries. A large, open, double-ended, clinker-built, keel boat (fig. 57) is still used, however, in the fisheries from Skane, on the south coast of Sweden. This boat is deep and wide, witha sharp floor, flaring sides, straight, moderately raking stem and sternpost, deep keel, square- footed rudder, three thwarts, and a stern seat. It is cutter-rigged, with loose-footed sprit-mainsail; fore staysail tacking down to stem 1 Fisheries of Sweden, Stockholm, 1883, by Rudolph Lundberg. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 185 head; jib set flying on an adjustable running bowsprit, and pole top- sail, the pole coming down two-thirds the length of the mast. The relative proportions are as follows: Length over all, 27 feet 9 inches; beam, 10 feet 11 inches; depth, 4 feet; mast above gunwale, 30 feet; bowsprit, outside stem, 6 feet; topsail pole, 21 feet 8 inches; oars, 15 feet. The most recently built fishing boats from Raa are of a type very common in southern Sweden. They are wide, double-ended, keel craft, with convex lines above and hollow or wave-shaped lines at and below water line; also hollow floor. They have a graceful but moderate sheer, with rudder hung outside. The largest are yawi- rigged, carrying jib, fore staysail, mainsail, gaff-topsaii on the pole mainmast and a small jigger sail on the mizenmast. These boats are decked and are provided with trunk cabins for sleeping, cooking, etc. They are considered stanch craft, with much initial stability, and sail fairly well in fresh breezes and smooth water, though of course they would scarcely be considered swift when com- pared with finer-lined vessels. A cutter-rigged, welled boat, with the same form of hull, is used in the fishery for flatfish. Its typical name is ‘*kvasse.” It carries a jib set flying on a running bowsprit, stay foresail, boom-and-gaff mainsail, and usually in light winds a jib-headed gaff-topsail. Dr. Lundberg makes the following reference to this type in con- nection with the flatfish fishing in the Cattegat: The Cattegat, especially in its western, shallower part, together with the shallower waters of the coast archipelagos, is the most suitable place in our salt waters for the species of flatfish, and a paying flatfish fishery is there carried on by the fishermen of Bohus and Skane, and still more by those of Denmark. The fish most sought for is the plaice, which is caught there all the year round. The Swedish flatfish fishery in the Cattegat has developed of late, owing chiefly to the efforts of the fishermen from Skane, who equip boats specially to this end, the so-called ‘“‘kyassar,’’? of from 5 to 10 tons burden, not including the well room with which they are provided (called the damm, ‘‘cauf’’) and in which the fish can be conveyed alive to the place of sale, the towns on the Sound, especially Copen- hagen. These boats cost from 3,500 to 4,500 kronor (£195—£250). The crews con- sist of 5 or 6 men, who are partners in the boat and who each provide about 8 nets of some 100 fathoms in length. But the Swedish fishermen now begin to imitate those of Denmark in using the so-called ‘‘Snurrevaad,’’ a sort of apparatus that is not without its ill effects on the fishery and which fishing gear has been forbidden within Swedish jurisdiction upon the Bohus coast. The fishing grounds are chiefly north of Anholt and up toward Leessd, etc. The boats return home with their catch. This fishery was begun by Raa fisherman in 1879 with but 1 ‘‘kvasse;’’ in 1880 the number had already reached 9, and in 1881 there were 23 such boats at Rad. At present the number of vessels from that and some other fishing places amounts to 33, of which a few fish occasionally in the southern Baltic. The value of the Skane “‘kvassar’s’’ flatfish fishery in the Cattegat amounted in 1895 and 1896 to 58,714 and 80,620 kronor, respectively. The greater part of the catch consisted of plaice, of which the values in the years named were 50,508 and 71,551 kronor. 186 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIFS EXHIBITION. Cimbrishamns ishing hoats.—A large fleet of fishing boats is employed from the harbor of Cimbrishamns, in the extreme south of Sweden, particularly during certain fishing seasons. At such times it is common for the boats to assemble in the harbor in large numbers, especially when they come to market their catch. Such a fleet is shown lying at the pier in Cimbrishamns Harbor in figure 58, which not only gives a good idea of the types of boats used there, but also indi- cates the local importance of the fishery. As will be seen, the boats are nearly all of the sharp-stern, single-masted, cutter-rigged type, so common to most localities in southern Sweden. Square-stern boats are the exception. The clinker build is practically universal in this instance, and the boats are mostly decked. Fic. 58.—Cimbrishamns fishing boats. The boats employed from Cimbrishamns are more clearly shown in Plate XX VIL. This form somewhat closely resembles the Norwegian pilot boat, though still differing sufficiently to constitute a type. Itisa sharp-ended craft, with strongly convex lines at the deck and concave and much easier linesat the water. Both the stem and stern post are vertical or tumble in slightly at the top, but curve gracefully below. The boats are clinker-built keel craft; usually with hollow floors and deep keels. They are decked, with only a very low rail. Aft is the little cabin, with a low deck house to give additional headroom. The cutter rig is in favor. This consists of a loose-footed ‘sprit- mainsail, with low peak and narrow foot; foresail (or fore staysail), and jib-headed pole topsail set over the mainsail in light winds. These CIMBRISHAMNS DECKED BOATS. PLATE XXVII Se INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 187 boats are generally about 22 feet to 25 feet long over all, and 7 to 8 feet wide. Blekinge fishing boats. —Two \aodels of the boats peculiar to Blek- inge were exhibited at Bergen. One of these represented a boat of the larger class and was yawl rigged, while the smaller one had a loose- footed wide-headed sprit-mainsail, and jib tacking down to stem head. As a matter of fact, these small boats are often propelled by oars, at which times the sails are furled and the mast taken down. The boats used in this region are peculiar to Sweden and are known by the special name of Blekinge boats. The original type—the so-called ‘‘ brakeka”’ (fig. 59)—have Fie. 59.—Blekinge brakeka. (Photographed by T. W. Smillie.) a single mast and one gail, ‘‘raasagel.’’! At present this rig is being abandoned and sprit-sails used, often with two masts. When there are two masts the after one is the smallest. The Blekinge boats are seaworthy, and can carry sail ina high sea. Their size varies and can be roughly estimated by the number of planks on each side. Thus, to ascertain the length of a boat, multiply the number of strakes on a side by 3 to 3}. A boat having six planks would be from 18 to 21 feet long. In the vicinity of Stockholm the fishing boats use the ‘‘raasagel,’’ or frequently sprit-sails with one or two masts. They are usually built of pine; but farther south, at Ostegotland and Kalmar Liin, the boats are made of oak, the construction being similar to that of the Blekinge craft.’ The rig of the old-fashioned ‘‘ brakeka” or ‘tvrakeka,” as it is vari- ously called, has certain features that mark it as distinctively Sean- dinavian. The mast is stepped in the middle of the boat, and receives 'A sail bent to a yard. * Fisheries of the Baltic, by Rudolph Lundberg. 4 188 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. no support from passing through a thwart, as is generally the case in nearly all small boats. It is supported by a forestay that sets up at the stem head (in this case reeving through a block), and by a single shroud on each side. The shrouds have curious curved yokes, or tog- eles, on their lower ends, which are inserted into rope beckets that are fastened to the timbers some distance aft of the mast. There are several of these loops or beckets attached to each other like links of chain, and the ‘‘set” or rake of the mast may be changed at will, it would appear, simply by shifting the toggles from one loop to another and slacking away or hauling taut on the forestay. It will be remem- bered that this method of ‘* setting up” the rigging is the same as that in use on the boats of Séndmére, Norway. The square sail (raasagel) is a sort of connecting link between the lug and the square sail, though perhaps it may properly be classed with the former. It has six rows of reef points, is bent toa long yard at the head, and when sailing closehauled the larger part of the sail, more especially at the foot, is forward of the mast, the clew coming only a short distance aft of amidships. The oars, where they come in the rowlocks, are cased on three sides with thin strips of hard wood, this part of the looms being square. Following are the dimensions of one of the old-style boats: Length over all, 25 feet + inches; keel, 17 feet 4 inches; beam, 8 feet + inches; depth, 2 feet 10 inches; depth of keel, 11 inches; width of stern, 2 feet 10 inches; mast, 21 feet 8 inches; yard, 17 feet; oars, 10 fcet 8 inches: sail, luff or forward leech, 16 feet 8 inches; after leech, 18 feet; head, 16 feet; foot, 14 feet. The largest of the modern-rigged boats is known by the generic name of ‘*blekingseka.” This is a yawl-rigged boat with running bowsprit, and carries jib, fore staysail, sprit-mainsail, sprit-mizzen, and one or two jib-headed topsails set above the main and mizzen sails in light weather. The luff of these topsails is, in either case, fastened to the upper end of a long pole that is hoisted to the masthead by a halyard, and the lower end of each pole, which is only 4 to 6 feet above the thwart, is lashed to the mast. The topsails sheet home to the peaks of the lower sails. The smaller, skiff-like rowboat of Blekinge is similar to a common form of fishing skiff used in western Nova Scotia, and it seems more than probable that this kind of craft was introduced into that province by Seandinavian fishermen who have settled there. Both the large and small boats are used in the long-line and net fisheries of the south coast of Sweden, from Blekinge to Helsingborg, and even to Anhalt. The smaller of the Blekinge boats (fig. 60) is usually about 18 feet long over all and 5 to 6 feet wide. Those rigged as yawls are much larger, the average size being about 26 feet long. The cost varies with the size from $54 to $135. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 189 The large boat has a crew of 4 or 5 men, or 3 men and a boy. — Its equipment for the herring fishery consists of 80 gill nets made of cot- ton, each 126 feet long, 21 to 24 feet deep, and from 12 to 13 meshes to the foot. These nets are used chiefly for drifting. Capt. C. Smith, of the royal navy of Sweden, writes as follows con- cerning the blekingseka: The boat owes its name to the province of Blekinge, where it is chiefly built, and the Swedish word ‘‘eka,’’ a boat constructed of oak. According to the different tasks they are used for, these boats are, of course, differently fitted and rigged, most of them having a sprit-mainsail and a fore staysail, but the lugsail rig is principally used for the herring boat or the ‘‘vrakeka,”’ as it is called in Swedish, the name being derived from the word ‘‘vraka,’’ to drift with the nets. As the ‘‘vrakeka’’ is never decked, although it is seen far out at sea in all weathers, it must be an excellent sea boat as far as regards her quality to live in rough water. Fic. 60.—Blekinge fishing boat. The whole shape of the boat also shows a general tendency to go over the water rather than through it, and the hull is built as light and elastic as possible. Gener- ally it sails without any ballast at all, with a crew of 5 or 6 men. The position of the sail adds to the buoyancy of the boat by the mast being, with a strong backstay as well as with the halyard, heeled over to windward, the sail thus forming an inclined plane, on the under side of which the wind. acts, tending to lift the whole boat. It makes a very curious appearance to see these boats sailing by the wind in a fresh breeze, with their lee gunwales almost in the water and the masts yet standing quite perpendicular. Another very peculiar idea in the management of these boats is that when scud- ding in a gale of wind the whole crew, except the helmsman, and all the cargo, are stowed before the mast, thus bringing down the head, quite contrary to the custom on all other boats in similar circumstances. The fishermen say the boats scud better in this trim, the bow making less resistance, and the raised stern keeping off the seas better. In this condition the boat, of course, shows a great tendency to broach to, but the enormously big rudder is generally sufficient to counteract this, or if not, an oar is kept in readiness on each side. It happens sometimes that the boats gets dam- aged when riding to the nets, but no instance is known of their ever being injured when secudding. 190 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. The boat is generally built wholly of oak. Keel, stem, and sternpost about 2 inches in thickness, with no rabbet cut into them. Planking 1 to 1} inches thick, built, so to say, in the free air, without any frames whatever or without any other guidance than the builder’s eye or ‘rule of the thumb.”’ Nails, of iron, clouted, or very rarely clenched. Timbers of oak, 3 inches by 2 inches, 3 feet apart, fastened by juniper-tree nails. The two forward timbers reach only halfway up, rendering the bow more elastic. Inwale, 8 inches by 4 inches, thinned off toward the ends. The mast stands nearly in the middle of the boat, a step being nailed on the keel, but no thwart or any other arrangement for steadying it, except a stay to the stem head and two backstays. A wooden parrel is used on the lugsail yard, which is dipped in tacking, while the mast, by means of the backstay, is heeled over to the weather side. The halyard also assists in steadying the yard, being always belayed to windward with a slippery hitch. % INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 193 stern, and is a little more than 9 feet long. The outside planks are perforated with holes to permit the water to freely circulate through the well. The advantage claimed for having a well located in the extreme after part of a small craft is that it gives more cabin room. But it seems possible that a boat may not be quite so swift with a well so far aft, while a craft that is made so low at the stern and which at the same time has that portion filled with water would probably be unsuitable for work in rough water. It is certain that the motion im the extreme end of the boat would be very materially greater than it would in the center, and in the pitching and scending incident to sailing in a choppy sea the fish might at times be exposed to the danger of being left nearly dry, or to injury from contact with the planking of the boat. The well is covered with a deck that is flush with the gunwales, and in this is a batchway which is provided with a sliding cover or door. The fish are put into the well and taken from it through this hatch. The following explanation of its use is given by Dr. Lundberg, who, as will be seen, asserts that despite the unusual location of the well the boat is reputed to be both swift and safe: From Finland, especially from the island group of Aland, there are imported, besides salt stromming, living fresh-water fish such as pike, etc., to Stockholm. For this transport there is used a kind of boat with a well room called ‘‘Alands sumpar,”’ and the same kind of vessel is used on the Swedish coast to transport living fish from the coast archipelago to Stockholm from as far south as the government districts of Ostergotland and north Kalmarlin. These vessels have the peculiarity that the well room does not lie midships, but aft, where a number of small holes are bored, and which is separated from the other part of the vessel by means of a water-tight compartment. The part of the after deck thus cut off is lower than the other part of the deck, and, when the fish are kept there, is weighted with large stones in order that it may lie deeper in the water. These boats sail very fast, and the construction we have just mentioned does not act unfavorably upon their sailing powers.! The so-called ** rowing well boats” are sometimes rigged as sloops, with a sprit-mainsail and jib, the latter tacking down to the stem head. It is, however, propelled only by two oars, which have permanently attached to them iron rowlocks (or what might be called iron pins bent at a right angle), which ship into holes in the gunwales. The boat is clinker built, eight strakes on a side; is sharp forward and aft, with full midship section and generally convex lines. The stem rakes very much and curves gracefully to meet the keel; the sternpost is straight and has a moderate rake. There is no raised section forward, as in the larger craft, and the rowboat is open with the exception of the well, which is at the stern, and is covered like that of the cutter. Instead of a midship thwart there is a compartment (with a door on top) across the boat, which answers the purpose of a thwart and a receptacle for gear, bait, etc., and sometimes there is an inclosed place or cuddy at the bow. ' Fisheries and Fishery Industries of Sweden, pp. 71-72. 194 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. The average dimensions of the larger class of these well boats are: Length, 33 feet; beam, 124 feet; depth, forward 6 feet, aft 4 feet. The rowboats average: Length, 14 feet; beam, 5 feet; depth, 2 feet. Harnis fishing boat.—The fishing boat from Harniis, in the province of Upland, is peculiar in the form of its ends. It is a double-ended, clinker-built keel boat, with flaring bow and stern, and strongly raking stem and sternpost to near the top, where they curve abruptly upward. The lower section of each is slightly concave, which, with the great rake and sharp angle of the curve above, gives the boat an odd appearance. It is entirely open, and has little sheer. The rig consists of a wide, loose-footed sprit-mainsail and jib tacking to inside of stem. Fic. 62.—Helsingland fishing boat. Helsingland jishing boat.—One of the best forms of open fishing boat used in Sweden, and having several improvements in design and equipment, has been built in recent years by Mr. J. Skoglund, of Hudiksvall, for the coast fishery of northern Sweden, in the Gulf of Bothnia (fig. 62). It has all the elements of a swift, buoyant, seaworthy boat. It is a sharp-ended, clinker-built, keel boat, with moderately raking stem, curved strongly at and below water line; slightly curved sternpost; stem, forward and after part of keel, stern- post, and heel of rudder are shod with metal. It has two thwarts for INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 195 oarsmen, an adjustable thwart, flush with the gunwale, to the after side of which the mainmast is held by a clasp; and one well aft for the steersman to sit on. Its special feature consists of vertical canvas washboards that can be stretched along the sides. An eye in the after end of each is attached to a hook near the top of the sternpost, while a rope from the upper edge, passing through a hole in the stem, serves to pull it taut along the side and the metal supports, that are stuck into the gunwale when occasion demands their use. The rig consists of two balance lugsails, the mainsail being much the larger. The foremast stands as far forward as possible; on this is set a small foresail, having two reefs. The mainmast is less than one- third the boat’s length from the bow; on this is set a large boom lug- sail, having three reefs, and with sheet trimming to a traveler on the Fic. 63.—Body plan anil cross-section of Pitea boat. after side of the stern thwart. It is claimed that a boat of this type, when she is unencumbered with fishing gear, can be handled by one man, even in windward sailing, although the crew usually consists of 2men, and sometimes 3. The fishing nets are generally placed aft, while the lines, etc., are stowed farther forward. Iam informed that many boats of this type have been built along the coast of Helsingland. The relative dimensions are as follows: Length over all, 23 feet; beam, 8 feet 1 inch; depth, 2 feet 8 inches; foremast above gunwale, 14 feet 9 inches; fore yard, 9 feet 5 inches; stem to mainmast, 7 feet $ inches; mainmast above gunwale, 18 feet 3,5; inches; main yard, 13 feet 6$ inches; main boom, 16 feet 6 inches; oars, 10 feet. Pitea herring boat.—The boats used in the herring or strémming fishery from the coast of Pitedé, Gulf of Bothnia, are entirely open 196 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. and clinker-built (Pl. XXIX and figs. 63-64); the ends are shaped nearly alike, being sharp and well formed for speed; curved stem and sternpost; and moderate depth of keel. Ina general way, they resemble the American whaleboat, though the latter is longer in proportion to beam and depth, and has finer lines. The lines are concave, as is the case with so many of the Scandina- vian fishing craft. The central part of the inside is sheathed up to the thwarts. There are two thwarts, or beams, for the masts, flush with the gunwale, that for the foremast being near the stem, and the other forward of amidships. Besides these, there are two thwarts for row- ing; the rudder, as is usual in such boats, hangs outside. It is curved and round on the lower end,and is hung to a long pintle which extends considerably above the water, so as to make the hanging of the rudder easy, even when the boat is in a seaway. Came De Ee SSS SIL 2 . ee eo, ee e [in LG Rs As OL GL > No) Fic, 64.—Sail plan of Pitea boat. Boats of this class carry two rather small spritsails, which have no booms. The masts are held in place by metal hasps on the after side of the thwarts. The mainmast stands a little forward of amidships, and, contrary to the rule which usually prevails, the mainsail is larger than the foresail. A peculiar oar is commonly used, with the part next the handle almost as wide as the blade. The Pited fishing boat carries a crew of 2 men, and its equipment consists of 14 to 16 cotton herring nets, each 120 feet long and 10 to 12 feet deep. These nets are always set stationary, being anchored to the bottom. The boats of that region never drift for herring. In going to or from the fishing grounds, according to Lundberg, large boats are used, which may be either decked or open, but the type above described is the one chiefly employed in actual fishing operations, PLANS OF PITEA FISHING BOAT. PLATE XXIX. 14 S. Doe. 39 * . P . 7 Aye | Fed ‘ - , : ~ : 7 en ’ > i pS Sy * * | , . iN < - - » 7 i.) ; deine : ~~ ? ‘ ' ® Uy : ie : = ip Vie Der > 1 e; revel) Disab: fia: Lng ead pov teae 7 ah 8 = a y ‘ - a a aa’ | ark 7 S. j ' 7 i Vere : syatey ee on és ‘i q be is ef ‘en Vn a ns j vi ‘ ‘ o oie ¢ 7 i , . “se . i ‘ ‘A ’ 1 : ' = ‘ wes me cs r “ é y 2. 4 Ves a jo be - .@ a = : 7 rs 5 ~ » ae an ing oO os Pee. > aie La et pepe ‘8 ‘ = . . ’ 2 Vig J c - ; j ; , . — . F 4 é yr : dag *an shes) OO" a q : : : et a yo . ' 4 “firs ' INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 197 The following are details of measurements of one of these boats: Length over all, 17 feet; keel, 12 feet; beam, 5 feet 43 inches; depth, top of gunwale to inside ceiling, 21 inches; height amidships, lower part of keel to gunwale, 2 feet 9 inches; to top of stem, 4 feet; stern- post, 3 feet 9 inches; depth of keel, 6 inches; spars, foremast, total length, 10 feet 10 inches; above thwart, 9 feet; mainmast, 11 feet 6 inches; above thwart, 9 feet 10 inches; foresprit, 8 feet 9 inches; main- sprit, 9 feet 6 inches; foresail, luff, 6 feet 9 inches, leech, 8 feet, head, 4 feet 9 inches, foot, 4 feet 9 inches; mainsail, luff, 7 feet 3 inches, leech, 7 feet 9 inches, head, 6 feet, foot, 6 feet 9 inches. Manno fishing boat.—The boat used in the fisheries from the island Fic. 65.—Sealing boat. of Manno, in the government district of Norrbotten, at the head of the Gulf of Bothnia, is similar in form to the Blekinge boat, and, like it, is clinker-built. It has a small loose-footed sprit-foresail, set on a mast stepped close to the stem, and a boom and sprit-mainsail, nearly double the size of the foresail, and the mainmast stands forward of amidships. Sealing boat.—The requirements of the seal hunt in the Gulf of Bothnia, which is carried on during February and March, has resulted in the production of a most remarkable style of boat (fig. 65), which resembles in form the sternum of a sea bird. There are three species of seals in Sweden: The ringed seal (Phoca fatida), which is most numerous in the Gulf of Bothnia and northern Baltic; the harbor seal (P. vitulina), which is found as far north as halfway up the east coast, 198 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. and the gray seal (//a/ichwrus grypus), Which occurs on all parts of the coast, but is most plentiful in the Baltic. All the species are harmful to the fisheries, the gray seal especially so. They occasion much loss to the fishermen by eating the salmon and herring caught in the nets, besides the loss they occasion by the devouring of fish that otherwise might fall to the share of the fisherman. The fishermen go out to hunt them on the ice floes, at which time the large boats serve as lodgings, while smaller boats are dragged over the ice by the hunters when they go on expeditions. Disguised in white clothes, and sometimes moving in a lying position, the men approach the seals which are gathered on the ice and shoot or spear as many of them as they can before the creatures can succeed in creeping down to the openings or ‘blow holes,’’ which they themselves have made in the ice. These hunting expedi- tions, which last whole months, are now undertaken on a iessey scale than formerly on account of the decrease in price of seal oil and seal skins, and it is fancied that in consequence the number of these destructive animals has increased of late years. The State therefore pays a sum forming part of a bounty forthe killing of seals, which arealso caught with nets and traps of various kinds along the coast.” The sealing boat, which plays so important a part in this industry, is an open, sharp-ended, clinker-built, keel craft. It has convex lines; overhanging eids; sharp floor; flaring sides; and straight, raking stern- post. The keel is deep at the after end and comparatively shallow at its forward end, or that part which, in any other boat, would be termed the stem. It slopes with a long, gentle, upward curve to the top of the bow. The bow is shaped something like the end of a deep spoon bowl, and is thus well adapted for running upon an ice floe. A sealing boat has high, upright washboards along its sides, and a single mast, standing near the middle of the boat, upon which is set a square sail. The peculiar construction of this boat fits it for the purpose of breaking through ice, and a craft of this kind can, without difficulty, sail througn ice 2 or 3 inches thick. The seal hunters go to sea toward the end of February and do not return until the sea is free from ice. When the boat is used as a house for the crew, it is pulled onto the ice and a wooden rest is placed under the forward end of the keel to keep the craft in a horizontal position. The sides of the boat are then sup- ported by 4 notched poles, which serve as ladders to climb on board. Poles are fastened to the beam in the center of the boat, and on these is placed a beam, from which strong lines are suspended to rings on the outer canvas. A skeleton roof is thus formed, and when it is coy- ered with the sail it affords an excellent shelter for the crew. The sealing boat averages about 30 feet in length and LO to 12 feet in width. ' Fisheries and Fishery Industries of Sweden, p. 62. = Ts, os ae INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 199 Lake Venern jishing boat.—A finely formed, open, clinker-built, keel boat, locally called ‘‘snipa,” is used in the fisheries of Lake Venern (fig. 66). It has a strong, symmetrical sheer; long, sharp bow and stern; rising floor; flaring sides; and strongly raking, curved stem and sternpost. Inside it has platform seats at bow and stern, the forward one extending well aft. It is also provided with two thwarts. It has four straight iron thole pins, to which the oars are attached by iron staples driven into the handles. This boat has a small sprit-sail; a jib tacking down to stem head; but the center of effort of the sails is so far forward that it evidently can not do so well in wind- ward sailing as if the rig was better balanced. The boat is steered with an oar. Boats of this type are used mostly from Hammer, in Lake Venern. They are generally built of pine, but sometimes of asp. The planks are 1.5 cm. thick. It carries about 1,300 pounds, Fic. 66.—Lake Venern fishing boat. with 2 men, and has a speed of 6 or 8 knots under sail. Boats of this size and form cost about $24 without sail, and with sails $27. The following are the principal dimensions: Length, 22 feet; beam, 5.2 feet; depth, 1.9 feet; sail area, 140 square feet. Lake Wettern fishing boat.—A special form of open, sharp-ended, clinker-built boat is used in the fisheries of the large lakes Wettern and Wenern. The boat found in Lake Wettern is called ** Wettern snipa,” and that of Lake Wenern is designated as ‘* Wenern snipa.” The former is about 16 feet 8 inches long; has fine lines; is reported to be swift under sail and easy to row, though rather crank. It usually has two masts and is steered with a rudder. The Wenern snipa carries two sprit sails and jib, and is steered with an oar. It is rather larger than the other, being usually 21 feet 6 inches long. It costs complete $27. 200 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. Lake Siljan boat.—This is believed to be a very old type of Scandi- navian boat, for its construction is similar to the old viking ships which have been exhumed. It is clinker built; has a light keel: curved stem, and straight sternpost, both of the latter raking very much. The ends are sharp and bilge high, the lines being convex. The peculiarity of its construction, however, consists in the way the planks, of which there are five streaks on a side, are put on and fastened. There are nine sets of timbers and a breasthook forward and aft. Over this frame the planks are fastened. They are apparently of the same width throughout, and their edges are chamfered off thin, so that when lapped over each other they project very little. The edges are fastened together with wire clinched on the outside. When the planks are on, the upper strakes are tapered off at each end to form the proper sheer on top, and around the outside is nailed a thin hard-wood ribband, which is all the gunwale there is. This form of construction gives a very light boat that can be carried over portages, and which may be useful for many purposes where great Fic. 67.—Lake Miilaren fishing skiff. strength is not specially required. The rowlocks, of which there are four, are made of wood. They are semicircular on one side and con- cave on the other. The convex side, in which is cut the oar rest, is put upward, while the concaved side rests on top of a timber, the horns coming down inside and fastening to the boat’s plank. The relative dimensions of the boat are as follows: Length, over all, 20 feet; width, 5 feet 7 inches; depth, 16% inches. Lake Mialaren fishing skiff.—On Lake Miilaren a flat-bottom, square- ended skiff (fig. 67) is used for operating a hoop-net (** siink-haf”), that is sunk to the bottom by a leaden weight and its metal hoop, and is raised by a small winch placed near the heel of the pole projecting from the boat’s stern, through the end of which passes the line by which the net is managed. This punt has slightly flaring sides; is nearly as wide at the stern as amidships; a strong camber to the bottom, especially forward; and a narrow bow. It is propelled with two oars, and underneath the rower’s seat is a box for holding the fish taken. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. PAN) b The relative dimensions of one of these fishing punts and the net are as follows: Length over all, 15 feet 8 inches; beam, 4 feet 7 inches; depth, 20 inches: oars, 9 feet 14 inches; pole, above stern, 8 feet 5 inches; diameter of net, 5 feet 83 inches. This punt is a fair example of the flat-bottomed boats used on the smaller lakes. These are called ‘‘ekor” (a name taken from ‘‘ek,” the Swedish word for oak), and Dr. Lundberg has pointed out the fact that they were ‘‘originally hollowed-out oak trunks.” Remains Fig. 68.—Dalelven fishing boat. (After Dr. Lundberg.) of these old dugouts have been discovered in the present century, and it is not uncommon for them to be found in the mud at the bottom of lakes when the latter are drained. River boats.—Long, narrow, clinker-built, sharp-ended boats are used on the Torne and Kalix rivers in Norrbotten. These are light in construction and are considered especially suitable for the passage of the rapids (figs. 68-69). Apparatus of capture, ete.—The appliances for the capture of fish and other marine animals in Sweden are perhaps less varied than Fie. 69.—Torne River boat. (After Dr. Lundberg.) those of Norway. Nevertheless they are too numerous for full dis- cussion here, as it is not feasible to deal with the subject at length, nor is it considered essentially necessary to do so for the purposes of this report, even though the data is available, for many forms of gear are so generally used and so well known that little new can be said of them. In a country like Sweden, where the herring, mackerel, eel, lobster, and salmon fisheries are so generally and extensively prosecuted, it 202 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. follows that nets, seines, fykes, traps, and pots constitute the most important apparatus of capture, even though the different forms of hand-line gear may claim attention. There is no fishery for marine mammals except that for seals in the Gulf of Bothnia, hence the appliances under this head are less important than those of some other countries. Sealing apparatus.—The appliances used in hunting seals aside from the boats, consist of a heavy gun, a long-handled spear, and a sort of broad wooden snowshoe, called ** skida,” which the hunters push forward over the ice when approaching seals, and across the forward end of which is erected a canvas /\ sereen and rest for the gun. . Oe Nets and seines.—A large variety of nets and seines are used in the Swedish fisheries. OO te NRK Fic. 70.—Method of hanging her- ring net (b) upon headline («), These are usually made of cotton and linen. and fastening float (c). (After aon : F Te Lana Berc:) Of course the greater number are herring gill nets used both in drift-net and standing- net fisheries. For instance, at Bohusliin alone 5,410 gill nets were used in the drift-net herring fishery in 1896. The nets used in the herring fishery of the Cattegat are called ** nardingar,” and they are hung to the headrope, as shown in figure 70, the hanging line being rove through three meshes and then fastened to the headrope. The Baltic herring nets, locally known as ** mansor,” used in the str6m- ming fishery, are hung quite differently, the upper border of the net being some distance from the cork rope, to which it is held by small lines placed at intervals along the head of the net, figure 71. From the northern part of the Stock- holm archipelago and upward past Oreg- rund and the coast of Norrland, the ordi- nary construction of the strémming-net begins to be replaced by a larger and much deeper kind of net, called **djupsk6étar” or ‘‘storskétar.” originally introduced from Finland. ‘These nets are from 35 to over 70 meters in length and from 7 to 15 meters in depth. It is here a very usual thing to set the net **i krok” (ina crook); that is to say, the outer net is turned back so as by that means to form an angle with the remainder of the net. In this crook they not seldom make rich catches of several barrels of stré6mming at once." Cod nets similar to those of Norway, but usually of a smaller mesh, are used, these being generally fitted with glass floats, as is common in Norway and elsewhere. ! Fisheries and Fishery Industries of Sweden, pp. 23-24. Fie. 71.—Baltie herring net. (After Dr. Lundberg. ) INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 203 Stake gill nets are used for salmon at and near the mouths of rivers, as has long been the custom in Norrland. For fresh-water fishing various kinds of nets are used, these being adapted to the different species of fish sought. While the ordinary gill net may be most numerously employed, the trammel net—** skott- nat”’—is much in favor for fishing on reedy bottom near the shore, where it is pushed out by a pole, after which the fish are frightened into the net by striking on the water with a pole having a knob at its outer end. The sinkers and floats used on gill nets in certain sections of Swe- den are interesting objects of study. I found that among the nets exhibited at Bergen many had floats made of birch bark tightly rolled together. Some floats were made of wood and some of cork, but Fic. 72.Seining herring (From Swedish drawing.) others of thick buoyant bark. Stones, bones of animals, gravel inclosed in birch bark, and pieces of iron were among the materials used for sinkers. In some places it appears stones are not obtainable of suita- ble size and form for net sinkers, therefore the fishermen avail them- selves of other materials which will serve the purpose. At Kuggorn the cork floats are somewhat irregular in shape, as is practically always the case when they are prepared by the fishermen. The general form is ovate, but some are round at one end and square at the other, and vary in other particulars. These floats have a hole near one edge, and a line passing through this and around the head rope attaches them to the net. Stone sinkers are used. Both drag nets and purse seines are used in the herring fishery. It is a common thing fora large school of fish to be stopped in an arm of the sea or estuary by setting a seine across its entrance, after which the fish are pulled to the shore, as required, with another seine (fig. 72). 204 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. The purse seine is made after the pattern of the American net of that kind, and is fitted with cork floats, bridle lines, rings, and purse line, as in the United States, where this form of apparatus originated. Haul seines are used in lake fishing, and these are usually provided with a pocket or bag in the bunt, into which the fish are gathered when the net is dragged on shore. Some of these seines are of the ordinary form, and do not have the pocket. **But two that are peculiar,” remarks Dr. Lundberg, ‘‘are the so-called *spiller® seine (spila=spjiila—= thin wooden laths), which is sail) from Skane. The peculiarity of these is that the gullet or ‘cod’—the net bag, provided used in Helsingland, and * segel’ seine (segel with floats—is the chief part of the net,and the arms or wings are either short or are altogether wanting, being replaced by wooden laths or bunches of straw. which are fastened to the draw lines and which frighten the fish from turning off to the sides. These seines are rowed between two boats out in the lake. When the fish are to be secured the boats row toward each other, so that the draw lines cross, and the Fig. 73.—Raa eel trap; plan and elevation. (After Dr. Lundberg. ) seine is taken into the boats. In Norrland they use a kind of seine without a cod, called ‘ena.’ The same kind of thing is used in the district of Kalmarliin and is called ‘damp’ or ‘diimp.’ They are put out between two boats, of which the one rows ina circle which becomes gradually less until the boats approach each other, when the seine is taken up. The gear which is used in Wettern, under the name of *str6° or ‘stré” net, for catching char, is managed in the same way.”! hykes, traps, weirs, etc. —Fykes and fyke traps are extensively used in the eel fishery, and generally in connection with an eelpot, which is placed at the end of the fyke. An eel trap of this kind, used at Raa (fig. 73), has an eelpot at its extremity attached to a stone killick, which holds it to the bottom. It is further fastened by a ring and line to a post or stake which projects out of the water, and is lifted by the line referred to. It has long wings, one longer than the other, extend- ing toward the shore, so as to intercept eels passing along the coast and direct them into the fyke. This kind of fyke is designed for use on a weedy or grassy bottom in the Sound, but a different form is used ' Fisheries and Fishery Industries of Sweden, pp. 59-60. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 205 on shallow, sandy bottoms, like those along the coast of Skéne and Blekinge (fig. 74). The apex of the latter is extended by a stone with a line reaching to a buoy on the surface, so that it can be lifted. The longer wing is 18 fathoms, the shorter 4 to 5 fathoms, while the fyke Fig. 74.—Skane eel trap. (After Dr. Lundberg. part from outer hoop to net is 20 feet. These fykes are usually set tandem, the long arm of the inner one extending to the shore, while the longer wing of the next one laps by the first. **The remarkable thing with these eel traps,” writes Dr. Lundberg, ‘is that with all their differences they have one thing in common, namely, that they are placed with the opening to catch the eels in one direction; for example, on the east coast for the eels that go south- ward, and in the Sound with the opening in the other direction.” Many forms of traps, or bow nets, are used in the lakes, and it is stated that those em- ay ployed in Lake Wenern for the capture of Ji vy. pike perch are comparatively large. Bow cane nets, or fykes, used for catching eels in the lakes, often have an entrance at each end, with . Fie. 75.—Halland salmon weir, an eelpot attached, but often there is only one (Adte® De. Tamanens) eel bucket. These pots are made in yarious ways. Some of them are constructed of wooden splints, bound together with bast, and others are of netting. - For details of con- struction see chapter on pots. A more peculiar kind of fishing gear is the fish trap(S. katsa) which is made by bind- ing together long, thin, perpendicularly cloyven wooden laths (as those of venetian blinds). These then form a chamber from which the fish can not make its way out when once it has entered. The fish is led to the ‘‘katsa’’ by a shore wing, which is fastened to the land, and which is constructed in the greatest measure of piles and brushwood in order to save material. The ‘‘katsa’’ must be placed in position while the water is still ice covered. The fish captured is removed by means of a landing net specially made for the purpose. ! ‘Fisheries and Fishery Industries of Sweden, pp. 60-61. The form of fish trap thus referred to by Dr. Lundberg is similar to that described and figured in the chapter on Finland. 206 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. A sort of salmon weir, nearly oblong in form and held in position by anchors at each corner, is used at the mouth of the Rénne-in River on the northwest coast of Skéne. This is a simple device, and very simi- lar in form to the cod traps used on the coast of Newfoundland. The heart-shaped salmon weir (** Laxa satt”) used on the coast of Halland (fig. 75) is a more effective device, but still is far inferior to the salmon traps employed in this country, and evidently less effective than the We Fic. 76.—Great Finlandian fish trap from coast of Helsingland. (After Dr. Lundberg.) Finland fish trap used on the coast of Helsingland for catching the ewyniad and other species (fig. 76). Various forms of traps and weirs are used for salmon fishing in the Swedish rivers, and have been used from time immemorial. Among these, of which models were exhibited, is the so-called ** tin-byggnader” (fig. 77). It is a fixed apparatus, built of timber and sunk in the river by ballast, and has baskets or pots into which the salmon may run, These conical baskets are made of wooden laths and brass wire and are FiG. 77.—Salmon trap in the Ume River. (After Dr. Lundberg.) provided with a four-sided funnel entrance. A number of these are placed in wooden cassions, like that just mentioned, which are sunk in the rapids of the river. Another kind of trap is that called ‘“‘laxminor’’ (salmon mines) which are large erections shaped like river locks and with the upper end provided with double fall- ing sluices, the inner one supplied with bars, the outer one not so; the lower end of the lock is furnished with barred sliding gates which are pulled up to allow of the entrance of the fish, which are prevented from further progress at the top end by the barred sluice doors. When the fish are to be removed, the lower barred flaps are closed, as are also the upper, outer, close falling sluices. The water then runs off and the fish inelosed in the ‘‘mine’ INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 207 I can easily be removed by means of landing nets or smaller seines. Such erections are found at the sawmills of Baggbdle (fig. 78) on the river Ume and at Deijefors on the Klarelfven in Wermland. nish ‘‘karsina. river Ume. of the current. shore arm there. ”? A kind of pile erection or ‘‘ pens,’’ of enormous size but of varying dimensions, is used in our more northern rivers, the Torne, and, of late years, in the Ljungan also. They have a Finnish name ‘‘pata’’ (pl. pator) and the four-sided chamber itself, in which the salmon is taken, is called in Fin- The accompanying sketch- plan (fig. 79) shows such a pata from the The arrows give the direction The fish is guided by the (170 meters) to the entrance, moves against stream to the upper short side (gafveln gable) and stubbornly remains When the fish are to be secured, the entrance is closed by means of a net, and seine attached to two boats is drawn up to the upper gable toward a net fastened Kalix, Ume, there so that the salmon are taken between Fic. 78.—River Ume salmon mine. (After the two. the ‘‘ pata’ ’ The length of the long sides of Dr. Lundberg. ) shown is 50 meters; that of the shorter sides, from 20 to 30 meters. A net arm leads down stream from the lower y ¥ M Fig. 79.—Salmon pen on Ume River. (After Dr. Lundberg.) vable, which is intended to turn the salmon into the pata. These erections for salmon fishery vary both in size and in method of construction. The walls are sometimes of piles and plaited twigs (as on the river Torne), sometimes with a kind of ladder or gate-like bar work between the piles, and sometimes of coarse nets of hemp (on the river Lule) (fig. 80). It is of the utmost importance that the pata should be placed correctly in respect to the direction of the current, in order that the catch may be good; when this is successfully done the results are enormous. A good daily catch in the river Torne amounts to several hundred salmon, and it has happened, although rarely, that as many as Fic. 80.—Salmon trap on Lule River. (After Dr. Lundberg.) 1,000 fish have been taken in twenty-four hours from a single pata in the river we have mentioned.! ‘Fisheries and Fishery Industries of Sweden, pp. 50, 51. 208 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. Trawt lines.— Long lines, or trawl lines, are used for the capture of many species of fish in Sweden. They differ only slightly in the matter of rig, the chief variation being in size of lines, hooks, length of snoods, ete. In all cases, however, the system of placing the hooks when not in use is essentially the same. The receptacle for holding these is a wooden device of suitable length. One part is flattened, has a longitudinal saw cut sufficiently wide to take the hooks, and is worked into a handle at oneend. Fastened above this near the handle, by a bolt upon which it turns, is another wooden part that may be designated as the cover. When the hooks are being fixed in place this is turned back, but when Fic. 81.—Eel trawl] and hand lines. they are arranged the cover is swung over them and is held in position by a cord tied around the outer end. This makes it practicable to carry a trawl line without fear of entanglement. The illustration of an eel trawl (fig. 81) shows the apparatus for hold- ing trawl hooks. Tand-line fishing appliances.—Various forms of hand-line gear are used for the capture of fish in Sweden, but they are not so numerous nor so yaried as in many other countries, since most of the fishing is done with nets, seines, pots, and traps. It is practicable to mention only a few forms. Codjishing gear.—The most common form of hand-line gear for cod that was exhibited consisted of a tarred hemp line, wound on a INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 209 square reel (fig. 81); a lead sinker, nearly square in cross section, 54 inches long and 2 inches greatest diameter; through the center of this is a straight brass-wire spreader, 23 inches long, bent into an eye at each end to receive the snood. The snoods are each 5 feet long; hooks, 8% inches long, with 14-inch spread.. At times, when bait is not obtainable, a fish-shaped, double-hooked jig, varying from 4 to 5% inches in length, is used for catching cod, this being fastened to a small hemp line about the size of a small pollock line (PL XXX). The jig is simply pulled up and Jet down (like a squid jig) to make it simulate the movements of a small fish. If cod gather around it they are liable to be hooked. Substantially the sume form of gear is employed in Norway and Newfoundland. — It is also used for catching herring. Whiting lines.—The hand-line gear used for catching whiting (fig. 81) consists of a small hemp line, about the size of a large mackerel line, wound on a square oak reel. The lead sinker is somewhat flat- tened, though nearly square in cross section, 3£ inches long and five-eighths inch in its greatest diameter. The upper end is com- pressed and the line is bent through a small hole made for the pur- pose. A spreader of brass wire passes, through a hole in the lower end of the sinker and is bent so as to reverse the direction of its ends, which are flattened. It spreads 113 inches. To each end of the spreader is seized a small black linen snood, 26 inches long; the lower end is bent into the eye of a small hook 14 inches lone. Another interesting hand-line gear for whiting fishing is illustrated on Plate XXX. This consists of a line made of black hair (presum- ably horse hair) knotted together in short sections, and wound on a square wooden reel. Attached to the lower end of the line is a white gut (or hair) snood or leader, the lower end of which is bent into the eye of the lead sinker, which is of a conventional form—long and cylindrical, with the upper end flattened and pierced with a hole to receive the line. Thirteen small galvanized hooks 12 inches long are bent to the leader at intervals of about 6 inches by gut gangings, each 3 feet long. This gear should be very effective in a slight current, even if the line itself is primitive and suggestive of a lack of adequate appliances for prosecuting fishery. Lake jishing gear.—Vhe gear used in winter fishing through the ice on the lakes (fig. 8%) is chiefly interesting because of the peculiar hook, with its long angular bend and point curving in toward the shank. In using this a pointed stick, with a notch at its top and a spool-like line reel fixed to its side, is firmly embedded in the ice in a vertical position and near to a hole cut through the ice. The line passes through a ring, metal eye, or hole at the small end of a pole of proper length, which is placed in the notch of the upright stick, so that the heavier end is 210 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. inside and will slightly overbalance the other. Thus when a fish bites and is hooked the strain on the line tips the pole and warns the waiting fisherman, who may be watch- ing several such devices, that his attention is required. Among the exhibits of Sweden were an_ ice-fishing sledge, equipped with axes for cutting ice, and other ac- cessories required for winter fishing on the lakes. In addition to the above- described gear, a decoy jig hook, having a piece of red rag attached, is used for catch- ing perch through the ice. Hand-line horns. -\n Sweden, as in other Scandinavian countries, it is common for the hand-line fishermen to use a peculiar device for les- sening the friction when hauling the line. This consists simply of a cow’s horn fastened on the convex side and nearly in the center toa wooden stick, which is shaped so that it can be stuck in a thole pin hole or in a hole made for the purpose in a boat’s gunwale. When so arranged, the concaye side of the horn is up (PI. XXX), and a line can be drawn over or across it without slipping off the ends. The horn on one exhibited was 8 inches long and the wooden pin 11$ inches long, Pots.—Many kinds fish pots and fish baskets are used in Sweden, ys Natt hy Fic. 82.—Ice fishing tackle. (After Dr. Lundberg.) mostly in connection with fykesand hoop nets, as already mentioned. A more detailed reference to them will, however, be made under this head. Lobster pots. ~The lob- ster pots employed in Sweden are cylindrical in form with an entrance at each end (fig: 83). They are constructed of netting stretched over a wooden framework, are light and easily handled, but less enduring than the lobster pots used in the United States. Wooden strips about the size of a lath, but generally somewhat thicker, extend longitudinally outside of the net- ting at intervals of about a foot. These protect the netting from being chafed on the bottom. The common method is to set them tandem, or ** trawl fashion,” as Fie. 83.—Lobster pot. PIEATIEN oxo FISHING LINES, KNIFE, ETC INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. Wa | it is called in Maine, which enables a fisherman to operate many more pots than if they are set singly. Fish baskets.—A form of fish bask- et used in the lakes (fig. 84) is made of bast woven into the form of a net and stretched over a wooden frame- work; it is square in cross section. This pot has a funnel-shaped entrance at one end and an adjustable door of birch bark at the other. It is 34 inches long and 16 to 17 inches square. The wickerwork fish basket (fig. 85) is circular in form, with a funnel- shaped entrance, and the osiers at the opposite end drawn closely together. It is 34 inches long and 17 inches in diameter. A fish pot, made of thin strips of tough light wood (fig. 86), is used toa considerable extent. The splints are held to hoops with twine wound around them. The pot is circular in cross section and is much smaller at the outer end than at the entrance. It has a funnel-shaped entrance made of splints. The end opposite the Fig. 84.—Fish basket. entrance is 6 inches in diameter, and is covered with netting secured to the outer edge of the pot, and drawn tight at cen- ter with a puckering string, which may be loosened to remove the catch. This kind of pot, which is locally known as a ** splat-work weel,” is 2 feet 6 inches long and 17 inches in diameter at the mouth. A junket, or pot, for catching perch, exhibited by Mr. C. Johnson, is shown in figure 86. This consists of cotton 4 i (a iil WATE) Aig TAA netting drawn over a wooden frame and Wehedxypeul i nei Vine having a funnel-shaped entrance. The Uist ua WWW | total length of frame is 3 feet 6 inches; HAM | length of that part covered by netting, THe Li CLL dadbaadeds 2 feet 9 inches; greatest diameter, 1s Poeweeereemenes| § inches; depth of funnel, 1 foot; size of | as mesh, | inch. tel pots. —The most common form of eel pot, or basket, used with the fyke net (fig. 87), was exhibited by Mr. NilsSvenson. ‘This is made of willow resembling the red osier, and S. Doe. 39 Ls Se _* + Fic. 85.—Fish basket. 212 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. is very strong and durable. It has a narrow, funnel-shaped entrance grasp at the other. On one side is an adjustable door. This device is 3 feet 6 inches long; greatest diameter, 1 foot; diameter at mouth, 74 inches; length of funnel, 14 inches. Lamprey pots.—In some of the rivers of Sweden the lamprey (/%tro- myzon fluviatilis) is an object of fishery. According to Dr. Lundberg it is caught in a kind of conical tube or weel with a funnel-shaped entrance with a hole at the end which is closed by means of twigs, ete. These ** niitting stockar” or ‘‘tinor” have either been roughly hewn out of a cloven, hollowed tree-trunk whose two parts are then joined at one end and an eye fora Fig. 86.—Fish pots or junkets. again and provided with bored holes for the escape of the water (fig. 88) or, as in the river Dal, are made of broad wooden laths (fig. 89). These traps are placed in the river between stones close to the shore.' Crayfish pot. —VThe craytish is caught in a small wickerwork basket, circular in form, with a broad, flat bottom and a narrower top, with a funnel-shaped entrance, made of birch bark (fig. 90). It has a bail, or handle, made of osier, for lifting it. The one exhibited was 9% inches high, 13 inches greatest diameter, and 6 inches wide at the en trance. The crayfish (Astacus fluviatilis) occurs in central and southern Sweden, and is found in considerable numbers in many places. The ‘Fisheries and Fishery Industries of Sweden, p. 57. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 213 pots, locally known as ‘* burar,” are sometimes made of plaited steel wire, with funnel-shaped entrance like that already described. Killicks and grapnels.—Both stone and iron killicks, or anchors, are used for anchoring nets, boats, and trawl lines. These differ only in detail from those of other countries. Knives.—The large, pointed knife, shown in Plate XXX, is in common use for cutting bait and for other purposes connected with the fisheries. The blade is about 10 inches long; handle, 5 to 6 inches in length. Buoys.—Solid wooden buoys are in com- “art RETA CT iby mon use on nets, as are also keg buoys. LU These are of various sizes, and many forms, ‘Cyl but are usually nearly cylindrical in cross section and with one end about half the dia- meter of the other. An ingenious device (fig. 91) has been adopted by the Swedish fishermen to enable them to find their nets and long lines in foggy weather. Having taken the bottom out of an ordinary beer bottle, and having: fas- tened a metal clapper inside, they attach the bottle by a ge ranized iron, made especially for the purpose, to the staff of the buoy just above -<._ the latter. Thus the least motion of a wave — ~ will make sufficient noise in the bottle to be - heard a farther distance than the buoy can be seen in thick weather, if the wind is mod- erate. A wooden buoy of this description yas exhibited. This was about 2 feet long, with a staff 5 feet 9 inches long weighted at the bottom with metal. Water telescope.—A water glass, or wa- Fic. 87.—Eel pot. Fic. 88.—Lamprey weel. (After Dr. Lundberg. ) Fig. 89.—Lamprey trap. (After Dr. Lundberg.) ter telescope, is used in the fisheries of Sweden for discovering schools of fish—especially herring-——that may be passing, and can not other- wise be seen, when a breeze ruffles the surface of the sea. It is simi- lar to forms employed for the same purpose in other countries, and consists of a tapering tin cylinder painted black, with the smaller end open and a glass set in the large end (fig. 92). It is provided with two handles near the small end for the observer to grasp when watching 214 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. for fish, at which time he puts the larger end into the water and pushes his face into the other, or open, end, so as to shut out light from above and enable him to see more clearly into the aqueous depths. It is 26 inches long, 74 inches in diameter at the large end and 44 inches at the other end. Steam winch.—An improved form of steam winch, intended primarily for use in loading and discharging cargo, was exhibited by the Géte- borgs mekaniska Werkstad, of Gét- tenberg. This appeared simple in construction, strong, and well de- signed for doing the particular kinda o£ work for 4 which it was intended. The style of §€ this winch is shown in figure 95. Fishermen’s bark shoes.—In some parts of Sweden shoes made of birch bark are worn by the fishermen and their families, and the same is true of some other coun- tries of northern Europe, including Fin- land. A pair of these shoes exhibited were made of strips of birch bark 14 inches wide, woven together as shown in fig- ure 94. These were made with a double thickness of bark, so that the cross point- ing is the same on the inside as on the outside. Methods of fishing and jishing sta- tions.—Sweden exhibited a number of drawings and photographs illustrative of methods of fishing and coast-fishing: sta- tions. Figures 95 and 96 illustrate, re- spectively, the methods of fishing with set gill nets (for herring) and purse seines. The method of preparing herring gill nets for setting, by putting on the sink- ers and stowing them in a boat, is shown in the view of Kuggérn (fig. 97). The process of taking herring from nets 1s an interesting one, and is indicated in a view at Krak6n, near Géttenberg (fig. 98). Fic. 90.—Crayfish pot. Fic. 91.—Bell buoy. eee ee PLATE XXXlI. FISH HOUSES AND FISHING BOATS AT HUDIKSVALL. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 215 The illustrations of fishing stations are instructive and convey an idea of the conditions under which the fisheries are prosecuted that could not otherwise be so well obtained. The fishing villages along the coast of Sweden are often no more than collections of rude board shanties, which, however, afford the necessary shelter. The char- acter of these stations, which closely resemble some of the fishing hamlets on the coast of New- foundland, is shown in the accompanying views of the fishing villages of Agé and Skiirsa (figs. 99, 100). The conditions at Hudiksvall, however, are quite different, as indicated by the illustration (PI. XXXI). This town is situated in the central sec- tion of the Swedish coast, and is a place of con- siderable importance. Fish -packing establishments and accessorics.—The fish-packing houses at Hudiksvall are not materially unlike those used in some parts of the United j States, and indicate a prosperous fishery. Fie: 92.—Water elas. The boats are, for the most part, open, square- stern, clinker-built craft, with two loose-footed standing lugsails. They vary from 17 to 25 feet in length. Oil and guano factory.—The manufacture of oil and guano is car- (i WERK STA Fic, 938.—Steam winch. (From Swedish print.) ried on to a considerable extent in Sweden, and several paintings and photographs of such factories were exhibited. One of these, Kallvi- ken’s establishment at Dragsmark, is shown in plate XXXII. 216 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. In the early nineties the abundance and consequent cheapness of herring caused something like a boom in the manufacture of oil and guano. So pronounced was the movement in this direction that the fac- tories increased from 3. in 1891, to 22, in 1895. The total value of all these plants is variously estimated to be from about $540,000 to wp- ward of $8,000.01 1), in round numbers. It is claimed that the daily output of these establishments amounts to 164 tons of guano, while the product for the season of 1895-96 reached a total of 12,299 casks of oil and 14,169,580 kilograms of fer- tilizers. In producing these, 853,958 hectoliters of herring Fic. 94.—Fisherman’s birch-bark shoes. ryy were used. The suecess of this enterprise depends, however, upon the cheapness, as well as upon the abundance of fish, and the high price of herring in recent years— 1897, 1898—has nearly stopped the manufacture of oil and guano for the time being. Fic. 95.—Gill-net fishing. (From Swedish drawing.) The barrels used for fish packing are of the ordinary form, with wooden hoops (fig. 101). Among the most interesting accessories was an apparatus for rolling casks or barrels, exhibited by Beckman & Johnson, of Géttenberg. With this device a man can walk erect and roll one or several barrels PLATE XXXII. OIL AND GUANO FACTORY AT DRAGSMARK INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION, Ang with comparative ease, instead of being compelled to do the work in the usual laborious way by stooping and pushing the barrel ahead of him. The apparatus consists of a simple iron clamp which can quickly Fic. 96.—Purse-seine fishing. (From Swedish drawing.) and easily be adjusted to a barrel and it is so arranged that it revolves on the bolts attached to the hauling part. Tish products.—The fish products exhibited consisted chiefly of klipfish, salted herrings, both cured in the ordinary manner; smoked salmon, dried fresh-water fish, dried smelts, fresh salmon, and other Fic. 97.—Taking gill nets on boat at Kuggorn. fish on ice, and various kinds of canned goods, including cod’s tongues, anchovies, put up in various ways; herring packed in differ- ent forms, and oil of several varieties, but chiefly herring and anchovy oils. 918 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. Tish culture.—A model of a salmon hatchery was exhibited by Fic. 98.—Picking herring nets at Krak6n. K. J. Strom; drawings and maps of the hatchery and fish ponds at | Engelsberg by the Engelsberg Piscicultural Company, and models of | Fic. 99.—Fishing village of Ago. salmon hatcheries and of a fishway were shown among the collections from the Stockholin Fishery Museum. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 219 Concerning the progress of fish-culture in Sweden, Dr. Lundberg makes the following statements: Sweden was probably the first among European lands to endeavor by means of special measures to promote the hatching of fish spawn with the intention of thereby Fig. 100.—Fishing village of Skiirsa. improving the fisheries. As early as 1761 the mayor of the town of Linkdping, C. Frederick Lund, published an account in the Proceedings of the Royal Society Fic. 101.—Barrels, buoys, and nets. (Swedish) entitled ‘‘On the planting of fishin lakes,’’ which was based on experi- ments made by him in Lake Roxen, in Ostergétland. * * * * * In 1864 an establishment for the hatching of salmon was erected at the cost of the State at Ostanbiick on the river Angermaneliyen, at which place also instruction was 220 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. given in the method of fructifying fish of the salmon species. The establishment named afterwards served as a model for similar ones in the country. They are usually built of wood and at first had, very generally, wooden troughs with gravel at the bottom, but nowadays hatching tanks of very many modern types are in general use. The number of establishments for salmon hatchery has not been constant, several of the older ones having been closed and one or two new ones being estab- lished. At present there are nearly forty of them in different parts of the country. That at Ostanbiick ceased to be aState establishment once it had fulfilled its mission to serve as a model for similar institutions. Our great wealth of lakes capable of supplying us with fish has, together with other circumstances, had as a consequence that the preservation of fish in ponds does not oecur here to any great extent. Still this condition of things has somewhat changed of late, so that several establishments of the kind have been erected. The largest are the,carp ponds, formed in 1879 by C. H. Wendt, a landowner, at Gustafsborg, near Perstorp’s railway stationin NorthSkane. The area of the ponds is about 400 hectares, which are divided in the following manner: Har. eats} OF; Nyy gUbOY ea 018) CKO k= eRe ead aes or eRe far gees Se cn Ae SN 1. 97 DOV OTO WAM OMS sarees, eee cre ca ed ee rr near ee ee Ya ee 54. 30 S:crowine pondsiior 25year' carp) 2 2.062 se oacaco Stes ee oes eee eee 148. 10 AvorOWINePONAS1OL SAV Cally CAN) ae aera a en ee eee ee ee ee 187. 60 A number of carp are sold when but 3 years old. The greater number are exported to Hamburg. The yearly production amounts at present to about 15,000 kilograms, but when the ponds were new the production was from 20,000 to 25,000 kilograms. Besides carp, tench, pike, perch, and eelare also cultivated, but the carp is the principal object of care. The value of the carp sold during the years 1891 to 1896 amounted, according to the appended table, to the following sums: Kronor. | Kronor. USO eee cee te Ie ec eters 6 Senate (gilAoy, LSS: 222 tes Soe ane eae 15, 496 NS G2 isa pe ok fee a ae Sh shee ee ee Ree TAS OS OM PAS9 0 Bes ee See Se ee 11, 204 SOS eee se oe eee ee eee 1 S65 GlS9G eee ee cs ie eo ee 20, 272 At Engelsberg, in Westmanland, a company has of late years formed a fish-pond establishment chiefly for the cultivation of fish of the salmon family, and at present an attempt is being made there to cultivate on a large scale the rainbow trout (Salmo irideus). That the cultivation of carp can be carried on much farther north in Sweden than Skane is shown by the fact of carp cultivation in ponds being suc- cessfullly practiced at the works of Langbanshyttan, in Wermland, in spite of the fact that the place lies in 59° 45’ north latitude and 767 feet (227.7 meters) above the sea level. Since the year 1890 there has been a fish-pond hatchery establishment, erected at the cost of the Government, at Finspong, in Ostergotland, in connection with a smaller fresh-water biological experimental station for the cultivation of fresh-water fish and the bringing up of the fry of such fish in ponds.. Numbers of young fish of several species have been supplied to the public for stocking the waters.! DHNMARK. Commissioner.—My. Arthur Feddersen, who has long been promi- nently identified with the Danish Fisheries Association (Dansk Fisk- eriforening) and with the fisheries exposition work of his country, was the commissioner from Denmark. His long and varied experience ‘Fisheries and Fishery Industries of Sweden, pp. 63-65. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 221 not only enabled him to attractively install the Danish exhibits, but made him a most valuable member of the juries of awards. General considerations. —The collections exhibited by Denmark included materials from Greenland, Iceland, and the Faroe Islands, which for the sake of convenience will be considered with those of the mother country. The fisheries of Denmark employ a considerable portion of the population of the coast towns, more especially those towns bordering on the Cattegat and Skager Rack. In 1883 it was estimated that 4,300 families lived chiefly by fishing, white 7,000 other families derived subsidiary incomes from fishing, thus making a total of 11,300 fami- lies dependent to a greater or less extent on this industry. At the same time boats or vessels employed baving decks or wells was esti- mated at 1,000, while from 4,000 to 5,000 open boats were engaged :n fishing. It is to be regretted that there are no recent statistics available to show the extent of the Danish fisheries and the fishery industries of the islands controlled by Denmark. It may, however, be stated in general terms that Greenland has no fisheries of marked commercial importance. Such animals as are captured by the Eskimo—mostly marine mam- mals—are generally, if not always, utilized for domestic purposes. The gathering of feathers and down from sea fowl can scarcely come under the head of fishery. The case is different, however, at Iceland and the Faroes, where fishing constitutes one of the most important, if not the leading, indus- try of the inhabitants. Fishing vessels and fishing boats.—The fishing vessels and boats of Denmark have a strong family resemblance to those of the Scandina- Vian peninsula. In some cases they are the same in design, build, and rig, and are used for the same purposes. In many other cases, however, con- ditions of fishery or environment have led to differentiation, and distinct types have resulted. It is noticeable that Denmark has steam vessels employed in the fisheries, and even as long ago as L880 the writer met the captain of one of them at Berlin, and was told that this particular vessel was working in the North Sea with an otter trawl, which was then an innovation on vessels of that class. Since then the otter trawl has superseded the beam trawl on the British steam fishing fleet. It is a noteworthy fact that some of the most important types of Danish vessels employed in the fisheries, considered from the stand- point of size, are freighters, and are usually provided with wells for transporting fish alive from the coast fishing stations to the larger markets, notably Copenhagen. The fishing boats of Iceland and Faroe, though distinctively of Sean- dinavian origin, differ in detail from those of Norway and Sweden. pov Wes INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. Al et North Sea fishing steamer.—The plans of a yawl-rigged auxiliary screw steam vessel for the deep-sea fishery of the North Sea were exhibited by E. C. Benzon, who, I am informed, for several years has heen one of the leading designers of fishing boats in Denmark. This vessel is illustrated in figure 102. It is a carvel-built, wide and deep keel vessel, with raking curved stem; moderately sharp bow; rising floor; rather short run; straight, vertical sternpost and heavy round stern, with very little overhang. It has a flush deck, forecastle companionway just abaft the windlass; two entrances to the large well (which is more than one-third the vessel’s length), and main hatch between them. It has a cabin trunk well aft; adjoining this on the Fig. 102.—Auxilliary steam-fishing vessel. (Designed by E. C. Benzon.) forward side is a low engine house. Forward of both is the steering wheel. The mainmast stands about one-third the vessel’s length from the stem, and the pole mizzenmast about 7 feet from the taffrail. The rig consists of a jib set flying on a running bowsprit; stay foresail; boom and gaff mainsail, with high peak; club-headed gaff-topsail; boom and gaff mizzen or jigger, with a small club-headed topsail set over it. It has a single screw propeller, and auxilliary steam power. This vessel is 50 tons, and is evidently sturdy and seaworthy, but would not be swift compared with American fishing schooners. ‘The chief object sought in the design, aside from safety, is large carrying ‘apacity for live fish; therefore nearly the entire hold in the central INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 993 — section is utilized as a well for this purpose, and the extra depth of the vessel gives additional room. Following are the approximate relative dimensions: Length over all, 65 feet 8 inches; beam, 16 feet 2 inches; molded depth, 10 feet; mainmast, above deck, 46 feet 3 inches; topmast, heel to truck, 30 feet; mizzenmast, above deck, 48 feet 2 inches; bowsprit, outboard, 21 feet 5 inches. Steamer for fishing at Iceland.—A model was exhibited of an aux- iliary steam fishing yawl (fig. 103) designed for working off the coast i i | ane Seen Oven? Se ane ———— 4 uae Ae PRE a oe el wnat lt fi I 2 eee Fic. 103.—Auxilliary fishing steamer. of Iceland and bringing live fish from there to Copenhagen or other markets. This type of vessel is fitted with a 2U-horse power petroleum (kerosene) engine. A vessel of this kind is carvel-built, with sharp bow; raking curved stem; moderately deep keel; rather sharp floor; easy bilge; short, well-formed run; two-bladed screw; straight, nearly vertical, stern- post; round-heeled rudder and overhanging, round stern. It has a symmetrical sheer, flush deck, and bulwarks from 2 to 24 feet high. It has a pump-brake windlass which can be operated by steam or hand. 224 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. The forecastle companionway is just forward of the mainmast; a small engine house is located forward of the mainsheet traveler; and the cabin trunk is near the stern; the mizzenmast passing through the forward end of it. The wheel is abaft the cabin. This vessel, like that previously described, has a large well for live fish, with two entrances, and the bottom is perforated with holes for nearly half its length to facilitate a proper circulation of water. The rig is the same as that of the North Sea vessel. It has a run- ning bowsprit and housing topmast. Following are the dimensions: Length over all, 64 feet; beam, 15 feet 6 inches; depth, 7 feet; length of well deck, 24 feet; forward well opening, 9 feet 6 inches by 3 feet; after one, 9 by 3 feet; mainmast, above deck, 37 feet 6 inches; main topmast, heel to truck, 30 feet; main boom, 32 feet 6 inches; main gaff, 25 feet 6 inches; main topsail club, 22 feet; mizzenmast, above de ae 31 feet 6 inches; jigger boom, 15 feet; gaff, 11 feet 6 inches; topsail yard, 17 feet; ee outboard, 18 feet; boat-shaped, flat-bottomed live car (carried on deck), 16 feet long, 5 feet 6 inches wide, 21 inches deep. Flounder smacks.—Vhe fishery for flat-fish has always been impor- tant from Denmark, and employs a number of sailing welled vessels for carrying the products to market, as well as for fishing. These vessels are usually about 20 tons, but some are 40 or possibly 50 tons. The fishing boats range from 30 to 50 feet in length, 12 to 16 feet beam, and 5 to 7 feet in depth, and the so-called ** purchasing boats ”—the smacks that buy and transport living fish—are from 40 to 60 feet long, 12 to 16 feet wide, and 6 to 8 feet deep. The carrying capacity of the wells usually ranges from 2,000 to 6,000 flounders that van be carried alive. One built at Fredrikshaven, of 20 tons, can carry 4,000 flounders One type of these small vessels is like the ketch-rigged British cutters, employed in the North Sea long-line fisheries. Indeed, some of this form have been purchased from England and others have been built in Denmark on the same lines. One of these was 50 feet long, 13 feet beam, and 7 feet deep. It was fitted with a large well, as all vessels are for this trade. The tank is generally so large that difhi- culty was experienced in ballasting the vessels until recent years, when it was found possible to put about 150 pounds of ballast in the well to each ton of carrying capacity of the vessel. . The smacks built at Fredrikshaven are double-ended, decked, kee vessels; wide and deep, with rather full lines; raking stem and stern- post, and slightly hollow rising floor. They are yawl-rigged and are sue . a wwe » + ms at » similar in appearance to some of the Norwegian skoite. One of them of 24 tons was 43 feet 2 inches long, 15 feet 4 inches wide, and 6 feet 6% inches deep. A model of a schooner-rigged welled vessel, designed by Mr. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. POND Benzon, for the transportation of living fish, was exhibited. It was a varvel-built, decked, keel vessel, with moderately sharp, flaring bow; raking, curved stem; low, rather flat floor; easy bilge; short run; straight raking sternpost, and heavy, square, non-overhanging stern. It had a fine sheer, flush deck and very large well, this being fully half the length of the vessel, having an immense capacity because of the long and full midship section. It had a narrow-footed mainsail, foresail, two club-headed gaff- topsails, fore staysail, jib, and flying jib. This vessel is 49 feet 44 inches long, 14 feet + inches wide, and 6 feet 5 inches deep. Mr. Drechsel, in his review of the Danish sea fisheries, makes the following reference to this flounder-carrying trade and the vessels engaged in it, the Danish ** handelskvase:” “The flounder fishery,’’ he says, ‘‘is based on the trade with live fish. The catch is stored alive in a tank in the hold and sold in this condition by the fishermen directly on the spot to buying vessels, in which the fish are taken alive to Copen- hagen or Norway, or the fish are sold to dealers on shore, who pack them in ice baskets and send them away by rail, mostly to Germany. In recent years it has become customary for the fishermen to bring their catch ashore and sell it to the dealers themselves. This, and for other reasons, as for instance the general improye- ment in the means of communication, has caused a great decline in this buying traffic that formerly was so very extensive and very remunerative an occupation. At pres- ent it is chiefly from Skagen, Anholt, the northern part of Jutland, west coast, and similar isolated places that this trade still is pursued. Such a buying vessel was built by Mr. Benzon in Nykjobing, on the island of Falster. Like all of her type, she is rigged as a fore and aft schooner, long and wide, low and flat amidships, and with a rather high keel. It has been possible to construct good sailers, varying in size from 30 to 40 tons, and with a large carrying capacity, the largest of them taking about 12,000 flounders, weighing on an average of 88 pounds to a hundred fish. The older buying vessels were, up to fifteen or twenty years ago, of the old Danish ‘jagt’ type, but these vessels were very much inferior, both in regard to carrying capacity and sailing powers. These buying vessels sail their load as a rule to Copenhagen, and the fish are sold from on board the vessel directly to the fish retailers. As the fish are carried alive to this market, and as the Copenhagen people want it so, high prices prevail, as a rule, but this is only natural if we consider the big risk con- nected with the transportation and storage of live fish.”’ Tlerring drift-net boat.—Among the models of decked fishing boats exhibited by Denmark, was one of a deep and wide cutter used in the drift-net herring fishery in the Cattegat (fig. 104). It is a carvel-built, sharp-ended, keel boat, with raking curved stem and sternpost; hollow floor and under-water lines; square-heeled rudder; moderate sheer, and flush deck. It has a large hatch abaft the mast. It has a long running bowsprit, and pole mast about two-fifths the boat’s length from the stemhead. The mast has little or no rake. The sails consist of a jib ' Overisigt over Vore Saltvandsfiskerier Nordsoen og Faryandene inden for Skagen, etc., ved C. F. Drechsel, 1890. 226 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. set flying, stay foresail attached to stay by lacing, boom and gaff- mainsail laced to mast, and club-headed gaff-topsail. Asa rule, the herring boats south of the Sound to Groudsund are decked and others are decked or half-decked. Following are the dimensions: Length over all, 31 feet; beam, 14 feet; depth, + feet 6 inches; hatch, 8 feet 6 inches long, 5 feet 6 inches wide; mast, above deck, 33 feet 6 inches; main boom, 20 feet 6 Fic. 104.—Cattegat drift-net herring boat. inches; gaff, 16 feet 6 inches; topsail yard, 16 feet 6 inches; hbowsprit, outboard, 12 feet 6 inches; oars, 18 feet long. Skovshoved herring boat.—A clinker-built, sharp-ended, keel boat (fig. 105) is employed in the herring fishery from Skovshoved. It has a curved, strongly raking stem, hollow floor, and water lines; raking sternpost, which curves sharply at the top; square-heeled rudder; graceful sheer; washboards along the sides nearly to the bow, and half- deck aft, with sternsman’s cockpit at extreme stern, INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. Paar It is cutter rigged, with pole mast; adjustable bowsprit; loose-footed sprit mainsail; jib-headed topsail set on pole coming well down the mast; stay foresail and jib. The dimensions are as follows: Length over all, 25 feet 6 inches; beam, 9 feet 3 inches; depth, 3 feet; mast, above gunwale, 24 feet; gaft-topsail pole, 30 feet; bowsprit, outboard, 9 feet 3 inches; average width of mainsail, 13 feet 6 inches. Bornholm herring boat.—Yhe Bornholm herring fishery is very important, according to Drechsel, who says that it not only supplies Fie. 105.—Skovshoved herring boat. fish for home consumption, but also leaves a large surplus for expor- tation to Denmark proper and to Germany. Herring is here fished nearly the whole year through by the Bornholm men and by the Swed- ish fishermen, which latter come here in large numbers during the best part of the season. ‘*For the herring fisheries,” he says, ‘‘ open boats of a special con- struction are used, the so-called ‘eger,’ which are rigged with sprit mainsail, mizzen, topsail, and jib. These boats are built at Bornholm, and are excellent sailers and splendid sea boats. The same kind of boats are used by the Swedish fishermen who have them built on the S. Doc. 39 16 223 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. a island. But they also use the so-called ‘blekingseka,’ which in shape and size resemble the Bornholm type, but differ in rig, and carrying one big lateen instead of a sprit mainsail. Crew is generally 2 or 3 men.” This herring boat isa wide and deep, sharp-ended, clinker-built, keel craft, with straight raking stem and sternpost. It is 22 feet ) inches long, 8 feet wide, and 3 feet 5 inches deep. Bornholin. salmon boat.—A_ clinker-built, sharp-ended, keel boat (fig. 106) is used in the salmon fisheries from the island of Bornholm. It has a sharp floor; stem and sternpost curved above water and Fria. 106.—Bornholm salmon boat. raking strongly below; a moderate sheer; flush deck nearly level with gunwale; two hatches forward; a large hatch abaft the mast, and a small cabin trunk aft. According to the plans published by Drechsel, it is common for boats of this class to have a high stem, and an open rail on a level with the stemhead, running nearly to the stern, as on some of the Norwegian life-saving boats. ‘It is only near Bornholm,” he says, ‘‘that the salmon fisheries require boats larger than the ordinary small open boats. The type is very similar to the Norwegian pilot boats. They are from 6 to 13 tons, without tank, but having a large hold for cargo amidships; they INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 229 are provided with a good cabin for the crew and carry also a cooking stove. Rig is mainsail, a small topsail, and two foresails. The first of these boats was built in 1867, in Mexo after plans made by Mr. Benzon, in Nykjobing; later these boats have been built in Bornholm. They are very.seaworthy, as has repeatedly been proven when they have been used in winter time many miles out at sea. Lately it has been tried to provide these boats with a small auxiliary engine and propeller, in order to use them for tending salmon gear in calm weather, but the trials do not seem to have been very successful. The crew include, as a rule, 3 men. Besides these boats, open boats are used for the salmon fishing in spring—the same boats that are used for herring.” Fig. 107.—Little Belt eel-fishing boat. The salmon boat is cutter rigged; carries a narrow, loose-footed eatf- mainsail, club-headed topsail, stay foresail, and jib. The mast is hinged just above the deck, so that it can be lowered. Drechsel gives the dimensions of one of these boats as 34 feet in length, 11 feet 6 inches beam, and 4 feet 6 inches in depth. The model exhibited represented a boat with the following dimensions: Length over all, 33 feet 9 inches; beam, 10 feet 9 inches; depth, 4 feet 104 inches; mast, above deck, 34 feet 6 inches; bowsprit, outboard, 9 feet 9 inches; main gaff, 15 feet 9 inches; topsail yard, 10 feet 6 inches. Drift boats for eel fishing. —In recent years there has been much development in the Danish eel fishery. Formerly it was pursued chiefly to supply local demand, but the advance has been so great that it may now be considered a very important shore fishery, in which are employed many decked boats, which are built in various places, or are 230 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. refitted, or changed to adapt them to this fishery. They average about 6 tons. All these boats fish at a drift, dragging a sort of a trawl after them, and a boat engaged in eel fishing is technically known as ** drif- krase” or drift boat. According to Drechsel The largest of these boats are built from German plans, and go out from Middelfait, Skjierbak, and neighboring places. The special features of these vessels are a sharp and raking bow and a full stern. General rigging is mainsail, with the sheet on a traveler, mizzen, topsail, and two foresails. Aft is a boom for fastening one of the lines of the net while in use. Amidships is a tank, with fine holes, for the storage of the eels. The quarters for the crew, generally 3 men, are aft. Besides these larger boats smaller ones and open boats are used around the fjords. These are, as a rule, all built with a very flat bottom in order that they may be used in the shallow water where the fishery is done, and in order to enable them to carry sail they are all provided with a centerboard. Among the models exhibited at Bergen was a yawl-rigged welled boat (fig. 107) for eel fishing. This represented a wide, shallow, double-ended, clinker-built boat, with shallow keel and fitted with lee- boards. It had curved and slightly raking stem and sternpost; low floor; round bilge; rather full lines fore and aft, and square-heeled rudder. It was half decked forward and aft, with wide washboards along the sides; thus leaving an oblong open space amidships, in which was the well, extending the entire length. It had a cabin forward, with deck house. The lee boards were attached to the mainmast by chains. It had a fixed bowsprit; a pole mainmast stepped about one-third the boat’s length from the stem, and pole mizzenmast close to the stern. It was rigged with jib, stay foresail, loose-footed gaff-mainsail and standing lug jigger; the sheet of the latter is trimmed to an out- rigger which also serves to fasten the warp to that holds one wing of the trawl. Following are the dimensions: Length over all, 24 feet; beam, 8 feet 3 inches; depth, 2 feet 9 inches; length of open space, 7 feet 9 inches; average width, + feet 6 inches; mainmast, above deck, 25 feet; main gaff, 11 feet; mizzenmast, above deck, 15 feet 6 inches; jigger yard, 6 feet; boom, 7 feet 9 inches; outrigger, full length, 8 feet; bowsprit, outboard, 10 feet. Old style fishing vessel.—A small decked vessel of an old type is used to some extent in the autumn fisheries. As figured by Drechsel (Pl. XX XIII) it has a sharp bow; raking curved stem; rather flat floor which is hollow near the keel; easy turn to bilge; flaring side; well- shaped run; square nonoverhanging stern, with rudder outside. It has a good sheer, and a lofty cutter rig, with pole mast about two- fifths the boat’s length from stemhead. It carries boom and gaft-main- sail; stay foresail; jib and club-headed gaff-topsail. The boat is 26 feet long, 9 feet wide, and 3 feet 6 inches deep. OLD-STYLE FISHING VESSEL. After Drechsel, PLATE XXXIII. , Nees facto, 2 ~ ‘ tf Filled orga cof kevs iP tecsven OS pace Ky tol Cagle Ow OB eide #6 PD ytte te Sey a4 x a INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. Fat Cattegat fishing boat.—A sharp-ended, clinker-built, decked, keel boat is used in the fisheries of the Cattegat. It is wide and shallow; has nearly straight, raking stem and sternpost; convex lines; rising floor; round bilge; flaring sides; square-heeled rudder—the after part being lowest—and slight sheer. Its deck is flush with the gun- wale, and it has a series of large hatches extending nearly from side to side of the deck, abaft the mast, with two small hatches forward of the mast. It is cutter-rigged, with loose-footed sprit-mainsail, stay foresail, jib and jib-headed topsail set on along pole. The main sheet works Fic. 108.—Cattegat fishing boat. on an iron traveler extending across the stern of the boat, but, aecord- ing to the model exhibited (fig. 108), the sheet is abaft the end of the tiller and the latter must be tilted or unshipped when tacking—a rather unhandy arrangement. The mast is supported by two shrouds on a side and by a stay setting up to the inside of stem. It stands more than two-fifths of the boat’s length from the stem. Following are the relative dimensions of a boat of this type: Length over all, 31 feet 3 inches; beam, 12 feet 6 inches; depth, 4 feet; mast, above deck, 22 feet 6 inches; topsail pole, 27 feet 6 inches; bowsprit, outboard, 6 feet 8 inches. 232 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. Lynws herring boat.—The drift-net herring fishery prosecuted in the fall from the island of Zealand is very important. Heavily built decked boats, from 6 to 7 tons, are employed in this industry. Some- times the rig consists of a sprit-mainsail, topsail, staysail, and Jib, ‘otherwise the type is similar to the well-known Swedish deck boats. Experience has shown them to be exceptionally well adapted for fish- ine with drift-nets in the Cattegat, as they are both good sea boats and not too heavy, to drift with implements used by our own fisher- men for such fishing. The boats are built without tanks, but witha large hold, where the nets with the catch are placed when hauled.” One of these decked boats from Lynvs is very wide, with flaring ends; conyex lines; hollow floor; raking, curved stem and sternpost; square-heeled rudder, and symmetrical sheer. It is rigged like the Norwegian pilot boat; the pole mast is more than two-fifths the boat’s length from the stem, and it has along bowsprit. It carries a high, narrow-footed boom and gaff mainsail, club-headed topsail, jib and staysail. This boat is 32 feet 6 inches long, 18 feet 8 inches beam, and 4 feet 6 inches deep. Tlornback fishing boat.—Drechsel figures a decked boat from Horn- baek similar in form and rig to that last described, from which it dif- fers chiefly in having hollow lines forward and aft, and in having less width proportionally, and less flare to the sides. It is 36 feet long, 13 feet 8 inches wide, and 5 feet deep. This is one of the several types of boats he mentions as being employed in the deep-sea fishing. ** This fishery,” he says, *‘ has from olden times been one of the most important of the Danish home fish- eries, and so it is still. Up to ten years ago it was exclusively a home fishery, and only small open boats were used by the fishermen for set- ting their nets near home and drawing them daily, weather permit- ting. This is still done in many places. Since 1878 this fishery has, however, been developed to a deep-sea fishery, with decked boats, especially in the Kattegat, and in summer along the west coast of Jutland. These boats stay out at sea for a number of days at a time, and visit the banks where fish are more plentiful.” Limpiorden fishing boats. —An open, sharp-sterned, clinker-built keel boat (fig. 109) is used in the fisheries from Limfiorden. It has hollow floor and water lines; curved stem and sternpost, the latter having a very strong rake; round-footed rudder, and moderate sheer. It has a short half deck forward, flush with the gunwales, and washboards alone the sides. It is fitted with 8 thwarts, and has a well in the center one-third as long as the boat, for keeping living fish. It is sloop rigged, with a loose-footed, high-clewed sprit-mainsail, laced to the mast; jib set on stay to stem head, and jib-headed topsail set on the customary long pole. , INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. Dae Following are the dimensions: Length over all, 21 feet; beam, 6 feet 6 inches; depth, 2 feet 3 inches; mast above gunwale, 15 feet; topsail pole, 18 feet; width of mainsail, 9 feet 3 inches; oars, 16 feet 6 inches. Cod-fishing boats.—According to Drechsel, an oddly shaped round- ended decked cutter is used in the cod fishery from Esbjerd. In general appearance it resembles some of the double-ended skiote of Norway, but is not so well designed. It is wide and deep, has strongly convex lines, Fic. 109.—Limfiorden fishing boat. excessively hollow floor, and flaring sides. The stem rakes strongly, and has a concave curye to near its top, where it bends abruptly, so that it tumbles in above. The sternpost is straight and raking below, but also tumbles in at top. It is loftily rigged, and carries a large boom and gaff-mainsail, stay foresail, jib, and club-headed gatt-topsail. One of these cutters, designed by Th. Dahl, was 37 feet 9 inches long, 13 feet 9 inches beam, and 6 feet 9 inches deep. A double-ended open boat is used in the cod fishery from the west 934 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. coast of Denmark. One of these boats designed by Dahl has an excessive flare forward and aft, being very full on gunwale line at bow and stern and much sharper below. It has straight, raking stem and sternpost; low, round floor; flaring sides, and graceful sheer. It is sloop rigged, with loose-footed sprit-mainsail and jib tacking to stem head. Mast stands only a little forward of amidships. This design was fora boat 26 feet 6 inches long, 8 feet 4 inches wide, and 2 feet 10 inches deep. Praams also engage in the cod fishery, with trawl lines, and seem to be much in favor. They often go 20 miles from home. Those about Fic. 110.—Fishing praam. 16 feet in length have 2 men in a crew, but some of the larger ones carry as many as 4men. A full-size boat of this type from Hirshals was exhibited, and also a model. The Danish fishing praam (fig. 110) is a clinker-built keel boat. It has a long, flaring, overhanging bow, with a narrow V-shaped square end; straight, raking stem, with deep fore foot; round, rising floor; flaring sides; deep skag aft; square stern, outside of which is a straight, raking sternpost and square-heeled wide rudder. It is half-decked forward and aft, with washboards along the sides, the open space being oval shaped and about two-thirds the boat’s length. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 935 It is sloop rigged, and carries a loose-footed sprit-mainsail laced to the mast, and jib set flying from stem head. In light winds a jib-headed topsail is set on a pole, the sheet reeving through the upper end of the sprit, and another jib is sometimes set on an adjustable bowsprit. The full-size praam had the following dimensions: Length, 16 feet; beam, 5 feet 8 inches; depth, 2 feet 2 inches; mast above gunwale, 13 feet 3 inches; mast from stem, 6 feet 4 inches; bowsprit, outboard, 5 feet 3 inches; topsail pole, 18 feet; oars, 12 feet 4 inches. Sound fishing boat.—The large boats that fish in the sound between the Danish and Swedish coasts are similar in form, build, and rig to the Swedish boats from Skane. So strong is the resemblance that it is apparent that both have a common origin, and any slight differ- ences are due to individual ideas of builders. The Danish boats from Snekkersteen vary from 16 to 24 (Danish) feet in length, and from 4 feet 6 inches to 8 feet beam. They are sharp-ended, clinker-built keel boats. The smaller ones are open, but they are practically the same in form, build, and rig as the larger decked craft. One of them has the following features: It is wide and remarkably deep, with sharp ends; slightly hollow, high floor; very deep keel, and raking, curved stem and sternpost. The rudder is, of course, hung outside. The lower pintle is of great length, coming up to the water line, so that the ruader may be easily hung when the boat is afloat. It is clinker-built, with nine strakes of plank ona side. The outside plank and frames are of oak, the deck of soft wood. It is decked, with the exception of a small, oval-shaped cockpit, for the helmsman at the stern, and another semicircular cockpit aft of the cabin entrance. Both cockpits are moderately deep, and have seats around them; a ladder with two steps leads from the larger one to the deck. The deck is flush with the gunwales, above which are very low -rails provided with scuppers for the escape of water. The square ‘**trunk” which forms the top of the cabin is about in the center of the deck. The cabin is large and comfortable, considering the size of the vessel. Forward of this is the hold, for the storage of fish, gear, etc., and the entrance to this is through a hatch forward of the mast. Between this hatch and the bow is a stout cavil, secured to two upright posts, and to this the heel of the bowsprit is fastened. There are bitt- heads aft for belaying ropes to. These boats are usually provided with two long oars and with row- locks. In calm weather oars are often used. They are cutter rigged; the single mast is supported by a stay to the stem head and a shroud on each side. They carry a running bow- _ sprit; the long gaff-topsail pole serves the purpose of a topmast when light sails are set. There are four sails on a first-class boat of this type, namely; jib, stay foresail, mainsail, and jib-headed gaff-topsail. 236 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION The jib sets flying, the stay foresail laces to the stay and is pro- vided with two reefs; its sheet trims and works upon an iron traveler that extends from side to side of the deck. It has a loose-footed gaff-mainsail which is laced to the mast; the head has a low peak which is characteristic of the rig of these boats; the lower sheet block works on a metal traveler. There are two reefs in the mainsail. The triangular gaff-topsail is bent to a long pole, the lower sie of the pee reaching halfway from the masthead to the deck. The area of canyv is not large, and there need be little fear that these heats will capsize. They are well formed, both for speed and seaworthiness, and they are doubtless excellent sailers and very safe in a seaway. They fishin the Cattegat as well as in the sound. Each boat carries 2 to 3 men ina crew. The following are the measurements of a Snekkersteen bodt: Length over all, 25 feet; keel, 16 feet 3 inches; beam, 9 feet; depth of hold, 4+ feet 4$ inches; draft of water, aft, 4 feet 5 inches, forward, 4 feet 2 inches; depth of keel, 1 foot 3. inches; least free board, 1 foot 103 inches; length of rudder, 8 feet 64 inches; average width of rudder below water line, 1 foot 104 inches; length of tiller, 25 feet; house, 5 by 5 feet; height of house above deck, 11 inches; oars, 15 feet long; boat hook, 10 feet long; mainmast, above deck, 19 feet 6 inches; main gaff, 10 feet 10 inches (this has a peculiar metal jaw—a metal ring that slides on the mast is jointed, on its after side, to a flat piece of metal that extends forward from the gaff end; this flat piece runs back into the end of the gaff, which is riveted to it); gaff-topsail pole, 21 feet Sinches; bowsprit, total length, 13 feet; outside of stem, 9 feet 2 inches; sails—jib, luff, 20 feet 10 inches; foot, 11 feet 2 inches; leech, 13 feet; stay foresail, luff, 18 feet 9 inches; leech, 14 feet 7 inches; foot, 9 feet; mainsail, luff, 14 feet 2 inches; leech, 18 feet; head, 10 feet 10 inches; foot, 12 feet; gaff-topsail, luff, 15 feet 10 inches; foot, 10 feet; leech, 10 feet 10 inches. Jutland fishing boat.—This type of boat is entirely open and clinker- built, with 9 strakes on a side, 9 frames, 2 breasthooks, one at each end, and 6 thwarts. The frame, gunwales, keel, and planking are oak, as are also the stem, sternpost, rudder, tiller, and oars. It is sharp aft, the stem and sternpost curve very slightly, but have a great rake, join- ing the rather light keel at an obtuse angle. The floor is hollow and the under water lines are slightly concaved, while, higher up, both the bow and stern flare considerably, the upper lines being strongly convex and much fuller than below. It is sloop rigged, carrying a loose-footed sprit-mainsail and jib, the stay of the latter setting up to the stem head. The jib has two reefs and the mainsail three. Boats of this class carry four oars, which are made with the upper half of their looms square. The following measurements are based on a model: Length over all, 19 feet 2 inches; beam, 6 feet 5 inches; depth, 2 feet 5 inches; mast INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. Dey | above thwart, 16 feet 92 inches; oars, 16 feet. Faroe Island fishing boat.—TVhe Faroe Island fishing boats are mostly of one type, but they vary in size from about 23 to nearly 30 feet in length. Three sizes were exhibited at Bergen, ranging in length from 23 feet to 27 feet 2 inches. The Faroe boat (fig. 111) is used in the various fisheries carried on at the islands. It is notably well formed for speed and seaworthiness, and aside from being somewhat wider in proportion, closely approxi- mates the American whaleboat in form. It is a sharp-ended, clinker-built, keel boat, with curved, strongly- raking stem and sternpost; rising floor; moderately flaring sides, and a peculiar shaped rudder extending below keel. It has a fine sheer, and is entirely open. Boats of this class are employed in the waters mast from stem, 6 feet 245 inches; Fie. 111.—Faroe Island fishing boat. of the Shetland and Orkney Islands, as well as about the Faroe Islands, in capturing the grind whale (Delphinus deductor of Scoresby), and the ca’in whale of Shetland and the Orkneys. These boats are interesting, as representing a type which has prob- ably been used for centuries in northern Europe. The rig consists sometimes of a small lugsail, with the mast nearly amidship, but the larger boats often have a small lug-foresail and a sprit-mainsail. The foremast can be stepped either in the forward thwart or the one next abaft of it. It is usually, however, put in the former, so it is stated, and when thus placed it is claimed that the boat ‘twill look pretty nearly dead in the wind’s eye.” The whaling apparatus for one of these boats consists of two lances, two hooks and lines for towing dead whales, and a kind of large sinker fastened to a long line and used for the double purpose of anchoring 238 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. or deadening the boat’s way, and as a missle for driving whales into shallow water. One of these boats, the largest exhibited at Bergen, had 15 frames, spaced 21 inches from center to center, and 2 half frames. A curious feature of the construction is that the narrow garboards have only ¢ little flare, in consequence of which they form a sort of well or chan- nel, inside above the keel, for water, which can thus run freely from forward aft, without being obstructed by nets or fish. It was fitted to row four pairs of oars, and had four thwarts; also a small seat at extreme stern for helmsman, and a similar one at the bow. It carried a lug-foresail and small sprit-mainsail. It was fitted with harpoon and killing lance, or knife, on handle. A thimble-shaped piece of iron is fitted over the flue of the toggle iron so that it holds the flue until the iron enters a whale, when it slips off. Tey Fic. 112.—Iceland fishing boat. Following are the principal dimensions: Length over all, 27 feet 2 inches; width, 7 feet; depth, 25 inches; foremast, above gunwale, 15 feet; foreyard, 10 feet 9 inches; mainmast, above gunwale, 11 feet 5 inches; oars, 10 feet 9 inches; harpoon, 13 feet 6 inches; spear or lance, 9 feet 9 inches. Icdand fishing boats. —A considerable fleet of small craft is used in the fisheries of Iceland. These are generally open boats and are of small size. None of the Iceland fishermen have a suitable harbor, according to Garde, but they are obliged to pull their boats on shore, and often the breakers prevent them from going out to sea. It should also be held in mind that the winter fisheries of the Icelanders are carried on during a season when there are only a few hours’ daylight every day. The fishermen must go out to sea early, so that they can get to work when the short day breaks; and many a time they are out at sea fishing by the INTERNATIONAL: FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 239 weak light of the aurora borealis. The same causes which compel the west Jutland fishermen to use open boats are often met with in Iceland; but there is this difference, that the Icelanders can find many places where their vessels could lie sheltered if they possessed such vessels. The Iceland fishermen are generally too poor to get anything but open boats, and for this reason many a good day’s fishing on the open sea is lost to them, and the number of their fishing days is greatly dimin- ished thereby. Much time is also lost in rowing out to the fishing place and by the poor fishermen getting wet and hungry. The lot of the Iceland fisherman is a hard one. They take out little or no proyi- sions, and it often happens that they have to go without food for more than twelve hours.’ A Danish writer who studied the fisheries of Iceland with much care a few years ago, makes the following statements concerning the boats used there: It is difficult to give a form or type of boat which is in general use throughout the island. Even in localities which are adjacent, the form of the boat varies consider- ably, according to the local requirements. Thus the boats used on the south coast in the Faxe Bay, the Brede Bay, and the western fjords, resemble each other in some respects and differ in others. Each of these localities has some peculiarity as regards the build of the boat. In the Northland and Eastland the forms of the boats vary still more, as the fisheries in these parts have been developed only recently, and as especially on the east coast the fisheries are carried on by foreigners or by persons from other parts of Iceland, or from the Farée Islands, all of whom, of course, use the kind of boat to which they have been accustomed from time imme- morial. As a general rule the Iceland fishing boats are arranged in such a manner that they can be used both as sailboats and rowboats, as occasion demands. The form of the boat is also adapted to the part of the sea where it is to be used, to the landing place, etc. On the south coast of Iceland, and in some other places where the fisheries are carried on in the open sea and where there is rarely more than one landing place, the boats are mostly rowboats. In the Faxe Bay the boats were formerly chiefly used as rowboats; but at present they seem to be in a transition stage toward sail- boats, with heavy ballast, because the boats are somewhat narrower, for which reason they can also, if necessary, be used as rowboats. In most places in Iceland it will be necessary to have a boat which is adapted both to sailing and rowing, as much as is possible, and which is suited to the sea and the landing places where it is to be used. A boat which is arranged either exclusively for sailing or exclusively for rowing, even if absolutely perfect in either respect, will not prove so useful to the fishermen as a boat which combines both qualities. Wherever sails are introduced care should be taken to adapt them both to stormy and calm weather. In Iceland there are no harbors for boats and they must in nearly all cases be drawn ashore. On the south of Iceland only a mainsail is used, as a general rule. In the Faxe Bay a jib is also used, with two masts with staysails. In the western part of Iceland only a mainsail was used some years ago, but recently many fishermen have begun to use jibs. It is safe to assume that about two-thirds of all the Iceland fishing boats have jibs. Along the entire south coast only large boats with a crew of from 8 to 12 men each are used during the fishing season. In the Faxe Bay, the Brede Bay, and the ‘The Fisheries of Iceland, by Aug. Garde. 240 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. western fjords besides the above-mentioned boats there are also employed smaller boats with a crew of 6 to 7 men each, but this is only done in exceptional cases when the fish come close to the coast. For the summer fisheries small boats with crews of 3 to 6 men each are used almost exclusively. During the fishing season the codfish have often to be caught at a considerable distance from the coast, sometimes as far as 2 to 3 Danish miles (9 to 14 English miles) and even further as in the southern part of the Faxe Bay, where, during the summer, I have seen the fishermen go out as far as 4 Danish miles (about 19 English miles); but of course when the fish are near the coast no one will think of going out any farther than is absolutely necessary.! Among the models of Icelandic fishing craft exhibited by Denmark was one of a crudely constructed sharp-ended, clinker-built, open keel boat (fig. 112). It had a sharp floor, flaring sides, and raking stem and sternpost, both of which were straight except where they curved Fie. 113.—Iceland fishing lugger. to join the keel. It had a good sheer and a narrow but heavy square- heeled rudder. Above the central part of each gunwale was a heavy continuous rowlock, in which were four pairs of flat thole pins. It was rigged as a schooner, with two loose-footed sprit-sails and two small jibs—both set flying—the inner one tacking a foot or two inside the stem head and the other to the end of a very short bowsprit. its dimensions were as follows: Length over all, 31 feet 4 inches; beam, 10 feet; depth, 3 feet 4 inches; foremast above gunwale, 14 feet 8 inches; mainmast, 13 feet; bowsprit, outboard, 2 feet 6 inches; oars, 12 feet 8 inches. Another Iceland boat (fig. 113) was also sharp ended and clinker =) 'Wr, Annaniassons Rejseberlting fra island;’’? in Fiskerilidende, Copenhagen» December 23 and 30, 1884, and January 6, 1885. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 241 built, with rather deep keel and strongly raking stem and sternpost. It had a rising floor—nearly vertical garboards—flaring sides, square- footed rudder, thole pins in continuous rowlock piece on top of gun- wale for two-thirds of boat’s length. It had 18 frames, 4 thwarts, and 3 pair of oars. It had a dipping-lug foresail, a loose-footed standing-lug mainsail, and small jib, tacking to stem head. The relative dimensions were as follows: Length over all, 35 feet 9 inches; beam, 9 feet 1 inch; depth, 3 feet 1 inch; foremast, above gunwale, 15 feet; foreyard, 16 feet 8 inches; mainmast, above gun- wale, 17 feet 1 inch; yard, 10 feet 6 inches. Greenland kaiak.—A full-size, sharp-ended, skin-covered kaiak (fig. 114) was exhibited in the Danish section. As is well known, these graceful, buoyant, and exceedingly useful boats are constructed by the Eskimo, who exhibit the utmost skill and daring in the manage- ment of kaiaks, which, to the natives of the far north, are what the horse is tothe Arab. Seated in his little boat, with his waterproof coat tied tightly around the rim of the single manhole, and the kaiak thus protected from the possibility of taking in any water, even though Fig. 114.—Greenland kaiak. (Drawn by C. B. Hudson.) seas sweep continuously over it, the Eskimo will perform marvelous feats, even as a matter of sport, rolling himself and his boat over and over in the water by a dexterous use of the paddle. The kaiak is made of seal skins, sewed together with sinews, and drawn tightly over a light framework, usually made of driftwood, or a combination of wood and bone, all of which is tied together with sinews or strips of hide. It is usually 14 to 17 feet long and only wide and deep enough to admit of a man sitting in it by shoving his lees forward under the skin-covered deck. It is propelled by a double- bladed paddle, and is usually equipped with bird spears, harpoon or lances, according to the particular objects of pursuit. Apparatus of capture, etc.—The apparatus used in the capture’ and preparation of fishery products by Denmark and her dependen- cies was well represented by numerous objects. It was noticeable, however, that, as with Sweden, various forms of nets predominated in the exhibit from Denmark itself, indicating the fact that most of the fish taken are captured by such devices. Faroe whaling implements.—Vhe harpoon used by the Faroese for killing whales is a form of ‘* toggle iron,” with a handle 6 to 10 feet S. Doe. 39 17 242 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. long. ‘The lance is different from anything I have seen elsewhere. It is a round-pointed, double-edged, knife-shaped blade, 12 or 15 inches long, and is 2 to 3 inches wide; it is fixed into the end of a long wooden handle, around the lower end of which, where the haft of the blade enters, is wound a stout seizing to keep it from splitting. Iron hooks are used for towing whales; these are hooked into the dead animals, and the towrope attached is fastened to a boat’s stern. An iron implement is used for splashing in the water to frighten whales when the latter are being driven ashore in bays, as is sometimes the case. Nets and seines.—Vhe Copenhagen Net and Twine Manufacturing Company exhibited various kinds of nets, traps, and pots, and illus- trations of the same. The gill nets used for herring fishing are similar in construction and rig to those of the fishermen of southern Sweden, who fish in the same Fig. 115.—Single-bowl pound net. (Exhibit of Copenhagen Net and Twine Manufacturing Company.) waters. As arule, wooden or cork floats and stone sinkers are used on the gill nets. | Ordinarily the floats are attached to the headrope of a net, but sometimes to another rope which floats at the surface and supports the nets by means of short ropes placed at intervals and reaching from the cork rope to the headrope of the net several feet below the surface. The drift nets used in the North Sea have the floats along the upper margin of the net, which may be sunk several fathoms deep. The *‘net swing,” by which the boat or vessel is held to the nets, is sometimes bent to the corners of each net of the ‘** drift” or ‘* gang,” and in other cases it is held to the nets by short ropes at each corner and from the middle of the net, and stretches along for the entire length of the whole number. In either case the nets are supported by buoys attached by ropes to each corner, the length of these ropes 'Many of the illustrations of Danish pound nets, trawl nets, fykes, pots, ete., in this report are from the drawings exhibited by this firm. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 243 being adjusted to the depth at which it is desired to have the upper edge of the nets below the surface. Some of the gill-net sinkers are similar to those of Sweden. One of these was a stone incased in tarred canvas and lashed to the foot- line of the net with seizings of twine. This sinker was 24 inches long, and the canvas at each end extended beyond the stone from 2 to 24 - Fic. 116.—Plan of double-pound net. (After Drechsel.) inches. The floats on the same net were flat corks $ inch thick, 24 inches long, and 15 inches wide. In another instance small smooth pebbles were incased in cotton cloth and held to the foot line as above described. A tubular-shaped lead sinker § inch long and $ inch diameter is used on flounder nets, a number of these being strung on the foot line. According to Drechsel the seines used in Bornholin waters are made of hemp and are from 20 to 224 fathoms long and from 2} to 3 fathoms deep. Fig. 117.—Double pound net. (Exhibit of Copenhagen Net and Twine Manufacturing Company.) Pound nets are, apparently, in common use in Denmark. These are of various forms. The simplest is shown in figure 115. This is only a leader with a circular-shaped pound at its end. Figure 116 isa diagram of the widely used double-pound net, set tandem. The equally well- known double-heart fishing trap is made in Denmark. Each of these has a funnel-shaped entrance to the pound, the sides of which are dis- 944 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. tended or held apart by guy lines fasted toa bar at the hottom, while the upper corners of the funnel are held in position by a bridle, into which is bent a rope from the ‘*head stake” at the back of the pound. Drechsel figures pound nets with one and two square funnels like those used on the Great Lakes or by the Pacific coast fishermen, and one such was shown by the Copenhagen company, although the en- trances of all the others represented by the firm, were open at the top, or at top and bottom, as is common in our Atlantic coast pound nets. The double pound net, with a bowl or pound on each side of the head of the leader (fig. 117), is quite different from ordinary forms of this kind of net. The single bowl pound net, without heart, is often set tandem, one after another at regular intervals on a long leader. Sometimes, how- ever, one of these is placed at the extreme outer end of the leader, and inside of this, at regular intervals, other short leaders cross some- what diagonally, having a pound at each end (fig. 118). Thus a con- siderable number of pound nets are connected with one long leader Fie. 118:—Plan of multiplex pound net. (After Drechsel. ) extending outward from the shore, constituting together a most effect- ive and killing arrangement of fixed netting. The ordinary method of setting pound nets is similar to that in vogue in almost all countries where this device is used. Otter trawl.—The otter trawl 1s a favorite form of apparatus in Denmark for catching various species of bottom-feeding fishes, espe- cially flatfish. It is common for these to be used of a size that makes it practicable for them to be towed by a boat. As is well known, the otter trawl consists of a bag-shaped net with lone wings, the latter being provided at their ends with square or oblong pieces of plank, called ** otters,” which are so hung by bridles to the towing line that, when towed over the bottom, they spread apart, thus causing the net and wings to cover a wide reach of ground, This is essential in order to catch ground fish to advantage. A full-size otter trawl of the kind referred to was exhibited in the Danish section. This was provided with 12 glass floats on each wing and 5 on the upper side of main part of the trawl, these floats being 4 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 245 inches in diameter. Square stone sinkers were attached to the lower edge of the wings and ground rope. The following are the dimensions of the net: Length of wings, each 26 feet; length of bag or main part of trawl, 20 feet; length of fun- nel leading into the end of the bag net, 16 feet; mesh, 14 inches; otters, each 3 feet 1$ inches long by 2 feet 8 inches wide; leneth of each leg of wire bridle, 75 feet. Ea and flounder trawl.—A simpler form of trawl, the so-called ‘*snurrevaad” (fig. 119), is used for catching flounders and eels. It consists only of a net bag with two long arms like the otter trawl, but without funnel, and having stout round pieces of wood fastened across the ends instead of otters. There is a rope bridle to each of these end poles, to which is bent the hauling warps. The upper edge of the net is supported by cork or wooden floats, and lead sinkers are gen- erally used to keep the ground line on the bottom. Fig. 119.—Flounder trawl. (Exhibit of Copenhagen Net and Twine Manufacturing Company.) This is sometimes operated by two small boats, but also by one. In the latter case one of the wing lines is fastened to an anchored buoy and then run out until the net is reached—some distance from the buoy— when the latter is set and allowed to sink to the bottom. The fisher- men then let out the other wing line, pulling their boat back so as to come abreast the buoy. At the proper time the boat is tied to the buoy and they haul away on both wing lines, dragging the net over the bottom and sweeping in any fish that may be in its course. Another form of the snurreyaad has an inner funnel and the same shape as the otter trawl. A favorite method of operating this is shown in figure 120, taken from Drechsel’s treatise. The net is set out froma large sailboat, which is hove to so that it will drive sideways to lee- ward, dragging the net slowly over the bottom. The wing lines are fastened, one to the outer end of the boat’s bowsprit and the other to the stern outrigger; this arrangement keeps them far enough apart to 246 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. spread the wings of the net, the ends of which are kept close to the usually a stone—on the wing warp in front bottom by a heavy sinker of the bridle. Tykes, traps, ete.—Fykes or *‘hoop nets” are extensively used in Denmark for taking fish, eels, and other varieties of marine animals. Most of those used for fish are of the ordinary form with from two to eight hoops and two to three funnels; they are commonly set with a Fic. 120.—Towing flounder trawl. (After Drechsel.) leader and two wings, but of course there is much variation in placing them, this usually being due to local conditions. Sometimes, for instance, the wings are turned back at a sharp angle, thus forming ¢ hook, or something like the heart-shaped entrance of a pound net, to prevent the escape of fish which may follow the leader to its end. Occasionally the outer entrance is square, though the other sections of the net are extended by hoops, and in one form of fyke, which has Fig. 121.—Prawn fyke. (After Drechsel.) nine frames or hoops, the four next the wings are frames, composed of straight plank sill with a hole at each end, into which is put the end of a flexible pole that is bent over in a curve to meet the one on the opposite side until the upper ends cross, when they are fastened together in that position. The prawn fyke (fig. 121) is of the conventional form and is set in the usual way. — ee ee ee INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 247 The eel fykes of Denmark are like those of Sweden and need not be described in detail. They are often set side by side along the shores, with loops at the outer ends of the eelpots, slipped over an upright stake, so that the pots can easily be lifted by a fisherman in a boat (fig. 122). At other times, however, a wattle-work leader is built out from the shore so that it will intercept the progress of eels along the coast and direct them into the fyke, one wing of which is joined to the outer end of this bar or weir. A plank walk anda railing are erected above the leader, having at the outer end of the walk a platform upon which the fishermen can kneel to lift the eelpot, as shown in figure 123. It is sometimes the case that a complete laby- rinth of fykes extend outward from one of these wattle barriers, the leader of one fyke lap- ping by the head of another, so that it scarcely seems possible for eels or fish to escape capture Fig. 122.—Lifting an eelpot. (After Drechsel.) when they have once entered the maze. The ‘*salmon yard” at Gudenaa, illustrated by Dreschel (fig. 124), is an effective device for catching salmon trout and salmon—chiefly the former—when they are ascending the river to spawn. It is set so as to constitute a barrier, and the fish passing on that side must neces- sarily be entrapped. The salmon are usually caught in a seine set inside the ‘* yard.” Following is the explanation of the figure: a, 6, c, d, arms of weir; é, head or pound; f, entrance to pound; gy, ‘‘vestibule;” 7, ‘* prison yard;” #, closed tanks or storage pounds; /, sailing channel for boats; m, iron gate; n, gate for the prison yard; 0, pillars for prison yard; p, ice pillars; g, bridges for foot passengers, etc. Trawl lines.—TVrawl lines are used for catching various species of fish, including eels and salmon. The lines for cod or other bottom fish differ in no essential particular from those of neigh- boring countries, but resemble those of Sweden more closely perhaps than any others. A section of trawl line exhibited (fig. 2, Pl. XXXIV) had round- bowed hooks 2 inches long, on snoods 10 inches long and 3 feet 8 inches Fig. 123.—Lifting an eelpot. (After Drechsel. ) apart. It has a round lead sinker attached to a piece of line several fathoms long, which was bent to one end of the trawl. The hooks of this long line, and of Danish long lines generally, are held in a wooden device like those used in Sweden. The peculiarity of the salmon trawl line is that it is set floating near the surface of the water. 248 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. Hand-line gear.—Various forms of hand lines and hand-line gear were exhibited by Denmark. Among these the following-deseribed specimens were some of the most interesting: Cod hand-line gear.—As a rule, the Danish cod fisheries are prose- cuted where heavy sinkers are required. The largest of these are about the size of the ‘‘fishing leads” used on the Georges Bank by New England fishermen. One form of cod gear used on the decked vessels that go to Iceland (fig. 125") has an octagonal lead sinker 9} inches long and 14 inches average diameter, weight approximating 8 pounds. An iron-wire spreader 2 feet long passes through the lower end of the sinker so Fie. 124.—Salmon yard. (After Drechsel.) that it projects half its length on each side. To each end of this is bent a snood 5 feet long, the lower end of which bends into the eye of the short ganging, holding a round-hbowed galvanized hook 5$ inches long, with a fish-shaped piece of pewter cast on its shank. Another kind of hand-line gear for cod exhibited is unmistakably of American origin, and, aside from the lead sinker, is a fair sample of the so-called ‘* sling-ding gear” so extensively used by Gloucester fish- ermen on Georges Bank. The whole thing (fig. 125°), with the excep- tion of some lead sinkers on the snoods and the big sinker heretofore referred to, was doubtless made by a Gloucester fisherman, and obtained by the Danes at the Iceland fishing grounds, where several of the Glou- cester vessels make summer trips. PLATE XXXIV. FISHING GEAR, ETC, 1. Shark line; 2, trawl line; 3, 4, fishermen’s shoes; 5, 6, fish gaffs. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 249 The sinker was made by winding sheet lead around an oak horse 17 inches long, having a swivel at its lower end. The lead was 7} inches long and 1} inches diameter. The hauling line was bent into a becket which was seized to the upper end of the horse. Sheet lead was wound on each snood about 18 inches above the hook to form a small sinker. Attached to the swivel at lower end of the horse was the well-known triangular sling-ding gear, line forming two sides of the triangle and the other being a steel wire spreader 21 inches long. At the lower end of each snood was a bone slot swivel of the American type for the Fie. 125.—Cod hand line gear. ganging to slip into. The entire length of snoods from hook to spreader (including gangings) was 9 feet. A typical form of Faroe cod gear is shown in figure 126. The hemp line is wound on a reel something like those used in Norway. The line is bent to a lead sinker 54 inches long and 1} inches diameter, haying a curved wire spreader 2 feet long through it a little above the center. A line loop is fastened to each end of the spreader, and into this is bent a snood 4 feet long, having at its lower end a ealvanized round- bowed hook 2% inches long. A large three-hooked jig (fig. 126) used for catching cod without bait was exhibited. This had lead in the shape of a fish cast on the 250 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. shanks of the hooks. This lead portion was about 8 inches long and weighed approximately 3 pounds. Two-hooked jigs are also used. The hand-line gear used for catching the Greenland shark (Scymnus microcephalus) is shown in Plate XXXIV, figure 1. This consists of a loosely laid line about the size of nine-thread ratline stuff, bent to the upper ring of an iron sinker 13 inches long and about 3 inches in diameter. The hook is 11 inches long and 4 inches spread (from point to shank); it has a barb on the shank, a large swivel at its top, and is held to the sinker by a stout chain ganging 7 feet long. The swivel and the chain ganging are necessary, for the shark when hooked rolls itself over and over, and with its sharp teeth and rough skin would quickly sever a stout line. Pic. 126.—Faroe codtishing gear. flocks. Vhe different kinds of hooks used in commercial fishing were exhibited by Conrad Christensen, of Copenhagen. As will be seen in Plate XX XY, they are allof the round-bowed type. Some are galvanized and some black. A few are Kirby bend, two have lead jigs on their shanks, a small percentage are eyed, but the majority have the tops of the shanks flattened, or are ** flat eyed.” The smallest hook of this lot, No. 1, remarkable for the angle of its point, is 12 inches long, and the largest, No. 12, 84 inches long. Spears and gaffs.—TVhe various conventional forms of eel spears and an eel hook, as well as the method of using them, are shown in figure 127, after Drechsel. These are similar to such forms of apparatus ‘SHOOH HSI4d “AXXX 31iv1d INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. mAs k used in Norway and Sweden, hence they were not specifically referred tothere. They are all such well-known forms that detailed deserip- tion seems unnecessary. A peculiar form of eel spear was exhibited by G. Wittig. This is so constructed that it is adjustable to a considerable degree, and after a thrust has been made and an eel is impaled the escape of the animal is made impossible by a turn of the handle of the device, which locks it and holds the victim by additional points. Figure 128 shows the spear unlocked. There is a small catch, which passes through the spearhead and operates the locking attachment. This is so arranged that it can be moved by a twist of the spear handle, |. Axlestang. Aalejonu . Lyster. . Sav-Lyater, Fic. 127.—Eel spears and eel fishing. (After Drechsel.) when the spear hecomes locked, as shown in figure 129. The total width of this spearhead is 123 inches, and its height (of the head alone) is 34°, Inches. Another form of adjustable spearhead is shown in figure 130. This was exhibited by F. Svendsen. It consists of an arrangement of springs, which control the action of the pointed spear prongs, that, in themselves, are quite of the ordinary form. The adjustment admits of some flexibility of the spear points, as already indicated, and when they pass over an eel they will open slightly to receive the body of the fish, but at the same time retain such a firm grip that he can not escape. This device is 15} inches high and 10 inches wide; the 952, INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. outer prongs are 52 inches long and central prongs 5 inches. The distance between the spear points is 54 inches. Two kinds of gafls were exhibited (Pl XXXIV). One of these (5), with a short handle and claw-shaped gaff nearly at right angles with the handle, is used as a gaff and killer in the cod and halibut fisheries. The other (6) has a long, round, soft-wood handle with a barbed hook, resembling in shape an ordi- nary fishhook, with the upper part of the shank flattened to fit to the handle. Pots, ete.—The eel pots and lobster pots Fig. 128,—Eel spear open, (Drawn are similar to those of Sweden. A lob- ph neon eg ster pot is shown in figure 131. The Danish fishermen, however, use a hoop net for lobster fishing similar to that formerly employed by New England lobstermen (fig. 131). The ordi- nary lobster pot has three hoops, like that figured, one in the middle and one at each end, but the Copenhagen Net and Twine Company exhibited illustrations of larger forms, one with four hoops and one with five, having the same diameter, but much longer, and the longest one, at least, with greatly elon- gated entrances. The object in making these pots of extra length and changing the form of the cone-shaped entrances is seem- ingly for the purpose of making it easier for lobsters to get into the apparatus. Live cars.—F loating or sunken — Fie. 129—Eel spear closed. live cars, made on the same prin- ciple as the lobster pots, but with projecting conical ends, are in favor in Denmark (fig. 132). Eel dip net.—A peculiar kind of two-handled dip net is used for eel fishing in shallow water. The apparatus consists of a frame oblong on three sides and triangular at the ends. Two sides and the ends are covered, leaving an oblong entrance, across which are secured a a nD two poles which may vary in length from about + feet able eel spear, Upward, the length depending on whether the apparatus is to be used from a boat or by a man who wades out into the water about waist high. In either case the net is so placed that the lower side can rest on the bottom, along which it is shoved to catch eels that may be seen. When wading is resorted to, it is usual for two men to work together. One of these manipulates the net, pushing it along with a hand on each pole, and towing after him by a string tied to his waist a tub to receive INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 253 the catch. This is covered with cloth to prevent the eels from escap- ing. The other man, armed with a pole, assists in driving the eels into the dip net. This device and the method of using it are shown in figure 135. 4 eka G oe Peewee: Sia oo epi; 3 Se Se i OY RS! EE Fig. 131.—Lobster pot and hoop-net. (After Drechsel.) Line rollers.—TVhe line rollers used by the Danish fishermen more closely resemble those of New England than any I have seen in Kurope. One of these had a three-scored wooden roller 11 inches long and 44 inches in diameter arranged to revolve in an iron frame fitted to step into a hole in a boat’s gunwale. Killichs and grapnels.—Stone killicks or grapnels, similar to those of Norway and Sweden, are used in Denmark. Buoys. —TVhe buoys are often made of solid wood, but keg buoys are much in favor for net fishing. It is comrion for a buoy at the end of a gang of drift nets to have a lantern at the top of the pole that goes through the center of the kee (fig. 134), and this is kept upright by a weight at the bottom of the pole. Glass buoys or floats, similar to those of Nor- way, are sometimes used. Methods of fishing.—Mention has been ———— made incidentally of certain methods * F1G. 132.—Floating live car. of fishery in the description of fishing apparatus, and these need not be repeated. Among the incidents of fishery none is more exciting or interesting than the capture of the grind whale (Pelphinus deductor) when a large school of these ceta- ceans are found in a bay at Faroe. When this occurs the fishermen gather in their boats and form a 254 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. cordon outside of the whales, which are harried and ultimately driven on shore by the noise and splashing made by the boatmen. An event Fic. 133.—Eel fishing with dip net. (After Drechsel.) of this kind, which is similar to a blackfish drive at Cape Cod, was shown in illustrations exhibited in the Faroe collections (fig. 135). The method of using an otter trawl in shallow water along the Danish coast is shown in Plate XXXVI. This is a reproduction of a pencil drawing that was exhibited. Fic. 134.—Net buoy. (After Drechsel. ) A new method of operating a trawl line for the capture of eels was illustrated and described by Jens Pedersen. He asserts that when eel fishing with hooks baited with pieces of fish has been prosecuted for several years in a lake the eels get accustomed to this method of fish- ing and it is difficult to catch them, for they either do not go near the hooks or else take the bait off while avoiding capture. He declares that eels could not be caught at Tisso in 1890-01 in paying quantities on lines baited in the ordi- nary manner, while satisfactory catches were secured when the hooks were baited with small live fish. But shooting the lines from an ordi- nary line box with sand in it was such slow work that it was impracticable to use live fish, which died before the lines were out. He there- fore designed a new kind of box, which, though simple, proved satis- factory. The method of fishing is as follows: As the hooks are hauled in they are put into an ordinary low hook box; WANS \ Ween kG uae TOWING AN OTTER TRAWL. Drawing exhibited by Denmark. PLATE XXXVI. 18 39 Be Bis S INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. F555 the eels taken are allowed to retain the hooks they are on, the snoods being cut in two. These are replaced on shore; one man can arrange from 400 to 500 hooks per hour. When a box is filled a canvas cover is fastened over the hooks. So arranged, a line can be safely shot, with- out fear of entanglement, as fast as a boat can sail, thus making it pos- sible to have the fish used for bait reach the bottom alive. In shooting the line, the line box is put on a thwart at the after end of the well, with the low side aft. The canvas is then removed and one man takes his position on a thwart far enough aft to reach the hook box. In a small tub of water between his knees are the little fishes for bait, the supply of which is renewed from time to time from the boat’s well by the oarsman. With his left hand the fisherman takes a fish from the tub and with his right hand he picks a hook from the box. He quickly puts the hook into the back of the fish and throws it out with such force that the 8 feet of line between the hooks goes out, too, when the operation is repeated until the whole line is shot. In this manner 1,000 hooks can be baited and put into Fic. 185.—Driving whales at Faroe. the water in an hour, Fish products.—TVhe kliptish from Iceland and Fiirde, were of good quality, and were cured precisely like those of Norway and Sweden. There were exhibits of smoked eels, smoked herring, smoked sprat, anchoyies, **rollmops,” and various other canned products; also seal oil, brown cod-liver oil, seal skin, eider down and sea-fowl feathers. But none of these need be discussed in detail. Fish culture.—A model of a trout-hatching station at Tisse, in which the circulation of water is supplied by a windmill pump, was exhibited by Jens Pedersen, of Tiss. The following explanation has been given by the exhibitor: When water can be had from a lake high enough to circulate through pipes over a hatchery, it is, of course, most desirable, though not always obtainable. To overcome this so that artificial propagation can be conducted on a large scale, I worked out a design in 1886, which this model illustrates. The pipe brings the water from a lake to the well, and is placed low enough to always be under water. The well is under the floor of the hatchery. The pumps, driven by windmills, take the water from the well to the tank. The windmill should be adjusted so that it requires no attention. If the windmill continues working after the tank is full the surplus water passes through a pipe to the well. The tank is thus always kept full of water as long as there is wind. The tank holds water enough to supply the hatchery for two days. If a calm should preyail longer the water must be supplied by a hand pump. The bottom of the tank declines a little 956 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. toward the faucet to facilitate washing away mud or silt which collects. The water passes through the faucet into the first section of the filtering apparatus, where some of the mud is deposited. It then runs over the partition to the next section, where it goes down through a zine box filled with gravel. It then runs through the next partition and up through the next zine box, and through a flannel screen. The water can thus be put into the hatching boxes free from impurities. These zine boxes can easily be removed for the renewal of the gravel, and at the same time the sediment on the bottom of the tank can be washed out through the faucets on the back of the house. There are eighty-four of these boxes in the hatchery referred to. RUSSIA. Commissioners. —The eminent fish culturist, Dr. Oscar Von Grimm, was the commissioner in chief from Russia. While Dr. Von Grimm is perhaps best known through his work asa fish culturist and scientific investigator, he has also written considerably on the practical aspects of the fisheries. His assistants were Charles Von Hulsen, secretary of the biological station at St. Petersburg, and A. Von Kuhne, an expert in exposition work. General considerations.—Vhe exhibit from Russia, which included instructive collections from Finland, was more extensive, comprehen- sive, and interesting than any similar display among the many I have seen from that country. It was particularly rich in illustrative mate- rial of commercial fisheries and fish culture, including collections of photographs, lithographs, and drawings, all of which were of great assistance in gaining a clearer and fuller knowledge of the use and purpose of the various other objects embraced in the collections. The geographical location of the Russian Empire, and the conse- quent natural conditions that environ it, at present preclude the possi- bility of extensive sea fisheries. The Arctic Ocean, which is covered with ice most of the year and has only a brief summer, offers small inducements to the fishing industry, even if the coast bordering this inhospitable sea was not almost uninhabitable. The sea fisheries on the Asiatic side of the Empire appear not to have been developed, though it is possible that the completion of the Trans-Siberian Railroad may sometime lead to the exploitation of a fishery for cod and other species in the Okhotsk Sea and adjacent waters. The fisheries of the Baltic and Black seas are of little importance. This is due in large part to their landlocked positions and the fact that the water in them is only brackish, having but a small percentage of salt, and therefore being neither adapted to fresh water species or those belonging to the ocean fauna. It is probably the result of this condition that the fish of the Baltic are usually small, and authorities agree that both seas have a poor mixed fauna. The depth of the Black Sea is so great, even close up INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 257 to its shores, that the conditions are unfavorable for the sustenance of fish and other marine animals. The conditions in the Sea of Azof, the Aral Sea and particularly in the Caspian Sea, differ materially from those of the Baltic and Black seas. While it is true that the former are all inland, or landlocked, bodies of water, which might properly be called salt-water lakes some instances at least—they are peculiarly adapted to the sustenance of immense quantities of important species of food fishes, and also of seals, and consequently support rich commercial fisheries. Indeed, the fisheries prosecuted on these inland seas are so valuable that they are considered by Russians as ample ‘‘ recompense for the absence of rich sea fisheries,” and may well be deemed ‘‘ preeminent among the fisheries of the whole world.” The river systems of Russia are also exceptionally noteworthy for the amount of fish they yield. While this may apply with special force to the rivers emptying into the Caspian Sea and adjacent seas, it is also true of many streams flowing north and discharging their waters into the White Sea, or the Arctic Ocean. The possibilities of these inland waterways for sustaining fish life may be judged when it is stated that European Russia has 84 navigable rivers, some of them more than 3 miles wide, with an aggregate length of 19,870 miles. The Caspian Sea alone has an area of 8,413 square miles, and in ‘* Fishing and Hunting in Russian Waters,” Dr. Grimm gives the total area of inland seas and lakes, including the Caspian and the Sea of Azof, as 9,750.74 square miles. This summation does not include the Aral, nor many small lakes or ponds; the combined area of the latter being estimated at about 1,000 square miles. It is not practicable here to enter into a detailed discussion of the commercial fishes of Russia, although the subject is a tempting one. It must suffice to make brief reference to the most important species, among which the sturgeon seems to be preeminent from a commercial in standpoint. Five species of sturgeon, at least, are of importance. ‘The waters of Russia are very rich in these valuable fish,” remarks Dr. Grimm, ‘‘ with which no other fish can be compared as to the flavor, nourishing qualities, and the mass of useful products yielded by at.” The giant sturgeon (Ac/penser huso) occupies a most conspicuous position, both because of its size and commercial importance. It occurs in the Black Sea and Caspian Sea basins, and is notably abun- dant in the latter. The average size of this species has been given at from 360 to 400 pounds, and specimens are sometimes taken that weigh from 800 to 1,200 pounds. It has been recorded that a sturgeon weighing 3,200 pounds was caught near Sarepta in 1813, one at Saratoff in 1829 of 2,760 pounds, and one on the Ural in 1847 of 1,600 pounds. 258 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. It is asserted that the minimum weight for the Astrakan market is 120 pounds. Early in the eighties it was estimated that the total annual produc- tion of this species was 10,821,000 pounds. In 1897, however, the yield was much less, and aggregated only 6,136,446 pounds. Considered alone from the standpoint of quantity taken, the sevruga (A. ste/latus) is the most important of the sturgeons, for it has been estimated that the yearly output of this species exceeds 36,000,000 pounds. The sevruga is found in the same waters with A. Awso, but Dr. Grimm says it does not ascend the rivers very far, and is chiefly taken on the Ural and Kur. It is not proportionally so thick as the giant sturgeon, and weighs much less, 60 pounds being about the maximum, while 30 pounds is approximately the average weight of an Astrakhan sevruga. Dr. Oldekop reached the conclusion as the result of investigation that A. ste//atus contains relatively a greater amount of nourishment than any other sturgeon, he having found 55.2 per cent of nourishing matter to a pound of fish. The schyp (A. schypa) inhabits the same waters as the two foregoing species and is also found in the Aral Sea, where no other sturgeon is taken. It is rare in the Black Sea. It is caught in the Ural and Kur. The sterlet (A. ruthenus) is one of the most important commercial species of the sturgeons. It is taken in the rivers emptying into the North Caspian and the Black seas, but is so rare in the rivers flowing into the south side of the Caspian—the Kur, for instance—that it is not an object of fishery there. It is also abundant in Siberian rivers that enter the Arctic Ocean. Dr. Grimm points out the fact that in the forties **the sterlet penetrated through the canals into the North Dwina, and finding the conditions favorable to its existence, it not only settled down and multiplied, but acquired some peculiarities in its exterior and also a fine flavor, for which in St. Petersburg it is prized more than the Volga sterlet. [ must remark that even in the system of the Volga the sterlet is much finer in the north—for instance, in the River Sheksna than in the southern part, and the farther south one goes the less tasty a short, blunt snout and an arched back the sterlet becomes.” The sterlet is notably a small species. It is said to attain a weight of 60 pounds, but such fish are exceedingly rare. The authority above quoted states that ‘*the greater part of the sterlets caught and sold are generally from 30 to 50 centimeters long.” The so-called **eastern sturgeon” (A. guldensfadt//) occurs in the same waters where the sterlet is found, but not so far up the rivers, and farther to sea than the latter. It ranges all over the Caspian, and is found in the Persian rivers and the Kur. Its arctic range is greater INTERNATIONAL. FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 259 than the sterlet, for it is found farther north than the latter in the Siberian rivers, While it attains a weight in Russia of 200 to 240 pounds, the average market weight does not exceed 60 pounds. The western sturgeon (A. stur7o) is an inhabitant of the Baltic Sea and the streams flowing into it. It is occasionally seen in the Black Sea, which it enters from the Mediterranean. In addition to the above-mentioned sturgeon there is said to be two other species in the River Amur, also ‘‘three species of the genus Scaphirhynchus in the rivers Amoo-Daria and Sir-Daria, which fall into the Aral Sea; these are Scaphirhynchus Fedtschenkoi, 8. Kaufmanni, and S. Hermanns, but these are of no consequence in the fish trade.” ! The Caspian Sea herring (A/osa caspica) and the Black Sea herring (A. pontica) are among the most important commercial species of fish in European Russia. These are closely allied species, though distin- guished by the fishermen, and are commonly sold together. The chief difference in appearance is in the size, the Caspian herring being much larger than the other. Both species are taken in large numbers in the Caspian and Black Sea regions. About 1850 herring taken at the mouth of the Volga were utilized only for the manufacture of oil, for the Russians believed this to bea ‘*mad” fish; they called it ** beshenka,” and no one would eat it. A few years later herring began to be used as a salted product. About 10,000,000 were salted in 1855, and since that time the demand for it has increased, until enormous quantities are now cured annually. A. caspica looks like a sea herring; it is about the size of a shad (Alosa sapidissima), but it is not so deep in proportion. The Black Sea herring is much smaller, but still larger than the sea herring. This is called ** poozanook,” and is reputed to have a better flavor than the larger Caspian herring. The sea herring (Clupea harengus) is an important object of fishery in the White Sea. The herring taken in the Baltic are small. like the ‘* strémming ” of the east coast of Sweden, but are called ** salaka” by the Finns. They are a variety of the sea herring. There are two species of salmon—the Sa/mo salar, which is taken in the Baltic and inthe White Sea region, and the Caspian Sea salmon (NS. caspius, Kessl), ** which is found in the southern and central parts of the Caspian, from where it goes up the rivers to spawn, chiefly ascend- ing the rivers Terek and Koora.” The latter spe cies averages about 20 pounds in weight, and the yearly output has been estimated at L80,000 pounds, while the yield of the northern or Atlantic species is ten times that amount. ' Fishing and Hunting in Russian Waters, by Dr. O. Grimm, p. 26. 260 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. The salmon trout (8. sa/vel/nus) is of some commercial importance in the north, and two other species of trout (S. gegarkuni and S. ischchan) are taken in Lake Gaktcha, in the Caucasus. The so-called ** white salmon” (Luctotrutta leucichthys) is one of the most valuable and highly prized food species of Russia, and it is asserted that none of the other coregoni can compare with it for delicacy and richness of flavor. It is taken in the Ural, in the Volga, and its tributaries. The nelma (Coregonus nelma) closely resembles the ** white salmon,” and is found in the north, occurring in the Petchora River, the North Dwina, and in Koobinskoé Lake. **About 30,000 poods of white salmon a year are exported from Astrakhan,” according to Dr. Grimm, *‘ while the whole amount of white salmon caught, not only in Astrakhan, but also in the Ural, all along the Volga and Kama, ete., and of the nelma caught in the basin of the Arctic and the White Sea very likely reaches 100,000 poods ” (8,600,000 pounds). There are many varieties of white-fish in Russia nesides those referred to. Polyakoff found thirty-five species, of which eight belong to the Baltic region. The largest of these (C. muscun) is a Siberian species which is celebrated for the richness of its flavor. The smelt (Osmerus eperlanus) and a lake variety (O. sp7rinchus) are both inhabitants of the regions of the White Sea and Baltic, and the latter is found in some of the lakes of the Volga river system. It has been officially stated that more than 86,000,000 pounds of these two species are taken annually in the waters of northern Russia. The yellow perch (Perca fluviatilus) occupies quite an important position in European Russia. It occurs in all the lakes and rivers, and is also found in the Baltic, the Sea of Azoy, and the Caspian. It is taken of all sizes, from less than 2 inches in length up to the maximum size. Its average weight is not exceeding 8 pounds, but specimens from the trans-Ural region have been recorded as weighing from 10 to 12 pounds—a most extraordinary size for this species. The catch of perch in the Astrakhan region in 1897 amounted to 3,662,860 fish. The gremille (Acerina ceruna) is found in all fresh waters except the rivers flowing into the southern Caspian. It is a small species, seldom exceeding one-fifth to one-third of a pound weight in European Russia, but Siberian specimens have been taken that weighed 14 pounds, though such are rare. These little fish are taken in large quantities in floss-silk nets. It is estimated that the annual catch is about 10,800,000 pounds. The ‘* soodak” or pike perch (Leueioperca sandra) occurs in both seas and rivers, but is taken mostly in the Caspian Sea region, *‘ where, however, it is caught, along with Leuc/operca marinus, Cuv., a sea variety; the fishermen make no distinction between them.” The INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 261 average market size is about 5 pounds, and the maximum 25 pounds. The immense importance of this species (Z. sandra) froma commercial point of view can be estimated when it is stated that 16,923,869 fish were caught in the Astrakhan region in 1897. Of these, 10,285,449 soodaks were taken in the rivers, and 5,640,420 in the sea. But these figures are small alongside of those given for earlier years, for Baer estimated the number annually exported from Astrakhan, in the fifties, at 28,500,000 fish, weighing 90,000,000 pounds, and Dr. Grimm says ‘‘It is not so very long ago since 45,000,000 soodaks were exported from Astrakhan.” In addition to the catch in the region named, large quantities are taken in the river Kooban, from which it is estimated some 7,000,000 fish are annually exported. Lucioperca volgensis is another species of some consequence, as will be seen when it is stated that 5,802,383 fish of this kind were caught in Astrakhan in 1897. The ‘“‘Silure” (S7lurus glanis) occurs generally in fresh waters, except in the White Sea region, but is most numerous in the south, in the Caspian Sea and Black Sea basins. It is very large, and is said to have attained the extraordinary weight of from 540 to 576 pounds, while the average weight is given at from 60 to 70 pounds. This species is of considerable commercial value, for it has been estimated that the total annual catch is 9,000,000 pounds. | In 1897, 562,570 fish of this species were taken in Astrakhan. The carp (Cyprinus carpio) inhabits the Caspian and Black Sea regions, including the Sea of Azoy and the Aral Sea. It is utilized very largely for food. The statistics for L897 show that 4,945,926 fish of this species were taken in Astrakhan. The weight of these could not be much less than 30,000,000 to 40,000,000 pounds. Among the cheap, but nevertheless important, varieties of fish is the roach (Leuciscus rutilus) and the Caspian Sea species (L. ritilus var. caspicus). Another variety which inhabits the Caspian and enters the lower part of the Volga is the Cyprinus grislagine, Pall., while Z. heckelii, Nordm, called **taran” by the local fishermen, is the Black Sea variety of the roach. The roach is enormously abundant, and this, together with its cheap- ness, renders it a very favorite food when dried, so much so that it has been called a ‘* national dish.” From 300,000,000 to 400,000,000 roach are caught in the Caspian Sea annually, according to Dr. Grimm, and he estimates that the weight of these, if dried, would be 108,000,000 pounds, or 259,200,000 pounds of fresh fish. Some 100,000,000 of the Black Sea taran (Z. Aeckel7/) are caught in the Black Sea, the Don, and the Kooban. Several other varieties of fish are known by the general term of “*taran” beside that last referred to. Among these are the blue bream 262 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. (Abramis ballerus), the zope (A. sopa), but more particularly Scardinius erythropthalmus and Bliccabjérkna. This taran, as also the razor fish (Lelechus cultratus), when salted, is used in great quantities, chiefly by peasants of little Russia, says the author last quoted, and he estimates that 194,400,000 pounds of fresh fish is about the annual product from the Astrakhan district. The catch of blue bream for 1897 was 25,239,890 fish, and of WS. erytropthalmus it was 8,152,192 fish in the Astrakhan region. The bream (Abrams brama) oceurs in all sections of Russia up to the sixty-third parallel of north latitude. The catch of this species in Astrakhan in 1897 reached a total of 12,308,405 fish. The average weight has been placed at 3 pounds; thus the aggregate weight of the fish enumerated above would be nearly 37,000,000 pounds. The pike (Assox /uc7us) is an important object of fishery. The catch at Astrakhan in 1897 aggregated 1,921,322 fish. Lampreys are likewise of large commercial consequence in Russia, and are often used for food. The southern species (/etromyzon wad- ner?) is found in the Caspian Sea region and the northern variety (P. fluviatilus) is taken chiefly in the basins of the White Sea and Baltie. The last of these is pickled extensively. The southern lamprey was not taken as an article of commerce prior to L870, except that a few captured in the Kur River were ‘*dried and used for lighting instead of candles.” It is now taken in great numbers both on the Kur and the Volga. ‘In Tsaritsin and Tcherniy Yar a small portion of the lampreys caught is pickled in kegs and in this form sent to the market. chiefly to St. Petersburg and Moscow; the greater part—about five- sixths of the whole catch—goes for oil.” ! It has been estimated that 50,000,000 lampreys, weighing from 5,400,000 to 6,300,000 pounds, are caught annually between Tsaritsin and Enotayevsk, and the yield of oil is placed at from 810,000 to 945,000 pounds. The statistics given above, though far short of completeness, will nevertheless serve to convey some idea of the extent and importance of the Russian fisheries, particularly in certain regions. It may suf- fice to add that Dr. Grimm has estimated that the total annual catch for European Russia aggregates upwards of 40,000,000 poods, or 1,440,000,000 pounds in round numbers. Considering that this estimate does not include any fish taken in Asiatic Russia, that it apparently excludes the product of mammal fisheries, like that for the seal, and having in view the lack of ocean fisheries, this showing is really remarkable, since the output nearly equals that of the entire product of the United States, which, in 1897, was given as 1,596,413,068 pounds. O > ‘Fishing and Hunting in Russian Waters, p. 27. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 26% The prosecution of the fisheries in Russia, especially in the Astra- khan region, is often conducted by large firms or individuals of great wealth, who have obtained from the Government or by right of owner- ship the privilege to control and carry on these industries within certain limits to the exclusion of all others. Such monopolies have proved immensely advantageous to those holding them. As an instance of this kind, and for the purpose of showing how the fisheries are sometimes conducted on a gigantic scale in Russia, men- tion may be made of the Saposchnikoy Brothers, a firm that for nearly a century has prosecuted the fisheries of the Volga, and which had a large and instructive exhibit at Bergen. This firm was organized by the Saposchnikoy family for prosecuting the fisheries at the end of the last century, but was not officially recognized until 1819. Since that date it has been known by the name it now bears (Saposchnikoy Brothers), notwithstanding the ownership has changed hands several times by heredity. The sole owner from 1887 to 1898 was the widow of one of the firm, and at her death the business was inherited by her daughters. The enormous Saposchnikoy fisheries extend from far up the river Volga to its outlet, and are generally carried on by drag nets (newood); fixed or floating nets are very little used. The seasons for fisheries on the Volga are divided into four periods— from July 15 to September 1, from September 1 to December 6, from December 6 to March 1, and from March 1 to May 15, after which the close season begins and lasts up to July 15. The yearly catch of this firm is more than 36,000,000 pounds of herring, and as high as 432,000 pounds of sturgeon, of different species. The total catch is said to be 2,750,000 fish of different kinds, and the fact that 763,000,000 pounds of salt are used for curing indicates the extent of the industry. The product is cured at the seven stations where its curing establishments are located, and is transported to and from these places by vessels owned by the firm. In summer its own steamers and barges carry the fish to Zarazin and Nizhni-Noveorod, and in winter 200 horses are used in transportation. The business of the firm is administered by 200 persons, but as many as 2,000 people are annually employed during the fishing season in vatching and curing. ‘The employees are a mixture of Russians, Cal- mucks, and Kirgheezians, and the firm pays out more than $540,000 annually for wages—a large sum when it is considered that the rate of pay is exceedingly low. The statement has been made that the annual atch in the waters of the Volga estuary, controlled by J. H. Basileyv- sky, is about 75,000,000 fish of various kinds, having a total value of 1,500,000 rubles. The firm employs 6,000 workmen, 1,800 work- women, and 200 minors, and operates 100 drag seines, 8 steamers, 420 264 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. fishing boats, 4 barges, 6 lighters, and 11 vessels on which the fish are salted, ete. ishing pessels and fishing hoats.—The vessels and boats employed in the fisheries of European Russia are interesting from an ethno- logical standpoint, for with rare exceptions they are quite unlike any thing else in Europe, and are generally notably crude and primitive in form, construction, and rig. Steamers.—Steamers appear to be little used in the Russian fisheries except for transportation or to tow barges that are loaded with fish products. In the early summer of 1898 I went on board the Russian steamer Phénix, from Riga, that called at Bergen on her way to the Murman coast to engage in the cod fishery. She was the first steamer, I was told,to take part in this industry. She was an old merchant steamer, and in no way a typical fishing vessel. It was explained that no fishing would be done on the vessel, but she would tow a fleet of boats to the fishing grounds, 30 to 60 miles distant from harbor, and lie there to receive the catch on board, where it was to be lightly salted, and subsequently it would be transferred to sailing freighters and sent to St. Petersburg. The fishermen—50 or 60 in number— would sleep on board. The summer fishery was to be prosecuted with trawl lines. From time to time the steamer and her fleet of fishing boats would return to port as the weather or obtainment of bait, ete., made necessary. No models of steam fishing vessels were exhibited. Sailing vessels and boats. —The vessels and boats employed in the fisheries of the Caspian Sea, of the rivers Don, Ural, Volga, and adja- cent streams that empty into the Caspian Sea and the Sea of Azoy, are of a peculiar rig, rather crudely built,and decidedly characteristic in type. They were numerously represented by rigged models exhibited by the Astrakhan board of fisheries, and also by photographs and lithographs. Fishing vessels.—One of the largest fishing vessels used on the Cas- pian Sea is technically known as ‘‘emba kussovaya.” This vessel is employed chiefly in the gill-net fishery, but to some extent for hook- and-line fishing. The maximum size of such vessels, according to Dr. Borodine, is 50 to 60 feet in length and 60 to 70 tons measurement. The following isa description of one of them: It is a wooden, carvel- built, keel vessel, with strong sheer; moderately sharp bow; straight, slightly-raking stem; full, round bilge; short, rather full run; little or no skag or deadwood aft; sternpost curved at an obtuse angle, raking strongly below the water line and being nearly perpendicular above. The vessel has a narrow,V-shaped stern, with a big slot cut in it at the top for the tiller to work in. The rudder is hung outside to stout pintles. It is of heavy, awkward construction, with projecting flanges at the rear. It is supported on PLATE XXXVII. CASPIAN SEA WELLED VESSEL. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 265 the port side by a tackle, hooked to eyebolts at the upper part of the stern, and on the rudder post below the water line. It is also sup- ported by guys leading froma brace on the after part of the rudder to each side of the quarter rail. It is operated by a long tiller, the after end of which is made with three prongs, one passing each side of the rudderhead and one going through the center. The steering is done by a tackle attached to the tiller. The vessel has low bulwarks and flush deck, except abaft the cabin house, where there is a low quarter-deck, while an open quarter rail rises above the main rail at this point and extends to the taffrail. There is a topgallant forecastle extending from the pawl bitt to the bow, and an old-fashioned windlass operated by handspikes. A high cabin trunk stands on the after part of the deck. The vessel has one mast and a peculiar rig. It carries five sails—a jib, fore staysail, large square sail with a yard on its foot, topsail, and mainsail. The square sail is set ** flying” or hoisted from the deck, as is also the topsail. The former has only one reef, which takes in about one-third of its area. The mainsail is set on a very long gaff, which is controlled by vangs leading down to each side of the taffrail, and is supported by a curious arrangement of halyards which closely resem- bles the rig used on English vessels three hundred years ago. The following are the principal dimensions of a vessel of this type: Length over all, 52 feet; beam, extreme, 17 feet 74 inches; depth of hold amidships, 6 feet; length of mast above deck, 63 feet 6 inches; gaff, 39 feet 6 inches; bowsprit, outside stem, 12 feet 74 inches. Bait smack.—A bait fishing vessel (fig. 136) is employed on the Caspian Sea, and is provided with a tank for keeping bait alive. This craft is essentially the same in form and construction as the vessel just described, differing, however, in having a very narrow, V-shaped, nearly perpendicular stern and less clumsy rudder, the tiller extend- ing over the top of the stern instead of passing through it. In other details it also differs in having an open cockpit at the stern about one-quarter of the vessel’s length and in not being provided with a windlass. The most marked feature of a vessel of this description is a large hatchway amidships, and a great barrel-shaped tank, which extends from the floor to some distance above the top of the after part of the hatch. This has a covering, or top, like the head of a barrel, in which is a square hatch corresponding to the curb of the well on an ordinary smack, or welled vessel. This tank is considerably broader at the bot- tom than at the top, and is used for keeping bait alive for the Caspian Sea fisheries. The rig differs from that of the emba kussovaya in the following particulars: It has two jibs, the mainmast is somewhat farther forward, and on it is set a square sail and a topsail, as on the other. It has a mizzenmast about one-third the vessel’s length from the stern, and on it is a diminutive leg-of-mutton sail, its luff being 266 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. attached by hanks to a stay that extends from the masthead to the deck. A four-pronged anchor is used. The ordinary vessels of this kind range from 36 to 40 feet in length, but some are larger. The following are the principal dimensions of a vessel of this type: Length over all, 43 feet 4 inches; beam, extreme, 15 feet 10 inches; depth of hold amidships, 5 feet 10 inches; height of tank, 7 feet; diam- eter of tank at top, 5 feet 10 inches; mainmast, above deck, 45 feet 10 inches; bowsprit, outside stem, 13 feet 9 inches. Fic. 136.—Caspian Sea bait smack. (Drawn by J. W. Collins.) Caspian Sea fishing lugger.—A large two-masted lugger is employed in the sea fisheries in the northern part of the Caspian Sea (fig. 137). It has the usual high, sharp bow and narrow, V-shaped, square stern which characterizes the vessels of this region. It is decked, with the exception of a large open space at the stern. The cabin is in the after part of the decked space, and is entered by a door from the cockpit. Above the cabin, on the extreme after end of -the deck, is a galley or “oven” for cooking, provided with a wooden-covered iron kettle. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 267 Southern Caspian Sea fishing vessel.— A sharp-ended decked vessel (fig. 188) is used for fishing in the southern part of the Caspian Sea. It has straight, raking stem and sternpost, flaring sides, and strong sheer, its ends being much higher than the midship section. It has a large, square-heeled rudder, and steers with a tiller. It has a flush deck and low bulwarks. It has one mast, about two-fifths the vessel’s length from the bow, supported by 4 shrouds on each side. On this is set a single large square sail. Caspian Sea welled vessel. —WN elled vessels of varying sizes, like that shown in Plate XX XVII, are used for fishing, or the transportation of living fish, in the Caspian Sea, but these boats do not go into the rivers, for the fresh water would kill the fish in their wells. Fic. 137.—Caspian Sea fishing lugger. (From Russian lithograph.) The carrying capacity of these vessels varies from 18,000 to 108,000 pounds of fish, and the difference in their dimensions corresponds. As will be seen, the one under consideration has the usual form and construction of the Astrakhan fishing boats, with very large rudder. It has a flush deck, hatch, and long well curb, or deck opening, lead- ing to the live-fish *‘tank.” It is rigged with a small lug foresail set on mast standing just abaft the stem head, and a large dipping lug mainsail set on mast, standing about three-fifths of the boat’s length from the stern. The luff of the sail is hauled forward by a bridle bowline when sailing close-hauled. This boat is 51 feet 8 inches long and 17 feet 2% inches wide. 268 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. Astrakhan River smack.—The welled vessel shown in figure 139 is of the same dimensions, rig, and general construction as the one last described, and is used for transporting living fish for long distances on the rivers. It is decked, and differs in this respect from other welled boats used for river transportation, and also in having two masts. All so-called ** tank boats ” usually have very large wells, occupying fully one-half the boat’s length in the central portion. The water enters the well through a series of long, narrow, slot-like holes. The river boats are often, if not generally, flat bottomed, but the seagoing boats are usually round bottomed, though in each case the construction of the well is similar. lish freighter.—A fish freighter of a type called ‘‘ podyesnaya” was among those exhibited. This type of vessel is used by the Caspian Sea Fig, 138.—Fishing vessel of southern Caspian Sea region. (From Russian lithograph.) fishermen for carrying fish to market. It is employed in connection with the seine fishery on the coast of the Caspian Sea, and ranges in size from 20 to 65 tons. It is not designed for a seagoing craft, for the reason that it is used only for carrying the catch of the seines to market. It is a carvel-built keel boat; rigged with three masts and carrying three lug sails. It is decked, except at the stern, where there is a steersman’s cockpit; has a strong sheer; moderately sharp bow and stern, both ends being nearly alike in form, with the exception that it has the conventional, narrow, V-shaped stern. The upper part of the stem is also V-shaped, but much narrower than the stern. It has a rather low, narrow floor, round bilge, and flaring sides. The V-shaped stern is perpendicular and extends nearly down to the water INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION, 269 line, where it joins the sternpost, which, as in all the Astrakhan ves- sels, hasa very strong rake. The wide rudder is hung on heavy pintles, and is operated by a tiller. The short foremast is stepped in a piece of timber that runs from the stem head to a beam a few feet farther aft, and the mast is supported on each side by a shroud set up by a tackle. The mainmast is a little more than one-third the boat’s length from the bow, and the mizzenmast is just forward of the cockpit. The dimensions of a vessel of this type are as follows: Length over all, 41 feet; extreme beam, 14 feet; depth of hold amidships, 4 feet 6 inches. Caspian Sealine fishing boat.—A boat is used in connection with the r. a ‘ j aes ~ & 4 4 Fig. 139.—Astrakhan river smack. bait-fishing vessel for operating fishing lines with hooks. It isa clinker- built, lug-rigged keel boat. It is decked, excepting a cockpit at the stern; has a moderate sheer; sharp bow; narrow, rising floor; and flaring sides. The after section is somewhat similar in shape to the bow; with a very narrow V-shaped vertical stern, and a straight, strongly raking sternpost. The stem is wide at the forefoot, but gradually narrows at the top and has a moderate rake. This is a feature of nearly all of the smaller Astrakhan fishing vessels and boats. The rig is that of a three-masted lugger, though it is fair to say it is somewhat difficult to decide whether the sails should be classed as lug sails or settee sails. They resemble both, but are, perhaps, more 19 S. Doc. 39 270 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. nearly related to the former, and this type of sail is practically uni- versal on the small vessels and boats of Astrakhan. The foremast is stepped just abaft the stem, the mainmast a little forward of amidships, and the mizzenmast about one-third the boat’s length from the stern. It has a half deck and cabin trunk abaft the mizzenmast. Abaft the cabin is a cockpit for the steersmen. For some distance forward of the mainmast the deck is nearly flush with the top of the rail, but beyond that the gunwale curves upward much more than the deck, making quite a deep bulwark at the bow. The foresail tacks down to a ring at the stem head, the mainsail to a ring at a timber head on the weather side, and the mizzen in a i * eee Fig. 140.—Caspian Sea long-line fishing boat. similar manner. These sails have to be lowered and shifted whenever the boat tacks, and the rig adopted by the Russians is, therefore, extremely awkward and inconvenient in this regard, while the con- struction of the boats is crude and clumsy. The relative dimensions of a boat of this class are as follows: Length over all, 35 feet 7 inches; extreme beam, 11 feet 3 inches; depth of hold amidships, 3 feet 9 inches; foremast above deck, 10 feet 4 inches; mainmast above deck, 20 feet 7} inches; mizzenmast above deck. 14 feet 8 inches. Caspian Sea long-line boat.—A boat of the common type, about 35 feet long, with very high bow, and decked except at the stern, is used for long-line fishing in the Caspian. The lines are set and hauled from asmaller boat of the same general form. Both of these boats are _ INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 271 illustrated in figure 140. The large boat is at anchor, and her lines and buoys are hung on a pole for drying. Volga fishing boat.—In the lower part of the Volga a large two-sailed lugger of the ordinary Astrakhan type is used in the fisheries (fig. 141). Fig. 141.—Volga fishing boat. This is designed solely for river fishing. It has the following dimen- sions: Length over all, 35 feet; beam, 10 feet; depth, 3 feet 6 inches; foremast above gunwale, 11 feet 7} inches; foreyard, 15 feet Fig. 142.—Volga fish lighter. 10 inches; mainmast above gunwale, 23 feet 6 inches; mainyard, 28 feet 6 inches long. Volga jish lighter.—Large, sharp-ended, open, flat-bottomed boats (fig. 142) are used as lighters on the Volga for the transportation of fish. They vary somewhat in size, but usually are from 35 to 40 feet ye: INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. long and about Sor) feet wide. They have a heavy, wide rudder and from three to five thwarts. They carry a large cargo on a light draft, and are useful for river navigation where the water is shallow. These open boats are, of course, quite distinct from the large decked barges— often several hundred tons—used for transporting fish products long distances, the former being utilized only for local river transportation. Volga police boat.—The boat used by the goyernment officials for inspecting the fisheries at the mouth of the Volga (fig. 143) is of the same general type as the fishing boats of the region, though perhaps with somewhat finer lines and a loftier rig. It has attained local celebrity for speed. Fic. 143.—Volga police boat. This boat is about 40 feet long, and is decked, except an open cockpit aft. It has a small cabin trunk at the after part of the deck. Caspian Sea seine boat.—A large, open, flat-bottomed, skift-like boat is used by the Caspian Sea fishermen to set the drag seines along the shallow shores of the sea. Its light draft adapts it to this work. It has a narrow, V-shaped, square stern; flaring sides; and a wedge. shaped bow, sharp below, but very narrow and V-shaped at top. It is entirely open, with short half-deck forward and aft, and four thwarts; three of these are well forward andgone aft, the central portion of the boat being left unobstructed for stowage of the seine. One of these boats was 36 feet long over all, 7 feet 4 inches wide, and 3 feet 6 inches deep. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. OM is’ Ural Cossack’s boudara.—One of the most interesting types of fish- ing boats is the so-called ‘*boudara” (fig. 144), which is used in great numbers by the Cossacks on the Ural River. Boats of this type, according to Dr. Borodine, are ‘‘so light that two of them may be carried on one cart.” They range in size from about 20 to upward of 25 feet in length. One 23 feet long would be 4 feet wide and 20 inches deep. They are double-ended, sharp-pointed, canoe-shaped boats; entirely open; very sharp forward and aft, with slightly hollow water se ———— | Fia, 144.—Ural Cossack’s boudara. lines, and designed to attain the special objects of lightness and speed. A notable characteristic is the upward and backward turn of the sharp- pointed bow. The paddles used on the boudara are very peculiar, having a leaf-shaped blade. Baudarka.—A boat called ‘‘baudarka” (fig. 145) was among the exhibits in the Russian section. This is a light built, open boat, with narrow, pointed, flat bottom; round bilge; flaring sides, and long, sharp ends. It has a good sheer, strongly raking stem and sternpost, * seerebicsmraliemmr cai aie oramensep. Fig. 145.—Boudarka. but, as is usual with boats and vessels of this region, has a very narrow V-shaped stern. It has a single lug sail set upon a mast stepped a little forward of amidships. It is also equipped with oars and row locks. Boats of this type are very generally used in the Astrakhan region. Often a small spritsail takes the place of a lug. The boudarka is gen- erally about 20 feet long and 5 feet wide, but larger boats of this form are not uncommon. ‘ 974 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. Ural dugout.—A crudely made double-ended dugout is used in the fisheries on the Ural (fig. 146). This canoe is heavy and clumsy in comparison with the light and graceful boudara, and is usually some- what larger than the latter. It has sharp ends, which curve up con- siderably and rake very slightly, and the bottom is round. River Don fishing boat.—One of the fishing boats used on the River Don is especially interesting because of the importance of the river fishery. It is an open, carvel-built, flat-bottom, square-stern boat, and very clumsy in appearance. It has a moderately sharp bow; straight, raking stem; slightly flaring sides; a rather full run; straight, raking sternpost and V-shaped stern. The bottom is straight, without camber at either end, and the boat has very little sheer on top. This boat has three thwarts, and a small platform or half deck on a level with the thwarts at each end. Boats of this class are propelled by three pairs of oars. The rowers sit well forward, and each man evidently uses a pair of oars. The oars are of the conventional type, with the exception that they have heavy, square looms where they come in the Fic. 146.—Ural dugout. rowlocks. The steering oar, however, is very different, it having a lance-shaped blade and a peg on its inner end for a hand grasp. The dimensions of this boat are as follows: Length over all, 25 feet 5 inches; extreme beam, 8 feet 6 inches; depth amidships, top of gun- wale to underneath side of bottom, 5 feet. Murman coast codfishing boat.—The hoat (fig. 147) used in the cod gs fishery on the Murman coast, and particularly on the Russian side of Veranger Fjord, is unique, and not only differs from other Russian boats, but is unlike those of any other country. Captain William Thompson, who spent some months on the Mur- man coast, says: The largest boats range from 35 to 40 feet in length, and some of them have a short after deck like the Norwegian ‘‘femboring,’’ under which is a small compartment wherein food is cooked on a rude fireplace, made by laying flat stones in one corner of the ‘‘cuddy.’’ The fishermen do little cooking, however, on the boat, the extent of their culinary operations being to prepare fish for food; for the meat, which is served to them only one day in the week, and the black, sour bread, which, with fish, constitute their principal food, is generally cooked on shore. With the exception above mentioned, the boats are open, and many of them are entirely so, not being provided with washboards, or any deck or platforms to keep out water or spray. These boats are clinker-built, and a curious feature of the construction is that the planks are fastened together with a soft line (about the size of manila spun yarn), which is made from the bark of a tree. The keel, stem, sternpost, and timbers are INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. Dies usually made of birch, while the planks are pine or spruce. The coast where these boats are used is some distance north of the timber belt, and therefore the material of which they are constructed must be transported to the fishing stations from some part of the country farther south. Many of the boats on the Murman coast are of a smaller size than the one above alluded to, and average about 25 feet in length. They are, however, of the same type asthe larger craft, and are generally wider in proportion, and have a still stronger slant to the upper ends of the stem and sternpost. The large boats usually carry a crew of 5 or 6 men, or 5 men and 1 woman, while the crews of the smaller craft average about 4 persons. It is not uncommon for women to be employed on boats. The people who engage in these fisheries, with the exception of the keeper, who looks after the station, do not remain on the coast in Fie. 147.—Murman coast eodfishing boat. winter, according to Captain Thompson. In the spring they reach the fishing stations by the means of reindeer teams, and at the close of the season, usually about the middle of September, they are sent home by the fishing companies on the Russian mail steamers by the way of the White Sea. The fishermen are paid from 60 to 90 rubles each for their summer’s work, from March to September. While at the fishing station they live ina squalid manner. They are not provided with bedding of any kind, and generally they sleep on shore in a building erected for the purpose. Wide shelves, which are elevated 3 to 5 feet from the ground or the floor of the building and having a gradual slope downward from the walls, are built up around the sides of the dwelling. On these bare shelves or platforms the fishermen sleep, with their heads next to the side of the house, and without any covering other than that which they have worn during the day. In the side of the 276 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. building, which faces the sea, several large holes are cut just above the sleepers’ heads, these apertures being so arranged that they can be closed with sliding doors. If a fisherman wakes and hears the wind whistling about the dwelling he immediately gets up, shoves back the slide that covers the hole over his head, and looks out to see if the boats are safely riding at their moorings. In this way a sort of half-waking, half-sleeping watch is kept over the fishing fleet, and the first indication of impending disaster calls the sleepers into action to prevent an acci- dent to their property. The Murman coast cod boat is clinker-built; open; has a sharp stern; shallow keel; rising floor, and flaring sides. The stem curves strongly and tumbles in at the top, while it has a great rake below. The bow is sharp and well formed. The sternpost is straight and nearly verti- eal. The ends are covered with tarred canvas, flush with the gunwales, for a distance of about 5 feet. The rudder and long yoke tiller are like those used by the Norwegians. The boat examined has six frames and a heavy bulkhead about one-quarter the boat’s length from the Fic. 148.—Seal hunters and boat. (From Russian print.) bow. The mast is stepped between a crossbeam, which extends from gunwale to gunwale, and an open bulkhead. The boat is painted brown, except at top of bow and stern, where there are small triangular- shaped patches of yellow, bordered with blue. The blades of the oars are black and the looms green; the tiller is also black and green. It has four rowlocks, like those on Norwegian boats, with oar beckets in them. It carries a single loose-footed square sail, trimmed by yard braces and sheets. When close hauled, the lower part of the luff is hauled forward by a bowline bridle and the upper part is pushed forward with a sprit. The dimensions are as follows: Length over all, 32 feet 11 inches; beam, 6 feet 8 inches; depth, 2 feet 5 inches; mast, above gunwale, 18 feet; yard, 15 feet; sprit, 16 feet 3 inches; mast, abaft stem, 12 feet 6 inches; oars, 13 feet 6 inches. Seal jisher’s boat.—According to illustrations exhibited by Russia (fig. 148), the seal hunters of that country use a small, open, sharp- stern, clinker-built rowboat, which is hauled over the ice when the men INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. Ste are in the pursuit of seals, and when, of course, there may be reason to anticipate meeting with open water. These boats are widest in the middle and taper gracefully at either end, the bow and the stern being very much alike. They are rather shallow, have a round bilge, curved stem and sternpost, and are moderately sharp forward and aft, with generally convex lines. The seal hunters, with long, narrow snowshoes on their feet, make their way over thin or broken ice in pursuit of their game, their skiffs being dragged behind them by means of ropes. These have loops at their ends which are passed over the shoulders of the men. The seal boat usually measures from 14 to 15 feet in length, 5 feet in width, and about 2 feet in depth. Apparatus of capture, etc.—In a country so extensive as Russia and having such varied fisheries, it follows, as a matter of course, that there is a vast number of devices used for the capture of fish, marine mammals, and crustaceans, and also in the preparation of fishery prod- ucts. The Russian exhibit included a large variety, the more important or interesting of which will be alluded to. Fia. 149.—Harpoons and lances for killing white whales. (Drawn by W. H. Abbott.) Whaling appliances.—TVhe white whale (Dalphinapterus leucas) is captured in the northern seas with large seines, made of strong cord (Pl. XLII), and with harpoons similar to those used for killing seals and walrus (fig. 149). Sealing apparatus.—Vhe illustration (fig. 150)’ shows the various implements and dress of the seal hunters of northern Russia. The apparatus of capture consist of a large sealing gun, two forms of har- poons, spears or lances, and a combined ice pick and gaff. The gun is always provided with a cloth or leather lock cover, to keep the lock dry, and is also carried in a case, as a rule, when making passages on the ice, especially in stormy weather, for it is highly important to keep a gun dry. Fixed ammunition is not (or was not) used by the seal hunters, and a powder horn is a part of the equipment; wooden hoods or covers for the harpoon and lances are usually provided. Each hunter has a pair of long, narrow wooden shoes, pointed at the ends and turned up in front. They are not so long nor so light as the Nor- wegian ski. A sleeping bag, a small keg for carrying water in the 1From Investigations of Fisheries and Hunting for Sea Animals on the White Sea and the Arctic Ocean, published by the Russian Government. 278 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. boat that 1s hauled over the ice, and straps for dragging seals or pelts, complete the equipment. The strap is in two parts, to fit over each shoulder, and is provided with a loop and wooden toggle at the lower end, by which it can be quickly fastened to anything that is to be dragged. The Caspian Sea sealers depend chiefly on guns, but a wooden club armed with many iron prongs at its head is also used. Nets and se‘nes.—TVhe nets exhibited from Astrakhan were all made of hemp, and were coarse and primitive in comparison with nets of western Europe or America. Machine-made nets and especially those made of cotton are little used in Russia, because of the excessively high duty on cotton goods 1G, 150.—Seal hunters and apparatus. (From Russian publication. ) of all kinds. The few net manufactories in operation in Russia are equipped to make hemp nets chiefly, if not solely, for cotton twine is too expensive to use. Linen twine is used to some extent. Various solutions are used for preserving nets. Herbs are boiled in lime water, and solutions of tar and oil are in favor. Much trouble is sometimes experienced in the Caspian Sea because of the nets rotting in an unaccountable manner, and very suddenly, to such a degree that when this happens it is called the ‘*net plague.” The matter has been investigated, but it is claimed the problem has not yet been solved, though Dr. Arustamon believes it is due to bacterial influences. Von Kusnetzoy says ‘* the fixed nets and the drift nets are about the same mesh, width, and size. The fixed net is either fastened to poles beeen st Gael “pce cc Onc INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 279 or an anchor, or fastened by ropes to stones.” He speaks of the tram- mel net being used in Livland. Among the drift nets, he refers toa net which must be something like the parenzella, for it is drawn by b) 665 two boats sailing parallel to each other. This net is ‘‘jarygi’ Ural, but on the Volga it is known as the ‘* poesduchi,” ‘‘pnoesdy,” or ‘* bulgaki.” It is often operated in places where no other apparatus can be used. In such cases it is set as a fixed net in a half circle around a certain place, and the fish are frightened into it by throwing stones in the water, ete. The nets used by the fishermen at Rostoff, on the River Don, are made of coarse hemp twine and hung to a single hemp rope. Wooden floats are used on these nets, these being of various shapes. Sometimes they are flat, but more frequently half oval, being simply a section of a round stick split in two. The flat floats averaged about 3+ by 24 inches on the surface and were three-fourths 5, 15: Reed of an inchthick. The others averaged about 24 inches by _ float. (Drawn 3 inches on the flat surface and were about 14 inches thick. ita Bs These floats have a hole in the center through which the cork line passes, and they are strung on to the latter at distances from 6 inches to 1 foot apart. Some of the nets were made of linen twine, and the floats were made of from four to six sections of a large dried reed, somewhat resembling a cornstalk, these floats being about 8 or 9 inches long by 1+ inches in diameter, and the reeds being firmly bound together at the ends by strong hemp twine (fig. 151). The sturgeon nets were made of coarse hemp twine with a mesh of 20 inches. Reed floats were also used on these, the floats being 10 inches in length and attached to the cork rope by twine seizings passing around each end of the float. The gill net used in the River Kur for the capture of schamaja (A/bur- nus chalcoides) hasamesh of 12 inches and is hung by reeving the head on the rope through the meshes. Small gourds are used for floats and large ones for buoys. These are held by lines hitched over them (fig. 152). The salmon drift nets used in the Petschora River and the salmon nets in the White Sea region have flat wooden floats, some of them circular and some elongated, with the upper and wide end rounded, and the lower end square and made to fit the cork rope to which they Fie. 152.—Gourd net-buoy and float. 280 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. are fastened. The buoys of the Petschora nets resemble a four-leaf clover, with a staff through the center. For sea and river fishing at Puski, in Northern Russia, the gill nets are hung by passing a stout line through a number of the meshes and hitching it to the cork rope at intervals (fig. 153), and the floats are made of birch bark wound tightly around the cork rope, so as to make an elongated roll, which Fig. 153.—Birch-bark gill-net float. (Drawn by W. H. ah aren ue ae ae ae ic Abbott.) tion to the dimensions of the net. According to the best authorities, the nets usually have no footrope, and the stone sinkers are fastened to loops or strings attached to the bottom meshes (fie. 154). t=) Trammel nets are in favor in some parts of Russia for certain fish- eries. The method of hanging these is to reeve a line through the small and large meshes, and where the large meshes come a cord is passed around the cork rope, which in turn is rove through the floats (fig. 155). The net is hung to the footrope by reeving the latter = ypaaeet a aR through the meshes. In some places, however, a sinker made of gravel incased in cloth is used (tig. 156), and then a lashing goes through the large meshes and around the sinker, thus holding the meshes from slipping. Many curious and interesting forms of sinkers are used on the Rus- sian nets. In one case two pieces of burnt clay were fastened to opposite sides of a pole 44 feet long (fig. 157), which was attached to the wing of aseine. These sinkers were at the lower end of the pole, to keep that end down and aid in keeping the stick Fie. 155.—Method of hanging trammel net. (Drawn by nearly vertical in the water, W. H. Abbott.) This is an Astrakhan de- vice. A sinker used on an Astrakhan net was a piece of sheet lead about one-sixteenth of an inch thick, bent around the lead line of a net and hammered closely to the line (fig. 158). This bore evidence of having been cut with a die. A net used for catching smelt (Osmerus operlanus) and white fish INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 281 (Coregonus albula) had bright-red burnt-clay sinkers, 1 to 2 inches in diameter and # to 1 inch thick. These had a hole in the center, through which the line passed that heldthemtothenet. Fig- ure 159 shows one of these sinkers in profile and cross section. A sinker very much like the latter, but less regular in outline, with a hole in » Fic. 156.—Section of gravel net sinker. (Drawn by W. H. the center, was made of Abbott.) soft stone, possibly gyp- aS — ee ee XK VA‘ 4 a 2. 5 Vf > S53 : Pye avieie A leg = sum. Its average diameter was 12 inches; average thickness, $ inch. A smooth, well-made, oblong sinker, with corners ground off (fig. 160), was 4 inches long, 24 inches deep, and 14 inches wide. It had two holes near the center for the line to pass through. A tubular sinker (fig. 161), varying in length from 24 to 34 inches, central diameter about 14 inches and ends # inch, is used to a consider- able extent. This isa rather conventional form, and resembles the tubular lead sinkers used in the United States and western Europe. A num- ber of these are strung on the footline, and a wooden wedge is driven in the end, or ends, of the sinker, to jam the rope so that it will not slip. In figure 162 is shown two kinds of sinkers on one net, indicating the expedients often re- sorted to where stones of suitable shape are not obtainable. One of these sinkers is incased in birch bark. This isoften done to prevent the net or footrope from being chafed, as they might be Fic. 157.—Seine-pole sinkers. (Drawn by W. H. Abbott.) on rough stones. The other is a piece of terra-cotta, with a hole near one edge, through which passes the line that holds it to the footrope. An egg-shaped sinker (fig. 163) isused in some sections on the cor- ners of a‘*bag net.” The peculiar- ity of this is that it is covered with cloth, doubtless for the reason already mentioned. The method of attaching this to the corner of a net is shown in the illustration. The so-called sink seine, like that of the Norwegians, is used on the Murman coast. It is about 90 feet square, and is operated by four boats (fig. 164). Fic. 158.—Sheet-lead net sinker. (Drawn by W. H. Abbott.) 282 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. The drag seine of the Caspian Sea region is made of coarse hemp twine, with a mesh of 2% inches. The net is hung to a single three-quarter-inch hemp rope on both foot and head, and along the cork rope floats are placed, at a distance of about 9 inches apart. The footrope is provided with cir- cular iron sinkers at intervals of 8 feet apart. Each of these has a hole in the center through which the footrope is rove. This seine is about 9 feet deep, as hung. According to Kusnetzoy, drag seines are employed in all large fisheries. The simplest form of this apparatus, which is only a Fic, 159,—Net sinker. (Drawn by W, H. Ab- straight 2 ee Buout lines, is bott.) salled “*bredni” ‘or “brodniw This is usually a shallow seine, like that last referred to, and is generally used in places where the fishermen can wade out to operate it, particularly to pull it to shore. A common form of Russian drag seine has a bag in the bunt, into which the catch is gathered when the net is brought to the shore. The bag has a smaller mesh, and is made of larger twine than the rest of the net, and generally the mesh of the bunt, next the bag, is smaller than it is in the wings. The size of the mesh, of course, depends upon the species the net is employed to cap- ture, and may vary from a fraction of an inch for some of the smaller species to many inches for white whales. A special kind of seine, with the bag nearer one end than the other, is used for catch- ing salmon in the White Sea region, and in the northern part of Russia are also seines or bag nets with only one wing. Some of the bag nets have very short wings, especially those used in the White Sea and Arctic Ocean for catching salmon. The latter are generally fixed apparatus, each wing being held by loops to a stake driven into the bottom, and the upper cor- ner of the bag is extended in the sume manner by a line fastened to a loop or strap that runs on a stake fast inthe mud. The lower part of \ “Alitésseszae Fic. 160.—Net sinker. (Drawn by W. H. Abbott.) Sp — Hh ar; 2! ee ee Fig. 161.—Net sinker. (Drawn by W. H. Abbott.) INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. Y8E this form of bag net is kept to the bottom by large stone sinkers, and the upper edges are provided with floats to keep them up in the water. Cast nets, fykes, traps, weirs, ete.— There are many forms of fishing ap- paratus used in Russia which may properly come under this head, for here we find not only modern types of gear but many forms which seem to be aboriginal, orat least they differ from "7% Net Sinktss. | (Drawn by W. 1 fishing appliances seen elsewhere. . Cast nets.—Cast nets are used in the Caspian Sea region, and are thrown essentially the same way as in the southern section of the United States, the fisherman holding one part of the lower edge in his mouth, thus gaining the lever- age to whirl it out into a mushroom shape, so important for catching fish. These nets differ from the American forms in having a peculiar plait-like edge, weighted with lead, but with no puckering strings, its effective- ness depending on holding the fish within the full plaits of the edge until they can be removed. At least those nets exhibited in the Russian sec- \ Ee Pe IA" Zi tion had no puckering strings, or brail lines, running to the lower edge, and I was assured such were notused. Still inthe volume of illus- trations on the Caspian Sea, already referred to, the detailed drawing showed the end of a brail line fastened to the foot line. Fie. 163.—Net sinker, ccc. \, + . . ‘ ey ve) ¥ P » A n A] "oO a (Drawn by W. H, Abbott.) Cast nets are used both from the shore and from boats. Of course fish must be close to the surface for a device of this kind to be operated successfully by men on the shore. When cast-net fishing is attempted two men usually go ina Fig. 164.—Sink-seine fishing. (From Russian publication.) boat. One sits forward and slowly pulls the boat along—or backs her, if circumstances demand it—and the other stands ready to cast the net whenever fish are seen. Sometimes a boat may be fastened to a stake 284 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. that is driven into the bottom, and she lies quietly while the men wait for approaching schools of fish. In any case much dexterity is required and isshown. The fisherman has one end of the coiled line tied around his left wrist, and with the whirling motion acquired only by long practice, he sends the net far out from the boat—the entire length of the line—and so accurately that it rarely fails to strike the water fairly and in the right place. It necessarily follows, however, that all such fishing is comparatively unimportant, considered alone from the standpoint of commercial fisheries. Fyke nets.—Fykes are generally used in Russia. Some are of the ordinary pattern, having circular hoops, some have square frames, and others still have frames which are a compromise between the two. They vary in design, as elsewhere, some being simple in construction, with only one funnel, while others are longer and more complex, aa have several funnels. Very large fykes are used in some places. In Lake Ladoga, for instance, it is common for them to be 70 feet long, with a diameter of 20 feet. ‘*On the Volga,” says Kusnetzov, **the fyke nets sometimes have wings extending not only sidewise, but also downward, toward the river bottom, and in this manner the whole water run may be closed in from the bottom and up to the ice covering the river or lake.” It is rare that fykes are set singly, but they are usually put out in rows, so that their wings connect and overlap each other and form an intricate labyrinth of netting, thus making escape for fish practically impossible, and often resulting in large captures. In the northern part of European Russia—that section bordering the White Sea and Arctic Ocean—the most effective devices are used in the rivers for the capture of fish. Indeed, so comprehensive and destructive are some of the obstructive apparatus, such as barriers, weirs, etc., that one feels it must be almost impossible for a fish to pass up a stream to the spawning grounds at the headwaters, and it is difficult to understand how this system of fishing has been pursued for many years without causing a serious depletion in the abundance of species sought. A common form of apparatus used in river fishing is the fyke-net weir, or trap. On the Zilmar River a fyke weir is in favor for the capture of ordinary forms of fish. It is composed of a long leader extending across the current and well out into the stream. This is made of alternate sections of brush, or sticks, driven into the mud, and netting. In the center of each net section is a fyke net, arr: anced in opposite directions, so that one will catch fish passing up the river, and the next will take them when they are swimming downstream. The leader is supported by stakes driven into the river bottom, and INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 985 the fykes are so fastened to stakes that they can be lifted, as occasion demands. : On the Kubino Sea a double fyke net is used. The fykes have a large broad-mouthed funnel at the entrance, and an inner funnel. Two of these are set facing each other, and are connected by a leader: of netting; the upper edge of the latter is supported by floats, while the foot line is kept near the bottom by stone sinkers. The fykes are fastened at each end to stakes in such a way that they can be raised when nevessary, and reset without changing their position. Fish passing along the coast, or in or out of a cove or estuary, are liable to meet with the leader, and whichever way they turn, if they follow the leader, the probability is that they enter the fyke. Such a device can not fail to be effective where the conditions are suitable to its use. The ** ssisha.”—This form of fish trap (which is also called *‘ ssjesha”) ‘‘looks exactly like a purse net. It is fastened to poles and arranged in such a manner that it is impossible for fish to escape which have once entered the net. A small line extends from the center of the net, and is held by a fisherman stationed on the shore. ‘This line gives the signal for each fish that enters the net, and sometimes a little bell is attached to the signal line, and this gives a light tinkling sound when- ever a fish enters.’ Black Sea fishing trap.—A trap is used on the bays of the Black Sea for catching mackerel and other species, which is supposed to have been derived from the Greeks, but is similar in idea to apparatus used by the people of various countries bordering the Mediterranean. It is valled ‘*dal jani” or ‘‘skipasty” by the Russians. It is a large trap, and costs from 500 to 800 rubles. It is built like a pound net; the netting is attached to poles, and anchors are used to hold it steady. It is arranged in ‘‘ what might be called a whole court,” says Kutzenoy, “**the entrance to which is opened by letting down one of the walls formed by the nets. If a school of fish enters, the entrance is closed again by hauling the net well up the surface.” Fishing mats.—A system of fishing with mats called ‘* rogoshke” is practiced on the Black Sea, and is quite unlike anything I have known of elsewhere. The mats are made of reeds, and are about 14 feet long. The edges along the sides are curved upward to a height of 4 inches. This gives them the appearance of large, oblong, low boxes when floating on the water, a form necessary to the purpose for which they are used. ‘*On dark nights these mats are silently put on the surface of the sea, forming a half circle, and placed where fish are sure to be found. The men in the boats then proceed to scare the fish up from 'Fisherei und Thiererbentung in den Gewiissern Russlands, by Von I. D. Kusnet- zov, St. Petersburg, 1898. S. Doe. 39 20 286 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. the bottom of the sea by shouts and noises and by beating the sur- face with the mats. The frightened fish, which have been driven toward the mats, try to jump over the imaginary obstacles and thus jump onto the mats, where they are easily caught by the fishermen, for the bent edges prevent their escape.” * Strange as this device may appear for the capture of fish, the suc- cess met with is often most gratifying, and instances are not uncom- mon when so many fish spring upon the mats that the latter sink. Dip nets and scoop nets.—The dip nets and scoop nets are evidently made by the fisherman as a rule, and are of primitive construction. Metal bows are not much used. A metal-bowed scoop net of a very conventional form is used in the preparation of caviare in Astra- khan. Ordinarily the bow and handle are formed of a two-branched sapling, cut of sufficient length for the purpose. The bark is first stripped off, one of the branches is cut quite short, and its end is chamfered; the other branch is left of suitable length to make the bow large enough, and its end is also chamfered to fit the other. Then the long branch is bent to meet the short one, and the two are firmly joined by seizings of line, thus forming an ovate bow of greater or less proportionate width, according to the flexibility of the wood or the fancy of the maker. If neither of the branches is long enough to form the bow, as above described, they may meet in the middle (fig. 165), although this is undesirable because the lash- ings chafe off quickly, and it is generally preferable to Fic.165.—Dipnet. leave both ends short and chamfered and fit a flexible = seh piece to them to form the bow. Of course it is best to have saplings that divide at the top into two sym- metrical parts or branches, but such are not always available. In that event a small tree with straight stem is selected which may have two branches on opposite sides and nearly at the same height. The top of the tree is cut off just above the branches and the latter are tapered to receive the ends of the bow piece, which are lashed in the ordinary way. The bow of a dip net used on the River Don was made of hardwood bent into the usual ovate form, the ends being chamfered and secured by seizings to the ends of a branched Y-shaped stick, the other end of which was strongly fastened to the wooden handle of the dip net. The greatest diameter of the bow was 2 feet, and the least diameter was 144 inches. The handle was 4 feet 9 inches long and 14 inches thick. The bag-shaped net was made of very coarse hemp twine, with mesh of 13 inches. Thus, though the details of construction vary somewhat, the ulti- ' Fisherei und Thiererbentung in den Gewissern Russlands, by Von I. D. Kusnet- zOV, St. Petersburg, 1898. ee INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 287 mate result is the same, so far as the general nature of the handle and hoop of the net are concerned. The attachment of the net is a secondary matter, and this may be woven onto the hoop, or may be previously prepared and simply hitched on in the usual way. A large dip net (fig. 166), similar to the shrimp nets of France and Great Britain, is used for fish- ing along shore in shallow water. The handle is 14 feet long; head (or spreader), + feet long; inner spreader, 18 inches long; net, 6 feet long 4 feet wide at head and 18 inches wide at inner part. Trawl lines.—The trawl lines used on the Murman coast for catching cod and other species differ in no essential particular from the Norwegian lines. Indeed, it is quite supposable that the Rus- sians have copied after the Norwegians in the preparation of their fishing lines, as they have in most other things connected with cod fishery. Figure 167 shows a sec- tion of trawl line coiled on a stick with the bights of the gangings hitched over the hooks to prevent en- tanglement. The methods of hitch- ing is shown more clearly in figure 168, which indicates that one method is a clove hitch and the other is a slip hitch. At least two forms of trawl lines are used for catching sturgeon. The hooks on both have long needle-like Fic. 166.—Dip net. (Drawn by W. H.Abbott.) aaa axe = ~ ~~. —— f=) Fig. 299.—Shark trawl] line. Such a line is put into a shallow basket made of bamboo, and 1s called a “maki.” A boat with a crew of six men uses 80 such maki tied end to end into a single line. At each end and in the middle of this line is tied a stone and a barrel buoy, the latter by means of a cord; also at the end of each maki are attached alternately a stone and a float, so that the whole line may not lie flat on the bottom but be kept float- ing at intervals. For bait, sardines and squids, cut into pieces of convenient size, are used. Shark trawl line.—A section of trawl line used in the shark fishery, which was exhibited, was coiled in a circular bamboo basket (fig. 299), like the others. On one side of the rim is a bunch of soft strips into which the hooks are stuck, for this is the customary way of disposing of the hooks on practically all varieties of trawl lines. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 409 Three-stranded hard-laid tanned line, nine-sixteenths inch in circum- ference, is used for the ground line. This section had 6 hooks, 4 inches long, bent to gangings about 30 feet long. Great care is observed in the preparation of these gangings to prevent them from being cut by the sharp teeth of the sharks, or chafed by their rough skin. Each snood is served with copper wire for a length of 234 feet; 44 feet of its length is made of hard-laid rope served with blue cotton, and next the hook are three stout copper-wire links, each 9 inches long. Eel trawl line.—Trawl lines are used for eel fishing in Japan. A section exhibited had a tanned cotton ground line and white cotton gangings, the latter being 4 feet long. It had 122 hooks, each three- fourths inch long. It was coiled ina circular basket, 15 inches in diam- eter and 7 inches deep (fig. 300). Several of these sections may be united in one trawl-line. Mackerel trawl line. — Long lines are used in the mackerel fish- ery at Misaki, in the province of Sagami. One of these lines is about 350 feet long, and has at- tached to it 85 snoods, each about 2 feet in length. Fourteen bas- kets of this line are usually worked by a boat with a crew of 6 or 7 men. When _ being used, the line is kept floating at some intermediate depth by means of five barrel buoys at- tached to the principal line by means of ropes 300 to 350 feet long. As ballast, a small stone is tied to the lower end of each hanging rope. Besides these, nine smaller stones are attached at intervals to the whole line. Hand-line fishing appliances.—Few countries have such varied, peculiar, and effective forms of hand-line fishing gear as Japan, and it is evident that much skill and ingenuity have been expended in produc- ing many of these devices, the preparation of which often indicates keen observation of the habits of the species they are intended to capture. What has been accomplished is the result of centuries of experience, of observation, and of competition, which have combined to teach the fisherman what are the most effective appliances for the accomplishment of his object, having in mind his environment and such other conditions as must be met. Tai fishing line.—The hand lines used in ** tai” fishing are usually silk with a silk-worm gut leader at the lower end.