UNIVERSITY FARM QKlbb A73 GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF MINNESOTA CONWAY MAcMiLLAN, State Botanist THE METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY A LIST OF THE HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS INDIGENOUS TO THE DRAINAGE-BASIN OF THE MINNESOTA RIVER OONWAY MACMILLAN REPORTS OF THE SURVET BOTANICAL SERIES DECEMBER 'J}», MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA HARRISON & SMITH STATE PRINTERS MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn. April 29th, 1892. HON. JOHN S. PILLSBURY, President of the Board of Retfknts of the University, SIR: — I have the honor to present through you to the Board of Regents of the University of Minnesota, my first report as botanist of the Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota. I am, sir, your obedient servant, CON WAY MACMlLLAN, State Botanist. BOARD OF REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY. The HON. STEPHEN MAHONEY, B. A., Minneapolis, 1N95 The HON. SLOAN M. EMERY, Lake City, 1895 The HON. KNUTE NELSON, Alexandria, - 1896 The HON. JOHN S. PILLSBURY, Minneapolis, - 1896 The HON. OZORA P. STEARNS,^3uluth, 1897 The HON. WILLIAM LIGGETT, Benson, - 1897 The HON. JOEL P. HEATWOLE, Northfield, 1897 The HON. GREENLEAF CLARK, M. A., St. Paul, The HON. CUSHMAN K. DAVIS, M. A., St. Paul, The HON. WILLIAM R. MERRIAM, Ex-Officio The Governor of the State. The HON. DAVID L. KIEHLE, LL. D., St. Paul, Ex-Officio The State Superintendent of Public Instruction. CYRUS NORTHROP, LL. D., Minneapolis, - Ex-Officio The President of the University. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PREFACE xi INTRODUCTION 1 The work of a botanical survey 1 Importance of studying a natural area 2 The Minnesota valley as a natural area 3 History of botanical investigation in the Minnesota valley. . . 4 Bibliographical list of publications relating to the plants of Minnesota 5 Care and identification of material 9 Citation of herbarium specimens 9 Determination of ranges outside of Minnesota 10 Citation of generic and family ranges 10 Citation of authors of genera and species 11 Synonymy and orthography 13 Citation of genera and families • 15 Generic synonymy and limitation 16 Arrangement of families and genera 18 Natural divisions of the vegetable kingdom 18 Characters of the Metaspermae 22 Characters of the Archispermae 23 The production of "seeds" 24 The classification of Engler and Prantl 24 Subdivisions of the Metaspermae 27 Literature bearing upon metaspermic polymorphism 29 Statistical discussions 30 LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS (METASPERMAE) NA- TIVE TO THE VALLEY OF THE MINNESOTA 31 Monocotyledones 31 I. Typhaceae 31 II. Sparganiaceae 32 III. Potamogetonaceae 33 IV. Najadaceae 40 V. Juncagineae 41 VI. Alisniaceae 42 VII. Hydrocharitaceae 45 VIII. Gramineae 47 IX. Cyperaceae 89 X. Aroideae 130 XI. Lemnaceae 132 XII. Xyridaceae 135 XIII. Eriocaulaceae . . 135 Vi METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. XIV. Commelinaceae 136 XV. Pontederiaceae 137 XVt. Juncaceae 138 XVII. Liliaceae 143 XVIII. Amaryllidaceae 159 XIX. Dioscoreaceae 159 XX. Iridaceae 160 XXI. Orchidaceae 162 Dicotyledones — Archichlamyde ae 176 XXII. Juglandaceae 176 XXIII. Myricaceae 178 XXIV. Salicaceae 179 XXV. Uetulaceae 186 XXVI. Fagaceae 190 XXVIf . Ulmaceae 192 XXVIII. Moraceae 195 XXIX. Urticaceae. 196 XXX. Santalaceae 199 XXXI. Aristolochiaceae 201 XXXII. Polygonaceae , 203 XXXIII. Chenopodiaceae 211 XXXIV. Amarantaceae 213 XXXV. Phytolaccaceae 215 XXXVI. Nyctaginaceae 216 XXXVII. Portulacaceae 217 XXXVIII. Caryophyllaceae 219 XXXIX. Nymphaeaceae 225 XL,. Ceratophyllaceae 229 XLI. Ranunculaceae 229 XLII. Berberidaceae 250 XLIII. Meoispermaceae 251 XLIV. Papa veraceae 252 XLV. Cruciferae 256 XL, VI. Capparidaceae 269 XL VII. Sarraceniaceae , . . 271 XL, VIII. Droseraceae. 271 XLIX. Crassulaceae 273 Lu Saxifragaceae 274 LI. Rosaceae 281 L,II. Leguminosae 308 LIII. Geraniaceae 332 L.IV. Oxalidaceae 334 L.V. Linaceae 335 L,VI. Rutaceae '. 336 L.VII. Polygalaceae 338 L.VIII. Euphorbiaceae 340 L,IX. Stellariaceae 344 L*X. Anacardiaceae 345 LXI. Celastraceae . . 348 LXII. Aquifoliaceae 349 L.XIII. Staphyleaceae 350 TABLE OP CONTENTS. Vll LXIV. Aceraceae 351 J,XV. Balsaminaceae 354 LXVI. Rhamnaceae 355 LXVII. Yitaceae 357 L.X VIII. TiJiaceae 359 LXIX. Malvaceae 360 LXX. Hypericaceae 362 LXXI. Cistaceae 364 L.XXII. Violaceae 365 LXXIII. Cactaceae 371 LXXIV. Thymelaeaceae 372 L.XX V. Elaeagnaceae 373 L.XXVI. Lythraceae 374 LXXVII. Oenotheraceae 375 LXXVIII. Halorrhagidaceae 383 LXXIX. Araliaceae 385 LXXX. Umbelliferae 387 L.XXXL Cornaceae 369 Dicotyledones—Metachlamydeae 402 KXXXII Pirolaceae 402 L.XXXIII. Ericaceae 405 LXXXIV. Primulaceae 411 L.XXXV. Oleaceae 415 L.XXXVI. Gentianaceae 417 LXXXVII. Apocynaceae 421 L.XXXVIII. Asclepiadaceae 422 L.XXXIX. Convolvulaceae 427 XC . Polemoniaceae 431 XCI. Hydrophyllaceae 434 XCII. Borraginaceae 436 XCI1I. Verbenaceae 442 XCIV. Labiatae 444 XCV. Solanaceae 456 XCVI. Scrophulariaceae 459 XCVJI. Lentibulariaceae 473 XCVIII. Orobanchaceae 475 XCIX. Plantaginaceae 476 C. Rubiaceae 478 CI. Caprifoliaceae 482 Oil. Adoxaceae 490 CHI. Valerianaceae .' 491 CIV. Cucurbitaceae 493 C V. Campanulaceae 494 CVI. Compositae 499 Summary 570 THE VALLEY OF THE MINNESOTA RIVEK 571 Location of the valley 571 General topographical features 572 Character of the basin 573 Distribution of forest and prairie 574 Soils.. 575 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Climate 576 Tables of precipitation 576, 577 Table of temperature 577 Phaenological observations 578 Geological history of the Minnesota valley '. ... 578 Bibliography 581 RELATIONSHIPS OF THE METASPERMIC FLORA OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY 582 Statement of the problems 582 The dynamic inter-relations of plants 582 General features of plant distribution 584 The general factors in floral differences 587 Natural vegetation regions of the earth 588 Grisebach 588 Engler 588 Drude 590 General position of the Minnesota valley as a botanical district 591 Greater compositeness of the Northern Realm 591 Pressures and tensions 594 General considerations of equatorial pressure 594 Movement of tensions 595 Fluctuation of tensions 596 Influence of equatorial pressure on habitat 597 Secondary longitudinal tensions '. . 598 Minor tensions 599 General division of the world into botanical realms 600 Outline of metaspermic history in the northern hemisphere 600 Emergence of metaspermic forms 600 Character of the Cretaceous flora 602 The Tertiary flora 603 The post-Tertiary movement - 604 Results of the epoch of glaciation 606 Conditions of the present 610 Summary 610 Bibliography 612 STATISTICS OF METASPERMIC PLANTS OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY 613 Value of statistics 613 Point of view of statistical compilation 614 Points of statistical investigation 615 /. Examination of families represented in tki Minnesota valley — 624 A. Table illustrating distinctive range of families 618 II. Examination of genera represented in the Minnesota valley . . . 624 B. Table illustrating distinctive range of genera 624 C. Table illustrating continental development of genera — 643 III. Examination of species represented in the Minnesota valley — 653 D. Table illustrating general continental range of Minne- sota Metaspermic species 654 E. List of species and varieties of extra-continental range . . 724 F. Table illustrating range by families and species 736 TABLE OF CONTENTS. ix IV. Examination of physiognomic characters of the metaspermic plants of the Minnesota valley 138 G. Table of arboreal Metaspermae 739 H. Table of shrubby Metaspermae 740 I. Table of aquatic Metaspermae 743 K. Table of swamp and marsh Metaspermae 744 V. Examination of the dominant metaspermic families of the Min- nesota valley 752 VI. Conclusion 758 INDEX OF THE LIST 761 ERRATA. p. 64. For arundiuacea read arundinacea. p. 343. For presslii read preslii. p. 441 : For var. pilosum read var. pilosa. PREFACE. The Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota is established by virtue of an act of the state legislature, ap- proved March 1, 1872. This act is entitled "An Act to provide for a Geological and Natural History Survey of the State, and to entrust the same to the University of Minnesota." Under the law, therefore, organising the survey, the Regents of the Uni- versity became its directors and have at different times ap- pointed officers to prosecute the different lines of scientific work. The order of carrying on the work is prescribed in the law establishing it . In accordance with such prescription the geological work has been in progress for twenty years, the zoological work for four years, the botanical for two years, and the topographical for one year. Originally the separation of these four lines of work was not formally insisted upon by the Board of Regents and certain botanical and zoological brochures have up to this time appeared from the office of the State Geologist. More recently, however, contingencies arose that induced the Board of Regents so to classify the work of the survey that each department should be under the charge of a specialist who might be expected to labor toward the ends defined in the organic law, with greater directness than under the unperfected arrangement. The accompanying work, then, is a report of the botanical division of the survey, and the first volume of the botanical series. It is transmitted in the cus- tomary manner. It is necessary to add in this place a word to what is more fully discussed in that portion of the introductory chapter which relates to nomenclature. The action of the Botanical Club of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, at the meeting in Rochester, New York, during the month of August, 1892, is a very grateful one to all who have wished for some radical reform in our laws and customs of botanical nomenclature, The rules of the Paris Congress have Xll METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. in general been reaffirmed and the modifications of the code are for the most part improvements. The action of the club cer- tainly marks the end of an unfortunate epoch in the history of American botany, and in the future it may be expected that many and evident benefits will be derived from the establish- ment of nomenclature upon some other than a personal basis. In accord with the action of the Botanical Club, I should have adopted in this work the 1753 date for genera as well as for species, had not most of the pages been in type when the action was taken. In accordance with the new rule the following changes in generic nomenclature are suggested to persons us - ing this volume. Mariscus HALL. (1742) = Cladium P. BR. (1756). Cyperella CRAM. (1744) = Juncodes ADANS. (1763). Ramium RTJMPF. (ll^l) = Boehmeria JACQ. (1763). Stellularia LINN. (1748) = Stellaria LINN. (1753). Leuconymphaea LUDW. (1737) = Cattalia SALISB. (1805). Nymphaea LUDW. (1737) = Nymphaea SALISB. (1805). Capnorchis LUDW. (1737 1 = Bikukulla ADANS. (1763). Cracca LINN. (1747) = Colordla ADANS. (1763). Ricinocarpus BURM. (1737) = Acalypha LINN. (1753). Stellaria LUDW. (1737) = Callitriche LINN. (1753). Lappula HALL. (1745) = Lappula MOENCH. (1791). Leptostachya MITCH. (1748) = Phryma LINN. (1753). Pentagonia SIEG. (1737)= Legouzia DUR. (1782). In the spelling of generic names the folio wing are the prefer- able forms: Cypripedium, Pyrus, Pyrola, Pentstemon. la the matter of specific nomenclature the only change that need be made to follow the rules of the Botanical Club is the substitu- tion of the second oldest specific name in the duplicate binomials . Phragmiles phragmites ( LINN. ) then becomes Phrag- mites vulgaris (LAM.). While the writer is not at all in sym- pathy with this rule of the Botanical Club, which makes an exception to the law of priority of which no exception should under any circumstances be -allowed, nevertheless, in accord, ance with his belief that the action of so representative a body of botanists should have its due weight, he suggests that this change be made in the duplicate names of the list. It has been intimated that the position of the Gharaceae is not apparent in the general scheme of arrangement proposed in the introduction. It seems clear to the writer that this group is to be included among the Sporophyta-Archegoniatae. Whether the sporophytic plant is represented by the so-called pro-embryo1 or is altogether suppressed, it would seem proper to include the Characeae, as has been done, among the Sporo- 1. Vines: Journ Sot. (1878). PREFACE. Xiil phyta. An extended discussion of the point will not be proper here, but it may be noted in passing that the proposition that the pro-embryo of Chara is really homologous with a sporo- phytic plant is not altogether indefensible. Acknowledgements not already made in the introductory chapter may here find an appropriate place. To very many I am under grateful obligation for assistance and encouragement, I may name most particularly Dean C. W. Hall, of the Univer- sity of Minnesota; Dr. N. L. Britton, of Columbia College;; Prof. E. L. Greene, of the University of California, and Dr. C. E. Bessey, of the University of Nebraska. Each one of these has aided me and I take pleasure in assuring them of my sincere gratitude and regard. I am also indebted to Maud R. MacMillan, my wife, for no little help in the proof-reading and indexing-work, and to my sister, Bertha McMillan, for similar kindly offices, i extend my thanks to them. The general plan of this volume will be recognised by my professional co-workers as somewhat new, or at least untried.. They will doubtless appreciate without any further statements- on my part, the many difficulties that confront one who attempts to follow such a plan. I trust they will also bear in mind that the writer is Keenly aware of many defects in his wqrk, and doubts not that there are others which have escaped his atten- tention. Oversights, errors and positive blunders are scarcely to be avoided in any work that is made up of such a mass of detail as in the case in hand. I hope, however, that these errors- have been reduced to a minimum, and that such as exist, in spite of what I trust has been a due degree of watchfulness, will not mislead anyone who may use this book. In spite of the onus that to a certain degree rests upon the compiler of a local flora, I believe that even in such a humble department of botanical science there is opportunity for useful study. Where the present work may have failed, others, it may be hoped, will succeed, and, if directly or indirectly the writer has contributed a little to the development of our knowledge of the plant popu- lation of the continent, he will feel well repaid for labors which have at times been both arduous and confining. CONWAY MACMlLLAN University of Minnesota December 24, 1892 t « 0 H J& o '£ fcfc* 55 ig LU ,»— t_ > E PH o fid *~ * ^r 5 1 ^ f ii a s i § <— ! N INTRODUCTION, The work of a Botanical Survey. In the law of March 1st, 1872, providing for a Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, it is directed that an examination of the vegetable productions of the state, embracing all trees, shrubs, herbs and grasses, native or naturalised, shall be included in the said survey. It is furthermore provided that, under the supervision of the Board of Regents, who, by law, are constituted the Directors of the survey, reports shall from time to time be made to the people of the state, and suitable provisions are determined for the distribution of these reports. A task of considerable magnitude is thus laid upon the officers of the survey in whose charge the botanical work is placed. Not only must those conspicuous members of the vegetable kingdom — the flowering plants, pines and ferns — be subjected to examination; but the less prominent and lower forms, such as the fungi, algae, lichens, bacteria, slime-moulds and prob- lematic organisms, must receive what may seem to be their due share of attention. These latter forms from their intim- ate connection with the health, nutrition and activities of man may rightly claim a careful study. But up to the present time very little is known of the lower plant forms as occurring in Minnesota. In the catalogue prepared by A. E. Johnson, and published most fully in the Bulletins of the Minnesota Academy of Sciences, there will be found the first serious effort to bring together into a list some information concern- ing the fungi of the state*(l). In Bulletin No. 3 of the Geo- logical and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, Mr. J. C. Arthur, assisted by Messrs. Warren Upham, L. H. Bailey, E. W. D. Holway and others, presents the results of a brief but fruitful collecting trip in northern Minnesota, together with a number of notes compiled from various sources (2). In this (1). Johnson: Bull. Acad. Sci. Minn., Vol. I. (1877-78-79). (2). Arthur: Results of Botan. Work in Minn, for 1886. Bull, Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, No. 3. (1887). 2 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. list there will be found reference to many of the lower plants, but the number here determined can hardly represent more than a small fraction of all which certainly exist within the limits of Minnesota. During the three years of 1889, 1890 and 1891, the collection of data in this comparatively unexplored region has been diligently prosecuted by the Botanical Department of the University of Minnesota, and the information thus obtained has become the property of the survey. It is intended at some time in the future, barring unforeseen contingencies, to present as complete a list as possible of the fungi and algae of the state. While this reconnoisance has been in progress much labor has been expended upon the enlargement of our knowl- edge of those plant-groups which have already commanded, from their greater prominence, the attention of students of the Minnesota flora. Owing to the changes in nomenclature and the never-finished revision- work which modifies our conception of genera and species as well as of the larger divisions, and in the light of constantly advancing scientific knowledge, there is brought near to us the necessity of re-examining somewhat of the botanical work already done. By such examination it alone becomes possible to present the most modern aspect of such a study as is, under the law, directed towards the vegetable products of Minnesota. In the present volume a mass of revisional and considerable new material bearing upon the plants of Minnesota has been collected. For a proper limitation of the work within bounds a natural group of plants — the higher seed-plants, or metas- permse — has been selected, and these plants -have been consid- ered with reference to a limited, but natural portion of the total area of the state. In this way new facts are conveniently grouped and the old facts are brought into a somewhat different angle of vision. The importance of studying a natural area. It is not com- monly the custom of those who compile local floras to select dis- tricts limited by nature rather than by man, as the area for inves- tigation. It is far more usual for some political district to be chosen, such as, for example, a group of states, a single state, a county, a town or a region within a circle drawn with arbitrary radius around some central city, lake or valley. In a list of local floras published in North America (3), Dr. N. L. Britton enumerates 791 titles of works that have been published since (H). Britton: A list of State and Local Floras. Contr. Col. College Herb. (1890.) INTRODUCTION. 3 the early colonial days. These fall into three classes, political, geometrical and natural, with reference to the areas of which they treat. To political areas 590 titles are referred, upon examination of the whole list; to geometrical, 142 titles and to natural areas only 59 titles. The more popular methods do not, however, afford so good a field for scientific grouping of facts nor do they permit, without a most tedious and pains- taking tabulation and criticism, any particularly useful gener- alisations which might be based upon the facts when properly arranged. For there is, apparently no very close connection between those conditions which govern the boundary-lines of a political district and the distribution of plants within those boundaries. The boundaries of Minnesota are certainly not accidental, but have been fixed through the interaction of a complicated series of causes and events, many of them too subtile and elusive to permit of classification. Just as certainly the kinds of plants in Minnesota, their relative abundance or scarcity, their positions in forest, lake or meadow, their general or local distribution are determined by a similarly complicated and interlocking series of causes and events, many of which will also, it is probable, be found to be too difficult and "hidden for successful analysis. In the effort to unravel somewhat of the problems suggested, it is necessary that attention should not be diverted to something quite extraneous or superficial and, therefore, just as we should not attempt to interpret the laws governing the action of a constitutional convention, by periodic examinations of a mercury-barometer, no more should we attempt to investigate the laws of plant-distribution in Minne- sota by adhering to the artificial lines which separate it from adjacent commonwealths or divide it into counties, towns or sections. The Minnesota valley as a natural area. When one endeav ors to divide the state of Minnesota into natural regions for the purpose of prosecuting a botanical survey, the river- valleys at once present themselves as suitable areas. As is well-known Minnesota lies squarely at the crest of the North American continent. Its altitude above the sea is less than that of other places which might be named; but notwithstanding this it is within its borders that the three great river systems of the continent find their head-waters. Plowing northward is the Red river, the principal tributary to Hudson Bay ; flowing eastward is the St. Lawrence, the principal tributary to the Atlantic, and flowing southward is the Mississippi, the great 4 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. central river of North America, emptying its waters into the Gulf of Mexico. There may be distinguished then, these three drainage-basins, and each might be a suitable district for study along the lines contemplated in the establishment of a botanical survey. It happens however that the Mississippi drainage -area in Minnesota admits of a natural subdivision. The Minnesota river which joins the larger, but geologically newer stream, at Ft. Snelling, is in many ways the most interesting portion of the Mississippi basin. As will be shown later, in the special chapter devoted to this valley, the Minnesota is peculiarly central in its location and remarkably interesting, not only from its topography and situation, but on account of its history as well. Occupying the position that it does the Minnesota valley, while a subsidiary drainage-basin, becomes one of first import- ance in Minnesota. It is, therefore, the natural region which has been chosen for study at this time. Later, it is hoped, the other basins to which the superficial area of Minnesota may be referred, will receive attention. Thus a final report of the botanical survey will knit together the data acquired through the consecutive investigation of the different natural districts making up the state. For the purpose of the botanical division of the Geological and Natural History Survey, then, the state of Minnesota may be considered as presenting these divisions: (3«. I. Rainy Lake river drainage-basin 11,347 sq. m. II. Red river drainage-basin 18,106 sq. m. III. Lake Superior drainage-basin 7,689 sq . m. IV. Minnesota river drainage-basin 15,706 sq. m. V. Rock river drainage-basin 1,929 sq. ni. VI. Des Moines river drainage-basin 1,639 sq. m. VII. Cedar River drainage-basin 1,206 sq. m. VIII. St. Croix river drainage-basin 3,669 sq. m. IX. Other tributaries of Miss, below St, Paul 6,399 sq. m. X. Central Mississippi drainage-basin 16,596 sq. m. Total area of Minnesota 84,286 sq. m. Only the 4th and 10th of these basins are peculiarly Minne- sotan (disregarding the unclassified IX. div.). Of these two the Minnesota is much the older and more interesting area, as will be discussed later. History of botanical investigation in the Minnesota valley. In the earlier published works relating to the plants of Minne- sota it is not possible to determine accurately what references (3Vi). Hall: Physiographic Conditions of Minnesota. Proc. Hort. Soc. 393 (1884). INTRODUCTION. 5 belong to the valley of the Minnesota. Since no bibliography has yet been published of the district in question or of the state in general — except the preliminary one compiled with much care by Mr. Warren Upham (4) — it seems advisable to introduce at this point such a list as shall cover at least the more promi- nent papers, memoirs and volumes known to the writer. Bibliographical List of Publications Relating to the Plants of Minnesota, In this preliminary and partial list the * is prefixed to such titles as convey information concerning the valley of the Minnesota. Jesuit Relations (1626-1679). Occasional references to food or fuel plants. La Salle: Margry's Decouv. et Etabl. de France, Am. Sept. (1683). Lie Suer: Pennecaut's Narr. (1705). Carver: Trav. N. Amer. (1779). Observations of Sugar-maple, Vines, Oaks, Pirus, Prunus, Angelica, Apios or Astragalus, Humulus and a number of others, not all of which, perhaps, are to be credited to Minnesota. *Pike: Exp. Miss, and La. during 1805-6 and-7 (1810). Observations of Pinus strobus, P. resinosa, Tilia, Ulmus, Praxinus, Quercus, Acer, Populus, Abies, Larix, Zizania. Thuja and a few others. t Torrey: List of PI. coll. by Capt. D. B. Douglas at the sources of the Mississippi. Sill. Journ., ser. I, vol. IV, pp. 56-69 (1822). *Nuttall and Schweinitz: Say's PI. from Long's Exp., Appx. in Keat- ing Narr., vol. II (1825). 124 species of ferns and spermaphyta, 30 definitely attributed to Minn. *Beltrami: Decouv. Sourc. Miss, et Sanglante (1824). Observations of Maples and Oaks. *Schoolcraft: Narr. Exp. Itasca, pp. 160-165, plants coll. by Dougl. Houghton (1834). 247 sp., 115 attributed to Minn. *Torrey: Geyer's coll., Nicollet Rep. t'1843). Catalogue of 446 sp., 60-65 from Minn., most of the others from Dakota. Eaton and Wright: Man. Bot. N. Amer.. ed. VIII (1841). Some vague references to Minnesota localities. • Gray: Man. Bot. N. U. S., ed. I (1848) and succeeding editions. In the first edition vague references to Minnesota localities. *Featherstoneliatigh: Canoe- Yoy. Minnay Sotar (1847). A few notes of common trees, shrubs and herbs. *Pope: Rep. Pemb. Exp., ex. Doc. 42, 31st Cong., Sess.I. (1851). Notes of common trees and shrubs. * Parry: Syst. Cat. PI. Minn, and Wise., Owen's Rep., pp. 606-622 (1852). *Clark: Hanchett and Clark, Rep. Geol. Surv. (1864). Enumeration of 65-70 native plants and 30 cultivated varieties. (4). Upham: Cat. Fl. Minn. XI. Rep. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn., (1883). METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. *Lapliam: Cat. PI. Minn., Rep. Minn. Hort. Soc. (1875). 951 species noted as growing in Minn. •* Twining, Wincliell, Harrington, Sperry, Juni, Roberts, Gar- rison: In vols. I-IX, Ann. Reps. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, N. H. Winchell, State Geologist (1872-1880). Dawson: Bound. Rep., pp. 351-379 (1875). 289 sp. Phanerogams from Canadian line. Chickering: PI. Coues, Red river coll., U.S. Bound. Comm. (1878). 96 species from boundary region near Pembina. *Cathcart: Ferns of Minn., Bull. Minn. Acad. Sci. I., 303-304 (1877). 30 species and 3 varieties. Manning: Wild Flowers of Lake Pepin valley, Rep. Minn. Hort. Soc., pp. 83-116 (1884). Catalogue of 504 species. *ITpham: Catalogue of the Flora of Minnesota; Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, Rep. XI (1883); reprinted (1884). 1650 species of flowering plants and Pteridophyta, This very valua- ble work is a complete compilation from preceding papers and contains much additional information. Arthur: Rep. Bo tan. Work in Minn, for 1886, Bull. 3, Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey of Minn. (1887). Includes work by Holway, Bailey, Upham and others. 750 sp. listed from N. Minnesota. Camp located in 48° N. lat., near Lake Vermil- ion. This list is important, not only as a contribution to our knowledge, but because it is the only list yet published based en- tirely on herbarium material which is preserved by the state. *Up7iam: Suppl. Minn. Flora, Bull. 3, Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. (1887). *Britton and others: Torrey Bulletin— papers on generic revision often contain notes on Minn, forms. (1884—). * Botanical Gazette papers: Many notes and references to Minne- sota plants are scattered through this publication. (1885—). *MacMillan: E. extension of Pentstemon albidus, Torr. Bull., Oct. (1890). Id. Note on a Minn, species of Isaria and an attendant Pachybas- mm, Journ. of Mycology, vol. VI, No. 2 (1890). Id. Note on a new species of Actinoceps, B. and Br., Am. Naturalist, Aug. (1890). Id. Notes on some Phanerogams of Central Minnesota, Bot. Gazette, Dec. (1890). Id. Salvinia natans in Minnesota, Torr. Bull., Jan. (1891). Id. Some notes on parasitic fungi affecting the leaves of Sarmcena purpurea in Minnesota, Torr. Bull., July (1891). *Id. Les Plantes Europe^nes introduite dans la valle6 du Minnesota, Rev. Gen. de Botan. No, 34 (1891). E. J. Hill: Pinus Banksiana in the West, Torr. Bull , Mar (1890). Id. Zizania as found by the explorers of the N. W., Torr. Bull., Feb. (1891). Id. Flora of St. Croix region, Bot. Gazette, May (1891). Id. Flora of the Lake Superior region, Bot. Gazette, June (1890), and fol. *Leil)erg: Fl. Dak. and Mont., Rep. Minn. Hort. Soc., pp. 361-367 (1884). Trelease: Revision of Epilobium (1891). References to Minnesota material. INTRODUCTION. . 7 Id. Revision of Rumex (1892). References to Minnesota material. WJieelock: Genus Polygala in N. America, Torr. Mem. II, No. 4 (1891). References to Minnesota material. Bailey: Study of the Genus Carex (1887). References to Minnesota material. Bailey : Types of the Genus Carex (1889). References to Minnesota material. *Saryent: N. Amer. Silva, vols. I, II, III,— (1890— ). References to Minnesota plants. Johnson: Mycological Flora of Minn., Bull. Minn. Acad. Sci. (1877, 1878, 1879). 775 species of fungi, many doubtfully identified. * Arthur: Some Algae of Minn, supposed to Poison, Bull. Minn. Acad. Sci. Appx. (1883). Johnson: Mycological Flora in VI. Rep., Geol. and Nat. Hist. Sur- vey (1876). 558 species listed ; many doubtful. Gray: Revisional papers in Proc.'Am. Acad., (1883-1888). Watson: Revisional papers in Proc. Am. Acad., (1885-1891). Britton: Revisional papers in Trans. N. Y. Acad., (1887—). In all of these occasional references to Minnesota material are to be looked for. Macoun: Flora of Canada, (1883—). References to northern border localities. Upham: Geographic Limits of species of Plants in the Basin of the Red river of the North, Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. Proc. (1891). *Gray: Synoptical Flora (1886). Many references to Minnesota. Reports of Minn. Hort. Soc., Forestry Comm., Agric. Soc. and Ex- periment Station. (1870—). Wolle: Algae of Minneapolis, Bull. Torr. Club., X, 13-21 (1883). Enumeration of species new to D. S., collected near Minneapolis by Miss Eloise Butler. 18 sp., 8 forms new to science. Wolle: Desmids of U. S. (1884). References to Minnesota localities. Id. Fresh- water Algae of U. S. (1887). References to Minnesota localities. Journal of Mycology, (1885—). Occasional scattered allusions to Minnesota localities and fungi. Houghton: Loc. Plants coll. in N. W., Exp. (1834). *Hiddell: Syn. Fl. W. States (1835). References to Minnesota localities. LapJiam: Grasses of Wise, and adjacent States, Trans. Wise. Agric. Soc., Ill, 397-488(1853). Whitney: Flora of Lake Superior Region; Foster and Whitney's Rep. Geol. Lake Sup. Land Dist., II, 359-381 (1851). Pammel: Weeds of S. E. Wise, and Minn. (1887). *Leonard: Filical Fl. Minn., Bull. Minn. Acad. Sci. (1877-78). 8 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Doubtless other titles could be added, but the above will in- dicate most of the geographical work that has been accom- plished upon the plants of Minnesota. A large number of local collectors are and have been residing in Minnesota, and to the energy of these is due our information, at present accessible, concerning the plants of Minnesota. To give a list of these would be difficult since they are scattered throughout every county. Many have but meagre collections, while some have worked long and patiently over the state flora and possess good representative collections from all parts of its domain. Unfortunately, the only excellently complete list of Min- nesota flowering-plants and ferns is not largely based upon an existing herbarium. In the herbarium of the Geological and Natural History Survey, when it came under the charge of the present State Botanist, there were only 621 species of our vascular flora out of about 1,700 known, represented by specimens. Since that time many of the gaps have been filled, while many remain. The Arthur list of 1887 is fortunately based upon a skilfully prepared and carefully preserved herbarium and this is on file in the cases of the Survey. Other accessions to the state-flora, as represented in the herbaria preserved at the University have come from time to time through exchange, presentation and personal collection. The principal and most important contributions to the state- cabinets have been made under the present working plan. In June, 1891, Messrs. E. P. Sheldon, C. A. Ballard and B. C. Taylor were commissioned to prosecute field-work in different portions of the Minnesota valley. Mr. Ballard spent two months in the vicinity of the mouth of the Minnesota, working through Carver, Scott and Dakota counties. Messrs. Sheldon and Taylor spent three months in the southern and western portions of the valley. Pope and Douglas counties were specially studied by Mr. Taylor, and the valleys of the Cottonwood, Red- wood and Lac Que Parle by Mr. Sheldon, who also spent some time along the northeast slope of the Coteau des Prairies, especially in the vicinity of Lake Benton. Through the intel- ligent, energetic and expert endeavors of these, some 20,000 specimens of flowering-plants, vascular cryptogams, mosses, fungi and fresh- water algae were collected, of which number more than 3,000 have been mounted in proper fashion and placed in the herbarium* of the survey. The total number includes many exchange plants and duplicates which will be of value in building up weak places in the general herbarium. INTRODUCTION. 9 Care and identification of material. The identification, dis- tribution and arrangement of all the phanerogamic and vascular material collected during the season of 1891 was put in charge of Mr. E. P. Sheldon, whose ability and aptness for the work have been an indispensible assistance to the author. Under the direction of Mr. Sheldon, Mr. W. D. Frost and Mr. A. P. Anderson gave some time to the mounting and arrangement of such plants as were reserved for the general herbarium. This work occupied the entire autumn of 1891 and the winter and part of the spring of 1892. The large collections in the herbarium of the Department of Botany, which numbers not far from 62,000 specimens, afforded excellent facilities for comparison when -critical forms were under consideration. A few doubtful forms have been submitted to specialists, but in no cases have the determinations of Mr. Sheldon been modified. Citation of herbarium specimens. Every plant in the herba- rium of the survey is known by its collector's name followed by a serial number. It thus becomes possible to refer to any plant •definitely and decisively. Any mistakes in identification, if such should by chance occur, would thus be easily discovered and corrected by future workers. Under each species in the subsequent list of Metaspermae occurring native in the Minne- sota valley, all the herbarium material at hand is entered. Not only is the Minnesota valley material properly inserted, but all Minnesota specimens receive their place under the appropriate heads. Only such Minnesota specimens as belong to species not known or believed to occur in the drainage basin of the Minnesota river are excluded. In this way a complete account of the status of each species, in the herbarium, is presented to students throughout the state, and gaps or poorly represented species may receive attention from future collectors. In addition to the citation of all Minnesota specimens of Minnesota plants, so far as represented in the herbariums of the University, citations have been made from the personal collections of Mr. Sheldon, Mr. Wickersheim, of Idlewild, Lincoln county, and Judge Moyer, of Montevideo, gentlemen who have kindly contributed by the loan of their herbaria to our knowledge of the limits of species in their districts. The collection of Mr. Sheldon, cited as Herb. Sheld., is principally from the Ft. Snelling district ; that of Judge Moyer, cited as Herb. Moyer, from the mouth of the Chippewa river ; that of Mr. Wickersheim, cited as Herb. Wickersheim, from Lincoln 10 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. county and Mankato. With the addition of these, the total number of locality -citations is not far from 6,000. Determination of ranges outside of Minnesota. Curiously enough there is no work accessible to students of the Minne- sota flora in which the complete range of Minnesota plants is given. This can readily be excused in the case of fungal or algal lists, for the ranges of many of these lower forms are very insufficiently known and could scarcely be compiled with- out great labor and uncertainty. In the case of the higher seed-plants, the Metaspermae, there is less difficulty in obtain- ing the intra- and extra- continental distribution, but in manuals, floras and lists published in America it is common for the range, outside of the area arbitrarily chosen, to meet with little or no consideration. This is proper if the list is intended only as an enumeration, but if it is meant to be serviceable to students in any other way, it would seem scarcely out of place to indicate in it the complete range of each species noted. In no other way can the plants of a region be presented logically to the student. This is especially true when the lists are based upon unnatural districts of observation. In any case it seems useful to know the general range. With this in view, the writer has been at considerable pains to compile from the original sources, as far as possible, the American and Old- World distribution of all plants which are considered as native to the Minnesota valley — that is, all plants introduced within its borders by agencies other than the activities of man. Cita- tions of page and number are given of all authorities thus con- sulted. The principal local floras of America have been indexed and certain lists of the Old World, comprising some from both Atlantic and Pacific regions, have been included in this tabula- tion. Under each specific name citations of literature upon which geographical range is based may be found, and reference to such cited works will be sufficient in most cases to fill out the detail of distribution which is suppressed for want of space. Citation of generic and family ranges. The genera and fami- lies are handled in much the same way as the separate species and varieties. Under each generic name is cited the principal synonymy, excluding most pre Linnean names, and following this a few standard compendia of genera or generic indices. It is thus possible for the student to refer at will to the detailed descriptions of genera found in the cited works, or very readily to come into a knowledge of the literature concerning any genus of his inquiry. The number of species referred to a INTRODUCTION. 11 given genus in different portions of its range is indicated and the general generic range is briefly given. This compilation permits the student to see at once in which portion of its gen- eral range any given genus is preponderantly developed, and to compare the relative development of allied or distant groups. Citation of authors of genera and species. In order to ob- tain stability of nomenclature it is necessary to provide that the name of a plant, the specific name, can not be changed through caprice or whim. Nor can it be changed through ignorance, providing the mistake through which the change was made has been discovered. The refusal to correct mistakes and the dis- inclination to do thorough bibliographical work before publish- ing a new specific name is the cause of most confusion in botan- ical nomenclature. Hence has arisen the so-called international law or law of priority which provides that the earliest pub- lished specific name of any plant must stand providing that name is not antedated by some other similar name applied to a plant belonging in the same genus. Many botanists do not admit the validity of this principle except in the case of species which they may have themselves named and published. With reference to others they are accustomed to insist that ' ' cus- tom," " long-established-habit" and a conservative condition must be maintained. This is to save the difficulty of having to revise their own systems of nomenclature, and serves in many cases to cover inaccuracies or hastiness. With this conservative position, the unthinking and unbotanical are always distinctly satisfied and are accustomed to declare that botanical nomen- clature is purely a "practical matter " and should be taken out of the hands of the botanists altogether and turned over to some unprofessional commission for settlement (5). Objec- tions of this sort are natural, for the changing of names in our accustomed department of science is always a confusing matter. Such criticism is, however, unthinking and unbotan- ical because it fails to recognise that the whole difficulty has originated on account of just such conditions as are extolled and recommended for perpetuation. The only way to obtain a stable nomenclature is by rigidly enforcing the law of priority with reference to specific names. All instability finds its well spring in the disregard of this law, and stability under our present general system of nomenclature can only be obtained by strict adherence to the oldest available specific name, by whomever or wherever it may have been published. (5) Rand: Hot. Gazette, XVI. 318-319 (1891). 12 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. The cause of the present upheaval in plant nomenclature, signalised, but not at all initiated, by such a book as that of Kuntze (6), is very easy to discover. Never so much as to-day has botany become world-wide. The multipli- city of periodicals, the facilities for exchange and correspond- ence between different countries, expeditions, congresses, com- munications, the development of new centers of activity in all parts of the globe, all conspire to make insularity of nomen- clature impracticable, except for those who do not care to be within the pale of the modern conditions. It was a matter of less importance fifty years ago, if the name Potamogeton pauci- florus was given to one plant in France, by Lamarck, and to quite a different plant in America, by Pursh. There was less danger of confusion, for French botanists and American bot- anists were not then so distinctly interested in each other's field. The international character of science was recognised long ago in the adoption of an international language — Latin — in which oriental and occidental investigators can commu- nicate, whatever their native dialect. The law of priority simply carries this recognition farther, and provides that in the department of nomenclature Latin shall be used in the same sense in all countries. In America the rightful implication of the law of priority has been ably expounded by Britton (7) and Greene (8), seconded by many others. Under their leadership most of the younger school of botanists have determined to enlist, but the older men whose life works have been largely accomplished under the older and insular interpretation, the provincial dis- pensation, as it may be named, have in most cases failed to withdraw from the position of their youth — the "position of naming-plants-as-one-pleases " — and their publications are in consequence marred by the illegal nomenclature. Manuals and handy-reference-floras, most local lists and many mono- graphs have perpetuated the faulty and insular methods and it is but very recently that a concerted attempt is being made to establish this department of botanical work upon the only sure foundation possible without a complete withdrawal from the existant system. The present list, therefore, contains many unfamiliar names, but with these are cited, so far as possible, other post-Linnean (6) Kuntze: Revisio Generum Plantarum (1891). (?) Britton: Papers in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club and Ann. of N. Y, Acad; Contr. Columbia College Herb.(1885 ). (8) Greene: Pittonia, Flora Franciscana, etc. (1885 ). INTRODUCTION. IS names; so that the reader who prefers to maintain the current, though not- to-be-recommended attitude, will "have no difficulty in choosing a name to suit his taste, or, if he desires, he may establish a name of his own." Preference has always been given, by the writer, to the oldest unpreempted specific name and the date of publishing has been determined in every case with as much accuracy as possible. For all names printed, the author, page-number of work and date of publication have been cited and an effort has been made to procure exact biblio- graphic detail so far as conditions would permit. Biblio- graphic works, such as those of Pritzel (9) and Jackson (10), have been of much assistance in determining publica- tion dates of many obscure and inaccessible works while the libraries of the Department of Botany and the Survey, at Minneapolis have been serviceable. In addition, the full collection of books belonging to the University of Nebraska, and the personal library of Dr. Chas. E. Bessey were put at my disposal, and through this courtesy many references that could not otherwise have been verified were critically exam ined. Furthermore, under the direction of Dr. N. L. Britton and Dr. Thos. Morong, bibliographic work on some 250 refer- ences which had proved puzzling was conducted for me in the libraries of Columbia college and in New York. By this kind- ness many gaps have been filled. The Linnaean citations have been worked out with the aid of Richter's well-known work (11) and revisional assistance has been derived from the notes in Hitchcock's Ames Flora (12) and the chapters in Kuntze (13). Besides these a large number of minor aids have been received from numerous sources. I believe full credit is given under each head in the general list, for all sources of information drawn upon. Synonymy and orthography. It is not pretended that a com- plete synonymy is given in any case, although it has been the endeavor to make it as complete as possible. In the old divi- sion Polypetalae, use has been made of the remarkably exact and painstaking bibliographic index prepared by the lamented Sereno Watson (14); in the Gamopetalae the laborious compila- tions found in Gray's Synoptical Flora (15) have been, in most. (9) Pritzel: Thes. Bot. Lit. ed. I. (1851.) (10) Jackson: Guide Lit. Bot. (1881.) (11). Richter: Codex Lvnnaeus (1835). (12). Hitchcock: Fl. Ames, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci. (1891). (13). Kuntze. Revisio Generum Plantarum, Vol. I, introd. CXXII— CXLVI. (1891). (14). Watson: Bibliographic Ind. N. Amer. Bot. Pt. I (1878). (15) Gray: Syn. Fl. U. S. (1886). 14 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. cases, considered final, while in the Apetalae, so-called, and the monocotyledons the works of Torrey (16), De Candolle (17), Richter (18) and many others have been of prime assistance. In addition to these, a number of other works have been useful, especially in the lower families, where, for an evident reason, the least compilatory labor has been expended by previous workers. In particular cases help has been extended by specialists, e. g., by Morong in Potamogetonaceae, Lamson- Scribner in Gramineae, Britton in Cruciferae, Coulter in Umbelli- ferae, etc. This is all gratefully acknowledged. The synonymy is in general chronologically arranged and the specific name chosen is in every case so far as the writer knows, the one sanctioned by priority regardless of variance with "custom" or "authority." As explained above this is at once the most modern and, it would appear, the most logically correct rule to follow. One point which should merit atten- tion, perhaps, is the uniformity with which capital letters are suppressed from specific names, even in the synonymy. It is probable that the writer is fairly open to criticism for sup- pressing such capitals in a synonym, while he might not merit it for the suppression in the particular name he himself is in- clined to sanction. Nevertheless no capitals will be found in specific names whether they are derived from proper nouns or not. This is a practice in line with custom, as may be dis- covered by referring to the older American manuals, and is conducive to regularity and system. The particular practices of different authors in regard to this trivial point may be learned by reference to their pages. Again, ancient spelling has generally been retained in the specific names, even if at variance with a more recent rule. Thus the law of priority is guarded most safely, and personal preferences, are, so far as possible, excluded. It must be noted, however, that the law of priority in plant nomenclature does not contemplate, as generally interpreted, any pre Linnaean work as of importance. An arbitrary start- ing point must be determined for botanical names just as an arbitrary point of latitude or longitude is determined. As there is no natural longitude to be discovered, so there is no natural demarcation-line between the older methods of nomenclature and the newer. Hence confusion arises: some writers cite (16). Torrey: Fl. N. T. (1843); Torrey and Gray, Fl. N. Am. (1838-41). (17). De Candolle: Prodromus, (1824 ). (18). Richter: Plantae Europeae, Pt. I, (1891). INTRODUCTION. 15 generic authors back to Tournefort, others are inclined to go back to Dioscorides or Pliny (19) with their references. There is ample room for argument in this department of the subject, but apparently no room for dogmatism. It will be generally acknowledged that any starting point is, of necessity, arbitrary, and it becomes a matter of preference, to be determined as far as possible in the light of convenience and custom whether one base-line or another be adopted. The common notion of lay-botanists that Linnaeus was the founder of genera or the inventor of the binomial system of nomenclature, is of course, readily corrected by the facts of history. Nevertheless, Linnaeus is generally admitted to have been the first to reduce nomenclature, specific and generic, to an orderly condition. His work is therefore, for convenience, adopted as a meridian and in these pages specific citations do not go back of the 1st ed. of the Species Plantarum (20), nor generic citations (except in the case of some synonyms) back of the 1st ed. of the Genera Plantarum (21). I am unable to see any gain in citing from the Systema of 1735. Citation of genera and families. It seems clear for apparent reasons that priority should govern in generic names, for in the present condition of botanical science the conception of a genus is relatively stable. This is true whether one adopts a wide or narrow notion of a given genus. Family and ordinal names, are, however, not yet likely to be stable, for they are based upon a more fluctuating foundation. It is probable that the time is not yet ripe for a definite and sharp determination of family or ordinal characters. While, then, priority may rightly govern in generic citation, there is no reason to insist upon it in family, ordinal or class citations. But if this should be gainsaid, the position may at least be maintained that the mer- idian here adopted should be the Genera of Endlicher (22). It would appear that any purely intellectual concept like a family of plants, which certainly has no objective existence, but is merely a category in which we are accustomed to group cer- tain quite distinct individual organisms on the basis of sup- posed relationship, abstracted from observed and hypothesised resemblances, should be elastic in name as it is elastic in sig- nificance. The evident objection is that this is true also of genera and species, which are, in like fashion, subjective cate- (19). S. F. Gray: Arr. Brit. PL (1821). (20). Linnaeus: Species Plantarum, ed. I. (1753). (21). Linnaeus: Genera Plantarum, ed . I. (1737). (22). Endlicher; Genera Plantarum (1836-40). 16 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. gories rather than objective realities. Admitting the unques- tioned truth of such an objection, it seems nevertheless that the species and genera stand out somewhat less nebulously than the families, classes or divisions. Their boundaries have been more accurately mapped, their highways and by-ways have been more carefully charted and it is more admissible to de- mand for them at least the semblance of a stable nomenclature. In consequence of such considerations as these it has seemed unwise to insist upon strict priority in the names of families- while maintaining it for the names of genera. This position is, however, not unlikely to be erroneous, or at least inconsistent. For reasons outlined above the genera have been determined under the law of priority, but this has not been insisted upon for the families. Under both families and genera, page num- bers of dated works are indexed, and such works have been selected as should at once put the student who refers to them in a fair way to gain a knowledge of the literature of any plant, which might command his attention. The standard modern works have alone been cited, except in certain cases of peculiar historical or local interest, for, from these, proper references to older works may be compiled. Generic synonymy and limitation. Since there is little uni- formity in $he limitation of genera, it is customary in works like the one in hand to follow some recognised authority, se- lecting the authority either at random or under the influence of local conditions. Bentham and Hooker's monumental work (23) has during the last twenty years served as an authority to the English-speaking races and in less degree to others. In general the lines of generic limitation established in this great work have been adopted by the writer. In particular cases, however, the lines of Baillon ( 24) and of the monographs col- lected in Engler and Prantl's not yet completed work (25) have been followed, thus emending the limits as. proposed in the older volumes. Synonymy has been quoted to indicate the precise limitations accepted and all this synonymy has been properly referred to its original authors, and the places and dates of publication have been compiled. The list serves, therefore, as a partial date-index to Bentham and Hooker, Baillon and the German monographers. Genera proposed prior to the 1st ed. of (23). Bentham and Hooker: Genera Plantarum (1862-1883) . (24). Baillon: Histoire des Plantes (1867-1881 ). (25). Engler and Prantl Natuerl Pflanzenfamilien (1887-1893 ). INTRODUCTION. 17 Linnaeus' Genera Plantarum unless adopted by him have been regarded as devoid of prior right to consideration. In the Linnaean works, page-numbers and page-positions have been held to establish priority and older generic names have always been maintained over newer. When genera have been com- bined the older names are always retained for the new combi- nations, except in such cases as Stachys-Betonica or Sorbus- Pirus where the newer name received the greater number of species in 1753. This is the rule proposed by Kuntze and it is reasonable. In general the nomenclature adopted is believed to be thor- oughly abreast of the times. To compile this has been a much more difficult task than it would have been to accept unques- tioningly the names as presented in such a book as the Watson and Coulter revision of Gray's Manual (26). It is believed, however, that in a list like this the eye should be cast forward instead of backward, that the future should receive considera- ation as well as the past. To the complaint, which has much of reason in it, that all changes in nomenclature should be left to monographers and should be carefully avoided by the com- pilers of local floras, only one thing can be said. That is this: there is no honesty in hiding behind some other's work simply because one's own work is of humble nature. In local floras as well as in monographs the public has a right to demand the result of the best and truest convictions of its servants. It is dishonest to put forward anything which one does not believe to be correct, on the plea that some one else will correct it. It is discreditable to conform to a custom that one does not sanc- tion, that one believes is in rightful course of final extinction. With this and other exigencies held in view, the writer has not hesitated to uphold as strict an interpretation of the law of priority as may be possible. It has been a matter of concern, not so much to gratify a conservative instinct in those who may have occasion to use this list, as to keep squarely in the current of progress towards the better botanical nomenclature of the twentieth century. Reforms are not brought about by inanition or conformity. They must be center ded for even at the risk of temporary disturbance of the established order. The details of working which must demand attention on the part of the " nomenclaturist " when he considers so wide a field as the names of living or fossil organisms may offer him, have been indicated in many papers and volumes. Nomenclators, (26). Watson and Coulter: Gray's Man., 6 ed. (1890). -2 18 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. such as those of Pfeiffer (27), Steudel (28) and Kuntze (29) together with the laws of zoological and botanical congresses and papers by distinguished taxonomists, such as Agassiz and A. Gray, have been freely consulted and the basis of nomencla- ture in the case of the Metaspermae has been de-rived from such critical, historical and bibliographic labors. Those who are interested in the detail may find abundant discussion in these cited works, which, together with the controversial and argumentative material published from time to time by the Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew, the Continental and Austra- lasian Gardens and the various botanical periodicals and ephemera that concern themselves with such subjects, will be found to present the questions outlined above, from a wide variety of view-points. With Kuntze, it may well be said that while nomenclature itself is hardly to be named a science, it is certainly an important adjunct of science and as such demands thoughtful attention. Arrangement of families and genera. The arrangement of families and genera follows as exactly as possible the lines laid down in Engler and Prantl's Natuerlichen Pflanzenfamilien, which is beyond compare the most important taxonomic summary yet published for the plant-kingdom. This arrangement is. not particularly different from that which has come to be generally recognised within the last ten years. It is similar in general outline to that of Luerssen (30), Drude (31) and Warming (31^), and is a clear expression of modern views of the inter relationship and evolution of the flowering-plants. Such an arrangement is preferable to the more ancient ones just in such degree as it is more accurate. The accuracy of the arrange- ment adopted is acknowledgedly incomplete, but it is believed to represent the full research of the times. Natural diyisions of the vegetable kingdom. The constant effort of the botanist is to make his classification of plants indi- cate not only resemblance but relationships. Indeed resem- blances are considered of value in taxonomy only in so far as they indicate relationships. For this reason no classification is, or can be stable, since no classification is ever mature or com- plete. The ever-progressing knowledge of plant-anatomy, dis- tribution, physiology and especially of embryology renders the (27). Pfeiffer: Nomenciator Botanicus (1874)1 (28). Steudel: Nomenciator Botanicus, ed. II. (1840-41.) (29). Kuntze: Rev. Gen. (1891.) (30). Luerssen: Systematischen Botan. (1878-1882). (31). Drude: Syst. und Oeogr. Anordn. Phan. (1890). Warming: Syst. Botan., Germ. Tran. INTRODUCTION. 19 grouping of yesterday unscientific and archaic to-day. Popu- lar manuals, wherever they may be published, however pains- takingly and skilfully they may be compiled, are always dis- tinctly in the rear of actual botanical advancement in that group which they propose to elucidate. The well-known and reasonable demand for stability in nomenclature is sometimes accompanied by an unreasonable demand for permanence of classification, but if such a demand could be granted it would indicate absolute stagnation in botanical or zoological science, such as can not, under present intellectual conditions of the race, readily be conceived. While, therefore, the constant shifting from one classification to another is exasperating to the conservative student, it is nevertheless a necessary result of advancing information, and to refuse to consider the new systems which may be put forth in scientific fashion is as unreasonable as it was in those days when the railway carriages were first brought into use for one to insist upon travelling by the old stage-lines of an earlier mechanical era. The vegetable kingdom becomes more and more difficult to arrange in well ordered groups as one's knowledge of its com- plexities and relationships increases. The old notion, for ex- ample, that it is possible to divide plants into those with flowers and those without, by an arbitrary demarcation- line, has grad- ually disappeared as more and more information has been col- lecting regarding the life-histories and homologies of such transition types as Selaginella, Isoetes, Gycas, Casuarina or Marsilia. The two divisions seen so clearly by "Linnaeus have come to merge into each other and must be defined to-day in far different terms than in 1735. And again the old divisions of the Dicotyledones — Polypetalae, Apetalae and Gamopetalae — have been found to be untenable, for they serve to separate into dif- ferent groups, genera which from a preponderance of charac- ters are generally believed to be closely related. Under the stress of renewed examinations the Polypetalae and Apetalae have been combined and in this work the combination-name applied is Archichlamydeae. These serve as examples of changes in nomenclature resulting from changes in view-points under increased knowledge. It will be appropriate to give, in this introduction, a word or two to the later methods of plant- classification. Mention may be made, very briefly, of the basis of such classification. In the first place, a survey of the vegetable kingdom reveals that all the forms known to us may be thrown into two groups 20 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. based upon the presence or absence of sexuality. We have, therefore, the two great divisions: A. PROTOPHYTA: Plants in which sexuality has not been developed and in the ancestral line of which it is believed, from collateral evidence, that there are no sexually complete progenitors. B. METAPHYTA : Plants which manifest sexuality or indicate by accessory characters that in their ancestral lines there have occurred sexually complete progenitors. These two great divisions are not clearly delimited, owing to the presence of transition-forms which unite the lower group with the higher. Such a form is the well known Ulothrix zonata in which certain cells function indifferently as spores or gametes (marrying cells). Furthermore, the limits are ob- scured by such reduced forms of the Metaphyta, as undergoing retrograde metamorphosis, have lost their sexual characters and often resemble closely the upward-tending types of the Protophyta, which are acquiring sexual characters, or on the point of acquiring them, one might say. Such intermediate forms, whether rudimentary or reduced, render exact limita tion of the two great divisions quite impracticable. In similar fashion it is possible to arrange the Metaphyta in two subdivisions based upon the development of the fertilised egg. In the lower forms, after fertilisation, the egg proceeds to develop a plant like the parent, which produced the egg; in the higher forms, the egg undergoes a preliminary subdivision, the result of which is the ultimate development of few or very many cells, each of which is normally capable of producing a plant like one of the parents. We therefore have the two fol lowing subdivisions: I. GAMOPHYTA: Metaphyta which normally develop sexual plants from their fertilised eggs without the interpolation of any spore-producing structure. II. SPOROPHYTA: Metaphyta which normally subdivide the fertilised egg into a cellular structure, capable of growth, all or part of which consists, when mature, of spores, from which sexual plants are normally produced. Such a cellular structure is called a sporophyte or sporophytic plant. Examples of I. are the lower Zygophyta and Oophyta of Bessey (32), plants like the pond-scum (Zygnema) or the black-mould (Rhizopus, Mucor): examples of II. are too numerous to men- tion, for in this subdivision are all plants inclusive of, and higher ( 32) Bessey: Text Book of Botany, 6 ed. (1889) . INTRODUCTION. 21 than such algae as Oedogonium. A discussion of the conditions under which the Sporophyta probably originated and notes on their classification may be found in recent periodical literature (33, 34, 35, 36). It may be well to say that all of our subject- matter, in the following list is purely sporophytic. Continuing our classification of the vegetable kingdom, it will be found that we may again divide the Sporophyta into three alliances based upon the manner of development of the egg- organ or archegonium. This organ combines the func- tions of an ovary and uterus as commonly recognised in the mammalia. That is, it produces the egg, during the differ- entiation and maturation of its cellular structure, and it retains the egg as within a pouch, nourishing it through at least its first segmentations after fertilisation in view of which the egg developes as an embryo sporophyte. We may distinguish, then, the three following alliances of the Sporophyta: (1). THALLOPHYTA: Sporophyta in which the egg-organ is not developed as a protective structure about the egg and in which there are no accessory characters that indicate an ances- tral line containing egg-organ-producing progenitors. ( 2 ) . ARCHEGONI ATAE : Sporophyta in which the egg-organ is present and functional. (3). METASPERMAE : Sporophyta in which the egg-organ is aborted and no purely vegetative cells are to be found in either the male or female plants. Examples of the Thallophyta, which is here defined in the narrower sense and does not include the Gamophyta or Proto- phyta— as is more customary — are to be looked for among the sea- weeds, fresh- water algae and especially among the higher, spore-fruit-producing fungi, such as the mushrooms, puff- balls, etc. Examples of the Archegoniatae are such algae as Chara and Nitella, the liverworts, mosses, ferns, pillworts, club-mosses, scouring-rushes. Sigillarias, Lepidodendrons, quill worts, cycads, pines and other conifers, and joint-firs. Transitional forms occur in the region of Gnetum, Ephedra and Casuarina leading over to the third and highest class of plants — the Metaspermae. (33) Bowers: Homologous and Antithetic Alternation, Ann. of Bot. iv. 347-370 (1890). (34) MacMillan: Sexual Immobility as a Ciusefor the Development of the Sporophyte, Amer. Nat. xxv. 22-25 (1891). (35) Campbell: Relationships of the Arcliegoniata, Bot. Gaz. xvi. 323-333 (1891). (36) MacMillan: Suggestions on the Classification of the Metaphyta, Bot. Gaz. xvii. 108-113 (1892). 22 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY Examples of the Metaspermae may be selected from the great mass of- plants which contain their seeds in a closed ''ovary," better named carpellum. Such plants range in structure from such lower forms as Salix and TypJia to the highly developed Orchidaceae, Umbelliferae and Compositae, including such plants as Listera, Myrrhis and Hieracium. A more definite characterisation of the Metaspermae may be added to the diagnostic limitation given above. Characters of the Hetaspermae. The Metaspermae, other wise called Angiospermae, are those Sporophyta which produce constantly polymorphic species-forms, consisting of always bisexual, vegetatively degenerate, parasitic gametophytic plants and always ( a) bivalent sporophytic plants, one of which is produced from a close-fertilised egg and develops an endo- sperm of the seed, while the other is produced from a cross- fertilised egg and develops the embryo of the seed,— which latter, in turn, upon the germination of the seed, normally resumes development and matures into a structure of high vegetative specialisation from which are ultimately developed, either one or both sizes of spores, and from these the sexual plants are respectively produced. The smaller spores or pollen-grains are produced numerously in special spore-cases (sporangia), aggregated upon specially modified foliar or axillary structures called stamens. The larger spores are produced severally or, more commonly, singly, in a special sporangium (nucellus of ovule) surrounded with indusial mem- branes (ovular integuments) and the sorus (ovule) thus formed is borne in a closed foliar or axillary structure called a pistil. Of this closed pouch the actual seed-bearing cavity (ovary or carpellum) ripens into the fruit, which is always at first a closed structure The seed is a ripened sorus commonly detachable from the structure upon which it was produced. It contains within the modified indusial walls (seed-coats) two sporophytic plants of different valency. One, produced from an egg fertil- ised by the sperm nucleus from the pollen -tube, is alone termed the embryo The other, produced from a close-fertilised egg, is termed the endosperm, and is consumed by the embryo either during the ripening processes of the seed or during the germi- nating processes of the same. It will be interesting to see how the Archispermae or lower seed-plants (Gymnospermae) differ from the Metaspermae. The fact that seeds are such distinct, easily defined bodies, in com (a). Except in some Orchidaceae? INTRODUCTION. 23 mon parlance, has induced many botanists to use them indis- criminately as always of equivalent morphological value. Late research shows, however, beyond reasonable question that the seed of the Gymnosperms so-called and that of the Angiosperms are totally different structures, morphologically and in point of development. The Archispermae is a name given to those Archegoniatae which produce structures similar to the seeds of the Metaspermae. As will be seen this "seed" is another thing entirely and merits a different name, but it will be known here as the Archispermous seed. To show its character it will be well to give a description of the Archispermae, to be placed side by side with the above characterisation of the Meta- spermae. Characters of the Archispermae. The Archispermae, other- wise called Gymnospermae, are those Archegoniatae which pro- duce constantly polymorphic species-forms consisting of always bisexual, vegetatively degenerate, parasitic gametophytic plants, and an always univalent sporophytic plant, produced from a cross-fertilised egg and capable of maturing into a structure of high vegetative specialisation upon which are developed either one or both sizes of spores, from which the sexual plants are respectively produced. The smaller spores or pollen-grains are produced in special spore-cases (sporangia), aggregated upon specially modified foliar structures called stamens. The larger spores are produced singly in special sporangia (nucellus of ovule), surrounded with an indusial membrane (ovular integument) and the sorus (ovule) thus formed is borne upon a foliar or axillary structure which is not closed around the ovule. The seed is a ripened sorus contain- ing the vegetative portion of a female gametophytic plant (the "endosperm") and one or more strictly homologous and analo- gous sporophytic plants, developed from eggs borne in the egg-organs of the female plants and cross-fertilised by nuclei transmitted through the hyphal, vegetative pollen- tube from the endosporous spermary of the male plant. During, or a little before, germination of the seed the female plant is con- sumed by the developing sporophyte which alone is capable of renewal of growth- activity. It is seen by a comparison of these two characterisations that while the seeds of Archispermae and Metaspermae unite in the point of forming sporophytes capable of further development, upon germination, they are utterly unlike in the formation of 24 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. the nutritive tissues indifferently termed endosperm, in which- ever way it is produced. Thp production of " seeds" This is considered by the writer as of less taxonomic importance than the other points which have been mentioned, especially as the "seeds" are such different structures in the Archispermae and Metaspermae, However, the older botanists considered seeds as structures of great importance and in consequence the plants whfch produce seeds have been grouped together under the name of Spermaphyta. Linnaeus recognised this division, but gave it the name Phaner- ogamia under a mistaken notion that there was an analogy between two such widely diverse phenomena as pollenisation and fertilisation. The confusion brought about by this mistake has lasted until our own day. Later it was proposed to call these plants Anthophyta, or "plants which produce flowers." Those peculiar groupings of spore-bearing organs and acces- sory foliar structures which are termed flowers have, from their conspicuous character and high specialisation, always received particular attention and thus easily arose the early classifica- tion of vegetable organisms into flowering and flowerless plants — the Phanerogamia and Cryptogamia of Linneaus. These divisions were based, however, not upon fundamental morpho- logical characters but upon accessory, and have been pretty generally superseded by systems of classification which present a truer perspective by emphasising the more fundamental structural and developmental characters. The classification of Engler and Prantl. In the Natuerlichen Pflanzenfamilien Engler and Prantl adopt a classification based upon characters of somewhat different value from those discussed above. They divide the vegetable kingdom into four branches: — I. Mycetozoa, slime-moulds; II. Thallophyta (in the widest sense); III. Embryophyta zoidiogama (plants producing ciliated spermatozoids and building up sporophy tic embryos) ; IV. Embryophyta siphonogdma (plants producing pollen-tubes and building up sporophytic embryos). It will be seen that in this grouping a much greater merging of characters is permitted than in the one outlined above. In the first place, by way of individual criticism, the writer is inclined to suggest that the Mycetozoa are more properly classed with the animals. The presence of a contractile vesicle alone, need not determine animal rank among those organisms that Haeckel terms Protista; but its presence coupled with the absence of chlorophyll is strong argument. Volvox glbbator, with its coenobial growth, INTRODUCTION. 25 contractile vesicles and chlorophyll, may perhaps be safely set down as a planfc. Chondrioderma difforme, with its plasmodial growth, its adelphotropic swarmspores, contractile vesicles and chlorophylless nutrition, may be as safely set down as an animal. This point admits, however, of extended argument, which would here be out of place, and the impression must not be received that it is proposed to give it an off-hand settlement. With reference to the Thallophyta of Engler it is apparent that this group is a catch-all. Forms widely distinct in phylogeny, physiology and structure are indiscriminately lumped together. Plants which have been limited above as Protophyta, Gamophy ta and Thallophyta (in the narrower sense) are here tumbled into one broad and vague category. It is true that a single clue will perhaps never lead one out of the labyrinth, but in the face of the charge, that embryologists are rashly endeavoring to base their classifications upon single and possibly uncertain groups of facts, it is urged that the Thallophyta of Engler has neither coherency nor limitability. It serves to delimit the algae in a manner which throws into low relief the probable relationship between the algae and the higher plants. From Goleochaete to Riccia is not a long step, and it should not be made to appear that a taxonomic chasm separates these forms. Apart from insanities of homologising, such as those of Bonavia (37), there are actual contact points between the ''sea-weeds" and the lower Hepaticae and a natural classification should recognise these contact-points. The Embryophyta of Engler (and to Engler alone may be ascribed this classification) are very nearly co-extensive with the Sporophyta as limited above. Oedogonium and allied forms are, however, omitted and, in our belief, this does violence to the natural arrangement. Provision should be made for the union of these related plants, for in the belief of the writer, next to sexuality, the development of sporophytes is the most funda- mental fact of plant- comparative- physiology. ' Again the divis- ion of the Sporophyta need not be made upon those struc- tural gametophytic characters employed 'by Engler when he divides his Embryophyta into two series, based upon the devel- opment of ciliated sperm atozoids in the lower and the produc- tion of pollen- tubes in the upper. The researches of Belajeff alone (38) serve to indicate how slight is the actual difference (37). Bonavia: Phil. Notes on Botan. Subj. (1892). (38). Belajeff: ZurLehre von dem Pollenschlauche derGy mnospermen. Bericht. Deutsch Botan. Gesellsch. IX. 274-286 (1891). 26 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. between such a condition as that of Azolla caroliniana among the Zoidiogama and Taxus baccata among the Siphonogama. Not only does it seem that the presence of pollen-tubes or of spermatozoids is a matter of secondary taxonomic importance, but it is perhaps hardly advisable to use a purely gametophytic character to limit off a group like the Embryophyta siphonogama which, to-day at least, comprises species described almost solely from sporophytic characters (a). While accepting the general arrangement of families as given in Engler's great work we cannot then, accept unquestioningly his broad group- ings of the vegetable kingdom. However, it is possible that longer study will bring the classification of Engler into a more acceptable light. For the present it seems preferable to the writer to insist upon the basal importance of the sporophytic segmentations of plant ova and the subsidiary importance of spermatogametic and spermatogonial morphology. There are a number of considerations in this general taxo- nomic summary which demand more complete examination, but enough has been said, it is hoped, to limit intelligibly though, to a certain extent, technically, the group of plants which are studied in the following pages. The Metaspermae are believed to be a natural group of plants properly co-ordinate with the Archegoniatae and Thallophy ta(in the narrower sense) . Reasons for breaking up the oldPhanerogamiae,Anthophyta or Sperm - aphyta of the authors have been brought forward, and it is believed that many could be added. Certainly the wide differ- ence between the seeds of Metaspermae and Archispermae stands squarely in the way of grouping them in the same grand division of the vegetable kingdom. Their separation has been proposed before (39), but not in exactly these terms. The sharp division of Sporophyta and Gamophyta has been proposed elsewhere by the writer (39^), with, however, a somewhat different limitation of the terms. Attention is directed partic- ularly, in the preceding pages, to the characterisations of Metaspermae and Archispermae, which have the merit at least of being restatements of facts which are generally to be looked for in scattered corners of morphological treatises. These characterisations are different in essential particulars from those usually given, which are based for the most part upon (a) . See division into Protosporophyta, Eusporophyta and Metasporophyta cited below. (39). Goebel: Outlines of Classification and Special Morphology. Eng. Tran., Introd. (1887). (39V£). MacMillan: Sugdestions on the Classification of the Metaphyta. JBot. Gaz.(1892), INTRODUCTION. 27 such secondary points as the structure of the carpels. In the lines laid down above it will be seen that the nature of the seed is considered to be of prime morphological importance. This view, I am inclined to think, will repay study, for it serves to clear away some mists which should have been dispelled long ago, had it not happened that ancient terminalogies and conservative taxonomies stood directly athwart the light. Subdivisions of the Metaspermae. The recent researches of Treub (40) have made necessary a new subdivision of the Metaspermae more fundamental than that into the Monocoty- ledones and Dicotyledones. Upon examination of members of that peculiar Australasian genus, Casuarina, it was found that, unlike any other known Metaspermae, they were devoid of micropylar canals, and that the mature ovules split along the chalazal line and through this cleft the pollen-tube was permit- ted to enter. It is then proposed by Treub to divide Metaspermae into two divisions, separating the more Selaginella-like Gasuar- inaceae from the rest under the name of Ghalazagameae. Plants of this division are comprised under the single rather small genus, Casuarina. All the rest of the Metaspermae unite, so far as known, in having a particular opening, the micropylar canal, penetrating the ovular membranes and permitting the end of the pollen-tube to be appressed against the embryo-sac (megaspore) in which the two eggs are developed which produce respectively the endosperm and embryo of the seed. This division is termed by Treub, Porogameae. The Porogameae are divided into the Monocoty led ones and Dicotyledones. In the first division the embryo undergoes a distinct type of segmentation-stages (41) and in most cases developes the apical meristem from two initials instead of from three (42). Moreover there is but one cotyledonary leaf developed. In the Dicotyledones there are commonly three initials for the apical meristem, so that the plerome, dermatogen and periblem layers has each its own mother- cell. The segmentation stages are peculiar and moreover there are two cotyledonary leaves developed. The Monocotyledones do not admit of further subdivisions of higher grade than the orders, as described and limited well by (40). Treub: Ann. Jard. Baitenz. X. 145-231(1891). (41',. Hanstein: Entwickelung des Keimes der Monokotylen und Dikotylen. pp. 1— M2» taf. 1-13 (1870). (42), Van Tieghem and Douliot: Recherch Comp. Endogen. Member. Ann. Sci. Nat. Botan., 7, VIII, 1 (1888), and Douliot I. c. 7, XI, 283 (1891). '28 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Luerssen (43) or, not so naturally, by Van Tieghem ("44). The Dicotyledones however admit of arrangement in two distinct divisions, based upon the morphological characters of the perianth. These are as follows: (a). ArcUichlamydeae: Perianth wanting or made up of incoherent leaves owing to the failure of parts in the same foliar circle to undergo fusions. (b). Metacklamydeae: Perianth exhibiting fusions between parts of the same foliar order or indicating, by accessory characters, an ancestral line in which such fusions must have taken place. Under the classification above worked out the plants of the following list are arranged. It must be remembered that the families follow each other in precisely the order laid down in the monographers' work, in Engler and Prantl. Thus it is believed, a system as natural as available has been adopted, and the arrangement of genera and species is made to conform so far as may be practicable to the general order. It is not improbable that the epoch-marking work of Engler and Prantl may be translated into English, but even if it is not it must for at least a decade stand as the highest and most generally accepted authority. And it is for this reason that I have preferred to follow its arrangement rather than the Benthamian which is steadily and irrevocably losing ground. Some citations of important literature not referred to in the body of the above discussion, are here added to indicate to students where to look for the memoirs and volumes which have done so much to bring to light the four-fold complexity of our common higher plants. It will be seen from a considera- tion of the metaspermic characters adduced above that what we call an oak, the Quercus macrocarpa. for example, is not an indi- vidual like an animal, but a group of four individuals of which one only is vegetatively important while the other three, com- prising both the sexual plants and one of the two sexless plants, are reduced into a condition of dependence which permits them, in ordinary parlance and in many treatises, to be discussed as organs. This condition might easily arise as a result of high differentiation and polymorphism and something like it, on a much simpler scale, is seen in animals like the copepods, in certain species of which the male is very much smaller than the female and lives parasitically upon the body of the larger crus- (43). Luerssen: Medicin.-Pharmac. Bot., Vol. I, (1882X (44) Van Tieghem: Traite de Botan., Vol. II, (1891) . INTRODUCTION. tacean. But it is in the higher plants that such polymorphism reaches its unparalleled development, and in this sense, at least, we find that the higher plants are the most complicated of organisms. Only a partial list of books and memoirs can be given here. Literature Bearing npon Metaspermic Polymorphism. Hofmeister : Yergl. Untersuch der Keimung (1851). " : Entsteh. Embryo der Phanerogamen (1849). " : N. Beitr. Kenntn. Embryobild. Phan. (1859-61). Strasburger : Befruchtung und Zelltheilung (1878). " : Kern- und Zelltheilung (1808). " : Angiospermen u. Gymnospermen (1879). Hofmeister : Historisch. Beitr., Flora, 125 (1875). Warming: De 1'Ovule, Ann. Sci. Nat. Botan., 6, V. 176 (1878). Vesque: Sur Devel. Sac Embryonaire, Ann. Sci. Nat., 6, VT. 237 (1879). Mann: Embryo-Sac of Myosurus, Proc. Bot. Soc. Edin. (1891). Farmer: Isoetes, Ann. of Bot. V. 59 (1890). Guignard: Embryogen. Legum., Ann. Sci. Nat. Botan., 6, XII (1881). " : Sac Embryonaire, Ann. Sci. Nat. Botan., 6, XII, 136(1882). 66 : Etud. Phen. Morph. Fecund., Act. Bot. Congr. (1889). «' : Nouv. Et. Fecund., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., 7, XIV (1891). Strasburger: N. Untersuch. Befrucht. Phan. (1884). Minot: Phenom. of Impregnation in Animals, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.. Hist., XIX 165 (1877). Balfour: Phen. Matur. Ovum, Q. J. Micro. Sci., XVIII 109, (1878). VanBeneden: Recherch. Matur. Ov. et Fecund., Afrch. Biol. (1883). Weissmann: Essays on Heredity, Eng. Tran. (1889). Geddes and Thompson: Evolution of Sex (1890). ScJienck: Handbuch Botan. Campbell: Pilularia Globulifera, Ann. of Bot., II, 247 (1887). " : Isoetes, Ann. of Bot., V, 231 (1891). Hartog: Problems of Reproduction, Q. J. Micro. Sci., XXXIII, (1891),. Bertliold: Protoplasmamechanik (1886). Le Monnier: Journ. de Botan., I, 140 (1887). Treub: Recherch. Cycadeae, Ann. Sci. Nat., 6 XII, 212 (1881). Warming: Systematisch Botanik (1890), Deutsch. Ausgabe. Pax: Allgemein. Morphol. der Pflanz. (1890). Strasburger: Coniferen und Gnetaceen (1872). Fisctier: Embryosackentn. Angiosp., Jen. Zeitschr. f. Naturw.(l880). Mellink: Ontwik. v. d. Keimzak bij Angiosp., Diss. Leid. (1880). Tulasne: Etud. d'Embryogenie Veg., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., 3, XII (1849). Hanstein: Entwick. Keimes d. Monocot. u. Dicot. (1870). Hegelmaier: Vergleich. Untersuch. u. d. Entwick. Dicot. Keime- (1878). Treub: Embryogenie Orchidaceae (1878). 30 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Many other titles might be added to this list, but those cited will put any student into contact with the general literature. Most of these works do not devote themselves solely to the subject in the caption, but all serve to illuminate it more or less. Works of purely historical value, such as those of Brong- niart, Amici, R. Brown, Schacht, Radlkofer, Karsten, et al., have not been cited, for it is not my intention to give in this place a complete bibliography of the subject, but only to cite enough works to enable readers to come in contact with the original sources. Statistical discussions. The chapters following the list take up in order certain statistical investigations based upon facts collated in the list itself. No complete sta- tistical investigation can be made of even this limited area, the Minnesota valley, in the present advancement of our know- ledge. There are, however, data enough at hand to determine certain characters of our flora. It is believed that the points of view from which the statistics are gathered, and the prin- ciples underlying their tabulation, enable one to present some facts less barren and meaningless than those commonly put forward in such chapters. By keeping steadily in view the facts discussed above, in relation to the difference between natural and artificial districts, and with a constant compre- hension of the indubitable fact that one can not consider even a natural district apart from surrounding districts, the writer has attempted to penetrate to some of the inner facts which become accessible in such a labor as has been undertaken. 'It is believed that the characters of the Minnesota valley flora thus determined throw some unexpected light upon the general con- ditions of plant distribution in this central region of the conti- nent. And while some of the conclusions may seem simple to trained geographical botanists, it must be recalled by them that this work is not primarily addressed to any coterie of savants in some special line of science, but to the general pub- lic of Minnesota, under whose ultimate sanction, and by whose open-minded comprehension of the value of scientific knowledge in all departments of human activity, this Geological and Na- tural History Survey has been established, developed and directed. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS, (MET A SPERMJB), NATIVE TO THE VALLEY OF THE MINNESOTA, POROGAME^E. MONOCOTYLEDONES. L TYPHACE/E. Cat Tail Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI. 241 (1840); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. III. 954 (1883); Engler in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz., 2. 1. 183 (1887). Genera: 1. Swamps of tropical and temperate regions. Species: 12 living; 2 fossil. TYPHA LINN. Gen. 707 (1737). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III. 955; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 445. Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz.2, I. 186 (Solms); Schenck, Palceophyt. 376. Living species, 12; tropical and temperate regions: Europe, 9; Russian Europe, 5; Russia, 5; N. America, 2; So. Sts., 1; Canada, 2; California, 2; E. Sts., 2; Rocky Mts., 1. Fossil species: 2; Tertiary, France. Samland. (A. Br., Stur) Typha latifolia LINN. Spec. 971 (1753). T. major CURT. PI. Lond. Ill, 61 (1777-1787). 1. angustifolia RICH. Tent. Fl. Abyss. II, 350 (1851). T. latifolia var. elongata DUDL. Fl. Cay. 102 (1886). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man., 6 ed. 547: Britt., Fl. N. J. 251; Upham, Fl. Minn., 135; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 69; Coult., Fl. Colo., 359; Chap., Fl. So. St. 443; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98; Watson, Fl. Calif. II, 188; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Boss., IV. 1; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit 442; Richt., PI. Eur. 9; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 122: Engl.. Nat, Pflanz. II. 1, 186; Wats., King Exp. 337; Cov., Fl, Ark. 227; Hart, Fl. Scand. I. 440. Europe, Asia and N. Africa. North America: all Can. to N. Eng. and Fla., W. to Mts. and Sacramento, Calif. 32 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn, valley: Throughout; marshes, swamps and edges of lakes. HERB.; Sheldon 247, Lake Washington, Blue Earth Co.; Taylor 699, Minnesota Lake; Ballard 262, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Taylor 408, Janesville; Sandberg 527, Chisago Lake; Herrick 280, Minneapolis; Kassube 222, Minneapolis. II. SPARGANIACEAE. Burr-Reed Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 241 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. III. 955 (1883); Engler in Engl. and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, 1. 192 (1887). Genera : 1; temperate and colder regions of Northern Hem isphere; Australia and New Zealand; swamps and marshes. Species : 6-8 living; 2-3 extinct. SPARGAN1UM LINN. Gen. 706 (1737). Platanaria S. F. Gray, Art: II. 39 (1821). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III. 955; Durand, Ind. Gen. Pfian. 445; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pjianz. 2, I. 193 (Engler); Schenck, PalaeophyL, 376-377. Living species : 6-8 ; temperate and colder regions of N hemisphere, Australia and New Zealand. Canada, 6; Calif., 2; E. Sts., 3. Fossil species : 5-10 described ; 2-3 distinct ; Tertiary, widely distributed. Sparganium simplex HUBS. Fl. Angl, ed. 2, 401 (1762). 8. erectum var B. LINN. Spec. 971 (1753). 8. erectum WAHL. Fl. Suec. 1020 (1824-26). S. simplex var nuttallii ENGELM. Gray's Man., 5 ed. 481 (1867). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man., 6ed.548; Upham, Fl.'Minn. 135; Watson, Fl. Calif., II. 188 ; Coult., Fl. Colo, 359 ; Mac., Fl. Can., II. 70, 367 ; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross, IV. 4 ; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 422; Richt.. PL Eur. 10; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 122; Engl., Nat. Pflanz., II. I, 193; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 269; Cov., Fl. Ark. 227? Hart, Fl. Scand., I, 440. Europe; Siberia to Dahuria. North America: Sierras to Oregon; throughout Can. to Ft. Franklin on Mackenzie. Newf. and Vancouver; S. to Minn., Mich., N. J. Minn, valley: N. E. district; infrequent; swamps, marshes and edges of lakes. HERB.: Roberts 124, Agate Bay; Sandberg 529, Red - Wing; var. fluitans — Bailey 85, Vermilion Lake; MacM. and Sheld. 27, Cass Co. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 33 Sparganium androcladum (ENGELM. ) MORONG, Torr. Bull XV, 78 (1888). S. simplex var. androcladum ENGELM. Gray's Man. 5 ed. 481 (1867). S. ramosum AUCT. AMEK. in part. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 548; Britt., Fl. N. J. 252; Upham, Fl. Minn. 136; Coult., Fl. Colo. 360; Mac., Fl. Can., II. 60; Cov., Fl. Ark. 227. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont., Man., Saskatch- ewan and Vancouver; S. to Colo , Minn., Mo., N. Eng., N. J. and Fla. Minn, valley: Reported from the S. E. district, rare; swamps, marshes and edges of lakes. Sparganium eurycarpum ENGELM. Gray's Man. 2d ed. (1852). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 548; Britt., Fl. N. J. 252; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 69 ; Wats., Fl. Calif. II. 188 ; Coult., Fl. Colo. 359; Chap., Fl. So. St. 443 ; Upham, Fl. Minn. 135 ; Wats.. King Exp. 337; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 269. North America: Newf., N. S., Ont., Man. to Humboldt River, Nev.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Va.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Kan. Minn, valley : Throughout; swamps, marshes and edges of lakes. HERB. : Sheldon 253, Lake Washington, Le Sueur Co. ; Taylor 1109, Glenwood; Taylor 522, Mud Lake ; Taylor 673, Minnesota Lake; Sheldon 991, Cross Lake, Brown Co.; Sheldon 644, Waseca; Ballard 111, Shakopee; Sandberg 528, Red Wing; Holzinger 263, Winona Co. i III. POTAMOGETONACEAE. Pond-Weed Family. Zoster aceae Lindl. Veg. King. 145 (1846) p. p. Najadaceae Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III. 1009(1883); (Excl. Tribus I, Juncagineae. Tribus II, Apogetoneae. Tribus VII, Najadeae}', Ascherson in Engl. and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, 1. 194 (1889). Genera: 9 living ; 3 extinct ; cosmopolitan ; aquatic, principally in fresh water. Species: 75 ± living; 20-30 ? extinct. POTAMOGETON LINN. Gen. 92 (1737) Peltopsis Raf. Jour. Phys. LXXXIX, 101 (1819). Spirillus and Groenlandica J. Gay, Comptes Rendus, Avr. (1854). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 1014; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 453; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2. I, 207; Schenck, Palaeophyt., 381-383. -3 34 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Living species: 50 ±; fresh and rarely brackish wa- ters; cosmopolitan. Russia, 25; Europe, 38; N. America, 35 (15 endemic); California, 19; Canada, 27; E. Sts., 29; Rocky Mts., 11; PL King., 10; PL Wheel., 4; S. Sts., 10. Fossil species: Tertiary; numerous forms described but all rather doubtful; 2 sp. clearer than the rest. Oeningen (A. Br.)-, S. France (Saporta). Potamogeton natans LINN. Spec. 126 (1753). Wats, and Coult , Gray's Man. 6 ed. 553; Britt., Fl. N. J. 257; Webb., Fl. Neb. 97; Upham, Fl. Minn. 136; Chap., Fl. So. St. 446; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 195; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 81; Coult., Fl. Colo. 362; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 23; Hook., FL Gt. Brit. 431; Richt., PL Eur. 11; Herd., F,. Eur. Russ. 124; Engl., Ascherson, Nat. Pflanz. II. 1 207; Wats., King Exp 337; Cov. Fl. Ark. 228; Hart, Fl. Scand. I, 431; Rothr., Alask. 445. Europe; Asia; Australia; Africa. North America: Anticosti, N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont., Owen Sound to Man. and Lake Athabasca; N. to Hudson Bay and Alaska; Vancouver; S. to Calif., Nev., Utah, N. Mex. ; E. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla. Minn, valley: Throughout; abundant; ponds, lakes and sluggish streams. HERB. : Bollard, 782, Swan Lake, Carver Co. ; Bollard, 587, Crystal Lake, Scott Co. ; Bollard, 858, Page Lake, Carver Co.; Bollard 276, Jordan, Scott Co.; Bollard 821, Belle Plaine; Bollard 431, Prior's Lake, Scott Co. ; Sheldon 723, Cottonwood river, near Sleepy Eye; Bollard 900, Waconia; Taylor 1072, Douglas Co.; Sheldon 273, Duck Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 1088, Springfield; Kassube 223, Rocky Lake; Herrick 281, Min- ne tonka; Hohinger 265, Winona Co.; Bailey 391, Mud Lake; Sandberg 531, Chisago Co. ; Herb. Sheld. 1693, Minneapolis. Potamogeton fluitans ROTH. FL Germ. I, 72 (1788). P. natans var. fluitans CHAM. Adnot. 4 (1815). P. petiolaris PR. Del. Pr. I, 151 (1822). P. natans var. angustatus M. and K. Rohl. Fl. D. I, 836 (1823). P. oblongus MET. Chlor. Hann. 519 (1836). ?P. Imchites TUCKERM. Am. Jour. Sci. 2, VI, 226 (1848). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 560; Britt., Fl. N. J. 257; Upham, FL Minn. 136; Mac., FL Can. II, 83, 369; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 196; Coult , FL Colo. 363; Chap., Fl. So. St. 446; Hook., FL Gt. Brit., 432?; Richt., PL Eur. 125 Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 124; Engl., Ascherson, Nat. Pflanz. II, 1, 207; Wats., King Exp. 337; Hart., FL Scand. I, 431; Webb , Appx. Neb. 22. All Europe: cosmopolitan. North America: N. Br., Ont. to N. J.; W. to Minn., Iowa, Neb. , Mex. ; also Washington to Nevada. LIST OF HIGHER SEED PRODUCING PLANTS. 35 Minn, valley: Reported from S. central district; prob- ably local. Potamogeton amplifolius TUCKERM. Am. Jour. Sci. 2, VI. 225 (1848). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 561; Britt., Fl. N. J. 257; Upham, Fl. Minn. 136; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 196; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 84; Coult,, Fl. Colo. 363; Chap., Suppl. So St. 652; Cov., Fl. Ark. 228; Webb., Appx. Neb. 22. North America: Ont., N. Superior reg., Man. to Van- couver, Oregon and Calif. ; S. to N. Eng. , N. J. and mts. of Ga. ; W. to Minn., Neb., Kan , Ark., N. Mex. Minn, valley : Forest district; frequent; lakes and ponds. HERB.: Sheldon 318, Madison, Blue Earth Co.; Ballard 599, Prior's Lake, Scott Co. ; Ballard 606, Prior's Lake, Scott Co. ; Sandberg 532, Chisago Co. Potamogeton perfoliatus LINN. Spec. 126 (1753). P. loeselii R. and S. Syst. Ill, 508 (1818). Peltopsis perfoliata RA.F. Jour. Phys. LXXXIX, 102 (1819). Potamogeton Crispins DARL. Fl. Cestr. 23 (1826). Wats, and Coult , Gray's Man. 6 ed. 562; Britt., Fl. N. J. 258; Upham, Fl. Minn. 137; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 85; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 197; Chap., Fl. So. St. 446; Coult., Fl. Colo. 363; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit, 434; Nym. Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 27; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 113; Richt., PL Eur. 13; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 124; Engl., Ascherson, Nat. Pflanz. II, 1, 207; Wats., King Exp, 337; Roth., Wheel., Exp. 268?; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 434. Europe; all Russia and Siberia; N. Africa; Australia. North America: N. S., N. Br., Anticosti, Q., Ont., to valley of Slave river, N. W. T.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla.; W. to Minn. , Iowa and Colo. ? Minn, valley: Throughout; abundant; ponds and lakes. HERB.: Ballard 601, Prior's Lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 865, Page Lake, Carver Co.; Taylor 67, Elysian; Taylor 140, Janes ville; Taylor 1050, Glenwood; Ballard 44.9, Prior's Lake, Scott Co. ; Sheldon 440, Buffalo Lake, Waseca Co. ; Oestlund 185, Minnehaha; Herrick 284, Minnetonka; Roberts 125, Knife river; Herb. Sheld. 1752, Lake Johanna, Ramsey Co. Potamogeton heterophyllos SCHREB. Spic. 21 (1771). P. hybridus PENTAGN. Inst. II, 289 (1787). P. gramineus ROTH. Tent. Fl. Germ. I, 74 (1788). P. palustris TEESD. Trans. Linn. Soc. V, 43 (1800). P. gramineus var. fieteropfiyllos FRIES, Nov. Fl. Suec. 35 (J828j. P. paucifolius OP. Bohm. Fl. 23 (1823). P. proteus f. heterophyllos CHAM, and SCHLECHT. Linn. II, 201 (1827). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 561; Britt., Fl. N. J. 257?; Upham, Fl. Minn. 136; Coult., Fl. Colo. 363; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 84; Chap., Fl. So. St- 36 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. 446; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 196; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit., 432; Richt., PL Eur. 13; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. ]24; EngL, Ascherson, Nat. Pflanz. II, 1, 207; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 270; Roth., Wheel., Exp. 268; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 432. Europe; N. Asia. North America: Q., Saskatchewan and Rocky Mts. to Vancouver; S. to Yellowstone and Mono Pass, Calif. ; E. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car. Minn, valley: Forest district and probably W. ; ponds and lakes. HERB.: Balla.rd 899, Waconia; Ballard 860, Page Lake, Carver Co. ; Ballard 859, Page Lake, Carver Co. ; Bailey in herb. Morong, Vermilion Lake. Potamogeton gramineus LINN. var. zizii (ROTH.) M. and K. in Ro-hl. FL D. I, 845 (1823). P. zizii ROTH. Tent. Fl. Germ. I. 75 (1788). P. angustifolius OP. Bohm. Gerd. 23 (1823). P. proteus f. zizii CHAM, and SCHLECHT. Linn. II. 201 (1827). P. lucens var. minor UPHAM, Fl. Minn. 136 (1883). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 561; Britt., Fl. N. J. 258; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 85; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 433; Richt., PI. Eur. 14; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 370; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 433. Europe; Asia? North America: Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Minn, and Kan. Minn, valley: N. E. district, rare; ponds and lakes. HERB. : Herrick 283, Minne tonka. Potamogeton illinoensis MORONG, Bot. Gaz. V. (1880). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 561; Upham, Fl. Minn. 137. North America: W. N. Y. to Ills., Iowa and Minn. Minn, valley: Reported from S. edge ; ponds and lakes. Potamogeton pusillus LINN. Spec. 127 (1753). P. acutifolius PR. Fl. Cech. 37 (1819). P. gramineus MER. Fl. Par. II, 70 (1836). P. berchtholdn FIEB. in Berchth. Fl. Bohm. II, 277 (1839). P. mucronatus NYM. Syll. 387 (1854-55). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 563; Britt., Fl. N. J. 258; Upham, Fl. Minn. 137; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 87; Wats., Fl. Calif. II. 198; Coult., Fl. Colo. 363; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 435; Led., Fl. Ross. IV. 29; Richt., PI. Eur. 30; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 124; Engl. Ascherson, Nat. Pflanz. II. 1, 208; Wats., King Exp. 338; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 435. N. Europe; N. Africa; N. and S. America; N. Asia. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man., Sas- katchewan, Prairie region to Brit. Col., lat. 55° N. ; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Minn., Mo., Uintah Mts., Santa Cruz and the Tuolumne. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 37 Minn, valley: Throughout; ponds and lakes ; abundant. HERB.: Taylor 105, Janesville; Bollard 447, Prior's Lake, Scott Co.; Herrick 285, Minnetonka; Bailey 394, Mud Lake; Bailey 538, Long Lake — var. tenuissimus; Bailey 369, Vermilion Lake, in herb. Morong. Potamogeton rutilus WOLFG. Schult. Mant. Ill, 362 (1827). P. compressus SM. Engl. Bot. t. 418 (1796) not Linn. P. pusillus var. major FRIES, Nov. Ed. II, 48 (1828). P. friesii RUPR. Ber. Russ. Rch. IV, 43 (1845). P. oederi MEY. Fl. Hann. 536 (1819). P. major MORONG in Litt. (1892 . Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 563; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 88, 371; Led., Fl. Ross. IV. 30; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 435; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 124; Engl., Asch., Nat. Pflanz. 2, I. 208; Richt., PI. Eur. 15. Middle Europe and Asia; N. Africa. North America: N. S., Anticosti, N. Br., Q., N. E. T., Man. and Brit. Col.; S. to W. N. Y., Mich, and Minn. Minn, valley: S. and N. E. districts; rare; ponds and lakes. HERB. : Bailey 369, Mud Lake; Crattij, State Line, S. edge, Herb. Morong. Potamogeton pert hiatus LINN. Spec. 127 (1753). P. interruptus KIT. in Schultes Ostr. Fl. I, 328 (1794). P. vaillantii R. and S. Syst. Ill, 514 (1818). P. fasciculatus WOLFG. in Schultes Mant. Ill, 364 (1827). P. filicaulis SCHUR. Enum. 633 (1866). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 564; Britt., Fl. N. J. 258; Coult., Fl. Colo. 364; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 88: Chap., Fl. So. St. 445; Upham, Fl. Minn. 137; Wats., Fl. Calif. II. 198; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 113; Led., Fl. Ross. IV. 30; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 436; Richt., PI. Eur. 15; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 124; Engl., Ascherson, Nat. Pflanz. II, 1, 208; Wats., King Exp. 338; Roth. Wheel. Exp. 288; Hart., Fl. Scand. I. 437; Webb., Appx.. Neb. 22. Europe; N. Asia to N. W. India; Australia. North America: Greenland and N. S. to Man., Rocky Mts., Hudson Bay; Brit. Col. and Vancouver; N. to lat. 62°; S. to Fla. and W. to Rockies through U. S. ; also Washington to S. Calif., Nev. and Utah. Minn, valley: Throughout; frequent; ponds and lakes. HERB.: Taylor 104, Glenwood; Sheldon 439, Buffalo Lake, Waseca Co.; Taylor 643, Minnesota Lake; Sheldon 87 ly Sleepy Eye; Oesthmd 186, Minnehaha; Holzinger 268, Winona Co. ; Bailey 124, Vermilion Lake. Potamogeton lucens LINN. Spec. 126 (1753). P. sermtus WEBB. Pr. Fl. Hoist. 16 (1780). P. lucidus GULDENST. It. I. 76 (1787). 38 METASPEKMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. P. acuminatus SCHUM. Enum. Sail. 1,49 (1801). P. volhynicus BESS., R. and S. Syst. Ill, 509 (1818). P. cornutus PR. Fl. Cech. 37 (1819). P. caudatus SEID. Op. Bohm. Gew. 23 (1823). P. proteus f. lucens CHAM, and SCHLECHT. Linn. II, 197 (1827). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 562; Upham, Fl. Minn. 136; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 85: Chap., Fl. So. St. 446?; Wats., Fl. Calif. II. 196; Coult., Fl. Colo. 363; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 432; Nym., Fl. Eur.: Led., Fl. Ross. IV. 26; Richt., PI. Eur. 14; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 124; Hart., Fl. Scand. I 433. Europe; Asia; N. Africa; Australia; W. Indies. North America: N. S., Q., Ont. to Keewatin; S. to Minn., Ark., N. Mex. ; E. to N. Eng. and Fla?. ; also California. Minn, valley: Throughout; infrequent; ponds and lakes. HERB.: Taylor 1002, Glenwood; Oesilund 184, Minne- haha; Her rick 282, Minnetonka; Bollard 600, Prior's Lake, Scott Co. Potamogeton praelongus WULF. Roem. Arch. Ill, 331 (1803-5). P. lucens WEBB. Prim. Hoist. 15 (1780) not Linn. P. flexicaule DETH. Strel. Anz. n 50 (1809). P. Jkxuosus (SCHL. and) WRED. Meckl. Fl. I (1811). P. acuminatus WAHL. Fl. Ups. 116 (1820). Wats, and Goult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 562; Britt., Fl. N. J. 258; Richt., PL Eur. 14; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 85: Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 433; Nym., Fl. Eur., Wats., Fl. Calif. II. 197. Europe. North America: N. S. to Vancouver; S. to Mass., Minn., Iowa. Minn, valley: Forest district; ponds and lakes or sluggish streams. HERB.: Sheldon 319, Madison Lake; Bailey 404, Burnt- side Lake. Potamogeton lanceolatus SM. Engl. Bot. 1985 (1808). P. perfoliatus var. lanceolatus ROBBINS, Gray's Man. 5 ed. (1868). P. perfoliatus var. richardsonii BENNETT, Mac. Fl. Can. II, 370 (1890) in part? Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 562; Coult., Fl.Colo. 363; Wats., Fl. Calif. II. 197; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 86; Upham, Fl. Minn. 137; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 434; Richt., PL Eur. 13; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 268?. Europe. North America: Ont. to Rockies and 62° N. lat. ; S. to N. J. , Fla. and N. Mex. ; W. to Pac. coast and Yellowstone basin. Minn, valley: Forest district and probably W. ; ponds and streams. HERB. : Holzinger 266, Winona Co. ; Bailey 149, Ver- milion Lake, and Sandberg, Hennepin Co., in herb. Morong. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 39 Potamogeton zosteraefolius SOHUM. PL Sail. I, "50 (1801). ?P. complanatus WILLD, Berl. Mag. 297 (1809). ?P. citspidatus SCHRAD. Ex. Sm. Engl. Fl. 1. 234 (1824). P. zosterophyllus DUM. Fl. Belg. 164 (1827). P. compressus. AUCT. AM., not Linn. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 562; Britt., Fl. N. J. 258; Upham, Fl. Minn. 137; Mac., FL Can. II. 86; Wats.. FL Calif. II. 197; Hook., FL Gt. Brit. 434; Led., FL Ross. IV. 29; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Richt., PL Eur. 14; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 124, 126; Cov., Fl. Ark. 228: Webb , Appx , Neb. 22. Europe; N. Asia to Baikal Mts. North America: N. Br., Ont., L. Superior region and N. Saskatchewan to 57° N. lat; Oregon and N. Calif.; N. Eng. to N. J. ; W. to Minn., Dak. , Iowa and Neb. Minn, valley: Forest district; ponds and lakes. HERB.: Bollard 642 n., Page Lake, Carver Co.; Bol- lard 456, Prior's Lake, Scott Co. ; Bollard 598, Prior's Lake, Scott Co.; Holzinger 267, Winona Co.; Bailey 545, Long Lake; Bailey 403, Burntside Lake; W. Upham in herb. Morong, Man- kato. Potamogeton foliosus RAF. Med. Rep. (Ill), II, 409 (1811). P. pauciflorus PURSH, Fl Am. (1814) not Lam. P. purshianus MORONG in Litt. (1892). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6ed. 563; Britt., FL N. J. 258; Upham, Fl. Minn. 137; Webb., Fl. Neb. 97; Wats., FL Calif. II. 197; Mac., FL Can. II. 86; Chap., Fl. So. St. 446. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Superior reg- ion, Saskatchewan and Hudson Bay ; Oregon to central Calif. ; N. Eng. to N. J. and Ga. ; W. to Iowa, Minn., Neb. and Kan. Minn, valley: Forest district; ponds and lakes. HERB. : Upham, Mankato, in herb Morong. ZANICHELLJA LINN. Gen. 700 (1737). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. III. 1016; Durand, Ind. Gen. Pfian. 453; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, I, 213 (Ascherson). Living species: 9 described; only 1 distinct. Cosmopolitan, but wanting in Australia. Zanichellia palnstris LINN. Spec. 969 (1753). Z. geniculata GILIB. Exerc. Phyt. II. 419 (1792). Z. repens BNGH. FL Men. Prodr. 273 (1824). Z. major BNGH. Reich. Icon. VIII. 24 (1*30). Z. radicans WALLM. Flora, Lit. Bl. 20 (1841). Z. macrostemon GAY, WILLK. and LGE. Prodr. I, 26 (1870). Wats and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 565; Britt.. Fl. N. J. 259; Mac, FL Can. II. 90; Webb., FL Neb. 96; Wats., FL Calif. II. 193; Coult., FL Colo. 362; Upham, Fl. Minn. 136; Chap., Fl. So. St. 445; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 437; Nym., FL Eur.; Richt., PL Eur. 17; Herd., FL Eur. Russ, J24; Engl., Asch- erson, Nat. Pflanz. II, 1, 213; Wats., KingExp. 337; Led., Fl. Ross, IV. 22. 40 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Europe; Asia; North Africa; Philippines; Australia. North America: Anticosti, N. S., Q., Ont., N. E. T., Saskatchewan and Man. ; S. to N J. and Fla. ; W. to Oregon, Utah, Calif, and N. Mex. Minn, valley: Reported from S. central region; peat bogs; rare. HERB. : tSandberg 530, Goodhue Co. IV. NAJADACEAE. Naiad Family. Najadeae (Tribus VII, Najadaceae) Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III. 1011 (1883); Magnus in Eng. and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, I. 214 (1889) Genera: 1; temperate and tropical regions. Species: 10-12 living; 1-2 extinct. NAJAS LINN. Gen. 701 (1737). Fl'ivialis MICHEL. Nw. Gen.t.S 1729),andPers.£?/n. II. 530(1807). Caulinia WILLD. Mem. Acad. Berl. 87 (1798 . Ittnera GMEL. Fl. Bad. III. t. 4 (1808). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 1018; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 453; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, I, 217 (Magnus); Schenck, Palaeophyt., 380. Living species: 10-12; temperate and tropical regions: Eu- rope, 4; Russian Europe, 3; N. America, 4; E. Sts., 3; Cali- fornia, 2; Canada, 1; So. Sts., 3; PL Wheel., 1. Fossil species: Upper cretaceous and tertiary. Najasflexilis(WiLLD.) ROSTK. and SCHM., PI. Sed. 382(1824). Caulinia flexilis WILLD. Act. Acad. Berol. 88 (1798). Fluvialisflexilis PERS. Syn. II, 530 (1807). Najas graminea ROSTK. in Link. H. C. I, 287 (1829). . Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 566; Britt., Fl. N. J. 259; Mac., Fl- Can. II. 91; Upham, Fl. Minn. 136; Chap., Fl. So. St. 444; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 191; Nym., Fl.Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 439: Richt., PL Eur. 18; Herd. Fl. Eur. Russ. 126; Engl. Magnus, Nat. Pflanz. II. 1, 217; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 404; Webb., Appx. Neb. 22. Great Britain, Scandinavia, N. Germany, Russia, Si- beria; Mexico; W. Indies. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man., Brit. Col. and Pac.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and S. Car.; W. to Minn., Iowa and Neb.; S. to San Francisco on Pac. coast. Minn, valley: Throughout; infrequent or locally abundant; lakes, ponds and sluggish streams. HERB. : Taylor 450, Lake Helena, Waseca Co. ; Sheldon 910, Cotton wood river, near Sleepy Eye; Holzinger 264, Winona Lake; Oestlund 183, Minnehaha; Bailey 389, Mud Lake. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 41 V. JUNCAGINEAE. Arrow-Grass Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 127 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. III. 1010 (1883), Tribus /, Najadaceae; Buchenau and Hieronymus in Engl. and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, I, 222 (1889). Genera: 4 living; 2 extinct; temperate regions to Magellan straits and Australia. Species: 15 living; 2 extinct. TRIGLOCHIN LINN. Gen. 302 (1737). Juncagx> TOURN. Inst. (1700). Cycnogeton ENDL. Ann. Wien. MKS. II, 210 (1840). Maundia F. MULL. Frag. Phyt. Austral. I. 23 (1861?). Benth. and Hook. Gen. PL III, 1012; Durand, lad. Gen. Phan. 452; Eng- ler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, I, 224 (Bucbenau and Hieronymus). Living species: 12; temperate and colder regions. Russia, 4; Europe, 5; Russian Europe, 2; N. America, 2; Canada, 2; E. Sts., 2; So. Sts., 1; Rocky Mts., 2; PI. King, 2; California, 1; PL Wheel., 2. Triglochin palustris LINN. Spec. 338 (1753). T. juncea GILIB. Exerc. Phyt. II, 501 (1792). Juncago palustris MOENCH, Meth. 644 (1794). Iriglochin chilensis ME YEN, Eeise I, 354 (1835^. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 557; Upham, Fl. Minn. 138; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 79; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 199; Coult., Fl. Colo. 364: Trautv., Fl. • Sib. 113; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross. IV. 35; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 430; Richt., PI. Eur. 18; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 124; Engl. Buchanau, Nat. Pflanz. II. 1, 224; Wats., King Exp. 340; Roth , Wheel. Exp 268; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 417; Rothr., Alask. 446. Europe; Asia; Africa; S. America. North America: Labrador, N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man., Little Slave Lake, Bartlett Bay and Alaska; W. to Rocky Mts. ; S. to N. Y., Ill, Minn., Dak. and Mont.; in Rockies to N. Mex. and Mexico. Minn, valley: S. central district and probably spar- ingly throughout; peat bogs. HERB. : Leiberg 63, 64, Blue Earth Co. Triglochin maritima LINN. Spec. 339 (1753). T. mexicana H. B. K. N. Gen. et Spec. I, 244 (1815). T. elata NUTT. Gen. I, 237 (1818). T. salina WALLR. Linn. XIV, 567 (1840). T. maritima var. elata GRAY, Man. ed. V, 491 (1867). Wats, and Coult , Gray's Man. 6 ed. 558; Britt., Fl. N. J. 256; Coult., Fl. Colo. 364; Webb.,Fl Neb. 97; Upham,Fl. Minn. 138; Mac.,Fl. Can. II, 80; Wats.,Fl. Calif. II, 199; Hook.,Fl. Gt. Brit. 430; Nym.,Fl. Eur.; Led.,Fl. Ross. IV, 35; Trautv.,Fl. Sib. 113; Richt., Pl.Eur. 19: Herd.,Fl. Eur. Russ. 124; Engl., Buchenau Nat. Pflanz. II, 1, 224; Wats., King Exp. 340; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 268; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 417; Rothr., Alask. 446. 42 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Europe; Asia; Africa; S. to Caucasus and Dahuria. North America: Atlantic coast from Labrador to N. J. ; also San Francisco to Arctic ocean and Alaska; interior from mts. of Colo, to N. Mex. and E. to the coast in saline places. Minn, valley: Throughout; S. central district, abund- ant; marshes and peat bogs. HERB. : Taylor 732, Glenwood; Bollard 809, Page Lake, Carver Co.; Ballard359, Helena, Scott Co.; Ballard 624, Chaska; Leiberg 65, Blue Earth Co.; Herrick 286, Minneapolis; the rest are var. elatum (Nutt.). Herrick 287, Minneapolis; Bailey 326, St. Louis river; Sandberg 533, Chisago Lake. SCHEUCHZERIA LINN. Gen. 301 (1737). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI III, 1012; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 453; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, I, 225 (Buchenau and Hieronymus); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 388. Living species : 1 ; N. temperate and boreal regions. Fossil species: Cretaceous; Lamprocar piles, Greenland (Heer). Scheiichzeria palustris LINN. Spec. 338 (1753). S. paniculata GILIB. Exerc. Phyt. II, 502 (1792). S. asiatica MIQ. Fl. Ind. Bat. Ill, 243 (1837?). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 558; Britt., Fl. N. J. 256; Coult.,Fl. Colo. 364; Upham, Fl. Minn. 138; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 81; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 199; Led., Fl. Ross. IV. 37; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 430; Richt., PL Eur. 19; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 124; Engl. Buchenau, Nat. Pflanz. II. 1, 225; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 416. Middle and N. Europe; N. Asia. North America: N. Br. Ont. to Hudson Bay, Georgian Bay, Keewatin and Rocky Mts.; S. to N. J. and W. to Minn., Dak. , Mont, and Colo. ; also Washington to Sierra Co. , Calif. Minn, valley: Throughout, but local or rare; peat bogs and wet places in marshy meadows. HERB.: Taylor 1113, Glenwood ; Bailey 305, St. Louis river; Sandberg 534, Chisago Co. VI, ALISMACEAE. Water-Plantain Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI. 127 (1840) in part; Benth. and Hook. Gen. PL III. 1003 (1883), excl. Tribus II, Butomeae; Buchenau, Engl. and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, I, 227 (1889). Genera: 10; temperate and warmer regions. Species: 55 ± living; 4-5 extinct. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 43 ALISM1 LINN. Gen. 308 (1737). Calclesia PARLAT. Fl. It. Ill, 598 (1862?). Baldellia PARLAT. Nuovo. Gen. Monoc. 57 (1854). Helanthium ENGELM. Mss. ex. Benth. and Hook. I. c. (1883). Benth. and Hook. Gen. PL III, 1004; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 452; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, I, 230 (Buchenau); Schenck, Paleophyt., 388. Living species: 5-10; Europe; temperate and tropical Asia; tropical Africa; Australia; N. and S. America. Russia, 4; Europe, 5; U. S., 2; 1, continental; 1, Pac, coast. Fossil species: 3-4; Cretaceous, Greenland (Heer); Tertiary, Greenland and Spitzbergen (Heer); France (Saporta). All doubtful. Alisma plantago LINN. Spec. 342 (1753). A. natans POLL. PL Pal. Ill, 319 (1777). A. latifolium GILIB. Fl. Lith. Y, 222 (1781). A. ranunculoides ALL. Fl. Fed. I, 234 (1785). A. angustifolium HOPPE, Taschenb. 13 (1797). A. plantago var. americanum R and S. Syst. Ill (1818). A. trivialis and parviflora PURSH, Fl. Am. 252 (1814). ?A. subcordatum RAF. Med. Rep V, 356 (1809). ?A. odorata RAF. Fl. Lud. (1817 >. ?A. roseum RAF. Ex. Steud. Nom. A. lanceolatum SCHULTZE, Spreng Syst. II, 163 (1825). A. plantago var. triviak B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 554; Britt. Fl. N. J. 255; Coult. Fl. Colo. 361; Webb., Fl. Neb. 97; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 76; Wats.,Fl. Calif. II, 200; Chap., Fl. So. St. 448; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 427; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led. Fl. Ross. IV, 39; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 113; Richt., PL Eur.19; Herd. Fl. Eur. Russ. 124; Engl. Buchenau, Nat. Pflanz. II, 1, 230; Wats., King Exp. 340; Cov., Fl. Ark. 228; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 415. Europe; Asia, Australia; N. Africa. North America: Newf. to Rockies and Pac.; S. to N. California and E. to N. Eng. and N. Ga. Minn, valley: Throughout; abundant; marshes and edges of lakes or shallow edges of slow streams. HERB. : Taylor 220, Janesville; Bollard 821, Page Lake; Bollard 264, Jordan; Taylor 730, Glenwood; Bollard 789, Swan Lake; Bollard 609, Chaska; Sheldon 922, Sleepy Eye ; Taylor 609, Minnesota Lake; Kassube 225, Minneapolis; Oestlund 187, Hen- nepin Co. ; Hohinger 269, Winona Co. ; Sandberg 535, Goodhue Co. ; MacM. and Sheld. 51, Brainerd; Herb. Moyer 229, Montevideo. SAtilTTARIA LINN. Gen. 723 (1737). Lophiocarpus MICH. D. C. Mon. Phan. Ill, 60 (1881). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 1006: Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 452; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, I, 231 (Buchenau); Schenck, Palaeo- phyt. 389. 44 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Living species: 14-17; mostly American, but in all temperate and tropical regions. U. S., 10-12; E. Sts., 7; So. Sts., 5; Canada, 4; California, 1; Atl. America and Tex., 10. Fossil species: 3-4; Tertiary; Alaska, Greenland, Spitzbergen (Heer)\ doubtful. Sagittaria rigida PURSH, Fl. Am. 397 (1814). S. heterophylla PURSH, Fl. Am. 396 (1814) not Schreb. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 555; Britt.,Fl. N. J. 256; Upham, Fl. Minn. 138; Chap., Fl. S. St. 449; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 78. North America: St. Lawrence to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Minn, and Mo. Minn, valley: Throughout; edges of lakes or quiet streams; abundant. HERB.: Sheldon 321, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Bollard 814, Page Lake, Carver Co. ; Sheldon 705, White Bear Lake; Ballard 588, Crystal Lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 444, Lake Helena, Waseca Co.; Bailey 542, Long Lake; Herrick 289, Min- netonka; Sandberg 538, Centre City; Herb. Wickersheim 117, Ash Lake, Lincoln Co. Sagittaria graminpa MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 190 (1803). S. acutifolia PURSH, Fl. Am. 397 (1814). S. purshii KUNTH, Enum. Ill, 160 (1838). S. stolonifera ENGELM. and GRAY, PI. Lindh. 26 (1845). S. simplex. AUCT. AMER. , Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 555; Britt., Fl. N. J. 256; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 79; Webb., Fl. ISTeb. 97; Chap., Fl. So. St 449; Cov., Fl. Ark. 228. North America: Cape Breton. N. Br., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark. and La. Minn, valley: Forest district; local or infrequent; edges of ponds and quiet streams. HERB.: Ballard 603, Prior's Lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 237, Jordan, Scott Co.; Berseth 1, Minneapolis. Sagittaria sagittaefolia LINN. Spec. 993 (1753). S. minor MILL. Diet. (1768). S. major SCOP. Fl. Cam. II, 239 (1772). S. monoica GILIB. Fl. Lith. V, 218 (1781). S. vulgoris GULDENST. Reise Russ. II, 45 (1791). S. latifolia and obtusa WILLD. Spec. IV, 409 (1805). Vallisneria bulbosa Pom. Enc. Meth. VIII, 321 (1806). Sagittaria heterophylla SCHREB. FL Erl. II, 119 (1811). S. gracilis, tiastata and simplex PURSH, Fl. Am. II, 396 (1814). S. variabilis ENGELM. Gray's Man. ed. 1 (1818). S. longiloba ENGELM. Torr. Mex. Bound. (1858). S. sagittaefolia var. variabilis MICHELI, D. C. Mon. Phan. HI, 69 LIST OF HIGHER SEED PRODUCING PLANTS. 45 Wats, and Coult.. Gray's Man. 6 ed. 554; Upham, Fl. Minn. 138; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 77; Wats., Fl. Calif. II. 201; Webb., Fl. Neb. 97; Coult., Fl. Colo. 361; Chap., Fl. So. St. 449; Britt., Fl. N. J. 255; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 428: Nym., Fl. Eur.; Kicht., PI. Eur. 20; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 124; Engl. Buch- enau, Nat. Pflanz. II. 1, 231; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 368; Wats., King Exp. 340; Cov., Fl. Ark. 228; Hart., Fl. Scand. I. 416. Europe; Asia to N. W. India. North America: Atl. to Pac. in Can.; N. to 60° N. lat.; S. to Calif, and N. Nev.; from Rockies E. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla. Minn, valley: Throughout in the various forms; marshes, edges of ponds and quiet streams; abundant. HERB. : Forma gracilis (Pursh), Bollard 897, St. Boni- facius; Ballard 831, Page Lake; F. obtusa (Willd.), Bollard 607, Prior's Lake; Ballard 731, Benton; F. hastata (Pursh), Taylor 642, Minnesota Lake; Taylor 405, Buffalo Lake, Waseca Co.; Taylor 22, Elysian; Sheldon 1567, Lake Benton; Ballard 666, Waconia; Ballard 163, Chaska; F. latifolia (Willd.), Sheldon 921, Sleepy Eye; F. angustifolia (Engelm.), Sheldon 1073, Spring- field; Ballard 739, Waconia; Ballard 808, Page Lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 830, Page Lake; F. diversifolia, Herrick 288, Min- neapolis; also F. angustifolia, Bailey 151, Vermilion Lake; Sand- berg 536, Red Wing; F. latifolia, Sandberg 537, Vasa; Oestlund 188, Minnehaha; F. hastata, Bailey 154, Vermilion Lake; Herb. Sheld. 1683, forma angustifolia (Engelm.), Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 230, forma obtusa (Willd.), Montevideo. VII. HYDROCHARITACEAE, Frog's - Bit Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI 160 (1840); Benth. and Hook. Gen. PL III, 448 (1883); Ascherson and Giirke, Engl. and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, 1, 238(1889). Genera: 14; cosmopolitan; 11 in fresh water; 3 in In- dian ocean, African coast waters, Red sea, Australian waters and the Pacific. Species: 60 living; 1-2 extinct?. ELODEA L. C. RICH. MX. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 20 (1803). Udora NUTT. Gen. II, 242 (1818). Apalanthe and Egeria PLANCH. Ann. Nat. Sci. 3, XI, 75,79 (1849). Anacharis BAB. and PLANCH. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. Ill, 27 (1852)! Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 450; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 383;. Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, 1, 250 (Ascherson and Gttrke). Living species: 6; N. and S. America; Mid. and N. Europe (introduced); U. S., 1. 46 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Elodea canadensis RICH, and MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 20 (1803). Serpicula occidentalis PURSH, Fl. Am. 38 (1814). Udora canadensis NUTT. Gen. II, 242 (1818). Serpicula verticillata MUHL. Cat. (1818). ApalantJie schweinitzii PLANCH. Ann. Sci. Nat. 3, XI, 75 (1839). Anacharis canadensis PLANCH. Ann. Mag. and Nat. Hist. 2 ser. I, 86 (1848). Udora occidentalis KOCH, Syn. 771 (1843-45). Anacharis alsinastrum BAB. Ann. Nat. Hist. 81 (1848). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 496; Britt., Fl. N. J. 229; Upham, Fl. Minn. 139; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 129; Chap., Fl. So. St. 450; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 1; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 382; Richt., PI. Eur. 21; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 124; Engl., Ascherson, Nat. Pflanz. II, 1, 251; Cov., Fl. Ark. 221; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 403; Webb., Appx. Neb. 22. Introduced in Gt. Britain, C. Eur. and Russia. North America: Q., Ont. to Saskatchewan and Assini- boia; S. to Oregon and Mendocino Co., Calif.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark. and Mo. Minn, valley: Forest district; abundant; rivers, streams and lakes. HERB. : Bollard 605, Prior's Lake, Scott Co. ; Bollard 822, Page Lake, Carver Co. ; Bollard 823a, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Taylor 317, Janesville; Oestlund 189, Minnehaha; Holzinger 270, Winona Co.; Holzinger 271, Winona Lake. YALLISNER1A LINN. Gen. 741 (1737) Em. Mich. Physkium LOUR. FL Cochinch. 662 (1790). Nechamandra PLANCH. Ann. Sci. Nat. 3, XI, 78 (1849). ?Lagarosiphon HARV. Hook. Journ. Bot IV, 230 (1842) part. Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 450, 451; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 383; Eugler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, I, 251 (Ascherson and Giirke); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 390. Living species: 2; tropical and subtropical regions, extending into temperate N. and S. America. 1 sp. tropical Asia and Isl. of Socotra (African region) ; 1 sp. circumdiffused. Fossil species: Eocene, Aix (Saporta) Isp.; Jurassic of Siberia, 1 sp. ? (Schenck) Yallisneria spiralis LINN. Spec. 1015 (1753). Physkium natans LOUR. Cochinch. 662 (1790). Valksneria americana MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 220 (1803). V. jacquinii SAVI. Oss. 12 (1816). V. spiralis var. americana TORR. Comp. 365 (1824). V. jacquiniana EICHW. Fl. Gasp. Cauc. 2 (1831). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 496; Britt., FL N. J. 229; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 1; Chap., Fl. So. St. 450; Upham, Fl. Minn. 139; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 46; Richt., PI. Eur. 21; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 124; Engl., Ascherson and Giirke, Nat. Pflanz. II, 1, 252; Cov., Fl. Ark. 221. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 47 S. Europe, Mid. and S. Russia; India; Australia; Is- lands of Mediterranean. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla.; W. to Minn, and Tex. Minn, valley: Forest district and W. to Cotton wood valley and Chippewa; rivers, ponds and lakes. HERB. : Bollard 455, Prior's Lake, Scott Co. ; Herrick 290, Minnetonka; Oestlund 190, Minnehaha; Holzinger 272, Winona Co.; Sandberg 539, 540, "Minnesota." VIII. GRAMINEAE. Grass Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI. 77 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 1074 (1883); Hackel in Engl. and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 1 (1887). Genera: 300-325; cosmopolitan; 3-4 extinct. Species: 3500-4000; 3100-3200 (B. andH.); 40-50 extinct? ANDROPOGON LINN. Gen. ed. V, 1014 (1754). Schizachrium NEES, Agrost. Bras. 331 (1829). Heterochloa DESVX. ex Dur. 1. c. (1888). Diectomis H. B. K Nov. Gen. et Spec. I, 193 (1815). Homoeatherum NEES, Hook, and Am. Beech. Bot. 239 (1841). Hypogynium NEES, Agrost. Bras. 364 (1829). Anadelphia HACK. Engl. Jahrb. VI, 240 (1885). Arthostachys DESVX. ex Dur. 1. c. (1888). Euklastaxoii STEUD. Syn. Gluni. I, 412 (1855). ? Agenium NEES, Lindl. Introd Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 447 (1835). Sorghum PERS. Syn. I, 101 (1805). Blumenbachia KOEL. Gram. Gall. 28 (1802). Vetiveria THOU, ex Yir. Journ. -Pharm. I, XIII, 499 (1857). Anatherum P. BEAUV. Agrostogr. 128 (1812). Mandeloriia STEUD. Syn. Glum. I, 359 (1855). Chrysopogon TRIN. Fund. Agr. 187 (1820). Rhaphis LOUR. Cochinch. 552 (1790). Centrophorum TRIN. Fund. Agr. (1820). Holcus R. BR. Prodr. 198 (1810) in part. Dichantium WILLEM. Herb. Maur. in Ust. Ann. Bot. XVIII, 11 (1796). Diplasantlms DESVX. ex Dur. 1. c. (1888). Lepeocercis TRIN. Fund. Agr. 203 (1820). Cymbopogoii SPRENG. PI. Min. Cog. Pugil. II, 14 (1815). Gymiianthelia and Hyparrheiiia ANDERS. Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 299, 300 (1862?). . Heteropogon PERS. Syn. II, 533 (1805). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 1133-1135; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 464; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 26 (Hackel). Living species: 200 ±; warmer regions; N. America, Asia and temperate Europe. Europe, 8-9; N. America, 24; 48 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. So. Sts., 20; Canada, 3-4; E. Sts., 10; Rocky Mts., 5; PL Wheel., 6. Andropogon nutans LINN. Spec. 1045 (1753). A. avenaceus MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 58 (1803). Sorghum nutans GRAY. Man. ed. I, 617 (1848). Chrysopogon nutans B. and H. Gen. PL III, 1135 (1883). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 638; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 185; Webb., Fi. Neb. 105; Coult., Fl. Colo. 406; Chap., FL So. St. 583; Vas., Ag. Grasses U. S. 36; Upham, Fl. Minn. 173; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 296; Cov., Fl. Ark. 234; Vas.. Mon. 9. North America: Ont. to Man.; S. to N. Y., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Kan., Mo., Ark. and S. Colo. Minn, valley: Throughout; principally prairie dis- trict; dry and high places. HERB. : Sheldon 1595, Lake Ben ton; Taylor 1064, Alex- andria; Sheldon, 1289, Lake Ben ton; Sheldon 1652, Minneapolis; MacM. and Sheld. 17, Brainerd; Sandberg 606, Red Wing; Foote 12, Worthington. Andropogon provincialis LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 376 (1783). A. villosus var. B. LAM. Fl. Fr. Ill, 634 (1778). A. gerardi VITM. Summ. PL VI, 16 (1792). A. furcatus MUHL. Willd. Spec. IV, 919 (1805;. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 637; Mac., FL Can. II, 184; Britt., FL N. J. 284; Webb., FL Neb. 105; Coult., FL Colo. 405; Upham, Fl. Minn. 173; Chap., FL So. St. 581; Vas., Ag. Grasses U. S. 35; Richt., PL Eur. I, 23; Cov., FL Ark. 234; Vas., Mon. 12. Southern France. North America: Ont.; L. of Woods, Man.; S. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Colo., Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; especially in prairie dis- trict; dry and high places. HERB.: Taylor 1028, Glen wood; Sheldon 1172, New Ulm; Tay lor 1071, Alexandria; Sheldon 1130, Springfield; Shel- don 1338, Lake Benton; Sandberg 603, Goodhue Co.; Sandberg 604, Red Wing; Fooie 10, Worthington; Oestlund 349, Minne- apolis; 350, Minneapolis. Andropogon scoparius MICHX. FL N. Am. I, 57 (1803). A. dissitijtorus MICHX. FL N. Am. I, 57 (1803). A. purjiurascens WILLD. Spec. IV, 913 (1805). Pallinia scoparia SPKENG. Syst. II, 832 (1825). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 637; Britt., FL N. J. 284; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 185; Webb., FL Neb. 105; Upham, Fl.'Minn. 173; Coult., FL Colo. 405; Chap., Fl. So. St. 581; Vas., Ag. Grasses U. S. 35; Both., Wheel. Exp. 296; Cov., Fl. Ark. 234; Vas., Mon. 10. Nortfi America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man. and Sas- LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 49 katchewan; S. to N. Eng.. N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Kan., Mo., Ark. and S. Colo. Minn, valley: Throughout; principally in prairie dis- trict; high or dry places. HERB.: Sheldon 1318, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1378, Ver- di, Lincoln Co.; MacM. and Sheld. 13, Brainerd; Sandberg 605, Red Wing; Foote 11, Worthington. PANICUM LINN. Gen. 47 (1737). Thalasium SPRENG. Syst. Cur. Post. 22, 30 (1827). Migitaria RICH, in Pers. Syn. I, 84 (1805). Syntherisma WALT. Fl. Carol. 76 (1788). Trichaclme NEES, Agrost. Bras. 85 (1829). Acicarpa RADDI, Agrost. Bras. 31 (1823). Urochloa KUNTH, Rev. Gram. I, 31 (1835). Coriclochloa NEES, Edin. Phil. Journ. XV, 381 (1831?). Eriachne PHILIPPI, Sert. Mend. Alt. 49 (I860?). Holosetum, Mesosetum STEUD. Syn. Glum. I, 118 (1855). Bluffia, Rhyiiclielythrum NEES, Fl. Afr. Austr. Gram. 61, 64 (1841). Thrasya H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Spec. I, 120 (1815). Tylothrasya DOELL. Mart. Fl. Bras. II, 2, 295 (1833). ? Dimorphostachys FOURN. Compt. Rend. LXXX, 441 (1875). Paractaenium, Urochloa, Echinochloa, Hymenachne BEAUV. Agrostogr. 47, 48, 53 (1812). Streptostachys DESVX. Bull. Philom. II, 190 (1810). Otachyrium NEES, Agrost. Bras. 273 (1829). Coleataenia GRISEB. Symb. Arg. 308 (1875). Tricholaeiia SCHRAD. R. and S. Syst. II, Mant. 163 (1824). ? Gramerium DESVX. ex Dur. 1. c. (1888). ? Alloteropsis PRESL, ex Dur. 1. c. (1888). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 1100; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 466: Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 35, 36 (Hackel); Schenck, Palaeo- phyt. 384. Living species: 310 ± ; temperate and warmer regions; Europe, 13; Russia, 10-12; N. America, 67; So. Sts., 48; E. Sts., 22; California, 15; Rocky Mts., 5; Canada, 15; Texas, 41; PI. Wheel., 5; PI. King, 3. Fossil species: ? Tertiary of Switzerland (Schenck). Panicnm crus-galli LINN. var. hispidum (MUHL.) TORR. Fl. N. Y. II, 424 (1843). P. muriatum MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 47 (1803). - P. walteri PURSH, Fl. Am. 66 (1814). P. hispidum MUHL. Gram. 167 (1817). Oplismenus muricatus KUNTH, Enurn. I, 143 (1833). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man., 6 ed. 634; Britt.,Fl. N. J. 282; Mac., Fl- Can. II, 177; Webb., Fl. Neb. 106; Upham, Fl. Minn. 173; Both., Wheel- Exp. 295; Wats., King Exp. 394; Cpv., Fl. Ark. 232; Vas., Mon. 37. -4 50 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. North America: Ont., N. Y. and N. J. to Minn., Neb. and Ark. Minn, valley: Reported from S. E. and S. W. edges ; doubtfully indigenous; boggy places or drier soil. HERB. : Sandberg 600, Red Wing. Panicum dichotomum LINN. Spec. 58 (1753). P. pubescens, nitidum and laxiflorum LAM. Enc. Meth. IV, 749(1797). P. barbulatum and ramulosum MICHX. Fl.N. Am. I, 46 (1803). ? P. microcarpon MUHL. Gram. 112 (1817). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man., 6 ed. 633; Britt, Fl. N. J. 280; Chap., Fl. So. St. 576; Mac , Fl. Can. II, 178; Webb., Fl. Neb. 106; Coult., Fl. Colo. 404; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 259; Upham, Fl. Minn. 172; Wats., King Exp. 394; Cov., Fl. Ark. 232; Vas., Mon. 30. North America: Newf., N. S., Q., Ont. to Owen Sound, Ste. Marie and Thunder Bay; S. to N. Y., N. J., Fla. ; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark., Colo., Calif, and S. to N. Mex. Minn, valley: Forest district and probably W.; dry fields and along embankments. HERB.: Ballard 8, Chaska; Sheldon 1100, Springfield; Bollard 278, Jordan, Scott Co.; Ballard 520, Prior's Lake, Scott Co. ; Ballard 315, Belle Plaine; Ballard 544, Spring Lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 637, Chaska; Sheldon 1216, New Ulm; Shel- don 515, Waseca [var. pubescens (Lam.)]; Oestlund 346, Minne- apolis; Oestlund 347, Minneapolis [var. pubescens (Lam.)]-, Herb. Sheld.,1709, 1798, Minneapolis. Panicum depauperatum MUHL. Gram. 112 (1817). ?P. strictum PUKSH, Fl. Am. 69 (1814). P. rectum R. and S. Syst. II, 457 (1817). P. involutum TORR. Fl. U. S. I, 144 (1824). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man., 6 ed. 633; Britt., Fl. N. J. 279; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 177; Webb., Fl. Neb. 106; Upham, Fl. Minn. 173; Chap., Fl. So. St. 576; Cov., Fl. Ark. 232; Vas., Mon. 29. North America: Newf., N. S., Q., Ont. to Saskatch- ewan; S. to N. Eng., N. Y., N. J., N. Car.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Ark. Minn, valley: Forest district; dry woods; hillsides, along embankments and shores of lakes. HERB. : Leiberg 104, Blue Earth Co. ; ? Sandberg 599, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1797, Minneapolis. Panicum scoparium LAM. Enc. Meth. IV (1797). P. pauciflorum ELL. Sk. 1. (1821). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man., 6 ed. 632; Britt., Fl. N. J. 280; Webb., Fl. Neb. 106; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 180; Coult., Fl. Colo. 404; Wats., Fl. Calif. 259; Upham, Fl. Minn. 172; Chap., Fl. So. St. 575; Cov., Fl'. Ark. 233; Vas., Mon. 31. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PKODUCING PLANTS. 51 North America: Ont., N. Y., N. J. to N. Car. and Fla. ; W. to Vancouver; S. to Calif., Oregon, Colo., Neb., Minn. Minn, valley: Forest district; rare or infrequent; wet fields and edges of thickets. HERB. : Leiberg 103, Blue Earth Co. Panicum latifolium LINN. Spec. 59 (1753). P. walteri Pom. Enc. Suppl. IV, 282 (1816). P. dandestinum HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 235 (1840). 1 Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man., 6 ed. 632; Britt., Fl, N. J. 280; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 179; Chap., Fl. So. St. 575; Cov., Fl. Ark. 232; Vas., Mon. 33. North America: Q., Ont., N.Y., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: Forest district; infrequent; thickets and damp copses or woodland. HERB. : Sheldon 620, Wilton, Waseca Co. ; Bollard 487, Prior's Lake, Scott Co. ; Oestlund 345, Hennepin Co. Panicum xanthophysum GRAY, Gram. I, 28 (1835). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man., 6 ed. 631; Upham, Fl. Minn. 172; Mac., Fl Can. II, 180; Vas., Mon. 29. North America: Ont. to Man., Saskatchewan and As- siniboia; S. to Maine and Penn. ; W. to Minn., Wise., Iowa and Dak. Minn, valley: Forest district; rare; sandy soil along embankments or beside ponds or streams. HERB. : Sheldon 555, Waseca. Panicum virgatum LINN. Spec. 59 '(1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man., 6 ed. 631; Britt., Fl. N. J. 282; Upham, Fl. Minn. 172; Mao., Fl. Can. II, 180; Webb.. Fl. Neb. 106; Coult., Fl. Colo. 403; Chap., Fl. So. St. 573; Vas., Ag. Grasses U. S. 28; Cov., FL Ark. 223; Vas., Mon. 36. North America: Ont. to L. Huron region, Saskatch- ewan and Assiniboia; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn. , Neb. , Colo. , Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout; especially in prairie dis- trict; sandy soil and embankments. HERB.: Sheldon, 1206, New Ulm; Oestlund 341, Minne- apolis; 342, Minneapolis; Foote 9, Worthington; Sandberg 598, Red Wing. Panicum agrostoides MUHL. Gram. 119 (1817). P. midtiflorum Pom. Suppl. Enc. IV, 282 (1817). P. elongatum PURSH, Fl. Am. I, 69 (1814). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 631; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 176; Britt., Fl. N. J. 281; Vas., Ag. Grasses U. S. 28; Webb., Fl. Neb. 106; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 258; Upham, Fl. Minn. 172; Cov., Fl. Ark. 232; Vas., Mon. 35. 52 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. North America: Mass, and N. J. to Minn, and Van- couver; S. to Gulf of Mexico and to Sacramento, Calif. Minn, valley: Reported from N. E. districts; rare; damp fields and shores of lakes or along streams. Panicum nudum WALT. Fl. Car. (1788). P. dichotomiflorum MTCHX. Fl. N. Am. (1803). P. divergens MUHL. Gram. (1817). P. autumnale Bosc. Mem. (1822). P. fragile KUNTH, Enum. (1833). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 630; Upham, Fl. Minn. 172; Vas., Mon. 33. North America: 111. to S. Minn., Mo. and Tex? Minn, valley: Reported from S. central region; rare or doubtful; hillsides or plains; sandy soil. Panicum capillare LINN. Spec. 58 (1753). Milium capillare MOENCH, Meth. 203 (1794). ? Panicum strigosum ELL. Sk. I, 126 (1821). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 630; Britt., Fl. N. J. 281: Mac., Fl. Can. II, 177; Wats., Fl. Calif, II, 258; Coult., Fl. Colo. 403: Webb., Fl. Neb. 106; Chap., Fl. So. St. 574; Upham, Fl. Minn. 172; Richt., PL Eur. I, 26; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 470; Wats., King Exp. 394; Cov., Fl. Ark. 232; Vas., Mon. 33. Introduced in S. Europe and Russia. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Saskatch- ewan, Man., Brit. Col. and Vancouver; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Pac. coast and S. Calif. Minn, valley: .Throughout; abundant; dry fields and along embankments. HERB. : Taylor 1155, Glenwood; Sheldon 956, Redwood Falls; Sheldon 1460, Pipestone; Foofe 8, Worthington; Oest- hmd 340, Hennepin Co.; Sandberg 597, Red Wing; Sheldon 1529, Lake Ben ton; Herb. Sheld. 1671, Minneapolis. CENCHRU8 LINN. Gen. Corr. n. 989 (1737), p. p. Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III. 1105; Durand, 2nd. Gen. Phan. 467; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II. 36 (Hackel). Living species : 12 ; tropical and subtropical regions and in temperate N. and S. America. N. America, 4, So. Sts., 4; E. Sts., 1; California, 1; Rocky Mts., 1; PL King., 1. Cenchrus tribuloides LINN. Spec. ed. II. 1483 (1762). C. carolinianus WALT. Fl. Car. 79 (1788). C. echinatus MUHL. Gram. 52 (1817). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 634; Britt., Fl.N. J. 282; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 181; Webb.,Fl. Neb. 106; Wats., Fl. Calif. I. 261 ; Coult., Fl. Colo. 404; Chap., Fl. So. Sts. 579; Upham, Fl. Minn. 173; Engl. Hackel, Nat. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 53 Pflinz. II. 2, 36; Gris., Fl. W. I.; Wats., King Exp. 394; Cov., Fl. Ark. 232; Vas., Mon. 39. Africa? Jamaica, Antigua and East Indies. North. America: N. Eng. to Fla. ; W. to Calif, and Oregon; Ontario, introduced (?). Minn, valley: Throughout; sandy or waste places along streams and roadsides or embankments. HERB.: Sheldon 1190, New Ulm; Leiberg 105, Minne- sota valley; Kassube 275, Minneapolis; Sandberg 601, Goodhue Co. ; OestlundSJf.8, Minneapolis; Hohinger 295, Winona Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1706, Minneapolis. ZIZANIA LINN. Gen. ed., II. 863 (1742) em. Hydropyrum LINK. Hort. Berol. 1. 252 (1827). Melinum LINK. Handb. Nutz. Gew. I. 96 (1829) Zizaniopsis DOELL. and ASCH. Mart. Fl. Bras. II. 2, 12 (1833?). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III. 1115; Durand, Ind. Gen. Plian. 468; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II. 40 (Hackel). Living species: 2; N. and S. America; N. E. Asia, E. U. S. and Can, 1; S. U. S. and Brazil, 1. Zizania aquatica LINN. Spec. 991 (1753). Z palustris LINN. Mant. II. 295 (1771). Z. davulosa MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I. 75 (1803). Hydropyrum esculenlum LINK, Hort. Berol. I. 252 (1827). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 635; Britt., Fl. N. J. 283; Upham, Fl. Minn. 159; Chap.,Fl. So. St. 549; Webb., Fl. TSTeb. 105; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 183; Vas. Ag. Grasses U. S 33; Eugl. Hackel, Nat. Pflanz. II. 2.40; Cov., Fl. Ark, 233; Vas., Mon. 41. Siberia and Japan. North America: New! N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont., Man.; S. to Penn. and Pla, ; W. to Minn., Neb., Mo., Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley : Throughout; somewhat local; shallow waters; edges of lakes and narrows between ponds. HERB.: Taylor 222, Janesville; Taylor 1019, Glenwood; Sandberg 554, Red Wing. HOMALOCENCHRUS MIEG. ex. Hall, Stirp. Helv. II. 201 (1768). Leersia SWARTZ, Nov. Gen. et. Spec. 21 (1788). Ehrhartia WIGG. Prim. Hoist. 63(1780). Asprella SCHREB. Gen. PI. 45 (1789). Blepharochioa ENDL. Gen. PI. 1352 (1840). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. III. 1117; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 468; Engler an. U. asperifolia TRIN. Diss. I, 174 (1828). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 642; Britt., Fl. N. J. 286; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 192; Upham, Fl. Minn. 162; Vas., Mon. 55. North America : Newf . , N. Br. , Q. , Ont. to Man. , Brit. Col., Rocky Mts.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., and Penn.; W. to Minn., Dak. and Mo. Minn, valley: N. E. and N. districts, woods, hillsides and shaded banks; local or rare. HERB. : Sheldon 1926, Minneapolis. Oryzopsis melanocarpa MUHL. Gram. 79 (1817). Milium racemosum SM. Rees, Cyc. (1819?). Piptatherum niyrum TORR. Fl. U. S. I. 79 (1824). Urachne racemosa TRIN. Diss. I, 174 (1828). lOryzopsis asperifolia KUNTH, Enum. 1, 176 (1833 1 in part. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 642; Britt., Fl. N. J. 286; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 193; Upham, Fl. Minn. 1P2; Vas., Mon. 55. North America: Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Penn.; W. to Minn, and Mo. Minn, valley : Forest and N. W. districts ; dry or rocky woods. HERB.: Taylor 949, Glenwood; Herrick 339, Minne apolis. MUHLENBERGIA SCHREB. Gen. PL 44 (1789). Vaseya THURB. Proc. Phil. Acad. 79 (1863). Podosaemum DESVX. Bull. Philom. II, 188 (1813). Trichochloa BE ATI v. Agrostogr. 29 (1812). Bealia SCRIBN. ex. Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 469 (1888). Calycodone NUTT. Jour. Acad. Phil. I, Is6 (1817). Clomena and Tosagris BEAUV. Agrostogr. 28, 29 (1812). LIST OF HIGHER SEEIf-PRODUCING PLANTS. 59 Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI III, 1143: Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 469; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 47 (Hackel). Living species : 60; N. America and Andes of S. America; a few in Japan and the Himalayas. N. America, 37; Canada, 5-6; So. Sts., 7; E. Sts., 8; California, 4-5; Texas, N. Mex. and Arizona region, 31. Muhlenbergia diffusa SCHREB. Gram; II, t. 51 (1772). Dikpyrum minutiflorum MICHX. Fl. Am. I, 40 (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 644; Vas., Mon. Grasses 68; Britt., Fl. N. J. 287; Mac.. Fl. Can. II, 194; Webb., Fl. Neb. 104; Vas., Agr. Grasses U. S. 41. North America: N. Eng., Ont. and N. Y. to Mich., Minn., Iowa and Neb. ; S. to Tex. Minn, valley: S. district; dry hills and woods or banks of streams. HERB. : Leiberg 107, Blue Earth Co. Muhlenbergia tenuiflora (WILLD.) B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Agrostis tenuiflora WILLD. Spec. I, 364 (1799). Cinna tenuiflora LINK, Enunu. I, 71 (1821). Muhlenbergia willdenovii TRIN. Diss. I, 188 (1828). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 643; Britt., Fl. N. J. 287; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 195; Upham, Fl. Minn. 161; Chap., Fl. So. St. 552; Cov., Fl. Ark. 235; Vas., Mon. 68. North America : Ont. to N. Y., N. J. and N. Car. ; W. to Minn. , Neb. , Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley : S. central district and probably W. ; local or infrequent; rocky or gravelly woodland and hillsides. Muhlenbergia ambigua TORR. Nicollet Rep. (1841). M. sylvatica var. setiglumis WATS. Bot. King. Exp. 378 (1871). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 643; Upham, Fl. Minn. 161; Vas., Mon. 69. North America: S. Minn, and Humboldt Pass, Nev. at 6,000 ft. alt. Minn, valley: Shore of Lake Elysian, Waseca Co., Minn. ; local, and possibly exterminated. HERB.: Columbia College (type.), "Lake Okaman," Nicollet; Harvard College, Wats. 1288; Humboldt Pass, Nev. Muhlenbergia mexicana (LINN.) TRIN. Diss. I, 189 (1828). Agrostis mexicana LINN. Mant. 31 (1767). A. lateriflora MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 53 (1803). A. flliformis MIJHL. Gram. 66(1817). A. foliosa R. and S. Syst. II, 373 (1817). Cinna mexicana LINK, Enum. I, 71 (1821). Agrostis lateriflora var. flliformis TORK. Fl. U. S. I, 86 (1824). Muhlenbergia foliosa TRIN. Diss. I. 190 (1828). €0 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 3 ed. 643; Britt., Fl. N. J. 287; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 194; Upham, Fl. Minn. .161; Vas., Ag. Grasses U. S. 43; Webb., Fl. Neb. 104; Chap., Fl. So. St. 552; Coult., Fl. Colo. 409; Cov., Fl. Ark. 235; Vas., Mon. 69. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont., L. Superior to Minn. . Dak., Wyoming; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Neb., Mo., Ark. and Ind. Terr. Minn, valley : Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co. ; low grounds and along streams. HERB.: Bailey 422, Long Lake; Oestlund 325, Minne- apolis; Sandberg 560, Red Wing. Muhlenbergia racemosa (Micnx.) B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Agrostis racemosa MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 53 (1803). Polypogon glomeratus WILLD. Enum. I, 87 (18G9). Agrostis setosa MUHL. Gram. 68 (1817). Polypogon racemosus NUTT. Gen. I, 51 (1818). Iriclilochloa glomerata and calycina TRIN. Fund. Agrost. 117 (1820). Muhlenbergia glomerata TRIN. Diss. (1828). Polypogon setosiis SPRENG. Mant. I, 31 (1827). Cinna racemosa KUNTII, Enum. I, 207 (1833). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 643; Britt., Fl. N. J. 287; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 194; Vas., Ag. Grasses U. S. 43; Webb., Fl. Neb. 104; Upham, Fl. Minn. 161; Vas., Mon. 68. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man., Saskatche- wan, Brit. Col. and Rocky Mts. ; S. to N. Eng., N. Y. and N. J.; W. to 111., Minn., Dak., Neb. and Utah. Minn, valley: Throughout; bogs, moist or dry soil, cultivated fields. HERB.: Taylor 1184$, Glenwood; Sheldon 1448, Pipe- stone; (var. ramosa Vasey); Taylor 1184, Glenwood; Sheldon 2284, LakeBenton; Sheldon 1478$, Pipestone; Ballard 797, Goose Lake, Carver Co. ; Leiberg 89, Blue Earth Co. ; (all var. ramosa) ; MacM. and Sheld. 9, Brainerd; Foote 4, Worthington; Sandberg 559, Red Wing; Upham 2, Minneapolis (var. ramosa Vas.). Muhlenbergia sobolifera (MUHL.) TRIN. Diss. I, 187 (1824). Agrostis sobolifera MUHL. Willd. Enum. 95 (1809). Cinna sobolifera LINK, Enum. I, 71 (1821). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 644; Britt., FL N. J. 287; Upham, Fl. Minn. 161; Richt., PI. Eur. I, 42; Cov., Fl. Ark. 235; Vas., Mon. 68. Central Europe. North America : Mass, to Mich, and Minn.; S. to N. J., Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: Reported from S. E. districts ; open or rocky woods. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 61 BRACHYELYTRUM PAL.-BEAUV. Agrostogr. 39 (1812). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 1144; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 469; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pftanz. 2, II, 47 (Hackel). Living species: 1; N. America. Braehyelytruni aristosum (MiCHx.) B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Dilepyrum aristosum MICHX. Fl. N. Amer. I, 40 (1803). Muhlenbergia aristata PERS. Syn. I. 76 (1805). Bracfiyelytrum aristatum P. DE B. Agrost. 39 (1812). Muhlenbergia brachyelytrum THIN. Diss. I, 188 (1828). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 644; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 195; Webb., Fl. Neb 104; Chap., Fl. So. St. 553; Upham, Fl. Minn. 162; Engl. Hackeb Nat. Pflanz. II, 2,~47; Cov., FL Ark. 235; Vas., Mon. 71. North America: N. S., Q., Ont. to Owen Sound and north shore of L. Superior; S. to N. Y,, N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark. and Mo. Minn, valley: Forest district; infrequent; rocky woods and copses. HERB.: Ballard 397, Jordan, Scott Co.; Bailey 397, Mud Lake. ALOPECURUS LINN. Gen. 50 (1737). Colobaclme PAL.-BEAUV. Agrostogr. 22 (1812). Tozzettia SAVI, Mem. Soc. It. Sci. VIII, 477 (1868). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 1140; Durand, Lid. Gen. Phan. 470; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 48 (Hackel). Living species: 20; 40 described; Europe and extra tropical Asia; a few species in N. and S. America and Australia, doubtfully indigenous. Europe, 14; Russia, 11; N. America, 8; California, 3; Rocky Mts., 2; So. Sts., 1; Canada, 4-5; E. Sts., 1; PI. King, 1-2; PI. Wheel., 1-2; Pac. coast, 7-8. Alopecurus geniculatus LINN. var. aristulatus (Micnx.) MUNRO, Torr. Fl. U. S. I, 97 (1824). A. aristulatus MICHX. Fl. N. Am. 43 (1803). A. subaristatus PERS. Syn. I, 80 (1805). A. fulvus KUNTH, Enurn. I, 24 (1833). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 645; Britt., Fl. N. J. 285; Webb., Fl. Neb. 105; Wats., Fl. Calif II, 263; Upham, Fl. Minn. 160; Coult.. Fl. Colo. 407; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 183; Vas., Ag. Grasses U. S. 40; Richt., PL Eur. I, 38 (spec.); Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 269 (spec.); Wats., King Exp. 375; Roth.. Wheel. Exp. 281; Cov., Fl. Ark. 234; Hart., Scand. Fl. I, 576 (spec.); Vas., Mon. 87. North America: Newf., Anticosti, N. S., N. Br., Ont., Man., N. W. T., to Columbia and Vancouver; N. to lat. 55°; S. to N. Y., Penn.; W. to Minn., Neb., Colo., Calif., Oregon; not 62 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. very abundant south of this range, though occasional even to the Gulf of Mexico. Minn, valley: Throughout; abundant; in wet meadows or ditches, or along edge of ponds. HERB.: Bollard 265, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 83, Lake Custan, Le Sueur Co. ; Sheldon 213, Lake Ballentyne, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 688, Waseca; Sheldon 916, Sleepy Eye; Lei- berg 88, Blue Earth Co. ; Sandberg 555, Chisago Lake. SPOROBOLUS R. BR. Prodr. 169 (1810). Vilfa P. BEAUV. Agrostogr. 16 (1812). Agrosticula RADDI, Agrost. Bras 33 (1823). Triachyrum HOCHST. Steud. Syn. Glum. I, 176 (1855). Cryptostachys STEUD. Syn. Glum. I, 181 (1855j. Diachyrium GRISEB. PI. Lorentz. 209 (1874). Spermachiton LLAN. Frag. Phil. 25 (1851). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 1148; Durand, 2nd. Gen. Phan. 470: Engler and Prantl, Nut. Pflanz. 2, II, 49 (Hackel). Living species: 80; temperate and tropical America; some in warmer Africa; Asia; 1 in S. Europe. U. S., 31; Atl. states, 12; Pac. states, 5-6; Texas and Arizona region, 24; EockyMts., 10; Canada, 6-7. Sporobolus cryptandrus (TORR.) GRAY, Man. ed. 2, 542 (1852). Agrostis cryptandra TORR. Ann. Lye. N. Y. I. 151 (1824). Vilfa cryptandra TRIN. Agrost. I, 47 (1840). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 646; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 197; Webb., Fl. Neb. 104; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 268; Coult., Fl. Colo. 411: Mac., Fl. Can. II, 391; Wats., King Exp. 375; Upham, Fl. Minn. 160; Vas., Mon. 62. North America: Ont. to Assiniboia and Brit. Col.; S. to N. Eng., Minn., Kan., Neb., Tex., N. Mex.; W. to Colo, and Oregon. Minn, valley: Forest district and S. W. ; dry or waste places. HERB. : Oestlund 223, 224, Hennepin Co. Sporobolus heterolepis GRAY, Man. ed. V, 610 (1868). Vilfa heterolepis GRAY, Ann. Lye. N. Y. Ill, 233 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 646; Webb., Fl. Neb. 104; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 198; Uphatn, Fl. Minn. 160; Cov., Fl. Ark. 235; Vas., Mon. 62. North America: Ont., Georgian Bay, N. W. Man. and Assiniboia; S. to Conn, N. Y., Penn. ; W. to Minn., Neb., Mo. and Texas. Minn valley: Forest district and westward; infre- quent; dry or sandy places; along railways. HERB. : Sheldon 1368, Verdi, Lincoln Co. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 63 Sporobolus junceus (Micnx.) KUNTH, Enum. I (1833). Agrostis juncea MICHX. Fl. N. A. I (1803). Vilfa juncea TRIN. Diss. (1828). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 646; Upham, Fl. Minn. 160; Chap., Fl. So. St. 550; Vas., Mon. 63. North America: Penn. to Wis., Minn, and Dak.; S. to Fla. and La. ; more abundant southward. Tex. Minn valley: Reported from S. central district; rare; dry or barren localities. Sporobolus depauperatus (TORR.) SCRIB. Torr. Bull. IX 103 (1882). Vilfa depauperata TORR. Hook., Fl. II, 257 (1840). V. utilis TORR. Pac. R. R. Rep. Y, 365 (1856). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 646: Vas., Mon. 61; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 197: Webb., Fl. Neb. 104; Coult., Fl. Colo. 411; Upham, Fl. Minn. 160. North America: Brit. Colo, and Rocky int. region to Arizona and Mexico. Minn, valley: S. c. toW. districts; dry or waste places. HERB.: Sheldon 15Sl\t Lake Benton; Leiberg 108, 109, Blue Earth Co. Sporobolus euspidatus (TORR.) SCRIB. Torr. Bull. IX, 103 (1882). Vilfa cuspidata TORR. ? Agrostis cryptandra TORR. Ann. Lye. N. Y. I, 151 (182.1). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 646; Webb., Fl. Neb. 103; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 160; Coult., Fl. Colo. 411; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 197; Vas., Mon. 60. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont., Man., Saskatchewan and Rocky mts. ; S. to Maine, Minn. , Iowa, Neb. and Mo. ; W. to Colo. Minn. valJey: Reported from N. E. and S. E. districts; dry or barren localities. Sporobolus yaginaeflorus (TORR.) VAS. Cat. Grass. U. S. 45 (1885). Agrostis virqinica MUHL. Gram. 74 (1817) not Linn. Vilfa vaginceflora TORR. in Gray Gram, and Gyp. I, 3 (1834). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 645; Upham, Fl. Minn. 160; Britt., Fl. N. J. 288; Chap., Fl. So. St. 551; Webb , Fl. Neb. 104; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 198; Cov ., Fl. Ark. 235; Vas., Mon. 60. North America: Maine to Ont. and Minn.; S. to N. J., N. Car.; W. to Neb., Mo., Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: N. E. district and to S central district; barren or waste places. 64 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Sporobolns asper (Micnx.) KUNTH, Enum. I, 210 (1838). Agrostis aspera Mrcex. Fl. N. Am. I, 53 (1803'. Vilfa aspera P. DE B. Agrost. 16 (1812). ? Muhleriberoia clandestina TRIN. Diss. I,- 190 (1824). Vilfa liookeri TRIN. Agrost. 84 (1840). Agrostis clandestina SPRENG. Syst. I, 32 (1&24). Vilfa longifolia TORR. in Gray, Gram. 4 (1834). Agrostis longifolia TORR. Fl. u! S. I, 90 (1824). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 645; Britt., Fl. N. J. 288; Upham, Fl. Minn. 160; Webb., Fl. Neb. 103; Chap., Fl. So. St. 551; Cov., Fl. Ark., 235; Vas., Mon. 59. North America: N. Eng., N. J., Va. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Ark. Minn, valley: Reported from S. central district; sandy hills, fields, dry places and roadsides. CINNA LINN. Gen. ed. V, 15 (1754). Abola ADANS. Fam. II, 31 (1763). Blyttia FRIES, Novit. Fl. Suec. Mant. II, 2 (1839). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 1151; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 471; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 50 (Hackel). Living species: 2; N. Europe and N. America. N. America, 2; Europe, 1. Cinna arundiuacea LINN. Spec. 7 (1753). Agrostis cinna LAM. 111. I, 162 (1791). Muhlenbergia cinna TRIN. Diss. I, 191 (1824). M. pendula BONG. ex. Vas. Mon. 1. c. (1892). Blyttia suaveolens FRIES, Mant. II, 2 (1832-42). Cinna latifolia GRISEB. Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV, 435 (1853). Wats, and Coult.. Gray's Man. 6 ed. 649; Britt., Fl. N. J. 289; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 202; Upham, Fl. Minn. 161; Vasey, Ag. Grasses U. S. 47; Chap., Fl. So. St. 552; Engl. Hackel, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 50; Cov., Fl. Ark. 235; Vas., Mon. 57. North America: Newf., N. S., Q., Ont. to Saskatch- ewan; S. to N. Eng., N. Y., N. J., N. Car.; W. to Minn., Ark., La. and Tex. ; N. Rocky mts. to Oregon and Washington. Minn, valley: Forest district; infrequent; woods and swamps. AGROSTIS LINN. Gen. 54 (1737) p. p. Vilfa ADANS. Fam. II, 495 (1763). Trichodium Micnx. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 41 (1803). Ag-raulus P. BEAUV. Agrostogr. 5 (1812). Bromiclium NEES, PI. Meyen, 154 (1835). Didymochseta STEUD. Syn. Glum. I, 185 (1855). Chamsecalamus MEYEN, PI. Reise I, 456 (1835). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 1149; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 471; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 50 (Hackel). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 65 Living species: 100; cosmopolitan; especially in N. temperate regions. Europe, 38; Russia, 20; N. America, 26; Canada, 15; California, 14; E. Sts., 6; Rocky mts., 5; PL Wheel., 7j PL King, 4. Agrostis hiemalis (WALT.) B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Cornucopia hiemalis WALT. Fl. Car. 74 (1788). Agrostis scabra WILLD. Spec. I, 370 (1799). Trichodium laxifolium MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 42 (1803). T. scabrum MUHL. Gram. 61 (1817). Agrostis laxiftora HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 240 (1840) in part. A. oreophila TRIN. Agrost. II, 77 (1841). A. micfiauxii TRIN. Agrost. II (1841). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 648; Britt., Fl. N. J. 288; Webb., Fl. Neb., 103; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 199; Chap., Fl. So. St. 551; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 274; Coult., Fl. Colo. 412; Wats., King Exp. 377; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 283; Cov., Fl. Ark. 235; Vas., Mon. 75. Siberia. North America: Newf., Ont., Man., Brit. Col. to 60° N. lat., Athabasca and Unalascha; S. to N. Eng., N. J,, Fla.; W. throughout the continent. Minn, valley: Forest district, and perhaps throughout; dry or sunny banks and openings in forest. HERB. : Taylor 657, Cobb river, Blue Earth Co.; .Shel- don 662, Waseca; Bollard 639, Chaska; Bollard 251, Jordan, Scott Co.; MacM. and Sheld. 71, Brainerd; Bailey 129, Vermil- ion Lake; Sandberg 558, Red Wing; Herrick 338, Minneapolis. Agrostis rubra LINN. var. alpina (Oakes). A. canina var. alpina OAKES, Cat. Vermont PL (1842). A. pickeringii TUCK. Sill. Journ. XLV, 42 (1843). A. rupestris CHAP. Fl. So. St. 551 (1860) not all. A. canina GRAY, Man. ed. V, 611 (1867). A. rubra var. americana SCRIBN. Mac.. Fl. Can. II, 391 (1890). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 648; Chap., Fl. So. St. 551; Coult., Fl. Colo. 412; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 198; Wats., King Exp. 377; Upham, Fl. Minn. 161. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q., to N. Y., N. J. and N. Car. ; W. across cont. ; Alaska ? Minn, valley: Reported from S. W. edge; high plains and headlands; rare. Agrostis perennans (WALT.) TUCKERM. Gray, Man. ed. V, 611 (1868). Cornucopia perennans WALT. Fl. Car. 74 (1788). Trichodium decumbens MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 42 (1803). T. perennans ELL. Sk. Car. (1823). Agrostis laxiflora KICH. Parr. Voy. Appx. (1823). -5 DO METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 648; Britt., Fl. N. J. 288; Webb., Fl. Neb. 103; U.pham, Fl. Minn. 160; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 199; Coult., Fl. Colo. 412; Chap., Fl. So. St. 551; Miyabe, Fl. Kur.*269?; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 392; Both., Wheel. Exp. 283; Cov., Fl Ark. 235; Vas., Mon. 76. Kurile Isls. (?) North America: Q., Ont., Ott. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Minn., Neb., Wyoming, Montana and N. W. coast. Minn, valley: S. W. and S. central districts; probably throughout; damp and shaded banks or woodland. HERB. : Sheldon 863, Sleepy Eye. DEYEUXIA CLARION in Pal. Beauv. Agrostogr. 43 (1812). Laclmagrostis TRIN. Fund. Agr. 128 (1820). Achaeta FOURN. Gram. Mex. 109 (1880). Kelchella STEUD. Syn. Glum. I, 101 (1855). Cinnastrum FOURN. Gram. Mex. 90 (1880). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 1152; Durand, Ind. Gen. Pfian. 471; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 51 (Hackel . Living species: 120; temperate and colder regions; nits, of tropics; Andes region, 60; U. S., 28; Europe. 13; Pac. America, 23; Atl. America, 7-8; S. Sts., 3; Canada, 24-26. JDeyeuxia neglect a (EHRH.) KUNTH, Enum. I, 76 (1833). Arundo neglecta EHRH. Beitr. VI, 137 (1791). Calamagrostis neglecta GAERTN. Fl. Wett. I, 94 (1799). Arundo stricta "TiMM. Mecklb. Mag. II, 236"; ex Richt., PI. Eur. I, 50 (1890). Calamagrostis stricta NUTT. Gen. I, 47 (1818). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 650; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 205; Coult , Fl. Colo. 414; Webb., Fl. Neb. 103; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 281; Upham, Fl. Minn. 162; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 142; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 428; Vas., Moh. 82: Rothr., Alask. 459. Europe; temperate Asia. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. toL. Superior region, Assiniboia, Rocky mts. and Selkirks; N. to Hudson Bay and 62° N. lat. and Pac. coast; S. to Calif., Colo., Neb., Iowa and Wise. Labrador. Minn, valley: Forest district to S. central district; rocky woods or low meadow's. HERB.: Cratty 2, Emmet Co., Iowa; state line. Deyeuxia canadensis (Micnx.) P. DEB. Agrost. (1812). Arundo canadensis MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 73 (1803). Calamagrostis canadensis P. DE B. Agrost. (1812). Arundo agrostoides PUKSH, Fl. Am. 83 (1814). A. cinnoides MUHL. Gram. 187 (1817). Calamagrostis mexicana NUTT. Gen. I, 46 (1818). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 650; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 204; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 162; Britt,, Fl. N. J. 289; Webb., Fl. Neb. 103; Vas., Ag. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 67 Grasses U. S. 48; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 279; Coult., Fl. Colo. 413; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 429; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 393; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 285; Cov., Fl. Ark. 235; Vas., Mon. 80; Rothr., Alaskj 459. Baikal region, Siberia to Unalascha. North America: Newf., Hudson Bay to Sitka, Alaska; S. throughout Can. ; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Va. ; W. to Rocky mts. and N. Mex. Minn, valley: Throughout; principally forest district; meadows and along streams. HERB. : Bollard 374, Helena, Scott Co. ; Bollard 582, Rice Lake, Scott Co.; Sandberg 561, Red Wing; Roberts 262, Agate Bay; Bailey 529, Agate Bay; Bailey 10, Vermilion Lake; Bailey 256, Vermilion Lake; Sandberg 562, Chisago Co. AMMOPHILA HOST. Gram. Austr. IV, 24 (1809). Psamma P. BEAUV. Agrostogr. 143 (1812). Calamovilfa HACKEL in Scrib. Trans. Gram. (1890). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL HI, 1153; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 471; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 51 (Hackel). Living species: 4 or more?; N. America, 4; N. hemis- phere, 2; Atl. N. America, 4; Pac. N. America, 2. Ammophila longifolia (HooK.) B. and H. Gen. PL III, 1153 (1883). Calamagrostis longifolia HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 241 (1840). Calamovilfa longifolia HACK, in Sterib. and South w. trans. Engl. and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, (Gramin. Hackl.) 113 (1890). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 651; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 208; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 162; Webb., Fl. Neb. 103; Coult., Fl. Colo. 413; Cov., Fl. Ark. 235; Vas., Mon. 84. North America: Prairie region of Canada; S. to Minn., 111., Neb., Dak., Kan., Mich., Ark., Colo, and Arizona; W. to Utah. Minn, valley: Throughout at lower levels; sandy shores of lakes and streams. HERB.: Sheldon 1226, Iberia, Brown Co.; Taylor 838, Glenwood; MacM. and Sheld. 11, Brainerd; Oestlund 526, Min- neapolis; Sandberg 563, Red Wing. DESCHAMPSIA BEAUV. Agrostogr. 91 (1812). Campella LINK, Hort. Berol. I, 122 (1827). Vahlodia FRIES, Bot. Nol^r (1842). Avenella PARLAT. Fl. It. I, 244 (1848). Lerchenfeldia SCHUR. Transsylv. 753 (1866). , Moiianclraira EM. DESV. Gay, Fl. Chile VI, 341 (1845). Airidium and Rytidosperma STEUD. Syn. Glum. I, 423, 425 (1855). 68 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Peyritschia FOURN. Gram. Mex. 109 (1880). Campella GRISEB. ex Dur. 1. c. (1888). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 1157; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 472; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 54 (Hackel). Living species: 20; cosmopolitan; in tropical mts. Europe, 11; Russia, 7; N. America, 8; California, 5; Canada, 6-7; Rocky mts., 4; S. Sts., 1; E. Sts., 3. Deschampsia caespUosa (LINN.) BEAUV. Agr. 91 (1812). Aira caespitosa LINN. Spec. 64 (1753). A. breviaristata GILIB. Exerc. Phyt. II, 528 (1792). A. altissima MOENCH, Meth. 182 (1794). Calamagrostis arundo ROTH. Tent. Germ. II. 88 (1789). C. leersii KOEL. Gram. 107 ( 1802). Aira amUgua MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 61 (1803). Campella caespitosa LINK, Hort. Berol. I, 122 (1827). Avena caespitosa GRIS. K. Schr. 52 (1836). A. stolonifera HAUSM. Fl. Tir. 980 (1851-55). A. wibeliana SCHUR. Oe. Bot. Zeit. IX, 326 (1859). A. hartmanniana NYM. Consp. Fl. Eur. 807 (1882). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 652; Britt., Fl. N. J. 290; Mac Fl. Can. II, 209; Coult., Fl. Colo. 414; Wats , Fl. Calif. II, 297; Upham, Fl. Minn. 171; Richt., PI. Eur. I, 56; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 421; Engl. Hack- el, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 54; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 483; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 141. Europe and Asia; cosmopolitan. North America: Newf. and N. S. to Peace river val- ley and Alaska; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and W. across cont. to California. Minn, valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co.; rare; shores of streams and lakes. HERB. : Bailey 424, Fall Lake. ATENA LINN. Gen. 42 (1737). Heuffelia SCHUR. Transsylv. 760 (1866). Helicotrichum BESS. Reich., Fl. Germ. Exc. 140 b (1830). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 1160; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 472; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 55 (Hackel). Living species: 50; temperate regions, especially in the Old World. Europe, 39; Russia, 22; N. America, 2-3; Can- ada, 2; California, 1; E. Sts., 2; Rocky mts., 1; PI. King, 2. Avena striata MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 7.3 (1803). Tfisetum purpurascens TORR. Fl. U. S. I, 127 (1824). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 673; Britt., Fl. N. J. 291; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 213; Coult., Fl. Colo. 415; Upham, Fl. Minn. 171. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont., Man., Brit. Col. and Rocky mts.; S. to N. Eng., N. Y. and N. J.; W. to Minn, and Colo. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 69 Minn, valley: Forest district; W. to New Ulm and Cottonwood valley; hillsides and riverbanks. HERB. : Sandberg 595, Washington Co. DANTHONIA DC. *'l. Fr. Ill, 32 (^805) p. p. Streblocliaeta HOCHST. PL Schimp. Abyss, n. 412 (1835?). Pentameris BEAUV. Agrostogr. 92 (1812). Triraphis NEES, PL Af r. Austr. Glum. 270 (1841). Chaetobromus NEES, LindL, Ind. Nat. Svst. ed. 2, 449 (1835). Monachather STEUD. Syn. Glum. I, 247 (1855). Plinthanthesis STEUD. 1. c. I, 14 (1855). Crinipes HOCHST. Flora, 279 (1855). Benth. and Hook, Gen. PL III. 1162; Durand, Ind. Gen. Ptian. 473; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 56 (Hackel). Living species: 100;" temperate and warmer regions; more than half are in S. Africa. Europe, 1; N. America, 5-6; California, 2-3; Pac. coast, 1 end. sp. ; Canada, 4-5; Rocky mts., 2-3; S. Sts., 3; E. Sts., 3. Danthonia spioata (LINN.) BEAUV. Agr. 55 (1812). Avena spicata LINN. Spec. 119 (1753). A. glumacea MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 654; Britt., Fl. N. J. 291; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 214; Upham, Fl. Minn. 170; Chap., Fl. So. St. 569; Both., Wheel. Exp. 293; Cov., FL Ark. 235. North America : Atl. to Pac. in Can. ; N. to N. S. , Peace river and Vancouver; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla. : W. to Minn. , Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: Reported from S. central and S. W. districts; rare or local; dry or sandy or gravelly places. SPARTINA SCHREB. Gen. PI. 43 (1789). Trachynotia MICHX. Fl. Bor. Am. I, 63 (1803). Limiietis PERS. Syn. I, 72 (180n). Ponceletia THOU. Fl. Trist. d'Achun. 36 (1806). Solenaclie STEUD. Syn. Glum. I, ]2 (1855). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 1108; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 473; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 58 (Hackel). Living species : 7; saline localities; 3, Atl. coast re- gions ; prairies of N. America, 2; Montevideo, 1; Tristan d'Achuna, Amsterdam, Isl. St. Paul, 1. Europe, 1 (Mediter- ranean region); N. America, 6; Canada, 6; California, 2-3; S. Sts., 4; Rocky mts., 2; E. Sts., 4-5; PL King., 1; PL Wheel., 1. Spartina cynosuroides (LiNN.) WILLD. Enum. I, 80 (1809). Dactyli* cynosuroides LINN. Spec. 71 (1753). • Trachynotia cynosuroides and polystachya MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 64 (1803). 70 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY Limnetis cynosuroides and polystachya PEKS. Syn. I, 72 (1805). Spartina polystachya MUHL. Gram. 53 (1817). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 627; Britt , Fl. N. J. 283; Upham, Fl. Minn. 164; Coult, Fl. Colo. 405; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 182: Webb., Fl. Neb. 106; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 290: Cov., Fl. Ark. 233. North America: N. S., Q., Ont., Man. to Saskatche- wan, Assiniboia and Little Slave lake; S. to N. J. and W. to Neb., Ark., Ind. Terr., Colo, and California. Minn, valley : Throughout ; abundant ; banks of streams, moist prairies and low meadows. HERB. : Bollard 531, deary's Lake, Scott Co. ; Ballard 786, Swan Lake, Carver Co. ; Ballard 649, Chaska; Sheldon 1538, Lake Benton; Taylor 1000, Glenwood; Sheldon 741, Sleepy Eye; MacM. and Sheld, 10, Brainerd; Sandberg 565, Red Wing; Foote 5, Worthington; Oestlund 327, Hennepin Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1653, Minneapolis. SCHEDONNARDUS STEUD. Syn. Glum. I, 146 (1855). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 1167; Durand, Ind. Gen. Plum. 473; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 59. Living species: 1; North America. Schedonnardus panirulatns ( NUTT.) Cov. Fl. Ark. 236 (1891). Lepturus paniculatus NUTT. Gen. 1, 81 (1818). Bottboellia paniculata SPRENG. Syst. II, (1825). Schedonnardus texanus STEUD. Syn. Glum. I, 146(1855). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 655; Webb., Fl. Neb. 103; Upham, Fl. Minn. 169; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 322; Coult., Fl. Colo. 416; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 215; Engl. Hackel, Nat, Pflanz. II, 2, 69; Both., Wheel. Exp. 293. North America: Assiniboia, Man., Minn, to 111., Mont., Neb., Colo., Calif., Ark,, N. Mex. and Tex. Minn, valley : Reported from S. W. edge; rare and doubtful; high plains and sterile ridges. HERB.: Leiberg 101, Rock Co., state line. BOTJTELOU1 LAGASC. Var. Cienc. y. Litt. 141 (1805). Eutriana TRIN. Fund. Agr. 161 (1820). Actinochloa WILLB. B. and S, Syst. II, 22, 417 (1817). Chondrosium DESVX. Bull. Philom. II, 188 (1813). Atheropogon MUHL. Willd. Spec. IV. 937 (1805). Dinebra D C. Cat. Hort. Monsp. 104 (1813) p. p. Heterosteca DESVX. Bull. Philom. II. 188 (1813). Aristidium ENDL. Gen. 94 (1836). Triathera DESVX. 1. c. (1813). Triaena H B K. Nov. Gen. et Spec. I, 178 (1815). Polyoclon H B K. 1. c. I, 174 (1815). Triplathera ENDL. Gen. 94 (1833). ? Corethrum YAHL, Sk. Kiobenh. VI, 85 (1810). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 71 Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 1168; Durand, Ind. Gen. Plwn. 473; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 59 (Hack el). Living species: 30; plateaus of S. W. United States; a few generally distributed in Nortflb. America and in S. Amer- ica. Rocky mts., 5; California, 3-4; Canada, 3; E. Sts., 3; S. Sts., 2; PI. Wheel., 8; Tex., Mex. and Arizona, 23. Bouteloua curtipendula (Micnx.) GRAY, Man. ed, v. 621 (1868). Chloris curtipendula MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 159 (1803). Atlieropogon apludioides MUHL. Willd. Spec. IV, 927 (1805). Bouteloua racemosa LAG. Varied, de Cienc. (1805). Cynosurus secundus PURSH, Fl. Am. 728 (1814). Eutriana curtipendula TRIN. Diss. I, 243 (1828). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 656; Britt., Fl. N. J. 292 ; Webb., Fl. Neb. 103; Mac., FJ. Can. II, 216; Coult., Fl. Colo. 417; Upham, Fl. Minn 164; Vas., Ag. Grasses U. S. 57; Engl., Hackel, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 59; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 286; Cov., Fl. Ark. 236. Peru. North America: Ont. to Man.; S. to Mex. and C. Amer. ; W. to Colo, and Arizona; E. to Minn , Neb., Ark., 111., Wise., N. Y. and N. J. Minn, valley: Throughout; especially prairie districts; dry prairies and ridges. HERB. : Sheldon 823, Cottonwood valley, near Sleepy Eye ; Sheldon 1129, Springfield ; Sheldon 1376, Lake Benton ; Sheldon 1173, New Ulm ; Taylor 735, Glenwood ; Sheldon 957, Redwood Falls; MacM. and Sheld. 12, Brainerd; Foote 6, Worth - ington ; Oestlund 328, Minneapolis ; Oestlund 329, Minneapolis; Sandberg 567, Goodhue Co. ; Herb. Sheld. 1707, Minneapolis. Bwteloua hirsuta LAG. Var. Cienc. y. Litt. (1805). Chondrosium hirtum H B K. N. Gen. et. Spec. (1815) Atlieropogon papillosus E^GELM. Am. Jour. Ssi. XLVI (1843). Chondrosium foenum TORR. Marcy Rep. 157 (1848). Bouteloua foena TORR . Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 656; Upham, Fl. Minn. 164; Webb., Fl. Neb. 103; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 215; Coult., Fl. Colo. 416; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 32, 288. North America: Alberta to Colo, and Mex.; E. to Tex., Neb., Ill, and Minn. Minn, valley: Throughout; dry or sandy fields and ridges. HERB. : Sheldon 1167, New Ulm ; Sheldon 1444, Pipe- stone ; Taylor 736, Glenwood ; Sheldon 1341, Lake Benton ; Sheldon 1380, Norwegian creek, Lincoln Co.; Sheldon 1654, Minneapolis; MacM. and Sheld. 21, Brainerd; Ballard 24a, 72 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Zumbrota ; Leiberg 93, Blue Earth Co.; Saulberg 566, Cannon Palls. Bouteloua oligostachya (NUTT.) TORR. Gray's Man. ed. v. 621 (1868). Atheropogon oligostachyum NUTT. Gen I, 78 (1818). Chondrosium oligostachyum TORR. Marcy's Rep. 300 (1853). Eutriania oligostachyum KUNTH, Enum. I, (1833). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 656; Upham, Fl. Minn. 164; Webb., Fl. Neb. 103; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 216; Coult., Fl. Colo. 416; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 291 ; Vas., Ag. Grasses U. S, 57 ; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 32, 288 ; Cov., Fl. Ark. 236. North America: Man.. Saskatchewan, Assiniboia and Rocky mts.; S. to Tex. and Mex.; W. to S. Calif.; E. to Wise, and Iowa. Minn, valley: S. central district and S. W. ; plains and high meadows. HERB. : Leiberg 92, Blue Earth Co. BECKMAWV1A HOST. Gram. Austr. Ill, 5 (1805). Brucbmannia NUTT. Gen. I, 48 (1818). Joacbimea TEN. ex Kunth, Enum. I (1833). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI III, 1099; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 474; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 60 'Hackel). Living species: 1; E. and S. E. Europe; temperate Asia and N. America. Beckmannia erucaeformis (LINN.) HOST. Gram. Ill, 5(1805). Phalaris erucaeformis LINN. Spec. 55(1753). Cynosurus erucaeformis AIT. Hort. Kew. I, 105 (1789). Paspalum aristatum MOENCH, Meth. 196 (1794). Beckmannia erucoides BEAUV. Agr. 13(1812). Bruchmannia erucaeformis NUTT. Gen. I, 48 (1818). ? Beckmannia erucaeformis var. uniflora SCRIBN. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 628; Webb., Fl. Neb. 107; Upham, Fl. Minn. 171; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 176; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 264; Coult., Fl. Colo. 403; Vas., Agr. Grasses U. S. 24; Engl. Hackel, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 60; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 453; Richt., PL Eur. I, 67; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 144; Wats., King Exp. 393; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 295. S. Europe and the Orient to Caucasus, Siberia and Dahuria. North America: Iowa, Minn., Neb., Dak. to Calif., Oregon, Wash., Brit. Col. ; N. to L. Misstassini, Man. Minn, valley: S. W. and W. districts; near edges of ponds; local or rare. HERB. : Sheldon 1260, Lake Benton; MacM. and Sheld. 8, Brainerd; Leiberg 102, Pipestone quarry; MacM. 21, Morton. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 73 BULBILIS RAP. Am. Mo. Mag. (1819). Sesleria NUTT. Gen. I, 64 (1818) not Linn. Calanthera NUTT. MSS. ex B. and H. 1. c. (1883) not'Kunth. Buchloe ENGELM. Trans. St. L. Acad. 432 (1859). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 1173; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 474; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 61 (Hackel); O. Kuntze, Eev. Gen. II, 763. Living species: 1; N. America. Bulbilis dactyloides (NUTT.) RAF. Am. Mo. Mag. (1819). Sesleria dactyloides NUTT. Gen. I. 65 (1818). Calanthera dactyloides KUNTH (?), Journ. Bot. VIII, 18 (1856?). Antephora axilliflora STEUD. Glum. I, 111 (1855). Buchloe dactyloides ENGELM. Trans. Acad. St. Louis I (1859). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6ed. 657; Upham, Fl. Minn. 165; Coult., Fl. Colo. 417; Upham, Fl. Minn. 165; Vas., Ag. Grasses U. S. 59; Engl. Hackel, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 61; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 288. North America: Saskatchewan to Minn., Iowa, Kan., Tex. and N. Mex. ; W. to Dak. , Colo. , Arizona. Minn, valley: Reported from S. W. edge; infrequent or exterminated; dry plains. HERB. : Leiberg 94, Pipestone quarry. PHRAGHITES TRIN. Fund. Agr. 134 (1820) p. p. Arundo BEAUV. Agrostogr. 60 (1812). Czernya PRESL, Gyp. et Gram. Sic. 22 (182(K Trichoon BOTH, Eoem. Arch. I, 3, 37 (1798). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 1179; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 475; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 68 (Hackel); Schenck, Palaeophyl. 385. Living species: 3; 1 cosmopolitan; 1 tropical Asia; 1 Argentine Republic. Fossil species: 1, cretaceous, N. America (Lesquereaux); 1 tertiary, Hungary (Stur.) ; 1 tertiary, Europe, America, polar regions (A. Br.). Phragmites phragmites (LiNN. ). Arundo phragmites LINN. Spec. 81 (1753). A. vulgaris LAM. Fl. Fr. Ill, 615 (1778). A. vulnerans GILIB. Exerc. Phyt. II, 541 (1792). Phragmites communis TRIN. Fund. Agr. 154 (1820). Czernia arundinacea PR. Gram. 22 (1820). Arundo graeca LINK, Linn. IX, 136 (1834). Phragmites graecus STEUD. Nom. ed. 2, II, 324 (1841). Arundo aggerum KIT. Linn. XXXII, 309 (1863). Phragmites vulgaris B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 658; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 2L6; Britt., Fl. N. J. 293; Webb., Fl. Neb. 102; Vas., Ag. Grasses U. S. 60; Coult., Fl. Colo. 418; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 300; Chap., Fl. So. St. 567; Kicht., Pi. Eur. I, 71; Engl. Hackel, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 68; Nym., Fl. Eur., Led.,Fl. Boss. 74 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. IV, 392; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 487; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 270; Wats., King Exp. 390; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 293; Cov., Fl. Ark. 236; Hart., FL Scand. I, 514; Uphain, Fl. Minn. 168. Europe and Asia; cosmopolitan. North America: N. S. to Winnipeg, Athabasca, Brit. Col. and Pac. coast; S. to Fla. and Mex. ; W. to S. Cal. Minn, valley: Throughout; especially prairie districts; edges of streams and ponds. HERB. : Bollard 783, Swan Lake, Carver Co. ; Sheldon 1053, Sleepy Eye; MacM. and Sheld. 3, Brainerd. ERAGROSTIS BEAUV. Agrostogr. 70 (1812). Macroblepharos PHILIPPI, Linn. XXIX, 100 (1855). Harpachne HOCHST. A. Rich., Fl. Abyssin. II, 431 (1851). Coelachyrum NEES, Linn. XVI. 221 (1842). Megastachya BEAUV. Agrostogr. 74 (1812). Cladoraphis FRANCH. ex Dur. 1. c. (1888). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 1186, Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 476; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, Q9 (Hackel). Living species: 100; cosmopolitan; principally in the tropics. Europe, 5; Russia, 4; N. America, 10-12; S. Sts., 10-11; E. Sts., 7; Canada, 1; California, 3-4; Rocky mts. 1; PL King, 2; PL Wheel., 3. Eragrostis pectinacea (Micnx.) GRAY, Man. ed. V, 682 (1868). Poa pectinacea MICHX. Fl. N. A. (1803). P. spectabilis PURSH, Fl. Am. (1814). Eragrostis spectabilis GRAY, Man. ed. I, 598 (1848). E. pectinacea var. spectabilis GRAY 1. c. Poa hirsuta AUCT. AMER. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 661; Britt., Fl. N. J, 294; Webb., Fl. Neb. 102; Upham, Fl. Minn. 168; Chap., Fl. So. St. 564; Cov., Fl. Ark. 237. North America: Mass, to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Ark. Minn, valley: Forest district; infrequent; sandy and barren places. HERB. : Bollard 638, Chaska; Sondberg 582, Red Wing; Oestlund 332, Minneapolis. Eragrostis purshii SCHRAD. Linn. XII, 45 (1838). Poa tenella PURSH, Fl. Am. (1814). P. caroliniana Si'RENG. Mant. I, 33(1828). P. pectinacea AUCT. AMER. not of MICHX. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 661; Britt , Fl. N. J. 294; Webb., Fl. Neb. 102; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 219; Coult., Fl. Colo. 419 ; Chap., Fl. So. St. 563; Upham, Fl. Minn. 167; Wats., King Exp. 388; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 291?; Cov., Fl. Ark. 237. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 75 North America: Ont, Penn. and N. J. to N. Car.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Colo , Nev., Ark. and N. Mex. Minn, valley: Throughout; sandy places and banks of streams. < HERB. : Bollard 853, Page Lake, Carver Co. ; Leiberg 97, Blue Earth Co. ; Sandberg 580, Red Wing ; Sandberg 581, Red Wing; Leiberg 98, Pipestone Quarry. Eragrostis eragrostis (LINN.). Briza eragrostis LINN. Spec 70(1753). Poa multiflora FORSK. Descr. 21 (1775). P. cilianensis ALL. Fl. Fed. II, 246 (1785). Briza oUonga MOENCH, Meth. 185 (1794). Poa megastachya KOEL. Gram. 181 (1802). P eragrostis SM Prodr. I, 54 (1806). Eragrostis major HOST. Gram. IV. 14 (1809). Megastachya eragrostis BEAUV. Agr. 74 (1812). Eragrostis megastachya LINK, Hort. Berol.,1, 187 (1827). E vulgaris var. megastachya Coss. and GERM. Fl. Par. II, 641 (1845). PoaoUonga BMG. Enum. Ill, 238 (1846). Eragrostis poaeoides var. megastachya GRAY, Man. ed. V. 631 (1868). E. multiflora ASCH. Cat. Serb. 10 (1877). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 660; Britt., Fl. N. J. 293; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 219; Webb., Fl. Neb. 101; Chap., Fl. So. St. 563; Upham, Fl Minn. 167; Wats., Fl. Calif. II. 315; Vas., Ag. Grasses U. S. 61; Led., Fl. Ross. IV. 382; Richt., PL Eur. I, 73 ; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Wats., King Exp. 388; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 291; Cov., Fl. Ark. 237. Middle Europe; S. Asia; Africa; cosmopolitan. North America: Ont. 1oN. Eng., N. J. andFla.; W. to Man. , Minn. , Neb. , Ark. ; also, Pac. coast to Oregon. Minn, valley: Throughout; riverbanks, lake shores, roadsides and railway embankments. HERB. : Bollard 839, Page Lake, Carver Co. ; Sheldon 895, Sleepy Eye ; Sandberg 579, Cannon Falls; Oestlund 334, Hennepin Co. Eragrostis hypnoides (LAM.) B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Poa hypnoides LAM. 111. I, 185 (1791). P. reptans MICHX. Fl. N. A. I. 69 (1803 . Megastachya reptans BEAUV. Agr. 74(1812). Eragrostis reptans NEES, Mart. Fl. Braz. I, 514 (1829). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 660; Upham, Fl. Minn. 167; Britt., Fl. N. J. 293; Webb., Fl. Neb. 102; Chap., Fl. So. St. 563; Mac.; Fl. Can. II, 219; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 314; Gris., Fl. W. I.; Cov., Fl. Ark. 237. Trinidad to Buenos Ayres. North America: Ont. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla.; W. to Man., Minn., Neb., Mo. and Ark. 76 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn, valley: Throughout; frequent; riverbanks and lake shores. HERB. : Sheldon 1207, New Ulm; Sheldon 1089, Spring- field ; Bollard 484, Prior's Lake, Scott Co.; Sandberg 578, Goodhue Co. EATONIA RAF. Journ. Phys. LXXXIX. 104 (1819). Keboulea KUNTH, Rev. Gram. 341 (1835). Colobanthus TRIN. Mem. Acad. Petr. 6, II, 66 (1845). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III. 1184; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 70(Hackel ; Durand, Ind.Gen. Phan. 476. Living species: 3; N. America. E. Sts., 3; Canada, 2; Rocky mts., 1; California, 1; S. Sts., 3; PI. Wheel., 1; PI. King., 1. Eatonia obtusata (Micnx.) GRAY, Man. ed. V. 626 (1868). Aira obtusata MICHX. Fl. ET. Am. I, 62 (1803). A. truncate MUHL. Gram. 83(1817). flteboulea gracilis KUNTH, Enum. (1833). Koeleria truncata TORR. Fl. N. Y. II, 469 (1843). Reboulea obtusata GRAY, Man. ed. I, 591 (1848). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 659 : Britt., Fl. N. J. 293 ; Webb., Fl. Neb. 102 ; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 218, 394 ; Coult., Fl. Colo. 419 ; Wats. Fl. Calif. II, 302; Chap., Fl. So. St. 560; Upham, Fl. Minn. 166; Engl., Hackel, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 70; Wats., King Exp. 383; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 289; Cov., Fl. Ark. 236. North America: N. Penn. and N. J. to Fla.; W. to Lake Huron, Minn., Saskatchewan, Oregon and Arizona. S. to Ark. and N. ]$lex. . Minn, valley: Forest district and S. W. ; dry soil and openings in forest. HERB. : Sheldon 867, Sleepy Eye; Leiberg 96, Rock Co. Eatonia pennsylvanica (DC.) GRAY, Man. ed. V, 626 (1868). Koeleria (?) pennsylvanica DC. Cat. Monsp. (1813). Aira mollis MUHL. Gram. 81 (1817). A. triflora ELL. Sk. I, 154 (1821). fEeboulea gracilis KUNTH, Enum. (1833). R. pennsylvanica GRAY, Man. ed. I, 591 (1848). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 660; Britt., Fl. N. J. 293; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 218; Webb., Fl. Neb. 102; Upham, Fl. Minn. 166; Chap., Fl. So. St. 560; Engl., Hackel, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 70; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 2, 394; Cov., Fl. Ark. 236. North America: N. Br. to Carolinas; W. to Man., Hudson Bay, Brit Col. and Rocky mts.; S. to Neb., Nev., Ark. and Tenn. Minn, valley : Forest district and S. W. ; meadows and open, damp woodland. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 77 HERB.: Taylor 658, Cobb river, Blue Earth Co.; Bailey 32, Vermilion lake. KOELERIA PERS. Syn. I, 97 (1805). Collinaria EHRH. Beitr IV 147 (1789). AirocWoa LINK, Hort. Berol. I, 126 (1827). Lopliochloa REICH. Fl. Germ. Exc. 42 (1830). ^Egialitis TRIN. Fund. Agr. 127 (1820). ^Egialina SCHULTES. Syst. Mant. II, 13, 222 (1824). Willielmsia C. KOCH, Linn. XXI, 400 (1847). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 1183 ; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 476 ; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 70 (Hackel). Living species: 15; Europe, temp. Asia, N. Africa — 1 of these, N. America, S. America and S. Africa. Principally in Europe; Europe, 16 (Eichter); Russia, 4 ; 1 Patagonia, Sandwich Isls. ; N. America, 1. Koeleria cristata (LiNN.) PERS. Syn. I, 97 (1805). Aim cristata LINN. Spec. 63 (1753). Festuca cristata VILL. Dauph. II, 93 (1787). Poa pyramidata LAM. 111. I, 183 (1791). P. cristata WILLD. Spec. I, 402 (1797). Melica gmelini ROTH. Tent. Germ. II, 104 (1797). M. hirsuta KOEL. Gram. 144(1802). Dactylis cristata M. B. Fl. T. 1, 67 (1809). Koeleria nitida NUTT. Gen. I, 74 (1818). Koeleria arenaria DUM. Agr. 115 (1823). K. pawiflora BERT. Schultes Mant. II, 344 (1824). Airochloa cristata LINK, Hort. Berol. I, 435 (1827). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6ed. 659; Upham. Fl. Minn. 166; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 301 ; Coult., Fl. Colo. 418; Webb., Fl. Neb. 102; Vas., Agr. Grasses U. S. 60; Engl., Hackel, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 70; Richt., PL Eur. I, 74; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 401; Nym.,Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 488;Trautv., Fl. Sib. 138; Wats., King Exp. 383; Cov., Fl. Ark, 236; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 288; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 506. All Europe; middle Russia to Caucasus mts. and Dahuria. North America: Penn. to 111., Neb., Kan., Ark. ; N. W. to Dak., Minn., Saskatchewan, Athabasca; W. to Vancouver, Oregon and Calif. ; R. mt. region. Minn, valley: Throughout; abundant; dry hillsides, railway embankments and roadsides or meadows. HERB.: Sheldon 756, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 656, Cobb river, Blue Earth Co. ; Taylor 353, Janesville; Taylor 174, Janes- ville ; Bollard 96, Shakopee ; Bailor 1 254, Jordan, Scott Co.; Ballard 184, Jordan, Scott Co.; MacM. and Sheld. 57, Brainerd; Sandberg 568, Red Wing ; Herb. Sheld. 1758, Minneapolis ; Sheldon 1382, Lake Benton. 78 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. POA LINN. Gen. 55 (1737). Leuconoa GRISEB. Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 383 (1853). Poidium NEES, Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 450 (1835). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 1196; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 478; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 73 (Hackel). Living species: 100; cosmopolitan; tropical mts. Eu- rope, 41; Russia, 25; N. America, 40; Canada, 29; PI. King, 11; PL Wheel, 10; Rocky mts., 12; E. Sts., 10; S. Sts , 8; Calif., 10-11. Poa nemoralis LINN. Spec. 69 (1753). Fesluca airoides LAM. Enc. Meth. II, 464 (1786). Poa cinerea YILL. Dauph. II, 156 (1787). P. debilis THUILL. Fl. Par. 43 (1790). P. nutans GILIB. Exerc. Phyt. II, 532 (1792). P. juncea SUT. Fl. Helv. I, 46 (1802). P. glaucantha GAUD. Alp. Ill, 36 (1808). P. gracilescens SCHRAD. Hort. Gott. I (1809). P. glauca BAST. Ess. 39 (1809). Aira elodes BRIGN. Fl. For. 10 (1810). Poapalustris DC. Fl. Fr. VI, 272 (1815). Ccdabrosa elodes R. and S. Syst. II, 696 (1817). Poa firmula GAUD. Fl. Helv. I, 239 (1828). P. caesia AUCT. AMER., not Sm. P. caesia var. strictior GRAY, Man. ed. V, 628 (1868). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 664; Upham, Fl. Minn. 167; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 223, 225: Webb., Fl. Neb. 101; Coult., Fl. Colo. 421; Richt., PL Eur. I, 85; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 374: Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 492; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Wats., KingExp. 386; Cov., Fl. Ark. 237; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 498; Rothr., Alask. 458. Arctic and Northern Europe to Mediterranean; Siberia to Himalayas. North America: Greenland, Labrador, N. S. to Sas- katchewan, N. W. T., Brit. Col. and Rockies; S. to Maine and Vt. ; W. to Minn., Neb. and Colo. Ark. ? Alaska. Minn, valley: Forest district; dry and open places; infrequent. HERB. : Bailey 469, Agate Bay; Bailey 434, Basswood Lake; Sandberg 575, Red Wing; Sandberg 576, Red Wing. Poa palustris LINN. Syst. 874 (1759). P. serotina EHRH. Beitr. VI, 86 (17pl). P. riparia WOLF. Hoffm., Fl. Dan. 42 (1791). P. triflora GILIB. Exerc. Phyt. II, 531 (1792). P. fertilis HOST. Gram. Ill, 10 (1805). P. hydropfiila PERS. Syn. I, 89 (1805). P. angustifolia WAHL. Fl. Ups. 66 (1820). P. exigua DUM. Belg. Agr. 113 (1823). ? P. crocata MICHX. Fl. N. Amer. I, 68 (1803). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 79 ? P. effusa KIT. Schultes, Ost. Fl. ed. 2, I, 227 (1814). P. nemoralis PURSH, Fl. Am. (1814). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 665; Britt., Fl. N. J. 295; Webb., Fl. Neb. 101; Upham, Fl. Minn. 167; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 226; Coult., Fl. Colo. 442; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 313; Vas., Ag. Grasses U. S. 67; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 375; Richt., PL Eur. I, 87; Wats., K^ing Exp. 386; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 290. Mid. and S. Europe; N. Africa; Asia Minor to Siberia and the Himalayas. North America: N. S., Q., Ont. to N. J.; W. to Mich., Wise., Minn., Man., Neb., Saskatchewan, Colo., Rocky mts. and Washington; N. to Vancouver and Athabasca. Minn, valley: Throughout; meadows and edges of marshes and along streams. HERB.: Bollard 32S, Belle Plaine; Ballard 325, Belle Plaine; Taylor 227, Janesville; Bailey 510, Agate Bay; Sand- berg 577, Red Wing; Juni 25, Agate Bay. Poa compressa LINN. Spec. 69 (1753). P. muralls WIBB. Fl. Werth. 114 (1799). P. anceps PR. Cyp. and Gram. 43 (1820). P. planiculmis PR. Add. (1820). P. polynoda and subcompressa PARN. Brit. Gras. 84 (1845). P. complanata SCHUR. Enum. 770 (1866). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 664; Brit., Fl. N. J. 295; Mac., Fl, Can. II, 224; Coult., Fl. Colo. 421; Vas., Ag. Grasses U. S. 65; Webb., Fl. ISeb. 101; Upham, Fl. Minn. 167; Chap., Fl. So. St. 563; Led., Fl. Boss. IV, 371; Richt., PL Eur. I, 88; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 492; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hart., Fl. ^"cand. I, 500. Mid. and S. Europe; Siberia and Kamtk. North America: Minn, to Neb. and Kan.; N. W. to Vancouver. Introd. E. and S. Minn, valley: Forest district; infrequent; waste places. HERB.: Oestlund 331, Minneapolis; Oestlund 332, Min- neapolis; Bailey 527, Agate Bay. SCOLOCHLOA LINK, Hort. Berol. I, 136 (1827). Fluminia FRIES, Summ. Scand. Veg. 247 (1846). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 1197 (sub Grapliephorum}; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 478; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 74 (Hackel). Living species: 2; 1, N. temperate regions; 1, Sa- ghalin. Scolochloa arundinacea (LILJ. ). Festuca arundinacea LILJ. Sv. Fl. II, 47 (1792). Arundo festucacea WILLD. Enum. I, 126 (1809). Donax festucaceus BKAUV. Agr. 78 (1812). Sclienodorus arundinaceus R. and S. Syst. II, 700 (1817). 80 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Donax boreolis TRIN. Fund. Agrost. 156 (1820). Festuca borealis M, K. Rohl., Dan. Fl. I, 664 (1823). F. donacina WAHL. Fl. Suec. 64 (1824-26). Scolochloa festucacea LINK, Hort. Berol. I, 137 (1827). Iriodia festucacea EICHW. Sk. 119 (1830). Glyceria arundinacea FR. Nov. Mant. II, 8 (1832-42). Flumlnia arundinacea FR. Summ. I, 247 (1846-49). Graphephorum festucaceum GRAY, Ann. Bot. Soc. Can. I, 57 (1861). G. arundinaceum A sen. Fl. Brand. 852 (1866). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 666; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 229; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 165; Engl. Hackel, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 74; Richt., PI. Eur. I, 89; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross.; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 505. Northern Europe and Baikal Siberia. North America: Lake of the Woods and Saskatchewan, throughout the prairie region and to the Peace river country; S. to Emmet Co., Iowa. Minn, valley: W. and N. W. districts and S. edge; edges of lakes or streams. HERB. : Craiiy 5, Emmet Co., Iowa, state line. PANICULARIA FABR. En. PL Helm. 373 (1763). Glyceria R. BR. Prodr. 179 (1810). Hydrochloa HARTM. Gram. Scand. 8 (1819). Porroteranthe STEUD. Syn. Glum. I, 287 (1855). Exydra ENDL. Fl. Posen. 119 (1830). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL IIJ, 1197; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 478; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 74; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 782. Living species: 16; principally N. America; a few Europe and Asia; 1, Australia. Europe, 9-10; Russia, 6; North America, 15; Canada, 14; California, 3-4; Rocky mts , 4; PL Wheel., 4; E. Sts., 8; S. Sts., 4; PI. King, 3. Panicularia fluitans (LINN.) OK. Rev. Gen. II, 782 (1891). Festuca fluitans LINN. Spec. 75 (1753). Hydrochloa fluitans HOST. Gram. I, 141 (1801). Poa fluitans KOEL. Gram. 204 (1802'. Glyceria fluitans R. BR. Prodr. I, 179 (1810). Wats, and Coult, Gray's Man. 6 ed. 667; Britt., Fl. N. J. 296; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 307; Vas., Agr. Grasses U, S. 70; Upham, Fl. Minn. 167; Chap., Fl. So. St. 561; Engl. flackel, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 74; Richt., PI. Eur. I, 90; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 394; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 494; Cov., Fl. Ark. 237; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 501. Cosmopolitan — Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Saskatchewan, Brit. Col., Vancouver; S. to Oregon and Sierra Nevada; E. to Minn., Ark., Tenn. and Atl. coast. Minn, valley: Forest district; shallow water of poncls or sluggish streams. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 81 HERB. : Bailey 20, Vermilion Lake; Sandbery 573. Cen- ter City. Panicularia americana (TORR. ). Poa aquatica var. americina TORR. Fl. U. S. I, 108 (1824). Glyceria arundinacea KUNTH, Enum? I, 367 (1833). G. aquatica HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 248 (1840). G. grandis WATS, in W. and C. Gray's Man. ed. VI, 667 (1890). Panicularia aquatica OK. Rev. Gen. II, 782 (1891). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 667; Vas., Ag. Grasses U. S. 69; Upham, Fl. Minn. 166; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 230; Britt , Fl. N. J. 296; Webb.^ Fl. Neb. 101; Coult., Fl. Colo. 423: Upham, FL Minn. 167; Wats., King Exp. 384; Rothr., A Task. 458. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. Y. and N. J. ; W. to Minn., Iowa, Neb., Colo., California; N. to Sas- katchewan, Brit. Col., Vancouver and Sitka, Alaska; S. to. Arizona ? Minn, valley: Forest district and probably through- out; wet grounds and meadows along streams. HERB.: Sheldon 480, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Bollard 124, Chaska, Carver Co.; Bollard 317, Belle Plaine; Oestlund 330, Minneapolis; Oestlund 331, Minneapolis; Sand- berg 572, Red Wing; B.tiley 97, Vermilion lake; Bailey 263, St. Louis river; Bollard 250, Jordan, Scott Co.; Bollard 267,. Jordan, Scott Co. Panicularia nervata (WILLD.) OK. Rev. Gen. II, 783 (1891). Poa nervata WILLD. Spec. I, 389 (1797). P. striata MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 69 (1803). P. lineata PERS. Syn. I, 89 (1805). P. parviflora PURSH, Fl. Am. I. 80 (1814). Briza canadensis NUTT. Gen. I, 69 (1818). Glyceria michauxii KUNTH, Enum. 367 (1833). G. nervata TRIN. Act. Petrop. ser. 6, 1, 365 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 eel. 667; Britt., Fl. N. J. 296; Mac.r Fl. Can. II, 232; Vas., Ag. Grasses U. S. 70; Upham, Fl. Minn. 166; Webb.,. Fl. Neb. 101; Chap., Fl. So. St. 561; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 307; Coult., FL Colo. 423; Richt., PI. Eur. I, 90; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 289; Cov., Fl. Ark 237. Introduced in Prance. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to W. Fla.; W. to Athabasca, Peace river, Vancouver, Brit. Col., Oregon, Calif. , Nev. and Arizona. Minn, valley: Throughout; abundant; moist or marshy fields and meadows or wet places in open woodland. HERB.: Sheldon 55S, Rice lake, Waseca Co.; Bollard 59, Chaska; Sheldon 955, Redwood Falls; Sheldon 455, Duck lake, Blue Earth Co. ; Bailey 349, Mud river; Bailey 103, Ver- -6 82 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. milion lake; Sandberg 570, Red Wing; Sandberg 571, Ohisago Co. Panicularia elongata (ToRR.) OK. Rev. Gen. II, 783 (1891). Poa elongata TORR. Fl. U. S. I, 112 (1824). Glyceria elongata TRHST. Act. Petrop. ser. 6, I, 365 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 667; Britt., Fl. N. J. 296; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 231; Upham, Fl. Minn. 166. North America: N. Br., Q. to N. Eng., N. J., Penn. and mts. of N. Car. ; W. in U. S. to Mich, and Minn. Minn, valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co. ; rare; damp, marshy places in woods. Panicularia canadensis (Micnx.) OK. Rev. Gen. II, 783 (1891). Briza canadensis MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 71 (1803). Poa canadensis BEAUV. Agrost. 155 (1812). Megastacliya canadensis R. and S. Syst. II, 593 (1817). Glyceria canadensis TRIN. Act. Petrop. ser. 6, 1, 366 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 667; Britt., Fl. N. J. 295; Upham, Fl. Minn. 166; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 230; Yas., Ag. Grasses U. S. 69. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Georgian Bay and L. Nipigon; S. to N. J. and Penn.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Kan. Minn, valley: N. E. districts and N. edge; marshes and_edges of lakes. HERB. : Sheldon 1630, Taylors Falls; MacM. and Sheld. 14, Cass Co. ; Bailey 264, St. Louis river; Bailey 273, St. Louis, river; Sandberg 569, Chisago Co. FESTUCA LINN. Gen. 41 (1737). Vulpia GMEL. Fl. Bad. I, 8 (1805). Mygalurus LINK, Hort. Berol. I, 92 (1827). Loretia DUR. Jour. Rev. Sci. Nat. II, 2, 38 (1874). Helleria FOURN. Gram. Mex. 128 (1880). Schedonorus BEAUV. Agrostogr. 99(1812). Amphigene* JANKA, Linn. XXX, 619 (1856). Catapodium LINK, Hort. Berol. I, 44 (1827). Micropyrum and Festucaria LINK, Linn. XVII, 397-398 (1843). Nardurus REICH. Godr. Fl. Lorr. ed. 2, II, 458 (1857). Castellia TIN. PI. Rar. Sic. 17 (1846). Sclerochloa REICH. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 58 (1834). Scleropoa GRISEB. Spic. Rum. II, 431 (1845). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 1198; Durand, Ind. Gen. Pfian. 478; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 74 (Hackel). Living species: 85; 250 described; temperate and trop- ical (rarely) regions. 129 (Richter), Europe; N. America, 16; Canada, 14; California, 7-8; E. Sts., 3; S. Sts., 8-10; Rocky mts., 4-5; PL King, 4; PI. Wheel., 4. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 83 Festuca nutans WILLD. Enum. I, 116 (1809). Poa nutans LINK, Hort. Berol. (1827). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 669; Webb., Fl. Neb. 100; Britt., Fl. N. J. 297; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 234; Chap., Fl. S. St. 565 ; Upham, Fl. Minn. 168: Cov., Fl. Ark. 238. North America: N. S. to Ont., *N. Eng., N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Minn., Neb., Dak. and Mo. Minn, valley: Forest district and N. W. ; rather rare; woods and thickets, sterile soil. HERB. : Bollard 387, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Bollard 528, Cleary's lake, Scott Co.; Bollard 130, Chaska; Sandberg 583, Chisago Co. ; Bollard 222, Jordan, Scott Co. Festuca oyina LINN. Spec. 73 (1753). JBromus ovinus SCOP. Fl. Cam. I, 77 (1772). Festuca nigra GILIB. Exerc. Phyt. II, 533 (1792). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 669; Britt., Fl. N. J. 297; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 235; Wats.', Fl. Calif. II, 317; Coult., Fl. Colo. 424; Webb., Fl. Neb. 100: Upham, Fl. Minn. 168; Engl. Hackel, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 75; Richt., PL Eur. I, 93; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 350; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 497; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 134; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 271; Wats., King Exp. 389; Both., Wheel. Exp. 32, 291, 292; Hart., Fl. Scand. 1, 491; Rothr., Alask. 458. Cosmopolitan. North America: N. S., Q., Ont., Man. to Saskatch- ewan, Bear Lake, 62° N. lat., Vancouver; S. to Fla., N. Mex. and Mexico. Minn, valley: Forest district; frequent; fields and meadows. HERB.: Bollard 240, Jordan, Scott Co.; Bollard 282, Jordan, Scott Co.; Leiberg 99, Blue Earth Co.; Bailey 489, Agate Bay; Bailey 450, Mud lake. Festuca octoflora WALT. Fl. Car. 81 (1788). F. bromoides MJCHX. Fl. N. A. I, 66 (1803). F. tenella WILLD. Enum. I, 113 (1809). Schoenodoms tenellus R. and S. Syst. II, 727 (1817). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 669; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 237; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 317; Britt.. Fl. N. J. 296; Chap., Fl. S. St. 565; Webb., Fl. Neb. 100; Upham, Fl. Minn. 168; Coult., Fl. Colo. 424; Roth , Wheel. Exp. 292; Wats., King Exp. 388; Cov., Fl. Ark. 238. North America: Q. to Brit. Col. and Vancouver ; S. to Fla. , Tex. and Mex. Minn, valley: Reported from forest district and prob- ably W. to Chippewa river; dry or waste places. BROMUS LINN. Gen. 40 (1737). Schedonorus BEAUY. Agrostogr. 99(1812'. Aiiisaiitha C. KOCH, Linn. XXI, 394 (1847). 84 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Serrafalcus PAUL AT. PI. Nov. 75 (1842). Libertia LEJEUNE, Nov. Act. Cur. XII, 755 ( ). Michelaria DUM. Agrostogr. Belg. 77 (1823). Triniusa STEUD. Syn. Glum. I, 328 (1855). Ceratochloa BEAUV. Agrostogr. 75 (1812). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 1200 ; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 478; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 75 (Hackel). Living species: 40; cosmoplitan; especially in N. tem- perate regions; a few in tropical mts. and in the S. hemisphere. Europe, 42 (Eichter); N. America, 12; Canada, 10; California, 6; S. Sts., 4; Rocky mts., 3; E. Sts., 2; PL Wheel., 2; PL King., 2. Bromus purgans LINN. Spec. 76 (1753). B. ciliatus var. purgans GRAY, Man. ed. I, 600 (1848). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 670: Britt., Fl. N. J. 297; Chap., Fl. S. St. 566 ; Upham, Fl. Minn. 168 ; Led., Fl. Ross. IV. 361? Cov., Fl. Ark. 238; Webb., Appx. Neb. 25. Kamtschatka and S. America? North America : N. Eng. , to Fla. ; W. to Minn. , Dak. and Neb. Minn, valley : Throughout; abundant; river banks, shores of lakes and woodlands. HERB.: Ballard, 214, Jordan, Scott Co.; Bollard 707, Waconia; Sheldon 1594, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1307, Lake Ben- ton; Sheldon 902, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 558, Waseca; Sheldon 1193, New Ulm; Ballard 509, Prior's Lake, Scott Co. ; MacM. and Sheld. 60, Brainerd; Sandberg 586, Red Wing; Oestlund 385, Minneapolis. Bromus ciliatus LINN. Spec. 76 (1753). B. canadensis MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 65 (1803). B. pubescens var. 1, TORR. Fl. U. S. I, 129 (1824). B. purgans HOOK. Fl. Bor. Am. I, 252 (1833 », in part B. inermis var. ciliata TRAUTV. Act. Hort. Petrop. V, I, 135 (1877). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 670; Britt., Fl. N. J. 297; Webb., Fl. Neb. 100; Upham, Fl. Minn. 168; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 237 ; Coult., Fl. Colo. 425; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 320; Vas., Ag. Grasses U. S. 74; Led.,Fl. Boss. IV, 358 ; Wats., King Exp. 390 ; Roth , Wheel. Exp. 292 ; Cov., Fl. Ark. 238; Rothr., Alask. 458. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont., Man., Brit. Col., Vancouver to Kotzebue Sound, Alaska; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Va.; W. to Minn., Mo., Neb., Colo, and Calif. Minn, valley: Throughout; woods, banks of streams and shores of lakes. HERB.: Ballard 717, Benton, Carver Co.; Taylor 1189, Glenwood ; Ballard 846, Page Lake, Carver Co. ; Ballard 579, LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 85 Crystal Lake, Scott Co. ; MacM. and Sheld. 58, Brainerd; Bailey 5, Vermilion Lake; Sandberg 585, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld 1649, Minneapolis, Bromus kalmii GRAY, Man. ed. I, 600 (1848). B. ciliatus LINN, in herb, not spec. * B. purgans TORR. Fl. N. Y. II. 463 (1843), in part. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 670; Britt., Fl. N. J. 297; Coult., Fl. Colo. 425; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 233; Webb., FL Neb. 100; Upham, Fl. Minn. 168. North America: Ont., Ott. and Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Penn.; W. to Minn., Neb., Dak. and Mo. Minn, valley: Forest district; dry places, fields and meadows. HERB.: MacM. and Sheld. 59, Brainerd; Sandberg 584, Red Wing; Leiberg 100, Blue Earth Co. AGROPYRUM J. GAERTN. ex. Beauv. Agrost. 101 (1812). Elytrigia DESVX. Bull. Philom. II, 190 (1810). Koegneria C. KOCH, Linn. XXI, 413 (1847). Anthosachne STEUD. Syn. Glum. I, 237 (1855). Eremopyrum LED. Fl. Alt. I, 112 (1829). Costia WILLK. Bot. Zeit. 377 (1858). Cremopyrum SCHUR. Transsylv. 807 (1866). Haynaldia SCHUR. 1. c. 807 (1866). Heteranthelium HOCHST. Jaub. et Spach, 111. Or. IV, 24 (1855). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 1202; Durand, Ind. Gen. Ptian. 479; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 78 (Hackel). Living species: 34; temperate regions. Europe 32; (Eichter); N. America, 10; Canada, 6; Rocky mts., 5; California, 4; E. Sts., 5. Agropyrum caninum (LiNN.) R. and S. Syst. II, 756 (1817). Tritlcum caninum LINN. Spec. 86 (1753). Elymus caninus LINN. Fl. Suec. ed. II, 112 (1755). Triticum sepium LAM. Enc. Meth. II, 563 (1786). Festuca nutans MOENCH, Meth. 191 (1794). Bracconotia elymoides GODR. Fl. Lorr. Ill, 193 (1844). Wats, and Coult.. Gray's Man. 6 ed. 672; Mac, Fl. Can. II, 241; Britt.. Fl. N. J. 298 ; Wats., Fl. Calif. II. 324; Coult., Fl. Colo. 426 ; Upham, Fl. Minn. 169; Richt., PL Eur. I, 123; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 503. Europe; Siberia; Himalayas. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont., Saskatchewan, Brit- Col, and Rocky mts.; S. to N. Eng. and N. J.; W. to Minn., Colo , Nev. and Calif. Minn, valley: Probably throughout; principally in forest district; waste or dry places. HERB. : Bailey 4%, Vermilion lake.. 86 METASPERMAE OP THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Agropyrum violaceum (HORN.) LANGE, ex. Richt. PL Eur. I, 123 (1890). Triticum violaceum HORN. Fl.' Dan. 2044 (1827?). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 672; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 243 ; Coult., Fl. Colo., 426; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 324; Upham, Fl. Minn. 169: Richt., PL Eur. I, 123. N. Scandinavia. North America; Q., Man., Assiniboia to Rockies, N. W. T. and Grinnell Land— 81° 44' N. lat.; Greenland; S. to N. Eng. and mts. of N. Y. ; W. to Lake Superior region, Minn, and Dak. Minn, valley : Throughout; forest openings and rail- way embankments; infrequent. HERB.: Sheldon 979, Sleepy Eye; MacM. and Sheld. 2, Brainerd; Bailey 494 Agate Bay. Agropyrum glaucum (DESP.) R. and S. var. occidentale VAS. and SCRIB. A. repens AUCT. in part. Iriticum repens var. glaucum VAS. Cat. (1885). Wats! and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 671; Britt., Fl. N. J. 298; Webb.. Fl. Neb. 100; Coult., Fl. Colo. 425; Wats., FL Calif. II, 323; Vas., Ag. Grasses U. S. 75; Mac., FL Can. II, 242; Upham, Fl. Minn. 169; Engl. Hackel, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 79; Richt., PL Eur. I, 123 (spec.); Hook., FL Gt. Brit. 504 (spec.); Led., Fl. Boss. IV, 340 (spec.); Trautv., FL Sib. 133 (spec.). Species in Europe and Asia. North America: N. S., Q., Ont. to Man., Brit. Col. and Arctic sea?; S. to N. J. and Va. ; W. to CaL, Oregon and Utah. Minn, valley: Throughout; fields and sterile places. HERB.: Bollard 316, Belle Plaine; Sheldon 1377, Lake Benton; Sheldon 463, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; MacM. and Sheld. 17, Brainerd; Bailey 511, Agate Bay; Sandberg 587} Red Wing; 588, Red Wing. HOEDE1TM LINN. Gen. 45 (1737). Critho E. MEY. Ind. Hort. Regiom. (1848). Zeocriton BEAUV. Agrostogr. 114 (1812). Critesion RAF. Journ. Phys. LXXXIX, 103 (1819). Crithopsis JAUB. et SPACH, 111. Or. IV, 30 (1355). Cuviera KOEL. Gram. Gall, et Germ. 328 (1802). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI III, 1206; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 480; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 86 (Hackel). Living species: 16; temperate Asia, Europe, N. Africa, N. and S. America. Europe, 10; N. America, 5; Canada 3; California, 3; E. Sts., 2; Rocky mts., 2; S. Sts., 1; PL King, 3; PL Wheel., 2. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 87 Horde urn nodosum LINN. Spec. ed. 2, 126 (1762). JHT. murinum var. B. LINN. Spec. 85 (1753) H. secalinum SCHREB. Spic. 148 (1771). U. pratense HUDS. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, 56 (1778). Zeocriton secalinum BEAUV. Agr. 115(1812). Hordeum pusillum NUTT. Gen. I, 87 (1818). H. pratense var. nodosum LED. Fl. Ross. IV, 329 (1853). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 672; Webb., Fl. Neb. 99; Coult., Fl. Colo. 426; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 244; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 325; Upham, Fl. Minn. 169; Vas., Ag. Grasses U. S. 77; Richt., PI. Eur. I, 131; Chap., Suppl. S. St. 664; Roth , Wheel. Exp. 293; Wats., King Exp. 391; Rothr., Alaskf 458. Europe and Asia; cosmopolitan. North America: Ohio, 111., Minn., Neb. to Nev., Colo., Utah, Calif., Oregon; N. to Vancouver; S. to Tex. Minn, valley: Reported from S. central district; rare or local. Hordeum jubatum LINN. Spec. 85 (1753). Critesium geniculatum RAF. Jour. Phys. 103 (1819). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 672; Britt., Fl. N. J. 298; Webb., Fl. Neb. 99; Upham, Fl. Minn. 169; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 325; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 243; Vas., Ag. Grasses U. S. 76; Coult., Fl. Colo. 427; Richt., PI. Eur. I, 131; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 132; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 329; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 293; Wats., King Exp. 390; Cov., Fl. Ark. 238. Europe — S. Russia; E. Siberia. North America: N. S., Q., Ont., Ott., Saskatchewan, Athabasca, Peace river, Vancouver, Brit. Col. ; N. to Mackenzie and Yukon regions; S. to Gt. Lakes, Minn., Neb. and Colo. Minn, valley: Throughout; abundant; waste or sandy places. HERB.: Sheldon 176, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Ballard 155, Chaska; Foote 6, Worthington; Oestlund 336, Min- neapolis; Kassube274, Minneapolis ; Bailey 128, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 589, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1801, Minneapolis. ELYMUS LINN. Gen. ed. V, 91 (1754). Sitanion RAF. Journ. Phys. LXXXIX, 103 (181 9). Polyantherix NEES, Ann. Nat. Hist. I, 1, 284 (1838). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 1206; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 480; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 88 (Hackel). Living species: 30; temperate regions, except Aus- tralia and S. Africa. Europe, 4; N. America, 15; Canada, 12-13; E. Sts., 6; California, 5-6; Rocky mts., 4; S. Sts., 3; PI. King, 2; PI. Wheel., 4. Elymus elymoides (RAF.) SWEEZEY, Cat. Neb. PL (1891). Aegilops hystrix NUTT. Gen. I, 86 (1818). Sitanion elymoides RAF. Jour. Phys. LXXXIX, 103 (1819). 88 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY Polyantherix hystrix NEES, Mart. Bras. (1829). Elymus sitanion R. and S. Mant. II, 426 (1824). E. hystrix. per legem not Linn. Wats and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 673; Upham,Fl. Minn. 170; Wats., Tl. Calif. II, 327; Coult., Fl. Colo. 427; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 293, 377: Wats., King Exp. 391; Webb., Appx. Neb. 24. North America: Oregon to San Diego, Calif.; E. to Minn., Neb., Ark., Arizona, Tex. and N. Mex. Minn, valley: Reported from S. central district and westward; infrequent; river banks and wooded hills. Elymus striatus WILLD. Spec. I (1797). E. villosus MUHL. Willd. Enum. 131 (1809). E. striatus \ar. villosus GBA.Y, Man. ed. V, 639 (1868). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 673; Britt., Fl. N. J, 299; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 247; Upham, Fl. Minn. 170; Webb., Fl. Neb. 99; Chap., Fl. S. St. 567; Cov., Fl. Ark. 238. North America: Ont. to N. Y., N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout; infrequent; roadsides and banks. HERB.: Sheldon 842, Sleepy Eye; Herb. Sheld. 1647, Hennepin Co. Elymus canadensis LINN. Spec. 83 (1753). E. philadelphicus LINN. Amoen. Acad. IV, 266 (1759). E. glaucifolius WILLD. Enum. I, 131 (1809). E. canadensis var. glaucifolius TORR. Fl. Am. I, 137 (1824). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 673; Britt., Fl. N. J. 298; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 245; Coult., Fl. Colo. 427; Webb., Fl. Neb. 99; Vas., Ag. Grasses U. S. 77; Upham, Fl. Minn. 169; Wats.. Fl. Calif. II, 327; Chap., Suppl. S. St. 664; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 293; Cov., Fl. Ark. 238. North America: N. S., Q., Ont, Man., Assiniboia to Rocky mts., Brit. Col. and Oregon; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and mts. of Ga. ; W. to Minn., Neb., Colo., Tex. and N. Mex. Minn, valley: Throughout; abundant; roadsides and banks. HERB. : Sheldon 1120, Springfield; Sheldon 976%, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 762, Glenwood; Bollard 389, Jordan, Scott Co.; Bollard 578, Crystal lake, Scott Co.; Bollard 765, Waconia [(var. glaucifolius (Willd.)]; Sandberg 591, Red Wing; Oestlund 338, 339, Minneapolis. Elymus virginicus LINN. Spec. 83 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 673; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 247; Webb., Fl. Neb. 99; Chap., Fl. S. St. 567; Upham, Fl. Minn. 169; Britt., Fl. N. J. 298; Vas., Ag. Grasses U. S. 77; Cov., Fl. Ark. 238. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont., L. Superior region to Man. ; S. to N. Eng. , N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Minn. , Neb., Kan., Mo. and Ark. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 89 Minn, valley: Throughout; infrequent; banks of streams and lakes. HERB.: Foote 7, Worthington; Sandberg 590, Red Wing; Oestlund 337, Minneapolis; Bailey 265, St. Louis river; Sheldon 1375, Lake Benton [(forma minor (Vas.)]. HISTRIX MOENCH, Meth. 294 (1794). Asprella WILLD. Enutn. 132 (1809). Gymuosticlmm SCHREB. Beschr. Gras. II, 127 (1772). Benth. and Hook.. Gen. PI. Ill, 1207; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 280; Engler and Prantl, Nat. PJfanz. 2, II, 88 (Hackel); O. Kuntze, Bev. Gen. II, 777. Living species: 4; N. America, 2; Siberia, 1; New Zealand, 1. N. America, — California, 1; Atl. states, 1. Hystrix hystrix (LiNN. ). Elymus hystrix LINN. Spec. ed. 2, 124 (1762). Gymnostichum hystrix SCHREB. Gras. 47 (1769). Hystrix patula MOENCH, Meth. (1794). Asprella hystrix WILLD. Enum. I, 132 (1809). A. angustifolia NUTT. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 5, 151 ( ). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 674; Upham, Fl. Minn. 170; Britt., Fl. N. J. 299; Chap., Fl. S. St. 567; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 248; Cov., Fl. Ark. 238; Webb., Appx. Neb. 24. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont., Man. and Saskatch- ewan; S. to N. Y., N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., III. and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout, particularly forest dis- trict; woods. HERB. : Sheldon 459, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co. ; Bollard 128, Chaska; Sandberg 592, Red Wing; 593, Chisago Co. ; 594, Red Wing. IX, CYPERACEAE. Sedge Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI. 109 (1840); Benth. and Hook. Gen. PI III, 1037 (1883); Pax in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 98 (1887). Genera: 65; cosmopolitan; extinct, 1-2. Species: 3000; living; 3-4? extinct. HEMICARPHA NEES, Edin. Phil. Journ. XVII, 263 (1834). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 1053; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 458; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 10o (Pax). Living species: 3; 1 widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions; 1, California; 1, Atl. N. America, Mexico and Brazil. 90 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Remicarpha micrantha (VAHL) BRITT. Cat. N. J. 266 (1890). Isolepis micrantha VAHL, Enum. (1806). Scirpus subsquarrosus MUHL. Gram. 39 (1817). Hemicarpha subsquarrosa MART. FL Brazil II, 61 (1842). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 583; Upham, Fl. Minn. 150; Coult., Fl. Colo. 368; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 220; Chap , Fl. S. St. 513; Both., Wheel. Exp. 275; Cov., Fl. Ark. 230: Webb., Appx. Neb. 24. Brazil and Central America. North America: N. Eng., N. J. to Fla.; W. to Minn.y Colo. , Calif, and Arizona. Minn, valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co. ; probably infrequent; sandy lake-beaches. HERB. : Leiberg 78, Le Sueur river, Blue Earth Co. DULICHIUM PERS. Syn. I, 65 (1805). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 1046; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 456; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 107 (Pax). Living species: 1; N. America, Atlantic states. DulicMum spathaceum (LiNN.) PERS. Syn. I, 65 (1805). Schoenus spathaceus LINN. Spec. ed. 2, 63 (1762). Cyperus spathaceus LINN. Syst. 84 (1774). Scirpus spathaceus MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 32 (1803). Schoenus angustifolius VAHL, Enum. II, 225 (1806). Dulichium canadense PURSH, Fl. Am. I, 54 (1814). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 573; Britt., Fl. N. J. 262; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 94; Upham, Fl. Minn. 150; Chap., Fl. S. St. 513; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 107; Cov., Fl. Ark. 229; Webb., Appx. Neb. 24. North America: N. S., N. Br., Saskatchewan and Van- couver; S. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Tex. Minn, valley: Forest district and N. edge; possibly S. W. ; edges of lakes and marshes. HERB. : Bollard 833, Patterson lake, Carver Co. ; Bol- lard 815, Page lake, Carver Co.; Bollard 775, Swan lake, Carver Co.; MacM. and Sheld. 16, Brainerd; Sandberg 513, "Minnesota"; Herrick 322, Minneapolis; Leiberg 77, Blue Earth Co. CIPERUS LINN. Gen. 33 (1737). Bobartia LINN. Zeyl. 17 (1747). Mariscus VAHL, Enum. II, 372 (1806). Opetiola GAERTN. Fruct. I, 14 (1788). Aclupla Bosc. Jaume St. Hil. Expos. Fam. Nat. I, 65 (1805). Pycreus BEAUV. Fl. Ow. and Ben. II, 48 (1807). Torreya and Distimus RAF. Jour. Phys. LXXXIX, 105 (1819). Anosporum and Dichostylis NEES, Linn. IX, 287, 280 (1835). Trentepohlia BOECKL. Bot. Zeit. 249 (1858). Sorostaehys and Atomostylis STEUD. Syn. Glum. II, 315 (1855). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 91 Galilea PAKLAT. Palerm. I, 297 (1845). . Papyrus WILLD. Abh. Ac. Wiss. Berl. 70 (1812-13). Borobora STEUD. Syn. Glum. II. 71 (1855). Hyclrosclioenus ZOLL. ET MORR. Verz. PI. Zoll. 95 (1828?). Dicliclium SCHRAD. Mart. Fl. Bras. II, 1, 51 (1829). Torulinium DESV. Ham. Prodr Ind. Occ. 15 (1825). Benth. and Hook.. Gen. PL III, 1043; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 456; Engler and Prantl, Nfit. Pflanz. 2, II, 107 (Pax); Schenck, Palaeopliyt. 383. Living species: 400; tropical and temperate regions. Europe, 24; Russia, 14; Russian Europe, 6; U. S., 60; S. Sts., 41; E. Sts., 25; California, 11-14; Canada, 8; Rocky mts., 3; PL King, 3; PL Wheel., 7. Fossil species: ? Miocene, Oeningen — Cyperites. Cyperus speciosus VAHL, Enum. II, 253 (1806). C. strigosus LAM. 111. I, 726 (1791). C. erythvorhizos TORR. Fl. I, 61 (1824). C. mictiauxianus TORR. Fl. N. Y. II, 339 (1843). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Mar. 6 ed. 572; Britt., Fl. N. J. 261; Upham (C. michauxianus Schultes for Torr.?), Fl. Minn. 150?; Chap., Fl. S. St. 507; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 215; Webb., Fl. Neb. 99; Britt., Torr. Bull. XIII, 214. North America: N. Eng. to Fla. ; W. to Minn., Neb., Tex., N. Mex. ; Gila and Rio Colorado to Ft. Yuma. Minn, valley: Reported from S. central district; low and sandy shores. HERB. : tSandberg 509, Red Wing. Cjperus strigosus LINN. Spec. 47 (1753). C. flavicomus MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 27 (1803). C. micfiauxianus SCHULTES, Mant. II, 123(1824). C. stenolepis WATS. Fl. Calif. II, 215 H880). Wats, and Coult , Gray's Man. 6 ed.571; Britt., Fl. N. J. 261; Upham, Fl. Minn. 150; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 94; Chap., Fl. S. St. 507; Cov., Fl. Ark. 229; Britt., Torr. Bull. XIII, 211; Webb., Appx. Neb. 24. North America: Greenland and N. S. to Hudson Bay and Saskatchewan; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb. , Tex. and Pac. coast. Minn, valley: Forest district; not infrequent; damp places along streams. HERB. : Sheldon 1070, Springfield; Herrick 321, Minne- tonka; Sandbery 508, Goodhue Oo. Cyperus strigosus LINN. var. compressus BRITT. Torr. Bull. XIII, 211 (1887). Britt., Fl. N. J. 261. N. J. and Penn. to Minn. Minn, valley: Reported from S. Minn.; damp or drier places. 92 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Cyperus esculentus LINN. Spec. 45 (1753). C. phymatodes MUHL. Gram. 23 (1817). C. repens ELL. Sk. I, 69 (1821). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 571; Britt., Fl. N. J. 260; Upham, Fl. Minn. 150; Webb., Fl. Neb. 99; Wats., Fl. Calif. II. 215; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 93; Chap., Fl. S. St. 508? Kicht., PI. Eur. 135; Engl. Pax., Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 108; Cov., Fl. Ark. 229; Britt., Torr Bull. XIII, 210. Cosmopolitan. North America : N. Br. to L. Erie ; S. to Fla. ; W. to Minn., Yosemite and Tex. Minn, valley: Reported from forest district; rare; low places along streams. Cyperus erythrorhizos MUHL. Gram. (1817). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 571; Britt., Fl. N. J. 261; Upham, Fl. Minn. 150; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 94; Chap., Fl. S. St. 512; Wats., Fl. Calif. II. 215; Cov., Fl. Ark. 229; Britt., Torr. Bul'i. XIII, 213, North America: W. Ont. to L. I., N. J., Penn.; S. to Fla. ; W. to Minn. , Mich, and N. Mex. ; also, Rio Colorado to Oregon. Minn, valley: Throughout; rather common; banks. HERB.: Sheldon 880, Sleepy Eye; Bollard 802, Goose lake ; Bollard 832, Page lake ; Bollard 892, St. Bonif acius ; Taylor 1117, Glenwood; Bollard 274, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 1633, Taylor's Falls; MacM. and Sheld. 29, Brainerd; Sandberg 506, Goodhue Co. Cyperus filiculmis VAHL, Enum. II, 328 (1806). Scirpus cyperiformis MUHL. Gram. 41(1819). Cyperus mariscoides ELL. Sk. 1,67 (1821). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 570; Britt., Fl. N. J. 261; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 94; Upham, Fl. Minn. 150; Webb., Fl. Neb. 99; Chap., Fl. S. St. 511; Coult., Fl. Colo. 366; Cov., Fl. Ark. 229; Britt., Torr. Bull. XIII. 216. North America: Ont. to N. Eng. and N. J. ; S. to Fla. ; W. to Minn., Neb., Kan., Ark., Colo, and Tex. Minn, valley: Forest district and perhaps W. ; dry and waste places. HERB. : Bollard 636, Chaska, Carver Co. ; MacM. and Sheld. 25, Brainerd; Bollard 18a, Goodhue Co. ; Leiberg 76, Blue Earth Co.; Sandberg 511, Red Wing; 512, Red Wing. Cyperus schweinitzii TORR. Cyp. 276 (1836). C. alterniflorus SCHWEIN. Long Appx. II, 381 (1825) not E. Br. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 570; Webb., Fl. Neb. 99; Upham, Fl. Minn. 150; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 93; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 274; Britt., Torr. Bull. XIII, 207. North America: Ont. to L. of Woods, Qu'Appelle, Assiniboia; S. toW. N. Y. and Penn. ; W. to Minn. Neb. and Can. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 93 Minn, valley: Throughout; sandy ridges and shores of streams; abundant. HERB. : Bollard 260, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Bollard 635, Chaska; Sheldon 1056, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1193, New Ulm; Taylor 1149, Glenwood; MacM. and Sheld. 26 Brainerd; Kas- sube 251, Minneapolis; Oesilund 212, Minneapolis; Leiberg 75t Blue Earth Co. ; Sandberg 510, Red Wing. Cyperus aristatus ROTTB. Descr. 23 (1773). C. undnatus PURSH, PI. Am. I, 50 (1814). C. inflexus MUHL. Gram. (1817). C. confertus CHAPM. PL S. St. 510 (1860). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 570; Britt., PI. N. J. 260 ; Webb., PI. Neb. 99; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 93; Wats., PL Calif II, 214; Coult., Fl. Colo. 366; Wats., King Exp. 360; Cov., Fl. Ark. 228; Britt., Torr. Bull XIII, 207. Africa; E. Indies. North America : Ont. to Man. , Saskatchewan and Vancouver ; S. on Pac. to S. Calif, and Lower Calif. ; E. throughout U. S. to N. Eng. and Fla. ; S. to Mexico. Minn, valley: Throughout ; abundant; sandy shores of rivers and ponds. HERB. : Sheldon 1208, Redstone, near New Ulm; Sheldon 998, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1474, Pipestone; Sheldon 1090, Springfield; MacM. and Sheld. 6, Brainerd; Sandberg 507, Red Wing. Cyperus diandrus TORR. Cat. N. Y. 90 (1819). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 569; Britt., Fl. N. J. 260; Chap., Fl. S. St. 506; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 92; Wats., FL Calif. II, 214; Cov., Fl. Ark. 229; Britt., Torr. Bull. XIII, 305; Upham, Fl. Minn, 150; Webb., Appx. "Neb. 24. North America: N. Br., Owen Sound, N. Eng.; S. to N. J., Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark., Tex. and N. Mex.; Calif? Minn, valley: Throughout; low places and margins of lakes. HERB.: Taylor 1052, Glenwood; Taylor 1144, Glenwood; Ballard 834, Page 1 ake, Carver Co.; Sheldon 1629, Taylor's Falls; MacM. and Sheld. 22, Brainerd; Leiberg 74, Blue Earth Co. ; Oestlund 210, Hennepin Co. ; 211 Ramsey Co. Cyperus diandrus TORR. var. castaneus (BIGEL.) Torr. Cat. N. Y. 90 (1819). C. castaneus BIGEL. Fl. Bost. 18 (1814). C. flavescens var. castaneus PURSH, Fl. Am. I, 52 (1814). C. bicolor BARTR. Fl. Phil. I, 27 (1818). C. elliotianus R. and S. Mant. II, 100 (1824). ? C. rimdaris KUNTH, Enum. I, (1833). 94 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. I Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. .6 ed. 569; Britt., Fl. N. J. 260; Upham, Fl. Minn. 150; Mac., Fl. Can., II. 93; Britt., Ton. Bull. XIII, 205; Webb. , Appx. Neb. 24. North America: N. Br. to Owen Sound; S. to N. J. andFla.; W. to Minn., Neb., N. Mex. and Tex.; Sacramento and San Francisco, Calif. Minn, valley: Reported from S. E. and forest district; banks of lakes, sandy beaches. ERIOPHORUM LINN. Gen. 34 (1737). Linagrostis ADANS. Fam. II, 41 (1763). Trichophorum PERS. Syn. I, 69 (1805). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 1052; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 457; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2. II, 111. (Pax). Living species: 13; Europe, extratropical Asia and N. America. Europe, 8; Russia, 8; Russian Europe, 8; N. Amer- ica, 10-11; Canada, 9-10; S. Sts., 2; Rocky mts., 2; E. Sts., 7; California, 2; PL King., 1. Eriophorum virginicum LINN. Spec. 52 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man.6ed. 583; Britt., Fl. N. J. 265; Upham, Fl. Minn. 152; Webb., Fl Neb. 98; Chap., Fl. S. St. 521; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 105; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 111. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont to Saskatchewan; S. to N. J., Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Tex. Minn, valley: Reported from S. E. district; doubtful; bogs and marshes. Eriopborum gracile KOCH, Roth. Cat. II, 259 (1800). Linagrostis paniculata var. B. LAM. Fl. Fr. Ill, 555 (1778). Eriophorum triquetrum HOPPE, Taschenb. 106 (1800). E. angustifolium TORR. Fl. N. Y. II, 359 (1843). E. gradle var. paudnervium ENGELM. Gray's Man. ed. 2, 502 (1852). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 583: Mac., Fl. Can. II, 106; Upham, Fl. Minn. 152; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 220; Coult., Fl. Colo. 368; Britt., Fl. N. J. 266; Richt., PI. Eur. 136; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 446: Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 255; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 122; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 138; Hart., Fl.Scand. I. 450; Webb , Appx. Neb. 24; Rothr., Alask. 457. Northern and central Europe; Siberia. North America: Newf. and N. S. to Hudson Straits, Saskatchewan, Arctic sea and Ft. Wrangel, Alaska; S. to N. J., Minn., Neb. and Mo. Minn, valley: Forest district; bogs and edges of marshes. HERB.: Bollard 483, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 519, Mud Lake, WasecaCo.; Ballard 114, Chaska; Taylor 87, Elysian ; Sheldon 340, Madison Lake; Leiberg 83, Blue Earth Co. ; Sandberg 522, Chisago lake. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 95 Eriophorum lat ifolinm HOPPE, Taschenb. 108 (1800). E. polystachion LINN. FL Suec. ed. II, 17 (1755). E. polystacliyon DC. Fl. Fr. Ill, 131 (1805). Linagrostis paniculata LAM. Fl. Fr. Ill, 555(1778). Eriophorum vulgare PERS. Syn. I, 70 (1805). Carex alopecurus LAB. Abr. Suppl. 141 (1818). Eriophorum pubescens Sm. Engl. Fl. I, 78 (1824). E. polystachyon var. latifolium GRAY, Man. 5 ed. (1868). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 583; Richt., PL Eur. 136; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 105; Upham, Fl. Minn. 152; Rothr., Alask. 457. North America: Newf. to Alaska; S. to N. Eng. and Minn. Minn, valley: N. E. district and to Blue Earth Co.; bogs and edges of marshes. HERB. : Bailey 202, Vermilion lake. Eriophorum polystachion LINN. Spec. 52 (1753). Linagrostis polystachya SCOP. Fl. Cam. ed. 2, I, 48 (1772). Eriophorum angustifolium ROTH. Fl. Germ. II, 63 (1793). E. vulgare PERS. Syn. I, 70 (1805). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 583; Britt., FL N. J. 265; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 105; Chap., Fl. S. St. 521; Coult., Fl. Colo. 368; Upham, Fl. Minn. 152: Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 220; Richt., PL Eur. 136; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 445; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 111; Wats., King Exp. 275; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 449; Rothr., Alask. 457. All Europe except Greece; N. Asia. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q. to Hudson Straits, Arctic Sea and Vancouver; S. to Oregon and N. Cal. ? W. Col. to Rocky mts. and across continent to N. Eng. and Ga. Minn, valley: Throughout; abundant; bogs and edges of swamps. HERB.: Taylor 738, Glenwood; Taylor 1108, Glen- wood; Sheldon 208, Lake Washington, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 339, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; MacM. and Sheld. 28, Brainerd; Leiberg 82, Blue Earth Co. ; Herrick 323, Minneapolis; Sandberg 521, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1715, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 243, Montevideo. Eriophorum yaginatum LINN. Spec. 52 (1753). Linagrostis vaginata SCOP. Fl. Can. 2 ed. I. 47 (1772). Eriophoi*um caespitosum HOST. Gram. I, 39 (1801). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 582; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 103; Up- ham, FL Minn. 152; Kicht., PL Eur. 136; Hook., FL Gt. Brit. 445; Led., FL Ross. IV, 252; Trautv., FL Sib. 121; Herd., FL Eur. Russ. 138; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 111; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 450; Rothr., Alask. 457. Middle and northern Europe; temperate and northern Asia. North America: Greenland, Labrador and Newf. to Hudson Bay, Brit. Col., Vancouver and Yukon region, Alaska; 96 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. S. to N. S., N. Br., N. Eng., N. J., Penn.; W. to Mich., Minn., Dak. and Montana. Minn, valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co.; bogs and marshes; rare. HERB. : Leiberg 80, Blue Earth Co. ; Leiberg 81, Blue Earth Co.; Sandberg 520, Chisago Lake; Kassube 256, Minne- apolis. Eriophorum cyperinum LINN. Spec. ed. 2, 77 (1762). Trichophorum cyperinum PERS. Syn. I, 69 (1805). Scirpus eriophorus VAHL, Enum. II, 282 (1806). S. thyrsiflorus WILLD. Enum. I, 78 (1809). S. cyperinus KUNTH, Enum. II, 170 (1837). S. (Trichophorum) eriophorum TORR. Fl. N. Y. II, 356 (1843). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 582; Britt., Fl. N. J. 265; Upham, Fl. Minn. 152; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 102; Chap., Fl. S. St. 521; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II. 2, 111; Cov., Fl. Ark. 230. North America: Newt, Hudson Bay to Saskatchewan; S. to N. J., Fla., Minn., Neb. and Ark. Minn, valley: Forest district and N. W. ; marshes and swamps. HERB.: Bollard 479, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Bollard 454, Prior's lake, Scott Co. ; Bollard 549, Spring lake, Scott Co.; MacM. and Skeld. 65, Brainerd; Leiberg 79, Blue Earth Co. ; Bailey 164, Vermilion lake ; Herb. Sheld. 1922, Minne- apolis. Eriophorum lineatum (Micnx.) B. and H. Gen. PL III, 1052 (1883). Scirpus hneatus MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 32 (1803). Trichophorum lineatum PERS. Syn. I, 39 (1805). Scirpus pendulus MUHL. Grain. 44 (1817). Isokpis lineatu R. and S. Syst. II, 117 (1817). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 582; Britt., Fl. N. J. 265; Upham, Fl. Minn. 152; Chap., Fl. S. St. 521; Coult., Fl. Colo. 368; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 103; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 111. North America: S. W. Ont. and N. Eng. to N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn., W. Kan. and Mo. Minn, valley: Reported from forest district; Ft. Snell- ing to Blue Earth Co. ; low places along streams and around ponds. SCIRPUS LINN. Gen. 32 (1737). Haplostemum, Aplostemon, Diplarrhenus, Distichnms KAF. Jour. Phys. LXXXIX, 105 (1819). Oxycaryum, Blepharolepis NEES, Mart. Fl. Bras. II, 90, 91 (1829). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 97 Androconia NEES, Hook. Jour. Bot, II, 396 (1836). Malachochaete, Hymenocliaete NEES, Linn. IX, 292, 293 (1835). Nomochloa, Hymenocliaeta BEAUV. Lestib. Ess. Fain. Gyp. 37, 43 (1819). Blysmus PANZ. R. and S. Syst. II, Mant. 41 (1824). Pterolepis SCHRAD. Gott. Gel. Anz. 2071 (1821). Heleophylax LESTIB. Ess. Fam. Cyp. 41 (1819). Hellmuthia, Anthopliyllum STEUD. Syn. Glum. II, 90, 160 (1855). Elytrospermum C A. MEY. Mem. Sav. Etr. Petr. I, 200 (1841?). Desmosclioeims HOOK. f. Fl. N. Zeal. I, 271 (1867). Eleogiton, Holoschoeuus LINK, Hort. Berol. I, 284, 293 (1827). Dichostylis BEAUV. Lestib. Ess. Fam. Cyp. 39 (1819). Isolepis B. BR. Prodr. 221 (1810). Nemum DESVX. Ham. Prodr. Ind. Occ. 13 (1825). Baeothryon EHRH. Beitr, IV, 147 (1789). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 1049; Durand, Ind. Gen. Plian. 457; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 111 (Pax); Schenck, Palaeopkyt. 385. Living species: 200; 300 described; cosmopolitan. Europe, 37; Russia, 20; Russian Europe, 10; U. S., 35-40; Can- ada, 10; S. Sts., 14; E. Sts., 17-19; Rocky mts., 10; California, 12-15; PL King, 5; PL Wheel., 5. Fossil species: Cyperites? Miocene, Oeningen. Scirpus atrovirens MUHL. Gram. 43 (1817). ? 8. polyphyllus VAHL, Enum. II, 274 (1806). S. sylvaticus var. atrovirens GRAY, Man. ed. 2, (1856). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 581; Britt., Fl. N. J. 265, Webb., Fl. Neb. 98; Upham, Fl. Minn. 152; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 219; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 101; Coult., Fl. Colo. 368; Cov., Fl. Ark. 230. North America : N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man. and Saskatchewan ; S. to N. Eng. and N. J. ; W. to Minn. , Neb. , Kan., Ark., Ind. Terr., Colo, and to Calif, and Oregon. Minn, valley : Throughout ; marshes and bogs ; abundant. HERB.: Taylor 763, Glenwood; Sheldon 1303, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1081, Springfield; Sheldon 1042, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 673, Gaiter lake, Waseca Co.; Bollard 217, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 634, Minnesota lake; MacM. and Sheld. 41, Brainerd; Sandberg 519, Red Wing; Oestlund 217, Hennepin Co. ; Sheldon 252, Lake Washington, Le Sueur Co. Scirpus sylraticus LINN. var. microcarpus (PRESL). S. microcarpus PRESL, Rel. Haenk. I, 193 (1830). S. sylvaticus HOOK. FL Am. II, 230 (1840). 8. knticularis TORR. Cyp. 328 (1836). S. sylvaticus var. digynus BOECKL. Linn. XXXVI, 727 (1862). -7 98 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 581; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 101; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 219; Upham, Fl. Minn. 152; Coult., Fl. Colo. 368; Rothr., Fl. Alask. 457; Britt., Trans. N. Y. Acad. XI, 74-93. North America: N. S., Ont. to Minn., Man., Selkirks and Vancouver; N. to Hudson Bay and Yukon river; S. to Colo, and Calif. Minn, valley : Forest district; along streams and in edges of marshes. HERB.: Sheldon 275, Madison Lake; Ballard 12a, Zum- brota; Sandberg 611, Red Wing; Ballard 340, Jordan, Scott Co. Scirpus fluviatilis (ToRR.) GRAY, Man. v ed. 564 (1869). S. maritimus var(?) fluviatilis TORR. Fl. N. Y. II, 354 (1843), eoccl syn. ? S. robustus PURSH, FL Am. I, 56 (1814), in part. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 581; Britt., Fl. N. J. 265; Upham, Fl. Minn. 151; Webb., Fl. Neb. 99; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 100: Coult., Fl. Colo. 367. North America: Q., Ont. to Man. ; S. to W. Vt., Conn., N. J., Penn. ; W. to Minn., Neb., Iowa and Mont.? Minn, valley; Throughout; but principally in forest district; shallow waters, borders of lakes. HERB. : Sheldon 249, Lake Washington, Le Sueur Co. ; Ballard 54, Chaska; Sheldon 982, Cross lake, Brown Co.; Bailey 21, Vermilion lake; Oestlund216, Minneapolis. Scirpus lacustris LINN. Spec. 48 (1753). S. altissimus GILIB. Exerc. Phyt. II, 514 (1792). 8. validus PURSH, Fl. Am. I, 56 (1814). 8. brayi HOPPE, R. and S. Syst. II, 137 (1817). S. orgylis RAF. Am. Nat. (1820). S. andrzejowslcii, janii, lithuanicus, manophyllus, wolfgangii BESS. Schultes Mant. II, 535 (1824). 8. glaucus SM. Engl. Fl. I, 57 (1824). Heleogiton glaucum REICH. Fl. Exc. 77 (1830). Scirpus custoris HEG. Fl. Sched. 49 (1840). Schoenoplectus lacustris and tabernaemontani PALLA, Sitzb. Z. B. G. XXXVIII, 49(1888). Wats, and Coult.. Gray's Man. 6ed. 580; Britt., Fl. N. J. 264; Upham, Fl. Minn. 151; Mac., EL Can. II, 99; Webb., Fl. Neb. 99; Chap., Fl. S. St. 520; Wats., Fl. Calif. II. 217; Coult., Fl. Colo. 367; Richt., PI. Eur. 140; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 442; Led., Fl. Ross.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 138; Cov., Fl. Ark. 230; Hart., Fl. Scand. I. 445. Europe; Asia; Australasia; Sandwich Islands. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br. to Lake Winni- peg, Saskatchewan, Brit. Col. and Vancouver; S. to Fla. ; W. to Rockies and Pac. coast (in var. ) Minn, valley: Throughout; edges of ponds; shallow lakes. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 99 HERB. : Taylor 213, Janesville; Bollard SI, Chaska; Sheldon 876, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1083, Springfield; Taylor 410, Lake Elysian ; Bailey 219, Vermilion lake ; Kassube 255, Hen- nepin Co. ; Sandberg 518, Goodhue Co. Scirpus triangularis (PERS.). S. mucronatus ALL. Fl. Fed. II, 277 (1785). S. triqueter ROTH. N. Beitr. I, 91 (1802). S. triqueter var. triangularis PERS. Syn. I, 91 (1805). S. americanus PERS. Syn. I, 92 (1805). S. punyens VAHL. En. II, 255 (1806). S. -rothii HOPPE, Sturm Dan. Fl. II, 36 (1814). S. tenuifolius DC. Fl. Fr. YI, 300 (1815). Ekocharis leptophylla SCHULT. Mant. II, 88 (1824). Heleogiton pungens REICH. Fl. Exc. 78 (1830). tichoenoplectus pungens PALLA, Sitz. Z. B. G. XXXVIII, 49 (1888). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 579; Britt., Fl. N. J. 264; Upham, Fl. Minn. 151 ; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 99; Webb., Fl. Neb. 99; Chap., Fl. S. St. 519; Coult., Fl. Colo. 366; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 218; Richt., PI. Eur. 141; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 442; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 275; Cov., Fl. Ark. 230. Central Europe ; Mediterranean region ; Australia ; S. America and W. Indies. ' North America: Newf., Hudson Bay and Saskatche- wan to Vancouver and Ft. Wrangel, Alaska; S. throughout N. Amer. Minn valley: Forest district and W. ?; borders of lakes, ponds and streams. HERB. : Sheldon 86, Elysian; Kassube 254, Minneapolis; Oestlund 215, Minneapolis. HELEOCHARIS R. BE. Prodr. 224 (1810). Bulbostylis EAF. Bull. Mosc. X, 355 (1813). Limnochloa, Scirpiclium, Chaetocyperus, Eleogenus NEES, Linn. IX, 289, 293, 294 (1835). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 1047; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 456; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 112 (Pax). Living species: 80; tropics and N. hemisphere to Arctic regions. Europe, 8; Russia, 8; Russian Europe, 8; N. America, 30; S. Sts., 25; E. Sts., 21; California, 9-10; Canada, 10; Rocky mts., 5; PL King, 2; PI. Wheel., 2. Heleocharis wolfii GRAY, Proc. Am. Acad. X, 77 (1874). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6ed. 576; Upham, Fl. Minn. 151; Britt. , Journ. N. Y. Micro. Soc. V, 105. North America: Iowa and Minn. Minn, valley: Reported from edge of valley; doubtful or local; wet prairies and edges of sloughs. HERB. : Crafty 20, Emmet Co., Iowa. 100 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Heleocharis acicularis (LINN.) R. BR. Prodr. I, 80 (1810). Scirpus acicularis LINN. Spec. 48 (1753). Cyperus acicularis WITH. Arr. Brit. PL 78 (1776). Mariscus acicularis MOENCH, Meth. 350 (1794). Scirpus trichodes MUHL. Gram. 30 (1817). Ekocharis costata PR. Fl. Cech. 11 (1819). Isolepis acicularis SCHLECHT. Fl. Berol. 1, 36 (1823). Scirpus chaeta SCHULTES, Mant. II, 272 (1824;. Clavula acicularis DUM. Fl. Belg. 143 (1827). Linnochloa acicularis EEICH. FL Exc. 78 (1830). Scirpidium acicularis NEES, Linn. IX, 293 (1835). Chaetocyperus urceolatus LEIBM. Mex. Halvg. 243 (1849). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 576: Britt., Fl. N. J. 263; Upham, Fl. Minn. 151; Webb., Fl. Neb. 99; Coult., FL Colo. 369; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 97; Chap., Fl. S. St. 518; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 221; Richt., PL Eur. 143; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 243; Hook., FL Gt. Brit. 441; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 138; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz, II, 2, 112; Wats., King Exp. 360; Roth.,Wheel. Exp. 275, 376; Cov., FL Ark. 229; R. and S., Syst. II, 154; Britt.. Jour. Mic. Soc. N. Y. V, 104: Hart., FL Scand. I, 449. Northern hemisphere to N. W. India and Mexico. North America: N. S., Hudson Bay and Saskatchewan; S. to N. J., Fla. and Mex.; W. to Pac. from Santa Barbara to Brit. Col. Minn, valley: Throughout; wet places, borders of marshes and shores of lakes. HERB.: Taylor 1084, Glenwood; Sheldon 817, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 161, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Bollard 790, Swan lake, Carver Co. ; Bollard 281, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Bol- lard 79, Chaska; Taylor 74, Elysian; MacM. and Sheld. 52, Brainerd; Bailey 150, Vermilion lake; Kassube 253, Minne- eapolis; Oestlund 213, Ramsey Co. ; Sandberg 516, Red Wing; Sandberg 517, Chisago Co. ; Leiberg 78, Blue Earth Co. ; Leiberg 79, Blue Earth Co. ; Herb. Sheld. 1848, Minneapolis. Heleocharis tenuis (WILLD.) SCHULTES, Mant. II. 89 (1824). Scirpus tenuis WILLD. Enurn. I, 76 (1809j. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 575; Britt., Fl. N. J. 263; Upham, Fl. Minn. 151; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 97; Chap., Fl. S. St. 517; Cov., Fl. Ark. 230; Britt., Jour. N. Y. Micro. Soc. V, 108. North America: N. S. to Lake Nipigon, L. Winnipeg, Assiniboia and Rockies; S. to N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn, and Mo. Minn, valley: Forest district; peat bogs and marshes. HERB.: Taylor 29, Elysian; Taylor 640, Minnesota lake; Sandberg 515, Center City, Chisago Co. Heleocharis intermedia (MUHL.) SCHULTES, Mant. II, 91 (1824). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 101 Sdrpus intermedius MUHL. Gram. 31 (1817). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 575; Britt., Fl. N. J. 263; Up ham Fl. Minn. 157; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 96; Chap., Fl. S. St. 576; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 373; Britt., Jour. N. Y. Micro. Soc. V, 110. North America: Ont. and N. Y. to N. J., Perm., Iowa and Minn. Minn, valley: Reported from S. central district; peat bogs and swamps. Heleocharis acuminata (MUHL.) NEES, LINN. IX, 294 (1835). Sdrpus acuminatus MUHL. Gram. 27 (1817). Hekocfiaris compressa SULLIV. Sill. Journ. XLII, 50 (1842). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 576; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 96; Upham, Fl. Minn. 151; Coult., Fl. Colo. 369; Chap., Suppl. S. St. 659; Britt., Jour. Micro. Soc. N. Y. V, 108. North America: N. Y. and Ont. to Minn., Mo., Colo.; S. to Ga. and Tenn. Minn, valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co. ; swamps and wet places. HERB.: Sandberg 514, Chisago ]ake; Sheldon 1847, Ft. Snelling. Heleocharis palustris (LINN.) R. BR. Prodr. I, 80 (1810). Sdrpus palustris LINN. Spec. 47 (1753). S. baiotfiryon WAHL. Suppl. 3(1796). S. reptans THUILL. Fl. Par. ed. 2, I, 22 (1799). S. varius SCHREB. in Schw. and K. Fl. Erl. 11 (1804). Eleocharis polycaula WEND. Beitr. Hass. 19 (1823). E. uniglumis SCHULTES, Mant. II, 88 (1824). Sdrpus melanostacliys D'URV. Mai. 29 (1825). Clavula palustris DUM. Fl. Belg. 143 (1827). Fwibristylis melanostachya BROGN. Dup. Voy. 81 (1828). Sdrpus glaucescens MER. Fl. Par. ed. 3, 44 (1831-34). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 575; Webb., Fl. Neb. 99; Upham, Fl. Minn. 150; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 95; Chap., Fl. S. St. 518; Britt., FL N. J. 262; Coult., Fl. Colo. 369; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 221; Richt., PI. Eur. 142; Led., Fl. Boss. IV, 244; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 441; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Trautv., FL Sib. 120; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 138; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 112; Wats , King Exp. 360; Roth., Wheel. Exp.275, 376; Cov., Fl. Ark. 229; R. and S., Syst. Veg. II, 151; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 448. Europe; Mediterranean region; all Asia; Malay Arch- ipelago; Australasia. North America: Can. throughout to Greenland, Hud- son Bay and Bear lake; U. S. throughout to Fla. and Mex. Minn, valley: Throughout; abundant; wet meadows, marshes and in shallow water. HERB.: Sheldon 13, Elysian; Sheldon 1411, Lake Ben- ton; Sheldon 181, Eagle lake, Blue Earth Co.; Taylor 406 102 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Elysian; Taylor 19, Elysian; Bollard 24, Chaska; Bollard 495, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 620, Minnesota lake; MacM. and Sheld. 53, Brainerd; Kassube 252, Minneapolis; Bailey 19, Vermilion lake; Bailey 535, Long lake; Sheldon, 1620, Ram- sey Co. Heleocharis palustris (LiNN. ) R. BR. var. glaucescens (WiLLD.) GRAY, Man. ed. v, 558 (1868). Sdrpus glaucescens WILLD. Enum. 76 (1809). Eleocharis glaucescens R. and S. Mant. II, 89 (1824). E. calm TOUR. Fl. N. Y. II, 346 (1843). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 575; Britt., Fl. N. J. 262; Upham, Fl. Minn. 151; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 96; Britt., Jour. Micro. Soc. N. Y. V, 103; Webb., Appx. Neb. 24. North America: With type east of Minn, and S. of Nipigon river, also in Nebraska. Minn, valley: Reported from N. E. district; infrequent or rare; localities with the typical form. Heleocharis ovata (ROTH.) R. BR. Prodr. I, 80 (1810). Scirpus capitatus SCHREB. Spic. Lips. 60 (1771). S. compressus MOENCH, Meth. 349 (1794). S. annuus THUILL. Fl. Par. ed. 2, I, 22 (1799). S. ovatus BOTH. Cat. II, 5 (1800). 8. nutans BERG. Fl. Pyr. I, 43 (1803). S. soloniensis DUB. Meth. Ort. 295 (1803). S. turgidus PERS. Syn. I, 66 (1805). S. multicaulls GMEL. Fl. Bad. 96 (1805). S. obtusus WILLD. Enum. I, 76 (1809). Eleocharis oUusa SCHULTES, Mant. II, 89 (1824). Clavula ovata BUM. Fl. Belg. 143 (1827). Ekogenus ovatus NEES, Linn. IX, 294 (1834). Eleocharis diandra WRIGHT, Torr. Bull. X. 101 (1883). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 574; Webb., Fl. Neb. 99; Britt., Fl. N. J. 262; Mac., Fl, Can. 95; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 222; Chap., Fl. S. St. 518; Upham, Fl. Minn. 150; Richt., PL Eur. 143; Herd., Fl. Russ. Eur. 138; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 112; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 372; Cov., Fl. Ark. 229; Britt., Journ. N. Y. Micro. Soc. V, 102; R. and S., Syst. II, 152. Central Europe, Siberia and India. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Georgian Bay and Saskatchewan; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla. ; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Ark. and Tex.; Brit. Col. to Oregon, Plurnas Co., Calif., and Yosemite. Minn, valley: Forest district; infrequent; in wet places. HERB. : Bollard 439, Prior's lake, Scott Co. IEIA RICH. Pers. Syn. I, 65 (1805). Fimbristylis VAHL, Enum. II, 285 (1806). Abildgaardia VAHL, 1. c. 296 (1806). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 103 Mischospora BOECKL. Flora. 113 (1860). Gussonea PRESL, Rel. Haenk. I, 183 (1830). Pogonostylis BERTOL. Fl. Ital. I, 312 (1833). Triclielostylis LESTIB. Ess. Fam. Gyp. 40 (1819). Oncostylis NEES, Mart. Fl. Bras. II, 1, 80(1829). Leptoschoenus NEES, Hook. Journ. Bot. II, 393 (1836). Echinolytrum DESYX. Jour. Bot. I, 20 (1808). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III. 1048; Durand, Ind. Gen. Plum. 457; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II. 113 (Pax); O. Kuntze, Eev. Gen. II. 751. Living species: 200; tropical and temperate regions. Europe, 4; Russia, 2; U. S. 6-7 ; S. Sts., 7; Rocky mts., 1; E. Sts., 4; California, 3; PL King, 2; PL Wheel., 2. Iria capillaris LINN. OK. Rev. Gen. II, 753 (1891). Scirpus capillaris LINN. Spec. 49 (1753). Isolepis capillaris R. and S. Syst. II, 118 (1817). Scirpus muhlenberqii SPRENG. Syst. I, 207 (1825). Fimbristylis capillaris GRAY, Man. ed. I, 530 (1848). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 578; Britt., Fl. N. J. 263; Upham, Fl. Minn 152; Chap., Fl. S. St. 522; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 223; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 275; Cov., Fl. Ark. 230; Webb., Appx. Neb. 24. Tropical and subtropical regions. North America: N. Eng. to N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Minn., Neb., Tex., Arizona, Calif, and Oregon. Minn, valley: S. W. district; perhaps S. central and S. E. districts; sandy places. HERB. : Sheldon 1201, Redstone, near New Ulm. MARISCUS HALL. En. Stirp. Helv. 251 (1742). Pseudocyperus SEGU. PL Veron, I, 115(1745). Claclium P. BK. Hist. Jamaic. 114 (1756). Baumea and Viiicentia GAUDICH. Freyc. Bot. Voy. 416, 417 (1826). Agylla PHILIPPI, Anal. Univ. Chile, I, 643 (1885). Terobera STEUD. Syn. PL Glum. II, 164 (1855). Trasi BEAUV. Lestib. Ess. Fam. Gyp. 32 (1819). Machaerina VAHL, Enum. II, 238 (1806). Tracliyrhynchium NEES, Herb. Meyen. Chapelliera NEES, Linn. IX, 298 (1835). Schoenopsis BEAUV. Lestib. Ess. Fam. Cyp. 34 (1819). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 1065; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 460; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 116 (Pax); O. Kuntze, Eev. Gen. II, 754. Living species : 30 ; tropical and temperate regions; especially Australia and New Zealand. Europe, 2; N. America, 3; California, 2; Atl. States, 2; Canada, 1. Mariscus mariscoides (MUHL.) O. KUNTZE, Rev. Gen. II, 755 (1891). 104 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Schoenus mariscoides MUHL. Gram. 5 (1817). Cladium mariscoides TORR. Gyp. 372 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 eel. 586; Uphain, Fl. Minn. 152; Britt., Fl. N. J. 268; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 107; Chap., Suppl. 660. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. J., Del., N. Car. and Fla.; W. to S. Minn. Iowa and Ark? Minn, valley: Reported from S. E. edge; bogs and wet meadows; doubtful. RHYNCHOSPORA VAHL, Enum. II, 229 (1806). Haplostylis, Morisia, Mitrosnora, Diplochaeta, Cepha- loschoenus, Echinoschoenus, Calyptrostylis, Ceratosclioenus,, Haloschoenus, Nomochloa NEES, Linn. IX, 295, 296 (1835). Trichochaeta, Ptilosciadium, Calyptrolepis STEUD. Syn. Glum. II, 151 seq. (1855). Sphaeroschoenus NEES, PI. Meyen. 97 (1835), Pterotheca PRESL, Symb. Bot. I, 55 (1832). Asteroschoenus, Ephippiorhynchium, Ptilochaeta, Nem- ochloa NEES, Mart. Fl. Bras. II, 1, 134, seq. (1829). Spermodon, Zosterospermon BEAUV. Lestib. Ess. Fam. Cyp. 27, 28 (1819). Pleurostachys BRONGN. Dup. Voy. Coq. Bot. 172 (1829). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 1058; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 459; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 116 (Pax). Living species: 150; tropical and subtropical regions; extending to Canada. N. America, 50; S. Sts., 45; E. Sts., 14; Canada, 4; Europe, 2; Russian Europe, 2; Russia, 2. Rhynchospora setacea (MUHL.). Schoenus setaceus MUHL. Gram. 6 (1817). Rhynchospora capillacea TORR. Fl. N. Amer. I, 55 U824). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man., 6 ed. 585; Britt, Fl. N. J. 267; Upham, Fl. Minn. 152; Mac , Fl. Can. II, 107. North America: N. Vt. and Ont. to N. J. and Penn. ; W. to W. N. Y. and Minn. Minn, valley : S. central district; peat bogs and marshes. HERB. : Leiberg 84, 85, Blue Earth Co. Rhynchospora alba (LiNN.) VAHL, Enum. II, 236(1806). Schoenus albus LINN. Spec. 51 (1753). Mariscus albus GILIB. Exerc. Phyt. II, 512 (1792). Wats, and Coult, Gray's Man. 6 ed. 585; Britt., Fl. N. J. 267; Upham, Fl. Minn. 152; Mac.,Fl. Can. II. 107,; Chap., Fl. S. St. 527; Richt., PI. Eur. 145; Led., Fl. Ross. IV. 259; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 446; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 138; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 116; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 213; Cov., Fl. Ark. 230; Rothr., Alask. 457. Northern and middle Eurppe; Siberia. North America: Newt to Hudson Bay and Alaska; S. to N. J. and Fla. ; W. to N. Ind. , Minn. , Ark. and Oregon. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PKODUCING PLANTS. 105 Minn, valley: Reported from S. E. and N. E. districts; rare; bogs and marshes. HERB. : Bailey 319, St. Louis river. SCLERIA BERG. K. Vet. Ac. EL Stockh. XXVI, 142 (1765). Diaphora LOUR. Cochinch. 57.8 (1790). Diplacrum R. BK. Prodr. 241 (1810). Diploscyplmm LIEBM. Mex. Halvgr. 74 (1849). Schizolepis SCHRAD. Mart. Fl. Bras. II, 1, 186 (1829). Sphaeropus BOECKL. Flora 89 (1873). Hypoporum, Cylinclropus NEES, Linn. IX, 303 (1835). Trachylomia, Mastigoscleria, Chondrolomia, Hynienoly- trum, Ophryoscleria NEES, Mart. Fl. Bras. II. 1, 173 seq. (1829). Macrolomia SCHRAD. ex. Nees, Mart. Fl. Bras. 1 c. 181 (1829). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 1070; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 461; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 120 (Pax). Living species: 100; tropical and subtropical regions, extending N. in Atl. N. America. N. America, 12-13; Canada, 2;E. Sts., 6; S. Sts., 12. Scleria verticillafa MUHL. Willd. Spec. IV, 317 (1805). Hypoporum vertidllatum NEES, Linn. IX, 303. (1835). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6ed. 587; Upham, Fl. Minn. 153: Britt., Fl. N. J. 268; Chap., Fl. S. St. 532; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 121. North America : E. Mass, to N. J. and Fia. ; W. to S. Ont., Minn., 111. and Tex. Minn, valley : S. central district ; rare ; bogs and marshes. HERB. : Leiberg 86, 87, Blue Earth Co. Scleria triglomerata MICHX. Fl. N. A. II, 168 (1803). S. nitida WILLD. Enum. II, 350 (1809,. S. flaccida STEUD. Syn. 174 (1840). Cladium triglomeratum NEES, Linn. IX, 301 (1835). Trachylomia triglomerata NEES, Mart. Fl. Brazil, II. 1, 174 (1842). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 5»6; Britt., Fl. N. J. 268; Upham, Fl. Minn. 153; Chap., Fl. S. St. 531; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 108; Cov., Fl. Ark. 231; Britt., Rev. Scler., N. Y. Acad. Ill, 129 (1883-85). North America: Ont., Mass, and Vt. to N J., N. Car. and Fla. ; W. to Minn. , Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: Reported from S. E. edge; infrequent; swamps and marshes. CAREX LINN. Gen. 705 (1737). Carex, Scuria, Triplima, Trioclus RAF. Jour. Phys. LXXXIX, 106 (1819). Maukscliia, Leucoglochin, Callistacliys, Genersichia, Cryptoglochin HEUFFL. Flora, 527, 528 (1844). 106 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. PseiKlocarex MIQ. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. II, 146; ex B. and H. Gen. 1. c. Schelbammeria MOENCH, Meth. Suppl. 119(1802). Psyllophora EHRH. Beitr. IV, 146 (1789). Vignea BEAUV. ex Schur. Transsylv. 696 (1866). Vignaiitlia SCHUR. ex Schur. 1. c. (1866). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. .111, 1073: Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 461; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 122 (Pax); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 385. Living species: 1000 described; 500 distinct; temper- ate and colder regions, and a few in tropical mts. N. America, 250±; S. Sts., 80-85; E. Sts., 135±; Rocky mts., 90-95; Cali- fornia, 90-100; Canada, 200; PL King, 58; PL Wheel., 41; Eu- rope, 190-195; Russian Europe, 140; Russia, 200±. Fossil species: ? Tertiary; Prance, Arctic regions (Heer). Carex sychnocephala CAREY, Sill. Journ. ser. 2, IV, 24 (1847). C. cyperoides DEW. Sill. Journ. ser. 2, III, 171 (1846) not Linn. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 622; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 121. North America: Ont, to Man.; S. to central N. Y. and W. Minn. Minn, valley: Par S. W. districts, and probably N. edge also; rare and local. HERB.: Sheldon 1509, Lake Ben ton; MacM. and Sheld. 61, Brainerd. Carex straminea WILLD. Schkr. Car. 49, 34 (1801). C. straminea var. minor DEW. Sill. Journ. XI, 158 (1826). C. tenera SARTW. Exsicc. 45 (1848). C. festucacea var. tenera CAREY, Gray's Man. ed. 1, 545 (1848). C. straminea var. tenera BOOTT, 111. 120, 384 (1862). C. tenera f. erecta OLN. Exsicc. II, 14 (1871). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 621; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 131; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98; Britt., Fl. N. J. 278; Coult., Fl. Colo. 397; Chap., Fl. S. St. 535; Upham, Fl. Minn. 155; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 378; Wats., King Exp. 367; Bail., Syn. Car. 149. North America: Ont. to Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Penn. ; W. to Minn., Neb., Colo., Utah and Arizona. Minn, valley: Forest district; openings in woods and thicket edges; not infrequent. HERB.: Taylor 13, Elysian; Bollard 5a, Zumbrota; Kassube 262, Minneapolis. Carex straminea WILLD. var. brevier DEW. Sill. Journ. XI, 158 (1826). C. festucacea WILLD. Spec. IV, 242 (1805). C. straminea SCHKR. Car. Nachtr. 23, 174 (1806). C. straminea var. schkithni GAY, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2, X, 363 (1838). C. straminea var. festucacea TUCKM. Enum. 18 (1843). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 107 C. straminea, typica and vars. crawei and meadii BOOTT, 111. 121 (1862). C. foenea BOOTT, 111. 118, 376 (1862). C. straminea vars. hyalina and typica GRAY, Man. ed. 5, 580-581 (1868). C. tenera var. suberecta OLN. Exsicc. II, 18 (1871). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 622; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 131; Chap., Fl. S. St. 535; Upharu, Fl. Minn. 155; Mac., Fl. Can. IT, 378: Webb., Appx. Neb. 23. North America: N. S., Ont. to Man.; S. to N. J. and Va. ; W. to Colo., Neb., Minn, and Dak. Minn, valley: Forest district; infrequent; openings and thickets. HERB.: Taylor 336, Janes ville; Herb. S held. 19 3 2, Ken nepin Co. Carex stramiuea WILLD. var. mirabilis (Dsw.) TUCKM. Enum. Meth. 18 (1853). C. mirabilis DEW. Sill. Journ. XXX, 63 (1836). C. cristata var. mirabilis BOOTT, 111. (1862). C. lagopodioides var. mirabilis OLN. Exsicc. (1871). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 621; Coult., Fl. Colo. 396; Britt., Fl. N. J. 278; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 130; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 238(?)? Upham, Suppl. Minn. 86; Bail., Syn. Car. 150. North America: Ont. to Man. and E. U. S. through- out; Yosemite valley ? Minn, valley: Forest district; abundant; openings and edges of thickets. HERB.: Bollard 434, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 734, Glen wood; Ballard 28, Chaska; Bollard 220, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Ballard 847, Page lake, Carver Co. ; Bailey 41, Vermilion lake. Carex foenea WILLD. Enum. 957 (1809). C. adusta Auct. Amer. Vet. C. argyrantha TUCKM. Herb. Dietr. (1859). C. albolutescens SCHWEIN. var. argyrantha OLN. Exsicc. I, 9 (1871). C. adusta var, argyrantha BAIL. Cat. Car. (1884). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 621; Britt., Fl. N. J. 278; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 129; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 238(?); Bail., Typ. Car. 25; Upham, Fl. Minn. 155; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 377; Bail., Syn. Car. 150. North America: N. Eng., Penn., N. J. to Mich., Minn., Man. and Brit. Col. Minn, valley: Reported from N. E. districts; rare; rocky or sandy woodland. Carex adusta BOOTT, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 215 (1840). C. albolutescens SCHWEIN. var. glomerata OLN. Exsicc. V, 10 (1871). C. adusta var. glomerata BAIL. Car. Mon. 149 (1886). 108 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY C. pinguis BAIL. Bull. 3, G. and N. H. Surv. Minn. 22 (1887). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 621; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 129; Britt., Fl. N. J 278; Coult., Fl. Colo. 397; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 238; Bail., Typ. Car. 24; Upham, FL Minn. 155; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 277; Bail., Syn. Car. 148. North America: N. Br., Maine, Mich., Minn., N. W. T. to Brit. Col., Rocky mts. and 57° N. lat.; S. to N. J. Minn, valley: N. E. district, and perhaps forest dis- trict throughout; copses, thickets and barren or rocky wood- land. HERB.: Bailey 6, Vermilion lake; Bailey 530, Agate bay; Bailey 325, St. Louis river; Bailey 7, Vermilion; Bailey 464, Agate bay; Bailey 526, Agate bay; Bailey 2S3, St. Louis river; Bailey 558, Mud lake; Kassube 261, Minneapolis. Carex scoparia SCHKR. Car. Nachtr. (1801). C. leporina MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 170 (1803). C. scoparia var minor BOOTT. 111. 116 (1858). C. lagopodioides var. scoparia BOECK. Linn. XXXIX, 114 (1875). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 620; Britt., Fl. N. J. 278; Coult., Fl. Colo. 396; Chap., Fl. S. St. 535; Bail., Typ. Car. 62; Upham, Fl. Minn., 155; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 237 in var ; Bail., Syn. Car. 148. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Sas- katchewan and L. Athabasca; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and S. Car.; W. to Iowa, Minn, and Mo. Minn, valley: Throughout; principally in forest dis- trict; meadows and damp fields. HERB.: Sheldon 1199, New Ulm; Bollard 548, Spring lake, Scott Co. ; Taylor 523, Mud lake, Waseca Co. (var. minor Boott); Bailey 126, Vermilion; Bailey 301, St. Louis river; Bailey 492, Agate bay; Bailey 60, Vermilion lake; Bailey 8, Vermilion lake. Carex tribuloides WAHL. K. Acad. Handl. XXIV, 145 (1803). C. lagopodioides SCHKR. Nachtr. 20 (1806). C. scoparia var. lagopodioides TORK. Cyp. 394 (1836). C. lagopodioides var. composita OLN. Exsicc. II, 10 (1871). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 620; Chap., Fl. S. St. 535; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 130; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 237; Coult., Fl. Colo. 396; Bail., Typ. Car. 54; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98 in var.; Upham, Fl. Minn. 155; Cov., Fl. Ark. 231; Bail., Syn. Car. 148. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Saskatchewan; S. to N. Y., N. Eng., Penn., N. J. and mts. of N. Car.; Wv to Minn, and Dak. ; S. in Rockies to N. Mex. Minn, valley: Forest district, especially eastward; damp, shady places. HERB. : Bollard 16a, Zumbrota; Bailor d 2a, Zumbrota; Bailey 270, Vermilion lake; Bailey 92, Vermilion lake; Bailey LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 109 35, Vermilion lake; Bailey 418, Long lake; Bailey 525, Agate bay; Bailey 184, Vermilion lake (all in var. reducta Bail.). Carex tribuloides WAHL. var. cristata (SCHWEIN.) BAIL. Syn. Car. 148 (1886). C. cristata SCHWEIN. Ann. N. Y. Lye. 66 (1824). C. straminea var. cristata TUCKM. Enum. Meth. 18 (1843). C. lagopodioides var. cristata Carey, Gray's Man. ed. 1, 545 (1848). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 620; Bail., Typ. Car. 55; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 130; Uphani, Fl. Minn. 155; Britt., Fl. N. J. 278; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 238; Coult., Fl. Colo. 396; Bail., Syn. Car. 148; Webb., Appx. Neb. 23. North America: N. S., N. Br., Ont. to S. Man.; S. to •Penn. and N. J. ; W. to Minn, and E. Wyoming. Minn, valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co. ; wet meadows and damp fields. HERB. : Bollard 218, Jordan, Scott Co. (var. reducta Bail.); Taylor 121, Janesville; Sheldon 333, Smith's mill, Blue Earth Co. ; Bollard 433, Prior's lake, Scott Co. (all var. reducta Bail.); Bailey 259, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 538, Red Wing. Carex tribuloides WAHL. var. bebbii (OLN.) BAIL. Typ. Car. 55 (1889). C. bebbii OLN. Exsicc. II, 12 (1870). C. cristata UPHAM, Fl. Minn. 155 (1884) in part. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 620; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 130; Britt., Fl. N. J. 278? North America: Ont. to Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. Y., N. J.(?); W. to Minn., Dak. and Neb. Minn, valley: S. central district; local or infrequent; habitat with the typical form. Carex nmskingumensis SCHWEIN. An. Tab. (1823). C. scoparia var. muskingumensis SCHWEIN. An. Tab. (1823). C. arida SCHWEIN. and TORR. Car. Mon. 312 1824). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed 620; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 129; Bail., Typ. Car. 71; Upham, Fl. Minn. 155. North America: Man. to Minn., Wise., 111., Mich, and Ohio. Minn, valley: N. E. district; infrequent; wet and marshy meadows. HERB. : Sandberg 537, Center City. Carex siccata DEW. Sill. Journ. X, 278 (1826). C. pallida C. A. MEY. Cyp. Nov. 21 (1830). C. liddoni CAREY, Gray's Man. ed. 1, 545 (1848). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6ed. 619; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 114; Coult., Fl. Colo. 392; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 230; Upham, Fl. Minn. 153; Wats., King Exp. 363; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 276; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 124; Bail., Syn. Car. 147; Led., Fl. Ross. IV. 110 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. North-eastern Asia. North America: Ont. to L. Superior region, Man., Saskatchewan, N. W. T., Brit. Col. and Rocky mts.; S. to N. Eng. ; W. to Ohio, Mich, and Minn. ; Colo. , Sacramento valley and Columbia river region. Minn, valley: Reported from forest district; rare; dry and sandy places. Carex dewejana SCHWEIN. An. Tab. (1823). C. remota EICH. Appx. Frankl. (1823) not Linn. Wats and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 619; Coult., Fl. Colo. 394; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 124; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 236; Bail., Typ. Car. 71; Upham, FL. Minn. 155; Bail., Syn. Car. 146. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man. and Brit. Col. and Rocky mts. ; S. to Colo. , Calif, and N. Mex. Minn, valley: Forest district; thickets, dry woodland and river banks. HERB. : Bailey 37, Vermilion lake. Carex trisperma DEW. Sill. Journ. IX, 63 (1825). Wats, and Coult, Gray's Man. 6 ed. 619; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 122; Britt., Fl. N. J. 278; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98; Upham, Fl. Minn. 154; Chap., Suppl. S. St. 660; Bail., Syn. Car. 144. North America: N. S., Q., Ont. to L. Superior and Rocky mts.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Penn. and N. Car.; W., around Gt. Lakes, to Iowa and Minn. Minn, valley: Reported from N. E. district; cold swamps and bogs. HERB.: Juni 21, Put In-Bay; Bailey 91, Vermilion. Carex tenuiflora WAHL. Act. Holm. 146 (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 619; Upham, Fl. Minn. 154; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 122; Richt., PI. Eur. 151; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 146; Bail., Syn. Car. 145; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 473. N. Europe and Siberia. North America: N. Br. to S. Man.; S. to N. N. Eng. and S. Minn. Minn, valley: N. E. district; swamps and cold bogs. HERB.: Bailey 281, St. Louis river; Sandberg 532, Chisago Co.; Herrick 335, Minneapolis. Carex canescens LINN. Spec. 974 (1753). C. brizoides HUDS. Fl. Angl. 406 (1762). C. elongata LEERS. Fl. Herb. 14 (1775). C. cinerea PALL. PI. Palat, II, 571 (1777). C. richardii THUILL. Fl. Par. 482 (1790). C. curta GOODEN. Trans. Linn. Soc. II, 145 (1792). Viqnea canescens REICH. Fl. Exc. 58 (1830). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. Ill V. persooni SCHUR. Verb. S. V. Ill, 169 (1852). Carex vitilis var. pallida OLN. King Exp. V, 364 (1871). Wats, and Goult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 618; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 123; Chap., Fl. S. St. 535; Coult., Fl. Colo. 394; Bail., Typ. Car. 64; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 236; Britt., Fl. N. J. 278; Upham, Fl. Minn, 154; Kicht., PL Eur. 151; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 140; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 452; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 278; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 124; Bail., Syn. Car. 143; Rothr., Mask. 457. Europe; N. Asia; S. Chile. North America: Greenland, Hudson Bay, Mackenzie valley to Sitka, Alaska; S. to N. Eng., Penn., N. J. ; W. to Minn, and Colo. Minn, valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co. ; marshes and wet meadows. HERB. : Sandberg 533, Center City. Carex echinata MURR. var. radiata (WAHL.) B. S. P. CaL N. Y. (1888). Carex stellulata var. radiata WAHL. K. A cad. Handl. XXIV, 147 (1803). C. scirpoides SCHKR. Car. 19 (1805). C. sterilis WILLD. Spec. IV, 208 (1805). C. sterilis vars. B. and G. TORR. Gyp. 392 (1836). C. stellulata vars. scirpoides and angustata CAREY, Gray'sMan. ed. I, 544 (1848). C. echinata var. microstachys BOECK. Linn. XXXIX, 125(1875). C. echinata and var. microcarpa UPHAM, Fl. Minn. 155 (1884). C. echinata var. microcarpa BAIL. Coult. Fl. Colo. 395 (1885). C. echinata var. angustota BAIL. Car. Cat. (1884). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 618; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 126; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 237; Bail., Typ. Car. 58; Britt., Fl. N. J. 277; Coult., Fl. Colo. 395; Bail. Syn. Car. 58; Upham, Fl. Minn. 155; Koth., Wheel. Exp, 277; Cov,, FL, Ark. 2*7; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 124. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Sitka, Alaska; S. to N. Y., N. J., Penn. and Fla.; W to Oregon and Colo. Minn, valley: Forest district; marshes and wet places, or swamps. HERB.: Ballard 153, Chaska, Carver Co.; Sandberg 536, Center City; Bailey 482, Agate Bay. Carex cephalophora MUHL. Willd. Spec. IV (1805). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 617; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 118; Bail., Typ. Car. 61; Chap., Fl. S. St. 534; Coult., Fl. Colo. 389; Upham, Fl. Minn. 154; Britt., Fl. N. J. 277; Cov., Fl. Ark. 231; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 123; Bail., Syn. Car. 141. North America: Ont, N. Y., N. J., to Fla.; W. to Minn., Iowa, Mo., Ark. Ind. Terr, and Mex. Minn, valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co. ; woods and fields. 112 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB. : Sandberg 528, Minneapolis; Herrick 324, Min- neapolis. Carex muhlenbergii SCHKR. Nachtr. XII, 178 (1806), C. pinetorum SCHLECHT. Linn. X, 265 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 617; Coult., Fl. Colo. 389; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 118; Chap., Fl. S. St. 534; Bail., Typ. Car. 62; Upham, Fl. Minn. 154; Britt., Fl. N. J. 277; Cov., Fl. Ark. 231; Bail., Syn. Car. 140; Webb., Appx. Neb. 23. North America: Ont. to Hudson Bay; S. to N. Y., N. J. , Penn. and S. Car. ; W. to Minn. , Dak. and Neb. Minn, valley: Reported from N. E. district; rare or doubtful; fields and meadows. Carex rosea SCHKR. Nachtr. XV, 179 (1806). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 616; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98; 'Mac., Fl. Can. II, 119; Britt., Fl. N. J. 276; Upharn, Fl. Minn. 154; Bail., Typ. Car. 62, 69; Chap., Fl. S. St. 534; Coult., Fl. Colo. 389; Cov., Fl. Ark. 231; Bail., Syn. Car. 139. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont, Owen Sound and Man.; S. to N. Y., N. J. and N. Ga.; W. to Minn., Neb. andlnd. Terr.? Minn, valley: Forest district; perhaps westward; moist woodland and wet fields. HERB. : Sheldon 145, Madison Lake; Taylor 147, Janes- ville; Taylor 202, Janes ville; Bollard 6, Chaska; Ballard 7 a, Goodhue Co.; Sandberg 529, Center City; Kassube 259, Minne- apolis; Herb. Sheld. 1930, Hennepin Co. Carex rosea SCHKR. var. radiata DEWEY. Sill. Journ. X, 276 (1826). C. neglecta TUCKM. Enum. Meth. 19 (1843). C. rosea var. minor BOOTT, 111. 81 (1858). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 615; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 119; Coult., Fl. Colo. 389; Britt., Fl. N. J. 276; Chap., Fl. S. St. 534; Upham, Suppl. Minn. 86. North America: Ranges with the type and to Ind. Terr., and Mexico. Minn, valley: Reported from S. E. and S. central district; habitat with the typical form. Carex tenella SCHKR. Car. I, 23 (1801). C. disperma DEW. Sill. Journ, VIII, 266 (1824). C. blytii NYL. Spic. Fenn. II, 35 (1843-46). C. gradlis GRAY, Sill. Journ. IV, 22 (1847). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 616; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 121; Coult., Fl. Colo. 389; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 235; Britt., Fl. N. J. 276; Upham, Fl. Minn. 154; Herd., FL Eur. Russ. 146; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Richt. PL Eur. 151; Wats., King Exp. 364; Roth,, Wheel. Exp. 277; Bail., Syn. Car. 139; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 473. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 113 Northern Europe. North America: Atl. to Pac in Can., and N. to lat. 56° on Peace river; S. to N. Eng., Penn. and N. J. ; W. to Oregon, Utah and N. Mex. Minn, valley: Forest district; swamps, and cold peat bogs. HERB. : Bollard 152, Chaska, Carver Co. ; Bailey 30, Vermilion lake; Kassube 260, Minneapolis. Carex sartwellii DEW. Sill.. Journ. XL.III, 90 (1868). C. intermedia DEW. Sill. Journ. IV, 343 (1847) in part. C. disticha SARTW. Exsicc. 71(1848). C. disticha var. sartwellii DEW. Sill. Journ, XLI, 330 (1866). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 615; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 114; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 230; Bail., Typ. Car. 8; Coult., Fl. Colo. 392; Upham, Fl. Minn. 153; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 138?; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 373; Wats., King Exp. 362; Bail., Syn Car. 137; Webb., Appx. Neb. 23. N. E. Asia? North America: Newf,, Ont., C. N. Y. to Minn., Sas- katchewan, Brit. Col, and Rockies; S. to Utah and Colo. Minn, valley: N. E. districts; rare or local; dry or waste places and prairies or openings in forest, HERB. : f Kassube 257, Minneapolis, Carex vulpinoidea MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 69 (1803). C. multiflora MUHL. Willd. Spec. V, (1805). C. bracteosa SCHRW. An. Tab. (1823). C. setacea DEW. Sill. Journ. IX, 61 (1825). C. multifiora var. microsperma DEW. Sill. Journ. XI, 317 (1826). C. vulpinaeformis TUCKM. Enum. Meth. 9 (1843). C. scabrior SARTW. Dew., Sill. Journ. VIII, 349 (1849). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 615; Britt., Fl. N. J. 276; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98; Bail., Typ. Car. 61; Mac., Fl. Can. 11,115; Upham, Fl. Minn. 153: Coult., Fl. Colo. 392; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 277; Cov., Fl. Ark. 232; Bail., Syn. Oar. 136. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Nelson river val- ley; S. to Minn., Iowa, Neb., Colo., Ark., and E. to N. Eng., Penn. and N. J. Minn, valley: Throughout; low meadows; abundant. HERB.: Taylor 515, Mud lake, Waseca Co.; Taylor 681, Glen wood; Taylor 381, Janesville; Sheldon 1308, Lake Ben- ton; Bollard 219, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Bollard 14a, Goodhue Co. ; Juni 19, Minneapolis; Sandberg 524, Chisago Co. ; Sandberg 525, Red Wing. Carex gravida BAIL. Typ, Car. 5 (1889). C. ceplialoidea SARTW. Exsicc. 75 (1848). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 615; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 118; Webb.,, Fl. Neb. 98; Coult., Fl. Colo. 390; Upham, Fl. Minn. 154. -8 114 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. North America: Ont. to N. 111., Iowa, S. Minn and Dak. and E. Neb. and Wyoming. Minn, valley: Forest district; low meadows and fields. HERB. ; Taylor 169, Janesville. Carex gravida BAIL. var. laxifolia BAIL. Typ. Car. 6 (1889). Webb., Appx. Neb. 23; Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. ed. 6, 615. Minn, valley: Forest district; low, wet meadows and moist fields. HERB. : Taylor 514, Mud lake, Waseca Co. ; Taylor 504, Minnesota Lake. Carex teretiuscula GOODEN. Trans. Linn. Soc. II, 163 (1794). C. diandra SCHKR. Baier. Fl. 281 (1789). C. paniculata . var. teretiuscula WAHL. Konigl. Acad. Handi. XXIV. 140 (1803). Vignea teretiuscula REICH. Fl. Exc. 60 (1830). Carex teretiuscula var. major KOCH, Fl. Germ. 867 (1837). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 614; Mac., Fl.Can. II, 116; Britt., Fl. N. J. 276; Upham, Fl. Minn. 153; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 140; Richt., PI. Eur. 150; Trautv. Fl. Sib. 124; Led., Fl. Ross. IV. 76; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 450; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 124; Bail., Syn. Car. 136; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 478. Middle and Northern Europe; Asia to Himalaya mts.; N. Zealand. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont., Man., Sas- katchewan, Brit. Col, to Vancouver; S. 1o N. Eng., N. J., Penn. ; W. to Minn, and Dak. Minn, valley: Forest district, not infrequent; swamps and marshes. HERB. : Taylor 86, Lake Custin, Le Sueur Co. ; Sand- berg 523, Goodhue Co. Carex teretiuscula GOODEN. var. ramosa BOOTT, 111. 145 (1858). C. paradoxa BOOTT, Hook. Fl. II, 213 (1840). C. prairea DEW. Wood's Bot. 750 (1861). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 615; Mac., Fl. Can. IV, 116; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 153; Bail., Syn. Car. 136. North America: N. Y. to Minn., Saskatchewan, Dak., Man. , L. Athabasca, Rocky mts. , valley of the Columbia and Vancouver. Minn, valley: Reported from S. and S. E. districts; infrequent; wet places, swamps or marshes. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 115 Carex crus-corvi SHUTTLEW. Kunze, Riedgr. Suppl. 128 (1850). C. siccaeformis BOOTT, Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. V, 113 (1847). C. halei DEWEY, Sill. Journ. Ser. 2, II, 248 (1846). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 614; Bail.-, Typ. Car. 72; Chap., Fl. S. St. 533; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98; Coult., Fl. Colo. 391; Upham, Fl. Minn. 153; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 124; Bail., Syn. Car. 135. North America: S. Minn, to Neb., Ind. Terr, and Mex.; E. to Ky., Tenn. and W. Fla. Minn, valley: S. E. and S. central district; swamps and springs in forest. HERB. : Sandberg 526, Red Wing. Carex stipata MUHL. Cat. (1805). C. vulpinoidea TORR. Fl. N. Amer. (1836). tt stipata var. maxima CHAP. Fl. S. St. 533 (1861). C. crus-corvi SOMM. Cat. N. S. PI. (? 1872). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 614; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 117; Bail., Typ. Car. 61, 62; Coult., Fl. Colo. 391; Britt., Fl. N. J. 276; Chap., Fl. S. St. 533; Upham, Fl. Minn. 153; Wats., King Exp. 362; Cov., Fl. Ark. 231; Bail., Syn. Car. 135; Webb., Appx. Neb. 23, North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont., Man., Saskatchewan, Brit. Col., Vancouver; S. in Rockies to Tex. and Mex.; N. Eng., N. J., Penn. to Fla. and Miss.; W. to Minn., Dak. , Neb. and Mont. Minn, valley: Forest district; abundant; low meadows and fields. HERB. : Taylor 132, Lake Elysian; Bollard 5, Chaska; Sheldon 105a, Elysian; Taylor 21, Elysian; Taylor 161, Janes- ville; Bollard lla, Zumbrota; Sandberg 527, Center City, Chi- sago Co. ; Bailey 621, Agate Bay. Carex conjuncta BOOTT, 111. Car. 122 (1862). C. vulpina CAREY, Gray's Man. ed. I, 512 (1848). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 614; Upham, Fl. Minn. 153; Bail., Syn. Car. 134. North America: N. J. and Ky. to Minn, and Mo. Minn, valley: N. E. district; local; low meadows or fields. HERB. : 9 Kassube 258, Minneapolis. Carex stenophylla WAHL. Act. Holm. 142 (1801). C. juncifolia HOST. Syn. 504 (1797). C. glomerata HOST. Gram. I, 32 (1801). C. hostii SCHKR. Car. I, 26 (1801). Vignea stenophylla REICH. Fl. Exc. 56 (1830). Carex duriuscula C. A. MEY. Cyp. Nov. 214 (1831). C. pachystylis GAY, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. X, 301 (1838). C. deinbolliana GAY, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. XI, 183 (1839), 116 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6ed. 614; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 120; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98; Coult., Fl. Colo. 391; Upham. Suppl. Minn. 49; Herd., Fl. Eur. Euss. 138; Richt., PI. Eur. 148; Both., Wheel. Exp. 277; Bail., Syn. Car. 133. Europe (region of the Caucasus mts. and the Carpa- thians). North America: Colo, to N. Mex. ; E. to Neb., Iowa; N. to Minn., Saskatchewan and Rocky mts. in Peace river valley region. Minn, valley: Reported from S. and N. W. districts; wet prairies. Carex chordorhiza EHRH. Linn. f. Suppl. 414 (1781). C. funiformis CLAIBV. Man. 287 (1811). Vignea chordorhiza REICH. Fl. Exc. 56 (1830). Carex fulvicoma DEW. Sill. Journ. XXIX, 249 (1836). C. chordorhiza var. genuina TRAUTV. Act. Hort. Petr. V, 123 (1877). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man.6ed. 614; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 120; Upham, Fl. Minn. 154; Herd. Fl. Eur. Euss. 138; Richt., PI. Eur. 148; Trautv. Fl. Sib. 123; Led., Fl.Ross. IV, 271; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 123; Bail., Syn. Car. 133; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 477. Europe and Russian Empire. North America: Anticosti, N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man., Saskatchewan, Brit. Col., lat. 54° N. and Hudson Bay; S. to Vt. and W. to Minn, and Iowa. Minn, valley: Forest district; rare; bogs and springs. HERB. : Sandberg^dSO, Red Wing. Carex polytrichoides MUHL. Willd. Spec. II, 4 (1802). . C. leptalea WAHL. K. Acad. Handl. XXIV, 139 (1803). C. microstachya MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 169 (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 613; Britt., Fl. N. J. 276; Bail., Typ. Car. 61, 64; Bail., Syn. Car. 131; Chap., Fl. S. St. 536; Coult., Fl. Colo. 378; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 111; Upham, Fl. Minn. 153; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 276. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont., Man. to Selkirk mts. and Brit. Col. to Vancouver; N. to Hudson Bay; S. to Minn., Col.; E. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla. Minn, valley: N. E. districts and N. edge; rare; low grounds and marshes. HERB.: Juni 18, Little Marais; Bailey 316, Vermilion lake; Bailey 29, Vermilion lake. Carex pubescens MUHL. Willd. Spec. IV, 28 (1805). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 613; Bail., Typ. Car. 61; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 161; Britt., Fl. N. J. 276; Upham, Fl. Minn. 157; Coult., Fl. Colo. 377; Bail., Syn. Car. 127. North America: Newf., N. Br., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J., Ky. , and W. to Minn. , Dak. and Mo. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 117 Minn, valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co.; damp woods and openings; meadows or hills. HERB. : Kassube 267, Ramsey Co. Carex pennsylvanica LAM. Enc. Meth. Ill (1789). C. marginata MUHL. Willd. Spec. IV, 261 (1805). C. lucorum WILLD. Hort. Berol. Suppl. 63 (1809) Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 612; Bail., Typ. Car. 61, 62; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 158; Britt., Fl. N. J. 275; Wats., Fl. Calf. II, 246; Chap. Fl. S. St. 539; Coult., Fl. Colo. 374; Upham, Fl. Minn. 157; Bail., Syn. Car. 122; Webb., Appx. Neb. 23. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man., Brit. Col. and Vancouver; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga. ; W. to Minn., Dak. and Mo. ; S. to Colo, in mts. and to California (?). Minn, valley: Forest district; common; dry woods and thickets; hillsides and meadows HERB. : Sheldon 55, Hennepin Co. ; Sheldon 1619, Min- neapolis; Bollard 17a, Zumbrota; Kassube 265, Minneapolis. Carex yaria MUHL. Wahl. K. Acad.Handl. XXIV, 159 (1803). C. alpestris DEW. Sill. Journ. VII, 268 (1824). a davisii DEW. 1. c. X, 279 (1826). C albicans " WILLD. in herb." Spreng. Syst. Veg. Ill, 818 (1826). C. emmonsii DEW. Torr., Mon. Car. 411 (1836). 0. novae-angliae var. emmonsii CAREY, Gray's Man. ed. 1, 556 (1848). C. lucorum var. emmonsii CHAP. Fl. S. St. 539 (1860). C. emmonsii var. elliptica BOOTT, 111. 97, 287 (1860). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 611; Britt., Fl. N. J. 275; Bail., Typ. Car. 40; Chap., Fl. S. St. 539; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 159; Coult., Fl. Colo. 375; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 384; Cov., Fl. Ark. 232; Bail., Syn. Car. 123. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to lat. 55° N., Brit. Col.; S. to N. Car. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Mo. and Ind. Terr. Minn, valley: Forest district; S. central section; wooded hills and thicket edges. Carex pedunculata MUHL. Willd. Spec. IV (1805). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 610; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 167; Bail., Typ. Car. 61; Britt., Fl. N. J. 275; Upham, Fl. Minn. 157; Bail., Syn. Car. 120. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man. and Rocky mts.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Va. ; W. to- Minn, and Iowa. Minn, valley: Central S. district; woods and shaded banks. HERB. : Leiberg 87, Blue Earth Co. Carex richardsoni R. BR. Appx. Frankl. Narr. 723 (1823). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 610; Bail., Typ. Car. 68; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 158; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 246; Upham, Fl. Minn. 157; Coult., Fl. Colo. 376; Bail., Syn. Car. 122. 118 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. North America: Newf., Ont., lat. 54° N., Brit. Col N. W. coast of Can.; S. to W. N. Y., 111., Minn., Mont, and Calif. Minn, valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co. ; dry fields or hillsides. HERB.: Kassube 266, Minneapolis; Sandberg 547, Red Wing. Carex eburnea BOOTT, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 226 (1840). 0. alba DEW. Sill. Journ. VII, 266 (1824). C. alba var. setifolia DEW. Sill. Journ. XI, 316 (1826). C. paupercula TOBR. Cyp. 415 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 610; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 157; Webb., Fl. Neb., 98; Upham, Fl. Minn. 157; Britt., Fl. N. J. 275: Bail., Syn. Car. 120. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man., Rocky mts. and lat. 56° on Mackenzie river; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Penn. Ky., Ind., Minn., Iowa and Neb. Minn, valley: Central S. district; rocky ledges HERB. : Leiberg 86, Blue Earth Co. Carex aurea NUTT. Gen. II, 205 (1818). C. mutica R. BR. Appx. Frankl. Narr. 763 (1823). C. pyriformis SCHWEIN. An. Tab. (1823). C. aurea var. androgyna OLN. Exsicc. I, 15 (1870). C. condnna OLN. Bot. King Exp. 372 (1871). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 610; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 138; Coult., Fl. Colo. 378; Upham, Fl. Minn. 156; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 240; Wats., King Exp. 371; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 278; Bail., Syn. Car. 119; Webb., Appx. Neb. 23. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man., Saskatchewan, Brit. Col., Pelly river, lat. 63° N.; S. to N. Eng., N. Y. and Penn.; W. to Minn., Dak. and Colo.; S. in Rockies to Arizona and N. Mex., in Sierras to California, Utah and Nevada. Minn, valley: N. E. district; wet banks and grassy places along streams and around ponds. HERB. : Holway 30, Vermilion lake; Oesttund 218, Min- neapolis. Carex tetanica SCHKUHR, var. meadii (DEW.) BAIL. Syn. Car. 118 (1886). C. meadii DEW. Sill. Journ. XLIII, 90 (1842). C. panicea var. meadii OLN. Exsicc. 1, 24 (1870). C. panicea var. canbyi OLN. Exsicc. II, 24 (1871). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 609; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 152; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 156; Coult., Fl. Colo. 379; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98. North America: R. I. to Minn, and Assiniboia; S. to Neb. and Colo, to Tex. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 119 Minn, valley: N. E. district; woods and river banks. HERB. : ?Kassube 276, Minneapolis. Carex laxiflora LAM. Enc. Meth. Ill, 392 (1789). C. striatula MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 173 (1803;. C. conoidea MUHL. Diss. Gram. 248 (1817). C. anceps SCHWEIN. and TURK. Mon. 343 (1825) in part. C. Uanda DEW. Sill. Journ. X, 45 (1826). C. anceps \ar. Uanda HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 226 (1840). C. anceps var. striatula CAREY, Gray's Man. ed. 1, 554 (1848). C. ignola DEW. Sill. Journ. VIII, 348 (1849). C. laxiflora var. striatula CAREV, Gray's Man. ed. 2, 524 (1852). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 607; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 155; Britt., Fl. N. J. 274; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98; Upham, Fl. Minn. 157; Chap., Fl. S. St. 540r Mac., Fl. Can. II, 382; Cov., Fl. Ark. 231; Bail., Syn. Car. 114. North America: Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Minn, ancl Mo. Minn, valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co.; wet meadows; infrequent. HERB. : Sandberg 546, Red Wing. Carex flava LINN. Spec. 975 (1753) var. \iridula (Micnx. ) BAIL. Typ. Car. 31 (1889). C. viridula MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 170 (1803). C. irregularis SCHWEIN. An. Tab. (1823). C. oeden SCHWEIN. and TORR. Mon. Car. 334 (1825). ? C. demissa HORNEM. Spreng. Syst. Ill, 822 (1826). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 606; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 140; Britt., Fl. N. J. 273; Bail., Syn. Car. Ill; Upham, Fl. Minn. 158; Richt., PI. Eur. 164 (spec.); Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 140 (spec.,; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 461 (spec.); Cov., Fl. Ark. 231; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 125; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 459 (spec.). North America: Greenland, N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont., Man. to Brit. Col., Vancouver and Hudson Bay; S. to N. Eng., Penn., N. J. ; W. to Minn., Dak. and Mont. Minn, valley: N. E. district; rare; wet places and in rocky soil. HERB.: MacM. and Sheld., Brainerd (var. graminis Bail.). Carex crawei DEW. Torr., Bot. N. Y. II, 408 (1843). C. heterostacliya TORR. Sill. Journ. II, 248 (1846). C. crawei var. heterostachya DEW. Sill. Journ. XLII, 4 (1866). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 606; Mac., Fl. Can. IE, 153; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 157; Bail., Syn. Car. 110. North America: Anticosti, Ont., Owen Sound and Man. to N. Y., 111. and Minn. Minn, valley: S. central district; peat bogs and wet places in forest. 120 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Carex granularis MUHL. Willd. Spec. V (1806). C. chalaros STEUD. Gyp. 231 (1855). C. haleana OLN. Exsicc. Ill, 14 (1871). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 605; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 153; Britt., Fl. N. J. 273; Chap., Fl. S. St. 540; Bail., Typ. Car. 61, 70: Bail., Syn. Car. 110. North America: Ont, Q., to L. Nipigon and Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Va., Fla.; W. to Wise., Minn, and Mo. Minn, valley: Forest district; not infrequent; wet fields and meadows. HERB. : Taylor 70, Ely si an; Kassube 263, Minneapolis; Sandberg 543, Chisago Co. Carex grisea WAHL. K. Acad. Handl. XXIV, 154 (1802). C. laxiflora SCHKUHR, Car. Nachtr. 69 (1805). C. grisea var. minor OLN. Hall's PI. Tex. 26 (1873).. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 605; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 154; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98; Britt., Fl. N. J. 273; Chap., Fl. S. St. 539; Coult., Fl. Colo. 378; Bail., Typ. Car. 61, 62; Cov., Fl. Ark. 231; Bail., Syn. Car. 107. North America: Ont. to N. Y., N. J. and Fla.; W. to 100th Mer. and in S. Utah. Minn, valley: Forest district; low meadows and fields. HERB.: Bollard 339, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 33, Elysian; Taylor 128, Lake Elysian; Taylor 216, Janesville; Bal- Iard20a, Goodhue Co.; 2 la, Goodhue Co.; 15a, GoodhueCo. Carex darisii SCHWEIN. and TORR. Mon. 326 (1825). C. aristata DEW. Sill. Journ. VII, 277 (1824). C. torreyana DEW. Sill. Journ. X, 47 (1826). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 605; Britt., Fl. N. J. 273; Chap., Fl. S. St. 538; Coult., Fl. Colo. 380; Upham, Fl. Minn. 157; Bail., Syn. Car. 107. North America: W. Mass, to N. J. and mts. of Ga. ; W. to S. Minn, and Iowa. Minn, valley: Reported from N. E. districts and west- ward ; infrequent ; wet grounds along streams and around lakes. Carex gracillima SCHWEIN. An. Tab. (1823). C. digitata SCHWEIN. and TORK. Mon. 324 (1825). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 604; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 137; Chap., Fl. S. St. 538; Britt., Fl. N. J. 273; Upham, Fl. Minn. 157; Bail., Typ. Car. 71; Bail., Syn. Car. 106. North America: N. S., Q , Ont, to Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car. ; W. to Minn, and Mo. Minn, valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co. ; wet meadows and low fields or prairies. HERB. : Kassube 264, Minneapolis; Sandberg 545, Chis- ago Co. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 121 Carex arctata BOOTT, Hook. Fl. II, 227 (1840). C. sylvatica DEW. Sill. Journ. X, 40 (1826), not Huds. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 603; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 161; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 157; Britt., Fl. N. J. 273; Coult., Fl. Colo. 380. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Eng. and N. J.; W. to Perm., Minn., Colo, and Mont. Minn, valley: Throughout; woods and dry thickets. HERB.: Sheldon 163, Madison lake; Taylor 906, Glen- wood; Bailey 211, Vermilion lake; Bailey 556, Mud lake. Carex castanea WAHL. K. Acad. Handl. XXIV, 155 (1803). C. flexilis BUDGE, Linn. Trans. VII, 98 (1804). C. blepharophora GRAY, Ann. Lye. N. Y. Ill, 237 (1836). Wats, and Coult , Gray's Man. 6 ed. 603; Bail., Typ. Car. 60; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 162, 386; Upham, Fl. Minn. 158. North America: Newf., L. Nipigon to Minn.; S. to Conn, and Mich Minn, valley: N. E. edge; banks of streams; infre- quent. HERB.: Bailey 557, Long lake; Sandberg 619, Vermil- ion lake; Juni 28, Knife river. Carex longirostris TORR. Schwein. An. Tab. (1823). C. sprengelii DEW. Spreng. Syst. Ill, 827 (1826). C. longirostris var. minor BOOTT, Phil. Acad. 78 (1863). C. longirostris var. microcystis BOECKL. Linn. XLI, 241 (1875). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 603; Mac.. Fl. Can. II, 162; Bail., Typ. Car. 70; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98; Coult., Fl. Colo. 380; Britt., Fl. N. J. 272; Upham, Fl. Minn. 159; Bail., Syn. Car. 102. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont., Man. to Brit. Col. and Rocky mts.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Penn.; W. to Neb., Minn, and Dak. Minn, valley: Forest district; rocky soil and shaded places. HERB.: Sheldon 117, Madison lake; Bollard 126, Chaska; Sheldon 1632, Taylor's Palls; Kassube 27 lt Minneapolis; Sand- berg 553, Center City. Carex limosa LINN. Spec. 977 (1753). C. elegans WILLD. Prodr. 34 (1787). C. laxa DEW. Sill. Journ. XXVI, 376 (1834). C. limosa var. prairei DEW. Sill. Journ. XXIX, 71 (1837). C. irriqua Torr. Club Cat. N. J. (18a5). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 602; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 150; Britt., F1.N. J. 272; Upham, Fl. Minn. 156; Richt., PI. Eur. 161; Herd , Fl. Eur. Russ. 142;Trautv., Fl. Sib. 130; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 307; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 456; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 125; Bail., Syn. Car. 94: Hart., Scand. Fl. I, 456; Rothr., Fl. Alask. 457. N. and mid. Europe; N. and W. Asia. 122 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man., Brit. Col., N. W. T. and Sitka, Alaska; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Penn. ; W. to 111. and Minn. Minn, valley: Forest district; infrequent; peat bogs and shaded marshes. HERB. : Bailey 294, St. Louis river; Sandberg 541, Red Wing. Carex magellanica LAM. Enc. Meth. Ill, 385 (1789). C. limosa var. irrigua WAHL. K. Acad. Handl. XXIX, 162(1803). C. paupercula MICHX. PL N. A. I, 172 (1803). C. lenticularis DEW. Sill. Journ. VII. 273 (1823). C. irrigua Sm. Hoppe Car. 72 (1823). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 602; Mac., PL Can. II, 150; Upham, PL Minn. 156; Bail., Typ. Car. 70; Coult , PL Colo. 387; Richt., PL Eur. 161; Herd., PL Eur. Russ. 142. Hook., PL Gt. Brit. 456; Wats., King Exp . 361; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 125; Bail., Syn. Car. 94; Hart., PL Scand. 1,457. Northern Europe to Pyrenees and Caucasus; S. Amer- ica. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q., N. E. T., Man., Vancouver; S. to Penn., Minn, and Utah. Minn, valley: Forest district; 'rare; peat bogs and low marshes in woodland. HERB. : Bailey 90, Vermilion lake. Carex crinita LAM. Enc. Meth. 393 (1789). C. gynandra SUHWEIN. An. Tab. (1823). C. crinita var. gynandra S. and TORR. Car. Mon. 360 (1824). C. mitchelliana CURT. Sill. Journ. XLIV, 84 (1836). C. crinita var. pakacea DEW. Sill. Journ. X, 270 (1826). C. crinita var. minor BOOTT, 111. 18 (1862). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 661; Britt., Fl. N. J. 272; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 149; Upham, Fl. Minn. 156; Chap., FL S St. 536. Chap., Suppl. S. St. 660; Cov., FL Ark. 231. North America: Newf., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Ott.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., and Va. to Fla.; W. to Minn, and Ark. Minn valley: Forest district and probably westward; wet ground along streams and around lakes. HERB. : Bailey 107, Vermilion lake. Carex prasina WAHL. K. Acad. Handl. XXIV, 161 (1802). C. miliacea MUHL. Willd. Spec. V (1806). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 601; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 139; Bail., Typ. Car. 61; Britt., Fl. N. J. 272; Chap., FL S.St. 538; Upham, Fl. Minn. 157; Bail., Syn. Car. 87. North America: Ont. and Vt. to N. J. and mts. of Ga; W. to Mich., Wise, and Minn. LIST OP HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 123 Minn, valley: Forest district; wet meadows and along streams HERB. : Kassube 268, Ramsey Co. Carex aquatilis WAHL. K. Acad. Handl. XXIV, 165 (1802). Vignea aquatilis REICH. Fl. Exc. 140 (1830.) Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 600; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 143; Upham, Fl. Minn. 155; Coult., Fl. Colo. 388; Britt., Fl. N. J. 271; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 142; Richt., PI. Eur. 155; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 455; Wats., King Exp. 368; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 277; Bail., Syn. Car. 84; Hart, Fl. Scand. I, 466; Rothr., Alask. 457. Arctic and Northern Europe. North America: Greenland, N. S., N. Br., Ont. to Hudson Bay, Man., Brit. Col. and Vancouver; Alaska; S. to N. Eng. and Minn, and N. J. Minn, valley: Forest district to New Ulm; infrequent or local; margins of ponds and rivers. HERB.: Bailey 145, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 540, Minnesota. Carex stricta LAM. Enc. Meth. Ill, 387 (1789). C. acuta PURSH, Fl. Am. I, 38 (1814). C. angustata BOOTT, Hook., Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 218 (1840). C. strictior DEW. Wood, Bot. 755 (1861). C. virginiana var. elongata BOECK. Linn. XL, 432 (1875). C. vulgat-is BAIL. Upham, Fl. Minn. 155(1884). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 599; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 144; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98?; Bail., Typ. Car. 70, 71, 72; Chap., Fl. S. St. 535; Britt., Fl.N. J. 271; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 124; Bail., Syn. Car. 84. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q. Ont., to Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Va.; W. to Minn, and Neb.? Minn, valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling; to Blue Earth Co. ; moist banks of streams and lakes. HERB.: Bollard 8a, Zumbrota; Bollard 3a, Goodhue Co.; Kassube 263, Minneapolis; Roberts 261, Agate Bay. Carex fusca ALL. Fed. Fl. 2324 (1785). C. buxbaumii WAHL. K. Acad. Handl. XXIV, 163 (1802). C. canescens HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 216 (1840). Wats, and Coult , Gray's Man. 6 ed. 599; Upham, Fl. Minn. 156; Britt., Fl. N. J. 271; Bail., Typ Car. 60; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 134; Chap., Fl. S. St. 537; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 238; Bail., Syn. Car. 77; Coult., Fl. Colo. 387; Richt., PI. Eur. 168; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 453; Wats.. King Exp. 371; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 278; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 125; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 463; Rothr., Alask. 457. Arctic and Alpine Europe; N. Asia; Alpine Australia. North America: Newf. , Hudson Bay and Sitka, Alaska; S. to Arizona and New Mex. in Rocky mts. ; S. to N. Eng., N. J. , Penn. and mts. of Ga. ; W. to Minn. , 111. and Dak. 124 MBTASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn, valley: S. central district; peat bogs and shaded marshes in forest. Carex riparia CURT. Fl. Lond. IV, 60 (1821). C. acuta ALL. Fed. Fl. 2347 (1785). C. crassa EHRH. Beitr. IV, 43 (1789). C. lacustris \\ILLD. Spec. IV (1805). C. exaltata PETRM. Flora 340 (1844). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 598; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 164; Upham, Fl. Minn. 15*; Britt., Fl. N. J. 271; Chap., Fl. S. St. 545; Eicht., PI. Eur. 167; Herd., Fl. Eur. Euss. 142; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 465; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pllanz. II, 2, 125: Bail., Syn. Car. 76; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 451. Northern, Central and Southern Europe; W. Asia; N. Africa and S. America. North America: .Newf., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Ga. and Fla.; W. to Minn, and Mo. Minn, valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co. ; mar- gins of ponds, streams and swamps. HERB. : Sandberg 549, Chisago Co. Carex triehocarpa MUHL. Willd. Spec. IV, 302 (1805). C. triehocarpa var. turbinata DEW. Sill. Journ. XI, 159 (1827). C. striata CARE^, Gray's Man. ed. I, 561 (1848). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 598; Mac., Fl. Can II, 174; Wats., Fl., Calif. II, 251 (in var.); Upham, Suppl. Minn. 86; Britt., Fl. N. J. 271; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98 (in var.). North America: Ont. and N. Eng. to N. J. and Penn. ; W. to Minn, and Mo. Minn, valley: Probably throughout; marshes and wet meadows. HERB.: Sheldon 1302, Lake Benton; Sandberg, 617, Center City. Carex triehocarpa MUHL. var. aristata (R. BR.) BAIL. Bot. Gazette, X, 293 (1885). C. aristata R. BR. Appx. Frankl. Narr. (1823). C. atherodes SPRENG. Syst. Veg. Ill, 828 (1826). C. orthostachys C. MEY. Fl. Alt. IV, 231 (1844). C. aristatavsLT. lonqo-lanceata DEW. Sill. Journ. XVIII, 102(1854). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 598; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 175; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 158; Bail., Typ. Car. 70; Bail. Syn. Car. 75. Coult., Fl. Colo., 381; Wats., King Ex. 374; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 278, 281; Webb., Appx. Neb. 24. North America: Ont., Man. and Saskatchewan, Atha- basca, Peace river region, Columbia valley and Rocky mts. ; S. to N. Eng., Wise., Minn., Neb. and Utah. Minn, valley: Throughout; typical form westward; variety eastward; wet places or edges of streams and ponds. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 125 HERB. : Sheldon 1302, Lake Ben ton (typical); Sheldon 402, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co. ; Bollard 46, Chaska; Bollard 44, Chaska [var aristato (R. Br.)]; Bollard 6a, Goodhue Co.; Sandberg 550, Chisago Co. Carex filiformis LINN. Spec. 976 (1753). (J. tomentosa LIGHTF. Fl. Scot. II, 552 (1777). C. splendida WJLLD. Prodr. 103 (1787). G. lasiocarpa GAUD. Agr. II, 125 (1811). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 597; Britt., Fl. N. J. 271; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 165; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 250m var.; Coult., Fl. Colo. 381; Upham, Fl. Minn. 158 ; Richt., PI. Eur. 167; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 142; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 460; Wats., King Exp. 374; Bail., Syn. Car. 74; Engl. Pax, Nat Pflanz. II, 2, 125; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 454. Middle Europe and Siberia. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Ont., Man., Brit. Col. and Vancouver; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Penn. ; W. to Ind,, Minn., Neb., Dak. and Mont. Minn, valley: Forest district and extending westward to Granite Falls; peat bogs and swamps. HERB.: Bailey 200, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 548, Chisago Co. Carex flliformis LINN. var. lanuginosa (Micnx.) B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). C. lanuginosa MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 175 (1803). C. pellita MUHL. Willd. Spec. IV (1805). C. filiformis var. latifolia BOECKL. Linn. XLI, 309 (1875). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 597; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 165; Bail., Syn. Car. 74; Bail., Typ. Car 64; Coult., Fl. Colo. 381; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 250: Britt., Fl. N. J. 271; Upham, Fl. Minn. 158; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 278: Wats., King Exp. 373; Webb., Appx. Neb. 23. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Saskatch- ewan, Athabasca and Mackenzie river region; Brit. Col. and Vancouver; S. to N. J. and Va. ; W. to Minn., Mo., Colo., Tex. Mex. and Calif. Minn, valley: Forest district; N. W. districts; swamps and marshes. HERB.: Sheldon 250, Lake Washington, Le Sueur Co. ; Bollard 34, Carver; Bailor 1 19a, Goodhue Co. ; Kassube 269, Ramsey Co. Carex houghtonii TORR. Cyp. 413 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 597; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 164; Upham, Fl. Minn. 158; Bail., Syn. Car. 74. North America: N. S., Q., Hudson Bay to Saskatch- ewan and N. W. T., lat. 54° N.; S. to Maine and N. Y.; W. to Wise., Minn, and Iowa. 126 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn, valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co,; wet banks and shores. HERB. : Bailey 206, Vermilion lake; Bailey 509, Agate Bay. Carex squarrosa LINN. Spec. 973 (1753). C. typhina MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 169 (1803). C. typhinoides SCHWEIN. An. Tab. (1823). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 596; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 137; Britt., Fl. JST. J. 270; Upham, Fl. Minn. 158; Chap., Fl. S. St. 537 ; Cov., Fl. Ark. 231; Bail., Syn. Car. 71; Webb., Appx. Neb. 23. North America: Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga. ; W. to Minn. , Mo. and Neb. Minn, valley: Reported from the S. E. edge; rare; low, wet meadows or swamps. Carex pseudocyperus LINN. Spec. 978 (1753). C. reversa GILIB. Exerc. Phyt. II, 549 (1792). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 596; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 174; Upham, Fl. Minn. 158; Britt., Fl. N. J. 270; Richt., PI. Eur. 166; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 142; Hook., FL Gt. Brit. 465; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 125; Bail., Syn. Car. 70; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 455. Northern, Central and Southern Europe; Asia; tem- perate and S. Africa; Australia. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man. and Saskatchewan; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Penn., Mich., Wise, and Minn. Minn, valley : Reported from forest district and S. W. district; rare; margins of lakes and bogs. Carex pseudocyperus LINN. var. americana HOCHST. Herb. Un. It. (1837). C. furcata ELL. Sk. II, 552 (1824) not Lap. C. pseudocyperus SCHWEIN. and TORB. Car. Mon. 355 (1825). C. comosa BOOTT, Linn. Trans. XX, 117 (1845). C. pseudocyperus var. comosa BOOTT, Bot. Calif. II, 252 (1880). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 596; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 174; Britt., Fl. N. J. 270; Bail., Typ. Car. 54; Chap., Fl. S. St. 543; Upham, Fl. Minn. 158; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 389; Bail., Syn. Car. 70. North America: Newf., N. Br., Ont; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Ga.; W. to Minn., Mo. and La.; also, Oregon and Calif. Minn, valley: Forest district; abundant; edges of ponds and in bogs. HERB.: Bollard 781, Swan lake, Carver Co. ; Bollard 172, Shakopee; Sheldon 992, Cross lake, Brown Co.; Sheldon 341, Smith's Mill, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 248, Lake Washing- ton, Le Sueur Co.; Taylor 407, Lake Elysian; Ballard la, Zumbrota. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 127 Carex hystricina MUHL. Willd. Spec. IV (1805). C. cooleyi DEW. Sill. Journ. XLVII1, 144 (1845). C. ge&rgiana DEW. 1. c. VI, 245 (1848). C. thurberi DEW. Mex. Bound. 232 (1859). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 596; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 173; Chap., Fl. S. St. 543; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98; Britt., Fl. N. J. 270; Coult., Fl. Colo. 382; Bail., Syn. Car. 69. Norbh America: Newf., N. S., N. Br. to Man., Sas- katchewan and N. of lat. 52° in prairie region; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Ga.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Ind. Terr, and N. Mex. Minn, valley: Forest district and westward to Chip- pewa valley at least; wet meadows and margins of lakes. HERB.: Sheldon 342, Smith's Mill, Blue Earth Co.; Bollard 7, Chaska; Ballard 338, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Taylor 75, Elysian; MacM. and Sheld. 62, Brainerd; Ballard 4a, Zumbrota; Herrick 336, Minneapolis; Kassube 270, Minneapolis; Sandberg 551, Center City; Wickersheim 135, Ash lake, Lincoln Co. Carex schweinitzii DEWEY, Sill. Journ. IX, 68 (1825). Wats, and Coult. Gray's Man. 6 ed. 595; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 173; Britt., Fl. N. J. 270. North America: W. N. Eng. and Ont. to Minn, and Mich. Minn, valley: Forest district; swamps and borders of lakes. HERB. : Ballard 33, Chaska. Carex lurida WAHL. K. Acad. Handl. XXIV, 153 (1803). C. tentaculata MUHL. Willd. Spec. IV, 266 (1805). (7. rostrata WILLD. Spec. IV, 282 (1805). C. gigantea KUNTH, Enum. II, 503 (1837). C. purshii OLN. Exsicc. I, 30(1871). C. beyricfiiana BOECKL. Linn. XLI, 239 (1876). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 595; Bail., Typ. Car. 10: Mac.,Fl. Can. II, 173; Coult., Fl. Colo. 382; Britt., Fl. ST. J. 270; Upham, Fl. Minn. 158; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 389; Cov., Fl. Ark. 231. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J., Va. and Fla.; W. to Minn., 111., Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: Reported from forest district; infre- quent; wet meadows and bogs. Carex retrorsa SCHWEIN. An. Tab. (1823). C. reversa SPRENGK Syst. Veg. Ill, 827 (1826). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 595; Bail., Typ. Car. 71: Bail., Syn. Car. 68; Upham, Fl. Minn. 158. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man., Sas- katchewan, Brit. Col. and Rocky mts. ; S. to N. Eng. , Penn. , Mich, and Minn. 128 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn, valley: Throughout; margins of lakes and streams; not infrequent. HERB.: Taylor 905, Glenwood; Bailey 67, Vermilion lake; Bailey 101, Vermilion lake; Juni 22, Moose lake; Bollard 13a, Goodhue Co.; Herrick 337, Minneapolis; Taylor 1128, Glenwood. Carex tuckermani DEW. Sill. Journ. XLIV, 48 (1845). C. bullata AUCT. AMER., not SCHKUHR. C. cylindrical GRAY, Man. ed. I, 566 (1848). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 594; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 172, Up- ham, Suppl. Minn. 86; Britt., Fl. N. J. 269. North America: Newt, N. Br., Q., Ont. and W. N. Eng. to N. J. and Minn. Minn, valley: Forest district; swamps and borders of lakes. HERS. : Sheldon 149, Madison Lake; MacM. and Sheld. 64, Brainerd; Sandberg 612, 613, Center City; Bailey 104, Ver- milion lake. Carex monile TUCKERM. Enum. Meth. 20 (1843). C. vaseyi DEW. Sill. Journ. XXIX, 347 (I860). Wats, and Coult., GrayXMan. 6 ed. 591; Britt., Fl. N. J. 269; Bail., Typ. Car. 39; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 251; Coult., Fl. Colo. 353; Upham, Fl. Minn. 158; Bail., Syn. Car. 67. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont., N. E. T.; also Brit. Col. and Calif.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn, and Mo. Minn, valley: Forest district; wet places and edges of ponds or streams. HERB.: Taylor 25, Elysian; Bollard 9a, Goodhue, Co.; lOa, Goodhue Co.; Juni 23, Agate bay; Bailey 423, Fall lake; Bailey 274, St. Louis river. Carex utriculata BOOTT, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 221 (1840). C. ampullacea var. utriculata CARET, Gray's Man. ed. 1, 566 (1848). C. rostrata var. utriculata BAIL. Proc. Am. Acad. XXII, 67 (1886). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 594; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 171; Britt., Fl. N. J. 269; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 252; Upham, Fl. Minn. 158; Coult., Fl. Colo. 383; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 388; Wats., King Exp. 374; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 278; Bail., Syn. Car. 67. North America: Atl. to Pac. in Can.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Minn, and Mo. ; S. in Rocky mts. to Colo, and Utah. Minn, valley: Forest district and N. W. ; swamps and marshes. HERB.: Bollard 43, Chaska; Taylor 520, Mud lake, LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 129 Waseca Co.; Bailey 144, Vermilion lake; Bailey 112, Vermilion lake. Carex oligosperma MICHX. PL Am. II, 174 (1803). C. oakesiana DEW. Sill. Journ. XIV, 351 (1828). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 593; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 168; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 159. North America: N. Eng., N. Br. to Bear lake and lat. 66° N. ; S. to Penn. and Minn. Minn, valley: N. E. district; swamps and borders of lakes. HERB.: Sandberg 615, 616, Center City; Arthur Wa, White Bear lake. Carex lupulina MUHL. Willd. Spec. IV (1805). C. lurida BAIL. Proc. Am. Acad. XXII, 63 (1886). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 593; Bail., Typ. Car. 11; Mac., Fl. Can. 167; Britt., Fl. N. J. 269; Coult., Fl. Colo. 382; Chap., Fl. S. St. 543, Upharn, Fl. Minn. 158; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 386; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 125; Bail., Syn. Car. 63. North America: N. S., Q., Ont. to Hudson Bay; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Ind. Terr, and N. Mex. Minn, valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co. ; wet meadows, bogs and swamps. HERB.: Sheldon 334, Smith's Mill, Blue Earth Co.; Bollard 697, Waconia; Sandberg 552, Red Wing. Carex lupulina MUHL. var. longipedunculata SARTW. Herb. (1856). C. folliculata LAM. Enc. Meth. Ill, 391 (1789). C. gigantea KUDGE, Linn. Trans. VII, 99 (1804). C. lupulina MUHL. var. pedunculata DEW. Wood, Cl.-Bk. Bot. 376 (1855). C. canadensis DEW. Sill. Journ. XLI, 229 (1866). C. lupulina UPH. Fi. Minn. 158 (1884) in part. C. lurida \&T.polystachya BAIL. Proc. Am. Acad. XXII, 63 (1886) in part. C. lurida MACOUN, Fl. Can. II, 167 (1888) in part. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 593; Bail., Typ. Car. 12; Chap., PL S. St. 543(?); Britt., Fl. N. J. 269(?); Mac., Fl. Can. II, 386; Bail., Syn. Car. 64. North America: Ont. to Hudson Bay?; S. to N. Eng., N. J. , Fla. ; W. to Minn. , Iowa and Mo. Minn, valley: Forest district, especially N. E. ; infre- quent; wet meadows and bogs. Carex intumescens RUDGE, Linn. Trans. VII, 97 (1804). C. folliculata WAHL. K. Acad. Handl. XXIV, 152 (1802) not Linn. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6ed. 592; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 167; Upham, PL Minn. 158; Britt., Fl. N. J 269; Bail., Typ. Car. 62, 64, 72; Chap., Fl. 130 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. S. St. 554; Coult , Fl. Colo. 382; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 125: Bail., Syn. Car. 62 North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn, and Mo. Minn, valley: Forest district; S. W. district; probably throughout; wet meadows and bogs or swamps. HERB.: Taylor 50, Elysian; Bailey 68, Vermilion lake; MacM. and Sheld. 61, Brainerd. Carex pauciflora LIGHTP. Fl. Scot. II, 543 (1777). C. patula HUBS. Fl. Angl. 402 (1762) not Host. C. leucoglocfiin LINN. f. Suppl. 413 (1781). Leucoglophin pauciflorus HEUFF. Flora 528 (1844). Psyllophora pauciflora SCHUR. Enum. 697 (1866). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 592; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 111; Richt., PI. Eur. 145; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 448; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 138; Upham, Suppl. Minn. 86; Rothr., Alask. 457. Arctic and Alpine Europe. North America: Newf to Ont, Man., N. W. T. and Vancouver; N. to Sitka; S. to N. Eng., N. Penn., Mich, and Minn. Minn, valley: N. districts; peat bogs and cold marshes. HERB.: Sandberg 614, Center City; Bailey 203, Ver- milion lake. X. AROIDEAE. Arum Family. Orontiaceae LINDL. Veg. King. 193 (1846). Araceae ENGLER, DC. Mon. Phan. II (1875). Endlicher, Gen. PI. 232 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 955 (1883); Engler in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, III, 102 (1887). Genera : 105 living; 2-3 extinct? Tropical and temper- ate regions. Species: 1000; 92 per cent, in tropics; 8 per cent, in temperate regions. ACORUS LINN. Gen. 296 (1737). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 999; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. Engler and Prantl., Nat. Pflanz. 2, III, 118 (Engler); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 378. Living species: 2; Japan, 1; temperate northern regions; 1. Fossil species: 2-3, doubtful; Spitzbergen, 1: ter- tiary, (Heer). Acorus calamus LINN. Spec. 324 (1753). A. odoratm LAM. Fl. Fr. Ill, 299 (1778). Calamus aromaticus GULDENST. It. II, 327 (1791). Acorus aromaticus GILIB. Exerc. Phyt. II, 205 (1792'. A. commutatus SCHOTT. Prodr. Aroid. 578 (1860). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 131 Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed.551; Britt., Fl. N. J. 254: Upham,, Fl. Minn. 135; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 74; Chap., Fl. S. St. 442; Webb., Fl. Neb., 98; Hook.. Fl. Gt. Brit. 424; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 112; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 13;. Riclit., PI Eur. 171; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 122; Engl , Nat. Pflanz. II, 3V 118: Cov., Fl. Ark. 227; Hart., Scand. Fl. I. 429. Almost all Europe; temperate Asia to China and Japan. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont., Owen Sound;; L. of Woods and Saskatchewan; S. to N. J. and Fla. ; W. to> Minn. , Dak. , Iowa, Neb. , Kan. and Ark. Minn, valley: E. districts to Chippewa valley; margin of swamps and streams. HERB.: Bollard 23n, Chaska; Taylor 10, Elysian; Leiberg 62, Blue Earth Co.; Bailey 50, Vermilion lake; Sand- berg 524, Red Wing; Sandberg 525, Chisago Co. ; Sandberg 526 ', Chisago Co. ; last two are narrow- leaved forma angustifolia, SPATHYEMA RAF. Med. Rep. X, 173 (1808). Ictocles BtGEL. Med. Bot. I, 43 (1817). Symplocarpus SALISB. Nutt. Gen. I, 105 (1818). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 995; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 446; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 743; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, III, 122 (Engler). Living species: 1; Atl. N. America, Japan and Amur- land. Spathy ema foetida (LiNN. ) RAF. Med. Rep. II, 1 0, 173 ( 1808) . Dracontium foetidum LINN. Spec. 967 (1762). Pothos foetidus MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 186 (1803). Modes foetidus BIGEL. Med. Bot. II, 41 (1817). Symplocarpus foetidus SALISB. Nutt. Gen. 1, 105 (1818). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 551; Britt., Fl. N. J. 254; Mac., FL Can. II, 73; Upham, Fl. Minn. 134; Chap , Fl. S. St. 441; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. II, 3, 122. Japan and Amurland. North America: N. S.; N. B., Q., Ont. to swamps of N. Oar. ; W. to Minn, and Iowa. Minn, valley: Forest district to New Ulm; local; bogs and near springs. HERB. : Holzinger 262, Winona Co. ; Herb. Sheld. 1863, Minneapolis. CALLA LINN. Gen. 697(1737). Provenzalia ADANS. Fam. II, 469 (1763). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 989; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 446; "Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2. Ill, 123 (Engler). Living species: 1; Europe to Alps and Carpathians; Siberia; Atl. N. Amer. 132 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY Calla palustris LINN. Spec. ed. 2, 1373 (1762). C. aetfiiopica GAERTN Fruct. II, 20 (1791). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 550; Britt., Fl. N. J. 253; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 73; Upham, Fl. Minn. 134; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 11; Bicht., PI. Eur. 171; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 122; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. II, 3. 123; Hart., Fl Scand. I, 428. Europe, N. of Alps and Carpathians; Siberia. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q , Ont., Man. to Sas- katchewan and Hudson Bay, N. W. T.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Mich, and Minn. Minn, valley; N. E. district only; cold marshes and bogs; perhaps N. W. HERB. : Bailey 98, Vermilion lake; Eoberts 123, Duluth; Sheldon 2000a, Keegan's lake; MacM. 107a, Taylor's Falls. ARISAEMA MART. Flora, II, 459 (1831). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 965; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 430; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, III, 150 (Engler). Living species: 50 ± ; mostly temperate and subtropi- cal Asia; 1-2, Abyssinia; N. America, 3-4; Canada, 2; E. sts., 2; S. sts., 3; only in Atl. Region Fossil species: Araceae (see Schenck, Palacophyt, 377). Arisaema triphyllum (LINN.) TORR. Fl. N. Y. II (1843). Arum triphyllum LINN. Spec. 1365 (1758) pro parte. Arisaema atrorubens BLUME, Rumphia I, 97 (1835j. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 549; Britt., Fl. N. J. 252: Chap., Fl. S. St. 440; Upham, Fl. Minn. 134; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 72; Webb., Fl. Neb. 97; Cov., Fl. Ark. 227. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont., N. Superior region to Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., E. Kansas and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout; abundant; rich woodland and shaded river-banks. HERB.: Tay lor 432a, Janes ville; Bollard 58, Chaska; Arthur 156, Vermilion lake; Herrick 278, Minneapolis; Kas- .sube 221, Minneapolis; Sandberg 523, Vasa; Herb. Wickersheim .116, Lake Benton; Herb. Moyer 227, 228, Montevideo. XI. LEMNACEAE. Duck-Weed Family. Pistiaceae LINDL. Veg. Kingd. (1846) in part. Endlicher, Gen PL 232 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 1000 11883); Engler in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, III, 154 (1887). Genera: 2; temperate and tropical regions. Species: 24 ± ; over one-half in tropics. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 138 LEMNA LINN. Gen. 798 (1737). Telmatophace SCHLEID. Linn. XIII, 391 (1839). Spiroclela SCHLEID. 1. c. (1839). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III. 1001; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 451; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, III. 163, 164 (Engler); Schenck, Palaeo- pfiyt. 378. Living species: 7; temperate and tropical regions, Russia, 3; Europe, 4; N. America, 6; Canada, 3; Rocky mts., 3; S. Sts., 3; California, 5-6; PL King, 4; E. Sts., 6. Fossil species: 2; Oligocene, Spitzbergen (Heer); Samland (Conwentz). . Lemna minor LINN. Spec. 970 (1753). Lenticula minor SCOP. Fl. Cam. 1142 (1772). Lemna vulgaris var. B. LAM. Enc. Meth. Ill, 464 (1789). Lemna minima HUMB. Gen. I, 372 (1815). L. cyclostasa ELL. ex. Schleid. Linn. XIII, 390 (1839). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 553; Britt., Fl. N. J.-254; Webb., Fl. Neb. 97; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 190;Upham, Fl. Minn. 135; Mac.,Fl. Can. II. 75; Coult., Fl. Colo. 360; Chap,, Fl. S. St. 442; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 17; Gris., Fl. W. I.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 425; Richt., PI. Eur. 175; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 122; EngL, Nat. Pflanz. II. 3, 164; Wats., King Exp. 336; Cov., Fl. Ark. 228; Hart., Fl. Scand. 1,430. Europe; Asia; Africa; Australia; S. America. North America: Throughout; continent below 58° N. lat. Minn, valley: Forest district and probably westward; ponds and pools; floating on the surface. HERB. : Ballard 610, Chaska; Bollard 9, Chaska. Lemna per pus ilia TORR. N. Y. Fl. II, 245 (1843). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 552; Britt., Fl. N. J. 254. North America: N. Y. and N. J. to Mich., Wis. and Minn. Minn valley: Forest district; floating in ponds and pools. HERB.: Sheldon 118, Elysian. Lemna trisulca LINN. Spec. 970 (1753). Lenticula trisulca SCOP. Fl. Cam. 1143 (1772). Lemna cruciata ROXB. Fl. Ind. Ill, 566 (1832). L. intermedia RUTHE, ex. Schleid. Linn. XIII, 391 (1839). Staurogeton trisukus SCHUR. En. 636 (1866). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 552; Britt., Fl. N. J. 254; Upham, Fl. Minn. 13o; Coult.. Fl. Colo. 360; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 74; Webb., Fl. Neb. 97; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 189; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 425; Gris., Fl. W. L; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 17; Richt., PI. Eur. 175; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 122; Hmgl , Nat. Pflanz. II, 3, 164; Wats., King Exp. 336; Cov., FL Ark. 228; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 430. Europe; Asia; Australia; South America; Africa. 134 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. North America: Atl. to Pac, in Can.; to lat 58° N.; S. to N. J. and W. to Minn., Neb. and N. Mex., Oregon and Calif. Minn, valley: Throughout; not infrequent; ponds and pools, floating on the surface. HERB. : Bollard 61, Chaska; Sheldon 355, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co. ; Bollard 442, Prior's lake, Scott Co. ; Taylor %18a, Lake Helena, Waseca Co. ; Bollard 818, Page lake, Carver Co. ; Bollard 680, Waconia. Lemna polyrhiza LINN. Spec. 970 (1753). Lenticula polyrhiza LAM. Fl. Fr. 189 (1778). Lemna orbicularis KIT. in Schult. Ostr. Fl. ed. 2, 64 (1814). L. thermalis BEAUV. in Nutt Gen. I, 19 (1818). L. major C. A. M. Ind. Cauc, 11 (1831). L. orbiculata ROXB. Fl. Ind. Ill, 565 (1832). Speirodela polyrhiza SCHLEID. Linn. XIII, 392 (1839). Lemna bannatica KUNTH, Enum. Ill, 7 (1841). Telmatophace polyrhiza GODR. Fl. Lorr. Ill, 18 (1844). T. orbicularis SCHCTR. Enum. 635 (1866). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 552; Britt., Fl. N. J. 255; Upham, Fl. Minn. 135; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 75; Webb., Fl. Neb. 97; Wats., Fl. Calif. II. 190; Coult., Fl. Colo. 360; Chap., Fl. S. St. 443; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 425; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Boss IV, 18; Richt., PI. Eur. 175; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 122; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. II. 3, 164; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 368; Wats., King Exp. 336; Cov., Fl. Ark. 228; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 429. Europe— except Greece; Russia and Siberia; Australia; Madeiras; Central America and West Indies. North America: Same distribution as last. Minn, valley : Throughout; abundant; ponds - and pools; floating on the surface. HERB. : Bollard 441, Prior's lake, Scott Co. ; Bollard , Waconia; Bollard 60, Chaska; Sheldon 724, Sleepy Eye. 'GRANTIA GRIFF. Notul. Ill, 236 (1851) not Boiss. Wolffia HORKEL, ex. Schleid. Linn. XIII, 389 (1839), not Wulffia Elem. I, 35 (1790). Horkelia REICH, ex. Baitl. Ord. Nat. 76 (1830), not Cham, and Schlecht. (1827). Bruniera FRANCHET, Billotia, 25 (1864). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 1001; Durand, Ind. Gen. P/ia?i.451; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, III, 164 (Engler). Living species: 12; Europe; E. Indies; tropical Africa and America to Canada and Chile. N. America, 2 sp. Grantia brasiliensis (WEDD). Wolffia brasiliensis WEDD. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, XII, 157 (1849). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 553; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 76. North America: With G. columbiana. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 135 Minn, valley : Forest district; probably throughout; pools and ponds; floating on the surface. HERB. : Bollard 888, Lake Waconia ; Bollard 62 (partly), Chaska, Carver Co. (jrantia columbiana (KARST). Wolffia columbiana KARST. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 553; Britt., Fl. N. J. 255; Upham, Fl. Minn. 135; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 76, 368. North America: Ont., Conn, and N. J. ; to Minn., Mo. and La. Minn, valley: Forest district; Waconia to Blue Earth Co.; ponds and pools; floating near the surface. HERB. : Bollard 62, Chaska; Oestlund 182, Minnehaha. XII. XYRIDACEAE. Star- Eyed Grass Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 123 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 841 (1883); Engler in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, IV, 18 (1887). Genera: 2; tropics and N. temperate America; large- ly tropical. Species : 48 ± ; principally in tropical America. XYRI8 LINN. Gen. 31 (1737). Schizmaxon STEUD. Bot. Zeit. 391 (1856). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 842; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 433; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, IV, 20 (Engler); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 366. Living species: 40; warmer regions, except Europe; principally N. and S. America. N. America, 20 ±; S. Sts., 18; E. Sts., 4; Canada, 1. Fossil species : ? Tertiary, W. N. America (Lesquereaux) . Xyris flexuosa MUHL. Cat. 5 (1813). ? X. jupicai MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 23 (1803) nom. dub. X. bulbosa KUNTH, Enum. IV, 11 (1843). X. scabra ENGELM. Herb. Columbia Coll. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 537; Britt., Fl. N. J. 247; Upham, Fl. Minn. 149; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 54; Chap., Fl. S. St. 500; Kies, Torr. Bull. XIX, 37. North America: N. S.. Ont. (in var.?), Mass, to N. J. and Md. to Fla.; W. to Minn., Mo., Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: Reported from the N. E. district; rare or doubtful; sandy or peaty bogs. XIII. ERIOCAULACEAE. Pipewort Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI. 122 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 1019 (1883); Hieronymus in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, IV, 21 (1887). 136 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Genera: 6; warmer regions and in temperate zones. Species : 340 ± ; 60 per cent, in Brazil. EBIOCAULON LINN. Gen. ed. II, 81 (1742). Randalia, Sphaerochloa, Symphachne BEAUV. Ann. Sci. Nat. 1, xiii, 47 (1828). Nasnaythia HUDS. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, 414 (1778). Leucocephala ROXB. Fl. Ind. Ill, 612 (1832). Electrosperma F. MULL. Trans. Phil. Soc. Viet. I, 23 (1855). Lasiolepis BOECKL. Flora 90 (1873). Chaetodiscus STEUD. Syn. Glum. II, 261 (1855). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 1020; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 454; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, IV, 26 (Hieronymus). Living species: 110; Asia, Africa, Australia, S. Amer- ica, E. N. America, Ireland and Hebrides. N. America, 4-5; S. Sts., 4; Canada, 1; E. Sts., 3. Fossil species : ? Tertiary, W. N America (Lesquereaux) . Eriocaulon septangulare WITH. Bot. Arr. 184 (1776). Nasmythia articulata HUDS. Fl. Angl. 415 (1778). 'Eriocaulon decangulare HULL, Brit. Fl. 29 (1799). E. pellucidum MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 166 (1803). E. articulatum MORONG, Torr. Bull. XVIII, 353 (1891). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 567; Britt., Fl. N. J. 260; Upham, Fl. Minn. 149; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 92; Eicht., PI. Eur. 176; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 421; Engl. Hieron., Nat. Pflanz. II, 4, 27. Ireland, Skye and the Hebrides. North America: Newl, N. S., N. Br., Lake Superior and Saskatchewan; S. to N. J. ; W. to Ind., Mich, and Minn. Minn, valley: Reported from N. edge; rare; borders of ponds and lakes. HERB. : Bailey 536, Burntside lake. XIV. COMMELINACEAE. Spiderwort Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI. 124 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 844 (1883); Schonland in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, IV, 60 (1887). Genera: 25; tropics, and a few in temperate regions, except of Asia and Europe. Species: 325; 90 per cent. +, in tropics. TRADESCANTIA LINN. Gen. 277 (1737). Ephemerum MOENCH, Meth. 237 (1794). Knowlesia HASSK. Commel. Ind. 5 (1870). Descautaria SCHLECHT. Linn. XXVI, 140 (1852). Heterachthia KUNZE, Bot. Zeit. 1 (1850). Pyrrheima HASSK. Flora 366 (1869). Manclonia HASSK. Flora 260 (1871). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 137 Disg-rega HASSK. Commel. Ind. 6 (1870), Skofitzia HASSK. Oest. Bot. Zeitschr. 147 (1872). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III. 853; Durand, Ind. Gen. Ptian. 435; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, IV, 68 (Schonland); Schenck, Palaeo- phyt. 367. Living species: 32; tropical and temperate America. N. America, 5; S. Sts., 4; E. Sts., 2; Rocky mts., 1. Fossil species: ? Commelinacites, amber (Conweniz). Tradescantia virginica LINN. Spec. 288 (1753). T. cristata WALT. Fl. Car. 119 (1788). T. ohioensis RAF. N. Fl. 86 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 539; Britt., Fl. N. J. 248; Webb., Fl. Neb. 107; Chap., Fl. S. St. 498; Upharn, Fl. Minn. 149; Coult., Fl. Colo. 355; Engl. Schonland, Nat. Pflanz. II, 4, 68; Wats., King Exp. 359; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 274; Cov., Fl. Ark. 226. Mexico to Central America ? North America: N. Y. to Minn., Dak. and Wyoming; S. to Fla. and N. Mex. Minn, valley: Throughout; meadows and edges of woods. HERB : Sheldon 747, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 176, Janes- ville; Taglor 578, Minnesota lake; Taylor 783, Glenwood; Bal- lard 368, Helena, Scott Co.; Bollard 58, Chaska; Herrick 319, Minneapolis; Herrick 320, Minneapolis; Kassube 250, Minne- apolis; Holzinger 294. Winona Co. ; Oesilund 209, Minneapolis; Sandberg 597, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1711, Minneapolis; Hammond 50, Lake City; Wickersheim 130, Idlewild. XV. PONTEDERIACEAE. Pickerel-Weed Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 137 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 836 (1883); Schonland in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, IV, 70 (1887). Genera: 6; warmer regions, except Europe. Species: 23; principally tropical. PONTEDERIA LINN. Gen. 291 (1737). Unisema RAF. Journ. Phys. LXXXIX, 261 (1819). Reussia ENDL. Gen. 139 (1840). Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2. IV, 73, 74 (Schonland); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 433; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 837. Living species: 3-4; N. America, 1; S. America, 3. Pontederia cordata LINN. Spec. 288 (1753). P. mueronata RAF. Med. Rep. XI, 352 (1808). P. angustifolia PURSH, Fl. Am. I, 233 (1814). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 536; Britt., Fl. N. J. 246; Mac.» Fl. Can. II, 53; Qpham, Fl. Minn. 149; Chap., Fl. S. St. 496; Engl. Schonl., Nat. Pflanz. II, 4, 73; Cov., Fl. Ark. 226. 138 METASPERMAE OP THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. North America: N. S., Q., Ont. to L. Huron and Sas- katchewan; S. to N. J. and Pla.; W. to Minn., Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: N. E. and N. district; forest lakes; local and infrequent. HETER ANTHER A Ruiz and PAV. Prodr, 9, t, 2 (1794). Schollera SCHREB. Gen. PL II, 785 (1791) not Both (1788). Leptanthus MICHX. Fl. Bor.-Am. I. 24 (1803). Buchosia VELLOZ. Fl. Flum. 33 (1827). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI III, 838; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 433; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, IV, 74 (Schonland); O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 719. Living species: 9; tropical Africa; N. and S. America. N. America, 3-4; California, 1; S. Sts., 1; Canada, 1 ; E. Sts., 3. Heter anther a dubia (JACQ.). Commelina dubia JACQ. Icon. (1768). Schollera graminifolia WILLD. Nov. Act. Soc. Berl. HI, 438 (1801). Leptanthus gramineus MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 25 (1803). Heteranthera graminea VAHL, Enum. II, 45 ( 1806). Schollera graminea BATCTR. Fl. N. Am. II, 54 (1822). S. dubia OK. Rev. Gen. II, 719 (1891). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 536; Britt., Fl, N. J. 247; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 54; Upham, Fl. Minn, 149; Chap. Fl. S. St. 497; Engl. Schonl., Nat. Pflanz. II, 4, 74; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 187; Wats., King. Exp. 359; Cov., Fl. Ark. 226. Cuba. North America: Ont. and Ott. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car. ; W. to Minn. , E. Kan. , Ark. and Tex. ; also, Oregon and California. Minn, valley: Throughout; mud beside lakes or streams, or completely aquatic. HERB.: Sheldon 718, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1430, Lake Benton; Sheldon 813, Sigel township, Brown Co. ; Sheldon 1135, Springfield; Sheldon 1508, Lake Benton; Taylor 987, Glenwood; MacMillan 19, Morton; Herrick 318, Minneapolis; Oestlund 208, Minnehaha; Sandberg 596, Belle Creek. XVI. JUNCACEAE. Rush Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI. 130 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 861 (1883); Buchenau in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 1 (1887). Genera: 7; 2, cosmopolitan; 5, southern hemisphere. Species: 190 ± ; 5-6, extinct. JUNCUS LINN. Gen. 295 (1737) p. p. Tenagaia REICH. Ic Fl. Germ. IX. 22 (1847). Cephaloxys DESVX. Journ. Bot. I, 324 (1808). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 139 Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 867; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 436; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 5 (Buchenau); Schenck, Palaeopliyt. 363. Living species: 176 (Buch. Mon.); cosmopolitan. Europe, 45; Russia, 35; Russian Europe, 30; North America, 60; Canada, 37-43; E. Sts., 27-30; California, 28-32; Rocky mts., 4-5; PL King., 9; PI. Wheel., 14; S. Sts., 16-20. Fossil species, 3-4, Tertiary; Greenland and Spitz - bergen (Heer). Juncus tenuis WILLD. Spec. II, 214 (1799). J. gradlis SM. Comp. Fl. Brit. 55 (1800). /. bicornis MICHX. Fl. 35T. Am. I, 191 (1803). J. parviflorus Pom. Enc. Meth. Suppl. Ill, 160 (1813). J. macer S. F. GRAY, Nat. AIT. Brit. PI. II, 164 (1821). /. aristatus LINK, Enum. 2948 (1822). /. gesneri SM. Engl. Fl. II, 167 (1824). J. chloroticus SCHULTES, E. and S. Syst. VII, 240 (1829). /. smithii KUNTH, Enum. Ill, 349 (1841). /. lucidus HOCHST. Fl. Az. 24(1848). J. germanorum STEUD. Syn. Glum. II, 305 (1855). /. vacillons STEUD. Syn. Glum. II, 305 (1855). /. compressus X effusus O. KUXTZE, Tasch. Fl. Leip. 5.5 (1867). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 542; Britt., Fl. N. J. 250; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 59; Upharn, Fl. Minn. 148; Chap., Fl. S. St. 493; Wats., Fl. Calif. 11,207; Buch., Mon. June. 193; Coult. Fl. Colo. 358; Webb., Fl. Neb. 107; Webb., Fl. Neb. 107; Richt., PL Eur. 177; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 416; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Buss. 136; Wats., King. Exp. 493; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 273; Cov. Fl. Ark. 227. Central Europe; Tristan d'Acunha and New Zealand (intro. ?). North America: N. S., to Hudson Bay, Saskatche- wan, Bear lake and Vancouver; S. to Oregon, S. Calif, and N. Mex.; E. to N. Eng., Fla. and W. Indies. Minn, valley: Throughout; abundant; low marshy or damp places. HERB.: Sheldon 878, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 144$, Pipe- stone; Ballard432, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Sheldon 1366, Lake Benton; Taylor 635, Minnesota lake; Herrick 317, Minneapolis; Bailey 125, Vermilion lake; Oestlund205, Ramsey Co.; Bailey 486, Agate bay; Sandberg, 594, Red Wing; MacM. and Sheld. 67, Brainerd. Juncus vaseyi ENGELM. Rev. N. Amer. June. II, 448 (1866). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man 6 ed. 542; Upham, Fl. Minn. 148; Coult., Fl. Colo. 358; Buch., Mon. June. 201; Engl. Bach., Nat. Pflanz. II. 5, 5; Wats., King Exp. 492: Mac., Fl. Can. II, 58. North America: Lake Nipigon to Saskatchewan and 140 METASPERMAE OP THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Brandon, Man.; S. to Colo.; E. to 111., Minn., Mich, and in N. Maine. Minn, valley: Reported from forest district and S. E. edge; infrequent; wet meadows. Juncus balticus WILLD. var. litoralis ENGELM. Rev, Amer. June. II, 441 (1866). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 540; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 56; Upham, Fl. Minn. 148; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 205; Coult., FL Colo. 357; Buch., Mon. June. 215; ?Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 415: Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 266?; Roth., Wheel Exp. 272?; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 420 (spec.); Rothr., Alask. 457?. S. America, Patagonia; Pyrenees mts. (spec.). North America: N. S., Q., to L. Huron and L. Winni- peg; S. to Mass., Penn., Minn., Ohio, and Colo.? Minn, valley: Reported from forest district; infre- quent; marshes and swamps. HERB. : ? Oestlund 204, Ramsey Co. Juncus filiformis LINN. Spec. 326 (1753). /. arclicus LAP. Abr. 193 (1813). /. trichodes STEUD. Syn. Glum. II, 306 (1855). J. transilvanicus SCHUR. Enum. 684 (1866). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 540; Webb., Fl. Neb. 107; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 55; Upham, «F1. Minn. 148; Coult., Fl. Colo. 357; Buch., Mon. June. 224; Kicht., PL Eur. 178; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 223; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 415; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 136; Engl. Buchenau, Nat. Pflanz. II, 5, 5; Mac.r Fl. Can. II, 365; Wats., King Exp. 492; Hart. Fl. Scand. 420. Europe to Apennines; N. Asia; Patagonia. North America: Greenland and Newf. to Little Slave lake, Bear lake and Brit. Col.; Selkirk summits; S. to N. Eng., Mich., Minn., Neb. and Colo. Minn, valley: Reported from N. E. district; rare;, marshes and swamps. HERB.: Bailey 17, Vermilion lake;'.Ro&erte 135, Knife river. Juncus effusus LINN. Spec. 326 (1753). J. conglomeratus LINN. Spec. 326 (1753) pro parte. J. bogotensis HBK. N. Gen. Et. Spec. I, 235 (1815). J. communis var.- effusus E. MEY. Mon. June. 20 (1819). J. laevis var. effusus WA.LLR. Scried. Crit. I, 142(1822). J. aemulans LIEBM. Mex. Junc.>38 (1850). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 540; Britt., Fl. N. J. 249; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 55; Upham, Fl. Minn. 148; Chap., Fl. S. St. 493; Buch., Mon. June. 228; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 221; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 414; Richt., PI. Eur. 178; Nym.,Fl. Eur. ; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 266; Herd ,F1. Eur. Russ. 136; Engl. Buch., Nat Pflanz. II, 5, 5; Wats., King Exp. 491; Cov., Fl. Ark. 226; Hart.. Fl. Scand. I, 419-420. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 141 Europe; Asia; Africa; Australia; Central America. North America: Newf., Hudson Bay to Vancouver; S., E. of Rocky mts., to Gulf of Mex. and Pla. Minn, valley: N. edge; marshy or swampy ground; rare. HERB.: Bailey 520, Agate Bay; Sandberg 593, Chi- sago Co. Juncus nodosus LINN. var. genuinus ENGELM. Rev. June. II, 471 (1868). /. rostkovii E. MEY. Syn. June. 26 (1822). /. nodosus Auct. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 545; Britt., Fl. N. J. 251; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 634— excl. syn.; Upham, Fl. Minn. 149; Webb., Fl. Neb. 107; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 208; Coult., Fl. Colo. 358; Buch., Mon. June. 314, 316; ?Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 235; Wats., King Exp. 494; Cov., Fl. Ark. 227; Webb., Appx. Keb. 25. S. Russia ? North America: N. S., N. Br., Hudson Bay, Bear lake to Brit. Col. and Saskatchewan; S. to Oregon and Calif.; S. to Minn., Iowa, N. Ind., Neb:, Ark.; E. to N. Eng. and N. J. Minn, valley: Throughout; common; marshes, swamps and banks. HERB. : Bollard 887, Page lake, Carver Co. ; Bollard 896, St. Bonifacius; Taylor 1085, Glen wood; Sheldon 1158, New Ulm; Taylor 639, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 1397, Verdi, Lincoln Co.; Sheldon 1458, Pipestone; Sandberg 595, Red Wing; Oesi- lund 206, Hennepin Co. ; Oesllund 207, Ramsey Co. ; MacM. and Sheld. 23, Brainerd. Juncus nodosus LINN. var. megacephalus TORR. Fl. N. Y. II, 327 (1843). /. megacephalus WOOD, Bot. 724 (1861). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 545; Britt., Fl. N. J. 251; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 63; Upham, Fl. Minn. 149; Coult., Fl. Colo. 358; Buch., Mon. June. 316; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 208; Both., Wheel. Exp. 273. North America: Ont. to Saskatchewan, Colo., Oregon, Nev., Arizona, Calif, and Tex.; E. to N. Y., Ohio and N. J. Minn, valley: Throughout; principally westward; hab- itat with the type. HERB. : Sheldon I032a, New Ulm; Sheldon 1071, Spring- field; Sheldon 1462, Pipestone. J miens can ad ens is J. GAY, var. coarctatus ENGELM. Rev. June. 474 (1868). J. paradoocus AUCT. AMER. in part. /. acuminatus AUCT. AMER. before ENGELM. not Michx. 142 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 546; Buchenau, Mon. June 271; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 63; Britt., Fl. N. J. 251; Coult., Fl. Colo. 358. North America: N. S., N. E. T. and Ont. to N. Eng. and N. J. ; W. to Minn. , Colo, and Mont. Minn, valley: Forest district; wet meadows and banks. HERB. : Taylor 85, Elysian; Sheldon 205, Madison Lake; Bailey 276, St. Louis river; MacM. and Sheld. 68, Brainerd;. Juni 27, Little Marais. Juncus canadensis J. GAY var. longecaudatus ENGELM. Rev. June. II, 474 (1868). J. paradoxus AUCT. AMER. J. polycephalus var. paradoxus TORR. Fl. N. Y. II, 327 (1843). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 545; ?Britt., Fl. N. J. 251; Upham, Fl. Minn. 149; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 64; Coult., Fl. Colo. 358; Buch., Mon. June. 271; Wats., King Exp. 495; Cov., Fl. Ark. 227. Central Amer. to Venezuela ? North America: N. Br., Ont. to S. Ste. Marie and Minn. ; E. to Mass, and N. J. ; S. to S. Car. and La. ; W. to Ark. Minn, valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co. ; wet places. HERB.: Juni 17, Little Marais; Bailey 276, St. Louis river; Taylor 637, Minnesota lake. Juncus acuminatus MICHX, var. legitimus ENGELM. Rev. June. II, 435 (1868). /. acuminatus MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 192 (1803). /. pallescens E. MEY. Syn. June. 31 ,1822). J. paradoxus E. MEY. Syn. June. 30 (1822>. /. fraternus KUNTH, Enum. Ill, 340 (1841). /. debilis GRAY, Man. ed. II, 480 (1856) pro parte. J. pondii WOOD, Bot. 724 (1861). Wats, and Coult , Gray's Man. 6 ed. 544; Britt., Fl. N. J. 250; Upham, Fl. Minn. 148; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 62; Buch., Mon. June. 333; Chap., Fl. S. St. 494; Wats., King Exp. 494; Cov., Fl. Ark. 226. North America: N. Eng. to Ont. and Minn. ; S. to N. J. and Ga.; W. to Kan., Nev.? and Tex. Minn, valley: Forest district; infrequent; wet places and meadows. HERB. : Bollard 280, Jordan, Scott Co. CYPERELLA CRAM. Tent. Bot. 41 (1744). Juncastrum HEIST. Syst. 12 (1748). Ischaemon SCHMIED. Grsn. Hist. PL 13 (1759) not Linn. Lux 11 la DC. Fl. Fr. Ill, 158 (1805). Juncodes ADANS. Fam. II, 47 (1763). JLeucophoba EHRH. Phyt n. 73 (1793). Luciola SM. Eng. Fl. II, 177 (1824). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 143 Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 436; Durand, 2nd. Gen. Pfian. 436; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 7 (Buchenau): O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 722. Living species : 40 ± ; temperate regions and tropical mts. Europe, 26; Russia, 10; Russian Europe, 10; Canada, 8-10; California, 5; E. Sts., 5; Rocky mts., 6; S. Sts., 3; PL King, 4; U. S.. 10. Cyperella campestris (LINN.) var. multiflora (EHRH.). Juncus campestris var. G. LINN. Spec. ed. 2, 469 (1762). Juncus multiflorus Emm. Calam. Exsicc (1791). /. intermedius THUILL. Fl. Par. Env. 178 (1799). J. erectus PERS. Syn. I, 386 (1805). J. nemorosus HOST. Icon. Gram. 97 (1805). Luzula erecta DESY. Mem. Luz. 156 (1808). L. multiflora LEJ. Fl. Env. Spa, 169 (1811). L. intermedia var. multiflora SPENN. Fl. Frib. 177 (1825). L. pallescens HOPPE, Sturm. Deutsch. Fl. XVIII, 77 (1839). L. campestris AUCT. AMER. et YET. ORB. L. campestris vars. pallescens and comosa MAC. Fl. Can. II, 67 (1888), L. campestris DC. var. multiflora L. CELAKOV. Prodr.Bohm.85(1869). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 546; Buchen., Mon. June, 161; Britt, Fl. N. J. 251; Upham, Fl. Minn: 148; Chap., Fl. S. St. 493; Wats., Fi. Calif. II, 203; Richt., PI. Eur. 186; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 216; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 420; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 267; Herd., FL Eur. Russ. 136; Engl. Buchen.. Nat. Pflanz. II, 5, 7; Wats., King Exp. 355; Cov., Fl. Ark. 227; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 426; Rothr., Alask. 456. Europe; Asia; N. Africa; N. Zealand. North America: Greenland to Alaska; S. to Plumas Co., Calif. From N. Eng. to Fla and W. to Minn., Ark. and Texas. Minn, valley: Forest district; rare; dry fields and hills. HERB. : Sandberg 592, Chisago Co. ; Sheldon 1621, Twin lake, Hennepin Co. XVII. LILIACEAE. Lily Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 133, 139, 152 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 748 (1883); Engler in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 10 (1887). Genera: 200; cosmopolitan; most abundant in sub- tropical and temperate regions. Extinct, 6-7. Species: 2500; extinct, 100-150; doubtful. TOFIELDIA HUBS. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, 157 (1778). Heriteria SCHRANK, Baler. Fl. I, 133 (1789;. Hebelia GMEL. Fl. Bad. II, 117 (1806 . Triantha NUTT. Gen. I, 235 (1818). Isidrogalvia R. and P. Fl. Per. and Chile, III, 69 (1802). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 828; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 431; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 20 (Engler). 144 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Living species: 14; N. temperate and Arctic regions, and in the Andes. Japan, 5; N. America, 3; Canada, 1; S. Sts., 3; California, 2; Himalayas, 1; Andes, 1-2. Tofieldia glutinosa (Micnx.) WILLD. Spec. IV (1805). Narihecium glutinosum MICHX. Fl. N. Am. 1, 210 (1803). Melanthium aspericaule POIR. ex Steud. Nom. II, 690 (1813?). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 532; Upharn,, Fl. Minn. 145; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 44; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 184; Chap., Fl. S. St. 492; Coult., Fl. Colo. 354; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 211; Rothr., Alask. 456. Arctic Russia, Kamtk. and Siberia. North America: Anticosti, N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man., Athabasca, Hudson Bay, Bear Lake and Alaska; W. to Rocky mts. ; S. to California and Oregon; Wyoming; S. to Minn., Mich., Ind., N. Y., Maine and in Alleghenies to Tenn. and N. Car. Minn, valley: N. and forest districts; moist grounds and shaded banks. HERB.: Taylor 733, Glen wood; Herrick 305, Minnea- polis ; Herrick 306, Minneapolis; Sandberg 572, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1755, Ramsey Co. ; Kassube 224, Minneapolis. ZIGAJ)ENUS MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 213 (1803). Monadenus and Chitonia SALISB. Fragm. 51 (1822?). Anticlea and Amiantanthium KUNTH, Enum. IV, 179, 191 (1843). Amianthium A. GRAY, Ann. Lye. 1ST. Y. IV, 121 (1837). Chrosperma RAF. ex. Engler. l. c. (1887). Enclooles SALISB. Fragm. (1822?). •Stenanthium A. GRAY, Ann. Lye. N. Y. IV, 119 (1837). Schoenocaulon A. GRAY, Ann. Lye. N. Y. IV, 127 (1837). Asagraya LINDL. Bot. Reg. t. 33 (1839). Sabadilla BRANDT, Hayne, Arzneig. XIII, f. 27 (1836). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 835, 836; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 432; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 23, 24 (Engler). Living species : 20; N. America and Mexico, 17; C. Amer., 1; Saghalin, 1; Siberia, 1; E. Sts., 11; California, 3-4; S. Sts., 5-6; Canada, 4-5; Rocky mts., 5. Zigadenus elegans PURSH, Fl. Am. 241 (1814). Z. chlvro.nthus RICH. Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 177 (1840). Z. glaucus HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 178 (1840). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 535; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 52; Upham, Fl.Minn. 144; Webb., Fl. Neb. 107; Chap., Fl. S. St. 488; Coult., Fl. Colo. 353; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 183; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. II, 5, 24; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 271. North America: Newf., Anticosti, to N. Eng. and N. J.; W. to Oregon and Behring's Straits, 62° 45' N. lat.; S. to Nev. , N. Mex. , Arizona, Neb. , 111. , Minn, and Tex. ? LIST OF HIGHER SEED PRODUCING PLANTS. 145 Minn, valley : Throughout; common; grassy places, fields, hillsides and meadows. HERB. : Sheldon 744, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 553, Waseca; Sheldon 1539, Lake Benton; Taylor 472, Janesville; Ballard 166, Shakopee; Sandberg 571, Red Wing; Oestlund 198, Hennepin Co.; Herri ck 304, Minneapolis; Kassube 240, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 191S, Ramsey Co.; Herb. Moyer 237, Camp Release, Chippewa Co. MELANTHIUM LINN. Gen. ed. II, Appx. (1742). Leimanthium WILLD. Gesell. Nat. Berl. Mag. II, 24 (1802). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. III. 834; Durand, Ind. Gen. Pfian. 432; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 24 (Engler). Living species: 3; Atlantic N. America. E. Sts., 3; Canada, 1; S. Sts., 1. Melanthium virginicum LINN. Spec. 339 (1753). Helonias virginica SIMS, Bot. Mag. 285 ( )? Leimanthium virginicum WILLD. Mag. Naturf. II, 24 (1808). Zygadenus virginicus KUNTH, Enum. IV, 195(1843). Melanthium hybridum PURSH, Fl. Am. 212 (1814). Leimanthium hybridum HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 177 (1840). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 533; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 51; Britt., Fl. N. J. 245; Chap., Fl. S. St. 488; Engl. Nat. Pflanz. II, 5, 24: Cov., Fl. Ark. 226. North America: Ont. ? to N. Eng. ; S. to N. Car. and Fla.? W. to Minn., Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: Reported from N. E. district; rare or doubtful; wet meadows. YERATRUM LINN. Gen. 769 (1737). Acedilanthus TRATJTV. Midden. Reise, Fl, Okh. 94 (1864?). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. III. 834 ; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 432; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 24 (Engler). Living species: 9; forest regions of N. hemisphere. Russia, 4; Europe, 2; N. America, 5; California, 2; E. Sts., 3; Canada, 1; S. Sts., 3; Rocky mts., 1; PI. King, 2; PL Wheel., 2. Yeratrum viricle AIT. Hort. Kew. Ill, 896 (1789). V. album MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 249 (1803). Helonias viridis SIMS, Bot. Mag. 1096 ( 1? Veratrum eschscholtzii GRAY, in Rothr. Alask. 456 (1867). V. album var. eschscholtzii DAWSON, Bound Eep. 374 (1875). ? V. album var. viridis REGEL, Fl. Ussur. 153 (1862). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6ed. 534; Britt., Fl. N. J. 245; Mac., Fl. €an. II, 51; Upharn, Fl. Minn., 144; Chap., Fl. S. St. 489; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 182; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 115?; Wats., King Exp. 344; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. 11,5,24. -10 146 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Valley of the Lena river in Siberia? North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man., Brit. Col., Vancouver and Sitka, Alaska; S. to Oregon; E. to Mo., Ga. and Atlantic coast. Minn, valley: Reported from N. edge; rare; swamps and marshes. UVULARIA LINN. Gen. 263 (1737). Oakesia S. WATS. Proc. Am. Acad. XIV, 269 (1879), not Tuck. Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 830; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phdn. 431; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, Y, 27 (En^ler). Living species: 4; Atlantic N. America. Uvular ia grandiflora SM. Exot. Fl. 99 (1804). ? U. lanceolata WILM>. Spec. II, 94 (1799). U. perfoliata var. major MICHX. Fl. I, 199 (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 528; Upham, Fl. Minn. 145; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 45; Chap., Fl. S. St. 487; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. II, 5, 27; Cov., Fl. Ark. 225. North America: Q., Ont. to Owen Sound and Lake Huron; S. to N. Eng., N. Y. and Ga.; W. to Minn., Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout; woods and shaded banks of lakes and streams. HERB.: Ballard 78, Chaska; Oestlund 199, Ramsey Co.; Kassube 241, Minneapolis; Herrick 308, Minneapolis; Bailey 233, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 575, Goodhue Co.; Ham- mond 42, Lake City; Herb. Moyer 238, Montevideo. Uvularia perfoliata LINN. Spec. 304 (1753). 17. perfoliata var. minor MICHX. Fl. Am. I, 199 (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 527; Britt., Fl. N. J. 244; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 44; Chap., Fl. S. St. 487. North America: Ont? to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Dak. and Mo. Minn, valley: Throughout; woods and shaded banks of lakes and streams; abundant. HERB.: Taylor 136, Janesville; Sheldon 144, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co. ; Herrick 307, Minneapolis ; Sandberg 573, Red Wing; Sandberg 574, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1893, Min- neapolis; Herb. Wicker sheim 123, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. Uvularia sessilifolia LINN. Spec. 305 (1753). Oakesia sessilifolia S. WATSON, Proc.- Am. Acad. XIV, 269(1879). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 528; Britt., Fl. N. J. 244; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 45; Upham, Fl. Minn. 145; Webb., Fl. Neb. 107; Chap., Fl. S. St. 487; Cov., Fl. Ark. 225. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 147 North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Pla.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Kan. and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout; principally in forest dis- trict; woods and shaded banks of lakes and streams. HERB. : Sandberg 576, Black Oak, Goodhue Co. ; Sand- berg 577, Goodhue Co.; Holsinger 282, "western Minnesota";: Kassube 242, Ramsey Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1706, Minneapolis; 1896, Ramsey Co. ALLIUM LINN. Gen. 294 (1737). Hexonychia, Calliprena, Kaphione, Xylorliiza, Berenice, Porrum, Cepa, Phylloclolon, Camarilla, Schoenissa, Butomissa, Hylogeton, Molyza, Canidia, Julus, Saturnia, Briseis SALISB* Fragra. Gen. 88-94 (1822?). Schoenoprasum HBK. Nov. Gen. et Spec. I, 277 (1815). Codonoprasum EEICHB. Fl. Germ. Exc. 114 (1830). Ophioscorodon WALER. Sched. Grit. 129 (1822). Moenchia MEDIC. Act. Palat. VI, 343 ( ). Moly MOENCH, Meth. 286 (1794). Saturnia MA.RATTI, Diss. Eoinul. 18, t. 2 (1772). Nectaroscordum LINDL. Bot. Reg. t. 1912 (1836). Trigonea PARLAT. Occhio, 161 (1839). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI III, 802; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 427; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 55 (Engler). Living species: 250; S. and Mid. Europe; extra- trop- ical Asia; N. Africa; N. America to Mexico. Europe, 80; Rus- sia, 73; European Russia, 40; N. America, 30-35; California, 25; Canada, 10; S. Sts., 7-8; Rocky mts., 14; E. Sts., 7; PL King, 8; PL Wheel., 6; S. America, 3-4; centers in Himalaya region. Allium canadense KALM, Linn. Spec. 1195 (1762). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 522; Britt., Fl. N. J. 241; Uphamr Fl. Minn. 147; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 36; Webb., Fl. Neb. 108; Coult., Fl. Colo. 348; Chap., Fl. S. St. 482; Wats., King. Exp. 487: Cov., Fl. Ark. 225. North America: N. Eng., Ont. to Minn.; S. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Dak., Neb. and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; common; wet fields and along bases of hills. HERB. : Taylor 518, Mud lake, Waseca Co. ; Taylor 621, Minnesota lake; Ballard 106, Carver; Ballard 355, Helena, Scott Co.; Sandberg 591, Vasa; MacM. and Sheld. 66, Brainerd; Herb. Sheld. 1916, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 242, Montevideo. Allinm stellatum NUTT. Gen. I, 214 (1818). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 522; Upham, Fl. Minn. 147; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 36; Coult., Fl. Colo. 348; Webb., Fl. Neb. 108; Wats., King Exp. 486. 148 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. North America: Saskatchewan and Brit. Col. to Wy oming, Neb., Dak., Minn., W. Ills, and Mo. Minn, valley: Prairie district and far N. E. ; N. edge; high bluffs and headlands. HERB.: Sheldon 1202, New Ulm; Sheldon 1518a, Lake Benton; Sheldon 952, Redwood Falls; Sheldon 1472, Pipestone, Sheldon 971, Sleepy Eye; Gedge 16, Tracy, Lyon Co.; Oestlund 203, Minneapolis. Allium cernuum ROTH, Cat. Fasc. II, 2 (1SOO). ? A. tricorne Pom. Suppl. Enc. Meth. I, 270 (1810). A. stellatum HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 184 (1840) in part. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 522; Upham, Fl. Minn. 147; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 35: Chap., Fl. S. St. 482; Coult., Fl. Colo* 347; Both., Wheel. Exp. 269; Wats., King Exp. 486. North America: Lake of the Woods and Souris river to Brit. Col., Vancouver and Nootka; S. to Oregon and N. Mex. ; E. to S. Car. and Alleghenies. Minn, valley: Prairie district and N. W. and N. E. dis- tricts; rather rare; plains and sunny banks. HERB. : Taylor 876, Glenwood; Holzmger 293, Winona; Kassiibe 249, Minneapolis; Sandberg 590, Goodhue Co. Allium schoenoprasum LINN. Spec. 301 (1753). Cepa schoenoprasum MOENCH, Meth. 244 (1794). Allium folioswn CLAK. Bed. Lil. 24 (1802 1. A. acutum SPRENG. Pug. I, 28 O813). A. tenuifolium POHL. Tent. Fl. Bohm. II, 10 (1815). A. palustre POURR. in Lag. PI. Matr. 13 (1816). A. sibiricum R. and S. Syst. VII, 1027 (1829). A. sibiricum schoenoprasioides FR. in Kunth, Enum IV, 685 (1841). A. schoenoprasum var. alpinum KOCH, Syn. ed. 2, 833 (1845). A. punctulatum SCHLECHT. Linn. XIX, 401 (1847). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 522; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 35; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 147; Coult., Fl. Colo. 347; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 166; Richt., PI. Eur. 202; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 406: Herd., FL Eur. Russ. 132; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. II, 5, 56; Wats., King Exp. 485; Hart., Scand. Fl. I, 407; Rothr., Alask. 456. All Europe and Siberia to Himalayas and Japan. North America: Labrador to Bear lake and the Yukon atlat. 63° N.; S. to Brit. Col., Oregon and Wyoming; E. to Dak., Minn., Gt. Lakes, N. Br. and N. S. Minn, valley: Reported from N. edge; rare; shores of forest lakes and river banks. Allium tricoccum AIT. Hort. Kew. I, 428 (1789). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 521; Britt., Fl. N. J. 241; Chap., Fl. S. St. 482; Upham, Fl. Minn. 147; Mac., FL Can. II, 34; ? Wats., King Exp. 485. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 149 North America: Ont. to N. of Lake Superior; S. to W. N. Eng. , N. J. and mts. of N. Car. ; W. to Minn, and Iowa. Minn, valley: Throughout; not infrequent; woods and banks of streams and lakes. HERB. : Taylor 622, Minnesota lake; Bollard 291, Jor- dan, Scott Co.; Taylor 127, Janesville; Sheldon 289, Madison Lake,Biue Earth Co. ; Sheldon 698, Waseca; Sheldon 1007, Sleepy Eye; Herrick 316, Minneapolis; Holzinger 292, Winona Co.; Sandberg 589, Vasa. LILIUM LINN. Gen. 258 (1737). Martagon SALTSB. Gen. PL Fragm. 56 (1822?). ' Notholirion Boiss. Fl. Or. V, 190 (1867). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI III, 816; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 430; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 60 (Engler). Living species: 45; temperate regions, N. hemisphere. Russia, 10; Europe, 7; N. America, 14; Atl. region, 5; Pac. region, 9; Rocky mts., 1; S. Sts., 5-6; Canada, 4. E. Asia, 25 ±. Lilinm canadense LINN. Spec. 303 (1753). L. pardalinum var. bourgwi BAKER, Linn. Journ. XIV, 242 (1875). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 529; Britt., Fl. N. J. 242; Upham, Fl. Minn. 146; Webb., Fl. Neb. 108; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 38; Chap., Fl. S. St. 484; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. II, 5, 61; Wats., King Exp. 346. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Ft. Francis on Rainy Lake river; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Ga.; W. to Minn., Neb., Mo. Minn, valley: Throughout; principally forest district; moist fields, bogs and marshy meadows. HERB. : Ballard 410, New Prague, Scott Co. ; Taylor 261, Janesville; Taylor 718, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 401, Madi- ison Lake, Blue Earth Co. ; Oestlund 202, Ramsey Co. ; Kassube 248, Minneapolis; Herrick 315, Minneapolis; Sandberg 587, Can- non Falls; Sheldon 450, Duck lake, Blue Earth Co. Liliuni superbum LINN. Spec. ed. 2, 435 (1762). L. carolinianum MICHX. Fl. I, 197 (1803). L. canadense var. superbum ELWES, Mon. Lil. 21 (1878). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 529; Britt., Fl. N. J. 242; Chap., Fl. S. St. 484; Upham, Fl. Minn. 146; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. II, 5, 61; Cov., Fl. Ark. 225; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 39. North America: W. Ont. and N. Eng. to N. J. and Ga. ; W. to Minn., Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co. ; low grounds and meadows. HERB. : Holzinger 288, Winona. 150 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Lilium philadelphicum LINN. Spec. ed. 2, 435 (1762). L. urtibellatum PURSH, Fl. Arn. 229 (1814). Wats. aDd Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 529; Britt., Fl. N. J 242; Upham, Fl. Minn. 146; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 38; Chap., Fl. S. St. 484; Coult., Fl. Colo. 351; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. II, 5, 61; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 269; Cov., Fl. Ark 225. North America: Ont. to L. Huron, Saskatchewan, prairie region and Rockies and Columbia valley, Brit. Col.; 5. to Colo, in Rocky mts.; E. to Minn., Ark., N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car. Minn, valley: Throughout; common; fields, prairies; forest openings and hillsides; principally forest district. HERB.: Taylor 554, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 640, Wa- seca; Sheldon 697, Waseca; Bollard 263, Jordan, Scott Co.; Bal- lard 460, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Sandberg 585, Chisago Co.; Kassube-247, Minneapolis; Roberts 134, Split Rock; Leonard 47, Spring Valley; Bailey 386, Mud lake; Sandberg 586, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1695, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 127, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. ; Herb. Moyer 241, Minnesota valley. ERYTHRON1UM LINN. ' Gen. 262 (1737). Benth. and Hook , Gen. PI. III. 819; Durand, Ind Gen. Plian. 430; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 63 (Engleri. Living species: 7; 1, Europe, Russian Asia and Japan; 6, N. America; Canada, 4-5; S. Sts., 2; California, 3-4 (1 en- dem. ); Rocky mts., 1. Erythronium albidum NUTT. Gen. I, 223 (1818). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 528; Britt., Fl. N. J. 243; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 41; Upham, Fl. Minn. 146; Webb., Fl. Neb. 107; Cov. Fl. Ark. 225. North America: Ont. to N. Y., N. J.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Kan. Minn, valley: Throughout; infrequent; low woods, shaded banks and hillsides. HERB.: Sandberg 588, Vasa; Manning 9, Lake City; Holzinger 290, Winona Co.; Herb. Wickersheim 128, Lake Ben- ton; -?##,Mankato. Erythronium americanum SM. E. dens-canis var. g. LINN. Spec. ed. 2, 437 (1762). E. lanceolatum PURSH, Fl. Am. I, 230 (1814). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 528; Britt., Fl. N. J. 242; Mac.,Fl. Can. II, 41; Upham.Fl. Minn. 146; Chap.,Fl. S. St. 484; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. 11,5,63; Cov., Fl. Ark. 225. North America: N. S., Q., Ont. to Owen Sound and Georgian Bay; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Mo. and Ark. LIST OP HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 151 Minn, valley: Forest district; St. Paul to Blue Earth Co. ; thickets, copses and rich woodland. HERB. : Holzinger 289, Winona Co. ; Holzinger 291, Winona. CAMASSIA LINDL. Bot. Reg. t. 1486 ( ). Cyanotris RAF. Am. Mo. Mag. (1819). Sitococlium SALISB. Gen. PI. Fragm. 27 (1822?). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. 111,815; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 429; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 66 (Engler). Living species: 3;N. America; Canada, 3? Calif., 1; E. Sts., 1; S. Sts., 1; PL Wheel., 1; PI. King, 1. Camassia fraseri (NUTT.) TORR. Pac. Rep. IV, 147 (1856). Phalangiumesculentum'N'UTT. Fras. Cat. (1813). P. fraseri NUTT.? Scilla esculenta KER Bot. Reg. t. 1574 (1833). S. fraseri GRAY. Man. ed. 5, 553 (1868). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 523; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 37; Upham, Fl. Minn. 147; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 66; Cov., FL, Ark. 225. North America: Ont. and W. Penn. to Ga. ; W. to Minn. , Kan. and Ark. Minn, valley: Reported from S. central district; local and rare; wet prairies, bases of hills and banks of streams. CL1NTONIA RAF. Journ. Phys. LXXXIX, 102 (1819). Xeniatrum SALISB. Gen. PI. Fragm. 58 (1822?). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI III, 832; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 432; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, Y, 79 (Engler). Living species: 6; Pac. America, 2: Atl. Amer., 2; Japan and E. Siberia, 1; C. and E. Himalayas, 1. Clintonia borealis (AiT.) RAF. Atl. Journ. 120 (1832). Dracaena borealis AIT. Hort. Kew. I, 5 (1789). Smilacina borealis PURSH, Fl. Am. 232 (1814). Convallaria umbellata TORR. Fl. N. Am. I, 355 (1824). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 527; Britt., Fl. N. J. 244; Upham, Fl. Minn. 145; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 47; Chap., Fl. S. St. 482; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. II, 5, 27. North America: Labrador, Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to L. Winnipeg and the Saskatchewan; S. to N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn, and Oregon?. Minn, valley: N. E. and N. W, districts; infrequent; cold woods and tamarack swamps. HERB. : Lugger 1, Vermilion lake; Roberts 132, North shore; Herrick 309, St. Louis river; Arthur 46, Vermilion lake; Bailey 120, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 578, Agate bay. 152 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. UNIFOLIUM ADANS. Fam. II (1763). Tovaria NECK. Elem. Ill, 190 (1790) not Adans. Smilaciiia DESF. Ann. Mus. Par. IX, 51 (1798). Sigillaria RAF. Jour. Phys. LXXXIX, 261 (1819). Polygonastrum MOENCH, Meth. 637 (1794). Asteranthemum, Jocaste, Medora KUNTH, Enura. V, 148-155 (1850). Neolexis SALISB. Gen. PI. Fragm. 64 (1822?). Majanthemum WIGG. Prim. Hoist. 15 (1780). Sciophylla WIBEL, Prim. Werth. 147 (1799). Bifolium GAERTN. Wett. Fl. I, 209 (1799). StyraHdra RAF. Jour. Phys. LXXXIX, 102 (1819). Maia SALISB. Gen. PI. Fragm. 64 (1822?). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 770: Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 422; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 79 (Engler); O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 717, 718; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 361. Living species: 21; N. temperate regions, 2; Hima- layas, 5; E. Siberia, 1; Japan, 1; W. N. America, 1 (end.); Mexico and Gautemala, 7; Canada, 6; California, 4; Rocky mts., 3; E. Sts., 4; N. America, 8-10; Europe, 1. Fossil species: ? Cretaceous, Greenland (Heer)\ Ter- tiary, Greenland (Heer). Unifolium bifolium (LiNN.) Convallaria bifolia LINN. Spec. 316 (1753). C. quadrifida LAM. Fl. Fr. Ill, 269 (1778). Majanthemum convallaria WIGG. Prim. Fl. Hoist. 15 (1780). Evallaria bifolia NECK. Elem. Ill, 196 (1791). Convallaria tetrapetala GILIB. Exerc. Phyt. II, 461 (1792). Majanthemum cordifolium MOENCH, Meth. 638 (1794). Smilacina bifolia DESF. Ann. Mus. IX, 54 (1807). Majanthemum canadense DESF. Ann. Mus. IX. 52 (1807). Smilacina canadense PURSH, Fl. Am. 233 (1814). Styrandra bifolia RAF. Jour. Phys. LXXXIX, 102 (1819). Smilacina bifolia var. canadense GRAY, Man. ed. 5, 530? (1868). Unifolium canadense GREENE, Torr. Bull. XV, 287 (1888). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 526; Britt., Fl. N. J. 241; Mac.T Fl. Can. II, 32; Upham, Fl. Minn. 145; Chap., Fl. S. St. 481; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 162; Richt., PL Eur. 231; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. II, 5, 80; Rothr., Alask. 456. Whole N. temperate zone. North America: Labrador and Newf. to Hudson Bay, Bear lake and Rockies; S. through Can. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car. W. to Minn. , Dak. and Iowa. Alaska. Minn, valley: Throughout; principally in forest dis- trict and along streams ; damp woods and banks ; tamarack swamps. HERB. : Bollard 870, Waconia; Ballard 418, New Pra- gue, Scott Co.; Ballard 68, Chaska; Taylor 948, Glen wood; LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 158 Holzinger, 285, Winona Co. ; Sandberg 582, Tower; Oestlund 200, Ramsey Co. ; Her rick 312, Minneapolis; Bailey 246, Vermilion lake; Kassnbe 245, Minneapolis; Hammond 46, Lake City; Herb. Sheld. 1730, Minneapolis; 1710, Ramsey Co. Unifolium trifolinm (LINN.) GREENE, Torr. Bull. XV, 287 (1888). Conv allaria trifolia LINN. Spec. 316 (1753). Smilacina trifolia DESF. Ann. Mus. IX, 52 (1807). Majanthemum trifolium LINK, Enum. I, 343 (1821). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 526; Britt., Fl. N. J. 241; Mac , Fl. Can. II, 32; Upham, Fl. Minn. 145; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. II, 5, 79. E. Siberia. North America: Labrador, Newf. to Man., Bear lake and Rocky mts. ; S. to N. Eng. , N. J. and Penn. ; W. to Mich. , Minn. Minn, valley: Forest district and N. W. district; bogs and damp woods or darkly shaded banks. HERB. : Sheldon 218, Lake Washington, Blue Earth Co. ; Roberts 133, North shore; Herrick 311, St. Louis river; Juni 16, Put-in-Bay; Bailey 289, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 581, Chis- ago lake; Herb. Sheld. 1786, Minneapolis; Hammond 47, Lake City. Unifolium stellatum (LINN.) GREENE, Torr. Bull. XV, 287 (1888). Convallaria stellata LINN. Spec. 316 (1753). Smilacina stellata DKSF. Ann. Mus. IX, 52 (1807). Majanthemum stellatum LINK, Enum. I, 343 (1821). Asteranthemum vulgare KUNTH, Enum. V, 152 (1850). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 526; Britt., Fl. N. J. 241; Webb , Fl. Neb. 108; Upham, Fl. Minn. 145; Macv FL Can. II, 30; Coult., Fl. Colo. 350; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 161; Richt., PL Eur. 231; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. II, 5, 79; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 270; Wats., King Exp. 315; Cov., FL Ark. 224; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 569. Introduced in Norway. North America: Labrador to Hudson Bay, Saskatche- wan, Assiniboia, Rocky mts. and Oregon; S. in Sierras to Car- son, Nev. ; in Rockies to N. Mex. ; E. through Ark. and Neb. to Tenn., N. J. and Atl. coast. Minn, valley: Throughout; frequent; banks, woods and moist copses. HERB. : Sheldon 230, Lake Washington, Blue Earth Co, ; Sheldon 135, Madison Lake; Sheldon 882, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 12a, Elysian; Bollard 417, New Prague, Scott Co.; Taylor 166, Janesville; Taylor 212, Janesville; Sandberg 580, Goodhue Co.; Herrick 310, Minneapolis; Holzinger 284, Winona Co.; Kassube 154 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY 244, Minneapolis; Hammond 44, Lake City; Herb. Sheld. 1895, Hennepin Co. ; Herb. Wickersheim 125, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. ; Herb. Moyer 239, Chippewa valley. Unifolium racemosnm (LINN.) BRITT. Torr. Bull. (1888). Convallaria racemosa LINN. Spec. 315 (1753). Smilacina racemosa DESF. ADD. Mus. IX, 52 (1807). Smilacina ciliata PUBSH, Fl. Am. 232 (1814). Majanthemum racemosum LINK, Enum. I. 343 (1821). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 525: Britt.,Fl. N. J. 240; Mac.,Fl. Can. II, 31; Upham,Fl. Minn. 145; Chap., Fl. S. St. 481; Engl., Nat.Pflanz. II, 5, 79; Wats., King Exp. 345; Cov., Fl. Ark. 224. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man. and Saskatchewan; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and S. Car.; W. to Minn., E. Kan. and Ark. S. to northern Mexico ? Minn, valley: Forest district, and probably through- out; moist woods and banks of streams and lakes. HERB. : Sheldon 904, Sleepy Eye; Bollard 77, Chaska; Sheldon 136, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Taylor ^£,Elysian; Taylor 135, Janesville; Holzinger 283, Winona Co.; Kassube 243, Minneapolis; Sandberg 579, Cannon Falls; Hammond 48, Lake City; Herb, tiheld. 1892, Minneapolis; Herb Wickersheim 124, Mankato. POLYGONATUM ADANS. Fam. II, 54 (1763). Evallaria NECK. Elem, III, 189 (1790). Axillaria RAF. Jour. Phys. LXXXIX, 261 (1819). Campydorum SALISB. Gen. PI. Fragm. 64 (1822?). Periballanthus FRANCH. ET SAV. ex Dur. 1. c. (1888). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 768; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 421; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 80 (Engler); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 362. Living species : 23; temperate N. hemisphere. Europe, 6; Russia, 7; Russian Europe, 4; N. America, 2-3; E. Sts., 2; Canada, 2; S. Sts., 2; Rocky mts., 1. Polygonatum coin unit at um (SCHULT.) DIETR. Ott. Gartenz. 222 (1835). Convallaria canaliculata WILLD. Spec. IV (1805). ? Polygonatum canaliculatum PURSH, Fl. Am. 235 (1814). Convallaria commutata SCHULT. Syst. VII, 1671 (1830). P. giganteum DIETR. Ott. Gartenz. 322 (1835). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 525; Britt., Fl. N. J. 240; Upham, Fl. Minn. 146; Webb., Fl. Neb. 108; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 28; Coult., Fl. Colo. 350; Wats., King Exp. 346; Cov., Fl. Ark. 224. North America: W. Ont. to Saskatchewan; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Va. ; W. to Mont., Ark. and N. Mex. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 155 Minn, valley: Throughout; common; woods and shady banks of lakes and streams. HERB.: Taylor 118a, Janesville; Bollard 67, Chaska; Sheldon 41, Elysian; Taylor 34, Elysian; Oestlund 201, Hennepin Co. ; Holzinger 287, Winona Co. ; Herrick 314, Minneapolis; Sand- berg 584, Cannon Falls; Hammond 4-5, Lake City; Herb. Wicker- sheim 126, Lake Benton. Polygonatum biflorum (WALT,) ELL Sk. (1823). Convallaria Uflora WALT. Fl. Car. 122 (1788). C. multiflora MICHX. Fl. I, 202 (1803). Polygonatum angustifolium, ? canaliculatum, pubescens, ?hirtum, lati- folium and multiflorum PURSH, Fl. I, 234-235 (1814). Convallaria parviftora Pom. Suppl. Enc. Meth. IV, 29 (1816). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 525; Britt., Fl. N. J. 240; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 28; Chap., Fl. S. St. 481; Upham, Fl. Minn. 146; Engl., Nat. Pflanz, II, 5, 81; Cov., Fl. Ark. 224; Webb., Appx. Neb. 26. ^ North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Owen Sound, Georgian Bay and S. Man,; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., E. Kan., Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; frequent; woods and shady banks of lakes and streams. HERB.: Taylor 262, Janesville; Sheldon 116, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co. ; Bollard 69, Chaska; Holzinger 286, Winona Co.; Herrick 313, Minneapolis; Kassube246, Minneapolis; Sand- berg 583, Cannon Falls; Hammond, 43, Lake City^ Herb. Moyer 240, Carlton lake, near Montevideo. MEDEOLA LINN. Gen. 305 (1737). Gyromia NUTT Gen. I, 238 (1818). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 833; Durand, Ind. Gen. Plian. 432; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 83 (Engler). Living species: 1; Atlantic N. America. Medeola virginiana LINN. Spec. 839 (1753). M. virginica LINN. Spec, ed 2 (1762). Gyromia virginica NUTT. Gen. I, 238 (1818). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 530; Britt., Fl. N. J. 244; Upham, Fl. Minn. 144; Mac., FL Can. II, 48; Chap., Fl. S. St. 479: Engl.,Nat. Pflanz II, 5, 83; Cov., Fl. Ark. 225. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Owen Sound and Georgian Bay; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Mid. Fla.; W. to Minn., Ind. and Ark. Minn valley: Reported from N. E. district; rare; rich woodland and banks of streams. 156 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. TRILLIUM LINN. Gen. ed. V, 412 (1754). Delostylis RAF. Journ. Phys. LXXXIX, 102 (1819). Trillidium KUNTH, Enum. V, 120 (1850). Esdra SALT SB. Gen. PI. Fragm. 60 (1822?). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 833; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 432; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 84 (Engler). Living species: 15; N. America and from Japan to the Himalayas. N. America, 14; Canada, 5-6; S. Sts., 8-10; E. Sts., 7; California, 4-5. Trillium nivale RIDD. Syn. W. Fl. 93 (1835). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 531; Upham, Fl. Minn. 144. North America: W. Penn. to Ky., Ohio, Iowa and Minnesota. Minn, valley: S. central district; local and rare; rich woods and shaded banks. 4 HERB. : Leiberg 73, Blue Earth Co. Trillium cernuum LINN. Spec. 339 (1753). T. pendulum MUHL. Willd. Hort. Berol. I, 35 (1816). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 531; Britt., Fl. N. J. 245; Uphani, Fl. Minn. 144; Mac , Fl. Can. II, 50; Chap., Fl. S. St. 478. North America: Newf., N. S., Q., Ont., Georgian Bay; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Ga.; W. to Minn, and Mo. Minn, valley: Throughout; frequent; woods and along streams. HERB.: Sheldon 202, Lake Washington, Blue Earth Co.; Taylor 918, Glen wood; Kassube 239, Minneapolis; Sandberg 570, Taylor's Palls; Leonard 46, Bloomington; Herb. Wickersheim 122, Lake Benton; Herb. Moyer 236, Montevideo. Trillium grandiflorum (Micnx.) SALISB. Parad. Lond. Ir (1806). T. rhomboideus var. grandiflorum MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 216 (1803). T. camtschaticum PURSH. Fl. Am. I, 246 (1814). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 530; Upham, Fl. Minn. 144; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 50; Chap., Fl. S. St. 478; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. II, 5, 84. Ont. to Owen Sound; E. to Vt.; S. to N. Car.; W. to Minn, and Mo. Minn valley: Forest district and probably N. W.; rich woodland and shaded river banks. HERB. : Hammond 3, Lake City; Holzinger 281, Winona; Sandberg 569, Vasa. Trillium erectum LINN. Spec. 340 (1753). T. album PURSH, Fl. Am. I, 245 (1814). T. pendulum AIT. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, II, 328 (1811). T. erectum var. dedinatum GRAY, Man. ed. 5. 523 (1868). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 157 Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 530; Britt., Fl. N. J. 245; Uphani, Fl. Minn. 144; Chap., Fl. S. St. 478; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 48; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. II, 5, 84. North America: N. S., Q., Ont., Man.; S. to N. J. and N. Car. ; W. to Minn, and Mo. Minn, valley: Forest district; rich woodland and shaded riverbanks. HERB.: Taylor 120, Janesville; Ballard 202, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sandberg 566, Chisago lake; var. album (Pursh) = Sandberg 567, Red Wing; Sandbery 568, Red Wing; var. declinatum Gray=Holzinger 280, Winona; Nerrick 302, Minne- apolis; Arthur 103, Vermilion lake; Herrick303, St. Louis river; Bailey 231, Vermilion lake. Trillium recurvatum BECK, Bot. (1833). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 530; Upham, Fl. Minn. 144. North America: Ohio and Ind. to 111. Minn., Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: Reported from Rice Co.; doubtful or rare. Trillium sessile LINN. Spec. (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6ed. 530; Upham, Fl. Minn 144; Chap., Fl. S. St. 477; Cov., Fl. Ark. 225. North America: Penn. to Fla. ; W. to Minn, and Ark. Minn, valley: Reported from N. E. district; rare or doubtful; damp woods and shaded banks. SMILAX LINN. Gen. 751 (1737). Kemexia RAF. Mcd. Fl. II, 264 (1830). Coprosmanthus KUNTH, Enum. V, 263 (1850). Parillax RAF. Med. Fl. 1. c. (1830). Pleiosmilax SEEM. Jour. Bot. 193 (1868). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III. 763; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 420; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 88 (Engler); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 362, 363. Living species : 200 ± ; especially in the tropics, but extending to temperate N. America, E. Asia and the Mediter- ranean region. Europe, 3; Russia, 2; N. America, 14; E. Sts., 12; California, 1; Canada, 3; S. Sts., 10; Rocky mts., 1. Fossil species: A large number described, but many doubtful. Tertiary — Eocene and Miocene. Greenland (Heer); S. France (Saporta)-, W. America ( Lesquereaux) ; Baltic region, amber (Conwentz). Smilax hispid a MUHL. Cat. 97 (1813). ? S. rotundifolia WILLD. Spec. IV, 779 (1805). S. grandifolioL BUCKL. in Herb. Boiss. 158 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 521; Britt., Fl. N. J. 239: Webb., Fl. Neb. 108; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 27; Upham, Fl. Minn. 143. North America: Ont. to Conn., N. J. and Va.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Tex. Minn, valley: Forest district; thickets and edges of woods; rather rare. HERB.: Sandberg 564, Cannon Falls. Smilax rotundifolia LINN. Spec. 1460 (1753). S. caduca LINN. Herb. Kalm. S. quadrangularis MUHL. Willd. Spec. IV, 775 (1805). /S. ciliata STEUD. Hort. Frank. S. aspem DC. Organ. II, 262 (1827). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man.Ged. 520; Britt., Fl. N. J. 239; Chap.,FL S. St. 477; Upham, Fl. Minn. 143; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 26; Coult., Fl. Colo. 355; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. II, 5, 89; Cov. Fl. Ark. 224. Central America; W. Indies. North America: Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga. ; W. to Minn., Colo., Mo., Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: Forest district and probably through- out; woods along streams. HERB.: Ballard 87n, Chaska; Sheldon 39, Elysian; Taylor 200, Janesville; Taylor 487, Janes ville; Taylor 45, Elysian; Taylor 664, Cobb river, Blue Earth Co. ; Sandberg 563, Cannon Falls. Smilax echirrata WATS. Gray's Man. ed. 6, 520 (1890). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 520. North America: Md. to S. Car.; W. to Mich., Minn., Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: S. E. district: moist, wooded banks and damp thickets, HERB. : Taylor 709, Minnesota lake. Smilax herbacea LINN. Spec. 1030 (1753). ? S. pulverulenta MICHX. Fl. II, 238 (1803). ?8. peduncularis MUHL. Willd. Spec. IV, 786 (1805). Coprosmanthus herbaceus KUNTH, Enum. V, 264 (1850). Smilax herbacea var. pulveruknta GRAY, Man. 5ed. (1868). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 520; Britt., Fl. N. J. 239; Webb.y Fl.Neb. 108; Upham, Fl. Minn. 143; Mac., Fl. Can, II, 27; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. II, 5, 88; Cov. Fl. Ark. 224; Webb., Appx. Neb. 26. Japan. North America: N. Br. to Winnipeg, Red, Saskatch- ewan and Assiniboine valleys; S. to^T. Eng., N. J., Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Mo. and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; abundant; meadows and river banks. LIST OP HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 159 HERB.: Taylor 945, Glen wood; Sheldon 311, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Taylor 819, Glenwood; Taylor 199, Janesville; Taylor 710, Minnesota lake; Taylor 30, Elysian; Sheldon 700, Waseca; Kassube 238, Minneapolis; Juni 15, Min- neapolis; Sandberg 565, Red Wing; and in var. puverulenta (Michx.); Sheldon 212\, Lake Washington, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 382, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co. ; Herb. Sheld. 1891, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 120. Mankato; Herb. Wicker- sheim 121, Idle wild, Lincoln Co. ; Herb. Moyer 235 , var. puveru- lenta (Michx.), Montevideo. XVIII. AMARYLLIDACEAE. Amaryllis Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI. 147 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 711 (1883); Pax, in JEngler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 97 (1887). Genera: 70; temperate and warmer regions. Species: 700; principally subtropical. HYPOXIS LINN. Gen. ed. VI, 417 (1764) Janthe, Spiloxene SALISB. Gen. PI. Fragm. 44 (1822?). Niobea WILLD. Rel. Schult. Syst. VII, 762 (1830). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 717; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 415; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 121 (Pax). Living species: 50; tropical regions; Australia; N. America; S. Africa and Mascerene Isls. N. America, 2 ; Rocky mts., 1;E. Sts., 2; S. Sts., 2. Hypoxis erecta LINN. Spec. ed. 2, 439 (1762). H. carolinensis MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 188 (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 517; Britt., Fl. N. J. 238; Upham, Fl. Minn. 142; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 26; Webb., Fl.Neb. 108; Chap.,Fl. S. St. 468; Cov. Fl. Ark. 223. North America: Prairie region of Can. from Assini- boia to Ont.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., E. Kan. and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; meadows and hillsides. HERB.: Taylor 347, Janesville; Bollard 277, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Herrick 300, Minneapolis; Kassube 235, Minneapolis; Sandberg 560, Cannon Falls; Hammond 40, Ilake City; Herb. Sheld. 1841, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 119, Idlewildr Lincoln Co. ; Herb. Moyer 232, Black Oak lake, Chippewa Co. XIX. DIOSCOREACEAE. Yam Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI 157 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 741 (1883); Pax, in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 131 (1887). Genera: 9 living; 2 extinct. Warmer regions. Species: 175 ±; 5-6 extinct. 160 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. DIOSCOREA LINN. Gen. 754 (1737). Borderea MIEGEV. Bull. Soe. Fr. XIII, 374 (1867). .Epipetrum PHILIPPI, Linn. XXXIII, 253 (1859). Helmia KTJNTH, Enum. V, 414 (1850). Hamatris SALISB. Gen. PI. Fragm. 11 (1822?). Botryosychios HOCHST. Flora (1844). Merione and Polyaome SALIBB. 1. c. (1822?). Sismondea DELPON. Mem. Tur. 2, XIV, 394 (1854). Strophis and Elephantodon SALISB. 1. c. 12 (1822?). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 743; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 420; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pftanz. 2, V, 132 (Pax); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 365. Living species: 150; warmer regions of the earth. Principally N. and S. America and S. Africa. U. S., 1. Fossil species. Cretaceous, Kansas (Lesquereaux), a doubtful species. Tertiary, S. France, Bonn, 1-2 (Saporta, Weber). « Dioscorea villosa LINN. Spec. 1033 (1753). D. quinataWALT. Fl. Car. 246 (1788). D. paniculata MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 239 (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 517; Britt., Fl. N. J. 238; Upham, Fl. Minn. 143; Chap., Fl. S. St. 474; Mac.,Fl. Can. II, 26; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz, II, 5, 134; Cov., Fl. Ark. 224. North America: Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Kan., Ark. and Tex Minn, valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Mankato: infrequent; thickets and edges of woods. XX, IRIDACEAE. Iris Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI. 164 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 681 (1883); Pax in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pftanz. 2, V, 137 (1887). Genera: 57 living; 1 fossil. Species: 800; Mediterranean and African region, and all warmer and temperate regions. Center in Cape of Good- hope region for Old World, and in Central America for New World. IRIS LINN. Gen. 29 (1737). Neubeckia ALEF. Bot. Zeit. 290, 297 (1863). Chamoletta A DANS. Fam. II, 60 (1763). Xyridion and loniris KLATT. Bot. Zeit. 497, 513 (1872). Onocyclus SIEMSS. Bot. Zeit. 706 (1846). Evansia, Diaphane, Thelysia SALISB. Trans. Hort. Soc. I, 303-305 (1812). Costia WILLK. Bot. Zeit. 131 (1860). Coresanthe ALEF. Bot. Zeit. 298 (1863). Hermodactyloii, Xiphlon, Gynaiidriris PARLAT. N. Gen. et Spec. Monoc. 34 (1839?). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 161 Juno TRATT. R. and S. Syst. I, 471, 474 (1817). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 686; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 412; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 145 (Pax^; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 364. Living species: 100; temperate and warmer N. hemis- phere; Russia, 38; Europe, 41; Russian Europe, 14; N. Amer- ica, 20; California, 6; S. Sts., 7; Rocky mts., 2; E. Sts., 6; Can- ada, 6-7; PL King, 1; PL Wheel., 1. Fossil species: Tertiary, Oeningen (Heer)', Greenland, Spitzbergen, Grinnell-Land — Iridium (Heer). Iris versicolor LINN. Spec. 39 (1753). ? I. hexagona WALT. Fl. Car. 66 (1788). I. virginica PURSH, Fl. Am. 29 (1814). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 513; Britt., Fl. N. J. 237; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 23: Upham, Fl. Minn. 143; Chap., Fl. S.St. 472; Cov., Fl. Ark. 223; Webb., Appx. Neb. 26. North America: Newf, N. S., Q., Ont. to Man.; S. to N. J., Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout; abundant; marshes and swamps ; wet meadows and edges of streams. HERB. : Bollard 57, Chaska; Sheldon 367, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Taylor 299, Janesville; Sheldon 12, Elysian; Kassube 236, Minneapolis; Oestlund 197, Hennepin Co.; Holz- inger 279, Winona Co.; Bailey 220, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 561, Goodhue Co.; Hammond 41, Lake City; Herb. Moyer 233, Montevideo. SI81RINCHIUM LINN. Gen. 689 (1737). Souza VELLOZ. Fl. Flum. 273 (1827). Syorhynchium HOFFM. ex Durand, 1. c. (1888). Bermudiana ADANS. Fam. II, 60 (1763). Echthronema, Glumosia, Eriphilema HERB. Bot. Reg. Hydastylus SALISB. Trans. Hort. Soc. I, 310 (1812). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 698; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 413; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 150 (Paxj; Living species: 50; America, especially tropics; ex- tending to Canada and Magellan. N. America, 6-8; California, 3-4; Canada, 4; E. Sts., 3; S. Sts., 2-3. Sisyrinchium mucronatum MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 33 (1803). S. angustifolium AUCT. (in part.) Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 515; Britt., Fl. N. J. 238; Webb., Fl. Neb. 108; Chap., Fl. S. St. 474; Coult., Fl. Colo. 345; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 25; Upham, Fl. Minn. 143; Both., Wheel. Exp. 266; Cov., Fl. Ark. 223. North America: Ranges with S. arigusiifolium Mill. Minn, valley: N. E. and N. districts; infrequent; hab- itat like that of S. angusiifolium Mill. -11 162 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB.: Bailey 493, Agate bay; Bailey 435, Basswood lake. Sisyrinchium anguslifolium MILL. Diet. (1768). ? 8. gramineum LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 403 (1783). 8. anceps CAV. Diss. VI, 345U790). 8. lermudiana MICHX. PI, N. Am. II, 33 (1803) in part. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 515; Britt., Fl. N. J. 238; Upham, Fl. Minn. 143; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 25: Chap., Fl. S. St. 474; Coult., Fl. Colo. 345; Richt., PI. Eur. 259; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 396; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 92; Wats., King Exp. 342; Cov., Fl. Ark. 223; Rothr., Alask. 456. Introduced? in Ireland and N. Germany. North America: Throughout, except Pac. coast region. Minn, valley: Throughout; abundant; prairies, fields and grassy slopes. HERB.- Taylor 175, Janesville; Taylor 545, Janes ville; Leonard 45, Minneapolis; Herrick 301, Minneapolis; Kassube 237, Minneapolis; Kassube 238, Minneapolis; Sandberg 562, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1840, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 234, Montevideo. XXI. ORCHIDACEAE. Orchis Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI. 185 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 460 (1883); Pfltzer in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, VI, 52 (1888). Genera: 350-400; cosmopolitan; principally tropical; very few subpolar; abundant in mt. districts, especially in the Himalayas. Species: 10,000; 5000 (Benth. and Hook.); a great number are epiphytic. CYPRIPEDILUM LINN. Gen. 687 (1737) em. Pfitz. (1888). Criosanthes RAF. Jour. Phys. LXXXIX. 102 (1819). Arietinum BECK, Bot. 352 (1833). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 634: Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 404; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, VI, 82 (Pfltzer). Living species: 20-25; temperate N. hemisphere to Japan, N. India and Mexico; also Peru? N. America, 10-15; Canada, 8; S. Sts., 4; California, 2-3; E. Sts., 6; Rocky mts., 2. €ypripedilum acaule AIT. Horfc. Kew. Ill, 161 (1789). C. humile SALISB. Linn. Trans. I, 78 (1791). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 511; Britt., Fl. N. J. 236: Mac., Fl. Can. II, 22; Upham, Fl. Minn. 142; Chap., Fl. S. St. 464; Engl. Pfltzer, Nat. Pflanz. II, 6, 83. ' North America: Newf. to Ft. Franklin and through- out E. Can.; S. to N. J. and N. Car.; W. to N. Ind., Mich, and Minn. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 163 Minn, valley: N. E. and N. W. districts; tamarack swamps and swampy forest. HERB: Taylor 1103, Glenwood; Gedge 15, Detroit lake; Sheldon 1620, Lake Calhoun; Sandberg 559, Center City; Herb. Sheld. 1641, Hennepin Co. Cypripedilum spectabile Sw. Act. Holm. (1800)? C. calceolus var. y LINN. Spec. 1346 (1762). C. hirsutum MILL. Diet. ed. 8 (1768). C. reqinae WALT. Fl. Car. 222 (1788). C. album AIT. Hort. Kew. Ill, 303 (1789). C. canadense MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 161, (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 511; Britt , Fl. N. J. 236; Upham, Fl. Minn. 142: Chap., Fl. S. St. 464; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 21; Engl. Pfitzer, Nat. Pflanz. II, 6, 83. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont., to Georgian Bay; S. to Maine, W. N. Eng., N. J. and mts. of N. Car.; W. to Minn., Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: Forest district and probably sparingly throughout; woods and bogs; tamarack swamps. HERB. : Sheldon 616, Wilton, Waseca Co. ; Herrick 298, Minneapolis; Kassube 234, Minneapolis; Ballard 1004, Zum- brota; Herrick 299, Minneapolis; Uestlund 195, Ramsey Co.; Oestlund 196, Ramsey Co.; Holzinger 277, 278, Winona Co.; Sandberg 558, Cannon Falls; Hammond 38, Lake City. Cypripedilum pubescens WILLD. Hort. Berol. I, 13 (1816). C. calceolus WALT. Fl. Car. 221 (1788). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 511; Upham, Fl. Minn. 142; Britt., Fl. N. J. 236; Webb.. Fl. Neb. 109; Coult., Fl. Colo. 344; Chap., Fl. S. St. 464; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 21; Engl. Pfltzer, Nat. Pflanz. II, 6, 81. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Georgian Bay and Lake Winnepegoosis; Saskatchewan to the Rockies; S. to N. J., Va., and W. to Minn., Kan., Neb., Colo, and Ark. Minn, valley: Forest district; woods and swamps, per- haps westward. HERB. : Taylor 114, Janesville; Sandberg 556, Goodhue Co.; Kassube 233, Minneapolis; Sandberg 557, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1694, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 118, Mankato. Cypripedilum parviflorum SALISB. Linn. Trans. I, 77 (1791). C. calceolus MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 161 (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 511; Britt., Fl. N. J. 236; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 20; Chap., Fl. S. St. 464; Coult., Fl. Colo. 344; Upham, Fl. Minn. 142; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 364; Cov., Fl. Ark. 223. North America: Newf., Anticosti, Q., Ont. to Man. and Saskatchewan; S. to N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn., Wyoming, Kan., Ark.; Brit. Col. at 3000 ft. alt. 164 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn, valley: Forest district; to Kasota; N. E. and N. districts; bogs and damp woodland. HERB. : Bollard 16, Chaska; Kassube 232, Minneapolis; Holzinger 275, Winona Co.; Bollard 1003, Zumbrota; Holzinger 276, Winona Co. ; Hammond 39, Lake City; Herb. Sheld. 1642, Lake Calhoun, Hennepin Co.; 1676, Minneapolis; 1901, Ramsey Co. Cypripedilum eandidum MUHL. Willd. Spec. IV, 142 (1805). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 510; Britt., Fl. N. J. 236; Webb., Fl. Neb. 109; Upham, Fl. Minn. 142. North America: N. Y., N. J., Penn. to Minn., Neb., Mo., Ky. Minn, valley: Forest district and W. to Pomme des Terre valley; local or infrequent; bogs and wet woods. HERB.: Leiberg 72, Blue Earth Co. ; Kassube 231, Min- neapolis; Sandberg 555, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1902, Ram- sey Co. ; Herb. Moyer 231, Sparta township, Chippewa Co. Cypripedilum arietenum R. BR. Hort. Kew. V, 222 (1813). Cryosanthes borealis RAF. Jour. Phys. LXXXIX, 102 (1819). Arietinum americanum BECK, Bot. 352 (1833). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 510; Upham, Fl. Minn. 142; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 20; Engl. Pfltzer, Nat. Pflanz. II, 6, 83. North America: Q. , Ont. to Saskatchewan; S. to Maine, N. N. Y., Mich, and Minn. Minn, valley: N. W. district and N. edge; infrequent or local; swamps and wet forests. HERB.: Taylor 1122, Glenwood; Gedge 14, Riverton. ORCHIS LINN. Gen. 681 (1737) p. p. Traunsteinera EEICHB. Fl. Sax. 87 (1842). Strateuiua SALISB. Trans. Hort. Soc. I, 290 (1812). Barlia PARLAT. Fl. It. Ill, 445 (1862?). Loroglossum L. C. RICH. Mem. Mus. Par. IV, 47 (1808). Himantoglossum SPRENG. Syst. Ill, 675 (1826). Comperia C. KOCH, Linn. XXII, 287 (1848). Anacamptis L. C. RICH. Mem. Mus. Par. IV, 47 (1808). Aceras R. BR. Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, V, 191 (1813). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 620, 621; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 402; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, VI, 88, 89, 90 (Pfltzer); Schenck, Palceo- phyt. 388. Living species: 75-80; Europe; temperate Asia; N. Africa; Canaries; N. America. Europe, 75; N. America, 3; Canaries, 2; Russia, 25; Russian Europe, 25; Atl. N. America: Canada, 3; E. Sts., 2; S. Sts., 1. Fossils: 2 genera of Orchidaceae are described by Massalongo from Eocene of Mt. Bolca. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 165 Orchis spectabilis LINN. Spec. 943 (1753). O. humilis MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 155 (1803). Habenaria spectabilis SPRENG. Sy'st. II, 689 (1825). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 506; Britt., Fl. N. J. 223; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 12; Chap., Fl. S. St. 458; Webb., Fl. Neb. 109; Upham, Fl. Minn. 139; Cov., Fl. Ark. 222. North America: N. Br., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga. ; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: Forest and N. W. districts; damp woods and shaded banks. HERB.: Taylor 217, Janesville; Sheldon 567, Waseca; Taylor 1166, Glen wood; Leiberg 66, Blue Earth Co. ; Leiberg 67, Blue Earth Co. ; Herb. Sheld. 1681, Prospect Park, Hennepin Co. HABEN1RIA WILLD. Spec. IV, 44 (1805). Sieberia SPRENG. Anleit K. Gew. II, 282 (1802). Gymnacleoia R. BR. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, V, 191 (1813). Nigritella L. C. RICH. Ann. Mus. Par. IV, 48 (1808). Tinea BIVON. Giorn. Sci. Sic. 149 (1833). Neotinea EEICH. f. Poll. Orch. Oomm. 149 (1864). Leucorchis E. MEY. Preuss. Gatt, 50 (1839;. Bicchia PARLAT. Fl. It. Ill, 396 (1862?) Perularia LINDL. Bot. Reg. t. 1701 (1835). Deroemeria REICH, f. Poll. Orch. Comin. 29 (1864). Peristylis BLUME, Bij. 404 (1826). Gennaria PARLAT. Fl. It. Ill, 404 (1862?). Beiithamia A. RICH. Orch. Fr. Bourb. 43 (1828). Cybele FALC. Lindl. Veg. Kingd. 183c (1846). Coeloglossum HART. Scand. Fl.'ed. IV, 283 (1842?). Lindblomia FRIES, Lindl. Bot. Not. 131 (1843). Chaeradoplectron SCHAUER, PL Mey. 436 (1835). Platanthera L. C. RICH. Ann. Mus. Par. IV, 48 (1808). Lysias SALISB. Trans. Hort. Soc. I, 288 (1812). Mecosa BLUME, Bij. 403 (1826). Centrochilus SCHAUER, PI. Mey. 435 (1835X Mitostigma BLUME, Mus. Lugd.-Bat. II, 189 (1856). Ponerorchis REICH, f. Linn. XXV, 227 (1851). Dissorhyncium SCHAUER, PI. Meyen. 434 (1835). Bilabrella LINDL. Bot. Reg. 1701 (1835). Ate LINDL. Gen. and Spec. Orch. 326 (1839). Barlaea REICH, f. Linn. XLI, 54 (1867). Macrocentrum PHTLLIPI, Sert. Mendoc. II, 42 ( ). Synmeria GRAH. Cat. PI. Bomb. Add. (1839). Montolivaea REICH, f. Ot. Hamb. 107 (1879). Roeperocharis REICH, f. 1. c. 104 (1879). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 625; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 403; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, VI, 91, seq. (Pfltzer). 166 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Living species: 450-500; temperate and warmer re- gions; especially tropical Asia and America. Europe, 24; North America, 35-40; Canada, 23; E. Sts., 18-20; S. Sts., 17; California, 10-12; Rocky mts., 5; PL King., 3; PI. Wheel., 3. H alien aria psycodes (LINN.) GRAY. Orchis psy codes LINN. Spec. 493 (1753). 0. fimbriata AIT. Hort. Kew. Ill, 297 (1789). O. incisa and fissa MUHL. Willd. Spec. IV, 40 (1805). Hdbenaria nmbriata R. BR. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, V, 193 (1813). Orel's gmndiflora BIGEL. Fl. Bost. 321 (1814). Habenaria racemosa RAF. Ann. Nat. 15 (1820). H. incisa and fissa TOBB. Compend. 319 (1826). H. grandiflora TORB. Compend. 319 (1823). Platanltiera fimbriata LINDL. Orch. 293 (1839). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 509; Britt., Fl. N. J. 235; Uphamr Fl. Minn. 140; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 19; Chap., Fl. S. St. 460; Mac., Can. Fl. II, 363; Cov., Fl. Ark. 222. North America: Newf., N. S., Anticosti to Lake Huron, Georgian Bay, Kaministiquia river and S. W. Man.; S. to N. J., N. Car.; W. to Minn., Ind. and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout forest and N. districts; cool bogs or tamarack swamps and sphagnum marshes. HERB.: Bailey 429, Fall lake; Oestlund 192, Minne- haha; Roberts 128, Knife river; llolzinger 273, Winona Co. Habenaria lacera (Micnx.) R. BR. Hort. Kew. ed. II, V, 193 (1813). Orchis lacera Micnx. Fl. N". Am. II, 156 (1803). O. psycodes MUHL. Willd. Spec. IV, 39 (1805). Habenaria psycodes TOBR. Compend. 317 (1826). Platanthera psycodes LINDL. Orch. 294 (1839). P. lacera GRAY, Ann. Lye. N. Y. Ill, 228 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 509; Britt., Fl. N. J. 235; Upham, Fl. Minn. 140; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 19; Chap., Fl.S. St. 460; Cov., Fl. Ark. 222. North America: N. S., N. Br., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga. ; W. to Minn., Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: N. E. and S. E. districts; rare or local; bogs and damp woodland. HERB. : Sandberg 544, Cannon Falls. Habenaria leucophaea (NUTT.) GRAY, Man. ed. V, 502 (1867). Orchis leucophaea NUTT. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II), V, 161 (1837). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 509; Webb., Fl. Neb. 109; Upharn, Fl. Minn. 140; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 19; Cov., Fl. Ark. 222. North America: N. S., N. B., Q., Ont. to W. N. Y., Ky. and Mo. ; W. to Minn, and Neb. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 167 Minn, valley: Forest district and N. W. ; abundant; moist fields and meadow land. HERB.: Herrick 292, Alexandria, Douglas Co.; Lei- berg 69, Nicollet Co. Habenaria hookeriana TORR. Ann. Lye. N. Y. Ill, 229 (1836). U. orbiculata GOLDIE, Edin. Phil. Jour. VI, 331 (1822). Platanthera hookeriana LINDL. Orch. 286 (1839). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 508; Britt., Fl. N. J. 234; Upham, Fl. Minn. 140; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 17. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to L. Huron and L. Superior region; S. to N. J., Minn., Iowa and Wise. Minn, valley: Forest district and principally N., N. E. and N. W. ; local; damp woods and tamarack swamps. HERB. : Bailey 194, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 543, Red Wing. Habenaria dilatata (PURSH) HOOK. Fl. Exot. oil, 95 (1823-27). Orchis dilatata PURSH, Fl. Am. 588 (1814\ Platanthera hyperborea var. dilatata LINDL. in Beck. Bot. 347 (1833). P. dilatata LINDL. Orch. 287 (1846). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 507; Upham, Fl. Minn. 140; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 15; Coult., Fl. Colo. 342; Kicht., PL Eur. 2S1; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 71; Wats., King Exp. 340; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 7,17,265; Rothr., Alask. 456. Iceland and N. E. Asia; circumpolar. North America: Atl. to Pac. in Can.; N. to Hudson Bay and Yukon region; S. to Conn., N. Y., Mich, and Minn. Minn, valley: N. E. and N. W. districts; tamarack swamps. HERB.: Taylor 1112, Glenwood; Herrick 291, Minne- apolis; Bailey 324, St. Louis river; Bailey 290, St. Louis river. Habenaria hyperborea (LiNN.) R. BR. Hort. Kew. V, 193 (1813). Orchis hyperborea LINN. Mant. 1, 121 (1767). O. koenigii RETZ. Fl. Scand. 1087 (1779). Gymnadenia hyperborea LINK, Handb. I, 242 (1829). Platanthera hyperborea and koenigii, a, LiNDL.Orch. 286-287 (1846). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 507; Britt., Fl. N. J. 234; Upham, Fl. Minn. 140; Coult., Fl. Colo., 342; Mac., Fl. Can II, 14; Wats.,Fl., Calif. II, 134; Richt., PI. Eur. 281; Wats., King Exp. 340; Both. Wheel Exp. 265. Iceland. North America: Greenland and Newf. to Ft. Franklin and Alaska; S. throughout Can. and to N. Eng., N. Y., N. J., S. 111., Iowa, Minn, and Dak.; in mts. to S. Colo, Minn, valley: Forest district, also N. and N. W. regions; abundant; damp woodland and swamps. 168 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB. : Taylor 1106, Glenwood; Taylor 1107, Glen- wood; Sheldon 1155, New Ulm ; Roberts 127, North shore; Kassube 227, Minneapolis; Arthur 18, Vermilion lake; Bailey 43, Vermilion lake; Bailey 384, Mud lake. Habenaria bracteata (WILLD.) R. BR. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, V, 192 (1813). Orchis bracteata WILLD. Spec. IV, 34 (1805). Satyrium bracteatum PERS. . Syn. II, 507 (1807). Peristylis bracteatus LTNDL. Orch. 298 (1846). Platanthera bracteata TORR. Fl. N. Y. II, 279 (1843). Habenaria viridis var. bracteata REICH. DC. Prodr. XIII, 130 (1851). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 507; Britt., Fl. N. J. 234; Upham, Fl. Minn. 139; Chap., Fl. S. St. 460; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 14; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 71; Webb., Appx. Neb. 26; Rothr., Alask 456. Kamtschatka to the Caucasus mts. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man., Rocky mts., Vancouver, Alaska; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and mts. of N. Car. ; W. to Minn., Iowa, Ind. and Neb. Minn, valley: Forest district and probably through- out; damp woods and tamarack swamps. HERB. : Sheldon 434, Buffalo lake, Waseca Co. ; Sheldon 562, Waseca; Taylor 215, Janesville; Kassube 226, Ramsey Co. ; Sandberg 542t Red Wing; Roberts 126, Carlton's peak; Leiberg 68, Blue Earth Co. Habenaria flava (LINN.) GRAY, Man. ed. V, 499 (1867). Orchis flava LINN. Spec. 942 (1753). O. virescens WILLD. Spec. IV, 37 (1805). Habenaria herbiola R. BR. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, V, 193 (1813). Orchis fuscescens and herbiola PURSH, Fl. Am. 587 (1814). O. bidentata ELL. Sk. II, 448 (1824). Habenaria virescens SPRENG. Syst. Ill, 688 (1826). H. fuscescens TORR. Compend. 318 (1826.). Platanthera herbiola LINDL. Orch. 287 (1846). P. flava GRAY, Man. ed. I, 471 (1848). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 507; Chap., Fl. S. St. 459; Upham, Fl. Minn. 139; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 13; Cov., Fl. Ark. 222. North America: Ont. to Thunder bay and Kaministi- quia river; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla.; W. to Minn, and Ark. Minn, valley: N. E. district and N. edge; rare or local; damp woods or swamps. HERB.: Oestlund 191, Minneapolis; Sandberg 5^1, Vasa. Habenaria tridentata (WILLD.) HOOK. Fl. Bor. Am. II, (1840). Orchis tridentata WILLD. Spec. IV. 41 (1»05). ?O. clavellata MICHX. Fl. II, 155 (1803). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 169 Platanthera tipuloides LINDL. Orch. 285 (1846). Gymnadenia tridentata LINDL. Orch. 227 (1846). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6ed. 506; Britt., Fl. N. J. 234; Upham, Fl. Minn. 133; Mac., Fl.Can. II, 13; Cov., Fl. Ark. 223. North America: Newf. N. Br., Q., Ont. to L. Huron and L. Superior; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn., Ind. and Ark. Minn, valley: N. E. district; infrequent; damp woods and near springs. HERB. : Bailey lOa, White Bear lake. POGONIA Juss. Gen. 65 (1789). Nervilia GAUD. Freyc. Bot. Voy. 422 (1826). Corclylia BLUME, Bij. 416 (1826). Bophostemon BLUME, Fl. Jav. 6 (1828). Aplostellis THOU. Orch. He. Afr. t. 24 (1806). Haplostellis ENDL. Gen. 219 (1838). Cleistes L. C. RICH. Mem. Mus. Par. IV, 31 (1818). Triphora NUTT. Gen. II, 192 (1818). Codonorchis LINDL. Gen, et. Spec. Orch. 410 (1840). Isotria and Odonectis RAF. Desf. Jour. Bot. I, 220, 221 (1808). Didymoplexis GRIFF. Gale. Journ. IV, 383 (1844'. Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 615; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 401; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2,VI, 106. Living species: 43; cosmopolitan. N. America, 6; E. Sts., 5; Canada, 3; S. Sts., 4. Pogonia ophioglossoides (LiNN.) KER. Bot. Reg. 148(1816). Arethusa ophioglossoides LINN. Spec. 951 (1753). Wats, and Coult.,, Gray's Man. 6 ed. 505; Upham, Fl. Minn. 141; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 11; Britt., Fl. N. J.233; Chap., Fl. S. St. 457; Engl. Pfltzer, Nat. Pflanz. II, 6, 106. Japan? North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont.; S. to N. Eng., N. J, and Fla.; W, to N. Ind. and Minn. Minn, valley: N. E. and N. W. districts; local, bogs and tamarack swamps. HERB.: Oestlund 193, Ramsey Co.; Herrick 294, Minne- apolis; Kassube 229, Minneapolis; Sandberg 549, Chisago Co.; Sandberg, 550, Chisago Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1756, Ramsey Co. ARETHUSA LINN. Gen. ed. V, 905 (1754). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 614; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 401; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, VI, 107 (Pfltzer). Living species: 2; Japan, 1; Atl. N. Amer., 1. Arethusa bulbosa LINN. Spec. 950 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 504; Britt., Fl. N. J. 232; Upham, 170 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY Fl. Minn. 141; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 10; Chap., Fl. S. St. 458; Engl. Pfitzer, Nat. Pflanz. II, 6, 107. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont.; S. to N. J. and mts. of N. Car. ; W. to Minn, and Ind. Minn, valley: N. E. district; rare; bogs and tamarack swamps. HERB. : Sandberg 548, Chisago Co. GYROSTACHYS PE«S. Syn. II, 511 (1807). Splranthes L. C. RICH. Mem. Mus. Par. IV, 50 (1818). Aristotelea Louu. Cochinch. 522 (1790) not UHer. Ibidium SALISB. Trans. Hort. Soc. I, 291 (1812). Cyclopogon PRESL, Rel. Haenk. I, 93 (1830). Sauroglossum LINDL. Bot. Reg. t. 1618 (1835). Synassa LINDL. Bot. Reg. t. 1618 (1835). Sarcoglottis PRESL, Rel. Haenk. I, 95 (183G). Stenorrhyncus L. C. RICH. Mem. Mus. Par. IV, 59 (1818). Benin, and Hook., Gen. PI III, 596; Duraud, Ind. Gen. Phan. 399; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, VI, 113 (Pfltzer). Living species: 75-80; temperate and tropical regions. Russia, 4; Europe, 3; Atl. N. America, 13 (endemic); California, 2; S. Sts., 7; Canada, 4; E. Sts., 6. Gyrostachys gracilis (BTGEL.) OK. Rev. Gen II, 664 (1891). Spiranthes gracilis BIGEL. Fl. Bost. 322 (1814). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 503; Britt., Fl. N. J 232; Upham, Fl. Minn. 141; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 8; Chap., Fl. S. St. 462; Cov., Fl. Ark. 222. North America: N. S., Q., Ont. to Man. and Saskatch- ewan; N. to Ft. Franklin on Mackenzie; S. ,to N. Eng., N. J. and Fl. ; W. to Minn, and Ark. Minn, valley: N. E. district, N. edge and N. W. ; woods and hillsides in shaded places. HERB.: Bailey 15, Vermilion lake; Bailey 181, Vermil- ion lake. Gyrostachys cernua (LINN.) OK. Rev. Gen. II, 664 (1891). Ophrys cernua LINN. Spec. 946 (1753). Neottia cernua WILLD. Spec. IV, 75 (1805). Spiranthes cernua RICH. Mem. Mus. IV, 59 (1817). Neottia tortilis BARTON, Fl. N. Am. II, 35 (1822). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 502; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 8; Britt., Fl. N. J. 231; Upham, Fl. Minn. 140; Chap., Fl. S. St. 462; Cov., Fl. Ark. 222; Webb., Appx. Neb. 26. North America: N. S., Q., Ont. to Georgian Bay; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla. and Miss.; W. to Minn., Neb., Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: Forest district; bogs and low, wet meadows. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 171 HERB. : Bailey 354, Mud river; Bailey 559, Vermilion lake; Bailey 444, Long lake; Sandberg 547, "Minnesota." Gyrostachys romanzowiana (CHAM.) Neottia gemmipara SM. Engl. Fl. IV, 36 (1828). Spirantfies romanzoiviana CHAM. Linn. Ill, 27 (1828). 8. gemmipara LINDL. Syn. Br. Fl. 257 (1829). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 502; Webb., Fl. Neb. 109; Upham, Fl. Minn. 140; Coult., Fl. Colo. 343; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 135; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 8; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 84; Richt., PI. Eur. 285; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 387; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Wats., King Exp. 341; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 17, 265; Rothr., Alask. 456. Ireland, Unalascha, Kamtschatka. North America: Newf. to Vancouver; N. to Alaska and Arctic circle; S. in Sierras to Calif.; in Rockies to Colo.; E. to W. Neb., Dak, Minn., Mich., N. Eng. and Penn. Minn, valley: Forest district and N. W. district; bogs and marshes. HERB. : Taylor 1110, Glenwood; Bollard 894, St. Boni- facius; Ballard 867, Waconia; Bollard 714, Benton, Carver Co. ; Bollard 824, Page lake, Carver Co. ; Ballard 794, Goose lake, Carver Co.; Herrick 293, Minneapolis; Kassube 228, Minne- apolis; Sandberg 546, Red Wing. PERAMIUM SALISB. Trans. Hort. Soc. I, 301 (1812). Goodyera R. BR. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, V, 197 (1813). Gonogona LINK, Handb Bot. I, 248 (1829). Tussaca RAF. Journ. Phys. LXXXIX, 261 (1819). Epipactis HALL. Enum. Helv. I, 277 (1742) not Crantz. Orcliiodes TREAV. Act. Caes. Car. Ill, 409 (1736). Cionisaccus BREDA, Orch. Kuhl.-Hass. 1 (1827). Corclylestylis FALC. Hook. Jour. Bot. IV, 74 (1841). Leucostachys HOFFMANNS, Preisv. Orch. (1842). Georchis LINDL. Gen. et Spec. Orch. 495 (1840). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 602; Durand, 2nd. Gen. Phan. 400; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, VI, 117 (Pfltzer); O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 674. Living species: 25; N. temperate regions to tropical Asia, N. Caledonia and the Mascarene Isls. Europe and Si- beria, 1; N. America, 3; E. Sts., 2; California, 1; Canada, 3; S. Sts., 3; Rocky mts., 1. Peramium pubescens (WILLD.) SALISB. Trans. Hort. Soc. 261 (1812). tiatyrium repens MICHX. Fl. N. Am. 157 (1803) in part. Neottia pubescens WILLD. Spec. IV, 76 (1805). Goodyera pubescens R. BR. Hoit. Kew. V, 193 (1813). Orchiodes pubescens OK. Rev. Gen. II, 675 (1891). 172 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 503; Britt., Fl. N. J. 232; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 9; Upham, Fl. Minn. 140; Chap., Fl. S. St. 463. North America: Newf., N. Br., Q., Ont. to L. Superior region and Man. ; S. to N. Eng., N J. and Pla. ; W. to Mich, and Minn. Minn, valley: N. edge; rare; shaded rich banks of streams and deep woods. HERB.: Juni 14, Put-In-Bav; Sandberg 545, Cannon Falls. Peramium repens (LINN.) SALISB. Trans. Hort. Soc. 261 (1812). Satyrium repens LINN. Spec. 945 (1753). Serapias repens CHAIX. Vill. Dauph. II, 53 (1787). Satyrium hirsutum GILIB. Exerc. Phyt. II, 484 (1792). Neottia repens Sw. Act. Holm. 226 (1800). Goodyera repens E. BR. Hort. Kew V. 198 (1813). Tiissacia repens RAF. Journ. Phys. IV, 270 (1814). Orchiodes repens OK. Rev. Gen. II, 674 (1891). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 503; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 9; Chap., Fl. S. St. 463; Upham, Fl. Minn. 140; Nym., Fl.Eur.; Eicht., PL Eur. 286; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 386; Led., Fl. Eoss. IV, 86; Herd , Fl. Eur. Euss. 128; Engl. Pfltzer, Nat. Pflanz. II, 6, 117; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 393. N. and mid. Europe to Alps and Dalmatia; Siberia, Caucasus and Himalayas. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man., Sas- katchewan, N. W. T. , Ft. Franklin on Mackenzie and Pac. ; S. to Minn., Mich. N. Eng. and in Alleghenies to mts. of N. Car. Minn, valley: N. E. district; rare and local; shaded banks and woods. HERB.: Roberts 129, Cascade river; Bailey 373, Mud lake; Roberts 130, Grand Marais; Holway 29, Vermilion lake; Bailey 177, Vermilion lake; Bailey 300, St. Louis river. ACHROANTHES RAF. Med. Rep. V, 350 (1808). ? Malaxis Sw. Prodr. 8, 119 (1788). Microstylis NUTT. Gen. II, 196 (1818). Pedilea LINDL. Orch. Sel. 27 (1826). Crepidium BLUME. Bij. 387 (1826). Pterochilus HOOK, and ARN. Bot. Beech. 71 (1841). Dienia LINDL. Gen. et Spec. Orch. 22 (1840). Cheiropterocephalus KODRIG. ex Pfltz. 1. c. (1888). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 494; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 386; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, VI, 130 (Pfltzer); O. Kuntze, Rev. Geri. II, 672. Living species: 70; temperate N. hemisphere; trop- ical Asia and America. Russia, 5; Europe, 1; N. America, 2-3; Canada, 2; E. Sts., 2; S. Sts., 2; PL Wheel., 1. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 173 Achroanthes unifolia (Micnx.) RAF. Med. Rep. V, 350 (1808). Malaxis unifolia MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 157 (1803). M. ophioglossoides WILLD. Spec. IY, 90 (1805). Microstylis ophioglossoides NUTT. Gen. II, 196 (1818). M. unifolia B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 498; Britt., Fl. N. J. 229; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 2; Upham, Fl. Minn. 141; Chap., Fl. S. St. 453; Herd., FL Eur. Russ. 126. Russia ? North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to L. Winnipeg and Saskatchewan; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn, and Mo. Minn, valley: S. E. district; rare and local; damp woods or banks of streams. LEPTORCHIS THOU. N. Bull. Soc. Phil. 314 (1809). Cestichis THOU. Afr. Isls. (1818). Liparis L. C. RICH. Mem. Mus. Par. IV, 52 (1818). Sturmia REICH. Consp. 69 (1828). Alipsa HOFFMANSG. Linn. XVI, bb. 22S (1842). Empusa LINDL. Bot. Reg. 825 (1836?). Empusaria REICH. Consp. 69 (1828). Ephippianthus REICH. F. Schmidt. Reise Am. Bot. 180 ( ). Platystylis BLUME, Bij. 389 (1826). Gastroglottis BLUME, Bij. 397 (1826). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 495; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 386; O. Kuntze, Eev. Gen. II, 669; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, VI, 128, 130 (Pfltzer). Living species: 100; temperate and tropical regions. Few in N. temperate zone. Canada, 1; E. Sts., 2; S. Sts., 1. N. America, 1-2; Europe, 1; Russian Europe, 1. Leptorchis loeselii (LiNN. ). Orchis loeselii LINN. Spec. 946 (1753). ? Ophrys latifolia LINN. Fl. Suec. ed. II, 316 (1755), O. paludosa Fl. Dan. 877 (1782). O. trigona GILIB. Exerc. Phyt. II, 488 (1792). Cymbidium loeselii Sw. Nov. Act. Ups. 76 (1799). Malaxis loeselii Sw. Holm. Act. Bot. 235 (1800). M. correana BART. Prodr. Phil. 86 (1815). Liparis loeselii RICH. Mem. Mus. IV, 60 (1817). Malaxis longifolia BART. Fl. Phil. II, 142 (1824). Liparis correana SPRENG. Syst. II, 740 (1825). Sturmia loeselii REICHB. PI. Grit. IV, 39 (1826). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 499; Britt., Fl. N. J. 230; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 3; Upham, Fl. Minn. 141; Richt., PI. Eur. 286; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 52; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 384; Herd.^Fl. Eur. Russ. 126; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 397. 174 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Middle and N. Europe to Asia. S. to Italy and Turkey. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Saskatch- ewan; S. to N. J. and Md. ; W. to Minn, and S. Ills. Minn, valley: N. E. district; N. edge and N W. dis- trict; tamarack swamps. HERB. : Taylor 1145, Glenwood; Bollard 621, Chaska; Herrick 297, Minneapolis. Leptorchis liliifolia (LiNN.) OK. Kev. Gen. II, 671 (1891). Ophrys liliifolia LINN. Spec. 946 (1753). Cymbidium liliifolium WALT. Fl. Car. (1788). Malaxis liliifolia WILLD. Spec. IV, 92 (1805'. Liparis liliifolia RICH. Orch. Eur. 38 (1818). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 499; Britt., Fl. N. J. 230; Upham, Fl. Minn. 141; Chap., Fl. S. St. 454. North America: N. Eng., N. J. and Ga. ; W. to Minn, and Mo. Minn, valley: N. E. and S. E. districts; rare and local; moist forests and swampy places. HERB. : Sandberg 553, Vasa; Holzinger 274, Stockton. COEALLORHIZA R BR. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, V, 209 (1813). Coralliorrhiza PFITZ. Nat. Pflanz. 1. c. (1888). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 497; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 386; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, VI, 131 (Pfltzer). Living species: 12; temperate N. regions. Russia, 3; Europe, 1; N. America, 7-8; California, 5; Rocky mts., 3; E. Sts., 4; Canada, 5; S. Sts., 3; PL King, 1; PL Wheel., 1. Corallorhiza multiflora NUTT. Journ Acad. Phil. Ill, 7 (1823). C. innata NUTT. Gen. II, 194 (1818). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 500; Britt., Fl. N. J. 230; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 5; Coult., Fl. Colo. 341; Upham, Fl. Minn. 142; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 131; Webb., Appx. Neb. 26. North America: Newf. to Selkirks and Vancouver; S. to Wahsatch, Colo, river and San Diego; E. to Minn., Iowa, Neb., Mo., N. Eng. and N. J. Minn, valley: N. districts; rare; drier or damp woods HERB. : Arthur 48, Vermilion lake. Corallorhiza coral lor hi/a (LiNN.). Ophrys Corallorhiza LINN. Spec. 945 (1753). Epipactis Corallorhiza CR. Stirp. Austr. 464 (1769). Cymbidium neottia SCOP. Fl. Cam. 2 ed. II, 207 (1772). Helkborine Corallorhiza SCHM. Fl. Bohm. 79 (1794). Cymbidium Corallorhiza Sw. Act. Holm. 738 (1800). Corallorhiza innata R. BR. Hort. Kew. V, 209 (1813). LIST OF HIGHER SEED PRODUCING PLANTS. 175 Cymbidium nemoralis Sw. Veg. Scand. 32 (1814). Corallorhiza halleri KICH. Mem. Mus. IV, 61 (1817). C. verna NUTT. Jour. Acad. Phil. 135 (1823). C. intacta CHAM, and SCHLECHT. Linn. Ill, 35 (1828). C. dentata HOST. Fl. Austr. II, 547 (1831). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 500; Britt., Fl. N. J. 230; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 4; Upham, Fl. Minn. 142; Chap., FL S. St. 454; Coult., Fl. Colo. 341; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 132; Led., Fl. Ross, IV, 49; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 385; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 113; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 126; Engl. Pfltzer, Nat. Pflanz. II, 6, 131; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 397; Webb., Appx. Neb. 26; Rothr., Alask, 456. Arctic, N. and mid. Europe ; all Siberia to Kam- tschatka. North America: Canada throughout; S. to Washing- ton and Colo. ; E. to N. Eng. and mts. of Ga. Minn, valley: N. districts; rare; swamps and deep woods. HERB. : Roberts 131, Hoodoo Pt. ; Bailey 89, Vermilion lake; Bailey 247, Vermilion lake. CATHEA SALISB. Trans. Hort. Soc. I, 300 (1812). Calopogon R. Bu. Hoit. Kew. ed. 2, V. 204 (1813). Liinodorum LINN. (1740) ex Kuntze 1. c., not Ludw. Helleborioe MARTYN, Hist. PI. t. 50 (1736). Benth. and Hook.. Gen. PL III. 615; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 665; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 401; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, VI, 150 (Pfltzer). Living species: 4; N. America. S. Sts., 4; Canada, 1; E. Sts., 1. Cathea tuberosa (LINN.) SALISB. Trans. Hort. Soc. I, 1. c. (1812). Limodorum tuberosum LINN. Spec. 950 (1753). Cymbidium pulchellum WILLD. Spec. IV, 105 (1805). Calopogon pulchellum R. BR. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, V, 204 (1813). Calopogon tuberosus B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Helleborine tuberosus OK. Rev. Gen. II, 665 (1891). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 505; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 10; Uphan, Fl. Minn. 141; Chap.', Fl. S. St. 456; Britt., Fl. N. J. 232; Cov., Fl. Ark. 222. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont.; S. to N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Minn. , Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: Forest district and far N. W. ; not rare; peat bogs and tamarack swamps. HERB.: Taylor 1111, Glenwood; Kassube 230, Rocky lake; Oestlund 194, Ramsey Co.; Herrick 295, Minneapolis; Herrick 296, Minneapolis; Sandberg 551, Chisago Co. ; Sandberg 552, Red Wing. 176 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. APLECTRUM NUTT. Gen. II, 197 (1818). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 497; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 386; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, VI, 156 (Pfltzer). Living species: 1; N. America. Aplectrum spicatum (WALT.) B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Arethusa spicata WALT. Fl. Car. 222 (1788). OymUdium hiemale MUHL. Willd. Spec. IV, 107 (1805). Aplectrum hiemak NUTT. Gen. II, 197 (1818). Corallorhiza hiemalis BART. Fl. N. Am. II, 52 (1822). Wats, and Coult.. Gray's Man. 6 ed. 500; Britt., Fl. N J. 230; Mac.,. Fl. Can. II, 4; Upham, Fl. Minn. 142; Chap., Fl. S. St. 455; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 133; Coult., Fl. Colo. 342; Engl. Pfltzer, Nat. Pflanz. II, 6, 156; Cov., Fl. Ark. 222. North America: Ont. to Saskatchewan and Oregon; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn., Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: Forest district; local and rare; peat bogs and tamarack swamps. HERB.: Leiberg 70, Blue Earth Co. ; Leiberg 71, Blue Earth Co. ; Sandberg 554, Washington Co. » DICOTYLEDONES. ARCHICHLAMYDEAE. XXII. JUGLANDACEAE. Walnut Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 1125 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 397 (1880); Engler in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, 1, 19 (1887). Genera: 6; temperate regions of N. hemisphere; with- in the tropics in Central America and the Himalayan region. Tertiary and Cretaceous distribution to the Polar regions. Species: 33, living; 30 ±, fossil in Upper Cretaceous, Tertiary and Quaternary beds. JUGL4NS LINN. Gen. 727 (1737) p. p. Wallia ALEF. Bonplandia, 335 (1861). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 398: Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 379; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 24 (Engler): Schenck, Palaeophyt. 445. Living species: 7-8; temperate N. hemisphere and in Jamaica. Europe and mid. Asia, 1; E. Asia and Japan, 2; Russian Europe, 1; N. America, 4-5; E. Sts., S. Sts., Canada, 2; Tex. and N. Mex., 1; California. 1. Fossil species : 10 ± ; Lower Cretaceous — Juglandiphyl- lum, Potomac region (Fontaine) ; Upper Cretaceous, Nebraska, Greenland (Heer, Lesquereaux)', Tertiary, Alaska, Vancouver, Iceland, Spitzbergen (Heer), France (Saporta)', Pliocene, Japan (Nathorst)', France (Saporta). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 177 Juglans nigra LINN. Spec. 997 (1753). /. nigra oblonga MARSH, Arbust. Amer. 67 (1785). Wallia nigra ALBF. Bonplandia, 334 (1861). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 467; Britt., Fl. N. J. 219; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 434; Webb., Fl. Neb. 110; Chap., Fl. S. St. 419; Upham, Fl. Minn. 125; Cov., Fl. Ark. 219; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 1, 24. Bolivia. North America: N. of L. Erie to W. Mass, and Toron- to; S. to Conn., N. J. and Fla.; W. to S. Minn., E. Neb., Kan. and Ark. Minn, valley: Forest district to Redwood and Brown Cos.; rich woods; absent far N. E. HERB. : Taylor 134, Janesville; Sheldon 807, Sigel town- ship. Brown Co. ; Ballcird 552, Spring lake, Scott Co.; Sheldon 623, Wilton, Waseca Co. Juglans cinerea LINN. Spec. 1415 (1753). J. oUonga MILL. Diet. (1768). /. cathartica MICHX. Arb. I, 166 (1810). Carya cathartica BART. Comp. Fl. Phil. II, 178 (1824). Wallia cinerea ALEF. Bonplandia 334 (1861). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 467; Britt., Fl. N. J. 219; Webb., Fl. Neb. 110; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 435;Upharn, Fl. Minn. 125; Chap., Fl. S. St. 419: Cov., Fl. Ark. 219; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 1, 25. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Georgian bay, N. Eng., N. J. to mts. of Ga.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., E. Kan. and Ark. Minn, valley: Forest district throughout; dry or damp woods. HERB : Sheldon 379, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co. ; Sheldon 789, Sleepy Eye; Bollard 53n, Chaska; Taylor 88, Ely- sian; Taylor 668, Cobb river, Blue Earth Co.; Holzinger 214. WinonaCo.; Holzinger 215, Winona bluffs; Herb. Sheld. 1864, Minneapolis. SCORIA RAF. Med. Rep. (1808). Hicoria RAF. Fl. Lud. (1817). Carya NUTT. Gen. II, 220 (1818). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. III. 398; Durand, Ind. Gen. Pkan. 379; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 637; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 25 (Eng- ler); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 447. Living species: 10; N. America. S. Sts., 9; E. Sts., 7; Canada, 4; Mex., 1. Fossil species: 10-15; Tertiary, Greenland (Heer); Spitzbergen (Unger, Heer); Italy (Brongniart); Prance, Hun- gary, Bohemia, Cantal (Saporta, Unger, Goppert, Heer); Wyo- ming and Colo. (Lesquereaux). -12 178 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Scoria minima (MARSH.). Juglans alba-minima MARSH. Arbust. Amer. 68 (1785). J. angustifolia LAM. Enc. Meth. IV, 504 (1797). J. amara MICHX. Sylv. I, 177 (1810). Hicoria amara RAF. Fl. Lud. 109 (1817). Carya amara NUTT. Gen. II. 222 (1818 1. Hicoria minima BRITT. Torr. Bull. XV, (1888). Wats, and Goult., Gray's Man. 6 ed.; Upham, Fl. Minn. 125. Minn, valley: Forest district, throughout; damp woods and banks of streams. HERB. : Sheldon 312, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co. ; Bollard 88, Chaska; Sheldon 814, Sigel township, Brown Co.; Herrick 274, Minnetonka; Leiberg 59, Blue Earth Co. ; Holzinger 252, Winona Co. Scoria ovata (MILL.). Juglans ovata MILL. Diet. (1768). ?J. squamosa LAM. Enc. Meth. IV, 504(1797). J. compressa GAERTN. Fruct. II, 50 (1791). /. alba MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 193 (1803). Carya microcarpa NUTT. Gen. II, 221 (1818). C. alba NUTT. Gen. II, 221 (1818). Hicoria ovata BRITT. Torr. Bull. XV, (1888). Wats, and Goult., Gray's Man. 6ed. 468; Mac. Fl. Can. I, 433: Webb., Fl. Neb. 110; Chap., Fl. S. St. 418; Cov., Fl. Ark. 219; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 1, 25; Upham, Fl. Minn. 125. North America: N. of Lake Erie and to St. Clair river; N. Eng., N. J. to Fla. ; W. to Minn., Neb,, Kan. and N. Mex. Minn, valley: Reported from the S. E. edge; rich woodland. XXIII. MYRICACEAE. Sweet-Gale Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 270 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 400 (1880); Engler, in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 26 (1887). Genera: 1; temperate and warmer regions except Australia. Tertiary distribution principally European and N. American to Greenland; and Asia to Saghalin. Species: 35 ±; fossil sp. very numerous. MYRICA LINN. Gen. 744 (1737). Nageia GAEKTN. Fruct. I, 191 (1788 -. Morella LOTJR. Cochinch, 548 (1790). Comptonia BANKS, Gaertn. Fruct. II, 58 t. 90(1791). Faya WEBB. Phyt. Can. IV, 272 (1847). Gale SPACH, Suit. Buff. XI, 258 (1842). Baillon, Hist. Pi. VI, 259; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PLIII. 400; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 380; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3. I. 27 (Engler); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 452. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 179 Living species: 30-35; temperate and warmer regions, except Australia. Only 2 species in Europe. N. America, 6; Canada, 4; California, 2; Tex.-Mex., 1; S. Sts., 3; E. Sts., 3. Fossil species: A large number in the Tertiary of Europe, Saghalin, Greenland; Cretaceous in N. America. Myrica asplenifoiia (LINN.) BAILL. Hist, PL VI, 242 (1877). Liquidambar asplenifolium LINN. Spec. 1418 (1753). Comptonia asplenifoiia BANKS, Gaert. Fruct. II, 58 (1791). Liquidambar peregrinum REICH, ex Steud. Nora. II, 54 (1840). Myrica comptonia C. DC. Prodr. XVI, 2, 151 (1864). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 470; Britt., Fl, N. J. 220; Upham, Fl. Minn, 127; Mac., Fl. Can. 1,435; Chap., Fl. S. St. 427; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 1, 28. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man. and Saskatchewan; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn, and Ind. Minn, valley: Reported from region S. of L. Minne- tonka and along N. edge; rare or doubtful; dry wooded hills. XXIV. SALICACEAE Willow Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 290 ( 1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 411 (1880); Pax, in Engler and PrantL Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 29 (1887). Genera: 2; N. temperate zone and a few in tropical regions; according to Pax four distributional centers; (1) Behring straits district; (2) central Europe; (3) Himalayas, (4) Pacific N. America. Species: 178; 50-60 fossil, extending in the middle Tertiary from N. polar to N. temperate regions. POPULUS LINN. Gen. 755 (1737). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 412; Durand, Ind. Gen. Plian. 381; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 35 (Pax); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 464. Living species: 18; Europe, Asia (Mid., Mount, and N.); N. America and Mexico. N. America, 10-11; Russian Europe, 9; Canada, 6-7; E. Sts., 5; California, 3-4; S. Sts., 4; Rocky mts., 4; PI King, 4; PI. Wheel., 4. Fossil species: Lower Cretaceous, Potomac region, 3 sp. (Fontaine) — Populophyllum; Upper Cretaceous, Greenland (Heer); N. America (Lesquereaux); Tertiary — Greenland, Sag- halin, Spitzbergen, Alaska, California, Wyoming, Minn., Europe. 30-40 described, but scarcely so many distinct. Populus monilifera AIT. Hort. Kew. Ill, 406 (1789). P. angulata AIT. Hort. Kew. Ill, 407 (1789). P. laevigata AIT. Hort. Kew. Ill, 406 (1789). 180 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. P. angulosa MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 243 (1803). P. canadensis MICHX. f. Hist. Arb. Ill, 302 (1819). P. macrophylla LODD. Cab. (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 487; Britt., Fl. N. J. 227; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 457; Upham, Fl. Minn. 131; Webb., Fl. Neb. 110; Chap., Fl. S. St. 431; Coult., Fl. Colo. 339; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 118; Wats., King. Exp. 327; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 242; Cov., Fl. Ark. 221; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 1, 35. Introduced into Russia. North America: Q., Ont. to Saskatchewan and Assin- iboia and Rockies; S. to W. N. Eng., N. J. and Pla.; W. to Colo. , Kan. , Ind. Terr, and Rocky mts. Minn, valley: Throughout; woods, shores of lakes and banks of streams. HERB.: Taylor 40, Elysian; Sheldon 1580, Lake Ben- ton; Taylor 632, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 449, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co. ; Holzinger 261, Winona Co. ; Oestlund 181, Hen- nepin Co.; Sandberg 520, Cannon Falls; Herb. Wickersheim 226, Lake Park, Becker Co. Populus balsamifera LINN. Spec. 1034 (1753). P. tacamaliaca MILL. Diet. (1768?. P. balsamifera lanceolata MARSH. Arbust. 108 (1785). P. candicans AIT. Hort. Kew. Ill, 406 (1789). P. viminea BON. Jard. 565 (1845). P. balsamifera var. genmna WESMAEL, DC. Prodr. XVI, 2, 329 (1868). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 487; Britt., Fl. N. J. 227; Webb., Fl. Neb. 11Q; Upham, Fl. Minn. 131; Coult., Fl. Colo. 339; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 456; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 118; Wats., King Exp. 327; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 242; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 1, 35; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 567, 568; Bothr., Alask. 454. Introduced in Russia and Scandinavia. North America: Saskatchewan and Man. to Alaska and Mackenzie; N. in Arctic circle; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Mich., Minn. , Neb. and Colo. Minn, valley: N. W. edge and N. E. district; sparingly represented; borders of streams and swamps. HERB. : Bailey 162, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 52 J, Can- non Falls; Sandberg 522, Agate bay. Populus grandidentata MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 243 (1803). P. grandidentata var. pendula TORR. Comp. VI. N. St. 375 (1824). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 486; Britt., VI. N. J. 227; Upham, Fl. Minn. 130; Mac., Fl. Can. 456: Chap., Fl. S. St. 431. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Car.; W. to N. Minn, and Tenn. LIST OP HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 181 Minn, valley: N. E. and N. W. districts ; dry hills, banks of streams and woods. HERB. : Ozstlund 180, Hennepin Co. ; Bailey 2a, Hunt- er's island. Populus tremuloides MICHX. PL N. Am. II, 243 (1803). P. trepida WILLD. Spec. IV, 803 (1805). P. atheniensis HORT. ex Koch, Dendrol. II, 486 (1873). P. tremuliformis EM. Trees of Mass. 243 (18 i 8). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 486; Britt., Fl. N. J. 227; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 456; Webb., Fl. Neb. 110; Upham, Fl. Minn. 130; Coult., Fl. Colo. 339: Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 91; Wats., King Exp. 327; Both., Wheel. Exp. 51, 242. North America: Newf. and Labrador to Hudson Bay and Alaska; S. to Sacramento valley and N. Mex. ; E. to N. Eng., N. Ky., N. J. and Penn. Minn, valley: Throughout; damp woodland; near lakes and along streams. HERB.: Bollard 227n, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 47 ', Elysian; Taylor 481, Janesville; Bailey 158, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 519, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1770, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 225, Montevideo. SALIX LINN. Gen. 742 (1737). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 411; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 381; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 36 (Pax); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 463. Living species: 16U; all regions except Australia, Ma- lay Archip. and Oceanica. Russia, 70; Europe, 60; N. Amer- ica, 70; Canada, 60; E. Sts., 20; Rocky mts., 16; California, 23;. S. Sts., 7; PL King, 7; PL Wheel., 9; Russian Europe, 58. Fossil species: Potomac, lower Cretaceous, 3 sp. (Fon- taine) Salicophyllum — upper Cretaceous, N. America, Asia and Europe; Tertiary, abundant; Europe, Greenland, California; Diluvial, abundant; peat bogs, etc. (Nathorst, Warming, Steen- sirup), 15-20 sp. Salix myrtilloides LINN. Spec. 1446 (1753). S. arbuscula PALL. Fl. Buss. II, 83 (1788). S. elegans BESS. Enum. 77 (1822). 8. pedicellans HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 150 (1840). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 485; Britt., Fl. N. J. 227; Upham, Fl. Minn. 130; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 451; Herd., Fl. Eur. Buss. 118; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 1, 37; Led., Fl. Ross. Ill, 613; Hart., Fl. Scand. 1, 369; Rothr., Alask. 454. Russia and Siberia. North America: N. Br. and Atl. coast to Coast range; 182 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. - N. to Ft. Franklin on Mackenzie and Alaska; Arctic circle in Labrador; S. to N. J., Iowa, Dak. Minn, valley: Forest, N. W. and W. districts; absent S. W. ; peat bogs and marshy meadows around lakes. HERB. : Sheldon 238, Turtle lake, Le Sueur Co. ; Sheld- on 325, Smith's Mills, Blue Earth Co. ; /Sheldon 124, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co. ; Sheldon 527, Waseca; Bollard 445, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Sheldon 1619, Minneapolis; Bailey 317, Vermil- ion lake; Leiberg 61, Blue Earth Co. ; Kassube 220, Minneapolis; Sandberg 517, Chisago Co.; Sandberg 518, Chisago lake; Bailey 137, Vermilion lake (var. pedicillaris Carey). Salix cordata MUHL. N. Berl. Schr. IV, 236 (1801). S. rigida MUHL. Willd. Spec. 1Y, 667 (1805). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 484; Britt., Fl. N. ,T. 226; Webb., Fl. Neb. 110 in var.; Mac., Fl. Can. 446; Coult, Fl. Colo. 335; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 85; Upham, Fl. Minn. 129; Wats., King Exp. 324. North America: N. Br. to Vancouver and N. W. T. ; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga. ; W. to Rockies and W. Colo. Minn, valley: Forest district and probably through- out; low banks and marshes. HERB. : Sandberg 509, Vasa; Sandberg 510, Red Wing. Salix cordata MUHL. var. angustata (PURSH) ANDERS. Monog. 159 (1867). S. angustata PURSH, Fl. Am. 613 (1814). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 484; Britt., Fl. N. J. 226; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 447; Upham, Fl. Minn. 129. North America: Ont to N. Eng. and N. J. ; W. to Minn, and Mo. Minn, valley: Reported from N. edge; infrequent; low banks and marshes. Salix Candida WILLD. Spec. IV, 708 (1805). S. incana MICHX. Fl N. Am. II, 225 (1803). S, tomentosa SCHRAD. in Herb. S. nivea SM. in Herb. Wats, and Coult , Gray's Man. 6 ed. 484; Britt., Fl. N. J . 225; Mac., Fl Can. I, 446; Upham, Fl. Minn. 128; Coult., Fl. Colo. 337. North America: Labrador, Anticosti, Q., Ont. to Hudson Bay, Saskatchewan and N. W. T.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Iowa and Minn. ; also, to Mont, and Colo. Minn, valley: Forest district; especially N. E. district; banks of streams and lakes. HERB. : Sheldon 1613, Ramsey Co. ; Kassube 217, Min- neapolis; Bailey 392, Mud lake; Bailey 360, Mud river; Sand- berg 506, Goodhue Co. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 183 Salix petiolaris SM. Linn. Trans. VI, 122 (1802). S. grisea WILLD. Spec. IV, 699 (1805). A fuscata and rosniarinifolia PURSH, Fl Am. II, 612 (1814). 8. sericea MUHL. Berl. Mag. IV. 240 (1804). 8. pennsylvanica SAL. Wob. t. 95 ( ). S. grisea var. subglabrata KOCH, Comm. 21 (1828). 8. petiolaris var. gracilis ANDERS. Sal. Monog. 109 (1867). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 483; Britt., Fl. N. J. 225; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 453: Upham, Fl. Minn. 129. North America: N. B., Ont., Man. to Brit. Col.; S. to N. J. and Va. ; W. to Minn, and Mont. Minn, valley: N. E. and S. E. district; banks of streams and low meadows. HERB. : Bailey 359, Mud river. Sandberg 610, Goodhue Co.; var. gracilis Anders., Sheldon 1929, Lake Harriet; Bailey 143, Vermilion lake; Bailey 361, Mud river. Salix tristis AIT. Hort. Kew. Ill, 393 (1789). S. longirostris MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 226 (1803). S. muhknbergiana WILLD. Spec. IV, 692 (1805). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 483; Britt., Fl. N. J. 225; Upham, Fl. Minn. 129; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 455; Chap., Fl. S. St. 430; Webb., Appx. Neb. 27. North America: N. S. to N. Eng., N. J. and mts. of Ga. ; W. to Minn. , Neb. and Mo. Minn, valley: Forest district; infrequent or local; river or lake banks. HERB. : f Holzinger 257, Winona. Salix hum ills MARSH. Arbust. Amer. 140 (1785). S. conifera WILLD. Pursh, Fl. I, 612 (1814). S. longirostris MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 226 (1803). S. muhknbergiana PURSH, Fl. Am. I, 609 (1814). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 483; Britt., Fl. N. J. 225; Webb.? Fl. Neb. 110; Upham, Fl. Minn. 129; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 449; Chap., Fl. S. St. 430; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 358; Cov., Fl. Ark. 221. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q. Ont., to Lake Hu- ron region and Man. ; S. to N. Eng. , N. J. and N. Car. ; W. to Minn, and Neb. Minn, valley: Forest district; dry, sandy places and barrens. HERB.: Sheldon 372, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 1615, Minneapolis; Sandberg 507, Red Wing; Bailey 221, Vermilion lake; Bailey 408, Burntside lake; Bailey ISO, Ver- milion lake; Bailey 286, Vermilion lake; Kassube 218, Minne. apolis. 184 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Salix discolor MU'HL. N. Schrift. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl. IV, 234 (1801). S. prinoides PURSH, Fl. Am. 613 (1314). 8. sensitwa BARR. Sal. Am. 8 (1840). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 482; Britt.,Fl. N. J. 225; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 447; Chap., Fl. S. St. 430; Upham, Fl. Minn. 129; Cov. Fl. Ark. North America: N., S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man.; S. to N. Eng. , N. J. and Car. ; W. to Minn, and Mo. Minn, valley: Throughout; river banks, lake shores and low meadows. HERB.: Sheldon 1582, Lake Benton; Taylor 724, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 242, Lake Washington, Le Sueur Co. ; Herrick 276, Minneapolis; Sandberg 508, Red Wing. Salix rostrata RICH. Appx. Prankl. 3 (1823). S. vagans var. rostrata ANDERS. Monog. 8 (1867). /S. livida var. occidentalis GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 464 (1867). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 482; Britt., Fl. N. J. 226: Upham, Fl. Minn. 130; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 453; Coult., Fl. Colo. 337; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 240; Webb., Appx. Neb. 27. North America: Canada throughout to N. Eng., N. J. ; W. to Minn., Mont, and Idaho; S. to Neb.. Minn, valley: Forest district and at least to Pomme des Terres valley; moist and shaded places or drier ground. HERB. : Taylor 521, Mud lake, Waseca Co. ; Sandberg 511, Red Wing; Sandberg 512, Cannon Falls; Holzinger 258, Winona; Bailey 212, Vermilion lake; Bailey 284, Vermilion lake; Bailey 334, St. Louis river. Salix longifolia MUHL. N. Berl. Schr. IV, 238 (1801), ? S. rubra RICH. Appx. Frankl. Narr. 37 (1823). S. fiuviatilis NUTT. Sylv. 89 (1842 . 8. longifolia var. pedicillata ANDERS. Konigl. Sven. Acad. Handl. VI, 55 (1858). Wats, and Coult , Gray's Man. 6 ed. 482; Britt., Fl. N. J. 227; Upham, Fl. Minn. 130; Mac., Fl. Can, I, 450; Webb., Fl. Neb. 110; Coult., Fl. Colo. 335; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 84; Herd , Fl. Eur. Russ. 120?; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 240; Wats., King Exp. 324; Cov., Fl. Ark. 221; Eng]. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 1, 36. Russia? North America: Q., Ont. to Man., Athabasca and N. Brit. Col.; N. to Mackenzie river region; S. to Oregon, Calif., Texas; E. to Md. and Maine. Minn, valley: Throughout; abundant; river banks and sandy shores. HERB. : Sheldon 438, Buffalo lake, Waseca Co.; Sheldon 639 Waseca; Taylor 428, Buffalo lake, Waseca Co. ; Sheldon LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 185 Wilton, Waseca Co. ; Sheldon 1350, Verdi, Lincoln Co. ; Sheldon 725, Sleepy Eye; Bollard 285, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 641, Minnesota lake; Taylor 792, Glenwood; Sheldon 168, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co,; Sheldon 288, Lake Washington, Blue Earth Co. ; Sandberg 515, Red Wing; Holzinger 259, Winona; Leiberg 60, Blue Earth Co. ; Sandberg 516, Wyoming. Salix lucida MUHL. Nov. Act. Soc. Nat. Scrut. Berl. IV, 667 (1801). S. pento,ndra NUTT. Sylv. 77 (1842). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 481; Britt., FL N. J. 226; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 450; Webb., FL Neb. 110; Upham, Fl. Minn. 130; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 1, 36. North America: Canada, east of the Rockies; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Penn.; W. to Neb. and Colo. Minn, valley: Throughout; banks of streams and shores of lakes. HERB.: Taylor 156, Janesville; Sheldon 22, Elysian; Ballard 216n, Jordan, Scott Co.; Herrick 277, Minneapolis; Kassube 219, Minneapolis; Bailey 358, Mud river; Sandberg 513, Vasa; Bailey 357, Mud river (var. serissima Bail.). Salix amygdaloides ANDERS. KSnigl. Sven. Acad. Handl. VI, 21 (1858). ? S. melanopsis NUTT. Sylv. I, 78 (1842). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 481; Webb., Fl. Neb. 110; Mac., Fl Can. I, 444; Upham, FL Mian. 130; Coult., FL Colo. 334; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 240. North America: Red and Saskatchewan valleys to Minn., Mo. and Tenn. ; W. to Neb. and Oregon; E. to C. New York. Minn, valley: Forest district; perhaps throughout; banks of streams and shores of lakes. HERB.: Sheldon 1618, Minneapolis; Taylor 39, Elysian. Salix nigra MARSH. Arbust. Amer. 293 (1785). S. pentandra WALT. FL Car. 243 (1788). 8. caroliniana MICHX. FL N. Am. II, 226 (1803). S. houstoniana PURSH. Fl. Am. 614 (1814). S. falcata PURSH, Fl. Am. II, 614 (1814). S. ligustrina MIUHX. f. Sylv. II, 212 (1819). S. nigra var. falcata GRAY, Man. 417 (1858). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 480; Britt., FL N. J. 226; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 451; Webb., Fl. Neb. 110; Chap., FL S. St. 430; Upham, FL Minn. 130; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 83; Cov., Fl. Ark. 221; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 1, 36. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to L. Superior reg- ion, Man. and N. W. T.; S., W. of Sierra Nevada and Rockies 186 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. to Gulf of Mexico; E. from Neb. and Ark. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla. Minn, valley: Forest district and probably westward ; banks of streams and shores of lakes. HERB. : Sheldon 477, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co. ; Sandberg 514, Cannon Falls. XXV. BETULACEAE. Birch Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI 272 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 403 {1880)— Trib. I, II, Cupuliferae; Lindl., Veg. King. 251 (1846)— Corylaceae; Baillon, Hist. PL VI, 217 (1877)— Castaneaceae in part; Prantl, Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 39 (1887). Genera: 6; N. extropical regions; a few to Bengal and the Argentine Republic; from Himalayan and Cordilleran dis- tribution centers. Circumpolar in Tertiary. Species: 70 ±, living; 100 +, fossil. CARPINUS LINN. Gen. 729 (1737) p. p. em. Scop. (1760). Distegoearpus SIEB. and Zucc. Fam. Nat. Jap. II, 102 (1837). Baillon, Hist. PL VI, 255 (part)-, Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 405; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 380: Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 42; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 421. Living species: 12; Middle and S. Europe; C. and E. Asia; Atl. N. America to Mexico. Europe, 2; Russia, 2; Japan, 4-5; N. America, 1. Fossil species: 25; Tertiary of Greenland, Oregon, Alaska, Spitzbergen, Saghalin, Japan (Unger, Heer, Gopperi, etc.). Quaternary, Japan and Canada ? Carpinus caroliniana WALT. Fl. Car. 236 (1788). C. betulus virginiana MARSH. Arbust. 25 (1785). C. americana LAM. Enc. Meth. IV, 708 (1797). C. virginiana MICHX. f. Sylv. Ill, 56 (1813). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 474; Britt., Fl. N. J. 221; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 439; Chap., Fl So. St. 425; Uphani, Fl. Minn. 127; Cov., Fl. Ark. 220; Engl , Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 1, 43. North America: N. S. ?, Q., Georgian Bay; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla.; W. to Minn., Iowa, Kan. and Tex. Minn, valley: Forest and N.W. districts; along streams and around lakes. HERB.: Sheldon 337, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Oestlund 179, Minnehaha; Sandberg 502, Vasa; Herb. Wicker s- heim 115, Lake Park, Becker Co. OSTRYA SCOP. Fl. Cam. 414 (1760). Baillon, Hist. PL VI, 255 (sub Carpinus)', Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 406; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 381; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 43 (Prantl); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 418. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 187 Living species: 2; S. Europe and the Orient, 1; Japan, N. America and Mexico, 1. Fossil species: 6 Tertiary, Greenland, Aix, Switz- erland, Japan (Saporta, Heer, Naihorsi)\ O. osirya (Linn.) in Tertiary of Japan. Ostrya ostrya (LiNN.). Carpinus ostrya LINN. Spec. 998 (1753) in part. C. virginiana MILL. Diet. (1768). C. .triflora MOENCH, Meth. 394(1794). C. ostrya var. americana MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 202 (1803). Ostrya virginica WILLD. Spec. IV, 469 (1805). O. virginiana KOCH, Dendr. II, 2, 8 (1873). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 474; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 430; Britt., Fl. N. J. 222; Webb., FL Neb. 109; Chap., Fl. S. St. 426; Upham, Fl. Minn. 127: Cov., Fl. Ark. 220; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 1, 43. Japan. North America: Cape Breton, N. S., N. Br., N. Su- perior region to Man. ; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Minn. , Neb. , Wyom. , Kan. , Ark. , and S. to Mexico. Minn, valley: Throughout, principally forest district ; rich woods and along streams. HERB.: Ballard 293n, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 884, Glenwood; Ballard 396, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Holzinger 255, Wi- nona Bluffs; Oesilund 178, Hennepin Co. ; Sandberg 501, Cannon Falls; Bailey 232, Vermilion lake; Herb. Sheld. 1740, Minne- apolis; Herb. Moyer 224, Carl ton lake, Chippewa Co. CORYLUS LINN. Gen. 730 (1737). Baillon, Hist Pi. VI, 255; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 406; Durand, 2nd. Gen. Phan. 381; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 43; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 422. Living species: 7; Middle and S. Europe, the Orient, Central and E. Asia and N. Amer. Europe, 3; Russia, 1; Russian Europe, 1; N. America, 2; Atl. states, 2; Pac. states, 1; Asia, 4. Fossil species: 13; Tertiary, N. Greenland, Spitz bergen, Shetland, Africa, Japan, Amurland, Himalayas, China, Saghalin, Grinnell-Land, Alaska, Wyoming, Nebraska (Heer, Lesquereaux, Nathorst, Unger, etc.); Quaternary — interglacial, Hanover. Corylus rostrata AIT. Hort. Kew. Ill, 364 (1789). ? C. avellana LED. Fl. Ross. Ill, 588 (1851) in part. C. rostrata var. mandschurica REGEL, Yeg. Amur. 489 (1858). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 474; Britt., Fl. N. J. 222; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 439; Chap., Fl. S. St. 425; Upham, Fl. Minn. 127; Coult., Fl. 188 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Colo. 333; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 101; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 355 in var.: Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 1, 43. N. Asia; sp. very closely related or identical. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Saskatch- ewan, Brit. Col. and Vancouver; S. to Washington and Colo. ; E. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga. Minn, valley: FarN. W. district; local and rare; thick- ets and river banks. HERB.: Bailey 229, Vermilion lake; Roberts 122, French river. Corylus americana WALT. Fl. Car. 236 (1788). C. humilis WILLD. Berl. Baumz. 108 (1796). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 474; Britt., Fl. N. J. 222; Mac.. Fl. Can. I, 440; Webb., Fl. Neb. 109: Upham, Fl. Minn. 127; Chap., Fl. S. St. 425; Cov., Fl. Ark. 220. North America: Ont. to Man., Selkirks, Assiniboia and Cypress Hills; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and W. Fla.; W. to Dak. , Neb. and Ark. Minn, valley: Forest district; not infrequent; thickets and edges of woods. HERB. : Taylor 378, Janesville; Sheldon 507, Waseca; Taylor 335, Janesville; Sheldon 324, Smith's Mills, Blue Earth Co. ; Sheldon 467, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co. ; Bollard 228, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Oestlund 176, Hennepin Co. ; Sandberg 500, Goodhue Co. ; Oestlund 177, Minneapolis. BETULA LINN. Gen. 715 (1735) em. Gaert. (1791). Betulaster SPACH, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2, XV, 198 (1841). Baillon, Hist. PL VI, 254; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI III; 404; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 380; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3. 1, 43 (Prantl); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 409. Living species: 35; boreal and temperate regions of N. hemisphere; Europe; Asia; N. America. 25 (B. and H.); Europe, 12; Russia, 11; N. America, 11; Canada, 9-10; S. Sts., 3; E. Sts., 7; Rocky mts., 2; PI. King, 4; PI. Wheel., 2; Cali- fornia, 2. Fossil species: 40; doubtfully in the Cretaceous; abundant in Tertiary of polar regions and in Europe. Betula pumila LINN. Mant. I, 124 (1767). B. grayi REGEL, Bull. Soc. Mosc. XVIII, 406 (1866). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 472; Britt., Fl. N. J. 221; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 437; Upham, Fl. Minn. 128; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 1,45. North America: Newf., Labr., Anticosti, N. S., N. Br., LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 189 Q., Ont. to foot-hills of Rockies; S. to Conn, and N. J. ; W. to Ind., Ills, and Minn. Minn, valley: N. E., N. W. and N. districts; marshy meadows and bogs. HERB. : Taylor 737, Glenwood; Bollard 145n, Chaska; Ballard 423, New Prague, Scott Co. ; Sandberg 504, Chisago Co. ; Sandberg 505, Goodhue Co. ; Herb. Sheld. 1796, Minneapolis. Betula nigra LINN. Spec. 982 (1753). B. lanulosa MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 181 (1803). B. rubra MICHX. Arb. II, 142(1812). B. angulata LODD. Cat. (1836). Wats. andCoult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 472; Britt., Fl. N. J. 221; Webb., Fl. Neb. 110; Upham, Fl. Minn. 128; Chap., Fl. S. St. 428; Cov., Fl. Ark. 220: Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 1, 45. North America: Mass, to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., E. Kan. and Tex. Minn, valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co.; local and infrequent; river banks and lake shores. HERB. : Holzinger 256, Winona Co. Betula papyrifera MARSH. Arbust. Amer. 19 (1785). B. papyracea AIT. Hort. Kew. Ill, 337 (1789). B. grandis SCHRAD. Ind. Sem. Gott. 2 (1833). B. canadensis LOUD. Cab. (1836). B. latifoha TAUSCH, Flora XXI, 751 (1838). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 472; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 436; Upham, Fl. Minn. 128; Wats., King Exp. 323; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 1, 45; Webb., Appx. Neb. 26. North America: Throughout Canada ("widest range of any Canadian tree" — Macoun.) to Arctic ocean; S. to N. Eng., N. Penn., N. Ills, and Minn., Dak. and N. Neb. Minn, valley : Forest district to Renville Co. ; rare and local S. W. ; but abundant N. E. districts. Woodland along streams. HERB. : Ballard 290n, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Herrick 275, Minneapolis; Sandberg 503, Red Wing. ALNUS GAERTN. Fruct. II, 54, t. 90 (1791). Alnaster SPACH, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2, XV. 200(1841). Alnobetula SCHUR. Transsylv. 614 (1866). Semidopsis ZUMAG. Fl. Ped. I, 249 (1849). Clethropsis SPACH, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2, XV, 201 (1841). Baillon, Hist. PL VI, 254; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 404; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 380; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, 1, 45 (Prantl); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 414. Living species: 14; Europe; Mid. and N. Asia; N. and S. America, extropical; S. Africa. Europe, 6; Russia, 4; Rus- 190 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. sian Europe, 3; Rocky mts., 3; E. Sts., 4; S. Sts., 2; Canada, 4-5; California, 4; PL King, 3; PL Wheel., 2; N. America, excl. Mexico, 8. Fossil species: 30; Cretaceous; Alnus and Alnites, Alnophyllum, Nebraska and Colo. (Lesquereaux)', Tertiary, N. America (Lesqx.)', Tertiary, polar regions (Heer)-, Europe, (Saporta, Unger)-, Quaternary" and recent, Forest -bed of Cromer, etc. Alnus incana (LINN.) WILLD. Spec. IV, 333 (1805). Betulaincana LINN. f. Suppl. 417 (1781). Alnus glauca MICHX. Hist. Arb. II, 322 (1812). A. crispa PURSH, Fl Am. 623 (1814) partly. A. intermedia SCHRAD. Herb. Hort. Gott. A. incana var. vulgaris SPACH, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2, XV, 206 (1841). A. incana var. glauca GRAY, Man. ed. I, 423 (1848). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed, 473; Britt., FL N. J. 221; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 81; Coult., Fl. Colo. 332; Webb., Fl. Neb. 109; Upham, FL Minn. 128; Miyabe, FL Kur. 259, in var.; Herd., FL Eur. Buss. 120; Wats., King Exp. 322; Koth., Wheel. Exp. 239; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, 1, 46; Hart., Scand. FL I, 378; Rothr., Alask. 454. Northern Europe and Asia to Yezo and Saghalin. North America: Newf. throughout Can. to the Rocky mts.; S to Mass, and N. J.; W. to E. Neb., Minn., Dak. and Colo. ; Oregon to Saskatchewan and S. in mts. to Nevada and Mexico; N. to Alaska. Minn, valley: N. E., and probably N. W. districts; along streams and around marshes. XXVI. FAGACEAE. Oak Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 274 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 403 (1880)— TribusIII, Cupuliferae; Baillon, Hist. PL VI, 227 (1877), Castanea- ceae in part; Prantl, Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, 1, 47 (18»7). Genera: 4; 3 distributional centers according to Prantl, (1) N. extratropical regions (Fagus, Castanea § Eucastanea, Quercus); (2) tropical Asia (Quercus § Pasania, Castanea § Castanopsis): (3) Antartic S. America, New Zealand, S. Aus- tralia (Nothofagus). Species: 350±, living; 200-225; fossil, Cretaceous, Ter- tiary and Recent. (Juercus LINN. Gen. 726 (1737). Cyclobalanus, Cyclobalanopsis, Pasania OERST. Liebm. Chfcnes. Amer. Trop. 19, 20 (1837?). Synaedrys LINDL. Introd. ed. 2, 441 (1835). Lithocarpus BLUME, Fl. Jav. Cupul. 34, t. 20 (1832?). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 191 Baillon, Hist. PL VI, 256; Benth.and Hook., Gen. PI III. 407; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 381; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, 1,55 (Prantl); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 433. Living species: 300 i; 300 (B. and H.); temperate and tropical regions; especially Europe, tropical and West Asia; N. America; absent from S. America, S. Africa, Australia and Oceanica. Europe, 25; Russia, 10; tropical Asia, 150±; North America and Mexico, 100 ±; U. S. 50±;E. Sts., 19; S. Sts., 21; Canada, 12-13; California and Pac. U. S., 25; PI. Wheel., 10; (see W. Am. Oaks, Kellogg, Greene and McDonald). Fossil species: 200 ± described; Lower Cretaceous, Quercophyllum, 2 sp. Potomac beds (Fontaine)-, Upper Creta- ceous, Colo., Neb., Kan , Wyoming (Lesquereaux, Ward, New- berry, Heer); Tertiary, N. America, Australia, Sumatra, Java, Japan, Greenland, Alaska, Spitzbergen, France, Italy ( Saporta, Heer, Ettinghausen, Br.ongniart, Goppert, Unger, Nathorst; Les- quereaux, etc. ) Pliocene and Quaternary, Ohio, Italy, Japan (Neivberry, Goppert, Saporta, Nathorst); Amber, Baltic region (Conwentz). (Juercus velutina LAM. Enc. Meth. II, 721 (1789). Q. discolor AIT. Hort. Kew. Ill, 358 (1789). Q. tinctoria BARTR. Trav. 2 ed. 37 (179J). Q. tinctoria var. angulosa MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 198 (1803) Q. tinctoria var. sinuosa MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 198 (1803). Q. coccinea var. tinctoria GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 454 (1868). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 477; Britt., Fl. N. J. 244; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 443; Upharn, Fl. Minn. 126; Chap., Fl. S. St. 422; Cov., Fl. Ark. 221; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 1, 57. North America: S. Maine, W. Ont. to Minn.; S. to N. J., Ga., Tex.; W. to Kan. and Ark. Minn, valley: Forest district throughout; woods and hillsides. HERB. : Sheldon 475, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co. ; Taylor 332, Janesville; Bollard 329n, Belle Piaine; Sandberg 499, Red Wing; Holzinger 254, Winona Co. (Juercus rubra LINN. Spec. 996 (1753). Q. ambigua MICHX. Am. Arb. II, 120 (1810). Q. coccinea var. ? rubra SPACH, Veg. II, 165 (1834). Q. rubra var. runcinata A. DC. Prodr. XVI, 2, 60 (1864). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 477; Britt., Fl. N. J. 224; Webb., Fl. Neb. 109; Upham, Fl. Minn. 127; Chap., Fl. S. St. 422; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 442; II, 356; Cov., Fl. Ark. 221; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 1, 56. North America: Q., Ont. to height of land W. of L. Superior, at L. Namakeen; S. to N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Minn., Neb,. Kan., Mo. and Ark. 192 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY Minn, valley: S. E. districts; rare or doubtful; river banks and low woods. Quercus muhlenbergii ENGELM. Trans. Acad. St. Louis, III, 591 (1877). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 478; Britt., Fl. N. J. 222; Webb., Fl. Neb. 109; Upham, Fl. Minn. 126; Cov., Fl. Ark. 220. North America: Mass, to Del. and ]^. J. ; S. to N. Alab.; W. to Minn., E. Neb. and Tex. Minn, valley: Reported from the S. E. district; doubt- ful; no Minn, specimens seen. (Juercus macrocarpa MICHX. Hist. Chenes. 2, 3 (1801). Q. olivaeformis MICHX. f. Hist. Arb. II, 32 (1810). Q. obtusiloba var. depressa NUTT. Gen. II, 215 (1818). Q. alba HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 158 (1840) in part. Q. stellata var. depressa A. DC. Prodr. XVI, 2, 23 (1864). North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man. and Assini- boia; S. to Mass, and Penn. ; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Kan. and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout; hillsides, knolls .and banks of lakes and streams. HERB. : Ballard 408, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Taylor 470, Janesville; Taylor, 692 Minnesota lake; Sheldon 474, Madison Lake; Oestlund 175, Hennepin Co.; Sandberg 498, Red Wing; Bailey 63, Vermilion lake; Bailey 534, Mud lake; Herb. Wick- ersheim 114, 115, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 223 Montevideo. (Juercus alba LINN. Spec. 996 (1753). ? Q. sinuata WALT. Fl. Car. 235 (1788). Q. alba var. pinnatifida MICHX. Hist. Chfcnes. IV, 5 (1801). Q. alba var. repanda MICHX. Hist. Chines. IV, 5 (1801). Q. microcarpa A. DC. Prodr. XVI, 2, 22 (1864) Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 475; Britt., Fl. 1ST. J. 222; Webb., Fl. Neb. 109; Upham, Fl. Minn. 126; Chap., Fl. S. St. 423; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 440; Wats., King Exp. 321; Cov., Fl. Ark. 220; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 1, 57. North America: Q., Ont., Maine to N. J. and Pla. ; W. to Dak., Neb., Kan.? and Tex. Minn, valley: S. E. district; wooded hills and banks. HERB. : ? 'Ballard 485, Prior's lake, Scott Co. ; Holzinger 253, Winona Bluffs. XXVII. ULMACEAE. Elm Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 275 (1840) — Ulmaceae and Celtideae; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 343 (1880)— Trib. I, II, Urticaceae; Engler in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz 3, I, 59 (1887). LIST OF HIGHER SEED PRODUCING PLANTS. 193 Genera: 13; tropical and extratropical. Species: 125 ± ; 50-60 fossil; Eocene to Recent. ULMU8 LINN. Gen. 194 (1737). Chaetoptelea LIEBM. Vid. MM. Kiob. (1850). Microptelea SPACH, Am. Sci. Nat. 2, XV, 358 (1841). Baillon, Hist. PL VI, 184; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI III, 351; Durand, 2nd. Gen. Phan. 373; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, 1, 62; Schenck, Palaeophyt, 470. Living species: 16; temperate N. hemisphere; mts. in tropical Asia. Europe, 3; Russia, 8; Russian Europe, 7; S. Sts., 5; Rocky mts., 1; E. Sts., 4; Canada, 3; PL Wheel., 1; N. America, 6-7. Fossil species: Ulmiphyllum, Lower Cretaceous (Fon- taine}— Potomac river beds, 3 sp. Ulmus, 30-45 sp. described; Eocene, rare; Oligocene abundant — Grinnell-Land, Greenland, Saghalin, Japan, Switzerland, Alaska, Colorado (Lesquereaux, Saporta, Heer, Unger, Watelet, etc. ). Ulmus racemosa THOMAS, Am. Jour. Sci. Ser. 1, XIX, 170 (1831). U. americana PLANCH. DC. Prodr. XVII, 155 (1873) in part. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 462; Britt., Fl. N. J. 216; Mac., Fl. Can. 428; Upham, Fl. Minn. 124. North America: Q., Ont. to S. W. Vt. and N. J.; W. to Minn., Ky. and Mo. Minn, valley: Forest district to Chippewa valley; infrequent or rare; woods and along streams. HERB. : Moyer 220\ Cedar lake, near Montevideo. Ulmus americana LINN. Spec. 226 (1753). U. mollifolia MARSH. Arbust. Amer. 156 (1785). U. americana var. pendula AIT. Hort. Kew. I, 320 (1789). U. pendula WILLD. Berl. Baumz. 519 (1796). U. alba RAF. Fl. Lud. 115 (1817). U. americana var. scabra SPACH, Ann. Sci. Nat 2 ser. XV, 364 (1841). U. americana var. bartramii WALP. Ann. Ill, 424 (1846?). U. Jtoridana CHAP. Fl. S. St. 416 (1860). U. americana var. aspera CHAP. Fl. S. St. 416 (1860). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 462; Britt., Fl. N. J. 216; Webb., Fl. Neb. Ill; Upham. Fl. Minn. 124; Mac., Fl. Can. I. 428; Coult., Fl. Colo. 329; Cov., Fl. Ark. 218; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 1, 62. North America: Cape Breton, N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont, L. Winnipeg to 52° N. lat. on Saskatchewan and L. Was wan - apy, N. W. T.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla. and W. to Kan., Neb., Dak., Ark. and head waters of Missouri river. -13 194 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn, valley: Throughout; abundant; rich woods and around lakes. HERB.: Sheldon 1579, Lake Benton; Sheldon 380, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co. ; Oestlund 171, Hennepin Co. ; Sandberg 493, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1908, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 219, Chippewa river, near Montevideo. Ulmus fiilva MICHX. PL N. Am. I, 172 (1803). U. americana LINN. Herb. Banks. 17. pubescens WALT. Fl. Car. Ill (1788). U. americana var. rwbra AIT. Hort. Kew. I, 319 (1789). U. crispa WILLD. Enum. 295 (1809). U. rubra MICHX. f. Sylv. Ill, 138 U819). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 462; Britt., Fl. N. J. 21f»; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 427; Webb., Fl. Neb. Ill; Chap., Fl. S. St. 416; Upham, Fl. Minn. 124; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 357: Cov., Fl. Ark. 218; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 1,62. North America: Q., Ont., to Georgian bay; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and W. Fla.; W. to Dak., Neb , Kan., Ark. Minn, valley: Forest district and W. at least to Pomme des Terres valley; along streams and in rich woods. HERB.: Taylor 423, Janesville; Sheldon 286, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Holzinger 209, Winona. Co.; Bailey 237, Vermilion lake; Holzinger 210, Winona Co.; Herb. Moyer 218, Montevideo. CELTI8 LINN. Gen. 844 (1737). Soleiiostigma ENDL. Prodr. Norf. 41 (1833). Mertensia H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et. Spec. II, 30 (1817). Momisia DUM. An. Fam. 17 (1829). Baillon, Hist. Pi. VI, 186; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 354; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 373; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 63; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 474. Living species: 50; temperate regions, especially N. and in the tropics. Europe, 2; Russian Europe, 1; Tex. 4-5; Rocky mts., 1; E. Sts., 1; Canada, 1; S. Sts., 1; N. America, 5-6. Fossil species: 12-15 described; Oligocene, Miocene, Atlantic America, Colorado, Japan, Germany (Lesquereaux, Saporta, Goppert). Celtis occidental LINN. Spec. ed. 2, 1478 (1762). C. oUiqua MOENCH, Meth. 344(1794). C. crassifolia LAM. Enc. Meth. IV, 138 (1797). C. pumila PURSH, Fl. 200 (1814). ? C. canina RAF. Am. Mo. Mag. (1808?). C. mississippiensis Bosc. Diet. Ag. n. ed. X, 41 ( ). C. alba DC. Prodr. XVII, 177 (1873). LIST OF HIGHER SEED PRODUCING PLANTS. 195 Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 463; Britt., Fl. N. J. 216; Webb., Fl. Neb. Ill; Upham, Fl. Minn. 124; Coult., Fl. Colo. 330; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 429; Chap., Fl. S.St. 417; Wats., King Exp. 321; Cov., Fl. Ark. 218; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 1, 64. In trod, in Europe. North America: Ont. to L. of Woods; S. to N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Ark., Colo. Minn, valley : Throughout ; woodland and along streams or around lakes. HERB. : Taylor 298, Janesville; Sheldon 1230, Iberia, Brown Co. ; Sheldon 1416, Lake Benton; Bollard 388, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 465, Madison Lake; Sheldon 903, Sleepy- Eye. XXVIII. MORACEAE, Mulberry Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 277, 286 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI III, 343 (1880);— Trib. IV, V, VI, Urticaceae; Engler in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, 1, 66 (1888). Genera: 55 living, 2-3 fossil; temperate and tropical regions; largely developed in tropical America. Species: 900 ±; 66 per cent, in the tropical genus Ficus; fossil species of Ficus from Greenland to S. hemisphere, Cretaceous to Tertiary and Recent; numerous. MORUS LINN. Gen. 711 (1737). Baillon, Hist. PI. VI, 190; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 364; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 375; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 72 (Engler); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 476. Living species: 10 ±; temperate N. hemisphere and tropical mts. N. America, 5-6; Russian Europe, 1; Russia, 2; S. Sts., 2; Canada, and E. Sts., 1; Arizona, 1. Fossil species: 1 sp. in Pliocene of Cantal (Saporta). .Morus rubra LINN. Spec. 986 (1753). M. canadensis LAM. Enc. Meth. IV, 380 (1797). M. scabra WILLD. Enum. 967 (1809). M. rubra var. canadensis LOUD. Arb. Ill, 1360 (1838). M. missouriensis AUDIB. Jard. Ton. (1853). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 464; Britt., Fl. N. J.217; Mac.y Fl. Can. I, 430; Webb., Fl. Neb. Ill; Chap., Fl. S. St. 415; Upham, Fl. Minn. 124; Cov., Fl. Ark. 219; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 1, 73. North America: Around L. Erie in Can.; W. N. Eng. and N. J. to Fla. ; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Kan. and to Mexico. Minn, valley: Reported from S. E. district; rare or local; woods and along streams. 196 METASPERMAE OP THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HUMULUS LINN. Gen. 750 (1737). Lupulus GAERTN. Fruct. I. 358 (1788). Baillon, Hist. PL VI, 216; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI III, 356; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 374; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 96 (Engler). •Schenck, Palaeophyt. 476. Living species: 2; N. temperate regions. 1, cosmo- politan; 1, China and Japan. Fossil species: 2-3; Pliocene, France (Saporta). Huinuliis lupulus LINN. Spec. 1457 (1753). Cannabis lupulus SCOP. Fl. Cam. II, 263 (1772). Lupulus communis GAERTN. Fruct. 75(1788). Humulus americanus NUTT. Journ. Acad. Phil. V, 181 (1840). Wats, arid Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 464; Britt., Fl. N. J. 216; Webb., Fl. Neb. Ill; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 429; Upham, Fl. Minn. 125; Chap., Fl. S. St. 414; Coult, Fl. Colo. 331; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hook., FL Gt. Brit. 363; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 118; Wats., King Exp. 321; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 239; Cov., Fl. Ark. 219; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 1, 97; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 345. North America: N. S., Q., Ont. to Man., 53° N. lat., Brit. Col. ; S. to N. Mex. in mts. ; E. across cont. to N. Eng. and Ga. Introd. in Atl. states ? Minn, valley: Throughout; climbing on underbrush or trees; banks of streams and edges of woods. HERB. : Sheldon 1039, Sleepy Eye; Bollard 302n, Jor- dan, Scott Co. ; Kassube 216, Minneapolis; Sandberg 496, Red Wing; Sandberg 497, Red Wing. XXIX. URTICACEAE. Nettle Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 282 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 343 <1880)— Tribus VII, Urticeae; Engler in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I} 98 (1888). Genera: 41 living; 5 fossil; tropics and sparingly without; to Auckland Island and to 4500 m. in Himalayas and Andes. Species: 500 ± ; 33 per cent. New World; 33 per cent. Asia; 14 per cent. Africa; 14 per cent. Oceanica; 3-4 per cent. Europe (Engler). Fossil species, 12-15, Cretaceous and 'Tertiary. URTICA L.INN. Gen. 710 (1737). Baillon, Hist. PL III, 517; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 381; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 377; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, 1, 104 (Eng- ler); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 483. Living species: 30 ±; temperate regions. .Europe, 6; Hussia, 5; Russian Europe, 2; N. America, 10 ±; Canada, 3; E. Sts., 2; PL King, 1; PI. Wheel, 4; California, 4. Fossil species: Miocene of Steirmack (Ettinghausen). LIST OF HIGHER SEED PRODUCING PLANTS. 197 Urtica gracilis AIT. Hort. Kew. I, 341 (1789). . U. dioica MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 112 (1803). U. procera PURSH, Fl. Am. I, 113 (1814). 17. dioica var. procera WEDD. DC. Prodr. XVI, 1, 52 (1869). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 465; Britt., Fl. N. J. 217; Coult. r Fl. Colo. 330; Mac.. Fl. Can. I, 430; Webb., Fl. Neb. Ill; Upham, Fl, Minn. 124; Chap., Fl. S. St. 412; Wats., King Exp. 321; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 238; Cov., Fl. Ark. 219; Bothr., Alask. 454? North America: N. S. to Saskatchewan and Rockies; N. to Ft. Franklin on Mackenzie; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Ga.; W. to Colo., Neb. and Ark Minn, valley: Throughout; abundant; banks of streams, edges of fields and moist banks. HERB. : Taylor 841, Glenwood; Taylor 186, Janesville; Taylor 304, Janesville; Bollard 361, Helena, Scott Co.; Sheldon 362a, Elysian; Sheldon 834, Sleepy Eye; Kassube 214, Minne- apolis; Herrick 270, Minneapolis; Oestlund 172, Minneapolis; Bailey 267, Vermilion lake; Herb. Sheld. 1700, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 221, Montevideo. LAPORTEA GAUDICH. Freyc. Voy. Bot. 498 (1826). Disocarpus LIEBM. K. Dan. Vid. Sel. Schr. 5, II, 308 (1851). Dendrocnide MIQ. PI. Jungh. I, 29 (1851). Sclepsion RAF. MSS. ex Baillon, 1. c. (1872). Urticastrum MOEHR. Hort. Priv. (1736). Baillon, Hist. PI. Ill, 519; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 634; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III. 383; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 377; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 106 (Engler). Living species: 25; tropical regions and a few in extra- tropical N. America; S. Sts., 1; E. Sts., 1; Canada, 1; Rocky mts., 1; U. S., 1-2. Laportea canadensis (LiNN.) GAUDICH. Uran. 498 (1826). Urtica canadensis LINN. Spec. 1397 (1753). U. divaricata PURSH, Fl. Am. 113 (1814). Sclepsion divaricatum RAF. MSS. Urtica whitlow MUHL. Cat. (1818). Fkurya canadensis B. and H. Fl. Nig. 517 (1849). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 465; Britt., Fl. N. J. 218: Coult., Fl. Colo. 331; Mac., Fl. Can. 431; Webb., Fl. Neb. Ill; Chap., Fl. S. St. 413; Upham, Fl. Minn. 124; Cov., Fl. Ark. 219; Engl., Nat Pflanz. Ill, 1, 106. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Sault Ste. Marie; S. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Kan., Neb. and Dak. Minn, valley: Throughout; abundant; damp and rich woodland and shaded river banks. HERB.: Sheldon 40, Elysian; Shvldon 460, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 854, Sleepy Eye; Ballard70&> 198 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Waconia; Taylor 593a, Minnesota lake; Taylor 305, Janes ville; Ballard 292, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 811 , Glenwood; Herrick $71, Minneapolis; Kossube215, Minneapolis; Sandberg 494,Vasa; Herb. Moyer 222, Chippewa river bottoms, near Montevideo. ADICEA RAF. An. Nat. 129 (1815). Pilea LINDL. Collect t. 4 (1821). Dubreueilia GAUDICH. Freyc. Voy. Bot. 495 (1826). Adike EAF. N. Fl. 63 (1836). Baillon, Hist. PI III, 524; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 384; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 377; O. Kuntze, Bev. Gen. II, 621; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 108 (Engler). Living species: 100+; 160 (B. andH.); 175 (Durand); tropical regions, especially American; wanting in Australia. N. America, temperate regions, 2; Canada and E. Sts., 1. Adicea pumila (LiNN.) RAF. An. Nat. 179 (1815). Urtica pumila LINN. Spec. 1395 (1753). 17, fasciculata Pom. Eric. Meth. IV, 640(1797). Dubrueilia pumila GAUDICH. Uran. 295 (1826). Adike pumila EAF. N. Fl. 63 (1836). Pika pumila GRAY, Man. ed. 1, 437 (1848). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 466; Britt., Fl. N, J. 218: Mac., Fl. Can. 431; Webb., Fl. Neb. Ill; Uphain, Fl. Minn. 125; Chap., Fl. S. St. 413; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 1, 108. North America: N. B., Q., Ont. to Georgian Bay; S. to N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Minn. , Neb. and Kan. Minn, valley: Forest district and N W. district; moist woods and shaded banks. HERB.: Taylor 1129, Glenwood; Herrick 272, Minne- tonka; Holzinger 211, Winona; Sandberg 495, Goodhue Co.; Sheldon 1625, Taylor's Falls. RAMIUM RUMPF. V. 214 (1747). Boehmeria JACQ. Stirp. Amer. 246, t. 157 (17—). Caturus LINN. Suppl. (1767) p. p. ex Kuntze 1. c. (1891). Splitgerbera MIQ. Comm. Phyt. 133 (1838-40). Duretia GAUDICH. Freyc. Voy. Bot, 500, adn. (1826). Baillon, Hist. PL III, 526; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 387; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. 378; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 631; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 111 (Engler). Living species: 45 ±; mostly tropical — in N. America and E. Asia, extra-tropical; to Canada and Japan. N. Amer- ica, 1 sp. in Atlantic region. Ramium cylindricum (LiNN.) OK. Rev. Gen. II, 632 (1891). Urtica cylindrica LINN. Spec. 1396 (1753). Boehmeria cylindrica WILLD. Spec. IV, 340 (1805). B. lateriflora MUHL. Cat. (1813). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 199 Urtica capitata PURSH, Fl. Am. 113 (1814). Duretia cylindrical, GATJDICH. Uran. 499 (1826). Boehmeria cyUndrica var. B. HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. II (1840). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 466; Britt., Fl. N. J. 218; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 432; Chap., Fl. S. St. 414; Upham, Fl. Minn. 125; Cov., Fl. Ark. 219; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 1, 111. North America: N. Eng., Ont. to Minn.; S. to N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Dak. and Ark. Minn, valley: Reported from N. W. district; infre- quent or rare; moist woods and shaded river banks. PARIETARIA LINN. Gen. 771 (1737). Freiria and Thaumuria GAUDICH. Freyc. Voy. Bot, 502 (1826). Gesnouinia GAUDICH. Freyc. Voy. Bot. 502 (1826). Helxine EEQ. Ann. Sci. Nat. 1, V, 384 (1824). Soleirolia GAUDICH. 1. c. (1826). Baillon, Hist. PI. Ill, 534; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 392, 393; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 378; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 115, 116 (Engler). Living species: 9; temperate regions; scarce in trop- ics; N. America, 2; 1, Atl. region; 1, Pac. region. Parietaria pensylvanica MUHL. Willd. Spec. IV, 955 (1805). P. debilis var. pensylvanica WEDD. Monog. 516 (1856). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 466; Britt., Fl. N. J. 418; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 432; Upham, Fl. Minn. 125; Webb., Fl. Neb. Ill; Wats., Fl. Calif, II, 65; Chap., Fl. S. St. 413; Coult., Fl. Colo. 331. North America: Ont. to N. W. T., N. Brit. Col. and Rocky mts. ; S. to Colo, and N. E. Nev.; E. across cont. to E. Mass., Vt. and Ga. Minn, valley: Throughout; local; banks and edges of woods; not infrequent. HERB. : Taylor 413, Buffalo lake, Waseca Co. ; Sheldon 792, Sleepy Eye; Bollard 407, Jordan, Scott Co.; Holzinger 212, Winona Co. ; Holzinger 213, Winona Co. ; Herrick 273, Minne- apolis; Oestlund 173, Minneapolis; Oestlund 174, Hennepin Co. XXX. SANTALACEAE. Sandal-wood Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 324, 1378 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 217 (1880) excl. Tribus IV, Grubbieae; Hieronymus in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 202 (1889). Genera: 26 living; 1 fossil; tropical and temperate regions; distributional centers (1) S. Africa; (2) Malay Arch- ipelago; (3) S. America and Australia; (4) N. temperate region ; (Hieronymus) . Species: 250± living; 12-15 fossil; Tertiary. 200 METASPEKMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. COMANDRA NUTT. Gen. I, 157 (1818). Hamiltonia SPRENG. Syst. I, 831 (1825) p. p. Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 224; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 358; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 221 (Hieronymus). Living species: 4; Europe, 1; N. America, 3; Canada, 3; E. Sts., 3; S. Sts. 1; Rocky mts., 2; PI. King, 1; PI. Wheel., 2. Comandra livida RICH. Appx. Frankl. Journ. 9 (1823). Hamiltonia sarmentosa SPRENG. Syst. I, 831 (1825). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 451; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 423; Upham, Fl. Minn. 122. North America: Newf. and Labrador, N. S., N. Br.r L. Nipigon, L. Winnipeg to Rocky mts., Brit. Col., 69° N. lat. and Arctic circle; S. to N. Vt., Wise, and Minn. Minn, valley: Reported from N. edge; doubtful; dry hillsides or banks. Comandra umbellata (LINN.) NUTT. Gen. I, 157 (1818). Thesium umbellatum LINN. Spec. 302 (1753). T. corymbulosum MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 112 (1803). Hamiltonia umbellata SPRENG. Syst. I, 831 (1825). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 450; Britt., Fl. N. J. 214; Webb., Fl. Neb. 133; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 423; Chap., Fl. S. St. 396; Coult., Fl. Colo. 324; Wats., King Exp. 319; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 254; Cov., Fl. Ark. 217. North America: Cape Breton, Q., Ont. to Owen Sound, L. Huron, Saskatchewan (N. of 51° lat.) and Rockies; S. to Washington and Calif ornian Sierras; E. across cont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga. Minn, valley: Forest district and perhaps throughout; dry ground or edges of meadows. HERB.: Sheldon 1168, New Ulm; Holzinger 202, Wi- nona, Co.; Kassube 212, Minneapolis; Sandberg 487, Goodhue Co.; Holzinger 203, Stockton; Herb. Sheld. 1861, Ramsey Co. ; 1718, Minneapolis. Comandra pallida A. DC. Prodr. XIV, 636 (1856). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 450; Webb., Fl. Neb. 133; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 423; Coult., Fl. Colo. 324; Wats., King Exp. 319; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 254 in var. North America: Saskatchewan and N. W. T. to Brit. Col. and Oregon; S. to Minn., Neb., Kan., N. Mex., and W. to Rocky mts. Minn, valley: Reported from W. N. W. edge; doubtful or rare; dry shaded hills. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 201 XXXI. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. Birthwort Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 344 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 121 (1880); Solereder in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 264 (1889). Genera: 5; warmer and tropical regions; principally S. America, and absent from Australia. Doubtful remains in Cretaceous and Tertiary. Species: 200; 90 per cent, in genus Aristolochia of the tropical and subtropical regions. ASARUM LINN. Gen. 385 (1737). Heterotropa MORR. and DECNE. A nn. Sci. Nat. II, 2, 314 (1834). Baillon, Hist. PL IX, 21; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 122; Durand, IncL Gen. Phan. 345; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 271 (Solereder); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 707. Living species : 13; temperate regions, N. hemisphere; Europe, 1; Himalayas, 1; Japan, 7; North America, 4; E. Sts., 3; Canada, 2; S. Sts., 3; California, 3. Fossil species: Cretaceous of Nebraska and Europe? Asarum canadense LINN. Spec. ed. 2, 633 (1762). A. carolinianum WALT. Fl. Car. 143(1788). A. latifolium SALISB. Prodr. 344 (1796). A. villosum MUHL. Cat. (1813). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 445; Britt., Fl. N. J. 212; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 418; Upham, Fl. Minn. 116; Chap., Fl. S. St. 371; Cov., Fl. Ark. 216; Engl. Solered. Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 1, 271. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to 49° N. lat. in Man. and Saskatchewan; S. to N. Eng., N. J., N. Car. and W. to Minn, and Dak. Minn valley: Throughout; shaded river banks and moist woodland. HERB.: Sheldon 146, Madison Lake; Bollard 52n, Chaska; Holzinger 193, Winona Co.; Kassiibe 206, Minneapolis; Arthur 159, Vermilion lake; Leonard 42, Minneapolis; Winchell 19, Minneapo]is; Sandberg 475, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1875, Ramsey Co. ; Herb. Wickersheim 110, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. AEISTOLOCHIA LINN. Gen. 639 (1737). Glossula RAF. ex. Baillon. 1. c. (1888). Pistolochia RAF. ex. Baillon, 1. c. (1888). '? Endodeca RA.F. ex. Baillon, 1. c. (1888). Howarclia and Einomenia KLOTZSCH, Monatb. Berl. 607 (1859). Siphisia RAF. Med. Fl. I, 62 (1828). Hocquartia BUM. Comm. Bot. 30 (1822). Hoiostylis DUCHARTRE. Ann. Sci. Nat. 4. II, 33 (1855). Guaco LIEBM. Forh. Scand. Nat. 203 (1844). 202 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Baillon, Hist. PL IX, 22; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pi. III. 123; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 345; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 272 (Solereder): Schenck, Palaeophyt. 704-709. Living species: 180 ± ; tropical and temperate regions. Europe, 13; Russia, 2; S. Sts., 4; E. Sts., 3; Calif., 1. The section which is represented in Asia and N. America contains 14 sps. Fossil species: 15-20; Cretaceous and Tertiary, Ne- braska (Heer)\ Greenland (Heer); Europe (Saporta); Aristo- lochiaephyllum in Lower Cretaceous, Potomac group (Fon- taine) 1 sp. Aristolochia sipho L'HER. Stirp. Nov. Pasc. I, 13 (1784). A. macrophylla LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 252 (1783). Siphisia glabra RAF. Med. Fl. I. 65 (1828). S. sipho KLOTZSCH, Monatsber. 602 (1859). Wats, and Coulfc., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 445; Chap., Fl. S. St. 372; Upham, Fl. Minn. 116; Engl. Solered. Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 1, 272. North America: Penn. to Minn, and Kan. Minn, valley: Reported from N. E. district and S. E. edge; rare or local; rich woods and moist river banks. XXXII. POLYGONACEAE. Buckwheat Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI 304 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 89 (1880); Dammer in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I a, 1 (1891). Genera: 30; cosmopolitan; arborescent forms princi- pally in tropical America; herbaceous in temperate regions; shrubby in E. Mediterranean and Inland- sea region of Asia, (Bentham and Hooker). Center of distr. N. temperate zone (Dammer). Species: 650-700 living; 12-15 fossil. RUMEX LINN. Gen. 300 (1737). Lapatlimu MOENCH, Meth. 355 (1794). Acetosa NECK. Elem. II, 214 (1790). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 100; Durand, 2nd. Gen. Phan. 342; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I a, 17 (Dammer). Living species: 150 described; 100 ± reduced; cosmo- politan, but largely predominant in N. hemisphere. Europe, 36; Russia, 32; Russian Europe, 20; S. Sts., 9; Rocky nits.*, 5; California, 12-13; Canada, 8; E. Sts., 7; PI. King, 8?; PL Wheel., 3; N. America, 17-20. Eumex verticillatus LINN. Spec. 334 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 438; Upham, Fl. Minn. 120; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 416; Chap., Fl. S. St. 385; Cov., Fl. Ark. 216; Trelease, Rev. Rum. 85. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 203 North America: N. S.?, Q., Ont., N. Eng. to N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Minn., Mo. and Tex. Minn, valley: Forest district; swamps and wet wood- land or meadow. HERB.: Holzinger 201, Winona Co.?; Oestlund 164, Minneapolis. Rumex altissimus WOOD, Proc. Am. Acad. 177 (3853). E. britannica MEISSN. DC. Prodr. XIV, 47 (1852). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 438; Britt., Fl. N. J. 211; Upham, Fl. Minn. 120; Webb., Fl. Neb. Ill; Trelease, Rev. Rum. 86. North America: N. Y. to N. J. ; W. to Minn., Neb. and Kan. ; Dak. to Tex. Minn, valley: Forest district; habitat like that of E. britannicus Linn. HERB.: Taylor 180, Janesville; Sheldon 1067, Spring- field; Bollard 27, Chaska. Rumex britannicus LINN. Spec. 334 (1753). R. xanthorhizos HOFFM. Nachtr. 239, ex. Shultes. It. orbiculatus GRAY, Man. 5 ed. (1868). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 438; Britt., Fl. N. J. 211; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 415, II, 354; Upham, Fl. Minn. 120; Wats., King Exp. 314; Webb., Appx. Neb. 27: Engl. Dammer, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I a, 18; Trelease, Rev. Rum. 87. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Kaministiquia river, Owen Sound and 64° N. lat. in N. W. T.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Del. ; W. to Minn. , Dak, and Kan. ; S. in Rockies to Nev. ; Alaska to Mexico, Minn, valley: Forest and N. W. district; W. to Chip- pewa valley or beyond; moist grounds and meadows. HERB.: Taylor 1162a, Glenwood; Taylor 992, Glen- wood; Bollard 327, Belle Plaine; Roberts 120, Stewart river; Bailey 328, St. Louis river; Kassube 210, Minneapolis. Rumex salicifolius WEINMANN, Flora IV, 28 (1821). E. verticillatus RICH. Appx. 11 (1823). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6ed. 438; Mac., Fl. Can. 1, 416; Webb., FL Neb. 112; Upham, Fl. Minn. 120; Coult., Fl. Colo. 317; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 8; Led., Fl. Ross. Ill, 504; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 98; Wats., King Exp. 314; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 231 : Rothr., Alask. 453; Trelease, Rev. Rum. 87; Greene, Fl. Fran. 139. Arctic Siberia. North America: Newf. N. Br., Q. to L. Nipigon, Man., L. Winnipeg, Souris Plain, Great Bear lake, Mackenzie river and Alaska; W. to Rocky mts. ; S. to Calif., Colo., Neb., Iowa, Gt. Lake region and N. Eng. 204 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn, valley: Throughout; prairie district, saline or alkaline marshes. HERB.: Sheldon 1569, Lake Benton; Bollard 286, Jor- dan, Scott Co. ; Herrick 261, Minneapolis; Bailey 1, Vermilion lake; Herrick 262, Minneapolis; Hammond 36, Lake City; Herb. Moyer 216, Montevideo. Rumex persicarioides LINN. Spec. 335 (1753). H. anthoxanthum MURR. Prodr. Gott. 52 (1770). E. aureus WITH. A rr. 356 (1776). R. maritimus Auct. Amer. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 439; Britt., Fl. N. J. 211; Webb., Fl. Neb. 112; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 417; Upham, Fl. Minn. 121; Chap., Fl. S. St. 386; Coult., Fl. Colo. 318; Wats. Fl. Calif. II, 9; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 348; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 110; Wats., King Exp. 314; Cov., Fl. Ark. 216; Led., Fl. Ross. Ill, 500; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 338; Tre- lease, Rev. Rum. 93; Greene, Fl. Fran. 139. Europe: Scand. and Brit, to Servia and Mid. Russ. North America: N. Br., Ont., Man., Saskatchewan to Hudson Bay and Rocky mts. ; S., E. of Sierras, to N. Mex., and E. to Atl. coast and N. Car. Minn, valley: Throughout; marshy or alkaline and saline localities. HERB.: Sheldon 1252, Lake Benton; Sheldon 758, Sleepy Eye; Bollard 654, Chaska; Bollard 500, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 653, Minnesota lake; Oestlund 165, Minneapolis; Kos- sube, 211, Minneapolis; Herrick 263, Minneapolis; Leiberg 52, Blue Earth Co. POLYGONUM LINN. Gen. ed. V. 445 (1754). Tephis ADANS. Fam. II, 276 (1763). Lagunea LOUR. Fl. Cochinch. 220 (1790). Tovara ADANS. Fam. II, 276 (1763). Antenoron RAF. Fl. Lud. 28 (1817). Ampelygonum LINDL. Bot. Reg. (1838). Echinocaulos HASSK. Flora (1842). ChylocaJyx HASSK. MSS. Thysanella A. GRAY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. V, 232 (1847). Bilderdykia DUMORT, Flor. Belg. 18 (1827). Pleuropterus TURCZ. Bull. Imp. Soc. Mosc. 587 (1848). Beuth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 342; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 490-491; Engl.-Damm., Nat. Pflanz. 3, I a, 25. Living species: 150; cosmopolitan; N. rather than S. Europe, 31; Russia, 31; Russian Europe, 22; S. Sts., 18; Rocky mts., 16; Canada, 29-31; California, 25; E. Sts., 21; PI. King, 11-12; PI. Wheel., 11; N. America and Mexico, 50±. Fossil species: Tertiary, Spitzbergen (Heer)', Oen- LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 205 ingen (Heer); Amber (Baltic Sea — Conwentz.); Quaternary or Pliocene, Japan (Nathorst) ; 6 or 7 sp. See also Saporta. Polygomim acre HBK. N. Gen. et. Spec. II, 179 (1817). P. tiydropiperoides PURSH, Fl. Am. 270 (1814). P. hydropiper MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 238 (1803). P. punctatum ELL. Sk. I, 455 (1824). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 442; Britt., Fl. N. J. 209; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 411; Webb., Fl. Neb. 112; Upham, Fl. Minn. 119; Chap., Fl. S. St. 389; Cov., Fl. Ark. 215; Engl.-Damm., Nat. Pfl. 3, I a, 38; Greene, Fl. Fran. 136. North America: Ont. and N. Eng. to Minn., Dak. and Neb.; S. to Fla., Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: N. E. district; wet places, around lakes and pools. HERB.: Bailey 370, Mud river; Holzinger 197, Wi- nona Co. Polygonum hydropiper LINN. Spec. 517 (1753). P. glandulosum POIR. Enc. Meth. VI, 149 (1804). P. mite ELL. Sk. I (1821). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 441; Britt., Fl. N. J. 209: Mac., Fl. Can. I, 411; Webb., Fl. Neb. 112; Upham, Fl. Minn. 119; Coult., Fl. Colo. 320; Led., Fl. Ross. Ill, 523; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Buss. 112; Chap., Suppl. S. St. 645; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 232; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 333; Engl.-Damm., Nat. Pflanz. 3, I a, 28. All Europe; Arctic Russia to Caucasus, Siberia and Dahuria. North America: Atl. to Pac. in Can.; S. to Minn., Neb. and Mo.; introd. E. of Mississippi valley; S. to N. Ga. Minn, valley: Throughout: wet ground; shores of lakes and streams. HERB.: Sheldon 1477, Pipestone City; Taylor 1153, Glenwood; Bollard 604, Prior lake, Scott Co.; Bailor d 661, Waconia; Taylor 828, Glenwood; Bailor d 722, Benton, Carver Co. ; Bollard 849, Patterson lake, Carver Co. ; Roberts 114, Dul- uth; Roberts 115, Stewart river; Sandberg 481, Red Wing. Polygonum hydropiperoides MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 239 (1803). P. mite PURSH, Fl. Am. 270 (1814). P. persoonii ENGELM. in Herb. Ledebour. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 441; Britt., Fl. N. J. 209; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 411; Chap. Fl. S. St. 389; Upham, Fl. Minn. 119; Cov., Fl. Ark. 216; Webb., Appx. Neb. 27; Engl.-Damm., Nat. Pfl. 3, I a, 28. S. America and Australia. North America: N. Br., Ont., N. Eng. to N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Minn. , Neb. , Mo. and Ark. 206 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn, valley: Throughout; wet places, edges of pools and lakes, in the water. HERB.: Sheldon 881, Sleepy Eye; Herrick 257, Minne- apolis; H errick 258, Minneapolis; Uestlund 159, Hennepin Co. ; Oestlund 160, Hennepin Co. ; Herb. Sheld. 1674, Minneapolis. Polygronum hartwrightii GRAY, Proc. Am. Acad. VIII, 294 (1870). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 441; Britt., PL N. J. 209; Webb., Fl. Neb. 112; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 410; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 14; Upham, Fl. Minn. 119; Coult., Fl. Colo. 320; Greene, Fl. Fran. 136. North America: Anticosti, Ont. to Hudson Bay and Owen Sound; S. to N. Eng. and N. J. ; W. to Minn., Iowa, Neb., Utah, California and Pac. coast. Minn, valley: Throughout; moist banks and shores and around pools. HERB.: Taylor 224, Janesville; Sheldon 648, Waseca; Sheldon 988, Sleepy Eye; Oestlund 161, Hennepin Co.; Bailey 417, Long lake. Polygonum emersum (Mionx.) BRITT. Cat. N. J. 209 (1890). P. bistorta WALT. Fl. Oar. 131 (1788) not Linn. P. amphibium var. terrestre WILLD. Spec. II (1799). P. amphibium emersum MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 240 (1803). P. coccinneum terrestre MUHL. Cat. 40 (1813). P. amphibium var. (?) muhlenbergii MEISN. Mon. Polyg. (1856). P. muhlenbergii S. WATS. Proc. Am. Acad. Sci. XIV (1879). P. terrestre B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 441; Britt., Fl. N. J. 209; Upham, Fl. Minn. 119; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 410; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 13; Coult., Fl. Colo. 320; Mac., Fl. Can. 11,353; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 232; Webb., Appx. Neb. 27; Greene, Fl. Fran. 137. North America: Prairie regions of Can. to Saskatch- ewan and Brit. Col. ; S. to N. Eng., Fla. and'Miss. ; W. to Wash- ington, Oregon, Calif, and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; wet places; sandy beaches and shores of streams. HERB.: Sheldon 1192, New Ulm; Sheldon 1396, Lake Benton; Taylor 1073, Glenwood; Leiberg 56, Blue Earth Co.; Herrick 259, Minneapolis; Bailey 366, Mud river; Sandberg 482, Red Wing; Herb. Moyer 214, 215, Chippewa river, near Montevideo. Polygonum amphibium LINN. Spec. 361 (1753). P. purpureum GILIB. Exerc. Phyt. II, 433 (1792). P. amphibium var. aquaticum WILLD. Spec. II, (1799). P. coccinneum MUHL Cat. 40 (1813). Persicaria amphibia S. F. GRAY, Arr. II, 268(1821). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 207 Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 440; Britt., Fl. N. J. 209; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 410; Upham, Fl. Minn. 119; Webb., Fl. Neb. 112; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 13; Coult,. Fl. Colo. 320; Miyabe., Fl. Kur. 257; Led., Fl. Boss. 111,520; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 100; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 344; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 112; Wats., King Exp. 316; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 232; Cov., Fl. Ark. 215; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 332; Imgl. Damm., Nat. Pflanz. 3, 1 a. 28; Greene. Fl. Fran. 137. Most Europe to Siberia, Dahuria, China, Japan, Kurile Isls. and Saghalin; W. Himalayas; S. Africa. North America: Q., Ont. to Brit. Col. and Pac. S., E. of Sierras, to Mexico and E. to Atlantic. Minn, valley: Forest district and far N. W. ; aquatic; floating in quiet waters. HERB. : Leonard 43, Crystal lake. Polygomim pensylvanicum LINN. Spec. 361 (1753). P. scabrum MOENCH, Suppl. 267 (1802). ?P. bicorne RAF. Fl. Lud. 29 (1817), Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 440; Britt., Fl. N. J. 208; Upham, Fl. Minn. 119; Webb., Fl. Neb. 112; Coult., Fl. Colo. 319; Chap., Fl. S. St. 388; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 13; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 409. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Colo, and Sonora, Calif.; E. to N. Eng. and N. J.; S. to Ga. and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout; moist soil, river banks, barren shores of lakes and sloughs. HERB.: Sheldon 1047, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 889, Glen- wood; Ballard 613, Chaska; Bollard 622, Chaska; Ballard 848, Patterson lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 803, Goose lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 660, Waconia; Ballard 879, Waconia; Ballard 742, Waconia; Ballard* 504, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Oestlund 156, Minneapolis; Sandberg 480, Cannon Falls; Huntington 13, Rock Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1675, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 111, Lake Park, Becker Co. Polygonum incarnatum ELL. Sk. I, 456 (1821). P. nodosum var. incarnatum GRA^Y, Man, 3 ed. 372 (1852). P. lapathifolium var. incarnatum WATS, and COULT. Gray's Man. 6 ed. 440 (1890). Mac., Fl. Can. I, 409; Upham, Fl. Minn. 119; Britt., Fl. N. J. 209; Webb., Fl. Neb. 112; Chap., Fl. S. St. 388; Coult., Fl. Colo. 319; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 353; Led., Fl. Ross. Ill, 521; Nym., Fl. Eur., in var.', Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit, in var. 344; Cov., Fl. Ark. 216; Webb., Appx. Neb. 27. All Europe; N. Russia to Ural Siberia— in vars. North America: N. S., N. Br., Ont., L. Nipigon tg Vancouver; S. to N. J. and S. Car.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Ark., Mo. 208 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn, valley: Throughout; wet places; meadows, banks of streams and shores of lakes. HERB.: Sheldon 15, Elysian; Bollard 784, Swan lake, Carver Co.; Oestlund 157, Minneapolis; Oestlund 158, Hennepin Co.; Winchell 20, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 213, Montevideo. Polygonum tenue MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 238 (1803). P. linifolium MUHL. Cat. 40 (1813). P. filiforme BART. Comp. Fl. Phil. I, 186 (1818). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 440; Britt., Fl. N. J. 210; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 408; Upham, Fl. Minn. 120; Webb., Fl. Neb. 112; Chap., Fl. S. St. 390; Coult., Fl. Colo. 319; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 12; Wats., King. Exp. 315: Roth., Wheel. Exp. 331; Cov., Fl. Ark. 216. North America: Ont, Saskatchewan, Souris plain, Brit. Col. and Pac. coast; S. in Sierras to Calif., Neb. and Arizona; E. across cont. to N. Eng., and N. Car. Minn valley: Reported from W. edge and S. W. dis trict; infrequent; knolls and barren bluffs. Polygonum ramosissimum MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 237 (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 440; Britt., Fl. N. J. 210; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 408: Webb., Fl. Neb. 112; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 12; Upham, Fl. Minn. 120; Coult., Fl. Colo. 319; Wats., King Exp. 315. North America: Ont. to L. Winnipeg, Rocky mts. and valley of the Columbia; S. to lower Sierra Nevada; E. across Cont. to Neb., Minn., Mo., N. Eng. and N. J. Minn, valley: Prairie district, throughout; dry or sandy waste places. HERB.: Taglor 1147, Glenwood; Sheldon 1499, Lake Benton; Oestlund 162, Minneapolis; Holzinger 199, Winona Co.; Sandberg 483, Red Wing; Holzinger 200, Wiflona. Polygonum erectum LINN. Spec. 361 (1753). P. aviculare var. erectum GRA.Y, Man. 4 ed. 417 (1867). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 440; Britt., Fl. N. J. 210; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 407; Upham, Fl. Minn; 120; Webb., Fl. Neb. 112; Coult., Fl. Colo. 318; Chap., Fl. S. St. 390; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 11; Led., Fl. Ross. Ill, 532; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 231; Cov. Fl. Ark. 215 All Russia. North America: Ont. to Rocky mts.; S. and W. to Oregon, Nev. and Calif. ;E. through Colo, and Neb. toN. Eng., N. J. and Ga. Minn, valley: Forest district and doubtless through- out; shaded banks or woodland districts. HERB. : Sheldon 1729, Minneapolis. LIST, OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 209 Polygonum aviculare LINN. Spec 362 (1753). P. centinodium LAM. Fl. Fr. Ill, 237 (1793). P. geniculatum Pom. Enc. Meth. VI, 147 (1804). P. provinciate KOCH, Linn. XXII, 204 (1848). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 439; Britt., Fl. N. J. 210; Upham, Fl. Minn. 119; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 407; Webb., Fl. Neb. 112; Coult., Fl. Colo. 318; Chap., Fl. S. St. 390; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 11; Miyabe., Fl. Kur. 257; Led., Fl. Ross. Ill, 531; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Trautv. Fl. Sib. 101; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 346; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 112; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 5, 230, 373; Wats., King Exp. 315; Cov., Fl. Ark. 215; Hart, Fl. Scand. I, 333; Engl. Damru. Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, a, 29; Rothr., Alask. 453; Greene, Fl. Fran. 133. All Europe; all Russia and Siberia to Japan and Kurile Isls. North America: Greenland to Alaska and S. to Calif, and Ga ; indigenous west of the Mississippi. Minn, valley: Throughout; door yards, roadsides, fields and banks. HERB.: Sheldon 1558, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1011, Sleepy Eye; Bollard 524, Cleary's lake, Scott Co.; Sandberg 482, Red Wing; Roberts 116, Grand Marais; Kassube 208, Minneapolis; Holzinger 198, Winona Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1670, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 112, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. Polygonum yirginianum LINN. Spec. 360 (1753). P. muticum MOENCH, Suppl. 266 (1802). Persicaria virginiana GAERTN. Fruct. II, 180 (1791). ? Antenoron racemosum RAF. Fl. Lud. 28 (1817). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 442; Britt., Fl. N. J. 209; Webb., Fl. Neb. 112; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 413; Upham, Fl. Minn. 119; Chap., Fl. S, St. 390; Cov., Fl. Ark. 216; Engl.-Damm., Nat. Pfl. 3, I a, 28. North America: N. S. to Ont. ; S. to Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb. , Ark. and Mo. Minn, valley: S. central district; thickets and moist woodland. HERB.: Sheldon 288, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co. Polygonum articulatum LINN. Spec. 361 (1753). Polygonella articalata MEIS^. Gen. II. 228 (1843). Wats, and Coult.. Gray's Man. 6 ed. 443; Britt., Fl. N. J. 210; Upham, Fl. Minn. 119; Mac., Fl. Can. 409; Cov., Fl. Ark. 215. North America: Sault Ste. Marie and N. Superior region to Saskatchewan; S. to Maine, N. J. and Minn,; S. to Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: Reported from S. central district; infre- quent or local; dry and sandy soil. -14 210 METASPERMAE OP THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Polygonum scandens LINN. Spec. 363 (1753). P. dumetorum var. scandens GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 418 (1868). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 443; Britt., Fl. N. J. 210; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 413; Webb., Fl. Neb. 112; Chap., Fl. S. St. 391; Upham, Fl. Minn. 120; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 15; Coult., Fl. Colo. 321; Led., Fl. Ross. Ill, 528; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 112; Cov., Fl. Ark. 215. Europe, Asia and India — with P. dumetorum Linn. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont.; N. Superior region to N. W. T. ; S. to Washington and Montana to Colo. ; E. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla. and Miss. Minn, valley: Throughout; moist thickets and edges of woods or along shaded banks. HERB.: Taylor 1163, Glen wood; Sheldon 1563, Lake Benton; Sheldon 427, Ash lake, Blue Earth Co.; Ballard 506, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 630, Chaska; Leiberg 57, Blue Earth Co.; Bailey 51, Vermilion lake; Herb. Sheld. 1793, Min- neapolis. Polygonum cilinode MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 241 (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 442; Britt., Fl. N. J. 210; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 413; Chap., Fl. S. St. 391; Upham, Fl. Minn. 120. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont., Hudson Bay and Peace river valley to N. Eng., N. J., N. Car., and W. to Mich, and Minn. Minn, valley: N. E. district and N. edge; rare or local; rocky hills and banks. HERB.: Boberts 118, Grand Marais; Roberts 119, Dul- uth; Sandberg 484, Vermilion lake. Polygonum arifolium LINN. Spec. 362 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 442: Britt., Fl. N. J. 210; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 413; Chap., Fl. S. St. 390; Upham, Fl. Minn. 120; Engl.-Damm., Nat. Pflanz. 3, 1 a, 28. Asia? North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont,; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and S. Car. ; W. to Minn, and Mo. Minn, valley: Forest district; Blue Earth Co.; rare; low, wet woodland. HERB. : Boden 2, Chisago Co. ' Pol) goimin sagittatum LINN. Spec. 363 (1753). P. sagittatum var. boreale MEISN. Mon. Polyg. 65 (1826). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 442; Britt., Fl. N. J. 210; Upham, Fl. Minn. 120: Mac., Fl. Can. I, 413; Webb., Fl. Neb. 112; Chap., Fl. S. St. 390; Led., Fl. Ross. Ill, 529; Cov., Fl. Ark. 216; Engl.-Damm., Nat. Pflanz. 3, I a, 28. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 211 Asia; Siberia — Baikal and Transbaikal. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Sas- katchewan and Minn.; S. to Fla., Ark., Kan., Neb. and Dak. Minn, valley: Forest district to Cottonwood valley; in- frequent W. ; abundant E. ; low places and thickets. HERB. : Sheldon 209, Lake Washington, Blue Earth Co. ; Ballard 657, Waconia; Sheldon 209a, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co. ; Ballard 498, Prior's lake, Scott Co. ; Ballard 538, Cleary's lake, Scott Co. ; Ballard 723, Benton, Carver Co. ; Roberts 117, Stewart river; Kassube 209, Minneapolis; Her rick 260, Minne- apolis; Lestlund 163, Minneapolis. XXXIII. CHENOPODIACEAE. Goosefoot Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 292 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 43 (1880); Moquin-Tandon, DC. Prcdr. xiii, II, 41(1849)— Salsolaceae; Volkens in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I a, 36 (1892). Genera: 80; cosmopolitan; many of them composed of halophytes or xerophytes; few in tropics or polar regions. Species: 550 ±; many widely distributed. CHENOPODIUM LINN. Gen. 191 (1737). Oligandra LESS. Linn. -IX, 199 (1835). Lipandra MOQ. Chen. En. 19 (1840). Gandriloa STEUD. Norn. ed. 2 (1841). Oligaiithera ENDL. Gen. Suppl. I, 1377 (1843). Ambrina SPACH, Suit. Buff. V, 295 (1836). Botrydium SPACH, Suit. Buff. V, 298 (1836). Teloxys MOQ. Ann. Sci. Nat. 2, I, 129 (1834). Blitum LINN. Gen. 14 (1737). Morocarpus MOENCH, Meth. 342 (1794). Oxybasis KAR. and KIR. Bull. Imp. Soc. Mosc. 738 (1841). Agathophyton MOQ. Ann. Sci. Nat. 2, 1, 191 (1834). Orthosporum NEES, Gen. Germ. Monochl. n 58 (1835). Baillon, Hist. PI. IX, 166; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 51; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 336; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 491. Living species: 50; cosmopolitan; Europe, 13; Rus- sia, 15; Russian Europe, 12; California, 11-13; E. Sts., 5; Can- ada, 5; Rocky mts., 8; S. Sts., 2; PL King, 4; PL Wheel., 6; interior regions, 8-9. Chenopodium rubrum LINN. Spec. 219 (1753). Blitum niaritimum NUTT. Gen. Add. (1818). B. rubrum REICHB. Fl. Germ. Exc. 582 (1832). B. polymorphum C. A. MEY. Fl. Alt. I, 13 (1829). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 432; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 400; Britt., Fl. N. J. 207; Upham, Fl. Minn. 117 and Suppl. Minn. 86; Coult., Fl. Colo. 212 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. 308; Wats., King Exp. 283; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 48; Hook., PL Gt. Brit 338. Europe. North America: Newf. to Assiniboia and Brit. Col. ; S. to N. J. and W. to Minn., Colo, and Calif. Minn, valley: S. W. and W. district; low or dry ground; saline localities. HERB.: Sheldon 1361, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1057, Sleepy Eye lake. Chenopodium boscianum MOQ. Chen. Enum. 21 (1840). C. album Bosc. in Herb. Ventenat. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 431; Britt., Fl. N. J. 206; Upham, Fl. Minn. 117; Chap., Fl. S. St. 376; Cov., Fl. Ark. 215; Webb., Appx. Neb. 28. North America: N. Y. and N. J. to S. Car.; W.. to Minn. , Neb. , Ark. and Tex Minn, valley: Blue Earth Co. and Lincoln Co.; prairie district S. and S. W. ; sandy or gravelly places. HERB. : Sheldon 1555, Lake Benton. Chenopodium capitatutn (LiNN.) B. and H. Gen. 1. c. (1880). Blitum capitatum LTNN. Spec. 6 (1753). Morocarpus capitatus MOENCH. Meth. 342 (1794). Blitum virgatum var. capitatum Coss. Germ, and Wedd. PI. Par. 108 (1845). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 432; Britt., Fl. N. J. 207; Wats.r Fl. Calif. II, 48; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 400; Upham, Fl. Minn. 117; Coult., FL Colo. 308; Nym., Fl. Eur. Central Europe; Siberia. North America: Atl. to Pac. in Can.; N. to Slave lake and Alaska; S. to Washington, Utah,|New Mex., Minn., Neb. and Tex. ; introd. in E. U. S. Minn, valley: Reported from N. edge; infrequent; dry or waste places. HERB. : Holzinger 195, Winona Co. ; Roberts 110, Min- nesota Point; Roberts 111, Duluth. CORISPERMUM LINN. Gen. ed. V, 12 (1754). Baillon, Hist. PL IX, 175; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 57; Du- rand, Ind Gen. Phan. 337. Living species: 5-6 (Baillon); 8-10 (Durand) ; De- scribed, 15; S. Europe, C. and W. Asia to China; N. America. Russian Europe, 6; N. America, 1. Corispermum hyssopifolium LINN. Spec. 6 (1753). C. squarrosum VAHL, Enum. I, 16 (1804). C. patens FISCH. in R. and S. Syst. I, 579 (1820). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 213 Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed, 434; Wats., Fl. Calif.»II, 57; Upham, Fl. Minn. 117; Webb., Fl. Neb. 113; Coult., Fl. Colo. 311; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 403; II, 352; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 326; Herd., Fl. Eur. Ross. 108; Wats., King Exp. 293; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 238; Cov., Fl. Ark. 215; Led., Fl. Ross III, 759; Rothr., Alask. 455. S. Europe to Caucasus, N. W. India, Manchuria and China. North America: Ont. and Gt. Lake region to Red, Saskatchewan and Athabasca valleys; Gt. Slave lake, N. W. T., Alaska to Pt. Barrow; S. to Minn., Neb., Ark., Colo.; Rockies from Brit. Col. to Sierras and Mexico; E. to Ills. Minn, valley: N. E. and N. W. districts; local and in frequent; sandy beaches of lakes and along streams. HERB.: Taylor 1187, Glenwood; Eoberts 113, Minne- sota Point. SALSOLA LINN. Gen. 193 (1737). Caroxylon THUNB. PL Nov. Gen. II, 37 (1782). Halothamims JAUB. and SPACH, 111. Or. t. 136 (1844). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 71; Baillon, Hist. PI. IX, 186; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 338. Living species: 40 ±; temperate and subtropical reg- ions. N. America, 1, Atl. states. Salsola kali LINN. Spec. 222 (1753). S. caroliniana WALT. Fl. Car. (1788). 8. Carolina MICHX. Fl. Am. I, 174 (1803). S. kali var. caroliniana NUTT. Gen. I, 199 (1818*. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 435; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 405; Britt., Fl. N. J. 208; Webb., Fl. Neb. 113; Herd., Fl. Eur. Buss, 110; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 343. Cosmopolitan species. North America: N. S. and N. Br. to N. Eng. and Va. ; W. to Minn, and Neb. Minn, valley: W. and N. W. districts; saline or alka- line places; commonly confounded with Corispermum. HERB.: Sheldon 1196, New Ulm; Taylor 1180, Glen- wood. XXXIV. AMARANTACEAE. Amaranth Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI. 300 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill 20 (1880). Genera: 50; temperate and warmer regions. Species: 500; many cosmopolitan. ACNIDE LINN. Gen. ed. V, 987 (1754). Montelia A. GRAY, Man. ed. 2, 369 (1852). 214 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Baillon, Hist. PL IX, 200 (sub Amarantus); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI III, 29; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 334. Living species: 4-5; N. America to Trinidad. S. Sts., 4; E. Sts., 3; Rocky mts., 1; Canada, 2. Acnide tamariscina (NUTT.) WOOD, Bot. 289 (1874). Amarantus tamariscinus NUTT. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. V, 165 (1837). Acnida tuberculata, rusocarpa and cannabina var. concatenates MoQ.- TAND. DC. Prodr. xiii. II, 277, 278 (1849?. . Montelia tamariscina var. concatenata GRAY, Man. ed. IV, 413 (1858). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 429; Upham, Fl. Minn. 118; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 397; Webb., Fl. Neb. 114; Coult., Fl. Colo. 305; Cov., Fl. Ark. 214. North America: Ont. to Ohio, Alabama and La.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Ark. and Mo. Minn, valley: S. central and S. E. districts; gravelly or sandy shores. HERB.: Sandberg 478, Red Wing; Holzinger 196, Wi- nona. FROELICHIA MOENCH, Meth. 50 (1794). Oplotheca NUTT. Gen. II, 78 (1818). Hoplotheca SPRENG. Syst. Cur. Post. 52 (1827). Baillon, Hist. PL IX, 212; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 41; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 335. Living species: 10; America, warmer regions; Minn, to Brazil. • S. Sts., 1; Rocky mts., 1; E. Sts., 2; PL Wheel., 1; N. Amer. excl. Mex., 4. Froelichia floridana (NUTT.) MOQ. DC. Prodr. XIII, 2, 420 (1849). Oplotheca floridana NUTT. Gen. II, 78(1818). Gomphrema floridana SPRENG. Syst. I, 824 (1825). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 430; Coult., Fl. Colo. 305; Upham, Fl. Minn. 118; Webb., Fl. Neb. 114; Chap., Fl. S. St. 384; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 234; Cov., Fl. Ark. 214. North America: S. Minn, to Colo., Neb., Ark., Tex., Fla., Ga., Ills, and Wise. Minn, valley: Reported from N. E. district; infre- quent; dry places. HERB. : Sandberg 479, Goodhue Co. AMARANTHUS LINN. Gen. 716 (1737). Amt>logyne RAF. Fl. Tell. 42 (1836). Koemeria MOENCH, Meth. 351 (1794). Sarratia MOQ.-TAND. DC. Prodr. xiii, II, 255 (1849). Glomeraria Cov. Leccion, 319 (1802). Pyxidium MOENCH, Meth. 358 (1794). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 215 Euxolus RA-F. Fl. Tell. 42 (1836). Peiitreas RAF. 1. c. (1836). Albersia KUNTH, Fl. Berol. ed. 2, 144 (1838). Mengrea SCHAUER, PI. Meyen 405 (1842?). Scleropus SCHRAD. Ind. Gott. (1835). Baillon, Sis*. PI. IX, 200, part; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 28; Durand, Ind. Gen. Pkan. 333. Living species: 50 ± ; all warmer and tropical regions. Europe, 8; Russia, 8; Russian Europe, 7; North America, 15; S. Sts., 4; E. Sts., 3; Rocky mts., 5; California, 9; PL Wheel., 6; PI. King, 3; Canada, 5 — introduced. A mar an thus blitoides S. WATS. Proc. Am. Acad. XII, 273 (1878). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 428; Webb., Fl. Neb. 114; Mac , Fl. Can. I, 397; Coult., Fl. Colo. 305; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 41; Upham, Fl. Minn. 118; Greene, Fl. Fran. 163. North America: Mex. to N. Nev., Iowa and Minn.; naturalized in Ont. and on Pac. coast. Minn, valley: W. districts and E. to Mankato; road- sides and waste places. HERB.: Sheldon 1541, Lake Benton ; Taylor 877 1 Glenwood. XXXV. PHYTOLACCACEAE. Pokeweed Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 310 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL 1, 858 (1865); III, 78 (1880); Heimerl, Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I &, 1 (1889). Genera: 23; tropical and warmer regions. 50 per cent, tropical American. Species: 85 ± ; principally in the tropics. PHYTOLACCA LINN. Gen. 384 (1737). Phytolaca and Sarcoca RAF. Fl. Tell. 627 (1836). Pircunia MOQ. DC. Prodr. xm, II, 29 (1849). Baillon, Hist. PL IV, 50; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 84; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 340: Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I 6, 10 (Heimerl). Living species: 11; widely distributed, but absent from Australia. America, 6; Old World, 5; U. S., 1; Europe and Russia, 1. Phytolacca decandra LINN. Spec. 631 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 436; Britt, Fl. N J. 208; Upham, Fl. Minn. 116: Chap., Fl. S. St. 375; Webb., Fl. Neb. 114; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 405; Cov., Fl. Ark. 215; Engl. Heimerl, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 1, 8-10. 216 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. S. Europe; China? North America: Ont. and N. Eng. to Minn. ; S. to Fla. ; W. to Dak. ? Neb. and Ark. Minn, valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co. ; infre- quent; low grounds. HERB. : Taylor 552, Janesville. XXXVI. NYCTAGINACEAE. Four-o'CIock Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 310(1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 1 (1880); Heimerl, in Engkr and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I 6, 14 (1889). Genera: 15-16; tropical and warmer regions; princi- pally America; rare in Australia and almost wanting in Africa. Species: 160 ± ; principally in tropical America. MIEABILTS LINN. Gen. 139 (1737). Admirabilis CLUS. Hist. II. 87 (1601). Nyctago Juss. Gen. 90 (1789). Jalapa MOENCH, Meth. 508 (1794). Quamoclidioa CHOIS. Prodr. 429 n. 2 (1849?). Acleisanthes A. GRAY, Brief. Char. Am. Jour. Sci. (II) XV, ? Nyctaginea CHOIS. Mem. Gen. XII (1839). Pentacophrys A. GRAY, Brief. Char. Am. Jour. Sci. (II) XV, ( ). Oxybaphus L'HER. ex Vahl. Enum. II, 39 (1806). Allionia LOEFFL. It. 181 (1758). Calyxhymenia ORTEG. Dec. 5, t. 1 (1800). Calymenia PERS. Syn. I, 36(1805). Vitmannia TURRA, ex Cav. Ic. Ill, add. (1794). Palavia and Bruguiera CAV. 1. c. (1794). Baillon, Hist. PI. IV, 18, 19; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 3, 4; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 331; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I b, 24, 25: (Heimerl); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 491. Living species: 30; mostly W. and S. W. N". America, Central America and Chile; 14-15, N. America and Mexico. E. Sts., Canada, and S. Sts., 3; 1 sp. in Himalayas. Fossil species: Doubtful; 1-2 Gen. Nyctaginaceae in Oligocene and Miocene of W. N. America and Bohemia. Mirabilis angustifolius (NUTT.), Calymenia angustifolia NUTT. Fras. Cat. (1813). Allionia linearis PURSH, Fl. Am. I, 729 ^18 14). Oxybaphus angustifolius SWEET, Hort. Brit. 567 (1827). Calyxhymenia pilosa ENGELM. and GRAY, PI. Lindh. 293 (1845). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 425; Webb., Fl. Neb. 114; Coult., Fl. Colo. 302; Upham, Fl, Minn. 116; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 395; Wats., King. Exp. 284, 475; Roth., Wheel. Ex. 226; Cov., Fl. Ark. 214. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 217 North America: Milk river, Cyprus hills, 49° N. lat. to Minn. , Neb. and Tex. ; E. to Iowa, W. to Cent. Idaho. Minn, valley: N. E. and N, W districts ; probably almost throughout; dry or rocky ridges. HERB.: ? Oestlund 155, Minneapolis; ? Herrick 256, Minneapolis. Mirabilis hirsutus (PURSH). Allionia hirsuta PURSH, Fl. Am. 729 (1814). Calymenia hirsuta NUTT. Gen. I, 26 (1818). Oxybaphus hirsutus SAVEET, Hort. Brit. 567 (1827). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 425; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 395; Webb., Fl. Neb. 114; Upham, Fl. Minn. 116; Coult., Fl. Colo. 302; Wats., King. Exp. 475; Both., Wheel. Exp. 226. North America: N. Saskatchewan and Assiniboia to Colo., Neb., W. Tex., Ark. and Wise. Minn, valley: Throughout; abundant in prairie dis- trict; rocky or dry banks. HERB.: Taylor 870, Glenwood; Sheldon 1342, Lake Benton; Taylor 139, Glenwood; Sheldon 1446, Pipestone — dwarf forma minima; Bollard 376, Jordan; Herrick 257, Minneapolis; Oestlund 254, Minneapolis; Sandberg 477, Red Wing; Herb. Moyer 212, Montevideo. Mirabilis nyctagineus (Micnx.). Allionia nyctaginea MICHX. Fl. I, 100 (1803). Oxybaphus nyctagineus SWEET, Hort. Brit. 537 (1827). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 425; Upham, Fl. Minn. 116; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 395; Webb., Fl. Neb. 114; Coult., Fl. Colo. 302; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 226; Wats., King. Exp. 475; Cov., Fl. Ark. 214. North America: Souris river and Lake of Woods, Man.; S. to Mont., Tex. and N. Mex. ; E. to Wise., Neb., Ark. and La. Minn, valley: Throughout; rocky or waste hillsides and shaded banks. HERB. : Bollard 370, Helena, Scott Co. ; Taylor 592, Minnesota lake; Bollard 762, Waconia; Sheldon 1107, Spring- field; Sheldon 366, Madison Lake; Taylor 340, Janesville; Shel- don 1577, Lake Benton; Oesilund 153, Minneapolis; Holzinger 194, Winona Co.; Herrick 256, Minneapolis; Kassube 972, Men- dota; Sandberg 476, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1 743, Minne- apolis; Herb. Moyer. 211, Montevideo. XXXVII. PORTULACACEAE. Portulaca Family, Endlicher, Gen. PI. 946 (1840r, Benth. and Hook. Gen. PI. I, 155 (1865); Pax, in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz 3, I b, 51 (1889). 218 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Genera: 17; Talinum and Portulaca are in all tropical and subtropical regions; other genera less widely distributed; found in temperate and tropical regions of both hemispheres. Species : 150± ; principally in temperate regions approaching the tropics. TALINUM ADANS. Fam. PI. II, 245 (1763). Phemeranthus RAF. Speech. I, 56 (1814). ? Eutmou RAF. Atl. Journ. V, 23 (1820?). Baillon, Hist. PL IX, 68; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 157; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 31; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I 6, 56; Gray, 111. Gen. I, 225. Living species: 15+; Cape of Good Hope, 1 ; trop. Af- rica, 3; the rest in tropical and warmer America; N. America, 8; W. Tex., 4-5; S. Sts., 1; Rocky mts., 1; E. Sts., 1; PL King, 1; PI. Wheel., 3-4. Talinum teretifolium PURSH, Fl. Am. 365 (1814). Phemeranthus teretifolius RAF. Speech. I, 86 (1814). Talinum ciliatum WALP. Rep. II, 934 (1843). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 91; Coult., Fl. Colo. 37; Webb., Fl. Neb. 115; Upham, Fl. Minn. 33: Chap , FL S. St. 44; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 1, 56; Cov., Fl. Ark. 169; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 121. North America: Penn. to N. Car.; W. to Ind., Minn., Neb. , Colo, and Ark. Minn, valley: New Ulm to Ortonville; edges of gneiss, syenite or quartzite rock; especially in bed of the Warren. HERB.: Sheldon 1446, Pipestone City; Sheldon 1200, Redstone, near New Ulm; Herb. Moyer 41, Montevideo. CLAYTONIA LINN. Gen. 849 (1737). Li in ilia LINN. Act. Ups. 130 (1746). Baillon, Hist. PL IX, 68; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 158; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 31; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I 6, 57 (Pax); Gray, 111. Gen- 223; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 56. Living species: 20 ±; Arctic regions in N. Hemis- phere; especially W. and N. in America and E. in Siberia; possibly 1 sp. in Australia and New Zealand. Russia, 11; N. America, 16-17; Calif., 13; Canada, 15-16; E. Sts., 2; Rocky mts., 5-6; S. Sts., 2; PI. King, 5; PI. Wheel., 5; Central Calif., 8. CJaytonia virginica LINN. Spec. 204 (1753). C. acutiflora SWEET, Hort. Brit. 2 ed. (1830). C. grandiflora SWEET, Brit. Fl. Gard. 2 ser. 216 (1831-1838). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 91; Britt., Fl N. J. 66; Upham, Fl. Minn. 34; Webb., Fl. Eeb. 115; Chap., Fl. S. St. 44; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 119; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 82; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 1, 57; Cov., Fl. Ark. 169; Rothr., Alask. 446. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 219 North America: N. S., N. Br., Ont., Man., Saskatch- ewan to Alaska; S. to N. Eng., N. J., N. Car.; W. to Ohio, Minn. , Neb. , Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co. ; damp woodland and in open groves. HERB. : Sandberg 99, Goodhue Co. ; Leiberg 13, Blue Earth Co. ; Leiberg 14, Blue Earth Co. ; Herb. Sheld. 1872, St. Paul; Herb. Wickersheim 25, Mankato. PORTITLACA LINN. Gen. 341 (1737). Meridiana LTNN. f. Suppl. 248 (1781). Merida NECK. Elem. 1195 (1790). Lamia VAND. Roem. Script. 116 (1796). Baillon, Hist. PI. IX, 67; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. I, 156; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 31; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, 1 b, 59 (Pax); Gray, 111. Gen. I, 227. Living species: 20 ±; tropical and subtropical regions, especially N. America and N. Australia. One species cos- mopolitan; one other widely diffused. 16 sp. (B. and H.); Rus sia, Russian Europe and Europe, 1; North America, 10; W. Tex., 6; Calif., 3; S. Sts., 3; Rocky nits., 1; E. Sts., 2; PI. King, 1; PL Wheel., 1-2. Portulaca retusa ENGELM. and GRAY, PL Lindh. 154 (1845). Wats, and Coult,, Gray's Man., 6 ed. 90; Coult., Fl. Colo. 37; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 74; Upham, Fl. Minn. 33; Coult., Fl. Tex. 31; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 121. North America: Colo, river to Tex.; N. to Ark.? Kan., Iowa and Minn Minn, valley: West and on higher levels; waste ground along streams. XXXVIII. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. Pink Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 955 (1840); St. HiL, Mem. Plac. Lib. 56 (1816)— Paronychieae; R. Br., Prodr. 413 (1810)— lllecebraceae ; De Candolle, Fl. France, 3 ed. IV, 766 (im)—Alsinaceae; Bartling, Ord. Nat. 305 (1830)— Silenaceae and 300, Scleranthaceae ; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I. 141; III, 12 (1865-1880); Pax, Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I 6, 60 (1889). Genera: 70; cosmopolitan in distribution. Species: 1250; many cosmopolitan; principally in N. temperate zone. SILENE LINN. Gen. 372 (1737). Heliosperma REICH. Ic. Fl. Germ. VI, 277 (1842). Elisanthe FENZL. Endl. Gen. 972 (1836-40). Carpophora KLOTZSCH, Reis. Wald. 139 (1840?). Cucubalus SPACH, Suit. Buff. V, 172 (1838). 220 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Baillon, Hist. PL IX, 109; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 147: Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 29; Englei and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I &, 70 (Pax). Living species: 300+; 480+ described; 250 (Durand); 31+, N. America; 12-15, S. Africa; the rest in the Mediter- ranean region and extra-tropical Asia. Russia, 70; Europe, 150+; Russian Europe, 37; Calif., 22; Canada, 12-15; E. Sts., 8; S. Sts., 9; W. Tex., 2; PI. King, 5; PI. Wheel., 6; Rocky mts., 6. Silene antirrhina LINN. Spec. 419 (1753). Saponaria dioica CHAM, and SCHL. Linn. I, 38 (1826). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 84; Coult., Fl. Colo. 32; Webb.. Fl. Neb. 114; Chap., Fl. S. St. 52; Upham, Fl. Minn. 32; Britt., Fl. N. J. 61; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 63; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 67; Engl. Pax, Nat Pflanz. Ill, 1, 72; Coult., Fl. Tex. 29; Greene, Fl. Fran. 116; Wats., King Exp. 36, 432; Cov., Fl. Ark. 168; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 106. North America: Ottawa to Vancouver; S. to Calif., Colo., Tex., and E. to Maine and Fla.; Gt. Basin. Minn, valley: Forest region and wooded banks; es pecially E. and S. ; open places in woods. HERB.: Sheldon 713, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 476 1 Janes- ville; Bollard 248, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Ballard 589, Crystal lake, Scott Co.; Kassube 42, Mendota; Holzinger 37, Winona Co.; Herrick 50, Minneapolis ; Sandberg 92, Cannon Falls. Silene virginica LINN. Spec. 419 (1753) in part. S. catesbaei WALT. Fl. Car. 141 (1788). S. coccinea MOENCH, Suppl. 306(1802). Melandryum viryinicum A. BR. Reg. Flora (1843). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 84; Britt., Fl. N. J. 61; Upham, Fl. Minn. 31; Chap., Fl. S. fct. 51; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 67; Wats., King Exp. 431; Cov., Fl. Ark. 168; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 110. North America: S. W. Ont, W. N. Y. to N. J.; S. to Tenn. ; W. to Minn., Ark. and Nev. Minn, valley: Nicollet Co.; local and rare. Silene alba MUHL. Cat. (1813). Vucubalus niveus NUTT. Gen. I, 287 (1818). Silene nivea DC. Prodr. I, 377 (1824). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 84; Upham, Fl. Minn. 31; Wats., King Exp. 431; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 108. North America: Penn. to Iowa and Minn. Minn, valley: S. and E.; rare; localities like S. stel- lata (Linn.). HERB. : Holzinger 36, Winona Co. ; Sandberg 91, Can- non Falls. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 221 Silene stellata (LINN.) AIT. f. Hort. Kew. Ill, 84 (1811). Cucubalus stellatus LINN. Spec. 414 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 84; Upham, Fl. Minn. 31. Webb., Fl. Neb. 115; Britt., Fl. N. J. 60; Chap., Fl. S. St. 51; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 67; Wats,, King Exp. 432; Cov., Fl. Ark. 168; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 109. North America: Can. side of Niagara river to R. I., N. J. and Va.; W. to Minn., Neb., Colo., Ark. and Utah. Minn, valley: Throughout; banks of streams and lakes and in woodland. HERB.: Bollard 698, Waconia; Bollard 565, Prior's lake, Scott Co. ; Bollard 792, Goose lake, Carver Co. ; Bollard 734, Waconia; Sheldon 561, Waseca; Sheldon 990, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1259, Lake Ben ton; Taylor 616, Minnesota lake; Shel- don 1487, Pipestone city; Holzinger 34, Winona Co.; Herrick 49, Minneapolis; Sandberg 90, Goodhue Co.; Holzinger 35, Winona Co.; Herb. Wicker sheim, 23, Lake Benton. STELLULARIA LINN. Syst. ed. VI, (1748) ex. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 52 (1891). Stellaria BENTH. and HOOK. Gen. PI, I, 140 (1862). Krascheninikowia TURCZ. Flora B. b., 9 (1834). Brachystemma DON. Prodr. Nep., 216 (1803J. Adenonema BUNGE, Suppl. Alt., 36 (1836). Spergulastrum MICHX. Fl. Bor.-Amer., I, 295 (1803). Micropetalon PERS. Syn. I, 500 (1805). Larbraea ST. HIL. Mem. Mus. Par., II, 287 (1816). Leucostemma BENTH. Royle, Him., 81 (1839). Schizothecium FENZL. Endl. Gen., 969 (1836-40). Baillon, Hist. PL IX, 113; Benth. and Hook, Gen. PL I, 149; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 30; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I 6. 79 (Pax); Gray, 111. Gen. II, 37; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 52. Living species: 80+; 70 (B. and H.); temperate and colder regions, also a few in high mountains in the tropics; Russia, 37; Europe, 16; Russian Europe, 15; North America, 20; Canada, 15; Rocky nits., 7; mid. Calif., 7: S. Sts., 5; E. Sts., 7; PI. King, 6; PL Wheel., 3. • Stellularia crassifolia (EHRH. ) ASCHERSON, Fl. Prov. Brand., 932 (1864). Stellaria crassifolia EHRH. Beitr., Ill, 360 (1788). S. borealis var. B. HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am., I, 95 (1833). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 87; Coult., Fl. Colo. 34; Upham, Fl. Minn. 32; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 35; Eegel, Fl. O.-Sib. I, 394; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 75, 497; Led., Fl. Boss. I, 383; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 28; Wats., King Exp. 417; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 71; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 111; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 238; Rothr., Alask. 444. N.. Europe; N. Asia; Siberia, — Baikal region; Kamtk. 222 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. North America: Gulf of St. Lawrence, Man. to Alaska; Labrador; N. Br. and Anticosti; S. to Minn , 111., Ky. and W. to Mont, and Colo. Minn, valley: N. E. district, Ft. Snelling and E. edge; ditches and marshes; rare. HERB. : ? Sandberg 96, Cannon Falls. Stellnlaria longipes (GOLDIE). Stellaria longipes GOLDIE, Edin. Phil. Journ. VI, 185 (1822). US. glauca MEY. PI. Labr. 93 (18,30). S. crassifolia WATS. King Exp. 35 (1875). S. longifolia ROTH. Wheel. Exp. 35 (1818). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 87; Coult. Fl. Colo. 31; Upham, Fl. Minn. 32; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 68; Regel, Fl. O.-Sib. I, 415; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 75; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 386; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Russ. Eur. 28; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 112; Greene, Fl. Fran. 122; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 237; Rothr., Alask. 444. Altai Siberia, Kamtk., Dahuria, Spitzberg., N. Zem- bla, Iceland. North America: Greenland and N. S. to Pac. and Arctic ocean; S. to Yosemite; E. to Maine, Minn, and Wise.; Alaska, Labrador and Cape Chudleigh in var. Minn, valley: N. E. and possibly in the whole forest district; rare; grassy places. HERB.: Bollard 3, Chaska; Sandberg 95, Chisago Co.; Kassube 44, Minneapolis. Stt'Ilularia longifolia (MuHL.) O. KUNTZE, Rev. Gen. PL I, 55 (1891). Stellaria longifolia MUHL. Willd. Enum. 479 (1809). Spergulastrum gramineum MICHX. Fl. Am. I, 276 (1803). Micropetalon gramineum PERS. Syn. I, 509 (1805). Stellaria graminea BIGKL. Fl. Bost. ed. I, 110 (1814). Micropetalon lonqifolium EAT. and WRIGHT, Man. 319 (1840). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 87; Britt., Fl. N J. 63; Upham, Fl. Minn. 32; Coult., Fl. Colo. 34; Regel, Fl. O.-Sib. I, 406, 415; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 74; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 392; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 221; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 28; Wats , Bibl. Ind. 1, 112; Webb., Appx. Neb. 27; Rothr., AlaSk. 444. Siberia, Manchuria, Kamtschatka, Saghalin and Ku- rile Isls. ; mid. Russia-in-Europe. North America: N. S. to Pac. and Alaska; N. to lat. 54° and 64°; S. to Oregon; E. to Minn.. N. J. and N. Eng. Minn, valley: Forest district and banks of streams; meadows and grassy places in forest openings. E. and N. HERB.: Taylor 306, Janesville; Sheldon 130, Madison Lake; Sheldon 555, Waseca; Herrick 52, Minneapolis; Bailey 102, LIST OP HIGHER SEED-PKODUCING PLANTS. 223 Vermilion lake; Sandberg 94, Tower; Holzinger 38, Goodhue Co.; Holzinger 39, Winona Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1720, Minneapolis; Herb. Moger 39, Chippewa river near Montevideo. CERASTIUM LINN. Gen. 376 (1737). Dichodon BARTL. Endl. Gen. 970 (1836-40). Moenchia EHRH. Beitr. II, 177 (1788). Pentaple REICH. Ic. Fl. Germ. V, 37 (1842). Dufourea GREN. ex Endl. Gen. 967 (1836-40). Esmarckia REICH. Ic. Fl. Germ. V, 227 (1842). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. I, 148; Baillon, Hist. PL IX, 112. Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 30; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I b. 80-81 (Pax): Gray, 111. Gen. II, 39. Living species: 60 ±; 100 described; 40 (B. and H.); 45 (Durand); Russia, 35; Europe, 39; Russian Europe, 18; 9-11, North America; Canada, 9; 'mid. Calif., 4; S. Sis., 4; E. Sts., 2; Rocky mts., 3; PL King, 3; PL Wheel., 3; W. Tex., 2. Cerastium arvense LINN. Spec. 438 (1753). C. pennsylvanicum HORNEM. Hort. Hafn. 435 (1813). C. elongatum and tenuifoUum PURSH, Fl. Am. 321 (1814). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 88; Britt., Fl. N. J. 62; Upham, Fl. Minn. 33; Coult., FL Colo. 33; Brew, and Wats., FL Calif, I, 67; Hook.,Fl. Gt. Brit. 60; Chap., Fl. S. St. 50; Regel, FL O.-Sib. I, 444 Mac., Fl. Can. I, 77: Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 66; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 412; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Eur. Russ. 28; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 100; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 1, 80; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 71; Wats., King Exp. 38; Greene, Fl. Fran. 121. Arctic Europe; N. Africa; Siberia; W. Asia; Patagonia; Chile. North America: N. S. to Vancouver; N. U. S. from Maine to Va.; W. to Minn., Colo., Utah, Nev. and Calif. Minn, valley: Throughout; but rare; less common E. than W.; dry or rocky places. HERB.: ? Sandberg 98, Cannon Falls; Herb. Wicker- sheim 24, Idlewild. Lincoln Co.; Sheldon 1490, Pipestone city. Cerastium arvense LINN. var. bracteatum (RAF.). C. awense PURSH. FL Am. 231 (1814). C. villosum MUHL. Cat. 46 (1813 . C. bracteatum RAF. Prec. Decouv. 36 (1817). C. pubescens GOLDIE, Edin. Phil. Journ. IV, 328 (1821). C. oblongifolium TORR. FL U. S. 460 (1824». (7. pennsylvanicum HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 104 (1833). C. arvense var. oblongifolium BRITT. and HOLL. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 88; Upham, Fl, Minn. 32; Regel, Fl. O.-Sib. I, 445; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 77; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 66; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 28; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 1, 80: Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 101. 224 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Species in N. Eur. and N. Asia to Himalayas and China; variety perhaps in Amurland and Baikal Siberia. North America: Ont. and N. Y. to N. J., Minn, and Mo. Minn, valley: ' S. E. districts; rare; rocky or sandy banks. HERB.: Holzingei- 39, Winona Co. Cerastium nutans RAF. Prec. Decouv. 36 (1814). C. longipedunculatum MUHL. Cat. 47 (1813). C. glutinosum NUTT. Gen. I, 291 (1818). C.tenellum FENZL. Ann. Mus. Wien (1835). C. oblongifolium ANDERS. Cat. PI. Nev. 118 ( ). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 88; Coult., Fl. Colo. 33; Webb., Fl. Neb. 114; Chap., Fl. S. St. 50; Brew, and Wats. Fl. Calif. I, 66; Britt., Fl. N. J 63; Upham, Fl. Minn. 32; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 77; Both., Wheel. Exp. 71. Wats., King Exp. 38; Cov., Fl. Ark. 168; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 100: Hart. Fl' Scand. I, 2*9. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q. to Man., Hudson Bay and Vancouver; S. to Vt.,N. J., Penn. and N. Car., Tenn. and Ark.; W. to Colo., Minn., Neb., Utah, Washington; S. in Rockies to Northern Mexico. Minn, valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co. ; banks of streams to Chippewa river; moist woods and meadows. HERB.: Sheldon 182, Eagle lake, Blue Earth Co.; Taylor 68, Elysian; Sandberg 97, Vasa; Kassube 45, Minneapolis; Holzinger 38, Winona Co. ; Leiberg 12, Blue Earth Co. ; Herb. Moyer 40, Montevideo; Herb. Sheld. 1871, Ramsey Co. MOEHB1NGIA LINN. Gen. ed. II, 386 (1742). Englnr and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I 6, 84 (Pax); Baillon, Hist. PI. IX, 113; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. I, 150; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 30; Gray, 111 Gen. II, 35. Living species: 20 ± ; colder regions of N. hemisphere. Moehringia lateriflora (LiNN.) FENZL. Ann. Mus. Wien, I, 18, 38 (1835). Arenaria lateriflora LTNN. Spec. 423 (1753). A. buxifolia Pom. Enc. Meth. VI, 362 (1804). Stellaria Mflora PURSH, Fl. Am. 317 (1814) Arenaria pennsylvanica MUHL. Ind. Fl. Lancaster, 169 (1817). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 86; Britt., Fl. N. J. 64; Webb.,Fl. Neb. 114; Coult., Fl. Colo.36; Upham, Fl. Minn. 32; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 70; Regel, Fl. Ost.-Sib.I, 376; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 35; Mac. Fl. Can. I, 73, 497; Miyabe, Fl. Kur.221; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 84; Both., Wheel. Exp. 72; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 96; Hart.. Fl. Scand. I, 242; Rothr., Alask. 444. Kamtschatka; Dahuria; Baikal Sib.; Kurile Isls. to Scandinavia. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 225 North America: N. S. to Vancouver, lat. 60° N. and Ft. Selkirk, Alaska; S. to Oregon; S. to N. Eng., N. X, Penn.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Mo. Minn, valley: E. and N. E. districts; shores of lakes and streams. HERB. : Bollard 392, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Sheldon 512, Waseca; Bollard 51, Chaska; Taylor 280, Janes ville; Herrick 51, Minneapolis; Kassiibe 43, Minneapolis; Sandberg 93, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1890, Minneapolis; 1759, St. Paul. ANYCHIA RICH. Michx. PL Bor.-Am. I, 112 (1803) p. p. Baillon, #fe« PL IX, 122; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. 111,16; Bugler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, 1 1>, 91 (Pax); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 332 Gray, 111. Gen. 19. Living species: 2; E. North America from Canada to Texas. Anychia dichotoma (MOENCH) MICHX. PL N. Am. I, 113 (1803). Queria dichotoma MOENCH, Meth. 351 (1794J. Q. canadensis NUTT. Gen. I, 158 (1818). Paronychia dichotoma FENZL. Walp. Rep. I, 262 (1842). Paronychia canadensis WOOD, Bot. 262 (1861). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 426; Britt., Fl. N. J. 201; Upham, Fl. Minn. 33; Chap., Fl. S. St. 46; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 81; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 114. North America: Ont.? and N. Eng. to Fla.; W. to Minn, and Ark.? Minn, valley: Doubtfully present. XXXIX. NYMPHAEACEAE. Water-Lily Family. Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. I, 45 (1862); Baillon, Hist. PI. Ill, 77 (1872) excl. Sarracena; Caspary in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 1 (1888). Genera: 7 living; 3 fossil; cosmopolitan; in fresh water and sometimes in mud. Species: 50 living; 10-15 fossil; particularly in sub» tropical S. America. NELUMBO ADANS. Fam. PL II, 76 (1763). Nelumbium Juss. Gen. PL 68 (1789). Cyamus SM. Exot. Bot. I, 59 (1804). Baillon, Hist. PI. Ill, 101; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 47; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. (Caspary) 3, II, 5; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 10 Gray, 111. Gen. 97; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 509, -15 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Living species: 2; North America: to W. Indies and U, S. of Colombia, 1; Japan, warmer regions of Australia and Asia to Caspian sea, 1. Fossil species: 5-6; Upper Cretaceous, Greenland (Heer)-, S. Europe (Ettinghausen) Oligocene and Neocene. Nelumbo nelumbo (LiNN.) MACM. Torr. Bull. XIX (1891) Nymphaea nelumbo var. B. LINN. Spec. 511 (1753). Nelumbium luteum WILLD. Spec. II, 1259 (1799). Nelumbo lutea PERS. Syst. (Ifc05). Cyamus pentapetalus PURSH, Fl. Am. 393 (1814). Cyamus lutea NUTT. Gen. II, 25 (1M8). Nelumbium codophyllum RAF. Fl. Lud. 22 (1817). Nelumbium jamaicense DC. Syst. II, 47 (1821). Wats, arid Coult.. Gray's Man. 6 ed. 55; Britt., Fl. N. J. 43; Webb., Fl. Neb. 117; Chap.,Fl. S. St. 18; Uphim, Fl. Minn. 22; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 31, 484; Gris., Fl. W. I ; Engl. Caspary, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 2, 5; Coult. Fl. Tex. 11; Cov., Fl. Ark. 164; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 36. U. S. of Colombia; Jamaica. North America: Ont. to N. Eng. and N. J.; Fla.; W. to Mich., Minn., Neb. and Tex. on the Rio Grande. Minn, valley: Reported at Mendota and Halstead's bay, Lake Minne tonka; local, N. E. HERB.: Holzinger 12, Fountain City; Sandberg 44, Red Wing. BRASENIA SCHREB. Gen. PL 372 (1774). Ixodia SOLAND. Mss. ex Endl. Gen. Hydropeltis L. C. RICH. Ann. Mus. XVII, 230 (1811). Baillon, Hist. PL III, 102; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 46; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. (Caspary) 3, II, 6; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 10; Gray, III. Gen. 95; Schenck, Palaeophyt 509 isub Nymphaeites ?). Living species: 1. In all regions outside of Europe and arctic or subarctic zones. Asia, Africa, Oceanica. America. Fossil species: A number of leaves are referred to the Nymphaeaceae by different authors; some of which doubt- less bear affinities with Brasenia. See Caspary, Monog. Nymph, and Saporta, Untersuchungen. Dawson (Can. Geol. Surv.) reports Brasenia from the Eocene of Canada. It doubtless dates back to the Cretaceous or Jurassic. Brasenia peltata (THUNB.) PURSH, Fl. Am. 389 (1814). Menyanthes peltata et nymphoides THUNB. Nov. Act. Ups. VII, 142 (1746). Hydropeltis purpurea MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 324 (1803). Brasenia hydropeltis MUHL. Cat. 55 (1813). Limnanthemum peltatum GRISEB. Gent. 348 (1839). Brasenia purpurea CASP. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. II, 256 (1850). Brasenia nymphoides BAILL. Hist. PI. Ill, 82 (1872). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 227 Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 55; Britt., Fl. N. J. 43; Upbam, Fl. Minn. 21; Chap., Fl. S. St. 19; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 16; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 483; Cov., Fl. Ark. 164; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 36; Engl. Caspary, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 2, 6. E. India; Japan; one station in tropical W. Africa; Australia; Cuba. North America: Local from N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont, Man. to Puget Sound. S. to Tex. and Fla. Absent in lower Miss valley and Rocky mt. region?; S. in Calif.? Minn, valley: N. localities; principally N. E. in valley; local in lakes and ponds, sometimes abundant. HERB.: Sheldon 704, White Bear; Sheldon 492, Jeffer- son lake, Le Sueur Co. ; Bollard 898, Waconia lake, Carver Co. ; Bollard 854, Page lake. Carver Co.; Herrick 22 1 Minneapolis. LEUCONYMPHAEA LUDW. Del PL 69 (1737). Castalia SALISB. Parad. Lond. 14, 68 (1805). 'Nymphaea LINN. Gen. 653 (1737) Emend. SM. Prodr. Gr. I, 361 (1808). Baillon, Hist. PI. Ill, 102; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 46; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 7 (Caspary); Durand. Ind. Gen. Phan. 10; Gray, 111. Gen. I, 101; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 509; O. Kuntze, Eev. Gen. I, 12. Living species: 32; 20 (B. and H.); 25 (Durand); tem- perate regions of Northern hemisphere; Africa, Australia, South America, and a few in tropical waters. 1 sp. almost cosmopolitan; Russia, 5; Europe, 3; Russian Europe, 3; North America, 6; Canada, 3; E. Sts.. 2; S. Sts., 2; Tex., 3; Rocky mts., 1. Fossil species: Upper Cretaceous, South of France, Tertiary N. Amer , France and Germany (Heer, Lesquerx., Sa- porta, Ettinghausen) 6-10 sp. Leuconymphaea reniformis (DC.). Nymphaea reniformis DC. Syst. II, 55 (1821). N. alba NUTT. Gen. II, 13 (1818). N. maculata and spiralis RAF. Med. Bot. II, 45 (1830). N. tuberosa PAINE, Cat. PI. Oneida 184 (1864). Castalia tuberosa GREENE, Torr. Bull. XV, (1888). C. reniformis Cov. Fl. Ark. 164 (1891). Britt., Fl. N. J. 44; Webb., Fl. Neb. 117; Upham, Fl. Minn. 22; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 31; Engl. Caspary, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 2, 9; Wats., Bibl. Ind. j, 39; Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 56. North America: Region around the Great Lakes. Com- mon throughout Minn., Wise., Mich., Ont. and Man.? Minn, valley: Abundant throughout in lakes and ponds, especially in the forest region. HERB.: Bollard 456, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Sheldon 228 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. 369, Duck lake, Blue Earth Co. ; Bollard 412, Jodan, Scott Co. ; Bailey 138, Vermilion lake. Leuconymphaea ordorata (DRYAND.). Nymphaea alba WALT. Fl. Car. 155 (3788). N. ordorata DRYAND. B. B. (1789). N. odorata AIT. Hort. Kew. II, 227 (1789). Castalia pudica SALISB. Parad. Lond. 14 (1806). C. ordorata WOODV. and WOOD, Rees Cycl. VI, 1 (1819). C. odorata GREENE, Torr. Bull. XV (1888). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 55; Britt., Fl. N. J. 619; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 31; Chap., Fl. S. St. 19; Upham, Fl. Minn. 22; Engl. Caspary, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 2, 9; Cov., Fl. Ark. 164; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 38. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Pla.; W. to Ohio, Minn, and Ark. Minn, valley: Reported from Lake Crystal, Blue Earth Co. , and probably sparingly in E. and S. parts of forest region. Lakes and ponds. HERB : ?Kassube 19, Minneapolis; Sandberg 45, Chis- ago Co. NYMPHAEA LUDW. Defin. PL (1737). Nymphosanthus RICH. Anal. Fr. 68 (1808— May). Nuphar SM. Prodr. Fl. Graec. I, 361 (1808-09). Nenuphar HAYNE, MSS. ex Endl. Gen. (1840). Baillon, Hist. PL III, 102; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 46; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 9 (Caspary); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 10; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. I, 12; Gray, III Gen. I. 103; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 509. Living species: 7; 3-4 (B. and H.); Northern hemis- phere, in arctic, temperate and warmer regions, extra- tropical. Russia, 3; Europe, 3; North America, 5; Canada, 4; Calif., 2; E. Sts., 3; Rocky mts., 1; S. Sts., 2; PI. King, 1. Fossil species: Probably several remains are to be placed here. Tertiary and Interglacial; France, England, N. America. See Caspary, Monog., Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 4, VI, 216. Nymphaea ad vena SOLAN DER, v. Bibl. Banks. N. lutea WALT. Fl. Car. 154 (1788). N. arifolia SALISB. Ann. Bot. II, 71 (1806). Nuphar advena AIT. f. Hort. Kew. Ill, 295 (1811). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 56; Webb., Fl. Neb. 117; Britt., Fl. N. J. 44; Coult., Fl. Colo. 12; Chap., Fl. S. St. 20; Upham, Fl. Minn. 22; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 32; ?Led., Fl. Ross. I, 84; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 484; Engl. Caspary, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 2, 9; Coult, Fl. Tex. 11; Wats., King Exp. 13; Cov., Fl. Ark. 164; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 37. Eastern Siberia ? North America: Anticosti, Labrador, N. S., N.' Br., LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 229 Q., Ont. to Brit. Col; N. tolat..57°; U. S., except Pac. coast reg. and far S. W.— Yellowstone Park to W. Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout in ponds, lakes and sluggish streams; often semi-terrestrial in flats and sloughs. HERB. : Bollard 457, Prior's lake, Scott Co. ; Sheldon 320, Madison Lake; Taylor 81, Elysian; Taylor 315, Janesville; Kassube 20, Minneapolis; Sandberg 46, Vasa. XL. CERATOPHYLLACEAE. Hornwort Family. Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 415 (1880); Endiicher, Gen. PL 267 (1840); Baillon, Hist. PI. Ill, 479 (1872.; Engler in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 10 (1888). Genera: 1; cosmopolitan; except in arctic and ant- artic regions. Species: 3; in standing water, lakes and ponds. CERATOPHYLLUM LINN. Gen 725 (1737). Hydroceratophyllum YAILL. Act. Par. (1719). Dichotophyllum DILL. Gen. 91 (1719). Baillon, Hist. PL III, 495; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 382; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 382; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 632. Living species: 10 described; 3 reduced; perhaps only 1; cosmopolitan. Fossil species: C. vulgaris in Forest Bed of Cromer (Schenck)? Ceratophyllum demersum LINN. Spec. 992 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man 6 ed. 488; Britt., Fl. N. J. 228; Chap., Fl. S. St. 398; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 459; Coult., Fl. Colo. 328; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 78; Upham, Fl. Minn. 122; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 123; Nym., Fl. Eur.;. Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 378; Herd., Fl. Eur. Boss. 52; Wats., King Exp. 319;' , Cov., Fl. Ark. 221; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 384; Webb., Appx. Neb. 27; Greene, Fl. Fran. 230. • Europe and mid. Russ. to Caucasus; all Siberia to Japan. North America: Ont., Sault Ste. Marie and L. Winni- pegoosis to Washington, S. Calif, and Nev. ; E. across cont. to N. Eng., N. J. andFla. Minn, valley: Reported from N. E. district; lakes and ponds. Aquatic. XLI. RANUNCULACEAE. Crowfoot Family. .Endiicher, Gen. PL 843; .Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 1 (1862); Prantl, Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, IV, 43 (1888). 230 METASPEKMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Genera: 25; cosmopolitan; principally N. hemis- phere. Species: 1,000±; many cosmopolitan. HYDRASTIS LINN. Gen. ed. VI, 704 (1764). Baillon, Hist. PI. I, 87; Benth. and Hook. Gen. PI. I, 7; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 55; Durand, Ind. Gen.Ptian.2', Gray,I#. Gen. 47. Living species: 2; Northern Japan, 1; subarctic and Atlantic forest region of N. Amer., 1. Hydrastis canadensis LINN. Spec. 2 ed. 784 (1763). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 48; Britt., Fl. N. J. 40; Chap., Fl. S. St. 11; Upharn, Fl. Minn. 20; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 27, 483; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 2, 55; Cov., Fl. Ark. 163; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 14. North America: W. Ont. and Niagara river to N. Y., N. J. and Ga. ; W. to Ohio, Tenn., Minn., Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: Reported from N. edge, and probably occurring rarely in N. forest region. CALTHA LINN. Gen. 463 (1737). Thacla SPACH, Suit. Buff. VII, 295 (1839). Psychrophila Gay, Fl. Chile 1, 47 (1845). Populago TOURN. Inst. 273 (1700). Baillon, Hist. PI. I, 23 (sub Trollius}', Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 6; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 56; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 2; Gray, 111 Gen. I, 31. Living species: 16 ±; 9 (B. and H.); 10 species in northern, extratropical regions; 6-8 sp. Andes and Antarctic America, Australia and New Zealand. Russia, 4; N. America, 4-9; Canada, 4-6; E. Sts. 1; Calif., 2; S. Sts., 1; PI. King, 1; PL Wheel., 1; Russian Europe, 2; Rocky mts., 1-2. Caltha palustris LINN. Spec. 784 (1753). C. arctica R. BR. Parr. 1st Voy. Appx. 265 (1824). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 44; Britt., Fl. N. J. 38; Upham, Fl. Minn. 20; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 11; Traut^., Fl. Sib. 12; Regel, FL O.-Sib. I, 52; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 23; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. I, 17; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 48; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Russ. Eur. 10; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 2, 56; Cov., Fl. Ark. 163; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 8; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 174'. Rothr., Alask. 442. Europe; N. and W. Asia and Siberia to Himalayas and China. North America: Canada throughout and N. U. S. to Md., Ohio, Iowa, Dak. and Mont. Minn, valley: Throughout at lower levels; swamps, sloughs, wet meadows, openings and with tamaracks. HERB.: Sheldon 780, Sleepy Eye; Sandberg 36, Can- non Falls; Leonard 3, Minneapolis; Herrick 17, Minneapolis, LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 231 Holzinger 9, Winona Co. ; Hammond 2, Lake City; Herb. Sheld. 1828, Ramsey Co.; Herb. Moyer 19, Montevideo. ISOPYRUM LINN. Gen. ed. II, 533 (1742). Coptis SALISB. Linn. Trans. VIII, 305 (1807 1. Chrysa RAF. Desf. Journ. Bot. II, 170 (1806). Enemion RAF. Jour. Phys. XCI, 70 (1820). Leptopyrnm REICHB. Fl. Germ. 747 (1833). Chrysocoptis NUTT. Trans. Acad. Phil. VII, 9 (1843). Pterophyllum NUTT. 1. c. (1843). Baillon, Hist. PL I. 85; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI I, 8; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 58; Durand, Ind. Plian. 2; O. Kuntze, Eev. Gen. PL 3; Gray, 111. Gen. 35, 37. Living species: 25; arctic and N. temperate regions; E. Asia, Japan and Himalayas; Atl. and Pac. North America; Russia, 6; Europe, 2; Japan, 8; North America, 7; Calif, and Oregon, 4; Can., 5; E. Sts., 2; S. Sts., 3. Isopyrum trifolium (LiNN. ) BEUTT. Torr. Bull. XVIII, 265 (1891). Helkborus trifolius LINN. Amoen. II, 355 (1750). Coptis trifolia SALISB. Trans. Linn. Soc. VIII, 305 (1798'. Chrysa borealis RAF. N. Y. Med. Rep. V, 350 (1808). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 45; Britt, Fl. N. J. 39; Upham, Fl. Minn. 20; Regel, Fl. O.-Sib. I, 61; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 23; Led., Fl. Ross, 1,52; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 216; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 2, 58; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 12; Rothr., Alask. 442. Iceland; Kamtk. to Mid. Russ., Baikal Sib. and Mid. Japan. North America: Greenland, Labrador, N. S., Newf., N. Br. to Rocky mts; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Md.; W. to Ohio, Iowa, Minn, and Dak. ; Alaska. Minn, valley: Forest region and perhaps in some prairie bogs; principally in tamarack swamps. HERB.: Leiberg 5, Blue Earth Co.; Sandberg 35, Tower; Roberts 6, Devil's Neck river; Leonard 2, Minneapolis; Bailey 312, St. Louis river; Herb. Sheldon 1825, Lake Calhoun. Isopyrum biternatum (RAF.) T. and G. Fl. I, 660 (1838). Enemion biternatum RAF. Journ. Phys. II, 70 (1811?). Isopyrum thalictroides SHORT, PI. Kent. I, 8 (1833). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 44; Upham, Fl. Minn. 20; Chap., Fl. S. St. 9; Regel, Fl O.-Sib. I, 62; Mac., Bot. Gaz. XVI, 285; Cov., Fl. Ark. 163; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 14. Kamtschkatka. North America: Ont. and Minn, to Ohio and Fla. ; W. to Iowa. Minn, valley: Forest region; Ft. Snelling to New 232 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Ulm and N. in valley; damp woods and banks. HERB.: Sheldon 178, Eagle Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Winchell 1, Minneapolis; Sandberg 34, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1831, Minneapolis. ACTAEA LINN. Gen. 427 (1737). Cimicifuga LINN. Am. Acad. VIII, 193 (1755). Botrophis RAF. Med. Etep, II, hex. V, 350 (1808). Macrotys RAF. 1. c. (1808). Pityrosperma SIEB. and Zucc. Act. Monac. Ill, 734 (1843). Actinospora TURCZ. Mss., F. and M. Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 2, IV, 333(1835). Christoplioriana TOURN. lost. 299 (1700). Baillon, Hist. PL I, 88; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 9; Engler and Prantl, Nat. PHanz. 3, II, 59; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 2; Gray, 111. Gen. 49, 51. Living species; 50 described; 10 (B. and H.); 12 Du- rand); Russia, 7+; Europe, 2; Asia, 10; North America, 8; Canada, 4-5; Calif., 4; S. Sts., 4; Rocky mts., 2. Actaea alba (LINN.) MILL. Diet. (1768). A. spicata var. alba LINN. Spec. 504 (1753). A. americana var. A PURSH, Fl. Am I, 366 (1814'. A. brachypetala var. A DC. Syst. I, 385 (1818), A. pachypoda ELL. Sk. II, 15 (1824). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 48; Britt., Fl. N. J. 40; Upham, Fl. Minn. 21; Chap., Fl. S. St. 11; Mac., Fl. Can. 27; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 2; Greene, Pittonia, II, 107. North America: Anticosti, N. S.. N. Br., Q., Ont, Man. to Coast range in Brit. Col.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and S. Car.; W. to Ark., Mo., Minn, and Dak. Minn, valley: Forest region with A. rubra (Ait.). Perhaps rather less abundant. HERB. : Taylor 701, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 804, Sigel township, Brown Co. ; Bollard 405, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Herrick 21, Minneapolis; Sandberg 39, Red Wing; Bailey 119, Vermilion lake; Sandburg 40, Chisago lake. Actaea rubra (AiT.) WILLD. Enum. 561 (1809). A. spicata var. rubra AIT. Hort. Kew. II, 221 (1789) A. americana var. B PURSH, Fl. Am. 366 (1814). A. brachypetala var. B DO. Syst. I, 385(1818). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 48; Coult., Fl. Colo. 11; Webb., Fl. Neb. 115; Upham, Fl. Minn. 21; Britt., Fl. N. J. 40; Regel, Fl. O.-Sib. I, 119; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 27; Forbes and Ilpms., Fl. Sin. I, 21, species spicata', Engl. Prantl, IS at. Pflanz. Ill, 2,59?; Led., Fl. Ross. 1,71; Nym , Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 10; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 2; Hart., Scand. Fl. (A. spicata , I, 176. ? Temperate and Arctic Europe; Russ. to Caucasus and LIST OF HIGHER SEED PRODUCING PLANTS. 233 Baikal Sib. and Mongolia; China; Dahuria. It is not clear that these references belong to the N. American plant which is quite probably distinct and endemic. North America: N. S., N. Br. to Rocky mts. and lat. 60° N. ; U. S.; from Atl. to mts. of Colo, and S. to Ohio, Iowa and N. J. Minn, valley: Forest region throughout and wooded banks W. at lower levels; damp and dark groves. HERB. : Taylor 516, Mud lake, Waseca Co. : Sheldon 860, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 139, Madison Lake; Sheldon 82, Elysian; Ballard 56, Chaska; Taylor 263, Janesville; Sandberg 38, Can- non Falls; O stlund 9, Minneapolis; Herrick 19, Minneapolis; Bailey 291, St. Louis river; Kassubel7, Minneapolis; Herrick 20, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1823, Hennepin Co. ; Herb. Moyer 22, Montevideo. AQUILEGIA LINN. Gen. 450 (1737). Baillon, Hist. PI. I, 84; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. I, 8; Engler and Prantl, Nat. • Pflanz. 3, II, 59; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 2; Gray, 111. Gen. 1, 39. Living species: 50 H- described; possibly only 6-8 actually distinct. Temperate northern hemisphere. Russia, 9; European Russia, 1; Europe, 8; North America, 8; Calif., 2; E. Sts., 2; Canada, 5; S. Sts., 1; Rocky mts., 7; PI. Wheel., 4; PL King, 5 Aquilegia canadensis LINN. Spec. 533 (1753). A. variegata MOENCH, Meth. 311 (1794). A. elegans SALISB. Prod r. 374 (1796). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 46; Coult., Fl. Colo. 10; Webb., Fl. Neb. 116; Upham, Fl. Minn. 20; Chap., Fl. S. St. 9; Britt., Fl. N. J. 39; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 24; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 57; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 2, 59; Cov., Fl. Ark. 163; Wats., Bibl. Ind I, 6. Russian empire? North America: Q., Ont, Man., Saskatchewan to Rocky mts.; S. E. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla. and W. in Northern States to Minn., Dak., Neb. and Colo.; S. in mts. to Arizona, N. Mex, and Mexico. Minn, valley: Throughout, but principally in forest region; dry, wooded or sunny banks. HERB. : Sheldon 139, Madison Lake; Taylor 799, Glen- wood; Ballard 71, Chaska; Taylor 71, Elysian; Sheldon 934, Redwood Falls; Taylor 143, Janesville; Kassube 15, Minneapo- lis; Sandberg 37, Red Wing; Leonard 41, Washington P. O. ; Hammond 4, Lake City; Herb. Sheld. 1818, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 20, Carlton lake, Chippewa Co. 234 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. DELPHINIUM LINN. Gen. 449 (1737). Delphiniastrum SPACH, Suit. Buff. VII, 336 (1839). Phlediiieum SPACH, 1. c. 337 (1839). Staphysagria SPACH, 1. c. 347 (1839). Acouitella SPACH, 1. c. 358 (1839). Consolida LINDL. Jour. Hort. Soc. VI, 55 (1851). Ceratosantlms SCHUR. Enum. Transsylv. 30 (1866). Aconitum LINN. Gen. 682 (1737). Nirbisia DON. Gen. Syst. I, 63 (1831). Baillon, Hist PL I, 85; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 9; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 59, 60; Durand, Ind. Gen. Plian. 2; Gray, III. Gen. I, 41,43. Living species: 180 ±; 58 (B. and H.); 90 (Durand); temperate and mountainous regions of the northern hemisphere ; Russia, 40±; Europe 28 ±; Russian Europe, 16; North Amer- ica, 22-H; and Delphinium (excl. Aconitum) 5, Canada; Calif., 9; E. Sts., 3; Rocky mts., 5; S. Sts., 3; PI. Wheel., 4; PL King, 4. Delphinium carolinianum WALT. Fl. Car. 155 (1788). D. azureum MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I. 314 (1803). D. virescens NUTT. Gen. II, 14 (1818). D. vimineum DON. Sweet, Brit. Fl. I, 374 (1823). D. simplex GRAY, PI. Wright. II, 8 (1852). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 46; Webb., Fl. Neb. 116; Coult., Fl. Colo. 11; Chap., Fl. S. St. 10; Uphara, Fl. Minn. 20; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 26; Coult., Fl. Tex. 9; Cov., PI. Ark. 163; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 12. North America: Man., Wis. and Minn.; S. toFla. ? and S. and W. Tex. ; W. to Neb. sandhills, Colo, and Wyoming. Minn, valley: Prairie region and sparingly in forest openings; rich banks in sunny localities, especially S. HERB.: Oestlund 7 and 8, Minneapolis; Bollard 182, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 633, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 731, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1404, Lake Benton; Sheldon 535, Waseca; Bollard 385, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 771, Glenwood; Herrick 18, Minneapolis; Kassube 16, Minneapolis; Holzinger 10, Winona Co.; Hammond 3, Lake City; Herb. Sheld. 1783, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer. 21, Montevideo. Delphinium tricorne MICHX. FL N. Am. I, 314 (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 46: Chap., Fl. S. St. 10; Upham, Fl. Minn. 20; Cov., Fl. Ark. 163; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 14; Webb., Appx. Neb. 30. North America: Same range as D. exaltatum Ait. Minn, valley: High, dry prairies S. and far S. W. in some localities. Rare. Delphinium exaltatum AIT. Hort. Kew. II, 244 (1789). D. urceolatum JACQ. Icon. Rar. I, 101 (1781). D. tridactylum MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 314 (1803). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 235 Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 46; Webb , Fl. Neb. 116; Upham, Fl. Minn. 20; Chap., Kl. S. St. 10; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 13. North America: Penn. to Minn.; S. in Appalachians to N. Car. ; W. to Ark. and Neb. Minn, valley: Reported as frequent in the prairie regions. Minn, specimens have not been seen. ANEMONE LINN. Gen. 459 (1737). Syndesnioa HOFFMQ-. Flora, Bl. 34 (1832). Anemoiiella SPACH, Suit. Buff. VII, 240 (1839). Barneoudia GAY, Fl. Chile I, 29 (1845). Homalocarpiis SCHUR. Enum. Transsylv. 3 (186P-). Pulsatilla TOURN. Inst. 284 (1700). Hepatica DILL. Nov. Gen. Giess. (1719 1. Baillon, Hist. PL I, 86; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 4, 953; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz 3, II, 61; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 1; Gray, III. Gen. I, 17, 19, 21; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL I, 1. Living species: 90+; 70 (B. and H.); 85 (Durand); all extra- tropical regions and mts. in warm parts of the earth. Russia, 30; Europe, 20; European Russia, 14; America, 37; North America, 18; Canada, 16; E. Sts., 12; S. Sts., 5; Calif., 4-5; Rocky mts., 8; W. Tex., 1; PL Wheel., 4; PL King, 2-3. Anemone thalictroides LINN. Spec. 542 (1753). ? Thalictrum carolinianum WALT. Fl. Car. 137 (1788). T. anemonoides MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 322 (1803). Anemone thalictroides var. uniflora. PURSH, Fl. Am. 387 (1814). A. walteri PURSH, 1. c. 387 (1814). Syndesmon thalictroides HOFFMSGG, Flora XV (1832). Anemonella thalictroides SPACH, Hist. Veg. VII, 240 (1839). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 39; Chap., Fl. S. St. 6; Webb., Fl. Neb. 117: Britt., Fl. N. J. 34; Upham, Fl. Minn. 18; Mac., FL Can. I, 14, 478, II, 295; Cov., Fl. Ark. 162; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 66; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 25; Britt., N. Amer. Anem. 237. North America: S. Ontario and N. Eng. to Ga. and Fla.; W. to Dak., Neb., Kan., Mo., Ark. and Miss. Minn, valley: Forest region; E. and N. in valley; ex- tending to Blue Earth Co. Probably in N. and N. W. regions. HERB.: Holzinger 3, Winona Co. ; Sandberg 14, Good- hue Co.; Herrick o, Minneapolis; Holzinger 4, Winona Co.; Kassube 7, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1829, Minneapolis. Anemone hepatica LINN. Spec. 758 (1753). Hepatica triloba CHAIX, Vill. Dauph. I. 336 Q786). H. triloba var. americana DC. Syst. I, 216 (1818). H. americana KEK. Bot. Reg. t. 387 (1819). Anemone americana NICH. Gard. Diet. 1, 74 (1884). Hepatica hepatica BRITT. Ann. N. Y. Acad. VI, 233 (1891). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 38; Britt., Fl. N. J. 34; Upham, 236 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Fl. Minn. 18; Chap., Fl. S. St. 5; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 14, 478; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 11; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 22: Nyni., Fl. CRUCIFERAE. Mustard Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 861 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 58 (1862); Prahtl, Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 145 (1890); Baillon, Hist. PL III, 181 (1871). Genera: 160 — 200; cosmopolitan; centers of distribu- tion in boreal region and Mediterranean region. Fossil forms poorly understood; principally old world plants. Species: 2000 ±; reduced to 1200 (B. and H.); most numerous in the Orient. THELYPODIUM ENDL. Gen. 4915 (1336-40). Pachypodium NUTT. Torr. and Gray, Fl. N. Am. I, 96 f!838). Macropodium HOOK. Bot. Beech. 74 (1841). Baillon, Hist. PL III, 243; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 81; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 155 (Prantl); Durand, 2nd. Gen. Phan. 13. t Living species: 15 ±; mostly Calif, and Rocky mts. North America, 15; Calif., 10; W. Tex., 5; Rocky mts., 7; PI. King, 9; PL Wheel., 5; E. Sts., 1; Canada, 1; S. Sts., 1. Thelypodium pinnatifldum (Micnx.) S. WATSON, King Exp. 25 (1871). Hespens (?) pinnatifida MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 31 (1803). Cheiranthus hesperioides T. and G. Fl. N. Am. I, 72 (1838). lodanthus hesperioides T. and G. Gen. I, 134 (1849). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 72; Upham, Fl. Minn. 25; Chap., Fl. S. St. 25; Cov., Fl. Ark. 165: Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 73. North America: Penn. to Ohio and Minn.; S. to Tex. Minn, valley: Only S. E. edge of valley and rare; stony places. HERB. : Sandberg 64, Red Wing. LEPIDIUM LINN. Gen. 527 (1737). Physolepidium SCHRENK. Enum. 97 (1841-42). Manoploga BUNGE, PL Preiss. I, 259 (1836). Cardaria DESVX. Jour. Bot. Ill, 163 (1810). Lepia DESVX. Jour. Bot. Ill, 166 (1810). Cynocardamum WEBB, Phyt. Can. I, 96 (1836). Baillon, Hist. PL III, 284; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 87; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 160 (Prantl); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 17; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL I, 34; Gray, III. Gen. 1, 167; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 514. Living species: 100 ±; 60-80 (B. and H.); all regions except arctic and alpine. Russia, 20; Europe, 25; European Russia, 9; North America, 17; PI. King, 9; PL Wheel., 5; W. Tex., 4; Canada, 3-7; S. Sts., 1; E. Sts,, 2. Fossil species: 1, Upper Miocene, Europe (Heer); doubtful. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 257 Lepidium virginicum LINN. Spec. 645 (1753). Clypeola caroliniana WALT. Fl. Car. 173 (1788). Thlaspi mrginianum Pom. Enc. Meth. VII, 544 (1806). Dileptium diffusum and praecox RAF. Fl. Lud. 85 (18 17). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 73; Chap., Fl. S. St. 30; Britt., Fl. N. J. 52; Webb., Fl. Neb. 118; Upham,Fl. Minn. 28; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 57; Gris., Fl. W. I.; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 2, 161; Cov. Fl. Ark. 166; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 65. Introduced in Europe. North America: United States throughout, except Pac. coast and N. W. ; intro. in N. Eng. and Ontario. Minn, valley: Throughout; along roadsides and rail- way embankments; abundant. HERB.: Sheldon 6J., Elysian; Taylor 190, Janesville; Oestlund 14, Hennepin Co. ; Herrick 43, Minneapolis; Holzinger 25, Winona Co.; Kassube33, Minneapolis; Herb. Wicker sheim 11 , Idlewild, Lincoln Co. Lepidium intermedium GRAY, PL Wright, II, 15 (1852). L. ruderale RICH. Frankl. Journ. 16 (1823) not Linn. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 73; Coult., Fl. Colo. 26; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 47; Webb., Fl. Neb. 118; Upham, Fl. Minn. 28; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 57, 491; Coult., Fl. Tex. 20; Wats., King. Exp. 29; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 66; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 64; Greene, Fl. Fran. 275. North America: N. S., Ont., Man., B. C. to Hudson Bay and lat. 52°; S. to N. Y., Mich., Minn., Neb., Tex. and in mts. to N. Mexico; W. to S. California and N. along Pac. coast, Minn, valley: N. and W. portions; probably through- out; with L. virginicum Linn., but less abundant. HERB. : Sandberg 71, Cannon Falls; Bailey 132, Ver- milion lake; Bailey 524, Agate Bay; Moyer 245, Montevideo, Chippewa Co. SISYMBRIUM LINN. Gen. "547 (1737). Velarum, Norta and Arabidopsis SCHUR. Enum. Transsylv. (1866). Pachypodium and Descurainia WEBB. Phyt. Can. 75 (1836). Cbamaeplium and Sisymbrella (part) SPACH, Suit. Buff. VI, 433 (1839). Hugueninia REICH. Ic. Fl. Germ. II, 80 (1837-38). Tonguea ENDL. Gen. 4905 (1836-40). Leptocarpaea DC. Syst. Veg. II, 201 (1821). Stenophragma CLARK, ex Durand, Ind. Gen. (1888). Drabopsis G. KOCH, Linn. XV, 253 (1840). Maresia POMEL, ex Durand, 1. c. (1888). Alliaria ADANS. Fam. PL II, 418 (1763). Baillon, Hist. PI III, 239; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. I, 77; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 169 (Prantl); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 14; -17 258 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. I, 30; Gray, III. Gen. I, 151. Living species: 60+; 80 (B. and EL): 90 (Durand); temperate regions of both hemispheres; tropical (mts.) Africa. Russia, 33; Europe, 31; European Russia, 21; N. America, 11-14; Canada, 9-10; Calif., 6; E. Sts., 2; Rocky mts., 5; S. Sts., 3; PI. King, 3; PL Wheel., 3; W. Tex., 2. Sisymbrium hartwegianum POURN. Sisymb. 66 (1865). S. canescens BENTH. PI. Hartw. 9 (1836). f S. canescens var. brevipes T. and G. Fl. I, 92 (1838). S. sophia GRAY, Proc. Ac. Phil. 57 (1863) in part. ?S. brachycarpum HOOK, and ARN. Bot. Beech. 323 (1841). S. incisum var. hartweqianum WATS. Bot. Calif. I, 41 (1873). ? S. canescens var. brachycarpum UPHAM, Fl. Minn. 26 (1883). 8. californicum WATS. King Exp. 23 (1870) part. Coult., Fl. Colo. 23; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 47; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 69; Webb., Fl. Neb. 118 (in part)', Greene, Fl. Fran. 271. North America: N. W. T. and Brit. Colo, to Calif., Colo, and Tex. ; E. to Minn, and Neb. Minn, valley: N. W. and W. districts; dry banks and sandy shores of streams. HERB.: Sheldon 1406, Lake Benton; Taylor 1044, Glenwood. Sisymbrium multifldum (PURSH). Erysimum pinnatum WALT. Fl. Car. 174 (1788). Cardamine(?) multifida PURSH, Fl. Am. 440 (1814). Sisymbrium canescens NUTT. Gen. II, 68 (1818). Cardamine menziesii DC. Syst. II, 267 (1821). Sisymbrium pinnatum GREENE, Bull. Calif. Acad. II (1887). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 72; Coult.. Fl. Colo. 23; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 40; Upham,Fl. Minn. 26; Webb., Fl. Neb. 118; Britt., Fl. N. J. 51; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 46; Wats., King Exp. 23; Both., Wheel. Exp. ^4, 355; Cov., Fl. Ark. 166; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 68; Greene, Fl. Fran. 271. North America: Arctic circle, throughout Canada; S. in mts. to Mexico; W. to Calif.; E. to Penn., N. Y. and N. J. Minn, valley: Throughout, in waste places and along roadsides or on sandy banks. HERB. : Bollard 136, Chaska; Sheldon 1406, Lake Ben- ton; Sheldon 307, Madison Lake; Taylor '1044, Glen wood; Hoi- zinger 24, Winona Co.; Herrick 41, Minneapolis; Kassube 31, Minneapolis; Sandberg 67, Red Wing; Huntington 2, Rock Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1843, Ft. Snelling; Herb. Moyer 31, Montevideo. BARBAREA R. BR. Hort. Kew. IV, 109 (1812). Baillon, Hist. PL III, 232; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI I, 68; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 183 (Prantl); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 12; Oray, 111 Gen. 1, 147. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 259 Living species: 14; 25 enum. 6 reduc. (B. and H. ); temperate and boreal region of N. hemisphere; also Australia. Europe, 9-10; Russia, 6; North America, 1-2. Barbarea barbarea (LiNN.) var. strict a (Andrz.). Barbarea stricta ANDRZ. Bess. PI. Volhyn. 72 (1822). Barbarea vulgaris R. BR. var. stricta KEGEL, Fl. O.-Sib. 1, 155 (1862). B. praecox RICH. Frankl. Journ. 15(1823). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 70; Coult., Fl. Colo. 23 in part; Upham, Fl. Minn. 25; Wats., King Exp. 50; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 40 in part; Regel, Fl. O.-Sib. I, 155; Mac., Fl Can. I, 44: Forbes and HemsL, Fl. Sin. I, 41 spec.; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 115; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 217; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 14; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 26; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 50; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 192; Rothr., Alask. 442. Europe: Scandinavia to Italy and mid. Russ.; Siberia; Kamtschatka; China? The species is nearly cosmopolitan, being found in N. hemisphere throughout and in Africa and Australia. It is by no means certain that B. stricta Andrz. is not a good species. North America: L. Superior to Oregon and Brit. Col. ; S. in mts. to Colo, and N. in Man. Eastern forms are probably introduced and adventive from Europe. Minn, valley: Only in N. E. corner and rare; wet grounds and roadsides. HERB. : Roberts 13, Two Harbors; Holzinger 20, Winona Co. ; Lackor 1, Hennepin Co. NASTURTIUM R. BR. Hort. Kew. IV, 109 (1812). L.eiolobium REICH. Consp. 184 (1828). Roripa BESS, (part) ex Gren. and Godr. Fl. Fr. I, 125 (1848). Nasturtiopsis Boiss. Fl. Or. I, 237 (1842). Brachylobus SCHUR. Enum. Transsylv. 39 (1866). Clantlestinaria SPACH, Suitr Buff. VI, 478 (1839). Baillon, Hist. PI. Ill, 232; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 68; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 184 (Prantl); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 12; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL I, 21; Gray, 111. Gen. I, 131. Living species: 50+; 20 (B. and H,); 25 (Durand); cosmopolitan. Russia, 18; Russian Europe, 11; Europe, 17; North America, 13; W. Tex., 5; Canada, 8-9; E. Sts., 5; Rocky mts., 5; S. Sts., 8; Calif., 5; PI. King., 5; PL Wheel., 5-6. Nasturtium hispidum (DESV.) DC. Syst. II, 201 (1821). Brachylobus hispidus DESV. Journ. Bot. II, 183 (1809). Sisymbrium hispidum POIR. Suppl. XIII, 161 (1817). Nasturtium palustre var. hispidum F. and M. Ind. Sem. Petr. Ill, 41 (1838). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed.70; Coult., Fl. Colo. 24; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif., I, 42; Webb., Fl. Neb. 119; Upham, Fl. Minn. 24; Regel, 260 METASPEKMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Fl. O.-Sib. I, 151 in part?; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 38, 485; Led., Fl. Boss. I, 113 in part?; Wats., King Exp. 16; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 61; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 1,66. Transbaikal Siberia? North America: N. W. T. and Sierras to the Atl. and Gulf of Mexico. Minn, valley: Principally S. W. and W. ; with N. palustre (Leys.). HERB.: Sheldon 1512, Lake Benton; Taylor 652, Min- nesota lake. Nasturtium palustre (LEYS.) DC. Syst. II, 191 (1821). Slsymbriwn palustre LEYS. Fl. Hal. (1761). Eadicula palustris MOENCH, Meth. 263 (1794). Camelina barbareaefolia DC. Syst. II, 517 (1821). Eoripa nasturtioides SPACH, Phan. VI, 506 (1838). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 70; Coult., Fl. Colo. 24; Webb., Fl. Neb. 119; Wats., King Exp. 15, 16; Upham, Fl. Minn. 24; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 42; Chap.. Fl. S. St. 25; Mac.,Fl. Can. I, 37,485; II, 300; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. I, 41; Led., Fl. Ross. 1, 112; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 66; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 14; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 2, 184; Coult., Fl. Tex. 17; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 61; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 193; Rothr., Alask. 442; Greene, Fl. Fran. 268. Europe; N. Africa; N. and temp. Asia. North America: Greenland and N. S. to Alaska, N. W. T. and B. C. ; S. to gulf and in Mexico; E. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car. Minn, valley: Throughout; wet places and marshy meadows. HERB.: Sheldon 1398, Lake Benton; Bollard 326, Belle Plaine; Bollard 266, Jordan, Scott Co.; Bollard 671, Waconia; Taylor 862, Glenwood; Sheldon 1093, Springfield; Sheldon 760, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 230, Janesville; Taylor 341, Janes ville; Taylor 164a, Janesville; Oestlund 12, Minneapolis; Herrick 29, Minneapolis; Kassube 25, Minneapolis; Herrick 30, St. Louis river; Halzinger 14, Winona Co.; Sandberg 53, Cannon Falls; Herb. Moyer 246, Montevideo. Nasturtium sinuatum NUTT. T. and G. Fl. I, 73, 666 (1838). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 70; Coult., Fl. Colo. 24; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 67; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 61; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 43: Cov., Fl. Ark. 165; Wats., King Exp. 15; Webb., Appx. Neb. 31; Greene. Fl. Fran. 267. North America: Sierra Nevada mts. to Mexico; E. to Mississippi valley; N. to Minn, and Dak. Minn, valley: Lower levels, especially E. and N. E. ; Ft. Snelling to New Ulm. HERB: Bollard 37, Chaska; Bollard 653, Chaska. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 261 CARDAMINE LINN. Gen. 541 (1737). Dentaria LINN. Gen. 540 (1737), Pteroneuron DC. Prodr. I, 154 (1824). Kardanoglyphos SCHLECHT. Linn. XXVIII, 472 (1853). Baillon, Hist. PL III, 234; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 70; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II. 184 (Prantl); Durand, Ind. Gen. Ptian. 13; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL I, 21; Gray, 111. Gen. I, 135, 137. Living species: 65; boreal regions and to tropics in N. hemisphere; also Peru, Argentine, Brazil (a few species). N. America, 20; E. Sts., 8; Canada, 12-13; S. Sts., 10; Pac. coast, 10-12. Cardamine parviflora LINN. §pec. ed- 2, 914 (1762). C. sylvatica LINK. DC. Syst. II, 260 (1821). C. hirsuta var. sylvatica GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 67 (1868). C. jtexuosa BRITT. Trans. N. Y. Acad. IX, 8(1889) not With. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 65; Uphani, Fl. Minn. 24; Britt., Fl. N. J. 49; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 41, 486; II, 302; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 127; Eegel, Fl. O.-Sib. I, 171; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 14; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 29; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 53. Northern England to Shetland; N. Asia; Eur. exc. far N. E. and Greece, Turkey and Italy, North America: Range as that of C. hirsuta Linn. Minn, valley: N. E. in valley .and extending probably to Blue Earth Co. ; drier places and banks of streams; rare. HERB. : Herrick 35, L. Minnetonka, S. shore. Cardamine hirsuta LINN. Spec. 655 (1753). Cardamine pennsylvanica MUHL. Willd. Spec. Ill, 486 (1800). ? Sisymbrium nasturtium WALT. Fl. Car. 174 (1788). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 65; Coult., Fl. Colo. 19; Chap., Fl. S. St. 26; Britt., Fl. N. J. 49; Upham, Fl. Minn. 24; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 41; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 43; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 127; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Gris., Fl. W. L; Herd., Fl.Russ. Eur. 10; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 2, 185; Cov., Fl. Ark. 166; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 28; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 53; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 189; Rothr., Alask. 443. Shetland; Scotland; England; N. Russ. to Caucasus; 1ST. Asia and China. North America: N. S. to Arctic ocean and Pac. and Alaska; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla. to Dak., Colo, and Mont.; Jamaica. Minn, valley: Forest region from Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co. ; E. and N. ; marshy meadows; not common. HERB.: Sheldon .747£,Pipestone; Taylor lOOOa, Janes - ville; Sheldon 812, Sigel township, Brown Co.; Taylor 279, Janesville; Sheldon 294, Madison Lake; Bollard 113, Carver, Roberts 12, Agate bay; Herrick 33, Minneapolis; Herrick 34, St Louis river; Holzinger 16, Winona Co: ; Kassube 27, Mendota- 262 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Bailey 405, Burntside lake; Holzinger 17, Winona Co.; Sand- berg 57, Red Wing; Leiberg 8, Blue Earth Co.; Herb.Moyer 247, Montevideo. These plants are under the C. pennsylvanica of Muhl. , which differs somewhat from European C. hirsuta Linn. Cardamine bulbosa (SCHREB.) B.S.P. Cat. PI. N. Y. (1888). Arabis bulbosa SCHREB. Icon. (1766). A. rhomboidea PERS. Syn. II, 204 (1807). Thlaspi tuberosum NUTT. Gen. II, 65 (1818). Cardamine rhomboidea DC. Syst. II, 246 (1821). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 65; Britt., Fl. N. J. 49; Chap., Fl. S. St. 25; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 40; Upham, Fl. Minn. 24; Cov., Fi. Ark. 165; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 54. North America: N. S., Qnt., N. Eng. to Fla.; W. to Minn, and Dak. Minn, valley: Throughout, but more abundant in for- est region; springs; near streams and in marshy meadows. HERB.: Menzel 2, Pipestone; Bollard 29, Chaska; Kassube 26, Minneapolis; Herrick 31, Minneapolis; Herrick 32, Minneapolis; Sandberg 56, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1845, Minneapolis; 1725, Ramsey Co.; Herb. Moyer 28, Montevideo. Cardamine laciniata (MUHL.) WOOD, Bot. and Fl. 38 (1861). Dentaria laciniata MUHL. Willd. Spec. Ill, 479 (1800). D. concatenata MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 30 (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 64; Chap., Fl. S. St. 26; Uphara, Fl. Minn. 24; Britt., Fl. N. J.49; Mac., Fl. Can. I. 39; Cov., Fl. Ark. 166; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 56; Webb., Appx. Neb. 31. North America: Q., Ont., N. Eng., N. J. to Fla.; W. to Minn. , Dak. , Neb. , Kan. and Ark. Minn, valley: Eastern half; Ft. Snelling bo Blue Earth Co. ; especially forest region; banks of lakes and streams. HERB. : Sheldon 138, Madison Lake ; Sheldon 173, Eagle Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Powell 1, St. Paul; Leiberg 7,. Blue Earth Co.; Holzinger 15, Winona Co.; Sandberg 54, Red Wing; Sand- berg 55, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 14, Mankato. Cardamine diphylla (Micnx.) WOOD, Bot. and Fl. 37 (1861). Dentaria diphylla MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 30 (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 64; Britt., Fl. N. J. 49; Chap., Fl. S. St. 26; Upham, Fl. Minn. 24; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 39; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 56. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to L. Supe- rior region; S. to Maine, N. J., Kentucky and Minn. Minn, valley: Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co.; rich woodland and banks of streams; rare or local. LIST OF HIGHER SEED PRODUCING PLAJN TS. 26S LESQUERELLA S. WATS. Proc. Am. Acad. XV, 249 (1888). Physaria NUTT. T. and G. Fl. I, 101 (1838) not Pers. Coulterina O. KUNTZE, Rev. Gen. II Nachtr., 931 (1891). Vesicaria AUCT. AM. Baillon, Hist. PL III, 273; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I. 73; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 187; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 13. Living species: 33; Mexico; W. N. America to Green- land and Brazil; especially developed in plateaus of the S. W. W. Tex., 12; E. Sts., 3; Canada, 5; S. Sts. 1. Lesquerella argentea (PURSH). Myagrum argentmm PURSH, Fl. Am.x434 (1814). Vesicaria globosa DESVX. Journ. Bot. Ill, 181 (1814). Alyssum ludovicianum NUTT. Gen. II, 63(1818). Vesicai-ia ludoviciana DC. Syst. II, 297 (1821). Physaria argentea MAcM. MSS. (1890). Lesquerella ludoviciana S. WATS. Gray's Man. 6ed. 69 (1890). Coult.. Fl. Colo. 25; Webb., Fl. Neb. 119; Upham, Fl. Minn. 27; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 54, 490; II, 305; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 75. North America: Minn., Neb., Colo., Wyoming; S. to Arizona?; N. to N. W. T. Minn, valley: S. W. and N. W. portions; rocky banks and high bluffs; rare. HERB. : Sandberg 70, Red Wing. DRABA LINN. Gen. 535 (1737). EropMla DC. Syst. II, 356 (1821). Petrocallis R. BR. Hort. Kew. IV, 93 (1812). Dollineria SAUT. Flora, 353 (1852). Holargidium TURCZ. Led., Fl. Boss. I, 156 (1842). Coleonema MAXIM, ex Durand (1888). Heteroclraba GREENE, ex Prantl (1890). Baillon, Hist. PI. Ill, 271; Benth. andl Hook., Gen. PL I, 74; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 190 (Prantl); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 14; Gray, 111 Gen. I, 159. Living species: 150+ ; 70-80 (B. and H.); mountain districts in almost all regions ; arctic, antarctic and sub arctic regions; principally in Northern hemisphere. Russia, 47; Russian Europe, 19; Europe, 35; North America, 24; Can- ada, 18; Rocky mts , 12: Calif., 9; E. Sts., 6; S. Sts., 5; PL King, 7-8; PL Wheel., 7; W. Tex., 2. Draba nemorosa LINN. Spec. 643 (1753). D. nemoralis EHRH. Beitr. VII, 154 (1792). D. nemorosa vars. lejocarpa and hebecarpa LED. Fl. Boss. I, 154. (1842). Wats, and Coult,, Gray's Man., 6 ed. 68; Coult., Fl. Colo. 17; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 2b?; Upham, Fl. Minn. 27; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 23; Eegel, Fl. O.-Sib. I, 198; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 52; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. I, 41; 264 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Led., Fl. Boss., 1. c.; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 18; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 2, 190; Wats., King Exp. 22; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 60; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 205; Rothr., Alask. 443. Europe: Sweden to Pyrenees, Hungary, Mid. Russ. and Caucasus; Siberia, Amurland, China, Baikal mts. and Kamtschatka. North America: All western Can. to lat. 66° N. ; E. to L. Superior and Montreal; S. through Yellowstone river region to Colo. ; E. to Minn, and Mich. Minn, valley: The plants of this region do not seem to be different from the typical D. nemorosa Linn. N. edge of valley especially in Leaf Hill district; dry hillsides. HERB.: Gedge 2, Glyndon; Herb. Moyer 248 1 Monte video. Draba caroliniana WALT. Fl. Car. 174 (1788). ? Arabis reptans LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 222 (1783). Draba hispidula MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 28 (1803). D. umbellata MUHL. Cat. 62 (1813). Arabis rotundifolia RAF. Am. Mo. Mag. II, 23 (1830). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 68; Webb., Fl. Neb. 119; Britt., Fl. N. J. 50; Chap., Fl. S. St. 29; Upham, Fl. Minn. 27; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 52; Wats., King Exp. 23; Cov., Fl. Ark. 166; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 59. North America: E. Mass, and N. J. to Ga. ; W. to Minn, and Neb. ; S. Ontario. Minn, valley: Throughout except far N. W. ; at higher levels; sandy and dry hillsides or banks. HERB.: Kassube 32, Minneapolis: Herrick 42, Minne- apolis; Sandberg 68, Red Wing; Simmons 1, Minneapolis; Sand- berg 69, Cannon Falls; Herb. Moyer 32, Montevideo. Draba micrantha NUTT. T. and G. Fl. I, 109 (1838). D. caroliniana var. micrantha GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 72 (1867). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 68; Webb., Fl. Neb. 119: Upham, Fl. Minn. 27; Coult., Fl. Tex. 18; Cov., Fl. Ark. 166; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 59. North America: Minn., 111., Iowa, Neb., Kan., Mo., Ark., Tex. Minn, valley: S. edge and infrequent; dry hillsides. Draba verna LINN. Spec. 642 (1753). D. verna var. americana PERS. Syn. II, 190 (1807). Erophila americana and vulgaris DC. Syst. II, 356 (1821). Erophila vulgaris var. americana DARL. Fl. Cestr. 378 (1837). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 68; Upham, Fl. Minn. 27; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 53; Led., Fl. Boss. I, 155; Herd., Fl. Russ. Eur. 10; Engl. Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 2, 190; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 62; Chap., Fl. S. St. 29; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 205. Europe: Mediterranean region and Russia. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 265 North America: Q., Ont, N. Eng. and Atl. coast to Fla. ; W. to Minn, and Mo. The absence of this species N. W. in Brit. Amer. is perhaps evidence that it is introduced and not endemic. It is included here owing to a doubt whether this argument is conclusive. Minn, valley: Ft. Snelling; roadsides and waste places; only N. E. ARABIS LINN. Gen. 544 (1737). Turritis LINN. Gen. 819 (1^37). x Steveiiia AD. and FISCH. Led. Fl. Ross. I, 123 (1840). Arabidium SPACH, Suit. Buff. VI, 436 (1839). Baillon, Hist. PL III, 233; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 69; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 192 (Prantl); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 13; Gray, 111. Gen. 141, 143; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL I, 27. Living species: 145 described; 10 5 ± distinct; 65 (B. andH.); 79 (Durand); principally in Europe and Asia; boreal to Mediterranean provinces; also North America and a few in South America, the Orient and Australia. Russia, 30; Europe, 35; Russian Europe, 13; North America, 21i Canada, 19-20; Calif., 10; E. Sts., 9; Rocky mts., 8; S. Sts., 6; W. Tex., 2; PL King, 9; PL Wheel., 3. Arabis dentata TORR. T. and G., Fl. I, 80 (1838). Sisymbrium dentatum TORR. Short and Peter PL Kent. 3d Suppl. 338 (1834). Shortia dentata RAF. Autik. Bot. 17 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 67; Upham, Fl. Minn. 24; Chap., Fl. S. St. 27; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 47; Webb., Appx. Neb. 31. North America: N. Y. to Tenn, ; W. to Mich., Minn, and Neb. Minn, valley: Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co.; woods and shaded banks; rare. HERB.: Sandberg 59, Red Wing; Mayland 1, Minne- apolis. Arabis lyrata LINN. Spec. 665 (1753). Sisymbrium arabidoides HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 63 (1833). 8. humifusum J. VAHL, Fl. Dan. XIII, 2297 (1840). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 67; Britt., Fl. N. J. 48; Chap., Fl. S. St. 27; Upham, Fl. Minn. 24; Coult., Fl. Colo. 20; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 41; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 217; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 49. Middle and N. Japan to Kurile Islands. North America: E. Can. to B. C. and lat. 68° N.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Mont., Colo., Minn, and Neb. Minn, valley: Only in region of Ft. Snelling and N E. edge; rocky banks and dry places. 266 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB.: Sandberg 58, Red Wing; Holzinger 18, Winona Co. ; Holzinger 19, Winona Co. Arabis confinis S. WATSON, Proc. Am. Acad. XXII, 466 (1887). A. drummondii GRAY, Proc. Am. Acad. VI, 187 (1863). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 67; Upham, Fl. Minn. 25; Webb., Fl. Neb. 119; Coult., Fl. Colo. 20; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 43; II, 303; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 62; Wats., King Exp. 17, 18; Cov., Fl. Ark. 165; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 47. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Pac., lat. 52°; S. in Rockies to S. Colo. ; E. to St. Lawrence river, Conn., 111. and N. Y. Minn, valley: N. and E. portions; forest district; dry and stony banks and fields. HERB.: Her rick 3$, Minneapolis; Sandberg 63, Cannon Palls; Kassube 29, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1848, Minneapo- lis; Herb. Wickersheim 15, Mankato. Arabis glabra (LINN.) WEINM. Cat. Dorp. 18 (1810). Turritis glabra LINN. Spec. 666 (1753). Arabis perfoliata LAM. Enc. Meth, I, 219 (1783). Turritis macrocarpa NUTT. T. and G. Fl. I, 78 (1838). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 66; Britt., Fl. N. J. 49; Upham, Fl. Minn. 25; Coult., Fl. Colo. 19; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 27; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 43; Led., Fl. Ross. I. 116; Regel, Fl. O.-Sib. I, 160; Wats., King Exp. 17; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 61; Cov., Fl. Ark. 165; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 49; Webb., Appx. Neb. 31; Greene, Fl. Fran. 253. Arctic Europe; temp. Asia to Himalayas. North America: Ont., Hudson Bay to Slave lake, Rockies lat. 64° N. and Brit. Col. ; S. in West to San Diego, Cal. ; E. to N. Eng. and N. J. Minn, valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co. ; rare or infrequent; N. and N. E. ; rocky and dry places. HERB. : Juni 1, Poplar river. Arabis cauadensis LINN. Spec. 655 (1753). Arabis falcata MTCHX. Fl. N. Am. I. 31 (1803). A. mollis RAF. Am. Mo. Mag. (1810?). Turritis lyrata EAF. Am. Mo. Mag. (1810?). Arabis lyraefolia DC. Syst. II, 244 (1821). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 66; Britt., Fl. N. J. 48; Webb., Fl. Neb. 119; Chap., Fl. S. St. 28; Upham, Fl. Minn. 25; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 44; Cov., Fl. Ark. 165; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 47. North America^ Ont., N. Y. and N. Eng. ; S. to N. J., Va. and Tenn. ; W. to Neb., Minn., Dak., Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout at lower levels and per- haps far westward; wooded valleys and edges of thickets. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 267 HERB.: Sheldon 937, Redwood Falls; Ballard 196, Jor- dan, Scott Co. ; Sheldon 611, Wilton, Waseca Co. ; Sandberg 62, Cannon Falls; Oesilund 13, Hennepin Co. Arabis laeyigata (MUHL.) POIR. Suppl. I, 411 (1810). Turritis Laevigata MUHL. Willd. Spec. Ill, 543 (1802). ? Arabis pendula NUTT. Gen. II, 70 (1818). A. heterophylla NUTT. T. and G. Fl. I, 81 (1838). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 66; Chap., Fl. S. St. 28; Britt., Fl. N. J. 48; Upham, Fl. Minn. 25; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 44; Cov., Fl. Ark. 165; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 1,49. North America: Q., Ont., N. Eng., N. J. to Minn.; S. to Tenn. and N. Car. Minn, valley: E. and N. region; forest district; local or infrequent. HERB.: Taylor 141, Janes ville ; Sheldon 56$, Elysian; Sandberg 61, Taylor's Falls. Arabis hirsuta (LiNN.) SCOP. Fl. Cam. ed. II, 835 (1772). Turritis hirsuta LTNN. Spec. (1753). Turritis hirsuta MUHL. Cat. 61 (1813). T. ovata PTJRSH. Fl. Am. 21, 38 (1814). T. oblongata KAF. Am. Mo. Mag. II, 44 (1810). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 66; Britt., Fl. N. J. 48; Webb.. Fl. Neb. 119; Chap., Fl. S.St. 27; Upham, Fl. Minn. 24; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 27; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 16; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 32; Kegel, Fl. O.- Sib. I, 160; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 42; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. I, 42; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 118; Herd., Fl. Buss. Eur. 14; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 2, 193; Wats., King Exp. 16 in part; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 62?; Cov., Fl. Ark. 165; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 48; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 190; Rothr., Alask. 442. Europe: Scandinavia to Italy, Servia and Mid. Russ. ; N. Asia to Caucasus, Baikal mts. and Kamtschatka. North America: N. Br. to Brit. Col., Pac. and Alaska; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Tenn.; W. to Neb., Minn., Colo, and Ark. ; Black Hills. Minn, valley: Throughout; dry banks and rocky places; frequent. HERB.: Sheldon 799, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 42, Elysian; Sheldon 9, Waterville; Ballard 378, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 647, Minnesota lake; Kassube 28, Minneapolis; Herrick 36, Minneapolis; Sandberg 60, Cannon Falls; Herrick 37, Minneapo- lis; Leiberg 9, Blue Earth Co. ; Herb. Sheldon 1911, Minneapo- lis; Herb. Moyer 29, Montevideo. Arabis patens SULLIV. Am. Journ. Sci. I, 42, 49 (1842). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 66; Upham, Suppl. Fl. Minn. 46; Chap., Fl. S. St. 27; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 49. Penn. to Ohio and Tenn. ; local in Minn. 268 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn, valley: Nicollet Co. Glen five miles above Man- kato. Reported as local. ERYSIMUM LINN. Gen. 545 (1737). Braya S. and H. DC. Syst. II, 210 (1821). Platypetalum R. BR. Appx. Parr. Voy. 266 (1823). Strophades Boiss. Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 2. XVII, 73 (1842). Baillon, Hist. PI III, 240; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI I, 79; Engler andPrantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 193 (Prantl); Durand, Ind. Phan. Gen. 15; Gray, 111 Gen. I, 149; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 27. Living species: 125 described; 80 clearly defined; Southern Europe, Mediterranean region and the Orient; also Central Asia and North America; Himalayas and Mexico; Rus- sia, 30; Europe, 30; Russian Europe, 19; North America, 4-5; E. Sts., 3; Calif. 1; Rocky mts., 4; W. Tex., 1; S. Sts., 1; Can- ada, 3; PL King, 2; PI. Wheel., 5. Erysimum inconspicuum (S. WATS.). Erysimum parviflorum NUTT. T. and G. Fl. I, 95 (1838), not Pers. E. lanceolatum HOOK. FL Bor.-Am. I, 64(1833) not R. Br. E. asperum var. inconspicuum S. WATSON, King. Exp. 24 (1871). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 71; Coult., Fl. Colo. 22; Brew, and Wats. FL Calif. I, 39; Upham, FL Minn. 25; Mac., FL Can. I, 45, 487; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I. 63. North America: Saskatchewan to Brit. Col. and N. W. T.; Alaska 62° 45' N.; E. to Man. and Minn.; S. to Kan. Minn, valley: Sparingly, throughout; along railway tracks and sandy banks. HERB. : Sheldon 361, Madison Lake; Upham 1, Minne- apolis; Holzinger 23, Winona; Sandberg 66, Red Wing. Erysimum asperum (NUTT. ) DC. Syst. II, 505 (1821). Cheiranthus asper NUTT. Gen. II, 69 (1818). Erysimum lanceolatum PURSH, Fl. Am 436 (1814) not H. Br. ? E grandiflorum NUTT. ex Greene, Fl. Fran. 269 (1891). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. ed. 6, 71; Coult., Fl. Colo. 22; Bre'w. and Wats., Fl. Calif. 39; Webb., Fl. Neb. 118 In var.; Upham, Fl. Minn. 25; Mac., FL Can. I, 45; Coult., FL Tex. 16; Wats,, King Exp. 24; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 64; Cov., FL Ark. 166; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 62; Webb., Appx. Neb. 30. North America: Saskatchewan and prairie -region of Can. to Calif., Colo., Arizona and Mexico; E. to Tex., Ohio and Minn. Minn, valley: W. and S. W. portions, only; dry sandy prairie at higher levels. HERB. : Sheldon 1407, Lake Benton. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 269 Erysimum cheiranthoides LINN. Spec. 661 (1753). E. parviflorum PERS. Syn. II, 199 (1807). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6ed. 71; Britt., Fl. N. J. 51; Webb., Fl. Neb. 118; Coult., Fl. Colo., 22; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 31; Upham, Fl. Minn. 25; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 27; Regel, Fl. O.-Sib. I, 206; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 45, 487; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 189; Herd., Fl. Russ. Eu*. 16; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 2, 193; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 64; Wats., King Exp. 24; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 63; Forbes and Hems., Fl, Sin. I, 46; Cov., FL Ark. 166; Hart.,Fl. Scand. I, 186. N. Europe; N. Asia; N. Africa. North America: Can. throughout, east of Rocky mts. ; N. to lat. 67° on the Mackenzie river and in Alaska; S. in mts. to Colo.; E. to Minn , Neb., Ark., Penn., N. J. and Mass. Minn, valley: Throughout; marshy meadows; wooded banks of lakes and streams; edges of thickets. HERB. : Bollard 110, Shakopee; Taylor 557, Glenwood; Taylor 902, Glenwood; Taylor 1006, Glenwood; Bollard 284, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Taylor 412, Buffalo lake, Waseca Co. ; Shel- don 1092, Springfield; Sheldon 559, Waseca; Sheldon 1408, Lake Benton; BaHard 754, Waconia; Taylor 631, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 883, Sleepy Eye; Herrick 39, Minneapolis; Holzinger 21, Winona Co. ; Kassube 30, Minneapolis; Herrick 40, Minne- apolis; Sandberg 65, Cannon Falls; Holzinger 22, Winona Co., Herb. Sheld. 1912, Minneapolis; Herb. Wicker sheim 16, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. ; Herb. Moyer 30, Montevideo. XLVI. CAPPARIDACEAE. Caper Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 889 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 103 (1862): Pax, Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 209 (1891); Baillon, Hist. PL III, 145 (1872). Genera: 34; (Baillon, 17) and 1 fossil; warmer and tropical regions; frutescent forms strongly American. Species: 350 ± ; a few fossil, poorly known. CLEOME LINN. Gen. 550 (1737). Diaothera KLOTZSCH, Pet. Mosz. Bot. 160 (1858?). Siliquaria and Roridula FORSK. Fl. Aeg. Arab. 35, 78 (1775). Roriela B. and S. Syst. Ill, 13 (1818). Atalanta NUTT. Gen. II, 73 (1818). Peritoma DC. Prodr. I, 237 (1824). Buhsia BUNGE, Linn. XXX, 752 (1859). Anomalostemon KLOTZSCH, 1. c. (1858?). Baillon, Hist. PL III, 173; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I. 105; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 222 (Pax); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 20; Gray, III. Gen. I, 175; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 38. Living species: 70 ± ; tropical and subtropical regions, 270 MBTASPERMAE OF 'THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. especially in S. America, where they are also subalpine and in Egypt and Arabia. Europe, 2; Japan, 0; North America, 6; Russia, 3; Calif., 3; Canada, 2; Rocky mts., 3; PL King, 4; S. Sts., 1; E. Sts., 1. Cleome aerrulata PURSH, Fl. Am. 441 (1814). Peritoma integrifolia NUTT. Journ. Acad. Phil. VII, 14 (1842). Peritoma serrulatum DC. Prodr. I, 237 (1824). Cleome integrifolia T. and G. Fl. I, 122 (1838). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 75; Webb., Fl. Neb. 119; Coult., Fl.'Colo. 28; Upham, Fl. Minn. 28; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 59; Roth., Wheel Exp. 67; Wats., King Exp. 32; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 76. North America: Minn., Neb. and Kan.; W. to Colo., Mont, and adjacent Can. Minn, valley: Blue Earth Co. and doubtless W. to Dakota line; local; sandy and waste places. HERB. : Leiberg 11, Mankato. JACKSONIA RAF. Med. Rep. N. Y., V. 352 (1808). Polanisia EAF. Jour. Phys. LXXXIX, 98 (1819). Corynandra SCHRAD. Ind. Sem. Gott. (1846). Ranmanissa ENGL. Gen. 4988 b (1836-40). Tetratelaia SOND. Fl. Cap. I, 58 (1859). Chilocalyx, Decastemon and Symphyostemon KLOTZSCH, Pet. Mosz. Bot. 154 (1858). Baillon, Hist. PI III, 173; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. I, 106, 968; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 21; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 224 (Pax); Gray, III. Gen. I, 181; O. Kuntze, Rev, Gen. I, 38. Living species: 30 ±; 14 (B. and H.); 15 (Durand); tropical and subtropical regions; 1 sp. in both hemispheres. North America, 4; Canada, 2; W. Tex., 2; S. Sts., 2; E. Sts., 2; King PL, 1; PL Wheel., 2. Jacksonia dodecandra (Micnx.). Cleome dodecandra MICHX. Fl. Am. II, 32 (1803). Jacksonia trifoliata EAF. Med. Repos. 352 (1808). Polanisia graveolens RAF. Journ. Phys. 98 (1819). Cleome viscosa SPBENG. Syst. II, 125 (1825) in part. Polanisia dodecandra B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. 6 (1888). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 75; Britt., Fl. N. J. 53, Webb., Fl. Neb. 119; Coult., Fl. Colo. 27;Upham, Fl Minn. 28; Mac., Fl. -Can. I, 59, 491; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 2, 224; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 68; Cov., Fl. Ark. 167; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 77. North America: Q., Ont., L. Huron to N. W. T.; S. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Kan., Ark., Colo, in the west and Conn., Vt., N. J., Penn., Chesapeake bay; region S. of Gt. lakes, Minn, valley: Throughout; sandy and drift covered places; along railway embankments; frequent. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 271 HERB. Sheldon 699, Waseca; Sheldon 490, Madison Lake; Taylor 645, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 1217, New Ulm; Sheldon 1268, Lake Benton; Sheldon 803, Sigel township, Brown Co.; Taylor 840, Glenword; Bollard 683, Waconia; Bollard 766, Waconia; Leonard 5, Minneapolis; Leiberg 10, Blue Earth Co.; Holzinger 26, Winona; Oestlund 15, Minneapolis; Kassube 34, Minneapolis; Sandberg 72, -Cannon Falls; Herb. Wickersheim 18, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. \ XLVII. SARRACENIACEAE. Pitcher -Plant Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI 901 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. I, 48(1862); Baillon, Hist. PL III, 89 (1871) — under Nymphaeaceae. Wunschmann, Enqler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II. 244 (1891). Genera: 3; America; Sarracenia Linn, in Atl. N. America; Chrysamphora Greene, in Pac. N. America; Heliam- phora Benth., in mts. of British Guiana. Species: 8; 75 per cent, in Sarracenia. SARRACENIA LINN. Gen. 420 (1737). Baillon, Hist. PL III, 103; Benth. and Hook., Hist. PI. I, 48; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, 11,251 (Wunschmann); Durand, Ind. Phan. 10; Gray, III. Gen. I, 107. Living species: 6; 8 (Durand); Atlantic, and forest region, North America; S. Sts., 6; E. Sts., 2; Canada, 1-2. Sarracenia purpurea LINN. Spec. 510 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 57; Britt. Fl. K". J. 44; Chap., Fl. S. St. 20; Upham, Fl. Minn. 22; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 33; Engl. Wunschm., Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 2, 251; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 39. North America: Labrador and Newf. to N. S. and W. to Brit. Col.; N. to Bear lake and Mackenzie; S. to N. Eng. and Fla. ?; -W. to Ohio and Minn. Minn, valley: Only in N. portions of valley from Ft. Snelling to Glenwood; tamarack swamps; peat bogs and wet places. HERB. : Taylor 1136, Glenwood; Bailey 288, Vermilion lake; Kassube 21, Minneapolis; Oestlund 11, Minneapolis; Her- rick 23, Minneapolis; Roberts 7, Duluth; Sandberg 47, Center City, Chisago Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1682, Minneapolis; 1753, Ram- sey Go. XLVIII. DROSERACEAE. Sundew Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI. 906 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 661 (1865): 272 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Baillon, Hist. PI IX, 225 (1888); Dmde, Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 261 (1891). Genera: 6; widely distributed, especially in Australia, Brazil, Cape of Good Hope an.d S— E. N. America. Species: 100 ± ; 90 per cent, in genus Drosera. DBQSERA LINN. Gen. 253 (1737). Sondera LEHM. Pugill. VIII, 44 (1844). Rossolis TOURN. Inst. 245 (1700). Borella RUPP. Fl. Jen. (1718). Esera NECK. Elem. 859 (1790). Baillon, Hist. PL IX, 233; Bentn. and Hook., Gen, PI. I, 662; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 120; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 270 (Drude); Gray, 111. Gen. I, 193. Living species: 90 ±; 100 (B. and H.); in all regions except Pac. isls.; very abundant in extra-tropical Australia. Russia, 3; Europe, 3-5; N. America, 8; Canada, 4; E. Sts., 4; S. Sts., 5; Calif., 2. Drosera linearis GOLDIE, Edin. Phil. Journ. VI, 325 (1822). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. -178; Upham, Fl. Minn. 30; Mac. Fl. Can. I, 166; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 354. North America: Ont., Man. to Rockies; around L. Superior in Mich., Wis. and Minn. Minn, valley: Far N. E. in valley and perhaps also in N. W. ; bogs and mossy logs in deep woods. Drosera intermedia DREV. and HAYNE, var. americana (WiLLD.) DC. Prodr. I, 318 (1824). Species: [D. intermedia DREV. and HAYNE, Abbild. Deutsch Gewach. 1,18(1794-1801) |. D. foliosa ELL. Sk. I, 376 (1821). D. longifolia LINN. Spec. 282 (1753) in part. Variety: D. americana WILLD. Enum. 340(1809). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 178; Chap., Fl. S. St. 37; Britt., Fl. N. J. 104; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 150; Upham, Fl. Minn. 30; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. 213; Regel, Fl. O.-Sib I, 258 in part; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 166; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 262; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Gns., Fl. W. L; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 22; Engl. Drude, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 2, 271: Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 354; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 529; Hart , Fl. Scan. I, 227 (spec.). Species in N. Eur. ; W. Asia; Kamtk. ; Brazil. It is not the D. longifolia of Linn., which is a more comprehensive species, including also D. angtica Iluds. It is, however, the D. longifolia of Michx. Fl. I, 188(1803). North America: Same range as that of D. rotundifolia, except that it extends only to 53° N. lat. and is not reported from the Pac. coast. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 273 Minn, valley: Forest district, far N. W.; not common; peat bogs. HERB. : Herrick 48, Minneapolis. Drosera rotund ifolia LINN. Spec. 2S2 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 178; Britt., Fl. N. J. 104; Chap., Fl. S. St. 37; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 213; Upham, Fl, Minn. 30; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 150; Eegel, Fl. O.-Sib. I, 257; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 165; Led., Fl. Boss. I, 261; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Buss. 22; Engl. Drude, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 2, 271; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 234; Hart., Fl. Scand^ I, 227; Rothr., Alask. 444. Arctic, N. and C. Europe; N. and W. Asia. North America: Newf., Labrador, N, S. to Man. and Pac.; N. in arctic circle; S. in mts. to Mendocino Co., Calif.; along 1ST. U. S. to Indiana and N. J. ; S. in Appalachians to Florida. Minn, valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co.; peat bogs. HERB. : Sheldon 353, marshes S. of Lake Madison, Blue Earth Co. ; Taylor 1102, Glenwood; Roberts 16, Minnesota Point; Herrick 46, Minneapolis; Oestlund 18, Ramsey Co.; Kassube 41, Rocky lake, Hennepin Co. XLIX. CRASSULACEAE. Orpine Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI. 808 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. I, 656 (1865); Baillon, Hist. PL III, 305 (1872); Schonland in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, Ila, 23 (1890). Genera: 7-13; cosmopolitan; abundant in S. Africa. Species: 375 ±. PENTHORUM LINN. Gen. Corr. 957 (1737). Baillon, Hist. PI. Ill, 430; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI I, 661; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 119; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, Ila, 38 (Schonland). Living species: 2; 1,- E. North America; 1, China. Penthorum sedoides LINN. Spec. 432 (1753), Wats, and Coult., Gray '8 Man. 6 ed. 176; Britt., Fl. N. J. 104; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 164; Webb., Fl. Neb. 125; Upham, Fl. Minn. 56; Chap., Fl. S. St. 151; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 228; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 528: Cov., Fl. Ark. 181; Engl. Schonl., Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 2, 38; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 350. Manchuria; Japan; China. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Kan., Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout at lower levels; open and wet localities. -18 274 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB. : Bollard 813, Page lake, Carver Co. ; Bollard 444, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Bollard 611, Chaska; Sheldon 1371, Lake Benton; Bollard 694, Waconia; Sheldon 1197, New Ulm; Herrick 109, Minneapolis; Kassube 92, Minneapolis; Holzinger 78, Winona Co. ; Sandberg 201, Cannon Falls; Herb. Moyer 84, Montevideo (a very large-leaved form). L. SAXIFRAGACEAE. Saxifrage Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 813 (1840); 823—Ribesiaceae; 1186, Philadelpheae; Lindl. VCR. King, 752, 569, 573, 750, 451 (1846) -Escalloniaceae, Hydrangea- ceae, Brexiaceae, Grossulariaceae. Francoaceae; DC. Prodr. VII, 521 (1838-39); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 629 (1865)— excl. Trib. V, Cunonieae; Bail- Ion, Hist. PL III, 325 (1872) in part; Engler in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II a, 41 (1890). Genera: 60; widely distributed. Species: 450 ±; mostly "glacial plants." SAXIFRAGA LINN. Gen. 368 (1737). Megasea, Antiphylla, Chondrosea, Muscaria, Lobaria, Spat iilarhi. Dermasea, Aulaxis, Robertsonia, Miscopetalum, Leptasca, Hirculus, Ciliaria HAW. Enum. Sax. (1821). Ligularia DUVAL, PI. Succ. 11 (1819). Kingstonia GRAY, Brit. PI, II, 531 (1821). Zahlbrucknera REICH. Fl. Germ. Excurs. 551 (1832). Oiptera BOBKH. ex Baill. Adans. Y, 282 (1865). Hydatica NECK. Elem. (1790). Oreosplenium ZAHLBR. ex Baill. Adans. V, 282 (1865). Geryonia SCHUR. Transsylv. Enum. (1866). Bergenia MOENCH, Meth. (1794). Baillon, Hist. PL III, 424; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 635, 636; Durand, 2nd. Gen. Phan. 116; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II a, 52 (Engler); Schenck, Palaeophyt.Qll . Living species: 200 ±; nits, and arctic regions of N. hemisphere; a few widely distributed as glacial plants (Engler). Also, in the Andes of S. America. 160 (B. and H.); 180 (Du- rand). Russia, 57; Europe, 120 (in the Alps, for the most part); Russian Europe, 20; North America, 45; Canada, 35; Rocky mts., 18-20; California, 10; E. Sts., 11; PL King, 7; PL Wheel., 11; Alaska, 25 ±. Fossil species: S. oppositifolia, Quaternary, England and Denmark. Saxifraga pennsylvanica LINN. Spec. 399 (1753). S. semipubescens SWEET, Hort. Suburb. 97 (1818). 8. palustris LINK, Enum. I, 412 (1821). Micranthes pennsylvanica HAW. Enum. Sax. 45 (1821). Evaiezoa pennsylvanica RAF. Fl. Tell. II, 71 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 170; Britt., Fl. N J. 101;Upham. LIST OF HIGHER SEED -PRODUCING PLANTS. 275 Fl. Minn. 55: Mac., Fl. Can. I, 523; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. Ill; 2, 56; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 344. North America: Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Va. ; W. to Minn, and Iowa. Minn, valley: N. E. district, and probably in whole forest district; tamarack swamps and bogs. HERB.: Bollard 2, Chaska; Kassube 90, Minneapolis; Holzinger 76, Winona Co. ; Bailey 329, St. Louis river; Sandberg 196, Goodhue Co. TIAKELLA LINN. Gen. ed. V, 495 (1754). ? Blondea NECK. Elem. 786 (1790). Baillon, Hist. PI. Ill, 426; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. I, 637; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 116: Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II a, 61 (Engler). Living species: 5 described; 4 reduced (Engler); Him- alayas and Japan 1; North America, 3; Canada, 3; E. Sts., 1; Rocky mts., 1; California, 1; S. Sts., 1. The included species ( T laciniata Hook. ) is also Canadian. Tiarella cordifolia LINN. Spec. 405 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 171; Britt., Fl. N. J. 101, Mac., Fl. Can. I, 156; Upharn, Fl. Minn. 56; Chap., Fl. S. St. 154; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 229; Engl., Nat. Pflanz 3, II a, 61; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 348. N. W. Asia and Baikal Siberia. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Penn. ; W. to Ind. and Minn. , and S. in Appalachians to Miss. Minn, valley: Reported from Blue Earth Co. and probably sparingly throughout the forest district; rare; rocky places in woods. HEUCHERA LINN. Gen. 196 (1737). Baillon, Hist. PL III, 426; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. I, 628; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 116: Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II a, 62. Living species: 24; Atlantic and Pacific N. America and mts. of Mexico. Canada, 7-8; Rocky mts., 10; California, 5; E. Sts., 5; S. Sts., 6; PL King, 4; PL Wheel., 3; W. Tex., 1. Heuchera Mspida PURSH, Fl. Am. 188 (1814). H. richardsonii B. BR. Frankl. Journ. 766 (1823). H. lucida SCHLECHT. Ind.Sem. Hal. (1848). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 172; Webb., Fl. Neb, 125; Mac., Fl.Can. I, 158; Upham, Fl. Minn. 55; Coult., Fl. Colo., 94; Chap., Fl. S. St. 152; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. 3, Ila, 62; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 325; Wheelock, Torr. Bull. XVII, 198. North America: Va. and N. Car. to Minn., Neb., Kan.; up Missouri river to Rocky mts., Canada; Saskatch. 276 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. and Man. to Peace river and Hudson Bay; lat. 54° N. to lat. 64° N. Minn, valley: Throughout; common on exposed hill- sides, rocky ledges and high bluffs or headlands. • HERB.: Taylor 859, Glenwood; Sheldon'1174, New Ulm; Sheldon 1485, Pipestone city; Sheldon 785, Sleepy Eye; Ballard 100, Shakopee; Bollard 189, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sand- berg 197, Red Wing; Kassube 91, Minneapolis; Bailey 431, Basswood lake; Oestlund 56, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1878, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 83, Carlton lake, Chippewa Co. Heuchera americana LINN. Spec. 226 (1753). H. scapigera MOENCH, Meth. 674 (1794). H. cortusa MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 171 (1803). H. viscida PURSH, Fl. Am. 187 (1814). H. foliosa RAF. Herb. Torr. H. reniformis RAF. Herb. Phil. Acad. Sci. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 172; Mac , Fl. Can. I, 158; Britt., Fl. N. J. 101; Upham, Fl. Minn. 55; Chap., Fl. S. St. 152; Cov.,tFl. Ark. 180; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. 3, II a, 62; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 324; Wheelock, Torr. Bull. XVII, 195. North America: S. Ont., N. Y., Conn., N. J. to Va. and N. Car. ; W. to Minn. , Mo. . Ark. and Miss. Minn, valley: Reported from N. E.'and E. edge; rare; rocky woodlands. HERB.: Hammond 1, Lake City. MITELLA LINN. Gen. ed V, 496 (1754). Drummondia DC. Prodr. IV, 49 (1830). Mitellopsis MEISSN. Gen. 136 (1843). ? Oreanthus RAF. Ser. Bull. Bot. I, 216 (1830). Baillon, Hist. PL III, 425; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. I, 638; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 116; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 617; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3. II a, 63. Living species: 7; North America, 6; Japan, 1; Can- ada, 6; Rocky mts., 2; Calfornia, 3; S. Sts., 1; E. Sts. 2; PL King, 2. Fossil species: Amber, Germany? (Caspary). Mitella nuda LINN. Spec. 406 (1753 . M. reniformis LAM. 111. II, 395 (1793). M. cordifolia LAM. 111. II, 395 (1793). M. prostrata MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 270 (180H). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 171; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 157; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 55; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 200; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 228; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. 3, II a, 63; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 328. W. and Baikal Siberia; N. and E. Siberia to Amurland. North America: Labrador, N. S., N. B., Newf. to LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 277 Brit. Col., Arctic sea and Alaska; S. to N. Eng., N. Y., Mich., Minn., Dak. and Man. Minn, valley: N. E. district and N. edge; mossy logs and deep woods; with Drosera; rare. HERB.: Herrick 108, Minneapolis; Sandberg 199, Tower; Roberts 38, Grand Marais; Bailey 388, Mud lake; Bai- ley 88, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 200, Tower. Mitella diphylla LINN. Spec. 406 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 171; Britt., Fl. N. J. 101; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 156; Upham, Fl. Minn. 55; Chap., Fl. S. St. 154; Led., Fl. Ross. 11,228?; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. 3, Ha, 63; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 328.; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 200. E. Siberia?. North America: Q., Ont., N. Eng., N. J. to N. Car.; W. to Minn, and Mo. ; also Calif, and Oregon. Minn, valley: Forest district; rich woods and along streams. HERB. : Holzinger 77, Winona Co. ; Leiberg 18, Blue Earth Co.; Sandberg 198, Vasa; Hammond 20, Lake City; Herb. Sheld. 1717, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1882, Ramsey Co.; Herb. Wickersheim 50, Mankato. CHRYSOSPLENIUM LINN. Gen. 356 (1737). Baillon, Hist. PI. Ill, 425; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 638; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 116; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II a, 64 (Engler); Franchet, Mon. Chrys. (1891). Living species: 54 (Franchet); 40 (Engler); 15 (Benth. and Hook.); 5, Amurland, 2 of these in Chile and Magellan; 3, N. America; 3, Europe; the rest in Himalayas, China and Manchuria; Canada, 2; Rocky mts. 1; S. Sts., 1; E. Sts., 2. Chrysosplenium americanum SCHWEIN. Hook. Fl. Bor.- Am. I, 242 (1833). C. oppositifolium WALT. Fl. Car. 140 (1788) not Linn. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 172; Britt., Fl. N. J. 101; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 158; Chap., Fl. S. St. 154; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 64; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 324. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Saskatche- wan; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Ga.; W. to Minn. Minn, valley: Reported from N. edge and from far N. W. ; wet places and bogs, with Parnassia; rare. PARNASSIA LINN. Gen. 250 (1737). Pyrola MOR. ex Adans. Farn. PI. II, 449 (1763). Euiieadynamis GESN. ex Adans. 1. c. (1763). Baillon, Hist. PI. Ill, 431; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 639; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 117; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Paanz. 3, II a, 66 (Engler). 278 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Living species: 19; N. extra-tropical regions, mts. 12 (B. and H.); 14 (Durand); Russia, 9; Europe, 2; Russian- Europe, 2; North America, 6; Canada, 5; Rocky mts., 3-4; E. Sts., 4; PL King, 2; PL Wheel., 2; California, 2. Parnassia caroliniana MICHX. FL N. Am. I, 184 (1803). P. americana and ovata MUHL. Cat. 32 (1813). P. palustris PUBSH, 11. Am. 208(1814). P. rotundifolia, grandiftora, glauca, repanda RAF. Aoit. Bot. 41, 42 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 173; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 159, 527; Britt., Fl. N. J. 102; Upharn, Fl. Minn. 55; Chap., Fl. S. St. 38; Cov., Fl. Ark. 181; Engl., Nat.Pflanz. 3, II, 67; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 329. North America: Anticosti, N. Br., Ont. to L. Huron reg. and Man. ; S. to N. Eng. , N. J., Fla. ; W. to Minn., Iowa and Ark. to La. Minn, valley: N. E. and N. W. districts; bogs and cold marshes; probably also in whole forest district. HERB.: Taylor 1011, Glenwood; Bollard 619, Shako- pee; Oestlund 55, Minneapolis; Herrick 107, Minneapolis; Sand- berg 195, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1665. Minneapolis. Parnassia palustris LINN. Spec. 273 (1753). , Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 173; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 159; Coult., Fl. Colo. 95; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 143; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 29; Upham, Fl. Minn. 55; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. I, 272; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 262; Regel, Fl. O.-Sib. I, 259; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 527; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 234; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 56; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 76; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 330; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 227. Siberia, Corea, Kuriles, Russia to Caucasus and Car- pathian Mts?. North America: Labrador, Newf. and Maritime prov- inces to Arctic sea, Brit. Col., Pac. and Alaska; S. to Mich., N. Minn., Mont, and Wyoming. Minn, valley: N. W. in Chippewa valley and proba- bly sparingly in N. E. district; bogs and springsides. HERB. : Taylor 751, Glenwood; Taylor 1039, Glenwood; MacM. and Sheld. 38, Brainerd. HIKES LINN. Gen. 195 (1737). Grossularia TOTJRN. Inst. 639 (1700). Botryocarpium RICH. Elem. II, 487 (1831). Chrysobotrya, Cerophyllum and Coreosma SPACH, Suit. Buff. VI,U48-180 (1839). Calobotrya and Kebis SPACH, Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 2, IV, 21-26 (1835). Kobsoiiia BERL. Mem. Gen. Ill, 1 (1823). Baillon, Hist. PI. Ill, 446;Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 654; Durand, LIST OP HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 279 Ind. Gen. Phan. 119; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 622; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz.'z, II a, 88 (EnglerJ. Living species: 50; N. temperate regions, mts. of Central America and Andes to Magellan. 75, (Durand); Rus- sia, 20+ ; Europe, 6; Russian Europe, 5; North America, 23, Canada, 17-18; Rocky mts., 13-15; E. Sts., 9; California, 12-14; S. Sts., 5; PL King, 11; PL Wheel., 7; W. Tex., 2. Fossil species: Tertiary?; R. nigrum in Quaternary, marl beds. Ribes rubrnm LINN. var. albinervium (Micnx. ). E. albinervium MICHX. Fl. I, 110(1803). E. rubrum var subglandulosum MAXIM. Bull. Acad. Petersb. XIX, 256(1878). E. rubrum AUCT. AMER. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 176; Upham, Fl. Minn. 54; Mac., Fl. Can. I, If2; Webb., Fl. Neb. 125; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit, (spec.) 144; Trautv., Fl. Sib. (spec.) 57: Led , Fl. Ross, (spec.) II, 199; Nym., Fl. Eur. (spec.); Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. (spec.) 54; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 92 (spec.); Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 336; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 252. Europe and N. and W. Asia to Himalayas (species). North America: Atl. to Pac., A/ctic sea and Alaska, in Canada; S. to N. Eng. and Va.; W. to Ky., Iowa, Minn, and E. Neb. (variety). Minn, valley: N. E. district and N. edge; reported from N. W. district; cold woods and neighborhood of springs. HERB. : Bailey 115, Vermilion lake; Kassube 89, Min neapolis; Roberts 37, Little Marais; Bailey 222, Vermilion lake; Bailey 454, Mud lake; Herb. Sheld. 1883, Minneapolis. Ribes floridum L'HER. Stirp. I, 4 (1784). E. nigrum var. B. LINN. Spec. 201 (1753). E. nigrum var. pennsylvanicum MARSH. Arbust. 132 (1785). R. campanulatum MOENCH, Meth.' 683 (1794). E. recurvatum MICHX. FL N. Am. 1, 109 (1803). Coreosma florida SPACH, Hist. Veg. VI, 157 (1834). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 176; Britt., Fl. N. J. 103; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 163; Upham, Fl. Minn. 54; Webb., Fl. Neb. 125; Coult., Fl. Colo. 97; Cov., FL Ark. 181; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 91; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 333. South America — Andes mts. , 2400 m. alt. ; Quito. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man. and lat 54° N.; S. to Va., Ky., Iowa, Minn., Neb., Ark. and Colo.; N. Platte river. Minn, valley: Throughout, common; woods and edges of sloughs. HERB.: Sheldon 1600, Lake Benton; Sheldon 16, Elys- ian; Herrick 105, Minneapolis; Oestlund54, Hennepin Co.; Hoi- 280 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. zing er 75, Winona Co.; Herrick 106, Minneapolis; Bailey 108 \ Vermilion lake; Bailey 77, Vermilion lake; Kassube 88, Minne- apolis; Sandberg 194, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1880, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 49, Idlewild; Herb. Moyer 82, Chippewa river near Montevideo. Rifoes oxycanthoides LINN. Spec. 201 (1753). E. hirtellum MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 111 (1803). ? E. triflorum BIGEL. Fl. Bost. 2 ed. 90 (1824). E. saxosum HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 231 (1833). Grossularia oxycanthoides and Mrtella SPACH, Hist. Veg. VI, 175> 180(1834). E. irriguum GRAY, PI. Fendl. 53 (1849). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 175; Britt., Fl. N. J. 102; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 161; Coult., Fl. Colo, 96; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. 1,206; Wats., King Exp. 97; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 117; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 90; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 335; Greene, Fl. Fran. 199. North America: N. S'., N. Br., Newf. to California; N. to Brit. Col. and Hudson Bay; S. to N. J., Ind., Minn., Colo., Man. ; Sierras to 3000 m. alt. Minn, valley: Reported from E., N. E. and N. W. districts; rare; rocky woods or barren places. Ribes gracile MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 111 (1803). E. niveum LINDL. Bot. Reg. 1692 (1830). E. missouriensis NUTT. T. and G. Fl. I, 548 (1838). E. rotundifolium var. ENGELM. PI. Upp. Miss. 193 (1861). E. rotundifolium UPHAM, Fl. Minn. 54 (1884). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 175; Mac. Fl. Can. 161; Chap., Fl. S.St. 145; Coult., Fl. Colo. 96; Webb., Fl. Neb. 125; Engl.. Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 90; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 333; Webb., Appx. Neb. 33. North America: Ont?, Mich, to Minn., Neb,, Colo., Tenn. , Rocky mts. and W. Tex. Minn, valley: Forest district and W. to Pomme des Terre valley; rocky woods and along streams. HERB. : Ballard 668, Waconia; Sheldon 457, Madison Lake; Sheldon 806, Sigel township, Brown Co.; Herrick 104, Minneapolis; Kassube 87, Minneapolis; Sandberg 193, Red Wing; Holzinger 74, Winona; Herb. Moyer 81, Chippewa river, near Montevideo. Eibes cynobasti LINN. Spec. 202 (1753). E. gracile TORR. Fl. U. S. 269 (1824). Grossularia cynobasti SPACH, Hist. Veg. VI, 178 (1834). Eibes oxycanthoides var. G. T. and G. Fl. I, 546 (1838). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 175; Britt., Fl. N. J. 102; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 161, 527; Uphani, Fl. Minn. 54; Webb., Fl. Neb. 125; Chap., Fl. S. St. 145; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 3, 91; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 332. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 281 North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man.; S. to N. Eng. , N. ,T. and N. Car. ; W. to Minn. , Neb. , Ky. , Mo. and to San Francisco mts. of Arizona. Minn, valley: Throughout, but infrequent far W. ; woods and waste places along streams. HERB. : Taylor 273, Janesville; Sheldon 461, Madison Lake; Sheldon 53, Elysian; Taylor 804, Glenwood; Sheldon 856, Sleepy Eye; Bollard 83, Chaska; Kassube 86, Minneapolis; Sandberg 192, Goodhue Co. ; Herb. Sheld. 1881, Minneapolis. LI. ROSACEAE. Rose Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI. 1240 (1840); Chrysobalaneae Endl. Gen. PI. 1251; Amygdaleae, Endl. Gen. PL 1250; Pomaceae Endl. Gen. PI. 1236 (1840); Dru- paceae, Sanguisorbaceae Lindl. Veg. King. 559, 561 (1846); Benth. and Hook. Gen. PI I, 600 (1865); Baillon, Hist. PI. I, 345 (1869); Focke, in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 1 (1888). Genera: 70 ± ; 90 (Pocke); 71 (B. and H.); 66 (Baillon); cosmopolitan. Species: 1200-1500; two great distributional regions: (1) Pacific coast and border regions; (2) N. temperate zone. Fossil species known from the Tertiary and Recent and even from Upper Cretaceous of N. America, sparingly. OPUL ASTER MEDIC. Beitr. Pflanzenanat. II, 109 (1799). Physocarpos CAMBESS. Ann. Sci. Nat. I, 385 (1824). Neillia DON, Prodr. Nep. 228 (1825). Adenileima BL. Bij. 1121 (1826). Epicostorus RAF. Atl. Jour. 144 (1832), Physocarpa RAF. Fl. Tell. (1836). Stephanandra SIEB. ET Zucc. Abh. Munch. Akad. Ill, 739 ( )• Baillon, Hist. PI. I, 470, 471: Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 612; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 112;* Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 14 (Focke); O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Nachtr. 949; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 674. Living species: 9, in three distinct sections (Neillia, Physocarpos and Stephanandra)', North America; N. Asia to Himalayas; S. China and Japan. North America, 2 sp.; 1, Rocky mts. and Calif.; 1, E. Sts. Fossil species: 0. opulifolius (Linn.) in Tertiary of Siberia; also, Alaska? Hungary? (Heer, Unger). Opulaster opulifolius (LiNN.) OK. Rev. Gen. II, 949 (1891). Spiraea opulifolia LINN. Spec. 489 (1753). 8. caroliniana MARSH. Arbust. Amer. 146 (1785). Opulaster bullatus MED. Pflanzenanat. II, 309 (1799) Physocarpos opulifolius RAF. N. Fl. Ill, 73, 74 (1836' Neillia opulifolia B. and H. Gen. PI. I, 612 (1865). 282 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 153; Britt., Fl. N. J. 92; Webb., Fl. Neb. 129; Chap., Fl. S. St. 120; Upham, Fl.Minn. 48; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. 1, 171; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 46; Coult, Fl. Colo. 78; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 127; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 289; Wats., KingExp. 80; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 110; Cov., Fl. Ark. 179; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 14. North America: Q., Ont. to Man. and Saskatchewan; W. to Vancouver in var. ; N. England to Fla. ; W. to Minn., Kan., Colo., Neb,, Ark., Calif, to Brit. Col. Minn, valley: Forest district, especially N. E. ; prob- ably also far N. W. ; rocky banks and edges of sloughs. HERB. : Kassube 64, Minneapolis; Sandberg 155, Good- hue Co.; Oestlund 39, Minneapolis; Herrick 86, Minneapolis; Sandberg 156, Cannon Falls. SPIRAEA LINN. Gen. 409 (1737). Petrophytum NUTT. ex B. and W. Fl. Calif. I, 170 (1880). Baillon, Hist. PI. I, 469; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 611; Durand, Ind. Gen. Pfian. 112; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 14; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 674. Living species : 40 ± ; temperate Northern hemisphere and a few in mts. under the tropics. Russia, 16; Europe, 11; North America, 4-5; Mexico, 1; E. Sts., 3; Rocky mts., 3; W. coast region, 3; Oregon and Canada, 3. Fossil species: Several described. Oeningen, Tertiary 1 sp. (Heer)-, Alaska, 2-3 (Heer); Leoben (Ettinghausen). Spiraea tomentosa LINN. Spec. 489 (1753). S. femiginea, glomerata, rosea RAF. N. Fl. Ill, 62, 63 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 153; Britt., Fl. N. J. 93; Upham, Fl. Minn. 48; Chap., Fl. S. St. 120; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 126; Cov., Fl. Ark. 179; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 15; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 322. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn., Kan. and Ark. Minn, valley: Ft. Snelling and far N. E. in Dakota Co. ; edges of sloughs and forest marshes. HERB. : Sandberg 159, Chisago Co. Spiraea salicifolia LINN. Spec. 489 (1753). 8. tomentosa var. atba MARSH. Arbust. Amer. 147 (1785). S. carpinifolia WILLD. Enum. 540 (1809). 8. amoena, ciliata, obovata RAF. N. Fl. Ill, 64-66 (1836). Wats, and Coult.. Gray's Man. 6 ed. 153; Britt., Fl. N. J. 93; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 322; Upham, Fl. Minn. 48; Chap., Fl. S. St. 121; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 48; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 116; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 126; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 227; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 15; Nym.,Fl. Eur.; Herd.,Fl. Eur. Russ. 46; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 15; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 292; Rothr., Alask. 445. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 283 S. and Mid. Russ. to Hungary; all Siberia and Man- churia; China; intro. in W. Europe. North America: Newf., N. S. to Rocky mts.; N. on Mackenzie to Arctic sea; Alaska; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn., Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout; wet places, edges of prairie sloughs and forest-meadows. HERB. : Ballard 508, Prior's lake, Scott Co. ; Bollard 721, Benton, Carver Co.; Ballard 877, Waconia; Taylor 866, Glenwood; Sheldon 356, Smith's Mills, Blue Earth Co.; Taylor 719, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 920, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 615, Wilton, Waseca Co. ; Herrick 87, Minneapolis ; Sandberg 157, Red Wing; Kassube 64, Minneapolis; Bailey 95, Vermilion lake; Herb. Moyer 69, Chippewa Co. PIRUS LINN. Gen. 145 (1737). Sorbus LINN. Gen. 144 (1737). Malus KUPP. Fl. Jen. ed. 3, 141 (1745). Cydonia, Malus, Sorbus, Pirus TOURN. Inst. 628, seq. (1700). Torminalis, Lazarolus, Aucuparia and Chamaemespilus MEDIC. Phil. Bot. I, 134-138 (1789). Pirophorum, Apiropkorum NECK. Elem. II, 72 (1790). Mali iiia MEDIC. Gesch. Bot. 81 (1793). Azarolus BORKH. Handb. Forst. Bot. II, 1224 (1800). Aronia PERS. Syn. II, 39 (1807) excl. Amelanchier. Aria HOST. Fl. Austr. II, 7 (1831). Cormus SPACH, Suit. Buff. II, 96 (1834). Torminaria ROEM. Syn. Monog. Ill, 101 (1847). Micromeles DECNE. Nouv. Arch. Mus. X, 168 (1861). Chloromeles DECNE. Fl. Serr. XXIII, 156 ( ). Baillon, Hist. PL I, 475; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI I, 626: Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 114: Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 22 (Focke); Schenck, Paleophyt. 671; Sargent, N. Am. SilvaLV, 67. Living species: 50-60 or less; temperate N. hemi- sphere, mts. of tropical India. Russia, 20; Himalayas, 22; Europe, 15; Russian Europe, 11; N. America, 7; Canada, 6; E. Sts., 5; S. Sts., 4; Mid. Calif., 1; Rocky mts., 1; PI. King, 1. Fossil species: Several; Tertiary of Spitzbergen and Greenland (Heer. ); Japan (Nathorst)', Bilin (Ettinghausen)', Cretaceous, Kansas (Newberry)-, Europe (Unger)-, Tuscany (Gaud.)-, Quaternary travertines, Kutschlin (Ettinghausen and Engler). Pirus sambucifolia CHAM, and SCHLECHT. Linn. II, 36 (1827). Sorbus aucuparia var. B. MICHX. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 290 (1803). S. aucuparia SCHRANK, PI. Labr. 25 (1830?) in part. 284 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Pyrus americana NEWBERRY, Pac. R. R. Rep. VI, 73 (1857). P. aucuparia MEYER, PL Labr. 81 (1830) inpart. Sorbus sambucifolia ROEM. Syn. Monog. Ill, 139 (1847). S. sitchensis ROEM. Syn. Monog. Ill, 139*(1847). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6ed. 164; Mac., Fl. Can. 1. 146; Upham', Fl. Minn. 53; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 189; Coult., Fl. Colo. 89; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 54?; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 99; Wats., King Exp. 92; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 292; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Miyabe,Fl. Kur. 222; Rothr., Alask.446; Sarg.,N. Am.SilvalV, 81. Europe?, N. and W. Asia; Manchuria and Siberia to Saghalin, Kurile Isls. and Japan. North America: Greenland and maritime provinces to Man., Brit Col., N. W. T. and Alaska; S. to N. Eng.; W. to L. Superior region and Minn. ; S. in mts. to Mexico? and Yosemite valley. Minn, valley; Reported from vicinity of Ft. Snelling; doubtful; N. E. district; edges of woods. HERB. : Bailey 18, Vermilion lake. Pirus arbutifolia (LiNN.) LINN. f. Suppl. 256 (1781). Mespilus arbutifolia LINN. Spec. 478 (1753) p. p. Crataegus pyrifolia LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 83 (1783). Aronia pyrifolia PERS. Syn. II, 39(1807). Crataegus serrulata POIR. Suppl. I, 292 (1810). Aronia arbutifolia ELL. Sk. I, 556 (1821). Pirus floribunda LINDL. Bot. Reg. 1006 (1830). Aronia depressa SPACH, Suit. Buff. II, 88 (1834). Sorbus arbutifolia WENZIG, Linn. XXXVIII, 65 (1864). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 164; Britt., Fl.N. J.99; Mac.,Fl. Can. I, 144; Chap., Fl. S. Sts. 128; Upham, Fl. Minn. 52; Cov., Fl. Ark. 180; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 25; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 291. North America: Newf., N. S., Q., Ont. to N. Y., N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Minn., Mo., Neb., Ark. and La. Minn, valley: Reported froni E. edge of valley and from vicinity of Ft. Snelling; thickets and edges of woods. HERB.: Sandberg 189, Chisago lake. Pirns coronaria LINN. Spec. 480 (1753). Malus coronaria MILL. Diet. (1768). Crataegus coronaria SALISB. Prodr. 357 (1796). Pyrus coronaria var. iowensis WOOD, Cl.-Book. Rev. ed. 333 (1870). Malus microcarpa coronaria CARRIERE, Pom. Microcarp. 133 f. 17 (1884). Pyrus iowensis BAILEY. Am. Gard. XII, 473 (1889). Sorbus coronaria MAcM. ' MSS. (1891). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 164; Chap., Fl. S. St. 128; Upham, Fl. Minn. 53; Webb., Fl. Neb. 127; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 145; Britt., Fl. N. J. 98: Coult. Fl. Tex. 106; Cov., Fl. Ark. 180; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 24; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 292; Sarg., N. Am. Silva IV, 71. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PROUUCING PLANTS. 285 North America: Ontario to Lake Huron; N. Y. and Penn. to N. Car. and C. Alab. ; W. to Minn., Neb., Kan., Ark., Ind. Terr., La. and W. Tex. Minn, valley: S. central district and perhaps through- out the forest region; Leaf hills? woods and streams. HERB. : Sheldon 322, Smith's Mills, Blue Earth Co. ; Bollard 345, Helena, Scott Co. ; Sheldon 659, Waseca; Sandberg 188, Red Wing; Herb. Wickersheim 48, Mankato. AMEL1NCHIER MEDIC. Phil. Bot. I, 135, 155 (1789). Aronia PERS. Syn. II, 39 (1807) in part. Baillon, Hist. PI. I, 477; Benth. and HOOK:., Gen. PI I, 628; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 115; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 671; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 26 (Focke); Sargent, N. Am. Silva IV, 125. Living species: 6, closely related; N. temperate regions. Russia, 1; Europe, 1; North America, 3; E. Sts., 2; Canada, 3; S. Sts., 1-2; Rocky mts., 1; Calif., 3; PI. King., 1; PI. Wheel., 1; also, Mexico 1 other? Japan, 1; Orient, 1. Fossil species: Tertiary, Florissant, Colo. (Lesquer- eaux, Newberry}; Europe, (Ettinghausen), 4-5. Amelanchier alnifolia NUTT. Journ. Acad. Phil. VII, 22 (1835). Pirus sanguinea PURSH, Fl. Am. 340 (1814). Aronia alnifolia NUTT. Gen. I, 306 (1818). Pirus alnifolia SPKENG. Syst. II, 509 (1825). Amelanchier ovalis var. semiintegrifolia HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Amer. I, 202 (1833). A. florida LINDL. Bot. Reg. 1589 (1835). A. canadensis var. alnifolia T. and G. Fl. I, 473 (1838). A. canadensis var. pumila T. and G. Fl. I, 474 (1838). A. pumila ROEM. Syn. Monog. Ill, 145 (1847). A. canadensis var. oblongifolia BENTH. PI. Hartw. 309 (1846). A. diversifolia var. alnifolia TOKB. Fr£m. Rep. 89 (1858). A. canadensis ANDERSON, Cat. PL Nev. 120 ( ). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 167; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 148, 522; Webb., Fl. Neb. 127; Upham, Fl. Minn. 53; Coult., Fl. Colo. 89; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 190; Greene, Fl. Fran. 52; Roth., Wheel, Exp. 116; Wats., King Exp. 92; Sarg., N. Am. Silva IV, 131. North America: N. Mich., Minn., Neb. to Brit. Col., Vancouver, Charlotte Isls. and Peace river reg. ; S. to Calif. ; S. in mts. to Colo, and Arizona; N. to Alaska and N. lat. 62° 45'. Minn, valley: N. E. dislrict; thickets and banks of streams. Amelanchier canadensis (LiNN.) MEDIC. Gesch. Bot. 79 (1783). Mespilus canadensis LINN. Spec. 478 (1753). 286 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Pyrus botryapium LINN. f. Suppl. 255 (1781). Crataegus racemosa LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 84 (1783). Mespilus nivea MARSH. Arbust. Araer. 90 (1785). Amelanchier canadensis var. prunifolia CASTIGL. Viag. St. Uni. II, 293 (1800>. Mespilus amelanchier UASTIGL. Yiag. St. Uni. II, 293 (1800). M. canadensis var. cordata MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 291 (1803). Amelanchier botryapium BORKH. Handb. Forstb. II, 1260 (1800). Aronia botryapium PERS. Syn. II, 39 (1807). Mespilus arborea MICHX. f. Arb. Am. Ill, 68 (1813). Aronia arborea BART. Comp. Fl. Phil. I, 228 (1818). Amelanchier sanguinea LINDL. Bot. Reg. t. 1171 ( ). Aronia cordata RAF. Med. Fl. II, 106 (1830). Amelanchier ovalis HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 202 (1833). A. canadensis var. botryapium T. and G. Fl. I, 473 (1838). Pyrus bartramiana TAUSCH, Flora II, 715 (1838). P. wangenheimiana TAUSCH, Flora II, 715 (1838). Amelanchier bartramiana and wangenheimiana ROEM. Syn. Monog. III, 145, 146(1847). Wats,, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 166; Mac., Fl. Can. 14S; Chap., Fl. S. St. 129; Webb., FL Neb. 127; Britt., Fl. N. J. 100; Upham, Fl. Minn. 53; Wats., King Exp. 92: Cov., Fl. Ark. 180; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 26; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 272; Sarg., N. Am. Silva IV, 127. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont., L. Huron reg. and L. Superior reg.; S. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn. , Dak. , Neb. , Kan:, Ark. and La. Minn, valley: Throughout; banks of streams and shores of lakes. HERB.: Sheldon 1358, Lake Benton; Sheldon 905, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 625, Wilton, Waseca Co.; Sheldon 945, Redwood Falls; Taylor 409, Janes ville; Holzinger 73, Winona Co.; Sandberg 190, Red Wing; Herrick 102, Minneapolis; Kas- sube 84, Minneapolis; Bailey 2, Vermilion lake; Herb. Sheli 1856, Ramsey Co. Amelanchier canadensis (LINN.) MEDIC, var. obovalis (MiCHX.) B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Mespilus canadensis var. obovalis MICHX. Fl.N. Am. I, 291 (1803). Pyrus sanguinea PURSH, Fl. Am. I, 340 (1814) in part. P. ovalis BIGEL. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 195 (1824). Aronia ovalis TORR. Fl. U. S. 479 (1824). Amelanchier ovalis DC. Prodr. II, 632 (1825). A. intermedia SPACH, Hist. Veg. II, 85 (1834). A. canadensis var. oblongifolia T. and G. Fl. I, 473 (1838). A. oblongifolia ROEM. Syn. Monog. 147 (1847). A. spicata DECN. Mem. Fam. Pom-. 135 (1875). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 167; Britt., Fl. 1ST. J. 100; Mac., Fl. Can. 149; Upham, Fl. Minn. 53; Cov., Fl. Ark. 180; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 273; Sarg., N. Am. Silva IV, 128. LIST OP HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 287 North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont., Man., Sas- katckewan, Brit. Col. to Rocky mts. and N. on Mackenzie river; S. to N. J., Va.; W. to Minn., Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout; banks of streams and shores of lakes. HERB.: Taylor 602%, Minnesota lake; Bollard 359, Helena, Scott Co. ; Sandberg 191, Cannon Falls; Sandberg 192, Cannon Falls; Kassube 85, Minneapolis; Roberts 36, Devil's Track river; Herrick 103, Minneapolis; Bailey 407, Burntside lake; Herb. Sheld. 1857, Ft. Snelling; Herb. Moyer 80, Monte- video; Wickersheim 136, Ash lake, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 249, Montevideo. CRATAEGUS LINN. Gen. 404 (1737). Mespilus LINN. Gen. 407 (1737). Oxyacantha RUPP. Fl. Jen. ed. 3, 136 (1745). Mespilopbora NECK. Elem. 724 (1790). HtilniU, Anthomeles, Phaenopyrum EOEM. Syn. Monog. Ill, 101-103(1847). Phalacros WENZIG, Linn. XXXVIII, 164 (1864). Timbalia CLOS, ex Dur. Ind. Gen. Phan. 115 (1888). Sportella RANGE, ex Dur. 1. c. (1888). Baillon, Hist. PI. I, 475; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 626; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 115; Engler and Prantl, Nat.^Pflanz. 3, III, 26; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 671; Sargent, N. Am. Silva IV, 83. Living species: 75 ± described; 30-40 distinct; N. temperate regions to Japan, Himalayas, Mexico and Ecuador. Russia, 14; Europe, 14; Russian Europe, 9; N. America, 34-16; Canada, 8-9; S. Sts., 11-12; E. Sts., 10-11; Rocky mts., 4-5; PI. King, 2; W. Tex., 4; mid. Calif., 2; Mexico, 3; Orient, 6; China and Japan, 3; Himalayas. 2. Fossil species: Upper Cretaceous, Greenland (Heer), 2 sp.; Tertiary, Greenland (Heer), 4 sp, Crataegus crus-galli LINN. Spec. 476 (1753). C. lucida MILL. Diet. (1768). Mespilus crus-galli MARSH. Arb. Am. 88 (1785). M. lucida EHRH. Beitr. IV, 17 (1788). Crataegus laurifolia MEDIC. Gesch. Bot. 84 (1793). Mespilus cuneifolia MOENCH, Meth. 684 (1794). Crataegus crus-galli var. spkndens AIT. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, III, 202 (1811). Mespilus watsoniana SPACH, Hist. Veg. II, 57 (1834). Crataegus watsoniana ROEM. Syn. Monog. Ill, 117 (1847). C. carrierei CARR. Rev. Hort. 108 (1883). C. lavalki HORT. PAR. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 166; Britt., Fl. N. J. 100; Chap., Fl. S. St. 127; Upham, Fl. Minn. 53; Mac., Fl. Can. 1, 147; Coult., Fl. Tex. W- ••:/. 288 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. 107; Cov., Fl. Ark. 180; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 26; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 277;Sarg., N. Am.Silva IV, 91. North America: S. Ont. to N. Y., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn.?, Mo., Ark. and Colo, river, Tex. Minn, valley: Reported from E. and S. E. districts; rare or doubtful; thickets and banks of streams. HERB.: Sandberg 187, Red Wing. Crataegus coccinea LINN. Spec. 476 (1753). Mespilus coccinea MARSH. Arb. Am. 87 (1785). Crataegus rotundifolia MOENCH, Baum. Weiss. 29, t. 1 (1785). Mespilus rotundifolia EHRII. Beitr. Ill, 20 (1788). M. coccinea var. viridis CASTIGL. Viag. St. Uni. II, 293 (1790). ? M. maxima Du MONT DE COURS. Bot. Cult. ed. 2, V, 451 (1811). ? Crataegus viridis ELL. Sk. I, 551 (1821). Mespilus odorata WENDL. Regensb. Flora 700 (1823). ? M. wendlandii OPIZ. Reg. Fl. 590(1834). M. flabellata SPACH, Suit. Buff. II, 63 (1834). Crataegus coccinea var. oligandra TORR. and GRAY, Fl. I, 465 (1838). C. coccinea var. viridis T. and G. Fl. I 465 (1838). Halmia flabellata ROEM. Syn. Monog. Ill, 136 (1847). Phaenopyrum coccineum and wendlandii ROEM. 1. c. 156 (1847). Anthomeles rotundifolia ROEM. 1. c. 140 (1847). Crataegus glandulosa var. rotundifolia REGEL, Act. Hort. Petrop. I, 120 (1871). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 165; Britt., Fl. N. J. 99; Coult., Fl. Colo. 89, in part; Chap., Fl. S. St. 127; Upham, Fl. Minn. 52; Mac., Fl. Can. 1, 147, 522; II, 320; Cov., Fl. Ark. 180; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 26; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 276; Sarg., N. Am. Silva IV, 95. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man. and Rocky mts. ; S. to Mass. , N. J. , Fla. and Miss. ; W. to Minn., Ark. and S. W. Colo. Minn, valley: Higher levels; N. edge and far W.; rocky banks and hillsides. HERB.: Sheldon 1497, Lake Benton; Bailey 449, Mud Lake; Kassube 82, Minneapolis. Crataegus mollis SCHEELE, Linn. XXI, 569 (1847). Mespilus coccinea SCHMIDT, Oestr. Baumz. IV, 30 (1822). M. pubescens WENDLAND, Flora 700 (1823). M. coccinea v&r.pubescens TAUSCH, Flora II, 718 (1838). Crataegus coccinea var. mollis T. and G. Fl. I 465 (1838). C. tomentosa EMERS. Trees Mass. 435 (1846). Phaenopyrum subvillosum ROEM. Syn. Monog. Ill, 154 (1847). Crataegus subvillosa TORR. Pac. R. R. Rep. IV, 86 (1856). C. texana BUCKL. Proc. Ac. Phil. 454 (1861). C. tomentosa var. mollis GRAY, Man. ed. 5, 160(1868). Mespilus tilaefolia KOCH, Dendr: I, 151 (1872). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 165; Upham, Fl. Minn. 53; Mac., LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 289 Fl. Can. I, 147; Coult., Fl. Tex. 107; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 207; Sarg., N. Am. Silva IV, 99. North America: Q., Ont. and L. Superior region; S. to Mass.; W. to Mich., Minn., Mo., Tex. and Mexico. Minn, valley: S. central district; habitat that of C. coccinea. HERB.: Taylor 703, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 1231, Iberia, Brown Co. ; Sheldon 358, Smith's Mills, Blue Earth Co. ; Taylor 426, Janesville; Taylor 432, Lake Elysian, Waseca Co .;. Sheldon 613, Wilton, Waseca Co.; Herb. Wicker sheim 45, Man- kato. Crataegus tomentosa LINN. Spec. 476 (1753) excl syn~ Gronov. C. leucophaeos MOENCH, Hort. Weiss. 31 (1785). Mespilus calpodendron EHRH. Beitr. II, 67 (1788). Crataegus pyrifolia AIT. Hort. Kew. II, 168 (1789). Mespilus tomentosa CASTIGL. Viag. St. Uni.II, 293 (1790). M. latifolia Pom. Enc. Meth. IV, 444 (1797). Crataegus latifolia PERS. Syn. II, 37 (1807). Mespilus pyrifolia WILLD. Enum. 523 (1809). M. lobata POIR. Suppl. IV, 71 (1816). Crataegus lobata Bosc. DC. Prodr. II, 628 (1825). Halmia tomentosa and vars. pyrifolia, leucophlaea and calpodendron ROEM. Syn. Monog. Ill, 135-136 (1847). H. lobata ROEM. Syn. Monog. Ill, 136 (1847). Crataegus tomentosa v&T.pyrifolia GRAY. Man. ed. 5, 160 (1868). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 166; Britt., Fl. N. J. 99; Chap., Fl.S. St. 127; Webb., Fl. Neb. 127; Upbam, Fl. Minn. 52; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 147, 522; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 280; Sarg., N. Am. Silva IV, 101. North America: Ont and W. N. Y. to Man.; W. to Mich., Minn., Neb., Mo. and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; common; thickets and wooded banks of streams. HERB.: Sheldon 517, Waseca; Sheldon 1005, Sleepy Eye; Kassube 83, Minneapolis; ffolzinger 72, Rush creek, Winona Co., Bailey 57, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 186, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1765, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 79, Monte- video; H- er b. Wicker sheim 46, Idlewild; 47, Ash lake, Lincoln Co. RUBUS LINN. Gen. 413 (1737). Dalibarcla LINN. Spec. 491 (1753). Cylactis EAF. Sill. Journ. 377 (18 19'. Baillon, Hist. PI. I, 466; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 616; Durand^ Ind. Gen. Phan. 113; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 28; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 666. -19 290 METASPEKMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Living species: 1500 described, 180-205 distinct. 100 (B. and H.). Cosmopolitan, especially in forests of N. hemi- sphere. Russia, 20; Europe, 56; Russian Europe, 10; North America, 24-25; Canada, 18-20; E. Sts., U; S. Sts., 6; Rocky mts., 6; PI. King, 3; PL Wheel., 4; Mid. Calif., 5. Fossil species: Forest bed of Cromer, "Tuff en" Den- mark. (E. fruticosus Linn, and R. chamaemorus Linn.). Rubus repens (LiNN.) OK. Rev. Gen. I, 223 (1891). Dalibarda repens LINN. Spec. 491 (1753). Eubus dalibarda LINN. Spec. 2 ed. 708 (1762). Dalibarda violaeoides MICHX. El. N. Am. I, 299 (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 156; Upham, Fl. Minn. 57; Mac., Fl. Can. 1, 129, 514; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. 3: III.. 28; Wats , Bibl. Ind. I, 315. North America: N. S.. N. Br., Q., Ont. to L. Huron reg. ; S. to Minn., Wise, and Mich. — N. peninsular. Minn valley: Reported from the N. edge; wooded hillsides and dark, shaded brooks; rare. Eubus hispidus LINN. Spec. 493 (1753). E. obovalis MICHX. Fl.N. Am. I, 298 (1803). E. obovatus ELL. Sk. I, 570 (1824). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 155; Britt., Fl. N. J. 94; Upham, Fl. Minn. 52; Chap.% Fl. S. St. 125; Mac., Fl. Can. 1,131; Cov., Fl. Ark. 179; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 315. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J., Ga.; W. to Minn., E. Kan. and Ark. Minn, valley: N. E. district and N. edge; rare; woods and thickets; edges of streams. HERB.: Bailey 182, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 183, Cbi- sago Co. Eubus canadensis LINN. Spec. 494 (1753). E. arcticus WALT. Fl. Car. 149 (1788). E. flagellaris WILLD. Enum. 594J1809). E. procumbens MUHL. Cat. 52 (1813), E. trivialis PURSH, Fl. Am. 347 (1814). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 155; Britt., Fl. N.J. 94; Upham, Fl.Minn. 52; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 131; Cov., Fl. Ark. 179; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 314. North America: Newl, N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man.; S. to N. Eng. and N. J.; W. to Minn., Kan. and Ark. Minn, valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co.; -probably to Cotton wood valley; hillsides and barren places. HERB.: Taylor 18, Elysian; Taylor 201, Janesville; Sheldon 451, Madison Lake; Bollard 234, Jordan, Scott Co.; Kassube 80, Minneapolis: Holzinger 70, Winona Co.; Sandberg 182, Vasa; Herb. Wickersheim 43, Mankato. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 291 Rubus villosus AIT. Hort. Kew. II, 210 (1789). E. fruticosus MARSH. Arbust. 137 (1785). B. argutus LINK, Enum. II, 60 (1822). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 155; Britt., Fl. N. J. 94, Webb., Fl. Neb. 128; Chap., Fl. S. St. 125; Upham, Fl. Minn. 52; Mac., FL Can. I, 131, 514; Cov., Fl. Ark. 179; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz.III, 3,31; Wats., Eibl. Ind. I, 316. North America: Newf. and N. S. to Man.; N. U. S. to Ga. and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout; local or rare; edges of thickets and openings in forest. HERB.: Sheldon 147, Madison Lake; Bollard 446, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Bollard £1, Chaska; Sandberg 180, Goodhue Co.; Holzinger 68, Dakota Co.; Kassube 79, Minneap- olis; Oestlund 53, Ramsey Co.; ? Holzinger 69, Rush creek valley; Sandberg 181, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1784, Minne- apolis; Herb. Wicker sheim 4®, Idle wild, Lincoln Co. Rubus occidentals LINN. Spec. 493 (1753). E. idaeus var. americanus TOBB. Ann. Lye. N. Y. II, 106 (1835). Wats, and Coult.. Gray's Man. 6 ed. 155; Webb., Fl. Neb. 128; Upham, Fl. Minn. 51; Coult., Fl. Colo. 80; Chap., Fl. S. St. 125; Britt., Fl. N. J. 94; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 130; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 3, 30; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 316. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Eng.; N. J. and Ga. ; W. to Minn., Neb., Colo, and Oregon; N. in Brit. Col. Minn, valley: Forest and prairie districts. W. to Pommedes Terres valley; waste grounds and barren woodland. HERB. : Ballard 469, Prior's lake, Scott Co. ; Kassube 78, Minneapolis; Oestlund 52, Hennepin Co.; Sandberg 179, Cannon Falls; Herb. Moyer 77, Montevideo. Rubus strigosus MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 297 (1803). B. idaeus PURSH, Fl. Am. 346 (1814). E. idaeus var. strigosus MAXIM. Bull. Acad. Petersb. XVII, 161 (1875). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 155; Webb., Fl. Neb. 128; Britt., Fl. N. J. 93; Upham, Fl. Minn. 51; Coult., Fl. Colo. 79; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 130, 514; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 53?; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 117; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 228; Wats., King Exp. 82, 420; Roth., Wheel. Exp. Ill; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pllanz. Ill, 3, 30; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 318 N. and W. Europe?, Siberia to Japan, Saghalin and Kurile Isles; N. Africa?. North America: Labrador to Man. and Coast range; S. to N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn., Neb., Mo., Colo, and N. Mex. Minn, valley: Throughout; particularly in the forest region; wooded hillsides and banks of streams. 292 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB. : Ballard 207, Jordan, Scott Co. : Sheldon 854, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 43, Elysian; Taylor 133, Janesville; Bai- ley 170, Vermilion lake; Holzinger 67, Winona Co. ; HerricklOl, Minneapolis; Kassube 77, Minneapolis; Sondberg 178, Cannon Palls; Herb. Sheld. 1852, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 40, Lake Park, Becker Co. ; 41, Idle wild, Lincoln Co. H ii bus triflorus RICH. Frankl. Journ. 2 ed. 19 (1825). R. saxatilis var. canadensis MTCHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 298 (1803). JR. saxatilis var. americanus PERS. Syn. II, 52 (1807). Cylactis montana RAF. Ann. Journ. Sci. 1, I, 377 (1820). Eubus saxatilis BIGEL. Fl. Bost. 2 ed. 201 (1824). E. canadensis TORR. Fl. U. S. 488 (1824). R. aegopodioides SERINGE, DC. Prodr. II, 565 (1825). R. mucronatus SERINGE, DC. Prodr. II, 565 (1825). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 154; Britt., Fl. N. J. 93; Upham, Fl. Minn. 51; Mac.,Fl. Can. I, 129; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 3, 29; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 1, 318. North America: Labrador to Hudson Bay and Pac. in Can. ; S. to N. J. ; W. to Minn. , Iowa, Dak. and Mont. Minn, valley: Forest district, Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co. and New Ulm; wooded banks and hillsMes. HERB.: Kassube 76, Minneapolis; Holzinger 66, Winona Co. ; Sandberg 177, Goodhue Co. FRAGARIA LINN. Gen. 414 (1737). Duchesnia SMITH, Trans. Linn. Soc. X, 372 (1819). Baillon,Ifist PI. I, 465; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 633; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 113; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, HI, 33; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 666. Living species: 10; north temperate regions to S. India and Mexico; 1 sp. in Chile. 6 sp. (Durand); 3-4 (B. and H.). Russia, 4; Europe, 4; Russian Europe, 4; North Amer- ica, 4; Mid. Calif., 4; E. Sts., 2; Canada, 3; S. Sts., 1; Rocky mts., 2; PL King, 1; PL Wheel., 1. Fossil species: 3-4; Miocene, Hungary (Stur); Spitz- bergen and Cape Lyall (Heer). Fragaria vesca LINN. Spec. 494 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 158; Britt., Fl. N. J 95; Webb., Fl. Neb. 128; Upharn, Fl. Minn. 51; Coult, Fl. Colo. 83; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 177; Hook., Fl.Gt. Brit. 123; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 135; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 63; Nym., Fl.Eur.; Herd ,F1. Eur. Russ. 48; Greene, Fl. Fran. 70; Wats., King Exp. 85; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 3, 33; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 282; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 285. Arctic Europe; N. and W. Asia to Himalayas, North America: Canada throughout to lat. 56° N. on LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLAINTS. 293 Peace river and middle elevations in Sierras; throughout N. U. S. to Arizona and Virginia. Minn, valley: Throughout; forest region and wooded banks of streams ; less abundant than F. virginiana var. illi- noensis (Prince). HERB. : Sheldon 853, Sleepy Eye; Ballard 137, Chaska; Kassube 75, Minneapolis; Oestlund 51, Hennepin Co.; Bailey 4-5, Vermilion lake; Hammond 53, Lake City; Herb. Sheld. 1858, Hennepin Co. Fragaria virginiana MILL. var. illinoensis (PRINCE) GRAY, Man. V, 158 (1867). F. elatior EAT. Man. 249 (1818) not Ehrli. F. illinoensis and iowensis PRINCE, Treat. Gard. Flush. (1820). F. grayana VILM. ex Gay, Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 4, VIII, 202 (1857). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 158; Britt., Fl. N. J. 95; Webb., Fl. Neb. 128; Coult., Fl. Colo. 83; Upham, Fl. Minn. 51; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 177; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 135; II, 319; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 3, 33 (spec.); Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 283. North America: Ont. to Brit. Col., Coast range and 64° N. lat. in mts.; W. N. Y. to Minn., Mont., Washington and S. E. of Rockies to Colo., Neb., Kan. and Arizona?. Minn, valley: Throughout; common in rich soil and on shaded banks of streams. HERB. : Ballard 175, Shakopee; Taylor 165, Janesville; Sheldon 37, Elysian; Ballard 144, Chaska; Bailey 36, Vermilion lake; Kassube 74, Minneapolis; Sandberg 175, Red Wing; Oest- lund 50, Hennepin Co.; Sandberg 176, Tower; Herb. Moyer 76, Montevideo ; Herb. Wicker sheim 39, Ash lake, Lincoln Co. ; Herb. Sheld. 1859, Minneapolis. POTENTILLA LINN. Gen. 415 (1737). Comarum LINN. Gen. 417 (1737). Tormentilla LINN. Gen. 416 (1737). Sibbaldia LINN. Syst. VI, 310 (1748). Trichothalamus LEHM. Act. Caes. X, 585 (1834?). Lehmanuia TRATT. Eos. Monog. IV, 144 (1824). Bootia BIGEL. Fl. Bost. ed. II, 351 (1824). Dryadanthe ENDL. Gen. 1242 (1840). Dactylophyllum SPENN. Fl. Frib. Ill, 1034 (1829). Uorkelia CHAM, and SCHL. Linn. II. 26 (1828). Ivesia TORR. Bot. U. S. Expl. Exp. II, 4 (1855). Quinquefolium and Pentaphylloides TOURN. Inst. 296 (1700). Fragariastrum SCHUR. Enum. Transsylv. 137 (1866). Chamaerhodos BUNGE, Led, Fl. Alt. I, 429 (1829). Potaninia MAX. Mel. Biol. XI, 214 (1881). 294 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Baillon, Hist PL I, 466; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 620; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 113; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 34, 35, 36 (Focke); Schenck, Palo,eophyt. 666. Living species: 300 ± described; 165 distinct. Boreal and temperate regions of N. hemisphere, tropical mts. and 2 sp. in S. hemisphere. Russia, 70; Europe, 67; Russian Europe, 43; North America, 52-56; California, 35; E. Sts., 14-15; Can- ada, 30-33; Rocky mts., 16-20; PI. King, 15; PI. Wheel., 14; S. Sts., 3. Fossil species: Arctic regions, Tertiary (Heer) Dryas?. Potentilla canadensis LINN. Spec. 498 (1753). P. pumila POIR. Enc. Meth. V, 594 (1804). P. sarmentosa WILLD. En urn. 554 (1809). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 160; Britt., Fl. N. J. 96; Upham, Fl. Minn. 49; Chap., Fl. S. St. 124; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 141, 518; Cov., Fl. Ark. 179; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 294. North America: N. S., Q., Ont. to L. Huron; S. to N. Eng., N. J., N. Car. and Miss.; W. to Minn., Neb., Kan. and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout; in dry or sandy soil; especially in forest openings. HERB.: Bollard 252, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 980, Glenwood; Taylor 570, Minnesota lake; Taylor 797, Glenwood; Bollard 416, New Prague, Scott Co. ; Oc stlund 42, Hennepin Co.; Kassube 70, Minneapolis; Oestlund 43, Hennepin Co.; Her- rick 94, Minneapolis; Herrick 95, Minneapolis; Sandberg 169 ; Cannon Falls. Potentilla canadensis LINN. var. simplex (Micnx.) T. and G. PL I, 443 (1838). P. simplex MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 303 (1803). P. caroliniana Pom. Enc. Meth. V, 595 (1804). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 160; Britt., Fl. N. J. 96; Webb., Fl. Neb. 128; Upham, Fl. Minn. 49; Chap., Fl. S. St. 124; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 141, 518; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 294. North America: With type; more common eastward. Minn, valley: Forest district; N. E. and reported to New Ulm; meadows and damp places along streams. HERB : Sandberg 170, Chisago Co. ; Manning 3, Lake City. Potentilla anserina LINN. Spec. 495 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 160; Britt., Fl. N. J. 96; Upham, Fl. Minn. 50; Coult., Fl. Colo. 86; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 50; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 125; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 180; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 141; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 240; Led., Fl. Ross, II, 44; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 232; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 48; Greene, Fl. Fran. 63; Wats., King LIST OF HIGHER SEED PRODUCING PLANTS. 295 Exp. 89; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 114; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 3, 34; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 293; Hart, Fl. Scan. I, 287; Webb., Appx. Neb. 34; Rothr., Alask. 445. Arctic Europe; N. Asia to Himalayas and China; Aus- tralasia and S. America. North America: Greenland; E. Canada to Arctic ocean; S. to N. Eng., N. J. ; W. to Minn., Neb.; California to N. Mexico. Minn, valley: N. E. districts; N. edge and high levels, W. and S. W. ; river banks and hillsides. HERB.: Sheldon 1492, Pipestone City; Sheldon 1556, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1360, Verdi, Lincoln Co.; Kassube 73, Minneapolis; Oestlund46, Minneapolis; Herrick97, Minneapolis; Oestlund 47, Hennepin Co.; Sandberg 172, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1763, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickershiem, Ash Lake, Lin- coln Co. ; Herb. Moyer 75, Montevideo. Potentilla tridentata SOLAND. Ait. Kew. II, 216 (1789). P. retusa MUELL. Fl. Dan. V, 799 (1782 >. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 160; Britt., Fl. N. J. 97; Upham, Fl. Minn. 51; Chap., Fl. S. St. 124; Mac.,Fl. Can. I. 141; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 301. North America: Labrador and Greenland; Newf., N. S., N. Br., L. Huron reg., L. Superior to Rocky mts. and 64° N. lat in N. W. T.; S. to N. Eng., N, J. and mts. of N. Car. ; W. around Gt. lakes to N. Iowa, Wise, and Minn. Minn, valley: Far N. W. and N. edge; only in forest district; high ground and exposed places. HERB. : Eoberts 33, Grand Marais; Roberts 34, Duluth; Bailey 425, Fall lake; Herrick 98, Northern Pacific Junction; Sandberg 173, N. P. Junction; Bailey 513, Agate bay. Potentilla fruticosa LINN. Spec. 494 (1753). P. fmticosa var. americana MARSH. Arbust. Amer. 109(1785). P. jtoribunda PURSH, Fl. Am. 355 (1814). Dasyphora Jl&ribunda RAF. Aut. Bot. 167 (1838). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 160: Britt., Fl.N. J. 96; Upham, Fl. Minn. 50; Coult., Fl. Colo. 86; Brew, and Wats. , Fl. Calif. 1, 180; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 52; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 123; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 141; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 243; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 61; Nym., Fl. Eur; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 230; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 46; Greene, Fl. Fran. 63; Wats., King Exp. 89; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 114; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 3, 34; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 296; Hart., Fl. Scand I, 287; Rothr., Alask. 445. N. Europe to Alps and Pyrenees; N. and W. Asia to Himalayas; China and Japan; Kurile isls. North America: Greenland, Labrador and Newf. to Man. and Arctic circle; S. to N. J. ; W. to. Iowa, Minn, Colo., N. Calif, and S, in mts. to C. Arizona. Alaska. 296 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn, valley: Higher levels, far N. W. ; wet grounds and edges of sloughs. HERB.: Bailey 495, Agate bay; Eoberts 31, Grand Marais; Roberts 32, Split Rock. Potentilla palustris (LINN.) SCOP. PI. Cam. 2 ed. I, 359 <1772). Comarum palustre LINN. Spec. 502 (1753). Fragaria palustris CRANTE, Stirp. Austr. 73 (1769). Comarum digitatum and angustifolium RAF. Fl. Tell. II, 55. 56 {1838). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 160; Upham, Fl. Minn. 51; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 180; Hook., Fl. Britt. 124; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 53; Britt., Fl. N. J. 97; Mac., Fl. Can I, 140; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 61; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 48; Greene, Fl. Fran. 63; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 3, 34; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 299; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 286; Rothr., Alask. 445. Arctic Europe to Pyrenees; Russia to Caucasus; N. Asia. North America: Labrador and N. S. to Hudson Bay, Puget sound and Alaska; S. to N. J., Ind., Mich., Wise., 111., Minn, ; on Pac. coast to C. California. Minn, valley: Throughout; bogs and edges of marshes; rather common. HERB. : Taylor 1200, Lake Helena, Waseca Co. ; Shel- don 710, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 123, Madison Lake; Ballard W, Prior's lake, Scott Co. ; Ballard 415, New Prague, Scott Co. ; Sheldon 345, Smith's Mill, Blue Earth Co. ; Sheldon 428, Ash lake, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 522, Waseca; Ballard 356, Helena, Scott Co.; Herrick 99, Minneapolis; Oestlund 48, Ramsey Co. ; Herrick 100, Minneapolis; Oestlund 49, Ramsey Co. ; Bailey 142, Vermil- ion lake; Sandberg 174, Chisago Co. Potentilla argentea LINN. Spec. 497 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 160; Britt., Fl. N. J. 96; Upham, Fl. Minn. 50; Hook., Fl. Brit. 126: Mac., Fl. Can. I, 139; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 47; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 517; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 48; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 3, 35; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 293; Hart, Fl. Scand. I, 288. Europe; N. and W. Asia. North America: N. S., N. Br, Q., Ont. to N. J.; W. to Dak. and E. Kan. Minn, valley: N. E. district and E. edge; infrequent; dry fields and hillsides. HERB.: Herrick 96, Minneapolis; Oestlund 44, Minne- apolis; Kassube 71, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1764, Minneapolis. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 297 Potentilla hippiana LEHM. Nov. Stirp. Pug. II, 7 (1830), P. leucophylla TORR. Ann. Lye. N. Y. II, 197, (1835). P. pensylvanica var. hippiana T. and G. Fl. I, 438 (1838). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 159; Coult., Fl. Colo. 81; Webb., Fl. Neb. 128; Upham, Fl. Minn. 50; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 137; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 112; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 297. North America: Saskatchewan to Rockies and Brit. Col.; N. to 50° N. iat.; S. to Colo., Minn., Neb., N. Mex. and Arizona. Minn, valley : Reported from Leaf hill district; doubtful; plains and sunny hillsides. Potentilla pensylvanica LINN. Mant. 76 (1767). P. Mpinnatifida DOTJGL. Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 188 (1833). P. pensylvanica var. bipinnatifida T. and G. Fl. 1,438 (1838). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man 6 ed. 159: Webb., Fl. Neb. 128; Upham, Fl. Minn. 50; Coult., Fl. Colo. 81; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 243; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 40; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 516; Herd., Fl. Eur. Euss. 46; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 112; Wats., King Exp. 86, 87; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 3, 34; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 300; Rothr., Alask. 445. Ural and Baikal Siberia; Caucasus mts. to Japan. North America: Labrador and Anticosti to Q., Ont, Hudson Bay, Man. , Saskatchewan, Rocky mts. and N. W. T. ; S. to Maine and N. H.; W. to Minn., Dak., Colo., N. Mex. Minn, valley: Reported from S. and S. W. edge; doubtful; meadows and edges of woods. Potentilla pensylvanica LINN. var. strigosa PURSH, Fl. Am. 356 (1814). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 159; Upham, Fl. Minn. 50; Coult., Fl. Colo. 81; Webb., Fl. Neb. 128?; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 136, 517; Wats. Bibl. Ind. I, 300. North America: Brit. Col. and Rockies to Mont., Minn., Colo, and Neb?. Minn, valley: Throughout; infrequent; more abund- ant W. than E. ; dry or rocky knolls. HERB.: Sheldon 442, Pipestone; Taylor 875, Glenwood; MacM. and Sheld. 1, Brainerd. Potentilla supina LINN. Spec. 497 (1753). P. paradoxa NUTT. T. and G. Fl. I> 437 (1838). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 159; Coult., Fl. Colo. 84; Upham, Fl. Minn. 49; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 50; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 136: Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 245; Led., Fl. Euss. II, 35; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 516, Herd., Fl. Eur. Euss. 46; Coult., Fl. Tex. 106; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. HI, 3, 34; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 301; Webb., Appx. Neb. 34. Europe; N. Asia and China; S. America. North America: Ont. to Man. and Gt. lake reg. ; S. to 298 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. - Minn., Mo., N. Mex. and Rio Grande; E. to Miss, river and Ohio. Minn, valley: Throughout; infrequent; sandy shores of lakes and dry places. HERB. : Bollard 452, Prior's lake, Scott Co. ; Herrick 93, Minnetonka; Holzinger 65, WinonaCo.; Herb. Wicker sheim 37, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. Potentilla millegrana ENGELM. Lehm. Ind. Sem. Hamb. (1849). P. rivalis var. millegrana WATS. Rev. Pot. 553 (1871). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 159; Webb., Fl. Neb. 128; Coult., Fl. Colo. 178; Mac., Fl. Can. 136, 516; Greene, Fl. Fran. 65; Wats., King Exp. 85; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 112: Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 301. North America: Red and Saskatchewan valleys to Rocky mts. ; along E. slope of Sierra Nevada to N. Mex. ; S. in prairie reg. to Minn. , Dak. and Neb. Minn, valley: Far W. and N. W. on higher levels; prairies; no Minn, specimens seen. Potentilla norvegica LINN. Spec. 449 (1753). ? P. labradorica LEHM. Ind. Sem. Hamb. (1849). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 159; Britt., Fl. N. J. 96; Upham, Fl. Minn. 49; Coult., Fl. Colo. 83; Webb., Fl. Neb. 128; Chap., Fl. S. St. 124; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 126; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 136, 516; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 36; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ., 46; Wats., King Exp. 85; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 3, 34; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 299; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 289; Rothr., Alask. 445. Mid. and N. Europe and N. Asia. North America: N. S. and Labrador? to N. J. ; W. to Minn., Dak., Mont., Colo., Neb. and Mo?. Minn, valley: Throughout; in fields and along roads or railway embankments. HERB.: Taylor 930, Glenwood; Taylor 570, Minnesota lake; Taylor 797, Glenwood; Bollard 416, New Prague, Scott Co.; Bollard 663, Waconia; Bollard 238, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 343, Lake Madison; Sheldon 759, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 211, Lake Washington, Blue Earth Co. ; Sheldon 1123, Spring- field; Sheldon 518, Waseca; Bollard 451, Prior's lake, Scott Co., Herrick 91, Minneapolis; Roberts 30, Grand Marais; Oestlund 41, Minneapolis; Arthur 9, Vermilion lake; Bailey 496, Agate bay; Sondberg 168, Red Wing; Herrick 92, Minneapolis; Kas- sube 69, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 73, Montevideo. Potentilla arguta PURSH, Fl. Am. 636 (1814). Bootia sylmstris BIGEL. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 206 (1824). Potentilla confertiflora TORR. Fl, U. S. I. 499 (1824). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 299 P. pensylvanica var. arguta TORR. Ann. Lye. N. Y. II, 197 (1835). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. J58; Britt., Fl. N. J. 96; Webb., Fl. Neb. 128; Upnam, Fl. Minn. 50; Coult., Fl. Cclo. 83; Mac., Fl. Can. Ir 136, 516; Wats., King Exp. 89: Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 293. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Brit. Col.; N. to lat. 65°; S. to N. J.; W. to Minn., Kan., Neb., Colo., New Mex- ico and Idaho. Minn, valley: Throughout; knolls, high plains and headlands. HERB. : Sheldon 1315, Lake Benton; Ballard 570, Pri- or's lake, Scott Co. ; Ballard 381, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Ballard 188, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Sheldon 608, Wilton, Waseca Co. ; Shel- don 786, Sleepy Eye; MacMillan 13, Glenwood; Taylor 850, Glen wood; Leonard 15, Minnehaha park; Leonard 16, Spring Valley; Oestlund 45, Minneapolis; Bailey 412, Agate bay; Kas- sube 72, Minneapolis; Sandberg 171, Cannon Palls; Herb. Sheld 1751, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 74, Chippewa Co. GEIM LINN. Gen. 418 (1737). Caryophyllata TOURN. Inst. 294 (1700). hieversia WILLD. Berl. Mag. V, 398 (1804). Buchavea REICH. Consp. 167 (1828). Aclamsia F. and ENDL. Gen. 6384 (1840). Oreogeum SERINGE, DC. Prodr. II, 553 (1825). Stylipus RAF. Neog. 3 (1825). Waldsteinia WILLD. N. Act. Ber. II, 105 (1802). Comaropsis L. C. RICH. Nestl. Pot. 16 (1816). Coluria R. BR. Parr. Voy. Appx. 276 (1823). Laxmannia F. and M. Led. Fl. Alt. II, 262 (1830). Baillon, Hist. PI. I, 466; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 619; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 36; (Focke); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 113. Living species: 44 ± ; temperate and arctic regions of N. hemisphere; a few in S. temperate regions. Russia, 10; Europe, 12; Russian Europe, 6; North America, 16-20; Mid. Calif., 2; Canada, 13; S. Sts., 4; E. Sts., 10; PL Wheel., 4. Geum ciliatum PURSH, Fl. Am. 352 (1814). G. triflorum PURSH, Fl. Am. 736(1814). Sieversia triflorum R. BR. Parr. 1st Voy. 276 (1824). Geum pubescens HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 175 (1833). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 157; Coult., Fl. Colo. 82; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 176; Upharu, Fl. Minn. 49; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 134; Greene, Fl. Fran. 62; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 112; Wats., King Exp. 84; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 285. North America: Labrador and Ont. to Brit. Col.; S. to N. N. Eng. ; W. to Minn., Mo., Colo.; N. to Alaska and arctic circle; S. in Sierras to Calif. 300 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn, valley: Throughout; dry land or high, sunny hillsides, and on bluffs and headlands. HERB.: Bollard 186, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 793, Glenwood; Wickersheim 2, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. ; Oestlund 40, Ramsey Co.; Kassube 68, Minneapolis; Sandberg 166, Goodhue Co.; Sandberg 167, Cannon Falls; Hammond 15, Lake City; Herb. Sheld. 1854, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 36, Idlewild; Lincoln Co. ; Herb. Moyer 72, Carlton lake, Montevideo. Geum riyale LINN. Spec. 501 (1753). Wats, and Couit., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 157; Britt., Fl. N. J. 95; Coult., Fl. Colo. 82; Upham, Fl. Minn. 49; Hook., Fl.Gt. Brit. 122; Mac.,Fl. Can. 1,133, 515; Led., Fl. Boss. II, 23; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 46; Both., Wheel. Exp. 112; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 3, 37; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 284; Hart., Fl. Scand. I. 291. Europe; N. and W. Asia and Australasia to S. America. North America: Labrador, Newf., N. S., N. Br. to Q., Ont., Man. and Brit. Col.; S. to N. J.; W. to Minn., Dak., Mont., Colo, and Mo. Minn, valley: Reported from Nicollet Co., doubtful; more certainly in vicinity of Ft. Snelling; wet fields and springs. HERB. : Bailey 350, Mud river. Geum strictum AIT. Hort. Kew. II, 217 (1789). G. canadense MURK. Com. Goett. V, 34 (1790) not Jacq. G. ranunculoides SERINGE, DC. Prodr. II, 551 (1825). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 157; Britt., Fl. N. J. 94; Upham, Fl. Minn. 49; Coult., Fl. Colo. 82; Webb., Fl. Neb. 128; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 133; Forbes and Hems.. Fl. Sin. 269; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 23; Nym., Fl. Eur.: Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 229; Herd., Fl. Eur. Buss. 46; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanzen. Ill, 3, 37; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 285. Mid. Russia; Siberia, China and Kamtk. ; Kurile Isls. ; New Zealand; Japan; Corea; S. America. North America: N. S. to Coast range in Brit. Col.; Newf. to N. Eng., N. J.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Kan., Colo, and Arizona Minn, valley: Throughout; damp edges of woods and in meadows. HERB. : Bollard 492, Prior's lake, Scott Co. ; Taylor 674, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 997, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1182, New Ulm; Taylor 547, Janes ville; Bollard 369, Helena, Scott Co. ; Sheldon 691, Waseca; Bollard 225, Jordan, Scott Co ; Tay- lor 797, Glenwood; Sheldon 1301, Lake Ben ton; Herrick 89, Minneapolis; Roberts 28, Duluth; Roberts 29, Grand Marais; Kassube 67, Minneapolis; Herrick 90, Minneapolis; Sandberg 165, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1696, Minneapolis. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLA.NTS. 301 Geum japonicum THUNB. Fl. Jap. 220 (1784). Gr. macrophyllum WILLD. Enum. 1, 557 (1809). G. strictum var B. HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Amer. I, 175 (1833). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 156; Upham, Fl. Minn. 49; Coult., Fl. Colo. 82; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 176; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 133, 515; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 230: Led., Fl. Eoss. II, 23; Greene, Fl. Fran. 61; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 112: Wats., King Exp. 84; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 3, 37; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 284; Rotor., Alask. 445. Kurile Isls. ; Aleutian Isls. ; Kamtk. ; E. Asia and Japan. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to L. Superior, Coast range, SelKirks, Queen Charlotte Isls. and. Alaska; N. to 51° in N. W. T.; S. to N. Eng. and W. to Minn., Mo., Colo., and S. in Sierra Nevada to Calif. Minn, valley: Forest district and to Chippewa valley; hillsides, high bluffs and banks. HERB.: Bollard 876, Waconia; Taylor 845, Glenwood; Bailey 253, Vermilion lake; Roberts 27, Grand Marais; Herrick 88, Minnetonka. Geum Yirginianum LINN. Spec. 500 (1753). G. hirsutum MUHL. Cat. 51 (1813). G. heterophyllum DESF. DC. Prodr. II, 550 (1825). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 156; Britt., Fl. N. J. 94; Webb., FL Neb. 128; Upham, Fl. Minn. 49; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 133, 515; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 286. North America: N. S., N. Br., Ont., N. Eng., N. J. ; W. to Minn., Neb., Kan. Minn, valley: Forest district and W. to Chippewa valley or beyond; edges of woods and along streams. HERB. : Taylor 429, Buffalo lake, Waseca Co. ; Sheldon 287, Madison Lake; Sheldon 1004, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 462, Madison Lake; Sheldon 862, Sleepy Eye; Sandberg 163, Cannon Falls; Sandberg 164, Chisago Co.; Herb.Moyer 71, Montevideo. Geum album GMEL. Syst. II, 861 (1791). G. canadense JACQ. Hort. Vindob. II, 82 (1772) not Murr. G. carolinianum WALT. Fl. Car. 150(1788). CartfOphyllata alba MOENCH, Meth. 660 (1794). Geum virginianum MURR. Com. Goett. V, 30 (1790). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 156; Britt., Fl. N. J. 94; Chap., Fl. S. St. 123; Webb., FL Neb. 128; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 133; Coult., Fl. Tex. 105: Cov., Fl. Ark. 179; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 283. North America: N. S., N. B., Q., Ont., N. Eng., N. J. to Ga.; W. to. Dakv Neb., Kan., Ark. and W. Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; edges of woods and copses. HERB.: Taylor 892, Glenwood; Bollard 419, New Prague, Scott Co.; Taylor 613, Minnesota lake; Ballard 872, 302 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Waconia; Bollard 294, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Kassube 66, Minne- apolis; Sandberg 162, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1748, Minne- apolis; Herb. Moyer 70, Montevideo. AGRIMONIA LINN. Gen. 388 (1737). Aremonia NECK. Elem. 768 (1790). Amonia NESTL. Pot. 17 (1816). Spallanzania POLL. Veron. 10 (1816). Baillon, Hist. PI. I, 462; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 622; Durand, 2nd. Gen. Phan. 114; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz.^, II, 43. Living species: 10; 20+ described; *6-8 (B. and H.); temperate regions, N. hemisphere; tropical mts. and S. Amer- ica. Russia, 4; Europe, 4; Russian Europe, 3; North Amer- ica, 3; Calif., 1; S. Sts., 3; other regions, 1; 1 sp, through Asia, Europe and North America (ours). Agriiiionia eupatoria LINN. Spec. 448 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Mao. 6 ed. 161: Britt., PI. N. J. 97; Webb., Fl. Neb. 128; Upham, PI. Minn. 49; Coult., Fl. Colo. 87; Chap., PI. S. St. 122; Brew, and Wats., PL Calif I, 185; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 128; Mac., PI. Can. I, 142; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 246; Led., PI. Boss. II, 31; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 518; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 232; Herd., Fl. Eur. Kuss. 46; Greene, Fl. Fran. 61; Roth , Wheel. Exp. 115; Cov , Fl. Ark. 179; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 3, 43; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 271; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 277. Europe, exc. N. Scand. and N. Russ. ; N. Asia and China; Himalayas; N. and S. Africa. North America: Newf., N. S. to N. J., Fla. and Miss. ; W. to Man., Minn., Neb., Colo., Ark. and N. Mex. ; also in Pac. coast reg.; Washington to S. Calif. Minn, valley: Forest district and W. to Chippewa valley or beyond; edges of thickets and woodland openings. HERB.: Bollard 805, Goose lake; Sheldon 868, Sleepy Eye; Bollard 692, Waconia; Bollard 491, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 941, Glenwood; Sheldon 1183, NewUlm; Bailey 191, Vermilion lake; Arthur 1 64, Vermilion lake; Roberts 26, Duluth; Sandberg 160, Goodhue Co.; Sandberg 161, Cannon Falls; Kas- sube 65, Minneapolis. ROSA LINN. Gen. 412 (1737). Hulthemia DUM. Not. Hulth. (1840). Loweu LINDL. Bot. Reg. 1261 (1842?). Rhodophora NECK. Elem. 748 (1790). Rhodopsis LED. Fl. Alt. II, 224 (1830 , Baillon, Hist. PL I, 461; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. I, 625; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 114; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 46; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 667. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 303 Living species: 600+ described; 100 - distinct; 30 (B. and H.); 50-55 (Durand); N. hemisphere to Abyssinia, S. India and Mexico; temperate, subalpine and subtropical zones. Russia, 17; Europe, 41; Russian Europe, 16; North America, 20-25; Canada, 18-20; E. Sts., 10-11; S. Sts., 5-6; Rocky mts., 7; California, 8-10; PL Wheel., 5-6; PL King, 2; W. Tex., 4. Fossil species : Oligocene, Bonn ( Weber. ) ; Rixhof t (Heer}-, Florissant, Colo. (Lesquereaux). Rosa humilis MARSH. Arbust. Amer. 136 (1785). ? E. parviflora EHRH. Beitr. IV, 21 (1789). It. ludda AUCT. AMER. principally. E. carolir,iana MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 295 (1803). E. lyonii PURSH, Fl. Am. 345 (1814). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 163; Upham, Fl. Minn. 52; Chap., Fl. S. St., 126; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 143; Cov., Fl. Ark. 179; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 3. 48; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 311. North America: Newf., N. S., Q., Ont. to L. Huron reg. ; S. to Maine, N. J. and Ga. ; W. to Minn., Mo., Ark., Ind. Terr, and La. Minn, valley: Reported from N. E. district and E. edge; dry soil or edges of marshes; no Minn, specimens seen. Rosa Carolina LINN. Spec. 2 ed. 703 (1762). E. virginiana DuRoi, Obs. Bot. 21 (1771). E. corymbosa EHRH. Beitr. IV, 21 (1789). E. carolinensis MARSH. Arbust. Amer. 135 (1785). E. pennsylvanica MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 296 (1803) in part. E. flexuosa RAF. Prec. Decouv. 35 (1814). E. cinnamomea var. gemella SERINGE, DC. Prodr. II, 605 (1825). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 163; Britt., Fl. N. J. 98; Chap., Fl. S. St 126; Upham, Fl. Minn. 52; Mac., FL Can. I, 143, 519; Cov., FL Ark. 179; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 3, 48; Wats , Bibl. Ind. I, 310. North America: Q. ? and Ont. to N. Car. and Fla. ; W. to Minn., Ark., Miss, and La. Minn, valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co. ; rare; low grounds and borders of swamps. Rosa pisocarpa GRAY, Proc. Am. Acad. VIII, 382 (1882). E. woodsii LINDL. Eos. Monog. 21 (1820) chiefly. ? E. rafinesquii SERINGE, DC. Prodr. II, 611 (1825) in part. E.fendleri CREPIN, Prim. Ros. 432 (1880) included. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 163; Webb., FL Neb. 127; Coult., FL Colo. 88; Upham, Suppl. Minn. 47; Mac., FL Can. I, 521; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 313; Brew, and Wats., FL Calif. I, 187?. North America: Saskatchewan, Gt. Slave lake and N. W. T. to Alaska?; W. to Rockies and N. to lat. 51°; S. to Minn., Mo., Colo., N. Mex. and W. to Mont, and Calif?. 304 METASPERMAE OP THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn, valley: Reported from N. E. district, but no Minn, specimens seen. Rosa acicularis LINDL. Monog. Ros. 44 (1820). E. sayi SCHWEIN. Keat. Narr. II, Appx. 1 13 (1825). E. acicularis var. bourgeauiana CREPIN, Prim. Eos. 386, 390(1880). R. engelmanni S. WATS. Proc. Am. Acad. XX, 342 (1885). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 162; Upham, Suppl. Minn. 47; Coult., Fl. Colo. 87; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 144, 520, II, 320; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 54 in \ar.; ETym., Fl. Eur.; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 248; Herd.. Fl. Eur. Russ. N. Europe; W. and N. Asia to China. North America: Wise., Mich, and Minn.; N. to Man., N. W. T. and Alaska; W. to Mont, and Pac. coast, in Oregon .and Brit. Col. Minn, valley: N. E. district and N. edge; rare; wood- land openings and banks of streams. HERB.: Arthur 81, Two Harbors; Bailey 84, Vermil- ion lake; Bailey 223, Vermilion lake. Rosa virginiana MILL. Diet. (1768). E. Uanda AIT. Hort. Kew. II, 202 (1789). E. fraxinifolia GMEL. Fl. Bad. II, 413 (1806). JR. gemella WILLD. Enum. 544 (1809) mainly. E. cinnamomea var. gldbella SERINGE, DC. Prodr. II, 605 (1825). E. Uanda var. pubescens CREPIN, Prim. Ros. 394 (1880). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 162; Upham, Fl. Minn. 52; Up- ham, Suppl. Minn. 47; Webb., Fl. Neb. 127; Coult., Fl. Colo. 87?; Britt., Fl. N. J. 98; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 194, 519; Cov., Fl. Ark. 179; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 309. North America: Newf., Q. to N. J.; W to Hudson Bay, Brit. Col?, L. Winnipeg, Minn., Dak., Neb. and Ark.; and possibly also in Colo. Minn, valley; Throughout, common; banks, rocks, hillsides and low prairies. HERB.: Taylor 844$, Minnesota lake; Taylor 844, Glenwood; Taylor 272, Janesville; Ballard 21, Chaska; Ballard 223, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Sheldon 1347, Verdi, Lincoln Co. ; Ballard 89, Chaska; Sheldon 368, Madison Lake; Taylor 15, Elysian; Bailey 34, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 184, Cannon Falls; Sand- berg 185, Cannon Palls- Kassube 81, Minneapolis; Kassube 82, Minneapolis; Holzinger 71, Winona Co. ; Hammond 16, Lake City; Herb. Sheld. 1804, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 44> Idlewild, Lincoln Co. ; Herb. Moyer 78, Montevideo. Rosa virginiana var. arkansana (PORTER). E. arkansana PORT. Fl. Colo. 38 (1874). E. Uanda var. setigera CREPIN, Prim. Ros. 394 (1880). E. Uanda var. arkansana BEST, Torr.-Bull. XVII, 145 (1890). JLIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 305 Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 163; Webb., Fl. Neb. 127; Coult., Fl. Colo. 87; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 520; Coult., Fl. Tex. 106; Roth , Wheel. Exp. 115; Cov., Fl. Ark. 179; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 310; Upham. Suppl. Minn. 47. North America: Man., N. W. T. and Rockies of Brit. Col. to Minn. , Neb. , Mo. , Ark. and Tex. , W. to Arizona, Colo, and Mont. Minn, valley: Forest district and probably sparingly westward; dry sunny hillsides and banks. HERB.: Bollard 407, New Prague; Bollard 567, Pri- or's lake, Scott Co. ; Bollard 92, Shakopee; Eyan 1, Goodhue Co.; Roberts 35, Duluth; Leonard 17, Spring Valley. PRITNTJS Juss. Gen. 341 (1774) em. Armeniaca Juss. Gen. 341 (1774). Prunophora NECK. Elem. II, 71 (1790;. Amygdalopsis CARRIERS, Rev. Hortic. 91 (1862). Prunopsis ANDRE, ex Durand Ind. Phan. Ill (1888). Baillon, Hist. PI. 1. 417, 418; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 609, 610; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. \. c.; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 674; Engierand Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 51, seq. (Focke). Living species: 20 ±; temperate regions, N. hemi- sphere; North America. 8-10; Calif., 2; Canada, 3; S. Sts., 6-7; E. Sts., 2; Rocky mts., 4-5; PL King, 2; Russia, 4-5; Europe, 6. Fossil species: 10-12; Tertiary; Siberia (Heer)\ Spitz - bergen (Unger)\ Germany (Weber)-, Greenland (Heer); Russia (Heer, Ettinghausen). Primus americana MARSH. Arbust. Am. Ill (1785). ? P. Mississippi MARSH. Arbust. Am. 112 (1785). ?P. spinosa WALT. Fl.Car. 146(1788). P. hiemalis MICHX. Fl. N. Amer. I, 284 (1803) in part. P. nigra MUHL. Cat. 49 (1817). Cerasus hiemalis DC. Prodr. II, 538 (1825) in part. C. nigra HOOK. Comp. Bot. Mag. I, 24 (1835). C. americana HOOK. Comp. Bot. Mag. I, 24 (1835). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 151; Britt., Fl. N. J. 91; Upham,. Fl. Minn. 48; Webb., Fl. Neb. 128; Chap., Fl. S. St. 119; Coult., Fl. Colo. 76; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 124; Coult., Fl. Tex. 102; Cov., Fl. Ark. 178; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 53; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 303; Sarg., N. Am. Silva IV, 19. North America: N. Y. and N. J. to Fla.; W. to Mont., Colo. , N. Mex. and Mexico. Minn, valley: Throughout; thickets and along banks of streams and by prairie sloughs. HERB.: Kassube 60, Minneapolis; Sandberg 149, Red Wing; Herb Wickersheim 34, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 67, Montevideo. -20 306 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. CERASUS Juss. Gen. 340 (1774). Ceraseidos S. and Z. Abh. Munch. Akad. Ill, 743 ( ). Cerasophora NECK. Elem. 720 (1790). Tubopadus POMEL, Nat. Atlant. 8 (1860). Baillon, Hist. PL 1,419; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI I, 609, 610; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 112; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 676; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 3, 54 (Focke); Sarg., N. Am. SilvalV, 8. Living species: 15 4-; temperate and warmer regions, N. hemisphere. Fossil species: 2-3; Tertiary, Europe (Unger) and Lieoben (Ettinghausen). Cerasus pumila (LiNN.) MICHX. FL N. Am. 1,286(1803.) Prunus pumila LINN, Mant. 75(1767). Cerasus ylauca MOENCH, Meth. 672 (1794). Prunus depressa PURSH, Fl. Am. 332 (1814). P. cuneata RAF. Ann. Nat. 11 (1820). Cerasus depressa SERINGE, DC. Prodr. II, 538 (1825). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 152; Upham, Fl. Minn. 48; Webb., Fl. Neb. 129;Britt., Fl. N. J. 92; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 124; Cov., Fl. Ark. 178; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 306. North America: Montreal to Gt. lakes and 106th mer.; N. Br. to N. Eng., N. J. and Va.; W. to Dak., Neb., Kan. and Ark. Minn, valley: S. edge and in vicinity of Ft. Snelling; local; sandy banks and rocky places. HERB. : Sheldon 1484, Pipestone City; Sandberg 150, Goodhue Co. ; Kassube 6J, Minneapolis; Sandbergldl, Two Har- bors. Cerasus serotina (EHRH.) LOISEL. Nouv. Duham. V, 3, (1814). P. virginiana MILL.' Diet. (1768). Prunus serotina EHRH. Beitr. III. 20 (1788). Cerasus virginiana MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 285 (1803). Prunus cartilaginea LEHM. Ind. Sem. Hamb, (1833). Padus virginiana EOEM. Syn. Monog. Ill, 86 (1847). P. cartilaginea ROEM. Syn. Monog. Ill, 86 (1847). P. serotina AGH. Theor. Syst. t. 14, f. 8 (1858). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6ed. 152; Britt., Fl. N. J. 92; Webb., Fl. Neb. 129; Upham, Fl. Minn. 48; Chap., Fl. S. St. 120; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 126, 513; Cov., Fl. Ark. 178; Coult., Fl. Tex. 103; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 55; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 307; Sarg., N. Am. Silva IV, 45. Peru and Colombia, North America: N. S., N. Br., Ont. to Man.; S. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Dak., Neb., Kan., Ind. Terr., La. and Tex,; also, Arizona, Mexico and C. America (mts.). Minn, valley: Forest region; woods and shaded lake shores or banks. LIST OP HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 307 HERB.: Taylor 482, Janesville; Taylor 612, Minnesota lake; Taylor 480, Janesville; Sheldon 100, Elysian; Sheldon 310, Madison Lake; Bollard 346, Helena, Scott Co.; Herrick 85, Minneapolis ; Sandberg 154, Red Wing ; Herb. Sheld. 1853, Minneapolis. Cerasus virginiana (LINN.) LOISEL. Nouv. Duham. V, 3, (1814). Prunus virginiana LINN. Spec. 473 (1753) excl. syn. Padus rubra MILL. Diet. (1768). Prunus nana Du Roi, Harbk. Baumz. II, 194 (1772). Prunus-Cerasus canadensis MA.RSH. Arbust. Amer. 113 (1785). Prunus rubra AIT. Hort. Kew. II, 162 (1789). Padus oblonga MOENCH, Meth. 671 (1794). Prunus serotina Pom. Enc. Meth. Y, 665 (1804). P. hirsuta ELL. Sk. I, 541 (1821). P. obovata BIGEL. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 192 (1824). Cerasus serotina HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 169 (1833) excl. syn. C. obovata BECK, Bot. 97 (1833). C. micrantha, densiflora, fimbriata and hirsuta SPACH, Suit. Buff. 1,414-417 (1834). C. virginiana var. B. T. and G. Fl. I, 410 (1838). O..duerinckii MART. Sel. Sem. Lovan. (1840). Prunus duerinckii WALP. Rep. II, 10 (1843). Padus fimbriata, densiflora, micrantha, obovata and hirsuta ROEM. Syn. Monog. Ill, 84-87 (J847). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 152; Britt., Fl. N. J. 92; Webb., Fl. Neb. 129; Coult., Fl. Colo. 77; Chap., Fl. S. St. 120; Upham, Fl. Minn. 48; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 125; Coult., Fl. Tex. 103; Wats., King. Exp. 80; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 3, 55; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 307; Sarg., N. Am. Silva IV, 41. North America: Labr., Newf., N. S., N. Br. to Man., Brit. Col. and Pac.; N. on Mackenzie river to 62°; U. S. to Ga., Tex. and Mex. ; Calif, and Oregon. Minn, valley: Throughout, banks of streams and shores of lakes. HERB. : Taylor 713, Minnesota lake; Taylor 489, Janes- ville; Sheldon 35, Elysian; Sheldon 384, Madison Lake; Bollard .541, Cleary's lake, Scott Co.; Bailey 238, Vermilion lake; Her- rick 84, Minneapolis; Kassube 62, Minneapolis; Bailey 419, Long lake; Sandberg 153, Cannon Falls; Herb. Moyer 68, Monte- video; Herb. Wicker sheim 35, Idle wild, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1855, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 251, Montevideo. Cerasus pensylvanica (LIMN, f.) LOISEL. Nouv. Duham. V, 9 (1814). Prunus pensylvanica LINN f. Syst. ed. 13, Suppl. 252 (1781). Prunus-Cerasus montana MARSH. Arbust. Am. 113 (1785). Prunus lanceolata WILLD. Berl. Baumz. 240 (1796). 308 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Cerasus bwealis MICHX. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 286 (1803). Prunus borealis POIR. Enc. Meth. V, 674 (1804). P. persidfolia DESF. Hist. Arb. II, 205 (1809). Cerasus persicifolia LOISEL. Nouv. Duham. V. 9 (1814). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 152; Britt., Fl. N. J. 92; Upham, Fl. Minn. 48; Chap., Fl. S. St. 120; Coult., Fl. Colo. 77; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 125; Wats., Bibl, Ind. I, 306; Sarg.. N. Am. Silva, IV, 35. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br. to Man., Brit. Col. and Coast range; N. to Hudson Bay; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and nits, of N. Car.; W. to Minn., Colo., Tenn. and Kan. Minn, valley: Forest district; in dry woods, hillsides and river banks; N. E. and E. ; N. edge. HERB. : Ballard 347, Helena, Scott Co. ; Bollard 156, Chaska; Sheldon 658, Waseca; Bailey 169, Vermilion lake; Bailey 351, Mud river; Herrick 83, Minneapolis; Sandberg 152, Red Wing; Herb. Moyer 250, Montevideo. L1I. LEGUMINOSAE. Pulse Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI 1253 (1840); Lindl. Veg. King. 544 (m6)-Fabaceae; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 434 (1865); Baillon, Hist. PI II, 21 (1869, 1870); Taubert in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 70 (1891). Genera: 400 ±; cosmopolitan, except in far antarctic islands and rare in New Zealand; sub-family Mimosoideae cen- ters in tropical America; sub-family Caesalpinioideae, in Brazil; ' Papilionatae in the steppes of Asia where there are 1250 species of Astragalus ( Tragacant?ia) alone. Fossil genera; 6 doubtful; 1 described; Tertiary and Quaternary. Species: 7500 ±, 80 per cent. +, in the Papilionatae; all regions of the earth. ACUANIA MED. Theod. Sp. Pg. 62 (1786). Desman thus WILLD. Spec. IV, 1044 (1805) in part. Darlingtonia DC. Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 1, IV, 97 (1824). Baillon, Hist. PI. II, 67; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 592; Durand, / Ind. Gen. Plian. 109; O. Kuntze, Bev. Gen. 1, 158; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 117 (Taubert). Living species: 10; N. and S. America; 1 sp. around the world in tropical regions. North America, 8-9; W. Tex., 8; E. Sts., 2; S. Sts., 1; PL Wheel., 2; mostly subtropical. Acuania illinoensis (Micnx.) OK. Rev. Gen. I, 158 (1891). Mimosa illinoensis MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 254 (1803). Acacia brachyloba WILLD. Spec. IV, 1071 (1805). Darlingtonia brachyloba DC. Mem. Leg. 427 (1824). D. brevifolia KAF. N. Fl. I, 42 (1836). Desmantlius brachylobus BENTH. Hook. Journ. Bot. IV, 358 (1842). D. illinoensis MAcM. MSS. (1889). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PKODUCING PLANTS. 309 Wats, and Coult , Gray's Man. 6 ed. 149; Upham, Fl. Minn. 48. North America: Ind. and Ky. to Minn., Mo., Ark. and Tex. ; also in Fla. Minn, valley: Reported from Swan lakes, Redwood Co. CASSIA LINN. Gen. 347 (1737). Herpetica RUMPH. ex Baillon Hist. PL II, 124 (1870). Bactyrilobium WILLD. Enum. 439 (1809). Cathartocarpus PERS. Syn. I, 459 (1805). Chamaecrista E MEY. Comm. Afr. Austr. Grimaldia SCHRANK, Munch. Dst. 103 (1803). Psilorhegma VOG. Syn. Cass. (1837). Macleaya MONTZ. Mem. Acad. Lyon. X, 199 (1846 1. Senna GAERTN. Fruct. II, 312 (1791). Xamacrista RAF. Sylv. Tell. 127 (1836). Baillon, Hist. PL II, 187; Benth. and Hook., Cfen. PL I, 571, 1003; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 106; Schenck, Paleophyt. 697; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III. 157 (Taubert). Living species: Described, 475; distinct, 380 ±; all temperate and warmer regions. North America, 20-22; W. Tex., 9; S. Sts., 7; E. Sts., 4; Calif., 2; Rocky mts., 1; PI. Wheel., 5. Center in Middle and S. America. Fossil species: Several described; Cretaceous of Bo- hemia and Greenland (Heer)\ Tertiary, S. France, Germany, Switzerland ( Unger, Heer) ; Pliocene, valley of the Andes ( Un- ger) ; North America, Tertiary ! Cassia chamaecrista LINN. Spec. 379 (1753), C. pulchella SALISB. Prodr. 326 (1796). C. fasciculata MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 262 (1803). Xamacrista triflora RAF. Sylv. Tellur. 127 (1838). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 148; Britt., Fl N. J. 90; Webb., Fl. Neb. 129; Chap., Fl. S. St. 115; Upham, Fl. Minn. 47; Coult., Fl. Colo. 73; Coult., Fl. Tex. 92; Cov., Fl. Ark. 178; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 206. North America: N. Eng. and N. J. to Fla. and Miss.; W. to Minn., Dak., Colo., Neb., Ark. and W. Tex. on the Rio Grande. Minn, valley: throughout; especially in prairie dis- tricts; sunny banks, roadsides and along streams. HERB.: Sheldon 1213, New Ulm; Sheldon 812, Cotton- wood river, near Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 618, Wilton, Waseca Co. ; Kassube 59, Minneapolis; Oesilund 38, Minneapolis; Holzinger 63, Winona Co.; Sandberg 148, Cannon Falls; Holzinger 64, Winona Co. GYMNOCLADUS LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 733 (1783) in part. Ouilandina LINN. Gen. ed. V, 464 (1754) in part. 310 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Baillon, Hist. PL II, 175; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI I, 568; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 105; Scheuck, Palaeophyt. 695. Living species: 2; North America, 1; E. China, 1. Fossil species: Tertiary of Europe (Saporta); 1 sp. Gymnocladus dioicus (LiNN.) KOCH, Dendr. I, 5 (1869). Guilandina dioica LINN. Spec. 381 (1753). Gymnocladus canadensis LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 733 (1783). Hyperanthera dioica VAHL, Symb. I, 31 (1790). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 148; Webb., Fl. Neb. 129: Upham, Fl. Minn. 48; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 123, 512; Herd., Fl.Eur. Russ.44; Cov., Fl. Ark. 177; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 222; Sarg., N. A. Silv. Ill, 69. Introduced sparingly in Russia. North America: S. Ont., W. N. Y. and Penn.; W. to S. Minn., E. Neb., E. Kan., S. W. Ark.; S. to Tenn. and Ind. Terr. Minn, valley: Forest district, especially S. W. to Cot- ton wood valley and New Ulm. HERB.: Sheldon 778, Cottonwood river, near Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 655, Waseca; Sheldon 454, Madison Lake. BAPTISIA VENT. Dec. Gen. Nov. 9 (1808). Crotalopsis MICHX, MSS. ex DC. Mem. Leg, 4 (1825). Baillon, Hist. PL II, 349; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. I. 466; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 87. Living species: 14; North America; S. Sts., 14; Can- ada, 2; E. Sts., 6. Baptisia leucophaea NUTT. Gen. I, 282 and add. (1818). Podalyria bracteata MUHL. Cat. ed. 2, 42 (1818). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 126; Britt., Fl. N. J. 80; Webb., Fl. Neb. 133: Upham, Fl. Minn. 47; Chap., Fl. S. St. 112; Cov., Fl. Ark. 173; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 204. North America: Mich, to Minn, and Neb. ; S. to Ark., Tex. and Ga, ; adv. in N. J. and along Atl. coast. Minn, valley: S. edge and extending to N. E. district; absent in most districts; fields, pastures and meadows. HERB.: Juni 2, "Minnesota;" Holzinger 62. Winona Co. Baptisia leucantha T. and G. Fl. I, 385 (1838). Podalyria alba SIMS, Bot. Mag. 1177 (1809). Baptisia alba HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 129 (1833) not E. Br. (1810). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 126; Webb., Fl. Neb. 133; Chap.. Fl. S. St. 112; Upham, Fl. Minn. 47; Mac., Fl. Can. I, ]23; Cov., Fl. Ark. 173; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 204. North America: Ont. to Ohio, S, Car. and Fla. ; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark. and La. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 311 Minn, valley: Reported as frequent; W. to Chippewa river, and especially N. E. and E. ; banks of streams. HERB. : Leonard 14, Washington P. O. ; Sandberg 147, White Rock. Baptisia tinctoria (LINN.) R. BR. Ait. f. Hort. Kew. Ill, 6 (1811). Sophora tinctoria LINN. Spec. 373(1753). Podalyria tinctoria LAM. 111. II, 471 (1793). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 125; Britt., Fl. N. J. 80; Chap., Fl. S. St., Ill, Upham, Fl. Minn. 47; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 123, 512; Cov., Fl. Ark. 173; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 205. North America: Ont. and N. Eng. to N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Minn. , Ark. and La. Minn, valley: Reported from Dakota Co. and the vicinity of Ft. Snelling; sandy soil and hillsides. HERB. : Manning 2, Lake City. FALCATA GMEL. Syst. 1131 (1791). Amphicarpaea DC. Prodr. II, 383 (1825). Amphicarpa F,LL. Jour. Acad. Phil. I, 372 (1828). Cryptolobus SPRENG. Syst. Ill, 218 (1826) in part. Savia RAF. N. Y. Med. Rep. II, hex. V, 350 (1808) not W. Xypherus RAF. Journ. Phys. LXXXIX, 260 (1819). Baillon.ifis*. PI. II, 253; Benth. and Hook. Gen. PL I, 529; Durand, Ind,. Gen. Phan. 98; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 185. Living species: 7; North America, Japan and Hima- layas; N. America, 2; Canada, 1; S. Sts., 2; E. Sts., 2. Falcata comosa (LiNN.) OK. Rev. Gen. I, 182 (1891). Glycine comosa LINN. Spec. 754 (1753). G. monoica LINN. Spec. ed. 2, 1023 (1762). Anonymus caroliniensis WALT. Fl. Car. 188 (1788). Glycine sarmentosa ROTH, Catalect. II, 87 (1800 y. Amphicarpaea sarmentosa NUTT. Gen. II, 114 (1818). A. monoica ELL. Jour. Acad. Phil. I, 373 (1818). A. comosa RIDD. Syn. Fl. W. S. 26 (1835). Phaseolus monoicus EAT. and WR. Man. 353 (1840). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 146; Britt., Fl. N. J. 89; Webb., Fl. Neb. 130; Upham, Fl. Minn. 47; Chap., Fl. S. St. 107; Mac., Fl. Can. 1, 123; Cov., Fl. Ark. 177; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 1, 188. A closely related species in China. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla. and Miss.; W. to Minn., Neb., Kan. and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout; woods and riverbanks; common. HERB. : Sheldon 1562, Lake Ben ton; Taylor 233, Janes- ville; Taylor 333, Janesville; Sheldon 1052, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 312 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. 944, Glenwood; Oestlund 36, Minneapolis; Oesilund 37, Henne pin Co.; Sandberg 146,HQ& Wing; Herb. Moyer 66, Chippewa river near Montevideo. PHASEOLUS LINN. Gen. 573 (1737). Strophostyles ELL. Bot. Sk. Car. II, 229 (1824). Phasellus MOENCH, Meth. 240 (1794). Baillon, Hist. PI II, 240; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. I, 538; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 100; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 684. Living species: 150 described; 60 reduced. All temper- ate and tropical regions. Russian Europe, 1 ; North America, 15; S. Sts., 4; E. Sts., 4; W. Tex., 9; Canada, 1; PL Wheel., 2. Fossil species: Tertiary, old world, (Unger). Doubtful. Fhaseolns pauciflorus BENTH. Comm, Legum. Gen. 76 (1837). Strophostyles pauciflorus S. WATSON, Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 145 (1890). Webb., Fl. Neb. 130; Upham, Fl. Minn. 47; Coult., Fl. Tex. 90i Cov.> Fl. Ark. 177; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 250. North America: Ind. to Minn, and Neb.; S. to Ark.; Miss, and Tex. Minn, valley: Reported as frequent in forest district; shaded banks and shores of lakes. HERB. : Sandberg 145, Red Wing. Phaseolus angulosus (MUHL.) ORT. Nov. PL 24 (1810?). ? P. helvolus LINN. Spec. 224 (1753) in part. Glycine angulosa MUHL. Willd. Spec. Ill, 1056 (1802). Phaseolus diversifolus PERS. Syn. II, 296 (1807). Strophostyles angulosa ELL. Sk. II, 229 (1824). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed., 145; Britt., Fl. N. J. 90; Upham, Fl. Minn. 47; Chap., Fl. S.St. 106; Webb., Fl. Neb. 129; Mac., Fl. Can. I. 122; Coult., Fl. Tex. 90; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 250. North America: Q., Ont. to Mass, and N. J. ; S. to Fla. and Miss. ; W. to Minn. Neb. , Kan. and Tex. Minn, valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co. and New Ulm; sandy fields and shaded riverbanks. HERB. : Leiberg 17, Blue Earth Co. ; Sandberg 143t Red Wing; Sandberg 144, Goodhue Co. Phaseolus polystachyos (LiNN.) B. S. P. Cat.N. Y. (1888). Dolichos polystachyos LINN. Spec. 726 (J753). Phaseolus perennis WALT. Fl. Car. 182 (1788). P. paniculatus MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 60 (1803). P. macrostachys ELL. Journ. Acad. Phil. I, 324 (1828). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 144; Britt., Fl. N. J. 89; Webb., Fl. Neb. 130; Upham, Fl. Minn. 47; Chap., Fl. S. St. 106; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 250. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 313 North Alnerica: N. Eng. to N. J., Fla. and Miss.; W. to Minn., Neb., Kan. and La. Minn, valley: Reported from N. E, district; Ft. Snell- ing; thickets and edges of woods; shady riverbanks. LATHYRUS LINN. Gen. 590 (1737). Clymenum TOURN. Inst. 218 (1700). Ochrus, Aphaca and Nissolia TOURN. 1. c. 396, 399, 656 (1700). Orbns LINN. Gen. 591 (1737). Cicerella MOENCH, Meth. 63(1794). Astrophia NUTT. T. and G. Fl. N. Am. I, 278 (1838). Platystylis SWEET, Brit. Fl. Gard. 239 (1829). Aneurus E. MEY. Preuss. Gatt. 258 (1839). Cicercula, Navidura, Lastila, CJraphiosa ALEF. Bonplan- dia. 126-139 (1861). Baillon, Hist. PI II, 238; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 526; Durand, Ind Gen. Phan. 98; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 692. Living species: 200 described; 120 distinct; temper- ate northern hemisphere and S. America. Russia, 21 ; Europe, 36; Russian Europe, 17; North America, 14; Mid. Calif., 10; S. Sts., 3; Canada, 4; Rocky mts., 4; E. Sts., 6; PI. King, 3; PI. Wheel., 5. Fossil species: Germany; Pliocene (Schenck). Doubt- ful. Lathyrus palustris LINN. Spec. 733 (1753). L. polymorphus GRAY, Ive's Rep. 10 (1858?) in part. L. lanszwertii KELL. Proc. Gal. Acad. II, 150(1863 . Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 144; Britt., Fl. N. J. 88; Upham, Fl. Minn. 47; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 112; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 45; Coult., Fl. Colo. 73; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 159: Mac., Fl. Can. I, 122; Forbes and Hems., Fl.Sin. 186; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 686; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 42; Coult., Fl. Tex. 87; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 102; Wats., King Exp. 78, 419; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 230. Europe; N. Asia; Siberia, Dahuria and China. North America: Labrador, N. Br., Q., Ont. to Brit. Col.; S. to Washington, Oregon, Los Angeles, Calif, and W. Tex. ; from Mont, to N. J. Minn, valley: , Forest district and to Pomme des Terres valley; moist woods, springs and bogs. HERB.: Taylor 610, Minnesota lake; Bollard 42> Chaska; Oestlund 34, Hennepin Co.; f Bailey 443, Long lake; 9 Bailey 66, Vermilion lake; Kassube 58, Tuttle's creek, Hen- nepin Co.; Sandberg 140, Chisago Co.; Holzinger 61, Winona Co.; Herrick 82, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 65, Montevideo. Lathyrus palustris LINN. var. myrtifolius (MUHL.) GRAY PL Fendl. 30 (1849). 314 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. L. myrtifolius MUHL. Willd. Spec. Ill, 1091 (1802). L. stipulaceus TORR. Cat. N. Y. 92 (1819). L. venosus var. D. T. and G. Fl. I, 274 (1838). L. polyphyllus Wats. King. Exp. 78(1871). L. pubescens PORT. Fl. Colo. 32 (1874). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 144; Britt., Fl. N. J. 88; Coult., Fl. Colo. 73; Brew, and Wats.,Fl. Calif. I, 159; Chap., Fl. S. St. 99; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 122; Wats., Bibl. Ind.I, 230. North America: N. Br., Q. to Ont. and Minn.; S. to N. Car. ; further range like, that of type. Minn, valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co. ; N. edge; swamps and damp woods. HERB. : Sandberg 141, Wyoming. Lathy rus glaucifolius BECK. Bot. 90 (1833). JL,. pisiformis RICH. Frankl. Journ. 17 (1823). L. ochroleucus HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 159 (1833). L. albidus EAT. Man. (1836). Orobus ochroleucus A. BR. Ind. Sem. Berol. (1853). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 143; Britt., Fl. N. J. 89; Upham, Fl. Minn. 46; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 122; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 229. North America: Ottawa to Coast range of Brit. Col., and N. on Mackenzie river within the Arctic circle; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and W. to Minn., Iowa and Man. Minn, valley: Throughout; hillsides and shores of lakes and streams. HERB.: Bollard 597, Prior's lake, Scott Go.; Bollard 230, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 160, Madison Lake; Bollard 131, Chaska; Bailey 187, Vermilion lake; Kassube 57, Minne- apolis; Herrick 81, Minneapolis; Arthur 63, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 139, Goodhue Co. ; Herb. Wickersheim 33, Ash lake, Lincoln Co. Lathy rus venosus MUHL. Willd. Spec. Ill, 1092 (1802). L. decaphyllus HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 159 (1833). 'Orobus venosus A. BR. Ind. Sem. Berol. (1853). Lathyrus ochrokucus TORR. Wilkes Exp. 267 (1858). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 143; Britt., Fl. N. J. 88; Chap.? Fl. S. St. 99; Coult., Fl. Colo., 73; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 159; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 46; Mac., Fl. Can. I. 121; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 102; Cov., Fl. Ark. 176; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 231. North America: L. Superior reg. to Pac. and N. lat. 52°; Washington, N. Calif, and Saskatchewan to Penn. and N. J. ; S. in mts. to Colo, and Kan. ; S. to Minn. ; S. to Ga. and Miss, in Appalachians. Minn, valley: Throughout; river banks and shores of lakes . HERB. : Sheldon 1292, Lake Benton; Bollard 593, Pri- LIST OP HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 315 or's lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 725, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 212, Lake Ballentyne, Blue Earth Co. ; Sheldon 430, Janesville; Kas- sube 56, Minneapolis; Oestlund 33, Hennepin Co.; Herrick 80, Minneapolis; Bailey 186a, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 138, Can- non Falls; Herb. Moyer 64, Montevideo. APIOS MOENCH, Meth. 165 (1794). Cyrtotropis WALL. PI. As. Ear. I, 49 (1830). Baillon, Hist. PI. II, 249; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI I, 532; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 99. Living species: 3; N. America, China and Himalayas; 1 in each region. Fossil species: remains of the closely related Glycine Linn, distinguished in Tertiary of Kumi ( Unger); see Schenck Palaeophyt. 684. Apios apios (LiNN.) MACM. Torr. Bull. XIX, (1891). Glycine apios LINN. Spec. 753 (1753). Apios tuberosa MOENCH, Meth. 165 (1794). Phaseolus tuberosus EAT. and WR. Man. 354 (1840). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 144; Britt., Fl. N. J. 89; Webb.,t Fl. Neb. 130; Chap., Fl. S. St. 105; Upham, Fl. Minn. 47; Mac., Fl. Can. I/ 122; Coult., Fl. Tex. 87; Cov., Fl. Ark. 177; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 189. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla. and Miss.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Kan., Ark. and W. Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; low woodland and borders of thickets. HERB. : Oestlund 35, Hennepin Co. ; Sandberg 142, Red Wing. VICIA LINN. Gen. 587 (1737). Ervum LINN. Gen. 588 (1737). Abacosa, Atossa, Cujunia, Endusa, Hypecusa, Parallosa, Selunia, Swantia, Tuamina, Wiggersia ALEF. Bonplandia and O. Bot. Zsrt. (1858). Coppolleria TODAK. PL Sic. I, 14 (1845). Cracca RIVIN. T. 52 (1652). Troilia LINK, ex Baillon, Hist. PI. II, 198 (1870). Ervum and Faba TOURN. Inst. (1700). Orobella PRESL, Diss. (1832). Oxypogon RAF. ex Baillon, Hist. PI. II, 198 (1870). Vicilla SCHUR. ex Baillon, Hist. PI. II, 198(1870). Vicioides MOENCH, Meth. 131 (1794). Baillon, Hist. PI II, 237; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. I, 524; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 97; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 678. Living species : 200 described; 100-150 reduced; temperate northern hemisphere and South America; Russia, 316 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. 45; Europe, 61; Russian Europe, 22; North America, 10-12; Mid. Calif., 6; Canada, 6; S. Sts., 7; Rocky mts., 3; E. Sts., 3; W. Tex., 5; PI. King., 1; PL Wheel., 1. Fossil species: Ervites, (Saporta) Tertiary of Aix. Lower Oligocene. Ticia americana MUHL. Willd. Spec. Ill, 1096 (1802). Orobus diffusus NUTT. Fras. Cat. (1813). Vicia sylvatica NUTT. Gen. II, 97 (1818). V. tridentata SCHW. Appx. Long. Exp. 116 (1825). V. sparsifolia and oregana NTJTT. T. and G. Fl. I, 270 (1838). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 143; Britt., Fl. N. J. 88; Webb., Fl. Neb. 130; Coult., Fl. Colo. 72; Upham, Fl. Minn. 46; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 157; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 121, 512; Greene, Fl. Fran. 3; Wats., King Exp. 78; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 162m mr.; Cov., Fl. Ark. 176; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 267. North America: N. Br., Niagara river, N. of Lake Superior, Brit. Col. to Pac. and Alaska; S. to Washington, Oregon, Calif, and N. Mexico; E. to Minn., Ark., Kan., Neb., Ind., N. Y. andN. J. Minn, valley: Forest district and W. to Chippewa valley; moist woods and banks. HERB. : Bollard 780, Swan lake, Carver Co. ; Bollard 472, Prior's lake, Scott Co. ; Bollard 631, Chaska, Carver Co. ; Bollard 363, Helena, Scott Co. ; Bollard 215, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Bollard 109, Carver; Bollard 690, Waconia; Taylor 676, Minne- sota lake; Taylor 270, Janes ville; Taylor 69, Elysian; Sheldon 150, Madison Lake; Holzinger 59, Winona Co.; Hohinger 60, Winona; Herrick 79, Minneapolis; Hammond 14, Lake City; Herb. Sheld. 1899, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 63, Black Oak lake, Chippewa Co. Vicia caroliniana WALT. Fl. Car. 182 (1788). V. parviflora MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 60 (1803). Cracca caroliniana ALEF. Bonplandia IX, 124 (1861). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 143; Britt. Fl. N. J. 88; Chap., Fl. S. St. 98; Upham, Fl. Minn. 46; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 120, 512; Cov., Fl. Ark. 176; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 268. North America: Ont. to N. Y. and N. J.; S. to Ga.; W. to Minn., Kan. and Ark. Minn, valley: N. E. district and probably to Blue Earth Co. ; edges of woods and river banks. HERB.; tKassube 55, Minnehaha; Herb. Sheld. 1898, Minneapolis. Vicia cracca LINN. Spec. 735 (1753). Ervum cracca TRAUTV. Fl. Sib. 46 Act. Hort. Petr. V, 1, (1877). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 317 Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 143; Britt., Fl. N. J. 88; Upham, Fl. Minn. 46; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 107; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 120; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 184; Led., Fl. Boss. I, 674; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Miyabe, FL Kur. 225; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 42; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 268: Hart., FL Scand. I, 299. Arctic Europe; N. and W. Asia; China; N. Africa; Kurile Isls. North America: Newf. and Greenland; N. S., N. Br., Ont. to N. J. ; W. to Minn. , Iowa and Ky. Minn, valley: Reported from N. E. district and E. edge; rare; edges of woods. LESPEDEZA MICHX. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 70 (1803). Oxyramphis WALL. Cat. 5348 (1828). Campylotropis BUNGE, Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 2, VI, 57 (1836). Phlebesporium JUNGH. Reise 346, Flora, 508 (1847). Baillon, Hist. PI II, 318; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 524; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 97. Living species: 35 ± ; N. America, temperate Asia and tropical Australian, mts. Russia, 3; North America, 8-10; E. Sts, 8; S. Sts., 5; Canada, 4; W. Tex, 2. Lespedeza leptostachya ENGELM. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. XII, 57 (1876). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 142, Upham, Fl. Minn. 46; Wats., BibL Ind. I, 232. North America: Ills., Iowa and Minn. Minn, valley: Reported from S. edge; no Minn, speci- mens seen. Lespedeza frutescens (WILLD.) ELL. Sk. II, 206 (1824). ? Hedymrum umbellatum WALT. Fl. Car. 184 (1788). H. frutescens WILLD. Spec. Ill, 1193 (1802). Lespedeza capitata MICHX. Fl. Ana. II, 71 (1803). L. fruticosa PEKS. Syn. II, 318 (1807). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 142; Upham, Fl. Minn. 46; Britt.r Fl. N. J. 87; Webb., Fl. Neb. 130; Chap., Fl. S. St. 101; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 120, 511; Cov., Fl. Ark. 176; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 232. North America: Ont. and N. Eng. to N. J., Fla., Miss. and La. ; W. to Minn. , Neb. , Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: Forest district to New Ulm and Dak. line; dry and sandy places and shores of lakes. HERB. : Taylor 585, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 1203, New Ulm; Sheldon 1501, Lake Ben ton; Sandberg 137, Cannon Falls. Lespedeza hirta (LINN.) ELL. Sk. II, 207 (1824). Hedysarum hirtum LINN. Spec. 748 (1753). L. polystacha MICHX. Fl. Am. II, 71 (1803). Hallia hirta Pom. Suppl. Ill, 3 (1813). 318 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 141; Britt., Fl. N. J. 86; Upham, Fl. Minn. 46; Chap., Fl S. St. 101; Mac., Fl. Can. 1, 119; Wats., Bibl. Ind I, 232. North America: Ont. to Mass., N. J., Fla. and Miss ; W. to Minn. Minn, valley: Reported from S. W. and S. central districts; wooded hillsides and sunny banks. Lespedeza reticulata (MUHL.) PERS. Syn. II, 318 (1807). Hedysarum violaceum LINN. Spec. 749 (1753) in part. H. reticulatum MUHL. Willd.-Spec. Ill, 1194 (1802). Lespedeza sessiliflora MICHX. Fl. N". Am. II, 70 (1803) in part. L. violacea var. sessiliflora DON, Mill. II, 307 (1832). ? L. stuvei var. intermedia S. WATS. Wats and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 141 (1890) in part. Upham, Fl. Minn. 46; Chap., Fl. S. St. 101; Britt., Fl. N. J. 86; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 119, 511; Coult. Fl. Tex. 86; Cov., Fl. Ark. 176; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 233. North America: Ont. and Mass, to 111., Kan. and Tex?; W. to Minn, and Ark. Minn, valley: Reported from S. central district; dry woods and edges of thickets. Lespedeza reticulata (MUHL.) PERS. var. virginica (LINN.). Medicago virginica LINN. Spec. 778 (1753). Hedysarum junceum WALT. Fl. Car. 185 (1788). H. reticulatum MUHL. Willd. Spec. Ill, 1194 (1802) in part. Lespedeza sessiliflora MICHX. Fl. Am. II, 70 (1803) in part. Hallia juncea Pom. Suppl. Ill, 3, (1813). Lespedeza frutescens DC. Prodr. II, 349 (1825). L. angustifolia HOOK. Bot. Mag. I, 23 (1835). L. violacea var. angustifolia MAXIM. Syn. 366(1837?). L. reticulata WATS, and COULT. Gray's Man. 6 ed. 141 (1890) in part. Britt, Fl, N. J. 86; Upham, Fl. Minn. 46; Chap., Fl. S. St. 101; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 119?; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 233. North America: Mass, to Minn.; S. to Fla. and La. Minn, valley: Reported from S. W. and S. central districts; dry woods and thickets. Lespedeza violacea (LiNN.) PERS. Syn. II, 318 (1807). Hedysarum violaceum LINN. Spec. 749 (1753) in part. H. frutescens LINK. Spec. 749 (1753). Aeschynomene frutescens Pom. Enc. Meth. IV, 451 (1797). Lespedeza divergens PURSH, Fl. Am. 481 (1814). Wats, and Coult, Gray's Man. 6 ed. 141; Upham, Fl. Minn. 46; Britt., Fl. N. J. 86; Chap., Fl. S. St. 100; Cov., Fl. Ark. 176; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 233. North America: N. Eng. and N. J. to Fla., Miss, and La. ; W. to Minn Kan. and Ark. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 319 Minn, valley: Reported from S. central districts; thickets and copses. Lespedeza repens (LINN.) BART. Prodr. Fl. Phil. II, 77 (1815). Hedysarum repens LINN. Spec. 749 (1753). H. prostratum MUHL. Willd. Spec. Ill, 1200 (1802). Lespedeza procumbens MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 70 (1803). Hedysarum kspedeza POIR. Enc. Meth. VI, 415 (1804). Lespedeza prostrata PURSH, Fl. Am. 481 (1814). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 141; Britt., Fl. N. J. 86; Upham, Fl. Minn. 46; Chap. Fl. S. St. 100; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 119; Coult. ; Fl. Tex. 86; Cov., Fl. Ark. 176: Wats.. Bibl. Ind. I, 232. North America: Ont., N. Y. and N. Eng. to N. J., Fla. and Miss.; W. to Minn , Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: Reported from S. E. district; no Minn, specimens seen; sandy banks and roadsides. PLEUROLOBUS ST. HIL. ex Kuntze, (1812). Desmodium DESVX. ex Kuntze, (1813). Denelrolobium BENTH. PI. Jungh. I, 215 (1855). Phyllodium DESVX. Journ. Bot. I, 123(1813). Dicerma DC. Mem. Leg. 326 (1825) p. p. Pteroloma BENTH. PL Jungh. I, 219 (1855). Catenaria BENTH. Jungh. I, 220 (1855). Ototropis NEES, Vrat. Sem. (1838). Dollinera ENDL. Gen. 1285 (1840). Cyclomorium WALP. Kep. II, 890 (1843). Nicolsonia DC. Mem. Leg. 311(1825). Perrottetia DC. Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 1, IV, 95 (1824). Sagrotia WALP. Linn. XXIII, 737 (1849). Oxydium BENN. PI. Jav. 156 (1838). Codariocalyx HASSK. B b. Flora II, 48 (1842). Baillon, Hist. PI II, 313; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 519; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 96; O. Kuntze, Eev. Gen. I, 195. » Living species: 155±; N. and S. America; Africa; warmer Asia and Australasia. North America, 35; Canada, 10; E. Sts., 20; S. Sts., 20; PI. Wheel., 6. Pleurolobus canadensis (LINN.). Hedysarum canadense LINN. Spec. 748 (1753). H. scabrum MOENCH, Meth. 118 (1794). Desmodium canadense DC. Prodr. II, 328 (1825). Meibomia canadensis OK. Rev. Gen. I, 195 (1891). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 140; Britt., Fl. N. J. 85; Webb., Fl. Neb. 130; Chap., Fl. S. St. 103; Upham, Fl. Minn. 45; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 119; Cov., Fl. Ark. 175; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 215. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man.; S. to N. J. and N. Car. ; W. to Minn, and Neb. 320 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn, valley: Throughout, forest districts and banks of streams; rare W. of Chippewa valley; dry woods and thick- ets. HERB.: Taylor 555, Minnesota lake; Ballard 533, Cleary's lake, Scott Co.; Sheldon 646, Waseca; Ballard 647, Chaska; Sheldon 1116, Springfield; Taylor 767, Glenwood; Bal- lard 787, Swan lake, Carver Co.; Taylor 768, Glenwood; Shel- don 1321, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1110, New Ulm; Bollard 459, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 722, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 772, Sleepy Eye; Oestlund 32, Hennepin Co.; Sandberg 136, Goodhue Co.; Herrick 78, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer(J2, Monte- video. Pleurolobus paniculatus (LINN.). Hedysarum paniculatum LINN. Spec. 748 (1753). Desmodium paniculatum DC. Prodr. II. 329 (1825). Meibomia paniculata OK. Rev. Gen. I, 198 (1891). Wats, and Goult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 140; Britt., Fl. N. J. 85; Webb., Fl. Neb. 130; Upham, Fl. Minn. 45; Chap., Fl. S. St. 103; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 119; Coult., Fl. Tex. 85; Cov., Fl. Ark. 176; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 217. North America: Ont., N. Eng., N. J. to Fla. arid Miss. ; W. to Minn. , Neb. , Dak. , Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: S. E. districts and Ft. Snelling; thick- ets and edges of forests; rare. HERB. : Holzinger 58, Winona Co. Pleurolofous dillenii (DARL.). Desmodium dillenii DARL. Fl. Cestr. 414 (1827). Hedysarum marylandicum WILLD. Spec. Ill, 1189(1802) not Linn. Desmodium marylandicum DC. Prodr. II, 328 (1825.1. D. boottii TORR. Curt. Enum. Wilm. (1834). Meibomia dillenii OK. Rev. Gen. I, 195 (1891). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 140; Webb., Fl. Neb. 130; Britt., Fl. N. J.85; Chap.; Fl. S. St. 103; Upham, Fl. Minn. 45; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 118; Cov., Fl. Ark. 176; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 216. North America: Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Ark. Minn, valley: N. edge of valley and infrequent; forest openings and edges of thickets. HERB. : ? Kassube 54, Minneapolis. Pleurolobus canescens (LINN.). Hedysarum canescens LINN. Spec. 748 (1753) part. H . viridiflorum WILLD. Spec. Ill, 1192 (1802). H. scaberrimum ELL. Sk. II, 217 (1824). Desmodium canescens DC. Prodr. II, 328 (1825). D. viridiflorum DC. Prodr. II, 329 (J825) excl syn. D. aikinianum BECK, Bot. 84 (1833). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 321 Hedysarum aikinii EATON, Man. ed. VII, 325 (1836). Meibomia canescens OK. Rev. Gen. I, 195 (1891). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6ed. 139; Britt., Fl. N. J. 84; Webb., Fl. Neb. 130; Chap.,Fl. S. St., 102; Upham, Fl.Minn. 45; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 118; II, 317; Cov., Fl. Ark. 175; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 215. North America: Ont. to Mass, and Vt. ; S. to N. J., Fla. and Miss. ; W. to Minn. , Neb. and Ark. Minn, valley: Forest district to Nicollet Co. and New Ulm; infrequent; rich woods and damp edges of meadows. HERB.: Bollard 696, Waconia; Ballard 554, Spring lake, Scott Co. ; Sandberg 135, Cannon Falls. Pleurolobus grandiflorus (WALT.). Hedysarum grandiflorum WALT. Fl. Car. 185 (1788). H. glutinosum WILLD. Spec. Ill, 1198 (1802). H. acuminatum MICHX. Fl. Am. II, 72 (1803). Desmodium acuminatum DC. Prodr. II, 329 (1825). D. grandiflorum DC. Prodr. II, 338(1825). Meibomia grandiflora OK. Rev. Gen. I, 196 (1891). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 139; Webb., Fl. Neb. 130; Britt., Fl. N. J. 84; Upharn, FL Minn. 45; Chap., Fl. S. St. 102; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 118; Cov., Fl. Ark. 176; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 215. North America: Q., Ont., N. Eng., N. J. to Fla., Miss, and Alab. ; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: Forest district and banks of streams to Chippewa valley; moist woods and near lakes. HERB.: Ballard 770, Swan lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 74, Chaska; Ballard 685, Waconia; Taylor 807, Glen wood; Tay- lor 611, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 889, Sleepy Eye; Ballard 393, Jordan, Scott Co.; Ballard 595, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 686, Waconia; Ballard 352, Helena, Scott Co.; Ballard 47 3, Pri- or's lake, Scott Co; Leonard 13, Spring Valley; Herrick 77, Minneapolis; Oestlund 31, Hennepin Co., Sandberg 134, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1747, Minneapolis. Pleurolobus nudiflorus (LINN.). Hedysarum nudiflorum LINN. Spec. 749 (1753). ^ Desmodium nudiflorum DC. Prodr. II, 330 (1825). Meibomia nudiflora OK. Rev. Gen. I, 197 (1891). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 138; Britt., Fl. N. J. 84; CJpham, Fl.Minn. 45; Chap., Fl. S. St. 102; Mac,Fl. Can. 1, 118; Cov., Fl. Ark. 176; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 217. North America: Q., Ont, N. Eng., N. J. to Fla. and Miss. ; W. to Minn, and Ark. Minn, valley: Reported from S. central district; dry banks and woods. -21 322 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. GLYCYRRHIZA LINN. Gen. Corr. 973 (1737). Ldquiritia MOENCH, Meth. 152 (1794). Clidanthera R. BB. App. Sturt. Exp. 10 (1820?; Meristotrophis F. and M. Ind. Sem. Petrop. IX, 25 (1842). Glycyrrhizopsis Boiss. Diagn. Or. Ser. 2, V, 82 (I860?). Baillon, Hist. PI II, 282: Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 508; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 95; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 680. Living species: 12; temperate and subtropical Asia; Mediterranean region; W. N. and S. America; Australia. Rus- sia, 5; Russian Europe, 3; North America, 2; E. Sts., 1; Calif., 1; centers around the Mediterranean. Fossil species: 1-2; Europe, Tertiary (Heer, Unger). Olycyrrhiza lepidota (NUTT.) PURSH, Fl. Am. 480 (1814). Liquiritia lepidota NUTT. Fras. Cat. (1813). Glycyrrhiza glabra TORR. Em. Kep. 408 (1858). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 137; Coult., Fl. Colo. 59; Webb., Fl. Neb. 130; Upham, Fl. Minn. 45; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 143; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 109; Coult., Fl. Tex. 84; Wats., King Exp. 78; Both., Wheel. Exp. 98; Cov., Fl. Ark. 175; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 222. North America: Lake Erie reg. of Can. to Saskatch- ewan, Assiniboia and Rockies; N. to Hudson Bay; S. to Wash- ington, Calif, and Neb. ; in mts. to N. Mexico; E. to Tex., Colo., Neb. , Iowa, Mo. , Ark. and Minn. Minn, valley: Throughout; especially in prairie dis- tricts; sandy shores of lakes and high prairies. HERB.: Taylor 684, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 1272, LakeBenton; Sheldon 773, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 1120, Glenwood; Taylor 775, Glenwood; Sheldon 1453, Pipestone City; Herrick 76, Minneapolis; Kassube 53, Minneapolis; herb. Moyer 60, Montevideo. SPIESIA NECK. Elem. 1311 (1790). Oxytropis DC. Astrag. 24, 66 (1802). Baillon, Hist. PI. II, 281; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. I, 507; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 95; O. Kuntze, Eev. Gen. I, 205. Living species: 200±; Europe; Asia; North America; mountainous and colder regions. Russia, 75; Europe, 12; Rus- sian Europe, 11; North America, 14; Canada, 12-13; Rocky mts., 11-12; E. Sts., 3; PI. King, 1; PI. Wheel., 5; W. Tex., 1. Spies! a splendens (DOUGL.) O. KUNTZE, Rev. Gen. PI. I, 207 (1891). Oxytropis splendens DOUGL. Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 147 (1833). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 137; Coult., Fl. Colo. 70; Upham, Fl. Minn. 45; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 116, 510; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 97; Wats., King Exp. 447; Wats., Bibl. Ind.I, 246. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 323 North America; Red valley to N. W. T. and 51° N. lat. ; Saskatchewan and W. Minn, to Rocky mts. and N. Tex. Minn, valley: Reported from Chippewa river and Glen wood; W. to Dakota line; high bluffs and prairies. Spiesia lamberti (PURSH) O. KUNTZE, Rev. Gen. PI. I, 207 (1891). Oxytropis lamberti PURSH, Fl. Am 740 (1814). Astragalus lambwti Pom. Suppl. V, 564 (1817). Oxytropis hookeriana NUTT. T. and G. Fl. I, 340 (1838). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 137; Webb., Fl. Neb. 130; Coult., Fl. Colo, 71; Upham, Fl. Minn. 44; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 116; Coult., Fl. Tex. 84: Roth., Wheel. Exp. 42, 97; Wats., King Exp. 447; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 245. North America: Red valley and N. W. T. to Alaska; Saskatchewan, Minn., N. Mex. and Tex.; W. to Rocky mts. Minn, valley: Prairie district, E. to New Ulm; high, bare bluffs and prairies. HERB.: Sheldon 1337, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1389, Verdi, Lincoln Co.; Taylor 832. Glenwood; Taylor 873, Glen- wood; Roberts 25, Hancock; Leiberg 16, Rock Co. ; Herb. Wick- ersheim 32, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. ASTRAG1LUS LINN. Gen. 570 (1737). Phaca LINN Gen. Corr. 972 (1737). Homolobus and Kentrophyta NUTT. T. and G. Fl. N. Am. I, 350, 353 (1838). Diplotheca HOCHST, Flora 595 (1846). Aulosema WALP. Rep. I, 694 (1842). Poclolotus ROYLE, 111. Him. 198 (1839). Tragacantha TOURN. Inst. 417 (1700). Erophaca Boiss. Voy. Bot. 176 (1839). Baillon, Hist. PI II, 280; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 506; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 94; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 210. Living species: 1300 described; 900 ± distinct. Cen- ter in Russian Asia, Himalayas and the Orient; Europe, North and South America, S. E. Africa (1 sp.); wanting in ^Australia and Cape of Good Hope region. Especially in northern hemi- sphere; Russia, 175; Europe, 125; Russian Europe, 52; North America, 150+; Mid. Calif., 36; W. Tex., 19; all Calif., 50±; Canada, 42; E. Sts., 16; S. Sts., 6; Rocky mts., 66; PI. King, 40; PL Wheel., 30. Astragalus lotiflorus HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 152 (1833). Phaca lotiflora T. and G. Fl. I, 349 (1838). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 136; Wats., King Exp. 439; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 36; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 196; Webb., Fl. Neb. 131; Coult., Fl. Colo. 63; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 112. 324 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. North America: Saskatchewan and Brit. Col. to Minn., Dak., Wyoming, Neb., Kan., Ind. Terr, and Tex. Minn, valley: Local near mouth of Chippewa; high plains or knolls. HERB.: Moyer 257, Montevideo; Herb. Moyer 258, Montevideo. Astragalus flexuosus DOUGL. Hook. PI. N. Am. I. 140 (1833). Phaca flexuosa HOOK. Fl. N. Am. I, 140 (1833). P. elongata HOOK. 1. c. (1833). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 137; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 113; Wats., King Exp. 443; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 193; Upham, Fl. Minn. 44; Webb., Fl. Neb. 131; Coutt., Fl. Colo. 67. North America: Saskatchewan, Brit. Col., N. W. T., Assiniboia and lat. 50°N. to Minn., Dak., Neb. and Wyoming. Minn, valley: Local near mouth of Chippewa; proba- bly rare along W. edge; prairies. HERB.: Moyer 25^ Montevideo; Herb. Moyer. 255 \ Montevideo. Astragalus hypoglottis LINN. Mant. II, 274 (1771). A. agrestis DOUGL. Hook. FL? (1833). A. goniatus NUTT. T. and G. Fl. I, 330 (1838). Phaca hypoglottis MAcM. MSS. (1891). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 135; Wats., King Exp. 68, 436; Roth., Fl. Alask. 445; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 195; Led.,Fl. Ross. I, 602; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 111; Webb., Fl. Neb. 131; Upham, Fl. Minn. 44; Coult., FL Colo. 61. Siberia and Kamtschatka. North America: Hudson Bay and Alaska to S. Colo, and Neb. Minn, valley: Chippewa valley, Glenwood to Monte- video and probably along W. edge; prairies. HERB.: Taylor 743, Glenwood; Moyer 252, Monte- video; Herb. Moyer 253, Montevideo. Astragalus adsurgens PALL. Astrag. 40 (1800). A. laxmanni NUTT. Gen. II, 99 (1818). A. striatus NUTT. in T. and G. Fl. I, 330 (1838). Wats, and Coult,, Gray's Man., 6 ed. 135; Upham, FL Minn. 44; Webb., Fl. Neb. 131; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 110; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 603; Wats., King. Exp. 68, 439; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 36; Coult., Fl. Colo. 61. Siberia and Kamtschatka. North America: Nelson river, lat. 56° N., Saskatche- wan and Assiniboia to Minn. , Neb. , Brit. Colo, and Oregon. Minn, valley: W. districts and E. to Chippewa valley; prairies and dry sunny banks. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 325 HERB.: Taylor 872, Glen wood; Sheldon 1381, Lake Benton; Taylor 7 43, Glenwood; Moyer 1, Montevideo; t Moyer 2, Montevideo; Holzinger 298, Hancock. Astragalus parviflorus (PURSH). Dalea parviflorus PURSH, Fl. Am. 474 (1814). Psoraka parviflora Pom. Suppl. IV, 590 (1816). Astragalus gracilis NUTT. Gen. II, 100 (1818). Phaca parviflora NUTT. T. and G. Fl' I, 348 (1838). P. gracilis MACM. MSS. (1891). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 136; Webb., Fl. Neb. 131; Coult., Fl. Colo. 62; Upham, Fl. Minn. 44; Wats., King Exp. 438; Roth., Wheel Exp. 94; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 194. North America: Colo, to Neb., Mo. and Minn. Minn, valley: Reported from the S. W. district; prairies. Astragalus canadensis LINN. Spec. 757 (1758). A. carolinianus LINN. Spec. 757 (1753). Phaca canadensis MACM. MSS. (1891). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed.135; Coult., Fl. Colo. 61; Webb., Fl. Neb. 131; Upham, Fl Minn. 43; Chap., Fl. S. St. 97; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 110, 507; Wats., King Exp. 67, 68, 436; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 93; Cov., Fl. Ark. 175; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 191. North America, Q., Ont., Hudson Bay and Rocky mts. to N. Y., Ga. and Fla. ; W. to headwaters of the Columbia river and the Saskatchewan; S. in mts. to Gt. Basin region; through Colo. , Minn. , Neb. , Kan. and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout; river banks, lake shores and sandy prairies. HERB.: Tay lor 685, Minnesota lake; Taylor 751, Min- nesota lake; Bollard 488, Prior's lake, Scott Co. ; Sheldon 1587, Lake Benton; Taylor 912, Glenwood; Bollard 767, Waconia; Kassube 52, Minneapolis ', Herrick 75, Minneapolis; Sandberg 133, Goodhue Co. ; Holzinger 56, Winona Co. ; Holzinger 57, Winona Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1746, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 59, Monte- video; Pomeroy 2, Hennepin Co.; Holtz 15, Hennepin Co. Astragalus plattensis NUTT. T. and G. Fl. I, 332 (1838). A. mexicanus GRAY, PI. LINDH. 176 (1845). A. tennesseensis GRAY, Chap. Fl. S. St. 98 (1860). A. plattensis var. tennesseensis GRAY, Proc. Am. Acad. VI, 193 (1863). Phaca plattensis MACM. MSS. (1891). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 135; Webb., Fl. Neb. 131; Coult., Fl. Colo. 60; Chap.,Fl. S. St. 98; Upham, Fl. Minn. 43; Coult., Fl. Tex! 82; Wats., King. Exp. 435; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 199. North America: Minn, and Dak. to Colo., Neb., 111., Alab. and N. Mex. Minn, valley:. Reported from S. W. district; prairies. 326 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Astragalus caryocarpus KER. Bot. Reg. II, 176 (1816). A. crassicarpus NUTT. Fras. Cat. (1813). A. carnosus PURSH, Fl. Am. 740 (1814). A. succulentus RICH. Frankl. Journ. 18 (1823). A. pachycarpus T. and G. Fl. I, 332 (1838). Phaca caryocarpa MAcM. MSS. (1891). Wats., and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 135; Coult., Fl. Colo. 60; Webb., Fl. Neb. 131; Upham, Fl. Minn. 43; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 110; Coult., Fl. Tex. 82; Wats., King Exp. 435; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 93; Cov., Fl. Ark. 175; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 191. North America: Saskatchewan valley to S. W. Tex.; from Colo, to Minn., Neb. and Iowa; prairies. Minn, valley: Throughout, prairies and forest open- ings. HERB. : Bollard 341, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Sheldon 1608, Minneapolis: Kassube 51, Minneapolis; Ankeny 1, Minneapolis; Sandberg 132, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1897, Minneapolis \Her b. Wickersheim 31, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. ; Herb. Moyer 58, Monte- vidfeo; Clark 1, Hennepin Co.; Seward 1, Hennepin Co.; Pome- roy 1, Hennepin Co.; Cross 1, Hennepin Co. AMORPHA LINN. Gen. 604 (1737). Bonafidia NECK. Elem. 1364 (1790). Baillon, Hist. PI II, 287; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI I, 492; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 92; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 680. Living species: 8; North America especially in south- west. 1 sp. in trod, in Russia. Canada, 3; W. Tex., 3; Mid. Calif., 2; E. Sts., 3; Rocky mts., 3; S. Sts., 3; PL Wheel., 2. Fossil species: European Tertiary 1, doubtful ( Unger). A in or p ha canescens NUTT. Fras. Cat. (1813). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 131; Coult., Fl. Colo. 59; Webb., Fl. Neb. 132; Upham. Fl. Minn 43; Chap., Fl. S. St., 94; Mac., Fl.Can. I, 108, 506; Cov., Fl. Ark. 174; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 187. North America: Man. and Red river reg. to 60° N. lat.; S. to Minn., Colo., Ark. and Tex. E. to Ind. and Ga. Minn, valley: Throughout; prairies and higher levels; especially abundant in prairie district. HERB.: Taylor 686, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 531, Wa- seca; Sheldon 670, Waseca; Taylor 758, Glenwood; Bollard 256, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 590, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 1103, Springfield; Winchell 4, Minneapolis; Kassube 50, Minneapolis; Holzinger 55, Winona Co. ; Oestlund 30, Minneapolis; Herrick, 74, Minneapolis; Leonard 12, Minneapolis; Sandberg 130, Good- hue Co.; Sheldon 783, Sleepy Eye; Herb, Sheld. 1651, Minne- apolis; Herb. Moyer 57, Montevideo. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 327 Amorpha microphylla PURSH, Fl. Am. 466 (1814). A. nana NUTT. Gen. II, 91 (1818). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 131; Coult, Fl. Colo. 59; Uphamr Fl. Minn. 43; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 109, 506; Wats., Bibl, Ind. I, 188. North America: Assiniboia and Man. to lat. 50° N. on Red river; S. to Minn., Iowa and Rocky mts. Apparently ab- sent or rare in Nebraska where it should be expected. Minn, valley: Blue Earth Co. and W. ; entire prairie district; particularly abundant in Chippewa and Cotton wood valleys; dry prairies and forest openings. HERB.: Sheldon 951, Redwood Falls; Sheldon 1085, Springfield; Herb. Moyer61, Montevideo; MacM. andSheld. 120, Brainerd. Amorpha fruticosa LINN. Spec. 713 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 132, Britt., Fl. N. J. 82; Webb., Fl. Neb. 132;Upham, Fl. Minn. 43: Coult., Fl. Colo. 59; Chap., Fl. S. St. 93; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 109; Herd., Fl. Russ. Eur. 44; Coult., Fl. Tex. 76; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 99; Cov., Fl. Ark. 174; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 187. Introduced in European Russia. North America: Man. to the Selkirks and N. on Red river to Hudson Bay; S. to Colo., Neb., Ark. and Tex.; E. to Penn., N. J., Fla. and Miss. Minn, valley: Throughout; banks of streams and lakes. HERB.: Taylor 36, Elysian; Bollard 20, Chaska; Shel- don 58, Elysian; Kassube 49, Minneapolis; Sandberg 129, Can- non Falls; Sheldon 1450, Pipestone; Sheldon 1273, Lake Benton; Sheldon 220, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co. ; Herb. Wickersheim 30, Ash lake, Lincoln Co. ; Herb. Moyer 56, Montevideo. Mr. E. P. Sheldon finds that the sectional division of Amorpha, on the basis of the number of seeds in the pod, given by Watson and Coulter does not hold good for Minn, valley specimens of A. fruticosa which are very frequently only one- seeded. CRACCA LINN. PL Zeyl. 139 (1747). Tephrosia PERS. Syn. II, 328 (1807). Brissonia NECK. Elem. 1348 (1790). Rienera MOENCH, Suppl. 44 (1802). Xiphocarpus PKESL, Symb. I, 13 (1832). Kiesera RETNW. Syll. Batisb. II, 11 (1823?). Kequienia DC. Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 1, IV. 91 (1824). Apodynomene E. MEY. Comm. PL Afr. Ill (1837). Pogronostignaa Boiss. Diagn. Or. II, 39 (1843). Catacline EDGEW. Journ. Beng. Soc. XVI, 1214 (1847). 328 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Balboa LIEBM. Vid. Medd. 106 (1856.) Macrooyx DALZ. Hook. Journ. Bot. II, 35 (1835). Baillon, Hist. PL II, 264; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 496; Durand, 2nd. Gen. Phan. 93; O. Kuntze, Eev. Gen. I, 173; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 680. Living species: 125 ± ; tropical and subtropical regions. Centers in S. Africa and Australia. North America, 11-13; S. Sts., 8; Canada, 2; E. Sts., 3; PL Wheel, 4; W. Tex., 1. Fossil species: 1; Oeningen, Tertiary (Heer). Cracca yirginiana (LiNN.) O. KUNTZE, Rev. Gen. PL 1, 173 (1891). Galega virginiana LINN. Spec. ed. 2, 1062 (1762). Tephrosia virginiana PERS. Syn. II, 329 (1807). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 133; Britt., Fl. N. J. 82; Chap., Fl. S. St. 95; Upham, Fl. Minn. 43; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 507; Cov., Fl. Ark. 175; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 260. North America: S. Ont. to Minn, and N. J. ; S. to Fla., Miss, and Ark. Minn, valley: Reported from S. E. edge; no Minne- sota plants seen. KUHNISTEBA LAM. Enc. Meth. Ill, 370 (1789). Petalostemon MICHX. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 48 (1803). (Kuhnia) WALT. Fl. Car. (1788). Cylipogon RAF. Jour. Phys. LXXXIX, 97 (1819) part. Gatesia BERTOL. Misc. VII, 30 (1846). Baillon, Hist. PI. II, 286; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. I, 493; Du. rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 92; O. Kuntze, Eev. Gen. I, 192. Living species: 25 ±; North America and N. Mexico; S. Sts., 9; W. Tex., 8; E. Sts., 5; Canada, 2; Rocky mts., 4; PL Wheel., 2. Kuliuistera villosa (NuTT.) O. KUNTZE, Rev. Gen. PL I, 192 (1891). Petalostemon villosus NUTT. Gen. II, 85 (1818). Daka villosa SPRENG. Syst. Ill, 326 (1826). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 133; Coult., Fl. Colo. 59; Webb., Fl. Neb. 132; Upham, Fl. Minn. 43; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 248. North America: Upper Missouri valley to Neb ; Up- per Mississippi to Wise. , Minn, and Mo. Minn, valley: E. districts to Chippewa valley and Lac Que Parle Co.; more abundant in N. E. and S. E. ; dry plains. HERB. : Sheldon 1602, Minneapolis; Herrick 73, Minneapolis; Sandberg 128, Cannon Falls. Kuhnistera Candida (WILLD.) O. KUNTZE, Rev. Gen. PL I, 192 (1891). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 329 Dalea Candida WILLD. Spec. Ill, 1337 (1802'. Petalostemon candidus MTCHX. Fl. Am. II, 49 (1803). Psoralea Candida Pom. Enc. Meth. V, 694 (1804). Petalostemon virqatum NEES, PI. Neuwied 6 (1845?). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 133; Coult., Fl. Colo. 58; Webb., Fl. Neb. 132; Upham, Fl. Minn. 43; Mac., Fl. Can I, 109; Coult., Fl. Tex. 79; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 99; Cov., Fl. Ark. 174; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 247. North America: With K. purpurea (Vent.). Minn, valley: Throughout; dry prairies and forest openings and meadows. HERB. : Bollard 633, Ohaska; Sheldon 1327, Lake Ben- ton; Sheldon 1128, Springfield; Sheldon 738 Sigel township, Brown Co. ; Taylor 770, Glenwood; Oestlund 29, Minneapolis; Holzinger 54, Winona Co. ; Leonard 11, Minneapolis; Kassube 48, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 55, Montevideo. Kuhnistera purpurea (VENT.). Dalea purpurea VENT. Hort. Cels. 40 (1800). D. violacea WILLD. Spec. Ill, 1337(1802). Petalostemon violaceus MICHX. Fl. Am. II, 50 (1803). Psoralea purpurea POIR. Enc. Meth. V, 694 (1804). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 132; Coult., Fl. Colo. 58; Webb., Fl. Neb. 132; Upham, Fl. Minn. 42; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 109; and 507 in var.; Coult., Fl. Tex. 79; Cov., Fl. Ark. 175; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 249. North America: Saskatchewan and N. W. T. to Tex. ; W. to Colo, and E. to Indiana; prairies. Minn, valley: Throughout; dry prairies and forest openings and meadows. HERB. : Taylor 688, Minnesota lake; Taylor 835, Glen- wood; Taylor 183, Janesville; Sheldon 1127, Springfield; Shel- don 694, Waseca; Sheldon 972, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 559, Minne- sota lake; Sheldon 1372, Lake Ben ton — (a low form with globose heads) — ; Herrick 72, Minneapolis; Leonard 10, Minneapolis; Holzinger 53, Winona Co ; Winchell 3, Minneapolis; Kassube 47, Minneapolis; Sandberg 127, Cannon Falls; Herb. Moyer 54, Montevideo. DALEA LINN. Gen. Appx. (1737). Cylipogon RAF. ex Endl. Gen. 6523 (1840). Parosella CAV. Elench. Hort. Matr. (1801). Trichopodium PRESL, Bot. Bern. 52 (1844). Baillon, Hist. PI. II, 285; Benth. and Hook. Gen. PI I, 493; Durand, Ind. Gen.Phan.9'2. Living species: 110±; N., C. and S. America; espe- cially in the tropics; Mexico and C. Amer. 50 ±; S. America, 12-16; N. America, 40±; W. Tex., 18; California, 11-15; Rocky mts., 7; S. Sts., 2; E. Sts., 4; PL King., 5; PI. Wheel., 6 330 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY Dalea dalea (LINN.) MacM. Torr. Bull. XIX (1891). Psoralea dalea LINN. Spec. 764 (1753). Dalea alopecuroides and diffortiana WILLD. Spec. Ill, 1336 (1803). D. linnaei MICHX. PI. N. Am. II, 57 (1803). Psoralea alopecuroides Pom. Enc. Meth. V, 695 (1804). Petalostemon alopecuroides PEBS. Syn. II, 268 (1807). Dalea pedunculata PURSH, Fl. Am. 474 (1814;. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 132; Upham, PI. Minn. 42; Webb., PI. Neb. 132; Coult., PI. Colo. 58; Chap., PI. S. St. 93; Fl. Tex. 77; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 99; Cov., PI. Ark. 174; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 211. North America: Minn, and Dak. to 111., Neb., Ark., Ala. and Tex. ; W. to Rocky mts. from Mont, to S. Arizona and Pecos river valley. Minn, valley: Minnesota lake, westward to Dak. line; rich soil along streams. HERB. : Sheldon 1455, Lake Benton; Taylor 714, Min- sota lake. PSORALEA LINN. Gen. ed. II, 716 (1742). Rhyncodium PKESL, Bot. Bern. 54 (1844). Meladenia TURCZ. Bull. Mosc. I, 576 (1848). DoryncMum MOENCH, Meth. 253 (1794). Buteria MOENCH, 1. c. (1794). Poikadenia ELL. Sk. II, 198 (1824). Bipontinia ALEF. Jahresb. Pollich. (1866). Munbya POMEL, ex Durand, Ind. Phan. (1888). Lotodes SIEGESB. FL Petrop. 66 (1736). Baillon, Hist. PL II, 284; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. I. 491; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 92. Living species: 100-h; 40, S. Africa; 30, N. America; 11, Australia; 6, S. America; 10, trop. and temp. Europe, Asia andN. Africa. (B. and H.); W. Tex., 8; Calif., 6-7; E. Sts., 10; Rocky mts. 8; S. Sts., 7; PL King., 1; PL Wheel., 2; Can- ada, 4; mid. Calif. 5. Psoralea tenuiflora PURSH, Fl. Am. 475 (1814). P. floribunda NCJTT. T. and G. Fl. I, 300, 688 (1838). Lotodes tenuiflora OK. Gen. I, (1891). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 131; Upham, Fl. Minn. 42; Webb., Fl. Neb. 132; Coult., Fl. Colo. 56; Fl. Tex. 75; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 98; Cov., FL Ark. 174; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 254. North America: Upper Missouri valley to Tex. and Arizona; E. to Minn., Neb., Iowa,. Kan., Ark, and 111. Minn, valley: Reported from prairies of Cotton wood Co. and along the Watonwan valley; hillsides and dry praries. Psoralea esculenta PURSH, FL Am. 475 (1814). P. brachiata DOUGL. Hook. PL Bor.-Am. I, 137 (1833). Lotodes esculenta OK. Rev. Gen. I, (1891). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 331 Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 131; Webb., Fl. Neb. 132; Upham, Fl. Minn. 42; Coult., Fl. Colo. 57; Mac., Fl. Can. 1, 108; Coult., Fl. Tex. 75; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 253. North America: Saskatchewan valley to Brazos and Rio Grande valleys; plains E. of Rocky mts. Minn, valley; W. and S. W. districts; E. to Chippewa valley and New Ulm; high prairies and hillsides. HERB.: Sheldon 1365, Lake Ben ton; H 'ickersheim 1, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. ; Holzinger 52, Cottonwood Co. ; Leiberg 15, Blue Earth Co.; Herb. Wickersheim 29, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. ; Herb. Moyer 53, Montevideo. Psoralea incana NUTT. Fras. Cat. (1813). P. argopfiylla PURSH, Fl. Am. 475 (1814). Lotodes argophylla OK. Rev. Gen. I, (1891). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 131; Upham, Fl. Minn. 42; Webb., Fl. Neb. 132; Coult., Fl. Colo. 57; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 108; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 1,252. North America: Red and Saskatchewan valleys to Rocky mts. of Brit. Col.; S. to Wise., Minn., Neb, Kan. and Colo. ; W. to Mont, and Wyoming. Minn, valley: Throughout, at higher levels; dry prai- ries and hillsides; openings in forests. HERB. : Bollard 195, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Bollard 564, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Bollard 360, Helena, Scott Co.; Sheldon 1114, Springfield; Sheldon 525, Waseca; Sheldon 712, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 379, Janes ville; Taylor 584, Minnesota lake; Taylor 878, Glenwood; Taylor 778, Glenwood; Sandberg 126, Cannon Palls; Kassube 55, Minneapolis; Leonard 9, Spring Valley; Her- rick 71, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1741, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 52, Minnesota valley near Montevideo. LOTUS LINN. Gen. 600 (1737). Tetragonolobus SCOP. Fl. Cam. II, 87 (1772). Lotea WEBB. Phyt. Car. II, 80 (1842). Anisoloi us BERNH. Ind. Sem. Erfurth (1837). Petlrosia LOWE, Hook. Journ. VIII, 292 (1847). Heiiieckenia WEBB. Exs. Car. B. and H. 1. c. (1843?) Hosackia DOUGL. Benth. Bot. Reg. 1257 ( ). Syrmatium VOG. Linn. X, 590 (183f). Baillon, Hist. PI II, 289, 291; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 490, 491; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 92. Living species: 200 described; 100 reduced; Europe; Asia; Africa; N. and S. America; Australia. N. America, 26- 32; middle Calif., 31; W. Tex., 2; Canada, 5; Rocky mts., 2; E. Sts.. 1; S. Sts., 1; PL King, 5; PI. Wheel., 7. 332 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Lotus americanus (NUTT.) BISCH. Hort. Held. (1839). L. sm'censPURSH, Fl. Am. 489 (1814) not DC. Trigonella americana NUTT. Gen. II, 120(1818). Hosackia unifoliolata HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 135 (1833). Acmispon sericeum RAF. N. Fl. I, 53 (1836). Hosackia pilosa NUTT. T. and G. Fl. I, 327, 692 (1838). ff. purshiana BENTH. Bot. Reg. 1256 ( ). Wats, and Coult.. Gray's Man. 6 ed. 131; Webb., Fl.Neb. 132; Upham, Fl. Minn. 42; Coult. Fl. Colo. 56; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. 1, 137; Chap., Fl. S. St. 91; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 108; II, 316; Coult., Fl. Tex. 75; Greene, FL Fran. 16; Roth., Wheel Exp. 43, 92, 359: Wats., King Exp. 63. 434: Cov., Fl. Ark. 174; Wats.. Bibl. Ind. I, 226. North America: Brit. Col. and Vancouver to Man.; S. to Washington, Calif., N. Mex. and Mexico; E. to Mont., Dak., Minn., Neb., Ark. and N. Car. (local). Minn, valley: Far W., and E. to Redwood Co. and the Chippewa river; dry prairies, gravelly shores and banks. HERB.: Sheldon 1439, Dakota line near Elkton; Herb. Menzel 12, Pipestone City. LUPINUS LINN. Gen. 586 (1737). Baillon, Hist. PI. II, 334; Benth. and Hook., @en, PL I, 480; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 90. Living species: 100 ± described; to be considerably reduced. North America, especially westward, to Bolivia and Brazil; a few around the Mediterranean and in tropical Africa. Russia, 3; Europe, 13; North America, 54-60; California, 50 ±; Canada 16-18 (Brit. Col. especially); Rocky mts., 13-15; PI. King, 22; PL Wheel., 21; W. Tex., 2; E. Sts., 2; S. Sts. 3. Lupin us perennis LINN. Spec. 721 (1753). L. perennis var. ocddentalis WATS. Rev. Lup. 526 (1875). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 128; Britt., PI. N. J. 80; Upham, Fl. Minn. 41; Chap., Fl. S. Sts. 89; Mac., Fl. Can. 1. 102, 505; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 240. North America: Toronto to L. Huron reg. ; S. to N. Eng. , N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Minn. , Mo. and Miss. Minn, valley: N. E. district and perhaps along N. edge; Ft. Snelling to Litchfield; dry or sandy places. HERB. : Sandberg 124, Marine Mills; Holzinger 50, Winona Co.; Kassube 54, Minneapolis; Lewis 2, Minneapolis; Sandstein 1, Lake Johanna. LIII. GERANIACEAE. Geranium Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 1166(1840); Lindl., Veg. King. 365 (1846)— Ftwaw- iaceae-, Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 269 (1862)— excl. genus Tropaeolum, ISTL OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 338 Trib. Ill, Umnantheae, Trib. IV, Oxalideae, Trib. VII, Balsamineae-, Bail- Ion, Hist. PL V, 1 (1874)— Series I, II, III, IV; Reiche, in Prantl and En- gler, Nat. Pflanz. 3, IV, 1 (1889). Genera: 11; widely distributed over the earth. Species : 360 ± ; 45 per cent, in genus Geranium Linn. , 2 fossil species from Baltic amber (Comventz). GERANIUM LINN. Gen. 554 (1737). Baillon, Hist. PI. V, 35; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. I, 272; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 50; Englerand Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, VI, 8 (Reiche); Gray III. Gent II, 127; Schenck, Palaeopliyt. 530. Living species: 160 ± ; temperate regions, especially in N. hemisphere, and a few in the tropics; 4 Pac., 3 Atl. Fossil species: 1-2, in amber (Conwentz). Geranium carolinianum LINN. Spec. 682 (1753). G. atrum MOENCH, Meth. 285 (1794). G. lanuginosum JACQ. Hort. Schoenb.II, 8 (1797). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 104; Britt., Fl.N. J. 72; Upham, Fl. Minn. 36; Chap., Fl. S. St. 65; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 150; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 90; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 94; Engl., Reiche "Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 4, 9; Coult. Fl.Tex. 50; Wats., King Exp. 50; Cov.,Fl. Ark. 171. North America: N. S. to Pac. and Arctic circle; S. to Maine, N. J. and Fla. ; W. to S. Calif, and Tex. Minn, valley: Forest district, particularly N. E. ; barren woods and openings. HERB. : Taylor 1067, Alexandria; Bollard 525, Cleary's lake, Scott Co. ; Ballard 594, Prior's lake, Scott Co. ; Roberts 20, Duluth; Bailey 199, Vermilion lake; Herrick 56, St. Louis river; Herrick 57, Minneapolis; Sandberg 105,~Red Wing; Sand- berg 106, Taylor's Falls. Geranium maculatum LINN. Spec. 681 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 103; Britt., Fl. N. J. 72; Chap., FL S. St. 65; Upham, Fl. Minn. 36; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 90; Led., Fl. Ross. Ir 463?; Cov., Fl. Ark. 171; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 151. Ural and Baikal Siberia? North America: Newf., N. S., Ont. to Rainy river; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Va.; W. to Minn., Kan. and Ark. Minn, 'valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co.; edges of woods and along streams. HERB.: Taylor 271, Janesville; Sheldon 132, Madison Lake; Ballard 40, Chaska; Oestlund 20, Ramsey Co.; Holzinger 41, Winona Co. ; Oestlund 21, Hennepin Co. ; Sandberg 104, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1884, Minneapolis; Herb. Wicker- sheim 27, Mankato. 334 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. L1V. OXALIDACEAE. Wood-Sorrel Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 1171 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 270(1862) —sub Geraniaceae', Baillon, Hist. PL V, 22 (1874)— sub Geraniaceae', Reiche, Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, IV, 15 (1889). Genera: 7; tropical and subtropical regions, sparingly in temperate zones; center in S. Africa and S. America. Species: 250 ± ; 90 per cent, in genus Oxalis Linn. OXALIS LINN. Gen. 377 (1737). Biophytum DC. Prodr. I, 689 (1824). Oxys' TOURN. Inst. 88 (1700). Baillon, Hist. PL V, 41; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 276; Durand, 2nd. Gen. Phan. 51; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, VI, 19, 21 (Reiche); Gray, III. Gen. II, 111; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 530. Living species : 250 ± ; Africa, tropical Asia and America; 3-4 temperate regions; 1-2, tropics of both hemi- spheres, the rest in S. Africa and tropical America to S. America. North America, 10-12; W. Tex., 6; S. Sts., 3; Rocky mts., 2-3; E. Sts., 5; Canada, 3-4; California, 2; PL Wheel., 1. Fossil species: 2 in amber (Comventz). Oxalis stricta LINN. Spec. 435 (1753). O. dittenii JACQ. Oxal. 15, 28 (1794). O. florida SALTSB. Prodr. 322 (1796). O. corniculata LINN. var. stricta SAV. Lam. Enc. Meth. IV, 683 0797). O. lyoni PURSH, Fl. Am. 322(1814). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 105; Britt., Fl. N. J. 73; Webb., Fl. Neb. 121; Coult., Fl. Colo. 45; Chap., Fl. S. St. 63; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 96; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 84; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 92, 503; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 99; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 483; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 153; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd.,Fl. Eur. Russ. 34; Engl. Reiche, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 4, 21; Coult., Fl. Tex. 52; Greene, Fl. Fran. 100; Cov., Fl. Ark. 171. Middle and N. Europe; N. Asia; China. North America, N. S. to Man.; S. to N. Eng., Fla.; W. to Colo., Tex. and California. Minn, valley: Throughout at all levels; damp or cul- tivated ground; banks of streams and in ravines. HERB.: Sheldon 1111, Springfield; Taylor 586, Minne- sota lake; Sheldon 20, Elysian; Sheldon 166, Madison Lake; Sheldon 965, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 122, Janesville; Taylor 747, Glen wood; Ballard 22, Chaska; Ballard 658, Waconia; Bollard 534, Cleary's lake, Scott Co.; Herrick 64, St. Louis river; Rob- erts 22, Beaver bay; Sandberg 110, Cannon Falls; Herrick 65, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1741, Minneapolis. LIST OF HIGHER SEED PRODUCING PLANTS. 335 Oxalis longiflora LINN. Spec. 433 (1753). 0. violacea LINN. Spec. 434 (1753). O. vespertilionis GRAY, PI. Fendl. 27 (1849). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 105; Britt., Fl. N. J. 73; Webb., Fl. Neb. 121; Coult.. Fl. Colo. 45; Upham, Fl. Minn. 36; Chap., Fl. S. St. 63: Roth., Wheel. Exp. 81; Cov., Fl. Ark. 171; Wats., Bibl. Ind. J, 153. North America: N. Eng. to Colo, and S. to N. J., Pla. and Ark. Minn, valley: E. and central districts to Chippewa river; dry or rocky places and in sterile soil. HERB. : Bollard 268, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Sheldon 745, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 587, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 1598, Lake Benton; Taylor 351, Janes ville; Huntingdon 3, Kock Co.; Her- rick 63, Minneapolis; Sandberg 109, Cannon Palls; Herb. Sheld. 1885, Minneapolis; Hprb. Moyer 46, Montevideo. LV. LINACEAE. Flax Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI 1170 (1840); Benth. and Hook. Gen. PL I, 241 (1862) — excl. Trib. Ill, Erythroxykae ; Baillon, Hist. PI. V, 42 (1874)— excl. series III, Erythroxyleae; Reiche, Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, IV, 27 (1889). Genera: 9-10; tropical, subtropical and temperate regions. Species: 120 ±, 75 per cent, in genus Linum Linn. LINUM LINN. Gen. 254 (1737). Adenolinum, Cathartolinum, Linopsis, Xaiitholinum REICH. Ic. Fl. Germ. VI, 67 (1844). Cliococca BAB. Trans. Linn. Soc. XIX, 33 (1855). Badiola GMEL. Syst. 289 (1805). Reinwardtia BUM. Com. Bot. 19 (1822). Macrolinum REICH. Ic. Fl. Germ. VI, 68 (1844). Baillon, Hist. PI. V, 63; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. I, 242, 243, 987; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 46; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, IV, 30, 31 (Reiche); Gray, III Gen. II, 107; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 530. Living species: 95 ±; cosmopolitan, mts. in tropics. Russia, 20; Europe, 33; Russian Europe, 14; North America, 18-21; Mid. Calif., 10; Canada, 6; E. Sts., 5; Rocky mts., 3; S. Sts., 4; PI. Wheel., 3; PI. King, 2; W. Tex., 9; Pac. coast, 14. Fossil species : 1 ; very doubtful, in Oligocene of Europe ( Conwentz). Linum rigidum PURSH, Fl. Am. 210 (18J4). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 102; Coult., Fl. Colo. 42; Upham, Fl. Minn. 35; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 89; Coult., Fl. Tex. 47; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 77, 78 in var.; Cov , Fl. Ark. 171; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 147; Webb., Appx. Neb. 32. 336 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. North America: Saskatchewan to N. W. T. ; S. to Minn., Neb., Ark., S. Colo, and Tex. Minn, valley: W. and S. at higher levels; dry prai- ries and meadows. HERB.: Sheldon 1371, Lake Benton; Taylor 1016y Glen wood; Herb. Moyer 43, Montevideo. Lin um sulcatum RIDDELL, Cat. PI. Ohio Suppl. 10 (1836). L. striatum NUTT. Gen. I, 206 (1818) not Walt. L. rigidum T. and G. Fl. I, 204 (1838) in part. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6ed. 102; Webb., Fl. Neb. 121; Upharn, Fl. Minn. 35: Britt., Fl. N. J. 71; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 89; Coult., Fl. Tex. 47; Cov., Fl. Ark. 171; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 147. North America: Ont. to N, W. T.; S. to Mass., N. J.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; prairies; dry meadows and forest openings; common. HERB.: Sheldon 1117, Springfield; Sheldon 1447, Pipe- stone City; Sheldon S24, Cottonwood river near Sleepy Eye; Taylor 791, Glenwood; Herrick 54, Minneapolis; Herrick 55, Minneapolis; Sandberg 102, Goodhue Co.; Oestlund 19, Minne- apolis; Gedge 3, Detroit lake; Sandberg 103, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1704, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 42, Montevideo. Linum lewisii PURSH, Fl. Am. 210 (1814). L. perenne var. lewisii EAT. and WR. Man. 302 (1841). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 102; Webb. Fl. Neb. 121; Upham, Fl. Minn. 35; Coult., Fl. Colo. 42; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 89; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 89; Coult, Fl. Tex. 46; Cov., Fl. Ark. 171; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 146. North America: Man. to Pac. and Arctic ocean; S. to Calif.; in mts. to Colo., Arizona and Mexico; E. to Ark , Neb., Iowa and Minn. Minn, valley: N. W. district and Leaf hills; rare; dry, high prairies and hillsides. LVI. RUTACEAE. Rue Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI. 1159 (1840); Aurantiaceae, Zanthoxyleae, Diosmeae, Endl. Gen. PL 1143-1149 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 278(1862); Baillon, Hist. PL IV, 373 (1873)— excl. series X, Cneoraceae. Genera: 125 ±; center in S. Africa and Australia; principally tropical and temperate; almost absent from tropical Africa. Species: 800 ±, many arborescent. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 337 ZANTHOXYLUM LINN. Gen. ed. VI, 1109 (1764). Fag-ara LINN. Gen. 1109 (1737). Ochroxylum SCHREB. Gen. 826 (1774). Curtisia SCHREB. Gen. 199 (1774 . Pohlana NEES and MART. N. Act. Cur. XI, 185 (1823). Kampmannia EAF. Med. Rep. II, hex. V, 350 (1808). Lacaris HAM. ex Wall. Cat. 7119 (1840?). ILangsclorfia LEANDR. Act. Monac. 229(1819). Macqueria COMMERS, ex Juss. Gen. 374 (1789). Peiitaiioma Moc. and SKSS. Fl. Mex. ex D.C. Prodr. II, (1825). Perijaea TUL. Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 3, VII, 279 (1847). Pterota P. BR. Jam. Hist. 146, 5 (1756'. Khetsa W. and ARN'T. Prodr. I, 147 (1834). Tobinia DESVX. Ham. Prodr. Ind. Occ. 56 (1825). Typalia DENST. Hort. Malab. Y, 34 (1818). Blackburnia FORST. Char. Gen. 6 (1776). Baillon, Hist. PI. IV, 468; Benth. and Hook., Gen, PI. I, 297; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 55; Gray, 111. Gen. I, 147; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 531; Sarg., N. A. Silva I, 65. Living species; 110 ±; 80 (B. and H.); all tropical and warmer regions; very numerous in China; wanting in Europe. North America, 5; S. Sts., 3; W. Tex., 2; E. Sts., 2; Canada, 1. Fossil species: 12-15; Tertiary, N. Europe (Heer)-, N. America (Lesquereaux) — 3 sp. in Californian region; Japan ( hathorst). Zanthoxylum americanum MILL. Diet. 57 (1768). Xanthoxylum fraxinifolium MARSH. Arbust. 167 (1785). Z. fraxineum WILLD. Berl. Baum. 413 (1796 j. Z. ramifolium MICHX. FL II, 235 (1803;. X. mite WILLD. Enum. 1013 (1803). Thylax fraxineum RAF. Med. Bot. II, 114 (1830). Z. tricarpum HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. 1, 118 (1833). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 106; Britt.. Fl. N. J. 74; Webb., Fl. Neb. 121: Upham, Fl. Minn. 37; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 93; Sarg., Silva I, 67, footnote; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 155. North America: Q. to W. Ont; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Del. ; W. to Minn, and Neb. Minn, valley: Forest district and W. to Chippewaand Pomme de Terres rivers; woods and river banks; common. HERB.: Taylor 26, Elysian; Sheldon 42, Elysian; Shel- don 793, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 378, Madison Lake; Taylor 693, Minnesota lake; Bollard 105, Shakopee; Taylor 1042, Glenwood; (Jestlund 23, Hennepin Co.; Kassube 46, Minneapolis; Sandberg 111, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1851, Minneapolis; Herb.Moyer 47, Montevideo. -22 338 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. PTELEA LINN. Gen. 78 (1737). Bellucia ADANS. Fam. PI. II, 344 (1763). Baillon, Hist. PI. IV, 482; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. I, 301; .Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 55; Gray III. Gen. II, 149; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 534; Sarg. N. A. Silva I, 75. Living species: 7; temperate N. America and 8. Mex- ico. W. Tex., 2; Mid. Calif., 1; S. Sts., 4; E. Sts., 1; Canada, 1; Rocky mts., 1; PI. Wheel., 1; PL King, 1. Fossil species: 7-10; Tertiary; Oligocene, Europe (Heer) ; Greenland (Heer) ; Sagor (Ettinghausen) ; Hungary ( Unger). Ptelea trifoliata LINN. Spec. 118 (1753). P. pentaphylla FABR. Enum. PI. Helmst. 416 (1759). P. viticifolia SALISB. Prodr. 68 (1796). P. tomentosa RAF. Fl. Lud. 108 (1817). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 107; Britt., Fl. N. J. 74; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 154; Upham, Fl. Minn. 37; Chap., Fl. S. St. 66; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 93, £05; Coult., Fl. Tex. 54; Sarg., Silva, I, 76; Cov., Fl. Ark. 171. North America: S. Ont. and Long Island to Fla. ; W. to Minn. , Ark. and Cent, and W. Tex. Minn, valley: S. E. districts?; doubtful, but reported from S. E. portion of State. No Minn, specimens have been seen. LVII. POLYGALACEAE. Polygala Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI. 1077 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 134 (1862); Baillon, Hist. PI. V, 71 (1874). Genera: 11; temperate and warmer regions. Species: 400; principally small herbs. POLYGALA LINN. Gen. 567 (1737). Solomonia LOUK. Coch. Fl. 14 (1790). Psycanthus and Triclisperma RAF. Speech. 116, 117 (1814). Epirhizanthus BLUME, Cat. Buit. 25 (1823). Badiera, Brachytropis, Chamaebuxus, Senega DC. Prodr. I, 321 seq. (1824). Isolophus, TricoTophus SPACH, Suit. Buff. XI, 112 (1842). Semeiocardium HASSK. Hort. Bogor. 227 (1844). Phylace NOB. ex Hassk. 1. c. (1844). Acanthocladus KLOTZSCH. PI. Sell. (1846?). Penaea PLUM. Gen. 22 (1703). Baillon, Hist. PL V, 87; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. I, 136, 137, 974; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 27; Gray, 111. Gen. II, 221. Living species: 275 ±; cosmopolitan. Europe, 21; Russia, 8; Russian Europe, 8; N. America, 36; S. Sts., 26-28;. Calif., 3; Canada, 6; E. Sts., 15-17; PI. Wheel., 2; W. Tex., 8.. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 339 Polygala yerticillata LINN. Spec. 706 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 122; Chap., Fl. S. St. 85; Britt., Fl. 1ST. J. 59; Webb., Fl. Neb. 122: Upham, Fl. Minn. 40; Coult., Fl. Colo. 30; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 66, 494; Coult., Fl. Tex. 26; Cov.,Fl. Ark. 168; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 93; Wheel., Rev. Polyg. 122. North America: Ont. and St. Lawrence valley to Sas- katchewan; S. toN. Eng., N. J., Fla. and Miss.; W. to Dak., Neb., Colo., Utah, Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout at higher levels, particu- larly W. ; hillsides and dry prairie. HERB.: Sheldon 964, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 816, Sigel township, Brown Co. ; Sheldon 1346, Verdi, Lincoln Co. ; Shel- don 1110, Springfield. Polygala paucifolia WILLD. Spec. Ill, 880 (1800). P. uniflora MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 53 (1803). P. purpurea AIT. f. Hort. Kew. IV, 244 (1812). Triclisperma grandiflora RAF. Speech. I, 117 (1814). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 120; Britt , Fl. N. J. 59; Upham, Fl. Minn. 41; Chap., Fl. S. St. 85; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 66, 494; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 92; Wheel., Kev. Polyg. 141. North America: N. Br., Ont., L. Superior reg. and Saskatchewan; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Penn. and Ga. ; W. to Minn, and 111. Minn, valley: Reported from S. E. edge; rare; woods and shaded banks. Polygala senega LINN. Spec. 704 (1753). Senega officinalis SPACH, Hist. Yeg. VII, 129 (1839). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 120; Britt., Fl. N. J. 59; Chap., Fl. S. St. 85; Upham, Fl. Minn. 40; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 66, 494; Cov., Fl. Ark. 168; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 93; Wheel., Rev. Polyg. 134. North America: N. Br., Ont., Man. to Rocky mts. ; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Carolinas and Tenn.; W. to Minn., Dak. and Ark. Minn, valley: Forest district to Chippewa river, in- frequent W. ; rocky and dry banks. HERB.: Bollard 92, Shakopee; Sheldon 424, Janes- ville; Sheldon 533, Waseca; Taylor 148, Janes ville; Hammond 21, Lake City; Hero. Sheld. 1877, Minneapolis. Polygala senega LINN. var. latifolia T. and G. Fl. N. A. I, 131 (1838). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 121; Wheel., Eev. Polyg. 135. North America: Md. to Mich.; Penn. to Va., Ky. and Tenn. ; W. to Minn. Minn, valley: Forest and N. E. districts; shaded 340 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. banks and woodland. HERB. : Ballard 200, Jordan, Scott Co. Polygala cruciata LINN. Spec. 706 (1753). P. cuspidata HOOK. Journ. Bot. I, 194 (1834). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 121; Britt., Fl. N. J. 59; Webb., Fl. Neb. 122; Upham, Fl. Minn. 40; Chap., Fl. S. St. 84; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 90; Wheel., Kev. Polyg. 117. North America: Maine, N. J., N. Car. to Fla. ; W. to Minn., Neb., Kan. and La. Minn, valley: N. edge and in vicinity of Ft. Snelling; Dakota Co. ; low ground and base of hills. Polygala viridescens LINN. Spec. 705 (1753). P. sanguinea LINN. Spec. 705 (1753). P. purpurea NUTT. Gen. II, 88 (1818). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 121; Upham, Fl. Minn. 40: Chap., Fl. S. St. 83; Britt., Fl. N. J. 59; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 66, 494; Cov., FL Ark. 168; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 92; Wheel., Rev. Polyg. 127. North America: Ont. and Maine to N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn. , Kan. , Ark. and Ind. Terr. Minn, valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Chip- pewa river; low or sandy soil; river banks. HERB.: Oestlund 28, HennepinCo.; Her ride 70, Min- neapolis; Kassube 53, Minneapolis; Sandberg 123, Red Wing; Bodin 1, Center City; MacM. and Sheld. 50, Brainerd. LVIII. EUPHORBIACEAE. Spurge Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 1107 (1840); Antidesmeae, Endlicher, Gen. PL 287' (1840); Bennettiaceae. Schizl. Icon. t. 172 (1843); Daphniphyllaceae, Mttll- Arg., DC. Prodr. xvi, I, 1 (1869); Hippomaneae, Agardh, Theor. Syst. 244 (1858); Stilaginaceae and Scepaceae, Lindl. Veq. King. 259, 283 (1846); Phyl- lantheae Agardh, Syst. Theor.; Pseudantheae, Putranjiveae, Endlicher, Gen. PL 288(1840); Tithymali Adans. Fam. 356 (1763); Trewiaceae, Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. II, 174 (1836); Tricoccae Linn. Philos. Bot. H2 (1751); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 239 (1883); Baillon, Hist. PL V, 105 (1874); Pax in Eng- ler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. III. 5, 1 (1890). Genera: 200-220; cosmopolitan; a large number xero- phytic; principally in the tropics, but very many temperate forms. Baillon recognises 150 ± genera. Species: 3500 ±, including a large number of desert plants especially in S. Africa, and the Malayan peninsula. RICINOCARPUS BURM. Thes. Zeyl. 203 (1737), p. p em. O. K. 1. c. (1891). Acalypha LINN. Coir. Gen. 986 (1737, later). ( 11 pa men i ADANS. Fam. II, 356 (1763). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 341 Linostacliys KLOTZSCH, Linn. XIX, 235 (1845). Gymnalypha GRISEB. Bonpland. VI, 2 (1858). Caturus LINN, ex Schreb. Gen. PL 677 (1792). Galurus SPRENG. Syst. I, 138 (1825). Oclonteilema TURCZ. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. I, 587 (1848). Calyptrospatba KLOTZSCH, Pet. Moss. Bot. 96 (1862-64). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. Ill, 311; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 368; Eng- ler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3. V, 60 (Pax)-, O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, (1891). Living species: 220 ±; tropical regions; a few extend- ing into the temperate zones. S. Sts., 5-6; Canada, 1; N. America, 10 ±. Ricinocarpus yirginicus (LiNN.) OK. Rev. Gen. II, 615 (1891). Acalypha virginica LINN. Spec. (1753). A. caroliniana WALT. Fl. Car. 238 (1788). A. virginica var. genuina MULL.-ARG. Linn. XXXIV, 44 (I860.*. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 459; Britt., Fl. N. J. 215; Webb., Fl Neb. 123; Upham, Fl. Minn. 123; Mac., Fl. Can. L 427; Chap., Fl. S. St. 405; Cov., Fl. Ark. 218; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 5, 62. North America: Ont. and N. Eng. to Fla. ; W. to Minn., Neb. and Ark. Minn, valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co.; E. and S. ; fields, openings and roadsides. HERB.: Sandberg 492, Red Wing; Manning 8, Lake City; Holzinger 208, Winona Co. EUPHORBIA LINN. Gen. 429 (1737). Tithymalus GAERT. Fruct. II, 115 (1791). Anisophyllum HAW. Syn. Succ. 159 (1812). Adenopetalum, Eumecanthus, Leptopus, Dichrophylivim, Tithymalopsis, Tricherostigma, Euphorbiastrum, Artlirotham- nus, Sterig-manthe KLOTZSCH and GARCKE, Monatsb. Akad. Berl. (1859'. Petaloma RAF. Fl. Tell. (1836). Alectoroctonuin SCHLECHT. Linn. XIX, 252 (1845). Poinsettia GRAH. Edin. Phil. Journ. XX, 412 (1840). Anthacantha LEM. 111. Hort. (1858). Treissia, Dactylanthes, Medusea, Galarhoeus, Esula HAW. Succ. 131-153 (1812). ?Keraselma and Athymalus NECK. Elem. II, 353 (1790). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL III, 258; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 360; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, V, 103 (Pax); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 594. Living species: 600 ± ; tropical and temperate regions; less abundant in the tropics. Europe, 107; Russia, 70; European Russia, 38; E. Sts., 19-20; Rocky mts., 15; Mid. Calif., 9; all Calif., 15; Canada, 9; S. Sts., 32; PL King, 6; PI. Wheel., 11; N. America, 55-60. 342 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Fossil species: Tertiary; Bonn, Bohemia; Euphor- bioides (Wessel and Weber); Euphorbiophyllum (EttingJiausen). Euphorbia dictyosperma FISCH. and MEY. Ind. Sem. Petrop. 37 (1835). E. arkansana ENGELM. and GRAY, PL Lindh. I. 53 (1845). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed.455; Webb., Fl. Neb. 123; Upham, Fl. Minn. 123; Coult., Fl. Colo. 327; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 75; Greene, Fl. Fran. 90; Roth., Wheel, Exp. 248; Wats., King Exp. 320; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 5, 110. North America: Oregon to Santa Barbara; E. to Tex., Ky., Iowa and Minn. Minn, valley: W. districts; prairies; infrequent or rare. HERB. : Moyer 217, Montevideo. Euphorbia heterophylla LINN. Amoen. Acad. Ill, 112 (1756). E. cyathophora MURR. Prodr. Gott. (1770). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 454; Webb., Fl. Neb. 123; Upham, Fl. Minn. 123; Cov., Fl. Ark. 217; Engl. Pax. Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 5, 107. North America: Minn., 111., Iowa, Neb., Kan., Mo., Ark. and Tenn. ? Minn, valley: Throughout; local or infrequent; sandy slopes and sunny banks of streams or lakes. HERB. : Sheldon 797, Sigel township, Brown Co. : Shel- don 941, Redwood Falls; Oestlund 170, Minneapolis; Herrick 268, Minneapolis; Herrick 269, Minneapolis. Euphorbia corollata LINN. Amoen. Acad. Ill, 122 (1756). Galarhoeus corollatus HAW. Succ. II, 161 (1812). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 454; Britt , Fl. N. J. 214; Mac., FL Can. I, 425; Upham, Fl. Minn. 123; Webb., Fl. Neb. 123; Cov., Fl. Ark. 217. North America: L. Huron to Ont. and Mass.; S. toN. Y., N. J., Fla.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Ark. and La. Minn, valley: Throughout; frequent; dry or open and sandy fields. HERB.: Bollard 644, Chaska; Leonard 44, Fillmore Co.; Holzinger 207, Winona Co.; Herrick 267 Minneapolis; Oest- lund 169, Minneapolis -,Kassube 213, Minneapolis; Sandberg 491, Goodhue Co. Euphorbia marginata PURSH, FL Am. II, 607 (1814). E. leucoloma RAF. in Herb. Phil. (1833). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 454; Webb., FL Neb. 123; Upham, Fl. Minn. 123; Coult., Fl. Colo. 327; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 5, 106. North America: Minn., Dak., Colo., Neb., Kan. and Mo. ; spreading eastward to Ohio. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 343 Minn, valley: S. W. districts to Franklin township eastward; hills and banks or high fields. HERB. : Sheldon 930, Crow creek, near Redwood Falls Euphorbia nutans LAGASCA, Gen. et. Spec. 17 (1816). E. metadata LINN. Mant. (1767). ? E. androsaemifolium PRESL, Delic. Prag. 57 (1822). E. presslii Guss. Prodr. Fl. Sicul. I, 539 (1827). E. hypericifolia Plur. Auct. Amer. ? E. trinervis BERTOL. Fl. Ital. V, 37 (1842). E. hypericifolia var. communis ENGELM. Chap.. Fl. S. St. 403(1860). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 453; Britt., Fl. N. J. 214; Webb., Fl. Neb. 123; Upham, Fl. Minn. 123; Mac.,Fl. Can. I, 427; II, 354; Greene, Fl. Fran. 92; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 247; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 5, 104. North America: Ont. ? and N. Eng. to N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Dak. , Neb. , Kan. and Ark. ; also in upper Sacremento valley and in C. America and Ecuador. Minn, valley: Forest district; not common; open, sterile places or in fields. HERB. : Sandberg 490, Red Wing; Holzinger 206, Dres- bach; Herrick 266, Minneapolis. Euphorbia humistrata ENGELM. Gray's Man. 3ed.386 (1859). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 453; Britt., Fl. N. J. 214; Webb., Fl. Neb. 123; Upham, Fl. Minn. 123; Greene, Fl. Fran. 92. North America: Ind. and W. Tenn. to Minn., Dak., Neb. and Kan. ; also in Calif, and introd. in N. J. Minn, valley: E. edge and S. districts; rare; alluvial soil in shaded places. HERB. : Sandberg 489, Red Wing, Euphorbia maculata LINN. Spec. 21 (1753). E. thymifolia PURSII, Fl. Am. II, 606 (1814). E. depressa TORR. Ell. Sk. II, 655 (1824). E. hypericifolia HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 140 (1840) in part. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 453; Britt., Fl. N. J. 214; Webb., Fl. Neb. 123; Upham, Fl. Minn. 123; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 425; Chap., Fl. S. St. 403; Coult., Fl. Colo. 326; Cov., Fl. Ark. 217; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 5, 105. North America: Ont. to Saskatchewan; N. Eng. to Fla.; W. to Dak., Colo., Neb., Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout; particularly S. W. dis- tricts; banks, fields and roadsides. HERB. : Bollard 526, deary's lake, Scott Co. ; Sheldon 917, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1^0, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1285, Lake Benton; Sheldon 986, Cross lake, Brown Co.; Oestlund 167, Hen- nepinCo. ; Oestlund 168, Minneapolis; Herrick 265, Minneapo- lis; Holzinger 205, Winona Co.; Sandberg 488, Red Wing. 344 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Euphorbia glyptosperma ENGELM. Bot. Mex. Bound. II, 187 (1859). E. polygonifolia HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 140 (1848) in part. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 453; Webb. ,F1. Neb. 123; Upham, Fl. Minn. 123; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 425; Coult., Fl. Colo. 328; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 74; Wats., King Exp. 320; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 246. North America; Ont., Saskatchewan, Brit. Col. to Pac.; S. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Mo., 111., Wise, and Colo. Minn, valley: Throughout; common; sandy places and embankments. HERB.: Sheldon 966, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1557, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1169, New Ulm; Sheldon 1597, Lake Benton; Bollard 161, Chaska; Taylor 784, Glenwood; Sheldon 1102, Springfield; Bollard 527, Cleary's lake, Scott Co.; Holzinger 204, Winona Co.; Oestlund 166, Minneapolis; Herrick 264, Min- neapolis; Holzinger 205, Winona Co. ; Herb. Sheld. 1925, Minne- apolis. Euphorbia serpyllifolia PERS. Syn. II, 14 (1807). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 453; Webb., Fl. Neb. 123; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 424; Upham, Fl. Minn. 123; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 74; Coult., Fl. Colo. 326; Greene, Fl. Fran. 91; Wats., King Exp. 320; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 246; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 5, 105. North America: Columbia river, Moose mt., N. W.T., Saskatchewan; S. along Pac. to Monterey and Gt. Basin region to Tex. and Mex.; E. to Kan., Neb., Dak. and Minn. Minn, valley; Throughout; frequent; sandy or waste places or embankments. HERB.: Taylor 1152, Glenwood; Herb. Sheld. 1900, Cedar lake, Hennepin Co. Euphorbia geyeri ENGELM. PL Lindh. I, 52 (1845). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 452; Upham, Fl. Minn. 123; Webb., Appx. Neb. 33. North America: 111., Wise., Minn., Kan., Neb. to Tex. Minn, valley: Reported from N. E. district;, sandy places or along railway embankments. LIX. STELLARIACEAE, Water-Star wort Family. Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 673 (1862)— sub Halorageae; Baillon, Hist. PI. V, 250(1874)— sub Euphorbiaceae; Pax in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, V, 120 (1890)— CalUtrichaceae; Kndlicher, Gen. PI. 268 (I840j— Callitrichinae. Genera: 1; cosmopolitan in fresh waters; aquatic. Species: 1-2; 25 (Hegelmaier). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 345 STELLARIA LUDW. Defin. 27 (1737). Callitriche LINN. Syst. VI. 82 (1748) ex O. Kuntze 1. c. (1891). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 676; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 122; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 234, Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, V, 122 (Pax). Living species: 1-2; temperate and colder regions. 25 sp. (Hegelmaier ) ; N. America, 11 (Morong); E. Sts., 4; S. Sts., 5; Canada, 4; Pac. coast, 6-7; Rocky nits., 4. Stellaria verna (LINN.). Callitriche verna, LINN. Fl. Suec. ed. II, 2 (1755). Stellaria vernalis WIGG. Prim. Hoist. ( ). Callitriche heterophylla PURSH, Fl. Am. 3 (1814). C. vernalis KOCH, Syn. ed. I, 245(1837). ? C. asagrayi HEGELM Mon. Call. 54 (1864). ?C. stenocarpa HEGELM. Verb. Bot. Brand. X, 114 (1868?). ?C. bolanderi HEGELM. Verb. Bot. Brand. X, 114 (1868?). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 182; Britt., Fl. N. J. 106; Coult., Fl. Colo. 325; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 77; Chap., FL S. St. 399; Upham, Fl. Minn. 122: Hook., Fl.Gt. Brit. 152; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 52; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 530; Morong, Torr. Bull. XVIII, 236; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 119; Wats., King. Exp. 102; Cov., Fl. Ark. 182; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. 3, V, 122; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 121: Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 382; Greene, Fl. Fran 229. Europe; all Asia; circumboreal and in S. America. North America: Most abundant in northern and Ca- nadian waters; but occurring throughout the continent. Minn, valley: N. districts; infrequent; aquatic in lakes or pools. HERB.: Bailey 367, Mud river; Roberts 121, Stewart river; Bailey 400, Mud lake. LX. ANACARDIACEAE. Cashew Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI. 1127 (1840); Benth. and HOOK., Gen. PL I, 415 (1862); Baillon, Hist. PI. V, 257 (1874)— Terebinthaceae, in part. Genera: 50 ±; tropical and subtropical regions; spar- ingly in temperate zones; trees or shrubs. Species: 600 ±; many in Central America. RHUS LINN. Gen. 241 (1737). A 1 1 a ph ron in in E. MEY. Herb. Drege. Heeria MEISSN. Gen. Comm. 55 (1843). Lobadium RAF. Journ. Phys. LXXXIX, 98 (1819). Malosma NUTT. ex Baillon, Hist. PI. V, 321 (1874). Metopium P. BR. Jam. Hist. 177 (1756). Ozoroa DEL. Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 2, XX, 91 (1843). Roemeria THUNB. Fl. Cap. 194 (1809). Turpinia RAF. Med. Rep. II, hex 2, 352 (1808). Styphonia NUTT. T. and G. Fl. I, 220 (1838).. Schmalzia DESVX. Jour. Bot. Ill, 229 (1809). 346 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Cotinus and Toxic odendron TOURN. last. 610 (1700). Lithraea MIERS. Trav. Chile, II, 529 (1826). Vernix ADANS. Fara. PI. II, 342 (1763). Pocophorum NECK. Elem. II, 226 (1790). Melanococca BLUME, Lug. Bat. I. 236 (1833). Baillon, Hist. PL V, 321; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 418; Durand, 2nd. Gen. Phan. 86; Gray, III. Gen. II, 157; Sargent, N. Am. Silva III, 1, 7; Schenck, Palaeopfiyt. 543. Living species: 120±; principally at the Cape of Good Hope; also warmer extra- tropical regions, and a few in the tropics. Russia, 2; Europe, 4; N. America, 14; Canada, 7-9; W. Tex., 6; S. Sts., 9; PL Wheel., 6; E. Sts., 7; Calif., 4; Rocky mts., 3. Fossil species: 30-40 spec. Cretaceous, N. Amer. (Les- quereaux) and Greenland (Heer) ; Tertiary Europe (Saporta and others)-, N. America (Lesqx.) and Asia. Rims radicans LINN. Spec. 266 (1753). E. toxicodendron var. radicans TORR. Fl. U. S. 324 (1824). B. toxicodendron AUCT. AMER. in part. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 119; Britt., Fl. N. J. 79; Chap., Fl. S. St. 69; Upham, Fl. Minn. 37; Webb., Fl. Neb. 121; Coult., Fl. Colo. 49; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 101; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 224; Coult., Fl. Tex. 68; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 84; Wats., King. Exp. 53; Cov., Fl. Ark. 173; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 183. Saghalin, Japan and Kurile Jsls. ; intro. from East in Germany. , North America: N. S. to Saskatchewan; S. toN. Eng., N. J. andFla.; W. to Dak., Colo., Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; shores of lakes, low ground and edges of woods; abundant. HERB.: Taylor 131, Janesville; Taylor 179 Janesville; Bollard 190, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 546, Janesville; Sheldon 169, Madison Lake; Bollard 337, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 624, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 1468, Pipes tone City; Sheldon 884, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 55, Elysian; Bollard 688, Waconia; Kas- sube 47, Minneapolis; Holzinger 45, Winona Co. Rhus vernix LINN. Spec. 265 (1753). Toxicodendron pinnatum MILL. Diet. ed. 8 (1768). Rhus venenata DC. Prodr. II, 68 (1825). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 119; Chap., Fl. S. St. 69; Upham, Fl. Minn. 37; Britt., Fl. N. J. 79; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 100, 505; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 1, 184; Sarg., N. A. Silv. Ill, 23. North America, W. Ont. and N. N. Eng. to N. J., N. Car., N. Ga. and Alab.; W. to Minn., Ark. and W. La. Minn, valley: Ft. Snelling and only far N. E. ; swamps and springsides; rare. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 347 Rhus copallina LINN. Spec. 266 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 119; Britt., Fl. N. J. 79; Chap., Fl. S. St. 69; Webb., Fl. Neb. 121; Upham, Fl. Minn. 37; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 100; Coult., Fl. Tex. 67; Cov., Fl. Ark. 173; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 182; Sarg.,N. A.Silvalll, 19. North America: Thousand Islands, Can. to N. Eng.,N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark. and Rio Grande river; Cuba. Minn, valley: Forest district, Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co. ; rare; hillsides and dry banks. HERB. : ? Sandberg 112, Cannon Falls. Rhus glabra LINN. Spec. 265 (1753). E. carolinense MARSH. Arbust. 129 (1785). E. elegans AIT. Hort. Kew. I, 366 (1789). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 119; Britt., Fl. N. J. 79; Webb., Fl. Neb. 121; Coult., Fl. Colo. 49; Chap.. Fl. S. St. 69; Upham Fl. Minn. 37; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 100, 505; Wats., KingExp. 52, 419; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 84.; Cov., Fl. Ark. 173; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 182. North America: N. S. to Ont., Man. and Saskatche- wan?; S. to N. Eng., N. J.. Fla. and Miss.; W. to Minn., Colo., Neb. and Ark. ; Arizona. Minn, valley: Throughout; rocky and dry situations, especially banks and hillsides. HERB.: Taylor 524, Janesville; Taylor 820, Glenwood; Bollard 84n, Chaska; Sheldon 1513, Lake Benton; QesUund 24, Minneapolis; Bailey 230, Vermilion lake; Bailey 254, Vermilion lake; Holzinger 44, Winona Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1917, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 48, Montevideo. Rims typhina LINN. Amoen. IV, 311 (1759). Datisca hirta LINN. Spec. 1037 (1753). Ehus hypselodendron MOENCH, Meth. 73 (1794). E. typMna var. arborescens WILLD. Enum. 323 (1809). E. typhina var. frutescens WILLD. I.e. E. hirta per legem, not Harv. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 119; Britt., Fl. N. J. 79; Upham, Fl. Minn. 37; Chap., Fl. S. St. 69; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 100; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Kuss. 36; Cov., Fl. Ark. 73; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 184; Sarg., N. A. Silva III, 15. Introduced in Europe. North America: N. S.?, N. B., Ont., W. of Lake Hu- ron and Minn.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., N. Car., Alab., Miss.; W. to Mo. and Ark, Minn, valley: E. portion of valley and N. edge to central region; rocky hillsides and banks. HERB.: Taylor 448, Janesville; Taylor 448$, Lake Helena, Waseca Co. ; Sheldon 383, Madison Lake; Bollard 116, Chaska; Holzinger 43, Winona Co. 348 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. LXI, CELASTRACEAE, Staff-Tree Family. Endiicher, Gen. PI. 1085(1836-40); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 357 (1862) excl. Hippocrateae-, Baillon, Hist. PL VI, 1 (1877). Genera: 35 ± ; tropical regions and less abundantly in temperate. Species: 250 ± living; several (10-15) fossil. EYONYMUS LINN, Gen. 79 (1737). Vyenomus PRESL, Bot. Bern. 32 (1844). Melanocarya TURCZ. Bull. Mosq. XXXI, I, 453 (1860). Baillon, Hist. PI. VI, 30; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. I, 360; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 65; Gray, 111. Gen. II, 187; Schenck, Palo,eophyt. 578; Sar- gent, N. Am. Silv. II, 9. Living species: 40 4-; Northern hemisphere to Mexico; Malay archipelago and N. Australia; centers in N. E. India, China and Japan. North America, 6-7; Mexico, 4-5; W. Tex., 1; Calif., 1; E. Sts,, 2; S. Sts., 2; Russia, 6; Europe, 3; Russian Europe, 3. Fossil species: Greenland and N. Europe; Tertiary. Evonymus atropurpureus JACQ. Hort. Viiid. II, 55 (1772). E. caroliniensis MARSH. Arbust. 43 (1785). E. latifolius MARSH. Arbust. 44 (1785). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 110; Britt., Fl. N. J. 75; Webb., Fl. Keb. 122; Chap., Fl. S. St. 76; Upham, Fl. Minn. 39; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 95; Cov., Fl.'Ark. 172; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 161. North America: Ont. and N. Y. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn. , Neb. , Dak. , Kan. , Ark. and Miss. Minn, valley: Throughout, E. of the Pomme des Terres river; wooded banks and shores of lakes. HERB.: Sheldon 221, Madison Lake; Sheldon 622, Wil- ton, Waseca Co. ; Roberts 23, Lake Lilian; Herrick 67, Minne- apolis; Sandberg 116, Vasa; Kassube 51, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 50, Chippewa river, near Montevideo. CELASTRt S LINN. Gen. 168 (1737). Denhamia MEISSN. Gen. 18 (1836). Gymnosporia WIGHT, and ARN. Prodr. I, 159 (1834). May terms FEUILL. ex Juss. Gen. 449 (1789). Putterlickia ENDL. Gen. 1086 (1840). Catha ENDL. Gen. 5678 (1840). Eucentrus and Polyacanthus PRESL, Bemerk. 33 (1844). Scytophyllum S. and Z. Enurn. I, 124 (1837). Orixa THUNB. Fl. Jap. 3 (1784). Leucocarpon A. RICH. Sert. Astrol. 46 (1832). ? Hedraianthera F. MULL. Frag. V, 58 (1882). Cassine HARV. and SOND. Fl. Cap. I, 452, 4(j5 (1863). Haenkea R. and P. Prodr. 36 (1798). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 349 Moiiteverdia RICH, Cub. I, 346 (1850). ? Moya GRIS. PL Lorenz. 63 (1874). Maiten FUEILL. Obs. Ill, 39 (1714). Baillon, Hist. PI. VI, 46; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI 1,364, 365, 366; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 66; Gray, III Gen. II, 185; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 580. Living species: 135 ±; 18 (B. and H.); cosmopolitan; centers in tropics. North America: Canada, 1; E. Sts., 1; S. Sts,, 1; S. Tex., 2. Fossil species: Cretaceous, Upper and Lower (Les- quereaux, Fontaine), N. and S. America, Alaska, Greenland (Heer)\ Australia (Ettinghausen)\ Tertiary: Celastrophyllum Goppert — Europe; Potomac. Celastrus scandens LINN. Spec. 196 (1753). C. bullatus LINN. Spec. 196(1753). Evonymoides scandens MOENCH, Meth. 70 (1794). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 110; Britt., Fl. N. J. 76: Upham, Fl. Minn. 39; Webb., Fl. Neb. 122; Chap., Fl. S. St. 77; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 94, 503; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 1, 161. North America: Q., Ont., L. Superior region to Man, and Assiniboia; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Kan. Minn, valley: Throughout; banks of streams and in thickets; climbing over underbrush; common. HERB. : Taylor 1009, Glenwood; Taylor 898, Glen wood; Sheldon 1488, Pipestone City; Taylor 1165, Glenwood; Taylor 55, Elysian; Taylor 126, Janesville; Sheldon 918, Sleepy Eye; Sal- lard 85, Chaska; Kassube 50, Cedar lake; Bailey 235, Vermilion lake; Holzinger 46, Winona Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1771, Ft. Snel- ling; Herb. Moyer 262, Chippewa Co. LXH. AQUIFOLIACEAE. Holly Family. Endlicher, Gen PI. 1092 (1836-40)— llitineae; Benth. and Hook. Gen. Plant. I, 355 (1862); Baillon, Hist. PI. XI, (1892). Genera: 3-4; principally in tropics, a few extra-trop- ical. Species: 150± ; 145 in Ilex. Almost all Central Ameri- can but some extending through all temperate and tropical regions A few fossil leaves from Tertiary of Greenland, re- ferred here. ILEX LINN. Gen. 91 (1737), p. p. Benth. 1. c. (1862). Prinos LINN. Gen. 441 (1737). Paltoria Ruiz and PAV. Fl. Peruv. I, 54 (1798). Macoucoua AUBL. PI. Gui. I, 88 ( 1775). 350 MBTASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Ghomelia VELLOZ. Flum. I, 106 (1827). Pileostegia TURCZ. Bull. Mosc. XXXII, 276 (1859). Leucodermis PLANCH. Herb. Hook. Byronia ENDL. Ann. Wien. I, 184 (1835). Polystigma MEISSN. Gen. 252 (1 43 ». Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 356; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 65; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 580; Baillon, Hist. PL XI, (1892). Living species: 175 ±; cosmopolitan. Centers in Brit. Guiana and Brazil; very infrequent in Africa and Australia; 13-14, E. North America. S. Sts., 12; E. Sts., 9; Canada, 4. Fossil species: Tertiary, Greenland and Alaska (Heer). Ilex verticillata (LiNN.) GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 307 (1867). Prinos verticillatus LINN. Spec. 330 (1753). P. confertus MOENCH, Meth. 481 (1794). P. gronovii MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 236 (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 109; Britt., Fl. N. J. 75; Upham, Fl. Minn. 95; Chap., Fl. S. St. 270; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 93; Cov.,Fl. Ark. 172; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 160. North America: N. S. to C. Ont and Minn.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to 111., Iowa, Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: Reported from the N. edge but some- what doubtful, low woodland. HERB.: Sandberg 388, Marine Mills; Herrick 188, St. Louis river. LXIII. STAPHYLEACEAE. Bladder-Nut Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI. 1084 (1836-40); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. PL I, 392 (1862)— sub Sapindaceae; Baillon, Hist. PL V, 392. Genera: 2; N. extra- tropical region. Species: 15 ± ; principally in Chinese- Japanese region and E. India. Fossils from Green river Tertiary, Wyoming. STAPHYLEA LINN. Gen. 248 (1737). Bumalda THUNB. Fl. Jap. 8 (1784). Staphylodendron TOURN. Inst. 616 (1700). Baillon, Hist. PL V, 392; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 412; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 83; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 554; Gray, 111. Gen. II, 181. Living species: 4; 1, Europe; 2, N. America; 1, Hima- layas and Japan; Atl. states, 1; Pac. America, 2. Fossil species: 1, Green river group, Tertiary, N. America (Lesquereaux). Staphylea trifolia LINN. Spec. 270 (1753). Staphylodendrum trifoliatum MOENCH, Meth. 64 (1794). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 351 Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 118; Chap., Fl. S. St. 77; Britt., Fl. Neb. 78; Upham, Fl. Minn. 39; Webb., Fl. Neb. 122; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 98; Cov., Fl. Ark. 173; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 181. North America: Q., Ont. to Georgian bay; S. to N. Eng,, N. J,, Car. and Tenn. ; W. to Minn., Neb. and Ark. Minn, valley: Forest region; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co. and W. to New Ulm; edges of woods and shaded banks. HERB.: Sheldon 313, Stony Point, Lake Madison; An- derson 1, GoodhueCo. ; Sheldon 705, White Bear lake; Sheldon 553, Waseca; Sheldon 172, Eagle Lake, Blue Earth Co. ; Sheldon 628, Wilton, Waseca Co. ; Holzinger 47, Winona Co. ; Sandberg 117, Cannon Falls; Herb. Wicker sheim 28, Mankato. LXIV. ACERACEAE. Maple Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI. 1055 (1840); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. PL I, 388 (1862) -sub Sapindaceae; Baillon, Hist. PL V, 373(1874)— sub Sapindaceae. Genera: 2; temperate N. hemisphere to Java and N. India. Species: 60 ± ; center in Himalayan region; 55 in Acer. ACER LINN. Gen. 317 (1737). Negundo MOENCH, Meth. 334 (1794). Negundium KAF. Med. Kep. II, Y, 350 (1808). Baillon, Hist. PL V, 427; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 409; Gray, 111. Gen. II, 199; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 82; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 557; Sar- gent, N. Am. Silv. II, 79. Living species: 75 ± ; China and Japan, 30 ±; Hima- layas, 12; Europe and Orient, 12; North America, 9; E. Sts., 6; Pac. coast, 3; Rocky mts., 2; Canada, 9; PI. Wheel., 4; PL King., 4; northern hemisphere and S. to mts. of Java. Fossil species: Greenland and Spitzbergen, Tertiary (Heer)-, Cretaceous, N. America (Lesquereaux, Newberry)-, Ter- tiary Europe, 5 sp. ; principally Oligocene, few Miocene; Mio- cene of Saghalin; Pliocene in Japan (Nathorst). Tertiary, N. America, numerous. Acer negundo LINN. Spec. 1056 (1753). Negundo aceroides MOENCH, Meth. 334 (1794). Negundium fraxinifolium RAF. Desv. Jour. Bot. V, 170 (1809). Negundo fraxinifolium NUTT. Gen. I. 253 (1818). ? N. mexicanum DC. Prodr. I, 596 (1824). N. trifoliatum and lobatum RAF. N. Fl. I, 48 (1830). N. negundo SUDW. Gard. and For. IV, 166 (1891). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed.; Britt., Fl. N. J. 78; Coult , FL Colo. 49; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 108; Chap., Fl. S. St. 81; Upham, Fl. 352 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA "VALLEY. Minn. 40; Webb., Fl. Neb. 120; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 100, 504; Coult., Fl. Tex. 66: Wats., King Exp. 52; Both., Wheel. Exp. 42, 84, 357; Cov. Fl. Ark. 173; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 180. North America: Saskatchewan to Man. and Toronto; N. Eng., N. J. to Fla.; W. to Mont., Dak., Neb., Colo., Utah and Tex. ; Arizona; also on Pac. coast in a well-marked variety; N. Mex., Mexico. Minn, valley: Forest district and along river banks, throughout; moist woods and shores of lakes. HERB. Sheldon 1099, Springfield; Sheldon 162, Madi- son Lake; Taylor 73, Elysian; Taylor 157, Janesville; Oestlund 26, Minneapolis; Holzinger 49, Winona Co.; Kassube 52, Min- neapolis; Oestlund 27, Hennepin Co.; Sandberg 122, Cannon Falls. Acer rubrum LINN. Spec. 1055 (1753). ? A. glaucum MARSH. Arbust. Amer. 2 (1785). ?A. carolinianum WALT. Fl. Car. 251 (1788). A. coccineum MICHX. f. Arb. Am. II, 203 (1810). A. sanguineum SPACH, Ann. Sci. Nat. II, 2. 176 (1834). A. microphyllum and semiorbiculatum PAX, Engl. Jahrb. VII, 181 (1888). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 318; Britt., Fl. N. J. 78; Chap , Fl. S. St. 81; Upham, Fl. Minn. 40; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 99; Cov., Fl. Ark. 173; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 1, 176; Sarg., Silva, II, 107; Upham, Suppl. Minn. 50. North America: Lat 49° N. in N. Br., Q. and Ont. to S. Fla., W. Man., Dak., Ark., Ind. Terr, and Tex. Minn, valley: Forest district; reported from Redwood Falls: swampy woodland and river banks. HERB.: Bailey 186, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 121, Goodhue Co. Acer barbatum MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 252 (1803). A. saccliarinum WANG. Amer. Holz. 26 (1787) not Linn. A. saccharophorum KOCH, Hort. Dendr. 80(1853). A. saccharum BRITT. Fl. N. J. 78 (1890) not Marsh. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 117; Upham, Fl. Minn. 39; Chap., Fl. S. St. 80; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 99; O)v., Fl. Ark. 173; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 1, 176; Sarg., Silva, II, 97. North America: Newf. and N. S. to Man.; S. to Maine, N. J. and Va.; W. to Minn., Neb.? and Tex. Minn, valley: Forest district, Ft. Snelling to Brown Co. and W. to the Chippewa river; rich woods and along streams. HERB.: Bollard 120, Chaska; Sheldon 297, Madison Lake; Sheldon 808, Sigel township, Brown Co.; Taylor 159, Janesville; Holzinger 48, Winona Co.; Sandberg 119, Vasa; LIST OP HIGHER SEED- PRODUCING PLANTS. 353 Sandberg 120, Winona Co. ; Bailey 225, Vermilion lake; Herb. Sheld. 1860, Minneapolis. Acer barbatum MICHX. var. nigrum (Micnx. f.) SARG. Gard. and For. II, 364 (1888). Acer ni rum MICHX. f. Arbr. Amer. II, 238 (1810). A. saccharinum var. nigrum T. and G. Fl. I, 248 (1838). A. saccharum var. nigrum BRITT. Cat. N. J. 78 (1890). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 117; Upham, Fl. Minn. 40; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 99; Cov., Fl. Ark. 173; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 176; Sarg., Silva, II, 99. North America: Ont., Vt, N. J. to Alab. and Miss.; W. to Minn., Kan. and Ark. Minn, valley: Reported from Le Sueur Co., and prob- ably occuring S. E. and S. Acer saccharinum LINN. Spec. 1055 (1753). A. saccharum MARSH. Arbust. Amer. 4 (1785). A. rubrum LATJTH. De Acer. 11 (1781). A. dasycarpum EHRH. Beitr. IV. 24 (1789). A. rubrum var. pallidum AIT. Hort. Kew. Ill, 434 (1789). A. eriocarpum MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 253 (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 117; Britt., Fl. N. J. 78; Chap., Fl. S. St. 81; Upham, Fl. Minn. 40; Webb., Fl. Neb. 122; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 99; Cov., Fl. Ark. 173; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 175; Sarg., Silva, II, 103. North America: N. Br. and Ont. to N. J. andFla.; W. to Dak., Neb., Kan., Ark. and Ind. Terr. Minn, valley: Throughout, especially in forest dis- trict; banks of streams and shores of lakes. HERB : Sheldon 468, Madison Lake; Bailey 109, Ver- milion lake; Herb. Moyer 51, Montevideo. Acer spicatum LAM. Enc. Meth. II, 381 (1786). A. pennsylvanicum Du Roi, Diss. 61 (1771). A. parviflorum EHRH. Beitr. IV, 25, 26, 40 (1789). A. montanum AIT. Hort. Kew. Ill, 435 (1789). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 117; Chap., Fl. S. St. 80; Britt., Fl. N. J. 78; Upham, Fl. Minn. 39; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 98; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 223 in var.; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 1, 177; Sarg., Silv. II, 83. North America: Newf. and N. S. to Man. and Sas- katchewan; S. in Appalachians to Ga. ; W. to Minn, and Ky. There is a variety, scarcely to be separated from the type, which occurs from Japan and Saghalin to Manchuria. Minn, valley: Local; bluffs, near Ft. Snelling; lower levels, in woods. HERB. : Herrick 68, St. Louis river; Roberts 24, Dul- uth; Bailey 228, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 118, Tower; Man- ning 1, Lake City. -23 354 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Acer peimsylvanicum LINN. Spec. 1055 (1753). A. canadense MARSH. Arbust. 3(1785). A. striatum Du Roi, Diss. 58 (1771). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 117; Britt., PI. N. J. 77; Chap., PL S. St. 80; Upham, Fl. Minn. 39; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 98; Wats., Bibl.Ind. I, 175. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to L. Superior; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Ga., Ky., Mo.; W. to Minn. • Minn, valley: Local; bluffs, near Ft. Snelling. LXV. BALSAMINACEAE. Balsam Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 1173 (1836-40); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. 1, 269(1862)— sub Geraniaceae; Baillon, Hist. PL V, 39 (1874)-sub Geraniaceae. Genera: 1-2; Tropical Asia and a few in N. temper ate floral region and in Africa. Species : 225 ± ; center in tropical Asia. IMPATIENS LINN. Gen. 680 (1737). Balsamina GAERTN. Fruct. II, 151 (1791). Hydrocera BLUME, Bijdr. 241 (1826). Tytonia DON, Syst. I, 749 (1831). Baillon, Hist. PL V, 39; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 277, 278, 989; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 53; Gray. III. Gen. II, 133. Living species: 225 ±; 135 (B. and H.); North Amer- ica, 2; N. Europe and Asia, 3; Africa and Madagascar, 23; all the others in tropical Asia. Impatiens biflora WALT. Fl. Car. 219 (1788). L maculata MUHL. Cat. 26 (1813). 1. fulva NUTT. Gen. I, 146 (1818). I. nolitangere var. B. Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 149 (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 106; Britt., Fl. N. J. 74; Webb., Fl. Neb. 121; Upham, Fl. Minn. 36; Chap., Fl. S. St. 65; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 62, 502; Cov., Fl. Ark. HI; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I. 152. North America: Throughout Can. to lat. 66° N. and Alaska; S. to New Eng. and Fla. ; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb. and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout, but particularly in the for- est district; damp places and edges of swamps; springs. HERB.: Sheldon 1043, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 984, Glen- wood; Sheldon 27, Elysian; Sheldon 1311, LakeBenton; Bollard 709, Waconia; Bollard 868, Waconia; Bollard 753, Waconia; Bollard 851, Patterson's lake; Herrick 59, Minnetonka; Herrick 60, Excelsior; Herrick 61, Minneapolis; Oesttund 22, Hennepin Co.; Herrick 62, Minneapolis; Arthur 7, Vermilion lake; Roberts LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 355 21, Beaver bay; Bailey 118, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 108, Red Wing; Herb. Moyer 45, Montevideo. Impatiens aurea MUHL. Cat. 26 (1813). I. nolitangere MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 149 (1803) not Linn. I. pallida NUTT. Gen. I, 146 (1818). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 106; Britt.', Fl. N. J. 73; Webb., Fl. Neb. 121; Chap., Fl. S. St. 65; Upham, Fl. Minn. 36; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 92: Cov., Fl. Ark. 171; \\ats., Bibl. Ind. 152; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 93. North America: Ont. to Saskatchewan and Washing- ton; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Ark. Minn, valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co. and W. to the Chippewa river; rich, damp places; springs. HERB.: Taylor 277, Janesville; Bollard 896, Waconia; Taylor 1160, Glenwood; Herrick 58, Minnetonka; Sandberg 107, Goodhue Co. ; Herb. Moyer 44, Montevideo. LXVI. RHAMNACEAE. Buckthorn Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 1094 (1836-40); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant I, 371 (1862); Baillon, Hist. PI. VI, 51 (1877). Genera: 40 ± ; tropical and warmer regions. Species: 500±: fossil, 10-12 (Tertiary). CEANOTHUS LINN. Act. Ups. 77 (1741). Paliurus ADANS. Fam. PL II, 304 (1763) in part. Forrestia RAF. Med. Rep. II, hex. V, 350 (1808). Baillon, Hist. PI. VI, 80; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 378; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 69; Sargent, N. Am. Silva, II, 41; Gray, 111. Gen. II, 131; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 588. Living species: 40 ±; N. America, western, temperate and tropical. Centers on Pac. coast. 19-22, California; 4, Rocky mts.; Canada, 4; S. Sts., 3; E. Sts., 2; PL King, 6; PL Wheel., 4; W. Tex., 4; Mexico and Central America, ±15. Fossil species: 2; Java, Tertiary (Gdppert)\ Bonn, Germany (Weber), Tertiary. Ceanothus ovatus DESV. Arb. II, 381 (1809). C. ovalis BIGEL. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 92 (1824). C. intermedius HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 124 (1833). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6ed. 112; Upham, Fl. Minn. 39; Webb., Fl. Neb. 122; Coult., Fl. Colo. 47; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 96; II, 314; Coult., FL Tex. 60; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 165. North America, Ont. and L. Huron and L. Superior region to N. Eng., 111., Minn., Dak., Neb., Colo., Wyoming and W. Tex. 356 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn, valley: local; New Ulm; rare; sandy ridges and rocks. Ceanothus americanus LINN. Spec. 195 (1753). C. trinervus MOENCH, Meth. 651 (1794). C. herbaceus RAF. Med. Repos. V, 360 (1808). C. perennis and intermedius PURSH, Fl. Am. 167 (1814). C. sanguineus NUTT. Gen. 1, 153 (1818). C. officinalis RAF. Med. Bot. II, 205 (1830). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 112; Britt., Fl. N. J. 77; Upham, Fl. Minn. 39; Webb., Fl. Neb. 122: Chap., Fl. S. St. 74; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 95; Coult., Fl. Tex. 60;Cov.,Fl. Ark. 172; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 163. North America: Ont. to Man. ; S. to N. Eng., N. J\ and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark., Miss, and W. Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; dry and open woodland and along river banks. HERB.: Sheldon 1171, New Ulm; Bollard 740, Waco- ma; Sheldon 931, Redwood Falls; Bollard 465, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Sheldon 734, Sleepy Eye; Bollard 566, Prior's lake, Scott Co. ; Herrick 66, Minneapolis; Kassube 49, Rocky lake; Sandberg 115, Red Wing. RHAMNUS LINN. Gen. 165 (1737) em. Alaternus TOURN. Inst. 595 (1700). Frangula MOENCH, Meth. Suppl. 271 (1802). Marcorella NECK. Elem. 799 (1790). Cardiolepis RAFEST. Neogen, 2 (1825). Sciadophila PHIL. Linn. XXVIII, 618 (1854). Rhamnella MIQ. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. Ill, 30 (1857). Microrhamnus MAXIM. Mem. Ac. Petr. Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. I, 377; Baillon, Hist. PI. VI, 74; Durand,. Ind. Gen. Phan. 68; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 585. Living species: 70 ±; temperate regions of Europe, Asia and America; a few in the tropics; absent from Africa, Australia and Oceanica. N. America, 6-7; E. Sts., 3, W. Sts., 3-4. Fossil species : Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary; Green- land, W. America, Siberia, Europe, Azores, Switzerland, Java^ 15-20 sp. (Lesquereaux, Heer, Gdppert). Rhamnus alnifolia I/HER. Sert. Angl. 5 (1788). E. franguloides MICHX. Fl. Am. 1, 153 (1803). R. alpinus RICH. Frankl. Journ. 6 (1823). Girtanneria alnifolia and franguloides RAF. Fl. Tellur. 28 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. Ill; Britt., Fl. N. J. 76; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 168; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 96; Webb., Fl. Neb. 122; Upham, Fl. Minn. 38. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 357 North America: N. Br., Maine, Ont., N. J., Penn. to Minn., Neb., Mont, and N. W. T. to Rocky mts. Minn, valley: N. E. and N. districts; wooded banks and in forest. HERB. : Sheldon 1928, Lake Calhoun; Bailey 457, Mud lake; Kassube276, Minneapolis. LXVII. VITACEAE. Vine Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 796 (1836-40)— Ampelideae; Benth. and Hook. Gen. PI. I, 386; Lindl., Veg. King. 439 (1846). Genera: 12 ±; temperate and tropical regions, less abundant in America. Species: 260 ±; fossil species, 35-45-50; Cretaceous and Tertiary. PARTHENOCISSUS PLANCH. Monog. Ampel. 446 (1887). Ampelopsis MICHX. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 159 (1803) p. p. Quinaria RAF. ex Planch. 488 (1887). Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 70; O. Kuntze, Eev. Gen. I, 125; Gray, 111. Gen. II, 165; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 594; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. 1,387. Living species: 10; temperate Asia; E. N. America. Fossil species: 1-2, Tertiary, N. America, Greenland? Parthenocissus quinquefolia (LiNN. ) PLANCH. Monog. Ampel. I, 488 (1887). Hedera quinquefolia LINN. Spec. 292 (1753). Vitis fiederacea EHRH. Beitr. Bot.I, 17 (1787). V. quinquefolia LAM. 111. II, 135 (1793). Ampelopsis hirsuta DON, Cat. Cant. 166 (1796). A. quinquefolia MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 160 (1803). Cissus hcderacea PERS. Syn. I, 143 (1805). Ampelopsis hederacea DC. Prodr. I, 633 (1824). Quinaria hederacea and hirsuta RAF. Med. Bot. II, 122 (1830). Wats, and Coutt., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 115; Britt., Fl. N. J. 77; Coult., Fl. Colo. 48; Chap.,Fl.S. St. 72; Webb., Fl. Neb. 123; Upham, Fl. Minn. 38; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 97; Coult., Fl. Tex. 63; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 83; Cov.. Fl. Ark. 173; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 170; Hart., Scand. Fl. I, 559. North America: Q. to Man. and Assiniboia; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Colo., Kan., Ark. and W. Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; banks of streams, climb- ing over shrubbery or on tree- trunks; frequent. HERB : ? Taylor 812, Glenwood; Bollard 90, Chaska; Sheldon 1581, Lake Benton; Taylor 786, Minnesota Lake; Shel- don 1607, Madison Lake; Sandberg 114, Red Wing; Herb. Moyer 49, Montevideo. 358 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. TITIS LINN. Gen. 161 (1737). Planchon, Mon. Amp. 321; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 387; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 70; Gray, 111. Gen. II, 163; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 125; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 593. Living species : 30 ± ; northern and temperate regions in both hemispheres. Russia, 1; Europe, 1; N. America, 15; S. Sts., 11; E. Sts., 8; Canada, 3; W. Tex., 8; Calif., 1; Rocky mts., 1; PL Wheel., 3. Fossil species: Cretaceous, Europe and N. Amer. ; Tertiary, Greenland (Heer}\ Wyoming (Lesquereaux) ; Prance (Saporta and Maricm) ; Pliocene or Quat. , Japan (Nathorst); older Tertiary, Japan (Nathorst)', 25-30 sp. descr. Titis aestivalis MICHX. PI. N. Am. II, 230 (1803). V. ladniosa MARSH. Arbust. 165 (1785). V. labrusca WALT. Fl. Car. 243 (1788). V.palmata VAHL, Symb. Ill, 42 (1794). V. vulpina JACQ. Hort. Schoenbr. IV, 13 (1804). V. virginiana POIR. Enc. Meth. VIII, 608 (1810). V. intermedia and labruscoides MUHL. Cat. 26 (1813). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 113; Britt., Fl. N. J. 77; Upham, Fl. Minn. 38; Webb., Fl. Neb. 123; Chap., Fl. S. St. 71; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 504; Coult., Fl. Tex. 62; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 83?; Cov.,Fl. Ark. 172; Wats.. Bibl. Ind. I, 171. North America: Ont. along L. Erie to N. Eng., N. J. and S. to Pla. ; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark., Miss, and Pecos river in Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout but local; reported from Big Stone, Ft. Snelling and Worthington. Yitis riparia MICHX. PL N. Am. II, 231 (1803). V. vulpina LINN. Spec. 203 (1753) in part. V. odoratissima DON, Cat. Cant. 66 (1796). V. incisa JACQ. Hort. Schoenb. IV, 14 (18,04). V. cordifolia var. riparia GKAY, Man. 5 ed. 113 (1867). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 114; Britt., Fl. N. J. 77; Webb., Fl. Neb. 123; Chap., Fl. S. Sts. 71; Upham, Fl. Minn. 38; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 97, 504; Coult., Fl. Tex. 63; Cov., Fl. Ark. 172; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 173. North America: N. S., N. Br. to Lake Winnipeg; S. toN. Eng., N. J. andPenn.; W. to Minn., Neb., Kan., Ark. and Tex. ' Minn, valley: Throughout; less common than V. cor- difolia Lam. ; river banks and thickets. HERB.: Sheldon 1333, Lake Benton; Ballard 30, Chaska; Sheldon 1485, Pipestone City; Sheldon 34, Elysian; Herb. Moyer 259, Montevideo. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 359 Yitis corclifolia LAM. 111. II, 134 (1793). V. vulpina MUHL. Cat. 26 (1813). V. vulpina var. cordifolia REGEL, Consp. Vit. 304(1873). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 113: Britt..Fl. N. J. 77; Webb., Fl. Neb. 123; Upham, Fl. Minn. 38; Chap., Fl. S. St. 71; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 97; Coult., Fl. Tex. 63; Cov., Fl. Ark. 172; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 172. North America: S. W. Ont.? to Maine.; S. to N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Minn. , Neb. , Kan. , Ark. , Miss, and Tex. Minn, valley: Forest region and banks of streams to Pommes des Terres river; river banks and shrubbery; com- mon. HERB.: Sheldon 364, Madison Lake; Taylor 712, Min- nesota lake; Sheldon 1003, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 984, Cross lake, Brown Co.; Taylor 488, Janesville; Oestlund 25, Hennepin Co. ; Kassube 48, Minneapolis; Sandberg 113, Chisago Co. LXVIII. TILIACEAE. Linden Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pi 1004 (1838-40); Bsntham and Hooker, Gsn. Plant. I. 228 (1862); Baillon, Hist. PL IV, 461 (1873); Schumann in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, VI, 8 (1890). Genera: 35; distributed from two centers; (1) S. E. Asia; (2) Brazil (Schumann). Common in tropics; more abund- ant in N. hemisphere than in S. Species: 375 ± living; 25 ± fossil in Tertiary rocks. TILIA LINN. Gen. 440 (1737). Baillon, Hist. PI. IV, 185; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 236, 986; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan.45; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, VI, 24 (Schu- mann); Gray, 111. Gen. II, 93; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 519. Living species: 10; Northern hemisphere. Russia, 6; China and Japan, 6; Russian Europe, 5; Europe 5; North America, 5; Canada, 1-2; E. Sts., 3; S. Sts., 3; Mexico, 1; W. Tex., 1; not in California region, Central Asia or Himalayas. Fossil species: 14-18 described from Alaska, Spitz- bergen, Saghalin (Heer), Amur, Europe, Japan (Nathorst), Denmark, N. America (Newberry and Lesquereaux) ; Tertiary and Interglacial. Tilia americana LINN. Spes. 514 (1753). T. caroliniana MILL. Diet. VIII, 4 (1768). T. latifolia SALISB. Prodr. 367 (1796). T. pubescens Nouv. Duham. I, 51 (1801) T. glabra VENT. Monog. Til. 9 (1802). T. canadensis MICHX. Fl. N. .1m. I, 303 (1803). T. stenopetala RAF. Fl. Lud. 92(1817). I. negkcta SPACH, Ann. Sd. Nat. 2, II, 340 (1834). 360 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man 6 ed. 101; Webb., Fl. Neb. 120; Britt., Fl. N. J. 71; Chap., Fl. S. St. 59; Upham,FL Minn. 35; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 88; Engl. Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 6, 24; Coult., Fl. Tex. 46; Cov., Fl. Ark. 171; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 1, 145; Sarg., Silva I, 49. North America: N. B., Q., Ont., Man. to Assiniboia; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; especially in forest dis- trict, but on banks of streams; W. to Dakota line; rich soil. HERB.: Taylor 485, Janesville; Sheldon 56, Elysian; Sheldon 654, Waseca; Taylor 662, Cobb river, Blue Earth Co.; Taylor 800, Glenwood; Bollard 55 5, Spring lake, Scott Co.; Sheldon 848, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 389, Madison Lake; Herrick 53, Minneapolis; Holzinqer 40, Winona Co.; Bailey 224, Ver- milion lake; Bailey 249, Vermilion lake; Sondberg 101, Cannon Falls; Herb. Wickersheim 26, Lake Benton. LXIX. MALVACEAE, Mallow Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI. 978 (1836-40); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. I, 195; Baillon, Hist. PI. IV, 57 (1873)— excl. Sterculiaceae; Schumann in Eng- ler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, VI, 30 (1890). Genera : 30 ± ; cosmopolitan. Species: 650 700; most abundant in tropics. A large number endemic in W. hemisphere. MALTA LINN. Gen. 557 (1737). Callirrhoe NUTT. Jour. Phil. Acad. II, 181(1822). Nuttallia BART. Fl. Am. II, 74 (1822). Malvastrum DC. Prodr. I, 430 (1824). Malvella JAUB. and SPACH, 111. Or. V, 47 (1853). Phyllanthophora GRAY, Wilkes Exp. I, 151 (1854). Nototriche TURCZ. ex Baill. Hist. 1. c. (1873). Baillon, Hist. PL IV, 138; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 201; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, VI, 40, 41 (Schumann); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 38; Gray, 111. Gen. II, 49, 51, 59. Living species: 100 ± ; N. America, 25; rest in Cape of Good Hope region, Europe and Asia and N. Africa. Canada, 1; E. Sts., 4-5; S. Sts., 6; W. Tex., 10; rest Mexican, S-west- ward and Central America. S. America, 15-20 sp. Malva triangulataLEAVENW. Am. Jour. Sci. VII, 62 (1823). M. houghtonii T. and G. FL I, 225 and 681 (1838). Callirrhoe triangulata GRAY, PL Fendl. 16 (1849). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 98; Upham, FL Minn. 34; Chap., Fl. S. St. 53; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 133. North America: Ind. to Minn.; S. to N. Car. and Alab. Minn, valley: Prairie region on higher levels; far S. W. ; dry and exposed hillsides; rare. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 361 Malva imolucrata (NuTT.) T. and G. Fl. I, 226 (1838). Nuttallia involucrata NUTT. T. Ann. Lye. N. Y. II, 172 (1830). Callirrhoe involucrata GRAY, PI. Lindh. 159 (1845). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 98; Webb. Fl. Neb. 121; Coult., Fl. Colo. 41; Cov., Fl. Ark. 170; Coult, Fl. Tex. 36; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 133. North America: Minn, to Neb., Colo., Tex. and Ariz. Minn. Valley: Reported from western edge. NAPAEA LINN. Syst. VI, add. (1748). Baillon, Hist. PI. IV, 139; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 201; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 1, 38; Gray, III. Gen. II, 55; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, VI, 41 (Schumann). Living species: 1; North America. Napaea dioica LINN. Spec. 686 (1753). N. scabra LINN. Mant. II, 435 (1774). Sida dioica CAV. Diss. I, 138 (1791). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 98; Upham, Fl. Minn. 34; Engl. Schum., Nat. Pflanz. Ill, 6, 41; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 1, 139. North America: Penn. to Va. ; W. to Minn, and Iowa. Minn valley: S. E. district and to Martin Co.; rare; ravines and hillsides. HERB. : Sandberg 100, Vasa. HIBISCUS LINN. Gen. 562 (1737). Lagunaea, Triguera CAV. Diss. 41, 173(1791). Trionum, Abelmoschus MEDIC, ex DC. I, 446 (1824). Bombycodendron ZOLL. Hassk. PL Java 301 (1848). Paritium ST. HIL. Fl. Bras. Mer. I, 295 (1825). Lagimaria DON, Syst. I, 485 (1831). Senra CAV. Diss. II, 83 (1793). Ketmia TOURN. Inst. 99 (1700). Hymenocalyx ZENK. PL Ind. 8 (1835). Dumreichera HOCHST. Flora (1838). Baillon, Hist. PI. IV, 139; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 207; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 39; Engier and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, VI, 47, 48, 49 (Schu- mann); Gray, 111. Gen. II, 81. Living species : 165+ ; principally in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the earth; Russia, 2; Europe, 2; Rus- sian Europe, 2; N. America, 15; W. Tex., 3; S. Sts., 9; E. Sts., 3; Canada, 2; California, 2—4; PI. Wheel., 1. Hibiscus militaris CAV. Diss. I, 352(1791). H. laevis SCOP. Del. FL III. 35 (1778). H. virginicus WALT. Fl. Car. 177 (1778) not Linn. H. hastatus MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 45 (1803). H. riparius PERS. Syn. II, 254 (1807). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 100; Upham, FL Minn. 34; Webb., FL Neb. 120; Chap., Fl. S. St. 58; Cov., FL Ark. 170; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 135 362 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. North America: Penn. to Minn, and Neb.; S. to Va. and Ark. Minn, valley: Ft. Snelling; E. edge and N. E. dis- trict; rare; river banks and shore of lakes. LXX. HYPERICACEAE. St. John's-Wort Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI. 1036 (1836-40); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. I, 163 (1862); Baillon, Hist. PI. VI, 391 (1877). Genera; 8; temperate and warmer regions. Species: 225 ±; more abundantly represented in N. hemisphere than in S. HYPERICUM LINN. Gen. 606 (1737). Elodea, Elodes, Triadenia, Adenotrias, Drosanthe, Ere- mosporus, Webbia, Hypericum, Olympia, Campylopus, Psoro- phytum, Androsaemum, Eremanthe, Campylosporus, Norysca, Boscyna, Myriandra, Brathydium SPACH, Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 2, V, 353 (1836). Androsaemum ALL. Fl. Ped. II, 47 (1785). Brathrys MUT. ex Linn, f . Suppl. 43 (1781). Sarothra LINN. Gen. ed. Y, 344 (1754). Tridia KORTH. Hoev. and De Vr. Tijd. Ill, 17 (1836). Receveura VELL. Fl. Flum. V, 119, 120 (1826). Baillon, Hist. PI. VI, 391; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. 1, 165; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 33; Gray, III. Gen. I, 213. Living species: 175 ±; 160 (B. and H.); temperate and tropical regions; very numerous in N. temperate zone; very rare in S. temperate; Russia, 23; Europe, 41; Russian Europe, 10; N. America, 31; E. Sts., 17; Canada, 11; S. Sts., 25; PI. King, 2; PI. Wheel, 1; Mid. Calif., 3; Rocky mts., 1; W. Tex. 4. Hypericum canadense LINN. Spec. 785 (1753). H. thesiifolium HBK. N. G. et. S. V, 192 (1821). H. pauciflorum HBK. 1. c. (1821). If. moranense HBK. 1. c. (1821). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 95; Britt., Fl. N. J. 68; Uphani, Fl. Minn. 31; Chap.. Fl. S. St. 42; Cov., Fl. Ark. 169; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I. 125; Webb., Appx. Neb. 32. North America: N. Y. to Fla.; W. to Wis., Minn., Neb. and Ark. Minn, valley: N. E district, and probably along N. edge; extending doubtfully to Blue Earth Co.; wet or damp woods and roadsides. HERB. : Bollard 825, Page lake, Carver Co. ; Bollard 856, Page lake; Holzinger 32, Winona Co.; Bailey 428, Long lake. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 363 Hypericum gymnanthum ENGELM. and GRAY, PL Lindh. 4 (1845). H. mutilum var. gymnanthum GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 86 (1867). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 95; Upham, Fl. Minn. 31; Britt., Fl. N. J. 68; Coult., Fl. Tex. 35; Cov., Fl. Ark. 170; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 127. North America: N. J., Del. and Penn. to Minn, and Ark. ; S. to Tex. Minn, valley: N. E. district; low and shaded localities. HERB. : Roberts 18, Stewart river. Hypericum mutilum LINN. Spec. 787 (1753). Ascyrum crux-andraea LINN. Spec. 787 (1753). Hypericum quinquenervium WALT. Fl. Car. 190 (1788). H. parviflorum WILLD. Spec. Ill, 1436 (1803). H. stellarioides H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et. Spec. V, 196 (1821). Bmthrys quinquenervia SPACH, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2. V. 367 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 94; Britt., Fl. N. J. 68; Chap., Fl. S. St. 41; Upham, Fl. Minn. 31; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 85; Coult., Fl. Tex. 35; Wats., King Exp. 46; Cov., Fl. Ark. 170; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 127. North America: N. S. to L. Winnipeg; E. U. S.; Tex. and Mexico; Minn, to Ark. and Eastward. Not in Neb., Colo, or Pac. coast region. Minn, valley: Ft. Snelling and Waconia region; damp woodland. HERB.: Roberts 17, Beaver bay; Sandberg 88, Good- hue Co. Hypericum maculatum WALT. Fl. Car. 189 (1788). H. virginianum WALT. Fl. Car. 189 (1788). H. punctatum LAM. Enc. Meth. IV, 164 (1797). H. micranthum CHOIS. Prodr. Hyper. 44 (1821). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 94; Britt., Fl. N. J. 68; Upham, Fl. Minn. 31; Chap., Fl. S. St. 40; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 85; Cov., Fl. Ark. 170; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 125. North America: N. S., Q. to Ont. ; S. to Maine, N. J., N. Car. ; W. to Minn. , Iowa, Mo. and Ark. Hypericum prolificum LINN. Mant. 106 (1767). H. foliosum JACQ. Hort. Schoen. Ill, 27 (1798). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 93; Chap., Fl. S. St. 39; Upham Fl. Minn. 31; Cov., Fl. Ark. 170; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 128. North America: N. J. to Mich, and Minn. ; S. to Tenn Minn, valley: S. E. region, but doubtful; cool woods Hypericum ascyron LINN. Spec. 1102 (1753). H. pyramidatum AIT. Hort. Kew. Ill, 103 (1789). H. ascyroides WILLD. Spec. Ill, 1443 (1803). H. amplexicaule LAM. Enc. Meth. IV, 147 U797). H macrocarpum MICHX. Fl. II, 82 (1803). 364 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 93; Upham, Fl. Minn. 30; Britt., Fl. N. J. 67; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 84, 500; II, 312; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 72; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 446; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 128. Altai and Baikal Siberia and China. North America: Montreal, Q., Ont. to plains of the Saskatchewan; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Penn., and W. to Iowa, Minn, and Dak. Minn, valley: Forest district and wooded banks; W. to Brown Co.; wooded banks of streams and cool ravines. HERB. : Sheldon 1164, New Ulm; Kossube 33, Tattle's creek, Hennepin Co. ; Herb. Sheld. 1705, Minneapolis. Hypericum virginicum LINN. Spec. ed. 2, 1104 (1762). H. campanulatum WALT. Fl. Car. 191 (1788). H. emarginatum LAM. Enc. Meth. IV, 154 (1797). T)-iadenum purpurascens RAF. Med. Rep. V, 355 (1809) Elodes campanulata PURSH, Fl. Am. 379 (1814). Eiodes virginica NUTT. Gen. II, 17 (1818). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 95; Upham, Fl. Minn. 31; Britt., Fl. N. J. 68; Chap., Fl. S. St. 42; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 86; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 124; Webb., Appx. Neb. 32. North America: N. S. to Winnipeg and Hudson Bay; S. to N. Eng. and Fla. ; W. to Minn., Man. and Neb. Minn, valley: Forest district and banks of streams; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co.; marshes, swamps and wet woods. HERB.: Sheldon 327, Smith's Mills, Blue Earth Co.; Bollard 817, Page lake, Carver Co.; Bollard 855, Page lake; Bollard 902, St. Bonifacius; Bailey 55, Vermilion lake; Holz- inger 33, Winona Co.; Roberts 19, Duluth; Sandberg S9, Chis- ago Co. LXXL CISTACEAE, Rock-Rose Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 903(1.836-40); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. PL I, 112 (1862); Baillon, Hist. PL IV, 323 (1873). Genera: 4; temperate N. hemisphere and a few in S. America; especially developed in Mediterranean region. Species: 60 (B. andH.); 200 (described); Mediterranean region, 50; N. America, abundant. HELIANTHEMUM PERS. Syst. II, 75 (1807). I lali m i ii m, Fumana, Tuberaria, Liecheoides DUNAL, DC. Prodr. I, 266 (1824). Rhodax, Crocantliemum, Heteromeris, Taeiiiostema SPACH, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, VI, 360 (1836). Codomia GAUD, ex Durand, Ind. Phan. 23 (1! LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 365 i Fumanopsis POMEL. ex Durand, Incl. Phan. (1888;. Cistus LINN. Gen. 673 (1737) in part. Baillon, Hist. PL IV, 331; Benin, and Hook., Gen. PI I, 113; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 23; Gray, 111 Gen. I, 203. Living species: 27 ±; 100 (Dunal); 160 (described); principally Mediterranean region to the Punjaub, a few grow- ing throughout Europe; 6 in N. America; 1-3, S. America; Russia, 8; Europe 59? (Nym.)\ Russian Europe, 3; Canada, 1; California, 1; S. Sts, 4; E. Sts., 2; PL Wheel., 1; W. Tex.; 3. Helianthemum majus (LiNN.) B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Lechea major LINN. Amoen. Ill, 11 (1751). Cistus canadensis HILL. Veg. Syst. 14 (1769). Helianthemum canadense MICHX. Fl. Am. I, 308 (1803). H. ramuliflorum MICHX. Fl. Am. I, 307 (1803). H. corymbosum PURSH, Fl. Am. 363 (1814). H. rosmarintfolium PURSH, Fl. Am. 364 (1814). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 76; Britt., Fl. N. J. 53; Webb., Fl. Neb. 120; Chap., Fl. S. St. 36; Upham, Fl. Minn. 30; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 60, 491; Coult., Fl. Tex. 24; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 78. North America: N. S., Ont. and Saskatchewan? S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb. and Tex. Minn, valley: E. edge and S. E. districts; dry or sandy plaees and along river banks. HERB. : Holzinger 32, Winona Co. ; Kassube 40, Minne- apolis; Sandberg 85, Goodhue Co. ; Holzinger 33, Winona; Sand- berg 86, Vasa. HUDSONIA LINN. Mant. 1263 (1767). Baillon, Hist. PI. IV, 332; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. I, 114; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 23; Gray, 111. Gen.. I, 207. Living species: 3; North America; E. Sts., 2; S. Sts , 1; Canada, 2. Hudsonia tomentosa NUTT. Gen. II, 5 (1818). H. ericoides RICH. Frankl. Journ. 11 (1823). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 77; Britt., Fl N. J. 54; Upham, Fl. Minn. 30; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 60; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 79; Upham, Suppl. Minn. 50. North America: N. S., N. Br,, Q., Ont., Rainy lake to Slave lake; S. to Maine, N. J. and Md. ; W. around Gt. lakes to Minn, and Dak. Minn, valley: Local; Morton; on sandy hillsides. HERB.: Sandberg 87, White Rock. LXXII. VIOLACEAE. Violet Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI. 908 (1836-40); Lindl., Veg. King. 365 (1846)— Sauva- gesiaceae; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 114 (1862); Baillon, Hist. PI. IV, 333 (1873). 366 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Genera: 18-20; cosmopolitan. Species: £50 ±; cosmopolitan; herbaceous in temper- ate, shrubby in tropical regions. TIOLA LINN. Gen. 679 (1737). Mnemion SPACH, Suit. Buff. V, 510 (1836). Chrysion SPACH, 1. c. 509 (1836). Lophion SPACH, 1. c. 516 (1836). Erpetion DC. ex Sweet, Brit. FL Gard. 170 (1823). Baillon, Hist. PL IV, 351; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 117; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 23; Gray, 111. Gen. I, 185. Living species; 250 described; 150 reduced; 100 (B. and H.); three-fourths in temperate northern hemisphere, rest in southern; almost the whole earth (Durand). Russia, 40 -H; Europe, 56; Russian Europe, 26; N. America, 35; Calif., 15; Canada, 27-30; E. Sts., 17-19; Rocky mts., 8-10; S. Sts., 16; PL King, 8-9; PL Wheel., 4; W. Tex., 4. Yiola sylvestris LAM. FL Fr. II, 680 (1778). V. uliginosa MUHL. Cat. 25 (1813). V. debilis PURSH, FL Am. 174 (1814). V. mufilenbergiana GINGINS, DC. Prodr. I, 297 (1824). V. muhlenbergii TORR. FL U. S. I, 256 (1824). V. canina var. sylvestris REGEL, Fl. O.-Sib. 1, 245 (1862). V. canina var. muhlenbergii TRAUTV. Fl. Sib. 28 (1877). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 81; Britt., Fl. N. J. 57; Upham, FL Minn. 29; Chap., Fl. S. St. 34; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. 56; Mac., Fl.Can. I, 63; Led., Fl. Eoss. I, 253; Herd., FL Russ. Eur. 22; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 68; Wats.. Bibl. Ind. I, 82; Forbes and Hems., FL.Sin. 55. Russian Europe; Siberia to Baikals, Amur., Kamtka , China. North America: Greenland to Alaska; S. thro. Can. to N. Eng., N. J. and Va.; W. to Minn., Dak. and Colo. Minn, valley: N. E. and N. edge; forest region and in tamarack swamps. HERB. : Sheldon 1605, Ramsey Co. Yiola striata AIT. Hort. Kew. Ill, 290 (1789). V. debilis MICHX. FL I, 150 (1803). V. kwisiana GING. DC. Prodr. I, 298 (1824). V. ochroleuca SCHW. Am. Journ. Sci. I, 5, 66 (1824). Wats, and Couit., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 80; Britt., FL N. J. 57; Chap., Fl. S. St. 34; Upham, Fl. Minn. 29; Mac., FL Can. I, 63; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 87. North America: Ont. and N. Eng. to mts. of Ga.; W. to Minn, and Mo. Minn, valley: N. edge and to the W. edge on higher levels; flat and wooded grounds. ISTL OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 367 HERB:: Bradley 1, Spring Park; Herb. Wickersheim 21, Ash lake, Lincoln Co. Yiola canadensis LINN. Spec. 936 (1753). V. albiflora LINK, Ennm. Hort. Berol. I, 141 (1828). Wats, and Coult, Gray's Man. 6 ed. 80; Britt., Fl. N. J. 57; Chap., Fl. S. St. 34; Webb., Fl. Neb. 119; Upham, Fl. Minn. 29; Coult., Fl. Colo. 29; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 64; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 254; Roth., Wheel Exp. 68; Wats., King. Exp. 35; Wats., Bib!. Ind. I, 82. Islands in Berings st. off Siberia. North America: Newf., N. Br., Q., Ont., Man-, to Brit. Col.; S. in mts. to Wyom., Colo., Utah, Nev. and N. Mexico; E. to Alleghanies and N. Car. Minn, valley: Forest region and wooded banks of streams; W. to Chippewa river; low and damp localities; woods. HERB.: Taylor 422, Janesville; Sheldon 290, Madison Lake; Sheldon 1606, Ft. Snelling; Sheldon 256, Turtle lake, Le Sueur Co.; Sandberg 82, Red Wing; Hero. Moyer 37, Monte- video. Yiola pufoescens AIT. Hort. Kew. Ill, 290 (1789). V. pennsylvanica MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 149 (1803). V. uniflora var. pubescens REGEL, Fl. O.-Sib. I, 254 (1862). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 80; Chap., Fl. S. St. 34; JtJritt., Fl. N. J. 57; Upham, Fl. Minn. 29; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 64; Cov., Fl. Ark. 167; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 86. East Siberia? North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man.; S. to N. Eng. and Va.; W. to Iowa, Minn, and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout; woods and shady banks; common; principally in the forest region. HERB.: Bollard .331, Belle Plaine; Bailey 236, Vermil- ion lake; Sandberg S3, Red Wing; Herrick 45, Minneapolis; Kassube 39, Minneapolis; Leonards, Minneapolis; Holzinger 31, Winona Co.; Sandberg 8 4, Cannon Falls; Hammond 10, 'Lake City; Herb, Sheldon 1834, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 22, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. ; Herb. Moyer 38, Montevideo. Viola rotundifolia MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 150 (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 80; Britt., Fl. N. J. 56; Chap.. Fl. S. St. 34; Upham, Fl. Minn. 28; Mac., Fl. Can. 1,61; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 248; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 86. Kamtschatka ? North America: N. S. and Maine to N. Car. and Minn Minn, valley: Ft. Snelling and probably Leaf hills district; moist woodland and near cold springs. 368 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB.: Roberts 14, Black Point; Roberts 15, Black Neck river. Tiola lanceolata LINN. Spec. 934 (1753). V. attenuata SWEET, Hort. Brit. 37 (1827). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 80; Britt., Fl. N. J. 56; Chap., Fl. S. St. 33; Upham, Fl. Minn. 29; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 61, 492: Coult., Fl. Tex. 25; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 84; Upham, Suppl. Minn. 50. North America: N. S., N. Br., Ont. to L. Superior; S. to Fla. ; W. to Minn, and Tex. Minn, valley: Ft. Snelling; N. W. and probably along N. edge; damp woods. Viola primulaefolia LINN. Spec. 934 (1753). V. acuta BIGEL. Fl. Bost. 100 (1824). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 80; Britt., Fl. N. J. 56; Chap., Fl. S. St. 33; Upham, Fl. Minn. 29; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 61; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 86. North America: N. Br., Q., to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Minn. ? Minn, valley : ? Ft. Snelling and possibly in Blue Earth Co. ; damp woods. Yiola blanda WILLD. Hort. Berol. t. 24 (1807). V. clandestine!, PURSH, Fl. Am. 173 (1814). V. obliqua PURSH, Fl. Am. 172 (1814) not Hill. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 79; Britt., Fl. N. J. 56; Upham, Fl. Minn. 29; Chap., Fl. S. St. 33; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. 1,55; Regel, Fl. O.-Sib. I, 216, 234; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 247; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 62; Cov., Fl. Ark. 167; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 81. Kamtschatka. North America: Newf. and N. S. to Man. and Brit. Col.; Ft. Franklin on Mackenzie river; S. in E. U. S. to N. Car.; W. to Minn., Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: Forest district and N. edge; woods and damp places; tamarack swamps. HERB.: Sheldon 329, Smith's Mill, Blue Earth Co.; Bollard 157, Chaska; Herrick 44, Lake Mendoza; Sandberg 74, Chisago lake; Herrick 45, Minneapolis; Bailey 455, Mud Lake; Sandberg 75, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1718, Minneapolis; 1838, Lake Calhoun; Herb. Wicker sheim 19, Mankato. Viola blanda WILLD. var. amoena (LECONTE) B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). V. amoena LECONTE, Ann. Lye. N. Y. II, 144 (1835). V. blanda var. palustriformis A. GRAY, Rev. Viol. Bot. Gaz. (1886). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 79; Britt., Fl. N. J. 56; Wats.*, Bibl. Ind. I, 82; Mac., Fl. Can. 11,307. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 369 North America: N. Y., N. J. and Ont. to Del. and W. to Lake Nepigon and Minn. Minn, valley: Forest district; wet woods and tama- rack swamps. HERB.: Bollard 366, Helena, Scott Co.; Bailey 105, Vermilion lake; Sheldon 1837, Lake Calhoun. Yiola sagittata AIT. Hort. Kew. Ill, 287 (1789). V. sagittaefolia SALISB. Prodr. 130 (1796). V. ciliata MUHL. Cat. 25 (1813). V. dentata PURSH, Fl. Am. 172 (1814). V. ovata NUTT. Gen. I, 148 (1818). V. alleghaniensis R. and S. Syst. V, 560 (1819). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 79; Britt., Fl. N. J. 56; Upham, Fl. Minn. 29; Chap., Fl. S. St. 33; Mac., Fl. Can I, 63, 492; Cov., Fl. Ark. 167: Wats., Bibl. Ind. 87. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Eng. and Minn.; S. to N. J., Va. and Tenn.; W. to Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co. ; N. edge of valley to Leaf hill district; drier exposed hillsides. HERB. : Sandberg 80, Belle Creek, Goodhue Co. ; Kas- sube 37, Minneapolis; Herrick 46, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1680, Minneapolis; 1833, Minneapolis; Sheldon 1930, Minnea- polis. Yiola palmata LINN. Spec. 933 (1753). V. heterophylla MUHL. Cat. 25 (1813). V. cucullata var. palmata GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 78 (1867). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 79; Britt., Fl. N. J. 55; Webb., Fl. Neb. 120; Chap., Fl. S. St., 33; Upham, Fl. Minn. 29; Mac., Fl. Can. I? 63; Cov., Fl. Ark. 167; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 84. North America: Ont. and E. U. S.; S. to Fla.; W. to Minn. , Neb. , Kan. and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout at lower levels; damp ground; woodland and meadow. HERB.: Holzinger 27, Winona Co.; Holzinger 28, Winona Co. ; Sandberg 73, Vasa; Herb. Sheld. 1832, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 34, Macmillan's gulch, Montevideo. Yiola palmata LINN. var. obliqua (HILL) HITCHCOCK, Fl. Ames. 487 (1891). V. obliqua HILL. Hort. Kew. 316 t. 12 (1768). V. cucullata AIT. Hort. Kew. Ill, 228 (1789). V. papilionacea PURSH, Fl. Am. 173 (1814). V. asarifolia PURSH, Fl. Am. 732 (1814) not Muhl. V. palmata var. cucultata GRAY, Rev. Viol. Bot. Gaz. (1886). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 79; Webb., Fl. Neb. 120; Upham, Fl. Minn. 29; Chap., Fl. S. St. 33; Britt., Fl. N. J. 55; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 62; -24 370 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. II, 307; Coult., Fl. Tex. 25; Wats., King Exp. 34; Koth., Wheel. Exp. 68; Cov.,Fl. Ark. 167; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 83. North America: Atl. to Pac. in Canada; range in U. S. like that of V. palmata Linn.; Texas, Rio Grande river; S. Calif.; Arizona. Minn, valley: Throughout on lower levels; banks of streams, wooded hillsides and lake shores. HERB. : Taylor 756, Glenwood; Kassube 36, Minnea- polis; Sandberg 77, Vasa; Oestlund 16, Minneapolis; Leonard 7, Minneapolis; Sandberg 78, Red Wing; Holzinger 29, Winona Co. ; Herb. Shtld. 1825, Minneapolis; 1836, Ramsey Co.; Herb. Wick- ersheim 20, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. ; Herb. Moyer 35, Montevideo. Viola palmata LINN. var. cordata (WALT.) B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). V. cordata WALT. Fl. Car. 219 (1788). V. villosa WALT. Fl. Car. 219 (1788). V. sororia WILLD. Enum. 263 (1809). V. barbata MUHL. Cat. 25 (1813). V. ciliata E. and S. Syst. V, 360 (1819). V. cucullata var. cordata GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 78 (1867). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 79; Britt., Fl. N. J. 56; Upham, Fl. Minn. 29; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 63; Cov., Fl. Ark. 167; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 83: Chap., Fl. S. St. 33. North America: Ont. and E. U. S. to Fla.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Kan., Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: Probably throughout, but most cer- tainly in forest region, E. and to Nicollet Co. ; exposed hill- sides. HERB. : Sandberg 79, Red Wing. Yiola pedatifida G. DON, Mill. I, 320 (1831). V. delphinifolia NUTT. T. and G. Fl. I, 136 (1838). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 79; Upham, Fl. Minn. 29; Webb., Fl. Neb. 120; Coult., Fl. Colo. 29; Mac., Fl. Can. 1, 493; Cov., Fl. Ark. 167; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 84. North America: 111. to Kan., Ark., Neb., Colo., Dak. and Minn. ; S. in mts. to Arizona; N. to prairies of Man. Minn, valley: Prairie region throughout; apparently less abundant than V. pedata Linn. ; rich meadow land. HERB.: Kassube 35, Minneapolis; Sandberg 76, Red Wing; Herb. Moyer 36, Montevideo. Viola pedata LINN. Spec. 933 (1753). V. digitata PURSH, Fl. Am. 171 (1814). V. pinnata RICH. Frankl. Journ. 6 (1823). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 78; Britt., Fl. N. J. 55; Chap., Fl. LIST OP HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 371 S. St. 33; Upham, Fl. Minn. 29; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 63, 492; Cov., Fl. Ark. 167; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 1, 85.' North America: Lat. 53° N. on Saskatchewan; N. Eng. to Minn.; S. to N. J., Tenn., Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley : Ft. Snelling to Brown Co. and along N. edge; rich prairies or drift- covered hillsides. HERB.: Sheldon 969, Sleepy Eye; Kassube 38, St. Anthony Park; Oestlund 17, Hennepin Co.; Sandberg 81, Red Wing; Holzinger 30, Winona Co. ; Herb. Sheld. 1836, Minnea- polis. LXXIII. CACTACEAE. Cactus Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI 942 (1836-40), Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. I, 845 (1868); Baillon, Hist. PL IX, 28 (1888). Genera: 13; tropical and sub-tropical America; ex- tending to Canada and Central Chile; 1 in Africa, Madagascar and Mauritius. Species: 1000 ± ; almost all confined to desert places. OPUNTIA MILL. Diet. ed. 8 (1768). Cactus LINN. Gen. ed. VI, 616 (1764) in part. Tuna DILL. Hort. Elth. 383 (1774). Consolea LEMAIRE, ex Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 153 (1888). Baillon, Hist. PL IX, 40; Benth. and Hook. Gen. PI. I, 851; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 153. Living species: 200 described; tropical and warmer America, 1 sp. in old world. Perhaps only 30 distinct; W. Tex., 19; E. Sts., 4; Canada, 4; Rocky mts., 6; S. Sts., 4; Cali- fornia, 14-17; PI. Wheel, 13; PL King, 11. Opuntia fragilis (NUTT.) HAW. Syn. Succ. Suppl. 82(1819). Cactus fragilis NUTT. Gen. I, 296 (1818). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 197; Webb., Fl. Neb. 125; Upham, Fl. Minn. 59; Coult., Fl. Colo. 112; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 532; Wats., King. Exp. 119; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 406. North America: Vancouver to Brit. Col. and S. Man. ; Upper Missouri and Yellowstone to N. Mex ; E. to Minn., Wise., Iowa, Neb. and Kan. Minn, valley: S. W. district; rocks and ledges or dry hillsides, New Ulm? to Dakota line. HERB.: Sheldon 1494, Pipestone City; Sheldon 958,: Redwood Falls. Opuntia missouriensis DC. Prodr. Ill, 472 (1828). Cactus ferox NUTT. Gen. I, 296 (1818) not Wilkl. Opuntia polyacantha HAW. Syn. Succ, Suppl. 82 (1819). 372 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 197; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 177; Webb., PI. Neb. 125; Coult., Fl. Colo. Ill; Upham, Fl. Minn. 59; Wats., KingExp. 118; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 129; Cov., Fl. Ark. 184; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 407. North America: Colo, and Mont, to Neb., Minn., Kan., Ark., Mo. and Wise. Minn, valley: S. W. edge; ledges of quartzite or syenitic rock; rare.- HERB.: Sheld. 1495, Pipestone City; Huniington 27, Hock Co. Opuntia raflnesquii ENGELM. Pac. R. R. Rep. IV, 41 <1856). Cactus opuntia TOBR. Fl. U. S. 466 (1824) in part. Opuntia mesacantha and caespitosa RAF. Bull. Bot. (1830). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 197; Webb., Fl. Neb. 125; Upham, PI. Minn. 59; Coult., Fl. Col. Ill; Cov., Fl. Ark. 184; Coult., Fl. Tex. 135; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 408. North America: Ont. to Nantucket, N. J. and Fla.; Mississippi valley; Mich., Minn, to Neb., Kan., Ky., Ark., Colo, and W. Tex. Minn, valley: Central S. district, on ledges of rock in bed of river Warren; New Ulm to Dakota line. HERB. : Sheldon 1204, Redstone, near New Ulm. LXXIV. THYMELAEACEAE. Mezereum Family. Lindl. Veg. King 530 (1846); Baillon, Hist. PI VI, 100 (1877); Endlicher, Gen. PL 329, 332 (1836-40)— Daphnoideae and Aquilarineae; Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. Ill, 186 (1880). Genera: 37 ± ; temperate regions, especially abundant in Australia, S. Africa and Mediterranean region. Species: 375 ±, living; 30-40 fossil in Tertiary rocks. DIRCA LINN. Diss. Chenon. (1751), Gen. V, 437 (1754). Dofia ADANS. Fam. II, 285 (1763). Baillon, Hist. PI. VI, 130; Benth. and Hook. Gen. PI III, 191; Durand, Ind. Gen.P/wm.354. Living species: 1-2; E U. S. and California. Dirca palustris LINN. Amoen. Ill, 12 (1756). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 448; Britt., Fl. N. J. 213; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 420; Chap., Fl. S. St. 395; Upham, Fl. Minn. 121; Cov., Fl. Ark. 217. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Owen Sound; S. to Fla.; W. to Minn., Mo., Neb.? and Ark. Minn, valley: Forest district and N. edge; banks of streams and low thickets. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 373 HERB.: Sheldon 1611, Ramsey Co.; Sandberg 485r Vasa; Herb. Sheld. 1903, Ramsey Co.; Herb. Wickersheim 113r Mankato. LXXV. ELAEAGNACEAE. Oleaster Family. • Endlicher, Gen. PI. 333 (1836-40); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. Ill, 203 (1880); Baillon, Hist. PI II, 487 (1870). Genera: 3; temperate N. hemisphere and S. in Asia, Phillipines and to Australia. Species: 16; 12 in Elaeagnus (B. and H.); ?10± fossil from Tertiary rocks. LEPTARtiYRAIA RAF. Am. Mo. Mag. II, 176 (Jan. 1818). Sheplierdia NUTT. Gen. II, 240 (later, 1818). Benth and Hook., Gen. PL III, 204; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 356; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 649; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen II, 585. Living species: 3; N. America; 1, mts. of S. Utah; 1, Canada and Brit. Col. ; 1, E. Sts. Leplargyraia argentea (NUTT.) GREENE, Pittonia II, 122 (1890). Eleagnus argentea NUTT. Fras. Cat. (1813). Hippophae argentea PURSH, XF1. Am. 1, 113 (1814). Shepherdia argentea NUTT. Gen. II, 240 (1818). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 449; Webb., Fl. Neb. 127; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 62; Coult., Fl. Colo. 322; Upham, Fl. Minn. 121; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 422; Wats., KingExp. 318. North America: Saskatchewan and Assiniboia to Minn., Neb., Kan., N. Mex. and W. to Sierra Nevada mts. Minn, valley: In small numbers along the extreme W. edge, in Dakota; extending into Minn, near Brown's valley; high sheltered slough edges and thickets. ELAEAGNUS LINN. Gen. 84 (1737). Octal-ilium LOUR. Cochinch. 90 (1790). Benth. and Hook. Gen. PL III, 204; Durand, Ind. Gen. Plian. 356; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 649. Living species: 27-30 described; 12 reduced; S. Europe; temperate and tropical Asia, Australia and N. Amer- ica. Europe, 1; Russia, 1; N. America, 1. Fossil species: Elaeagnaceae described from Tertiary of Bonn, Spitzbergen and Greenland (Heer). Elaeagnus argentea PURSH, Fl. Am. 114 (1814). E. commutata BEBNH. Thur. Allge. Gartenz, II, 95 (1819?). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 449; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 420; Upham, 374 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Fl. Minn. 121; Coult., Fl. Colo. 321; Wats., King Exp. 318; Roth., Wheel Exp. 238. North America: Isle of Orleans, Man., L. Nipigon and Assiniboia to Rocky mts. ; N. to L. Athabasca and 56° N. lat. to 69° N. lat. in Rockies; Hudson Bay and Arctic circle; S. to Mon., Colo., Utah and E. to Minn, and Dak. Minn, valley: Local on the upper Pomme des Terres river; thickets, riverbanks and edges of sloughs. LXXVl. LYTHRACEAE. Loosestrife Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI 1198 (1836-40); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. I, 773 (1862-1867): Baillon, Hist. PI. VI, 426 (1877): Koehne, in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, VII, 8 (1892). Genera: 22; tropical regions, sparingly extended into the N. and 6. temperate zones; principally in W. hemisphere. Species: 360; 1-2 doubtful fossils from Pliocene. LYTHRUM LINN. Gen. 387 (1737). Salicaria TOURN. Inst. 253 (1700). Anisotes LINDL. Intr. Nat. Syst. ed. II, 101 (1835). Pentaglossum FORSK. Fl. Aeg. Arab. 11 (1775). Mozula KAF. Jour. Phys. LXXXTX, 96 (1819). Pythagorea KAF. Jour. Phys. LXXXIX, 96 (1819). Bergenia NECK. Elem. (1790). Middendorfia TRAUTV. ex Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 139(1888). Baillon, Hist. PL VI, 446; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. I, 779; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 139; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, VII, 8 (Koehne). Living species: 23: cosmopolitan. Europe, 10; Asia, 10; Russia, 9; Russian Europe, 7; North America, 4 or 5: W. Tex., 3; California, 4; Rocky mts., 1; Canada, 2; S. Sts., 2; E. Sts., 3; PL Wheel., 1; Africa, 8; all America, 12; Australia, 2. Lythrum alatiim PURSH, FL Am. 334 (1814). Pythaqorea alata RAF. Journ. Phys. 96 (1819). Lythrum kennedyanum HBK. Nov. Gen. et. Spec. VI, 194 (1823). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 185; Britt., Fl. N. J. 107; Mac., Fl. Oan. I, 175, 532; Webb.,Fl. Neb., 127; Chap., Fl. S. St., 134; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 214; Coult., Fl. Colo. 100; Upham, FL Minn. 58; Coult., FL Tex. 112; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 120; Cov., Fl. Ark. 183; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 361. North America: Ont. to N. Eng., N. J., Ga. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Colo., Ark. and S. W. Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; local or infrequent; damp meadows or bases of hills. HERB.: Sheldon 790, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 572, Minne- sota lake; Kassube 97, Minneapolis; Herrick 119, Minneapolis; Sandberg 211, Cannon Falls; Herb. Moyer 88, Montevideo. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 375 LXXVII. OENOTHERACEAE. Evening- Primrose Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI. 1118 (1836-40); LindL, Veg. King. 724 (1846)— Ona- graceae; Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant, I, 785 (1862-1867); Baillon, Hist. PI. VI, 458(1877)— excl. Halorrhagidaceae. Genera: 16-20; temperate regions; rarer in the tropics. Species: 300-350; a few fossil in Tertiary. ISNARDIA LINN. Gen. 842 (1737). Ludwigia LINN. Corr. 943 (1737). Prieuria DC. Prodr. Ill, 58 (1828). Nematopyxis MIQ. Fl. lad. Bat. I, 630 (1859). Dantia THOU. Gen. Nov. Mad. 49 (1806?). Jussiaea LINN. Gen. 538 (1737). Cubospermum LOUR. Fl. Coch. 275 (1790). Vigiera VELLOZ. Fl. Flum. II, 73, 74 (1827). Corynostigrna PERSL, Epim. 218 (1844). Baillon, Hist. PI. VI, 491; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. I, 788; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 140; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 250. Living species : 60 ± ; Europe, Asia, Africa, N. Amer- ica, and most tropical regions. North America, 24; S. Sts., 20; E. Sts., 10; Canada, 2-3; California, 2. Isnardia palustris LINN. Spec. 120 (1753). Ludwigia apetala WALT. Fl. Car. 89 (1788). L. nitida MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 87 (1803). L. palustris ELL. Sk. I, 211 (1821). Isnardia palustris \ar. americana DC. Prodr. Ill, 61 (1828). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 188; Britt., Fl. N. J. 109; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 168; Chap., Fl. S. St. 142; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 158; Upham, Fl. Minn. 58; Webb., Fl. Neb. 126; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 217; Coult., Fl. Tex. 113; Cov., Fl. Ark. 183; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 375; Greene, Fl. Fran. 227. Europe; S. Africa; W. Asia. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Saskatch- ewan; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark. and W. Tex.; also, Sierra Co., Calif., and Oregon. Minn, valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co. ; rare; swamps and low meadows. Isnardia polycarpa (SHORT and PETER) OK. Rev. Gen. I, 251 (1891). Ludwigia polycarpa S. and P. Suppl. PI. Ky. II, 7 (1833). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 188; Webb., Fl. Neb. 126; Upham, Fl. Minn. 58; Cov., Fl. Ark. 183; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 376. North America: Mass, and Conn, to Mich., Minn., Neb., Kan., Ark. and Ky. 376 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn, valley: Reported from N. E. district; low meadows and swamps. HERB. : Manning 4, Lake City. GAURA LINN. Diss. Chen. 1111 (1751); Gen. ed. V, 425 (1754). Schizocarya SPACH, Ann. Mus. IV, 325 (1835). Gauridium SPACH, Suit. Buff. IV, 379 (1839). Stenosiphon SPACH, Ann. Mus. IV, 326 (1835). ? Heterogaura BOTH. Proc. Am. Acad. VI. 354 (1864). ? Gongylocarpus CHAM, and SCHLECHT. Linn. V, 557 (1831). Baillon, Hist. PL VI, 493; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI I. 793; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 141. Living species: 20-25; warmer N. America and Mexico. W. Tex., 9-10; Canada, 2; Kocky mts., 4; E. Sts., 4; California, 2-3; S. Sts., 3; PI. Wheel., 6-7; PL King, 2. Gaura coccinea NUTT. Fras. Cat. (1813). G. marginata LEHM. Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 208 (1833). G. qlabra LEHM. Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. I. 208 (1833). Schizocarpa (?) crispa SPACH, Monog. Onag. 58(1838). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 193; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 174; Coult., Fl. Colo. 106; Webb., Fl. Neb. 126; Roth-, Wheel. Exp. 40; Uphara, Fl. Minn. 57, Suppl. 51; Cov., Fl. Ark. 183. North America: Red and Saskatchewan valleys to Rocky mts., S. to Mont, and Colo. ; E. to Minn., Neb., Kan. and Ark. Minn, valley: W. district from Chippewa valley; high plains and knolls. HERB. : WickersUeim 3, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. ; Sheldon 1384, Lake Ben ton; Herb. Moyer 87, Montevideo. Gaura biennis LINN. Spec. 347 (1753). Pleurandra alba RAF. Fl. Lud. 95 (1817;. Pkurostemon album HAF. Adn. (1820). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 192; Chap., Fl. S. St. 138; Britt., N. J. 110; Upharn, Fl. Minn. 57; Webb., Fl. Neb. 126; Coult., Fl. Colo. 106; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 368; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 174, 521. North America: Ont., N. Y., and N. J. to Ga. and Tenn. ; W. to Minn., Dak., Idaho and Neb.; S. to Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: Reported from S. E. district, but pos- sibly not in the valley; banks and hillsides. EPILOBIUM LINN. Gen. 319 (1737). Chamoenerium TAUSCH, Hort. Canal. I (1823). Lysimachion TAUSCH, 1. c. (1823). Crossostigma SPACH, Ann. Mus. IV, 328 (1835). Baillon, Hist. PI. VI, 492; Benth. and Hook. Gen. PI. I, 787: Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 140. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PKODUCING PLANTS. 877 Living species: 60; all temperate and colder regions; New Zealand. Russia, 20; Europe, 18; Russian Europe, 17; North America, 38; Canada, 26; Pac. region, 34; E. Sts., 10; Central Calif., 17. Epilobium hornemanni RCHB. Icon. Crit. II, 73 (1824). E. origanifolium LAM. Enc. Meth. II, 376 (1786). E. anagallidifolium AUCT. AMER. in part. E. alpinum GRAY, Man. 5 ed. (1869). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 189; Upham, Fl. Minn. 57; Mac., Fl. Can. I. 169, 530?; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 158; Coult., Fl. Colo. 102; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 219; Led.,Fl. Ross. II, 111, 112; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 50; Trelease, Monog. Epilob. 105; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 361; Wats., King. Exp. 103? in part?; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 365; Hart., Fl. Scand.I, 263; Webb., Appx. Neb. 34; Greene, Fl. Fran. 208. Russian Europe to N. W. Asia; Arctic Europe. North America: Greenland, Labrador, Q. to Rocky mts., Selkirks, Alaska and Cape Chudleigh. — to lat. 56° N. ; S. to White mts. ; S. to Minn, and Wise. ; S. in Rockies to Mont. , Colo, and Utah; S. in Pac. reg. to Oregon, Calif, and Idaho. Minn, valley: Forest district, Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co.; rare; woods and along streams. HERB. : Leiberg 19, Minneopa Falls, Blue Earth Co. Epilobium coloratura MUHL, Willd. Enum. I, 411 (1809) E. divaricatum RAF. Prec. Decouv. 41 (1814). E. tetragonum PURSH, Fl. Am. 259 (1814). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 189: Coult., Fl. Colo. 102; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 170, 530; Upham, Fl. Minn. 57; Webb., Fl. Neb. 126; Chap.,Fl. S. St., 140; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 219; Britt., Fl. N. J. 109; Tre- lease, Monog. Epilob. 93; Wats., King. Exp. 103; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 120, 361; Cov., Fl. Ark. 183; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 364. North America: Newt, N. S., N. B., Q., Ont. to Sas- atchewan, N. W. T. and Rocky mts.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., S. Car.; W. to Minn., Neb., Kan., Ark. and Dak. Minn, valley: Throughout; high wet places and along streams. HERB.: Taylor 411, Buffalo lake, Waseca Co.; Bollard 119, Chaska; Taylor 847, Glenwood; Bollard 476, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Taylor $53, Glenwood; Sheldon 877, Sleepy Eye; Tay- lor 1079, Glenwood; Taylor 698, Minnesota lake; Bollard 752, Waconia; Kassube 94, Minneapolis; Herrick 114, Minneapolis; Bailey 157, Vermilion lake; Holzinger 81, Stockton; Bailey 461, Agate bay; Holzinger 82, Winona Co. ; Herrick 115, Minneapo- lis; Oestlund 61, Minneapolis; Bailey 576, Agate bay; Sandberg 207, Goodhue Co. 378 MBTASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Epilofoium strictum MUHL. Cat, 39 (1813). E. molle TORR. Fl. U. S. 393 (1824). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 189; Uphain, Fl. Minn. 57; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 171; Britt., Fl. N. J. 109; Trelease Monog. Epilob. 87; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 365. North America: N. S., Q., Ont. to L. Athabasca; S. to Maine, N. Y., N. J., Penn. and Va.; W. to Ohio, Ills., Mich., Wise, and Minn. Minn valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co.; infrequent; bogs and edges of marshes. HERB.: Bollard 798, Goose lake, Carver Co.; Bollard 843, Patterson lake, Carver Co.; Bollard 895, St. Bonifacius; Bollard 724, Benton, Carver Co. ; Leiberg 21, Blue Earth Co. EpiloMum palustre LINN. Spec. '348 (1753). E. anagallidifolium AUCT. AMER. in part. E. oliganthum MICHX. Fl. N. Am. 1, 223 (1803) in part. E. palustre var. lineare GRAY, Man. 2 ed. 130 (1852) in part. ? E. palustre var. oliganthum B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888) in part. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 190; Upham, Fl. Minn. 57; Britt., Fl. N. J. 108?; Trautv., Fl. Sib. in var. 55; Coult., Fl. Colo. 102; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 170; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 157; Chap., Fl. S. St. 140?; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 308; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 109; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Euss. 50; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 366; Trelease, Monog. Epilob. 88; Hart., Fl. Scarid. I, 264. Europe and Asia to Himalayas and India. North America: Greenland and Labrador to N. H., N. J. ? and Penn. ? W. to Minn., Colo., Alaska, N. W. T. and Washington. Minn, valley: N. W. and W. districts; probably also N. and N. E. ; bogs and marshes. HERB.: Taylor 830, Glenwood; Sheldon 1329, Lake Benton. EpiloMum lineare MUHL. Cat. 39 (1813). E. densum RAF. Desv. Journ. II, 271 (1814). E. rosmarinifolium PURSH, Fl. Am. 259(1814). E. squamatum NUTT. Gen. I, 250(1818). E. palustre var. lineare GRAY, Man. 2 ed. 130 (1852). E. oliganthum MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 223 (18Q3) in part. ?E. palustre var. oliganthum (Micnx.) B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6ed. 189; Britt., FL N. J. 108; Upham, Fl. Minn. 57; Mac., Fl. Can. 1, 170; Chap., Fl. S. St. 140?; Coult., Fl. Colo. 102; Webb., Fl. Neb. J26; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Euss. 50; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 39; Trelease, Monog. Epilob. 87, 88; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 366; Hart, Fl. Scand. I, 265. Norway, Scand., Lapland and N. Russia. North America: Labrador and N. Br. to Man., Brit. Col, and Selkirks to lat. 68° N. on Mackenzie river; S. to N. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 379 Eng., N. J , Del., Perm., Ills., Kan., Neb., Ind. Terr, and Yel- lowstone reg. Minn, valley: N. E., N. and N. W. districts; bogs and marshes. HERB. : Taylor 954, Glen wood; Bollard 842, Patterson lake, Carver Co.; Roberts 40, Stewart river; Herrick 113, Min- neapolis; Sandberg 206, Red Wing; Bailey 70, Vermilion lake; Bailey 320, St. Louis river; Leiberg 20, Blue Earth Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1664, Minneapolis. Epilobium august ifolium LINN, emend. Spec. 347 (1753). E. spicatum LAM. Fl. Fr. 1077 (1778). E. pauciflorum SCHRANK, PL Labr. (1820). Chamoenerium angustifolium SPACH, Hist. Veg. IV, 396 (1835). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 188; Mac., Fl. Can. 1, 168, 530; Up- ham, FL Minn. 57; Britt., FL N. J. 108; Webb., FL Neb. 126; Hook., FL Gt. Brit. 156; Trautv., FL Sib. 54: Chap., Fl. S. St. 139; Coult., Fl. Colo. 101; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 218; Forbes and Hems., FL Sin. 307; Led., FL Ross. II, 105; Miyabe, FL Kur. 235; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 50; Trelease, Monog. Epilob. 80; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 120; Wats., King Exp. 104; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 366; Hart., FL Scand. I, 262; Greene, FL Fran. 210. Temperate and Arctic Europe to Caucasus; N. and W. Asia, all Siberia to Himalayas; China, Japan and Kuriles. North America: Greenland, Newf., Labrador, N. S., N. Br. to Hudson Bay, N. W. T. and Alaska; S. to N, Eng., N. J. and mts. of N. Car.; S. to Minn., Neb., Colo., Kan. and Baker -nits., Arizona; S., W. of Rockies to Oregon, Calif, and Nevada; N. Mexico, Arizona and S. Utah. Minn, valley: Forest district and N. W. district; rare E. in valley; infrequent N. W. ; burnt woodland or barrens. HERB.: Taylor 1036, Glen wood; Bollard 343, Helena, Scott Co.; Holzinger 80, Winona Co.; Leonard 18, Duluth; Winchell 6, Duluth; Herrick 112, Minneapolis; Kassube 93, Min- neapolis; Bailey 9, Vermilion lake; Arthur 153, Vermilion. lake —(white- flowered form); Sandberg 205, Red Wing; MacM. and Sheld. 30, Brainerd. CIRCAEA LINN. Gen. 9 (1737). Ocimastrum RUPP. FL Ingr. 366 (1718). Baillon, Hist. PI VI, 141; JBenth. and Hook , Gen. PL I, 793; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 141; Schenck, (Onagraceae), Palaeophyt. 630. Living species: 6; N. hemisphere, boreal and temper- ate regions. Russia, 3; Europe, 3; North America, 3; Canada, 3; S. Sts., 2; E. Sts., 2; California, 1; Rocky mts., 1; PL King, 1. 380 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Fossil species: Trapa natans is found in Tertiary of Alaska, Colo., Portugal, Japan and Saghalin, and in Quater- nary at Cromer. Circaea alpina LINN. Spec. 9 (1753). "Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 193; Britt., Fl. N. J. Ill; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 174; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 159; Upham, Fl. Minn. 57; Chap., Fl. S. St. 143; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 310; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 114; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 235; Herd., Fl. Eur. Euss. 50; Wats., King Exp. 113; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 363; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 266. Europe; N. and W. Asia to Himalayas, India, China and Kurile Isls. ; N. Africa. North America: Labrador to N. Eng. , N. J. and Ga. ; W. to Ind. and Minn. ; N. to Man. , N. W. T. and Alaska. Minn, valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co.; deep woods and near springs or bogs. HERB.: Sheldon 269, Madison Lake; Boberts 39, Dul uth; Herrick 111, Minneapolis; Holway 28, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 204, Chisago Co. ; Bailey 207, Vermilion lake. Circaea lutetiana LINN. Spec. 8 (1753). C. lutetiana var. canadensis LINN. Spec. 8 (1753). C. canadensis HILL. Veg. Syst. 10 (1762). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 193; Britt., Fl. N. J. Ill; Webb., Fl. Neb. 125; Mac;, Fl. Can. I, 175; Chap., Fl. S. St. 143; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 159; Upham, Fl. Minn. 57; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 310; Led., Fl. Boss. II, 113; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Kuss. 50; Cov., Fl. Ark. 184; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 363; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 265. Europe; N. Africa; N. and W. Asia to Caucasus, Ural and Altai Siberia and Himalayas to China. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga. ; W. to Minn., Neb., Wyoming and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout, especially in forest dis- trict; damp woods and along streams or near lake shores. HERB.: Sheldon 1038, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 805, Sigel township, Brown Co.; Sheldon 940, Redwood Falls; Taylor 886, Glenwood; Bollard 493, Prior's lake, Scott Co. ; Bollard 537, Cleary's lake, Scott Co.; Bollard 672, Waconia; Bollard 857, Page lake, Carver Co. ; Sandberg 203, White Rock; Oestlund 58, Minneapolis; Holzinger 79, Winona Co.; Oestlund 60, Minne- apolis; Herrick 110,» Minneapolis; Winchell 5, Minne tonka. (ENOTHEBA LINN. Gen. 318 (1737). Onagra, Baumaunia, Xylopleurum, Kiieiffia, Lavauxia, Pachylophus, Megapterium, Calylophus, Godetia, Boisduvalia, Agassizia, Hartmannia SPACH, Suit. Buff. IV, 357 seq. (1839). Meriolix RAF. Am. Mo. Mag. (1819). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 381 Sphaerostigma ENDL. Gen. 1189 (1840). Chamissonia LINK, Jahrb. 186 (1818). Holostigma. Cratericarpum, Blennoderma SPACH, Ann. Mus. IV, 327 seq. (1835). Primulopsis TORE, and GB. Fl. Am. I, 506 (1838). Heterostemun NUTT. ex Endl. Gen. 6113 (1840). Taraxia NUTT. T. and G. Fl. Am. I, 506 (1838). Chylisma SPACH, ex Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 141 (1888). Baillon, Hist. PL VI, 490; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 789; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 141. Living species: 100 ±; tropical and temperate Amer- ica; Tasmania, and a few around the world in warmer regions. North America, 80; California, 40-45; Canada, 10; Rocky mts., 19-21; E. Sts., 16-17; PI. Wheel., 20-25; PL King, 20; S. Sts., 8; W. Tex., 24; 1 intro. in Russia, 1 in Europe. (Enothera albicaulis NUTT. Fras. Cat. (1813). (E. pallida LINDL. Bot. Reg. 1142 (1832;. Baumannia nuttalliana and douglasiana SPACH, Hist. Veg. IV, 352(1838). Oenothera pinnatifida* va.T.integrifolia GRAY, PI. Fendl. 44 (1849). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 191; Webb., Fl. Neb. 126; Upham, Fl. Minn. 58; Coult., Fl. Colo. 104; Mac., Fl. Can. 172; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 223; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 122; Wats.-, King Exp. 106; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 377; Webb., Appx. Neb. 33; Greene, Fl. Fran. 212. North America: Brit. Col. and Saskatchewan to W. Minn., Neb.. Kan., N. Mex. ; W. to Mont., Wyoming, Colo., and Sierra Nevada mts. Minn, valley: W. districts, from New Ulm; prairies and high hills. HERB. : Sheldon 1194, New Ulm. (Enothera serrulata NUTT. Gen. I, 246 (1818). Calylophis nuttallii SPACH, Monog. Onag. 17 (1838). Meriolix serrulata WALP. Rep. II, 79 (1843). (Enothera fruticosa GRAY, PL Fendl. 44 (1849). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6ed. 192; Webb., Fl. Neb. 126; Upham, Fl. Minn. 58; Coult., Fl. Colo. 105; Coult., Fl. Tex. 117; Cov.,Fl. Ark. 183; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 385. North America: Wise, and Minn, to Dak., Neb., Mo., Ark., N. Mex. and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; especially at higher levels in prairie district; high fields, hillsides. HERB.: M acMillan 12, Glen wood; Sheldon 932, Red- wood Falls; Sheldon 731, Sigel township, Brown Co.; Sheldon 1576, Lake ' Benton; Sheldon 1109, Springfield; Taylor 750, Glenwood; Bollard 179, Jordan, Scott Co.; Holzinger 84, Winona Co.; Oestlund 63, Minneapolis; Herrick 118, Minneap- 382 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. oils; Juni 3, Wilmar; Sandberg 210, Red Wing; Kassube 96, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1782, Minneapolis; Herb. Wicker - sheim 51, Idlewild; Herb. Moyer 86, Minnesota valley, near Montevideo. (Enothera pumila LINN. Spec. 2 ed. 493 (1762). (E. pusilla MTCHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 225 (1808). CE. chrysantha MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 225 (1803). Kneiffia pusilla and chrysantha SPACH, Monog. Onag. 47, 48 (1838). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 191; Britt., Fl. N. J. 110; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 172; Chap., Fl. S. St. 139; Upham, Fl. Minn. 58; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 1,384. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to S. Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., and W. to Minn, and Kan. Minn, valley: Reported from N. edge and S. E. dis- trict; infrequent or local. (Enothera rhomfoipetala NUTT. T. and G. Fl. I, 493 (1838). Wats, and Coult.. Gray's Man. 6 ed. 190; Webb., Fl. Neb. 126; Coult., Fl. Colo. 103; Upham, Fl. Minn. 58; Cov., Fl. Ark. 183; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 384. North America: Ind. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Ind. Terr, and Ark. Minn, valley: N. E. district and probably to Blue Earth Co. ; sandy or barren soil. HERB.: Kassube 95, Minneapolis; Sandberg 209, Can- non Falls. (Enothera biennis LINN. Spec. 346 (1753). CE. parvifiora LINN. Spec. 2 ed. 492 (1762). Onagra biennis SCOP. Fl. Cam. 2 ed. 451 (1772). (Enothera gauroides HORNEM. Hort. Hafn. 362 (1807). fOnoseris acuminata RAF. Fl. Lud, 96 (1817). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 190; Britt., Fl. N. J. 109; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 171; Webb., Fl. Neb. 126; Upham, Fl. Minn. 57; Chap., Fl. S. St. 138; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 159; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 223; Coult. Fl. Colo. 103; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 50; Coult., Fl. Tex. 114; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 121; Wats., King Exp. 106; Cov. Fl. Ark. 183;. Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 377. Naturalised in S. Africa, India, Australia and W. Europe. North America: Atl. to Pac. in Canada; N. to Labra- dor and N. W. T. ; throughout U. S. Minn, valley: Throughout; fields, along roads and on railway embankments; common. HERB. : Sheldon 980, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 511, Waseca; Taylor 726, Minnesota lake; Ballard 249, Jordan, Scott Co.; Bollard 563, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 646, Chaska; Shel- LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 383 don 1306, Lake Ben ton; Bollard 763, Waconia; Taylor 864, Glenwood; Bollard 889, St. Bonifacius; Sandberg 208, Cannon Falls; Bailey 502, Agate bay; Herrick 116, Minneapolis; Rob- erts 41, Grand Marais; Herrick 117, Minneapolis; Holzinger 83, Winona Co.; Oestlund 62, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1921, Min- neapolis; Herb. Moyer 85, Montevideo. LXXVIII. HALORRHAGIDACEAE Water- Milfoil Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI. 1195 (1836-40); Endlicher, Gen. PL 285 (1836-40)— Gunneraceae-, Bentham and Hooker Gen. Plant. I, 673 (1865); Baillon, Hist. PL VI, 485 (1877)— sub Onagrariaceae, Trib. V, VI, VII. Genera: 6-7; cosmopolitan. Species: 100 ± living; almost all aquatic; a few fossil in Tertiary rocks. HIPPURIS LINN. Gen. 1 (1737). Limnopeuce VAILL. Act. Acad. Par. 1 (1719). Pinastella DILL. Nov. Gen. 168 (1719). Baillon, Hist. PL IV, 499; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI I, 675; Durand, 2nd. Gen. Phan. 122; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 632. Living species: 3±; Europe; Asia; North America; Chile to Patagonia. North America, 3; Europe, 1; Russia, 2; Canada, 3; California, 1; PI. King, 1; Rocky mts., 1; PL Wheel., 1. Fossil species: H. vulgaris in Cromer forest bed. Hippuris vulgaris LINN. Spec. 4 (1753). Limnopeuce vulgaris VAILL. Mem. Par. 15 (1719). Hippuris polyphylla RAF. Fl. Lud. 13 (1817). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 182; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 167, 529; Coult., Fl. Colo. 99; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 215; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 151; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 292; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 119; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Wats., King Exp. 102; Roth., Wheel Exp. 119; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 356; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 266; Greene, FL Fran. 228. Cosmopolitan: Europe; Asia; S. America; Australia. North America: Newf.,v Labrador, N. S. to Hudson straits, N. W. T. and Alaska; S. to Penn., Ind., Mo., N. Mex. and California. Minn, valley: Throughout, especially in W. districts; local or rare; ponds, lakes and sluggish streams. HERB.: Taylor 1151, Glenwood; Bailey 134, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 202, Red Wing. MYR10PHYLLUM LINN. Gen. 724 (1737). Purshia RAF. N. Y. Med. Repos. II, 361 (1808). Pelonastes HOOK. f. Lond. Jour. Bot. VI, 474 (1846). 384 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Pentapterophyllum DILL. Nov. Gen. 7 (1719). Pentapteris HALL. Helv. I, 454 (1768). Enydria VELLOZ. Fl. Flum. I, 150 (1827). ? Hylas BIOEL. ex ENDL. Gen. 6135 (1840). Belioukandas CELT, ex Adans Fam. PI. II, 471 (1763). Baillon, Hist. PL YI, 298; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 676; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 122; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 632 Living species: 18; cosmopolitan; North America, 12; Russia, 3; Europe, 3; E. Sts., 7; Mexico, 6; S. Sts., 4; Canada, 5; California, 2; Rocky mts., 2; PI. King., 1. Fossil species: Tertiary, Japan (Nathorst); Quater- nary, Radobo (Unger)-, forest bed of Cromer? Myriophyllites. Myriophyllum heterophyllum MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 191 (1803). Potamogeton verticillatum WALT. Fl. Car. 90 (1788) not Linn. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 181; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 167; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 5f>; Britt., Fl. N. J. 105; Chap., Fl. S. St. 143; Coult., Fl. Tex., Ill; Morong, Ton. Bull. XVIII, 244; Cov., Fl. Ark. 182; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 356. North America: Ont. to Georgian Bay; S. to N. Eng., N. Y., N. J. to Fla.; W. to Minn., Mo., Ark., La. and W. Tex. Minn, valley: Reported from ponds and lakes, south- west districts; infrequent. Myriophyllum yerticillatum LINN. Spec. 992 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 181; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 167; Coult., Fl. Colo. 100; Upham, Fl. Minn. 56; Chap., Fl. S. St. 143; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 153; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 55; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 293; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 118; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 50; Morong, Torr. Bull. XVIII, 242; Wats., King Exp. 102; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 357; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 267. Europe; N. Africa; N. and W. Asia to India and China. North America: Ont. to Man. and lat. 52° N.; S. to N. Eng., N. Y., Fla.; W. to Minn., Iowa and Colo. Minn, valley: S. central district; deep water in lakes and ponds. HERB. : Sheldon 370, Duck lake, Blue Earth Co. Myriophyllum spicatum LINN. Spec. 992 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 181; Britt., Fl. N. J. 105; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 166, 529; Coult., Fl. Colo. 99; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 152; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 215; Upham, Fl. Minn. 56; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 293; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 118; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 50; Cov., Fl. Ark. 182; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 357; Morong, Torr. Bull. XVIII, 241; Hart , Fl. Scand. I, 267; Greene, Fl. Fran. 228. All Europe and N. Africa; N. and W. Asia to Caucasus and India; China. North America: Newf., N. B., Q., Ont. to Brit. Col., LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 385 Selkirks, Bear lake, Alaska and Puget Sound; S. to N. J.; W. to Minn, and Ark.; S. to Colo. in. mts. ; S. to California along Sierras and Coast range. Minn, valley: Throughout; rising near the surface of deep water in ponds and lakes. HERB.: Taylor 319, Janesville; Bollard 901, Waconia; Bollard 863, Page lake, Carver Co, ; Bollard 602, Prior's lake, Scott Co. ; Bollard 448, Prior's lake, Scott Co. ; Taylor 1049, Glen wood; Sheldon 433, Lake Elysian, Waseca Co.; Sheldon 371, Duck lake, Blue Earth Co.; Oestlund 57, Minneapolis; Bailey 368, Mud river; Sheldon 316, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co. LXXIX. ARALIACEAE. Ginseng Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 793 (1836-40); Endlicher, Gen. PI 328 (1836-40) —Helwingiaceae; Seem., Journ. Bot. II, IV (1864-66 )—Hederaceae; Benth- am and Hooker, Gen. Plant. I, 931 (1862-67); Baillon, Hist. PI. VII, 175 (1880)-Trib. VI, sub Ombelliferes. Genera: 25 (Baillon); 38 (B. andH.); tropical regionsr a few temperate and 1-2 in Antarctic islands. Species: '400 ± living; 40-50 fossil; Cretaceous (Low- er) to Pliocene. ARALIA LINN. Gen. 251 (1737). Aureliana LAFIT. Mem. Gins. (1718). Dimorphaothus MIQ. Comm. Phyt. 95 (1838). Baillon, Hist.Pl.VII, 244; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 936; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 166; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 604. Living species: 35; tropical and E. temp. Asia; N. America to Mexico. North America, 10; E. Sts., 6; Canada, 5; Rocky mts., 2; S. Sts., 6; California, 1 Fossil species: Lower Cretaceous, Potomac, Virginia (Fontaine — Araliophyllum) ; Upper Cretaceous, Kansas, Europe (Lesquereaux, Heer)', Tertiary (Heer) Greenland; France (So- porta) ; Westphalia (Schimper — Araliophyllum) ; several species described; many of them doubtful. Aralia trifolia (LINN.) DECN. and PLANCH. Rev. Hortic. 104(1854). Panax trifolium LINN. Spec. 1058 (1753). P. lanceolatum RAF. N. Fl. IV, 57 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 213; Britt., Fl. N. J. 119; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 189; Upham, Fl. Minn. 63; Chap., Fl. S. St. 167; Wats., Bibl.. Ind. I, 436. -25 286 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J., Va. and Ga. ; W. to Ohio and Minn. Minn, valley: Forest district, and reported W. to Nicollet Co.; rare; rich, deep woods. HERB. : ? Sandberg 234, Minnesota? Aralia quinqiie folia (LiNN.) DECN. and PLANCH. Rev. Hortic. 104 (1854). Panax quinquefolium LINN. Spec. 1058 (1753). P. americanum RAF. N. tfl. IV, 58 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 213; Britt., Fl. N. J. 119; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 189, 537; Chap., Fl. S. St. 167; Upham, Fl. Minn. 63; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 338: Cov., Fl. Ark., 186; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 436. Manchuria, Japan and Corea. North America: Q., Ont. to Vt., Conn., N. J. and Ga. ; W. to Ohio, Wise., Minn, and Ark. Minn, valley: Forest district to New Ulm, and possi- bly Chippewa valley; not very abundant; deep woods. HERB.: Ballard 334, Belle Plaine; Sheldon 403, Stony Point, Lake Madison; Taylor 711, Minnesota lake; Holzinger 93, Winona Co. ; Sandberg 233, Vasa. Aralia nudicaulis LINN. Spec. 274 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 213; Britt., Fl. N. J. 119; Mac, Fl. Can. 1, 189, 537; Coult., Fl. Colo. 122; Chap., Fl. S. St. 166; Upham, Fl. Minn. 63; Wats.. Bibl. Ind. 1, 435. North America: Newf. to Rockies, Brit. Col , Sel- kirks, Mackenzie river to 64° N. lat. ; S. to N. J. and Ga. ; W. to Minn, and Dak. Minn, valley: Throughout; abundant; moist deep woods and ravines. HERB.: Taylor 813, Glen wood; Ballard 296, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 133, Madison Lake; Taylor 130a, Janesville; Ballard 477, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Leonard 19, Chatfield; Roberts 45, French river; Kassube 107, Minneapolis; Sandberg 232, Goodhue Co.; Arthur 41, Vermilion lake; Herb. Sheld. 1792, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 55, Idlewild; Herb Moyer 95, Montevideo. Aralia hispida VENT. Hort. Gels 41 (1800). A. muhlenbergiana R. and S. Syst. VI, 704 (1820). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 213; Britt., Fl. "N. J. 119; Mac., Fl.Can. I, 189; Upham. Fl. Minn. 63; Chap., Fl. S. St. 166; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 435. North America: Newf., Q., Ont. to N. Y., N. Car. and Ga.; W. to Minn, and Dak. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 387 Minn, valley: Reported from N. E. district; Dakota Co. ; local or rare; rocky woods and banks. HERB.: Arthur 47, Vermilion lake; Roberts 44, Dul- luth; Bailey 341, St. Louis river; Sandberg 231, Tower. Aralia racemosa LINN. Spec. 273 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6ed. 213; Britt., Fl. N. J. 1J9; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 188; Chap., Fl. S. St. 166; Coult, Fl. Colo. 122; Upham, Fl. Minn. 63; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 237 in var.; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 436; Webb., Appx. Neb. 33. Sakhalin and Japan in a varietal form. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to N Eng., N. J. and Ga. ; W. to Wise., Minn, and Neb. ; base of Rocky mts. in Colo, and Mont. Minn, valley: Forest district and banks of streams, W. to Chippewa valley; rich woodland. HERB.: Ballard 404, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Sheldon 276, Madison Lake; Sheldon 800, Sigel township, Brown Co.; Taylor 814, Glenwood; Kassube 106, Minneapolis; Oestlund 73, Hen- nepin Co. ; Sandberg 230, White Rock; Herb. Sheld. 1708 Minne- apolis. LXXX. UMBELLIFERAE. Parsley Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI. 762 (1836-40); Lindl. Veg. King. 773 (1846)— 4pi- aceae; Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. I, 859 (1862-67); Baillon, Hist. PL VII, 84 (1880). Genera: 100-150; temperate regions, especially in N. hemisphere and old world; rare within the tropics. Species: 1500± ; a very few fossils from Tertiary. SANICULA LINN. Gen. 201 (1737). Erythrosaua SCHM. Max. Prim. Amur. 123 (1859). Baillon, Hist. PL VII, 535; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. I, 880; Durand, Ltd. Gen. Phan. 156. Living species: 13; Europe; temperate Asia; Sandwich Isles; Azores; N. and S. America; extra- tropical. N. America, 10; E. Sts., 1; W. sts., 9; Russia, 1; Europe, 1; Russian Europe, 1; W. Tex., 1; Canada, 6-7; Rocky mts., 1; California, 8; S. Sts. 2. Sanicula marylandica LINN. Spec. 235 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 212; Britt., Fl. N. J. 113; Coult., Fl. Colo. 114; Chap.. Fl. S. St. 159; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 179, 533; II, 324; Webb., Fl. Neb. 124; Coult., Fl.Tex. 145; Wats.. Bibl. Ind. I, 431; C. and It . Rev. N. A. Urnb. 102. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q , Ont. to 388 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Brit. Col.. Vancouver and Rockies; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Ga., Tenn.; W. to Minn., Dak., Mont., Colo., Neb., Kan., Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; common; woods, thickets and copses. HERB.: Bollard 390, Jordan, Scott Co.; Bollard 73, Chaska; Taylor 625, Minnesota lake; Taylor 993, Glenwood; Sheldon 141, Madison Lake; Taylor 282, Janesville; Sheldon 189, Janesville; Sheldon 885, Sleepy Eye; Juni 4, Minneapolis; Bailey 216, Vermilion lake; Holzinger 86, Winona Co.; Kassube 94, Minneapolis; Oestlund 66, Ramsey Co.; Sandberg 215, Goodhue Co. ; Herb, Sheld. 1794, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 89, Monte- video. Sanicula canadensis LINN. Spec. 235 (1753). Triclinium odoratum RAF. Fl. Lud. 79 (1817). S. marylandica var. canadensis TORR. Fl. U. S. 302 (1824). S. marylandica T. and G. Fl. I, 602 (1838) in part. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 212; Britt., Fl. N. J. 113; Webb. Fl. Neb. 124; Upham, Fl. Minn. 60; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 178; Chap., Fl. S. St. 159: Cov., Fl. Ark. 185; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 533; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 431; C- and R., Rev. N. A. Umb. 103. North America: N. Br., Anticosti, Ont. to N. Eng., N. J., Ga. and Tenn.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb. and E. Kan. Minn, valley: Throughout, but infrequent; thickets and edges of woods. HERB. : Sheldon 983, Cross lake, Brown Co. ; Holzinger 85, Winona Co. EBYNGIUM LINN. Gen. 199 (1737). Lessonia BERT. Deless. Ic. Sel. Ill, 45 (1837). Strebanthus RAF. Ser. Bull. I, 218 (1830). ? Alepidea LAROCHE, Hist. Eryng. 19 (1808). Baillon, Hist. PI. VII, 240; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL 878; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 156. Living species: 150 ± ; most regions except S. Africa? and frigid zones. Russia, 9; Europe, 29; Russian Europe, 4; North America, 22; E. Sts., 10; W. Sts., 9, 3 common to both; S. Sts., 8; California, 2-3. Eryngium aquaticum LINN. Spec. 232 (1753). E. yuccaefolium MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 164 (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6ed. 211; Britt., Fl. N. J. 113; Upham, Fl. Minn. 60; Chap. Fl. S. St. 160; Coult., Fl. Tex. 143; Cov., Fl. Ark. 185; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 422; C. and R., Eev. N. A. Umb. 93. North America: N. J. to Fla. ; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark. and E. Tex. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 389 Minn, valley: E. districts to Cottonwood and Chip- pewa valleys; dry prairies or banks. HERB.: Taylor 593, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 1154, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 471, J anesville; Sheldon 634, Wilton, Waseca Co.; Sheldon 674, Waseca; Sandberg 216, Cannon Falls. POLYTAENIA DC. Mem. Umbel. 53 (1829). Baillon, Hist. PI. VII, 207 (sub Tordylium Linn); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. I, 922;Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 164. Living species: 1; N. America. Polytaenia nuttallii DC. Mem. Umbel. 53 (1829). Pachiloma nuttallii RAF. N. Fl. IV, 33 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 203; Webb., Fl. Neb. 124; Coult., Fl. Colo. 121; Upham, Fl. Minn. 60; Coult., Fl. Tex. 142; Chap., Suppl S. St. 623; Cov., Fl. Ark. 186; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 431; C. and R., Rev. N. A. Umb. 49. North America: Colo, and Minn, to Neb., Ind., La. and E. Tex. Minn, valley: Reported from S. E. edge; no Minn, specimens seen. HEEACLEUM LINN. Gen. 231 (1737). Sphondylium TOURN. Inst. 319 (1700). Barysoma BUNGE, Del. Sem. Dorpat. (1839). Wendia HOFFM. Umb. 136 (1814). Tordyliopsis DC. Prodr. IV, 199 (1830). Trigonosciadium Boiss. Ann. sci. Nat. ser. 3, I, 344 (1844). Stenotaenia Boiss. 1. c. 339 (1844). Baillon, Hist. PL VII, 205; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. I, 921; Durand, 2nd. Gen. Phan. 164. Living species: 80 described, 60 distinct (Durand); temperate northern regions of old world; 1 sp. N. America. Heracleum lanatum MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 166 (1803). H. spondylium NUTT. Gen. I, 181 (1818). H. panaces SPRENG. Syst. I, 912 (1825) in part. H. auritum BISCH. Del. Sem. Held. (1839). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 202; Britt., Fl. N. J. 118; Webb., Fl. Neb. 124; Mac., Fl. Can. 1, 187; Chap., Fl. S. St. 165; Upham, Fl. Minn. 60; Coult., Fl. Colo. 121; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 271; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 336; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 323; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 236; Coult., Fl. Tex. 141; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 134; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 423; C. and R., Rev. N. A. Umb. 48. Altai Siberia, Manchuria, Japan, Saghalin, Kurile Isls. and Kamtk. ; Russian Asia, N. North America: Newf. and Labrador to N. J., N. Car. and Ky.; W. to Brit. Col., Alaska, Calif., Washington; S. to Minn., Colo., Neb., Tex. 390 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY Minn, valley: Throughout; low damp ground; com- monly along streams. HERB. : Taylor 266, Janesville; Sheldon 839, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 391, Madison Lakej Bollard 115, Chaska; Taylor 808, Glen wood; Oestlund 67, Minneapolis; Sandberg 217, Vasa; Herb. Moyer 90, Montevideo. PEUCEDANUM LINN. Gen. 212 (1737). Pastinaca, Ferula, Imperatoria, Anethum, and Peuce- danum TOURN. Inst. 316 seq. (1700). Dorema DON, Trans. Linn. Soc. XVI, 601 (1833). Soranthus LED. Fl. Alt. I, 344 (1830>. Xanthoselinum, Macroselinum SCHUR. Transsylv. 264 (1866). Ormoselenia, Hammatocaulis, TAUSCH, Flora (1834-1844). Eieocbytris FENZL. 111. Syr. 71 (1843). Cynorhiza, Dreg-ea E. and Z. Enum. Afr 350 (1837). Bubon, Ferulagro KOCH, Nov. Act. Cur. XII, 95, 97 (1825). Alvardia, Uloptera FENZL. Flora, 461 (1834), 312 (1844). Xanthogalum LALL. F. and M. Ind. Petr. VIII, 73 (1841). Taeniopetaluin, Scorodosma BUNGE, Kel. Lehm. (1851). Narthex FALC. Trans. Linn. Soc. XX, 2S5 (1851). Eriosynaphe DC. Prodr. IV, 175 (1830). Oreoselinum BIEB. Fl. Taur.-Cauc. Ill, 200(1819). Steganotaenia HOCHST, Flora 347 (1834). Sciothamnus ENDL. Gen. 780(1840). Euryptera NUTT. T. and G. Fl. N. Am. I, 629 (1838). Opoidia LINDL. Bot. Reg (1839). Peucedanoides Boiss. Fl. Or. II, 983 (1843). Tommasinia BERT. Fl. Ital. Ill, 414 (1837). Polycyrtus SCHLECHT. Linn. XVII, 126 (1843). Diplotaenia Boiss. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, I, 308 (1844). Pleurotaenia HOHEN. PI. Kotsch. Galbanophora NECK. Elem. 292 (1790). Pteroselinum REICH. Fl. Germ. Exc. 453 (1832). Thysselinum HOFFM. Umb. 153(1814). Palimbia BESS. Volhynia, 55 (1821). Baillon, Hist. PL VII, 204; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 917, 918; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 163; Schenck, Palaeopfiyt. 601. Living species: 180- 220; North America, Asia, Europe, tropical and S. America, tropical and S. Africa. North Amer- ica (Western), 43; Russia, 25; Europe, 30; Russian Europe, 15; Canada, 15; E. Sts., 3; California, 30?; W. Tex., 2; PL King, 15. Fossil species: ?Tertiary (Peucedanites — Heer). Fenced aim m nudicaule (PURSH) NUTT. T. and G. Fl. I, 627 (1838). Smyrnium nudicaule PURSH. Fl. Am. 196 (1814). Ferula nudicaulis NUTT. Gen. I, 183 (1818). Pastinaca nudicaulis SPRENG. R. and S. Syst. VI, 587 (1820). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 391 Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 203; Webb., Fl. Neb. 124; Upham. Fl. Minn 60; Coult., Fl. Colo. 120; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 329; Coult., Fl. Tex! 142; Wats., King Exp. 130; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I. 429; C. and R., Rev. N. A. Umb. 63. North America: Minn, and Iowa to Kan., Neb. and N. Colo.; N. to Souris plain, Man., and S. to N. Tex., Arizona and N. Mex. Minn, valley: S. W. and W. districts; rare; rocky or gravelly knolls and headlands. HERB.: Wicker sheim 52, Ash lake, Lincoln Co. TIEDEMANNIA DC. Prodr. IV, 187 (1830). Arcbemora DC. Prodr. IV, 188 (1830). Neurophyllum TORR. and GR. Fl. Am. I, 612 (1838). Ox-ypolis RAF. Ser. Bull. I, 217 (1830) in part. Baillon, Hist. PL VII, 100; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. I, 920; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 164. Living species: 4; N. America; E. Sts., 3; W. Sts., 1; Canada, 1?; S. Sts., 2. Tiedemannia rigida (LINN.) COULT. and ROSE, Rev. Umbel. (1888). Sium rigidius LINN. Spec. 251 (1753). Sison marginatum MICHX. Fl. I, 168 (1803). Archemora rigida DC. Mem. Umbel. 52 (1829). Oxypolis rigida, denticulata, tricuspidata RAF. Bull. Soc. Gen. (1830). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 2o2; Britt., Fl. "N. J. 118; Upham, Fl. Minn. 61; Chap., Fl. S St. 165; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 188; II. 330; Cov., FL Ark. 186; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 414. North America: Ont. and W. N. Y, to N. J.; S. to Fla. and Miss.; W. to Minn., Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: Reported from S. edge; infrequent; sandy, low places and along shores of lakes. ANGELICA LINN. Gen. 218 (1737). ArehaDgelica HOFFM. Gen. Umbel. 166(1814). Czernaevia TURCZ. Baik. Dahur. I, 498 (1842). Gingidium FORST. Char. Gen. 41, 21 (1776). Ostericum HOFF. Gen. Umb. 162(1814). Gomphopetalum TURCZ. Bull. Mosq. 537 (1841). Callisace FISCH. Hoff. Umb. 170 (1814). Eustylis HOOK. Fl. N. Zeal. 19 (1867). Angelophyllum EUFR. Rev. Umbel. Kamtk. 8(1859). Levisticum KOCH. Umb. 101 ( ). Porpbyroscias MIQ. ex Durand Ind. Phan. 163 (1888). Baillon, Hist. PL VII, 207; Benth. and Hook , Gen. PL I, 919, 917: Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 363. Living species: 35; N. temperate regions; New Zea- 392 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. land. N. America, 16; E. Sts., 4; W. Sts. 12; Canada, 8; S. Sts., 3. Angelica atropurpurea LINN. Spec. 251 (1753). A. triquinata MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 167 (1803). Archangelica atropurpurea HOFFM. Umbel. 161 (1814). Imperatoria lucida NUTT. Gen. I, 181 (1818). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6ed. 201; Britt., Fl. N. J. 117; Upham, Fl. Minn. 61; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 185, 536; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 413; C. and K., Rev. N. A. Umb. 41. North America: Labrador, Newf., N. S., N. Br., An- ticosti, Q., Ont. to N. J. and Del.; W. to S. Man., L. Superior reg. and Minn. Minn, valley: N. E. district and E. edge; Dakota Co.; reported from New Ulm; infrequent; low banks and shores. HERB. : Herrick 120, Minneapolis; Sandberg 218, Vasa. Angelica villosa (WALT.) B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Ferula villosa WALT. Fl. Car. 115 (1788). Angelica hirsuta MUHL. Cat. 2 ed. 30 (1817). A. triquinata NUTT. Gen. I, 186 (1818). Archangelica hirsuta T. and G. Fl. I, 622 (1838). Wats, and Coult,, Gray's Man. 6 ed.201; Upham, Fl. Minn. 61; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 186; Chap., Fl. S. St. 164; Britt., Fl. N. J. 117; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 414; C and R., Rev. N. A. Umb. 41. North America: Ont. to Conn., N. J., Tenn. and Fla. ; W. to Minn, and Mo. Minn, valley: Reported from E. edge, rare; dry woodland and shaded river banks. THASPIUM NUTT. Gen. I, 196 (IS 18). Baillon, Hist. PL VII, 209 (sub Aciphylla Forst.); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 913; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 162. Living species: 3; N. America; 2, E.; 1, E. and W. Sts. Thaspium aureum (LiNN.) NUTT. Gen. I, 196 (1818). Smyrnium aureum LINN. Spec. 262 (1753). Smyrnium luteum MUHL. Ind. Fl. Lane. (1800). Sison trifoliatum MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 168 (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man.6ed. 204;; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 181, 534, II, 325; Britt., Fl.N. J. 116; Upham, Fl. Minn. 62; Chap., Fl. S. St. 163; Cov., Fl. Ark. 186; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 433; C. and R., Rev. K A. Umb. 28. North America: N. Eng. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Mississippi valley. Minn, valley: Throughout; moist banks and shores of lakes. HERB.: Taylor 952, Glenwood; Bollard 4, Chaska; Sheldon 886, Sleepy Eye; Leiberg 22, Blue Earth Co.; Holzinger 87, Winpna Co. ; Kassube 100, Minneapolis; Oesilund 68, Ram- LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 393 sey Co.; Herb. Shell. 1890, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 53, Idlewild. Thaspium aureum (LINN.) NUTT. var. cordatum (WALT.) B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Smyrnium cordatum WALT. Fl. Car. 114 '1788). S. trifoliatum MUHL. Cat. 31 (1813). Thaspium cordatum T. and G. Fl. I, 615 (1838). T. trifoliatum GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 195 (1867) in part. T. aureum var. trifoliatum COULT. and ROSE, Rev. Umbel. (1889). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 204; Upham, Fl. Minn. 62; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 181; II, 326; Chap., Fl. S. St. 163; Coult., Fl. Colo. 117; Britt., Fl. N. J. 117; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 134; Wats., King. Exp. 125; Cov., Fl. Ark. 186; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 433. North America: N J. to 111. and Minn.; Colo., Mont, to Rockies and Oregon ; S. to Ark. ; Brit. Col. Minn, valley: Throughout; woods, banks and copses; gravelly soil. HERB.: Sheldon 943, Redwood Falls; Sheldon 1362, Lake Benton; Ballard 571, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Sandberg 220, Cannon Falls; Huntington 4, Rock Co.; Kassube 101, Min- neapolis; MacM. and Sheld. 55, Brainerd; Herb. Moyer 91, Montevideo. Thaspium barbinode (Micnx.) NUTT. Gen. I, 196 (1818). Ligusticum barbinode MICHX. Fl. N. Am. 1, 167 (1803). Smyrnium barbinode MUHL. Cat. 31 (1813). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 204; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 181, 534; Britt., Fl. N. J. 117; Webb., Fl. Neb. 124; Upham, Fl. Minn. 62; Chap., Fl. S. St. 163; Cov., Fl. Ark. 186; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 434; C. and R.. Rev. N. A. Umb. 84. North America: S. Ont., N. Y., N. J. to Fla.; W. to Minn, and Neb. Minn, valley: E. and C. districts at least to Lac Que Parle and Pomme des Terres valleys; riverbanks and shores. HERB.: Sheldon 989, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1180, New Ulm; Taylor 957, Glenwood; Taylor 762, Glenwood; Sheldon 791, Sleepy Eye; Sandberg 219, Red Wing. ZIZIA KOCH, Nov. Act. Cur. XII, 128 (1825). Baillon, Hist. PI. VII, 120; (sub Carum LINN.); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. 1,891; (sub Carum Linn.);Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 159 (sub Carum Linn.). Living species: 2; North America. Ziziacordata KOCH, Umbel. 129 (1825). Thaspium trifoliatum var. apterum GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 195 (1868). Carum cordatum B. and H. Gen. PI. I, 891 (1862). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 208; Britt., Fl. N. J. 117; Mac., 394 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Fl. Can. I, 181 in part; Upham, Kl. Minn. 62; Coult., Fl. Colo. 117 in part: Chap., Fl. S. St. 163 in part; Coult., Fl. Tex. 147; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 435; C. and R., Rev. N. Am. Umb. 127. North America: N. Br. to N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Sas- katchewan, Colo, and Tex. Minn, valley: S. and S. central districts; possibly throughout E. half; thickets and gravelly banks in shaded places. HERB. : Taylor 348, Janesville. Zizia aurea KOCH, Umbel. 129 (1825). Thaspium aureum var. apterum GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 195 (1869). Carum aureum B. and H. Gen. PI. I, 829 (1862). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6ed. 208; Britt., Fl. N. J. 117; Upham, Fl. Minn. 62; Mac.,Fl. Can. I, 534; II, 326; Chap., Fl. S. St. 163 in part: Webb., Fl. Neb. 124; Coult., Fl. Tex. 147; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 434; C. and R., Rev. N. A. Umb. 127. North America: N. Br., N. Eng., N. J. to Fla.; W. to Peace and Saskatchewan rivers; S. to Minn., Neb. and Tex. Minn, valley: S. W. and W. regions; to New Ulm and B. E. Co.; prairie districts; moist banks and shores of lakes. HERB.: Moyer 92, Montevideo; Oestlund 351, Henne- pin Co. PIMPINELLA LINN. Gen. 236 (1737). Bunium KOCH, Syn. Fl. Germ. ed. II, 315 (1848). Sisarum TAUSCH, Flora, 355 (1834). Acronema EDGEW. Trans. Linn. Soc. XX, 51 (1851). Lereschia Boiss. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, I, 127 (1844). Reutera Boiss. Elench. 46 (1838). Tragium SPRENG. Prod. Umb. 26 (1813). Liedebouria LINK, Enum. Hort. Berol. I, 286 (1821). Chesneya BERTOL. Misc. Bot. 1, 17 (1842). Gaytania MUNST. Bot. Zeit. 730 (1843). Gymnosciadium HOCHST. Flora, 20 (1844). Aiiisuin ECKL. and ZEYH. Enum. Afr. 341 (1837). Petrosciadium EDGEW. Trans. Linn. Soc. XX, 51 (1851). Tragopsis POMEL, ex Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 159 (1888). Murrithia ZOLL. Nat. Neerl. ex Hassk. Flora, 601 (1847). Tragoselinum POMEL, ex Dur. 1. c. (1888). Anisometros HASSK. Flora, 602 (1847). Platyraphe MIQ. ex Dur. 1. c. (1888). Heterachaena ZOLL. 1. c. (1847). Baillon, Hist. PI VII, 119 isub Carum Linn.); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI I, 893; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 159. Living species: 75 ±; N. hemisphere; also, S. Africa and S. America. North America, 3; E. Sts., 2; W. Sts., 2; Russia, 15; Europe, 11 V. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 395 Pimpinella integerrima (LiNN.) BENTH. and HOOK. Gen. PL I, 894 (1862). Smyrnium integerrimum LINN. Spec. 263 (1753). Zizia integerrima DC. Rapp. PL Ear. Jard. Gen. Ill, 7 (1826). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6ed. 206; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 180; Upham, Fl. Minn. 62; Chap , Fl. S. St. 163; Cov., Fl. Ark. 185; Wats., Bibl.Ind. I, 430; C. and E., Rev. N. A. Umb. 109. North America: Q , Ont. to N. Eng. and N. J. to Miss ; W. to Minn., Neb., Kan. and Ark. Minn, valley: Reported from E. edge and S. E. dis- trict; rare and local; rocky hillsides. HERB.: Sandberg %21, Belle creek. CICUTA LINN. Gen. 222 (1737). Cicutaria TOURN. Inst. 322 (1700) in part. Baillon, Hist. PL VII, 221; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 889; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. I, 158. Living species: 6; N. hemisphere; N. America, 3; 1 only E. Sts. ; 1 only W. Sts.; 1 common to both. Russia, 2; Russian Europe, 2; Europe, 2; W. Tex., 1; PL Wheel., 1; PL King, 1. Cicuta bulbifera LINN. Spec. 255 (1753). Cicutaria bulbifera LAM. Enc. Meth. II, 3 (1786). Keraskomion bulbiferum RAF. N. Fl. IV, 21 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 208; Britt., Fl. N. J. 114; Mac., FL Can. I, 182; Upham, Fl. Minn. 62; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 416; C. and R., Rev. N. A. Umb. 130. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Del. andN. J.; W. to Hudson Bay, Saskatchewan, Minn, and Iowa. Minn, valley: Forest district and N. W. district; ab- sent S. W. ; wet meadows, marshes and swamps. HERB. : Ballard 826, Page lake, Carver Co. ; Bollard 727, Benton, Carver Co.; Ballard 677, Waconia; Taylor 1003, Glenwood; fferrick 121, Minneapolis; Holzinger 88, Winona Co.; Sandberg 223, Goodhue Co.; Holzinger 89, Winona Co.; Leiberg 23, Blue Earth Co. Cicuta yirosa LINN. var. maculata (LiNN.) COULT. and ROSE, Rev. Umbel. 130 (1889). Cicuta maculata LINN. Spec. 256 (1753). Cicutaria maculata LAM. Enc. Meth. II, 2 (1786). Sium(?) douglasii DC. Prodr. IV, 125 (1830). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 208; Mac., FL Can. I, 181, II, 326; Upham, Fl. Minn. t2; Webb., FL Neb. 124; Chap., Fl. S. St. 161; Coult., FL Colo. 116; Brew, and Wats., FL Calif. I, 260; Britt.. Fl. N. J. 114: Coult., Fl. Tex. 147; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 132; Wats., King Exp. 121; Cov FL Ark. 185; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 416; Hart., Fl. Scand. 1, 150 (spec.). 396 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. North America: Atl. provinces to Coast range of Brit. Col.; Mackenzie river to 64° N. lat. ; U. S. throughout to Fla., Miss, and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; wet meadows and bogs; abundant. HERB. : Bollard 372, Helena, Scott Co. ; Bollard 629, Chaska; Bollard 350, Helena, Scott Co. ; Taylor 591, Minnesota lake; Taylor 330, Janesville; Taylor 990, Glenwood; Taylor 276, Janesville; Sheldon 528, Waseca; Sheldon 1290, Lake Benton; Sheldon 752, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 760, Glenwood; Kassube 102, Minneapolis; Bailey 251, Vermilion lake; Oesilund 69, Minne- apolis; Sandberg 222, Cannon Falls; MacM. and Sheld. 40, Brainerd; Herb. Sheld. 1698, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 93, Montevideo. 8IUM LINN. Gen. 219 (1737). Berula KOCH, M. and K. Deutschl. Fl. II, 433 (1826). Sisarum TOURN. lost. 308 (1700). Baillon, Hist. PL VII, 222; Benth. and Hook., Gen, PL I, 893; Du- ra nd, Ind. Gen. Phan. 159. Living species: 6; N. hemisphere and S. Africa. N. America, 2; 1, W. Sts. ; l^E. and W. Sts. Russia, 5; Europe, 3; Russian Europe, 3. Sium angustifolium LINN. Spec. 2 ed. 1672 (1762). Berula angustifolia KOCH, Deutsch. E'l. II, 455 (1826). Sium pusillum NUTT. T. and G. Fl. I, 611 (1838). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 207; Upham, Fl. Minn. 63; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 260; Coult, Fl. Colo. 115; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 173; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 534; Coult., Fl. Tex. 148; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 258; Wats., KingExp. 121; Roth, Wheel. Exp. 133; Cov., Fl. Ark. 185; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 415; C. and R., Rev. N. Am. Umb. 133; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 154; Webb., Appx. Neb. 33. Europe and Siberia. North America: Ont. to N. Eng., Minn, and Colo.; S. to Tex. and Mex. , and in Calif. Minn, valley: S. central district; local in region of Mankato and Kasota. HERB.: Sandberg 226, Goodhue Co.; Grant 1, Vicker- man's spring; Leiberg 24, Blue Earth Co. Sium cicutaefolium K. C. GMEL. Syst. II, 482 (1806). ? 8. suave WALT. F. Car. 115 (1788). 5. lineare MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 167 (1803). S. tenuifolium MUHL. Cat. 30 (1813). 8. latifolium BIGEL. Fl. Bost. 69 (1824). S. rugosum RAF. Med. Bot. II, 264 (1830). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 397 Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 207; Britt., Fl. IS". J. 114; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 182; Chap., Fl. S. St. 162; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 261; Coult., Fl. Colo. 116; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 260; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 56; Coult., Fl. Tex. 146; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 133; Wats., KingExp. 121; Wats.. Bibl. Ind. I, 433; C. and R., Rev. Umb. 123. E. Russia, Altai Sib. and Dahuria. North America: Labrador and N. Eng. to N. J., Fla. and Miss. ; W. to Peace river, N. W. T. , and S. throughout U. S. to Tex. and S. Calif. Minn, valley: Throughout; in edges of sloughs, swamps and wet meadows. HERB. : Bollard 897, Waconia; Bollard 420, New Pra- gue, Scott Co.; Sheldon 1258, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1072, Springfield; Taylor 112, Janesville; Sheldon 1526, Lake Benton; Roberts 42, Devil's Neck river; OesHund 70, Hennepin Co.; Roberts 43, Stewart river; Bailey 420, Long lake; Sandberg 224, Vasa; Sandberg 225, Goodhue Co. DEEBINGIA ADANS. Fam. PI. II, 498 (1763). ? Alacospermum NECK. Elem. (1790). Cryptotaenia DC. Prodr. IV, 118 (1830). Benth. and Hook. Gen. PI I, 896; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 159; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 266. Living species: 1; N. America and Japan. Deeringia canadensis (LiNN.) OK. Rev. Gen. I, 266 (1891). Sison canadense LINN. Spec. 252 (1753). Sium canadense LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 407 (1783). Cicuta perennans WALT. Fl. Car. 116 (1788). Cryptotaenia canadensis DC. Mem. Umbel. 42 (1829). Mesodiscus simplex and proliferus RAF. N. Fl. IV, 20 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 207; Britt., Fl. 1ST. J. 115; Mac , Fl. Can. I, 182; Upham, Fl. Minn. 63; Webb.,Fl. Neb. 123; Chap., Fl. S. St. 161; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 329; Coult., Fl. Tex. 147; Cov., Fl. Ark. 185i Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 417; C. and R., Rev. N. A. Umb. 131. China and Japan. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga. ; W. to Saskatchewan?, Minn., Neb., E. Kan., Ark., Miss, and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; thickets and edges of woods. HERB.: Taylor 999, Glenwood; Taylor 274, Janesville; Sheldon 236, Lake Washington, Blue Earth Co. ; Sheldon 888, Sleepy Eye; Bollard #08, Jordan; Taylor 666, Cobb river, Blue Earth Co. ; Taylor 806, Glenwood; Holzinger 90, Winona Co. ; Oestlund 71, Hennepin Co. ; Sandberg 227, Chisago Co. ; Herb. Sheld. 1772, Ft. Snelling. 398 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. MYRRHIS SCOP. PI. Cam. I, 207 (1760). Lindera ADANS. Fam. PI. II, 499 (1763). Osmorhiza RAF. Journ. Phys. LXXXIX, (1819). Uraspermum NUTT. Gen. I, 192 (1818) not Scop. Glycosma NUTT. T. and G. Fl. Am. I, 639 (1838). Sperniatura REICH. Consp. Baillon, Hist. PL VII, 233; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl.I, 897; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 160; O. Kuntze, Bev. Gen. I, 270. Living species: 10; temperate N. hemisphere; S. Amer- ica. N. America, 6; E. Sts., 2; W. Sts., 4. Myrrhis clay ton! MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 170 (1803). Scandix dulcis MUHL. Cat. 31 (1813). Osmorhiza dulcis RAF. Sp.? (1817). Uraspermum hirsutum BIGEL. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 112 (1824). Osmorhiza brevistylis DC. Prodr. IV, 232 (1830). O. daytoni B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Uraspermum aristatum var. brevistyle OK. Rev. Gen. I, 270 (1891). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 210; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 183; Britt., Fl. N. J. 115; Upham, Fl. Minn. 63; Chap , Fl. S. St. 166; Wats , King Exp. 122; Cov.,Fl. Ark. 185; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 427; C. and R., Rev. N. A. Umb. 118. Japan?; Asia?. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. J., Va. and N. Car.; W. to Rocky mts. in Canada; Dak., Kan., Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; habitat like that of M. aristata ( Thunb. ). HERB.: Sheldon 83, Elysian; Sheldon 1 74, Eagle lake, Blue Earth Co. ; Sheldon 137, Madison Lake; Sheldon 887, Sleepy Eye; Bollard 700, Waconia; Bollard 75, Chaska; Kassube 104, Minneapolis; Oestlund 72, Hennepin Co; Holzinger92, Winona; Sandberg 229, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1773, Ft. Snelling; Herb. Moyer 94, Montevideo. Myrrhis aristata (THUNB. ). Chaerophyllum aristatum THUNB. Fl. Jap. (1784). Uraspermum daytoni NUTT. Gen. I, 193 (1818). Myrrhis longistylis TORR. Fl. U. S. 310 (1824). Osmorhiza villosa and cordata RAF. Med. Bot. II, 249 (1830). O. longistylis DC. Prodr. IV, 232 (1830). Uraspermum aristatum OK. Rev. Gen. I, 270(1891) part. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 210; Britt., Fl. N. J. 115; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 183, 534; Upham, Fl. Minn. 63; Webb., Fl. Neb. 124; Coult., Fl. Colo. 116; Cov., Fl. Ark. 185; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 427; C. and R.,Rev. Umb. N. A., 118. Japan. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. J. and LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 399 mts. of N. Car.; W. to Saskatchewan, N. W. T., Minn., Dak., Neb. and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout; rich woodland and river- banks. HERB.: Bollard 134, Chaska; Taylor 894, Glenwood; Sheldon 431, Janesville; Kassiibe 103, Minneapolis; Holzinger 91, Winona Co.; Sandberg £28, Cannon Falls; Herb. Wicker - sheim 54, Ash lake, Lincoln Co. LXXX1. CORNACEAE. Dogwood Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 798 (1836-40); Endlicher, Gen. PL 1184 (1836-40)— Alangieae; Endlicher, 1. c. 288— Garryaceae; Endlicher, 1. c. 295— Nyssaceae ; Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. I, 927 (1862-67); Baillon, Hist. PL VII, 66 (1880). Genera: 8; temperate regions, especially in N. hemi- sphere. Species: 85 ± living; 30-40 fossil in Cretaceous, Ter- tiary and Quaternary rocks. CORNUS LINN. Gen. 80 (1737). Benthamia LINDL. Bot. Keg. 1579 (1833). Mierocarpium SPACH, Suit. Buff. VIII, 90 (1839). Benthamiclia SPACH, Suit. Buff. VIII, 90(1839). Baillon, Hist. PL VII, 79; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 950; Durand, Ind. Gen. Plian. 168: Schenck, Palaeopliyt. 614. Living species: 25 ±; Europe; Asia to Himalayas; N. America; Mexico; Peru. N. America, 18; Canada, 13; E. Sts., 9; S. Sts., 6; California, 7; PL King., 2; PI. Wheel., 1; W. Tex., 4; Rocky mts., 3; Russia, 6; Europe, 4; Russian Europe, 4. Fossil species: Several descr. from Upper Cretaceous of Greenland (Heer); Tertiary, many species, France (Saporta); Greenland, Alaska, Spitsbergen, Wyoming, Saghalin, Switzer- land (Heer, Lester Ward, Lesquereaux, Newberry); Java (Gdppert); 30-40 spec. Cornus canadensis LINN. Spec. 117 (1753). G. herbacea var. canadensis PALL. Fl. Ross. I, 52(1784). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 214: Mac., Fl. Can. I, 190, 538; Britt., Fl. N. J. 120; Coult., Fl. Colo. 122: Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 274: Upham, Fl. Minn. 64; Forbes and Herns., Fl. Sin. 344; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 378; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 237; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 438. Manchuria; Mid. Japan; E. Corea; Kurile Isls. North America: Atl. to Pac. in Can. ; Alaska; S. to N. J., Ind., Minn., Colo, and Calif. Minn, valley: N. W. and N. E. districts; rare or local; cold woods and with tamarack (Larix americana). 400 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB. : Taylor 1110, Glenwood ; Roberts 46, Poplar river; Oestlund 74, Ramsey Co. ; Winchell 7, Duluth; Leonard 20, Duluth; Roberts 47, Duluth; Arthur 15, Vermilion lake; Bailey 287, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 235, Tower; Manning 5, Mount Pleasant. Cornus alternifolia LINN. f. Suppl. 125 (1781). C. alterna MARSH. Arbust. Amer. 35 (1785). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 215; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 191, 538; Britt., Fl. N. J. 12l;Upham, Fl. Minn. 6i; Chap., Fl. S. St. 167; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 437. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to S. Man.; S. to. N. J., Ga., Alab.; W. to Minn, and Mo. Minn, valley: Forest district and W. to Cotton wood and Chippewa valleys; shaded banks and hillsides. HERB.: Sheldon 508, Waseca; Sheldon 720, Sleepy Eye; Ballard 158, Chaska; Holzinger 98, Winona; Sandberg 240, Cannon Falls. Cornus candidissima MARSH. Arbust. Amer. 35 (1785). ? C. racemosa LAM. Enc. Meth. II, 116 (1786), CT. stricta LAM. Enc. Meth. II, 116 (1786). C. paniculata L'HER. Corn. 9 (1788). C. albida EHRH. Beitr. IV, 16 (1789). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 215; Britt.. Fl. N. J. 120; Webb., Fl. Neb. 124; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 191; Upham, Fl. Minn. 64: Chap., Fl. S. St. 167; Coult., Fl. Tex. 151; Cov., Fl. Ark. 187; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 439. North America: N. S., Ont. to N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout, but rare W. of forest dis- trict and Cotton wood river; thickets, shores of lakes, along streams. HERB.: Ballard 743, Waconia; Ballard 353, Helena, Scott Co.; Ballard 97, Shakopee; Taylor 334, Janesville; Shel- don 716, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 260, Janesville; Sheldon 390, Mad- ison Lake; Sheldon 323, Smith's Mill, Blue Earth Co.; Oestlund 78, Hennepin Co. ; Oestlund 79, Ramsey Co. ; Herrick 124, Min- neapolis; Herrick 125, Minneapolis; Holzinger 97, Winona Co.; Moyer 260, Big Spring, Lac Que Parle Co. Cornus asperifolia MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 93 (1803). C. sericea var. asperifolia DC. Prodr. IV, 272 (1830). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 214; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 191; Webb., Fl. Neb. 124; Chap., Fl. S. St. 167; Upham, Fl. Minn. 64; Coult., Fl. Tex- 150; Cov., Fl. Ark. 186; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 437. North America: Ont. to N. J., N. Car. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark. and Tex. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 401 Minn, valley: Reported from forest district and to Blue Earth Co.; rare or local; dry or gravelly places. HERB. Sandberg 239, Cannon Falls. Cornus stolonifera MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 92 (1803). C. sanguined MARSH. Arbust. Amer. 36 (1785). C. alba LAM. Enc. Meth. II, 115 (1786) in part. ? C. baileyi COULT. and ROSE, Bot. Gaz. XX, 37 (1890). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 214; Britt., Fl. N. J. 120; Webb., Fl. Neb. 124; Mac., PL Can. I, 191; Coult. Fl.Colo. 122; Upham, Fl. Minn. 64; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 1, 440. North America: Atl. to Pac. in Can. ; Mackenzie river to lat. 64° N.; W. to Colo., Minn., Neb. and Arizona; S. to N. J. Minn, valley: Forest district and W. to Cotton wood valley; wet meadows, edges of sloughs and bogs. HERB: Bollard 55, Chaska; Taylor 805, Glenwood; Sheldon 1583, Lake Benton; Sheldon 719, Sleepy Eye; Bailey 12, Vermilion lake; Juni 5, Duluth; Bailey 250, Vermilion lake; Oestlund 77, Hennepin Co.; Holzinger 94, Winona; Kassube 109, Minneapolis; Holzinger 95, Winona Co.; Sandberg 838, Good- hue Co. ; Holzinger 96, Winona Co. ; Herb. Sheld. 1886, Minne- apolis. Corn as sericea LINN. Mant. II, 199 (1767). C. alba WALT. Fl. Car. 88 (1788). C. lanuginosa MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 92 (1803'. C. obliqua RAF. Ann. N%t. 13 (1820). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 214; Britt., Fl. N. J. 120; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 191; Webb., Fl. Neb. 124; Chap., Fl. S. St. 167; Upham, Fl. Minn. 64; Coult., Fl. Tex. 150; Wats., King Exp. 132; Cov., Fl. Ark. 187; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 436. North America, N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla. and La.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Ark. and E. Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; wet meadows and edges of quaking bogs. HERB. : Kassube 108, Minneapolis; Herrick 123, Minne- apolis; Oestlund 76, Hennepin Co. ; Bailey 64, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 237 Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1287, Minneapolis; Herb. Wicker sheim 56, Idle wild. Cornus circinatus L'HER. Corn. 7 (1788). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 214; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 190; Britt., Fl. N. J. 120; Upham, Fl. Minn. 64; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 438. North America: N. S., Q., Ont. to N. J. and Va.; W. to L. Superior reg. , Minn., Dak. and Mo. Minn, valley: Throughout; thickets, edges of woods and dry copses. -26 402 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB.: Taylor 934, Glen wood; Sheldon 85, Elysian; Taylor 798, Glenwood; Herrick 122, Minneapolis; Sandberg 236, Chisago Co. ; Eoberts 48, Carlton's Peak; Roberts 49, Duluth; Oestlund 75, Hennepin Co. METACHLAMYDEAE. LXXXII. PIROLACEAE. Pine-Sap Family. Lindl. Veg. KingAW, 452 (1846)— Monotropaceae; Bent/ham and Hooker, Gen. PL II, 581, 601 (1876)— Trib. V, Ericaceae and Monotropeae; Drude in Englerand Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 1, 2 (1889); Baillon, Hist. PI. XI, 150. (1892). Genera: 10; N. boreal and temperate regions to Orizaba mt. and Himalayas; especially N. American; N. to Arctic circle. Species: 30 ± living; 1-2 doubtful, extinct; Tertiary of Europe and Polar regions? PS EVA RAF. Jour. Phys. LXXIX, 261 (1809). Chimaphila PURSH, Fl. Am. Sept. I. 279 (1814). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. II, 603; Durand, 2nd. Gen. Phan. 246; Engler and Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. 4, I, 8: O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 390; Bail- lon, Hist. PL XI, 151 (sub Pirola). Living species: 4; Europe, N. America to Mexico; Japan and Corea. N. America, 3; Canada, 3; California, 2; E. Sts., 2; S. Sts., 2; PL King, 1. Pseva maculata (LiNN.) OK. Rev. Gen. II, 390 (1891). Pyrola maculata LINN. Spec. #65 (1753). Chimaphila maculata PURSH. Fl. Am. 300 (1814). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 323; Britt., Fl. N. J. 163; Chap., Fl. S. St. 267; Upham, Fl. Minn. 95; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 306: II, 309; Cov,, Fl. Ark. 201; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 45. North America: Ont. to Minn., S. toN. Eng., Ga. and Miss. ; W. to Ark. Minn, valley: Reported from N. E. district and N. edge; no Minn, specimens seen. Pseva umbellata (LiNN. ) OK. Rev. Gen. II, 390 (1891). Pyrola umbellata LINN. Fl. Dan. 1336 (1757). Chimaphila corymbosa PURSH, Fl. Am. 300(1814). C. umbellata NUTT. Gen. I, 274 (1818). Pyrola corymbosa BERTOL. Misc. Ill, 12 (1844). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 323; Britt., Fl. N. J. 163; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 306; Chap., Fl. S. St. 267; Upham, Fl. Minn. 95; Brew, and Wats.,Fl. Calif. I, 459; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Kuss. 84; Wats., King Exp. 212; Engl. Drude, Nat. Pflanz. IV. 1, 8; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 45. N. Europe to Switzerland, Bohemia, Poland; N. Asia to Japan. North America: N. S.,N. Br. Q., Ont. to Brit. Col. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 403 and Vancouver; S. in Sierras to Mendocino Co., Calif. ; to Minn, and Wise., and E. to N. Eng., N. J., Ga. and Mexico. Minn, valley: Reported from N. edge and N. E. dis- trict; dry woods. HERB.: Roberts 85, Minnesota Point; Roberts 86, Devil's Neck river; Bailey 189, Vermilion lake; Bailey 416, Long lake; Sandberg 386, White rock. PIROLA LINN. Gen. 345 (1737). Moneses SALISB. S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. II, 403 (1821). Actinocyclus KLOTZSCH, Monatb. Berl. 14(1857). Amelia and Thelaia ALEF. Linn. XXVIII, 18 (1852). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 602, 603; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 245, 246: Engler and Prantl, Nat Pflanz. 4, I, 8 (Drude); Baillon, Hist. PI. XI, 150. Living species: 15-25; N. temperate and boreal regions, to Mexico and Himalayas. Europe, 5; Asia, 10; N. America, 8-14; Canada, 7-8; S. Sts., 1; Rocky mts., 6; E. Sts., 6; California, 5; PL Wheel., 3; PL King, 3. Pirola secunda LINN. Spec. (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 324; Britt., Fl. N. J. 163; Upham, Fl. Minn. 95; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 304; Coult., Fl. Colo. 230; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 460; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 81 in var.; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 256; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 930; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 248; Herd., Fl. Eur. Ross. 84; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 184; Wats., King Exp. 211; Engl. Drude, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 1, 9; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 46; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 324; Webb., Appx. Neb. 36. N. Europe; Scand. to Mt. Olympus and Pyrenees; N. Asia to Manchuria, Japan, Corea and Saghalin. North America: Greenland and Newf. to Mackenzie and Pac. ; S. in Sierras to Donner Pass; S. in mts. to Colo, and N. Mex. ; S. to Minn., Neb., Mich., Mo. and N. J. Minn, valley: Forest district to Redwood Falls; rare; rich, damp woods and banks of streams. HERB.: Sandberg 385, Cannon Falls; Arthur 14, Ver- milion lake; Roberts 82, Black Point; Roberts 83, Grand Marais; Roberts 84, Knife river; Bailey 166, Vermilion lake; Bailey 78, Vermilion lake; Bryant 1, Minneapolis. Pirola secunda LINN. var. pumila GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 302 (1867). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 324; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 304; Upham, Fl. Minn. 95; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 46. Greenland, Labrador to Alaska; S. to L. Superior, Minn, and N. Y. ; S. to Colo, and Calif, in mts. Minn, valley : Reported from N. E. district; no Minn, specimens seen. 404 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Pirola elliptica NUTT. Gen. I, 273 (1818). P. rotundifolia MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 251 (1803) in part. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 324; Britt., Fl. N. J. 163; Coult., Fl. Colo. 230; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 304; 563; Gray, Syn. Fl. II. 1, 47. Japan. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Owen sound, S. Man. and valley of the Saskatchewan; S. in Rockies to N. Mex. ; S. to Minn., Iowa, N. Eng., N. J. and Ind. Minn, valley: Forest district and N. W. district; rich woods and tamarack swamps. HERB.: Bollard 874, Waconia; Bollard 414, New Prague, Scott Co.; Bollard 132, Chaska; Bollard 470, Prior's lake, Scott Co. ; Bollard 402, Jordan, Scott Co, ; Bollard 358, Helena, Scott Co.; Sheldon 6/2, Wilton, Waseca Co.; Taylor 382, Janesville; Leonard 31, Fillmore Co.; Kassube 156, Minne- apolis; Herrick 187, Minneapolis; Sandberg 384, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1686, Minneapolis. Pirola rotundifolia LINN. Lam. 111. 367 (1791). P. rotundifolia var. incarnata DC. Prodr. VII, 773 (1839). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 324; Britt., Fl. N. J. 162; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 305, 563; Coult., Fl. Colo. 230; Chap., Fl. S. St. 267; Brew, and Wats , Fl. Calif. I, 460. Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. II, 32; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 928; Trautv., FL Sib. 81 in var.; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 256; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 84; Wats., King Exp. 211; Engl. Drude, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 1, 1; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 47, Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 323. Europe except Greece and Turkey; N. Asia to China, Japan and Kamtk. North America: Atl. to Pac. and Arctic circle in Can. ; S. to N. J. and N. Ga. ; S. to Oregon and Calif, and to Minn, and N. Mex. in mts. Minn, valley: N. E. and N. W. districts and along N. edge; woods and tamarack swamps. HERB. : Taylor 1114, Glenwood; JunilO, Duluth; Her- rick 184, St. Louis river; Sandberg 382, Chisago Co.; Sandberg 383, Cannon Falls; Roberts 81, Duluth; and in forma incarnata (DC.), Bollard 143, Chaska; Bollard 41$, New Prague, Scott Co. Pirola rotundifolia LINN. var. uliginosa (ToRR.) GRAY, Man. 2 ed. 259 (1852). P. uliginosa TORR. Fl. N. Y. I, 452 (1843). P. obovata BERTOL. Misc. Ill, 11 (1844). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed.324; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 305; Upham, Fl. Minn. 94; Coult., Fl. Colo. 231; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 184; Gray, Syn. FL II, 1, 48. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 405 North America; N. Br. to Cariboo nits., Brit. Col.; S. to Minn, and N. Eng. Minn, valley: N. E. district; tamarack swamps and woods. HERB.: Herrick 185, Minneapolis; Herrick 186, Minne- apolis. MONOTROPA LINN. Gen. 315 (1737). Hypopitys SCOP. Fl. Cam. I, 285 (1760). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 607; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 246; Eng- ler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 4, I, 10 (Drude); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 733 Baillon, Hist. PI XI, 152. Living species: 3; N. America to Mexico; Europe; Asia to India and Japan. N. America, 3; 1 sp. endemic. Fossil species: Miocene of Oeningen (Heer), Monotropa uniflora LINN. Spec. 555 (1753). M. m&risoniana MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 226 (1803). M. morisoni PERS. Syn. I (1805). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 325; Upham, Fl. Minn. 95; Britt., Fl. N. J. 164; Chap., Fl. S. St. 268; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 307; Coult., Fl. Colo. 231; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 463; Cov., Fl. Ark. 201; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. II, 34; Engl. Drude, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 1, 10: Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 49; Webb., Appx. Neb. 36; Coult., Fl. Tex. 254. Asia; Japan to Himalayas and N. India; S. America. North America: Anticosti, N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to S. Man., Oregon and Rockies; S. to Colo, and Mexico; S. to Minn., Neb., Mo., Ark., Tex., and E. to Miss., Fla. and Atl. coast. Minn, valley: Forest district; rare; deep, rich wood- land. HERB : Bailey 156, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 387, "Minnesota"; Lange 5, St. Anthony Park. LXXXIII. ERICACEAE. Heath Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI. 750 (1836-40); Lindl., Veg. Kingd. 757 (1846)— Vacciniaceae; Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. II, 564, 577 (1876)— excl. Pirolaceae and Clethraceae ; Drude in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 1, 15 (1889); Baillon, Hist. PL XI, 122 (1892) in part. Genera: 65 living; 3 fossil; cosmopolitan. Species: 1350 ±; rather more abundant in N. than in S. hemisphere; 30-40 fossil; doubtful. LEDUM LINN. Gen. 342 (1737). Dulia ADANS. Fam. PL II, 165 (1763). Benth. and Hook.. Gen. PL II, 599; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 245; Eng- ler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 4, I, 34 (Drude); Schenck, Palaeophyt, 728; Baillon, Hist. PI. XI, 130. 406 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Living species: 3; 2, N. America; 1, circumboreal. Fossil species: Tertiary, Sagor, Radoboj (Unger); Miocene, Thiiringen (von Fritsch). Ledum latifolium AIT. Lam. 111. 363 (1791). L. groenlandicum RETZ. Scand. (1799). L. palustrev&T. latifolium MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 321; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 301; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 94; Engl. Drude, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 1, 34; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1,43. North America: Greenland, Labrador, Newf., N. Br. to Pac.; S. to Minn., Mich., N. N. Eng. and Penn. Minn, valley: Far N. district and possibly N. W. ; woods and barrens. HERB. : Roberts 80, Duluth; Bailey 257, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 381, Chisago Co. ; MacM. and Sheld. 31, Brainerd. ANDROMEDA LINN. Gen. 344 (1737) em. BENTH. 1. c. (1876). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 587; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 243; Eng- ler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 4, I, 42 (Drude); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 722; Baillon, Hist. PL XI, 131, in part. Living species: 1; circumboreal and to temperate regions. Fossil species: Numerous in Cretaceous of N. Amer- ica; 10-20 (Lesquereaux, Heer, Ward, Newberry)', Tertiary, Europe (Saporta, EUinghausen, Heer, Unger); Switzerland, Spitzbergen, Alaska, Greenland; Tertiary N. America, Alaska, Florissant, etc. ; 40-50 spec, described ; to be much reduced. Andromeda polifolia LINN. Spec. 393 (1753). A. rosmarinifolia PURSH, Fl. Am. 291 (1814). A. glaucophylla LINK. Enum. I, 394 (1821). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 316; Britt., Fl. N. J. 161; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 297; Upham, Fl. Minn. 94; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 80; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 252; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 82; Engl. Drude, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 1, 44; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 31; Hart., Scand. Fl. I, 319. Europe to Tyrol and Hungary; N. Asia. North America: Labrador and Greenland to Pac. and Arctic ocean; S. to Minn., Penn. and N. J. Minn, valley: N. E, district; rare; deep, rich woods or barrens. HERB. : Bailey 280, St. Louis River; Bailey 295, St. Louis river; Sandberg 380, Chisago Co. LYONIA NUTT. Gen. I, 266 (1818). Cassandra and Pieris DON, Edin. Phil. Journ. XVII, 158-159 (1834). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 407 ? Aegialea KLOTZSCH, Walp. Ann. II, 1113 (1850). Portuna NUTT. Trans. Phil. Soc. VIII (1843). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. II, 584-587; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 243; Engler and Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. 4, I, 44; Baillon, Hist. PL XI, 133 (sub Andromeda). Living species: 8-18?; N. America, E. Asia and 1 sp. circumboreal. N. America, 7; Canada, 3; E. Sts., 7; S. Sts., 7. Lyonia calyculata (LiNN.) REICH. Fl. Ex. I, 414 (1827). Andromeda calyculata LINN. Spec. 566 (1753). Chamaedaphne calycidata MOENCH, Meth. (1794). Cassandra calyculata DON, Edinb. Journ. XVII, 159 (1834). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 318; Britt., Fl. N. J. 160; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 296; Chap., Fl. S St. 262; Upham, .Fl. Minn. 93; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 80; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 82; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 35. N. Europe and N. Asia. North America: Labrador to N. Br., Q., Ont., Brit. Col. and Alaska at Kotzebue Sound; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga. ; W. to Minn, and Man. Minn, valley: N. E. district; rare; possibly also N. W.; bogs and edges of swamps. HERB.: Roberts 79, Minnesota Point; Bailey 228, Ver- milion lake; Sandberg 379, Chisago Co. CHIOUENES SALISB. Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. II, 94 (1812). Phalerocarpus G. DON, Gen. Syst. HI, 641 (1834). Lasierpa TORR. Fl. N. Y. I, 450 (1843). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 577; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 242; Eng- and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 4, I, 47 (Drude); Baillon, Hist. PL XI, 183. Living species: 1; N. America and Japan. (Some au- thorities regard the Japanese form as distinct. It seems, how- ever, of varietal rank). Chiogenes hispidula (LINN.) TORR. Fl. N. Y. I, 450 (1843). Vaccinium hispidulum LINN. Spec. 500(1753). Arbutus flliformis LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 228 (1783). A. thymifolia AIT. Hort, Kew. II, 72 (1789). Oxycoccus hispidulus PERS. Syn. I, 419 (1805). Chiogenes serpyllifolia SALISB. Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. II, 94 (1812). Gaultheria serpyllifolia PURSH, Fl. Am. 283 (1814). Glycyphylla hispidula KAF. Am. Mo. Mag. (1819 h Phalerocarpus serpyllifolius DON, Syst. Ill, 841 (1834). Chioqenes japonica GRAY, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 26 (1886). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 315; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 294, 561; Upham, Fl. Minn. 93; Britt., Fl. N. J. 159; Chap., Suppl. S. St. 633; Engl. Drude, Nat. Pflanz. IV? 1, 47; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 26. Japan. North America: Labrador, Newf., N. S., N. Br. to 408 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. West of Rockies, Selkirks, Columbia river and N. W. T. ; S. to Minn., Penn., N. J. and in Appalachians to N. Car. Minn, valley: N. W. and N. E. ; tamarack swamps; rare; sphagnum marshes. HERB. : Eoberts 76, Devil's Neck river; Sandberg 377, Center City. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS ADANS. Fam. PL II, 165 (1763). Comarostaphylis Zucc. Nov. Stirp. II. 24 (1843). Mairania NECK. Elem. I, 219 (1790). Zerobotrys NUTT. Trans. Phil. Soc. 2, VIII, 267 (1843). Daplmidostaphylis KLOTZSCH, Linn XXIV, 78 (1850). Xylococcus NUTT. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 258 (1843). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. II, 581; Durand, Ind. Gen. 242; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 4, I, 48; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 721; Baillon, Hist. PI. IX, 191. Living species: 18; North America, boreal regions principally; 1 sp. around N. hemisphere. California, 12; Can- ada, 4; E. Sts., 2. Fossil species: A. uva-ursi in diluvial rocks of Europe, Bovey Tracy. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (LINN. ) SPRENG. Syst. II, 287 (1825). Arbutus uvorursi LINN Spec. (1753). Arctostaphylos offidnalis WIMMER, Fl. Sib. 2 (1829). Daphnidostaphylis fendleriana KLOTZSCH, Linn. XXIV, 81 (1850). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 315: Britt.,Fl. N. J. 159; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 295; Upham, Fl. Minn. 93; Coult., Fl. Colo. 228; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 453; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 251; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 247; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 909; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 82; Wats., King Exp. 210; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 183; Engl. Drude, Nat. Pflanz. IV, I, 49; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 27; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 319; Webb., Appx. Neb. 36. Circumpolar; Scand. and Shetland to Montenegro and Bosnia; N. Asia to Kamt. , Kuriles, Sakhalin, Japan and Da huria. North America: Greenland and Newf. to Pac. and 64° N. lat. ; S. to Calif, in Sierras; S. to N. Mex. in Rockies; E. to Minn., Neb., Mo., N. J. Minn, valley: N. E. districts; rare; sandy or rocky knolls. HERB. : Sandberg 378, White Rock; Roberts 77, Minne- sota point; Roberts 7 8, Knife river. OXYCOCCUS LUDW. ex O. Kuntze (1737). Schollera ROTH, Tent. Fl. Germ. I, 170 (1788.) Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 575; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 242; LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 409 Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 4, 1, 51 (Drude); O. Kuntze, Eev. Gen. II, 384; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 718; Baillon, Hist. PL IX, 183. Living species: 3; Europe, Asia and N. America. Can- ada, 2; E. Sts., 3; S. Sts., 2; Japan and Siberia, 1; Europe, 1. Fossil species: O. oxycoccus, Interglacial on the Elbe (Schenck). Oxycoccus macrocarpus (AiT.) PURSH, Fl. Am. 264 (1814) Vaccinium macrocarpon AIT, Hort. Kew. II, 13 (1789). V. oxycoccus var. oblongifolius MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I. 234 (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 314; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 293; Britt., Fl. N. J. 158; Upham, Fl. Minn. 92; Chap., Fl. S. St. 259; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 450; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Miyabe, Fl. Xur. 246?; Engl. Drude, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 1, 5]; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 26 and Suppl. II. 396. Kuriles? Intro, in Netherlands. Batavia Isl. North America: Newf., Anticosti, N. S., N. Br. to Thunder bay and Saskatchewan to Mackenzie river and Ore- gon? S. to N. Eng., N. J. and mts. of N. Car.; W. to Minn. Minn, valley: Forest district and far N. W. to Glen- wood?; peat bogs and tamarack swamps. HERB. : Sheldon 180, Eagle lake, Blue Earth Co. ; Shel- don 326, near Smith's Mills, Blue Earth Co. ; Ballard 542, Spring lake, Scott Co. ; Oestlund 110, Ramsey Co. ; Sandberg 372, Chi- sago Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1690, Minneapolis. Oxycoccus oxycoccus (LiNN.) MACM. Torr. Bull. XIX (1891). Vaccinium oxycoccus LINN. Spec. (1753). Oxycoccus palustris PERS. Syn. 479 (1805). O. vulgaris PURSH, Fl. Am. 264 (1814). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 314; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 293, Britt., Fl. N. J. 158; Upham, Fl. Minn. 92; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 450: Led., Fl. Ross. II, 905; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 250; Miyabe Fl. Kur. 246; Herd., Fl. Eur. Kuss. 82; Engl. Drude, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 1, 51; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 25 and Suppl. II, 396; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 318. N. and C. Eur.; Shetland to Turkey; N. Asia to Dah- uria, Japan and Kuriles. North America: Greenland to Alaska; S. to Minn., N. Eng., N. J., Penn. and Puget Sound region. Minn, valley: N. E. and probably N. W. districts; in- frequent; peat bogs and tamarack swamps. HERB. : Bailey 332, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 371, Chi- sago lake. YACCINIUM LINN. Gen. 313 (1737). Batodendron, Pirococcus and Metagonia NUTT. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2, VIII. 261-262 (1843). Cavinium THOU. Gen. Nov. Madagasc. 11 (1806). 410 MBTASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Epigynium KLOTZSCH, Linn. XXIV, 49 (1850). Disterigma KL. 1. c. (1850). Agapetes DUNAL, DC. Proclr. VII, 554 (1839). Vitis-Idaea TOURN. Inst. 607 (1700). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 573; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 242; Eng- ler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 4. 1,51; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 719; Baillon, Hist. PL XI, 182. Living species: 100; N. extra-tropical regions, Mada- gascar and the Andes mts. Russia, 10; Europe, 3; Russian Europe, 3; Canada, 16-18; E. Sts. 12; Rocky mts., 3; S. Sts., 13; California,. 6; PL King., 4; PI. Wheel., 1. Fossil species: Teitiary, Alaska (Heer)\ Florissant, Colo. (A. Br.)-, Japan (Nathorst); Oeningen (Heer); Aix (Sa- porta). A large number of remains in 15-20 species. Quat- ernary, Madeira, Portugal. Taccinium corymbosum LINN, var amoenum (AiT.) GRAY, Man. 5, ed, 292 (1867). V. amoenum AIT. Hort. Kew. II, 12 (1789). ? V. corymbosum var. fuscatum HOOK. Bot. Mag. 3433 ( ). ? V. marianum, grandiflorum and elongatum WATS. Dendr. Brit (1825). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 313; Britt., Fl. N. J. 159; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 290; Chap.. Fl.S. St. 260: Upham, Fl. Minn. 93; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 560; Cov., Fl. Ark. 200; Engl. Drude, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 1, 51 spec.; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 23. North America: Newf., N. Br. and Ont. to L. Huron; S. to Minn., N. Eng., N. J. and Va. Minn, valley: Reported from N. W. district; rare or doubtful; swamps. HERB. : Sandberg 876, Tower. Yaccinium canadense KALM. Rich, in Frankl. Narr. 2 ed. ed. 12 (1825); (Kalm in Herb. Banks). V. album LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 72 (1783) not Linn. Wats, and Coutt., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 312; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 290. 560; Up- ham Fl. Minn. 93; Engl. Drude, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 1, 51; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 22. North America: Atl. coast of Can. to Hudson Bay, Rocky mts., Columbia valley and Slave lake; S. to Minn., 111., Penn. and N. N. Eng. Minn, valley: N. edge; swamps; rare or doubtful. HERB.: Bailey 141, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 875, Chisago Co. Vaccinium pennsylvanicum LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 72 (1783). V. myrtilloides MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 223 (1803). V. ramulosum and humik WILLD. Enum. Suppl. 20 (1813). LIST OP HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 411 V. tenellum PUBSH, Fl. Am. 288 (1814). V. multiflorum WATS. Dend. Brit. 125 (1825). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 312; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 290; Britt., Fl. N. J. 159; Upham, Fl. Minn. 93; Wats., King Exp. 209; Engl. Drude, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 1, 51; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 22. North America: Newf. to Rocky mts. ; S. to Minn., 111., N. J. and Penn. Minn, valley : N. W. district; rare; dry hills and woods. HERB. : Sandberg 373, Black Oak, Goodhue Co. ; Sand- berg 374, Moose lake; Bailey 178, Vermilion lake; Bailey 453, Mud lake. Vaccinium stamineum LINN. Spec. 498 (1753). V. album PURSH, Fl. Am. 28 (1814). V. elevatum DUNAL. DC. Prodr. VII, 566 (1839). Picrococcus elevatus and floridanus NUTT. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. VIII, 260 (1843). Vaccinium kunthianum KLOTZSCH, (1850?). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 312; Britt., Fl. N. J. 158; Chap., Fl. S. St. 259; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 290; Upham, Fl. Minn. 93; Cov., Fl. Ark. 200; EDK!. Drude, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 1, 51; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 21. North America: St. Lawrence and Niagara rivers to Minn.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla. and La.; W. to Ark. Minn, valley: Reported from N. E. district; rare or doubtful; no Minn, specimens seen. LXXX1V. PRIMULACEAE. Primrose Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 729 (1836-40); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. PI II, 628 (1876): Pax, in Engkr and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 1, 98 (1889); Baillon, Hist. PL XI, 305 (1892). Genera : 27 ; cosmopolitan ; principally in N. hemisphere . Species: 350 ± living; a few doubtful fossils in Quater- nary. ANDROSACE LINN. Gen. Ill (1737). Aretia LINN. Gen. ed. V, 178 (1754). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. II, 632; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 249; En- gler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 4, I, 110 (Pax); O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL II, 398 (sub Primula)- Baillon, Hist. PI. XI, 338. Living species: 62 ±; temperate and Alpine regions, N. hemisphere. Russia, 15; N. America, 5; Canada, 3; Rocky mts., 4; E. Sts., 1; Pac. coast; 2; PL King, 2; PL Wheel., 1. Androsace occidentalis PURSH, Fl. Am. 137 (1814). Primula occidentalis OK. Rev. Gen. II, 400 (1891). Aretia occidentalis MAcM. MSS. (1891). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 329; Webb., Fl. Neb. 133; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 311; Upham, Fl. Minn. 96; Coult., Fl. Colo. 234; Wats., King 412 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Exp. 213; Cov , Fl. Ark. 201; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. 4, I, 1105 Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 60. North America: Rainy river to Pembina mts. and Thompson river, Brit. Col.; lat. 49° N. to N. Mex.; E. to Minn., 111. and Tenn.?; W. to Neb., Utah and Colo. Minn, valley: S. C. and S. W. districts; high prai- ries or knolls. HERB.: Sandberg 389, Red Wing. LYSIMACHIA LINN. Gen. 121 (1737). Liihiiiia VENT. Cels. 96 (1800). Palladia MOENCH, Meth. 429 (1794). Coxia ENDL. Gen. 733 (1840). Naumbergia MOENCH, Suppl. 429 (1802). Thyrsanthus SCHRANK, Denksch. Baier. Acad. 75 (1813). Lerouxia MERAT. Fl. Par. 77 (1812). Ephemerum REICH. Fl. Germ. Exs. 409 (1830). Theopyxis GRISEB. Phillip, and Lechl. (1844). Godinella LESTIB. ex Dur. Ind. Phan. 250 (1888). Anagzanthe and Bernardina BANDO, ex Baill. 1. c. (1892). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 635; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 250; En- gler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 4, I, 112 (Pax); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 734; Baillon, Hist. PL IX, 343. Living species: 60 ±; temperate and subtropical re- gions of both hemispheres; very few in the S. hemisphere; centers in China. N. America, 5. Fossil species: Interglacial, Elbe river (Schenck). Lysimachia thyrsiflora LINN. PL Dan. 517 (1757). L. capitata PURSH, Fl. Am. 135 (1814). Naumburgia thyrsiflora EEICH. DC. Prodr. VIII, 60 (1844). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 331; Britt., Fl. N. J. 165; Upham, Fl. Minn. 97; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 314; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 63; Webb., Appx. Neb. 36, Europe; Japan. North America: N. S., N. Br. to Mackenzie and Pac. to Alaska; S. Oregon, Minn., Iowa, Neb., S. 111., Penn. and N. J. Minn, valley: Throughout; swamps, bogs and wet meadows. HERB.: Sheldon 344, marshes south of Lake Madison; Taylor 443, Lake Helena, Waseca Co. ; Bollard 561, Prior's lake, Scott Co,; Taylor 48, Elysian; Holzinger 140, Winona Co. ; Her- rick 189, Minneapolis; Bailey 421, Long lake; Sandberg 391, Chisago Co. ; Herrick 190, Minneapolis; Oestlund 111, Ramsey Co. ; Herb. Moyer 159, Montevideo. LIST OF HIGHER SEED -PRODUCING PLANTS. 413 Lysimachia terrestris (LiNN.) B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Viscum terrestris LINN. Spec. 1023 (1753). Lysimachia vulgaris WALT. Fl. Car. 92 (1788). L. stricta AIT. Hort. Kew. I, 199 (1789). L. racemosa MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 128 (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6ed. 331; Upham, Fl. Minn. 97; Britt., Fl. N. J. 165; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 314; Chap., Fl. S. St. 280; Gray, Syn. Fl, II, 1, 63. North America: Newf., Anticosti, N. S., N. Br. to Thunder bay and Saskatchewan; S. to N. J. and N. Ga. ; W. to Minn, and Ark. Minn, valley: N. E. and N. W. districts; low meadows; rare. HERB. : Holzinger 141, Winona Co. ; Bailey 11, Ver- milion lake; Ankeny 4, Stillwater; Roberts 90, Little Marais; Bailey 463, Agate bay; Roberts 91, Grand Marais; Sandberg 392 Red Wing. STEIRONEMA RAF. Ann Phys. Brux. VII, 192 (1820). Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 250; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 4, I, 113 (Pax); Baillon, Hist. PL XI, 343. Living species: 4; N. America; 1 introduced in Europe; PL Wheel., 2; PI. King, 1. Steironema quadriflorum (SIMS) HITCHCOCK, Fl. Ames. 506 (1891). Lysimachia quadriftora SIMS, Bot. Mag. 660 (1803). L. longifolia PURSH, Fl. Am. 135 (1814). L. revoluta NUTT. Gen. I, 122 (1818). Steironema longifolia RAF. Ann. Brux. VII, 192 (1820). Lysimachia angustifolia GRAY, Man. ed. 1, (1848). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 330; Chap., Fl. S. St. 281; Upham, Fl. Minn. 97; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 314; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 62. North America: Niagara river to S. Man.; S. to N. Y. and W. Va. ; W. to Minn, and Iowa. Minn, valley: Throughout; moist places, especially around prairie sloughs. HERB. : Kassube 158, Minneapolis; Sheldon 1328, Lake Benton; Herrick 194, Minneapolis; Herrick 195, Minneapolis; Oestlund 112, Hennepin Co. ; Sandberg 395, Cannon Falls; Oest- lund 113, Minneapolis; Sheldon 1628, Taylor's Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1736, Minneapolis. Steironema lanceolatum (WALT.) GRAY, var. hybridum (MiCHX.) GRAY, Proc. Am. Acad. XII, 62 (3876). Lysimachia hybrida MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 126 (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 330; Upham, Fl. Minn. 97; Britt., Fl. N. J. 165; Webb., Fl. Neb. (spec.) 133: Mac., Fl. Can. I, 313; Coult., Fl. 414 METASPERMAE OP THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Colo. 235; Roth., Wheel. Exp. (spec.) 185; Cov., Fl. Ark. 201; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 81. North America: Ont. to Minn, and Dak.; S. to N. Y., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Neb., Ark., La. and Tex. Minn, valley: Reported from E. district; infrequent; wet meadows or edges of marshes. HERB. : Sandberg 394, Red Wing. Steironema ciliatum (LiNN.) RAP. Ann. Gen. Phys. Brux VII, 192 (1820). Lysimachia ciliata LINN. Mant. (1767). L. quadrifolia var. LINN. Mant. (1767). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 330; Upham, Fl. Minn. 97; Britt., Fl. N. J. 165; Chap., Fl S. St. 280; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 313: Webb., Fl. Neb. 133; Coult., Fl. Colo. 235; Wats., King Exp. 213; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 185; Cov., Fl. Ark. 201; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 1, 113; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 61; Coult., Fl. Tex. 255. Northern and W. Europe — naturalised. North America: N. S. and N. Br. to Pac. ; S. in Rock- ies to N. Mex. ; E. to Minn. , Neb. , Mo. , Ark. , N. Eng. , N. J. and Fla. Minn. Valley: Throughout; low places and edges of swamps or marshes. HERB.: Bollard 569, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 848, Glenwood; Sheldon 726, Sleepy Eye; Kassube 157, Minne- apolis; Arthur 71, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 393, Red Wing; Herrick 191, St. Louis river; Herrick 192, Minneapolis; Hoi- zinger 142, Winona Co.; Herrick 193, Minneapolis; Roberts 92, Duluth; Herb. Sheld. 1737', Herb. Moyer 160, 161, Montevideo. TRIENTALIS LINN. Gen. 309 (1737). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI II, 636; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 250; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 4, I, 113 (Pax); Baillon, Hist. PL XI, 344. Living species: 2; 1 in N. Europe, Siberia and N. W. America; 1 in Atlantic and Northern America. Trientalis americana (PERS.) PURSH, Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. II, 47 (1822). T. europaea MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I (1803) T. europaea var. americana PERS. Syn. I (1805). T. europaea var. angustifolia TOBK. Fl. N. Y. I 363 (1843). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 329; Britt., Fl. N. J. 165; Upham, Fl. Minn. 97; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 313; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. IV, I, 113; Gray, Syr. Fl. II, 1, 61. North America: Newf., Labrador, Anticosti and N. S. to Man. and Saskatchewan; S. to N. J., Va., Ind. and Minn. Minn, valley : Forest district to Blue Earth Co. ; damp woods and peat bogs. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 415 HERB.: Sheldon 229, Lake Washington, Blue Earth Co.; Roberts 58, Grand Marais; Boberis 89, Duluth; Bailey 244, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 390, Chisago Co. CENTUNCULTJS LINN. Gen. 76 (1737). Micropyxis DUBY, Mem. Prim. 39(1844). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 637; Durand, Ind. Gen. Pkan. 250; Engier and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 4, I, 115; Baillon, Hist. PI. XI, 345. Living species; 3; temperate and warmer regions. N. America, 2; S. Sts., 2; Canada, 1. Centunculus minimus LINN. Spec. (1753). C. lanceolatus MICHX. Fl. I, 93 (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 332; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 315; Chap., Fl. S. St. 281; Coult., Fl. Colo. 232; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 469; Upham, Fl. Minn. 97; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Boss. Ill, 30; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit 265; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 86; Cov., Fl. Ark. 201; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 1, 115; Gray, Syn. Fl II, 1, 64; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 127; Webb., Appx. Neb. 36; Coult., Fl. Tex. 256. Europe and N. Asia; Belgium to Montenegro and Bai- kal Sib.; Australia; Brazil; Andes mts. to Chile in S. Amer. North America. Minn., Neb. and Dak. to Saskatche- wan and Oregon; S. to Minn., 111., Ark., Tex. and E. to N. Car. and Fla. Minn, valley: Reported from S. W. edge; probably sparingly S. and W. and N. W. ; low places and around bases of rock-ledges. LXXXV. OLEACEAE. Ash Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI. 571; Endlicher, Gen. PL 570 (1836-40)— Jasmineae-, Bentham and Hooker, Gen. PL II, 672 (1876); Baillon, Hist. PL XI, 230 (1892). Genera: 18; temperate and warmer regions; absent in boreal regions. Species: 300 ± ; 30 ± fossil in Tertiary. FRAXINUS LINN. Gen. 773 (1737). Ornus PERS. Syn. I, 9 (1805). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 676; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 259; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 760; Baillon, Hist. PL XI, 251; Engl. Knoblauch, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 2, 5. Living species: 39 ±; temperate and subtropical regions. N. America, 12; Europe, 6; Russia, 3; Russian Europe, 2; Can- ada, 6; E. Sts., 6; S. Sts., 5; PI. Wheel., 4; California, 2; W. Tex., 6; Rocky mts., 2; PL King, 2; especially N. America, E. Asia and Mediterranean region (Knoblauch). Fossil species: Lower Oligocene and Miocene, Europe (Saporta, Heer) ; Greenland (Heer) ; Pac. N. America (Lesquer- 416 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. eaux}\ Pliocene, France (Saporta, Unger). Several (10-15) sp. described. Fraxinus sambucifolia LAM. Enc. Meth. II, 549 (1786). F. nigra MARSH. Arbust. Amer. 51 (1785). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 336; Upham, Fl. Minn. 115; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 317; Britt., Fl. N. J. 167; Oov., Fl. Ark. 202; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1,76. North America: Anticosti to L. Superior reg., Man. and Saskatchewan; S. to Minn., Mo. and Ark.; E. to N. Eng., N. J., Va. and Ky. Minn, valley: Reported from N. and N. W. districts; rich woods and banks or shores. HERB.: Bailey 346, St. Louis river. Fraxinus pubescens LAM. Enc. Meth. II, 548 (1786). F. nigra Du Roi, Diss. (1771). F. pennsylvanica MARSH. Arbust. Amer. 51 (1785). F. tomentosa MICHX. f. Sylva, lA (J810). F. oUongocarpa BUCKL. Proc. Acad. Phil. (1862). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 336; Britt., Fl. N. J. 167; Coult., Fl. Colo. 236; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 316; Uphain, Fl. Minn. 115; Webb., Fl. Neb. 140; Chap., Fl. S. St. 370; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 75; Engl. Knobl., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 2, 7; Coult., Fl. Tex. 259. North America: N. S., Q., Ont. to Man. and Saskatch- ewan, and 53° N. lat.; S. to Minn., Dak., Neb., 111., Ohio and E. U. S. to Fla. Tex. ? Minn, valley: N. E. district; local or rare; rich woods and banks of lakes or streams. HERB.: Bailey 56 and 58, Vermilion lake. Fraxinus viridis MICHX. f. Sylv. 120 (1810), F. juglanaifolia WILLD. Spec. IV, 1104 (1805). F. concolor MUHL. Cat. (1813). F. caroliniana PCTRSH, Fl. Am. I, 9 (1814). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Mau. 6 ed. 336; Britt., Fl. N. J. 167; Upham, Fl. Minn., 115; Webb., Fl.Neb. 140; Chap., Fl. S. St. 370; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 316; Coult., Fl. Colo. 236; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 185; Wats., King Exp. 284; Cov., Fl. Ark. 202; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 75; Coult., Fl. Tex. 259. North America: Owen Sound to Man. and Assiniboia; S. to Dak., Neb., Ark., Tex., and E. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla. Minn, valley: Throughout to Pommes des Terres and Cottonwood valleys; rich woods and shores or banks. HERB.: Taylor 14, Elysian; ? Taylor 663, Cobb river, Blue Earth Co. ; Menzel 6, Pipestone. Fraxinus americana LINN. Spec. 2 ed. 1510 (1762). F. alba MARSH. Arbust. Amer. 51 (1785). F. acuminata LAM. Enc. Meth. II, 542 (1786). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 417 F. canadensis GAERTN. Fruct. I, 122 (1788). F. epiptera MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 256 (1803). F. discolor MUHL. Cat. Ill (1813). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 335; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 316; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 115; Webb., Fl. Neb. 140; Chap., Fl. S. St. 369; Britt., FL N. J. 167; Cov., Fl. Ark. 202; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 74; Engl. Knobl., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 2, 7; Coult,, Fl. Tex. 259 in var. North America: N. S., N. Br. to Owen Sound and Minn.; S. to Neb., Kan. and Ark.; E. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla. and La. Var. in Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; rich woods and banks of lakes and streams. HERB. : Taylor 484, Janesville; Taylor 704, Minnesota lake; Taylor 816, Glenwood; Taylor 526, Mud lake, WasecaCo. ; Ballard 550, Spring lake, Scott Co. ; Sheldon 855, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 1020, Glenwood; Bailey 117, Vermilion lake; Oestlund 152, Hennepin Co.; Holzinger 192, Winona Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1907, Minneapolis. LXXXVI. GENTIANACEAE. Gentian Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 599 (1836-40); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. II, 799 (1876); Baillon, Hist. PL X, 113 (1891). Genera: 45; temperate regions; a few in tropics and boreal regions. Species: 550-600; widely distributed; a few fossil forms from Tertiary rocks. MENYANTHES LINN. Gen. 117 (1737) em. BENTH. 1. c. (1876). Menonanthes HALL. Fl. Helv. 633 (1742). Baillon, Hist. PL X, 144; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 819; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 278; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 763. Living species: 2; Europe; Asia — mts. and N. ; N. America. 1, Europe, Asia, N. America; 1, W. N. Amer. and Russia. N. Amer., 2. Fossil species: 2; Tertiary, Greenland, Lausanne, etc. (Heer); doubtful. Menyanthes trifoliata LINN. Spec. 207 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 353; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 327; Britt., Fl. N. J. 173; Upham, FL Minn. 113; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I. 485* Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross. Ill, 76; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 273; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 2,51; Herd., Fl. Eur. Euss. 88; Wats., King. Exp. 281; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 128; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 102; Webb., Appx. Neb. 40. Iceland and N. Russia to Spain and Servia; Siberia to N. W. India, Japan and Kurile Isls. -27 418 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. North America: Greenland and Labrador to Mackenzie and Alaska; S. to N. S., N. Br., N. Y., N. J. and Penn.; W. to Minn., Dak., Iowa and Neb.; S. in mts. to San Francisco and Nevada. Minn, valley: Forest district and probably to Chippe- wa river valley; tamarack swamps and wet woods. HERB. : Bollard 357, Helena, Scott Co. ; Bollard 659, Waconia; Taylor 210, Janesville; Sheldon 122, Madison Lake; Taylor 177, Janesville; Bailey 282, St. Louis river; Kassube 201, Minneapolis; Sandberg 464, Chisago lake; Sandberg 465, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1776, Ramsey Co. NYMPHODES LUDW. Defin. 23 (1737). Limnantbemum GMEL Nov. Act. Petrop. XIV, 527 (1769). Waldschmidtia WIGG. Prim. Hoist. 19 (1780). Villarsia GMEL. Act. Petrop. XV (1791) not Vent. Schweyckerta C. C. GMEL. Fl. Bad. I, 447 (1805). Baillon, Hist. PI X, 144; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. II, 819; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 278; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 429. Living species: 26 described; 12 reduced; temperate and tropical regions. N. America, 2; S. Sts., 2; 1 other regions except W. of Rocky mts. W. Tex., I. Nymphodes lacunosum (VENT.) OK. Rev. Gen. II, 429 (1891). Villarsia lacunosa (VENT.) Choix. 9 (1803). ? Limnanthemum lacunosum MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I (1803) Villarsia cordata ELL. Sk. I, 230 (1821). % Wats, and Coult , Gray's Man. 6 ed. 353; Britt., Fl. N. J. 174; Upham, Fl. Minn. 113; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 327; Chap., Fl. S. St. 358; Cov., Fl. Ark. 204; Gray, Syn.Fl. II, 1, 128. North America: N. S., N. Br., Ont. to Minn. ; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla.; W. to Ark., La. and Miss. Minn, valley: Reported from N. edge; rare; floating in quiet streams or lakes. GENTIANA LINN. Gen. 197 (1737). Pneumonanthe and Hippion SCHMIDT, Boem. Arch. I, 8 (1796). Ci m ina I is ADANS. FAM. II, 504 (1763). Asterias, Coelantha, Dasystephana, Ericoila, Eurythalia and Gentianella BORKH. Roem. Arch. I, 23 (1796). Ericala DON, Trans. Linn. Soc. XVII, 511 (1837). Glyphospermum, Solatium, TJIostomaand Eudoxia G. DON, Gen. Syst. IV, 195, 196 (1538). Varasia PHILLIPPI, Fl. Atacam. 35, t. 5 (1860). Baillon, Hist. PI. X, 140; Benth. and HOOK:., Gen. PL II, 815; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 278. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 419 Living species: 180; cosmopolitan; in tropical mts. Europe, 35; Russia, 45; Russian Europe, 16; North America, 38; Rocky mts., 14; S. Sts., 7; E. Sts., 12; Canada, 27; California and Oregon, 10-12; PI. King., 6; PI. Wheel., 10. Gentiana linearis FROEL. var. rubricaulis (SCHWEIN.). Gentiana rubricaulis SCHWETN. Keat. Nan*. Appx. 110 (1825). G. saponaria var. linearis GRAY, Man. ed. V. 389 (1867) part. G. linearis var. lanceolata GRAY, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 123 (1886). G. pneumonanthe AUCT. AMER. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 351; Britt., Fl. N. J. 183; Mac.} Fl. Kan. I. 325, 566; Upham, Fl. Minn. 113. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont., L. Huron reg., L. Superior reg. and Minn.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., N. Y. and mts. of Md. ; W. to 111. and Wise. Minn, valley: Reported from S. Central district; wet prairies. Gentiana flavida GRAY, Am. Jour. Sci. N. Ser. I, 80 (1846). G. alba AUCT. not MUHL. ^\ats. and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 351; Upham, Fl. Minn. 112; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 324; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 123; Webb., Appx. Neb. 40. North America: Ont., N. Y. and Penn. to Va. ; W, to Minn. , 111. , Neb. and Ky. Minn, valley: Forest district to New Ulm; rare or local; wet meadows. HERB.: Sandberg 462, Red Wing; Holtz 5, Cedar lake. Gentiana andrewsii GRISEB. Gent. 287 (1839). Gentiana andrewsii var. linearis HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 55(1840). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 351; Britt., Fl. N. J. 172; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 324, 566; Upham, Fl. Minn. 113; Chap., Fl. S. St. 356; Cov., Fl. Ark. 204; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 123. North America: Q., Ont. to Thunder bay; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Ga.; W. to Minn, and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout; wet meadows and banks of lakes and streams. HERB.: Sheldon 1457, Pipestone; Sheldon 1300, Lake Benton; Oestlund 148, Minneapolis; Kassube 200, Minneapolis; Bailey 355, Mud River; Sandberg 463, Cannon Falls \Herb. Sheld. 1873, Ramsey Co. ; Herb. Wickersheim 106, 107, Id,lewild, Lin- coln Co. ; Herb. Moyer 198, Montevideo. Gentiana saponaria LINN. Spec. 228 (1753). G. catesbaei WALT. Fl. Car. 109 (1788). G. elliottii var. (?) latifolia CHAPM. FL S. St. 356 (1860). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 350; Britt., Fl. N. J. 172; Upham, Fl. Minn. 113; Chap., Fl. S. St. 356; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 324; Cov., Fl. Ark. 204: Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 122. 420 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY North America: Q., Ont. and N. Y. to N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Minn., Ark. and La. Minn, valley: E edge; moist woodland and river banks or lake shores. HERB. : Holzinger 186, Fillmore Co. Gentiana puberula MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 176 (1803). G. saponaria var. puberula GRAY, Man. ed. 1, 360 (1848). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 350; Upham, Fl. Minn. 113; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 324, 566; Webb.,Fl. Neb. 140; Cov., Fl. Ark. 204; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 122. North America: Red river valley to W. N. Y. ; S. to Ohio, Ky., Kan. and Ark.; W. to Minn, and Neb. Minn, valley: Throughout; dry prairies and barren places. HERB. : Taylor 1178, Glenwood; Manning 6, Lake City; Herb. Wickersheim 108, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 199+ Montevideo. tientiana quinquefolia LINN. var. occidentalis (GRAY) HITCHCOCK, Fl. Ames. 508 (1891). spec. G. quinqueflora LAM. Enc. Meth. II, 643 (1786). G. amarelloides PURSH, Fl. Am. 186 (1814). var. G. quinqueflora HOOK. Bot. Mag. 3496 ( ) chiefly. G. quinqueflora var. occidentalis GRAY, Man. 1 ed. 359 (1848). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 350; Upham, Fl. Minn. 112;Britt., Fl. N. J. 172 spec.; Chap., Fl. S. St. 355; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 566; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 119. North America: Ont. to Va. and Ohio; W. to Minn. ; S. to Tenn., Fla. and La. Minn, valley: Reported from E. district; probably throughout forest district; knolls in woods. HERB.: Sandberg 460, Red Wing. Gentiana serrata GUNN. Fl. Norv. 10 (1766). G. detonsa ROTTB. Hort. Hafn. X, 254 (1773). G. barbata FROEL. Gent. 114 (1796). G. brachypetala BUNGE, Consp. Gent. 225 (1829). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 349; Upham, Fl. Minn. 112; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 321; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 481; Coult., Fl. Colo. 243; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. II, 127; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 88; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 193; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 117; Hart, Fl. Scand. I, 99. Scandinavia to N. India, Manchuria and China. North America: Newf. and Anticosti to Saskatche- wan, Rocky mts., N. W. T., Point Barrow, Alaska and Arctic ocean; S. in Sierras to Mariposa Co., Calif.; S. in Rockies to Colo, and Nev. ; S. to Minn. , Dak. , Iowa and E. to N. Y. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 421 Minn, valley: Forest district and N. W. district; wet meadows. HERB.: Taylor 1013, Glenwood; Oestlund 147, Minne- apolis; Leiberg 53, Blue Earth Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1874, Minne- apolis. Gentiana americana (LiNN.). G. ciliata americana LINN. Syst. I, 645 (1756). G. crinita FROEL. Gent. 112(1796). G. .fimbriata ANDK. Bot. Rep. 509 (1797-1804). Gentianetta crinita DON, Syst. IV, 179 (1838). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man 6 ed. 349; Britt. Fl. N. J. 172; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 321; Chap., Fl. S. St. 355; Upham, Fl. Minn. 112; Wats., King Exp. 278; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 193; Gray, Syn..Fl. II, 1, 117. North America. Q., Ont. to Saskatchewan and 52° N. lat.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and mts. of Ga.; W. to Gt. lakes, Minn., Dak. and Colo. Minn valley: Throughout forest district; swampy places and wet meadows. HERB.: Holzinger 185, Winona Co.; Sandberg 461, Cannon Falls; Hammond 33, Minneapolis. LXXXVII. APOCYNACEAE. Dogbane Family, Endlicher, Gen. PI. 577 (1836-40); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. II, 681 (1876); Baillon, Hist. PL X, 146 (1891). Genera: 127 (Baillon); 103 (B. andH.); tropical reg- ions; a few in temperate zones of N. and S. hemispheres. Species: 1000 ±; very few in S. hemisphere; a few fossil from Tertiary, Apocynophyllum f APOCYNUM LINN. Gen. 187 (1737). Baillon, Hist. PI. X, 207; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 716; Durand, 2nd. Gen. Phan. 264; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 767. Living species: 5; S. Europe; temperate Asia; N America. Russia, 2; Europe, 1; N. America, 2; PI. Wheel., 2, Canada, 2; W. Tex., 1-2. Fossil species: Apocynophyllum', Tertiary, Portugal, Japan, Australia, East Indies (Heer, Ettinghauseri), a few spec- ies; all rather doubtful. Apocynum cannabinum LINN. Spec. 213 (1753). A. sibiricum JACQ. Hort. Vindob. Ill, 66 (1776). A. hypericifolium AIT. Hort. Kew. I, 304 (1789). A. pulescens R. BR. Wern. Soc. I, 67 (1808). Wats, and Coult, Gray's Man. 6 ed. 338; Britt., Fl. N. J. 168; Webb., Fl. Neb. 140; Chap., Fl. S. St. 358; Upham, Fl. Minn. 114; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 31$, 565; Coult., Fl. Colo. 237; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. 1, 473; Wats. 422 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. King Exp. 282; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 186; Cov., Fl. Ark. 203; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 83; Coult., Fl. Tex. 262. North America: Same range as A. androsaemifolium; extends also into S. Calif, and E. to Fla. Minn, valley: Throughout; rich woods, thickets, river banks and shores; edges of marshes. HERB. : Taylor 337, Janesville; Ballard 93, Shakopee; Taylor 583, Minnesota Lake; Taylor 1025, Glenwood; Sheldon 1532, Lake Benton; Ballard 507, Prior's lake, Scott Co. ; Taylor 752, Glenwood; Sheldon 975, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 388, Madison Lake; Sheldon 332, Smith's Mills, Blue Earth Co.; Herrick 249, Minneapolis; Kassube 203, Minneapolis; Bailey 214, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 467, Cannon Falls; Oestlund 150, Hennepin Co.; Herrick 250, Minnetonka; Herb. Moyer 201, Chippewa river, near Montevideo. Apocynum androsaemifolium LINN. Spec. 213 (1753). A. androsaemifolium and var. incanum A. DC. Prodr. VIII. 412 (1844). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 338; Britt., Fl. N. J. 168; Upham, Fl. Minn. 113; Webb., Fl. Neb. 140; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 317, 565; Coult., Fl. Colo. 237; Chap., Fl. S. St. 359; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 473; Koth., Wheel. Exp. 186; Wats., King Exp. 282; Cov., Fl. Ark. 203; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 82; Coult., Fl. Tex. 263. North America: Anticosti and Atl. coast to Pac. and Brit. Col.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Sierras and N. Mexico. Minn, valley: Throughout; rich woods and thickets; banks and shores. HERB.: Ballard 738, Waconia; Taylor 989, Glenwood; Sheldon 425, Madison Lake; Ballard 852, Patterson lake, Car- ver Co. ; Ballard 91, Chaska; Taylor 328, Janesville; Herrick 248, St. Louis river; Oestlund 149, Ramsey Co. ; Kassube 202, Minneapolis; Bailey 183, Vermilion lake; Bailey 131, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 466, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1692, Minneap- olis; 1731, Ramsey Co.; Herb. Moyer 200, Montevideo. LXXXVIII. ASCLEPIADACEAE. Milkweed Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 588 (1836-40); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. II, 728 (1876); Baillon, Hist. PI. X, 221 (1891). Genera: 190 (Baillon); 146 (B. and H.); tropical regions; a few in temperate zones, especially in N. hemisphere and S. Africa; in the latter region the development is especially abundant. Species: 1500± ; 1-2 fossil in recent rocks. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 423 ASCLEPIAS LINN. Gen. 185 (1737). • Otaria HBK. Nov. Gen. et Spec. Ill, 192 (1818). Gomphocarpus, Xysmalobium, Kaiiahia K. BR. Mem. Wern. Soc. I, 37, 38, 39 (1808). Krebsia, Mackenia HARV. Gen. S. Afr. PL ed.2, 233 (1868). Pachycarpus, Parapodium, Schizoglossum, Aspidoglos- sum, Logarinthus E. MEY. Cornm. PL Austr. Afr. 200-221 (1837). Khiiiolobium ARN. Mag. Zool. and Bot. II, 420(1838). Caiialiia SPRENG. Syst. I, 526 (1825). Asclepiodora GRAY, Proc. Am. Acad. XII, 66 (1877). Anantherix and Stylandra NUTT. Gen. I, 169, 170 (1818). Polyotus NUTT. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. V, 199 (1839). Podostigma and Acerates ELL. Sk. I, 316, 326 (1821). ScMzonotus A. GRAY, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 100 (1886). Fuiiastrum FOUKN". Ann. Sci. Nat. 6, XIV, 388 (1882). Baillon, Hist. PL X, 245; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL I, 752-755; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 268; Schenck, Palaeopliyt. 770. Living species: 180; cosmopolitan except in polar and sub-polar regions. N. America, 55; S. and E. E. Sts., 28; S. Sts., 30; W. Tex., 21. Fossil species: Tertiary, Japan (Unger)', Portugal, Greenland, Rhone, Oenigen (Heer)-, 5 sp. described. Asclepias lanuginosa NUTT. Gen. I, 168 (1818). A. nuttalliana TORR. Ann. Lye. N. Y. II, 218 (1834). Acerates lanuginosa DECN. DC. Prodr. VIII (1844). A. monocephala LAPHAM, Gray's Man. ed. 2, appx. (1852). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 343; Webb., Fl. Neb. 141; Upham, FL Minn. 115; Coult., Fl. Colo. 242. North America: Mont, to Wise, and N. 111. ; S. to Neb. and Colo. Minn, valley: Blue Earth Co. W. to Dakota line; S. Central, S. W. and N. W. districts; prairies and hillsides. HERB.: Gedge 12', Riverton, Clay Co.; Holzinger 191, Winona; Herb. Moyer 210, Montevideo. Asclepias viridiflora RAF. Med. Repos. XI, 360 (1808). Acerates viridiflora ELL. Sk. I, 317 (1821). Polyotus heterophyllus NUTT. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. V, 522 (1840). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 343; Britt, FL N. J. 169; Mac., Fl. Can. 1,320; Upham, Fl. Minn. 115; Webb., FL Neb. 141; Coult., Fl. Colo. 242; Cov., Fl. Ark. 203; Chap., Fl. S. St. 365; Gray, Syn. FL II, 1, 99; Coult., Fl. Tex. 268. North America: Niagara river to Rocky mts. ; S. to N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Dak., Neb., Colo., Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; dry places and banks of streams. HERB.: Type,— Sheldon 1105, Springfield; Sheldon 1387, Lake Benton; Ballard 383, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 424 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. 732, Sleepy Eye; Gedge 11, Detroit; var. linearis (Gray) — Sand- berg 474, Red Wing; Holzinger 190-191, Winona; — var. lanceo- lata (Ives); Ballard 272, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Taylor 690, Minne- sota lake; Sheldon 610, Wilton, Waseca Co.; Leiberg 55, Blue Earth Co.; Herb. Moyer 209, Watson [var. lanceolata (Ives).]. Asclepias floridana LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 284 (1783). A. longifolia MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 116 (1803). Acerates longifolia ELL. Sk. I, 317 (1821). A. floridana HITCHCOCK, Fl. Ames 508(1891). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 343; Webb., Fl. Neb. 141; Chap., Fl. S. St. 366; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 565; Cov., Fl. Ark. 203; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 99, Coult., Fl. Tex. 268. North America: Ont. to Minn., Dak. and Neb.; S. to Ohio, Fla., Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: S. and N. W. districts; wet meadows or fields. HERB. : Juni 13, Alexandria; ? Gedge 13, Clay Co. Asclepias verticillata LINN. Spec. ed. 2, 1272 (1762). A. galioides HBK. Nov. Gen. et Spec. Ill, 188 (1818). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 342; Britt., Fl. N. J. 170; Upham, Fl. Minn. 115; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 319; Chap., .Fl. S. St. 365; Coult., Fl. Colo. 241; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 368; Wats., King Exp. 282; Cov., Fl. Ark. 203; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 97; Coult., Fl. Tex. 267. North America: Ont. to Saskatchewan and S. Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Colo., N. Mex., Tex. and Mexico. Minn, valley: Throughout except N. E. district; hills and fields. HERB. : Sheldon 970, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1068, Spring- field; Sheldon 815, Sigel township, Brown Co.; Taylor 925, Glen wood; Juni 9 12, Glyndon;Herb. Moyer 208, Chippewa Co. Asclepias quadrifolia LINN. Spec. (1753;. A. vanilla RAF. Am. Mo. Mag. (1818). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 342; Britt., Fl. N. J. 170; Upham, Fl. Minn. 114; Chap., Fl. S. St. 364; Cov., Fl. Ark. 203; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1,96. North America: Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn, and Ark. Minn, valley: Reported from E. edge; doubtful; no Minn, specimens seen. Asclepias ovalifolia DECN. DC. Prodr. VIII, 567 (1844). A. vanegata var. a. HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 252 (1840). A. nuttalliana GRAY, Man. 2 ed. 352, 704 (1852). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 342; Webb., Fl. Neb. 141; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 319; Upham, Fl. Minn. 114; Coult., Fl. Colo. 241; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 95. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 425 North America. Man., Assiniboia and Saskatchewan to Rocky mts. ; S. to N. 111., Wise., Minn., Iowa, Dak., Neb. and Kan. Minn, valley: Throughout; most abundant S. W. and W. prairies. HERB.: Sheldon 606, Waseca; Taylor 178, Janesville; Menzel 4, Pipestone City; Herrick 253, Minneapolis; Ankeny 5, Stillwater; Roberts 109, White Bear; Kassube205, Minneapolis; Sandberg 470, Red Wing; Herb. Moyer 204, 205, Chippewa Co.; Herb. Wickersheim 109, Idle wild, Lincoln Co. Asclepias exaltata (LiNN. ) MUHL. Cat. 28 (1813). A. syriaca var. exaltata LINN. Spec. ed. 2, 313 (1762). A. phytolaccoides PURSH, Fl, Am. 180 (1814). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 342; Upham,Fl. Minn. 114; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 319; Chap., Fl. S. St. 262; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 92; Britt., Fl. N. J. 169. North America: Ont. and N. Eng. to Minn,; S. to N. J. and Ga. ; W. to Ark. Minn, valley: Forest district; moist woods and thickets HERB. : Bollard 471, Prior's lake, Scott Co. ; Sheldon 617, Waseca; Sheldon 617a, Wilton, Waseca Co.; Ballard 205, Jordan, Scott Co.; Herrick 252, Minneapolis; Sandberg 469, Red Wing. Asclepias obtusifolia MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 113 (1803). A. purpurascens WALT. Fl. Car. 103 (1788). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 341; Britt., Fl. N. J. 170; Webb., Fl. Neb. 141; Upham, Fl. Minn. 115; Chap., Fl. S. Sts. 364; Coult., Fl. Colo. 239; Cov., Fl. Ark. 203; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 91 and Syn. Suppl. .II, 401; Coult., Fl. Tex. 266. North America: Minn, and Dak. to Colo., Neb., Ark. and Tex.; E. across continent to N. Eng., N. J., N. Car. and Fla. Minn, valley: Reported from S. E. edge; doubtful sandy fields or woods. Asclepias sullivantii ENGELM. Gray Man. 1 ed. 366 (1848). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed.341; Webb.,Fl. Neb. 141; Upham, Fl. Minn. 114; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 91. North America: Minn, and Dak. to Neb., Kan. and Ohio. Minn, valley: Forest district and W. to Pommes des Terres, at least; rich woods and banks of streams. HERB. : Taylor 580, Minnesota lake; MacM and tiheld. 45, Brainerd. 426 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Asclepias syriaca LINN. Spec, ed. 2, 313 (1762). A. cornuti DECN. in DC. Prodr. VIII, 564 (1844). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 341; Britt., Fl- N. J. 169; Webb., Fl. Neb. 141; Chap.,Fl. S. St. 362; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 319; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 86; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Gray, Syn.Fl. II, 1,91 and Syn. Suppl. II, 401. Russia in Europe; N. Asia. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Saskatchewan; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn., and Neb.- spreading throughout continent. Minn, valley: Throughout; rich meadows and edges of thickets or streams. HERB. : Bollard 26m, Chaska; Taylor 579, Minnesota lake; Bollard 258, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Sheldon 1552, Lake Ben- ton; Herrick 251, Minneapolis; Kassube 204, Minneapolis; Sand- berg 468, Cannon Falls; Herb. Slield. 1697, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 203, Montevideo. Asclepias speciosa TORR. Ann. Lye. N. Y. II, 218 (1834). A. douglasii HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 53 (1840). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 341; Webb., Fl. Neb. 141; Upham, Fl. Minn. 114; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 475; Coult., Fl. Colo. 239; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 319; II, 341; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 188; Wats., King Exp. 282; Cov., Fl. Ark. 203; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 91. North America: Man. and Assiniboia to Rocky mts., Brit. Col. and Oregon; S. to Yosemite valley; E. to Utah, Ark., Neb., Minn. Minn, valley: Probably throughout; especially S. and W. ; fields and river banks. HERB. : Taylor 727, Wells, Faribault Co. ; Herb. Moyer 202, Montevideo. Asclepias incarnata LINN. Spec. ed. 2, 314 (1762). A. pulchra WILLD. Spec. I, 1207 (1798). A. amoena BBONGN. Ann. Sci. Nat. XXIV, t. 13 (1831). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 340; Britt., Fl. N. J. 170; Webb., Fl.Neb. 140; Upham, Fl. Minn. 114; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 318; Chap., Fl. S. St. 363; Cov., Fl. Ark. 203; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 90; Coult., Fl. Tex. 265 in var. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Saskatchewan and S. Man.; S. to N. J., N. Car. and Ga.; W. to Dak., Neb., Ark., La. , Tex. in var. Minn, valley: Throughout; edges of swamps and marshes. HERB.: Ballard 853, Patterson lake, Carver Co.; Taylor 568, Minnesota lake; Ballard 757, Waconia; Taylor 777, Glenwood; Sheldon 645, Waseca; Holzinger 188, Winona Co.; Sandberg 471, Goodhue Co.; Sandberg 472, Cannon Falls; Her- LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 427 rick 254, Minneapolis; Oesttund 151, Hennepin Co. ; Herb. Moyer 206, Chippewa Co. Asclepias purpurascens LINN. Spec. 214 (1753). A. amoena LINN. Spec. 217 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 340; Gray, Syn. Fl.11,1, 90; Chap., Fl. S. St. 362; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 320; Upham, Fl. Minn. 114; Britt., Fl. N. J. 169; Webb., Fl. Neb. J41; Cov., Fl. Ark. 203. North America: N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car. to W. Ont., Wise, and Minn.; S. to Tenn. and Neb. Minn, valley: Forest district to Cottonwood valley; edges of woods. HERB.: Sheldon 849, Sleepy Eye; Manning 7, Lake City. Asclepias tuberosa LINN. Spec. 316 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 340; Britt., Fl. N. J. 170; Webb., Fl. Neb. 141; Upham, FL Minn. 115; Mac.. Fl. Can. I, 318; Coult., Fl. Colo. 239; Chap., Fl. S. St. 365; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 188; Cov., Fl. Ark. 203; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 89; Coult., Fl. Tex. 2(5. North America: Ont. and L. Huron region to Minn., Dak. and Colo.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Arizona and Texas. Minn, valley: Throughout; common; high knolls, prairies and railway embankments. HERB. : Taylor 558, Minnesota lake; Taylor 380, Janes- ville; Bollard 575, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Bollard 342, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 775, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 635, Waseca; Lei- berg 54, "Minnesota"; Holzinger 189, Winona Co.; Herrick 255, Minneapolis; Sandberg 473, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1754, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 207, Montevideo. LXXXIX. CONVOLVULACEAE. Morning- Glory Family. Encilicher, Gen. PI. 651 (1836-40); Lindl., Vej. King. 633 (1846)— Cuscutaceae; Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. II, 865 (1876)— excl. Nolan- aceae; Baillon, Hist. PL X, 305 (1891); Peter in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 a, 1 (1891). Genera: 25-26; temperate and tropical regions; most abundant within the tropics; shrubby climbers, principally tropical America; herbaceous forms widely distributed; center in W. Indies. Species: 950-1000; 300 in Ipomea; 160 in Cuscuta; fossil, 10-12, from Tertiary of Europe and U. S. 428 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Y0LYULUS MED. Phil. Bot. II, 42 (1791). Calystegia R. BR. Prodr. 483 (1810). Baillon, Hist. PL X, 324; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. II, 874; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 286; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 447; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 776; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 a, 36 (Peter). Living species: 7; temperate and subtropical regions. N. America, 3-4; W. coast, 1; Atl. regions, 2; W. Tex., 1. Fossil species: Convolvulus, Tertiary, Frankfort (Lud- wig). YolYulus spithameus (LiNN.) OK. Rev. Gen. II, 447 (1891).' Convolvulus spithameus LINN. Spec. 158 (1753). Calystegia spithameus PURSH, Fl. Am. I, 434 (1814). C. tomentosa PURSH, Fl. Am. 434 (1814). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 369; Britfc., Fl. N. J. 180; Uphani, Fl. Minn. 110; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 345; Chap., Fl. S. St. 345; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 215; Engl. Pet., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 a, 36. North America: N. S., Q., Ont., Man. and Saskatch- ewan; S. to Minn, and Fla. Minn, valley: N. E. district; rare; dry roadsides and embankments. HERB.: Kassube 194, Minneapolis; Holzinger 178, Wi- nona Co.; Herrick 244, St. Louis river; Holzinger 179, Winona Co. Volvulus sepium (LINN.) JUNGER, Oestr, Bot. Zeit. 133 (1891). Convolvulus sepium LINN. Spec. 218 (1753). Calystegia sepium K. BR. Prodr. 483 (1810). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 369; Britt., Fl. N J. 179; Webb., Fl. Neb. 134; Upham, Fl. Minn. 110; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 345, 569; Chap., Fl. S. St. 344; Coult., Fl. Colo. 265; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 533; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. II, 164; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 284; Led., Fl. Boss. Ill, 94; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 205 in var.\ Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 215; Suppl. Syn. II, 435 in yar.; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 74; Engl. Pet., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 a, 36; Coult., Fl. Tex. 292 in^var. N. Africa; most Europe; Asia to China and Dahuria; Australia and New Zealand. North America: Throughout Can. to N. W. T.; S. to N. J. and Del.; W. to Utah, Minn., Neb. and Colo. Minn, valley: Throughout; river banks and thickets, climbing over shrubbery. HERB. : Taylor 22, Elysian; Bollard 501, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Sheldon 1553, Lake Benton; Bollard 344, Helena, Scott Co.; Sheldon 25, Elysian; Sheldon 376, Madison Lake; Bollard 133, Chaska; Bollard 751, Waconia; Herrick 242, St. Louis river; Herrick 243, Minneapolis; Kassube 193, Minneap- LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 429 oils; Sandberg 456, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1701, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 196, Chippewa river, near Montevideo. CU8CUTA LINN. Gen. 89 (1737). Epiliiiella and Engelmannia PFEIFF. Bot. Zeit. 673 (1845). CuscutiDa PFEIFF. 1. c. 492 (1846). Monogynella, Cu«sutlia and Succuta DESMOUL. Etud. Cusc. 65, 66, 74 (1853). Grammica LOUR. Fl. Cochinch. 170(1790). Pfeifferia BUCHING. Ann. Sci. Nat. 3, V, 88 (1846). Licpidanche ENGELM. Sill. Journ. XLIII, 343 (1842). Buchingera SCHULTZE, Jahrb. Pharm. (1847). Baillon, Hist. PL X, 330; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. II, 881; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 287; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pjtaz.IV, 3 a, 38 (Peter). Living species: 160; temperate and warmer regions. N. America, 21; Europe, 12; Russian Europe, 7; California, 8; E. Sts., 10; Rocky mts., 6; S. Sts., 8; PI. Wheel., 5; PL King, 3; W. Tex., 12. Cuscuta paradoxa RAF. Ann. Nat. (1820). C. glomerata CHOISY, Mem. Genev. (1841). Lepidanche compositamm ENGELM. Am. Jour. Sci. XLIII (1842). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 372; Webb., Fl. Neb. 134; Upham, Fl. Minn. Ill; Wats., King Exp. 472; Cov., Fl. Ark. 205; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 222; Engl. Pet, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 a, 39; Coult., Fl. Tex. 295. North America: Ohio to Minn., Neb., Kan. and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; on Composites, especially Helianthus and Solidago. HERB.: Taylor 849, Glenwood; Sheldon 1309, Lake Benton; Kassube 196, Minneapolis; Sandberg 458, Red Wing; Herrick 245, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 197, Chippewa river, near Montevideo ; Herb. Wickersheim 104, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. Cuscuta gronovii WILLD. Reliq. in R. and S. Syst. VI, 205 (1820). C. americana LINN. Spec. 124 (1753) as to pi. Gronov. C. umbwsa BEY. Hook. Fl. Bor-Am. II, 78 (1840) in part. C. vulgivoya ENGELM. Am. Jour. Sci. XLIII, 338 (1842). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 372; Britt., Fl. N. J. 180; Weblh, Fl. Neb. 134; Chap., Fl. S. St. 347; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 347; Coult., Fl. Colo. 267; Upham, Fl. Minn. Ill; Wats., King Exp. 472; Cov., Fl. Ark. 206; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 221; Engl. Pet., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3a. 39; Coult., Fl. Tex. 295. North America: N. S., N. Br., Ont. to S. Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. andFla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Colo., Tex. and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout; on coarse herbs and shrubs; abundant on Impatiens and Salix. 480 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB. Bollard 592, Prior's lake, Scott Co. ; Sheldon 660, Waseca; Sheldon 717, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 1001, Glenwood; Shel- don 1082, Springfield; Sandbery 457, Cannon Falls; Bailey 180, Vermilion lake; Holtz. 40, Cedar lake, Hennepin Co. Cuscuta gronovii WILLD. var. saururi (ENGELM.). C. saururi ENGELM. Am. Jour. Sci. XLIII (1842). C. gronovii var, latiflora ENGELM. Trans. St. L. ,Acad. I, III, (1859). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 372; Upharn, Fl. Minn. Ill; Wats., King Exp. 472; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 222. North America: Mass, and N. Car. to Minn., Man. and Mo. Minn, valley: N. E. district; on Impatiens. Cuscuta coryli ENGELM. Am. Jour. Sci. XLIII, 337 (1842). C. umbrosa BEYRICH, Sched. (1851) in part. C. inflexa ENGELM. Rev. Cusc. 502 (1859). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 372; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 2, 221; Coult.. Fl. Colo. 267; Webb., Fl. Neb: 134; Chap., Suppl. S. St. 641. North America: N. Eng. to Ark., Neb., Colo, and Dak. Minn, valley: W. district; on Geanothus and Corylus. HERB. : Wickersheim 132, Ash lake, Lincoln Co. Cuscuta cephalanthi ENGELM. Am. Jour. Sci. 333 (1842). C. tenuiflora ENGELM. Gray's Man. 1 ed. 350(1848). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 371; Britt., Fl. N. J. 180; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 347; Upham, Fl. Minn. 110; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 535; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 220; Wats., King Exp. 273, 471; Engl. Pet., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3a, 39; Webb., Appx. Neb. 36; Coult., Fl. Tex. 294. North America: Saskatchewan to Minn., Wise., Penn. and N. J. ; S. to Ark. and Tex. ; W. to Utah? and Arizona. Minn, valley : Reported from Blue Earth Co. , and probably sparingly throughout forest district; on tall herbs and shrubs. Cuscuta arvensis BEYRTCH, Sched. (1851). C. arvensis var. pentagona ENGELM. Gray's Man, ed. II, 336 (1852). C. pentagona ENGELM. Am. Jour. Sci. XLIII, 342 (1842). C. arvensis var. verrucosa ENGELM. Gray's Man. ed. 2, 336 (1852). C. verrucosa ENGELM. Am. Jour. Sci. XLIII, 340 (1842). C. arvensis var. calycina ENGELM. Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. (1842 ». Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 371; Gray. Syn. Fi. II, 2, 220; Webb., Fl. Neb. 134; Britt., FL N. J. 180; Chap., Fl. S. St. 347; Mac., Fl. Can. 1,346; Coult., Fl. Colo. 266; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. 1, 535; Coult., Fl. Tex. 294. South America. North America: N. S. and Ont. to N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Minn., Mont, and Oregon; S. to Calif., Tex. and La. LIST OP HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 431 Minn, valley : W. district to S. Central district; on small prairie herbs. HERB.: Sheldon 1435, Pipestone; Taylor 1143, Glen- wood; Leiberg 106, Blue Earth Co.; MacM. and Sheld. 56, Brainerd. Cuscuta polygonorum ENGELM. Am. Jour. Sci. XLIII, 342 (1842). C. chlorocarpa ENGELM. Gray's Man. ed. 1, 350 (1848). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Mao. 6 ed. 371; Uphara, Fl. Minn. 110; Webb., Fl. Neb. 134; Wats., King Exp. 471; Cov., Fl. Ark. 206; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1. 220. North America: Wise, and Minn, to Penn. and Del.; S. to Neb. and Ark. Minn, valley: Blue Earth Co. and perhaps whole for- est district; on Polygonum and other herbs. XC POLEMONIACEAE. Phlox Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI 656 (1836-40;; Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant.II, 820 (1876); Baillon, Hist. PL X, 332(1891); Peter, in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3ct, 40 (1891). Genera: 8; Mexico and N. America; especially in western portion; a few in Siberia and the southern Cordil- leran region. Species: 200 ±; 190, N. America and Mexico. PHLOX LINN. Gen. 148 (1737). Armeria LINN. Systema (1735). Baillon, Hist. PL X, 340; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 821; Durand, Ind. Gen. Pfian. 279; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3a, 46 (Peter). Living species: 30 ±, North America; 1 sp. in Siberia. Canada, 12; S. Sts., 11; Rocky mts., 8; E. Sts., 11; California and Pac. coast, 6-7; PL Wheel., 4; PI. King, 4; W. Tex., 4. Phlox divaricata LINN. Spec. 217 (1753). P. canadensis SWEET, Brit. Fl. Gard. 221 (1823-1829). P. glutinosa BUCKL. Am. Jour. Sci. XLV, 177 (1844). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 355; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 328; Webb., Fl. Neb. 134; Chap., Fl. S. St. 338; Upham, Fl. Minn. 110; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 566; Wats., King Exp. 462; Cov., Fl. Ark. 204; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 131; Engl. Pet., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3a, 47. North America: Q., Ont. to Owen Sound; S. to N. Y., Fla. ; W. to Minn., Neb. and Ark. Minn, valley : Throughout ; prairies, woods and meadows. HERB. : Taylor 138, Janes ville; Taylor 309, Janesville, Sheldon 81, Elysian; Bollard 401, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Manahan 1, 432 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Chatfield; Holzinger 177, Winona Co.; Sandberg 454, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1876, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 103, Mankato; Herb. Moyer 195, Montevideo. Phlox pilosa LINN. Spec. 216 (1753). P. aristata MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, (1803). P. cuspidata SCHEELE, Linn. XXIII, 137 (1865). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 355; Britt., Fl. N. J. 174; Webb., Fl. Neb. 135; Chap., Fl. S. St. 339; Upham, Fl. Minn. 110; Mac., Fl. Can. 1, 327; Wats., King. Exp. 462; Cov., Fl. Ark. 204; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 130; Engl. Pet., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 a, 47; Coult., Fl. Tex. 276. North America: Ont. and Saskatchewan to Minn., N. J., Fla., Tex. and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout; prairies, banks and fields. HERB.: Sheldon 754, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1320, Lake Benton; Bollard 572, Prior's lake, Scott Co. ; Bollard 642, Chaska; Bollard 98, Shakopee, Sheldon 537, Waseca; Taylor 343, Janes- ville; Sheldon 1599, Lake Benton; Sheldon 633a, Wilton, Waseca Co.—tvhite-flowered forma albijlora; Taylor 577, Minnesota lake; MacMillan 10, Glen wood; Taylor 833, Glenwood; Taylor 773, Glenwood; Huntington 11, Rock Co.; Kassube 192, Minneapolis; Oestlund 144, Ramsey Co. ; Leonard 40, Minneapolis; Oestlund 145, Hennepin Co. ; Leonard 41, Spring Valley; Sandberg 453, Red Wing; Hammond 30, Lake City; Herb. Sheld. 1919, Minne- apolis; Herb. Wickersheim 102, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 194, Chippewa river, near Montevideo. Phlox glaberrima LINN. Spec. 152 (1753). P. revoluta AIK. Eat. Man. (1836). ? P. carnea SIMS. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 355; Upham, Fl. Minn. 109; Chap., Fl. S. St. 338; G-ray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 130; Wats., King Exp. 462; Cov., Fl. Ark. 204. North America: N. Va. to Ohio, Minn, and Ark.; S. to Fla. and Tex. Minn, valley: Forest district to New Ulm; rare; prai- ries and meadows along streams. Phlox maculata LINN. Spec. 152 (1753). P. pyramidalis SM. Exot. II, 87 (1804-1805). P. rejkxa SWEET, Brit. Fl. Gard. 232 (1823-1829). P. penduliflora SWEET, Brit. Fl. Gard. Ser. 2, 46 (1831-1838). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 354; Britt., Fl. N. J. 174; Upham, Fl. Minn. 109; Chap., Fl. S. St. 338; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 129; Wats., King. Exp. 462; Cov., Fl. Ark. 204; Engl. Pet., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3a, 47. North America: N. J. to Minn.; S. to Fla. and Ark. Minn, valley: N. E. district; infrequent; wet mead- ows and banks of streams. HERB. : Thuet 1, Dodge Co. LIST OF HIGHER SEED -PRODUCING PLANTS. 433 COLLOMIA NUTT. Gen. I, 126 (1818). Courtoisia REICH. Ic. PL Exot. Ill 4, t. 208 (1830). Phloganthea CAY. ex Peter, 1. c. (1891). Baillon, Hist. PL X, 340; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 822; Durand, Ind. Gen. Pfian. 279; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3a, 48 (Peter). Living species: 18; Western N. America and Chile. N. America, 10-11; West Mexico and S. America. S. W. America, 3; N. W. America, 7-8. C. Unearis is the only one that comes into Atl. America. Collomia linearis NUTT. Gen. I, 126 (1818). Gilia linearis GRAY, Proc. Am. Acad. XVII, 223 (1882). Navarretia Unearis OK. Rev. Gen. II, 432 (1891). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 356; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 329; Upham, Fl. Minn. 110; Coult., Fl. Colo. 249; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 487; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 135 and 408; Engl. Pet., Nat. Pflanz. IV. 3 a. 48; Webb., Appx. Neb. 36. North America: N. Br. to Saskatchewan and Van- couver; N. to Ft. Franklin on Mackenzie; S. in Sierras to Calif.; in Rocky Mts. to Colo.; S. to Minn., Dak. and Neb. Minn, valley: S. W. edge and far W. in Dakota; prairies and high knolls. HERB. : Sandberg 455, Red Wing. POLEMONIUItt LINN. Gen. 131 (1737). Baillon, Hist. PL X, 339; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 823; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 279. Living species : 8-9; Europe, Asia, temperate N. America, Mexico and Chile: Russia, 2; Europe, 1; N. America, 8; Rocky mts., 5; California and Pac. coast, 6-7; Canada, 4; E. Sts., 2; S. Sts., 1; PI. King, 5; PI. Wheel., 3. Polemonium reptans LINN. Spec. ed. 2, (1762). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 356; Britt., Fl. N. J. 175; Chap., Fl. S. St. 340; Upham, Fl. Minn. 109; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 151; Wats., King Exp. 470; Cov., Fl. Ark. 205. North America: N. J. to Minn.; S. to Alab., Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: New Ulm to Alexandria and W?; woods and thickets. HERB.: Sandberg 451, Goodhue Co.; Holzinger 176, Winona Co.; Hammond 2, Lake City; Sandberg 452, Cannon Falls. -28 434 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. XCI. HYDROPHYLLACEAE. Waterleaf Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI 658 (1836-40); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. II, 825 (1876); Baillon, Hist. PL X, 397 (1891)— sub Boraginac6es. Genera: 15; N. America; a very sparing representation in S. America, Africa and the tropics. Species: 150; N. America ; 3-4 around world and S. America or S. Africa. MACROCALYX TREW. Nov. Act. Cur. II, 330 (1761). Ellisia LINN. Spec. ed. II, Appx. (1763). Nyctalea SCOP. Introd. 775 (1777). Encrypta NUTT. Jour. Acad. Phil. 2, I, 158 (1848). Baillon, Hist. PZ.X, 397; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. II, 827; Durand, 2nd. Gen. Phan. 280; O. Kuntze, Bev, Gen. II, 433(1891). Living species: 3; N. America; 1, Can., Rocky mts., E. Sts. ; 2, California. Macrocalyx nyctalea (LINN.) OK. Rev. Gen. II, 434 (1891). Ipomea nyctalea LINN. Spec. (1753). Polemonium nyctalea LINN. Spec. 2 ed. (1762). Ellisia nyctalea LINN. Spec. 2 ed. Appx. 1662 (1763). E. ambigua NUTT. Gen. I, 118 (1818). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 359; Britt., Fl. N. J. 176; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 505; Coult., Fl. Colo. 255; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 322: Upham, Fl. Minn. 109; Webb., Fl. Neb. 135; Cov., Fl. Ark. 205; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 157. North America: Qu'Appele to Saskatchewan and N. W. T.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Va.; W. to Minn., Mo., Dak., Neb. , Colo, and Arkansas river. Minn, valley: Throughout; grassy places, rich woods and banks of streams or lakes. HERB. : Bollard 348, Helena, Scott Co. ; Taylor 182, Janesville; Bollard 80, Chaska; Taylor 350, Janesville; Sheldon 672, Waseca; Sheldon 185a, Madison Lake; Foote 3, Worthing- ton; Herrick 241, Minneapolis; Sandberg 450, Cannon Falls; Holzinger 175, Winona; Herb. Sheld. 1766, Ft. Snelling; Herb. Wickersheim 101, Idle wild, Lincoln Co. ; Herb. Moyer 193, Chip- pewa river, near Montevideo. HYDROPHYLLUM LINN. Gen. 124 (1737). Viticella MITCH. Act. Med. Cur. VIII, 220 (1748). Decemium RAF. Fl. Lud. 33 (1817). Baillon, Hist. PL X, 397; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 826; Durand, Gen. Phan. 279. Living species: 6; N. America; Canada, 5; S. Sts., 4; LIST OP HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 435 E. Sts., 4; Rocky mts., 2; PI. King, 2; PL Wheel., 2; Cali- fornia, 3. Hydrophyllum appendiculatum MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 134 (1803). Hydrophyllum trilobum RAF. Fl. Lud. 33 (1817). Nemophila paniculata SPRENG. Syst. I, 569 (1825). Decemium hirtum RAF. Med. Fl. II, 215 (1830). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed.358; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 332; Upham, Fl. Minn. 109; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 155. North America: Ont. to Minn.; S. to N. Car., Iowa and Mo. Minn, valley: Forest district except far N. E. ; woods and rich, shaded banks. HERB. : Sheldon 400, Stony Point, Lake Madison, Blue Earth Co. ; Sheldon 556, Waseca. Hydrophyllum virginianum LINN. Spec. 208 (1753). H. virginicum AUCT. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 358; Britt., Fl. N. J. 175; Upham, Fl. Minn. 109; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 331; II, 343; I, 567; Chap., Fl. S. St. 334; Webb., Fl. Neb. 135; Coult., Fl. Colo. 254; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 502; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 201; Cov., Fl. Ark. 205; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 154. North America: Q. to Georgian bay and Pac. ; Van- couver, N. W. T. and Alaska; S. to Washington and Oregon; S. in mts. to N. Mex. ; S. in Mississippi valley to Ark. and La. ; along Appalachians to N. Eng., N. Y., Ga. Minn, valley: Throughout; rich woods, river banks and lake shores. HERB. : Taylor 6, Elysian; Taylor 623, Minnesota lake; Taylor 119, Janesville; Sheldon 858, Sleepy Eye; Bollard 41, Chaska; Herrick 239, Minneapolis; Kassube 191, Minneapolis; Herrick 240, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1785, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 100, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 192, Montevideo. PHACEL1A Juss. Gen. 129 (1789). Aldea R. and P. Prodr. Per. 19 (1798). Eutoca R. BR. Appx. Frankl. Exp. 764 (1823). Cosmantims KOLTE, ex DC. Prodr. IX, 291 (1845). Miorogenetes A. DC. 1. c. (1845). Whitlavia HOOK. Bot. Mag. t. 4813 ( ). Heteryta RAF. Jour. Phys. LXXXIX, 101 (1819). II H m int hosporiiini Torr. Herb. Baillon, Hist. PL X, 398; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 827; Durand,. Ind. Gen. Phan. 280. Living species: 65 ±; N. America, Mexico, Andes of Chile; N. America, 55; S. Sts., 5; Canada, 4; Rocky mts., 6; 436 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. PL King, 17; California, 40-45; E. Sts., 6; PL Wheel., 10; W. Tex., 8. Phacelia purshii BUCKL. Am. Jour. Sci. XLV, 172 (1844). P. fimbriata PURSH, Fl. Am. (1814) not Michx. Cosmanthus fimbriatus A. DC. Prodr. IX, 297 (1845). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 359; Chap., Fl.S. St. 355; Upham, Fl. Minn. 109; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 162; Cov., Fl. Ark. 205. North America: W. Penn. to Minn. ; S. to Tenn., N. Car., Alab. and Ark. Minn, valley: Reported from S. E. edge; rare or doubt- ful; woods and shaded banks. XCII. BORRAGINACEAE. Borage Family. Lindl.. Veg. King.-Qtt (1846); Lenin., PL Asp. (\8l8)—Asperifoliae; Endlicher, Gen. PL 643 (1836-40)— Cordiaceae; LiiidL, Veg. King. 653 (1846) — Ehretiaceae; Bentham and Hooker, Gen. PL II, 832 (1876); Baillon, Hist. PL X, 343 (1891)— excl. Hydrophyllaceae. Genera: 75; (B. andH. — 68); cosmopolitan; especially abundant in the Orient. Species: 1250 ±; 3-4 doubtful fossils in Tertiary; Bor- aginites. ONOSMODIUM MICHX. FL Bor.-Am. I, 132 (1803), Purshia SPRENG. Lehm. Asperif. 382 (1818). Osmodium KAF. N. Y. Med. Rep. II, Y, 350 (1808). Baillon, Hist. PL X, 384; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 859; Durand, 2nd. Gen. Phan. 284. Living species: 6; N. America and Mexico. N. Amer., 4; S. Sts., 2; Canada, 2; Rocky mts., 1; E. Sts., 1; PL Wheel., 1; W. Tex., 2. Ouos mod in in carolinianum (LAM.) DC. Prodr. X, 70 (1846). Lithospermum carolinianum LAM. 111. and Enc. Meth. Suppl. II, 837 (1811). Purshia mollis LEHM. Asper. 383 (1821). Onosmodium molle BECK, Bot. (1833). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 366; Coult., Fl. Colo. 264; Webb., Fl. Neb, 135; Upham., Fl. Minn. 106; Chap., Fl. S. St. 331; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 342; Cov., Fl. Ark. 206; Gray, Syn. FL II, 1, 206; Coult., Fl. Tex. 288. North America: Ont., W. N. Y. and Penn. to Minn., Colo, and Neb.; S. to Ga., Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: Districts E. of Pommes des Terres river; river banks and edges of sloughs. HERB.: tSandberg 443, Cannon Falls; Bollard 185, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Taylor 644, Minnesota lake; Herb. Moyer 189, Montevideo. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 437 Onosmodinm carolinianum (LAM.) DC. var. molle (Micnx.) GRAY, Syn. II, 1, 206 (1886). Onosmodium molle MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 133 (1803). Purshia mollis LEHM. Asper. 383 (1821). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 367; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 343; Webb., Fl. Neb. 135; Upham, Fl. Minn. 107; Coult., Fl. Colo. 264; Coult., Fl. Tex. 2S8. North America: Man. and Saskatchewan to 49° N. lat; S. to Neb., 111. and Tex.; W. to Colo, and Utah. Minn, valley: Throughout; river banks and waste places or dry fields. HERB.: Sheldon 1505, Lake Ben ton; Sheldon 736, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 352, Janes ville; Ballard 101, Shakopee; Taylor 810, Glenwood; Leonard 38, Spring Valley. LITHOSPERMUM LINN. Gen. 101 (1737). Rhytispermum LINK, Handb. I, 579 (1829). Aegonychoii S. F. GRAY, AIT. II, 354 (1821). Batschia GMEL. Syst. II, 315 (1806). Pentalophum DC. Prodr. X. 86, (1846). Margarospermum. DECNE. Jacq. Yoy. Bot. 122 (184 1). Litliodora GRISEB. Spic. Fl. Rum. II, 85 (1844). Gymnoleima DECNE Jacq. Voy. Bot. 122 (1844). Baillon, Hist. PI. X, 383; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 860; Durand, Ind. Gen.Phan.284. Living species: 40 ±; extra-tropical regions, N. hemi- sphere; also W. S. America and S. Africa; species in S. hem- isphere doubtfully endemic. Europe, 16; Russia, 7; Russian Europe, 4; N. America, 9; S. Sts., 5; Rocky mts., 5; Califor- nia, 2; Canada, 5; E. Sts., 4; PL Wheel., 3; PL King, 4; W. Tex., 5. Lithospermum angustifolium MICHX. FL N. Am. I, 130 . (1803). Batschia longiflora PURSH, Fl. Am. 132 (1814). B. decumbens NUTT. Gen. I, 114 (1818). Lithospermum longiflorum SPRENG. Syst. (1825). L. breviflorum ENGELM. and GRAY, PI. Lindh. I, 44 (1845). tPentalophus longiflorus and mandanense A. DC. Prodr. X, 87 (1846). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 366; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 342; Upham, Fl. Minn. 107; Webb., Fl. Neb. 135; Coult., Fl. Colo. 264; Wats., King Exp. 238; Cov., Fl. Ark. 206; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 205; Coult., Fl.Tex. 288. North America: Man., Saskatchewan and Brit. Col. to 55° N. lat.?; S. to Utah, Arizona, Tex., Ark., Neb., 111. and Ind. Minn, valley: Throughout; river banks and edges of sloughs. 438 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB. : Bollard 379, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Sheldon 798, Sleepy Eye; Herrick 235, Minneapolis; Kassube 186, Minne- apolis; Sandberg 444, Cannon Falls; Sandberg 445, Goodhue Co.; Holzinger 171, Winona Co.; Herb. Wickersheim 98, Idle- wild; Herb. Moyer, 190, Montevideo. Lithospermum carolinense (WALT.). Anonymos caroliniensis WALT. Fl. Car. 91 (1788). Batschia carolinensis GMEL. Syst. I, 315 (1805). B. gmelini MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 130 (1803). Anchusa hirta MUHL Cat. (1813). Lithospermum hirtum LEHM. Asper. 305 (1818). Batschia caroliniana R. S. Syst. IV, 52 (1819).' Lithospermum decumbens TORR. Ann. Lye. N. Y. II, 225 (1834). L. bejariense DC. Prodr. X. 88 (1846). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 366; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 342; Upham, Fl. Minn. 107; Coult., Fl. Colo. 264; Chap., Fl. S. St. 352; Wats., King Exp. 238; Cov., Fl. Ark. 206; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 205; Coult., Fl. Tex. 288. North America: Ont. to L. Huron and N. Y. ; S. to Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Colo., Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; waste or barren land. HERB.: Bollard 641, Chaska; Bollard 247, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 696, Waseca; Bollard 202, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 557, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 973, Sleepy Eye; Kassube 187, Minneapolis; Herrick 236, Minneapolis; Holzingtr 172, Winona Co.; Holzinger 173, Winona; Sandberg 446, Can- non Falls; Hammond 28, Lake City. Lithospermum canescens (Micnx.) LEHM. Asper. 305 (1818). Batschia canescens MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 130 (1803). Anchusa canescens MUHL. Cat. (1813j. Lithospermum sericeum LEHM. Asper. 306 (1818). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 366; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 342; Chap., Fl. S. St. 332; Upham, Fl. Minn. 107; Webb., Fl. Neb. 135; Britt., Fl. N. J. 178; Coult., Fl. Colo. 264; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 203; Cov., Fl. Ark. 206; Gray, Syn. Fl. !!,•!, 204. North America: Ont. to Saskatchewan; S. to N. Y., N. J., Va. and Alab. ; W. to Dak.. Neb., Ark., Arizona and N. Mex. Minn, valley: Throughout; waste or gravelly soil and openings in forest. HERB.: Taylor 185, Janesville; Herrick 237, Minne- apolis; Sandberg 447, Red Wing; Sandberg [448, Cannon Falls; Oestlund 143, Ramsey Co.; Kassube 188, Minneapolis; Leonard 39, Fillmore Co.; Hammond 29, Lake City; Herb. Wickersheim 99, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 191, Montevideo. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 439 Lithospermum latifolium MICHX. Fl. N. Am. 1, 131 (1803). L. officinale var. latifolium WILLD. Spec. I, 751 (1798). L. lutescens COL. Cat. PI. G. Rap. 29 (1874). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 365; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 341; Upham, Fl. Minn. 107; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 203; Webb., Appx. Neb. 37. North America: Ont. and N. Y. to Minn.; S. to Va.,. Neb. and Ark. Minn, valley: Forest district, especially S.; edges of woods and thickets. HERB. : Sheldon 516, Waseca; Taylor 4, Elysian; Shel- don 127, Madison Lake; Taylor 258, Janesville; Sheldon 621, Wilton, Waseca Co.; Kassube 185, Minneapolis; Herrick 234, Minneapolis; Getty 3, Wright Co. MYOSOTIS LINN. Gen. 102 (1737). Exarrhena R. BR. Prodr. 495 (1810). Strophiostoma TURCZ. Bull. Soc. Imp. Mosc. 258 (1840). Baillon, Hist. PL X, 386; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 858; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 284; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 777. Living species : 40 ± ; temperate and cold regions of N. hemisphere, also in S. hemisphere of old world, extra- tropical. Europe, 16; Russian Europe, 10; N. America, 4; Canada, 4; Rocky nits; 1; California, 2; E. Sts., 3; S. Sts., 2; W. Tex., 1. Fossil species: Forest bed of Norfolk and Mandesley M. caespitosa Schultes (Schenck). Myosotis virginiea (LINN.). B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Lycopsis virginica LINN. Spec. 139 (1853). Myosotis verna NUTT. Gen. II, addit. (1818). M. inflexa ENGELM. Am. Jour. Sci. XL VI, 98 (1845). M. stricta GRAY, Man. 1 ed. (1848). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 365; Britt., Fl. N. J. 178; Upham, Fl. Minn. 107; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 341; Chap., Fl. S. St., 333; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 522; Cov., Fl. Ark. 206; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 569 in var; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 202: Coult., Fl. Tex. 287. North America: Ont. to Man. and to Brit Col. in var. ; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Oregon, Tex., Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: Reported from S. W. corner; rare; dry or waste places, or on ledges of rock. Myosotis arvensis (LINN.) WILLD. Spec. I, 747 (1797). M. scorpioides var. arvensis LINN. Spec. 188 (1753). M. intermedia LINK, DC. Prodr. X, 105 (1846). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 365; Britt., tfl. N. J. 178; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 340; Upham, Fl. Minn. 107; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 281; Nym., 440 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Fl. Eur ; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 92; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 202: Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 77. Northern Africa; Europe; N. and W. Asia to India. North America: N. B. and N. S. to L. Huron, and S. to N. J. and La. ; W. to Minn. ? Minn, valley?: N. E. district; fields and waste or gravelly places. HERB. : Herrick 238, Minneapolis. LAPPULA HALL (1745). ex O. Kuntze 1. c. (1891). Echinospermum SWARTZ, Lehm. Asperif. 113 (1818). Rochelia R. and S. Syst. IV, 11 (1819). Guettardia MANETTI (1751). ex O. Kuntze 1. c. (1891). Cynoglossospermum SIEGESB. Fl. Petr. 40 (1736). Heterocaryum A. DC. Prodr. X, 144 (1846). Baillon, Hist. PL X, 372; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. II, 850; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 283; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II. 436. Living species : 50 ±; all temperate regions ; S.Africa, Australia. Especially N. hemisphere in old world. Europe, 5; Russia, 10; N. America, 7-8; Canada, 7-8; S. Sts., 3; Cali- fornia, 4; E. Sts., 4; Rocky mts., 3-4; PI. Wheel., 2; PL King, 3; W. Tex., 1. Lappula virginiana (LiNN.) GREENE, Pittonia II, 182 (1891). Myosotis virginiana LINN. Spec. 131 (1753). M. virginica LINN. Spec. 2 ed. 189 (1762). Echinospermum virginicum LEHM. Asper. 120 (1818). Cynoglossum morisoni DC. Prodr. X, 155 (1846). Echinospermum virginianum HITCHCOCK, Fl. Ames 509 (1891). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 362; Upham, Fl. Minn. 108; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 336, 568; Britt.. Fl. N. J. 177; Chap., Fl. S. St. 333; Webb., Fl. Neb. 135; Cov., Fl. Ark. 205; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 189 and Suppl. Syn. II, 421. North America: N. Br., Q. to L. Superior reg. and Saskatchewan; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Va., La. and Alab.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout; dry or sandy prairies or waste places. HERB. : Ballard 590, Crystal lake, Scott Co. ; Bollard 399, Jordan, Scott Co.; Ballard 625, Chaska; Ballard 673, Wa- conia; Taylor 896, Glenwood; Sheldon 167, Madison Lake; Shel- don 841, Sleepy Eye; Kassube 190, Minneapolis; Holzinger 174, Winona Co.; Winchell 18, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1727, Min- neapolis. Lappula deflexa (\VAHL.) GARCKE, var. americana (GRAY). Proc. Am. Acad. XVII, 224 (1886). Myosotis deflexa WAHL. Act. Holm. 113 Q810). LIST OF -HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 441 Echinospermum deflexum LEHM. Asper. 93 (1818) in part. Wats, and Coult , Gray's Man. 6 ed. 363; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 189 and Suppl. II, 421; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 335, 567; Upham, Fl. Minn. '108; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 81 (spec.); Webb., Appx. Neb. 38. North America: Saskatchewan and Man. to Dak., Minn., Iowa and Neb. Minn, valley: S. E. district and far N. W. ; dry or waste places. HERB.: Taylor 425, Janesville. Lappularedowskii (HORNEM.) GREENE, var. pilosum (NUTT.) Cynoglossum pilosum NUTT. Gen. I, 114 (1818). Echinospermum patulum LEHM. Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 84 (1840). E. strictum TORR. Mex. Bound. (1858) not Ledeb. E. pilosum BUCKL. Proc. Phil. Acad. (1861). E. redowskii var. occidentale WATSON, Bot. King Exp. 246 (1871). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 363; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 336; Coult., Fl. Colo. 259; Webb., Fl. Neb. 135?; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 529; Mac., Fl. Can. 1,568; Led., Fl. Ross. Ill, 158 (spec.); Roth., Wheel. Exp. 202; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 189 and Suppl. Syn. 11^ 422; Coult., Fl. Tex. 285. Species in N. Asia to Dahuria. North America: Man. to Bear lake and along Sierras to Nev. and Tex.; E. to Minn, and Neb.; Alaska; Arizona. Minn, valley: Forest district; probably W. to Cotton- wood and Chippewa valleys; dry plains and waste places. HERB.: Bollard 168, Shakopee; Kassube 189, Minne- apolis. CYNOGLOSSUM LINN. Gen. 100 (1737). Baillon, Hist. PL X, 377? Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 848; Durand, 2nd. Gen. Phan. 282. Living species: 70 ±; cosmopolitan; tropical mts. Russian Europe, 3; N. America, 6; Canada, 4; S. Sts., 1; E. Sts., 1; California, 3; Tex. -Mex., 3. Cynoglossum virginicum LINN. Spec. 193 (1753). ' C. ampkxicaule MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 132 (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 362; Britt., Fl. N. J. 176; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 335, 567; Chap., Fl. S. St. 333; Upham, Fl. Minn. 108; Cov., Fl. Ark. 205; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 188. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to S. Man. and Rocky mts.?; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla.; W. to Minn., Ark. and La. Minn, valley: N. and N. E. districts; rich, deep woods and edges of swamps. HERB. : Sandberg 449, Cannon Falls. 442 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA- VALLEY. XCIII. VERBENACEAE. Verbena Family. Emjlicher, Gen. PI. 632 (1836-40); Endlicher, 1. c. 639 ( Stilbineae}; Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. JI, 1131 (1876); Baillon, Hist. PL XI, 78 (1892). Genera: 65 ± ; tropical regions; a few in temperate N. and S. hemisphere; S. rather than N. Species: 750-800; 1-2, fossil in Tertiary. LEPTOSTACHYA MITCH. Act. Med. Cur. VIII, 212 (1748). Phryma LINN. Diss. Chen. 1092 (1751). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 1137; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 319; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 508; Baillon, Hist. PL XI, 82. Living species: 1; Japan, E. Asia and N. America. Leptostachya leptostachya (LINN.). Phryma leptostachya LINN. Spec. 838 (1753). Leptostachya carolinensis OK. Kev. Gen. II, 508 (1891). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 403; Britt., Fl. N. J. 194: Webb., Fl. Neb. 140; Upham, Fl. Minn. 103; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 378, 574; Chap., Fl. S. St. 310; Forbes and Hems , Fl. Sin. II, 251; Cov., Fl. Ark. 210; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 334. Japan to N. India, E. Siberia and Manchuria. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Owen Sound and Minn.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Pla.; W. to Neb., Ark. and Miss. Minn, valley: Throughout; not infrequent; woods and river banks or shores of lakes. HERB. : Ballard 890, St. Bonifacius; Bollard 771, Swan lake, Carver Co.; Taylor 821, Glenwood; Ballard 403, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Ballard 540, Cleary's lake, Scott Co. ; Sheldon 1095, Springfield; Ballard 425, New Prague, Scott Co.; Sheldon 565, Waseca; Sheldon 890, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 665, Cobb river, Blue Earth Co.; Oestlund 129, Hennepin Co.; Sandberg 421, Cannon Falls; Kassube 177, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 174, 175, Chip- pewa river, near Montevideo. YERBENA LINN. Gen. 834 (1737). Glandularia GMEL. Syst. 920 (1807). Billardiera MOENCH, Meth. 396 (1794). Shuttle worthia MEISSN. Gen. 290 (1836). Uwarowia BUNGE, Bull. Acad. Petr. VII, 278 (1840). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. II, 1146; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 320; Baillon, Hist. PL XI, 96. Living species: 80 ± ; 1, almost cosmopolitan, the rest in tropical and extratropical America, principally North; also 1 in Mediterranean region and 1 in Australia. N. America, 15; S. Sts., 9; E. Sts., 7; Rocky Mts., 5; Canada, 4; California, 7-8; PL Wheel., 3; PL King, 2; W. Tex., 11. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 443 Yerbena bracteosa MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 13 (1803). V. squarrosa ROTH, Cat. Bot. Ill, 3 (1806). V. canescens CHAP. Fl. S. St. 370 (1860). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 402; Webb., FL Neb. J39; Upham, Fl. Minn. 103; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 379, 574; II, 349; Coult., Fl. Colo. 291; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. 1,609; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 221, 371; Wats., King. Exp.234; Cov., Fl. Ark. 210; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 366; Coult., Fl. Tex. 327; North America: Ont., Saskatchewan to Brit. Col. and Oregon; S. to Calif., Arizona and Tex.; E. to Colo., Minn, and Ohio. Minn, valley: Throughout; waste places or dry soil in fields or by roadsides. HERB. : Sheldon 1215, New Ulm; Bollard 745, Waconia; Bollard 239, Jordan, Scott Co.; Leonard 34, Minneapolis; 'Winchell 15, Minneapolis; Herrick 218, Minneapolis; Holzinger 159, Winona Co. ; Kassube 176, Minneapolis ; Oestlund 128, Minneapolis. The two following are V bracteosa x stricta? (Upham); Sheldon 1218, New Ulm; Upham 2, Minneapolis. Terbena stricta VENT. Hort. Cels. 53 (1800). V. rigens MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 14 (1803). V. cuneifolia RAF. Med. Repos. XI, 260? (1809). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 402; Britt., Fl. N. J. 194; Upham, Fl. Minn. 103; Webb., Fl. Neb. 139; Chap., Fl. Colo. 291; Cov., Fl. Ark. 211: Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 336; Coult., FL Tex. 327. North America: Minn., Dak. and Ohio to Neb., Ark., Tex. and N. Mex. Minn, valley: Throughout; dry or sandy places on banks or hills. HERB. : Sheldon 1113, Springfield; Sandberg 420, Good- hue Co. ; Herrick 217, Minneapolis; Oestlund 127, Minneapolis; Kassube 175, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1699, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 173, Watson, Chippewa Co. Yerbena hastata LINN. Spec. 29 (1753). V. paniculata LAM. Enc. Meth. I (1783). V. hastata var. pinnatifida PURSH, Fl. Am. 416 (1814). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 402; Britt.. Fl. N. J. 194; Webb., Fl. Neb. 139; Upham, Fl. Minn. 103; Coult., Fl. Colo. 291; Chap., Fl. S. St. 307; Brew, and Wats., FL Calif. I, 609; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 379; Both., Wheel. Exp. 221; Wats., King. Exp. 234; Cov , Fl. Ark. 210; Gray, Syn.Fl. II, 1, 336; Coult., Fl. Tex. 327. North America: Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Pla. ; W. to Minn. , Ark. , Tex. , N. Mex. and Miss. Sacramento val- ley, Calif. Minn, valley: Throughout; prairies, banks, barren places and forest openings; common. 444 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB.: Taylor 776, Olenwood; Bollard 726, Benton, Carver Co. ; Taylor 515, Mud lake, Waseca Co. ; Sheldon 48, Elysian; Taylor 648, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 776, Sleepy Eye; Holzinger 158, Winona Co. ; Kassube 173, Minneapolis; Oestlund 125, Minneapolis; Leonard 33, Minneapolis; Herrick 215, Min- neapolis; Sandberg 418, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1734, Min- neapolis; Herb. Moyer 171, Chippewa river, near Montevideo. Verbena angustifolia MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 13 (1803). V. rugosa WILLD. Enum. 633 (1809). V. simplex LEHM. Pugill. I, 37 (1828). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 402; Britt , Fl. N. J. 194; Upham, Fl. Minn. 103; Chap., Fl. S. St. 307; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 379; Cov., Fl. Ark. 210; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 336. North America: Q. and Ont. to Mass., N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Minn, and Ark. . Minn, valley: N. E. district; rare; dry soil or shaded banks. HERB. : Bollard 212, Jordan, Scott Co. Yerbena urticaefolia LINN. Spec. 29 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 402; Britt.. Fl. N. J. 194; Webb., Fl. Neb. 139; Upham, Fl. Minn. 103; Chap., Fl. S. St. 307; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 378; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 608; Cov., Fl. Ark. 211; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 335; Coult., Fl. Tex. 327. North America: N. B., Q., Ont. to Owen Sound; S. toN. Eng. and Fla.; W. to Ark., Tex. and California; S. in Mexico and C. America. Minn, valley: Throughout; common; banks of streams or lakes, woods and thickets. HERB.: Sheldon 840, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1575, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1091, Springfield; Bollard 530, deary's lake, Scott Co.; Bollard 667, Waconia; Taylor 809, Glenwood; Kas- sube 174, Minneapolis; Herrick 216, Minneapolis; Oestlund 126, Minneapolis; Sandberg 419, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1650, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 172, Montevideo. XCIV. LABIATAE. Mint Family. Endlicher, Gen. PI. 607 (1836-40); Lindl. Veg. King. 659 (1846)— Lamiaceae; Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. II, 1160 (1876); Baillon, Hist. PI XI, 1 (1892). Genera: 150±; cosmopolitan; 129 (Baillon). Species: 3000 ±; particularly abundant in the Orient; 2-3 fossil in Recent rocks. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 445 STACHYS LINN. Gen. 485 (1737). Betoiiica LINN. Gen. 476 (1737). Galeopsis MOENCH, Meth. 397 (1794). Zietinia GLEDIT. Syst. 184 (1765). Trixago MOENCH, 1. c. 398 (1794). Tetrahitum HOFFM. and LINK, Fl. Port. 103 (1809). Eriostomum H. and L. 1. c. 105 (1809). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 1208; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 328; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 778; Baillon, Hist. PI. XI, 4. Living species: 200 described; 175 reduced. Cosmo- politan; in tropical mts. Europe, 5U; Russia, 20; Russian Europe, 6; North America, 16; S. Sts., 4; Rocky mts., 1; E. Sts., 4; California, 7; PI. Wheel., 6; several Tex. and Mex. region; W. Tex., 4. Fossil species: Interglacial at Mundesley, S. palmtris Linn. (Schenck.). Stachys aspera MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 4 (1803). S. arvensis WA.LT. Fl. Car. 162 (1788) not Linn. S. hispida PURSH, Fl. Am. II, 407 (1814). S. palustris var. aspera GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 358 (1867). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6ed. 422; Britt., Fl. N. J. 201; Upham, Fl. Minn. 106; Webb., Fl. Neb. 138; Chap., Fl. S. St. 326; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 391; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. II, 301; Led., Fl. Boss. Ill, 214; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 256 in var.; Cov., Fl. Ark. 213; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 387. Japan, Corea, Saghalin, Kuriles, Kamtk. North America: W. Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and S. Car.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Ark. Mexico?, Oregon?. Minn, valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co.; in- frequent; wet ground. HERB.: Holzinger 169, Winona Co.; Holzinger 170, Winona; Bailey 14, Vermilion lake; Kassube 184, Minneapolis. Stachys palustris LINN. Spec. 580 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 422; Britt., Fl. N. J. 201; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 390; Upham, Fl. Minn. 106: Coult., Fl. Colo. 299; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 606; Led., Fl. Ross. Ill, 414; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 325; Wats., King Exp. 237; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 224; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 387 and Suppl. Syn. II, 462; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 90. N. Europe to Caucasus mts. ; Ural and Altai Siberia to the Himalayas. North America: Newf. to Pac. and Oregon; N. to Ft. Franklin on the Mackenzie; S. to N. Eng. and N. J. ; W. across Cont. ; S. in Rocky mts. to Mexico. Minn, valley: Throughout; common; edges of marshes. HERB. : Bollard 365, Helena, Scott Co. ; Taylor 582, Minnesota lake; Taylor 475, Janesville; Taylor 855, Glenwood; 446 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Sheldon 864, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1122, Springfield; Sheldon 362, Madison Lake; Sheldon 762, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 642, Wa- seca; Leonard 37, Minneapolis; Holzinger 168, Farmington; Sandberg 441, Goodhue Co.; Sandberg 442, Cannon Falls; Rob- erts 108, Spring Valley; Herb. Moyer 188, Montevideo. PHYSOSTEGIA BENTH. Bot. Reg. t. 1289 (1836). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 1204; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 327; Baill(mfJ5R8*.PJ.XI,45. Living species: 3; N. America. Rocky mts., 1; S. Sts., 2; Canada, 2; E. Sts., 2; W. Tex., 2. Physostegia virginiana (LiNN.) BENTH. Bot. Reg. 1289 (1836). Dracocephalum virginianum LINN. Spec. 594 (1753). Prasium purpureum and concinneum WALT. Fl. Car. 166 (1788). Dracocephalum lancifolium MOENCII, Meth. 410 (1794). D. variegatum VENT. Hort. Gels. 44 (1800). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 419; Britt., Fl. N. J. 201; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 389; Upham, Fl. Minn. 105; Chap., Fl. S. St. 325; Cov., Fl. Ark. 213; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 383; Coult., Fl. Tex. 342. North America: Q., Ont, Man. to 49° N. lat., Minn, and Dak.; S. to N. Y., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Miss., Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: S. and W. districts and N. E. ; proba- bly throughout; wet banks and edges of swamps. HERB.: Sheldon 1253, Lake Benton; Herrick 230, Minneapolis; Holzinger 164, Winona Co,; Oestlund 139, Minne- apolis; Sandberg 434, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Moyer 187, Monte- video. BRUNELLA LINN. Gen. 177 (1737). Prunella LINN. Gen. later eds. (1767 etc.). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. II, 1203; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 327; Baillon, Hist. PL XI, 43. Living species: 2-3; cosmopolitan; in tropical mts. N. America, 1. Brunella vulgaris LINN. Spec. 837 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 419; Britt., Fl. N. J. 201; Upham, Fl. Minn. 105; Webb., Fl. Neb. 138; Chap., Fl. S. St. 322; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 388; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 604; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. II, 299; Led., Fl. Ross. Ill, 392; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 323; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 255; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 477; Both., Wheel. Exp. 223; Wats., King Exp. 236; Cov., Fl. Ark. 212; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 382; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 87. N. Africa; Australia; Europe to Baikal Sib., Kuriles and China; Andes mts., S. America. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 447 North America: Atl. to Pac. and Alaska; S. to Yose- mite valley; S. to Neb., Minn., Ark., N. J., Fla., Tex. and Mexican mts. Minn, valley: Forest district; infrequent; woods and thickets. HERB.: Bollard 364, Helena, Scott Co.; Bailey 188, Vermilion lake; Oestlund 140, Hennepin Co. ; Roberts 106, Du- luth; Sandberg 435, Goodhue Co.; Sheldon 1627, Taylor's Falls. SCUTELLARIA LINN. Gen. 493 (1737). Cassida MOENCH, Meth. 413 (1794). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 1201; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 327; Baillon, Hist. PI. XI, 42. Living species: 100 ±; cosmopolitan; in tropical mts. Europe, 11; Russia, 15; European Russia, 4; North America, 23; S. Sts., 13; Rocky mts., 3; Canada, 5; E. Sts., 11; Cali- fornia, 7-8; PL Wheel., 3; PL King, 2; W. Tex., 8. Scutellaria parvula MICHX. FL N. Am. II, 12 (1803). S. ambigua NUTT. Gen. II, 37 (1818). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 418; Webb., FL Neb. 138; Chap., Fl. S. St. 324; Mac., FL Can. I, 388; Upham, FL Minn. 105; Gray, Syn. FL II, 380; Mac., Fl Can. I, 574; Cov., Fl. Ark. 212; Coult., FL Tex. 342. North America: Q., N. S., Ont. to Georgian bay and Saskatchewan; S. to N. Eng. and Fla. ; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; frequent; dry banks and edges of thickets. HERB. : Sheldon 1345, Verdi, Lincoln Co. ; Sheldon 1050, Iberia, Brown Co.; Sheldon 1540, Lake Benton; Sheldon 953, Redwood Falls; Sheldon 1066, Springfield; Taylor 181, Janes- ville; Sandberg 436, Sandberg 437, Goodhue Co.; Holzinger 165, Winona Co.; Kassube 182, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1767, Ft. Snelling. Scutellaria galericulata LINN. Spec. 599 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 418; Britt., Fl. N. J. 201; Upham, Fl. Minn. 106; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 388; Coult., FL Colo. 298; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 603; Chap., Fl. S. St. 324; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. II, 294; Led., FL Ross. Ill, 398; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 324; Nym., FL Eur.; Miyabe, Fl. Kur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 102; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 223; Wats., King Exp. 237; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 381; Hart., FL Scand. I, 86; Webb., Appx. Neb. 39. W. Europe to Japan, Kamtk., China and Kuriles to Saghalin; N. Africa; Manchuria. North America: Newl, Anticosti to Pac. and Ft. 448 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Franklin on Mackenzie; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Mont., Colo, and Arizona. Minn, valley: Throughout; common; wet places in woods and along banks. HERB. : Bollard 730, Benton, Carver Co. ; Bollard 793, Goose lake, Carver Co. ; Bollard 665, Waconia; Bollard 438, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 377, Janesville; Sheldon 1086, Springfield; Taylor 608, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 554, Waseca; Sheldon 715, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 1055, Glenwood; Bollard 586, Rice lake, Scott Co.; Holzinger 166, Winona Co. ; Herrick 231 Minneapolis; Sandberg 438, Chisago Co.; Boberts 107, Little Marais; Bailey 76, Vermilion lake; Herrick 232, Minneapolis; Oestlund 141, Minneapolis; Kassube 183, Minneapolis; Sheldon 1256, Lake Benton. Scutellaria lateriflora LINN. Spec. 598 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 418; Britt., Fl. N. J. 201; Webb., Fl. Neb. 138; Mac., Fl. Can I, 338; Coult., Fl. Colo. 298; Upham, Fl. Minn. 106; Chap., Fl. S. St. 324; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 602; Cov., Fl. Ark. 212; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1,378. North America: Newf., Anticosti, N. S. to Pac. and Oregon; N. to Athabasca; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark., Miss., N. Mex. and Rockies. Minn, valley: Throughout; common; wet, shaded banks. HERB.: Bollard 710, Waconia; Sheldon 1212, New Ulm; Taylor 904, Glenwood; Bollard 820, Page lake, Carver Co.; Taylor 976, Glenwood; Sheldon 1037, Sleepy Eye; Sandberg 439, Goodhue Co. ; Holzinger 167, Winona Co. ; Oestlund 142, Minne- apolis; Herrick 233, Minneapolis; Bailey 52, Vermilion lake; Sondberg 440, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1672, Minneapolis. DRACOCEPHALUM LINN. Gen. 481 (1737). Moldavica MOENCH, Meth. 410 (1794). Buyschiaiia MILL. Diet. (1768). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 1199; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 326; Baillon, Hist. PL XI, 10 (sub Nepeta). Living species: 30; Asia, 18; Europe, 4; N. America, 1. Dracocephalum parviflorum NUTT. Gen. II, 35 (1818). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 416; Upham, Fl. Minn. 105; Coult., Fl. Colo. 298; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 387; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 378; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 223; Wats., King Exp. 236. North America: Ont. to Pac., Ft. Franklin on the Mackenzie and Yukon river, Alaska; E. to N. Y. ; S. to Minn, and Iowa; S. in Rockies to N. Mex. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 449 Minn, valley: N. E. district and probably N. W. ; dry places in woods or on gravelly banks. HERB.: Sandberg 432, Tower; Herrick 228, Minneap- olis; Herrick 229, Minneapolis; Bailey 53, Vermilion lake; Sand- berg 433, Cannon Falls. TLECKIA RAF. Med. Rep. II, V, 352 (1808). Lophantims BENTH. Bot. Reg. 1282 (1829) not Adans. Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 1198; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 326; O. Kuntze, Eev. Gen. II, 511 (sub Agaslache)', Baillon, Hist. PI. XI, 47. Living species: 6; N. America and E. Asia; extra- tropical. N. America, 4; S. Sts., 2; Canada, 3; E. Sts., 3; Rocky mts., 2; Pac. coast, 1; PL King, 2; PL Wheel , 1; W. Tex., 1. Vleckia foenicula (PURSH) RAF. N. PL (1836). Stachys foeniculum PURSH, Fl. 407 (1814). Hyssopus anisatus NJJTT. Gen. II, 27 (1818). H. discolor DESF. Cat. Par. (1829). Lophanthus anisatus BENTH. Bot. Reg. 1282(1829). Wats, and Coult. Gray's Man. 6 ed. 415; Webb., Fl. Neb. 138; Coult., Fl. Colo. 298; Upham, Fl. Minn. 105; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 386; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 602; Wats., King. Exp. 236; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 376. North America: Man., Athabasca, Saskatchewan to Ft. Franklin on Mackenzie; W. to Rockies; S. to Neb., Dak., Minn, and Wise. Minn, valley: Throughout; common; prairies and thickets. HERB. : Bollard 453, Scott Co. ; Taylor 774, Glen wood; Bollard 791, Swan Lake, Carver Co.; Sheldon 33, Sleepy Eye; Herrick 227, Minneapolis; Bailey lOa, Elk River; Oestlund 1$8, Minneapolis; Watson 1, Farmington; Leonard 36, Minneapolis; Bailey 49, Vermilion lake; KassubelSl, Minneapolis; Sandberg 431, Cannon Falls; MacM. and Sheld. 37, Brainerd; Herb. Sheld. 1644, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 97, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. ; Herb. Moyer 186, Chippewa river, near Montevideo. Vleckia scrophulariaefolia (WILLD.) RAF. N. Fl. (1836). Hyssopus scrophidariaefolius WILLD. Spec. Ill, 48 (1800). Lophanthus scrophulariaefolius BENTH. Bot. Beg. 1282 (1829). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 415; Britt., Fl. N. J. 200; Upham, Fl. Minn. 105; Chap., Ff. S. St. 321; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 386; Cov., Fl. Ark. 212; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 376. North America: Ont. to Vt. ; S. to N. J. and Ga. ; W. to Minn., Neb.; Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; infrequent; borders of woods or thickets. -29 450 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB. : Sheldon 1319, Lake Ben ton; Bollard 713, Wa- conia; Sandberg 430, Vasa. Yleckia nepetoides (LINN.) RAF. N. Fl. (1836). Hyssopus nepetoides LINN. Spec. 579 (1753). Lophanthus nepetoides BENTH. Bot. Reg. 1282 (1829). Wats, and Uoult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 415; Britt., Fl. N. J. 200; Upham, Fl. Minn. 105; Webb., Fl. Neb. 138; Chap., Fl. S. St 321; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 386; Cov., Fl. Ark. 212; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 376; Coult., Fl. Tex. 340. North America: Q., Ont. to Vt. ; S. to N. Car.; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: W. district; infrequent; edges of woods or thickets. HERB. : Wickersheim 96, Lake Park, Becker Co. MONABDA LINN. Gen. 17 (1737). Cheilyctis RAF. Journ. Phys. LXXXIX, 99 (1819). Coryanthus NUTT. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. V, 186 (1838). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 1197; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 326; Baillon, Hist. PI. XI, 61. Living species: 9; N. America. E. Sts., 6; Canada, 4; Rocky mts., 3; S. Sts., 4; PL Wheel., 2; W. Tex., 4. Monarda punctata LINN. Spec. 22 (1753). M. lutea MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 16 (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 414; Britt., Fl. N. J. 199; Upham, Fl. Minn., 105; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 386; Coult., Fl. Colo. 297; Chap., Fl. S. St. 320; Cov., Fl. Ark. 212; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 375; Coult., Fl. Tex. 339.' North America: Ont.? to N. Y. and N. J.; S. to Pla. and Miss.; W. to Minn., Dak., Colo, and Tex. Minn, valley: Central and S. central districts; infre- quent; banks and thickets. HERB. : Scott 1, Beaver. Monarda fistulosa LINN. Spec. 22 (1753). M. oblongata AIT. Hort. Kew. I, 36 (1789). M. longifolia LAM. Enc. Meth. IV, 256 (1797). M. allophylla MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 16 (1803). M. involucrata WEND. Ind. Sem. Marb. (1807). M. varians BART. Prodr. Penn. I, 34 (1815). Wais. and Coult., Gray's Man, 6 ed. 414; Britt., Fl. N. J. 199; Upham, Fl. Minn. 104; Webb., Fl. Neb. 139; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 385; Coult., Fl. Colo. 297; Chap., Fl. S. St. 320; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 222; Cov., Fl. Ark. 212; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 374; Coult., Fl. Tex. 339. North America: St. Lawrence river to Brit. Col.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Dak., Neb. and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; common; borders of woods and thickets. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 451 HERB. : Sheldon 1185, New Ulm; Taylor 772, Glenwood; Bollard 871, Waconia; Sheldon 1334, Lake Benton; Bollard 617, Chaska; Bollard 573, Prior's lake, Scott Co. ; Kassube 180, Min- neapolis; Oesilund 137, Hennepin Co.; Winchell 17, Minneap- olis; Leonard 35, Minneapolis; Sandberg 429, Cannon Falls, var. mollis Benth. ; Taylor 880, Glenwood; Herb. Sheld. 1665, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 184, 185, Chippewa river, near Montevideo. HEDEOMA PERS. Syn. II, 131 (1807). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. II, 1188; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 325; Baillon, Hist. PI. XI, 56. Living species: 12; N. and S. America; N. America, 10; Canada, 2; S. Sts., 2; E. Sts., 3; PI. Wheel., 2; several in Texas and Mexico; W. Tex., 6. Hedeoma hispida PURSH, Fl. Am. 414 (1814). H. hirta NUTT. Gen. I, 16 (1818). Cunila hispida SPKENG. Syst. I, 54 (1825). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 412; Webb., Fl. Neb. 139; Mac.r Fl. Can. I, 385; Upham, Fl. Minn. 104; Coult., Fl. Colo. 296; Cov., Fl. Ark. 211; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 362. North America: Ont. to Saskatchewan; S. to Dak.,. Neb., Minn., 111., Ark. and La. Minn, valley: Throughout; dry knolls and headlands or ledges of rock. HERB.: Sheldon 1449, Pipestone; Sheldon 819, Sleepy Eye; Oestlund 136, Minneapolis; Sandberg 428, Cannon Falls; Herrick 226, Minneapolis; Kassube 179, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 183, Montevideo. ACINOS MOENCH, Meth. 407 (1794). Calamintha MOENCH, 1. c. 408 (1794). Clinopoclium LINN. em. Benth. 1. c. 1191 (1876). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 1190; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 325; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 513: Baillon, Hist. PI. XI, 55. Living species: 40; temperate N. hemisphere; Russia, 17; Europe, 9; Russian Europe, 3; S. Sts., 6; Rocky mts., 1; Canada, 2; E. Sts., 3; California, 2; W. Tex., 1. Acinos yulgaris (Li^N. ). Clinopoclium vulgare LINN. Spec. 821 (1753). Calamintha clinopodium SPENN. Fl. Frib. Ill (.1829). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 412; Britt., Fl. U. J. 198; Upham, Fl. Minn. 104: Mac., Fl. Can. I, 384; Coult., Fl. Colo. 296; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 102; Cov., Fl. Ark. 211; Forbes and Hems., FJ. Sin. II, 283 (closely related spec.); Gray, Syn. Fl. II. 1, 360; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 8f. 452 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Northern Europe to Asia, Corea? Formosa? Japan? Manchuria? North America: Ont. to Rocky mts. ; S. to Gt. Lakes; introduced from W. Europe further E. in U. S. Minn, valley: Reported from N. edge; rare or doubt- ful; borders of woods and fields. HERB. : Bailey 59, Vermilion lake. KOELLIA MOENCH, Meth. 407 (1794). Pycnaiithemum MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 7 (1803). Brachy sternum MICHX. 1. c. 5 (1803). Tullia LEAVENW. Sill. Journ. XX, 343 (1831). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 1184; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 325; O. Kuntze, Bev. Gen. 520; Baillon, Hist. PI. XI, 51. Living species: 17; N. America. California, 1; rest E. and S. S. Sts., 10; E. Sts., 10; Canada, 4; Rocky mts., 1; W. Tex., 2; 13 (Gray Syn. Fl.) N. America. Koellia flexuosa (WALT.). Nepetaflexuosa WALT. Fl. Car. (1788). ? Koellia capitata MOENCH, Meth. (1794). JBrachystemum lanceolatum WILLD. Eniim. 623 (1809) in part. Pycnanthemum linifolium PURSH, Fl. Am. 409 (1814;. P. flexuosum B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 410; Upham, Fl. Minn. 104; Britt., Fl. N. J. 198; Chap., Fl. S. St. 315; Mac., Fl. Can. 1, 574; Cov., Fl. Ark. 211; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 354; Coult., Fl. Tex. 334. North America: Ont. to Mass, and Minn.; S. to N. J., tFla., Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: Reported from S. central district; dry woods or thickets. Koellia virginiana (LiNN.) OK. Rev. Gen. II, 520 (1891). Satureja virqiniana LINN. Spec. 567 (1753). Tfiymus virginicus LINN. Mant. 409 (1767). ? Koellia capitata MOENCH, Meth. (1794). Nepeta virginica WILLD. Spec. Ill, 56 (1800). Pycnanthemum virginicum PERS. Syn. II, 128(1807). Brachystemum lanceolatum WILLD. Enum. 623 (1809) in part. Pycnanthemum lanceolatum PURSH. Fl. Am. 409 (1814). P. virginianum HITCHCOCK, Fl. Ames. 512 (1891). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 409; Britt.. Fl. N. J. 198: Webb., PI. Neb. 139; Chap., Fl. S. St. 315; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 382; Coult., Fl. Colo. 295; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 354: Cov., Fl. Ark. 211. North America: Q., Ont., N. Eng. to N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb. and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout; edges of woods or thickets. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 453 HERB.: Bollard 626, Chaska; Taylor 474, Janesville; Sheldon 772, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 782, Glenwood; Winchell 16, Cedar lake. Hennepin Co.; Oestlund 135, Minneapolis; Sand- berg 427, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1661, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 182, Montevideo. LYCOPUS LINN. Gen. 19 (1737). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 1183; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 324: Schenck, Palaeophyt. 778; Baillon, Hist. PL XI, 49. Living species: 10 described; perhaps only 2-3 dis- tinct; temperate regions of old world and N. America. Europe, 2; Russia, 3; N. America, 5; E. Sts., 5; Rocky mts., 3; Cali- fornia, 2; Canada, 3; S. Sts., 3; PI. Wheel., 2; PL King, 1; W. Tex., 1. Fossil species: Interglacial at Beeston, L. europaeus Linn. (Schenck). Lycopus simiatus ELL. Sk. I, 187 (1821). L. europaeus WALT. Fl. Car. (1788). L. vulgaris and angustifolius NUTT. Gen. II, (1818). L. europaeus var. sinuatus GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 346 (1867). Wats, and Coult,, Gray's Man. 6 ed. 408; Britt., Fl. N. J. 196; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 592; Coult., Fl. Colo. 295; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 382; Webb., Fl. Neb. 139; Chap , Fl. S. St. 313; Upham, Fl. Minn. 104; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 221; Wats., King. Exp. 234; Cov., Fl. Ark. 211; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 353; Coult., Fl. Tex. 334. North America: Atl. to Pac. 'in Can.; N. to Peace river; S. to Oregon and Calif, and throughout E. U. S. to Fla. and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; wet places along streams and in woods. HERB.: Bollard 687, Waconia; Bollard 785, Swan lake, Carver Co.; Sheldon 897, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1543, Lake Benton; Bollard 720, Benton, Carver Co.; Roberts 105, Baptism river; Oestlund 104, Minneapolis; Sandberg 426, Cannon Falls; Holzinger 163, Winona Co.; Herrick 225, Minneapolis! Herb. Sheld. 1660, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 95, Idlewild, Lin- coln Co. ; Herb. Moyer 18 J, Montevideo. Lycopus lucidus TURCZ. var. obtusifolhis (BENTH). L. obtusifolius BENTH. DC. Prodr. XII, 177 (1848;. L. lucidus var. americanus GRAY, Proc. Am. A cad. VIII, 286 (1870). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 408; Webb., Fl. Neb. 139; Upham, Fl. Minn. 104; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 382; Coult., Fl. Colo. 205; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 592; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. II, 282 (spec.); Roth., Wheel. Exp. 221; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 353. 454 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Species ranges in Japan, Siberia and Manchuria to China proper. North America: Hudson Bay and Saskatchewan to Calif., Arizona, N. Mex., Ark. and Neb. Minn, valley: N. W. to W. and S. central district; wet places. HERB: Taylor 1054, Glenwood; Sheldon 1544, Lake Benton; Taylor 1008, Glenwood. Lycopus rubellus MOENCH, Meth. Suppl. 446 (1802). L. anqustifalius NUTT. Gen. I, 15 (1818). L. europaem var. inlegrifolius GRAY, Man. 5 ed. (1867). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 408: Britt., Fl. N. J. 196; Upham, Fl. Minn. 104; Cov.,Fl. Ark. 211; Gray, Syn. Fl. IT, 1, 353. North America: N. J. to Minn.; S. to Ga. and Tenn. ; W. to La. and Ark. Minn, valley: N. E. district; rare; wet places in woods or along banks. Lycopus virginicus LINN. Spec. 21 (1753). L. uniflwus MICHX. Fl. N. Am. 1, 14 (1803). L. pumilus VAHL, Enum. (1806). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 408; Britt., Fl. N. J. 196; Coult., Fl. Colo. 294; Upham, Fl. Minn. 104; Webb., Fl. Neb. 139: Mac., Fl. Can. I, 382; Chap., Fl. S. St. 313; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 592; Cov., Fl. Ark. 211; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 353. North America: Labrador across Can. in forest reg. to Oregon and Brit. Col.; S. to Neb., Ark., Mo. and Fla. Minn, valley: Forest district, particularly N. E. ; wet places in woods or along streams. HERB. : Bollard 796, Goose lake, Carver Co. ; Roberts 102, Grand Marais; Oestlund 133, Hennepin Co.; Roberts 103, Knife river; Roberts 104, Baptism river; Sandberg 425, Cannon Falls; Herb. Moyer 261, Montevideo. MENTHA LINN. Gen. 478 (1737). Menthella PERARD, ex Durand 1. c. (1888). Pulegium MILL, Diet. No. 8 (1768). Audibertia BENTH. Bot. Reg. 1282 (1829). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. II, 1182; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 324; Baillon, Hist. PL XI, 48. Living species: 300 ±, described; perhaps only 20-25 distinct. All temperate and tropical regions. Russia, 9; Eu- rope, 13; Russian Europe, 7; N. America, 1 end. Mentha canadensis LINN. Spec. 577 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 408; Britt., Fl. N. J. 196; Coult., Fl. Colo. 294; Upham, Fl. Minn. 104; Webb., Fl. Neb. 139; Brew, and LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 455 Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 591; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 381: Both., Wheel. Exp. 221, 372; Wats., King. Exp. 234; Cov., Fl. Ark. 211; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 352. A very close species ( M. arvensis) in China, W. Eur. and Java. North America: Puget Sound to Mackenzie reg. and Atl. coast in Can. ; S. throughout continent; rarer southward. Minn valley: Throughout; common; wet places in woods or along streams. HERB. : Bollard 719, Benton, Carver Co. ; Bollard 505, Prior slake, Scott Co. ; Taylor 167 a, Janes ville; Bollard 615, Chaska; Sheldon 1296, Lake Benton; Bollard 669, Waconia; Bollard 819, Page lake, Carver Co.; Taylor 1004, Glenwood; Bollard 777, Swan lake. Carver Co.; Sheldon 865, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1084, Springfield; Sheldon 179, Eagle lake, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 21, Elysian; Taylor 677, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 751, Sleepy Eye; Herrick 221, Minneapolis; Kavsube 178, Min- neapolis; Holzinger 162, Winona Co,; Herrick 222, Minneapo- lis; Bailey 3, Vermilion lake; Roberts 101, Grand Mar ais; Her- rick 224, Minneapolis; Sandberg 424, Cannon Falls; Herb. Wiclc- ersheim 94, Ash lake, Lincoln Co. ; Herb. Moyer ISO, Montevideo. TEUCBIUM LINN. Gen. 467 (1737). L.eucosceptrum SM. Ex. Itot. II, 113 (1805). Poliodeiidroii NOE, Webb, Phyt. Car. Ill, 106 (1847). Scorodonia MOENCH, Meth. 384 (1794). Scordium CAV. Ic. I, 19 (1791). Chamaedrys MOENCH, Meth. 383 (1794). Folium MOENCH, Meth. 385 (1794). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 1221; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 330; Baillon, Hist. PL XI, 75. Living species: 100 ±; cosmopolitan except in sub- arctic and antarctic regions. Europe, 50; Russia, 9; N. Amer- ica,^; S. Sts., 1; E. Sts., 2; Canada, 2; Rocky mts., 2; California, 2; PL Wheel., 1; W. Tex., 4. Teucrium canadense LINN. Spec. 564 (1753). T. virginicum LINN. Spec. 564 (1753) PL Gronov. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 4C6; Britt., FL N. J. 203; Upham, Fl. Minn. 103; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 380; II, 349; Webb., FL Neb. 138; Chap., FL S. St. 328: Led., Fl. Boss. Ill, 446; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 225; Cov., Fl. Ark. 213; Gray, Syn. FL II, 1, 349; Coult., FL Tex. 333. Altai Siberia? North America: N. B , N. S., Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark., Tex. and Mex. Minn, valley: Throughout; low banks and edges of thickets. 456 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB.: Sheldon 1542, Lake Ben ton; Bollard 463, Pri- or's lake, Scott Co. ; Taylor 982, Glenwood; Taylor 678, Minne- sota lake; Oestlund 132, Minneapolis; Holzinger 160, Winona, Co.; Herrick 220, Minneapolis; Holzinger 161, Winona; Herb. Moyer 178, 179, Montevideo. ISANTHUS MICHX. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 3, t. 30 (1803). Benth. and Hook , Gen. PI. II, 1220; Durand. Ind. Gen. Phan. 330; Baillon, Hist. PL XI, 76. Living species: 1, N. America. Isanthus brachiatus (LINN.) B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Trichostema brachiatus LINN. Spec. 834 (1753). Isanthus caeruleus MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 30 (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 406; Britt., Fl. N. J. 203; Uphamy Fl. Minn. 103; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 379; Chap., Fl. S. St. 327; Cov., Fl. Ark. 213; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 349; Coult., Fl. Tex. 332. North America: Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J., Tenn. and N. Car.; W. to Minn., 111., Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co. ; infre- quent; banks and sandy fields. XCV. SOLANACEAE. Nightshade Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 662 (1836-40); Bentham and Hooker, Genera Plant. II, 882 (1876); Baillon, Hist. PL IX, 281 (1888); v. Wettstein MI Eng- ler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 6, 4 (1891). Genera: 75; tropical and temperate regions; center in C. and S. America. N. America, 18 gen.; Europe, 10; Asia, 15 (v. Wettsl.). Species: 1500 ±, many doubtfully of sp. rank; 1-2 fos- sil, very doubtful, Solanites. PHYSALIS LINN. Gen. 144 (1737). Pentaphiltrum REICH. Nomencl. 4571 (1841). Baillon, Hist. PL IX, 330; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 890: Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 287; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pfianz. IV, 3 6, 19 (von Wettstein). Living species: 45; warmer regions of the earth; es- pecially in N. and S. America. Europe, 2; Russia, 1; Japan, 3; Africa, S. Asia and Australia, 1; N. America, 18; Rocky mts., 6-7; California and L. Calif., 6; S. Sts., 5; E. Sts., 7-8; Canada, 4; PL King, 1; PL Wheel., 2; W. Tex., 12. Physalis lanceolata MTCHX. FL N. Am. I, 149 (1803). P. pumila NUTT. Trans. Phil. Soc. VII, 193 (1841). P. pennsylvanica GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 382(1867). Wats, and Coult,, Gray's Man. 6 ed. 375; Webb., Fl. Neb. 136; Mac., LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 457 Fl. Can. I, 350; Upham, Fl. Minn. Ill; Coult., Fl.Colo. 270; Cov.,Fl. Ark. 207; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 236; Coult., Fl. Tex. 301. North America: Ont. to S. Man. ; S. to N. Y. and Fla. ; W. to Minn., Dak., Colo., Utah, N. Mex. and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; abundant; waste places. HERB.: Sheldon 1471, Pipestone City; Bollard 468 ; Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 858, Glen wood; Bollard 180, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Bollard 269, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Oestlund 146, Hennepin Co.; Kassube 199, Minneapolis; Leiberg 52, Blue Earth Co. ; Holzinger 184, Dakota Co. ; Herrick 247, Minneap- olis; Gedge 10, Detroit; Hammond 32, Lake City; Herb. Sheld. 1805, Minneapolis. Physalis virginiana MILL. Diet. ed. 8, No. 4 (1768). P. nyctaginea DUNAL, DC. Prodr. XIII, 450 (1849). P. viscosa GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 382 (1867). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 375; Britt., Fl. N. J. 182; Webb.r Fl. Neb. 136; Upham, Fl. Minn. Ill; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 349; Chap., Fl. S. St. 350; Coult., Fl. Colo. 270; Cov., Fl. Ark. 207; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 235; Coult., Fl. Tex. 300. North America: W. Ont. to L. Huron reg., Minn., Neb., Dak. and Colo.; S. to N. J. and Fla., Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; common; waste places. HERB. : Bailor d 269, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Sheldon 255, Turtle lake, Le Sueur Co. ; Bollard 375, Helena, Scott Co. ; Sheldon 1504, Lake Benton; Sheldon 911, Sleepy Eye; Hunting- ion 12, Rock Co.; Kassube 198, Minneapolis; Holzinger 182, Tracy, Lyon Co. ; Holzinger 183, Winona Co. ; Herb. Sheld. 1750, Minneapolis. Physalis pubescens LINN. Spec. 262 (1753). P. pruinosa LINN. Spec. 263 (1753). P. obscura var. viscido-pubescens MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 149 (1803), P. viscosa ELL. Sk. I, 279 (1821). P. Ursula DUNAL, DC. Prodr. XIII, 450 (1849). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 375; Britt., F1.N. J. 182; Upham, Fl. Minn. Ill; Webb., Fl. Neb. 136; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 541; Coult. Fl. Colo., 270; Chap., Fl. S. St. 351; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 349; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. II, 174; Griseb., Fl. W. I.; Wats., King Exp. 274; Cov., Fl. Ark. 207: Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 234; Engl. v. Wetts., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 b, 19; Coult., Fl. Tex. 300. China; Barbadoes; Brazil and tropical America. North America: N. Br. to Brit. Col.; S. to Calif., Colo., Tex. and Fla. Minn, valley: S. E. and C. districts; to New Ulm and the Lac Qui Parle valley; low, damp soil. 458 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Physalis angulata LINN. Spec. 262 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 375; Britt., Fl. N. J. 181; Webb., Fl. Neb. 136; Upham, Fl. Minn. Ill; Coult., Fl. Colo. 269; Chap., Fl. S. St. 351; Cov., Fl. Ark. 207; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 234; Coult., Fl. Tex. 300. North America: N. J. to Minn, and Neb.; S. to Tex. and Fla. "Widely diffused in the tropics" (Gray}. Minn, valley: N. E. district; infrequent; waste places. Physalis philadelphica LAM. Enc. Meth. II, 101 (1786). P. chenopodifolia WILLD. Spec. I, 1023 (1797). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 375; Britt., Fl. N. J. 181; Upham, Fl. Minn. Ill; Cov., Fl. Ark. 207; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 234; Engl. v. Wetts., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 b, 19; Coult., Fl. Tex. 300. North America: N. J. to Minn. ; S. to 111., Ark. and Texas. Minn, valley: S. central district; Blue Earth valley to Redwood valley; low rich ground in thickets. Physalis grandiflora HOOK. Fl. Bor. Am. II, 90 (1840). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 375; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 349; Upham, Fl. Minn. Ill; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 233. North America: St. Lawrence river to L. Champlain; W. to Man. and Saskatchewan; S. to Minn. Minn, valley: N. edge; local or rare; clearings and waste in forest. HERB; : Bailey 242, Vermilion lake. SOLANUM LINN. Gen. 145 (1737). Aquartia LINN. Gen. ed. VI, 136 (1764). Normaiiia LOWE, Man. Fl. Mader. II, 70 (1868). Cliocarpus MIERS. Ann. Nat. Hist. 2, IV, 141 (1859). Nycterium VENT. Jard. Malm. t. 85 (1804). Androcera NUTT. Gen. I, 129 (1818). Meloffona TOURN. Inst. 151 (1700).' Pseudocapsicum MOENCH, Meth. 476 (1794). Dulcamara MOENCH, 1. c. 514 (1794). Ceranthera MOENCH, Monthl. Mag. (1819). Cyphomaiiera SENDT. Flora, 162 (1845). Pionandra MIERS. Hook. Lond. Journ. IV, 353 (1845). Cyathostyles SCHOTT. ex Meiss. Gen. Com. 184 (1843). Pallaviciiiia DENOT. Flora, 162 (1847). Lycopersicum DUNAL, Solan, t. 3, fig. 3 (1816). Psolanum NECK. El em. 708 (1790). Baillon, Hist. PI. IX, 327; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 888, 889; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 287; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 6, 21 (von Wettstein); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 777. Living species: lOOO-H described; 950 distinct; tropical and subtropical regions; extra tropical north rather than south. Europe, 9; Russia, 8; Russian Europe, 5; N. America, LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 459 15; Rocky mts., 5; S. Sts., 10; California, 5; E. Sts., 6; PL Wheel., 6; Canada, 3; PI. King, 2; W. Tex. 11. Fossil species: Solanites, Oligocene — Aix (Saporta). Solatium nigrum LINN. Spec. 266 (1753). S. pterocaidon i S. crenato - dentatum j. DC. Prodr. XIII, 359 (1852). S. ptycanthum \ Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 374; Britt., Fl. N. J. 181; Uphani, Fl. Minn. Ill; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 348; Chap., Fl. IS. St. 348; Webb., Fl. Neb. 136; Coult, Fl. Colo. 268; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 538; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. II, 171; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 287; Led., Fl. Ross. Ill, 188; Nym.,Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 94; Wats., King Exp. 274; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 207; Cov., Fl. Ark. 207; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 227; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 103; Engl. v. Wetts., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 6, 22; Coult., Fl.Tex.297. Cosmopolitan, temperate and tropical regions. North America: Throughout, except far north. Minn, valley: Throughout; common; low damp and rich soil; shaded places. HERB.: Taylor 903, Glenwood; Bollard 494, Prior's lake, Scott Co. ; Bollard 778, Swan lake, Carver Co. ; Sheldon 1013, Sleepy Eye; Holzinger 180, Winona Co.; Sandberg 459, Cannon Falls; Holzinger 181, Winona; Kassubel97, Minneapo- lis; Herrick 246, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1744, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1673, Ft. Snelling; Herb. Wickersheim 105, Ash lake, Lincoln Co. XCVl. SCROPHULARIACEAE. Figwort Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 670; DC., Prodr. X, 187 (1846)— Personafae, Antir- rhineae, Rhinanthaceae; Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. II, 913 (1876); Baillon, Hist. PI. IX, 413 (1888,; v. Wettstein in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 6, 39 (1891). Genera: 150 ±, temperate and tropical regions. N. America, 38 gen., 380 spec.; Europe, 30 gen., 430 spec. (v. Wettst.). Species: 2100 ±; 3-4 fossil, doubtful. SCROPHLLARIA LINN. Gen. 494 (1737). Ceremanthe REICH. Sax. Fl. 230 (1842). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. II, 937; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 293; Bail- lon, Hist. PL IX, 430; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 &, 65; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 778. Living species: 114; extra-tropical regions of N. hem- isphere; especially abundant in the Mediterranean region. 460 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY Europe, 40; Russia, 21; Russian Europe, 9; N. America, 3; Canada, 3; N. Mexico, 1; California, 1; PI. Wheel., 2. Fossil species: Scrofularina, 1, Miocene of Oeningen (Seer). Scrophularia nodosa LINN. var. marylandica (LINN.) GRAY^ Syn. Fl. II, 1, 258 (1886), 8. marylandica LINN. Spec. 863 (1753). • 8. lanceolata PURSH. Fl. Am. 419 (1814). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 380; Britt., Fl. N. J. 184; Upham, Fl. Minn. 99; Webb., Fl. Neb. 137; Chap., Fl. S. St. 289; Coult., Fl. Colo. 273; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 3^4; II, 346; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 552; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit, (spec.) 290; Led., Fl. Boss, (spec.) Ill, 218; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. (spec.) 94; Cov. Fl. Ark. 207; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 106 (spec.); Engler, v. Wetts., Nat. Pflanz. IY, 3 6, 65. Species ranges through almost all Europe and Siberia. North America: Q., Ont. to Minn, and Oregon; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Colo., Neb., Utah. Minn, valley: Throughout; frequent; thickets and gravelly banks of streams. HERB.: Bollard 103, Shakopee; Taylor 588, Minne- sota lake; Sheldon 974, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 123, Janes ville; Sheldon 51, Elysian; Sheldon 128, Madison Lake; Kassube 160, Minneapolis; Herrick 196, Minneapolis; Sandberg 397, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld, 1904, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 162, Monte- video. CHELONE LINN. Gen. 508 (1737). Baillon, Hist. PL IX, 435; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL 11,939; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 293; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 4, 3 6, 65 (von Wett- stein). Living species: 4; N. America; 1 in California and Washington; E. Sts., 2; S. Sts., 3; Carolina, 1. Chelone glabra LINN. Spec. 611 (1753). C. alba PURSH, Fl. Am. 427 (1814). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 381; Britt., Fl. N. J. 184; Upham, Fl.Minn. 99; Chap., Fl. S. St. 289; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 354; Cov., Fl; Ark. 207; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 258; Engl. Wetts., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 &. 65. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br. to S. and W. Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn, and Ark. Minn, valley: Forest district; swamps and marshes. HERB. : Herrick 197, Minneapolis; Winchell 13, Duluth; Bailey 327, St. Louis river; Holzinger 144, Winona Co. ; Sandberg- 398, Red Wing; Roberts 95, Baptism river; Herb. Sheld. 1668* Minneapolis. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS.' 461 PENSTEMON MITCH. Act. Med. Cur. VIII, 214 (1748). Pentstemoii L'HER. ex Lamb. Linn. Trans. X, 6 ( ). Elmteera REICHB. Conspect 123 (1828). Lepiclostemon LEME. 111. Hort. 315 (1844). Dasanthera, RAF. Jour. Phys. LXXXIX, 99 (1819). Baillon, Hist. PL IX, 435; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 940; Du- rand, 2nd. Gen. Phan. 293; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 .6, 65 {von Wettsteiri) as Pentastemon Mitch. Living species: 82-85; N. America, 70; a few in Mexico andN. Asia; Canada, 15; California, 35; E. Sts., 9; S. Sts., 3; Rocky mts., 27-30; PI. King., 19; PL Wheel., 24; W. Tex., 15. Penstemon acuminatus DOUGL. Hook.,Fl. Am. II, 97 (1840). P. nitidus DOUGL. ex Benth. DC. Prodr. X, 325 (1846). P. fendleri GRAY, Pac. R. R. Rep. II, 168 (1855). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 382; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 263; Upham, Fl. Minn. 99; Coult., Fl. Colo. 275; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 355,570; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 599; Coult., Fl. Tex. 308. North America: Minn, and Saskatchewan to Brit. Col. and Oregon; S. to Colo, and Tex. Mexico. Minn, valley: W. district; high knolls and dry plains or banks. HERB. : Sheldon 1370, Lake Benton. Penstemon grandiflorus NUTT. Fras. Cat. (1813). P. bradburii PURSH, Fl. Am. 738 (1814). Chelone grandiflora SPRENG. Syst. II, 813 (1825). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 382; Webb., Fl. Neb. 137; Upham, Fl. Minn. 99; Wats., King Exp. 452; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 264; Coult., FL Tex. 308. North America: 111., Wise., Minn., Dak., Neb., Kan., Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; frequent; particularly abundant in Renville Co. ; banks and dry hills. HERB.: Ballard 243, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 827, Cottonwood river, near Sleepy Eye; Oestlund 115, Hennepin Co. ; Herrick 199, Minneapolis; Richardson 1, Goodhue Co.; Kassube 161, Minneapolis; Sandberg 399, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1889, Ft. Snelling; Herb. Wickersheim 90, Idle wild, Lincoln Co. ; Herb. Moyer 164, Montevideo. Penstemon teretiflorns NUTT. Fras. Cat. (1813). P. albidus NUTT. Gen. II, 53 (1818). P. viscidulum NEES, Neuwied A pp. 18 ( ). P. cristatus MAC. Fl. Can. I, 355 (1884). Chelone alba SPRENG. Syst. II, 813 (1825). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 382; Webb., Fl. Neb. 137; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 570; Coult., Fl. Colo. 276; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 211; Wats., King Exp. 454; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 266; Coult., Fl. Tex. 308. 462 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. North America: Red River prairie, 49° N. lat. to Minn, valley, near Applet on; S. and W. to Dak., Col., Neb. and Tex. Minn, valley: S. W. district and probably N. W. ; dry banks and knolls. HERB.: Menzel 3, Pipestone; Herb. Moyer 264, Monte- video. Penstemon gracilis NUTT. Gen. II, 52 (1818). P. pubescens var. gracilis GRAY, Proc. Am. Acad. VI, 57 (1862). Chelone gracilis SPRENG. Syst. II, 813 (1825). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 382; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 267; Webb., Fl. Neb. 137; Coult., Fl. Colo. 277; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 356: Upham, Suppl. Minn. 86. North America: Minn., Man. and Saskatchewan to Wyoming and Colo. Minn, valley: Throughout; infrequent; open places, banks and knolls. HERB : Menzel 8, Pipestone; Bollard 244, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Bollard 382, Jordan; Taylor 789, Glenwood; Sandberg 609, Cannon Falls; Herrick 341, Minneapolis; Holzinger 297, Winona Co.; Kassube 278, Minneapolis; Herrick 3^5, Minne- apolis. Penstemon hirsutus (LiNN.) WILLD. Spec. Ill, 227 (1800). Chelone hirsutus LINN. Spec. 849 (1753). C. pentstemon LINN. Mant. 415 (1767). Pentstemon pubescens SOLAND. Ait. Hort. Kew. II, 360 (1789). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 381; Mac., Fl.Can. I, 356; Upham, Fl. Minn. 99; Chap., Fl S. St. 290; Britt., Fl. N. J. 184; Wats., King Exp. 454; Cov., Fl. Ark. 207; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 268; Engl. Wettst., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3, 65; Coult., Fl. Colo. 309. North America: Ont. to S. Man., Minn, and Iowa; S. to Maine, N. J., Fla. and Tex. Minn, valley: W. district; high dry prairies; also N. E. and S. E. ; open places. HERB.: Sheldon 1566, Lake Benton; Kassube 161, Minneapolis; Herrick 198, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 91> Idlewild; Gedge 20, Moorhead; Wickersheim 136, Lake Benton; 137, Lake Benton (the last two Nos. are apparently intermedi- ate forms between P. ieretiflorus Nutt. and P. hirsutus (Linn.), having the foliage of the former and the flowers and pubescence of the latter. — Sheldon. MIMITLUS LINN. Act. Ups. 82 (1741). Eunaiius BENTH. DC. Prodr. X, 374 (1846). Diplacus NUTT. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1, I, 37 (— ). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 4bd Uvedalia K. BR. Prodr. 440 (1810). Erytliraiithe SPACH, Suit. Buff. IX, 312 (1840). Baillon, Hist. PL IX, 450; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI II, 946, 1245; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 294; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 6, 71 ( ton Wettsteiri). Living species: 60; W. extratropical America and a few in S. and E. Asia, Australia and E. Africa. Russia, 2; Europe, 1, introduced; Canada, 8; E. Sts., 3; S. Sts., 2; PI. Wheel., 12; PI. King, 12; Rocky mts., 7-8; California, 30; W. Tex., 4. Mimulns glabratus HBK. var. jamesii (T. and G.) GRAY, Syn. Suppl. II, 447 (1886). M. jamesii T. and G. Man. 2 ed. 287 (1852). M. glabratus GRAY, Bot. Mex. Bound 116 (1856). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 383; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 357; Coult., Fl. Colo. 280; Upham, Fl. Minn. 99; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 570; Wats., King. Exp. 224; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 276; Coult., Fl. Tex. 309. North America: Ont. to Mich., 111., Minn., Neb. and Mont. ; S. to Tex. , Arizona, N. Mex. and Mexico. Minn, valley: Throughout; N. districts and to Blue Earth Co.; cool rills and springs; aquatic. HERB.: Taylor 757, Glenwood; Oesilund 117, Minne- apolis; Herrick 201, Minneapolis; Herrick 202, Minneapolis; Kassube 164, Minneapolis; Sandberg 4-01, Cannon Falls. Mimulus rinsens LINN. Spec. 634 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 383; Britt., Fl. N. J. 185; Upham, Fl. Minn. 99; Webb., Fl. Neb. 137: Chap., Fl. S. St. 291; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 357; Led. Fl. Eoss. Ill, 223; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 253; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 276 and Suppl. Syn. II, 446; Coult., Fl. Tex. 309. Kurile Islands. North America: Cape Breton to Hudson Bay and Saskatchewan; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; banks of streams and shores of lakes. HERB.: Sheldon 948, Redwood Falls; Taylor 1081, Glenwood; Taylor 739, Glenwood; Bollard 715, Ben ton, Carver Co.; Sheldon 689, Waseca; Bollard 811, Page'lake, Carver Co.; Bollard 670, Waconia; Bollard 61 1, Chaska; Mallard 497, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Oestlund 116, Minneapolis; Roberts 96, Stewart river; Holzinger 145, Winona Co.; Kassube 163, Minneapolis; Herrick 200, Minneapolis; Bailey 116, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 400, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1676, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 165, 166, Montevideo; Sheldon 1086%, Springfield. 464 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. GRATIOLA LINN. Gen. 833 (1737). Sophronanthe BKNTH. Lindl. Introd. ed. 2, 445 (1835). Nibora RAF. Fl. Lud. 36 (1817). Fonkia PHIL. Linn. XXX, 198 (1856). Baillon, Hist. PL IX, 448; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 953; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 295; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 6, 75 (von Wettstein). Living species: 25; cosmopolitan, but especially in extra-tropical regions. Russia, 1; Russian Europe, 1; N. America, 13; S. Sts., 10; Rocky mts , 1; California, 2; Canada, 3; E. Sts. 5; PL King, 1; PI. Wheel., 1; W. Tex., 6. Gratiola virginiana LINN. Spec. 17 (1753). G. officinalis MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 6 (1803). G. carolinensis PERS. Syn. I, 14 (1805). G. negkcta TOBR. Cat. N. Y. PL (1819). G. missouriana BECK, Am. Journ. Sci. ser. i, X, 258 (1826). Conobea borealis SPRENG. Syst. II, 771 (1825). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6ed. 384; Britt., FL N. J. 185; Coult., FL Colo. 281; Upham, Fl. Minn. 99; Chap., Fl. S. St. 292; Mac., FL Can. I, 358; Brew, and Wats., FL Calif. I. 570; Wats., King Exp. 227; Roth , Wheel. Exp. 214; Cov., Fl. Ark. 208; Gray, Syn. FL II, 1, 281; Engl. Wettst., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3, 75; Coult., Fl. Tex. 311. North America: Q., Ont to Man., Brit. Col. and N. W. T. ; S. to Oregon and Calif. ; S to Minn., Dak. and Neb. to Ark. ; E. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla. Minn, valley: Forest district to Nicollet Co.; wet places, marshes and peat bogs. HERB.: Herrick 204, St. Louis river; Holzinger 146, Winona Co. ; Holzinger 147 and 148, Winona Co. ILYSANTHES RAF. Ann. Nat. 13 (1820). Bonnaya LINK and OTT. PL Sel. 25 (1840). Baillon, Hist. PL IX, 458 (sub Torenia Linn.); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 955; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 295; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 461; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 36, 80 (von Wettstein). Living species: 17; tropical regions, and N. America and Australia; S. Africa. N. America, 3; S. Sts. 3; Canada, 1; California, 1; E. Sts., 1; W. Tex., 1. Ilysanthes gratioloides (LINN.) BENTH. DC. Prodr. X, 418 (1846). Capraria gratioloides LINN. Spec. 2 ed. 876*(1762). Gratiola anagallidea MICHX. FL N. Am. I, 5 (1803). G. dilatata MUHL. Cat. (1813). TAndemia pyxidaria PURSH, FL Am. 419 (1814). Herpestis caUitrichoides HBK. N. Gen. et Spec. (1818). Ilysanthes riparia RAF. Ann. Nat. 13 (1820). ? Gratiola tetragona ELL. Sk. I, 15 (1821). G. attenuata SPRENG. Syst. I, 39(1825). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 465 Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 385; Britt., Fl. N. J. 186; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 359; II, 348; Upham, Fl. Minn. 100; Chap., Fl. S. St.294; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 571; Webb., Fl. Neb. 137; Cov., Fl. Ark. 208; Gray. Syn. FL II, 1, 283; Engl. Wettst., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 b, 80; Coult., Fl. Tex. 311. Naturalized in Europe; E. Asia; S. America. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Minn, and Ore- gon; S. in Sierra Nevada; U. S., east of the Mississippi, throughout. Minn, valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co. ; wet places and peat bogs. HERB.: Bollard 319, Belle Plaine; Herrick 205, Min- neapolis; Holzinger 149, WinonaCo.; Sandberg 402, Red Wing; Hohinger 150, Winona. VERONICA LINN. Gen. 10 (1737). Hebe Juss. Gen. 105 (1786). Pygmaea HOOK. f. N. Zeal. Fl. 217 (1867). Cymbophyllum F. MULL. Hook. Kew. Journ. VIII, 202 (1857). Leptandra NUTT. Gen. I. 1 (1818). Dlplophyllum LEHM. Ges. Nat. Berl. Mag. VIII, 310(1803). Baillon, Hist. PI IX, 465; Eenth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 964; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 297; Engler and Prantl, Nat. PJlanz. IV, 3 5, 85 (von Wett- stein}\ Schenck, Palaeophyt 778. Living species: 200 ±; temperate and colder regions; richly developed in mt. districts. Mts. of New Zealand, 59; Europe, 75; Russia, 55; N. America, 11; E. Sts., 8; S. Sts., 6; Canada, 11; Rocky mts., 6; California, 5-6; PI. Wheel., 4-5; PI. King, 5; W. Tex., 1. Fossil species: Veronicites in Miocene of Oeningen (Heer). Veronica peregrina LINN. Spec. 20 (1753). V. marilandica MURR. Comm. Gott. II. 3 (1782). V. caroliniana WALT. Fl. Car. 61 (1788). V. xalipensis HBK. N. Gen. et Spec. (1818). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 387; Britt., Fl. N. J. 187; Webb., Fl. Neb 137; Chap., Fl. S. St. 295; Coult., Fl. Colo. 283; Upham, Fl. Minn. 100; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 362; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 572; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. II, 199; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Boss. Ill, 249; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 215; Wats., King Exp. 228; Cov., Fl. Ark. 208; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 288; Engl. v. Wetts., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 &, 85; Coult., Fl. Tex. 312. Europe; Asia, Japan, China; S. America — Chile to Patagonia. North America: Throughout continent, from Arctic sea to Mexico and C. America. Minn, valley: Throughout, except far W. ; waste ground. -30 466 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB. : Bollard 517, Long lake, Scott Co. ; Taylor 430, Janesville; Kassube 168, Minneapolis; Oestlund 120, Ramsey Co. ; Holzinger 154, Winona; Her rick 208, Minneapolis; Sandberg 408, Goodhue Co. Yeronica scutellata LINN. Spec. 16 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 387; Britt., Fl. N. J. 187; Mac., Fl- Can. I, 361; Upham, Fl. Minn. 100; Coult., Fl. Colo. 282; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 572; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross. Ill, 244; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 302; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 96; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 287; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 111; Engl. v. Wetts., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 b, 86. Europe: Arctic to S. Russia and westward; Siberia and N. Africa. North America: Atl. to Pac. in Can. and N. to 56° N. lat; S. to Oregon, N. Calif., Minn., Mont., N. Eng., and N. J. Minn, valley: Forest district; rare; bogs and marshes. HERB.: Holzinger 152, Winona Co.; Bailey 99, Ver- milion lake; Holzinger 153, Winona. Veronica americana SCHWEIN. Herb. Hook., DC. Prodr. X, 460 (1846). V. beccabunga Auct. Amer. Vet. V. intermedia SCHWEIN. Am. Jour. Sci. ser. I, VIII, 268 (1824). V. anagallis BONG. Veg. Sitka (1841). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 386; Britt., Fl. N. J. 187; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 360; Webb., Fl. Neb. 137; Upham, Fl. Minn. 100; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 572; Coult., Fl. Colo. 282; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 287: Roth., Wheel. Exp. 215; Wats., King Exp. 227; Cov., Fl. Ark. 208; Engl. v. Wetts., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 b, 86. North America: Anticosti, N. S., N. Br. to Pac.; N. to Athabasca and Sitka; S. to N. Eng., N. J.; W. to Mont, Dak., Colo., N. Hex.; S. in Calif . Minn, valley: Throughout; frequent; springs, rills and ditches. HERB.: MacMillan 14, Glenwood; Taylor 754, Glen- wood; Ballard 107, Carver; Bollard 627, Chaska; Sheldon 721, Sleepy Eye; Eoberts 98, Beaver bay; Holzinger 151, Winona Co.; Sandberg 406, Cannon Falls; Kassube 167, Minneapolis; Herrick 207, Minneapolis; Oestlund 119, Minneapolis; Sandberg 407, Chisago Co. ; Herb. Sheld. 1760, Ramsey Co. Veronica anagallis LINN. Spec. 16 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 386; Britt., Fl. N. J. 187; Webb., Fl. Neb. 136; Mac., Fl. Can. I, H60; Upham, Fl. Minn. 100; Coult., Fl. Colo. 282; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 572; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1. 287; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. II, 198; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross. Ill, 236; Hook.. Fl. Gt. Brit. 302; Herd., Fl. Eur. Ross. 96; Wats., King Exp. 227; Engl. Wettst., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 6, 86; Hart., Fl. Scand. I. 111. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 467 Europe, except arctic reg. ; Russ. to Caucasus, Sib., Dahuria, Kamtk. and China; N. Africa; intro. ? in S. America. North America: N. S., Q., Ont. , Owen Sound. L. Su- perior reg., N. W. T., Rockies and coast of Brit. Col.; S. to Oregon; S. to N. Eng., N. J.; W. to Minn., Neb., Colo., N. Mex. Minn, valley: Forest district; springs, rills and ditch- es; aquatic or semi-aquatic. HERB. : Bollard 998, Long lake, Scott Co. ; Kassube 166, Minneapolis; Sandberg 405, Cannon Falls. Veronica virginica LINN. Spec. 9 (1753). V. sibirica LINN. Spec. 2 ed. 12 (1762). Leptandra virginica NUTT. Gen. I, 7 (1818). L. purpurea RAF. Med. Bot. 59 (1830). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 386; Britt., Fl. N. J. 186;' Mac.r Fl. Can. I, 360; Webb., Fl. Neb. 137; Upham, Fl. Minn. 100; Chap., Fl. S, St. 295; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. II, 200; Cov., Fl. Ark. 208; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 286; Engl. Wettst., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 b, 85. Japan, China and E. Siberia. North America: Ont. to Man., Minn, and Neb.; S. to Vt, N. J. and Alab. ; W. to Kan. and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout; common; rich woods and river banks. HERB. : Sheldon 764, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 665, Waseca; Sheldon 1096, Springfield; Sheldon 1348, Lake Benton; Bollard 510, Prior's lake, Scott Co. ; Taylor 985, Glenwood; Bollard 312, Belle Plaine; Bollard 691, Waconia; Taylor 985a, Glenwood; Herrick 206, Minneapolis; Kassube 165, Minneapolis; Oestlund 118, Minneapolis; Leonard 32, Minneapolis; Sandberg 404, Good- hue Co. ; Herb. Sheld. 1645, Minneapolis. SYNTHYRIS BENTH. DC. Prodr. X, 454 (1846). Baillon, Hist. PL IX, 466; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. II, 963; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 296; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 b, 87 (von Wettstein). Living species: 7; mts. of W. N. America; 1, in E. Sts. Rocky mts., 4; California, 2; Illinois and Minn., 1. Synthyris hougntoniana BENTH. DC. Prodr.^X, 454 (1846). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 386; Upham, Fl. Minn. 100; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 286. North America: Minn, to Mich.; S. to 111., Mo. and Ind. Minn, valley: N. E. districts; beside springs or edges of bogs; infrequent. Not found on "hills or ridges" very often. HERB. : Holtz 4, Cedar lake, Hennepin Co. ; Sandbery 403, Red Wing. 468 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. OERARDIA LINN. Gen. 503 (1737). Virgularia R. and P. Prodr. Per. 92 (1794). Dasystoma RAF. Jour. Phys. LXXXIX, 99 (1819). Otophylla BENTH. DC. Prodr. X, 515 (1846). Baillon, Hist. PL IX, 468; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. II, 972; Durand, 2nd. Gen. Phan. 298; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 6, 92 (von Wettstein). Living species: 30; N. and S. America, especially in extra- tropical regions. N. America, 23; S. Sts., 10; E. Sts., 13; Canada, 6; PL Wheel., 1; Rocky mts., 2; W. Tex., 8. Gerardia pedicularia LINN. Spec. 611 (1753). Dasystoma pedicularia BENTH. DC. Prodr. X, 521 (1846). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 389; Britt., Fl. N. J. 189; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 363; Uphani, Fl. Minn. 101; Cov., Fl. Ark. 209; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 291; Chap., Fl. S. St. 298; Engl. v. Wetts., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 b, 93. North America: Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn, and Ark. Minn, valley: N. E. district; infrequent; thickets and dry woods. HERB. : Herrick 211, Minneapolis. Gerardia grandiflora BENTH. Comp. Bot. Mag. I, 206 (1835). Dasystoma drummondii BENTH. DC. Prodr. X, 521 (1846). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 389; Upham, Fl. Minn. 101; Cov., Fl. Ark. 208; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 291; Engl. v. Wetts., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 6,93; Coult., Fl. Tex. 314. North America: Wise., S. .Minn., Iowa to Tenn. and Tex. ; W. to Ark. Minn, valley: Forest district; rare or doubtful; no Minn, specimens seen. Gerardia virginica (LiNN.) B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Rhinanthus virginicus LINN. Spec. 841 (1753). Gerardia flava LINN. Herb. G. quercifolia PURSH, Fl. Am. 423 (1814). G. glauca SPRENGK Syst. II, 807 (1825). Dasystoma quercifolia BENTH. DC. Prodr. X, 521 (1846). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 389; Britt., Fl. N. J. 189; Upham, Fl. Minn. 101; Cov., Fl. Ark. 209?; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 291; Chap., Fl. S. St. 298. North America: Ont. and N. Eng. to N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Minn., 111., Ark.? and La. Minn, valley: Reported from S. E. edge; doubtful or rare; no Minn, specimens seen. Gerardia auriculata MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 20 (1803). Seymeria auriculata SPRENG. Syst. II, 810 (1825). Otophylla michauxii BENTH. DC. Prodr. X, 512 (1846). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 469 Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 389; Britt., Fl. N. J. 189; Upham, Fl. Minn. 101; Cov., Fl. Ark. 208; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 292; Engler v. Wetts., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 6, 93. North America: Penn. to N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn. , Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: S. central district; infrequent; low or moist ground near bases of hills. Gerardia aspera DOUGL. Benth. DC. Prodr. X, 520 (1846). G. longifolia BENTH. Comp. Bot. Mag. I, 208 (1835). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 390; Webb., Fl. Neb. 136; Mac.. Fl. Can. I, 363; Coult., Fl. Colo. 283; Upham, Fl. Minn. 101; Cov., Fl. Ark. 208; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 292; Engl. v. Wetts., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 36, 92; Coult., Fl. Tex. 314. North America: Saskatchewan and Red valleys to Minn. , Dak. , Neb. , Ark. and Tex. ; E. to Mich, and Ind. Minn, valley: N. W. and W. ; damp or dry places on prairie. HERB.: Taylor 1074%, Winona lake, Douglas Co.; Sheldon 1363, Lake Benton; Sandberg 410, Red Wing. tierardia purpurea LINN. Spec. 610 (1753) in part. G. mantima var. major CHAP. Fl. S. St. 300 (1860). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 390; Britt., Fl. N. J. 138; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 363; Upham, Fl. Minn. 100; Webb., Fl. Neb. 136; Gray, Syn- Fl. II, 1, 293; Engl. v. Wetts., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 b, 92; Coult. Fl. Tex. 314. North America: S. Ont. and N. Eng. to Penn., N. J. and Fla., also in Cuba; W. to Minn., Neb., Miss, and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout on higher levels; level ground or hillsides. HERB.: Taylor 1038, Glenwood; Kassube 169, Minne- apolis; Herrick 209, Minneapolis; Sandberg 409, Red Wing; the following are var. paupercula Gray; Bollard 844, Patterson lake, Carver Co. ; Bollard 807, Goose lake, Carver Co. ; Herb. Sheld. 1659, Minneapolis. Gerardia tenuifolia VAHL, Symb. Ill, 79 (1807). G. purpurea LINN. Spec. 610 (1753) in part. ? G. erecta WALT. Fl. Car. 170 (1788). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 390; Britt., Fl. N. J. 188; Webb., Fl. Neb. 136; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 364, 571; Coult., Fl. Colo. 283; Chap., FL S. St. 300; Upham, Fl. Minn. 101; Cov., Fl. Ark. 209; Gray, Syn. Fl. II. 1, 294 and Suppl. Syn. II, 452. North America: Q., Ont. to Man. and Minn.; S. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Mich., Neb., Ark. and La. Minn, valley: Throughout; frequent; woods and hill- sides. 470 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB. : Taylor 1066, Winona lake, Douglas Co. ; Shel- don lJf.68, Pipestone City; Sheldon 1564, Lake Benton; Oestlund 121, Hennepin Co. ; Holzinger 155 Winona Co. ; HerricTc 210, Minneapolis; Winchell 24, Richfield; Sandberg 411, Goodhue Co.; Sandberg 412, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1667, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 167, Chippewa river near Montevideo. Gerardia tenuifolia VAHL, var. asperula GRAY, Bot. Gaz. IV, 153 (1877). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 390; Gray, Syn. Suppl. II, 452. North America: Mich, and Ind. to Minn, and Mo. Minn, valley: Reported from E. edge and S. E. dis- trict; dry woods and hills. CASTILLEJA LINN. f. Suppl. 47 (1781). Eucliroma NUTT. Gen. II, 54 (1818). Baillon, Hist. PL IX, 482; Benth.and Hook., Gen. PL II, 973; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 298. Living species: 35-40; N. and S. America and N. Asia. N. America, 25; California, 12-15; S. Sts., 1; Rocky mts., 10; Canada, 6-7; E. Sts., 3; PL Wheel. 7; PI. King, 5; several sp. in Mexico; only 2 in S. America; 1, Brazil; 1, Andes region; cen- ters in W. N. America; W. Tex., 7. Castilleja sessiliflora PURSH, Fl. Am. 738 (1814). Euchroma grandiftora NUTT. Gen. II, 55 (1818). Castilleja grandiftora SPRENG. Syst. II, 775 (1825). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6ed. 391; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 366; Upham, Fl. Minn. 101; Coult., Fl. Colo. 285; Wats., King. Exp. 457; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 298 and Suppl. Syn. II, 452; Coult., Fl. Tex. 316. North America : Assiniboia to Wise. , Minn. , 111. , Dak. , Tex., N. Mex. and Mexico; W. to Mont, and Calif. (S. region). Minn, valley: Prairie district, especially W. ; high sterile knolls and edges. HERB.: Sheldon 1391, Lake Benton; Taylor 831. Glen- wood; Sandberg 415, Goodhue Co.; Leiberg 46, "Minnesota;" Herb. W ickersheim 92, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. ; Herb. Moyer 168, Montevideo. Castilleja pallida (LiNN.) KUNTH, var. acuminata (PURSH). Bartsia acuminata PURSH, Fl. Am. 429 (1814). Castilleja acuminata SPRENG. Syst. II, 774 (1825). G. septentrionalis LINDL. Bot. Reg. 925(1836-46). C. pallida var. septentrionalis GRAY, Bot. Calif. I, 573 (1876). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 391; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 365,572; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 101; Coult., Fl. Colo. 284; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 297; Nym., Fl. Eur. (spec.); Trautv., Fl. Sib. (spec.) 89; Led., Fl. Ross, (spec.) Ill, 257; LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 471 Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. (spec.) 96; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 7, 216; Wats., King Exp. 229, 456. The species ranges through Siberia and N. Europe. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Arctic sea, Rock- ies and Oregon; S. to N. Eng. mts. ; S. to Dak., Minn., Mont.; S. in Rockies to Colo, and Utah. Minn, valley: Reported from Leaf hills district; rare or doubtful; high, sterile knolls. Castilleja coccinea (LINN.) SPRENG. Syst. II, 775 (1825). Bartsia coccinea LINN, Spec. 602 (1753). Eucliroma coccinea NTJTT. Gen. II, 55 (1818). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 390; Britt., Fl. N. J. 189; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 364; Upham, Fl. Minn. 101; Wats., King Exp. 456; Cov., Fl. Ark. 209; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 295; Coult., Fl. Tex. 315. North America: Ont, Gt. lakes to Man. and Minn.; S. to Maine, N. J. , Tenn. and W. to Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: Forest district; rare W. of this region; openings in woodland. HERB.: Taylor 345, Janesville; Bollard 257, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Sheldon 514, Waseca; Bollard 462, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Sandberg 413, Red Wing; Sandberg 414, Cannon Falls; Oesllund 122, Ramsey Co. ; Kassube 170, Minneapolis; Holzinger 156, Winona Co. ; Herrick 212, St. Louis river; Bailey 302, St. Louis river; Herrick 213, Minneapolis; Hammond 26, Lake City; Herb. Sheld. 1722, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1761, Ram- sey Co. PEDICULABIS LINN. Gen. 513 (1737). Baillon, Hist. PI. IX, 477; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 978; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 299. Living species: 135 ± ; Europe; temperate and N. Asia; N. America; East Indies. Russia, 60; Europe, 45; Russian Europe, 18; N. America, 30; Canada, 19; E. Sts., 3; California, 6; PI, Wheel., 6; PL King, 3; Rocky mts., 8; S. Sts., 2. Pedicularis lanceolata MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 18 (1803). P. virginica Pom. Enc. Meth. V, 126 (1804). P. pallida and resupinata PURSH, Fl. Am. 424 (1814). P. o.uriculata SM. ex Benth. DC. Prodr. x, 577 (1846). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 393; Britt., Fl. N. J. 190; Upham, Fl. Minn. 102; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 369, 572: Chap., Fl S. St. 301; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 307. North America: Ont. to Man., Minn., Neb.; S. to Conn., N. J., Va. and N. Car?; W. to Iowa and Mo. Minn, valley: Throughout, especially W. and S. W. districts; marshes and swamps. 472 MBTASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB.: Taylor 958, Glenwood; Sheldon 1036, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 1022, Glenwood; Sheldon 1523, Lake Benton; Shel- don 1314, Verdi, Lincoln Co.; Kassube 172, Minneapolis; Holz- inger 157, Winona Co. ; Leiberg 47, Blue Earth Co. ; Oestlund 124> Minneapolis; Sandberg 417, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1669, Minneapolis. Pedicularis canadensis LINN. Mant. 86 (1767). P. gladiata MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 18 (1803). P. aequinoctialis HBK. N. Gen. et Spec. II, 332 (1817). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 392; Britt., Fl. N. J. 189; Mac., Fl. Can. 1, 369, 572; Cov., Fl. Ark. 209; Upham, Fl. Minn. 102; Coult., Fl. Colo. 287; Chap., Fl. S. St. 30!: Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 307; Webb., Appx. :Neb. 38. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man. and Saskatchewan; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Colo, in mts. ; S. to Ark. and Mexico. Minn, valley: Throughout; frequent; banks of streams and edges of copses or woods. HERB. : Sheldon 1313, Lake Benton; Sheldon 523, Wa- seca; Sheldon 650, Wilton, Waseca Co. ; Taylor 113, Janesville; Taylor 113a, Janesville; Taylor 769, Glenwood; Oestlund 123, Minneapolis; Herrick 214, Minneapolis; Kassube 171, Minne- apolis; Sandberg 416, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1712, Ramsey Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1906, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 93, Mankato; Herb. Moyer 169, Black Oak, Chippewa Co. MELAMPYRUM LINN. Gen. 507 (1737). Baillon, Hist. PI. IX, 483; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Plant. II, 679; Du- rand. Ind. Gen. Phan. 299. Living species: 10; Europe; most Asia; 1 sp. N. Amer- ica. Russia, 6; Japan, 2; Europe, 6. Melampyrum lineare LAM. Enc. Meth. IV, 23 (1797). M. americanum MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 16 (1803). M. latifoUum MUHL. Cat. (1813). M. brachiatum SCHWEIN. Keat. Narr. 115 (1825). M. sylvaticum HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Arn. II, 106 (1840). M. pratense var. americanum BENTH. DC. Prodr. X, 584 (1846). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 393; Britt., Fl. N. J. 190; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 372; Upham, Fl. Minn. 102; Chap., Fl. S. St. 302; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 310; Cov., Fl. Ark. 209. North America: Anticosti, N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Coast range, Brit. Col.; S. to Minn., Iowa and Ark.; E. to Atl. and mts. of Ga. Minn, valley: Forest district; rare or local; rich woods along streams or near lakes. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PROlJUCING PLANTS. 473 HERB.: Bailey 193, Vermilion lake; Roberts 99, Duluth; Roberts 100, Minnesota Point. MONNIERA P. BR. Hist. Jam. (1756). Bramia LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 459 (1783). Mella VAND. Lusit. Fl. 43 (1788). Septas LOUR. CochiDch. 392 (1790). Heptas MEISSN. Gen. PI. 293 (1836). Mecardonia and Calytriplex R. and P. Prodr. Per. 95, 96 (1794). Caconapea and Bavaria CHAM. Linn. VIII, 28, 30 (1834). Cardiolophus GRIFF. Notul. IV, 105(1851). Anisocalyx HANCE, Walp. Ann. Ill, 195 (1854). Herpestis GAERTN. Fmct. Ill, 186 (1805). Ranapalus KELL. Gal. Acad. Sci. VII, 113 (1886). Baillon, Hist. PL IX, 449; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. II, 951; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 295; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 462. Living species : 50 ± ; tropical and subtropical regions and extra- tropical in N. America and Chile. N. America, 6-7; S. Sts., 5-6; E. Tex., 2; California, 1; W. Tex., 4, Monniera rotundifolia MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 22 (1803). Herpestis rotundifolia PURSH, Fl. Am. 418 (1814). Ranapalus eiseni KELL. Proc. Acad. Calif. VII, 113 (1886). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 384; Chap., Suppl. S. St. 635; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 280; Suppl. Syn. II, 451; Coult., Fl. Tex. 310. North America: 111., Minn, and Mo. to Tenn., Tex., S. Car. and Ga.? Fresno Co., Calif.; Dak. Minn, valley: Local in Lac Qui Parle Co.; wet places in prairies. HERB. : Moyer 3, Cerro Gordo, Lac Qui Parle Co. ; Herb. Moyer 170, Cerro Gordo, Lac Qui Parle Co. XCVII. LENTIBULARIACEAE. Bladderwort Family. Lindl., Veg. King. 686 (1846); Endlicher, Gen. PL 728 (1836-40); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. PL II, 986 (1876); Baillon, Hist. PL XI, 347, Utriculariaceae (1892). Genera: 4; temperate and tropical regions; except in arid districts. Species: 200 ±; 160 ±, in Utricularia alone. UTRICULARIA LINN. Gen. 15 (1737). Lentibularia VAILL. ex Durand 1. c. (1888). Akentra BENJ. Linn. XX, 319 (1846). Diurospermum EDJW. Proc. Linn. Soc. 351 (1847). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 987; Durand, Ind. Gen. Plian. 300; Bail- Ion, Hist. PL XI, 352. 474 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Living species: 160 ±; temperate and warmer regions; N. America, 15; Canada, 8; Rocky mts., 3; E. Sts., 12; S. Sts., 10; California, 3-4; PL King, 2; W. Texas, 6; Europe, 5; Russia, 3-4. Utricularia cornuta MICHX. Fl. N. Am. I, 12 (1803). U. personata LE CONTE, Ann. Lye. 1ST. Y. I, 73 (1824). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 397; Britt., Fl. N. J. 192; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 376; Upham, Fl. Minn. 98; Chap., Fl. S. St. 283; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 317 and Suppl. II, 455; Coult., Fl. Tex. 317. Cuba and Brazil. North America: Newf., Anticosti, N. S. to L. Superior reg. and Minn. ; S. to N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Iowa and Tex. Minn, valley: Reported from N. E. district and N. edge; forest pools or lakes; floating or rooting in the mud. Utricularia intermedia HAYNE, Schrad. Journ. I, 18 (1799). U. millefolium NUTT. ex TORR. Fl. N. Y. II, 21 (1843). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 397; Britt., Fl. N. J. 191; Upham, Fl. Minn. 98; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 375, 573; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. II, 223; Led., Fl.Ross. Ill, 2; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 312; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 84; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 316; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 123. Northern Europe to Alps; N. Asia to Japan and China. North America: Newf., Anticosti, N. S., N. Br., Ont. to S. Man., Brit. Col., Selkirks and Rockies; S. to Plumas Co., Calif. ; S. to N. Eng. and N. J. , and to Minn, and Iowa. Minn, valley: S. and S. W. districts; rare; perhaps throughout forest district; floating on pools and lakes. HERB. : Sheldon 101, LakerCustan, Le Sueur Co. Utricularia minor LINN. Spec. 18 (1753). U. estacea HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 118 (1840). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 396; Coult., Fl. Colo 290; Webb., Fl. Neb. 138; Upham, Fl. Minn. 98; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 586; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 375, II, 348; Led., Fl. Ross. Ill, 2; Nym., Fl. Eur.;. Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 312; Herd., Fl. Eur. Kuss. 84; Wats., King Exp. 215; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 315 and Suppl. Syn. II, 455; Hart., Fl. Scand. 1, 123. Europe, except Spain, Greece and Turkey; N. Africa; N. Asia to Ural and Altai Sib. North America: Greenland to Saskatchewan, Brit. Col. and Prince Edward Isl. ; S. in mts. to Nev. and Utah; S. to E. Mass, and N. J. ; W. to Minn. , Neb. and Ark. Minn, valley: Forest district; infrequent; floating on quiet pools and lakes. HERB. : Roberts 94, Duluth. Utricularia vulgaris LINN. Spec. 18 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 396; Britt., Fl. N. J. 191; Upham, LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PKODUCING PLANTS. 475 Fl. Minn. 98; Webb., Fl. Neb. 138; Chap., Fl. S. St. 282; Coult., Fl. Colo. 290; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 375; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 586; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 312; Nym. Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross. Ill, 1; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 84; Wats., King Exp. 214; Cov., Fl. Ark 209; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 315; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 122; Coult., Fl. Tex. 317. Most Europe; Russia; Siberia; Dahuria; N. Africa. North America: Atl. to Pac. in Can. and far IS. on Mackenzie; S. in Sierra Nevada to Calif.; in Rockies to N. Mex. and Tex. ; E. throughout U. S. Minn, valley: Forest district and perhaps throughout; floating on still pools or lakes. HERB. : Bollard 679, Waconia; Bollard 435, Prior's lake, Scott Co. ; Bollard 810, Page lake, Carver Co. ; Holzinger 143, Winona Co. ; Sandberg 396, Vasa; Oestlund 114, Minneap- olis; Roberis 93, Stuart river; Arthur 62. Vermilion lake; Reed 1, Dakota Co. ; Sheldon 346, Smith's Mill, Blue Earth Co. XCVIII. OROBANCHACEAE. Broom-Rape Family, Endlicher, Gen. PI. 725 (1836-40); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. II, 980 (1876). Genera: 11-12; extra-tropical regions and a few within the tropics. Species: 175±; Europe, N. Africa, Asia and America. APHYLLON MITCH. Act. Phys. Med. Cur. VIII, 221 (1748). Gyinnocaulis NUTT. Gen. II, 59 (1818). Anoplanthus ENDL. p. p. Gen. 727 (1840). Anoploii WALLR. ex Durand, 1. c. (1888). Phillipoea REUT. DC. Prodr. XI, 11 (1849) Amer. Spec. Myzorliiza PHILLIPI. Linn. XXIX, 36 (1855). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. II, 983; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 300. Living species: N. America to Mexico, 10; Canada, 5; California, 6-7; S. Sts., 1; Rocky nits., 4; PI. King, 2; Wheel.; 2; E. Sts., 3; W. Tex., 3. Aphyllon ludovicianum (NUTT.) GRAY, Bot. Calif. I, 584 (1876). Orobanche ludovidana NUTT. Gen. II. 58 (1818). Phelipoea ludwiciana WALP. Rep. Ill, 480 (1844-1845). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 395; Webb., Fl. Neb. 137; Upham, Fl. Minn. 98; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 373; Coult., Fl. Colo., 289; Gray, Syn. Fl. II. 1, 313 and Suppl. Syn. II, 455; Coult., Fl. Tex. 316. North America: Saskatchewan, Assiniboia, Brit. Col., Vancouver; S. to Calif., N. Mex., Arizona and Tex.; E. to Minn and 111. 476 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn, valley: Local in Nicollet Co.; root-parasitic in sandy ground. Aphyllon fasciculatum (NUTT. ) GRAY, Man. ed. 1, 290 (1848). Orobanche fasciculata NUTT. Gen. II, 59 (1818). Phelipoea fasciculata SPBENG. Syst. II, 218 (1825). Anoplanthus fasciculatus WALP. Eep. Ill, 480 (1844-1845). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 395; Coult., Fl. Colo. 289; Upham, Fl. Minn. 98; Webb.,Fl. Neb, 138; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 584; Roth., Wheel, Exp. 176,217; Wats,, King Sxp. 215; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 312. North America: Assiniboia to Brit. Col.; S. to Calif. and Arizona; E. to Minn., Mich, and Neb. Minn, valley: S. W. districts; rooting on shrubs and herbs along ledges of granite; rare. Aphyllon uniflorum (LiNN.) GRAY, Man. ed. 1, 290 (1848), Orobanche uniflora LINN. Spec. 882 (1753). O. biflora NUTT. Gen. II, 59 (1818). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 394; Britt., Fl. N. J. 190; Webb., Fl. Neb. 138; Coult., Fl. Colo. 289; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 372; Chap., Fl. S. St. 287; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 584; Wats., King Exp. 215; Cov., Fl. Ark. 209; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 312; Coult., Fl. Tex. 316. North America: Newf., N. Br., Ont., L. Superior reg., Brit. Col. to Vancouver; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Va. and Fla., W. to Minn., Neb. and Tex. ; Pac. region to Calif. Minn, valley: N. E. district; woods; rare; a root- parasite. HERB. : Kassube 159, Minneapolis. XC1X. PLANTAGINACEAE. Plantain Family. Endlicher, Gen. PL 346 (1836-40); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. II, 1223 (1876); Baillon, Hist. PL IX, 274 (1888). Genera: 3; cosmopolitan. Species: 150-175; all but two in Plantago. PL ANT AGO LINN. Gen. 77 (1737). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 1224; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 330;. Baillon, Hist. PL IX, 279. Living species: 200 4- described; to be reduced; cos- mopolitan. Europe, 43; Russia, 27; European Russia, 10; N. America, 15; S. Sts., 10; Rocky mts., 4-5; E. Sts., 10; Canada,. 11-12; Calif, and Pac. coast, 10; PL King, 4; PL Wheel., 2; W. Tex., 5. Plantago patagonica JACQ. var. gnaphalioides (NUTT. > GRAY, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 391 (1886). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 477 P. ynaphalioides NUTT. Gen. I, 100 (1818). P. lagopus PURSH, Fl. 99 (1814) not Linn. P. purshii R. and S. Syst. Ill, 120 (1818). P. hookeriana F. and M. Ind. Sem. Petrop. (1838). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 424; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 393; Webb., Fl. Neb. 140; Upham, Fl. Minn. 96; Coult., Fl. Colo. 300; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 611 (spec.); Roth., Wheel. Exp. 225; Wats., King Exp. 213: Cov., Fl. Ark. 213; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 391; Coult., Fl. Tex. 344. North America: Saskatchewan, Assiniboia to S. Brit. Col.; S. to Calif, and Tex.; E. to Neb., Ark., Ind., Minn, and Ky. Minn, valley: Prairie districts especially in rocky regions; on high, sterile knolls or ledges. HERB. : Sheldon 436, Smith's Mills, Blue Earth Co. ; Sheldon 214, New Ulm; Bollard 241, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 177, Janesville; Sheldon 1445, Pipestone City; Leiberg 49, Blue Earth Co. : Leiberg 50, Blue Earth Co. ; Herb. Moyer 177, Rock Cut, near Montevideo. Plantago rugelii DECN. DC. Prodr. XIII, 695 (1849). P. major ELL. Sk. I, 201 (1821). P. kamtschatica HOOK. Comp. Bot. Mag. II, 61 (1835). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 423; Britt., Fl. N. J. 203; Upham, Fl. Minn. 96; Webb., Fl. Neb. 140; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 392, 574; Chap., Fl. S. St. 277; Cov., Fl. Ark. 213; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 390; Coult , Fl. Tex. 344. North America: Q., Ont. to Vt., Minn, and Neb.; S. to Ga., Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: Forest district and N. W. ; banks of streams and lakes. ' HERB. : Bollard 270, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Herrick 219, Minneapolis; Leiberg 48, Blue Earth Co. Plantago major LINN. Spec. 113 (1753). P. major var. minima DECN. DC. Prodr. XIII, 695 (1849). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 423; Britt., Fl. N. J. 203; Coult.. Fl. Colo. 299; Upham, Fl. Minn. 96; Webb., Fl. Neb. 140; Chap., Fl. S. St. 277; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 611; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 391; Led., FL Ross. Ill, 476; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 288; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Griseb., Fl. W. I; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 256m var.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 106; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 225; Cov., Fl. Ark. 213; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1. 389; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 132; Coult Fl. Tex. 344. N. Africa;- Europe; N. and W. Asia to China?. North America: L. Superior to Brit. Col. ; S. to Minn, and Oregon; intro. from W. Europe in E. U. S. and adventive also in W. Indies, Brazilian and other S. American ports. Minn, valley: Throughout; moist soil, door-yards, roadsides and edges of streams. 478 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB.: Sheldon 875, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 367?, Janes- ville; Taylor 691, Minnesota lake; Taylor 164, Janesville; Bal- lard 513, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Sheldon 873, Sleepy Eye; Bollard 681, Waconia. (The last two are perhaps var. asiatica Decn.)-, Oesttund 230, Hennepin Co.; Sandberg 422, Cannon Falls; Oestlund 131, Minneapolis; Bailey 258a, St. Louis river; Sandberg 423, Goodhue Co. ; Bollard 998, St. Paul; Herb. Sheld. 187, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 176, Montevideo. C. RUBIACEAE. Madder Family. Encilicher, Gen. PI. 520 (1836-40); Lindl., Vi bold ia SCHLECHT. ex Walp. Ann. I, 388 (1848 '. Ascaricida, Gymnanthemum, Isonema, Distephanus CASS. Bull. Philom. (1817). Lepidoploa, Achyrocoma, Centrapalus, Oligautlies CASS. Diet. Ill, VII, XXVI (1826). Acilepis DON, Nep. 169 (1803). Sufrago GAERTN. Fruct. II, 402 (1791) part. Stengelia, Linzia, Cheliusia Scn.-Bip. Flora (1841). Lysistemma, Ambass^, Xioholepis, Crystallopollen, Pun- duana STEETZ. Pet. Moss. Bot. 345 (1864). Brachyleima R. BR. Salt. Abyss. Appx. 65(1828). Cyanopis, Webbia, Monosis (part), Chronopappus, Cen- fauropsis, Stilpnopappus, Strophopappus DC. Prodr. V, 62 seq. (1836). Odontoloma, Oialesta, Pollalesta HBK. N. Gen. et Spec. IV, 43, 45, 46(1820). Polydora FENZL. Flora 312 (1844). Vernoneila SOND. Linn. XXIII, 62 (1849). Strobocalyx, Critoniopsis, Tephrothanmus, Stenocephal- um, Piptolepis, Vanillosma, lodopappus, Proteopsis (MART.) SCH.-BIP. Pollichia (1861 and 1863). Cyanthilliuni BL. Bij. 889 (1826). 500 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Claotrachelus ZOLL. Geneesk. Arch. (1847). Llerasia TRIANA, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 4, IX, 37 (1858). Turpinia LLAV. and LEX. Nov. Veg. I, 24 (1824). Adenocyclus LESS. Linn. IV, 337 (1830). Xiphochaeta FOEPP. et ENDL. N. Gen. Ill, 44 (1845). Laclinorliix.il A. RICH. . Cub. Fl. II, 34 (1853). Carpophyllus SCHOTT. Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post. 409 (1828). Baillon, Hist. PI VIII, 118; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 227; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 189; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 794 (Compositae); Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 124 (Hoffmann). Living species: 500 ±; America, 250; Africa, 100; Mad- agascar, 50; Asia, 50; cosmopolitan, except Europe. Centers in Brazil. 10-12, U. S. Canada, 2; Rocky mts., 2; E. Sts., 6; W. Tex., 6; more numerous in Mexico and on the border. Fossil species: A few seeds from the Miocene may be referred here with some hesitation. Vernonia fasciculata MICHX. PL N. Am. II, 94 (1803). V. corymbosa SCHWEIN. Keat. Narr. Miss. (1825). V. altissima DC. Prodr. V, 15(1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 238; Webb., Fl. Neb. 150; Upham, FL Minn. 68; Coult., Fl. Colo. 141; Cov., Fl. Ark. 189; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 90; Coult., Fl. Tex. 175. North America: Minn., Dak., Colo, to Ohio, Ky., Neb., Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; common; meadows, prair- ies and river banks, wet places. HERD.: Sheldon 1351, Verdi, Lincoln Co.; Sheldon 1455, Pipestone Co. ; Taylor 680, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 1015, Sleepy Eye; Sandberg 266, Goodhue Co.; Oesilund 83, Minneapolis;. Herrick 136, Minneapolis; Herrick 137, Hennepin Co.; Herb. Moyer 106, Montevideo. Yernonia noyeboracensis (LINN.) WILLD. Spec. Ill, 1632 (1803). Serratula noveboracensis LINN. Spec. 818 (1753). S. praealta LINN. Spec. 818 (1753). Chrysocoma tomenlosa WALT. Fl. Car. 196 (1788). Vernonia tomentosa ELL. Sk. II, 288 (1824). . V. praealta HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 304 (1833). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 238; Britt.. Fl. N. J. 128; Mac.. Fl. Can. I, 206; Chap., Fl. S. St. 188; Upham, Fl. Minn. 68; COY., Fl. Ark. 189; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 89; Webb., Appx. Neb. 44. North America: Ont. to Maine and N. J. ; S. to Fla. and Miss. ; W. to Minn. , Neb. , E. Kan. , Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: Reported from forest district r Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co.; rare; low grounds and near sloughs. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 501 EUPATORIUM LINN. Gen. 638 (1737). Osmia and Heterolaeiia SCH. BIP. Herb. Berol. Kersteiiia NECK. Elem. I, 81 (1790). Cliromolaeiia DC. Prodr. V, 133 (1836). Praxelis, Gyptis and Coleosaiitlms CASS. Diet. X, XX, XLIII (1826-1834). Ooclinium, Cainpulocliniuiii, Hebecliniuiii,Conocliniuni, Critoiiia, DC. Prodr. V, 133, seq. (1836). Bulbostyles WALP. Rep. VI, 707 (1847). Wikstroemia SPRENG. Syst. Ill, 434 (1826 '. Batschia MOENCH, Meth. 567 (1794). Ageratiopsis SCH. BIP. Herb. Berol. IMsynaphia DC. Prodr. VII, 267 (1838). Baillon, Hist. PL VIII, 128; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 245; Dir rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 192; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 138. Living species: 600 ±; 400 (Hoffman)', 560 (Durand); wanting in most of Africa and in Australia; otherwise cosmo- politan; centers in Central and tropical America; United States, 50±; S. Sts., 28; Canada, 3-4; E. Sts., 18; California, 2; Rocky mts., 4; W. Tex., 19; Europe, 2-3; Russia, 3-4. Eupatorium ageratoides LINN. f. Suppl. 355 (1781). Ageratum altissimum LINN. Spec. 839 (1753). Eupatorium altissimum LINN. Syst. Veg. 614 (1774). E. odoratum WALT. Fl. Gar. 200 (1788). E. fraseri Pom. Suppl. II, 600 (1811). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 241; Britt., Fl. N. J. 130; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 206; Webb., Fl. Neb. 150; Upham, Fl. Minn. 70; Chap., Fl. S. St. 196; Cov.,Fl. Ark. 189; Gray, Syn. Fl. 101; Coult., Fl. Tex. 179. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. J., Fla. and Miss.; W. to Minn., Neb., Kan., Ark., Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; common; woods and shaded banks; alluvial terraces and near lake shores. HERB. : Bollard 806, Goose lake, Carver Co. ; Sheldon 906, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1277, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1209, New Ulm; Taylor 979, Glenwood; Oestlund 88, Minneapolis; Holzin- ger 109, Winona Co. ; Sandberg 279, Vasa; Kassube 124, Minne- apolis; Herb. Wickersheim 61, Lake Benton; Herb. Moyer 111, Chippewa river, near Montevideo. Eupatorium perfoliatum LINN. Spec. 838 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 241; Britt., Fl. N. J. 130; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 206; Webb.,Fl. Neb. 150; Chap., Fl. S. Sts. 196; Coult., Fl. Colo. 142; Upham, Fl. Minn. 70; Cov., Fl. Ark. 189; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 99. North America: N. S., N. Br. to S. Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., N. Car. and, Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Dak, and La. to Ark. 502 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. MiDn. valley: Throughout; common; low grounds and edges of thickets. HERB.: Taylor 983, Glen wood; Sheldon 293, Madison lake; Taylor 650, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 1296, Lake Benton; Ballard 725, Benton, Carver Co.; Herrick 142, Minneapolis; Kassube 123, Ramsey Co. ; Sandberg 278, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1666, Minneapolis. Eupatorium altissimum LINN. Spec. 1171 (1753). Kuhnia glutinosa DC. Prodr. V, 127 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 240; Webb., Fl. Neb. 150; Upharu, Fl. Minn. 70; Chap., Fl. S. St. 195; Cov., Fl. Ark. 189; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 99. North America: Penn. to Minn., Neb., Ark., Ky., Tex., N. Car. Minn, valley: Forest district; principally S. central portion; dry soil and hillsides; infrequent. HERB.: Leiberg 31, Blue Earth Co.; Sandberg 277, Cannon Falls. Eupatorium serotinum MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 100 (1803). Wats, and Coult , Gray's Man. 6 ed. 239; Chap., Fl. S. St. 196; Upham, Fl. Minn. 70; Cov., Fl. Ark. 189; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 97. North America: Md. to Fla. and Miss.; W. to Minn., Kan., Ark., Tex. and Mexico. Minn, valley: Reported from S. edge; infrequent; along banks of rivers and on terraces. Eupatorium purpureum LINN. Spec. 836 (1753). E. trifoliatum LINN. Spec. 836 (1753). E. maculatum LINN. Amoen. Ac. IV. 288 (1759). f E. fusco-rubrum WALT. Fl. Car. 199 (1788). E. verticillatum MUHL. Willd. Spec. Ill, 760 (1800). E. falcatum MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 99 (1803). E. punctatum WILLD. Enum. II, 853 (1809). E. dubium Pom. Suppl. II, 606 (1811). E. laevigatum TORR. Cat. PL N. Y. (1819). E. ternifolium ELL. Sk. II, 306 (1824). E. purpureum var. maculatum DARL. Fl. Cestr. 453 (1826). . Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 239; Britt., Fl. N. J. 128; Mac., Fl. Can. 1,206,541; Coult^ Fl. Colo. 142; Webb., Fl. Neb. 150; Upham, Fl. Minn. 70; Chap., Fl. S. St. 194; Roth., Wheel Exp. 139; Cov., Fl. Ark. 189; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 95, 96; Coult., Fl. Tex. 177. North America: Anticosti, N. S., N. Br., to Brit. Col. and Rocky mts. ; to lat. 57° N.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla. and Miss.; W. to Dak., Neb., Ark., N. Mex., Utah and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; common; low grounds and margins of bogs. HERB.: Ballard 841, Page lake, Carver Co.; Sheldon LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 503 t Lake Benton; Taylor 818, Glenwood; Sheldon 1159, New Ulm; Sandberg 275, Cannon Falls; Herrick 140, Minne tonka; Oestlund 87, Minneapolis; Herrick 14-1, Minneapolis; Arthur 64, Vermilion lake; Kassube 122, Minneapolis; Sandberg 276, Good- hue Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1817, Minneapolis. KUHNIA LINN. Gen. ed. VI, 237 (1764). Carphephorus CASS. Bull. Philom. 198 (1816). Aiioiiymos WALT. Fl. Car. (1788). Bailloo, Hist. PI. VIII, 134; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 248; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 192: Engl. and Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 142 (Hoff- mann). Living species: 3; N. U. S., 1; Arizona and Mexico, 1; Mexico, 1; W. Tex., 2. Kuhnia eupatorioides LINN. f. Dec. II, 21 (1781). Critonia Jcuhnia GAERT. Fruct. II, 411 (1791). Kuhnia critonia \\ILLD. Spec. Ill, 1773(1803). K. elliptica and pubescens RAF. N. Fl. (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 241; Britt., Fl. N. J. 130; Webb., Fl. Neb. 149; Coult., FL Colo. 143; Chap., Fl. S. St. 193; Upham, Fl. Minn. 69: Cov., Fl. Ark. 189; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 142; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 103; Coult., Fl. Tex. 180. North America: N. J. to Minn, and Mont. ; S. to Colo., Neb. , Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; particularly in prairie district; dry or high prairies and fields. HERB. : Sheldon 924, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 923, banks of Cotton wood, near Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1340, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1371, Verdi, Lincoln Co.; Sheldon 1179. New Ulm; Leiberg 30, Blue Earth Co.; Oestlund 86, Minneapolis; Sandberg 273, Goodhue Co.; Heib. Moyer 110, Montevideo. Kuhnia eupatorioides LINN. f. var. glntinosa (ELL.) HITCH. PL Ames, 498 (1891). K. glutinosa ELL. Sk. II, 292 (1824). K. suaveolens FRES. Ind. Sem. Frank. (.1838). K. eupatorioides var. corymbalosa T. and G. Fl. II, 78 (1841). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed.241; Coult., Fl. Colo. 143; Upham, Fl. Minn. 69; Webb., Fl. Neb. 149; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 103; Coult., Fl. Tex. 180. North America: Dak., Minn., 111., to Neb., Alab. and Tex. Minn, valley: S. E. and probably W. ; dry prairies and high bluffs. HERB. : Sandberg 274, Red Wing. 504 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. LACOIARIA HILL. Syst. Veg. IV, 49 (1762). Psilosaiithus NECK. Elem. (1790). Liatris SCHREB. Gen. PI. 572 (1791). Calostelma DON, Sweet. Brit. Fl. Gard. 2, 184 (1838). Baillon, Hist PL VIII, 135, footnote-, Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 248; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 192; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 349; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV. 5, 142 (Hoffmann). Living species: 15; N. America and Mexico. W.Tex., 6; E. Sts., 8; R. mts., 3; S. Sts., 15; Canada, 3. Laciniaria spicata (LINN.) OK. Rev. Gen. I, 349 (1891). Serratula spicata LINN. Spec. II, 819 (1753). 8. compta DRYAND. Bibl. Banks. Liatris macrostachya MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 91 (1803). L. spicata WILLD. Spec III, 1635 (1803). L. resinosa NUTT. Gen. II, 131 (1818). L. sessiliflora BERTOL. Misc. V, 10 (1846). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 243; Britt., Fl. N. J. 131; Upham, Fl. Minn. 69; Chap., Fl. S. St. 192; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 542; COY,, Fl. Ark. 190; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 111. North America: Ont. to N. Y., Mass, and N. J.; S. to Fla. and Miss. ; W. to Minn, and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout; moist and low prairies or meadows; abundant. HERB. : Sheldon 1353, Verdi, Lincoln Co. ; Sheldon 1535, Lake Benton; Sheldon 765, Sleepy Eye; Sandberg 270, Cannon Falls; Leiberg 28, Blue Earth Co,; Sandberg 271, Red Wing; Kassube 121, Minneapolis. Laciniaria pycnostachya (Micnx.) OK. Rev. Gen. I, 349 (1891). Liatris pycnostachya MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 91 (1803). L. brachystachya NUTT. Jour. Acad. Phil. VII, 507 (1837). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 242; Webb., Fl. Neb 149; Upham, Fl. Minn. 69; Cov., FL Ark. 190; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 110; Coult., Fl. Tex. 182. North America: Ind. to Minn, and Neb., S. to Ark., Tex. and Miss. Minn, valley: Throughout; abundant; rather low or moist prairies, but drier localities than L. spicata (Linn.). HERB.: Sheldon 647, Waseca; Taylor 569, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 1118, Springfield; Taylor 103%, Glenwood; Oest lund 85, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 108, Montevideo. Laciniaria scariosa (LiNN.) HILL. Syst. Veg. IV, 49 (1762). Serratula scariosa LINN. Spec. 818 (1753). Liatris aspera and sphaeroidea MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 92 (1803). L. scariosa WILLD. Spec. Ill, 1635 (1803). L. borealis NUTT. Paxt. Mag. V, 27 (1838). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 242; Britt., Fl. N. J. 131: Webb., LIST OF HIGHER SEED PRODUCING PLANTS. 505 Fl. Neb. 149; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 208; Chap., Fl. S. St. 192; Coult., Fl. Colo. 144; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 140; Cov., Fl. Ark. 190; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 142; Gray. Syn. Fl. I, 2, 110; Coult., Fl. Tex. 182. North America: Saskatchewan to Rocky mts. ; N. Eng. to Minn., Neb., Tex., Fla. and Miss. Minn, valley: Throughout; common; dry or high places, prairie districts in particular. HERB.: Sheldon 1536, Lake Benton ; Sheldon 978, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1191, Springfield; Sheldon 1270, Lake Ben- ton; Sheldon 1364, Verdi, Lincoln Co. ; Sheldon 1278, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1344, Verdi, Lincoln Co.; Taylor 1037, Glenwood; Tay- lor 1070, Alexandria; Sheldon 1586, Lake Benton; Herrick 138, Minneapolis; Leiberg 26, Blue Earth Co.; Leiberg 27, Blue Earth Co. — (proliferated form}-, Herrick 139, Minneapolis; Oest- lund 84, Minneapolis; Sandberg 268, Goodhue Co.; Kassube 120, Minneapolis; Sandberg £69, Red Wing; MacM. and Sheld. 36, Brainerd; Herb. Wickersheim 60, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1813, Ramsey Co. ; Herb. Moyer 107, Montevideo. Laciniaria punctata (HOOK. ) OK. Rev. Gen. I, 849(1891). Liatris punctata HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 306 (1833). . L. cylindrica TORR. Ann. Lye. N. Y. II, 210 (1835).' L. resinosa DC. Prodr. V, 129 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed.242; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 208; Coult., Fl. Colo. 144; Webb., Fl. Neb. 149; Uphani, Fl. Minn. 69; Cov., Fl. Ark. 190; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 110; Coult., Fl. Tex. 182. North America: Man. and Saskatchewan to Rocky mts. ; S. to Mont. , Minn. , Neb. , Kan. , N. Mex. and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; principally in prairie district at higher level; dry soil with L. scariosa (Linn. ). HERB. : Sheldon 1373$, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1373, Lake Benton — (white-flowered form)*, Sheldon 1264, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1326, Lake Benton; Leiberg 29, Blue Earth Co.; Sandberg 272, Red Wing, Herb. Sheld. 1657, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 109, Chippewa river bottoms, near Montevideo. Laciniaria cylindracea (Micnx.) OK. Rev. Gen. I, 349 (1891). Liatris cylindracea MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 93 (1803). L. graminifolia WILLD. Spec. Ill, 1636 (1803). L. squarrosa HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 306 (1833). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 242; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 207; Upham, Fl. Minn. 69; Cov., Fl. Ark. 189; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 109. North America: W. Ont. to Minn., Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout; not infrequent; dry, bar- ren, sandy or waste places. 506 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB.: Taylor 1031, Glenwood; Herrick 137, Minne- apolis; Sandberg 267, Goodhue Co.; MacM. and Sheld. 35, Brainerd; MacM. and Sheld. 35%, Brainerd [forma solitaria (MacM.)]; Taylor 1031%, Glenwood (forma solitaria). Lac i ni aria squarrosa (LiNN.) HILL. Syst. Veg. IV, 49 (1762). Serratula squarrosa LINN. Spec. 88 (1753). Pteronia caroliniana WALT. Fl. Car. 292 (1788). Liatris squarrosa WILLD. Spec. Ill, 1065 (1802). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 242; Webb., Fl. Neb. 149; Chap., Fl. S. St. 191; Coult., Fl. Colo. 144; Upham, Fl. Minn. 68; Cov., Fl. Ark. 190; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 542; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 109; Coult., Fl. Tex. 182. North America: Ont. to Penn. and Pla. ; W. to Dak., Neb., Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: Reported as common in all districts; no Minn, specimens seen; dry prairies and meadows. Lac i n i aria squarrosa (LiNN.) HILL, var. intermedia (LiNDL.) Liatris intermedia LINDL. Bot. Reg. XX, t. 948 (1825). L. sQuarrosa var. intermedia DC. Prodr. V. 129 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 242; Upham, Fl. Minn. 68; Coult., Fl. Colo. 144;- Mac., Fl. Can. I, 542; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 109; Coult., Fl. Tex, 182. North America: Ont. to Minn., Mo. and Tex. Minn, valley: Reported from S. districts; no Minn, specimens seen; dry prairies and hillsides. GRINDELI4 WILLD. Ges. Nat. Mag. Berl. 259 (1807). Donia R. BR. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, V, 82 (1813). Demetria LAGASCA, Blench. Matr. 30 (1816). Aurelia and Astetilia CASS. Diet. XXXVII, 468(1826-1834). Chrysophthalmum PHIL. Linn. XXIX, 9 (1855). Baillon, Hist. PI. VIII, 155 (sub Hysterionica)-, Benth. .and Hook , Gen. PL II, 250; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 193; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 148 (Hoffmann). Living species: 25; N. America and extra- tropical S. America; S. America, from S. Brazil to Chile and Patagonia, 6-8; N. America, principally W. of the Mississippi; California, 10; Canada, 3; Rocky mts., 2; S. Sts., 1; E. Sts., 2; PI. Wheel., 4; W. Tex., 3; numerous in Mexican highlands. Grindelia squarrosa (PURSH) DUNAL, DC. Prodr. V, 315 (1836). Donia squarrosa PURSH, Fl. Am. 559 (1814). Aurelia amplexicaulis CASS. Diet. XXXVII, 468 (1829). Grindelia subdecurrens DC. Prodr. V, 315 (1836). G. arguta GRAY, PI. Wright. II, 81 (1852). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 244; Webb., Fl. Neb. 149; Mac., LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLAJS TS. 507 Fl. Can. I, 208; Coult., Fl. Colo. 145: Upham, Fl. Minn. 77; Wats., King Exp. 163; Roth. Wheel. Exp. 141; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 118; Coult., Fl. Tex. 184. North America: 64° N. lat. in Brit. Col. to Red and Saskatchewan valleys; S. to Colo, and Tex. and Mex. ; W. to Sierra Nevada mts. ; E. to C. Minn, and Neb. Minn, valley: S. W. and W. districts; prairies, road- sides and fields. HERB. : Sheldon 1433, Pipestone Co. ; Leiberg 35, Rock Co. DIPLOGON RAP. Am. Mo. Mag. (Jan. 1818). Chrysopsis NUTT. Gen. II, 150 (1818). Ammodia, Macronema (parti, Pityopsis NUTT. Trans. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, VII, 321, 592, 317 (1841). Hectorea DC. Prodr. V, 95 (1836). Heyfeldera Scn.-BiP. Flora 35 (1853;. Baillon, Hist. PL VIII, 155 (sub Hysterionica)', Benth and Hook., Gen. PL II, 252; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 149 (Hoffmann); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 193; O. Kuntze, Kev. Gen. I, 333. Living species: 20 ±; North America; 12 (Gray); 13 (Hoffmann); E. Sts., 6; S. Sts., 7-9; California, 4; Canada, 1; W. Tex., 3. Diplogon villosum (PURSH) OK. Rev. Gen. I, 334 (1891). Amellus viltosus PURSH, Fl. Am. 564 (1814). Diplopappus villosus and hispidus HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 22 (1840). Chrysopsis villosa NUTT. Trans. Phil. Soc. VII, 317 (1841). C. canescens T. and G. Fl. II, 256 (1841 1. C. echioides BENTH. Bot. Sulph. 25 (1844). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man., 6 ed. 245; Webb., Fl. Neb. 149; Chap., Fl. S. St. 217; Coult., Fl. Colo. 145; Upham, Fl. Minn. 78; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 209; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 141; Wats., King Exp. 164, 422; Cov., Fl. Ark. 190; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 149; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 122; Coult., Fl. Tex. 185. North America: Peace and Saskatchewan regions to Ills, and Alabama; W. to Brit. Col., Calif., Nev. and Colo. Minn, valley: Throughout; dry fields, prairies and forest openings. HERB. : MacMillan 7, Glenwood; Sheldon 1369, Lake Benton; Bollard 640, Chaska; Ballard 377, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Bollard 181, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Taylor 744, Glenwood; Herrick 153, Minneapolis; Sandberg 308, Goodhue Co.; Kassube 134, Minneapolis; Oestlund 93, Minneapolis; MacM. and Sheld. 46, Brainerd; Herb. Wickersheim 78, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. ; Herb. Moyer 130, Apple ton. 508 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY SOLIDAGO LINN. Gen. 651 (1737). Kutliamia NUTT. Gen. II, 162 (1818). Chrysoma NUTT. Jour. Acad. Phil. VII, 67 (1834). Amphirapbis DC. Prodr. V, 343 (1836) part. Virga-aurea TOURN. Inst. 483 (1700). Doria ADANS. Fam. II, 124(1763). Baillon, Hist. PL VIII, 153: Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 256; Du. rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 194; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 311 (sub Aster); Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 4, V, 150 (Hoffmann). Living species: 80 ±; all North America but 3 or 4; Russia, 1-2; Europe, 1-2; S. America, 2; Azores, 1; S. Sts., 45; E. Sts., 42; Canada, 33; Rocky mts., 14; California, 7; PL King, 12; PL Wheel., 14; W. Tex., 24. Solidago occidental's NUTT. T. and G. Fl. II, 226 (1841). Euthamia occidentalis NUTT. Trans. Am. Phil . Soc. VII, 326 (1841 ). Solidago lanceolata CHAM, and SCHLECHT. Linn. VI, 502 (1831) not Linn. Aplopappus baccharioides BENTH. Bot. Sulph. 24 (1844). Upham, Fl. Minn. 77; Coult., Fl. Colo. 155; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 318; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 217; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 364; Wats., King Exp. 156; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 160. North America: S. Brit. Col. to Mont, and N. Mex. ; W. to Pac. coast and S. Colo. ; E. to W. Minn. Minn, valley: Local in Nicollet Co.; perhaps also on Coteau des Prairies; S. W. ; hills and high plains. Solidago graminifolia (LiNN.) ELL. Sk. II, 391 (1824). Chrysocoma graminifolia LINN. Spec. 841 (1753). Solidago lanceolata LINN. Mant. 114 (1767). Euthamia graminifolia NUTT. Gen. II, 162 (1818). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 252; Britt., Fl. N. J. 135; Webb., Fl. Neb. 149; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 217; Upham, Fl. Minn. 77; Chap., Fl. S. St. 214; Coult., Fl. Colo. 156; Wats., King Exp. 156; Cov., Fl. Ark. 190; Gray, Syn, Fl. I, 2, 160. North America: Gulf of St. Lawrence to Rockies; N. to lat. 64°; S. to Mont, Colo., Neb., Ark.; E. to Atl. coast and Ga. Minn, valley: Throughout; prairies, moist fields or hillsides. HERB. : Taylor 960, Glenwood; Sheldon 1533, Lake Ben- ton; Sheldon 1359, Verdi, Lincoln Co.; Sheldon 1461, Pipestone; Bollard 7S8, Swan lake, Carver Co. ; Bollard 562, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 960, Glenwood; Sheldon 993, Sleepy Eye; Herrick 152, Minneapolis; Oestlund 92, Minneapolis; Kassube 133, Ramsey Co.; Bailey 255, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 307, Goodhue Co.; Roberts 62, Cascade river; Roberts 63, Two Harbors. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 509 Soliclago riddellii FRANK. Ridd. Syn. 57 (1835). IS. ampkxicaulte MART. hull. Acad. Brux. VIII, 68 (1841). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 252; Upham, Fl. Minn. 76; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 160. North America: Ohio to Minn, and Mo.; Ft. Monroe, Virginia. Minn, valley: Reported from forest district, N. E. and S. central portions; peat bogs and marshy places. Solidago rigida LINN. Spec. 880 (1753). S. grandiflora RAF. Med. Repos. V, 359 (1808). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed 252; Britt., Fl. N. J. 133; Webb., Fl. Neb. 149; Coult., Fl.Colo. 155; Chap., Fl. S. St. 210; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 217, 54*; Cov.s Fl. Ark. 191; Upham, Fl. Minn. 76; Gray, Syn. Fl.I, 2, 159; Coult., Fl. Tex. 190. North America: Ont. to N. J. and mts. of Ga. ; W. to Saskatchewan and N. W. T., Colo., Minn., Neb., Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; abundant; prairies and copses or waste hillsides, roadsides and embankments. HERB.: Sheldon 56>5,Waseca; Sheldon 1451, Pipestone; Taylor 167, Janesville; Taylor 689, Minnesota lake; Taylor 825> Glenwood; Sheldon 1286, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1126, Spring- field; Sheldon 471, Madison Lake; Holzinger 116, Winona Co.; Kassube 131, Minneapolis; Sandberg 303, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1656, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 74, Ash lake, Lincoln Co. ; Herb. Moyer 124, Montevideo. Solidago radula NUTT. Jour. Acad. Phil. VII, 327 (1835). S. rotundifolia DC. Prodr. V. 332 11836). S. scaberrima T. and G. Fl. II, 220 (1841). S. decemflora GRAY, PI. Lindh. II, 223 (1849). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 251; Upham, Fl. Minn. 76; Wats., King Exp. 155; Cov., Fl. Ark. 191; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 158; Webb., Appx. Neb. 43; Coult., Fl. Tex. 190. North America: W. 111., Minn., Kan., Neb. to N. Mex., Ark., Tex. and W. La, Minn, valley: Reported from S. central and W. dis tricts and from N. edge; rare; dry hills and high plains. Solidago nemoralis AIT. Hort. Kew. Ill, 213 (1789). S. hispida MUHL. Willd. Spec. Ill, 2063 (1803). S. conferta Pom. Enc. Meth. VIII, 459 (1808). S. einerascens SCHWEIN. Ell. Sk. II, 375 (1824). S. decemflora DC. Prodr. V, 322 (1836). S. puberula DC. Prodr. V, 333 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 251; Britt., Fl. N. J. 135; Webb., Fl. Neb. 149; Chap., Fl. S. St. 214; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 216; Coult., Fl. Colo. 155; Upham, Fl. Minn. 76; Cov., Fl. Ark. 191; Both., Wheel, Exp. 149; Wats., King Sxp. 155; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 158; Coult., Fl. Tex. 190. 510 METASPEKMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. North America: Anticosti to Rockies; S. to Fla., Nev., Tex., Mex., Arizona, Utah, Minn, valley: Throughout; more abundant W. than E. ; woodland and thickets. HERB. : Sheldon 945, Redwood Falls; Sheldon 1257, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1478, Pipestone; Sheldon 1354, Verdi, Lincoln Co.; Sheldon 1198, New Ulm; Hero. Wickersheim 75, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Sandberq 121$, Red Wing; Roberts 36$, Minnesota Point; Oestlund 49$, Hennepin Co.; Kassube 126$, Minneapolis; Holzinger 42$, Winona Co.; Holzinger 43$, Wi- nona Co. Solidago nemoralis AIT. var. mollis (BARTL. ). 8. mollis BARTL. Ind. Sem. Hort. Gott. (1836). S. incana T. and G. Fl. II, 221 (1841) excl vyn. S. nemoralis var. incana GRAY, Proc. Am. Acad. XVII, 197 (1882). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 251; Coult., Fl. Colo., 155; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 217; Upham, Fl. Minn. 76; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 158; Webb., Appx. Neb. 43. North America: N. W. T., 49° N. lat. to Colo.; E. to Dak., Minn., Mont., Neb. and in Mexico. Minn, valley: Far W. district; rare; high or dry prairies. HERB.: Sheldon 1500, Lake Benton. Solidago canadensis LINN. Spec. 878 (1753). S. reflexa AIT. Hort. Kew. Ill, 210 (1789). 8. nutans DESF. Cat. 3 ed. 402 (1829). £ longifolia SCHRAD. DC. Prodr. V, 330 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 251; Upham, Fl. Minn. 76; Britt., Fl. N. J. 135; Coult., Fl. Colo. 154; Webb., Fl. Neb. 148; Chap., Fl. S. St. 214; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 216; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 66; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 147; Cov., Fl. Ark. 190; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 157; Coult.,Fl. Tex. 190. Introduced in Russia. North America: Ft. Franklin on Mackenzie to Ari- zona; E. to N. S., N. J., N. Car. and Fla. Minn, valley: Throughout; abundant; borders of woods and along railway embankments HERB.: Ballard 779, Swan lake, Carver Co.; Bollard 728, Benton, Carver Co, ; Ballard 875, Waconia; Sheldon 1478, Pipestone Co.; Sheldon 1581, Lake Benton; Bailey 533, Mud lake; Roberts 61, Poplar river; Holzinger 117, Winona Co.; Bai- ley 168, Vermilion lake; Herrick 151, Minneapolis; Holzinger 118, Winona Co.; Sandberg 305, Goodhue Co.; Kassube 132, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1727, Minneapolis; 1643, St. Paul; Herb. Wickersheim 77, Ash lake, Lincoln Co. ; Herb. Moyer 125, Chippewa river, near Montevideo; 126, Montevideo. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 5-11 Solidago serotina AIT. Hort. Kew. Ill, 211 (1789). S. gigantea WILLD. Spec. Ill, 2056 (1803). 8. glabra DESF. Cat. 3 ed. 402 (1829). S. fragrans DESF. Hort. Par. (1829). S. pitcheri NUTT. Journ. Acad. Phil. VII, 101 (1834). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 251; Britt., Fl. N. J. 135; Webb., Fl. Neb. 149: Coult., Fl. Colo. 154; Upham, Fl. Minn. 77; Chap., Fl. S. St. 214; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 215; Cov., FL Ark. 191; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 150: Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 156; Coult., Fl. Tex. 190. North America: N. S., N. Br., Ont. to Saskatchewan, N. W. T. and 49° N. lat. on Red river; S. from Oregon to Tex. ; E. to Atl. coast and Alabama. Minn, valley: Throughout; edges of woods and open places or sunny banks of streams. HERB. : Sheldon 471, Madison Lake; Taylor J018, Glen- wood; Sheldon 1268, Lake Benton; Holzinger 119, Winona Co. ; Sandberg 306, Red Wing; Sheldon 1527, Lake Benton; Herb. Moyer 127, 128, 129, Montevideo. Solidagro serotina AIT. var. gigantea (AiT. ) GRAY, Proc. Am. Acad. XVII, 179, 196 (1882). 8. gigantea AIT. Hort. Kew. Ill, 211 (1789). 8. serotina WILLD. Spec. Ill, 2056 (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man.6 ed. 251; Mac., Fl. Can. 1, 216; Britt., Fl. N. J. 135; Chap., Fl. S. St. 214; Upham, Fl. Minn. 76; Wats., King Exp. 156; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 156; Webb., Appx. Neb. 43; Coult., Fl. Tex. 190. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br. to Pac. ; N. to 59° on Peace river; S. to Tex. and Fla. ; W. to Nev. on plains. Minn, valley: Throughout; especially W. and N. W. ; copses, thickets and embankments on river banks. HERB. : Taylor 986, Glenwood. Solidago missoiiriensis NUTT. Journ. Acad. Phil. VII, 32 (1834). 8. serotina HOOK. Comp. Bot. Mag. I, 97 (1835). S. glaberrima MART. Bull. Acad. Brux. VIII, 68(1841). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 251; Webb., Fl. Neb. 149; Upham, Fl. Minn. 76; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 215; Coult., Fl. Colo. 154; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 147; Cov., Fl. Ark. 191; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 155; Coult., Fl. Tex. 190. North America: Assiniboia to Colo., Neb., Ark., Tex., Wise., Ind. and Tenn. Minn, valley: Prairie district, especially W. ; re- ported from N. E. districts; doubtful; high plains and head- lands. HERB.: Sheldon 1441, Pipestone; Sheldon 947, Red- wood Falls; Sheldon 1178, New Ulm; Sheldon 1280, Lake Benton; 512 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Taylor 768, Glenwood; Sheldon 1125, Springfield; Huntington 5, Luverne; Herb. Wickersheim 76, Ash lake, Lincoln Co. Solidago juncea AIT. Hort. Kew. Ill, 213 (1789). S. ciliaris MUHL. Willd. Spec. Ill, 2056 (1803). S. arguta T. and G. Fl. II, 214 (1841). S. arguta var. juncea GRAY, Man. ed. V, 243 (1867;. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 250; Britt., Fl. N. J. 134; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 215; Upham, Fl. Minn. 76; Gray, Syn. FL I, 2, 155. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Rockies, 44°, 54° and 64° N. lat. and Hudson Bay reg. ; S. to N. J., Penn. and S. Car. ; W. to Tenn. and Minn. Minn, valley: N. E. districts; rare further S. in forest district; banks of streams and edges of woods. HERB. : Bailey 31, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 304, Good- hue Co. Solidago neglecta T. and G. Fl. II, 213 (1841). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 250; Britt., Fl. N. J. 133; Upham, Fl. Minn. 76; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 214; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 154. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont., N. J. toMd.;W. to Minn. Minn, valley: Reported from S. E. districts; doubt- ful; swamps. Solidago rugosa MILL. Diet. ed. 8 (1768). S. aspera AIT. Hort. Kew. Ill, 212 (1789). 8. altissima AIT. Hort. Kew. Ill, 212 (1789). ? S. rigidula Bosc. Hort. Par. (1808). S. asperata HERB. Banks (Solander), S. hirta WILLD. Enum. 891 (1809). S. villosa PURSH, Fl. Am. II, 537 (1814). S. humilis DESF. Cat. ed. 3, 402 (1829). S. asperula DESF. Cat. ed. 3, 403 (1829). S. altissima T. and G. Fl. II, 216 (1841). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 249; Britt., Fl. N. J. 135; Chap., Fl. S. St. 212?; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 214; Upham, Fl. Minn. 76; Cov., Fl. Ark. 191; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 153; Coult., Fl. Tex. 189.. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Thunder bay; S. to Fla., Mo. and Ark.; W. to Minn, and Tex. Minn, valley: Reported from S. central district; rare; fields and borders of thickets. Solidago patula MUHL. Willd. Spec. Ill, 2059 (1803). S. asperata PURSH, Fl, Am. II, 538 (1814). S. angulata SPRENG. in herb. Willd. S. frankii HOCHST. and STEUD. in Dist. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 249: Mac., Fl. Can. I, 214; Gray, Syn. Fl. 1,2, 152; Chap., FL S. St. 211; Upham, FL Minn. 76; Britt., Fl. N. J. 134; Coult., Fl. Tex. 189. LIST OP HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 513 North America: Ont. to Minn. ; S. to Ga. , Mo. and Tex. Minn, valley: Reported from S. E. district; doubtful; swamps and wet meadows. Solidago speciosa NUTT. Gen. II, 160 (1818). S. sempervirens MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 119 (1803) in part. S. petiolaris MUHL. Cat. 79 (1813). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 249; Britt., FL N. J. 133; Chap., Fl. S. St. 210; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 214; Upham, Fl. Minn. 75; Cov., Fl. Ark. 191; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 152: Webb., Appx. Neb. 43; Coult., Fl. Tex. 189. North America: N. S., N. Br. to Fla. and Miss.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Ark. Minn, valley: Forest district and W. to Chippewa valley; rare; edges of woods and thickets. HERB.: Sandberg 302, Red Wing; Taylor 946, Glen- wood. Solklago speciosa var. rigidiuscula T. and G. Fl. II, 205 (1841). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 249; Webb., Fl. Neb. 149; Coult., Fl. Colo. 153: Upham, Fl. Minn. 75; Cov., Fl. Ark. 191; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 152: Coult., Fl. Tex. 189. North America: Minn., Neb., Colo, to Arizona and Texas. Minn, valley: Reported from S. W. districts; doubt- ful; copses and edges of woods. Solidago speciosa NUTT. var. erecta (PURSH). S. erecta PURSH, Fl. Arn. 542 (1814). S. speciosa var. angustata T. and G. Fl. II, 205 (1841). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 249; Britt., Fl. N. J. 133; Webb., Fl. Neb. 149; Chap., Fl. S. St. 210; Upham, Fl. Minn. 75; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 152; Coult., Fl. Tex. 189. North America: N. Eng,, N. J. to Fla. and Miss.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Tex. Minn, valley: Reported from S. edge; doubtful; copses and edges of woods. Solidago latifolia LINN. Spec. 879 (1753). S. flexicaulis LINN. Spec. 879 (1753\ S. flexicaulis var. latifolia WILLD. Spec. Ill, 2064 (1803). S. macrophylla BIGEL. Fl. Bost. 2 ed. 305 (1824). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 247; Britt., Fl. N. J. 132; Upham, Fl. Minn. 75; Chap., Fl. S. St 208; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 211; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 145. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Georgian bay; S. to N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn., Mo., Tenn.,Ga. Minn, valley: Throughout; edges of woods and along shaded banks of streams and lakes. -33 514 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB. : Sheldon 23, Elysian; Sheldon 656, Waseca; Sheldon 1276, Lake Benton; Taylor 1043, Glenwood; Sandberg 300, Vasa; Kassube 130, Minneapolis; Herrick 1 ^.Minneapolis; Taylor 1164, Glenwood; Herb. Wickersheim 72, Lake Park, Becker Co., 75, Lake Benton; Herb. Moyer 123, Montevideo. Solidago caesia LINN. Spec. 879 (1753). 8. Jkxicaulis LINN. Herb. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 247; Britt., Fl.N. J. 132; Upham, Fl. Minn. 75; Chap., Fl. S. St. 209; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 211; Cov., Fl. Ark. 190; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2. 145; Coult., Fl. Tex. 188. North America: Ont. toFla.; W. to Minn., 111., Ky., Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: N. E. district; infrequent; moist woods and banks. HERB.: Sandberg 301, Red Wing; Herrick 150, Minne- apolis. HAPLOPAPPUS CASS. Diet. 56, 168 (1834). Prionopsis NUTT. Trans. Phil. Soc. 2, VII, 329 (1843). Pyrrocoma HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Ara. I, 306 (1833). Homopappus NUTT. 1. c. 330 (1843). Hoorebekia CORNELISS. ex DC. Prodr. V, 346 (1836). Stenotus NUTT. 1. c. 334 (1843). Isopappus T. and G. Fl. Am. II, 239 (1841). Chroilema BERXH. Hort. Erf. (1840). Macronema NUTT. 1. c. 331 (1843). Baillon, Hist. PI. VIII, 156 (sub Hysterionica Willd.); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI II, 253; Durand. Ind. Gen. Phan. 193; Engler and Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 150 (Hoffmann). Living species: 100 ±; 60 (B. and H. ); Western N. and S. America, Canada to Patagonia. Especially abundant in Chile. N. America and Mexico, 50 ±, E. Sts., 3; Canada, 6; Rocky mts., 18; California, 22; PI. King, 14; PI. Wheel., 15; W. Tex., 9 Haplopappus spinulosus (PURSH) DC. Prodr. V, 347- (1836). Amellus(?) spinulosus PURSH, Fl. Am. 564 (1814). Starkea pinnata NUTT. Gen. II, 169(1818). Diplopappus pinnatifidus HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 22 (1840). Dieteria spinulosa NUTT. Trans, Amer. Phil. Soc. VII, 301 (1841). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 245; Webb., Fl. Neb. 149; Coult., Fl. Colo., 148; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 209; Upham, Fl. Minn. 77; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 143; Wats., King Exp 422; Engl. Hoffmann. Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 151; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 130; Gray, Suppl. Syn. I, 2, 446; Coult., Fl. Tex. 186. North America: Rockies in Can. to 54° N. lat. ; S. to Colo., Neb., Arizona, Tex. and Mex. ; E. to Saskatchewan, Dak. and Minn. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 515 « Minn, valley: S. W. district; infrequent; plains and high knolls. BOLTONIA L'HER. Sert. Angl. 27 (1788). Asteromoea BLUME, Bij. 901 (1826). Hisutsua DC. Prodr. VI, 44 (1837). Dichaetophora A. GRAY, PI. Fendl. 73 (1849). Baillon, Hist. PI. VIII, 34 (sub Aster i; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI II, 269; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 196; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 161 (Hoffmann). Living species: 7 in N. America and Malay Archi- pelago to Japan and China; U. S., 4; E. Asia, 3; Canada, 3; E. Sts., 3; S. Sts., 3; S. Tex., 1; W. Tex., 1. Boltonia asteroides (LiNN.) L'HER. Stirp. (1788). Matricaria asteroides LINN. Mant. 116 (1767). M. glastifolia HILL. Hort. Kew. 19 (1768). Boltonia glastifolia L'HER. Stirp. (1788). Chrysanthemum carolinianum WALT. Fl. Car. 204 (1788). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 254: Webb., Fl. TSTeb. 148; Chap., Fl. S. St. 208; Upham, Fl. Minn. 74: Mac., Fl. Can. II, 332; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 166. North America: Man. and Minn, to Neb. and Mo.; E. to Penn. , N. Car. and Fla. Minn, valley: Throughout, especially W. and S. W. districts; rich soil and edges of woods. HERB. : Sheldon 1421, Lake Benton; Taylor 1186, Glen- wood; Juni 8, Alexandria; Oestlund 91, Minneapolis; Sandberg 299, Red Wing; Herb. Wickersheim 71, Ash lake, Lincoln Co. ; Herb. Moyer 122, Montevideo. ASTER LINN. Gen. 652 (1737). Sericocarpus NEES, Gen. Ast. 148 (1818). Biotia, Heliastrum, Heterochaeta, Arctogeron, Turczaii- inowia, Noticastrum, Galatella DC. Prodr. V ( 1836). IMplopappus, Galatea, Linosyris, Crinitaria CASS. Diet. XIII, seq. (1834). Xylorliiza and Bucephalus NUTT. Trans. Phil. Soc. 2, VIII, 298 (1841). Symphyotrichum, Machaeranthera, Doelliiigera, Tripol- ium, Calliiiieris NEES, Ast. (1832). Dieteria NUTT. 1. c. 300 (1841). Rhinactina LESS. Linn. VI, 149 (1832). Homostylium NEES, Linn. XVIII, 513 (1844). Bellicliastrum MICHELI, Nov. Gen. 29 (1729 '. Margarita GAUD. Helv. V, 335 (1829). H*rsilea KLOTXSCH, Waldem. Reis. Bot. 75 (1843?). ? Psychrog-eton Boiss. Fl. Or. Ill, 156 (1843). Amellus ADANS. Fam. PL II, 124 (1763). 516 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Pinardia NECK. Elem. I, 5 (1790). Crinita MOENCH, Meth. (1794). Baillon, Hist. PL VIII, 135; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 270, 271; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 196; O. Kuntze (includes Solidago), Rev. Gen. I, 309; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 161 (Hoffmann). Living species: 350 described, 250 reduced. N. and S. America, Europe, Asia, S. Africa, and closely related forms perhaps to be referred to the genus in Australia. Russia, 20; Europe, 10; North America 150, (124, Gray Syn.); Canada, 60- 70; Rocky mts., 50; E. Sts., 60; S. Sts., 50; California, 20; PL Wheel., 20; PL King, 20; W. Tex., 25. Aster ptarmicoides (NEES) T. and G. Fl. II, 160 (1841). Doellingeria ptarmicoides NEES, Syn. Ast. 183 (1818). Chrysopsis alba NUTT. Gen. II, 152 (1818). Heliastrum album DC. Prodr. V, 264 (1836). Diplopappus albus HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 21 (1840). Aster albus EAT. and WRIGHT. Man. 146 (1840). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 264; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 228; Coult., Fl. Colo. 165; Upham, Fl. Minn. 73; Cov.. Fl. Ark. 192; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 198. North America: Ont. and N. Eng. to Saskatchewan, Assiniboia and N. W. T. to 49° N. lat.; S. to Minn., Colo, and Arkansas. Minn, valley: Throughout at higher levels; fields, prairies, high bluffs and rocky headlands. HERB. : Sheldon 1254, Lake Benton; Taylor 1007, Glen- wood; Juni 7, Knife river; Juni 8, Little Marais; Kassube 126, Minneapolis; Bailey 517, Agate bay; Roberts 59, Little Marais; Leiberg 32, Blue Earth Co. ; Holzinger 112, Winona Co. ; Sand- berg 292, Goodhue Co.; MacM. and Sheld. 19, Brainerd; Herb. Wickersheim 69, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. ; Herb. Moyer 116, Min- nesota bluffs, near Montevideo. Aster umbellatus MILL. Diet. ed. 8, 2 (1768). A. amygdalinus LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 305 (1783). Chrysopsis amygdalina NUTT. Gen. II, 153 (1818). Diplopappus umbellatus T. and G. Fl. II, 183 (1841). D. amygdalinus T. and G. Fl. II, 153 (1841) in part. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 263; Britt., FL N. J. 140; Chap., Fl. S. St. 207; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 229; Cov., FL Ark. 192; Gray, Syn. FL I, 2i 196; Coult., Fl. Tex. 196. North America: Newf., Anticosti, N. S., N. Br. to N. J. , Tenn. and Ga. ; W. to Saskatchewan, Minn, and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout, principally W. districts; moist woods and shaded banks of streams and lakes. HERB. : Taylor 991, Glenwood; Taylor 1015, Glen wood; ' Taylor 1045, Glenwood; Sheldon 1157, New Ulm;— all in var. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 517 pubens Gray; Leiberg 33, Blue Earth Co.; Bailey 473, Agate Bay; — Type; Bailey 190, Vermilion lake; Arthur 66, Vermilion lake — also var. pubens Gray. Aster puniceus LINN. Spec. 875 (1753). A. hispidus LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 306 (1783). A. amoenus LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 306 (1783). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 263; Britt., Fl. N. J. 139; Chap.r Fl. S. St. 204; Upham, Fl. Minn. 73; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 226; Coult., Fl. Colo. 164; Cov., Fl. Ark. 192; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 195; Webb., Appx. Neb. 43. North America: Atl. to Pac. in Can.; S. in E. U. S. to N. Car. and Ga.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb. and Mont, to Colo. Minn, valley: Especially in W. districts, but probably throughout; low places and edges of swampy woods. HERB.: Taylor 1092, Glenwood; Sheldon 15 J4, Lake Ben ton; Sheldon 1554, Verdi, Lincoln Co. ; Herb. Wicker sheim 65, Ash lake, Lincoln Co.; Wickersheim 137, Ash lake, Lin coin Co. Aster puniceus LINN. var. lucidus (WEND.). A. lucidus WEND. Ind. Sem. Marb. (1832). A. puniceus var. vimineus T. and G. Fl. II, 140 (1841). A. puniceus var. lucidulus GRAY, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 195 (1886). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 263; Upham, Fl. Minn. 73; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 333. North America: E. Q. to N. Eng.; W. to Ills., Wise, and Minn. Minn, valley: W. and S. W. districts; rare; wet or low places. HERB. : Sheldon 1335, Lake Benton. Aster novabelgii LINN. Spec. 877 (1753). A. serotinus MILL. Diet. (1768). A. floribundus WILLD. Spec. Ill, 2048 (1803). A. laxus T. and G. Fl. II, 134 (1841). A. longifolius GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 233 (1867). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 262; Britt., Fl. N. J. 138; Webb., Fl. Neb. 148; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 225, 545; Chap., Fl. S. St. 203; Upham, Fl. Minn. 72; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV. 5, 163; Gray, Syn. Fl.l, 2, 189. North America: N. S. ?, N. Br.? and Bow river reg. to Ga. and S. Car.; N. J. to Minn, and Neb. Minn, valley: S. central districts and W. to Dakota line; rare; low places along streams and in meadows. Aster longifolius LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 306 (1783) chiefly. A. paniculatus LAM. in Herb. Par. A. aestivus AIT. Hort. Kew. Ill, 203 (1789). A. salicifolius WILLD. Herb. A. Jloribundus WILLD. Herb. Par. (18 14). 518 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. ? A. hiemalis NEKS, Ast. 77 (1832). A. viryineus NEES, Ast. 88 (1832). ? A. squarrulosus NEES, Ast. 86 (1832). A. laxifolius HOOK. Fl. I, (1833). A. longifolius var. villicaulis GRAY, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 189 (1886). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 262; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 188; Upham, Fl. Minn. 72; Coult., Fl. Colo. 161, partly; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 226. North America: Labrador, N. N. Eng, to Ont., Man. and Great Slave lake; 8. to Mont., Minn, and Colo. Minn, valley: N. districts, E. and W. ; woods and edges of thickets. HERB.: Taylor 1115, Glenwood; Bollard 823, Page lake, Carver Co. ; Bollard 795, Goose lake, Carver Co. ; Bollard 716, Benton. Carver Co. ; Bollard 840, Patterson lake, Carver Co.; Bailey 266, St. Louis river; Sandberg 608, Red Wing; Oesilund 352, Minneapolis. Aster junceus ATT. Hort. Kew. Ill, 204 (1789). A. saUcifolius RICH. App. Frankl. Journ. 478 (1823). A. bellidiflorus HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 2 (1840). A. laxifolius HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 10(1840). A. laxifolius \ar. borealis T. and G. Fl. II, 138 (1841). A. laxifolius var. laetiflorus T. and G. Fl. II, 138(1841). A. borealis PROVANCH. Fl. Can. I, 308 (1862). A. aestivus GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 233 (1867) mainly. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 262; Britt., Fl. N. J. 139; Coult., Fl. Colo. 161: Upham, Fl. Minn. 72; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 545; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 188. North America: Saskatchewan to N. S. and Brit. Col. to lat. 64° N. and at Hudson Bay; S. to N. Y. and N. J. ; W. to Minn., Ohio and Mich. Minn, valley: Reported as occurring throughout; rare; shaded places and along streams. Aster salicifolius LAM.? Enc. Meth. I, 306 (1783). ? A. eminens WILLD. Enum. 886 (1809). A. praealtus Pom. Suppl. I, 493 (1810). A. rigidulus DESF. Cat. 122 (1815). A. obliquus NEES, Syn. Ast. 76(1818). ? A. carneus NEES, Syn. Ast. 96 (1818). A. stenophyllus LINDL. DC. Prodr. V, 242 (1836). A. laxifolius HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 10 (1840) proparte. A. greenei T. and G. Fl. II, 134 (1841). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 261; Britt., Fl. N. J. 138; Coult., Fl. Colo. 161; Webb., Fl. Neb. 148; Upham., Fl. Minn. 72; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 224; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 188; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 554?; Coult., Fl. Tex. 196?. North America: N. S., Ont., Man. and Saskatchewan to N. Eng., N. J. and W. to Minn., Dak., Mont., Neb. and Tex. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 519 Minn valley: Reported in W. districts, both N. and S. ; rare; moist or low fields and meadows. Aster paniculatus LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 306 (1783). A. salicifolius SCROLL. Fl. Barb. Suppl. 328 (1785). A. salignus WILLD. Spec. Ill, 240 (1800). A. dracunculoides WILLD. Spec. Ill, 2050 (1803). A. simplex WILLD. Enum. 887 (1809). A. laxus WILLD. Enum. 886 (1809). A. strictus Pom. Suppl. 498 (1810). A. carneus NEES, Syn. Ast. 27 (1818). A. lamarckianus KEES, Syn. Ast. 100 (1818). A. recurvatus WILLD. in Herb. A. parviflarus HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 11 (1841). A. tenuifolius T. and G. Fl. II, 131 (1840). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 261; Britt., Fl. N. J. 138; Chap., Fl. S. St. 203; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 224; Coult., Fl. Colo. 161; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 150; Wats., King Exp. 140; Cov., Fl. Ark. 192; Gray, Syn. Fl. 187; Webb., Appx. Neb. 43. North America: N. Br. to Saskatchewan and Mont.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and La.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout; principally in W. dis- tricts; shaded banks or edges of woods. HERB. : Sheldon 1425, Lake Benton; Roberts 58, Stew- art river; Sandberg 290, Red Wing; Bailey 217, Vermilion lake; Taylor 1091, Glenwood; Sheldon 925, Sleepy Eye; Herb. Moyer 265, Montevideo. Aster lateriflorus (LiNN.) BRITT. Trans. N. Y. Acad. IX, (1889). Solidago laterifiwa LINN. Spec. 879(1753). Aster diffusus AIT. Hort. Kew. Ill, 205 (1789). A. tradescanti MICHX. Fl. II, 115 (1803). A. miser NUTT. Gen. II, 158 (1818). A. parviflorus DARL. Fl. Cestr. 446 (1840). A. divergens HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 11 (1840). A. pendulus HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 12 (1840). A. glomeretlus T. and G. Fl. II, 129 (1841). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 261; Upharn, Fl. Minn. 72; Chap., Fl. S. St. 203?; Britt., Fl. N. J. 138; Mac.,Fl. Can. I, 224; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 186; Coult., Fl. Tex." 196. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. and Minn, to Fla. and Tex. Minn, valley: Reported as occurring throughout; fields, edges of woods and along streams. HERB.: Sandberg 289, Red Wing; Roberts 57, Beaver bay. Aster vimineus LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 306 (1783). A. tradescanti LINN. Herb. Cliff?. 520 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. A. secundiflorus DESF. Hort. Par. (1815). A. multiflorus NUTT. Gen. II, 155 (1818). A. fragilis NEES, Ast. 101 (1818). A. tenuifolius ELL. Sk. II, 347 (1824). A. diffusus DC. Prodr. V, 242 (1836) in part. Wats, and Coult. Gray's Man. 6 ed. 260; Britt., Fl. N. J. 138; Chap.r Fl. S. St. 203?; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 226?, 546; Cov. Fl. Ark. 192; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 186. North America: Ont. to N. Eng. and Va. ; W. to Minn., Mo., Ark. and Fla. Minn valley: Reported from N. edge and said to ex- tend W. and S. ; doubtful; moist banks and edges of woods or marshes. Aster dumosus LINN. Spec. 873 (1753). A. sparsiflorus MICHX. Fl. II, 112 (1803). A. fragilis LINDL. DC. Prodr. V, 246 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 260; Britt., Fl. N. J. 138; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 224, 546; Chap., Fl. S. St. 203; Cov.. Fl. Ark. 191; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 185; Coult., Fl. Tex. 196. North America: N. Eng. and Ont. to Minn.; S. to Fla., Tex. and Ark. Minn, valley: Reported from S. E. and S. central dis- tricts; rare; woods and thickets; banks of streams. HERB. : Sandberg 288, Red Wing. Aster multiflorus AIT. Hort. Kew. Ill, 203 (1789). A. ciliatus MUHL. Willd. Spec. Ill, 2024 (1803). A. ericoides var. multiflorus PERS. Syn. II, 443 (1807). A. scoparius DC. Prodr. V. 242 (1836). A. hebecladus DC. Prodr. Y, 242 (1836 -. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 260; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 223, 544; Webb., Fl. Neb. 148; Britt., Fl. N. J. 138; Coult., Fl. Colo. 161; Chap., Fl. S. St. 202; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 150; Wats., King. Exp. 191; Cov., Fl. Arlr. 192; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 185; Coult., Fl. Tex. 195. North America: Saskatchewan and Brit. Col.? to Mont., Arizona and Mexico; E. to Minn., Neb., Ont., N. Y., N. J., Va., Ga. and Tex. Minn valley: Throughout; dry places, banks of streams, shores of lakes; gravelly or sandy soil. HERB.: Sheldon 1106, Springfield; Taylor 1068, Glen- wood; Sheldon 1331, Lake Benton; Sandberg 287, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1815, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 64, Idle wild, Lincoln Co. ; Herb. Moyer 114, Montevideo. Aster ericoides LINN. var. villosus (Micnx.) T. and G. Fl. II, 123 (1841). A. villosus MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 113 (1803). A. pilosus WILLD. Spec. Ill, 2055 (1803). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 521 Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 260; Upham, Fl. Minn. 71; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 223; Chap., Fl. S. St. 202; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 544; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 184. North America: Ont. to Minn, and Iowa; E. to N. Y., Ohio, Fla. and Miss. ? Minn, valley: S. central district and E. edge; rare; dry places and sunny banks of streams. HERB. : tBolzinger 110 Winona Co. Aster polyphyllus WILLD. Enum. 888 (1809). A. tenuifolius NEES, Syn. Ast. 119 (1818) in part. Wats, and Coult. Gray's Man. 6 ed. 216; Chap., Fl. S. St. 203; Upham, FL Minn. 72; Gray, Syn. Fl. I. 2, 184. North America: N. Vt. to Wise, and Minn.; S. to N. Car. Minn, valley: Reported from N. W. and S. central districts; low places and along streams. Aster laevis LINN. Spec. 876 (1753). A. rubricaulis LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 305 (1783). A. ampkxicaulis MUHL. Willd. Spec. Ill, 2046 (1803). A. cyaneus HOFFM. Phyt. Blatt. 71 (1803 '. A. pennsylvanicus Pom. Suppl. I, 498 (1810). A. glaucescens and impolitus NEES, Syn. 23 (1818). A. concinnus HOOK. Fl. II, 13 (1840). A. strictus var. angustifolius HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 13 (1840). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 259; Britt , Fl. N. J. 137; Webb., Fl. Neb. 148; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 221; Upham, Fl.Minn. 71; Coult., Fl. Colo. 160; Chap., Fl. S. St. 200; Cov., Fl. Ark. 192; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 183. North America: Ont. to Saskatchewan and Rocky mts. to lat. 58° N. on Peace river; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Va. ; W. to Minn. , Kan. , Neb. and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout; at higher levels; dry woods and thickets. HERB : Taylor 1124, Glenwood; Sandberg 282, Red Wing; Sandberg 283 Red Wing; Herrick 143, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 63, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. ; Herb. Moyer 113, Monte- video; WincheU 21, Lake Minnetonka. Aster drummoiidii LINDL. DC. Prodr. V, 246 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 259; Webb., Fl. Neb. 148; Upham, Fl. Minn. 71; Cov., Fl. Ark. 191: Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 182; Coult., Fl. Tex. 195. North America: 111. to Minn., Neb., Kan. and Tex. Minn, valley: Reported from S. E. district; no Minn, specimens seen. Aster sagittawfolins WILLD. Spec. Ill, 2035 (1803). A. paniculatus MUHL. Cat. (1813). A. hirtellus and urophyllus LINDL. DC. Prodr. V, 233 (1836). 522 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 259: Upham, Fl. Minn. 71; Britt., Fl. N. J. ]38; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 222; Webb., Fl. Neb. 148; Chap., Fl. S. St. 202; Coult., Fl. Colo. 160; Cov., Fl. Ark. 192; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 182. North America: N. Br., Ont., N. Y., N. J. and Penn. to Ky. and Fla ; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb. and Ark. Minn, valley: N. edge, N. E. and N. W. districts; higher levels; dry places a.nd edges of woods. HERB.: Sandberg 286, Red Wing; Bailey 458, Mud lake; Bailey 269, Vermilion lake; Bailey 270, Vermilion lake; Herrick 144, Minneapolis; Holtz 17, Minneapolis. Aster cordifolius LINN. Spec. 875 (1753). A. paniculatus and heterophyllus WILLD. Spec. Ill, 2035 (1803). A. paniculatus, heterophyllus and cordifolius NEES. Ast. (1818). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 259; Webb., Fl. Neb. 148; Britt., Fl. N. J. 137; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 222; Chap., Fl. S. St. 202; Upham, Fl. Minn. 7]; Cov., Fl. Ark. 191; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 182. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Georgian bay; S. to Va., Ky., Neb., Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout the forest district; woods and thickets. HERB. : Sandberg 285 Red Wing. Aster mid ill at us LINN. Spec. 875 (1753). A. paniculatus NUTT. Gen. II, 56 (1818). A. sagittaefolius ELL. Sk. II, 362 (1824). A. diversifolius DC. Prodr, V, 234 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 258; Webb., Fl. Neb. 148; Upham. Fl. Minn. 71; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 222; Chap., Fl. S. St. 201; Britt.. Fl. N. J. 137; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 544: Cov., Fl. Ark. 192; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 181. North America: N. Br., Ont. to N. J., N. Car., Fla.; W. to Minn., Ky., Ark. and Neb. Minn, valley: S. central district and N. W. ; rare; dry woods and thickets. HERB.: ? Taylor 1014, Glenwood. Aster azureus LTNDL. DC. Prodr. V, 244 (1836). A. oolentangiensis EIDD. Cat. PI. W. S. (1835). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 258; Upham, Fl. Minn. 71; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 221; Chap., Fl. S. St. 201; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 544; Webb,; Appx. Neb. 43; Coult., Fl. Tex. 195. North America: Ont. to N. Y.; W. to Minn., Ohio, Mo., Neb., Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughou'; prairies and borders of woods. HERB.: Sandberg 284, Red Wing; ^Bailey 507, Agate bay; Taylor 1183, Glenwood. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 523 Aster patens AIT. Hort. Kew. Ill, 201 (1789). A. arnplexicaulis MICHX. Fl. N. Am. 11, 114 (1803). A. undulatus ELL. Sk. II, 361 (1824). A. patentissimus LINDL. DC. Prodr. V, 232 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 258; Britt., Fl. N. J. 137; Webb., Fl. Neb. 148; Mac., FL Can. I, 221; Chap., Fl. S. St. 200; Cov., Fl. Ark. 192: Gray, Syn. Fl, I, 2, 180; Coult., Fl. Tex. 195. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Mass., N. J., Va. and Fla. ; W. to Minn. , Neb. and Ark. Minn, valley: Reported from N. edge and forest dis- trict to Blue Earth Co. ; rare ; dry places and banks of streams. HERB. : Sandberg 281, Red Wing. Aster sericeus VENT. Hort. Gels. 33 (1800). A. argenteus MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 111 (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 257; Webb., Fl. Neb. 148; Upham, Fl. Minn. 71; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 220: Chap., Fl. S. St. 190; Cov., Fl. Ark. 192; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 179; Coult., Fl. Tex. 194. North America: S. Man., Minn., Neb. and Wise.; S. to Ky., N. Car., Tenn. and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; common; prairies, dry hillsides and banks. HERB.: Sheldon 735, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 742, Glen- wood; Sheldon 1457. Pipestone; Taylor 1097, Glen wood; Sheldon 1323, LakeBenton; Leonard 24, Minneh aha Park; Kassubel25, Minneapolis; Sandberg 280, Red Wing; Herb. Wickersheim 62, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. ; Herb. Moyer 112, Montevideo. Aster Doyae-angliae LINN. Spec. 875 (1753). A. amplexicaulis LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 304 (1783). A. spurius WILLD. Spec. III. 2032 (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 257; Britt., Fl. N. J. 139; Webb., Fl. Neb. 148; Coult., Fl. Colo. 159; Chap., Fl. S. St. 205; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 226, 545; Upham, Fl. Minn. 73; Cov., Fl. Ark. 192; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 163: Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 178. North America: Man., Georgian Bay and Q. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Colo., Ark., Tenn. and S. Car. Minn, valley: Throughout; abundant; moist woodland, river banks and around lake shores. HERB. : Taylor 955, Glenwood; ShMon 1503, Lake Ben- ton; Sandberg 291, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1816, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 68, Ash lake, Lincoln Co. Aster oblongifolius NUTT. Gen. II, 156 (1818). A.- biennis TORR. Ann. Lye. N. Y. II, 122 (1834). A. multiceps LINDL. DC. Prodr. V, 237 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 257; Webb., Fl. Neb. 148; Coult., 524 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Fl. Colo. 160; Upham, Fl. Minn. 73; Cov., Fl. Ark. 192; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 178; Coult., Fl. Tex. 194. North America: Penn. and Va. to Minn., Neb., Dak., Colo., Kan., Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout, but local; more abundant W. than E. ; banks and hillsides. HERB.: Holzinger 111, Winona Co.; Sheldon 1444%, Pipestone City; Sheldon 1324, Lake Ben ton; Herb. Wickersheim 66, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; 67, Ash lake, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 115, Montevideo. Aster macrophyllus LINN. Spec. 2 ed. 1232 (1762). Eurybia macrophylla CASS. Diet. XXXVII. 487 (1826). E. jussiei CASS. Diet. XXXVII, 487 11826). Biotia schroeberi, latifolia, glomerata, macrophylla DC. Prodr. Vr 265 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 256; Britt., Fl. N. J. 136; Upham, Fl. Minn. 70; Webb., FL Neb. 148; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 219; Chap., Fl. S. St. 198; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 162; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 175. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to S. Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga. ; W. to Minn., Neb. and Kan. \ Minn, valley: Reported from N. E. district and prob- ably in Leaf hill district; woods and aloiig streams. HERB.: Bailey 297, Vermilion Lake; Bailey 462, Agate bay; Bailey 503, Agate bay. Aster asteroides (LINN.). Conyza asteroides LINN. Spec. 861 (1753). Aster conyzoides WILLD. Spec. Ill, 2043 (1803). A. manlandicus MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 108 (1803). Sericocarpus conyzoides NEES, Ast. 148(1832). S. asteroides B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 254; Chap., Fl. S. St. 197; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 171; Britt., Fl. N. J. 146. North America: Maine to Ga. and Fla.; W. to Ohio and Minn. Minn, valley: Reported from New Ulm; S. central reg- ion; local; dry soil and sunny banks. Aster divaricatus LINN. Spec. 873 (1753). A. corymbosus AIT. Hort. Kew. Ill, 207 (1789). A. cordifolius MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 114 (1803). Eurybia corymbosa CASS. Diet. XXXVII, 487 (1826). Biotia corymbosa DC. Prodr. V, 265 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 255; Britt., Fl. N. J. 136; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 219; Upham/Fl. Minn. 70; Chap., Fl. S. St. 198; Engl. Hoff- mann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 162; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 174. North America: W. Q. to S. Man.; S. to N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn, and Iowa. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 525 Minn, valley: Reported from N. E. district; rare; wooded banks and in glades. ERIGERON LINN. Gen. 653 (1737). Trimorphoea CASS. Bull. Phil. (1817). Leptostelma DON, Sweet. Brit. Fl. Gard. 2, 38 (1829). Stenactis NEES, Gen. Ast. 273 U832). Woodvillea DC. Prodr. V, 318 (1836). Pbalacroloma CASS. Diet. XXXIX, 404 (1834). Polyactis and Polyactidinm LESS. Syn. Comp. 188 (1832). Conyzella EUPR. Sert. Tsch. 51 ( ). Heterochaeta DC. Prodr. V, 282 (1836). Gusmania REMY, C. Gay, Fl. Chil. IV, 12 (1845). Astradelphus REMY, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, XII, 185 (1849). Terranea COLLA, Mem. Acad. Tur. XXXVIII, 11 (1835). Vittadinia A. RICH. Fl. N. Zeal. 250 (1834). Microgyne LESS. Syn. 190(1832). ' Eurybiopsis DC. Prodr. V, 260 (1836). Tetramolopium NEES, Ast. 202 (1832). Brachyactis LED. Fl. Ross. II, 495 (1846). Laclmoplijllum BUNGE, Rel. Lehm. 151 (1848). Nidorella CASS. Diet. XXXVII, 469(1834). Conyza LINN. Gen. 950 (1737) part. Ksclieiibaeliia MOENCH, Meth. 573 (1794). Fimbrillaria CASS. Diet. XVII, 54 (1826). I>i mot-pliant 1ms CASS. 1. C. XIII, 254 (1826). Laennecia CASS. 1. c. XXI, 91 (1834). Achaetogeron A. GRAY, PI. Fendl. 72 (1849). Baillon, Hist. PL VIII, 143; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. II, 279, 280, 282: Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 197; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 164 (Hoffmann). Living species: 200±; 100 (B. and H.); 110 (Durand); 150 (Hoffmann); about half of these are in N. America, most of the remainder are S. American. The rest are S. African, Australian, Oceanic and old world. It is not clear what should be the limits of this genus. North America, 80 ± ; Canada, 30; Rocky mts., 35; S. Sts., 10; E. Sts., 10; California, 25; PI. King, 19-20; PL Wheel., 20-21; W. Tex., 11. Erigeron philadelphicus LINN. Spec. 863 (1753), E. purpureum AIT. Hort. Kew. Ill, 186 (1789). E. pulchellus var. a. HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 19 (1840). E. purpureus HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 19 (1840). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 266; Britt., Fl. N. J. 140; Webb., Fl. Neb. 148; Chap., Fl. S. St. 206; Upham, Fl. Minn. 74; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 233: Coult., Fl. Colo. 173; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 331; Cov., Fl. Ark. 192: Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 217; Coult., Fl. Tex. 198 North America: Calif, and Oregon across continent to Pla. and Tex. and N. to Arctic circle. 526 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn, valley: Throughout; moist places and in edges of woodland. HERB.: Bollard 35 Carver; Taylor 137, Janesville; Taylor 795, Glenwood; Sheldon 1395, Lake Ben ton; Taylor 646, Minnesota lake; Taylor M, Elysian; Taylor 346, Janesville; Sheldon 896, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 292, Madison Lake; Sheldon 526, Waseca; Sandberg 296, Chisago Co.; Kassube 128, Minne- apolis; Herrick .147, Minneapolis; Arthur 65, Vermilion lake; Bailey 285, Vermilion lake; Herb. Sheld. 1807, Ramsey Co. ; 1795, Ft. Snelling; Herb. Wickersheim 70, Idlewild; Herb. Moyer 117, Montevideo; 118, Montevideo. Erigeron pulchellus MICHX. PL N. Am. II, 124 (1803). E. bellidifolius MUHL. Willd. Spec. Ill, 1958 (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 266; Britt., Fl. N. J. 140; Chap., Fl. S. St 206; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 233, 547; Upham, Fl. Minn. 74; Wats., King Exp. 151; Cov., Fl. Ark. 192; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 216. North America: N. S. to N. J., Tenn. and S. Car. ; W. to Q. , Ont. , Man. , Minn, and La. Minn, valley: Forest district; infrequent; banks and edges of low woodland. HERB.: Kassube 127, Minneapolis; Herrick 1^6, Min- neapolis; Sandberg 294, Washington Co.; Sandberg 295, Chisago lake. Erigeron glabellus NUTT. Gen. II, 147 (1818). E. asper NUTT. Gen. II, 147 (1818). E. pulchellus HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 19(1840) in part. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man 6 ed. 265; Upham, Fl. Minn. 74; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 232; Coult., Fl. Colo. 169; Wats., King Exp. 150; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 209. North America: Man. and Saskatchewan to Rocky mts. and Alaska; 64° N. lat.; S. to Wise., Minn., Dak., Mont., Colo, and S. Utah. Minn, valley: Reported from S. E. district; rare or doubtful; fields and dry prairies Erigeron ramosus (WALT.) B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Doronicum ramosum WALT. Fl. Car. 205 (1788). Erigeron strigosus MUHL. Willd. Spec. Ill, 1956 (1803). E. nervosum PURSH, Fl. Am. II, 148 (1814). E. ambiguus NUTT. Gen. II, 147 (1818). E. philadelphicus BART. Mat. Med. 20 (1820). E. integrifolius BIGEL, Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 302 (1824). Phalacroloma obtusifolmm CASS. Diet. XXXIX, 405 (1826 .'. Stenactis ambigua DC. Prodr. V, 299 (1836). E. strigosus var. discoideus ROBBINS, Gray's Man. 5 ed. 237 (1867). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 265; Britt., Fl. N. J. 140; Mac., LIST OF HIGHER SEED -PRODUCING PLANTS. 527 Fl. Can. I, 234; Webb., Fl. Neb. 148; Chap., Fl. S. St. 200; Upham, Fl. Minn. 74; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 331; Coult., Fl. Colo. 173; Cov., Fl. Ark. 192; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV. 5, 164; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 219; Coult., Fl. Tex. 199. North America: N. S. to Man., Saskatchewan and N. W. T. to 49° N. lat. ; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Tex. ; W. to Minn., Dak., Mont., Oregon, California, Neb., Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout; waste places and fields. HERB. : Bollard 464, Prior's lake, Scott Co. ; Bollard 3^6, Belle Plaine; Sheldon 1481, Pipestone City; Sheldon 649, Waseca; Sheldon 750, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 354, Janesville; Tay- lor 705, Glenwood; Sheldon 530, Waseca; Sheldon 1124, Spring- field; Winchell 9, Minneapolis; Oesilund 90, Minneapolis. Kas sube 129, Minneapolis; Holzingtr 113, Winona Co.; Bailey 161, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 29S, Cannon Falls; Holzinger 114, Winona Co.; Herb. Sheld. 2195, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1814, Cedar lake; Herb. Moyer 120, Montevideo; 121, Montevideo. Erigeron animus (LiNN.) PERS. Syn. II, 431 (1807). Aster annuus LINN. Hort. Cliff, and Spec. 875 (1753). Pulicaria annua GAERTN. Fruct. II, 462 (1791). Erigeron heterophyllus MUHL. Willd. Spec. Ill, 1956 (1803). Diplopappus dubius CASS. Bull. Philom. (1817-1818). Erigeron strigosus BIGEL. Fl; Bost. 2 ed. 302 (1824). Phalacroloma acutifolium CASS. Diet. XXXIX, 405 (1826). Stenactis duUa CASS. Diet. XXXY1I, 485 (1826). Stenactis annua and strigosa DC. Prodr. V, 299 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 265; Britt., Fl. N. J. 140; Upham, Fl. Minn. 74; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 234; Webb., Fl. Neb. 147; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 331; Cov., Fl. Ark. 192; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 164; Gray, Syn.Fl. I, 2, 219. Introduced in Germany. North America: N. S., N. Br. to W. Ont; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Va. ; W. to Mont., Oregon, California, Neb. and Ark. Minn, valley: Reported from S. E. edge and N. E. district; absent elsewhere; waste places and roadsides. HERB. : Sandberg 297, Gopdhue Co. Erigeron divaricatus MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 123 (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 265; Webb., Fl. Neb. 147; Coult., Fl. Colo. 174; Upham, Fl. Minn. 74; Cov., Fl. Ark. 192'. Gray, Syn. Fl. ], 2, 221; Coult, Fl. Tex. 198. North America: Colo, to Minn., Neb., Ind. and Tex. Minn, valley: Reported from S. E. and S. edges; rare; doubtful; localities of E. canadensis Linn. Erigeron canadensis LINN. Spec. 863 (1753). E. paniculatus LAM. Fl. Fr. (1778). 528 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Senecio ciliatus WALT. Fl. Car. 208 (1788). Erigeron pusillm NUTT. Gen. II, 138 (1818). E. strictum DC. Prodr. V, 289 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 265; Britt., Fl. N. J. 140; Webb., Fl. Neb. 147; Chap., Fl. S. St. 206; Upham, Fl. Minn. 74; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 235; Coult., Fl. Colo. 174; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 331; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 205: Gris. Fl. W. I.; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 418; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 487; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 66; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 152; Wats., King Exp. 147; Cov., Fl. Ark. 192; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 164; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 221; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 554; Coult., Fl. Tex. 198. Europe to Caucasus; Siberia and China; intro, in S. Africa; Malay archipelago?. North America: Throughout continent to Jamaica. Minn, valley: Throughout; waste places, roadsides and railway embankments. HERB.: Taylor 801, Glenwood; Sheldon 1591, Lake Ben ton; Bollard 758, Waconia; Bailey 271, St. Louis river; Oestlund 89, Minneapolis; Roberts 60, Grand Marais; Herrick lJi-5, Minneapolis; Sandberg 293, Goodhue Co. ANTENNARIA GAERTN. Fruct. II, 410 (1792). Baillon, Hist. PL VIII, 169; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 301; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 200; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 186. Living species: 15-20; Alpine regions, Europe, Asia, N. and S. America and Australia; extra-tropical. Russia, 5; Europe, 4; Russian Europe, 3; North America, 12; Canada, 7; Rocky mts., 7; E. Sts., 1; California, 7; S. Sts., 1; PL King, 4; PI. Wheel., 2; W. Tex., .1. A 11 ten n aria plantaginifolia (LiNN.) HOOK. Fl. Bor. Amer. I, 329 (1833). Gnaphalium plantaginifolium LINN. Spec. 882 (1753). G. plantagineum MURR. Syst. 748 (1774). G. dioicum var. plantaginifolium MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 128 (1803). Antennaria plantaginea DC. Prodr. VI, 269 (1837). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 267: Britt., Fl. N. J. 141; Webb., Fl. Neb. 147; Upham, Fl. Minn. 86; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 235; Chap., Fl. S. St. 243; Coult., FL Colo. 177; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 338; Cov., Fl. Ark- 193; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 233; Coult., Fl. Tex. 202. North America: Anticosti, N. S., N. Br. toPac. ; N. to Slave lake and Hudson Bay; S. to Oregon and N. Mex. ; E. to Atl. coast and Fla. Minn, valley: Throughout; grassy knolls or plains; openings in forest; prairies. HERB. : Sheldon $10, Lake Washington, Blue Earth Co. ; Sheldon 627, Wilton, Waseca Co.; Sheldon 919, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 218, Janesville; Taylor 9, Elysian; Sheldon 1589, Lake LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 529 Benton; Herrick 171, Minneapolis; Leiberg 42, Blue Earth Co.; Kassube 141, Minneapolis; Bailey 218, Vermilion lake; Sand- berg 343, Red Wing; Holzinger 132, Winona Co. ; Holzinger IBS, Winona Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1716, Ramsey Co.; 1810, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 82, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. ; Herb. Moyer 150, Montevideo. ANAPHALIS DC. Prodr. VI, 271 (1837). Baillon, Hist. PI. VIII, 171; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz.IV, 5, 186; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 200; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 303. Living species: 30; tropical and temperate Asia; 1 sp. in N. hemisphere throughout, and in N. America (United States). N. America, 1. Anaphalis margaritacea (LiNN.) B. and H. Gen. PL II, 303 (1873). Gnaphalium margaritacea LINN. Spec. 850 (1753). Antennaria margaritacea R. BR. Trans. Linn. Soc. XII (1817). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 268; Britt., Fl. N. J. 141; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 237; Upham, Fl. Minn. 86; Chap., Fl. S. St. 243; Coult., Fl. Colo. 177; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 341; Forbes and Hems., Fl.Sin. 425; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 613; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 209; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 241; Wats., King Exp. 185; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 186; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 233. N. Asia to Amur. , Kamtk. , Japan, Saghalin and Kur- iles; in var. to Ceylon. Intro.? in Europe. North America: Newf., Anticosti, N. S. and N. Br. to Alaska and Pac. ; S. to Oregon and Mid. Calif. ; E. to Atl. coast, N. Eng. and Del. ; S. to mts. of N. Car. Minn, valley: Forest district; local and rare; dry hills, thickets, woods and knolls. HERB.: Boberts69, Beaver bay; Leiberg 41, Blue Earth Co.; Bailey 160, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 342, Chisago Co.; MacM. and Sheld. 39, Brainerd. GNAPHALIUM LINN. GEN. 645 (1737), emend. Benth. 1. c. (1873). Gamochaeta WEDD. Chlor. And. I, 151 (1855). Euchiton CASS. Diet. LVI, 215 (1834). Omalotheca CASS. 1. c. 218 (1834). Belloa REMY, Gay Fl. Chile III, 336 (1845). Lncilia CASS. Bull. Philom. (1817). Merope WEDD. Chlor. And. I, 160 (1855). Baillon, Hist. PL VIII, 168: Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 305; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 200: Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 187(Hoff- rnann). Living species: 120; cosmopolitan. Europe, 6; Rus- -34 530 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. sia, 6; N. America, 15; Canada, 10-11; S. Sts., 2; E. Sts., 5; Rocky mts., 4; California, 6; PL Wheel., 3; PL King, 3; W. Tex., 7. (wiiaplialiuni uliginosum LINN. FL Dan. 859 (1757). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 268; Britt., FL N. J. 142; Mac.r Fl. Can. I, 238; Upham, FL Minn. 86; Forbes and Hems., FL Sin. 428; Nym., FL Eur.: Led., Fl. Ross. II, 609; Hook., FL Gt. Brit. 208; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 70; Wats., King Exp. 185; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IT 5, 187; Gray, Syn. FL I, 2, 235; Hart., FL Scand. 1, 12. Northern Europe to Sicily and Sardinia; N. Asia to Amurland and China. North America: Greenland and N. S. to Saskatchewan, Oregon and Brit. Col.; S. to N. Eng. and N. J., and adventive further south; S. to Minn, and Dak. Minn, valley: N. E. and N. W. districts at higher lev- els; woods and sandy places; rare. HERB. : Sheldon 1610, St. Anthony Park. Gnaphalium decurrens IVES, Am. Jour. Sci. I, 380 (1820). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 268; Britt., Fl. N. J. 142; Coult., Fl. Colo. 178; Mac., Fl. Can. I. 237; Upham, FL Minn. 86; Cov., FL Ark. 193; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 235; Coult., Fl. Tex. 203. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man., Brit. Col. and Washington; S. to N. Eng. and N. J.; W. to Colo., Tex. and Mex. Minn, valley: Reported from S. central district; rare or doubtful; woods and hillsides in sandy soil. Gnaphalium obtusifolium LINN. Spec. 851 (1753). G. polycephalum MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 127 (1803). G. conoideum LAM. Enc. Meth. II, 755 (1786). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man., 6 ed. 268; Britt., FL N. J. 142; Mac., FL Can. I, 238; Upham, Fl. Minn. 86; Chap., Fl. S. St. 243; Gray, Syn. FL I, 2, 234; Coult., FL Tex. 203. North America: N. S., Q., Ont. to S. Man. ; S. to Minn., Mo. , and E. to Atl. and Fla. ; Tex. and Mex. Minn, valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co.; open woods or thickets, sandy soil; infrequent. HERB. : Holtz 5, Minneapolis; Sandberg 341, Goodhue Co. ADENOCAULON HOOK. Bot. Misc. I, 19 (1849). Baillon, Hist. PI VIII, 239; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 344; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 206; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 206. Living species: 2; 1, N. America, Japan and Hima- layas; 1, Chile to Magellan. LIST OP HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 531 Adenocaulon bicolor HOOK. Bot. Misc. I, 119 (1849). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 269; Upham, Fl. Minn. 70; Mac., FL Can. I, 239; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 206; Gray, Syn. FL 1, 2, 237. Himalayas to Japan. North America: N. of L. Superior to lat. 52° N. ; W. to Rockies, Cascade range, Brit. Col., Vancouver; S. to Calif, and C. Minn. Minn, valley: Reported from N. edge; rare; moist or deep woodland. HERB. : Bailey 296, St. Louis river. POLYMNIA LINN. Diss. Chen. 1181 (1751). Alymnia NECK. Elem. I, 31 (1790). Polymniastrum LAM. 111. 712 (1793;. Baillon, Hist. PI VIII, 234 (sub Silphium); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 346; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 206; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 217 (Hoffmann). Living species: 10-12; Buenos Ayres to Brit. CoL Canada, 1; E. Sts., 2; S. Sts., 2; W. Tex. 1. Polymnia c amid ens is LINN. Amoen. Ill, 15 (1756). P. canadensis var. dtecoidea GRAY, Man. 3 ed. 248 (1857). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 269; Upham, Fl. Minn. 78; Chap., Fl. S. St. 219; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 239; Cov., Fl. Ark. 193; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 238. North America: Ont. and Conn, to mts. of N. Car.; W. to Minn. , Kan. , Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: S. E. district; rare; ravines, woods and damp edges of thickets. HERB.: Sandberg 309, Bed Wing; Holzinger 1%0, Wi- nona Co. ; Sandberg 310, Red Wing; Holzinger 121, Winona Co. ; and in variety radiata Gray, Sheldon 653, Waseca. SILPHIUM LINN. Gen. Corr. 981 (1737). Baillon, Hist. PL VIII, 234 (incl. Philoglossa DC., Berlandiera DC., Engelmannia T. and G., Schizoptera Turcz., Polymnia Linn.); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 350; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 207; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 218 (Hoffmann). Living species: 12-13; N. America. E. Sts., 6-7; S, Sts., 8-9; Rocky mts., 1; Canada, 2; W. Tex., 6. Silphium perfoliatum LINN. Spec. 2 ed. 1301 (1762). S. connatum LINN. Mant. 574 (1767). S. tetragonum and scabrum MOENCH, Meth. 606 (1794). S. conjunctum WLLU>. Enum. 633 (1809). S. hornemanni SCHKAD. Hort. Gott. (1809). S. erythrocaulon BERNH. Spreng. Syst. Ill, 630 (1826). 532 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 271; Webb., Fl. Neb. 147; Upham, Fl. Minn. 78; Chap., Fl. S. St. 221; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 239, 549; Cov., FL Ark. 193; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 218; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 240. North America: Detroit river to Minn, and Neb. ; S. to Ark., mts. of Ga. and La. Minn, valley: Throughout; gullies and ravines, edges of woods and thickets; wet places. HERB.: Sheldon 1298, Lake Benton; Tay lor 723, Min- nesota lake; Bollard 391, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Bollard 772, Swan lake, Carver Co.; Taylor 702, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 901, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 374, Lake Ballentyne, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 768, Sleepy Eye; Kassube 135, Minneapolis; Herrick 155, Minneapolis; Sandberg 312, Goodhue Co. ; Herb. Moyer 131, Minnesota valley, near Montevideo. SilpMum integrifolium MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 146 (1803). S. laevigatum PURSH, Fl. Am. II (1814). S. speciosum NUTT. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VII, 341 (1841). 8. integrifolium var. laeve T. and G. Fl. II, 279 (1841). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 271; Webb., Fl. Neb. 147; Upham, Fl. Minn. 78; Cov., Fl. Ark. 193; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 240; Coult., Fl. Tex. 205. North America: Mich, to Minn, and Neb.; S. to Mo., Ark., Tex. and W. Ga. Minn, valley: Reported from S. E. district; rare or local; prairies and hillsides or embankments. Si lp Iii u 11 1 terebinthinaceum JACQ. Hort. Vindob. I, 43 (1762). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 270; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 239; Cov., Fl. Ark. 193; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 218; Gray, Syn. FL I, 2, 242. North America: Ohio, Mich., Wise., Minn, and Dak. to Neb., Tex., Ark., Ga., La. Minn, valley: S. central district; rare; prairies and banks. Silphium laciniatum LINN. Spec. 919 (1753). S. spicatum Pom. Suppl. V, 157 (1811). S. gummiferum ELL. Sk. II, 426 (1824). Wats, and Coult , Gray's Man. 6 ed. 270; Webb., Fl. Neb. 147; Upham, Fl. Minn. 78; Coult., Fl. Colo. 179; Chap., Fl. S. St. 220; Cov., Fl. Ark. 193; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 218; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 242: Coult., Fl. Tex. 205. North America: Minn., Wise, and Dak. to Neb., Colo., Ark. and Tex. ; E. to Alabama. Minn, valley: S. central and S. W. districts; E. to Waseca; banks, hillsides and prairies. \ LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 533 HERB.: Sheldon 637, Waseca; Taylor 473, Janesville; Taylor 683, Minnesota lake; tiandberg 311, Cannon Falls. PARTHENIUM LINN. Gen. 675 (1737). Villanova ORT. Dec. 47 (1800). Argyrocliaeta Cav. Ic. IV, 54 (1797). Bolophyta NUTT. Trans. Phil. Soc. 2, VII, 347 (1841). Partheniastrum NISSOL. Act. Par. (1711). Hysterophorus VAILL. Act. Par. 335 (1720). Trichospermum P. BEAUV. ex DC. Prodr. V (1836). Aiolotheca DC. Prodr. V, 508 (1836). Parthenlce T. and G. PI. Wright. II, 85 (1845). Baillon, Hist. PL VIII, 233; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 351, 352; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 207; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 219 (Hoffmann). Living species: 11-12; N. America, Mexico, C. Amer- ica and W. Indies; 1 also in S. America and introduced in Mauritius. U. S., 5; E. Sts., 1; S. Sts., 2; PI. Wheel., 1; W. Tex., 5. Parthenium integrifolium LINN. Spec. 988 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 272; Chap., Fl. S. St. 222; Up- ham, FL Minn. 78; Cov., Fl. Ark. 194; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 245; Coult., FL Tex. 208. North America: Ind. to Alabama; W. to Minn., Ills. and Texas. Minn, valley: Reported from the S. E. district; rare or local; dry places in edges of woods or thickets. CYCL1CHAEN1 FRESEN. Ind. Hort. Frank. (1836). Baillon, Hist. PL VIII, 287 (sub /yet); Benth. and Hook. Gen. PL II, 353; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 221 (Hoffmann); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 207. Living species: 3, W. United States. (Possibly better combined as a separate section with Iva Linn.) Cyclachaena x ant Mi folia (NUTT.) FRESEN. Ind. Sem. Hort. Frank. (1836). Iva xanthiifolia NUTT. Gen. II, 185 (1818). Euphrosyne xanthiifolia GRAY, PL Wright. II, 85 (1852). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 273; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 240; Webb., Fl. Neb. 147; Upham, Fl. Minn. 78; Coult., Fl. Colo. 179; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 221; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 246. North America: Saskatchewan to Idaho and Washing- ton; S. to Minn., Neb. and N. Mex. Minn, valley: Throughout; especially S. central and S. W. districts; roadsides, banks and waste places. HERB. . Sandberg 131, Goodhue Co. ; Herb. Moyer 132, Montevideo. 534 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. AMBROSIA LINN. Gen. 718 (1737). Franseria CAV. Ic. II, 78 (1793). Hemiambrosia DELP. Stud. Art. 57 (1871). Hemixanthidium DELP. 1. c. 62 (1871). Xaiithidium DELP. 1. c. 62 (1871). Hymenoclea T. and G. PI. Fendl. 79 (1849). Baillon, Hist. PL VIII, 286; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 354; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Ptian. 207; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 221 (Hoffmann). Living species: 35 ±; Mediterranean region, Africa, N. and C. America, Sandwich Isls. U. S., 24; Canada, 6; S. Sts., 4; California, 13; Rocky mts., 7; W. Tex., 5. Ambrosia psilostachya DC. Prodr, V, 526 (1836). A. peruviana DC. Prodr, V. 526 (1836). A. coronopifolia T. and G. Fl. II, 291 (1841). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 273; Coult., Fl. Colo. 181; Webb., Fl. Neb. 147; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 240; Upham, Fl. Minn. 79; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 344; Griseb., Fl. W. I.; Wats., King Exp. 165; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 158; Cov., Fl. Ark. 194; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 250; Coult., Fl. Tex. 210. North America: 49° N. in N. W. T. and Saskatche- wan to Minn. , Wise. , 111. , Neb. , Tex. and Mex. to Calif. , Nev. and Arizona. Minn, valley: Throughout; habitat as in A. artemis iaefolia Linn. HERB. : Taylor 1146, Starbuck, Pope Co ; Sheldon 1522, Lake Benton; Oestlund 95, Hennepin Co.; Sandberg 316, Red Wing. Ambrosia artemisiaefolia LINN. Spec. 987 (1753). A. elatior LINN. Spec. 988 (1753). Iva monophylla WALT. Fl. Car. 233 (1788). Ambrosia absinthifolia MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 183 (1803). A. paniculata MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 183 (1803). A. heteroptylla MUHL. Willd. Spec. IV, 378 (1805). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 273; Britt., Fl. N. J. 143; Webb., Fl. Neb. 147; Upham, Fl. Minn. 79; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 240; Chap., Fl. S. St. 223; Coult., Fl. Colo. 180; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 344; Griseb., Fl W. L; Wats., King Exp. 165; Cov., Fl. Ark. 194; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 222; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 249; Coult., Fl. Tex. 210. Introduced in W. Europe; Brazil and W. Indies. North America: Across continent to Mex. and Hud- son Bay, N. W. T. and Labrador. Minn, valley: Throughout; hillsides, fields, roads, thickets and forest openings. HERB.: Taylor 753%, Elysian; Bollard 891, St. Boni- facius; Oestlund 94, Minneapolis; Oestlund 95, Hennepin Co.; Holzinger 122, Winona Co. ; Sandberg 315, Red Wing. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 535 Ambrosia triflda LINN. Spec. 987 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 273; Britt., Fl. N. J. 145; Webb., Fl. Neb. 147, Mac., Fl. Can. I, 240; Chap., Fl. S. St. 223; Coult., Fl. Colo. 180; Upham, Fl. Minn. 79; Mac., Fl.Can. I, 549; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 158; Cov., Fl. Ark. 194; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 249; Coult., Fl. Tex. 209. North America: Q., Ont. to Man. and Colo. ; S. to Mo., Tex., Ark. and Fla. Minn, valley: Throughout; gullies, ravines and thick- ets or along roads. HERB.: Bollard 84.0, Page lake, Carver Co.; Taylor 1029, Gleiiwood',.Sandberg 3 14, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Moyer 133, Montevideo. Ambrosia triflda LINN. var. integrifolia (MUHL.) T. and G Fl. II, 354 (1841). A. integrifolia MUHL. Willd. Spec. IV, 375 (1805). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 273; Britt., Fl. N. J. 143; Upham, Fl. Minn. 79; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 240; Chap., Fl. S. St. 223; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 249. North America: With species; westward; Ills, to N. Y. and Va. Minn, valley: Throughout at higher levels; local or infrequent; habitat with the species. HERB.: Sheldon 1332, Lake Benton. XANTHIUM LINN. Gen. 717 (1737). Baillon, Hist. PL VIII, 287; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 355; Eng- ler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 222; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 207. Living species: 3-4; temperate and warmer regions, around the world. Russia, 3; Europe, 3; Russian Europe, 2; N. America, 3-4; Canada, 1-2; California, 1; Rocky mts., 1; E. Sts., 1-2; W. Tex., 2-3. Xanthium canadense MILL. Diet. ed. 8 (1768). X. orientale LINN. Spec. (1753) in part. X. carolinense DILL. Elth. II, 432 (1774). X. americanum WALT. Fl. Car. 231 (1788). X. macrocarpum var. gldbratum DC. Prodr. V, 523 (1836). X. strumarium var. canadense T. and G. Fl. II, 294 (1841). X. strumarium AUCT. AMEB. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 274; Coult., Fl. Colo., 182; Webb., Fl. Neb. 147; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 241; Upham, Fl. Minn. 79; Chap., Fl. S. St. 224; Both., Wheel. Exp. 159; Wats,, King Exp. 166; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 223; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 252; Coult Fl. Tex. 211. North America: N. W. T. to Tex.; W. to Calif, and Nev. : E. to Saskatchewan, Minn. , Neb. , Ark. ? Ga. Minn, valley: Throughout, especially N. E. ; sterile places, banks and fields. 536 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB. : ? Bollard IJ^n, Chaska; Sandberg 317, Cannon Falls. X ant hi ii m can ad ens 9 MILL. var. echinatum (MURR. ) GRAY, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 252 (1886). X. echinatum MURR. Comm. Gott. VI, 32 (1792). X. maculatum RAF. Am. Joarn. Sci. I, 151 (1820). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 274; Britt., Fl. N. J. 143; Chap., Fl. S. St. 224; Mac.,Fl. Can. I, 241; Upham, Fl. Minn. 79; Coult., Fl. Tex. 211. South America: Chile. North America: N. S., Q., Ont., Man. to Minn.; S. to N. J., Penn. and N. Car. Minn, valley: S. E. and W. edges of valley; roadsides, fields and banks. HERB : Sheldon 1588, Lake Benton; Holzinger 123, Winona Co. ; Holzinger 124, Winona Co. HELIOPSIS PERS. Syn. II, 473 (1807). Kallias CASS. Diet. XXIV, 326 (1834). Andrieuxia DC. Prodr. V, 559 (1836). Baillon, Hist. PL VIII, 220; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 358; Du- rand, Ind: Gen. Phan. 208; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 226. Living species: 7; N. and C. America, 6; C. America and Peru, 1; Canada, 2; R. mts., 1; E. Sts., 2; S. Sts., 1; PL Wheel., 1. Heliopsis scabra DUNAL. Mem. Mus. V, 55 (1818?). H. laevis var. scabra T. and G. Fl. II, 303 (J841). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 275; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 242; Webb., Fl. Neb. 147; Upham, Fl. Minn. 79; Britt., Fl. N. J. 143; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 549; Cov., Fl. Ark. 194; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 255. North America: N. Br. ? to Red, Saskatchewan, As- siniboine valleys; N. to 49° N. lat.; S. to N. Y., N. J. and W. to Minn. , Neb. , Mo. , Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; banks and thickets or hillsides in woods. HERB.: Ballard 736, Waconia; Sheldon 1590, Lake Benton; Taylor 476, Mud lake, Waseca Co.; Taylor 589, Minne- sota lake; Sheldon 1175, New Ulm; Ballard 197, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 314, Janesville; Ballard 632, Chaska; Ballard 320, Belle Plaine; Taylor 779, Glenwood; Oestlund 96, Minneapolis; Holzinger 124, Winona; Sandberg 318, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Sheld, 1920, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 134, Montevideo. RUDBECKIA LINN. Gen. 669 (1737). Echinacea MOENCH, Meth. 591 (1794). Brauneria NECK. Elem. I. 17 (1790). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. • 537 Helichroa RAF. Neogen. 35 (1825). Obeliscaria CASS. Diet. XXXV, 272 (1825). Lepacbys RAF. Jour. Phys. LXXXIX, 100(1819). Itatibida RAF. 1. c. (1819). Dracopsis CASS. Diet. 1. c. (3825). Centrocarpha DON, Sweet. Brit. Fl. Gard. 2, 87 (1832). ? Heliophthalmum RAF. Fl. Lud. 72 (1817). ? Bobartia PETIV. herb. Baillon, Hist. PL VI1T, 218; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 233; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 209; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI II, 365. Living species: 30 ±; N. America to Mexico; S. Sts., 15; E. Sts., 11; Rocky mts., 6; Canada, 4; Calif., 1-2; PL Wheel., 4-5; W. Tex., 8. Rudfoeckia columnaris PURSH, Fl. Am. 575 (1814). Ratibida sukata RAF. Journ. Phys. LXXXIX 100 (1819). Obeliscaria columnaris DC. Prodr. V, 558 (1836). Lepachys columnaris T. and G. Fl. II, 313 (1841). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 277; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 243; Webb., Fl. Neb. 146; Coult., Fl. Colo. 183; Upham, Fl. Minn. 80; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 160 in var.; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 233; Gray,Syn. Fl. I, 2, 264. North America: N. W. T. and Saskatchewan to Colo., Minn., Neb., Arizona and Tex. Minn, valley: W. district at higher levels; prairies and sunny banks. HERB. : Sheldon 1438, Dakota line, near Elk ton; Shel- don 1585, Lake Ben ton; Taylor 863, Glenwood; Gedge 7, Glyn- don, Clay Co.; Herb. Moyer 737, Montevideo. Budbeckia pinnata VENT. Hort. Gels. 71 (1800). Rudbeckia digitata WILLD. Spec. HI, 2247 (1803). Lepachys pinnatifida RAF. Journ. Phys LXXXIX (1819). L. angustifolia RAF. Journ. Phys. LXXXIX (1819). Rudbeckia tomentosa ELL. Sk. II, 453 (1824) Obeliscaria pinnata CASS. Diet. XL VI, 401 (1825). Lepachys pinnata T. and G. Fl. II, 313 (1841). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 277; Chap., Fl. S. St. 228; Upham, Fl. Minn. 80; Webb., Fl. Neb. 146; Cov., Fl. Ark. 195; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 263. North America: Minn., Neb., Kan. and Tex. to N. Y. and Fla. Minn, valley: Throughout; banks, hillsides, edges of thickets and along roads. HERB. : Sheldon 641, Waseca; Taylor 649, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 1055, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 561, Minnesota lake; Bollard 774, Swan lake, Carver; Co.; Sheldon 1463, Pipestone; Ballard 539, Cleary's lake, Scott Co, ; Herrick 158, Minneapolis; Oestlund 97, Minneapolis; Sandberg 323, Goodhue Co. 538 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Rudbeckia hirta LINN. Spec. 907 (1753). ? E. gracilis NUTT. Gen. II, 178 (1818). ? E. discolor ELL. Sk. II, 453 (1824). E. serotina NUTT. Journ. Acad. Phil. VII, 80 (1834). E. strigosa NUTT. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VII, 354 (1841). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 276; Britt., Fl. N. J. 144; Webb., Fl. Neb. 146; Upham, Fl. Minn. 80; Mac.,Fl. Can. I, 242; Chap., Fl. S. St. 227; Coult., Fl. Colo. 183; Both., Wheel. Exp. 160; Cov., Fl. Ark. 195; Gray. Syn. Fl. I, 2, 260; Coult., Fl. Tex. 215. North America: Ont. to Saskatchewan and Colo.; S. to N. Y. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; dry places on hills or in fields. HERB. : Sheldon 1275, Lake Benton; Taylor 790, Glen- wood; Sandberg 221, Cannon Falls; Leonard 25, Minneapolis; Bailey 303, Vermilion lake; Huntington 8, Rock Co.; Kassube 136, Minneapolis; Herrick J57, Minneapolis; Ankeny 2, Still- water; Sandberg 322, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1923, Minne- apolis. Rudbeckia subtomentosa PURSH, Fl. Am. 575 (1814). E. triloba var. a. MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 144(1803). E. tomentosa ELL. Sk. II, 453 (1824). Centrocarpfia triloba DON, Sweet. Brit. Fl. Gard. 61 (1826). Eudbeckia odorata NUTT. Journ. Acad. Phil. VII, 78 (1834). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 276; Upham, Fl. Minn. 80; Cov., Fl. Ark. 195; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 260; Coult., Fl. Tex. 215. North America: Wise, and Minn, to 111., Mo., Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: Reported from N. E. district; infre- quent; prairies or hillsides. Rudbeckia laciniata LINN. Spec. 906 (1753). E. quinata and digitata MILL. Diet. ed. 8 (1768). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 276; Britt., Fl. N. J. 141; Webb., Fl. Neb. 146; Upham, Fl. Minn. 80; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 242: Coult., Fl. Colo. 183; Chap., Fl. S. St. 227; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 549; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 160; Cov., Fl. Ark. 195; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 233; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 262. North America: Q., Ont. to Assiniboia and Mont.; S. to N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Colo. , Arizona and N. Mex. Minn, valley: Throughout; thickets and edges of woods. HERB.; Taylor 802, Glenwood; Taylor 977, Glenwood; Bollard 749, Waconia; Sheldon 1267, Lake Benton; Sheldon 18, Elysian; Herrick 156, Minneapolis; Sandberg 320, Goodhue Co. ; Herb. Moyer 136, Montevideo. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 539 Rudbeckia angustifolia (DC.)B. and H. Gen. PI. II, 365 (1873). Echinacea angustifolia DC. Prodr. V, 554 (1836). E. pallida and sanguinea NUTT. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VII, 354 (1841), Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 275; Webb., Fl. Neb. 147; Coult., Fl. Colo. 182; Upham, Fl. Minn. 80; Chap., Fl. S. St. 226; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 243, 549; Cov., Fl. Ark. 194; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 258. North America: Man to 49° N. lat. ; S. to , Minn., Wise., 111., Neb., Colo., Ark., Alab. and Tex. Minn, valley: W. districts; New Ulm to Stearns Co.; prairies and hillsides. HERB.: Taylor 748, Glen wood; Sheldon 737, Sigel township, Brown Co.; Sheldon 1176, New Ulm; Sheldon 1330, Lake Benton; Taylor 748a, Glenwood; Sheldon 1138, Spring- field; Sandberg 319, Red Wing; Huniington 7, Rock Co.; Herb. Moyer 135, Montevideo. HELIANTHUS LINN. Gen. 668 (1737). Harpalium CASS. Bull. Philom. (1818). Echinomeria NUTT. Trans. Phil. Soc. 2, VII, 356 (1841). Flourensia DC. Prodr. V, 585 (1836). Diomedea BERT, and COLL. Mem. Tur. XXXVIII, 35 (1835). Iiinsecomia BUCKL. Proc. Phil. Acad. 451 (1861). Corona-solis TOURN. Inst. 489 (1700). Chrysis KEN. ex Endl. Gen. 2538 (1840). Vosacan ADANS. Fam. II, 130 (1763). Discomela RAF. Neogen. 3 (1825) part. Baillon, Hist. PL VIII, 201; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 376; Du- rand-, Ind. Gen. Phan. 210; Engler and Prantl, Nat. PJlanz. IV, 5, 235 (Hoffmann). Living species: 55-60; principally N. America; some, C. America; a few in Peru. Canada, 13; Rocky mts., 9-10; E. Sts., 22-23; California, 5-6; S. Sts., 25; PI. Wheel., 5; PI. King, 5; W. Tex., 15. Helianthus tuberosus LINN. Spec. 905 (1753). H. doronocoides T. and G. Fl. II, 327 (1841) in part. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 280; Chap., Fl. S. St. 230; Upham, Fl. Minn. 82; Coult., Fl. Colo. 187; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 245, 540; Webb., Fl. Neb. 146; Britt., Fl. N. J. 145; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 66; En^l. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 236; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 280; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 553. Introduced in Russia and Scandinavia. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. J. and Penn. and Mid. Ga. ; W. to Minn, and Neb. Minn, valley: Throughout; alluvial soil along streams or around lakes. 540 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB.: Sheldon 1413, Lake Benton; Huntington 9, Rock Co. He Man thus tuberosus var. subcanescens GRAY, Syn. PL I, 2, 280 (1886). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 280; Coult., Fl. Colo. 187; Upham, Fl. Minn. 82. North America: Minn., Dak. and Mo. Minn, valley: Reported from prairies of S. W. district. Helianthus decapetalus LINN. Spec. 905 (1753). H. frondosus LINN. Amoen. IV, 290 (1759). H. strumosus WILLD. Spec. Ill, 2422 V1804). H. tenuifolius ELL. Sk. II, 420 (1824). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 280; Britt., Fl. N. J. 145; Upham. Fl. Minn. 82; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 245,550; Chap., Fl. S. St. 231; Gray, Syn. FL I, 2, 280; Webb., Appx. Neb. 44. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Georgian bay and Minn. ; S. to Ga. in mts. ; W. to 111., Neb. and Ky. Minn, valley: Throughout; local or rare; thickets, banks of streams or copses. HERB.: ? Herrick 161, Minneapolis; Taylor 928, Glen- wood; Herb. Moyer 141, Montevideo. Helianthus tracheliifolius WILLD. Spec. Ill, 2241 (1804). H. prostratus WILLD. Spec. Ill, 2242 (1804). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 280; Upham, Fl. Minn. 82; Cov., Fl. Ark. 195; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 280. North America: Penn. ?, Ohio to Minn., Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: Reported from N. E. district; infre- quent or doubtful; thickets and edges of woods. Helianthus strumosus LINN. Spec. 905 (1753). H. laevis WALT. Fl. Car. 215 (1788). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 280; Britt., Fl. N. J. 145; Mac., FL Can. I, 244; Upham, Fl. Minn. 82; Chap., Fl. S. St. 231; Cov., Fl. Ark. 195; Engl. Hoffman, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 236; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 279. North America: Ont. to N. W. T.; S. to Minn., Mo. and Ark.; E. to N. Eng., N. J., Va. and Ga. Minn, valley: Throughout; rare or local; banks, thickets and ravines. HERB. : ? Kassube JS8, Minneapolis. Helianthus hirsutus RAF. Ann. Nat. 141 (1820). ?H. diversifolius ELL. Sk. II, 416 (1824). ?H. hispidulus ELL. Sk. II, 416 (1824). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6ed. 280; Webb., Fl. Neb. 146; Upham, Fl. Minn. 82; Chap., Fl. S. St. 231; Cov., FL Ark. 195; Gray, Syn. FL I, 2, 279. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PKODUCING PLANTS. 541 North America: Ohio to Wise, and Minn. ; S. toVa., Tenn., Ga. and Tex. Minn, valley: W. districts; prairies and sunny banks. HERB. : Wickersheim 79, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. Helianthus divaricatus LINN. Spec. 906 (1753). H. truncatus SCHWEIN. Ell. Sk. II, 416 (1824). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 280: Britt., Fl. N. J. 145; Webb., Fl. Neb. 146; Upham, Fl. Minn. 82; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 245; Chap., Fl. S. St. 231; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 279. North America: Ont. to S. Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. , Fla. ; W. to Minn. , Dak. , Neb. , Kan. and La. Minn valley: Throughout; local or infrequent; thick- ets and copses. HERB.: Bollard 711, Waconia; Taylor 927, Glenwood; Sheldon 472, Madison Lake; Holzinger 127, Winona bluffs; Her- rick '160, Minneapolis. Helianthus maxmiliani SCHRAD. Ind. Sem. Gatt. (1835). H. maxmiliani var. asperrimus GRAY, PI. Lindh. I, 41 (1845). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 279; Webb., Fl. Neb. 146; Upham, Fl. Minn. 81; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 245, 550; Coult., Fl. Colo. 187; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 277; Coult., Fl. Tex. 219. North America: Saskatchewan and Man. to Minn., Neb. and Tex. Minn, valley: S. and S. W. districts; alsoN. E. ; local; low places and edges of swamps. HERB.: Sheldon 1454, Pipestone; Sheldon 12S1, Lake Benton; Sandberg 327, Red Wing; Oestlund 99, Minneapolis; Oestlund 100, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer, 139, Montevideo. Helianthus giganteus LINN. Spec. 905 (1753). H. altissimus LINN. Spec. 2 ed. 1278 (1762). H. gigas MICHX. Fl. N. Am. IE, 141 (1803). H. tuberosus PARRY, Ow. Rep. Minn. Surv. 614 (1849). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 279; Britt., Fl. N. J. 145; Webb., Fl. Neb. 146; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 244; Upham, Fl. Minn. 81; Chap., Fl. S. St. 230; Wats., King Exp. 169; Roth.,Wheel. Exp. 162 invar.; Engl. Hoff- mann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 236; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 276; Coult , Fl. Tex. 219. North America: Ont. to Man. and Rockies; S. to Minn., Neb. and Mo.; E. to N. Eng., N. J., Va., Alab. and La. Minn, valley: N. E. district; rare; woods and thickets or shaded banks. HERB. : Bailey 456, Mud lake; Roberts 64, Beaver bay; Sandberg 328, Red Wing. Helianthus grosse-serratus MART. Sel. Sem. Hort. Lovan. 542 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 279; Webb., Fl. Neb. 146; Upham, Fl. Minn. 81; Coult, Fl. Colo. 187; Cov., Fl. Ark. 195; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2. 276; Coult., Fl. Tex. 219. North America: Ohio to Minn., Dak. and Colo.; S. to Texas. Minn, valley: W. and central districts; moist prai- ries and open banks of streams. HERB.: Sheldon 1282, Lake Benton; Holzinger 126, Wi- nona Co.; Sandberg 329, Red Wing; Herb. Moyer 140, Monte- video. Helianthus laetiflorus PERS. Syn. II, 476 (1807). H. atrorubens LAM. Enc. Meth. Ill, 86 (1789). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 278; Webb. Fl. Neb. 146; Chap., FL S. St. 230; Cov., Fl. Ark. 195?; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 275. North America: Ohio to W. Ga.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Ark. ? and Tex. Minn, valley: S. central district; dry open places and edges of woods. HERB.: ? Sandberg 326, Red Wing. Relianthus rigidus (CASS.) DESP. Hort. Par. 3 ed. 184 (1829). H. atrorubens MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 140 (1803) in part. H. diffuses SIMS, Bot. Mag. 2020 ( ). Harpalium rigidum CASS. Diet. XX, 200 (1826). Helianthus missuricus SPRENG. Syst. Ill, 618 (1826). H. scaberrimus ELL. Sk. II, 423 (1824). H. missouriensis and crassifolius NUTT. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc- VII, 366(184)). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 278; Webb., Fl. Neb. 146; Upham, Fl. Minn. 81; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 244; Coult., Fl. Colo. 186; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 274; Coult., Fl. Tex. 218. North America : Saskatchewan to Rockies ; E. to Minn and Mich.; S. to Dak., E. Colo, and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; fields, banks of streams and roadsides or embankments. HERB. : Sheldon 1336, Lake Benton; Taylor 1021, Glen- wood; Taylor 944, Glenwood; Taylor 1021, Glenwood; Sheldon 1283, Verdi, Lincoln Co. ; Sheldon 1394, Lake Benton — flowers all ligulate; Kassube 137, Minneapolis; Oestlund 98, Minneapo- lis; Oestlund 99, Minneapolis; Holzinger 125, Winona bluffs; Sandberg 325, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Moyer 138, Montevideo; Sheldon 1601%, Minneapolis. Helianthus petiolaris NUTT. Jour. Acad. Phil. II, 115 (1821). H. patens LEHM. Ind. Sem. Hamb. (1828). H. integrifolius NUTT. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VII, 636 (1841). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 543 Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 278; Gray, Syn. PI. I, 2, 272; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 80; Coult., Fl. Colo. 186; Mac., Fl. Can. 1, 244; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 353; Webb., Fl. Neb. 146; Coult., FL Tex. 217. North America: Saskatchewan to Minn., Neb. and Tex. ; W. to Oregon and Arizona. Minn, valley: S. central district and S. W. on prairies or sterile hillsides. HERB. : Sheldon 1191, New Ulm. Helianthus animus LINN. Spec. 904(1753). H. tubaefm-mis NUTT. Gen. II, 177 (1818). H. ovatus LEHM. Irid. Sem. Hamb. (1828). H. knticularis DOUGL. Bot. Keg. XV, t. 1225 (1825). H. multiflorus HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 313 (1833). H. macrocat-pus DC. Prodr. V, 586 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 278; Upham, Fl. Minn. 80; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 243; Webb., Fl. Neb. 146; Britt., Fl. N. J. 144; Chap., Fl. S. St. 232; Coult., Fl. Colo. 186; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 353; Herd., Fl. Eur. Euss. 66; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 162; Wats., King Exp. 169; Cov., Fl. Ark. 195; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 236; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 272; Coult., Fl. Tex. 217. Introduced in Russia. North America: Saskatchewan to Washington; S. to Nev., Calif., Colo., Tex. and Mex. ; E. to Minn., Iowa, Ark., and intro. further E. to Atl. coast. Minn, valley: S. E. district and doubtless N. W. ; waste ground. HERB. : Sandberg 324, Red Wing. COREOPSIS LINN. Gen. 670 (1737). Chrysostemma LESS. Syn. Comp. 227 (1832). Diodonta and Heterodonta NUTT. Trans. Phil. Soc. 2, VII, 360 (1841). Acispermum NECK. Elem. I, 34 (1790). Electra DC. Prodr. V, 630 (1836). Tucker nianiiia NUTT. 1. c. 363 (1841). Leachia CASS. Diet. XXV, 388 (1825). Chrysomelea TAUSCH. Hort. Canal. (1823). Coreopsides MOENCH, Meth. 594 (1794). Anacis SCHRANK, Denkschr. Acad. Mun. V, 5 ( ). Calliopsis REICH. Ic. and Descr. 70 (1822). Diplosastera TAUSCH. Hort. Can. ex Flora (1824). Prestioaria Sen. BTP. Walp. Rep. VI, 162 (1847). Epilepis BENTH. PI. Hartw. 17 (1839). Campylotheca and Dolicotheca CASS. Diet. LI, 476 (1826) ? Peramibus RAF. Ann. Nat. I, 14 (1820). Leptosyne DC. Prodr. V, 531 (1836). Agarista DC. 1. c. 569 (1836). Pugiopappus TORR. Whipple Exp. 48 (1856). Epilepis BENTH. PI. Hartw. (1839). 544 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Baillon, Hist. PI. VIII, 221 (sub Bidens); Benth. and Hook, Gen. PL II, 385; Durand, Ind. Gen, Phan. 212; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 242 (Hoffmann). Living species: 70-75; N. and S. America, tropical Africa and Sandwich Islands; N. America, 30 ±; Canada, 7; Rocky mts., 2; E. Sts., 18; S. Sts., 20; PI. Wheel., 2; W. Tex., 9. Coreopsis aristosa MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 140 (1803). G. aristata WILLD. Spec. Ill, 2253 (1804). Diodonta aristosa NUTT. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VII, 360 (1841). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 283; Upham, Fl. Minn. 83; Cov., Fl. Ark. 196; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 295. North America: Ohio to Minn., Mo., Ark. and W. La. Minn, valley: S. central district; rare; peat bogs. Coreopsis trichosperma MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 139 (1803). C. aurea LINDL. Bot. Eeg. XV, 1. 1228 (1829). Diodonta coronata NUTT. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VII, 360 (1841). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 283; Chap., Fl. S. St. 234; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 246 and 550 in var ; Upham, Fl. Minn. 83; Britt., Fl. N. J. 146; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 295. North America: Detroit river to Mass.; S. to N. Car.; W. to 111. and Minn. ? Minn, valley?: Reported from N. E. district; doubtful. Coreopsis palmata NUTT. Gen. II, 573 (1818). Calliopsis palmata SPBENG. Syst. Ill, 611 (1826). Coreopsis pauciflora LEHM. Ind. Sem. Hamb. (1833). C. praecox FRESEN. Ind. Sem. Frankf. (1838). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 282; Upham, Fl. Minn. 82; Webb., Fl. Neb. 146; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 551; Cov., Fl. Ark. 196; Gray, Syn. Fl. 1,2, 293; Coult., Fl. Tex. 223. North America: Man.? Mich, and Minn, to Neb., Ark. and W. Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; hillsides, copses, edges of woods and thickets, or prairies. HERB. : Taylor 170, Janesville; Taylor 556, Minnesota lake; MacMillan 16, Glenwood; Sheldon 643, Waseca; Sheldon 1030, Sleepy Eye — form with upper leaves entire; Sheldon 900, Cottonwood river, near Sleepy Eye; Bollard 384, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 11 32, Springfield; Ankeny 3, Stillwater; Kassube 139, Minneapolis; Herrick 162, Minneapolis; Arthur 1000, Elk river; Sandberg 330, Red Wing; Herrick 163, Minneapolis; Oesi- lund 101, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 142, Chippewa Co. Coreopsis tinctoria NUTT. Journ. Acad. Phil. II, 114 (1821). Calliopsis bicolor REICH. Mag. t. 70 (1824). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 282; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 246; Upham, Fl. Minn. 82; Webb., Fl. ^eb. 146; Coult., Fl. Colo. 189; Roth. Wheel. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 545 Exp. 164; Cov., Fl. Ark. 196; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 243; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 291; Coult., Fl. Tex. 222. North America: Saskatchewan and lat. 49° N. to Ark. and Tex. ; W. to Colo, and Arizona; E. to La. Minn, valley: Reported from moist prairies of S. W. and W. districts. BIDENS LINN. Gen. 641 (1737). Pluriclens and Edwardsia NECK. Elem. I, 86, 87 (1790). Kerneria MOENCH, Meth. 595 (1794). Ceratocephalus VAILL. ex DC. Prodr. V, 594 (1836). Delucia DC. Prodr. V, 633 (1836). Adenolepis LESS. Linn. VI, 510 (1832). Baillon, Hist. PL VIII, 221; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 387; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 212: Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 214 (Hoffmann) Living species: 60-90; all temperate and warmer reg- ions, especially in America; Russia, 3; Europe, 4; Russian Eu- rope, 3; North America, 15; E. Sts., 6; Canada, 6; Rocky mts., 5; S. Sts., 5; California, 2; PI. Wheel., 3; W. Tex., 5. Bidens beckii TORR. Spreng. Neu. Entd. II, 135 (1824). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 285; Britt., Fl. N. J. 147; Upham, Fl. Minn. 83; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 247; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 245; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 298. North America: St. Lawrence, Q., Ont. to Man., Red valley and Porcupine mts.; S. to E. Mass, and N. J., and to Minn, and Mo. Minn, valley: N. E. district; aquatic, in ponds, lakes and sluggish streams HERB.: Holtz 2, Minneapolis; Herrick 166, Minneap- olis; Herrick 167, Minneapolis; Bailey 541, Long lake. Bidens laevis (LiNN.) B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Helianthus laevis LINN. Spec. 906 (1753). Coreopsis bidens and perpoliata? WALT. Fl. Car. 215 (1788). Bidens chrysanthemoides MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 136 (1803). B. helianthoides HBK. Nov. Gen. et. Spec. IV, 230 (1820). B. quadriaristata DC. Prodr. V, 593 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 285; Britt., Fl. N. J. 147; Webb., Fl. Neb. 146; Upham, Fl. Minn. 83; Chap., Fl. S. St. 237; Coult., Fl. Colo. 190; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 357; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 247; Cov., Fl. Ark. 196; Gray. Syn. Fl. I, 2, 296; Coult., Fl. Tex. 223. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man. and Calif. ; S. to Pla. and Mex. Minn, valley: Throughout; swamps and shaded wet banks of streams or by springs. -35 546 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB.: Sheldon 1470, Pipestone; Wincliell 10, Rich- field; Herrick 165, Minneapolis; Holzinger 128, Winona; Sand- berg 333, Cannon Falls; Herb. Moyer 144, Montevideo. Bidens cernna LINN. Spec. 832 (1753). Coreopsis bidens LINN. Spec. 908 (1753). Bidens cernua var. elata T. and G. Fl. II, 352 (1841) B. quadriaristata var. dentata NUTT. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VII, 368 (1841). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 285; Britt., Fl. N. J. 147; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 247: Upham, Fl. Minn. 83; Webb., Fl. Neb. 145; Coult., Fl. Colo. 189; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 357; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Syn. 435; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 210; Led., Fl. Boss. II, 517; Nym., Fl. Eur.: Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 66; Cov., Fl. Ark. 196; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 244; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 296; Hart, Fl. Scand. I, 2. N. Eur. to Caucasus; N. Asia to China. North America: N. S., N. Br. to Hudson Bay and Saskatchewan to Mont, and Oregon; S. to Va., Mo. and Colo. Minn, valley: Throughout; infrequent; wet places or shaded banks near water's edge. HERB. : Sheldon 1515, Lake Benton; Taylor 1154, Glen- wood; Roberts 65, Stewart river; Leiberg 36, Blue Earth Co. Bideus connata MUHL. Willd. Spec. Ill, 1718 (1803). B. tripartite BIGEL. Fl. Bost. 2 ed. 294 (1824). B. petiolata NUTT. Journ. Acad. Phil. VII, 99 (1834). B. connata var. comosa GRAY. Man. 5 ed. 261 (1867). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 284; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 247; Upham, Fl. Minn. 83: Chap., Fl. S. St. 236; Webb., Fl. Neb. 145; Britt., Fl. N. J. 147; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 296. North America: N. S., N. Br. to Saskatchewan and Nebr.; S. to 111., Mo., Ga. and Tex. Minn, valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co.; damp places and near streams or pools. HERB.: Bollard 712, Waconia; Herrick 164, Minne- apolis; this is the var. pinnata Watson. Sandberg 332, Red Wing. Bidens frondosa LINN. Spec. 832 (1753). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 284; Britt., Fl. N. J. 146; Webb., Fl. Neb. 145; Chap., Fl. S. Sts. 236; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 247, 551; Upham, Fl. Minn. 83; Coult., Fl. Colo. 189; Cov., Fl. Ark. 196; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 296; Coult., Fl. Tex, 223. North America: N. S., N. Br. to Saskatchewan and Colo. ; S. to Gulf of Mexico, Fla. and Tex. Minn, valley: Throughout; frequent; moist shady places or along roads. HERB.: Sheldon 1414, Lake Benton; Taylor 1082, LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 547 Glenwood; Bailey 72, Vermilion Lake; Sandberg 331, Cannon Falls; Herb. Moyer 143, Montevideo. HELENIITM LINN. Gen. 664 (1737). Tetrodus and Dougaldia CASS. Diet. LV, 264, 270 (1834). Mesodetra RAF. Fl. Lud. 141 (1817). Brassavola ADANS. Fam. II, 127 (1763). Oxylepis BENTH. PI. Hartw. 87 (1839). Leptapoda NUTT. Gen. II, 174 (1818). Ambliolepis DC. Prodr. V, 667 (1836). Espeletiopsis Sen. Bip. Herb. Cephalophora CAV. Ic. VI, 79 (1801). Actinea Juss. Ann. Mus. II, 425 (1804). Graemia HOOK. Exot. Fl. 189 (1823). Actiuella NUTT. Gen. II, 173 (1818). Baillon, Hist. PI. VIII, 241; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI II, 413, 414; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 216; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV. 5, 216 (Hoffmann). Living species: 30 ±; N. America, especially west- ward; E. Sts., 2; S. Sts., 4; Canada, 1; W. Tex., 9. Helenium antumnale LINN. Spec. 866 (1753). H. pubescens AIT. Hort. Kew. Ill, 287 (1789). H. canaliculatum LAM. Journ. Hist. Nat. II, 213 (1792). H. pumilum WILLD. Enum. Suppl. 60 (1813J. H. longifolium SM. Rees Cycl. (1817?). H. tubuliflorum DC. Prodr. V, 666 (1836). H. altissimum and commutatum LINK, Ind. Sem. Berol. (1840). H. grandiflorum and montanum NUTT. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VII, 384 (1841). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 287; Coult., Fl. Colo. 196; Upham, Fl. Minn. 84; Chap., Fl. S. St. 239; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 249, 552; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 393: Roth., Wheel Exp. 172; Wats., King Exp. 175; Cov., Fl. Ark. 197; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 263; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 349; Webb., Appx. Neb. 41; Coult., Fl. Tex. 232. North America: Q. to L. Huron, Arctic circle and Pac. ; S. to Oregon, Nev., Arizona, Minn., Ark., Fla. Minn, valley: Throughout; river banks, lake shores and edges of swamps. HERB.: Taylor 1017, Glenwood; Sheldon 1312, Lake Benton; Sheldon 14$4, Pipestone; Taylor 1087, Glenwood; Sandberg 334, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1811, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 145, 146, Montevideo. GAILLARDIA POUGER. Mem. Ac. Sci. Par. (1786). Galardia LAM. Enc. Meth. II, 590 (1786). Calonnea BUCHOZ. Icon. t. 126 (1786). Virgilia L'HER. Diss. (1789). Agassizia GRAY and ENGELM. Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. VI, 229 (1850). 548 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Gmit her ia SPRENG. Syit. Ill, 356 (1826). Cerrostylos LESS. Syn. Comp. 239 (1832). Polypteris LESS Linn. VI, 218 (1832). Galorida REUSCH. Norn. 251 (1797). Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI II, 414; Baillon, Hist. PI. VIII, 241; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 216; Engl. and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 263 (Hoffmann). Living species: 12; N. and C. America to S. America and Patagonia. N. America, 10; S. America, 1; Texas, Ari- zona and Utah, 10; Canada, 1-2; S. E. Sts., 2-3; S. and W. Tex., 7. Gaillardia aristata PURSH, PL Am. 573 (1814). G. Mcolor HOOK. Fl. I, 315 (1833). G. bicolor var. aristata NUTT. Gen. II, 175 (1818). G. rustica Ciss. Diet XVIII, 20(1825). G. lanceolata DC. Prodr. V, 362 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 288; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 352: Upham, Fl. Minn. 83; Coult., Fl. Colo. 197; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 392; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 250; Coult., Fl. Tex. 233. North America: Saskatchewan and Brit. Col. to Oregon and California; S. to Minn., Colo, and Tex. Minn, valley: Reported from N. W. and S. W. dis- tricts; rare or local; prairies. HERB. : Gedge 18, Riverton. DY8SODIA CAV. Ann. Cienc. Nat. VI, 334 (1803). Boebera WILLD. Spec. Ill, 2125 (1804). Clomenocoma CASS. Diet. IX. 416 (1825). Coniacliiiiiiiu SCHEIDW. PL Series, 756 ( ). Itosilla LESS. Syn. Comp, 245 (1832). L,ebetina CASS. Diet. XXV, 394 (1825). Adenophyllum PERS. Syn. II, 458 (1807). Willdenowa Cav. Ic. 61 (1791). Schlechtendahlia WILLD. Spec. Ill, 2125 (1804). Boebera LESS. Syn. Comp. 237 (1832). llymeiiatlieruni CASS. Bull. Philom. (1817). Aciphyllaea A. GRAY, PI. Feudl. 91 (1849). Gnaphalopsis DC. Prodr. VII, 258 (1839). Thymophylla LAG. Elench. Matr. 25 (1816). Lowellia A. GRAY, PI. Fendl. 89 (1849). Baillon, Hist. PL VIII, 253 (sub Tagetes Linn.); Benth. and Hook , Gen. PL II, 408, 410; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 265; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 215. Living species: 35 ±; Central and S. W. N. America; 1 sp., Peru to Patagonia. U. S., 16; all in W. and S. W. region except D. papposa (Vent. ). Dyssodia papposa (VENT.) HITCHCOCK, Fl. Ames. 503 (1891). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 549 Tagetes papposa VENT. Hort. Gels (1800). Boebera chrysanthemoides WILLD. Spec. Ill, 2125 (1804). Dyssodia chrysanthemoides LAG. Nov. Gen. et Spec. 29 (1816 j. Boebera glandulosa PERS. Syn. II, 459 (1807). Dyssodia fastigiata DC. Prodr. V, 639 (1836). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6ed. 288; Webb., Fl. Neb. 145; Upham, Fl. Minn. 83; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 2, 251; Coult., Fl. Colo. 197; Cov., Fl. Ark. 197; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 265; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 356; Coult., Fl. Tex. 236. North America: Ont. to Minn.; S. to N. Y., Ga., La.; W. to Neb., Colo., Tenn., Ark., Arizona and Mex. Minn valley: S. W. edge; infrequent; banks of streams or cool roadsides. HERB. : Leiberg W, Rock Co. ACHILLEA LINN. Gen. 661 (1737). Ptarmica NECK. Elem. I. 15 (1790). Millefolium TOTJRN. Inst. 460 (1700). Baillon, Hist. PL VIII, 279 (sub Santolina); Durancl, Ind. Gen. Phan. 217: Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 272 (Hoffmann); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI II, 419. Living species: 80 ±; N. temperate regions, especially in old world. Russia, 20; Europe, 30; Russian Europe, 11; N. America, 3; Canada, 3; S. Sts., 1; E. Sts., 1; California, 1; PL Wheel., 1; W.Tex., 1. Achillea mil lef oil urn LINN. Spec. 1267(1753). A. tomentosa PURSH, Fl. Am. 319 (1814'. A. setacea SCHWEIN. Long. Exp. II, 119 (1825). A. millefolium var. nigrescens E MEY. PL Lab. (1830). A. lanulosa NUTT. Journ. Acad. Phil. VII, 36 (1834). A. gracilis and occidentalis DC. Prodr. VI, 27 (1837). Ptarmica borealis DC. Prodr. VI, 27 (1837). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 289; Britt., Fl. N. J. 147; Webb., Fl. Neb. 145; Cov., Fl. Ark. 197; Upham, FL Minn. 84; Mac., FL Can. I, 251, 552, in var.', Coult., FL Colo. 198; Brew, and Wats., FL Calif. I, 400; Chap., FL S. St. 242; Forbes and Hems., FL Sin. 436; Led., FL Ross. II, 531; Nym., FL Eur.; Hook., FL Gt. Brit. 212; Miyabe, FL Kur. 241 in var.', Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 66; Wats., King Exp. 179; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 174, 366; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5,272; Gray, Syn. FL 1,2, 363; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 5; Coult., FL Tex. 239. All N. hemisphere in old world; Azores to Manchuria and in tropical mt. ranges; Shetland and Arct. Russ. to Cau- casus; China; Kuriles and Himalayas; Australasia. North America: Greenland to Alaska; S. to Fla., Tex. and Mex. Minn, valley: Throughout; common; hills, fields,, edges of woods, shores of lakes. 550 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB.: Sheldon 360, Madison Lake; Sheldon 1187, Lake Ben ton; Taylor 564., Minnesota lake; Bollard 178, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Bollard 735, Waconia; Taylor 868, Glenwood; Taylor 564, Minnesota lake; Roberts 66, Grand Marais; Kassube 140, Minneapolis; Roberts 67, Poplar river; Leonard 26, Duluth; Leonard 27, Spring Valley; Bailey 159, Vermilion lake; Roberts 68, Grand Marais; Sandberg 335, Cannon Falls; Herb. Wicker - shiem 80, Idle wild; Herb. Moyer 146, Montevideo. ARTEMISIA LINN. Gen. 644 (1737). Oligosporus CASS. Bull. Philom. (1817). Absinthium GAE&T. Fruct. II, 393(1791). Picrothamnus NUTT. Trans. Phil. Soc. 2, VII, 417 (1841). Bailion, Hist. PI VIII, 285; Benth. and Hook.. Gen. PI. II, 435; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 220; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 281. Living species: 200 ± described; 150 — reduced (Du- rand); N. hemisphere; S. America; Sandwich Islands. Europe, 50; Russia, 85; Russian Europe, 30; North America, 40; Canada, 22-25; E. Sts., 11; Rocky mts., 23; S. Sts., 3; California, 14; PI. King, 13; PL Wheel., 10; W. Tex., 8. Artemisia frigida WILLD. Spec. Ill, 1838 (1803). A. sericea NUTT. Gen. II, 143 (1818). A. virgata RICH. Frankl. Journ. (1823*. A. frigida var. gmeliniana BESS. Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. 1, 321 ( 1833). Wats, and Coult , Gray's Man. 6 ed. 291; Webb., Fl. Neb. 144; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 259; Upham, Fl. Minn. 86; Coult., Fl. Colo. 201; Wats., Kin£ Exp. 184; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 176, 217; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 369; Gmel., Fl. Sib. 63; Coult., Fl. Tex. 240. N. Asia. North America: Man. and Saskatchewan to Rocky mts. and N. to 58° on Mackenzie; S. to Minn, and Tex.; W. to Idaho, Nev. and N. Mex. Minn, valley: Throughout; banks and hillsides or on rocky ledges and high ridges. HERB.: Sheldon 1480, Pipestone; Holzinqer 131. Wi- nona Co.; Herrick 170, Minneapolis; Leiberg 40, Pipestone Co.; Sandberg 340, Red Wing; MacM. and Sheld. 47, Brainerd. • Artemisia biennis WILLD. Phytogr. 11 (1794). A. hispanica JACQ. Ic. Rar. 172 (1781) not Lam. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 291; Britt., Fl. N. J. 149; Webb., FJ. Neb. 144; Upham, Fl. Minn. 85; Mac., PI. Can. I, 259; Coult., Fl. Colo. 201; Wats., King Exp. 183; Gray, Syn. Fl.l, 2, 370. Kamstk. and N. India, fide Gray. North America: Hudson Bay to Mackenzie and Pac. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 551 coast; S. to Oregon and S. Calif.; E. to Minn., Neb., Mo., Tenn. and spreading also to N. Y., N. J. and Penn. Minn, valley: W. districts especially, but probably throughout; sandy or gravelly banks. HERB. : Sheldon 1592 1 Lake Benton; Sandberg 339, Red Wing; Herb. Moyer 149, Montevideo. Artemisia guaphalodes (NUTT.) Gen. II, 143 (1818) emend. A. integnfolia PUKSH, Fl. Am. (1814) in part. A. ludovidana NUTT. Gen. II, 143 (1818) pro parte. A. ludovidana NUTT. T. and G. Fl. II, 420 (1841). • A. purshiana, douglasiana, hookeriana BESS. Abrot. 59 (1834). A. vulgans vars. ludovidana and gnaphalodes OK. Eev. Gen. I, 309 (1891). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 291; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 257; Webb., Fl. Neb. 145; Upham, Fl. Minn. 85; Coult., Fl. Colo. 202; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 404; Both., Wheel. Exp. 176, 366; Wats., King Exp. 183; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 372; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 282; Coult., Fl. Tex. 240. North America: Red and Milk valleys to Pac. coasli and 49° N. lat. ; S. in Calif, to Monterey; E. to Saskatchewan, Mich. , Minn. , 111. , Tex. and Mexico. Minn, valley: Throughout; dry or sterile banks and along sparsely wooded ridges. HERB. : Taylor 720, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 935, Red- wood Falls; Sheldon 1131, Springfield; Sheldon 469, Madison Lake; Taylor 1125, Glen wood; Taylor 834, Glen wood; Gedge 8, Detroit City. The last four are forma glabrata; Sheldon 1511, Lake Benton; Taylor 145, Janesville; Oestlund 102, Minneapolis; Gedge 9t Moorhead; Holzinger 130, Winona; Sandberg 338, Can- non Falls; Herb. Moyer 147, 148, Montevideo; Herb. Wicker - sheim 81, Ash lake, Lincoln Co. Artemisia longifolia NUTT. Gen. II, 142 (1818). ? A. inte^rifolia PURSH, Fl. Am. (1814) in part. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 291; Webb., Fl. Neb. 145; Upham, Fl. Minu. 85; Coult., Fl. Colo. 202; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 372; Mac., Fl. Can. 1,256. North America: Saskatchewan and Minn, to Neb., Colo, and Mont. Minn, valley: Reported from S. W. Minn.; banks and ledges; rare. Artemisia serrata NUTT. Gen. II, 142 (1818). A. ludovidana var. serrata T. and G. Fl. II, 420 (1841). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 291; Upham. Fl. Minn. 85; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 372. North America: 111., Minn, and Dak. METASPEKMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn, valley: Reported from Coteau des Prairies; moist depressions and near sloughs. Artemisia dracunculoides PURSH, Fl. Am, 742 (1814). A. dracunculus PURSH, Fl. Am. 521 (1814). A. cernua NTJTT. Gen. II, 143 (1818). A. nuttalliana BESS. Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. I. 326 (1833). A. inodora HOOK, and ABN. Bot. Beech. 150 (1841). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 290; Webb., Fl. Neb. 144; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 255, 553; Upham, Fl. Minn. 85; Coult., Fl. Colo. 200; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 404; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 176; Wats., King Exp. 181; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 369; Coult., Fl. Tex. 240. North America: Man. to Rockies, Brit. Col. and Peace river reg. ; S. to Minn., Colo., Tex., Arizona and Calif, in Sierras; E. to 111. and Neb Minn, valley: Throughout; banks of streams, waste places, edges of sandy thickets. HERB. : Taylor 817, Glenwood; Taylor 614, Minnesota lake; Holzinger 129, Winona; Sandbar g 336, Cannon Falls; Her- rick 167, Minneapolis. Artemisia canadensis MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 129 (1803). A. peucedanifolia Juss. in herb. A. campestris PURSH, Fl. Am. 521 (1814). A. desertoi-um BESS. Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 325 (1833) in part. A. commutata BESS. Dracun. 68 (1835). ? A. pacifica NUTT. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VII, 399 (1841). ?A. lewisii T. and G. Fl. II. 417 (1841) in pan. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 290; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 256; Upham, Fl. Minn. 85; Webb., Fl. Neb. 144; Coult., Fl. Colo. 200; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 176; Cov., Fl. Ark. 197?; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 368 and 369: Engl. Hoffm., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 282; Coult., Fl. Tex. 240. N. W, Asia; fide Gray. North America: Can. throughout to 64° N. lat. ; S. to Utah, Arizona and N. Mex. in Rockies; to Washington and to Minn., Colo., Neb. and Ark. Minn, valley: Reported from N. E. and N. edges; sandy shores of lakes and streams. Artemisia caudata MICHX. Fl. N. Am, II, 129 (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 290; Britt., Fl. N. ,T. 148; Upham, Fl. Minn. 85; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 256; Chap., Fl. S. St. 242; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2,368; Coult., Fl. Tex. 239. North America: Ont. and N. H. to N. J. and N. Car. ; W. to Minn. , Man. and Mich. ; S. to Kan. and Mo. Minn, valley: Throughout; waste or sandy places; edges of thickets and along streams. HERB.: Sheldon 1392, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1046, LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 553 Sleepy Eye; Taylor 114%, Glenwood; Herrick 168, Minnetonka; Leiberg 38, Blue Earth Co.; Herrick 169, Minneapolis; Sand- berg 337, Goodhue Co.; Leiberg 39, Rock Co.; Oestlund 103, Minneapolis. ERECHTITES RAF. PI. Lud. 65 (1817). Neoceis CASS. Bull. Philom. (1820). Baillon, Hist. PL VIII, 260 (sub Senecio)', Benth.and Hook., Gen. PL II, 443; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 221; Engl. Hoifm., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 291. Living species: 12 ±; tropical and subtropical Amer- ica; warmer N. Amer. ; Australia and New Zealand; introd. in Asia. N. America, 1 sp. Ereehtites hieracifolia (LINN.) RAF. DC. Prodr. VI, 294 (1837). Senecio hieracifolius LINN. Spec. 866 (1753). Cineraria canadensis WALT. Fl. Car. 207 (1788). Ereehtites praelonga and erecta RAF. Fl. Lud. 65 (1817). Wats, and Coult, Gray's Man. 6 ed. 295; Britt.. Fl. N. J. 149; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 262; Webb., Fl. Neb. 144; Uphain, Fl. Minn. 86; Chap., Fl. S. St. 244; Griseb., Fl. W. I; Cov.,Fl. Ark. 197; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 396; Engl. Hoffm., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 291. S. America; W. Indies to Buenos Ayres; nat. in Mau- ritius. North America: Newf. to Saskatchewan; S. to Gulf of Mexico and Fla. Minn, valley: Forest and S. central districts; clear- ings and waste places in woodland or thickets. HERB. : Sandberg 344, Red Wing. SENECIO LINN. Gen. 647 (1737). Cacalia LINN. Gen. 649 (1737) p. p. Cineraria LINN. Gen. 957 (1737). Tephroseris SCHUB. Transsylv. 343 (1866). Jacobaea THUNB. Prodr. Cap. (1794). Obaejaca CASS. Diet. XXXV, 270 (1826). Anecio NECK. Elem. I. 28 (1790). Herbichia ZAWADSK. Enum. Galic. 198 (1835). Farobaea SCHR. ex Col. Hort. Rip. App. IV (1828). Eiulorus CASS. Diet. XLI, 166 (1826). Aspelina CASS. 1. c. (1826). Sclerobasis CASS. Philom. (1818). Acleia DC. Prodr. VI, 340 (1837). Hubertia BONG. Voy. Afr. I, 334 ( ). Synarthron CASS. Diet. LI, 457 (1834). Cissampelopsis MIQ. Ind. Bat. II, 102 (1859). Betheiicourtia CHOIS. Buch. Can. (1819). Pericallis WEBB, Phyt. Can. 103, 106 (1838). Mesogramma DC. Prodr. VI, 304 (1837 j. 554 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Madaractis DC. Prodr. VI, 322 (1837). Doronica WIGHT. Ic. 1124, 1129 (1843). Madocarpus WIGHT. Ic. 1152 (1843). BrachyrhyDCOS LESS. Syn. Comp. 392 (1832). Lachanodes DO. Guill. Arch. Bot. II, 332 (1833). Pladaroxylon ENDL. Gen. 461 (1840) in part. Traversia HOOK. f. Handb. N. Z. Fl. 163 (1867). Centropappus HOOK. f. Lond. Jour. Bot. VI, 124 (1846). Carderina CASS. Diet. XXXV, 272 (1826). Delaira LEM. Ann. Sci. Nat. 3, I, 379 (1844). Dorobaea CASS. Diet. XLVIII, 453 (1834). Koldana LLAV. and LEX. Nov. Mex. Veg. II, 10 (1826). Haplosticha PHILLIPI, Linn. XXX, 193 (1856). Adenotrichia LINDL. Bot. Reg. XIV, t. 1190 (1828). Danaa COLLA, Mem. Tur. XXXVIII, 27 (18J5). Brachypappus SCH. Bip. Flora. "119 (1855). Metazanthus MEYEN, Reise I, 356 (1834). Liigularia CASS. Bull. Philom. (1816). Hoppea REICH. Ic. Ex. I, 8, 10 (1827). Ery throe baete S. and Z. Fam. Nat. Jap. II, 64 (1843). Farfugium LINDL. Gard. Chron. 4 (1857). Senecillis GAERTN. Fruct. II, 453 (1791). Pericalia, Psacalium, Peutacalia, Aetheolaena CASS. Diet. 1. c. (1834). Pentanthus HOOK, and ARN. Comp. Bot. Mag. I, 32 (1835). Odontotrichum Zucc. Baier. Acad. 311 (1832). Sciadioseris KUNZE, Bot. Zeit. 349 (1851). Rugelia SCHUTTLEW. Chap. Fl. S. St. 246 (1860). Syneilesis MAX. Prim. Amur. 165 (1859). Pithosilum CASS. Diet. XLI, 164 (1834). Kleinia HAW. Syn. Succ. 312 (1812). Microchaete BENTH. Hartw. 209 (1841). Gynoxys DC. Prodr. VI, 326 (1837). Cladopogon SCH. BIP. Sem. Hamb. (1852). Pterosenecio SCH. BIP. ex. Dur. Ind. Gen. 1. c. (1888). Willkommia SCHULTZE, ex. Dur. Ind. Gen. 1. c. (1888). Cacalianthemum DILL. Elth. I, 54 (1732). Notonia DC. Guill. Arch. Bot. II, 518 (1833). Bedfordia DC, 1. c. 332 (1833). Brachyglottis FORST. Char. Gen. 91 (1776). Gynura CASS. Diet. XXXIV, 391 (1826). Crassocephalum MOENCH, Meth. 516 (1794). Cremocephalum CASS. Diet. XXXIV, 390 (1826). ? Xenocarpus CASS. 1. c. LIX, 108 (1834). Emilia CASS. 1. c. XIV, 405 (1825). Stilpnogyne DC. Prodr. VI, 293 (1837). Baillon, Hist. PI. VIII, 258; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. II, 446 seq.\ Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 221; Engl. Hoffrn., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 296. Living species: 1250+ ; cosmopolitan. N. America, 75±; Rocky mts., 21; California, 20; PI. King, 13; PL Wheel., 17; E. Sts., 10; W. Tex., 7. Principally S. and W. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 555 Senecio ovatus (WALT.). Cacalia ovata WALT. Fl. Car. 196 (1788). C. tuberosa NUTT. Gen. II, 138 (1818). C. paniculata and pteryantha RAF. Ann. Nat. 14 (1820). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 294; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 268, 555; Upham, Fl. Minn. 86; Webb., Fl. Neb. 144; Chap., Fl. S. St. 244; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 335; Cov., Fl. Ark. 198; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 396; Coult., Fl. Tex. 242. North America: Ont. to Lake Huron and Minn. ; S. to Neb., Ohio, Ark., Alab., Ga. and Fla. Minn, valley: Forest district; W. to Cottonwood and Chippewa valleys; damp prairies and openings. HERB. : Sheldon 1187, New Ulm; Sheldon 687, Waseca; Taylor 565, Minnesota lake; Sandberg 346, Cannon Falls. Senecio atriplicifolius (LINN.) HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 332 (1833). Cacalia atriplicifolia LINN. Spec. 835 (1753). Senecio atriplicifolius var. reniformis HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 332 (1833). Cacalia yigantea NEES, Ind. Sem. Vratisl. (1842). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 294; Britt., Fl. N. J. 150; WTebb., Fl. Neb. 144; Upham., Fl. Minn. 86; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 268; Chap., Fl. S. St. 244; Cov. FL Ark. 198; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 395. North America: Ont. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Mo. Minn, valley: S. E. edge, Rice Co. ; rich woodland and moist banks or shores. HERB. : Sandberg 345, Goodhue Co. Senecio reniformis (MUHL.). Cacalia reniformis MTJHL. Willd. Spec. Ill, 1735 (1803). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 294; Britt., Fl. N. J. 150; Chap., Fl. S. St. 244; Upham, Fl. Minn. 86; Gray, Syn. FL I, 2. 395. North America: N. J. to N. Car. and Tenn. ; W. to Ills, and Minn. Minn, valley: S. E. edge; rare; rich, deep woods. HERB. : Leonard 28, Sumner. Senecio lugens RICH. Frankl. Jour. 2 ed. 31 (1825). 8. lugens vars. hookeri and parryi EAT. King. Exp. 188 (1871). Cineraria pratensis HERD. PL Radd. II, 127 ( ). Cacalia lugens MAcM. MSS. (1891). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 294; Webb., Fl. Neb. 144; Upham, Fl. Minn. 87; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 263, 554; Coult., FL Colo. 209; Brew, and Wats., FL Calif. I, 413; Led., FL Ross. II, 644; Wats., King Exp. 188; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 177; Gray, Syn. FL I, 2, 388; Coult., FL Tex. 242. Circumpolar. North America: Rocky mts., Fraser river, 66° N. lat. 556 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. to Kotzebue Sound and Bon Esperance, Alaska; S. in mts. to Mexico; W. to Calif, and Pac. coast; E. to Minn., Iowa, Neb., Dakota. Minn, valley: W. districts; swampy or moist places in prairie, edges of lakes. HERB.: Leiberg 43, "Minnesota"; Herb. Wickersheim 84, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. ; Herb. Moyer 153, Granite Falls. Senecio integerrimus NUTT. Gen. II, 165 (1818). Cacalia inteyerrima MACM. MSS. (1891). Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 388; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 554; Upham, Fl. Mian. 87. North America: Dak. and Minn, to Saskatchewan. Minn, valley: Reported from S. W. district; doubtful; prairies and ridges. „ Senecio tomentosus MICHX. Fl. Am. II, 119 (1803). Cineraria lieterophylla PURSH, Fl. Am. 528 (1814). Senecio integrifolius var. heterophyllus NUTT. Gen. II, 165 (1818). S. aureus UPHAM, Fl. Minn. 87 (1883) as to specs. Kassube. Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 293; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 390; Britt.. Fl. N. J. 150; Chap., Fl. S. St. 245. North America: N. J., Del. and Penn. to Fla. ; W. to Minn, and Ark. Minn, valley: N. E. edge; open and moist places. HERB.: Kassube 279, Minneapolis; 280, Minnehaha. Senecio aureus LINN. Spec. 870 (1753). 8. gracilis PURSH, Fl. Am. 529 (1814). 8. fastigiatus SCHWEIN. Ell. Sk. II, 331 (1824). Cacalia aurea MACM. MSS. (1891). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 293; Britt., Fl. N. J. 150; Webb., Fl. Neb. 144; Upham, Fl. Minn. 87; Chap. Fl. S. St. 245; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 411; Coult., Fl. Colo. 210; Wats., King Exp. 189; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 366?; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 391; Cov., Fl. Ark. 197; Coult., FL Tex. 242. North America: Newf. ?, N. S., N. Br., Rocky mts. and Pac. caast to 49° N. lat.; S. to N. J. and N. Car., and W. to Nev. and Pac. coast of California. Minn, valley: Throughout; moist, marshy or swampy places; abundant. HERB. : Bollard 18, Chaska; Taylor 47, Elysian; Bol- lard 475, Prior's lake, Scott Co. ; Sheldon 309, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co. ; Herrick 173, Minneapolis; Sandberg 348, Cen- ter City; Kassube 142, Minneapolis; Sandberg 349, Tower-, Herb. Sheld. 1808, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 83, Idlewild, Lin- coln Co. ; Herb. Moyer 152, Montevideo. Senecio aureus LINN. var. pauperculus (Micnx.). S. pauperculus MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 120 (1803). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 557 S. balsamitae MUHL. Willd. Spec. Ill, 1999 (1804). S. plattensis NUTT. Trans Am. Phil. Soc. VII, 413 (1841). 8. aureus var. balsamitae T. and G. Fl. II, 443 (1841). Cacalia aurea var. paupercula MAcM. MSS. (1891). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 293; Britt., Fl. N. J. 150; Webb., Fl. Neb. 144; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 265, 554; Chap., Fl. S. St. 245; Upham, Fl. Minn. 87; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 412; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 391; Gray, Syn. Suppl. 454. North America: Anticosti, N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Brit. Col. and Selkirk mts. ; S. to N. J., Va. and Tenn.; W. to Neb., Tex., Colo, and Oregon. Minn, valley: Throughout; high dry knolls and rocky ledges; headlands and ridges. HERB.: Sheldon 1479, Pipestone City; Ballard 142, Chaska; Ballard 518, Prior's lake, Scott Co. ; Taylor 229, Janes- ville; Sheldon 148, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co. ; Taylor 1156, Glen wood; Her rick 174, St. Louis river; Arthur 50, Vermilion lake; Sheldon 1399, Lake Benton. Senecio aureus LINN. var. obovatus (MUHL.) T. andG. Fl. II, 442 (1841). S. obovatus MUHL. Willd. Spec. Ill, 1999 (1804). S. aureus var. gracilis HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 333 (1833). S. elliottii T. and G. Fl. II, 443 (1841). Cacalia auwa var. obovata MACM. MSS. (1891). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 293; Britt., Fl. N. J. 150; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 265; Upham, Fl. Minn. 87; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 391; Coult., Fl. Tex. 242. North America: N. S. to Brit. Col.; S. to Minn., Ind. and Georgia. Minn, valley: Throughout forest and N. W. district; drier places and damp prairies. HERB.: Taylor 761, Glenwood; Kassube 143, Min- neapolis. Senecio palustris (LiNN.) HOOK. Fl. Bor. Am. I, 334 (1833). Cineraria palustris LINN. Spec. ed. 2, 1243 (1762). C. congesta R. Br. Parr. Voy. (1823). Senecio palustris var. congestus HQOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 334 (1833). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 293; Mac., Fl. Can. 263: Upham, Fl. Minn. 86; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 554; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 219; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 75; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 394; Hart.. Fl. Scand. I, 9. N. Europe to France and Austria; N. Asia. North America: N. S. and Greenland to Saskatchewan and far N. to Kotzebue Sound and Wainright Inlet, Alaska; S. to Minn., Dak. and Iowa. Minn, valley: Forest district and N. W. districts; edges of swamps, streams or lakes. 558 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB. : Bollard 519, Prior's lake, Scott Co. ; Ballard 499, Scott Co. ; Taylor 383, Janesville; Taylor 316, Janesville; Sheldon 106%, Elysian; Herrick 172, Sandy lake; Sandberg 347, Center City; Herb. Moyer 151, Stevens lake, Chippewa Co. CNICUS LINN. Gen. 633 (1737). Picnomon ADANS. Fam. II, 116 (1763). Breea LESS. Syn. Comp. 9 (1832). Onopordum LINN Gen. 927 (1737). Acanos ADANS. Fam. II, 116 (1763). L.amyra, Platyraphium, Ptilostemon, Orthocentron, Lo- phiolepis, Eriolepis, Notobasis CASS. Diet. XXV-XLIV (1826). Echenais CASS. Bull. Philom. (1818). Spanioptilon LESS. Comp. Syn. 10 (1832). Xylanthena, Cephalonoplos NECK. Elem. 67, 68 (1790). Chamaepeuce DC. Prodr. VI, 657 (1837). Ancathia DC. Guill. Arch. Bot. II, 331 (1833). Picnocomon and Acarna YAILL. Acad. Par. (1718). Epitrachys K. KOCH, Linn. XXIV, 396(1850). Ornitrophis CASS. ex Dur. 1. c. (1888). Cirsium DC. Fl. Fr. IV, 110 (1805). ' Baillon. Hist. PI VIII, 5 (sub Carduus)', Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 468; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 225. Living species: 175 ± ; Europe; Asia; Africa; N. and S. America; extra-tropical. Introduced elsewhere. Europe, 65; Russia, 55; Russian Europe, 22; North America, 35; Rocky mts., 12; Canada, 13; E. Sts., 7; S. Sts., 9; California, 12-14; PL King, 5; PI. Wheel., 8; W. Tex., 6. Cnicus odoratus (MuHL.) B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Carduus odoratus MUHL. Cat. 70 (1813).* Carduus pumilus and var. hystrix NTJTT. Gen. II, 130 (1818). Cirsium pumilum SPRENG. Syst. Ill, 375 (1826). Cnicus pumilus TORR. Compend. 282 (1826). Wats, and Couft., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 296; Britt., Fl. N. J. 151; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 269; Upham, Fl. Minn. 88; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 401. North America: Maine to Penn. and N. J. ; W, to Man. and Minn. Minn, valley: N. E., N. andN. W. districts; dry fields or sparsely wooded ridges. HERB.: Ballard 574, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 1013, Glenwood; Sandberg 351, Cannon Falls. Cnicus muticus (Micnx.) PURSH, Fl. Am. 506 (1814). Cirsium muticum MICHX. Fl. Am. II. 89 (1803). Carduus muticus and glaber (?) NUTT. Gen. II, 129 (1818). Cnicus glutinosus BIGEL. Fl. Bost. 2 ed. 291 (1824). Cirsium Mgelovii DC. Prodr. VI, 640 (1837). Wats, and Coult, Gray's Man. 6 ed. 296; Britt., Fl. N. J. 151; Upham, LIST OF HIGHER SEED PRODUCING PLANTS. 559 Fl. Minn. 88: Chap., Fl. S. St. 247; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 270; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 405. North America: Newf., Anticosti, N. S., N. Br. to Saskatchewan and Minn.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Va., Fla. and La. Minn, valley: Forest district; swamps and near lake shores. HERB.: Bailey 33, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 350, Goodhue Co. ; Taylor 700, Minnesota lake. Cnicus discolor MUHL. Willd Spec. Ill, 1670 (1803). Cardans discolor NUTT. Gen. II, 130 (1818). Cirsium discolor SPRENG. Syst. Ill, 373 (1826). Cnicus altissimus var. discolor GRAY, Proc. Am. Acad. XIX, 57 (1883). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 296; Chap., Fl. S. St. 247; Mac.. Fl. Can. I, 270; Webb., Fl. Neb. 144; Upham, Fl. Minn. 88; Britt., Fl. N. J. 151; Cov., Fl. Ark. 198; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 404. North America: N Eng. and Ont. to Minn, and Neb.; S. to N. J., 111., Mo., Ark. and Va. Minn, valley: N. districts; meadows, fields, copses and low thickets. HERB.: Bollard 761, Waconia; Taylor 741, Glenwood; Herrick 175, Minneapolis; Oestlund 104, Minneapolis; Kassube 144, Minneapolis. Cnicus altissimus (LINN.) WILLD. Spec. Ill, 1671 (1803). Carduus altissimus LINN. Spec. 824 (1753). Cirsium diversifolium DC. Prodr. VI, 640 (1837). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 296; Britt., Fl. N. J. 151, in var.', Webb., Fl. Neb. 144; Upham, Fl. Minn. 88; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 270 in war.; Coult., Fl. Colo. 214; Chap., Fl. S. St. 247; Cov., Fl. Ark. 198; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 404; Coult., Fl. Tex. 243. North America: Mass, to Minn, and Neb.; S. to Miss., N. Car., Fla., Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: S. central, S. W., W. and N. W. dis- tricts; fields and borders of thickets or streams. HERB. : Taylor 1026, Glenwood; Taylor 728, Glenwood; Herb. Wickersheim 85, Ash lake, Lincoln Co. ; Herb. Moyer 154, Chippewa river, near Montevideo. Cnicus undulatus (NUTT.).GRAY, Proc. Am. Acad. X, 42 (1874). Carduus undulatus NUTT. Gen. II, 130 (1818). C. discolor HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. I (1833) in part. C. douglasii DC. Prodr. VI, 643 (1837). C. hookerianum HOOK. Lond. Journ. Bot. VI, 253 (1854). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 296; Webb., Fl. Neb. 144; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 269; Upham, Fl. Minn. 88; Coult., Fl. Colo. 214; Brew, and 560 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 418; Wats., King Exp. 204, 422; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 179; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 403; Coult., Fl. Tex. 243. North America: Man. to Rockies, N. W. T. and Brit. Col.; W. to limit of prairies; S. to Oregon, Gt. lakes, Minn., Kan. and N. Mex. Minn valley: Reported from plains of W. district; doubtful or rare; fields and prairies. HERB. : ? Roberts 70, Grand Marais. LACTUCA LINN. Gen. 622 (1737). Brachyramphus DC. Prodr. VII, 176 (1838-39). Phaenixopus CASS. Diet. XXXIX, 391 (1826). Phaenopus DC. Prodr. VII, 176 (1838-39). Cyanoseris SCHUR. Transsylv. 369 (1866). Pyrrhopappus A. RICH. Abyss. Fl. I, 463 (1847). Cicerbita WALLR. Sched. Grit. Halle, 433 (1822). Mulgedium CASS. Diet, XXXIII, 296 (1826). Galathenium NUTT. Trans. Phil. Soc. 2, VII, 442 (1841). Agathyrsus DON, Edin. Phil. Journ. 310 (1828-29). Melanoseris DECAISNE, Jacqm. Voy. Bot. 101 (1844). Lactucopsis Sen. BIP. Vis. and Pane. Fl. Serb. II, 5 (1870). Cephalorhyncus Boiss. Diag. Or. IV, 28 (1859). Dubyaea DC. Prodr. VII, 247 (1838-39). Steptoramplms BUNGE, Bel. Lehm. 205 (1851). Mycelis and Ixeris CASS. Diet. XXIV, 49 (.1826). Chorisma DON, Edin. Phil. Jour. 308 (1828-29). CiiorisiK DC. Prodr. VII, 177 (1838-39). Baillon, Hist. PL VIII, 115; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 524; Du- rand. Ind. Gen. Phan. 235. Living species: 75-100; Europe; Asia; Africa; N. America. Europe, 22; Russia, 17; Russian Europe, 10; N. America, 9; Canada, 7; S. Sts., 1; Rocky mts., 3; California, 1; E. Sts., 8; PI. Wheel., 1; PL King, 1; W. Tex., 4. Lactuca spicata (LAM.) HITCHCOCK, Fl. Ames 506 (1891). Sonchus spicata LAM. Enc. Meth. Ill, 401 (1786). S. floridanus AIT. Hort. Kew. Ill, 116 (1789). S. biennis MOENCH, Meth. 545 (1794). S. Uucophaeus WILLD.' Spec. Ill, 1520(1803). S. acuminatus BIGEL. Fl. Bost. 2 ed. 290 (1824). 8. pallidus TORR. Compend. 279 (1826). S. multiflorus DESF. Cat. Par. (1829). Agathyrsus leucophaeum BECK, Bot. 170 (1833). Mulgedium leucophaeum DC. Prodr. VII, 249 (1838). Lactuca leucophaeum GRAY, Proc. Am. Acad. XIX, 73 (1872). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 305; Britt., Fl. N. J. 154; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 281; Coult., Fl. Colo. 224; Chap., Fl. S. St. 253; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 442; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 444. North America: Newf., Anticosti, N. Br., U. S., Q., LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 561 Ont: to Brit. Col. and coast region; S. to Oregon and N. Calif. ; E. to Minn. , N. J. , Iowa, Tenn. and N. Car. Minn, valley: Forest district and W. to Cottonwood valley; low grounds near thickets or along streams. HERB.: Bollard 64.5, Chaska; Sheldon 1184, NewUlm; Sheldon 894, Sleepy Eye; Bailey 4o7, Mud lake; Roberts 71, Stewart river; Sandberg $60, Red Wing; Oesllund 105, Minne- apolis. Lactuca floridana (LiNN.) GAERTN. Fruct. II, 262 (1791). Sonchus floridanus LINN. Spec. II, 795 (1753). Mulgedium lyratum CASS. Diet. XXXIII, 297 (1826). Mulgedium floridanum DC. Prodr. VII, 249(1839). Galathenium floridanum NUTT. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VII, 441 (1841). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 304: Britt., Fl. N. J. 154: Webb., Fl. Neb. 143; Mac., Fl. Can. 1,281; Upham, Fl. Minn. 91; Chap., Fl. S. St. 253; Cov., Fl. Ark. 199; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 443; Coult., Fl. Tex. 249. North America: Detroit river and Minn, to N. J., Penn. , Carolinas and Fla. ; W. to Ills. , Neb. and Ark. Minn, valley: Reported from N. E. and E. edges; local or doubtful; borders of woods or thickets. Lactuca pulchella (PURSH) DC. Prodr. VII, 134 (1838). Sonchus pulchellus PURSH, Fl. Am. 502 (1814). Lactuca integrifolia NUTT. Gen. II, (1818). Sonchus sibiricus RICH. Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 293 (1833). Mulgedium pulchellum T. and G. Fl. II, 497 (1841). M. heterophyllum NUTT. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VII, 441 (1841), Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 304: Webb., Fl. Neb. 143; Uphamy Fl. Minn. 91; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 442; Coult., Fl. Colo. 223; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 182; Wats., King Exp. 208, 422; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 443. North America: L. Huron throughout C. Can. to 66° N. lat., Mackenzie river reg. and Alaska; S. to N. Mex. and Calif.; E. to Neb., Minn, and Mich. Minn, valley: Throughout; local or infrequent; prai- ries and edges of woods. HERB. : Sheldon 491, Madison Lake; Bollard 682, Wa- conia; Taylor 415, Janesville; Taylor 1040, Glenwood; Taylor 883, Glenwood; Sheldon IVl^ Lake Benton; Juni 9, Lake Car- los; Bailey 4, Vermilion lake. Lactuca ludoviciana (NUTT.) DC. Prodr. VII, 141 (1838). Sonchus ludovicianus NUTT. Gen. II, 125 (1818). Galathenium ludovicianum NUTT. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VII, 433 (1841). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 304; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 443; Coult., Fl. Colo. 223; Webb., Fl. Neb. 143; Upham, Minn. Suppl. 86; Coult., Fl. Tex. 249. -36 562 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. North America: Minn, and Dak. to Iowa, Neb., Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: S. W. district; local?; thicket edges and borders of woods, or in openings. HERB. : Sheldon 894, Sleepy Eye. Lactuca hirsuta MUHL. Cat. (1813). L. sanguined BIGBL. Fl. Bost. 2 ed. 287 (1824). L. sagittaefolia ELL. Sk. II, 253 (1824). L. elongata var. sanguinea and albiflora T. and G. Fl. II, 496 (1841). Galathenium sanguineum and floridanum NUTT. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VII, 443 (1841). Lactuca canadensis GRAY, Man. 5 ed. (1867). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 304; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 280; Britt., Fl. N. J. 154; Upham, Fl. Minn. 91; Cov., Fl. Ark. 199; Gray, Syn.Fl. I, 2, 442; Coult, Fl. Tex. 249. North America: Ont. to E. Mass., N. J. and La.; W. to Minn., Ark. and Tex. Minn, valley: Forest and W, district; doubtless N. W. ; borders of woods and thickets. HERB. : Sheldon 1304, Lake Benton. Lactuca canadensis LINN. Spec. 796 (1753). L. caroliniana WALT. Fl. Car. 193 (1788). L. longifolia MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 85 (1803). L. elongata MUHL. Willd. Spec. Ill, 1523 (1803). Sonchus pallidus WILLD. Spec. Ill, 1521 (1803). Galathenium elongatum NUTT. Trans, Am. Phil. Soc. VII, 443 (1841). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 304; Britt.. Fl. N. J. 154; Webb., Fl. Neb. 143; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 280; Upham, Fl. Minn. 91; Cov., Fl. Ark. 199; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 442. North America: Anticosti to Assiniboia and Sas- katchewan; S. to N. Eng. and N. J. to Ga.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout; borders of thickets and open places in woods. HERB.: Bollard 616, Chaska; Bollard 744, Waconia; Sheldon 1010, Sleepy Eye; Bollard 580, Rice lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 1021, Glenwood; Sheldon 1181, New Ulm; Bailey 196, Vermilion lake; Kassube 149, Minneapolis; Sandberg 359, Can- non Falls. TARAXACUM HALL. Stirp. Helv. I, 23 (1742). Leoiitodoii ADANS. Fam. II, 112 (1763). Lasiopus DON, Sweet. Brit. Fl. Gard. 2, 346 (1836). ? Caramanaca TINEO, PI. Rar. Sic. (1846). Dens Leonis TOURN. Inst. 468 (1700). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 563 Baillon, Hist. PI, VIII, 110 (sub Leontodon)', Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 522; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 235. Living species: 40 described; 10 reduced; N. hemi- sphere and a few introduced or rarely indigenous in S. hemi- sphere. Russia, 14; Europe, 10; Russian Europe, 9; North America, 1-4; PI. King, 3 descr. Taraxacum taraxacum (LiNN.) MACM. Torr. Bull. XIX, 1891). Leontodon taraxacum LINN. Spec. (1753). Taraxacum officinale WEBB. Prim. Fl. Hoist. 56 (1780). T. dens-leonis DESF. Fl. Atl. II, 228 (1800). Wats, and Coul*,., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 303; Britt., Fl. N. J. 154; Upham, Fl. Minn. 9]; Chap., Fl. S. St. 252; Coult., Fl. Colo. 222; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 279; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 439; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 478; Led., Fl. Ross. 11,812: Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 240; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 558 in war.; Griseb., Fl. W. I; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 78; Wats., King Exp. 206; Cov.. Fl. Ark. 198; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 440; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 58; Coult., Fl. Tex. 248. All Europe and N. Asia to China and in temperate stations in S. hemisphere (probably adventive). North America: Canada throughout, to Alaska, Baf- fins bay and Greenland; throughout U. S. and in Mex. ; forms E. of Minn, are probably introduced from Europe. Minn, valley: Throughout; fields, banks, roadsides and grassy places. HERB.: Taylor 82, Elysian; Taylor 184, Janesville; Sandberg 358, Red Wing; Kassube 148, Minneapolis; Hammond 23, Lake City; Herb. Sheld. 1791, Minneapolis; Herb. Wicker - sheim 88, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. NOTHOCALAIS GREENE, Bull. Acad. Calif. II, 54 (1886). Troximon AUCT. in part. Eutroximon GRAY, (Sect.) Syn. Fl. I, 2, 437 (1886) p. p. North America: 4-5; California and Pac. coast region; 1 extending eastward. Nothocalais cuspidatum (PURSH) GREENE, Bull. Calif. Acad. II, 54 (1886). Troximon cuspidatum PUKSH, Fl. Am. 472 (1814). 1. marqinatum NUTT. Gen. II, 128 (1818). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 302; Mac., Fl.Can. 1, 277; Upham, Fl. Minn. 89; Webb., Fl. Neb. 143; Coult., Fl. Colo. 221; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 437. North America: N. W. T. to Dak. and Neb.; E. to Saskatchewan, Minn., Wise, and 111. Minn, valley: Throughout; especially in prairie dis- trict; plains and hills or sunny banks. 564 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB.: Herrick 178, Minneapolis; Sandberg 352, Welsh, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1809, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 86, Idlewild; Herb. Moyer 156, Montevideo. AGOSERIS RAF. Fl. Lud. 58 (1817). Macrorhyncus LESS. Syn. Comp. 139 (1832). Ammogeton SCHRAD. Cat. Goett. 1 (1833). Cryptopleura and Stylopappus NUTT. Trans. Phil. See. ser. 2, VII, 431 (1841). Troximon AUCT. in part. Baillon, Hist. PI. VIII,110 (sub Leontodon Linn.); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. II, 522; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 234; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 304. Living species: 23 ± (Greene, Pittonia II, 176); N. America and Chile; all in western and Pac. coast regions. Agoseris glauca (PURSH) GREENE, Pittonia II, 176 (1891). Troximon glaucum PURSH, Fl. Am. 495, 505 (1814). Macrorhyncus glaucus EAT. Bot. King Exp. 204 (1871). Wats, and Goult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 303; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 277; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 89; Coult., Fl. Colo. 221; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 437; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 437. North America: Man. and Saskatchewan to Pac. ; S. in Sierras to Calif., Utah, Nev. and E. to Minn, and Neb. Minn, valley: W. edge; infrequent; plains and high ridges or headlands. HERB. : Sheldon 1278, Lake Benton. ADOPOGON NECK. Elem. I, 55 (1790). Krigia SCHREB. Gen. 532 (1791). Cynthia DON, Edin. Phil. Journ. 309 (1828-29). Luthera Sen. BIP. Linn. X, 275 (1836). Baillon, Hist. PL VIII, 20 (sub Cichorium}; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 507; O. Kuntze, Jtev. Gen. I, 304; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 232. Living species: 4-5; N. America; S. Sts., 4; E. Sts., 3; Canada, 2; Rocky mts., 1; W. Tex., 3. Adopogon virginicum (LiNN.) OK. Rev. Gen. I. 304 (1891). Tragopogon virginicum LINN. Spec. 789 (1753). Hyoseris biftora WALT. Fl. Car. 194 (1788). J3". ampkxicaulis MTCHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 87 (1803). H. prenanthoides WILLD. Spec. Ill, 1618 (1803). Cynthia virginica DON, Edin. Phil. Jour. XII, 305 (1828-29). Krigia amplexicaulis NUTT. Gen. II, 127 (1818). C. ampkxicaulis BECK, Bot. 168 (1833). Cynthia griffithii NUTT. Jour. Acad. Phil. VII, 69 (1834). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 298; Britt., Fl. N. J. 152; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 273; Upham, Fl. Minn. 89; Coult., Fl. Colo. 215; Chap.,Fl. S. St. 249; Cov., Fl. Ark. 198; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2,412. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 565 North America: Ont. to S. Man., Dak. and Colo.; S. to N. Y., N. J., Conn., Ga. and W. to Iowa, Minn, and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout, particularly in the prairie districts; grassy places or sunny banks. HERB. : Sheldon 626, Wilton, Waseca Co. ; Sheldon 534, Waseca; Herrick .176, Minneapolis; Holzinger 133, Winona Co.; Herrick 177, Minneapolis; Kassube 14-5, Minneapolis. LTGODESMIA DON, Edin. Phil. Jour. 311 (1828-29). Erythremia NUTT. Trans. Phil. Soc. 2, VII, 455 (1841). Baillon, Hist. PL VIII, 113 (sub Scorzonera)', Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 530; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 235. Living species: 5-6; N. America; especially S. W. Rocky mts., 3; E. Tex. and Fla., 1; California, 2; S. Sts., 1; E. Sts., 1; PI. King, 2; Wj Tex., 3. Lygodesmia juncea (PURSH) DON, Hook. PI. Bor.-Am. I, 295 (1833). Pren anthes juncea PURSH, Fl. Am. 498 (1814). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 302; Webb., Fl. Neb. 143; Coult., Fl. Colo. 220; Mac., Fl. Can. 1, 283; Upham, Fl. Minn. 90; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 441; Wats., KingExp. 200; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 435; Coult., Fl. Tex. 248. North America: Saskatchewan and Man. to Rockies, 49° N. lat; S. to Wise., Minn., Neb., N. Mex. and Nev. Minn, valley: Throughout; sandy and waste places or on gravelly banks. HERB.: Sheldon 950, Redwood Falls; Sheldon 1014, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1510, Lake Benton; Sheldon 703, Minne- apolis; Taylor 869, Glenwood; Bollard 255, Jordan, Scott Co.; Bollard 634, Chaska; Sandberg 357, Vasa; Herrick 182, Minne- apolis; MacM. and Sheld. 48, Brainerd; Herb. Moyer 155, Min- nesota valley, near Montevideo. PREN ANTHES LINN. Gen. 609 (1737) p. p. BENTH. 1. c. (1873). Nabalus CASS. Diet. XXXIV, 94 (1836). Harpalyce DON, Edin. Phil. Jour. (1828-29). Esopon RAF. Fl. Lud. 146 (1817). Baillon, Hist. PI. VIII, 116 (sub Lactuca); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. II, 527; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 235. Living species: 20 ±; S. Europe to India and Japan; Canary Isls. ; N. America. Europe, 6; rest mostly American; S. Sts., 7; E. Sts., 9; Rocky mts., 2; Canada, 5; Russia, 4; Russian Europe, 1-2. 566 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Prenanthes serpentaria PURSH, Fl. Am. 499 (1814). ? Nabalus glaucus RAF. Fl. Lud. 57 (1817). N. fraseri and trilobatus DC. Prodr. VII, 242 (1837-1839). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 301; Britt., Fl. N. J. 155; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 282, 559; Upham, Fl. Minn. 90; Chap., Fl. S. St. 251; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 434. North America: Newf., Anticosti, Q., Ont. to Minn.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla. Minn, valley: Reported from N. E. and N. edges borders of woods and thickets, or shady banks. Prenanthes alba LINN. Spec. (1753) P. rubicunda WILLD. Spec. Ill, 2537 (1804). P. suavis SALISB. Parad. Lond. 85 (1806-1807). P. miamensis,ovataa,nd.proteophyllaR,iiH). Syn.W. PI. (1835) in part. Nabalus albus HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 294 (1840). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 301; Britt., Fl. N. J. 155: Upham, Fl. Minn. 90; Chap., Fl. S. St. 250; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 282, 559; Cov., Fl. Ark. 199; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 434. North America: Newf., Anticosti to Saskatchewan; S. toGa., 111. and Ark. Minn, valley: Throughout; borders of thickets and on shaded river banks. HERB. Sheldon 1156, New Ulm; Taylor 1094, Glen- wood; Taylor 1121, Glenwood; Herrick 179, Minneapolis; Win cheU 11, Richfield; Herrick 180, Minneapolis; Bailey 481, Agate bay; Bailey 399, Mud lake; Kassube 147, Minneapolis; fferrick 181, Minneapolis; Sandberg 354, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1812, Minneapolis. Prenanthes aspera MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 84 (1803). P. illinoensis PEBS. Syn. II, 366 (1807). Chondrilla illinoensis POIR. Suppl. II, 331 (1811). Nabalus illinoensis DC. Prodr. VII, 242 (1837-1839). N. asper T. and G. Fl. II, 483 (1841). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed.301; Upham, Fl. Minn. 90; Webb., Fl. Neb. 143; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 433: Cov., Fl. Ark. 199. North America: Ohio to Minn. , Iowa, Neb. , Mo. and La. Minn, valley: W. and N. W. districts; dry or sterile fields and prairies. HERB.: Taylor 1064, Glenwood; Sheldon 1349, Verdi, Lincoln Co.; Sheldon 1325, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1437, Dakota line, near Elkton; Sandberg 356, Cannon Falls. Prenanthes racemosa MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 84 (1803), Nabalus racemosus DC. Prodr. VII, 242 (1837-1839). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 301; Britt., Fl. N. J. 155; Upham, Fl. Minn. 90; Mac., Fl. Can. 282, 559; Coult., Fl. Colo. 220; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 433. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 567 North America: Anticosti, Newf., Q., Ont., Gt. lake reg. to Saskatchewan and 49° N. lat. ; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Penn. ; W. to Minn. , Colo, and Mo. Minn, valley: Throughout, especially west; prairies and borders of sloughs. HERB.: Taylor 1065, Alexandria; Sheldon 1354%, Verdi, Lincoln Co. ; Taylor 1148, G-lenwood; Sheldon 1593, Lake Ben- ton; Sheldon 1305, Lake Benton; Sandberg 355, Red Wing; Herb. Wickersheim 87, Ash lake, Lincoln Co. Prenanthes crepidinea MICHX. Fl. N. Am. II, 84 (1803). Nabalus crepidineus DC. Prodr. VII, 241 (1837-1839). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 301; Upham, Fl. Minn. 90; Chap., Fl. S. St. 251; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 433. North America: N. Y. to Penn. and Minn.; S. to S. Car. and Tenn. Minn, valley: Reported from W. edge; rich, damp soil along streams or in prairie sloughs. CREPI8 LINN. Gen. 621 (1737). Catonia and Barkhausia MOENCH, Meth. 535, 537 (1794). Uostia MOENCH, Meth. Suppl. 221 (1802). Lepicaune LAP. PI. Pyren. 478 (1813). Omalocline, Aetbiorhiza, Paleya, Anisoderis, Nemau- chenes, Gatyona, Bracliyderea, Intybellia, Phaecasium CASS. Diet. XVIII, XXXIV, XXXIX, XXIII, XLVIII (1826). Youngria CASS. Op. Phyt. Ill, 86 (1834). Pterotheca CASS. Bull. Philom. (1816). Sclerophyllum GAUD. Fl. Helv. V, 47 (1829). Idianthes DESVX. Fl. Anjou, 199 (1827). Calliopea and Haplostepbium DON, N. Edin. Phil. Jour. 307, 309 (1828). Soyeria, Aracium, Tntybella MONN. Ess. Hier. 75 (1829). Derouetia, Psammoseris, Cymboseris Boiss. Diagn. Or. 2, V, 114, XI, 52, 50(1843). Heteroseris Botss. FL Or. Ill, 793 (1870). Intybus FRIES, N. Fl. Suec. ed. 2, 244 (1828). Geracinm REICH. Moessl. Fl. Deutsch. (1834). Anthochytrum REICH. Ic. Germ. XIX, 39 ( ). Crepinea REICH. Fl. Germ. Exc. 269 (1830). Anisorampbus, Eindoptera, Phalacroderis DC. Prodr. VII, 97, 178, 251 (1838). Barkhausenia HOPPE, Flora 512 (1829). Lagoseris, Borkbausia LINK, Enum. Berol. II, 289, 290 (1822). Billotia SCH. BIP. Flora 707 (1859). Vigineixia POM. N. Mat. Fl.-Atl. 12 (1874). Ceramiocephalum SCH. BIP. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. IX, 284 ( ). Crepidium TAUSCH. Flora 80 (1828). 568 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Crepidium NUTT. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2, VII, 435 (1841). Psilocaeuia NUTT. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2, VII, 437 (1841). Berinea BRIGN. PI. Forojul. 50 (1810). Trichocrepi* Vis. St. Dalm. 19 (1826). Rodigia SPRENG. Neil. Entd. I, 275 (1820) part. Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. II, 513, 515, 516; Baillon, Hist. PI. VIII, 108 (sub Picris Linn.); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 233. Living species: 160 ±; N. hemisphere; N. America, 9-10; center in Europe and Asia. In N. America, principally N. and W. Crepis runcinata (JAMES) T. and G. Fl. II, (1841). Hieracium runcinatum JAMES, Long Exp. I, 453 (1825X Crepidium runcinatum NUTT. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VII, 436 (1841). Crepis biennis var. B. HOOK. Fl. I, 297 (1833) not Linn. C. biennis var. americana DC. Prodr. VII, 163 (1837). Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 431; Coult., Fl. Colo. 219; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 274; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 436; Upham, Suppl. Minn. 47. North America: Saskatchewan to Minn., Mont., Colo, and California, Minn, valley: W. to S. W. districts; infrequent; prairies and moist fields. HERB.: Huntington 14, Rock Co.; Wickersheim 131, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. ; Moyer 244, Montevideo. HIERACIUM LINN. Gen. 620 (1737). Pilosella Sen. BIP. Flora 417 (1862). Schlagintweitia GRISEB. Comm. Hierac. 76 ( ). Chlorocrepis GRISEB. 1. c. 75 ( ). Stenotheca MONN. Ess. Hierac. 71 (1829). Mandonia Sen. BIP. Linn. XXXIII, 757 (1859). Crepidospermum FRIES, Epic. Hierac. 153 (1848). Heteropleura Sen. BIP. Flora. 434 (1862). f Apatanthus Viv. Fl. Lib. Spec. 54 ( ). Andryala LINN. Gen. 915 (1737). Forneum ADANS. Fam. II, 112 (1763). Voightia ROTH, Roem. and Ust. Mag. IV, 17 ( ). liothia SCHREB. Gen. 531 (1791). Baillon, Hist. PI. VIII, 109; Benth. and Hook., Gen. PL II, 516; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 233. Living species: 500 described; 200 reduced (B. and H.); Europe, 185; Russia, 50?; Russian Europe, 46; N. America, 25; Canada, 15; Rocky mts., 8; E. Sts., 7; S. Sts., 4; Calif., 5-6; PI. King, 3; PI. Wheel., 1; W. Tex., 2. Hieracium longipilum TORR. Hook. PL Bor.-Am. I, 298 (1833). H. barbatum NUTT. Journ. Phil. Acad. VII, 70 (1834). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 569 Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 299; Webb., Fl. Neb. 143; Upham, Fl. Minn. 90; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 276; Cov., Fl. Ark. 198; Coult., Fl. Colo. 217; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 426 and Suppl. 455; Coult., Fl. Tex. 248. North America: Ont.. and Mich, to Minn., Neb. and Tex. Minn valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co.; rare; openings and damp meadow-land. HERB. : Sandberg 353, Red Wing. Kieraciiim venosum LINN. Spec. 800 (1753). H. gronovii LINN. Spec. 802 (1753). H. subnudum FROEL. DC. Prodr. VII, 218 (1837) chiefly. Stenotheca venosa MONN. Ess. Hier. 72 (1829). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 299; Gray, Syn. Fl. 1, 2, 425; Webb., Fl. Neb. 144; Britt., Fl. N. J. 153; Chap., Fl. S. St. 250; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 276; Upharn, Fl.Minn. 90. North America: Ont. and N. J. to Saskatchewan, Minn, and Mont. ; S. to Ga. , Tenn. , Neb. and Ark. Minn, valley: Forest district; and N. W. district; in- frequent; woods and plains. HERB. : Bollard 577, Rice lake, Scott Co. ; Ballard 167, Shakopee; Ballard 259, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sandberg 607, Red Wing; Holzinger 296, Winona Co. Hieracium canadense MICHX. PI. N. Am. II, 86 (1803). H. virgatum,fasciculatum, macrophyllum PURSH, Fl. Am. 504 (1814). H. scabriusculum SCHWEIN. Long's Exp. (1825). H. kalmii SPRENG. Syst. Ill, 646 (1826). H. prenanthoides HOOK. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 300 (1833). H. helianthifolium FROEL. DC. Prodr. VII, 198 (1838-1839). U. corymbosum FRIES, Symb. Hier. 185 (1848). H. auratum FRIES, Symb. Hier. 181 (1848). Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man. 6 ed. 299; Britt., Fl. N. J. 153; Upham, Fl. Minn. 90; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 275; Coult., Fl. Colo. 217; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 425. N. Europe. North America: Greenland bo S. Man.; N. S. to N. J. ; N. Y., Penn.; W. to Mackenzie, Oregon and Brit. Col.; S. to Minn, and Colo. Minn, valley: N. districts, and perhaps throughout forest district; dry woodland or thickets. HERB. : Holzinger 134, Hancock; Bailey 522, Agate bay; Kassube 146, Minneapolis. 570 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY SUMMARY. TOTAL NUMBER OP FAMILIES, 106 TOTAL NUMBER OF GENERA, - 407 TOTAL NUMBER OF SPECIES AND VARIETIES, 1174 THE VALLEY OF THE MINNESOTA RIVER. Location of the valley. The basin occupied by the Minnesota river and its various tributary streams is a tract of country approximately 16,600 square miles in extent, and lying between the 93d and 97th meridians west of Greenwich, and between 43° 20' and 46° 20' of north latitude. It comprises portions of the states of Minnesota, Iowa and South Dakota, but of its total area 15,706 square miles is within the borders of Minne- sota. It includes in Iowa portions of Winnebago and Kossuth counties, and in South Dakota portions of Roberts, Grant, Deuel and Codington counties. In Minnesota it includes the whole of the counties of Swift, Lac Qui Parle, Chippewa, Yel- low Medicine, Redwood, Brown, Watonwan, Nicollet and Blue Earth, together with larger or smaller areas in Big Stone, Stevens, Grant, Pope, Douglas, Otter-Tail, Kandiyohi, Ren- ville, Sibley, Carver, Hennepin, Dakota, Rice, Le Sueur, Wa- seca, Steele, Freeborn, Faribault, Martin, Jackson, Cotton- wood, Murray, Pipestone, Lyon and Lincoln counties. The general outline of the basin is that of a somewhat elongated and bent ellipse, the convexity facing southward, and its greatest diameter is in a direction northwest by southeast. At Brown's Valley, between lake Traverse and Big Stone lake, is the divide between Hudson Bay and Gulf of Mexico drain- age. Lake Traverse is one of the head lakes of the Red river of the North, the waters of which, by way of lake Winnipeg and the Nelson river, empty into Hudson Bay. In Itasca county, one hundred and fifteen miles northeast from the north west extension of the Minnesota valley, lies Bow-String lake, of which the waters drain into the Rainy river. Between Bow-String lake and the head waters of the Pomme de Terre and Chippewa rivers, tributaries of the Min- nesota, lie the head waters of the Mississippi. On the south- west of the Minnesota valley, just over the divide in Lincoln county, the streams are tributary to the Missouri river. As an 572 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. area of drainage, then, the valley of the Minnesota is one of central location. Its* continental position is no less central. If the 50th meridian west of Greenwich be taken for the eastern boundary of the solid portion of the North American continent and the 140th meridian, passing near Mount St. Elias and cut- ting off the great Alaskan peninsula, for the western, the inter - mediate meridian will be the 95th west of Greenwich, and this meridian passes squarely through the valley of the Minnesota, cutting the counties of Jackson, Cottonwood, Brown, Redwood, Renville and Kandiyohi. Or if the meridian of 20° west be be taken for the eastern boundary of the North American con- tinent, thus including the whole of Greenland, and the merid- ian of 170° west be taken for the western boundary, thus in- cluding the Alaskan peninsula and passing through Berings straits, the intermediate meridian as before is the 95th west. In like manner, if the parallel of 70° north latitude, passing near the mouth of the Mackenzie river, and the parallel of 20° north latitude passing near the city of Mexico be adopted as the northern and southern boundaries, respectively, of the solid portion of the North American continent, the intermedi- ate parallel will be the 45th of north latitude and this passes through Hennepin, Kandiyohi, Chippewa and Lac Qui Parle counties of the valley in Minnesota, and through Grant and Codington counties in South Dakota. The same 45th parallel becomes the intermediate one if 80° north latitude be selected for the northern boundary and 10° north latitude for the south- ern. The 95th meridian and the 15th parallel intersect in Kan- diyohi county just at the north edge of the valley. The continental and hydrographic position of the Minnesota basin is seen to be peculiarly central and this adds much to the interest of determining the character of its plant inhabitants. General topographical features. Big Stone lake which is the head lake of the main stream lies at an altitude of 962 feet above the sea. Into the northwestern part of this lake, near the town of Brown's Valley, the head stream enters after running for about twenty -two miles in a southeastern direction from the Coteau des Prairies of South Dakota. This head stream drains land that lies at an elevation of 2,000 feet above the sea level. The two principal tributaries from the north are the Pomme de Terre and the Chippewa rivers, both of which arise in the high morainic hills of southern Otter Tail county. Some of these hills reach an altitude of 1,750 feet above the level of the sea. Lake Stalker which is the head VALLEY OP THE MINNESOTA RIVER. 573 lake of the Pomme de Terre stands at a level of about 1,340 feet. The Leaf hills are in part . drained towards the south- west by the Chippewa river and in part towards the northwest by the Red river of the North. Some of these hills reach the altitude given above, of 1,750 feet. On the other side of the Minnesota basin, more than one hundred and twenty-five miles to the southwest, lies the Coteau des Prairies, forming the southwestern boundary of the valley and reaching at different points an elevation of from 1,900 to 1,950 feet above the level of the sea. Lake Benton which is the head lake- of the Red- wood river lies at an elevation of 1,754 feet above the sea level. From these extremes of elevation northwestward, westward and southwestward, the basin inclines gently toward the east. At low water the mouth of the Minnesota river, where it dis- charges its waters into the Mississippi at Fort Snelling, lies at an altitude of 688 feet above sea level and the flood-plane at this point is 710 feet. In Hennepin county some of the lands drained by Nine Mile creek, which empties from the north into the Minnesota, near its mouth, lie at an altitude of about 1.000 feet, while just across the basin, in Dakota county, the south- ern edge attains in places an altitude of about 1,100 feet. Character of the basin. The main stream of the basin— the Minnesota river — from the head of Big Stone lake to Fort Snelling, runs in a gorge varying in width from half a mile to four miles, and about 230 miles in length. The sides of this gorge rise, with slopes of from twenty to forty degrees, to from one hundred to two hundred and thirty feet above the level of the river, and to the general country level. The river itself is nowhere a large stream and except at a few points does not wash the bases of its bluffs, but flows in a trench through alluvial deposits. From the edges of this trench level country, diversified with many ponds, extends to the bases of the bluffs, broken in many places by exposures of gneissic and gabbroid rocks. Not far from the town of Morton, a notable diabasic dyke, 175 feet wide, cuts across the gorge. Besides this very large dyke there are upwards of twenty others in the region of the crystalline rocks. In general there are few exposures of rock below the town of Beaver Falls, but above this point the whole floor of the gorge is often broken for miles with the outcrops. The average width of the Minnesota valley is not far from 100 miles. On the north it extends among the morainic hills of the belt which stretches from Lake Minnetonka to Otter 574 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Tail county and sparingly into Dakota. On the south it is bounded by the high land, of the Coteau des Prairies. The greater portion of the basin consists of rolling prairies inter- sected by numerous sluggish streams, but along the northern edge and in a considerable part of the far northwestern and the eastern and southeastern areas the basin includes the characteristic hills of a terminal or median moraine, and for the most part these hills are clothed with growths of hard- wood timber. The Minnesota valley lies outside of the great lake belt of the state, which runs just north of its border, but a large number of lakes are found within its limits. These lakes are most abundant in the far northwestern, eastern and southeastern portions of the basin and are least abundant in the western, central western and southwestern portions. Distribution of forest and prairie. The streams of the basin are generally wooded along their courses and the great gorge of the river is heavily timbered as far up as Montevideo. The northern bluffs are much more sparsely clothed with forest than the southern and for long distances between Mankato and Montevideo are either altogether bare of timber or but scantily covered in comparison with the bluffs across the river. The headwater regions of the Pomme de Terre and Chippewa rivers are wooded and the northern edge of the basin shows frequent incursions of the northern forest belt. The only coniferous tree which reaches the valley is the larch or tamarack — Larix americana — and only a few of the characteristic tamarack swamps occur in the valley. The northeastern and eastern portions of the valley are within the limits of the hardwood forest. Such portions of the basin as lie in the counties of Hennepin, Carver, Scott, Rice, Le Sueur and Sibley are for the most part timbered and a part of the area in Blue Earth, Waseca and Nicollet counties belongs to the same forest belt. This belt extends somewhat more than ten miles southwest of Mankato and up the Le Sueur river be- yond Waseca. It gradually fades out into the prairie regions south and west. Such being the general distribution of forest and prairie it is apparent that the various intermediate conditions will pre- vail along the demarcation lines between the two main plant physiognomic formations. Meadows, marshes, swamps and bogs are not infrequent, being especially abundant in the bot- tomland of the main stream in that portion lying between Mankato and Fort Snelling. In the prairies of the valley VALLEY OF THE MINNESOTA RIVER. 575 sloughs, marshes and occasional swamps break the general monotony. In spite of the preponderance of the rolling prairie the diversity of conditions in the valley as a whole permits it to maintain a fairly diversified flora. Soils. In view of the lack of any systematic analyses of soils in the Minnesota valley it is possible to speak only in general terms of the various conditions that may be discovered. Practically the whole of the valley is covered with glacial drift and this consists of a mixture of sand, gravel, clays and boulders. Cretaceous clay is the most abundant component of the soil. This matrix is covered over with a mantle of black soil, resulting from the decay of unnumbered generations of plants, and from six inches to three feet in thickness. Throughout the bottomland of the main gorge the general thickness and fertility of the soil is most noteworthy. In the region of metamorphic rocks above Fort Ridgely this thickness diminishes in places, but to the head of the gorge areas of maximum thickness may be discovered. On the roll- ing prairies the soil is scarcely different in general character, so far as concerns the growth of plants. The matrix is for the most part of unmodified drift, while in the main gorge and at other points, the substratum often consists of modified or stratified drift. Boulders are very rare in the basin of the Minnesota, their area of frequency being confined to the north- ern and morainic portions. The clays are of the ordinary sort found in Minnesota glacial till. Blue and red clays are predom- inant. In some portions of the valley saline and alkaline soils are found, but such areas are small and are confined for the most part to the western and southwestern areas. No char- acteristic saline or alkaline marsh occurs in the valley, al- though several in which the water is somewhat brackish have been noted. The saline or alkaline areas are commonly marked enough to favor the development of characteristic plants, such as various Chenopodiacece and Polygonacece. The soils are classified by N. H. Winchell into seven groups as follows: (1) Red till soil; (2) gray till soil, timbered; (3) gray till soil, prairie; (4) loam with gravelly subsoil; (5) lami- nated clay soil and subsoil; (6) sandy soil with sand or fine gravel as subsoil; (7) alluvium. This is a geological classifica- tion, but may serve in the absence of any based on other char- acters. From a chemical point of view the data are not at hand to make the classification which would be the most useful to the botanist. Of the groups of soils named above the gray 576 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. till soil is the most prominent in the Minnesota valley and oc- curs in both prairie and forest region. It is somewhat more fertile than the red till and second as a subsoil only to the al- luvium. The fertility of any soil is, however, secondary so far as concerns the subsoil and it is to the layer of loam which covers the till that the productive qualities must largely be re- ferred. The loam varies in its per cents, of nitrogenous sub- stance, but in general maintains a high average. Climate. Owing to the short time during which meteorolog- ical observations have been made in the valley of the Minneso- ta it is not possible to get all the data that are desirable for an explanation or its climate. From the statistics compiled for the Smithsonian Institution, by Schott, I am able to present the following table of mean annual and seasonal precipitation at certain pc'ats of interest. TABLE OF PRECIPITATION. In this table the figures are means arranged from observa- tions extending over various periods. The precipitation is given in inches and fractions. 1 IjAT. IX>NG. EL.EV. SP'NG SUM. AUT. WINT YEAR. EXTENT OF OBSER'N Ft Ridgely 44° 30' 94° 45' 1230 6.48 9.11 5 86 4 02 25.47 13 years Ft Snelling 44° 53 ' 93° 10 ' 820 6.20 10.14 6.40 2.57 25.31 38 years Lac Qui Parle 45°. 00' 95°. 30' 946 7.78 11.84 6.47 2.98 29.07 5 years NewUlm 44°. 00' 94°. 30' 1007 6.55 11.38 5.49 2.53 25.95 10 years Madelia 44°. 19' 94«.30' 821 7.41 9.87 7.39 4.21 28.88 2 years St. Paul 449.58' 93°. 03' 693 7.81 12.14 7.09 3.01 30.05 17 years At Ft. Snelling the maximum annual precipitation during the period was in 1849 when 49.69 inches of water was precipi- tated. The minimum was in 1852 when 15.07 inches was pre cipitated. The observations extend from 1837 to 1874. At St. Paul the maximum was in 1865 when 38. 14 inches fell. The minimum was in 1864 when 14.86 inches fell. The mean yearly precipitation, as indicated upon the iso- hyetal maps prepared by Schott, varies in the Minnesota valley from 20 to 32 inches. It is greatest in the region around Ft. Snelling and least in the high land of the western boundary. For the spring, summer and autumn the mean precipitation in the delta region of the Mississippi is respectively 18 inches, and for the same region the winter precipitation. is 16 inches, making a total mean precipitation of 70 inches. VALLEY OF THE MINNESOTA RIVER. 577 Through the kindness of Director Harmon of the Minnesota Weather Service, I have been able to compile from records pre- served on file in his office at Minneapolis the following tables of precipitation and temperature of three important points in the valley of the Minnesota. St. Paul is near the mouth of the main stream. Mankato is in the southern central region. Morris is in the northwestern region. Thus the points are fairly illustrative. The figures represent averages of monthly means and summations of averages for the average yearly mean. The period covered by the observations is six years. TABLE OF PRECIPITATION. 1886-1891. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year Morris — .35 .38 .81 1.55 1.81 4.00 4.12 2.43 2.58 1.09 .38 1.03 20 53 St. Paul... 1.13 .64 .93 2.76 2.50 3.25 2.98 3.22 2.29 1.29 .90 1.31 23.20 Mankato.. 1.46 1.05 1.16 2.80 2.94 2.74 2.91 1.87 2.23 1.06 1.00 1.82 23.04 Morris: lat. 45° 30'; long. 95° 58'; alt. 1,129 feet. St. Paul: lat. 44° 58'; long. 93° 03'; alt. 693 feet. Mankato: lat. 44° 06'; long. 94° 01'; alt. 791 feet. TABLE OF TEMPERATURE. 188 co a2 • N 03 a> 1 d i a 0) O.JS £4 ft 9-4 ^ Z-i a ^2 25^,. 25 h | Qi i~ I| od1 11 0 > o ^ *ft C ^ *O o. • * ft» £ ® £; a; •^o c 3 *J n^ •JJci d.'-1 & Sg 02 ^^ 3° ^ Sc 8&jSS OT? g °tj ll c s is d^ 1 = X4^ sia. Gerani aceae. Geranium Geranium . Oxalid aceae Oxalis Oxalis Una ceae. Linuni . Linuni . Ruta Zanthoxylum Ptelea ceae, Zanthoxylum Ptelea, . .' Polyga laceae. Poly gala Pnlucynln. Euphor Ricinocarpus Euphorbia maceae. Ricinocarpus Euphorbia Stellar Stellaria iaceae. Stellaria Anacar diaceae. Rhus . Rhns Celast Evonyncius raceae. Evonymus .. Celastrus Cfiln.sitrniS Celastrus Asa.. 694 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. D. Table Illustrating General Continental Range NORTHERN. SOUTHERN. Umbell Sanicula marylandica Sanicula canadensis . . Heracleum lanatum Angelica atropurpurea iferae. Sanicula marylandica . . Sanicula canadensis Eryngium aquaticum . . . Poly taenia nuttallii .... Heracleum lanatum .... Peucedanum nudicaule. Tiedemannia rigida .... Thaspium aureum var corda turn . Zizia aurea Cicuta bulbifera. . , Cicuta virosa var. maculata Angelica villosa Thaspium aureum Thaspium aureum var. corda- tum Thaspium barbinode Zizia cordata Zizia aurea Pimpinella integerrima Sium cicutaefolium . . Deeringia canadensis Myrrhis aristata Cornus canadensis Cornus alternifolia , Corna ceae Cicuta virosa var. maculata. Sium angustifolium . . . . , . .. Sium cicutaefolium Deeringia canadensis . . . .;.-,. Myrrhis claytoni Myrrhis aristata •» . . . Cornus stolonifera Cornus circinatus. . Cornus alternifolia. . Cornus candidissima Cornus asperifolia . . Cornus sericea . . . Cornus circinatus. Pirola ceae Pseva umbellata Pirola secunda Pirola secunda var. pumila .... Pirola elliptica Pirola rotundif olia Pirola rotundifolia var. uligi- nosa Monotropa uniflora Erica Ledum latif olium Andromeda polifolia Pseva maculata . . Pseva umbellata, Pirola elliptica. Monotropa uniflora. :eae. STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 695 of Minnesota Yalley Metaspermic Species. — Continued. EASTERN. WESTERN. Umbell Sanicula marylandica iferae. Sanicula marylandica Sanicula canadensis Eryngium aquaticum Polytaenia nuttallii. . . . Polytaenia nuttallii Heracleum lanatum Heracleum lanatum .... Peucedanum nudicaule Tiedemannia rigida Angelica atropurpurea Angelica villosa Thaspium aureum Thaspiuni aureum var. corda- tum Thaspium aureum var. corda- tum Thaspium barbinode Zizia cordata Zizia aurea Zizia aurea Pimpinella integerrima. . Cicuta bulbifera Cicuta virosa var. maculata. . . . Sium angustifolium Cicuta virosa var. maculata. . . Sium angustifolium Sium cicutaef olium Sium cicutaefolium. Deeringia canadensis Myrrhis claytoni Myrrhis claytoni My rrhis aristata Corna Cornus canadensis ceae. Cornus canadensis ... Cornus alternif olia Cornus candidissima Cornus asperifolia Cornus stolonifera Cornus stolonifera Cornus sericea Cornus circinatus Pirolai Pseva maculata ceae. Pseva umbellata Pseva umbellata Pirola secunda Pirola secunda Pirola secunda var. pumila. . . . Pirola elliptica Pirola secunda var. pumila . . . Pirola elliptica Pirola rotundifolia Pirola rotundifolia Pirola rotundifolia var. uligi- nosa Pirola rotundifolia var. uligi- nosa Monotropa uniflora Monotropa uniflora. Erica Ledum latifolium .... ... ceae. Ledum latifolium Andromeda polifolia . , Andromeda polifolia . 696 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. D. Table] Illustrating General Continental Range NORTHERN. SOUTHERN. Lyonia calyculata Chiogenes hispidula Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Oxy coccus macrocarpus Oxycoccus oxycoccus Vaccinium corymbosum var. amoenum Vaccinium canadense Vaccinium pennsylvanicum Primu Vaccinium stamineum . laceae. Androsace occidentalis , Lysimachia thyrsiflora, Lysimachia terrestris.. , Steironema ciliatum. Trientalis americana Lysimachia terrestris Steironema quadriflorum Steironema lanceolatum var. hybridum Steironema ciliatum. . Centunculus minimus Olea ceae Fraxinus sambucifolia. Fraxinus pubescens.... Fraxinus viridis Fraxinus americana . . Menyanthes trifoliata. Gentian aceae. Gentiana linearis var. rubri- caulis . Nymphodes lacunosum Gentiana flavida Gentiana andrewsii .^v. Gentiana saponaria Gentiana puberula Gentiana quinquefolia var. oc- cidentalis . Gentiana serrata Gentiana americana Apocyn Asclepias lanuginosa , Asclepia aceae. Apocynum cannabinum Apocynum androsaemifolium daceae. Asclepias lanuginosa Asclepias viridiflora Asclepias floridana STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 697 of Minnesota Valley Metaspermic Species.— Continued. EASTERN. WESTERN. Lyonia calyculata Chiogenes hispidula. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Oxy coccus macrocarpus Oxy coccus oxycoccus Vaccinium corymbosum var. amoenum Vaccinium canadense Vaccinium pennsylvanicum Vaccinium stamineum . . Lyonia calyculata Chiogenes hispidula Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Oxycoccus macrocarpus Oxycoccus oxycoccus. . . Primul aceae Lysimachia thyrsiftora Lysimachia terrestris Steironema quadriflorum Steironema lanceolatum var. hybridum Steironema ciliatum Trientalis americana Oentunculus minimus Olea Fraxinus sambucifolia Fraxinus pubescens Fraxinus viridis Fraxinus americana Gentian Menyanthes trif oliata Nymphodes lacunosum Gentiana linearis var. rubri- caulis Gentiana flavida Gentiana andrewsii Gentiana saponaria Gentiana puberula Gentiana quinquefolia var. oc- cidentalis Gentiana serrata Gentiana americana Apocyn Apocynum cannabinum Apocynum androsaemif olium . . Asclepia Androsace occidentalis , Lysimachia thyrsiflora. , Steironema ciliatum Centunculus minimus. . ',eae. Fraxinus sambucifolia. aceae . Menyanthes trif oliata Gentiana puberula. Gentiana serrata.. Asclepias viridiflora. Asclepias florid ana. . aceae. Apocynum cannabinum Apocynum androsaemif olium daceae. Asclepias lanuginosa 698 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. D. Table Illustrating General Continental Range NORTHERN. SOUTHERN. Asclepias speciosa Gonvolv Volvulus sepium Asclepias verticillata. . . Asclepias quadrifolia. . . Asclepias ovalifolia Asclepias exaltata Asclepias obtusifolia . . . Asclepias sullivantii. . . . Asclepias syriaca Asclepias speciosa Asclepias incarnata .... Asclepias purpurascens Asclepias tuberosa ulaceae. Volvulus spithameus . . . Polemon Cuscuta paradoxa Cuscuta gronovii Cuscuta gronovii var. saururi . Cuscuta coryli Cuscuta cephalanthi Cuscuta arvensis Cuscuta polygonorum laceae. Phlox divaricata Phlox pilosa Phlox glaberrima Phlox maculata . . Collomia linearis Macrocalyx nyctalea Hydrophyllum virginianum. . . Polemon ium rep tans Hydroph 'yllaceae. Macrocalyx nyctalea Hydrophyllum appendicula- tum Hydrophyllum virginianum. . . Phacelia purshii Borraginaceae. Onosmodium carolinianum. . . . Onosmodium carolinianum var. molle Lithospermum angustifolium Lithospermum carolinense. . . . Lithospermum canescens Lithospermum latifolium My osotis virginica Myosotis arvensis Lappula virginiana STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 699 of Minnesota Yalley Metaspermic Species. — Continued. EASTERN. Asclepias verticillata Asclepias quadrif olia , Asclepias exaltata. . . Asclepias obtusifolia Asclepias syriaca. Asclepias incarnata , Asclepias purpurascens. Asclepias tuberosa. Volvulus spithameus Volvulus sepium .... Convolv Cuscuta gronovii Cuscuta gronovii var. saururi . . Cuscuta coryli Cuscuta cephalanthi Cuscuta arvensis Cuscuta polygonorum Polemon Phlox divaricata Phlox pilosa Phlox glaberrima Phlox maculata. . Polemonium reptans Hydroph Macrocalyx nyctalea Hy drophyllum appendicula- tum Hydrophyllum virginianum. . . . Phacelia purshii Borragi Onosmodium carolinianum Onosmodium carolinianum var. molle . . Lithospermum carolinense. Lithospermum canescens . . Lithospermum latifolium . . Myosotis virginica Myosotis arvensis Lappulavirginiana WESTERN. Asclepias ovalifolia Asclepias suUivantii Asclepias speciosa Asclepias tuberosa ulaceae. Volvulus sepium . . Cuscuta paradoxa , Cuscuta coryli Cuscuta cephalanthi Cuscuta arvensis . . laceae. Collomia linearis yllaceue. Macrocalyx nyctalea. Hydrophyllum virginianum. naceae. Lithospermum angustif olium Lithospermum canescens Myosotis virginica , 700 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. D. Table Illustrating General Continental Range NORTHERN. SOUTHERN. Lappula deflexa var. ameri- cana Lappula redowskii var. pil osa . Verben aceae Lappula deflexa var. ameri- cana Lappula redowskii var. pil osa Cynoglossum virginicum Verbena angustif olia Leptostachya leptostachya. Verbena bracteosa Verbena stricta Verbena hastata Verbena angustif olia Verbena urticaefolia. . Labi atae Stachys palustris, Brunella vulgaris Scutellaria galericulata Scutellaria lateriflora Dracocephalum parviflorum Vleckia f oenicula. . Stachys aspera Stachys palustris Physostegia virginiana. Brunella vulgaris Scutellaria parvula Acinos vulgaris Vleckia scrophulariaef olia . . . Vleckia nepetoides Monarda punctata Monarda fistulosa Hedeoma hispida Lycopus sinuatus Lycopus lucidus var. obtusi folius . . Lycopus virginicus Mentha canadensis . Koellia flexuosa Koellia virginiana Lycopus sinuatus Lycopus lucidus var. obtusi- folius Lycopus rubellus Lycopus virginicus Isanthus brachiatus Teucrium canadense. . Isanthus brachiatus . . Solan aceae Physalis grandiflora. Physalis lanceolata . . . Physalis virginiana.. . Physalis pubescens . . . Physalis angulata Physalis philad^lphica STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 701 of Minnesota Yalley Metaspermic Species.— Continued. EASTERN. Cynoglossum virginicum Verben Leptostachya leptostachy a Verbena hastata Verbena angustif olia Verbena urticaefolia Labi Stachys aspera Stachys palustris Physostegia virginiana Brunella vulgaris Scutellaria parvula Scutellaria galericulata Scutellaria lateriflora Draeocephalum parviflorum. . . . Vleckia scrophulariaefolia. Vleckia nepetoides Monarda punctata Monarda fistulosa. . Acinos vulgaris . . . Koellia flexuosa. . . Koellia virginiana. Lycopus sinuatus.. Lycopus rubellus . . . Lycopus virginicus. . Mentha canadensis. . Teucrium canadense. Isanthus brachiatus. Physalis lanceolata. . . . Physalis virginiana ... Physalis pubescens Physalis angulata Physalis philadelphica Physalis grandiflora WESTERN. Lappula deflexa var. ameri- cana Lappula redowskii var. pil- osa. . aceae. Verbena bracteosa. Verbena stricta . . . Verbena hasiata.. Verbena urticaefolia , atae. Stachys palustris, Brunella vulgaris Scutellaria galericulata Scutellaria lateriflora Draeocephalum parviflorum. Vleckia f oenicula . . Monarda fistulosa Hedeoma hispida. Acinos vulgaris . . , Lycopus sinuatus Lycopus lucidus var. obtusi- f olius . . Lycopus virginicus. Mentha canadensis. Solan aceae Physalis lanceolata. Physalis pubescens. 702 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. D. Table Illustrating General Continental Range NORTHERN. SOUTHERN. Solan urn nigrum Scrophula Penstemon gracilis Veronica peregrina, Veronica scutellata. , Veronica americana, Veronica anagallis . , Solanum nigrum riaceae. Scrophularianodosa var.mary landica Chelone glabra .... Penstenon acuminatus Penstemon grandiflorus Penstemon teretiflorus Penstemon gracilis Penstemon hirsutus Mimulus glabratus var. jamesii Minulus ringens Gratiola virginiana Ilysanthes gratioloides Veronica peregrina Gas till ej a pallida var. acumi- nata . . Veronica virginica Synthyris hougl;toniana Gerardia pedicularia Gerardia grandiflora Gerardia virginica Gerardia auriculata Gerardia aspera Gerardia purpurea Gerardia tenuifolia Gerardia tenuifolia var. as- perula Castilleja sessiliflora Pedicularis lanceolata , Melampyrum lineare. . Castilleja coccinea. Pedicularis lanceolata . Pedicularis canadensis Lentibula Monniera rotundif olia , riaceae. Utricularia cornuta . . Utricularia intermedia. Utricularia minor Utricularia vulgaris . . . Orobanc Utricularia vulgaris haceae. Aphyllon ludovicianum. Aphyllon f asciculatum . STATISTICS OP METASPERMAE. 703 of Minnesota Y alley Metaspermic Species. — Continued. EASTERN. Solanum nigrum , Scrophula Scrophularia nodosa var. mary- landica Chelone glabra Pensteinon hirsutus Mimulus glabratus var. jamesii Mimulus ringens Gratiola virginiana Ilysanthes gratioloides Veronica peregrina Veronica scutellata Veronica americana Veronica anagallis Veronica virginica Synthyris houghtoniana Gerardia pedicularia Gerardia grandiflora Gerardia virginica Gerardia auriculata. . Gerardia purpurea Gerardia tenuifolia Gerardia tenuifolia var. as- perula Castilleja sessiliflora Castilleja pallida var. acumi- nata Castilleja coccinea Pedicularis lanceolata Pedicularis canadensis Melampyrum lineare Monniera rotundif olia Lentibula Utricularia cornuta Utricularia intermedia Utricularia minor Utricularia vulgaris Aphyllon ludovicianum Orobanc haceae WESTERN. Solanum nigrurn riaceae. Scrophularia nodosa var.mary- landica.., Pensteinon acuminatus. Penstemon grandiflorus , Penstemon teretiflorus. . Penstemon gracilis , Mimulus glabratus var. jamesii Gratiola virginiana Ilysanthes gratioloides., Veronica peregrina Veronica scutellata Veronica americana Veronica anagallis Gerardia aspera. Castilleja sessiliflora Castilleja pallida var. acumi- nata . . Melampyrum lineare.. Monniera rotundif olia riaceae. Utricularia intermedia. Utricularia minor Utricularia vulgaris . . . Aphyllon ludovicianum. Aphyllon fasciculatum . 704 MBTASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. D. Table Illustrating General Continental Range NORTHERN. SOUTHERN. Plantag Eubia Aphyllon uniflorum inaceae. Plantago patagonica var, gnaphalioides Plantago rugelii Plantago major ceae. Houstoni a purpurea var. cilio- lata. . , Houstonia purpurea var. longi folia Galium triflorum , Galium asprellum Galium trifidum Galium triflorum Galium asprellum Galium concinnum Galium trifidum Galium trifidum var. latif olium Galium boreale Galium lanceolatum Galium aparine Caprifo Linnaea borealis Symphoricarpos racemosus. . Symphoricarpos occidentalis Galium lanceolatum Galium circaezans. . Galium aparine . . . . liaceae. Lonicera glauca Lonicera sullivantii Lonicera ciliata Diervilla diervilla . . Symphoricarpos symphoricar- pos Lonicera sullivantii Sambucus racemosa Viburnum opulus . . Diervilla diervilla Triosteum perfoliatum Sambucus canadensis Viburnum lentago . . Adoxa moschatellina Adoxa Valeria Viburnum pubescens Viburnum dentatum . Viburnum lentago. . . ceae. Cucurbi naceae. Valeriana edulis Valerianella radiata Valerianella chenopodifolia. . . \aceae. Sicyos angulatus STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 705 of Minnesota Valley Metaspermic Species. — Continued. EASTERN. WESTERN. Aphyllon uniflorum. Plantago rugelii Plantago major.. Aphyllon uniflorum Plantag inaceae. Plantago patagonica var. gnaphalioides Plantago major Rubia ceae. Houstonia purpurea var. cilio- lata Houstonia purpurea var. longi- f olia . . Galium triflorum Galium asprellum Galium concinnum Galium trifidum Galium trifidum var. latifolium Galium boreale Galium lanceolatum Galium circaezans Galium aparine Caprifo liaceae Linnaea borealis .... Symphoricarpos racemosus Symphoricarpos symphoricar- pos. Lonicera glauca Lonicera sullivantii Lonicera ciliata Diervilla diervilla Triosteum perfoliatum Sambucus racemosa Sambucus canadensis Viburnum opulus Viburnum pubescens Viburnum dentatum Viburnum lentago Adoxa Adoxa moschatellina Valeria Valeriana edulis Valerianella radiata Valerianella chenopodif olia .... Qucurbi Sicyos angulatus -45 Galium triflorum. Galium trifidum Galium boreale. Galium aparine. Linnaea borealis Symphoricarpos racemosus. . Symphoricarpos occidentalis. Lonicera glauca. . . . Lonicera sullivantii Lonicera ciliata . . Sambucus racemosa . . Sambucus canadensis. Viburnum opulus eae. Adoxa moschatellina. naceae. Valeriana edulis . taceae. 706 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. D. Table Illustrating General Continental Range NORTHERN. SOUTHERN. Micrampelis echinata. Campan Campanula aparinoides. Campanula rotundifolia Micrampelis echinata. ulaceae. Campanula americana Lobelia inflata Lobelia kalmii Campanula rotundifolia Pentagonia perfoliata . . Lobelia inflata. . Compo Eupatorium purpureum Grindelia squarrosa . . Diplogon villosum. . . . Solidago graminifolia. Solidago canadensis Solidago serotina var. gigantea Solidago juncea. . . Solidago neglecta, Lobelia spicata Lobelia syphilitica Lobelia cardinalis sitae. Vernonia fasciculata Vernonia noveboracensis Eupatorium ageratoides Eupatorium perfoliatum Eupatorium altissimum Eupatorium serotinum Eupatorium purpureum. . . Kuhnia eupatorioides. Kuhnia eupatorioides var. glu- fcinosa Laciniaria spicata Laciniaria pycnostachya Laciniaria scariosa Laciniaria punctata Laciniaria cylindracea Laciniaria squarrosa. . , Laciniaria squarrosa var. in- termedia . . . . Grindelia squarrosa Diplogon villosum. .....;:.... Solidago occidentalis. .... ... Solidago riddelli .... Solidago rigida ...;......... .; Solidago radula -.,. Solidago nemoralis Solidago nemoralis var. mollis Solidago canadensis .> Solidago ^erotina Solidago serotina var. gigantea Solidago missouriensis . ...... STATISTICS OF MET A SPERM AE. 707 of Minnesota Y alley Metaspermic Species. — Continued. EASTERN. WESTERN. Micrampelis echinata. Campanula americana, Campanula aparinoides. Campanula rotundif olia . Pentagonia perf oliata. . . Lobelia inflata Lobelia kalmii Lobelia spicata Lobelia syphilitica Lobelia cardinalis . . Campan Micrampelis echinata. ulaceae. Campanula rotundifolia. Pentagonia perf oliata . . Lobelia kalmii Compo sitae. Vernonia f asciculata Vernonia noveboracensis Eupatorium ageratoides. Eupatorium perf oliatum . Eupatorium altissimum.. Eupatorium serotinum. . . Eupatorium purpureum. . Eupatorium purpureum Kuhnia eupatorioides Kuhnia eupatorioides var. glu- tinosa.. . Laciniaria spicata . Laciniaria scariosa Laciniaria pycnostachya. Laciniaria cylindracea Laciniaria squarrosa Laciniaria squarrosa var. inter media . , Laciniaria punctata . . Laciniaria cylindracea Solidago graminif olia. Solidago riddellii Solidago rigida Solidago nemoralis Solidago canadensis Solidago serotina Solidago serotina var. gigantea Solidago juncea . . Solidago neglecta Grindelia squarrosa Diplogon villosum Solidago occidentalis Solidago graminifolia Solidago riddellii Solidago rigida Solidago radula Solidago nemoralis Solidago nemoralis var. mollis Solidago canadensis Solidago serotina Solidago serotina var. gigantea Solidago missouriensis 708 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. D. Table Illustrating General Continental Range NORTHERN. SOUTHERN. Solidago latifolia. Aster longif olius . Aster junceus Aster salicif olius , Aster polyphyllus. Aster laevis. . Aster cordif olius Aster macrophyllus Solidago rugosa Solidago patula Solidago speciosa Solidago speciosa vaf. rigidius- cula Solidago speciosa var. erecta. Solidago latifolia Solidago caesia Haplopappus spinulosus Boltonia asteroides . . Aster ptarmicoides Aster umbellatus Aster puniceus Aster puniceus var. lucidus . . . Aster umbellatus Aster puniceus Aster puniceus var. lucidus. . . Aster nova belgii Aster divaricatus Erigeron philadelphicus Erigeron pulchellus ; Erigeron glabellus Erigeron canadensis Aster salicif olius Aster paniculatus Aster lateriflorus Aster vimineus Aster dumosus Aster multiflorus Aster ericoides var. villosus . . Aster polyphyllus Aster laevis Aster drummondii Aster sagittaefolius Aster cordif olius Aster undulatus Aster azureus Aster patens : . Aster sericeus Aster novae-angliae Aster oblongif olius Aster macrophyllus Aster asteroides Aster divaricatus Erigeron philadelphicus Erigeron pulchellus Erigeron ramosus . . . Erigeron annuus .... Erigeron divaricatus Erigeron canadensis. STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 709 of Minnesota Valley Metaspermie Species. — Continued. EASTERN. WESTERN. Solidago rugosa. . . Solidago patula . . . Solidago speciosa.. Solidago speciosavar. rigidius cula . . Solidago speciosa var. erecta Solidago latifolia Solidago caesia Boltonia asteroides Aster ptarmicoides Aster umbellatus Aster puniceus Aster puniceus var. lucidus . Aster nova-belgii Aster longifolius Aster junceus Aster salicif olius Aster paniculatus Aster laterifl orus Aster vimineus Aster dumosus Aster multiflorus Aster ericoides var. villosus Aster polyphyllus Aster laevis. ." Haplopappus spinulosus , Aster ptarmicoides , Aster puniceus Aster longifolius , Aster multiflorus. Aster drummondii. Aster sagittaef olius . Aster cordif olius , Aster undulatus , Aster azureus , Aster patens Aster sericeus Aster novae angliae Aster oblongifolius Aster macrophyllus Aster asteroides .... Aster divaricatus Erigeron philadelphicus Erigeron pulchellus .... Aster azureus Aster sericeus Aster novae- angliae Erigeron philadelphicus. Erigeron ramosus Erigeron annuus. Erigeron canadensis Erigeron glabellus.. . . Erigeron ramosus. . . . Erigeron annuus Erigeron divaricatus., Erigeron canadensis. . 710 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. D. Table Illustrating General Continental Range NORTHERN. SOUTHERN. Antennaria plantaginifolia . . . Anaphalis margaritacacea .... Gnaphalium uliginosum Gnaphalium decurrens Antennaria plantaginifolia. . . . Adenocaulon bicolor Gnaphalium decurrens . . . Gnaphalium obtusifolium. Ambrosia artemisiaefolia , Xanthium canadense var, echi natum . . Helianthus tuberosus Helianthus decape talus Helianthus strumosus . , Polymnia canadensis Silphium perfoliatum Silphium integrif olium ...... Silphium terebinth] naceum. . . Silphium laciniatum Parthenium integrif olium Cyclachaena xanthiifolia Ambrosia psilostachya Ambrosia artemisiaefolia Ambrosia trifida Ambrosia trin'da var. integri- f olia Xanthium canadense Xanthium canadense var. echi- natum Heliopsis scabra Rudbeckia column aris Rudbeckia pinnata. . . . ; Rudbeckia hirta Rudbeckia subtomentosa Rudbeckia laciniata Rudbeckia angusti folia Helianthus tuberosus Helianthus tuberosus var. sub- canescens Helianthus decapetalus Helianthus tracheliifolius .... Helianthus strumosus Helianthus hirsutus -.. .. Helianthus divaricatus Helianthus rnaxmiliani Helianthus giganteus Helianthus grosse-serratus.. . . Helianthus laetiflorus Helianthus rigidus Helianthus petiolaris Helianthus annuus Coreopsis aristosa Coreopsis trichosperma STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 711 of Minnesota Yalley Metaspermic Species. — Continued. EASTERN. WESTERN. Antennaria plantaginifolia. Anaphalis margaritacea . . . Gnaphalium uliginosum.. . . Gnaphalium decurrens .... Gnaphalium obtusifolium . . Antennaria plantaginifolia. Anaphalis margaritacea . . . Gnaphalium uliginosum . . . Gnaphalium decurrens Adenocaulon bicolor, Polymnia canadensis , Silphium perfoliatum Silphium integrifolium , Silphium terebiuthinaceum Parthenium integrifolium. Silphium laciniatum Ambrosia artemisiaefolia Ambrosia trifida Ambrosia folia . . Cyclachaena xanthiif olia. , Ambrosia psilostachya . . , trifida var. integri- Xanthium canadense. Xanthium canadense var. echi- natum Heliopsis scabra Heliopsis scabra Rudbeckia columnaris Rudbeckia pinnata Rudbeckia hirta Rudbeckia subtomentosa ' Rudbeckia subtomentosa. Rudbeckia laciniata ' Rudbeckia laciniata Rudbeckia angustif olia Helianthus tuberosus , Helianthus decapetalus Helianthus tracheliifolius Helianthus strumosus. Helianthus hirsutus Helianthus divaricatus Helianthus giganteus Helianthus laetiflorus Coreopsis aristosa Coreopsis trichosperma s Helianthus tuberosus var. sub- canescens . lus f olius is ;US Helianthus maxmiliani LS Helianthus giganteus. erratus .... is Helianthus grosse-serratus. . . Helianthus laetiflorus Helianthus rigidus Helianthus petiolaris Helianthus annuus Coreopsis aristosa. rma. . 712 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. D. Table Illustrating General Continental Range NORTHERN. SOUTHERN. Bidens beckii. Bidens cernua. Helenium autumnale Achillea millefolium. . . Artemisia f rigida Artemisia biennis Artemiaia gnaphalodes Artemisia longif olia Artemisia dracunculoides Artemisia canadensis. . Senecio lugens Senecio integerrimus Senecio aureus Senecio aureus var. obovatus Senecio palustris Gnicus odoratus, . Cnicus discolor Cnicus undulatus. Lactuca spicata . . Lactuca pulchella Lactuca canadensis Taraxacum taraxacum . . Nothocalais cuspidatum Agoseris glauca Coreopsis palmata. . Coreopsis tinctoria . Bidens beckii Bidens laevis Bidens cernua Bidens connata Bidens frondosa Helenium autumnale Gaillardia aristata. . . Dyssodia papposa. . . Achillea millefolium . Artemisia frigida . . . Artemisia gnaphalodes . . . Artemisia longif olia Artemisia serrata Artemisia dracunculoides. Artemisia canadensis Artemisia caudata . . Erechthites hieracifolia. . . Senecio ovatus Senecio atriplicifolius Senecio r^niformis ...... Senecio lugens Senecio tomentosus Senecio aureus Senecio aureus var. paupercu lus Senecio aureus var. obovatus . Cnicus odoratus Cnicus muticus Cnicus discolor Cnicus altissimus Cnicus undulatus Lactuca spicata Lactuca floridana Lactuca pulchella Lactuca ludoviciana Lactuca hirsuta , Lactuca canadensis Taraxacum taraxacum . . . Nothocalais cuspidatum. Agoseris glauca STATISTICS OF METASPfi'RMAE. 713 of Minnesota Valley Metaspermic Species.— Continued. EASTERN. WESTERN. Bidens beckii Bidens laevis Bidens cernua Bidens connata Bidens frondosa Helenium autumnale Coreopsis palmata. . Coreopsis tinctoria, Bidens laevis. Bidens cernua. Dy ssodia papposa , dlle Achillea rnillefolium Artemisia biennis . . Artemisia serrata. Artemisia canadensis . . . Artemisia caudata Erechthites hieracifolia Senecio ovatus Senecio atriplicif olius . . Senecio renif ormis . . Helenium autumnale Gaillardia aristata Dyssodia papposa Achillea millefolium Artemisia f rigida Artemisia biennis Artemisia gnaphalodes . . . Artemisia longif olia Artemisia serrata Artemisia dracunculoides. Artemisia canadensis. . aureus var. pauper- Senecio tomentosus. Senecio aureus , Senecio culus . Senecio aureus var. obovatus Senecio palustris Cnicus odoratus Cnicus muticus Cnicus discolor Cnicus altissimus. . Senecio lugens Senecio integerrimus. Senecio aureus Senecio aureus var. pauper - culus .. Senecio palustris Lactuca spicata . . Lactuca floridana. Lactuca pulchella Cnicus undulatus. Lactuca spicata . . Lactuca pulchella . . Lactuca ludoviciana Lactuca hirsuta Lactuca canadensis. . . . Taraxacum taraxacum Taraxacum taraxacum . Nothocalais cuspidatum Agoseris glauca 714 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. D. Table Illustrating General Continental Eange NORTHERN. SOUTHERN. Lygodesmia juncea Prenanthes alba Prenanthes racemosa Crepis runcinata, Hieracium venosum. Hieracium canadense Adopogon virgimcum . . Lygodesmia juncea Prenanthes serpentaria Prenanthes alba Prenanthes aspera Prenanthes racemosa. . . Prenanthes crepidinea. . Hieracium longipilum Hieracium venosum. Before proceeding with the range statistics, a table of gen eral statistics is herewith presented: 15. Representation of Species. No. of species. Per cent, of all species. Av. no. of species per genus. Monocotyledones 334 459 381 .28.4 39.1 32.3 3.15 2.63 2.97 Archichlamydeae Metachlamydeae Total no. val. species. 1174 General av. no. per genus 2.87 The larger average per cent, of species to the genus in the Monocotyledones is due to the influence in that group of the genus Carex, among other conditions. In addition, the general dispersion which has been supposed to mark the taxonomic group of the Monocotyledones in particular, has doubtless its influence on the average number of species per genus. Passing next to the statistics condensed from Table D, we isolate first the four principal range elements. These are : (1) The Northern Specific Element. (2) The Southern Specific Element. (3) The Eastern Specific Element. (4) The Western Specific Element. STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 715 of Minnesota Valley Metaspermic Species. — Continued. EASTERN. Adopogon virginicum Prenanthes serpentaria. Prenanthes alba Prenanthes aspera Prenanthes racemosa . . . Prenanthes crepidinea. . Hieracium venosum . . Hieracium canadense . WESTERN. Adopogon virginicum Lygodesmia juncea . . Crepis runcinata Hieracium longipilum Hieracium canadense Taking these up in order, let us first note the character of the northern element : 16. The Northern Specific Element. No. of species. Per cent, of all Northern. Northern per cent, of each. Monocotyledones 226 257 159 35.2 40.0 24.7 68.2 55.9 41.6 A rchich lamydeae Metachlamydeae Total Northern 642 55.6 North'n per cent, of all species In this table, as in the next three of its series, there is an exact parallelism with the four generic tables of similar con- struction. While the Archichlamydeae from their number form the larger percentages of each range -element, the taxo- nomic groups themselves analyse as before by range-elements . The other three tables may now be added. 716 METASPEKMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY 17. The Southern Specific Element. No. of species. Per cent, of all Southern. Southern per cent, of each Monocotyledones 229 344 319 25.6 38.5 35.7 69.1 75.1 33.9 Archichlamydeae Metachlaniydeae Total Southern 892 76.1 Southern per cent of all species 18. The Eastern Specific Element. No. of species. Per cent, of all Eastern. Eastern per cent, of each Monocotyledones 310 396 316 1.022 30.3 38.7 30.9 93.6 86.1 82.9 Archichlanaydeae . . Metachlamydeae Total Eastern Eastern per cent, of all species 87.2 19. The Western Specific Element. No. of species. Per cent, of all Western. Western per cent, of each. Monocotyledones 176 229 198 29.1 37.9 32.8 53.1 49.6 51.9 A rchichlamydeae Metachlamydeae Total Western 603 51.4 Western per cent, of all f STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 71' The general parallelism between these tables and those of the generic range -elements need not be noted here in detail. As before, the largest figure is that which indicates the east- ern range-per cent, of the Monocotyledones. The even north and south range of the Monocotyledones is to be observed, together with the preponderant southward massing of the Metachlamydeae. The eastern and western percentages of Metachlamydeae are found to approach each other more closely than such percentages in the other two groups, — in- dicating as before, the comparative lateral solidarity of the Metachlamydeae, to be set over against the comparative longitudinal solidarity of the Monocotyledones. In both cases the Archichlamydeae are seen to occupy the intermediate position. As a whole the metaspermic flora of the Minnesota valley presents itself as distinctly eastern and southern by species as before by genera. The statistics are as follows: Total Northern 642 Total Southern 892 Total Eastern 1 , 022 Total Western. . 603 Northern per cent, of all species. . 55.6 Southern per cent, of all species. . 76.1 Eastern per cent, of all species. . . 87.2 Western per cent, of all species. . . 51.4 It is possible, too, from Table D. to determine certain com- pound-ranges, both numerically and by percentages. Upon examining the table it will appear that the following groups may be isolated for study: (1) North-East Specific Element. NE. (2) North- West Specific Element. NW. (3). North-East-West Specific Element. NEW. (4) North-South- West Specific Element. NSW. (5) North-Sou th-East Specific Element. NSE. (6) North-South-East-West Specific Element. NSEW. (7) South-East Specific Element. SE. (8) South-West Specific Element. SW. (9) South-East-West Specific Element. SEW. 718 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. The tables of these nine combination groups are as follows 20. The North-East Specific Element. No. of species. Per cent, of all N. E. N. E. per cent, of each. Monocotyledones 24 41. 9 7.2 Archichlamydeae 20 35.7 4.3 Metachlamydeae 12 21.4 3.1 Total N. E 56 N.E. per cent of all species 4.7 21. The North- West Specific Element. No. of Per cent, of all N. W. percent, species . N. W. of each. Monocotyledones 6 21.4 1.8 Archichlamydeae 15 53.5 3.2 Metachlamydeae 7 25.0 1.8 Total N. W 28 N. W. per cent, of all species 2.3 22. The North-East-West Specific Element. No of Per cent, of all N. E. W. per species. N. E. W. cent, of each. Monocotyledones 72 36.7 21 4 Archichlamydeae 80 40.8 17.2 Metachlamydeae 44 22.4 11.5 Total N. E. W 196 N. E. W. per cent, of all species 16.7 STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 719 23. The North-South-East Specific Element. No. of species. Per cent of all N. S. E. N. S. E. per cent, of each. Monocotyledones 59 70 32 38.6 40.9 19.8 14.4 15.2 8.4 Archichlamydeae . . . Metachiamydeae Total N S. E 161 13.6 N. S. E. percent, of all species 24. The North-South-West Specific Element. No. of species. Per cent, of all N. S. W. N. S. W. per cent, of each. Monocotyledones 5 15 19 12.8 38.4 48.7 1.5 3.2 4.9 Archichlamydeae Metachlamydeae Total N. S. W 39 3.5 N. S. W. per cent, of all species 1 25. The North-South-East-West Specific Element. No. of species. Per cent, of all N. S. E. W. N. S. E. W. per cent, of each. Monocotyledones 62 54 34 41.3 36.0 22.7 18.7 11.7 8.9 Archichlamydeae. Metachlamydeae Total N S. E W 150 12 8 N.S.E W. per ct. of all species 720 METASPERMAE OF 'ILIE MINNESOTA VALLEY. 26. The South-East Specific Element. No. of species. 69 141 140 Per cent, of all S. E. S. E. per cent, of each. MoDocotyledones 19.7 40.2 40.0 17.5 30.5 36.8 Archichlainydeae I^f gtjachlainydeae t < m Total S "R 350 32.5 S. E. per cent, of all species . . . 27. The South- West Specific Element. No. of species. Per cent, of all S. W. S. W. per cent, of each. Monocotyledones 11 35 41 12.6 40.2 47.1 3.3 7.9 10.7 ' •<** ' A rchichlaroydeae Metachlainydeae Total S. W 87 7.5 S. W. per cent, of all species. . 28. The South-East-West Specific Element. No. of species. Per cent, of all S. E. W. S. E. W. per cent of each. Monocotyledones 22 27 51 100 8.5 22.0 27.0 51.0 6.6 5.8 13.1 Archichlamydeae cn.j Metachlamydeae Total S. E. W • . S. E. W. per cent, of all species. STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 721 From the nine tables preceding it will be observed that the SE. element, forming 32. 5 per cent, of the total species, is the largest numerically, while the NE., with but 2.3 percent, of the total species, is the smallest. The NEW. element, form- ing 16.7 per cent, of the total, is larger than the SEW. element, which forms but 8.5 per cent, of the total. General east and west ranging is more characteristic, then, of the northern than of the southern element, and this fact is quite in accord with the greater dispersion of the northern floral elements. Of the NEW. element the actual percentages of Mono - cotyledones and Archichlamydeae are in excess of the Metach- lamydeae percentages, while in the SEW. element the re- verse .is the case. These range -elements form similar per- centages of the taxonomic groups. Of the Monocotyledones and Archichlamydeae, respectively, 21.4 per cent, and 17. 2 per cent, are placed in the NEW. element, while of the Metach lamydeae only 11.5 per cent, are so enrolled. On the other hand, in the Metachlamydeae 13. 1 per cent are entered as SEW., while of the Monocotyledones and Archichlamydeae re- spectively 6.6 per cent, and 5.8 per cent, are so entered. The Archichlamydeae with 27.0 per cent, form, however, a larger portion of the total SEW. element than do the Monocotyle- dones with 22.0 per cent. The two vertically distributed groups are somewhat more difficult to understand. The NSE. is in distinct preponder- ance over the NSW., having 13.6 per cent, of the total against 3. 5 per cent. This is on account of the general eastern preponderance over western. Of the NSE. element the Metachlamydeae with 19.8 per cent, are behind the Monocoty- ledones with 36. 6 per cent, and the Archichlamydeae with 40. 9 per cent. Of the NSW. element, the Metachlamydeae are ahead with 48.7 per cent, against 38.4 per cent, of Archich- lamydeae and 12.8 per cent, of Monocotyledones. This differ- erence between the two vertical elements is probably to be re- ferred to the lateral influence of the mountain ranges east and west of the Minnesota valley and to the angle made by the two principal continental trenches — the Mississippi valley and the the lake- region valley of Canada and the boundary. It has been easier for Metachlamydeae to move north and south in the western part of the continent, for the general movement has been from the south to the north; it has been easier for Monocotyledones to move south and north, in the eastern part -46 722 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. of the continent, for the general movement has been both north and south and the lake- region trench with the Appalachian system has favored their movements in the east rather than the west. Between Monocotyledones and Archichlamydeae on the one hand and Metachlamydeae on the other, the topog- raphy of the continent, considering the points of greatest dis- tinctive pressure for each group, would seem, perhaps, to tend towards the establishment of a general diagonal tension-line running in a direction north-west by south-east. On the south and west the upward movement of north-bound plants would be easier than on the north and east, while on the north and east the downward movement of south-bound plants would be easier than on the south and west. Under such conditions the preponderance of the Metachlamydeae — which are distinctively central and north-bound — would be rather to the west than to the east, while the preponderance of Archichlamydeae — which are distinctively distal and south bound — would be rather to the east than to the west. In the Monocotyledones, since they are the most generally distributed, if this were a just explanation, we should expect to find such a difference strongly marked and such is actually the case, for of the NSE. element the Monocotyledones form 36.6 percent, while of the NSW. ele- ment they form but 12.8 per cent. Evidently in the regions of the secondary longitudinal tensions their percentages would vary to the extent of complete reversal, in many cases. It is only in a region comparatively uninfluenced by longitudinal tensions that the diagonal tension could be recognised. Whether or not the above paragraph indicates the true ex- planation of the different composition of the NSE. and NSW. range-elements, it is an interesting fact to note that in this central basin of the continent the NSE. species are pre- ponderantly Monocotyledones and Archichlamydeae while the NSW. species are preponderantly Metachlamydeae. The NSEW. element with its preponderance of Monoco- tyledones and slight representation of Metachlamydeae, offers no difficulties. By it, a further indication of the general ranges of Monocotyledones, as a group, and the special ranges of Metachlamydeae, as a group, is given. As in other similar cases the Archichlamydeae are seen to occupy the intermediate position. The four binary elements, NE., NW., SE., SW., are similarly simple of explanation, with the exception, possibly of the NW. element. In the NE. element the Monocotyle- STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 723 dones are preponderant and the Archichlamydeae intermediate. In both the SE. and SW. elements the Metachlamydeae are preponderant and the Archichlamydeae intermediate. These facts are seen to be exactly in line with the rest that have been given. In the NW. element which is numerically the smallest of all the combination elements, the Archichlamydeae are pre- ponderant while the Monocotyledones and Metachlamydeae; for their respective numbers, contribute about equally to the element. This is probably to be attributed to two facts. First, the Siberian and the N. W. T. influence would be felt most strongly in the NW. element and this influence would consist principally of monocotyledonous and archichlamydeous forms. Second, the Monocotyledones of this influence would be generally more widely distributed in North America than the Archichlamydeae, so that they would be probably entered either in the NEW. or NSEW. elements. The Metach- lamydeae then through their endemic and north-bound char- acteristics and the Monocotyledones through their general and south or north-bound characteristics have either failed, on the one hand to make the N. W. range or, on the other have ranged beyond and are in the more general categories. The inter- mediate condition of the Archichlamydeae is then, after all, the cause of their preponderance in the NW. element. Ap- parently, too, if the existence of the diagonal tension, dis- cussed above, were borne out by further examination it would be possible for such a condition to appear in no other ele- ment than the NW. For in the NE. the Monocotyledones would have their greater ease of distribution to increase their preponderance while in the SE. and SW. the Metachlamy- deae would in varying ratios predominate. In general, then, the combination elements serve to add to the weight of evidence in favor of considering the Metachlamy- deae, Archichlamydeae and Monocotyledones of different and more or less definite meaning as components. The two special cases are the NSW. and the NW. and an attempt, probably imperfect although, it is hoped, suggestive, has been made to show how in their case special topographical or geographical conditions have served to modify the more general biological conditions. Of the 1.174 species and varieties considered as indigenous to the Minnesota valley, 3 17 are of extracontinental range. This number is quite exclusive of the 130 species and varieties which have been introduced into the Minnesota valley during 724 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. the last fifty years, by the agency of man . It is intended also to be exclusive of such North American species as have been distributed abroad by other than the so-called agencies of nature. The group of 317 species and varieties may be known as the Extra- Continental specific element and may be isolated for examination. In the following list the countries of extra- continental distribution are noted for each species, and pre- ceding each entry are given the letters which indicate the intra-continental range of the species. The list is herewith appended: E. List of Species and Varieties of Minnesota Valley Metas- taspermae which are of Extra-Continental Range. Morvocotyledones. nsew. Typha latifolia. EUR., ASIA, N. AFRICA. new. Sparganium simplex. EUR., SIB. nsew. Potamogeton natans. EUR., As., AUST., AFR. nsew. Potamogeton fluitans. EUR., As., AUST., AFR., S. AMJBR. use. Potamogeton perfoliatus. EUR., As., AFR., AUST. new. Potamogeton heterophyllos. EUR., As. nse. Potamogeton gramineus var. zizii. EUR., As. nsew. Potamogeton pusillus. EUR., AFR., As., S. AMER. new. Potamogeton rutilus. EUR., As., AFR. nsew. Potamogeton pectinatus. EUR., As., AUST. nsew. Potamogeton lucens. EUR., As., AFR., AUST., W. INDIES. new. Potamogeton praelongus. EUR. nsew. Potamogeton lanceolatus. EUR. new. Potamogeton zosteraefolius. EUR., As. nsew. Zanichellia palustris. EUR., As., AFR., PHILIPPINES, AUST. nsew. Najas flexilis. EUR., As., W. INDIES. new. Triglochin palustris. EUR., As., AFR., S. AMER. new. Triglochin maritima. EUR., As. AFR. new. Scheuchzeria palustris. EUR., As. new. Alisma plantago. EUR., As., AUST. AFR. new. Sagittaria sagittaefolia. EUR., As. nsew. Elodea canadensis. EUR., As. se. Vallisneria spiralis. EUR., As., AUST. se. Andropogon provincialis. FRANCE. sew. Cenchrus tribuloides. AFR., E. AND W. INDIES. se. Zizania aquatica. SIB., JAPAN. nsew. Homalocenchrus oryzoides. EUR., As., AFR. new. Phalaris arundinacea. EUR., As. new. Hierochloe odorata var. fragrans. EUR., As. se. Muhlenbergia sobolifera. EUR. nsew. Agrostis hiemalis. As. nsew. Agrostis perennans. As.? nw. Deyeuxia neglecta. EUR., As. new. Deyeuxia canadensis. SIB. STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 725 new. Deschampsia caespitosa. EUR., As., AUST., AFR., S. AMER. new. Bouteloua curtipendula. PERU. nw. Beckmannia erucaeformis. EUR., SIB. nsew. Phragmites phragmites. EUR., As., AFR., AUST., S. AMER. sew. Eragrostis eragrostis. EUR., As., AFR., AUST., S. AMER. se. Eragrostis hypnoides. W. IND., S. AMER. new. Koeleria cristata. EUR., As. new. Poa nemoralis. EUR., As. new. Poa palustris. EUR., AFR., As. •nw. Poa compressa. EUR., SIB. nw. Scolochloa arundinacea. EUR., SIB. new. Panicularia fluitans. EUR., As., AFR.. AUST. nsew. Festuca ovina. EUR., As.. AUST., S. AMER., AFR. se. Bromus purgans. S. AMER.?, As. mew. Agropyrum caninum. EUR., SIB. ne. Agropyrum violaceum. EUR new. Agropyrum glaucum. EUR., As. •nsw. Hordeum nodosum. EUR., As., AFR., AUST., S. AMER. nw. Hordeum jubatum. EUR., SIB. sew. Hemicarpha micrantha. BRAZIL. sew. Cyperus esculentus. EUR., As.. AFR., AUST. sew. Cyperus arista tus. AFR., E. INDIES. new. Eriophorum gracile. EUR., SIB. new. Eriophorum polystachioo. EUR., As. new. Eriophorum vaginatum. EUR., As. nsew. Scirpus lacustris. EUR., As., AUST., SANDWICH ISLS. nsew. Scirpus triangularis. EUR., AUST., S. AMER., W. INDIES. nsew. Heleocharis acicularis. EUR., As. nsew. Heleocharis palustris. EUR., As., AFR., MALAY ARCH., AUSTR. nsew. Heleocharis ovata. EUR., As. sew. Iria capillaris. TROPICS. nsew. Rhyncosporaalba. EUR., As. new. Carex siccata. As. ne. Carex tenuiflora. EUR., As. new. Carex canescens. EUR., As., CHILE. new. Carex tenella. EUR. new. Carex sartwellii. As. new. Carex teretiuscula. EUR., As., N. ZEAL. nsw. Carex stenophylla. EUR. ne. Carex chordorhiza. EUR., As. new. Carex limosa. EUR., As. new. Carex magellanica. EUR., S. AMER. new. Carex aquatilis. EUR. nsew. Carex fusca. EUR., As., AUST. nse. Carex riparia. EUR., As., AFR., S. AMER. new. Carex flliformis. EUR., As. ne. Carex pseudocyperus. EUR., As., AFR., AUST. ne. Carex pauciflora. EUR. nse. Acorus calamus. EUR., As., CHINA, JAPAN. ne. Spathyema foetida. JAPAN, AMURLAND. ne. Calla palustris. EUR., As. nsew. Lemna minor. EUR., As., AFR., AUST., S. AMER. 726 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. nsew. Lemna trisulca. EUR., As., AUST., AFR., S. AMER. nsew. Lemna polyrhiza. EUR., As., AUST., W, INDIES. se. Grantia braziliensis. BRAZIL. ne. Eriocaulon septangulare. IRELAND, SKYE, HEBRIDES. sew. Heteranthera dubia. CUBA. nsew. Juncus tenuis. EUR., N. ZEAL., TRISTAN D'ACHUNA. ne. Juncus balticus. S. AMER., PATAGONIA, SPAIN. new. Juncus flliformis. EUR., As., PATAGONIA. nsew. Juncus effusus. EUR., As., AFR., AUST., S. AMER. new. Juncus nodosus. As. ? nse. Juncus canadensis var. longicaudatus. S. AMER. nsew. Cyperella campestris. EUR., As., N. AFR., N. ZEAL. new. Tofleldia glutinosa. N. As. new. Veratrum viride. SIB. new. Allium schoenoprasum. EUR., SIB., JAPAN, HIMALAYAS. new. Unifolium bifolium. EUR., As. new. Unifolium trifolium. As. new. Unifolium stellatum. NORWAY. se. Smilax rotundifolia. W. INDIES. se. Smilax herbacea. JAPAN. nse. Sisyrinchium angustifolium. EUR. new. Habenaria dilatata. N. As., N. EUR. new. Habenaria hyperborea. ICELAND. new. Habenaria bracteata. ASIA. nse. Pogonia ophioglossoides. JAPAN.? new. Gyrostachys romanzowiana. EUR., As. new. Peramium repens. N. EUR., N. As. nse. Achroanthes unifolia. RUSSIA.? ne. Leptorchis loeselii. EUR., As. new. Corallorhiza corallorhiza. N. EUR., N. As. Archichlamydeae . se. Juglans nigra. S. AMER. new. Salix myrtilloides. EUR., As. new. Salix longifolia. ASIA.? se. Ostrya ostrya. JAPAN. new. Corylus rostrata. N. E. ASIA. new. Alnus incana. N. EUR., N. As. new. Runrex salicifolius. N. As. nsew. Rumex persicarioides. EUR., As.? new. Polygonum hydropiper. EUR., As. se. Polygonum hydropiperoides. S. AMER., AUST. nsew. Polygonum amphibium. EUR., As., S. AFR., JAPAN nsew. Polygonum incarnatum. EUR., As. sew. Polygonum erectum. EUR., As. nse. Polygonum aviculare. EUR., As., JAPAN. sew. Polygonum scandens. EUR., As. nse. Polygonum ari folium. As.? se. Polygonum sagittatum. As. new. Chenopodium rubrum. EUR. nsew. Chenopodium capitatum. EUR., As. new. Corispermum hyssopifolium. EUR., As., MANCH., CHINA. STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 727 nse. Salsola kali. EUR., As., AFR.. AUST., S. AMER. se. Phytolacca decandra. EUR , CHINA.? new. Stellularia crassifolia. N. EUR., N. As. new. Stellularia longlpes. CIRCUMPOLAR, EUR , As. new. Stellularia longifolia. N. As., MANCH., EUR. new. Cerastiurn arvense. EUR., N. AFR., As., S. AMER., PATAGONIA. ne. Cerastiurn arvense var. bracteatum. AMURLAND, Sm.? new. Moehringia lateriflora EUR., N. As. se. Nelumbo nelumbo. W. INDIES, S. AMER. sew. Brasenia peltata. JAPAN, E. INDIA, TROP. AFR., AUST., CUBA. nsew. Nymphaea ad vena. E. SIB.? sew. Ceratophyllum demusum. EUR., As., JAPAN. new. Caltha palustris. EUR., As., CHINA. new. Isopyrum trifolium. ICELAND, N. ASIA, JAPAN. se. Isopyrum biternatum. KAMTSCHATKA. new.? Actaea rubra. EUR., As., CHINA. sew. Aquilegia canadensis. N. E. SIB.? nse. Anemone hepatica. EUR., As., CHINA. new. Anemone quinquefolia. N. As., CHINA. new. Anemone dichotoma. EUR., SIB. new. Anemone multiflda. CHILE, MAGELLAN. nw Anemone parvillora. E. SIB. ne. Anemone hirsutissima. E. SIB.? new. Oxygraphis cymbalaria. EUR., As., CHINA. new. Ranunculus pen nsylvanicus. CHINA. n«?. Ranunculus repens. N. EUR., N". As., N. AFR. mew. Ranunculus septentrionalis. EUR., As. nse. Ranunculus recurvatus. N. E. SIB. nsew. Ranunculus sceleratus. N. EUR., As., CHINA. new. Ranunculus pedatifldus. EUR., As. new. Ranunculus reptans. N. EUR., SIB. new. Ranunculus ambigens. EUR.? new. Ranunculus lacustris. SIB. nsew. Ranunculus aquatilis var. trichophyllos. EUR., As., AUST., AFR. new. Ranunculus circinnatus. EUR. se. Podophyllum peltatum. JAPAN. nse. Leontice thalictroides. JAPAN, MANCHURIA. , ne. Capnorchis cucullaria. KAMTSK.? nsew. Neckeria aurea. AMURLAND. new. Neckeria sempervirens. SIB., KAMTSK. nw. Barbarea barbarea var. stricta. EUR., As., CHINA. nsew. Nasturtium hispidum. SIB.? nsew. Nasturtium palustre. EUR. N. AFR., As. nsew. Cardamine parviflora. N. EUR., N. As. nsew. Cardamine hirsuta. N. EUR., N. As., CHINA. nw. Draba nemorosa. N. EUR., N. As., CHINA. -ve. Draba verna. S. EUR., RUSSIA. new. Arabis lyrata. JAPAN, KURILES. nw. Arabis glabra. N. EUR , As. new. Arabis hirsuta. EUR., As. 728 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. nsew. Erysimum cheiranthoides. N. EUR., N. As., N. APR. new. Drosera intermedia. EUR., As., S. AMER. new. Drosera rotundifolia. EUR., As. se. Penthorum sedoides. MANCH., JAPAN, CHINA. 'use. Tiarella cordifolia. N. W. ASIA, BAIKAL SIB. new. Mitella nuda. SIB., AMURLAND. nsew. Mitella diphylla. E. SIB.? new. Parnassia palustris. EUR., As. new. Ribes rubrum. EUR.,. As. nse. Ribes floridum. ANDES, S. AMER. new. Spiraea salicifolia. EUR., As., CHINA. new. Pirus sambucifolia. EUR., ASIA., JAPAN. new. Rubus strigosus. EUR., As., JAPAN, N. AFR.? new. Fragaria vesca. EUR., As. new. Potentilla anserina. N. EUR., As., CHINA, AUST., S. AMER. new. Potentilla fruticosa. N. EUR., As., CHINA, JAPAN. new. Potentilla palustris. EUR., As. nse. Potentilla argen tea. EUR., As. new. Potentilla pensylvanica. SIB., JAPAN. se. Potentilla supina. EUR., As., CHINA, S. AMER. nse. Potentilla norvegica. EUR., As. nse. Geum rivale. EUR., As., AUST., S. AMER. new. Geum strictum, EUR., As , JAPAN, N. ZEAL., S. AMER. new. Geum japonicum. E. As., JAPAN. nsew. Agrimonia eupatoria. EUR., As., N. AFR., S. AFR. nw. Rosa acicularis N EUR., As., CHINA. se. Cerasus serotina. S. AMER., ANDES. nsew. Lathyrus palustris. EUR., N. As., CHINA. ne. Vicia cracca. EUR., As., CHINA, N. AFR. nw. Astragalus hypoglottis. SIB., KAMTSK. nw. Astragalus adsurgens. SIB., KAMTKSK. nse. Geranium maculatum. SIB. sew. Oxalis stricta. N. EUR., N. As., CHINA. nsew. Stellaria verna. EUR., As., S. AMER. se. Rhus radicans. N. E. As., JAPAN. nse. Hypericum ascyron. SIB., CHINA. new. Viola sylvestris. EUR., SIB., CHINA. new. Viola canadensis. N. E. ASIA. nw. Viola pubescens. N. E. ASIA. ne. Viola rotundifolia. KAMTSK.? new. Viola blanda. KAMTSK. nsew. Isnardia palustris. EUR.. S. AFR., W. As. new. Epilobium hornemanni. EUR., As. new. Epilobium palustre. EUR., As. new. Epilobium lineare. N. EUR., N. As. nsew. Epilobium angustifolium. EUR., As., JAPAN. neto. Circaea alpina. EUR., As.. CHINA, N. AFR. nse. Circaea lutetiana. EUR., As., CHINA, N. AFR. nsew. Hippiffis vulgaris. EUR., As.. AFR,, AUSTR., S. AMER, se. Myriophyllum verticillatum. EUR., As., CHINA, N. AFR. nse. Myriophyllum spicatum. EUR., As., CHINA, N, AFR. nse. Aralia quinquefolia. MANOH., JAPAN, COREA. STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 729' ti.se. Aralia racemosa. SAGHALIN, JAPAN. nsew. Heracleum lanatum. As., JAPAN. sew. Siurn angusti folium. EUR., SIB. nsew. Slum cicutaefolium. EUR., SIB. nse. Deeringia canadensis. CHINA, JAPAN. sew. Myrrhis claytoni. JAPAN. nse. Myrrhis aristata. JAPAN. new. Cornus canadensis. MANCH., JAPAN. Metachlamydeae. nsew. Pseva urnbellata. EUR., As., JAPAN. new. Pirola secunda. EUR., As., JAPAN. nsew. Pirola elliptica. JAPAN. new. Pirola rotundifolia. EUR., As., JAPAN. nsew. Monotropa uniflora. As., JAPAN, S. AMER. new. Andromeda polifolia. EUR., As. new. Lyonia calyculata. EUR., As. new. Chiogenes hispidula. JAPAN. new. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. N. Euu., N. As., JAPAN. new. Oxy coccus macrocarpus. KURILES.? new. Oxycoccus oxycoccus. EUR., As., JAPAN. new. Lysimachia thyrsiflora. EUR., JAPAN. sew. Centunculus minimus. EUR., As., AUST., BRAZIL, ANDES, CHILE. new. Menyanthes trifoliata. N. EUR., N. As., JAPAN. new. Gentiana serrata. EUR., As., CHINA. se. Asclepias syriaca. EUR., As. new. Volvulus sepium. EUR., As., AUST., N. ZEAL.. N. AFR., CHINA. sew. Cuscuta arvensis. S. AMER. se. Myosotis arvensis. EUR., As., N. AFR. nsw. Lappula redowskii. As. se. Leptostachya leptostachya. E. SIB., JAP , INDIA. se. Stachys aspera. JAPAN, KAMTSK. nsew. Stachys palustris. EUR., As. nsew. Brunella vulgaris. EUR., As., N. AFR., AUST., S. AMER. new. Scutellaria galericulata. EUR., As., JAPAN, N. AFR. new. Acinos vulgaris. EUR., As., JAPAN. ? nsw. Lycopus lucid us. JAPAN, SIB. se. Teucrium canadense. SIB.? sew. Physalis pubescens. CHINA, BRAZIL, BARBADOES. se. Physalis angulata. S. AMER., AFRICA. nsew. Solanum nigrum. EUR , As., AFR., AUST., S. AMER. sew. Scrophularia nodosa. EUR., SIB. se. Mimulus ringens. KURILES. nsew. Veronica peregrina. EUR., As., JAPAN, ANDES, S. AMER. new. Veronica scutellata. EUR., As., N. AFR. new. Veronica anagallis. EUR., As., CHINA, N. AFR., S. se. Veronica virginica, JAPAN, SIB. new. Castilleja pallida. EUR., SIB. se. Utricularia cornuta. CUBA, BRAZIL. new. Utricularia intermedia. EUR. , As., JAPAN. 730 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. neto. Utricularia minor. EUR., As., N. AFR. nsew. Utricularia vulgaris. EUR., As., N. AFR. sew. Plantago major. EUR., As., CHINA?, N. AFR. nsew. Galium triflorum. EUR., As., JAPAN. rise. Galium asprellum. As., JAPAN. nsew. Galium trifldum. EUR., As., JAPAN. new. Galium boreale. EUR., As., CHINA. nsew. Galium aparine. EUR., As., JAPAN. new. Linnaea borealis. EDR., As., JAPAN. new. Sambucus racemosus. EUR., As., JAPAN. new. Viburnum opulus. EUR., As., JAPAN. new. Adoxa moschatellina. EUR., As., CHINA. se. Sicyos angulatus. S. EUR., S. As. nsew. Campanula rotundifolia. EUR., As.. JAPAN. sew. Pentagonia perfoliata. CHILE, S. AMER. nsew. Erigeron canadensis. EUR., As., CHINA, S. AFR.? new. Anaphalis margariiacea. EUR.?, N. As., JAPAN, CEYLON. new. Gnaphalium uliginosum. EUR., As., CHINA. nw. Adenocaulon bicolor. JAPAN, HIMALAYAS. nse. Ambrosia artemisiaefolia. BRAZIL, W. INDIES. nse. Xanthium canadense var. echinatum. S. AMER., CHILE. nsew. Bidens cernua. EUR., As., CHINA. nsew. Achillea millefolium. EUR., As., N. AFR., AUST., AZORES. nsw. Artemisia frigida. ASIA. new. Artemisia biennis. KAMTSK., N. INDIA. nsew. Artemisia canadensis. N. W. ASIA. se. Erecthtites hieracifolia. S. AMER., W. INDIES. nsw. Senecio lugens. N. As., N. EUR. new. Senecio palustris. N. EUR., "N. As. nsew. Taraxacum taraxacum. EUR., As , CHINA, S. AMER., AUST., AFR. new. Hieracium canadense. N. EUR. From the list the following tables may be compiled: 29. The Extra-Continental Specific Element. No. of species. 116 130 71 Per cent, of all E. C. E. C. per cent, of each. Monocotyledones 36.5 41.0 22.5 34.7 28.3 18.6 Archichlamydeae Metachlamydeae Total Extra-Continental E. C. per cent, of all species. . . 317 27.0 STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 731 30. Distribution of Extra-Continental Species. Monoco- tyle- dones. Arehich- lamy- fleae. Metach- lamy- deae. Total. Per cent, of Extra- Conti- neiital. Europe 89 88 6 28 28 8 22 78 121 54 17 8 1 15 46 63 40 14 6 4 14 213 272 100 59 42 13 51 67.1 85.7 31.5 15.4 13.2 4.1 16.0 Asia Manchuria, Japan, China Africa . Australasia West Indies South America 3 I. Intra-Continental Distribution of Extra-Continental Specific Element. N. S. E. W. Not N. Not E. Monocotyledones — 86.2 47.4 93.9 76.7 13.8 6.1 Archichlamydeae — 83.1 50.0 93.0 70.7 16.9 7.0 Metachlamydeae 76.1 57.7 92.9 80.2 23.9 7.1 Total element 85.9 50.7 93.3 75.4 14.1 6.7 In the first table there appears in the third column of figures a further verification of the statements previously advanced regarding the relative extent of distribution of the Monocoty- ledones, as a group, and of the Metachlamydeae. While 34.7 per cent, of all monocotyledonous species are of extra- conti- nental range, 28.3 per cent, of the Archichlamydeae, and but 18.6 per cent, of the Metachlamydeae are of such range. The Archichlamydeae, from their absolute numerical preponderance, form the largest percentage of the extra continental element. The Metachlamydeae, both absolutely and according to their number, form the smallest percentage. A comparison with the table which gives the general taxonomic-group percent- ages of the total valley species will be instructive. While the Monocotyledones form 28.4 percent, of the total species they 732 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. form 36.5 per cent, of the extra-continental species; while the Archichlamydeae form 31.9 per cent, of the total species they form 41*0 per cent, of the extra- continental element, and while the Metacblamydeae form 32.3 per cent, of the total flora, they form but 22.5 per cent, of the extra-continental element. This element shows, when compared with the general flora, a fall- ing off in Metachlamydeae and a concurrent increase of Mono- cotyledones and Archichlamydeae. The increase is greatest among the Monocotyledones. In the second of the last three tables the distribution by countries of the extra- continental element is indicated. The percentages are fairly exact except in the case of the West Indies. Of this region access has been had only to Grisebach's Flora of the British West Indies. The percentage is probably somewhat too small, but would in any event be likely to be the smallest of the series. It is seen that the extra-continental ele- ment is preponderantly Asiatic, and of the Asiatic group the Manchurian-Japanese forms a considerable percentage. Sub- tracting this percentage from the total Asiatic percentage gives 54. 2 per cent, as the approximate Siberian element. This divis- ion of the Asiatic element is a proper one and the two groups of extra- continental species thus isolated would be interesting in detailed comparison. Such comparison would, however, be a little removed from the purpose of the chapter. A glance at the table will show several curious facts that may be noted. The Siberian group furnishes a larger percentage of Monocoty- ledones and smaller percentage of Metachlamydeae, compara- tively, than the Japanese -Manchurian. The African element is almost as large as the South American or Australasian, and for the most part consists of the same plants. In all three the preponderant taxonomic group is the Monocotyledones, and of these it is especially the aquatic or marsh forms that are thus widely distributed. In these three distant elements the mono- cotyledonous percentage is somewhat in advance of such gen- eral percentages of the whole extra- continental element. Especially in the most distant element, the Australasian, are the Monocotyledones predominant. Of this element they form 66.6 per cent. Of the European element the Monocotyledones form a larger percentage than of the Asiatic, while of the Asiatic element the Archichlamydeae and Metachlamydeae form each a larger percentage than of the European. Of the Man- churian-Japanese element the Archichlamydeae and Metach- lamydeae each form a larger percentage than of the Siberian or total Asiatic. STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 733 The third table of the series showing the North Ameri- can range of extra- continental Minnesota valley metas- permic species and varieties presents some interesting per- centages. Of the total element 85. 9 per cent are northern and 50.7 per cent southern in North America. Comparing with the general tables of the entire flora, we find that 55.6 per cent of the species are northern while 76. 1 per cent are southern. This indicates the predominent northern character of the extra continental specific element. Its presence in the Min- nesota valley is therefore principally to be referred to the influence of the Conifer region of Engler or the Northern of Drude, which lies just above the latitude of the Minnesota valley. Of the extra- continental element 93.3 per cent, is eastern and 75.4 per cent, western. Comparing again the tables for the entire metaspermic flora we find that 87.2 per cent, are eastern and 51.4 per cent, western. The difference be- tween the general percentages is therefore greater than be- tween the extra-continental percentages. This indicates a more general latitudinal distribution of ex tra-continen tally ranging species than of the average species of the valley. Since, however, this extra-continental element is so preponder- antly northern the longitudinal distribution is not equal to the average longitudinal distribution. The extra-continental ele- ment is therefore distinctively lateral rather than vertical in its charactistic inter-continental distribution. Besides the comparison of totals, the comparative distribu- tion of the three taxonomic groups will be worth a moment's attention. Of the total specific elements the Monocotyledones run 68.2 per cent. northern, 69.1 percent, southern, 93.6 per cent, eastern, 53.1 per cent, western. Of the extra- continental ele- ment the Monocotyledones run 86.2 per cent, northern, 47.4 percent, southern, 93. 9 per cent, eastern, 76 .7 per cent, western. These figures indicate for the extra- continental Monocoty- ledones an increase in average northernness and a decrease in average longitudinal equality of distribution, together with an increase of lateral equality of distribution. Of the total specific elements the Archichlamydeae run 55. 9 percent, northern, 75.1 per cent, southern, 86.1 per cent, east- ern, 49.6 per cent, western. Of the extra-continental specific element the Archichlamydeae run 83.1 per cent, northern, 50.0 per cent, southern, 93.0 per cent, eastern, 70.7 per cent, west- ern. These figures preserve an exact parallelism with those of the Monocotyledones, but with varying internal ratios. The 734 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. east and west distribution of the Monocotyledones of the extra- continental element indicated by the figures 93.9 and 76.7 is more even than that of the Archichlamydeae of that element, indicated by the figures 93.0 and 70.7. On the other hand" the north and south distribution of the Archichlamydeae of the ex- tra-continental element is more even than that of the Monoco- tyledones, as indicated respectively, by the relations between the figures 83.1 — 50.0 and 86.2 — 47.4. But in comparison with the general specific elements we see, as for the Monocotyle- dones, an increase in average northernness, a decrease in aver age longitudinal equality of distribution and an increase of lateral equality. Of the total specific elements the Metachlamydeae run 41.6 per cent, northern, 83.9 per cent, southern, 82.9 per cent- eastern, 51.9 per cent, western. Of the extra- continental ele- ment they run 76.1 per cent, northern, 57.7 per cent, southern, 92.9 per cent, eastern and 80.2 per cent, western. Of the three taxonomic groups, then, the Metachlamydeae show the greatest evenness of longitudinal distribution. In other words, this group is least concerned in the northern-region influence. Further the Metachlamydeae are most evenly distributed east and west, of the extra -continental groups. As before, however, but with diminished ratios, the Metachlamydeae, in comparison with the Metachlamydeae of the total specific elements, show an increase in average northernness, a decrease in average longitudinal equality of distribution, an increase in average lateral equality of distribution. These three indices of extra- continental ranging in its relation to intra continental distribu- tion reduce themselves to this: The extra-continental element is more widely distributed intra- con tine ntally than the general intra- continental element. It is more evenly distributed laterally and less evenly distributed longitudinally. The three taxonomic groups are in any case of different value in relative cosmopolitan or endemic distribution. These differences per- sist and are accentuated in the extra- continental element. Since the endemic character is at once preponderantly metachlamy- deous and also of the Central element, it happens that the lon- gitudinal distribution of extra-continental Metachlamydeae is more even than that of the other two groups, for the general southern and specific northern influences are best able in this group to neutralise each other. From the above condensed account of the extra continental specific element it will be seen that every figure, in comparison STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 735 or alone, is able to cast some additional light on the general problems of metaspermic history. Many other comparisons might be made and some of them would prove of definite value, but enough has already been brought forward to lay the found* ation of our understanding of the relations between the extra- continental element in its outside and inside ranging and in its connection with the general flora. The combination- ranges have not been worked out for the extra continental element, but one or two facts are evident from the general survey of table E. For example the SE. range is particularly noticeable in the Manchurian- Japanese element and the NEW. range, in the Siberian or European ele- ment. The SW. range is not unprevalent in the South Am- erican element. The wider extra-continental ranges are generally coordinate with the wider intra-continental ranges, and vice versa. The explanation of the SE. preponderant-range of the Japanese-Manchurian element has been given as follows: The North American species which are found also in Japan, Manchuria and China were originally northwest in their Am- erican distribution. During the glacial period they were forced southeast along the lake-region trench of Canada and the boundary, thus reaching the Atlantic coast in the vicinity of New York or Delaware. Those which were pushed more directly south or west were destroyed through their inability to acclimate themselves at constantly higher altitudes. Only those which moved down the trench, and consequently south- east, were able to survive. The plants across Berings Straits were similarly induced to move southward into the unglaciated island of Japan, or into China and the Amur. There was thus brought about a division of the original northwest ele- ment in such a way that part of it became southeastern in North America and the rest eastern or north eastern in Asia. The relation between the Japanese-Manchurian region and the eastern North American is therefore to be explained from Tertiary and post- Tertiary wanderings, from glacial disper- sions and from topographical peculiarities of the two con- tinents concerned. All this has been ably discussed by Gray, Miquel, Nathorst, Saporta, Engler, Heer and others. A general table of range may now be presented; it is com- piled from Table D. and gives the number of species in each family that range north, east, south and west, and the total number of species in each family. This table will serve as a termination of this line of statistical enquiry and following it the physiognomic elements will briefly be examined. 736 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. F. Table Illustrating the Range of Minnesota Valley Metas- permae, by Families and Species. North South East West Total Monocotyledones. 1 1 1 1 1 Sparganiaceae 3 2 3 2 3 TVit ft rri ocrpfjOnftCGftfi 15 11 16 13 16 Najadaceae 1 1 1 1 JunccttrincjiG 3 0 3 3 3 2 2 4 2 4 Hydrocharitaceae 1 2 2 1 2 Gramineae 48 66 71 58 89 89 80 116 63 118 4 2 4 0 4 Lemnaceae 4 6 6 2 6 Xyridaceae 0 1 1 0 1 Eriocaulaceae 1 0 1 0 1 Coniiiielinac6ae ... 0 t 1 o 1 Pontederiaceae . . ... 1 2 2 1 2 Juncaceae . 9 6 11 5 11 Liliaceae . 17 28 35 11 36 Amaryllidaceae 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 Iridaceae * • . 2 3 3 0 3 Orchidaceac 29 16 30 13 30 Archi.chlamydeae. Juglandaceae 1 4 4 0 4 Myricaceae 1 1 1 0 1 SalicaceaG 17 8 16 11 17 betulaceae .... 5 4 8 3 8 Fagaceae 1 5 5 0 5 Ulmaceae 1 4 4 1 4 TJrticaceae 2 4 5 1 5 Moraceae 1 2 2 1 2 Santalaceae 3 0 2 3 3 Aristolochiaceae 1 1 2 0 2 Polygonaceae 12 19 22 14 23 Chenopodiaceae 4 3 5 3 5 A niarantaceac o 3 2 1 3 Pbytolaccaceae 0 1 1 0 1 Nyctaginaceae ... .... 0 3 0 3 3 Portulacaceae. . . . 1 2 2 3 3 Caryophyllaceae 6 6 11 8 11 Nymphaeaceae 2 5- 5 2 5 Ceratophyllaceae 0 ] 1 1 Ranunculaceae 32 19 40 28 42 Berberidaceae 1 2 2 0 2 Menispermaceae 1 1 1 0 1 Papaveraceae 5 4 7 3 7 Cruciferae : . . . 18 23 21 20 30 Capparidaceae o 2 2 2 2 Sarraceniaceae 1 0 1 1 1 Droseraceae 3 0 2 3 3 Crassulaceae o 1 0 1 Saxifragaceae. . . . 9 9 14 8 14 Rosaceae 40 32 47 28 54 Leguminosae 17 51 37 26 55 Geraniaceae. . , 2 2 2 1 2 STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 737 F. Table Illustrating the Range of Minnesota Yalley Metas permae, by Families and Species.— Continued. North South East West Total Oxalidaceae 0 2 1 2 2 Linaceae 1 3 1 3 3 Ru taceae 1 2 2 o 2 Polygalaceae 2 6 6 1 6 Euphorbiaceae . . .... 2 11 4 8 11 Stellariaceae . 1 1 1 1 1 A nacardiaceae. ...» . . . , o 5 5 0 5 CeJastraceae ] 2 2 o 2 Aquifoliaceae 1 1 1 o 1 Staphyleaceae 1 1 1 o 1 3 6 7 1 7 Balsaminaceae 2 1 2 2 2 Rhamoaceae 1 2 3 1 3 Vi taceae o 4 4 o 4 Tiliaceae 1 1 1 o 1 Malvaceae o 4 3 1 4 H ypericaceae 3 7 7 o 7 Cistaceae 1 2 2 o 2 Violaceae 9 11 14 5 15 Cactaceae o 3 1 2 3 Thymelaeaceae o 1 1 o ] Elaeagnaceae 2 1 1 1 2 Lythraceae o 1 1 0 1 Oenotheraceae 12 11 13 12 17 Halorrhagidaceae 2 4 4 1 4 A raliaceae 5 4 5 1 5 Uni belli ferae 11 20 21 10 22 Cornaceae 4 5 7 2 7 Metachlamydeae. Pirolaceae 7 4 8 7 8 Ericaceae .... 10 1 11 7 11 Primulaceae 4 6 7 4 8 Oleaceae o 4 4 1 4 Gentianaceae 4 6 10 3 10 Apocynaceae o 2 2 2 2 Asclepiadaceae . . . . 2 14 10 5 14 Convolvulaceae 1 8 8 5 9 Polemoniaceae 1 5 5 1 6 Hydrophyllaceae 2 4 4 2 4 Borraginaceae 2 12 9 5 12 Verheaaceae 1 6 4 4 6 Labiatae 12 18 21 13 24 Solanaceae 2 6 7 3 7 Scrophulariaceae 8 27 27 17 32 Lentibulariaceae 3 2 4 3 4 Orobanchaceae o 3 2 3 3 Pla ntagi naceae 1 3 2 2 3 Rubiaceae 7 9 11 4 11 Caprifoliaceae, 10 8 14 9 15 Aduxaceae 1 0 1 1 1 Valerianaceae 0 3 3 1 a Cucurbi taceae 1 2 2 1 2 Cam pan ulaceae 4 7 9 3 9 Cumpositae 66 158 131 92 173 -47 738 METASPEKMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. IV. EXAMINATION OF PHYSIOGNOMIC CHARACTERS OF THE METASPERMIC PLANTS OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. The plant- physiognomy of any district is determined by the habits and habitats of its plants. Without entering upon ex- haustive analyses of the principal physiognomic groups — the forest and the prairie — it will be possible, nevertheless, to iso- late three groups of species of characteristic habit and three others of characteristic habitat. The first three elements will then be as follows: A. The Arboreal element. B. The Shrubby element. C. The Herbaceous element. Evidently transitional forms must be recognised between these groups, but in general a classification may be attempted of all species into one or another of the groups themselves. The character of a principal woody trunk is considered to indicate the tree, if this coexists with a sufficient size. The woody character without the principal trunk is deemed characteristic of the shrub, and the absence of a distinctly woody stem is con- sidered characteristic of the herb. Of course all Metasperrnae contain woody tissue in greater or less abundance. If, how- ever, the cambium cylinders are not developed, the plant is generally characterised as herbaceous. Of the three habitat elements the classification may be as follows: A. The Aquatic element. B. The Swamp and Marsh element. C. Ttye Drier-soil element. As before, there are transitional forms between these groups and the entry of a given species may be difficult. Indeed in the same species certain individuals may be aquatic, and others may be found in more terrestrial localities. As in the case of the habit elements there is, then, some difficulty in obtaining a rigid classification. In the following tables two elements are unlisted — the herbaceous and the drier-soil elements. This is because these elements are in the nature of residua and may be understood closely enough from the other four elements that are listed. The following table gives a list of arboreal plants found growing spontaneously and indigenously in the valley of the Minnesota. STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 739 GL Table of Arboreal Metaspermae Indigenous to the Minnesota Yalley. Archichlamydeae. se. Juglans nigra. use. Juglans cinerea. se Scoria minima. se. Scoria ovata. nsew. Populus monilifera. new. Populus balsam ifera. new. Populus tremuloides. use. Populus grandidentata. nsew. Salix nigra. nsw. Salix amygdaloides. se. Carpi nus caroliniana. se. Ostrya ostrya. se. Betula nigra. new Betula papyrifera. uercus velutina. uercus rubra. uercus muhlenbergii. uercus macrocarpa. Quercus alba. use. Ulmus racemosa. se. Ulmus americana. se. Ulmus fulva. sew. Celtis occidentalis. se. Morus rubra. new. Pirus sambucifolia. se. Pirus coronaria. nw. Amelanchier alnifolia. se. Amelanchier canadensis. nsew. Amelanchier canadensis var. obovalis. se. Crataegus cms galli. se. Crataegus cocci nea. se. Crataegus mollis. se. Crataegus tomentosa. se. Prunus americana. se. Cerasus serotina. nsew. Cerasus virginiana. new. Cerasus pennsylvanica. se. Gymnocladus dioicus. se. Rhus typhina. sew. Acer negundo. se. Acer rubrum. nse. Acer barbatum. se. Acer barbatum var. nigrum. se. Acer saccharinum. ne. Acer spicatum. nse. Acer pennsylvanicum. nse. Tilia americana. nse. Cornus alternifolia. sew. Praxinus sambucifolia. se. Fraxinus pubescens. se. Fraxinus viridis. se. Fraxinus americana. Metachlamydeae . new. Viburnum opulus. se. Viburnum dentatum. nse. Viburnum lentago. Prom the preceding table the following statistic tabulation is compiled : 32. The Arboreal Specific Element. No. of species. Per cent, of all arb. species. Arb. percent, of each. Monocotyledones 0 48 7 0 86.7 13.2 0 10.0 1.8 Archichlamydeae Metachlamydeae Total Arboreal. 55 4.7 Arb. per cent, of all species 740 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Succeeding the arboreal element must be noted the shrubby element. Of this, Table H presents the list. H. se. Smilax hispida. Table of Shrubby Metaspermae Indigenous to the Minnesota Yalley. Monocotyledones. se. Smilax rotundifolia. Archichlamydeae . nse. Myrica asplenifolia. new. Salix myrtilloides. new. Salix cordata. nse. Salix cordata var angustata. ne. Salix Candida. new. Salix petiqlaris. nse. Salix tristis. nse. Salix humilis. nse. Salix discolor. new. Salix rostrata. new. Salix longifolia. new. Salix lucida. new. Corylus rostrata. nse Corylus americana. ne. Betula pumila, new. Alnus incana. new. Comandra livida. new. Comandra umbellata. nw. Comandra pallida. nse. Menispermum canadense. new. Ribes rubrum var. albiner- vium. nse. Ribes floridum. new. Ribes oxycanthoides. sew. Ribes gracile. sew. Ribes cynobasti. nsew. Opulaster opulifolius. nse. Spiraea toinentosa. nse. Celastrus scandens. nse. Ilex verticillata. nse. Staphylea tri folia. sew. Ceanothus ovatus. se. Ceanothus americanus. ne Rhamnus alnifolia. se. Parthenocissus quinquefolia. se Vitisaestivalis. se. Vitis riparia. se. Vitis cordifolia. se. Hypericum proliflcum. Metachlamydeae . se. Pseva maculata. nsew. Pseva umbellata. new. Ledum latifolium. new. Andromeda poll folia. new. Lyonia calyculata. new. Chiogenes hispidula. new. Arctostaph>losuva-ursi. new. Oxycoccus macrocarpus. new. Oxycoccus oxycoccus. ne. Vaccinium corymbosuin var. amoenurn. ne. Vaccinium canadense. ne. Vaccinium pennsyivanicum. se. Vaccin-ium stamineum. se. Dirca palustris. new. Spiraea salicifolia. se. Pirus arbutifolia. nse. Rubus hispid us. ne. Rubus canadensis. nse. Rubus villosus. new. Rubus occidentalis. new. Rubus strigosus. new. Rubus triflorus. new. Potentilla tridentata. new. Potentilla fruticosa. nse. Rosa humilis. se. Rosa Carolina. nsw. Rosa pisocarpa. nw. Rosa acicularis. new. Rosa virginiana. sw. Rosa virginiana var. arkan- sana. nse. Cerasus pumila. nsw. Amorpha canescens. nsw. Amorpha microphylla. sew. Amorpha fruticosa. nse. Zanthoxylum americanum. se. Ptelea trifoliata. se. Rhus radicans. se. Rhus copallina. se. Rhus vernix. Rhu< glabra. Evonymus atropurpureus. Leptargyraia argentea. Elaeagnus argentea. sw. Oenothera serrulata. new. Cornus canadensis. se. Cornus candidissima. se. Cornus asperi folia. new. Cornus stolonifera. Cornus sericea. Cornus circinatus. se. nsw ne se, nse. mw. Symphoricarpos racemosus. neio. Symphoricarpos racemosus var. pauciflorus. nw. Symphoricarpos occidentalis. se. Symphoricarpos Symphoricar- pos. new. Lonicera glauca. nseiw. Lonicera sullivantii. new. Lonicera ciliata. Diervilla diervilla. Sambucus racemosa. Sambucus canadensis. new. Linnaea borealis. nse. new. sew. se. Viburnum pubescens. se. Viburnum dentatum. nsw. Artemisia dracunculoides. STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 741 From Table H the following statistics are compiled: 33. The Shrubby Specific Element. No. of species. Per cent, of all shrubby sp. Shrubby per cent, of each. Monocotyiedones 2 75 27 1.9 72.1 25.9 0.6 16.3 7.1 Archichlamvdeae Metachlamydeae Total Shrubby 104 8.8 Shrubby per cent.of all species The remainder of the Metaspermae of the Minnesota valley may be classified as herbaceous, and of this element the sta- tistics are as follows: 34. The Herbaceous Specific Element. No. of species . Per cent, of all herbaceous. Herbaceous per cent, of each. Monocotyiedones. . 331 340 346 32.4 33.4 34.0 99.4 74.0 91.0 Archichlanaydeae. . Metachlamydeae Total Herbaceous 1017 86.6 Herb, per cent, of all species. . From the above three tabulations it is seen that the herbace- ous per cent, of the Monocotyiedones is generally in excess of the herbaceous per cents of the other two groups. And the woody percentage of the Archichlamydese is generally 'in ex- cess of the woody percentages of the other two groups. In the latitude of the Minnesota valley many of the original mono- cotyledonous trees or shrubs have disappeared. All of the trees are gone and all but two of the shrubs have failed up to the present time to secure or regain a foothold. This we un- derstand from the considerations indicated in the pre- 742 METASPERMAE OP THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. ceding chapter, where the original presence of palms and allied forms was discussed. On the other hand, the Metachlamydeae with their 1.8 per cent, of trees and 7.1 percent, of shrubs have as yet failed to develop many shrubby or arboreal plants in this latitude. The antiquity and lower organisation of the Monocotyledones are therefore seen to have been reflected in the physiognomy of the valley to-day in a manner similar to that in which the recentness and higher organisation of the Metachlamydeae have been reflected. The absence of monocotyledonous trees and shrubs is due to their having been obliterated ages ago by the stronger archichlamy- deous forms, together with the geological progression of climatic and topographical changes. The absence of the metachlamy- deous trees and shrubs, compared with the abundance of the Archichlamydeae,is doubtless owing to entirely different causes. Not obliteration but failure to reach the valley is the explana- tion of their absence. Palseontological remains do not indicate that metachlamydeous trees or shrubs were ever before so abundant in the Minnesota valley as they are to-day. The same evidence shows that in the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods there were palms in the valley. Thus by direct evidence is corroborated what might a priori be derived from the study of modern distribution. Together with the predominant herbace- ousness of the Monocotyledones must be read their antiquity and their preponderantly extra and intra-continental width of range. Together with the only less predominant herbaceous- ness of the Metachlamydeae must be read their recentness and their preponderantly endemic and limited range. Thus the character of the other taxonomic group may be stated in terms as follows: The Archichlamydeae, forming 86. 7 per cent, of the arboreal element and 72. 1 per cent of the shrubby element have on the one hand had sufficient time to develop their habit and to reach the Minnesota valley, while on the other hand they are not to such an extent a lower group, nor so ancient that they have been t erased from the distinctively extratropical regions. From both sides they have been favored in the development of arboreal characters, and for ages will doubtless maintain them- selves in extratropical regions as the characteristic trees and shrubs, although ultimately, the logic of history would seem to destine them for extinction under the attack of arborescent Senecios,Helianthi or Solidagos.or of other composite or composite- like forms that had attained the arboreal habit. STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 743 The progression of percentages from Monocotyledones to Metachlamydese, as read in the last columns of the three pre- ceding tabulations, gives interesting testimony to the correct- ness of the views (by no means new) that are presented in the paragraphs above. As compacted below this progression is certainly instructive. Arb. per cent. Shrubby per cent. Herb, per cent. Monocotvledoncs 0 0 6 99 4 Archichlamydeae 10 0 16 3 74 0 Metachlamydeae 1 8 7 1 91 0 The differences are widest between the monocotyledonous and least between the archichlamydeous percentages. The three habitat- elements may now be considered. In Table J is listed the aquatic element. J. Table of Aquatic Metaspermae Indigenous to the Minne- sota Yalley. Monocotyledones. nsew. Potamogeton natans. nsew. Potamogeton fluitans. nsew. Potamogeton amplifolius. use. Potamogetou pert'oliatus. new. Potarnogeton heteropbyllos nse. Potamogeton grarnineus var zizii. se. Potamogeton illinoensis. nsew. Potamogeton pusillus. new. Potamogeton rutilus. nsew. Potamogeton pectinatus. nsew. Potamogeton lucens. new. Potamogeton praelongus. nsew. Potamugeton lanceolatus. new. Potamogeton zosteraefolius new. Potamogeton foliosus. nsew. Zanichellia palustris. A rchichlamydeae . nsew. Najas flexilis. nsew. Elodea canadensis. se. Vallisneria spiralis. se. Zizania aquatica. new. Panicularia fluitans. new. Scirpus fluviatilis. nsew. Scirpus lacustris. nsew. Heleocharis palustris. nsew. Lemna minor. nse. Lemna perpusilla. nsew. Lemna trisulca nsew. Lemna polyrhiza. se. Grantia brasiliensis. se. Grantia columbiana. nse. Pontederia cordata. sew. Heteranthera dubia. se. Polygon um hydropiperoides. new. Ranunculus aquatilis var. caespitosus. new. Ranunculus circinnatus. nsew. Stellaria verna. nsew. Hippuris vulgaris. se. Myriophyllum beterophyllum se. Myriophyllum verticillatum. nse. Myriophyllum spicaturn. nsew. Polygonum amphibium. se. "Nelumbo nelurnbo. sew. Brasenia peltata. nse. Leuconymphaea reniformis. se. Leuconymphaea ordorata. nsew. Nymphaea ad vena. sew. Cera tophy Hum demersum. new. Ranunculus lacustris. nsew. Ranunculus aquatilis var. trichophyllos. Metachlamydeae. se. Nymphodeslacunosum. new. Utricularia intermedia, sew?. Mimulus glabratus var. new. Utricularia minor. .jamesii. nsew. Utricularia vulgaris. new. Veronica anagallis. nse. Bidens beckii. se. Utricularia cornuta. 744 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. The swamp and marsh element may next be listed. E. Table of Swamp and Marsh Metaspermae Indigenous to the Minnesota Valley. Monocotyleaones. nsew. new. nsew. nse. new. new. new. new. se. se. new. se. nsew. se. new. new. nsew. nsew. nsew. nw. nsew. new. nw. new. nsew. ne. ne. nscw. nsew. nse. new. new. new. new. new. sew. nsew. nsew. sw. nsew. nse. nse. se. nsew. se. nsew. sew. nse. nsew. se. se. Typha latifolia. Sparganium simplex. Sparganium androcladum. Sparganium eurycarpum. Triglochin palustris. Triglochin maritima. Scheuchzeria palustris. Alisma plantago. Sagittaria rigida. Sagittaria graminea. Sagittaria sagittaefolia. Panicum crus-galli. Zizania aquatica var. his- pidum. Homalocenchrus oryzoides. Homalocenchrus virginicus. Phalaris arundinacea. Hierochloe odorata var. fragrans. Muhlenbergia racemosa. Alopecurus geniculatus var. aristulatus. Cinna arundinacea. Beckmannia erucaeformis. Phragmites phragtnites. Foa palustris. Scolochloa festucacea. Panicularia americana. Panicularia nervata. Panicularia elongata. Panicularia canadensis. Dulichium spathaceum. Cyperus strigosus. Eriophorum virginicum. Eriophorum gracile. Eriophorum latifolium. Eriophorum polystachion. Eriophorum vaginatum. Eriophorum cyperinum. Eriophorum lineatum. Rcirpus atrovirens. Scirpus sylvaticus var. micro- carpus. Scirpus triangularis. Heleocharis wolfli. Heleocharis acicularis. Heleocharis tenuis. Heleocharis intermedia. Heleocharis acuminata. Heleocharis palustris. Heleocharis palustris var. glaucescens. Heleocharis ovata. Mariscus mariscoides. Rhyncospora setacea. Rhyncospora alba. Scleria verticillata. Scleria triglomerata. nsew. Carex tribuloides var. cris- tata. nse. Carex muskingumensis. ne. Carex trisperma. ne. Carex tenui flora. new. Carex canescens. nsew. Carex echinata var. radiata. nse. Carex rosea. nse. Carex rosea var. radiata. new. Carex tenella. new. Carex teretiuscula. new Carex teretiuscula var. ra- mosa. se. Carex crus-corvi. ne. Carex chordorhiza. nsew;. Carex polytrichoides. se. Carex laxiflora. new. Carex flava var. viridula. nse. Carex crawei. se. Carex granularis. se. Carex davisii. nse. Carex gracillima. new. Carex limosa. new. Carex magellanica. nse. Carex crinita. nse. Carex prasina. new. Carex aquatilis. nsew. Carex fusca. nse. Carex riparia. nse. Carex trichocarpa. new. Carex trichocarpa var.aristata new. Curex flliformis. nsew. Carex flliformis var. lanugi- nosa. se. Carex squarrosa. ne. Carex pseudocyperus. nsew. Carex pseudocyperus var. americana. nse. Carex hystricina. nse. Carex schweinitzii. nse. Carex lurida. new. Carex retrorsa. ne. Carex tuckermani. nsew. Carex monile. nsew. Carex utriculata. new. Carex oligosperma. nse. Carex lupulina. se. Carex lupulina var. longi- pedunculata. nse. Carex intumescens. new. Carex pauci flora. nse. Acorus calamus. ne. Rpathyema foetida. ne. Calla palustris. ne. Eriocaulon septangulare. nsew. Juncus tenuis. new. Juncus vaseyi. new. Juncus balticus var. littoralis. STATISTICS OP METASPERMAE. 745 neve. nsew. new. sew. new. nse. new. se. new. new. new. se. new. nse. nsew. Juncus flliformis. new. Juncus effusus. nsew. Juncus nodusus var.genuinus. ne. Juncus nodosus var. megace- nse. phalus. nse. Juncus canadensis var. coarc- ne. tatus. new. Juncus canadensis var. longe- new. caudatus. new. Juncus acuminatus var. nse. legitimus. nse. Melanthiuni virginicum. nse. Verairum viride. ne. Lilium canadense. nse. Ciintonia borealis. new. Unifolium bifolium. ne. Unifolium trifolium. se. Iris yersicolor. new. Cypripedilum acaule. nse. Cypripedilum spectabile. nsew. Cypripedilum pubescens. Cypripedilum parviflorum. Cypripedilum candidum. Cypripedilum arietinum. Habenaria psycodes. Habenaria lacera. Habenaria hookeriana. Habenana dilatata. Habenaria hyperborea. Habenaria bracteata. Habenaria flava. Habenaria tridentata. Pogonia ophioglossoides. A rethusa bulbosa. Gyrostachys cernua. Gyrostachys romanzowiana. Leptorchis loeselii. Leptorchis liliifolia. Corallorhiza corallorhiza. Cathea tuberosa. Aplectrum spicatum. Archichlamydeae . nse. Populus grandidentata. new. Salix myrtilloides. new. Salix cordata. nse. Salix cordata var. angustata. ne. Betula pumila. new. Alnus incana. se. Rumex verticillatus. new. Rumex salicifolius. nsew. Rumex persicarioides. se. Polygonum acre. new. Polygonum hydropiper. se. Polygonum hydropiperpides. nsew. Polvgonum hartwrightii. sew. Polygonum emersum. nsew. Polygonum incarnatum. new. Stellularia crassifolia. new. Caltha palustris. new. Isopyrum trifolium. nsew. Ranunculus sceleratus. nsew. Ranunculus ambigens. nsew. Nasturtium hispidum. nsew. Nasturtium palustre. nsew. Cardamine hirsuta. se. Cardamine bulbosa. new. Sarracenia purpurea.. nw. Drosera linearis. new. Drosera intermedia var. americana. new. Drosera rotundifolia. se. Penthorum sedoides. ne. Saxifraga pennsylvanica. new. Mitella nuda. se. Parnassia caroliniana. new. Parnassia palustris. nse. Spiraea tomentosa. new. Spiraea salici folia. new. Potentilla fruticosa. new. Potentilla palustris. nse. Geum rivale. nse. Rosa humilis. se. Rosa Carolina. nsew. Lathyrus palustris. nsew. Lathyrus palustris var. myrtifolius. se. Rhus vernix. se. Acer rubrum. new. Impatiens biflora. nsew. Impatiens aurea. se. Hypericum canadense. nse. Bypericum virginicum. new. Viola sylvestris. new. Viola blanda. nse. Viola blanda var. amoena. nsew. Isnardia palustris. se. Isnardia polycarpa. nse. Epilobium coloratum. ne. Epilobium strictum. new. Epilobium palustre. new. Epilobium lineare. new. Oircaea alpina. nsew. Heracleum lanatum. ne. Cicuta bulbifera. nsew. Cicuta virosa var. maculata. nsew. Slum cicutaefolium. new. Corn us canadensis. new. Cornus stqlonifera. se. Cornus sericea . 746 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Metachlamydeae. nsew. Pirola elliptica. new. Pirola rotund ifolia. new. Pirola rotundifolia var. uliginosa. new. Lyonia calyculata. new. Chiogenes hispidula. new. Oxy coccus macrocarpus. new. Oxy coccus oxy coccus. ne. Vaccinium corymbosum var. amoenum. ne. Vaccinium canadense. new. Lysimachia thyrsi flora. se. Steironema quadriflorum. se. Steironema lanceolatum var. hybridum. nsew. Steironema ciliatum. ne. Trientalis americana. new Menyanthes trifoliata. se. Gentiana flavida. se. Gentiana andrewsii. new. Gentiana serrata. ne. Gentiana americana. se. Asclepias incarnata. se. Phlox maculata. nsew. Stachys palustris. nsew. Lycopus sinuatus. nsw. Lycopus lucidus var. obtusi- folius. se. Lycopus rubellus. nsew. Lycopus virginicus. new. Mentha canadensis. se. Chelone glabra. sew. Gratiola virginiana. sew. llysanthes gratioloides. new. Veronica scutellata, new. Veronica americana. se. Synthyris houghtoniana. sew. Monniera rotundifolia. nse. Galium asprellum. nsew. Galium trifldum. se. Galium trifldum var. lati- foliuin. ne. Campanula aparinoides. new. Lobelia kalmii. nsew. Eu pa tori urn purpureum. sew. Solidago riddellii. ne. Solidago neglecta. nsew. Aster puniceus. nse. Aster puniceus var. lucidus. se. Aster nova-belgii. se. Aster vimineus. sw. Helianthus maxmiliani. se. Coreopsis aristosa. sew. Bidens laevis. nsew. Bidens cernua. se. Bidens connata. nsew. Helenium autumnale. sw. Senecio lugens. new. Senecio palustris. Of the three habitat elements the following statistical tabu- lations are presented: 35. The Aquatic Element. No. of species. Per cent, of all aquatic. Aquatic per cent, of each. Monocotyledones 32 17 8 56.1 ' 29.8 14.0 9.6 3.7 2.1 Archichlamydeae Metachlamydeae Total Aquatic 57 4.9 Aquatic per cent, of all species STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 747 36. The Marsh and Swamp Element. No. of species. Per cent, of all M. and S. M. and S. per cent, of each. Monocotyledones . . - 145 65 54 54.8 24.6 20.4 43.8 14.1 14.1 Archichlamydeae . Metachlamydeae Total M and S 264 22.5 M. and S. per cent, of all species 37. The Drier-Soil Element. No. of species. Per cent, of all D. S. D. S. per cent, of each. Monocotyledones 157 377 319 18.2 44.1 37.7 47.0 82.2 83.8 Archichlamydeae Metachlamydeae Total Drier soil 853 72.6 D.-S. per cent, of all species. . . In the aquatic element the preponderance of Monocotyledones is to be noted. This taxonomic group is also apparent as form- ing the greater percentage of the marsh and swamp element. On the other hand the Metachlamydeae are preponderant in the drier- soil element, although their percentage is practically equivalent to that of the Archichlamydeae. These statements are based upon the third column of figures, and thus correction is made for the actual numerical differences of the three taxo- nomic groups. In this way a more exact notion is given than if such correction was not made, and in general, it may be said that the analysis must always take into account the varying actual numbers of one group or another. In the marsh and swamp element we find an interesting confirmation, so far as these figures are of value in evidence, of the views stated on pp. 602-603 above, where the Cretaceous physiognomy is briefly 748 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. discussed. It will be observed that the marsh and swamp ele- ment forms a percentage of the Metachlamydeae exactly equivalent to the similar percentage of the Archichlamydeae. In this case the explanation may be that the younger group of the Metachlamydeae furnishes so large a percentage >of this element, comparatively, because the influence of the tensions is such that in a younger group many weaker plants will be forced into the morassic habitat. It is apparent that either the plants of new and variable type or the plants of an older and less plastic type will be less competent to struggle for the op- timum habitat than a group of plants neither too modern nor too ancient. In the marsh and swamp percentages of the modern valley may therefore be read a word or two concerning those long- past ages when the Archichlamydeae in turn were similarly conditioned in their relations with the conifers of the old Cretaceous flora. It will be interesting to examine the ranges in the continent of these two groups of physiognomic elements. Tabulations are readily compiled from Tables G, H, J and K. The follow- ing tabulation will serve to indicate in a general way the range peculiarities of the habit- elements: 38. RANGE-STATISTICS OF THE HABIT-ELEMENTS. TREES. SHRUBS. HERBS. Monocotyledon es. Archichlamydeae. Metachlamydeae . Totals. Monocotyledones. Archichlamydeae. Metachlamydeae. Totals. Monocotyledones. Archichlamydeae. Metachlamydeae. i 568 786 875 536 100. 100. 100. 100. 55.8 77.2 86.0 52.7 1017 Northern species 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ~0~ 20 41 46 13 90.9 87.2 86.7 86.3 41.6 85.4 95.8 27.0 48~ 2 6 7 2 9.1 12.8 13.3 13.7 29.5 95.7 100. 29.5 T 22 47 53 15 100. 100 100. 100 40.0 85.4 96.3 27.2 ^5~ 0 2 2 0 0 4.4 2.3 0 0 100. 100. 0 2~ 51 47 67 34 70.6 79.5 71.2 65.3 68.0 62.6 39.3 45.3 75 21 10 25 18 29.4 16.1 26.5 34.7 77.7 37.0 92.6 66.6 27 72 59 94 52 100. 100. 100. 100. 69.1 56.7 90.3 50.0 226 227 308 176 39.7 28.8 34.1 32.8 68.2 68.5 93.0 53.1 186 256 283 182 32.7 32.5 32.3 33.9 54.7 75.2 83.2 53.5 ~340 136 303 28* 178 27.6 38.7 33.6 33.3 39.3 87.5 82.0 51.4 846 Southern species Eastern species .. .. Western species Per cent, of all northern. Per cent, of all southern Per cent, of all eastern Per cent, of all western. Northern per cent, of each Southern per cent, of each Eastern per cent, of each Western per cent, of each. Total species 104 331 STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 749 Upon comparing the preceding table with the general tables of specific range on pp. 715-716, a number of instructive points will be discovered. The trees of the Minnesota valley are much more distinctively southern than the general population. They are also much more distinctively eastern. This is readily noted by comparing the per cents of totals, for each element of range, in the ' gen- eral and the special tables. This southernness and easternness is more marked in the case of the metachlamydeous trees than of the archichlamydeous, but in either is in excess of the southern and eastern per cents of the total taxonomic groups. Conversely, the trees are decidedly less northern in their char- acter than the general population. The Archichlamydeae are, however, more northern than the Metachlamydeae. Of the metachlamydeous trees a slightly larger percentage show the western range than of the archichlamydeous trees. This is due to the general lateral solidarity which has been pointed out as a characteristic of the Metachlamydeae. The shrubs of the Minnesota valley present opposite range characters, in comparison with the trees. They are more dis- tinctly northern than southern and the northernness is in ex- cess over that of the general population while the southernness is considerably less. Between the eastern and western per cents of the shrubby element and of the whole element there is less difference, but the shrubs are a trifle more eastern in character than the general flora. The northernness of the metachlamyde- ous shrubs is more pronounced than the northernness of the archichlamydeous shrubs, while the metachlamydeous shrubs are both more eastern and more western than the archichlamy- deous. This, again, is a result of metachlamydeous lateral solidarity. The strong northernness of metachlamydeous shrubs is the most remarkable feature of shrub distribution in the valley of the Minnesota. It may perhaps be attributed to the influence of the tensions upon habit. The shrubby habit might be expected to emerge more strongly farthest from the Central region. The herbs of the valley are distributed very much like the general element. The differences bet ween the trees and shrubs serve to neutralise each other and the residuum is only slightly more northern, southern and western and only slightly less eastern than the total flora. 750 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Passing next to the habitat elements a similar table of range statistics may be considered. AQUATICS. MARSH-PLANTS. DRIER-SOIL PLANTS. 39. RANGE-STATISTICS s a 1 o X i o> s o> i § o OFTHE "3 ^ T3 >> T3 •0 ^ HABITAT-ELEMENTS. Ji 3 eS 3 ~ d 03 3 3 3 4J +a ^ ^ *-^ i— i onoco 1 A 03 O o | 1 1 o a o _o | 0 s < s H s < ^ E-i ^ ^ s H Northern species 26 10 5 41 119 52 33 204 81 195 121 397 Southern species 25 14 5 44 82 36 34 152 122 294 280 696 Eastern species 32 17 8 57 141 64 51 256 137 315 257 709 Western species 23 10 5 38 80 41 3?, 153 73 178 161 412 Per cent, of all northern. 63.4 24.3 12.3 100. 58.3 25.4 16.3 100. 20.4 49.1 30.5 100. Per cent, of all southern. 56.8 31.8 11.4 100. 53.9 23.6 12.5 100. 17.5 42.2 40.3 100. Per cent, of all eastern. . . 56.1 30.0 13.9 100. 55.0 24.6 10.4 100. 19.3 44.4 36.3 100. Per cent, of all western.. 60.5 26.3 13.2 100. 52.2 26.7I21.1 100. 17.7 43.2 39.1 100. North' rn per cent of each 81.2 58.8 62.6 71.9 82.0 80.0 61.1 77.2 51.5 51.7 37.8 47.7 Southern per cent.of each 78.1 82.3 62.6 77.1 56.5 55.3 62.9 57.5 77.7 77.9 87.7 81.5 Eastern per cent, of each 100. 100. too. 100. 97.2 98.4 94.4 96.9 87.2 83.5 80.5 83.1 Western per cent, of each 71.8 58.8 62.6 66.6 55.1 63.0 59.2 57.9 46.4 44.5 50.4 48.1 Total species 32 17 8 57 145 65 54 264 157 377 319 853 From the above table it is seen immediately that the aquatic plants are more general in their continental distribution than the marsh and swamp plants and these in turn more generally distributed than the drier- soil plants. The aquatics, however, are strongly eastern, presenting indeed their total number in this range; the marsh and swamp plants are only less eastern while the easternness of the drier- soil plants is the least of the three. The marsh- plants lead in northernness while the drier- soil plants excel in southernness. In westernness the ratios are similar to those of easternness, owing to the differences of general distribution. Comparing each element with the total flora we may note first the aquatics. The aquatic element exceeds the total flora in all four ele- ments of range. This indicates, in an accurate and instructive manner, the widely distributed character of aquatic plants. The southern per cent, of aquatic Metachlamydeae is, however, less than the southern per cent, of all Metachlamydeae, while the northern per cent, is considerably greater. Again there is STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 751 necessity of explaining such a fact by the tension-lines and the law of ejections, and reciprocally the fact of distribution is of value as evidence of the soundness of the law. The marsh-plants exceed the total flora in northernness easternness and westernness, but fall behind in southernness. Not yet fully distributed as are the aquatics, they indicate bet- ter the influence of the continental tension. Marsh plants in a given region of the northern hemisphere may be expected to present distal rather than central characters, for as has been discussed above, the tendency to adopt the morassic habitat is a distal or tension- line phenomenon. As might be expected where different forces are acting to determine the percentages one will often partly neutralise another. It is seen, for exam- ple, in the table, that the northern and southern percentages of the metachlamydeous marsh-plants are very close together, while the eastern and western percentages are not so close. This is just the reverse of the condition among the Metachla- mydeae as a group, in the Minnesota- valley flora, and indicates the selective influence of habitat upon range. In the drier-soil element, on the other hand, the condition of the total flora re- appears and is accentuated. The drier- soil plants lead the total flora only in southernness, while in northernness, easternness and westernness they fall behind. Of the element, the Archichlamydeae lead in northern- ness, the Metachlamydeae in southernness, the Monocotyle- dones in easternness and the Metachlamydeae in westernness. The Archichlamydeae of the drier- soil are less northern, more southern, less eastern and less western than in the total ele- ment. The Metachlamydeae of the drier- soil are less northern more southern, less eastern and less western than in the total element. The Monocotyledones do not differ from the two groups mentioned, in this particular. That both the eastern- ness and westernness of the drier- soil element should be de- creased in all taxonomic groups indicates the wide east and west distribution of the two elements the removal of which leaves it as the residuum. In general the study of the tables which indicate the range of the physiognomic elements will add weight to the belief that the three taxonomic groups are of different and distinct mean- ing in the distribution. Space scarcely permits as exhaustive an analysis as might be useful but enough has been noted in pass- ing to show how a further and more complete analysis should properly proceed. Careful examination of the tables and com- 752 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. parison of their data throughout, with those in the general tables in the section preceding will serve to bring before the reader many kindred facts not mentioned in detail in these pages. v. EXAMINATION OF DOMINANT METASPERMIC FAMILIES OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Such families as contain a relatively large number of species may be known as the dominant families of the district. Thir- teen such families, each with twenty -two species in the valley, or more than twenty- two, may be recognised. The dominant families furnish 217 genera or 53.5 percent, of all genera in the valley, and 727 species or 61.0 per cent, of the total valley species. In order of their importance they may be arranged as follows: Gen. Compositae 43.. Cyperaceae 11.. Gramineae 39.. Legutninosae 21.. Rosaceae 13 .. Spec. ..173 ..118 ... .89 ,...55 ....54 Ranuncuiaceae 11 42 Liliaceae 15 36 Scrophulariaceae 13 32 Orchidaceae 12 30 Cruciferae 10 30 Labiatae 14 24 Poly^ronaceae 2 23 Umbelliferae 13 22 Each of these families is represented in the valley by a group of species of a definite distributional and physiognomic charac- ter. To present these characters is the office of the two tabula tions following. In the first, the generic statistics are compiled, in the second, the specific. d g i ft d 5 ,0 s § ® bo 8 0) g S3 • d bo d CO ft -a d ^ 43 40. STATISTICS t §> ft g 1 0 ^ *g 3 "3 bo OF THE DOMINANT •§ ft £ a . - a "S 9 o ^ a ^ *? o *o ft FAMILIES. 0 bO O 1 a X W a sS 43 Q nS a a? Generic. "o § o> •£» §* 2 ^ fl ^j § §* O -g §B £•£» 6 6 6 d£ 6 o" So d sa - *4 S bo Q S 55 55 S3 fc 55 S5 CU (^^ Cu cu Gramineae 39 13 13 4 7 4 4 12.1 19 6 8.0 5.2 ('yperaceae 11 5 1 3 2 o 1 I.C 1.6 1.5 Liliaceae . 15 o o 7 o 7 o o 20 5 2 Orchidaceae 12 4 1 2 5 o 2 3.7 1.6 4.0 3.7 Polyponaceae .... Ranuncuiaceae... 2 11 1 2 0 3 1 0 1 6 0 0 0 0 .9 1.8 .0 4.9 2 0 0 .7 4.5 Cruciferae 10 2 4 o 3 o 2 1.8 6 5 o 2 3 Rosaceae 13 1 2 2 11 0 0 .9 3^2 4.0 8^2 Leguminosae 21 8 2 4 6 1 3 7.4 3.2 8.0 4.5 Umhelliferae 13 3 4 1 3 o 4 2.8 65. 2 0 2.3 Labial ae 14 5 o o 4 1 4 4 6 o o 3 0 Scroph u 1 ari aceae 13 1 3 1 4 1 3 .9 4.9 2.0 3 0 Compositae 43 10 5 5 g g 12 9.3 8.2 10.0 6.0 Total Dominant. 217 55 38 24 67 16 42 51.4 62.3 48.0 50.0 STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 753 •A*9in?A »i •uag \[v. jo "juao aaj rs (M eo ci ci ci co' m CO' co co' o kO g '\\nv.s >n „ O CO to o {>• o Cl t~ CO •* •^ [o *^a9O aod uaa^saAY 5 00 o oo § S § si S § S S S oo •qOT?9 00 o to 0 m o IO cc oo fc- CO ^ to JO ^U9D J9d Uaa}SH3 S ^ O ~H 00 0 S 8 n S S S S MI S •tjoTJa oo 00 0 CO 0 — o o w jo -^U90 aad uaainnog SI co S S § oo o S 8 CO S S Cl S •qot?a oo ^, 0 0 0 CO O 1C o !>• «3 -r»t co "? jo -^uaoaad nj.-)i(|jo>j S co § § § -* o co to 0 0 8 8 §8 c! § *T}.l9liai? M 0 C3 «5 o oo o TH -* o t- co CJ CO Ai 11*5 jo -}U9o aa,i 0 •* CO •^ CO ^ Cl a!M 0 0 0 •* "*. °. •»*( •»* 0 ct t- oi 0 •<* o -*' ITS c» ir m •<*' CJ 0 !>' CO 8 "BaaaaS S IP* JO ^uao aaj J & ct 0 i-l w C^ CJ ^* 0 0 U5 !> § § •tuauaS uaajsrca -o& t-» a S 5 0 CO d rH S t- Cl t- 0 n •KJ9U9S iiuamnos -o^ Ci 0 0 t> r w ^ 0 0 a »-i co CO 2 — •BJ9U >S uagq^aou o& J 0 eo so 0 ro i- U7 00 oo „ •^uao aad aaiuy 'K 0 0 0 ?o 0 0 8 0 S 8 oo c» Cl (M cl 2 q.)T?a jo •^uaoaad -iuy£l ^ Ci 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o t~ 0 TH SC l>-' l^ OS 8 CO t- 'ij.TBa jo 'IUAO aad'doJ^KJ^xa Jtf g 0 cc to to o —J Tjl -^ C5 o tra •<* 0 3 S -^ CO s 0 cl « t^ S S to S co si •qorca jo -^U90 aad doj,!, Ci o 01 &i to o to o 0 S 0 0 ct m 0 cri to t-^ to o t- •o o •i[0i:a jo •^agoagd duj^iia^.va CO S § co 0 CO 0 Cl 0 &J § 3 0 C5 c- i co 0 si '£> ^H ^. t^ •q.")T?9 JO •qaao aad domsoo CO 8 •** »n •* ro 0 S? o S iH 0 S S --O i^ i 0 cl t- 0 S *• i 3 •uaS -jamv *K II1* *° '*U8<) U8<1 *1 o »T5 T-i 1 = 0 0 CO 0 L- •^ Cl 0 Cl fr- 0 **' t- S 1 •ua^ 'tuafl 'AV tl1* J° '*uao Jad b 10 c>» 0 0 1-H 0 0 0 0 0 l-i CO o CO CO : o TH cri Cl 0 S 4^> 1 Sa» -53 o 1 sJ3 'S § H- S § X ¥° O 1 Gramineae 1 Cyperaceae ILiliaceae Orchidaceae. ... I Polygonaceae .. Rauunculaceae. t ruciferae 1 Rosaceae I Legurainosae.... 1 Umbelliferae — ILabiatae Scrophulariacea I Compositae Total Dominan -48 754 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. •sapads -Ai'N jo *OM W rH 0 0 0 01 COCOOIOOO'* ^ -H «0 US rH OOOiOOO^H CO •qo-ea jo ^uaa jad -jj s s s g s g S^i* O O O W5 GO ^ ? CO § § Oi cS S 'A'aii'BA uj saioads CO •<* CO rH 01 t- OOt^COCOrHCOOl rH "M IP3 J° '^nao J9d OS O rH OJ Ol •* co •* -* rH oi 01 in g 'A'aji'BA ui sapads OS CO •* 0> rH OS OCOC00050I> »0 •g lie jo -;aao jaj CO rH OO Ol Ol CO 01 "& oo" oi oi oi oi o •A'an'RA ni saioads •«*< OS rH )> rH rH WUSt-OlrHOCO ••* 'S II* J° "*U90 "ISd t- t- 00 rH 01 01 oieo'ko'oioico^ oi •A'an'BA uj sapads -* 00 CO >0 00 OS !>OlCOt-000101 rH £- CO 01 ^ rH -J, OlCOOlrHrHrHO Ol •aSuijj -M jo sapadg S 3 3 S S a OOOOOCOt-Ol CO •aguBj g jo sapadg S S S S SI S ol^cvSoJololg | •aSnuj -g jo sapadg s 8 s s a s s s? s s a s g g •agnuj -^ jo sapadg S8 S ^ § S S SSSS3»S 1 •sapads »0 0 0 »0 CO »0 lOCOCOOOOt-^ O A"an« A n^ jo ^uao ja tf 1 S - 1 . 5 1 ' 1 I iii |i 1 ! 1 1 1 1 i 1 11 .1 J ^ 1 i 1 1 1 f 1 1 5 a 3 » S « S STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 755 , 'qoTJa jo '^ue.i aad *a 'S 'M f CO CO &t rH O5 CO 05 O cc GO iq co" •* M 0 oo 0 jo -^uao aad -3 'N CO CO oo' o CO 10 co •*»< "*. °. 0 co' GC l-i 10 o O rH CO jo -^uao jad *AY 'N 2 oo 0 0 0 OO O -*' 3 10 ro o o O CO o CO jo -luoo aod 'AY "3. 'S a CO 00 0 ° ?i oi o 0 oo CO ro 2 l- iJO rH 00* jo ;(juao aad 'AY 'S (M rH 00 o 0 0 0 0 0 CO oo •^ *i 10 O 10 rH oo" ,o.,aao«dMT-S 2 I 0 t- M' ?j CO CO o cl. S CO 3 C1* CO S •A'an'BA ui sapads 0 •* -*. 0 0 CO 0 0 oc M oo '-. p CO •AY-a-s-Nit^-^^d 1-1 rH « CO •A'an'BA ui sapads -1 •* 0 IO O 0 10 -I » UO in O CO s S6 •M'l'JNAn°'S«d O tO 10 0 0 o ot 0 10" UO si o m S i 8 •A'an'BA ui saioads 10 0 t- IO 00 10 0> 0 ee GO '-O CO rH w •a'S'Nll^ ^naoaaj <* rH °° t- rH N rH CO rH ?i g •A'an'BA uj sapads '3 *N ll* J° '^nao aa ^ « o 0 N s i • i I i . . a : : - / _ : : : 1 gw« « • ® a "S * H ^ '«' : 9 • J ft* •**• — Gramineae — Cyperaceae . . Liliaceae Orchidaceae . Polygonaceae Ranunculacea Cruciferae i 1 Leguminosae Umbelliferae. I Labiatae 'a cc 1 Compositae . . 1 I I 756 METASPEKMAE OP THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. •!iaao jad jo ot o o os c o o o o o «o •qotja jo -qtuao aad dUIKMS |M1I! m a o "S 1 c c & Arc1) ichlamy deae. Metachlamydeae. No of families 3 1 ?, N.-S.-W. species 3 0 1 Cosmopolitan families 1 3 ?, N.-S -El.-W. species.. 1 9 3 Extratropical families 9 1 3 South-east species 3 9 1 Tropical families 9, 3 1 South-west species 3 9 1 W. hemisphere families N. extratropical families... N American families 1 3 3 2 1 9 3 2 I South-east-west species No extra-continental species Europe 2 2 1 3 1 9 1 3 3 No. of genera. 3 1 ?, Asia 9 1 3 Cosmopolitan genera 1 3 ?, Manchuria- Japan. T 1 2 Extratropical genera 9 1 3 Africa 1 9 3 Tropical genera 1 9 3 Australasia 1 9 3 N. extratropical genera 3 1 9, West Indies 1 s 9 W. hemisphere genera 9, 3 1 South America 1 9 3 N . American genera 1 3 9, Northern extracont 1 2 3 Northern genera 1 0 3 Southern extracont 3 2 I Southern genera . . 3 1 2 Eastern extracont 1 9 3 Eastern genera ... 1 9 3 Western extracont 9 3 1 Western genera 9, 3 1 Not-N extracont s 9 1 No. of species 3 1 9 Not-E extracont 3 9 1 Northern species 1 t 3 Arboreal species . .. 3 1 2 Southern species 3 9 1 Shrubby species 3 1 2 Eastern species. 1 0 ) 33 Aquarlia LINN 458 Aquiibliacean 349 Aquilarineae ENDL 3<'2 Aquileyia LINN 233 — canadoixii* LINN 233 Aquilegia elegans SALISB 233 vartegaia MOENCH 233 Arabidium SPACH 265 Arabidopsis Scuun 257 Arabia LiNN 2fi5 Arai»is bullxisa SCHREB 262 Arabia canadtnsis LINN 266 confinix S WATS 2fi6 dentata TORK 265 Arabis drummoridii GRAY 2(56 t'alcata MICHX 266 Arabis yiabru ( LINN.) 266 Arabis heterophylla NUTT 267 Arabis hirsute (LiNX ) 267 laeviyata iMuHL.) 267 Arabis lyraet'olia D(J 266 Artibi* lyrala LINN 265 Arabis mollis RAF 266 Arabis patens SULLIV 267 Arabis pendula NUTT 267 prrfoliata LAM 266 reptan-i LAM 264 rhornboidea PERS 262 rotund ifolia RAF 264 Araceae ENGL ] 30 Aracium MONN. 567 Aralia LINN 385 hispida VENT 386 Aralia muhleubergiana R. and S 3*6 Aralia nudicaulis LINN 386 quinquejolia (LiNN.) 386 766 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Aralia racemosa LINN 387 trifolia (LiNN.) 385 Araliaceae 385 Araliophyllum 385 Arbutus filiform is LAM. , 407 thymifolia AIT 407 uva-ursi LINN 408 Archangelica HOFFM 391 atropurpurea HOFFM — 392 hirsutaT. and G 392 Archemora DC 391 rigidaDC 391 ARCHICHLAMYDEAE 176 Arctogeron DC 515 Arctostaphylos ADANS 408 ArctostaphylosofflcinalisWiM. 408 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (LiNN.) 408 A remonia NECK 302 Arenaria buxifolia POIR 224 lateriflora LINN 224 pennsylvanica MUHL. .. 224 Arethusa LINN 169 Arethusa bulbosa LINN 169 ophioglossoides LINN ... 169 spicata WALT 176 Aretia LINN 411 occidentalis MAcM.. .. 411 Argyrochaeta CAV 538 Aria HOST 283 Arietinum BECK , . 162 americanum BECK 164 Arisaema MART 132 Arisaema atrorubens BLUME . . 1 32 Arisaema triphyllum (LiNN.).. 132 Aristella BERTOL 57 Aristida LINN 56 Aristida basiramea ENQELM. . . 56 purpurea NUTT 56 Aristidium ENDL 70 Aristolochia LINN 201 Aristolochia niacropuylla LAM 202 Aristolochia sipho L'HER 202 Aristolochiaceae 201 Aristolochiaephyllum 202 Aristotelea LOUR 170 Armeniaca Juss 305 Armeria LINN 431 Aroideae 130 Aronia PERS.... 283, 285 alnifolia NUTT 285 arborea BART 286 — arbutifolia ELL 284 botryapium PERS 286 cordata RAF 286 depressa SPACH 284 ovalis TORR 286 pyrifolia PERS 284 Artemisia LINN 550 biennis WILLD 550 Artemisia campestris PURSH. 552 Artemisia canadensis MICHX... 552 — caudata MICHX 552 A rtemisia cernua NUTT 552 Artemisia commutata BESS ... 552 desertorum BESS 552 douglasiana BESS 561 Artemisia dracunculoides PURSH 552 Artemisia dracunculus PURSH 552 Artemisia frigida WILLD 550 Artemisia frigida var. gmeli- ana BESS 550 Artemisia gnaplalodes ( N UTT .) . 55 1 Artemisia hispanica JACQ 550 hookeriana BESS 551 inodora HOOK and ARN. 552 integrifolia MUHL 535 integrifolia PURSH 551 lewisii T. and G 552 Artemisia longifolia NUTT 551 Artemisia ludoviciana NUTT. 551 ludoviciana var. serrata T. andG 551 nuttalliana BESS 552 paciflca NUTT 552 peucedanifolia Juss 552 purshiana BESS 551 sericea NUTT 550 Artemisia serrata NUTT 551 Artemisia virgata RICH 550 vulgaris var. gnaphalo- des OK 551 vulgaris var. ludoviciana OK 551 Arthratherum BEAUV 56 Arthrostachys DESVX 47 Arthrothamus KL. and G 341 Arum triphyllum LINN 132 Arundo BEAUV 73 aggerum KIT 73 agrostoides PURSH 66 canadenesis MICHX 66 cinnoides MUHL 66 colorata WILLD 55 festucacea WILLD 79 graeca LINK 76 neglecta EHRH 66 phragmites LINN 73 stricta TIMM 66 vulgaris LAM 73 vulnerans GILIB 73 Asagraya LINDL 144 Asarum LINN 201 canadense LINN .... — 201 Asarum caroliniaum WALT. . . 201 latifolium SALISB 201 villosum MUHL 201 Ascaricida CASS 499 Asclepiadaceae 422 Asclepias LINN. 423 Asclepias amoena BRONGN ... 426 amoena LINN 427 cprnuti DECNE 426 douglasii HOOK 426 Asclepias exaltata (LiNN.) 425 floridana LAM 424 Asclepias galioides HBK 424 Asclepias incarnata LINN 426 INDEX. 767 Asclepias lanuyinosa NUTT — 423 Asclepias longifolia MICHX. . . 424 nuttalliana GRAY 424 nuttalliana TORR 423 Asclepias obtusifolia MICHX 425 ovaUfolia DECNE 424 Asclepias phytolaccoides PURSH 425 Asclepias purpurascens LINN. . . 427 Asclepias purpurascens WALT. 425 pulchra WILLD 426 Asclepias quadrifolia LINN 424 — -speciosa TORR 426 sullivantii ENGELM 425 syriaca LINN 425 Asclepias syriaca var. exaltata LINN 425 Asclepias tuberosa LINN 427 Asclepias vanilla RAF 424 yariegata var. a. HOOK. . 424 Asclepias verticillata LINN 424 viridiflora RAF 423 Asclepias viridiflora var. lan- ceolata (IVES) 424 viridiflora var. linearis (Gray) 424 Asclepiodora A. Gray 423 Ascyrum crux-andraea LINN . . 363 Aspelina CASS 553 Asperifoliae LEHM 436 Aspidoglossum E. MEY 423 Asprella SCHREB 53 oryzoides LAM 54 virginica R. and S 54 Asprella WILLD 89 angustifolia NUTT 89 hystrix WILLD 89 Aster BAILL 515 Aster KUNTZ 508 Aster LINN 515 Aster aestivus AIT 517 aestivus GRAY 518 — albus EAT. and WR 516 amoenus LAM 517 amplexicaulis LAM 523 amplexicaulis MICHX. . . 523 amplexicaulis MUHL 521 amygdalinus LAM 516 annuus LINN 527 argenteus MICHX 523 Aster asteroides ( LINN.) 521 Aster bellidiflorus HOOK 518 biennis TORR 523 borealis PROVANCH 518 carneus NEES 518 — carneus NEES 519 ciliatus MUHL 520 concinnus HOOK 521 — conyzoides WILLD 524 Aster cordifolius LINN 522 Aster cordifolius NEES . 522 corymbosus AIT 524 cyaneus HOFFM 521 diffusus AIT 519 Aster diffusus DC 520 divergens HOOK 519 Aster divaricatus LINN 524 Aster diversifolius DC 522 dracunculoides WILLD. . 519 Aster drummondii LINDL 521 dumosus LINN 520 Aster eminens WILLD 518 ericoides var. multiflorus PERS 520 Aster ericoides var. villosus (MiCHX) 520 Aster f ragilis LINDL 520 f ragilis NEES 520 floribundus WTILLD 519 — floribundus WILLD. Herb 517 glaucescens NEES 521 glomerellus T. and G 519 greenei T. and G 518 hebecladus DC 520 heterophyllus NEES 522 — heterophyllus WILLD... 522 hiemalisNEES 518 — hirtellus LINDL 521 hispidus LAM 517 impolitus NEES 521 Aster junceus AIT 518 iaevis LINN 421 Aster lamarckianus NEES 519 Aster lateriflorus (LiNN.) 519 Aster laxifolius HOOK 518 laxil'olius var. borealis T. aud G 518 laxifolius var. laetiflorus T. andG 518 laxusT. andG 517 laxus WILLD 519 longifolius GRAY 517 longifolius var. villicau- lis GRAY 518 Aster longifolius LAM 517 Aster lucidus WEND 517 Aster macrophyllus LINN 524 Aster marilandicus MICHX.... 524 miser NUTT 519 multiceps LINDL 523 Aster multiftorus AIT 520 Aster multiflorus NUTT 520 Aster novae-angliae LINN 523 novabelgii LINN 517 Aster obliquus NEES 518 Aster oblongifoliu,s NUTT 523 Aster oolentangiensis RIDD. . . 522 paniculatis LAM. Herb.. 517 Aster paniculatus LAM 519 Aster paniculatus MUHL 521 paniculatus NEES 522 paniculatus NUTT 522 paniculatus WILLD 522 parviflorus DARL 519 parviflorus HOOK 519 Aster patens AIT 523 Aster patentissimus LINDL. . . 523 768 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Aster penclulus HOOK , 519 pennsylvanicus POIB 521 pilosus WILLD 520 Aster polyphyUus WILLD 521 Aster praealtus Pout 518 Aster ptarmicoides ( NEES ) 516 puniceus LINN 517 Aster puniceus var. lucidulus GRAY 5L7 Aster puniceus var. lucidus (WEND.) 5J7 Aster puniceus var. vimineus T.anclG 517 recurvatus WILLD 519 rigidulus DESK 518 rubiicaulis LAM 521 sagittaef'olius ELL 522 Aster fMvUlaeffftim Wi LLD 521 saUcif'tiius Lam 518 Aster salh-ifolius HIGH 518 salicifolius SCIIOLL 519 — salicifolius WILLD 517 salignus WILLD 519 scoparius DC 520 — srcuodi floras 520 Aster sericeus VENT 5^3 Aster serotinus MILL 517 simplex WILLD 519 sqaisiHorus MICIIX 520 spurids WILLD 523 squarrulosus NEES 518 stenophyllus LINDL 518 stnclus POIK 519 strictus var. augustifol- ius HOOK 521 tenuifulius ELL 520 tenuifolius NEES 521 tenuifolius T and G 5i9 tradescanti LINN 519 trndescanti MICHX 519 A sler i mb< llalux MILL 516 Aster undulatus EDL 523 Aster undulatux LINN 522 Aster urophyllus LINDL 521 villosus MICHX 520 Aster vimiiieus LAM • 519 Aster virgin'Mis NEES 518 Asteraceae 499 Asteranthemutn KUNTH 152 — vulgare KUNTH 153 Asterias BOKKH 418 Asteromoea BL 515 Asteroschoenus NEES 104 Astt tilia CASS 506 AstradHphus REMY 525 Astrayalus LINN 323 -adsuryetis PA LL 324 Astragalus'agrestis DOUGL... 324 AatraynluH canadenxis LlNN 325 rurnoxtiH PURSH 326 Astragal us carol inianus LINN. 32o Astragalus caryocarpus KER. . . 326 Astragal us crassicarpus NUTT. Astray alusflwuOM is DOUOL., 322, Astragalus goniatus NUTT. . . . - graci I is NUTT . .......... Astragalus hypoylotti* LINN .... Astragalus JamVrti Pom — - laxmanni NUTT ......... Astragalus loliflorus HOOK ..... Astragalus mexicanus GRAY. . - pachycarpus T. and G.. Astragalus pan'iflorus (Puusn). - plattensis N UTT ......... Astiagalus plat'ensis var. ten- nesseensis GRAY ...... - striatus N UTT ......... - surculentus RICH ....... - tennesseensis GRAY ..... Astrophia NUTT ...... . ....... Atalanta NUTT ............... Ate LtNDL .................... Atheropog. -n MUHL ...... • ..... — -apludioifles LAG ....... - oligostachyum NUTT ---- - papillosus ENGELM ..... Athy amus NECK ............. Atomostylis «TEUD ........... AtossaALEF ............... Atragene LINN ............... Aucuparia MED ............... Auditjertia BKNTH ............ Aulaxis HAW ................. Aulusema WALP ............. A u ran tiaceae ENDL .......... Aurelia CASS .................. - amplexicaulis CASS ..... Aureliana LAFLT ............. A vena caespitosa GUIS ........ - glunmcea MICHX ........ - hanmanniana NYM ..... - spicata LINN ........... - stolonifera HAUSM ...... Avena striatd MICHX .......... Avena wil»eliana SCHUR ...... Avenella PARLAT ............. Axillaria RAF ................ Azarolus BORKH . Baccharioides MOENCH Bact.vrilobium WILLD Badaroa CERT Badiera I)U Baiothryori EHRH Balhoa LIEBM Baklellia PAKLAT Baldingera GAERTN - arundinarea DUM - colorata GAERTN BalsHiiiina GAERTN Balsam i neae (TriU.) B. and H. 326 324 325 325 324 323 324 323 3.'5 326 325 325 325 324 326 325 313 269 165 70 71 72 71 341 90 315 210 2S3 454 2?4 323 336 506 506 385 68 68 (59 68 69 68 68 68 67 154 283 309 493 338 97 328 43 54 55 55 354 354 333 INDEX '69 Baptisia VENT 310 Baptisia alba HOOK 310 Bcptixia leucantfia T. and G. . . 310 leucopkaca N UTT 310 tinctfiria (LiNN. ) 311 Barbarea R. BR 258 barbarea ( LINN. ) v a r , stricta (ANDcz ) 259 Barbarea praecox RICH 259 stricta ANDRZ 259 vulgaris var. stricta RE- GEL 259 Barkhausenia HOPPE 567 Barkhausia MOENCH 567 Barlaea REICH, f 165 Barlia PAUL AT 164 Barneoudia GAY 235 Bartsia acuiuinata PURSH 470 cocci ne? LINN 471 Barysoma BUNGE 389 Batodendron NUTT 409 Batrach urn SPACH 241 Batschia GMEL 437 canescens MICHX 438 carolinensis GMEL 438 raroliniana R and S 438 decumbent N UTT 437 gmelini MICHX 488 longiflora PUKSH 438 Batschia MOENCH 501 Baumannia SPACH 380 — douglasiana SPACH 381 nuttalliana SPACH 381 Baumea GAUDICH 103 B alia SCIUBN 58 Beckmannia HOST 72 erucaeformi* ( LINN.) 72 Beckmannia erueaeforruis var. uni flora SCRIBN 72 erucoides BEAUV 72 Berlfordia DC 554 Belharnosia SARRAC 252 Belioukandas CELT 384 Bellidiastrum MICHEL 515 Belloa REMY 529 Bellucia ADANS 338 Itaiinettiaceae ENDL 340 Benthamia A. RICH Iti5 Benthatuia LINDL 399 Beutharuidia SPACH 399 13e bericlaceae 250 Berenice SALISH 147 Btrgenia MOENCH 274 NECK 374 Berinea HRIGN 568 Berlandiera BATLL 531 Berraudiana ADANS 161 Berna dina BANDO 412 Berula KOCH 396 angustifolia KOCH 396 Beth^ncourtiaCnois. 553 Betonica LINN 445 Betula LINN 188 Betula angulata Lodd 189 -49 Betula canadensis LOUD 189 grand is SCHRAD 189 — gra yi REGEL 188 incana LINN 190 lanulosa MICHX 189 latit'oliaTAuscH 189 Betula ttigra LINN 189 Betula papyracea AIT 189 Betula papylifem MARSH 1 89 pumila LINN 188 Betula rubra MICHX. f 189 Hetulaceae 196 Betulaster SPACH 188 Bicchia PARLAT 165 Bidens BILL •<.. 544 Bidens LINN 545 beckii TORR 545 cernua LINN 546 Bidens cernua var. elataTand G 546 ch rysanthemoides MICHX 545 Bidens connata MUHL 546 Bidens c«-nnata var. comosa GKAY 546 Bidens frondosa LINN 545 Bidens helianthoides HBK... 545 Bidens laevis (LiNN.) 545 Bidens petiolata NUTT 546 quadriaristata DC 545 quadrianstata var. den- tata NUTT M6 tripartita BIGEL 546 Bifolium GAERTN 152 Bikukulla ADANS 2^3 Bilabre-la LINDL IKS Bilderdykia DUM 204 Billardiera MOENCH 442 Billotia SCH.-BIP 567 Biopnytum DC 334 Biotia DC 515 corymbosa DC 524 glomerata DC 524 latifolia DC 524 macrophylla DC 524 sen roeber i DC 524 Bipontinia ALEF 330 Blackburn ia FORST 337 Blennoderma SPACH 381 Blepharochloa ENDL 53 Blepharolepis NEES 96 Biitum LINN 211 capitatum LINN 212 maritimum NUTT 211 polyraorphum C. A.MEY 211 — rubrum REICH 211 virgatum var. capitatum Coss 212 Blondea NECK 275 Bluffla NEES 49 Blumenbachia KOEL 47 Blysmus PANX 97 Bly ttia FRIES 64 suaveolens FRIES.. 64 770 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Bobartia LINN 90 PETIV 537 Boebera LESS 548 WILLD 548 c hrysanthemoides WILLD 549 Boebera glandulosa PERS 549 Boehmeria JACQ 198 cylindrica WILLD 198 cyli ndrica var. B. HOOK. 19S lateri flora MUHL 198 Boisdu valid SPACH 380 Bolophyta NUTT 533 Boltonia L'HER 515 asteroides (LiNN.) 515 glastifolia L'HER 515 Bombycodendron ZOLL 361 Bonafldia Neck 326 Bongardia C. A. MEY 250 Bonnaya LINK and OTT. 464 Bootia BIGEL 293 sylvestris BIGEL 298 Boraginace6s BAILL 434 Boraginites 436 Borderea MIEG 160 Borkhausia LINK 567 Borobora STEUD 91 Borraginaceae 436 Botrophis RAF 232 Botrydium SPACH 211 Botryocarpium RICH 278 Botryosychios HOCHST 160 Bouteloua LAGASC 70 curtipendula(WLicnx..) 71 Bouteloua foena TORR 71 Bouteloua hirsuta LAG 71 oligosto,chya (NuTT.) 72 Bouteloua racemosa LAG 71 Bracconotia elymoides GODR. . 85 Brachyactis LED 525 Brachyderea CASS 567 Brachyelytrum BEAU v 61 Brachyely trum aristatum BEAUV 61 Brachyelytrum aristosum (MiCHX.) 61 Brachyglottis FORST 554 Brachyleima R. BR 499 Brachy lobus SCHUR 259 hispidus DESV 259 Brachypappus SCH.-BIP 554 Brachyramphus DC 560 Brachy rrhy DCOS LESS 554 Brachystemma DON . . v 221 Brachy sternum MICHX .*. 452 lanceolatum WILLD 452 Brachytropis DC 338 Bramia LAM 473 Brasenia SCHRAD 226 Brasenia hydropeltis MUHL. . . 226 nymphoides BAILL 226 Brasenia peltata (THUNB.) 226 Brasenia purpurea GASP 226 Brassavola ADANS 547 Brathrys MUT 362 quinquenervia SPACH. . . 363 Brathydium SPACH 362 Brauneria NECK 536 BrayaS. and H 268 Breea LESS 558 Brexiaceae LINDL 274 Briseis SALISB 147 Brissonia NECK 327 Briza canadensis MICHX 82 canadensis NUTT 81 eragrostis LINN 75 oblonga MOENCH 75 Bromidium NEES 64 Bromus LINN 83 Bronius canadensis MICHX. ... 84 ciliatus LINN, in herb.. . 85 Bromus ciliatus LINN 84 Bromus ciliatus var. purgans GRAY 84 inermis var. ciliata TRAUTV 84 Bromus kalmii GRAY 85 Bromus ovinus SCOP 83 pubescens var. 1 TORR. . 84 purgans HOOK 84 Bromus puraans LINN 84 Bromus purgans TORR 85 Bruchmannia NUTT 72 erucaeformis NUTT 72 Brugniera CAV 216 Brunella LINN 446 vulgaris LINN 446 Bruniera FRANCH 134 Brunonieae BAILL 494 Bubon KOCH 390 Buchavea REICH 299 Buchingera SCHULTZE 429 Buchloe ENGELM 73 dacty loides ENGELM — 73 Buchosia VELLOZ 138 BuhsiaBuNGE 269 Bulbilis RAF 73 dactyloide^ (NuTT.) 73 Bulbocapnos BERNH 254 Bulbostyles WALP 501 Bulbostylis RAF 99 Bumalda THUNB...: 350 Bunium KOCH 394 Butomeae 42 Butomissa SALISB 147 Byronia ENDL 350 C Cacalia LINN 553 atriplicifolia LINN : 555 aurea MAcM 556 aurea var. obovata MAcM 557 aurea var. paupercula MAcM 558 gigantea NEES 555 integerrima MAcM 556 lugens MAcM 555 INDEX. 771 Cacalia ovata WALT 535 paniculata RAF 555 pteryantha RAF 555 reniformis MUHL 555 tuberosa NUTT 555 Cacalianthemum DILL 554 Caconapaea CHAM 473 Cactaceae 371 Cactus LINN 371 ferox NUTT 371 fragilis NUTT 371 opuntia TORR 372 Caesalpinoideae 308 Calainagrostis arundo ROTH.. 68 canadensis BEAUV 66 coiorataDC 55 leersii KOEL 68 mexicana NUTT 66 neglecta GAERTN 66 stricta NUTT 66 yariegata WITH 55 Calamintha MOENCH 451 clinopodium SPENN 451 Calamovilof a HACK 67 Calamus aromaticusGuLD 130 Calauthera NUTT 73 — — dactyloides KUNTH (?}.. 73 CaJdesia PARLAT 43 Calla LINN 131 Calla aethiopica GAERTN 132 Calla palustris LINN 132 Callimeris NEES 515 Calliopea DON 567 Calliopsis REICH 543 bicolor REICH 544 palmata SPRENG 544 Calliprena SALISB 147 Callirrhoe NUTT 360 involucrata GRAY 361 Callii-rhoe triangulate GRAY... 360 Callisace FISCH 391 Callistachys HEUFFL 105 Callitrichaceae ENGL. and PRANTL . ; 344 Callitriche LINN 345 asagray i HEG 345 bolanderi HEG 345 heterophylla PURSH.... 345 stenocarpa HEG 345 verna LINN 345 vernalis KOCH 345 Callitrichinae ENDL 344 Calobotrya SPACH 278 Calonnea BUCHOZ 547 Calopogon R. BR 175 pulchellum R. BR 175 tuberosus BSP 175 Calostelma DON 504 CaUha LINN 230 Caltha arctica R. BR 230 Caltha palustris LINN 230 Calycodone NUTT 58 Calylophus SPACH 380 nuttallii SPACH 381 Calymenia PERS 216 angustifolia NUTT 216 hirsuta NUTT 217 Calyptrolepis STEUD 104 Calyptrospatha KL 341 Caly ptrostigma T. and M 486 Calyptrosty lis NEES 104 Calysphyrum BUNGE 486 Calystegia R. BR 428 sepiurn R. BR 428 spithameus PURSH 428 tomentosa PURSH 428 Calytriplex R. and P 473 Calyxhymenia ORTEG 216 pilosa ENGELM. and GRAY 216 Camarilla SALISB 147 Camassia LINDL 151 fraseri ( NUTT. ) 151 Camelina barbaraefolia DC. . . 260 Campanula BAILL 496 Campanula LINN 494 Campanula acuminata MICHX. 495 Campanula americana LINN. . . 495 Campanula amplexicaulis MICHX 496 Campanula aparinoides PURSH. 495 Campanula decl i nata MOENCH 495 erinoides MUHL 495 illi noensis FRES 495 obliqua JACQ 495 pe tiolata A . DC 495 perfoliata LINN 496 Campanula rotundifolia LINN. - 495 Campanulaceae 494 Campe'laGRis 68 Campella LINK 67 caespitosa LINK 68 Campuloclinium DC 501 Campydorum SALISB 154 Campylocera JNUTT 496 Campy lopus SPACH 362 Cainpylosporus SPACH 362 Campylotheca CASS 543 Campy lotropis BUNGE 317 Canahia SPRENG 423 Candidia TEN 499 Canida SALISB 147 Cannabis lupulus SCOP 196 Capnodes MOEHR 254 Capnodes glauca MOENCH 255 Capnorchis Lupw 253 canadensis (GoLDiE) 253 cucullaria (LiNN.) 253 Capparidaceae 269 Capraria gratioloides LINN ... 464 Caprifoliaceae 482 Caprifolium TOURN 485 bracteosum MICHX 485 ciliatum OK 486 dioicum R. and S 485 glaucum MOENCH 485 parviflorum PURSH 485 Caramanaca TINEO 562 772 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Cardamine LINN 261 bulbosa (ScnREB.) 262 — diphylla (MICHX.). ... 262 Oardaniine flexuosa BRITT — 261 Cardamine kirsuta LINN 261 Cardamine hirsuia var. syl- vatica GRAY 261 Cardamine laciniata(NuuL,.).. 262 Cardamine menziesii D(J 258 (?) rnultiflda PURSH 258 Cardamine parviflora LINN. ... 261 Cardamine pennsylvanica MUHL. 261 rhomboideaDC 262 sylvatica LINK 261 Cardaria DESVX 256 Cardarina CASS v 554 Cardiotepis RAF '. 356 Card iolophus GRIFF 473 Carduus BAILL . 558 altissiinus LINN 559 discolor HOUK 559 discolor NUTT 559 douglasiiDC 559 glaber (?) NUTT 558 hookHrianum HOOK 559 muticus NUTT 558 odoratus MUHL 558 pumiius NUTT 558 p u m il u s var. hystrix NUTT 558 undulatus NUTT 559 Carex LINN 105 Carex acuta ALL 124 acuta PuHsn 123 adusta AUCT. VET 107 Canx adust a BOOTT 107 Carex adusta var. argyrantha BAIL 107 adusta var. glomerata BAIL 107 alba DEW 118 alba var. setifolia DEW. 118 albicans WILLD 117 albolutescens var. argy- rantha OLN 107 albolutescens var. glom- erata OLN 107 alopecurus LAB 95 alpestris DEW ,. 117 ampullacea var. utricu- lata CAR 128 ancepsS. andT 119 anceps var. blanda HOOK 119 anceps var. striatula CAR 119 angustata BOOTT 12 J Carex aquatilis WAHL 1 23 arctata BOOTT 121 Carex argyrantha TUCKM 107 aridaS. andT 109 arista ta DEW 120 aristata var. longo-lan- ceata DEW 124 Carex arista taR. BR 124 atherodes SPRENG 124 Carex aurea IS UTT 1 18 Carex aurea var. androgyna OLN 118 bebbii OLN 109 beyrichiana BOECKL 127 blanda hEW 119 blepharophora GRAY.... 121 blyttii NYL 112 bracteosa SCHW 113 briioides HUDS 110 bullata AUCT. AMER.... 128 buxbaumii WAIIL 123 canadensis DEW 129 canescens HOOK 123 Carex canescens Li NN 110 custanea WAHL 121 Carex cephaloides SARTW — 113 ( arex cepkalophora MUHL Ill Carex ehalaros STEUD 120 Ca rex ch ordorh iza EIIRH 116 Carex chordorhiza var. genu- ina TRAUTV 116 cinereaPALL 110 comosa BOOTT 126 concinna OLN Ii8 Carex conjuncta BOOTT 115 Carex C'-noidea MUHL 1J9 cooley i DKW 127 crassa EJIRH 124 Carex crawei DEW 119 Carex crawei var. hetero- stachya DEW 119 Carex crlnita LAM 122 Carex crinita var. gynandra S.and T 122 crinita var. minor BOOTT 122 crinita var. paleacea DEW 122 cristata SCHWEIN 109 cristata var. mirabilis BOOTT 107 cristata UPH 109 Carex crus-corvi SHUTTLW 115 Carex crus-corvi SOMM 115 — curta GOOD 110 cylindrica GRAY 128 — cyperoides DEW 106 davisii DEW 117 Carex pRENG 461 Chelone glabra LINN 4~60 Chelone gracilis SPRENG 462 grand iflora SPRENG 46L hirsutus LINN 462 pent&temon LINN 462 Cheuopodiaceae 211 Chenopodium LINN 211 Chenopofjium album Bosc — 212 Chenopodium boscianum MOQ . . 212 capitatum (LiNN.) 212 rubrum LiNN 211 Chesneya BERT 394 Chilocalyx KL 270 Chimaphila PURSH 402 corymbosa PURSH . . 402 maculata PURSH 402 umbellata NUTT 402 Chiogenes SALISB 407 hispidula (LiNN.) 407 Chiogenes japonica GRAY — 4u7 serpylJifolia SALISB 407 Chitonia SALISB 144 Chloris curtipendula MUHL. . . 71 Cblorocrepis GRISEB 568 Chloromeles DECN 283 ChomeliaVEL 350 Chondrilla illinoensis Pom. . . 566 INDEX. 777 Chondrolomia NEES 105 Chondrosea HAW 274 Chondrosium DEPVX 70 foenum TORR 71 hirtum HBK .... 71 oligostachyum TORR. .. 72 ChorisisDC 560 Chorisma DON 560 Christophoriana TOURN 232 Chroilema BERNH.. 514 ChromolaenaDC 501 Chronopappus DC 499 Chrosperma RAF... 144 Chrysa RAF 23L borealis RAF 231 Chrysamphora GREENE 271 Chrysanthemum carolinianum WALT 515 Chry LTNN.) . . 553 Erecht'tes pradonga RAF 553 Eremanthe SPACH 362 Eremopyrum LED 85 Eremosporus SPACH 362 Eriachne PHILLIPPI 49 > ricaceae 405 Ericaceae B. and H 402 Ericala DON 418 Ericoila HOKKH 418 Erigeron LINN 525 Erigeron ambiguusNuTT 526 Eiiyeron annuux ( LINN.) 527 Erigeron asper NUTT 526 bellidifoliusMrHL 526 Erigeron caitadensis LINN 527 divaricatu* MICHX 527 glabellus NUTT 526 Erigeron heterophyllus MUHL. 527 integrifolius BIGEL 526 nervosum PURSH 526 paniculatus LAM 527 philadelphicus BART 526 Eriyerort, philudelphicus LINN.. 525 Erigeron pulchellus HOOK 526 pulchellus var. a. HOOK. 525 Erigeron pulche llus MICHX 526 Erigeron purpureum AIT 525 purpureus HOOK 525 — pusillus NUTT 528 Erigeron ramoxus ( W ALT.) 526 Eiigeron strictum DC 528 strig<»sus BIGEL. ., 527 stiigosus MUFIL 526 stri^osus var. discoideus ROBBINS 526. EriniaNouL 494 Friocaulaceae 1 35 Eriocaulon LINN 136 Eriocaulon articulatum MORONG.. 136 decangulare HULL 136 pellucidum MICHX 1H6 Eriocaulon septangulare WITH.. 136 Ericoma NUTT 57 Erinlepis CASS 558 Eriophorum LINN 94 Eriophorum augustifolium TORR 94 augustifolium ROTH — 95 caespitosum HOST 95 Erioplutrum cyperinum LINN . . 95 gracile KOCH 96 Eriophorum gra< ile var. pauc- inervium ENGELM 94 Eriophorum latifolium HOPPE.. 95 lineatum ( MICHX.) 96 Eriophorum pnlystachion LINN^. suec 95 Eriophorum poly tachion LINN. spec 95 Eriophorum polystachyon DC. 95 INDEX. 785 Eriophorum polystachyon var. latifolium GRAY 95 Eriophorum pu bescens SM — 95 Eriophorum triquetrumHoppE 94 Eriophorum vaginatum LINN. . . 95 virginicum LINN 94 Eriophorum vulgare PERS — 95 Eriostomum H. AND L 445 Eriosynaphe DC 390 Eriphilema HERB 161 Erophaca Boiss 323 ErophilaDC 263 americana DC 264 vulgaris DC 264 vulgaris var. americana DARL 264 Erpetion DC 366 Ervites 316 Ervum LINN 315 craccaTRAUTv 316 Ervum TOURN 315 Eryngium LINN 388 aquaticum LINN 388 Eryngium yuccaefolium LINN . 388 Erysimum LINN 268 asperum (NuTT. ) 268 Erysimum asperum var. incon- spicuum WATS 268 Erysimum ctieiranUwides LINN . 269 Erysimum grandiflorum NUTT 268 Erysimum inconspicuum (S.WATS.) 268 Erysimum lanceolatum HOOK 268 — lanceolatum PURSH 268 — parviflorum NUTT 268 parviflorum PERS 269 pinnatum WALT 258 Erythranthe SPACH 463 Ery thremia NUTT 565 Erythrocbaete S. and Z 554 Erythronium LINN 150 Erythronium dens-canis var. G. LINN 150 Erythronium albidum NUTT 150 americanum SM 150 Erythronium lanceolatum PURSH 150 Erythrosana SCHM 387 Erythroxyleae BAILL 335 Erythroxyleae B. and H 335 Escalloniaceae LINDL 274 Eschenbachia MOENCH 525 Esdra SALJSB 156 Esera NECK 272 Esmarckia REICH 223 Esopon RAF 565 Espeletiopsis Scn.-Bip 547 Esula HAW 341 Eucapnos S. and Z 253 Eucastanea (sect.) 190 Bucephalus NUTT 515 Eucentrus PRESL 348 Eudorus CASS 553 Eudoxia G. DON 418 -50 Euchiton CASS 529 Euchroma NUTT 470 cocci nea NUTT 471 grandiflora NUTT 470 Euklastaxon STEUD 47 Eumecanthus KL. and G 341 Eunanus BENTH 462 EuneadynamisGESN 277 Eupatorium LINN 501 ageratoides LTNN. f .- 501 altissimum LINN. Spec. . . 502 Eupatorium altissimum LINN. Syst 501 dubium POIR 502 falcatum MICHX 502 f raseri POIR 501 f usco-rubrum WALT 502 — lae vigatum TORR 502 maculatum LINN 502 odoratum WALT 501 Eupatorium perfoliatum LINN. . 501 — punctatum WILLD 502 Eupatorium purpureum LINN . . 502 Eupatorium purpureum var. maculatum DARL 502 Eupatorium serotinum MICHX.. 502 Eupatorium ternifolium ELL. 502 trifoliatum LINN 502 verticillatum MUHL.... 502 Euphorbia LINN 341 Euphorbia androsaemifolium PRESL 343 arkansana ENGELM. and GRAY 342 Euphorbia corallata LINN 342 Euphorbia cyathophora MURR 342 depressa TORR 343 Euphorbia dictuosperma F. and M 342 — geyeri ENGELM 344 glyptosperma ENGELM . . . 344 heterophylla LINN 342 humistrata ENGELM 343 Euphorbia hypericifolia HOOK 343 hypericifolia AUCT. AM. 343 hypericifolia var. com- munis ENGELM 343 — leucoloma RAF 342 maculata LINN. Mant.. 343 Euphorbia raacwZatoLiNN. Spec. 343 marginata PURSH 342 nutans LAG 343 Euphorbia polygonifolia HOOK 344 preslii Guss 343 Euphorbia serpyllifolia PERS. . . 344 Euphorbia thymifolia PURSH. 343 trinervis BERT 343 Euphorbiaceae 340 Euphorbiaceae BAILL 344 Euphorbiastrum KL. and G. . . 341 EuphrosynexanthiifoliaGRAY 533 Eurybia corymbosa CASS 524 jussiei CASS 524 macrophylla CASS 524 786 META.SPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Eurybiopsis DC 525 Euryptera NUTT 390 Eury thalia BORKH 418 Eustylis HOOK 391 Euthamia NUTT 508 graminifolia NUTT 508 — occidentalis NUTT 508 Eutmon RAF 218 Eutoca R. BR 435 Eutriana TRIN 70 curtipendula TRIN 71 oligostachyum KUNTH. . 72 Eutroximon GRAY 563 EuxolusRAF 215 Evaiezoa pennsylvanica RAF. . 274 Evallaria NECK 154 bifolia NECK 152 Evansia SALISB 160 Evonymoides scandens MOENCH 349 Evonymus LINN 348 — atropurpureus JACQ 348 Evonymus carol iniensis MARSH 348 latifolius MARSH 348 Exarrhena R. Bit 439 Exydra ENDL 80 Faba TOURN Fabaceae LINDL Fagaceae Fagara LINN Fagus Falcata GMEL comosa (LiNN.) , Farfugium LINDL , Farobaea SCHR Faya WEBB Fedia GAERTN chenopodifolia PURSH. fagopyrum T. and G. . . radiata MICHX —radiata TORR triquetra H. and S Fendleria STEUD Ferula TOURN fludicaulis NUTT villosa WALT Ferulago KOCH Festuca LINN Festuca airoides LAM — arundinacea LILJ — borealis M. K — bromoides MICHX cristata VILL donacinaWAHL — fluitans LINN nigra GILIB nutans MOENCH Festuca nutans WILLD octoflora WALT Festuca ovina LINN . tenella WILLD Festucaria LINK . . 315 308 190 337 190 311 311 554 553 178 492 492 492 492 492 492 57 390 390 392 390 82 78 79 80 83 77 80 80 83 85 83 83 83 83 82 Ficaria DILL 241 Fimbrillaria CASS 525 Fimbristylis V AHL 102 capillaris GRAY 103 melanostachya BRONGN. 101 Flammula DC 240 Fleurya canadensis B. andH. 197 Floerkea SPRENG 494 Flourensia DC 539 Fluminia FRIES 79 arundinacea FR 80 Fluvialis MICH 40 flexilis PERS 40 Fonkia PHIL 464 Forneum ADANS 568 Forrestia RAF 355 Fragaria LINN 292 Fragaria elatior EAT 293 grayana YILM 293 illinoensis PRINCE 293 - — iowensis PRINCE 293 palustris CR 296 Fragaria vesca LINN 292 —virginiana var. illinoensis (PRINCE) 293 Fragariastrum SCHUR 293 Francoaceae LINDL 274 Frangula MOENCH 356 Franseria CAV 534 Fraxinus LINN 415 Fraxinus acuminata LAM 417 alba MARSH 416 Fraxinus americana LINN 416 Fraxinus canadensis GAERTN. 417 caroliniana PURSH 416 co n color MUHL 416 discolor MUHL 417 epiptera MICHX 417 juglandifolia WILLD. ... 416 nigra DuRoi 416 nigra MARSH 416 oblongocarpa BUCKL.. . . 416 pennsylvanica MARSH.. 416 Fraxinus pubescens LAM 416 sambucifolia LAM 416 Fraxinus tpinentosa MICHX. f. 416 Fraxinus viridis MICHX. f 416 Freiria GAUDICH 199 Froelichia MOENCH 214 floridana (NuTT.) 214 Fumana DUN 364 Fumanopsis POMEL 365 Fumaria aurea MICHX 254 cucullaria LINN 253 flavula RAF 255 pallida S ALISB 253 sempervirens LINN 255 Fumariaceae DC 252 Funastrum FOURN 423 G Gaillardia FOUGER 547 aristata PURSH 548 Gaillardia bicolor HOOK 548 INDEX. 787 Gaillardia bicolor var. aristata NUTT 548 lanceolata DC 548 rustica CASS 548 Galardia LAM 547 Galarhoeus HAW 341 corollatus HAW 342 Galatea CASS 515 GalatellaDC 515 Galathenium NUTT 560 elongatum NUTT 562 floridanum NUTT 561, 562 ludovicianum NUTT — 561 sanguineum NUTT 562 Galbanophora NECK 390 GaleSPACH 178 Galega virginiana LINN 328 Galeopsis MOENCH 445 Galiaceae LINDL 478 Galilea PARLAT 91 Galium LINN 479 aparine LINN 482 asprellum MICHX 480 Galium bermudianum MUHL. 481 Galium boreale LINN 481 Galium brachiatum MUHL 482 brachiatum PURSH 479 circaeoides R. and S . . . . 482 Galium circaezans MICHX 482 Galium circaezans var. lauceo- latumT. and G 482 — claytoni MICHX 480 Galium concinnum T. and G. . . 480 Galium cuspidaturn MUHL 479 Galium lanceolatum TORR 482 Galium micranthum PURSH . . 480 obtusum BIGEL 481 parviflorum RAF 480 pennsylvanicum BART. . 479 pensylvanicum MUHL. . . 480 rubioides AUCT. AM 481 septentrionale R. and S. 481 spinulosum RAF 480 strictum TORR 481 — suaveolens WAHL 479 — tinctorium LINN 480 torreyi BIGEL 482 Galium trifidum LINN 480 trifidum var. latifolium TORR 481 Galium trifldum var. obtusum (BlGEL.) 481 Galium trifiorum MICHX 479 Galorida REUSCH 548 Galurus SPRENG 341 Gamochaeta WEDD 529 Gampsoceras STEV 241 Gaudriloa STEUD 211 Garryaceae ENDL 399 Gastroglottis BLUME. . .* 173 Gatesia BERTOL 328 Gatyona CASS 567 Gaultheria serpyllifolia SALISB 407 Gaum LINN 376 Gaum biennis LINN 376 coccinea NUTT 376 Gaura glabra LEHM 376 marginata LEHM 376 Gauridium SPACH 376 Gaytania MUNST 394 Genersichia HEUFFL 105 Gennaria Pariat 165 Gentiana LINN 41 8 Gentiana alba AUCT 419 amarellqides PURSH 420 Gentiana americana (LiNN.) . . . 420 andrewsii GRISEB 419 Gentiana andrewsii var. linearis HOOK 419 barbata FROEL 420 brachypetala BUNGE . . . 420 catesbaei WALT 419 ciliata americana LINN. 421 crinita FROEL 421 detonsa ROTTB 420 elliottii var. (?) latifolia CHAP 419 fimbriata ANDR 421 Gentiana flavida GRAY 419 Gentiana linearis var. lanceo- lata GRAY... 419 Gentiana linearis var. rubricau- lis (SCHWEIN. ) 419 Gentiana pneumonanthe AUCT. AM 419 Gentiana puberula MICHX 420 Gentiana quinqueflora HOOK. 420 quinqueflora LAM 420 quinqueflora var. occi- dentalis GRAY 420 Gentiana quinquefolia var. occi- dentalis (GRAY) 420 Gentiana rubricaulis SCHWEIN 419 Gentiana saponaria LINN 419 Gentiana saponaria var. line- aris GRAY 419 saponaria var. puberula GRAY 420 Gentiana serrata GUNN 420 Genlianaceae 417 Gentianella BORKH 418 crinita DON 421 Georchis LINDL 171 Geracium REICH 567 Geraniaceae 322 Geraniaceae BAILL 334, 354 Geraniaceae B. and H 334, 354 Geranium LINN 333 Geranium afcrum MOENCH 333 Geranium carolinianum LINN. . 333 Geranium lanuginosum JACQ 333 Geranium maculatum LINN 333 Gerardia LINN 468 aspera DOUGL 469 auriculata MICHX 468 Gerardia erecta WALT 469 fla va 468 Gerardia glauca SPRENG 468 788 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY, Gerardia grandiflora BENTH ... 468 Gerardia longfolia BENTH 469 maritima var. major CHAP . 469 Gerardia pedicularia LINN 468 purpurea LINN 469 Gerardia purpurea LINN 469 quercifolia PURSH 468 Gerardia tenuifolia VAHL 469 tenuifolia var. asperula GRAY 470 Gerardia virginica (LiNN.) 468 Geryonia SCHUR 274 Gesnouinia GAUDICH 199 Geum LINN 299 album GMEL 301 Geum canadense JACQ 301 canadense MURR 300 carolinianum WALT 301 heterophyllum DESF — 301 hirsutum MUHL >. 301 Geum japonicum THUNB 301 Geum macrophy Hum WILLD . . 301 ranunculoides SER 300 Geum rivale LINN 300 strictum AIT 300 Geum strictum var. B HOOK. . 301 Geum virginianum LINN 301 Geum virginianum MURR 301 Gilia linearis GRAY . . 433 Gingidium FORST 391 Girtanneria alnifolia RAF. ... 356 f ranguloides RAF. ....... 356 Glandularia GMEL 442 Glomeraria Cov 214 Glossula RAF 201 Glumosia HERB 161 GlyceriaR. BR 80 aquatica HOOK 81 arundinacea FR 80 arundinacea KUNTH 81 canadensis TRIN 82 elongata TRIN 82 fluitans R. BR 80 grandisWATS 81 michauxii KUNTH 81 nervata TRIN 81 Glycine anguluosa MUHL 312 apios LINN 315 comosa LINN 311 monoica LINN 311 sarmentosa ROTH 311 Glycosma NUTT 398 Glycyphylla hispidula RAF .\ . . 407 Glycyrrhiza LINN 322 Glycyrrhiza glabra TORR 322 Glycyrrhiza lepidota (NUTT.). . . 322 Glycyrrhizopsis Boiss 322 Glyphospermum G. DON 418 Gnaphalium LiNN 529 Gnaphalium conoideum LAM. . 530 Gnaphalium decurrens IVES. . . . 530 Gnaphalium diocum var. plan- taginifolium MICHX. . 528 Gnaphalium margaritaceaLiXN 529 Gnaphalium obtusifolium LINN. 530 Gnaphalium plantagineum MURR 528 plantaginifolium LINN. 528 polycephalum MICHX. . . 530 Gnaphalium uliginosum LINN . . 530 Gnaphalopsis DC 548 Godetia SPACH 380 Godinella LEST 412 Gomphocarpus R. BR 423 Gomphopetalum TURCZ 391 Gomphrena floridana SPRENG. 214 Gongylocarpus CHAM, and SCHLECHT 376 Gonogona LINK 171 Goodenieae BAILL 494 GoodyeraR. BR... 171 pubescens R. BR 171 repens R. BR 172 Graemia HOOK 547 'Gramineae 47 Grammica LOUR 429 Grammatptheca PRESL. 497 Grammerium DESVX 49 Grantia GRIFF 134 brasiliensis (WEDD.) 134 columbiana (KARST.) 135 Graphephorum arundinaceum ASCH 80 f estucaceum GRAY 80 Graphiosa ALEF — . . . , 313 Gratiola LINN 464 Gratiola anagallidea MICHX. . 464 attenuata SPRENG 464 caroliniensis PERS 464 dilataMuHL 464 missouriensis BECK 464 neglectaToRR 464 officinalis MICHX 464 tetragona ELL 464 Gratiola virginiana LINN 464 Grimaldia SCHR 309 Grindelia WILLD 506 Grindelia arguta GRAY 506 Grindelia squarrosa (PURSH) . . . 506 Grindelia subdecurrens DC. . . 506 Groenlandica J. GAY 33 Grossularia TOURN 278 cynobasti SPACH 280 hirtella SPACH 280 oxycanthoides SPACH. . . 280 Grossulariaceae LINDL 274 Grubbieae 199 Guaco LIEBM «... 201 Guettardia MAN 440 Guilandiua LINN 309 dioica LINN 310 Gunneraceae ENDL 383 Guntheria SPRENG 548 Gusmania REMY 525 Gussonea PR 103 Gymnadenia R. BR 165 hy berborea LINK 167 INDEX. 789 GymnadeniatridentataLiNDL. 169 Gymnalypha GUIS 341 Gymnanthelia ANDERS 47 Gymnanthemum CASS 499 Gymnocaulis NUTT 475 Gymnocladus LAM 309 Gymnocladus canadensis LAM. 310 Gymnocladus dioicus (LiNN.) . . . 310 Gymnoleima DECN 437 Gymnosciadium HOCHST 394 Gym nospermium SPACH 250 Gymnosppria W. and A 348 Gymnostichum SCHREB 89 hystrix SCHREB 89 Gynandriris PARLAT 160 Gynoxys DC 554 Gynura CASS 554 Gyptis CASS 501 Gyromia NUTT 155 virginica NUTT 155 Gyrostacliys PERS 170 cernua (LiNN.) 170 gracilis (BiGEL. ) 170 romanzowiana (CHAM.).. 171 H Habenaria WILLD 165 bracteata ( WILLD.) 168 dilatata (PuRSH) 167 Habenaria flmbriata R. BR 166 flssa TORR 166 Habenaria flava (LiNN. ) 168 Habenaria fuscescens TORR. . . 168 graudiflora TORR 166 herbiolaR. BR 168 Habenaria hookeriana TORR 167 hyperborea R. BR 167 Habenaria incisa TORR 166 Habenaria lacera (Mrcnx.) 166 leucophaea (NUTT. ) 166 Habenaria orbiculata GOLDIE. 167 psycodes (LiNN.) 166 Habenaria psycodes TORR 166 racemosa RAF 166 spectabilis SPRENG 165 Habenaria tridentata (WiLLD.). 168 Habenaria virescens SPRENG.. 168 viridis var. bracteata REICH 168 HaenkeaR. and P 348 Hahnia MED..., 283 Halimium DUN 3H4 Hallia hirta Poir 317 juncea Poir 318 Halmia ROEM 287 flabellata ROEM 288 lobata ROEM 289 tomentosa ROEM 289 tomentosa var. calpo- dendron ROEM 289 tomentosa var. leuco- phaea ROEM 289 tomentosa var. pyrifolia ROEM 289 Halorageae B. and H 344 Halorrhagidacese 383 Halorrhagidaceae BAILL 375 Haloschoerius NEES 104 Halothamnus J. and S 213 Hamatris SALISB 160 Hamiltonia SPRENG 200 sarmentosa SPRENG 200 umbellata SPRENG 200 HammatocaulisTAuscH 360 Ifaplopappus CASS 514 spinulosus (PuRSH.) 514 Haplostellis ENDL 169 Haplostemum RAF 96 Haplostephiu m DON 567 Haplosticha PHILIP 554 Haplostylis NEES 104 Harpachne HOCHST 74 Harpalium CASS 539 rigidum CASS 542 Harpalyce DON f.65 Hartmannia SPACH 380* Haynaldia KAN 497 Haynaldia SCHUR 85 Hebe Juss 465 Hebeclinium DC 501 Hebelia GMEL 143 Hecatonia DC 241 Hectorea DC 507 Hedeoma PERS 451 Hedeoma hirta NUTT 451 Hedeoma hispid a PURSH 451 Hedera quinquefolia LINN 357 Hederaceae SEEM 385 Hedraianthera F. MULL 348 HedyotisciliolataToRR 478 longifolia HOOK 478 Hedysarum acuminatum MICHX 321 aikinii EAT 321 canadense LINN 319 canescens LINN 320 f rutescens LINN 318 — f rutescens WILLD 317 g] utinosum WILLD . . 321 grandiflorum WALT 321 hirtum LINN 317 — junceum WALT 318 lespedeza POIR 319 marylandicum WILLD . . 320 nudiflorum LINN 321 paniculatum LINN 320 prostratum MUHL 319 rerjens LINN 319 reTiculatum MUHL. . 318 scaberrimum ELL 320 scabrum MOENCH 319 umbellatum WALT 317 violaceum LINN 318 viridiflorum WILLD 320 Heeria MEISSN 345 Heineckenia WEBB 331 Helanthium ENGLM 43 Helenium LINN 547 Helenium altissimum LINK. . . 547 Helenium autumnale LINN . . 547 790 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Helenium canaliculatum LAM. 547 commutatum LINK 547 — grandiflora NUTT 547 — longifolium SM 547 montanum NUTT 547 pubescens AIT 547 pumilum WILLD 547 — tubiflorum DC 547 Heleocharis R. BR 99 acicularis (LiNN.) 100 acuminata MUHL 101 Heleocharis compressa SULLIV. 101 Heleocharis intermedia (MuHL.) 100 ovata(RoTR.) 102 palustris (LiNN.) 101 palustris var. glaucescens (WlLLD.) 102 tennis ( WILLD.) 100 wolfii GRAY 99 Heleogiton glaucum REICH. . . 98 ' pungens REICH 99 Heleophylax LESTIB 97 Heliamphora BENTH 271 Helianthemum PERS 364 Helianthemum canadense MICHX 365 cory mbosu m PURSH 365 Helianthemum majiis (LiNN.}. . . 365 Helianthernum ramuiiflorum MICHX 365 — ros mar ini foil urn PURSH. 365 Helianthus LINN 539 Helianthus altissimus LINN. . . 541 Helianthus annum LINN 543 Helianthus atrorubens LAM. . 542 atrorubens MICHX 542 crassi folius NUTT 542 Helianthus decapetalus L INN — 540 Helianthus diffusus SIMS 542 Helianthus divaricatus LINN... 541 Helianthus diversifolius ELL. 540 doronicoides T. and G.. 539 f rondosus LINN 540 Helianthus gigantea LINN 541 Helianthus gigas MICHX 541 Helianthus grosse-serratus MART. 541 hirsatus RAF 540 Helianthus hispidulus ELL. . . 540 in tegri folius NUTT 542 Helianthus laeiiflorus PERS 542 Helianthus laevis LINN 545 laevis WALT 540 Helianthus rigidus (CASS. ) ...... Helianthus scaberrimus ELL.. Helianthus strumosus LINN ..... Helianthus strumosus WILLD. - tenuifolius ELL ......... -lenticularis DOUGL. 543 — •— macrocarpus DC 543 Helianthus maxmiliani SCHR AD. 541 Helianthus maxmiliani var. ' asperrimus GRAY 541 — missouriensis NUTT 542 missuricus SPRENG 543 multiflorus HOOK 543 ovatus LEHM 543 patens LEHM 542 Helianthus petiolaris NUTT 542 Helianthus prostratus WILLD. 540 Helianthus truncatus SCHWEIN ............. - tubaeformis NUTT ...... Helianthus tuberosus LINN ...... - tuberosus var. subcanescens GRAY ................ Helianthus tuberosus PARRY. Heliastrum DC .............. - album DC ......... .... Helicotrichum BESS .......... HelichroaRAF ............. Heliophthalmum RAF ........ Heliopsis PERS ................ Heliopsis laevis var. scabra T. andG ................ Heliopsis scabra DUN .......... Heliosperma REICH .......... Helleborine MARTYN ......... - corallorhiza SCHM ...... - tuberosus OK ........... Helleborus trifolius LINN ..... Helleria FOURN ..... ......... Hellmuthia STEUD ........... Helmia KUNTH ..... ........... Helminthosporium TORR ..... Helonias virginica SIMS ....... - viridis SIMS ............. Helwingiaceae ENDL ........ HelxineREQ .................. Hemiambrosia DELP .......... Hemicarpha NEES ............. — micrantha (VAHL.) ...... Hemicarpha stibsquarrosa MART... ......... Hemixanthidium DELP ....... HepaticaDiLL ............... - acuta BRITT ............ - acutiloba DC ........... - americana KER ......... - hepatica BRITT. . . ..... — triloba CHAIX .......... - triloba var. acuta PURSH - triloba var. americana DC ................... Heptas MEISSN ............... Heracleum LINN ............. Heracleum auritum BISCH — Heracleum lanatum MICHX ..... Heracleum panaces SPRENG . . - spondylium NUTT ...... Herbichia ZA w ADSK .......... Heriteria SCHR .............. Hermodactylon PARLAT ...... Herpestis GAERTN ............ - callitrichoides HBK.... - rotundifolia PURSH ..... Herpetica Rumph ............. Hersilea KL . . ..... ... 542 542 540 540 540 540 541 543 539 540 541 515 516 68 537 537 536 536 536 219 175 174 175 231 82 97 160 435 145 145 385 199 534 89 90 90 534 235 236 236 235 235 235 236 235 473 389 389 389 389 389 £53 143 160 473 464 473 ?09 515 IISDEX. 791 Hesperis pinnatifida MICHX. . Heterachaena ZOLL ........... Heterachthia KUNZE ......... Heteranthelium HOCHST ..... Heteranthera R. and P ....... : . - dubia (JACQ.) .......... Heteranthera graminea VAHL Heterocaryum A. DC ......... Heterochaeta DC ........... 515 Heterochloa DESVX ........... Heterocodon NUTT ........... Heterodonta NUTT ........... Heterodraba GREENE ......... Heterogaura ROTH ........... Heterolaena Scn.-Bip ......... Heteromeris SPACH ........... Heteropleura SCH.-BIP ........ Heteropogon PERS ......... ... Heteroseris Boiss .............. Heterosteca DESVX ........... Heterostemum NUTT ......... Heterotropa MORR and DECNE Hetery ta RAF ................. Heuchera LINN ................ -- CHwencemaLiNN .......... Heuchera cortusa MICHX ..... - foliosa RAF ............. Heuchera hispida PURSH ...... Heuchera lucida SCHLECHT. . . - reniformis RAF ......... - richardsonii R. BR ...... - scapigera MOENCH ...... - viscida PURSH .......... Heuffelia SCHUR .............. HexameriaT. and G .......... Hexonychia SALISB ........... Heyfeldera SCH.-BIP .......... Hibiscus LINN ................. Hibiscus hastatus MICHX ..... - laevis SCOP ............ Hibiscus miiitaris CAV ......... Hibiscus riparius PERS ........ - virginicus WALT ........ Hicoria RAF ................. - amara RAF ............. - minima BRITT .......... - vata BRITT ............ Hieracium auratum FR ....... - barbatum NUTT ........ Hieracium canadense MICHX. . . Hieracium corymbosum FR. . . - fasciculatum PURSH — — gronovii LINN .......... -- helianthiifolium FROEL - kalmii SPRENG ......... Hieracium longipilum TORR ____ Hieracium macrophy 1 lum PURSH ............... -- prenanthoidesHooiv. .. — runcinatum JAMES ...... - scabriusculum SCHWEIN — subnudum FROEL ....... Hieracium venosum LINX.. 256 Hieracium virgatum PURSH.. 569 394 Hierochloe GMEL 55 136 Hierochloa borealis AUCT 55 85 fragrans R. and S 55 — odorata AUCT 55 138 Hierochloe odorata var fraqrans 138 (WiLLD.) 55 440 Himantoglossum SPRENG 164 ,525 Hippion SCHM 418 47 HippomaneAGH 340 494 Hippophae argentea PURSH. . . 373 543 Hippuris LINN. 383 263 Hippuris polyphylla RAF 383 376 Hippuris vulgaris LINN 383 501 Hirculus HAW 274 364 Hisutsuu DC . 515 568 Hocquartia DUM 201 47 Holargidum TURCZ 263 567 Holcus R. BR 47 70 — fragrans WILLD 55 381 Hololepis DC 499 201 Holoschoenus LINK 97 435 Holosetum STEUD 49 275 Holostigma G. DON 497 276 Holostigma SPACH 381 276 Holostylis DUCHARTRE 201 276 Homalocarpus SCHUR 235 275 Homalocenchrus MIEG 53 275 oryzoides (LiNN.) 54 276 —virginicus ( WILLD. ) 54 275 Homoeatherum NEES 47 276 Mornolobus NUTT 323 276 Homopappus NUTT 514 68 Homostylium NEES 515 493 Hoorebekia CORNEL 514 147 Hoplqtheca SPRENG 214 507 Hoppea REICH 554 361 Hordeum LINN 86 361 jubatum LINN 87 361 Hordeum murinum var. B. 361 LINN 87 361 Hordeum nodosum LINN 87 36 1 Hordeum pratense H UDS 87 177 pratense var. nodosum 178 ~ LED 87 178 — pusillum NUTT 87 178 — secalinum SCHREB 87 568 Horkelia CHAM, and SCHLECHT 293 569 Horkelia REICH 134 568 Hosackia DOUGL 331 569 pilosa NUTT 332 569 purshiana BENTH 332 569 unifoliolata HOOK 332 569 Hostia MOENCH 567 569 Houstonia LINN 478 569 Houstonia angustifolia PURSH 478 568 ciliolata TORR 478 longifolia GAERTN 478 569 Houstonia purpurea var. ciliolata 569 (TORR.) 478 568 purpurea var. longifolia 569 (GAERTN.) 478 569 Howardia KLOTZSCH 201 569 Hubertia BONG 553 792 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Hudsonia LINN 365 Hudsonia ericoides RICH 365 Hudsonia tomentosa NUTT 365 Hugueninia REICH 257 Hulthemia BUM 302 Humulus LINN 196 Humulus americanus NUTT. . . 196 Humulus lupulus LINN 196 Hydastylus SALISB 161 HydaticaNECK 274 Hydrangeaceae LINDL 274 Hydrastis LINN 230 canadensis LINN 230 Hydrocera BLUME 343 Hydroceratophyllum VAILL. . 229 Hydrocharitaceae 45 Hydrochloa H ARTM 80 fluitans HOST 80 Hydropeltis L. C. RICH 226 purpurea MICHX 226 Hydrophyllaceae 434 Hydrophyllaceae BAILL 436 Hydrophyllum LINN 434 appendiculatum MICHX. . . 435 Hydrophyllum triloburu RAF . 435 Hydrophyllum virginianum LINN 435 Hydrophyllum v i r g i n i c u m AUCT 435 Hydropyrum LINK 53 — esculentum LINK 53 Hydroschoenus ZOLL. et MORR 91 Hylas BIGEL 384 Hylogeton SALISB 147 Hymenachne BEAUV 49 Hymenatherum CASS 548 Hy menocalyx ZENK 361 Hymenochaeta BEAUV 97 Hymenochaeta NEES 97 HymenochloaT. andG , 534 Hymenolytrum NEES 105 Hyoseris amplexicaulis MICHX 564 — biflora WALT 564 — prenanthoides WILLD. . . 564 Hyparrhenia ANDERS 47 Hypecusa ALEF 315 Hyperanthera dioica VAHL ... 310 Hy pericaceae 362 Hypericum SPACH 362 Hypericum LINN ....': 362 Hypericum amplexicaule LAM. 363 ascyroides WILLD 363 Hypericum ascyron LINN 363 Hypericum campanulatum WALT 364 Hypericum canadense LINN 362 Hypericum emarginatum LAM 364 foliosum JACQ 362 Hypericum gymnanthum EN- GELM and GRAY 362 Hypericum macrocarpum MICHX 363 Hypericum maculatum WALT . , . 363 Hypericum micranthum CHOIS 363 Hypericum moranense HBK.. 362 Hypericum mutilum LINN 363 Hypericum mutiium var. gym- nanthum GRAY 363 • parviflorum WILLD 363 pauciflorum HBK 362 Hypericum prolificum LINN 363 Hypericum punctatum LAM.. 363 pyramidaturn AIT 363 quinquenervium WALT. 363 stellarioidesHBK 363 thesiifolium HBK 362 virginianum WALT 363 Hypericum virginicum LINN 364 Hypogy nium NEES 47 Hypopitys SCOP 405 Hypoporum NEES 105 verticillatum NEES 105 Hypoxis *LiNN 159 Hypoxis carolinensis MICHX. . 159 Hypoxis erecta LINN 159 Hyssopus anisatns NUTT 449 discolor DESF 449 nepetoides LINN 450 scrop hulariaefolius WILLD 449 Hysterionica BAILL... .506, 507, 514 Hysterophorus VAILL 533 Hystrix MOENCH 89 hystrix (LiNN. ) 89 Hystrix patula MOENCH. 89 Ibidium SALISB 170 Ictodes BIGEL 131 foetid us BIGEL 131 Idianthes DESVX 567 Ilex LINN 349 verticillata (LiNN. ) 350 Ilicineae ENDL 349 Illecebraceae 219 llysanthes RAF . . .- 464 gratioloides (LiNN ) 464 llysanthes riparia RAF 464 Impatiens LINN 354 aurea MUHL 355 biftora WALT 354 Impatiens fulva NUTT 354 maculata MUHL 354 nolitangere MICHX 355 nolitangere var. B. MICHX 354 pallida NUTT 355 Imperatoria TOURN 390 lucida NUTT 392 Intybellia CASS 567 Intybellia MONN 567 Intybus FR 567 lodanthus hesperioides T. and G 256 lodopappus SCH.-BIP 499 loniris KLATT 160 Ipomea LINN 427 Ipomea nyctalea LINN 434 Iria RICH • 102 INDEX. 793 Iria capillaris (LiNN.) 103 Iridaceae 160 Indium HEER .... 161 Iris LINN 160 Iris hexagona WALT 161 Iris versicolor LINN 161 Iris virginica PURSH 161 Isantfius MICHX 456 brachiatus (LiNN. ) 456 Isanthus caemleus MICHX 456 Ischaemon SCHMIED 142 Isidrogalva R. and P 143 Isnardia LINN 375 palustris, LINN 375 Isnardia palustris var. ameri- cana DC. 375 Isnardia polycarpa (SHORT and PETER) 375 Isolepis R. Br 97 acicularis SCHLECHT.. . 100 capillaris R. and S 103 lineata R. and S 96 micrantha VAHL 90 Isolobus A. DC 497 Isolobus SPACH 338 Isonema CASS 499 Isopappus T. and G 514 Isopyrum LINN. .....* 231 biternatum (RAF. ) 231 Isopyrum thalictroides SPACH 231 Isopyrum trifolium (LiNN.) 231 Isotria RAF. . . 169 Ittnera GMEL 40 Iva BAILL 533 monophylla WALT 534 xanthiifolia NUTT 533 Ivesia TORR 293 Ixeris CASS 560 Ixodia SOL AND 226 Jacksonia RAF 270 dodecandra (MiCHX. ) 270 Jacksonia trifoliata RAF 270 Jacoebaea THUNB 553 Jalapa MOENCH 216 Janthe SALISB 1 59 Jarava R. and P 57 Jasmineae ENDL 415 Jocaste KUNTH 152 Joachimea TEN 72 Juchia NECK 497 Juglandaceae 176 Juglandipfiyllum FONT 176 Juglans LINN 176 Ju'glans alba MICHX 178 alba minima MARSH 178 amara MICHX 178 — angustifoiia LAM 178 cathartica MICHX 177 Juglans cinerea LINN 177 Juglans compressa GAERTN. . . 178 Juglans nigra LINN 177 Juglans nigra oblonga MARSH. 177 Juglans oblonga MILL 177 ovata MILL 178 squamosa LAM 178 Julus SALISB 147 Juncaceae 138 Juncagineae 41 Juncagineae ( Iribus) 33 Juncago TOURN 41 palustris MOENCH 41 Juncastrum HEIST 142 Juncodes ADANS 1 42 Juncus LINN 138 Juncus acuminatus AUCT. AM, 141 acumiuatus MICHX 142 Juncus acuminatus var. legitimus ENGELM 142 Juncus aemulans LIEB 140 arcticus LAP 140 aristatus LINK 1 39 Juncus balticus v&T.littoralis EN- GELM 140 Juncus bicornis MICHX 139 bogotensis H BK 140 campestris var G. LINN. 140 Juncus canadensis J. GAY, var. coarctatus ENGELM 141 canadensis var. longecaud- atus ENGELM 142 Juncus chloroticus SCHULTES. 139 communis var. effusus E. MEY 140 compressus x effusus OK 139 conglomerates LINN 140 debilis GRAY 142 Juncus effusus LINN 140 Juncus erectus PERS 143 Juncus filiformis LINN 140 Juncus fraternus KUNTH 142 germanorum STEUD 139 gesneri SM 139 gracilis SM 139 — intermedius THUILL — 1 43 laevis var eff usus W ALLR. 1 40 lucidus HOCHST 139 macer S. F. GRAY 1 39 megacephalus WOOD — 1 41 — multiflorus EHRH 143 nemorosus HOST 143 nodosusAucT 141 Juncus nodosus var. genuinus ENGELM 141 nodosus var. megacephalus TORR 141 Juncus pallescens E. MEY — 142 p aradoxus AUCT. AMER 141, 142 paradoxus E. MEY 142 parviflorusPoiR 139 polycephalus var. para- doxus TORR 142 pondiiWooD 142 rostkovii E. MEY 141 smithii KUNTH 139 Juncus tenuis WILLD 139 794 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY Juncus transylvanicus SCHUK. 140 — trlchodes STEUD 140 —vacillans STEUD 139 Juncus vaseyi ENGELM 139 Juno TRATT 161 Jussiea LINN 375 K KalliasCASs 536 Kampniannia RAF 337 Kanahia R. BR 423 Kardanoglyphos SCHL 261 Kentrophyta NUTT 323 Kerakosmion bulbiferum RAF. 395 Keraselma NECK 341 Kerneria MOENCH 545 Kerstenia NECK 501 KetmiaTouRN 361 Kiesera REINW 327 Kingstonia GRAY 274 Kleioia HAW 554 Kneiffla SPACH 380 chrysantha SPACH 382 pusilla SPACH 382 Knowlesia HASSK 136 Koeleria PERS 77 Koeleria arenaria DUM 77 Koekria cristata (LiNN.) Koeleria nitida NUTT 77 parviflora BERT 77 (?) pennsylvanica DC... 76 truncata TORR 76 Koellia MOENCH 452 Koellia capitata MOENCH 452 Koellia Jkxuosa ( WALT, t 452 virginiana (LiNN.) 452 Krapfla DC 241 Krascheninikowia TURCZ 221 Krebsia HARV 423 KrigiaScHREB 564 amplexicaulis NUTT 564 Euhnia LINN 503 Kuhnia critonia WILLD 503 ellipticaRAF 503 Kuhnia eupatorioides LINN, f . . 503 Kuhnia eupatorioides var. cory mbulosa TORR and GRAY 503 Kuhnia eupatorioides var. gluti- nosa(ELL.) 503 Kuhnia glutinosa DC 502 glutinosa ELL 503 pubescens RAF 503 ' — suaveolene FRES 503 (Kuhnia) WALT 328 Kuhnistera LAM 328 Candida ( WILLD.) 328 —purpurea (VENT. ) . . 329 wttosa ( NUTT. ) 328 Labiatae 444 LacarisHAM 337 Lachanodes DC 554 Lachnagrostis TRIN 66 Lachnophyllum BUNGE 525 Lachnorhiza A. RICH 500 Laciniaria H ILL 504 cylindracea (MiCHX.) 505 ——cylindracea forma solitaria (MACM.) 506 punctata (HOOK.) 505 pycnostachya I MICHX.). . . 504 scoriosa ( LINN.) 504 spicata (LiNN. ) 504 squarrosa (LiNN. ) . . . 506 squarrosa var. intermedia (LlNDL.) 506 Lactuca BAILL 565 Lactuca LINN 560 Lactuca canadensis GRAY — 562 Lactuca canadensis LINN 562 Lactuca caroliniana WALT — 562 elongata MUHL 562 elongata var. albiflora T. andG 562 elongata var. sanguinea T. and G 562 Lactuca floridana (LiNN.) 561 hirsuta MUHL 562 Lactuca integrifolia NLTTT — 561 leucophaea GRAY 560 longifolia MICH 562 Lactuca ludoviciana (NTJTT.). .. 561 pulchella (PuRSH) 561 Lactuca sagi ttacfolia ELL — 562 sanguinea BIGEL 562 Lactuca spicata (LAM . ) 560 Lactucopsis SCH.-BIP 560 Laennecia CASS 525 Lagarosiphon HARV 46 Lagoseris LINK 567 Lagunaea CAV 361 Lagunaria DON 361 LaguneaLouR 204 Lamia VAND 219 Lamiaceae LINDL 444 Lamprocarpites 42 Lamyra CASS 558 Langsdorfla LEANDR 337 Lapathum MOENCH 202 Laportea GAUDICH 197 canadensis (LiNN. ) 197 Lappula HALL 440 deflexa (WAHL.) 440 redowskii var. pilosum CNUTT.) 441 virginiana (LiNN.) 440 Larbraea ST. HIL 221 ' Lasiagrostis LINK 57 Lasierpa TORR 407 Lasiolepis BOECKL 136 Lasiopus DON 562 Lastila ALEF 313 Lathyrus LINN 313 Lathy rus albidus EAT 314 decaphyllus HOOK 314 Lathyrus glaucifoliu* BECK 314 INDEX. 795 Lathyrus lanszwertii KELL. . . 313 — myrtifolius MUHL 314 — -ochroleucus HOOK 314 Lathyrus pahistris LINN 313 palustris var. myrtifolius (MuHL.) 313 Lathyrus pisiformis RICH 314 — polymorphus GRAY 313 — polyphyllus WATS 314 pubescens PORT 314 stipulaceus TORR 314 Lathyrus venosus MUHL 314 Lathyrus venosus var. D. T. andG 314 Lavauxia SPACH 380 Laxmannia F. and M 299 Lazarolus MED 283 Leachia CASS 543 Lebetina CASS 548 Lechea major LINN 365 Lechioides DUN 364 Ledebouria LINK 394 Ledum LINN 405 Ledum groenlandicum RETZ . 406 Ledum latifoUum AIT 406 Ledum palustre var. latifolium MICHX 406 Leersia SWARTZ 53 oryzoides Sw 54 virginica WILLD 54 Legouzia DUR 496 Leguminosae 308 Lehmannia TRATT 293 Leiboldia SCHLECHT 499 Leimanthium WILLD 145 hybridum HOOK 145 Leimanthium virginicum WILLD 145 Leiolobium REICH 259 Lemna LINN 133 Lemna baniiatica KUNTH 134 cruciata ROXB 133 cyclostasa ELL 133 — intermedia RUTHE...... 133 — major C. A.MEY 134 - minima HUMB 133 Lemna minor LINN 133 Lemna orbicularis KIT 134 orbiculataRoxB. 134 Lemna perpusilla TORR 133 polyrhiza LINN 1 34 Lemna thermalis BEAUV 134 Lemna trisulca LINN 133 Lemna vulgaris var B. LAM. . . 133 Lemnaceae 1 32 Lentibularia VAILL 473 Lentibulariaceae 473 Lenticula minor SCOP 133 polyrhiza LAM 134 —trisulca SCOP 133 Leontice LINN 250 —thalictroides LINN 250 Leontodon ADANS 562 taraxacum LINN 563 Leontodon BAILL 564 Leontopetalum TOURN 250 Lepachys RAF 537 angustifolia RAF 537 columnaris T. and G- 537 — pinnata T. and G 537 Lepachys pinnatinda RAF 537 Lepeocercis TRIN 47 Lepia DESVX 256 Lepicaune LAP 567 Lepidanche ENGELM 429 compositaruin ENGELM. 429 Lepidium LINN 256 intermedium GRAY 257 Lepidium ruderale RICH 257 Lepidium virginicum LINN 256 Lepidoploa CASS 499 Lepidostemon LEME 461 Leptandra NUTT 465 purpurea RAF 467 virginica NUTT 467 Leptanthus MICHX 138 gramineus MICHX.. . . 138 Leptapoda NUTT 547 Leptaryyraia RAF 373 argentea (NUTT.) 373 Leptasea HAW 274 Leptocarpaea DC 257 Leptopus XL. and G — 341 Leptopyrum REICH 231 Leptoi-chis THOU 173 liliifolia LINN 174 loeselii (LiNN. ) 173 Leptoschoenus NEES 103 Leptostachya MITCH 442 Leptostachya carolinensis OK. 442 Leptostachya leptostacfiya (LiNN.) 442 Leptostelma DON 525 Leptosyne DC 543 Lepturus paniculatus NUTT.. 70 Lerchenfeldia SCHUR 67 Lereschia Boiss 394 Lerouxia MERAT 412 Lespedeza MICHX 317 Lespedeza angustifolia HOOK. 318 capitata MICHX 317 divergens PURSH 318 frutescens DC 318 Lespedeza frutescens ( WILLD . ) . . 317 Lespedeza f ruticosa PERS 317 Lespedeza hirta (LiNN.) 317 leptostachya ENGELM — 317 Lespedeza polystachya MICHX. 317 procum bens MICHX 319 prostrata PURSH 319 Lespedeza repens (LiNN.) 319 reticulata ( MUHL. )....... 318 reticulata var. virginica (LiNN.) 318 Lespedeza reticulata WATS. andCouLT 318 sessiliflora MICHX 318 stuvei var. intermedia S. WATS.. 318 796 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY Lespedeza violacea (LiNN.) 318 Lespedeza violacea var. augus- tifolia MAX 318 violacea var. sessiliflora Lesquerella S. WATS 263 argentea (PuRSH) 263 Lesquerella ludoviciana WATS. 263 Lessonia BERT 388 Leucocarpon A. RICH 348 Leucocephala ROXB 136 Leucodermis PLANCH 350 Leucoglochin HEUFFL 105 Leuchoglochi a pauciflorus HEUFF 130 Leuconymphaea LUDW 227 ordorata (DRYAND.) 228 reniformis ( DC. ) 227 Leucophoba EHRH 142 Leucopoa GRISEB , 78 Leucorchis E. MEY 165 Leucosceptrum SM 455 Leucostachys HOFFM 171 Leucostemma BENTH 221 Levisticum KOCH 391 Liatris SCHREB 504 aspera MICHX 504 borealis NUTT 504 brachystachya NUTT. . . 504 cylindracea MICHX 505 cylindracea TORR 505 graminifolia WILLD 505 intermedia LINDL 506 macrostachya MICHX. . . 504 punctata HOOK 505 pycnostachya MICHX 504 — resinosa DC 505 —resinosa NUTT '. . . 504 scariosa WILLD 504 — sessiliflora BERTOL 504 — sphaeroidea MICHX 504 spicata WILLD 504 -7— squarrosa HOOK 505 squarrosa WILLD 506 squarrosa var. interme- dia DC 506 Libertia LEJ 84 Ligularia CASS 554 Ligularia Duv 274 Ligusticum barbinode MICHX. 393 Liiliaceae 143 Lilium LINN 149 Lilium canadense LINN 149 Lilium canadense var. super- bum ELW 149 carolinianum MICHX 149 pardalinum var.bourgaei BAK 149 Lilium philadelphicum LINN. . . 150 superbum LINN 149 Lilium umbellatum PURSH. . . 150 Limnantheae (Tr-ib.) B. and H. 333 Limnanthemum GMEL 418 lacunosum MICHX 418 peltatum GRISEB 226 Limnetis PERS 69 cynosuroides PERS 70 polystachya PERS 70 Lira nia LINN 218 Limnochloa NEES 99 — acicularis REICH 100 Limodorum LINN 175 tuberosum LINN 175 Limnopeuce VAILL 383 vulgaris VAILL 383 Liinaceae 335 Linagrostis ADANS 94 paniculata LAM 95 paniculata var. B. LAM. 94 polystachya SCOP 95 — vaginataScop 95 Lindblomia FR 165 Lindera ADANS 398 Lindernia pyxidaria PURSH. . . 464 Linnaea GRONOV 483 borealis LINN 483 Linopsis REICH 335 Linostachys KL 341 Linosyris CASS 515 Linsecomia BUCKL 539 Linum LINN 335 lewisii PURSH 336 Linum perenne var. lewisii EAT. and WR 336 Linum rigidum PURSH 335 Linum rigidum T. and G 336 striatum NUTT 336 Linum sulcatum RIDD 336 Linzia Scn.-Bip 499 Lipandra MOQ 211 Liparis L. C. RICH 173 correana SPRENG 173 liliifolia RICH 174 loeselii RICH. 17.3 Liquidambar asplenifolium LINN 179 peregrinum REICH 179 Liquiritia MOENCH 322 lepid ota NUTT 322 Lithocarpus BLUME 190 Lithodora GRISEB 437 Lithospermum LINN 437 angustifolium MICHX 437 Lithospermum bejariense DC. 438 breviflorum ENGELMand GRAY 437 Lithospermum mnescens( MICHX) 438 carolinense ( WALT. ) 438 Lithospermum carolinianum LAM 436 decumbens TORR 438 hirtum LEHM 438 Lithospermum latifolium MICHX 439 Lithospermum longiflorum SPRENG 437 lutescens COL 439 offlcinale var. latifolium WILLD 439 sericeum LEHM 438 INDEX. 797 Lithraea MIEKS 346 Llerasia TRIAN A 500 Lobadium RAF 345 Lobaria HAW 274 Lobelia LINN 497 cardinalis LINN 499 Lobelia claytonia MICHX 498 glandulosa LINDL 498 goodenioides WILLD — 498 Lobelia inflata LINN 497 D feaZmu'LiNN 497 Lobelia nivea RAF 498 n pallida MUHL 498 Lobelia spicata LAM 498 syphilitica LINN 498 Lobelia syphilitica var. ludo- vicianaA.DC 498 Lobeliaceae ENDL 494 Logarinthus E. MEY 423 Lonicera LINN 485 Lonicera canadensis R. and S. 486 Lonicera ciliata MUHL 486 Lonicera diervilla LINN 487 douglasii DC 485 douglasii HOOK 486 dioica LINN 485 flavaGRAY 486 flava var. B. T. and G... 486 Lonicera glauca HILL, 485 Lonicera media MURR 485 , ' parviflpra LAM 485 Lonicera sullivantii GRAY 486 Lonicera symphoricarpos LINN 485 Lonic^reae ENDL 482 Lophanthus BENTH 449 anisatus BENTH 449 nepetoides BENTH 450 scrophul ariaefolius BENTH 449 Lophiocarpus MICH 43 Lophiolepis CASS 558 Lophion SPACH 366 Lophochloa REICH 77 Loretia DUR 82 Loroglossum L. C. RICH 164 Lotea WEBB 331 Lotodes SIEG 330 argophylla OK 331 esculenta OK 330 tenuiflora OK 330 331 mericanus (NUTT.) 332 Lotus sericeus PURSH 332 Lowea LINDL 302 Lowellia A. GBAY 548 LubiniaVENT 412 Lucilia CASS 529 Luciola SM 142 Ludwigia LINN 375 apetala WALT 375 nitida MICHX 375 palustris ELL 375 — polycarpa S. and P 375 Lupinus LINN 332 perennis LINN 332 Lupinus perennis var. occiden- tals WATS 332 Lupulus Gaertn 196 communis GAERTN 196 Luthera Scn.-BiP 564 LuzulaDC 142 campestris AUCT. AM. . . 143 campestris var. comosa MAC 143 campestris var. multi- flora L. CELAK 143 — campestris var. pallescens MAC 143 erecta DESV 143 intermedia var. multi- flora SPENN 143 multiflora LEJ 143 pallescens HOPPE 143 Lycopersicum DUN 458 Lycopsis virginica LINN 439 Lycopus LINN 453 Lycopus angustifolius NUTT 453,454 Lycopus europaeus LINN 453 Lycopus europaeus var. sinu- atus GRAY 453 europaeus var. integri- folius GRAY 454 europaeus WALT 453 lucidus var. americanus GRAY 453 Lycopus lucidus var. obtusifolius BENTH.) 453 Lycopus obtusifolius BENTH . . 453 pumilusVAHL 454 Lycopus rubellus MOENCH 454 lAjcopus sinuatus ELL 453 Lycopus uniflqrus MICHX 454 Lycopus virginicus LINN 454 Lycopus yulgaris NUTT 453 Lygodesmia DON 565 juncea (PURSH) 565 Lyonia NUTT 407 calyculata(LiNN. ) 406 Lysias SALISB 165 Lysimachia LINN 412 Lysimachia angustifolia GRAY 413 capitata PURSH 412 ciliata LINN... 414 hybrida MICHX 413 longifolia PURSH 413 quadriflora SIMS 413 quadrifolia var. LINN... 413 racemosa MICHX 413 revoluta NUTT 413 stricta AIT 413 Lysimachia terrestris (LiNN.) . . . 413 tfiyrsiflora LINN 412 Lysimachia vulgaris WALT — 413 Ly simachion TAUSCH 376 Lysistemma STEETZ 499 798 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Lythraceae 374 Lythrum LINN 374 alatum PUBSH 374 — kennedyanumHBK 374 M Machaeranthera NEES 515 Machaerina VAHL 103 Mackenia HARY 423 Macleaya MONTZ 309 Macoucoua AUBL 349 Macqueria COMMERS 337 Macroblepharos PHIL^PPI 74 Macrocalyx TREW 434 nyctaka (LiNN.) 434 Macrocapnos ROYLE 253 Macrocentrum PHILLIPPI 1 65 Macrochloa KUNTH 57 Macrolinum REICH 335 Macrolomia SCHRAD 105 Macronema NUTT 507,514 Macronyx DALZ 328 Macropodium HOOK 256 Macrorhyncus LESS 564 glaucus EAT 564 Macroselinum SCHUR 390 MacrotysRAF 232 MadaractisDC 554 Madocarpus WIGHT 554 Maia SALISB 152 Mairania NECK 407 Maiten FOUILL 349 MajanthemumWiGG 152 canadense DESF 152 — convallaria WIGG 152 cordifolium MOENCH 152 racemosum LINK..., .. .. 154 stellatum LINK 153 trifolium LINK 153 Mai achochaete NEES 97 Malaxis Sw 172 correana BART 173 liliifolia WILLD 174 loeselii Sw 173 longifolia BART 173 ophioglossoides WILLD. . 173 unifolia MICHX 173 Malosma NUTT. 345 Malus RUPP 283 Malus TOURN 283 coronaria MILL 284 microcarpa coronaria CARR 284 Malva LINN 360 Malva hough tonii T. and G. . . 360 Malva involucrata (NUTT.) 361 triangulata LEAVENW. . . 360 Malvaceae 360 Malvastrum DC 360 Malvella J. and S 360 Mandelorna STEUD 47 Mandonia HassK 136 Mandonia SCH.-BIP 568 Manoploga BUNGE 256 Marah KELL 493 Maresia POMEL 257 Marcorella NECK 356 Margarita GAUD 515 Margarospermum DECN 437 Marianthenmm SCHR 494 Mariscus HALL 103 Mariscus acicularis MOENCH. . 100 albus GILIB 104 Mariscus mariscoides (MUHL. ). . 103 Mariscus VAHL 90 Martagon SALISB 149 Mastigoscleria NEES 105 Matricaria asteroides LINN. . . 515 glastifolia HILL 515 Maukschia HEUFFL 105 Maundia F. MULL 41 Maytenus FEUILL 348 Mecardonia R. and P 473 Mecosa BLUME 165 Meclatis SPACH 240 Medeola LINN 155 virginiana LINN 155 Medeola virginica LINN 155 Medicago virginica LINN 318 Medium TOURN 494 Medora KUNTH 152 Medusea HAW 341 Megapterium SPACH 380 Megarhiza TORR 493 Megasea HAW 274 Megastachya BEAUV 74 canadensis R. and S.... 82 eragrostis BEAUV 75 reptans BEAUV 75 Meibomia canadensis OK. 319, 321 — dillenii OK 320 grandiflora OK 321 nudiflora OK 321 paniculata OK 320 Meladenia Tuitcz 330 Melampyrum LINN 472 Melampyrum americanum MICHX 472 brachiatumScHWEiN... 472 latif olium MUHL 472 Melampyrum lineare LAM 472 Melampyrum pratense var. americanum BENTH. . 472 sylvaticum HOOK 472 Melandryum virginicum A.. BR 220 Melanocarya TURCZ 348 Melanococca BL 346 Melanoseris DECNE 560 Melanthium LINN 145 Melanthiurn aspericaule POIR. 144 hybridum PURSH 145 Melanthium virginicum LINN. . . 145 Melica gmelioi ROTH 77 hirsuta KOEL 77 Melinum LINK 53 Mella VAND 473 Melogona TOURN 458 Mengea SCHAUER. 215 INDEX. 799 Menispermaceae 251 Menispermites LESQ 251 Menispermum LINN 251 Menispermum angulatum MOENCH 251 Menispermum canadense LINN. 251 Menispermum smilacinum I>0 251 Menonanthes HALL 417 Mentha LINN 455 arvensis LINN 455 canadensis LINN 454 Menthella PERARD 454 Menyanthes LINN 417 Menyanthes nymphaeoides THUNB 226 — peltata THUNB 226 Menyantlies trifoliata LINN 417 Merida NECK 219 Meridiana LINN f 219 Meriolix RAF 380 serrulata WALP 38 1 Merione SALISB 160 Meristotrophis F. and M 322 Merope WEDD 529 Mertensia HBK 194 Mesodetra RAF 547 Mesodiscus proliferus RAF 397 simplex RAF 397 Mesogramina DC 553 Mesosetuin STEUD 49 Mespilophora NECK 287 Mespilus LINN 287 amelanchier CASTIGL. .. 286 arborea MICHX. f 286 arbutifolia LINN 284 calpodendron EHKII 289 canadensis LINN 285 canadensis var. cordata MICHX 286 canadensis var. obovalis MICHX 286' cocci nea MARSH 288 coccinea var. pubescens TAUSCH 288 coccinea var. viridis CASTIGL 288 coccinea SCHMIDT . 288 crus-galli MARSH 287 cuneifolia MOENCH 287 flabellata SPACH 288 latifolia POIR 289 lobataPom 289 lucida EHRH 287 maxima Du MONT DE COURS 288 nivea MARSH 286 odorata WENDL 288 pubescens WENDL 288 pyrifolia WILLD 289 — rotundifolia EHRH 288 tiliaefolia KOCH 288 tomentosa CASTIGL 289 watsoniana SPACH 287 wendlandii OPIZ 288 METACHLAMYDEAE 402 Metagonia NUTT 409 Metazanthus MEYEN 554 Metopium P. BR 345 Mezleria PRESL 497 Michelaria DUM 84 Micrampelis RAF . . . . 493 echinata (MuHL. ) 493 Micrampelis lobata GREENE. . 494 Micranthes pennsyl vanica HAW 274 Microcarpium SPACH 399 Microchaete BENTH 554 Microgenetes A. DC 435 Microgy ne LESS 525 Micromeles DECN 283 Micrope talon PERS 221 gramineum PERS 222 longifolium EAT. and WR 222 Microphysa SCHRENK 479 Microptelea SPACH 193 , Micropyrum LINK 82 Micropyxis DUBY 415 Microrhamnus MAX 356 Microstylis NUTT 172 ophioglossoides NUTT. . . 173 unifoliaBSP 173 Microtinus OERST 489 Middendorfla TRAUTV 374 Millefolium TOURN 549 Milium capillare MOENCH .... 52 pungens TORR 58 . racernosum SM 58 Mimosa illinoensis MICHX 308 Mimosoideae 308 Mimulus LINN 462 Mimulus glabratus GRAY 463 Mimulus glabratus var. jamesii (T. andG.) 463 Mimulus jamesii T. and G 463 Mimulus ringens LINN 463 Mirabilis LINN 216 angustifolius (NUTT.) 216 hirsutus (PuRSH) 217 nyctagineus (Micnx.) 217 Mischospora BOEKCL 1 03 Miscopetalurn HAW 274 Mitella LINN 276 Mitella cordifolia LAM 276 Mitella diphylla LINN 277 nuda LINN 276 Mitella prostrata MICHX 276 reniformis LAM 276 Mitellopsis MEISSN 276 Mitostigma BLUME 165 Mitrospora NEES 104 Mnemion SPACH 366 Moehringia LINN 224 Lateriftora (LiNN.) 224 Moenchia EHRH 223 Moenchia MEDIC 147 Moldavica MOENCH 448 Moly MOENCH 147 800 METASPEKMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY Molyza SALISB 147 Momisia DUM 194 Momordica echinata MUHL. . . 493 lobata SER 494 Monachather STEUD 69 Monadenus SALISB 144 Monandraira EM. DESVX 67 Monarda LINN . 450 Monarda allophylla MICHX. . . 450 Monarda fistulosa LINN 450 Monarda involucrata WEND . . 450 — longifolia LAM 450 lutea MICHX 450 oblongata AIT 450 Monarda punctata LINN 450 Monarda varians BART 450 Moneses SALISB 403 Monniera P. BR 473 rotundifolia MICHX 473 MONOCOTYLEDONES 31 Monogynella DESM 429 Monopsis SALISB 497 Monosis DC 499 Monotropa LINN 405 Monotropa morisoni PERS. . . . 405 morisoniana MICHX 405 Monotropa uniflora LINN 405 Monotropaceae LINDL 402 Montelia GRAY 213 Montelia tamariscina var. con- catentata G RAY 214 Monteverdia RICH 349 Montolivaea REICH, f 165 Moraceae 195. Morella LOUR 178 Morisia NEES 104 Morocarpus MOENCH 211 capitatus MOENCH 212 Morus LINN 195 Morus canadensis LAM 195 missouriensis AUDIB 195 Morus rubra LINN 195 Morus rubra var. canadensis LOUD 195 scabraWiLLD 195 Moscatella CORD 49 Moschetallina TOURN 491 tetragona MOENCH 491 Moya GRIS 349 Mozula RAF 374 Muhlenbergia SCHREB 58 ambigua TORR 59 Muhlenbergia aristata PERS. . 61 — brachyelytrum TRIN 61 oinna TRIN 64 - - clandestina TRIN 64 Muhlenbergia diffusa SCHREB. . 59 Muhlenbergia foliosa TRIN ... 59 glomerataTRiN 60 Muhlenbergia mexicana LINN. . . 59 Muhlenbergia pendula BONG. . 64 Muhlenbergia racemosa (Micnx. ) 60 racemosa var. ramosa VAS 60 — -sobolifera (MuHL.) 60 Muhlenbergia sylvatica var. setiglumis WATS 59 Muh lenbergia tenuiflora( WILLD. ) 59 Muhlenbergia willdenovii TRIN 59 Mulgedium CASS 560 floridanum DC 561 heterophyllum NUTT. . . 561 leucophaeum DC 560 lyratum CASS 561 pulchellum T. and G.... 561 Munbya POMEL 330 Murrithia ZOLL 394 Muscaria HAW 274 Myagrum argenteum PURSH. . 263 Mycelis CASS 560 Mygalurus LINK 82 Myosotis LINN 439 arvensis (LiNN. ) 439 caespitosa SCHULTES 439 Myosotis deflexa WAHL 440 inflexa ENGELM 439 intermedia LINK 439 scorpioides var. arvensis LINN 439 stricta GRAY 439 verna NUTT 439 virginiana LINN 440 Myosotis virginica (LiNN. )...... 439 Myosotis virginica LINN 440 Myriandra SPACH 362 Myrica LINN 178 asplenifolia (LiNN.) 179 Myrica comptonia C. DC 179 Myricaceae 178 Myriophyllites 384 Myrrhis SCOP 398 anstata (THUNB.) 398 claytoni MICHX 398 Myrrhis longistylis TORR 398 Mynophyllum LINN 383 heterophyllum MICHX 384 spicatum LINN 384 verticillatum LINN 384 Myzorhiza PHIL 475 K Nabalus CASS 565 albus HOOK 566 asper T. and G 566 crepidineus DC 567 fraseri DC 566 glaucus RAF 566 illinoensis DC 566 racemosus DC 566 trilobatus DC 566 NageiaGaertn 178 Najadaceae 40 Najadaceae BH 33, 40, 41 Najadeae (Tribus) 33 Najadeae BH 40 Najas LINN 40 jlexilis ( WILLD. ) 40 Najas graminea ROSTK 40 INDEX. 801 Nandirhobeae ENDL 493 Napaea LINN 361 dioica LINN 361 Napaea scabra LINN 361 Nardarus REICH 82 Narthecium glutinosuin MICHX 144 Narthex FALC 390 Nasruy thia H UDS 136 articulata HUDS 136 Nasella E. DESVX 57 Nasturtiopsis Boiss 259 Nasturtium R. BR 259 hispidum ( DES v. ) 259 palustre (LEYS.) 260 Nasturtium palustre var. his- pidum T. and G 259 Nasturtium sinuatum NUTT 260 Naumbergia MoENCHr 412 thyrsiflora REICH 412 Navarelia DC 240 Navarretia linearis OK 433 Navidura ALEF 313 Nechamandra PLANCH 46 Neckeria SCOP 254 aurea (Micex.) 254 — flavula (RAF.) 255 micrantha (ENGELM.) •• 255 sempervirens (LiNN.) 255 Nectaroscordurn LINDL 147 NegundiumRAF 351 f raxini folium RAF 351 Negundo MOENCH 351 aceroides MOENCH 351 fraxinifolium NUTT 351 — lobatum RAF 351 mexicanum DC 351 negundo SUDW 351 trifoliatum RAF 351 Neillia DON 281 — opulifolia B. and H 281 Nelumbium Juss 225 codophyllum RAF 226 jamaicaensis DC 226 — luteum WILLD 226 Nelumbo ADANS 225 NelumboluteaPERS 226 Nelumbo nelumbo (LiNN. ) 226 Nematopyxis MIQ 375 Nemauchenes CASS 567 Nemexia RAF 157 Nemochloa NEES 104 Nemophila paniculata SPRENG 435 Nemum DESVX 97 Nenuphar HAYNE 228 Neoceis CASS 553 Neolexis SALISB 152 Neotinea REICH, f 165 Neottia cernua WILLD 170 gemmipara SM 171 — pubescens (WILLD.) 171 repens Sw , 172 tortilis BART 170 51 Nepeta flexuosa WALT 452 virginica WILLD 452 Nervilia GAUD 169 Neubeckia ALEF 160 Neurophyllum T. and G 391 Nibora RAF 464 Nicolsonia DC 319 Nidorella CASS 525 Nigritella L. C. RICH 165 Nintooa SWEET 485 Niobea WILLD 159 Nirbisia DON 234 Nissolia TOURN 313 Nolanaceae B. and H 427 Nomochloa BEAU v 97 Nomochloa NEES 104 Normania LOWE 458 Norta SCHUR 257 Norysca SP ACH 362 Nothocalais GREENE 563 cuspidatum (PuRSH) 563 Nothofagus 190 Notholirion Boiss 149 Noticastrurn DC 515 Notobasis CASS 558 Notonia DC 554 Nototriche TURCZ 360 NupharSM 228 advena AIT f 228 Nuttallia BART ' 360 involucrata NUTT 361 Nyctaginaceae 216 Nytaginea CHOIS.. 216 Nyctago Juss ... 216 Nyctalea SCOP 434 Nycterium VENT 458 Nymphaea LINN. em. SM 227 Nymphaea LUD w 228 advena SOLAND 228 Nymphaea alba NUTT 227 alba WALT 228 ari folia SALISB 228 lutea WALT ... 228 — maculata RAF 227 nelumbo var. B. LINN. . . 226 odorata AIT 228 — ordorata Dryand 228 reniformis DC 227 spiralis RAF 227 tuberosa PAINE 227 Nyinphaeaceae 225 Nymphaeaceae BAILL 27 1 Nymphaeites 225 Nymphodes LUDW 418 lacunosum (VENT.) 418 Nymphosanthus RICH 228 Nyssaceae ENDL 399 O Oakesia WATS 146 sessilifolia S. WATS 146 Obaejaca CASS 553 Obeliscaria CASS 537 columnaris DC 537 802 METASPERMAE OF 11IE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Obeliscaria pinnata CASS 537 Obolaria SIEG 483 Ochroxylum SCIIKEB 337 Ochrus TOURN 313 Ocimastrurn RUPP 379 Octarillum LOUR 373 Odonectis RAF 169 Odonteilema TURCZ 341 Odontocarpa NECK 492 Odontolorua HBK 499 Odontotrichum Zucc 554 Oenothera LINN 380 albicaulis NUTT 381 Uennis LINN 382 Oenothera chrysantha MICHX. 382 fruticosa GRAY 381 gauroides HORNEM 382 pallida LINDL 381 parviflora LINN 382 pinnatiflda var. integri- foliaGRAY 381 Oenothera pumila LINN 382 Oenothera pusilla MICHX 382 Oenothera rfwmbipetala NUTT . . 382 serrulata NUTT 381 Oenotheraceae 375 Oldenlandia BAILL 478 purpurea var. longifolia CHAP 478 Oleaceae 415 Oligandra LESS 211 Oliganthera ENDL 211 Oliganthes CASS 499 Oligosporus CASS 550 OlympiaSpACH 362 Omalocline CASS 567 Omalotheca CASS 529 Ombellif ere£s BAILL 385 Onagra SPACH 380 biennis SPACH 382 Onagraceae LINDL 375 Onagrariaceae BAILL 383 Oncostylis NEES 103 Onocyclus SIEMSS 160 Onopordum LINN 558 Onoseris acuminata RAF 382 Onosmodium MICHX 436 carolinianum LAM 436 Onosmodium carolinianum var. molle (MiCHx) 437 Onosmodium molle BECK 436 molle MICHX 437 Ooclinium DC 501 Opetiola Gaertn 90 Ophioscordon WALLR .147 Ophryoscleria NEES 105 Ophrys cernua LINN 170 corallorhiza LINN 174 latifolia LINN 173 liliifolia LINN 174 paludosa OCD 173 trigona GILIB 173 Oplismenus muricatus KUNTH 49 Oplotheca NUTT 214 Oplotheca floridana NUTT 214 Opoidea LINDL, 390 Opulaster MED 281 Opulaster bullatus MED 281 Opulaster opulifolius (LiNN.)--. 281 Opulus TOURN 489 Opuntia MILL 371 Opuntia caespitosa RAF 372 Opuntia fragilis (NuTT) 371 Opuntia mesacantha RAF 372 Opuntia missouriensis DC 371 Opuntia polyacantha HAW 371 Opunati rafinesquii ENGELM... 372 Orbus LINN 313 Orchidaceae . 162 OrchiodesTREW 171 pubescensOK 171 repensOK... 172 Orchis LINN- 164 Orchis bidentata ELL 168 bracteata WILLD 168 — clavellata MICHX 168 dilatata PURSH 167 flmbriata AIT 166 flssa MUHL — 166 flava LINN 168 fuscescens PURSH 168 — •— grandiflora BIGEL 166 herbiola Pu KSH 168 humilis MICHX 165 hyperborea LINN 167 incisa MUHL 166 koenigii RETZ 167 lacera MICHX 166 leucophaea M UTT 166 loeselii LINN 173 psy codes LINN 166 psy codes MUHL 1 66 Orchis spectabilis LINN 1 65 Orchis tridentata WILLD 168 — virescens WILLD 168 Oreinotinus OERST 489 Oreanthus RAF 276 Oregeum SER 299 Oreoselinum BIEB 390 Oreosplenium ZAHL 274 Orixa THUNB 348 Ormoselenia TAUSCH 390 Ornitrophis CASS 558 Ornus PERS . . 416 Orobanchaceae , . . 475 Orobanche biflora NUTT 476 fasciculata NUTT 476 ludoviciana NUTT 475 uniflora LINN 476 Orobella PRESL 315 Orobus diffusus NUTT 316 ochroleucus A. BR 314 yenosus A. BR 314 Orontiaceae LINDL 130 Ortachne NEES 56 Orthocen tron CASS . . 558 Orthoraphium NEES 57 Orthosporum NEES 211 INDEX. 803 Oryza clandestina A. BR 54 Oryzopsis Miciix 57 Oryzopsis asperi folia KUNTH . 58 Oryzopsis asperifulia MICHX. 58 Oryzopsis canadensis TORR. 58 Oryzopsis juncea (MiCHX.). .. 58 Oryzopsis melanocarpa MUHL 58 Oryzopsis parvifiora HOOK. . 58 Osmia Sen -BiP 501 Osmodium RAF 436 Osruorhiza RAF 398 brevistylis DC 398 claytoni BSP 398 cordataRAF.. 398 — dulcis RAF 398 — longistylis DO 398 — villosaRAF 398 Ostericum HOFF 391 Ostrya SCOP 186 ostrya (LiNN.) 187 Ostrya virginiana KOCH 187 Ostrya virginica WILLD 187 Otachyrium NEES 49 Otaria HBK 423 Otophylla BENTH 468 michauxii BENTH 468 Ototropis NEES 319 Oxalidaceae 334 Oxalideae ( Trib.) B. and H . . . . 333 Oxalis LINN 334 Oxalis corniculata var. stricta SAV 334 dillenii JACQ 334 — florida SALISB 334 Oxalis longiflora LINN 335 Oxalis lyoni PURSH 334 Oxalis stricta LINN 334 Oxalis vespertilionis GRAY. . . 335 violacea LINN 335 Oxyacantha Rupp 287 Oxybaphus L'HER 216 — angustifolius SWEET.. . . 216 hirsutus SWEET 217 — nyctagineus SWEET 217 Oxybasis KAR. and KIR 211 Oxycaryum NEES 96 Oxycoccus LUDW 408 Oxycoccus hispidulus PERS ... 407 Oxycoccus macrocarpus (A IT.) . . 409 oxycoccus (LiNN.) 409 Oxycoccus palustris PERS 409 vulgaris PURSH 409 Oxydium BENN 319 Oxygraphis BUNGE 241 cymbalaria (PURSH) 241 Oxylepis BENTH 547 Oxypogon RAF 315 Oxypolis RAF 391 denticulata RAF 391 rigidaRAF 391 tricuspidata RAF 391 Oxyramphis WALL 317 Oxys TOURN 334 Oxytropis DC 322 Oxytropis hookeriana NUTT.. 323 lamberti PURSH 323 splendens DOUG 322 Ozoroa DEL 345 Pachiloma nuttallii RAF 389 Pachycarpus E. MEY 423 Pachyloma SPACH 241 Pachylophus SPACH 380 Pachypodium NUTT 256 Pachypodium WEBB 257 Pad us cartilaginea ROEM 306 densiflora ROEM 307 flmbriata ROEM 307 hirsuta ROEM 307 — micrantha ROEM 307 oblonga MOENCH 307 obovata ROEM 307 — rubra MILL 307 serotina AGH 306 — virginiana ROEM 306 Palavia CAV_ 216 Paleya CASS 567 Palimbia BESS 390 Paliurus ADANS 355 Palladia MOENCH 412 Pallavici nia DE NOT 458 Pallinia scoparia SPRENG 48 Palmerella GRAY 497 Paltoria R. and P 349 Panax americanum RAF 386 lanceolatum RAF 385 quinquefolium LINN 386 trifolium LINN 385 Panicularia FABR 80 americana (ToRR. ) 81 Panicularia aquatica OK 81 Panicularia canadensis ( MICHX.) 82 elongata (TORR.) 82 fluitans (LiNN.) 80 nervata ( WILLD. ) 81 Panicum LINN 48 agrostoides MUHL 51 Panicum autumnale Bosc 52 barbulatum MICHX 50 Panicum capillare LINN 52 Panicum clandestinum HOOK. 51 Panicum crus-galli var. hispidum (MUHL.) 49 depauperatum MUHL 50 Panicum dichotomiflorum Micnx 52 Panicum dichotomum LINN .... 50 dichotomum var. pubescens (LAM,)., 50 Panicum divergens MUHL 52 elongatum PURSH 51 — fragile KUNTH 52 hispidum MUHL 49 involutumToRR 50 Panicum latifolium LINN 51 Panicum laxiflorum LAM 50 microcarpon MUHL 50 804 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Panicum niultiflorum Pom. . . 51 muriatum MICHX 49 nitidum LAM 50 Panicum nudum WALT 52 Panicum pauciflorum ELL — 50 pubescens LAM 50 ramulosum Micnx 50 rectum R. and S 50 Panicum scoparium LAM 50 Panicum strictum PURSH 50 strigpsum ELL 52 Panicum virgatum LINN 51 Panicum walteri Pom 51 walteri PURSH 49 Panicum x a n t h op h y s u m A. GRAY 51 Papaveraceae 252 Papilionatae 308 Papyrus WILLD 91 Panictaenium BEAUV 49 Parallosa ALEF 315 Parapodium E. MEY 423 Parastranthus Gr. DON 497 Parietaria LINN 199 Parietaria debilis var. pennsyl- vanica WEDD 199 Parietaria pensylvanica MUHL . 199 Parillax RAF 157 Paritum ST. HIL 361 Parnassia LINN 277 Pamassia americana MUHL... 278 Parnassia caroliniana MICHX. . 278 glauca RAF 278 grandiflora RAF 278 ovata MUHL 278 Parnassia palustris LINN 278 Parnassia palustris PURSH .... 278 repanda RAF 278 rotundifolia RAF 278 Paronychieae 219 Paronychia canadensis WOOD. 225 dichotoma FENZL 225 ParosellaCAV 329 Partheniastrum NISSOL 533 Parthenice T. and G 533 Parthenium LINN 533 integrifolium LINN 533 Parthenocissus PLANCH 357 quinquefolia (LiNN.) 357 Pasania OERST 190 Pasania (Sect.) 190 Paspalum aristatum MOENCH 72 Pastinaca TOURN 390 nudicaulis SPRENG 390 Patrinia ceratophylla HOOK.. . 491 longifolia MAcNAB 491 Pedicularis LINN 471 Pedicularis aequinoctialis HBK 472 Pedicularis auriculata SM 471 Pedicularis canadensis LINN. . . 472 Pedicularis gladiata MICHX. . . 472 Pedicularis lanceolata MICHX.. 471 Pedicularis pallida PURSH. ... 471 Pedicularis resupinana PURSH 471 virginica POIR 471 Pedilea LINDL 172 Pedrosia LOWE 331 Pelonastes HOOK, f 383 Peltopsis RAF 33 perfoliata RAF 35 Penaea PLUM 338 Penstemon MITCH 461 acuminatus DOUGL 461 Penstemon albidus NUTT. ... 461 bradburii PURSH 461 — cristatus MAC 461 fendleri GRAY 461 Penstemon gracilis NUTT 462 grandiflorus NUTT 461 hirsutus (LiNN. ) 462 Penstemon nitidus DOUGL — 461 pubescens SOLAND 462 pubescens var. gracilis GRAY 462 Penstemon teretiftorus NUTT 461 Penstemon viscidulum NEES . . 461 Pentacalia CASS 554 Pentacophrys GRAY 216 Pentaglossum FORSK 374 Pentaqonia SIEG 496 perfoliata (LiNN.) 496 Pentalophus DC 437 mandanense DC 437 longiflorus A. DC 437 Pentameris BEAUV 69 Pentanoma Moc. and SESS 337 Pentanthus HOOK, and ARN. . 554 Pentapfoylloides TOURN 293 Pentaphiltrum REICH 456 Pentaple REICH 223 Pentapteris HALL , 384 Pentapterophyllum DILL 384 Pentastemon WETTST 461 Penthorum LINN 273 sedoides LINN 273 Pentreas RAF 215 Pentstemon L'HER 461 Peramibus RAF 543 Peramium SALISB 171 pubescens ( WILLD.) 171 repens (LiNN.) 172 Periballanthus F. and S 154 Pericalia CASS 554 Pericallis WEBB 553 Pen jaea TUL 337 Peristylis BLUME 165 bracteatus LINDL 168 Peritoma DC 269 integrifolia NUTT 270 serrulatum DC 270 Perizoman thus PURSH 253 Perrottetia DC 319 Persicaria amphibiaS F. GRAY 206 virginiana GAERTN 209 Personatae DC 459 Perularia LINDL 165 Petaloma RAF 341 .NDEX. 805 Petalostemon MICHX 328 alopecuroides PERS 330 candidus MICHX 329 — villosus NUTT 328 virgatum NEES 329 Petrocallis R. BR 263 Petrophy turn NUTT 282 Petrosciadium EDGEW 394 Peucedanites HEER 390 Peucedanoides Boiss 390- Peucedanum LINN 390 nudicauk (PURSH) 390 Peucedanum TOURN 390 Peyritscia FOURN -68 Pfeifferia BUCH 429 Phaca LINN 323 canadensis MAcM 325 caryocarpa MACM 326 elongata HOOK 324 flexuosa HOOK 324 gracilis MAcM 325 hypoglottis MAcM 324 lotiflpra T. and G 323 parviflora NUTT 325 plattensis MAcM 325 Phacelia Juss 435 Phacelia fimbriata PURSH 436 Phacelia purshii BUCKL 436 Phacocapnos BERNH 254 Phaecasium CASS 567 PhaenixopusCAss 560 Phaenopus DC 560 Phaenopyrum ROEM 287 cocci nium ROEM 288 subvillosum ROEM 288 — wendlandii ROEM 288 Phalacroderis DC 567 Phalacroloma CASS 525 obtusi folium OASS 526 acutifolium CASS 527 Phalacros WENZ 287 PhalangiumesculentumNuTT 151 fraseri NUTT 151 Phalaris LINN 54 Phalaris americana TORR 55 Phalaris arundinacea LINN 55 Phalaris erucaeformis LINN.. 72 oryzoides LINN 54 Phalerocarpus G. DON 407 — serpyllifolius DON 407 PhasellusMoENCH 312 Phaseolus LINN 312 Phaseolus angulosus (MuHL.)... 312 Phaseolus diversifonus PERS. 312 — — helvolus LINN 312 macrostachys ELL 312 — monoicus EAT. and WR. 315 paniculatus MICHX 312 Phaseolus pauciflorus BEN TH . . . 312 Phaseolus perennis WALT. ... 312 Phaseolus polystachyos (LiNN.). 312 Phaseolus tuberosus EAT and WR 315 Phelipaea fasciculata SPRENG 476 Phelipaea ludoviciana WALP 475 Phemeranthus RAF 218 teretifolius RAF 218 Philadelphieae LINDL 274 Philipoea REUT 475 Philoglossa BAILL 531 Phlebosporfum JUNGH 317 Phledineum SPACH 234 Phloganthea CAV 433 Phlox LINN 431 Phlox arista ta MICHX 432 canadensis SWEET 431 — carnea SIMS 432 — cuspidata SCHEELE 432 Phlox divaricata LINN 431 glaberrima LINN 432 Phlox glutinosa BUCKL. ...... 431 Phlox maculata LINN 432 Phlox penduliflora Sw 422 Phlox pilosa LINN 432 pilosa forma alliflora 432 Phlox pyramidalis SM 432 reflexaSw 432 revoluta AIK 432 Phragmites TRIN 73 Phragmites communis TRIN. . 73 — graecus STEUD 73 Phragmites phragmites (LiNN.). 73 Phragmites vulgaris BSP 73 Phryma LINN 442 leptostachya LINN 442 Phylace NOR 338 Phyllach neae BAILL 494 Phyllantheae AGH 340 PhyJlanthophora GRAY 360 Phyllodium DESVX 319 Phyllodon SALISB . . . : 147 Physalis LINN 456 angulata LINN 458 grand) : flora HOOK 458 Physalis hirsuta DUN 457 Physalis lanceolata MICHX 456 Physalis nyctaginea DUN 457 obscura var. v i s c 1 d o- pubescens MICHX 457 pennsyl vanica GRAY 456 Physalis philadelptiica LAM 458 Physalis pruinosa LINN 457 pumila NUTT 456 Physalis pubescens LINN 457 Physalis viscosa ELL 457 Physalis virginiana MILL 457 Physalis viscosa GRAY 457 Physaria NUTT 263 argentea MAcM 263 Physkium LOUR 46 natans LOUR 46 Physocarpa RAF 281 Physocarpos CAMBESS 281 opulifolius RAF 281 Physocarpum SPACH 248 Physolepidium SCHRENK 256 Physostegia BENTH 446 -^ — virginiana (LiNN . ) 446 806 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Phyteuma LOUR 487 Phytolaca RAF 215 Phytolacca LINN 215 decandra LINN 215 Phytolaccaceae 215 Picnocomon VAILL 558 Picnomon ADANS 558 PicriS BAILL 568 Picrococcus elevatus NUTT. . . 411 floridanus NUTT 411 Picrothamnus NUTT 550 Pieris DON 406 Pilea LINDL 198 pumila GRAY 198 Pileostegia TURCZ 350 Pilosella Scn.-Bip 568 Pimpinella LINN 394 integerrima vLiNN.) 395 Pinardia NECK 516 Pinastella DILL 383 PioDandra MIERS 458 Piptatherum BEAUV 57 — nigrum TORR 58 Piptochaetium PRESL 57 Piptolepis SCH.-BIP 499 PircuniaMoq 215 Pirococcus NUTT 409 Pirola LINN 403 elliptica NUTT 404 Pirola obovata BERT 404 Pirola rotundifolia LINN 404 Pirola rotundifolia var. incar- nata DC 404 rotundifolia var. tiligi- nosa (TORR. ) 404 rotundifolia MICHX 404 Pirola secunda .LiNN 403 secunda var. pumila GRAY 403 Pirola uliginosa TORR 404 Pirolaceae 402 Pirolaceae B. and H 405 Pirophorum NECK 283 Pirus LINN 283 Pirus alnifolia SPRENG 285 Pirus arbutifolia (LiNN.) 284 Pirus botryapium LINN, f — 286 Pirus coronaria LINN 284 Pirus floribunda LINDL 284 Pirus sambucifolia CHAM, and SCHLECHT 283 Pirus sanguinea PURSH 285 Pirus TOURN 283 Pistiaceae LINDL 132 Pistolochia RAF 201 Pithosilum CASS 554 Pityopsis NUTT 507 Pityrosperma S. and Z . ., 232 Pladaroxylon ENDL 554 Plantaginaceae 476 Plantago LINN 476 Plantagognaphalioides NUTT. 477 hookeriana F. and M — 477 kamtscbatica HOOK 477 lagopus PURSH 477 Plantago major ELL 477 Plantago major LINN 477 Plantago major var. minima DECN 477 Plantago patagonica var. gnap- halioides • NUTT. ) 476 Plantago purshii R. and S 477 Plantago rugelii DECN 477 Platanaria S. F. GRAY 32 Platanthera LINDL 165 bracteata TORR 1 68 — dilatata LINDL 167 fimbriata LINDL 166 flava GRAY 168 herbiola LTNDL 168 hookeriana LINDL 167 hyperborea var.A. LINDL 167 — byperborea var. dilatata LINDL 167 — koenigii var. A. LINDL . 167 lacera GRAY 166 psy codes LINDL 166 tipuloides LINDL 169 Platypetalum R. BR 268 Platyraphe MIQ . 394 Platyraphium CASS 558 Platystylis HLUME 173 Platystylis SWEET 313 Pleiosmilax SEEM 157 Pleurandra alba RAF 376 Pkurolobus ST. HIL 319 • canadensis (LiNN.) 319 canescens (LiNN.) 320 dillenii ( DARL.) 320 grandiflorus ( WALT. ) 321 nudiflorus (LiNN.) 321 paniculatus fLiNN.) 320 Pleuropterus TURCZ 204 Pleurostachys BRONGN 104 Pleurostemon album RAF — 376 Pleurotaenia HOHEN 390 Plinthanthesis STEUD 69 Pluridens NECK 545 Pneumorianthe SCHMIDT 418 PoaLiNN 78 Poa anceps PR 79 angustifolia WAHL 78 — 'aquatica var. americana TORR 81 caesia AUCT 78 caesia var. strictior GRAY' 78 canadensis BEAUV 82 caroliniana SPRENG 74 cilianensis ALL 75 cinerea VILL 78 — complanata SCHUR 79 Poa compressa LINN. 79 Poa cristata WILLD 77 crocata MICHX 78 debilis THUILL 78 effusa KIT 79 elongata TORR 82 eragrostis SM 75 exigua DUM 78 INDEX. 807 Poa fertilis HOST flrmula GAUD fluitans KOEL glauca BAST — glaucantha GAUD graeilescens SCHRAD — hirsuta AUCT hydrophila PERS hypnoides LAM jiincea SUT lineata PERS — megastachya KOEL multiflora FORSK — muralis WIBB Poa nemoralis LINN Poa nemoralis PURSH nervata WILLD nutans GILIB — nutans LINK -oblonga BMG palustris DC Poa palustris LINN Poa parviflora PCJRSH pectinacea AUCT — pectinacea MICHX planiculmis PR polynoda PARN pyramidata LAM reptaus MICHX riparia WOLF -serotina EHRH spectabilis PURSH •triata Micnx — subcompressa PARN tenella PURSH triflora GILIB Pocophqrum NECK Podalyria alba SIMS bracteata MUHL tinctoria LAJI Podolotus ROYLE Podophylhim LINN Podophyllum callicarpum RAF — rnontanum RAF Podophyllum peltatum LINN . . . Podosaemum DESVX Podostigma ELL Pogonia Juss — — opliioglossoides (LiNN.)... Pogonostigma Boiss Pogonost.vlis BERTOL Pohlana NEES and MART Poidium NEES Poikadenia ELL Poinsettia GRAH Polanisia RAF dodecandra BSP graveoleus RAF Polemoniaoeae Polemonium LINN Polemonium nyctalea LINN.. . Polemonium reptans LINN Poliodendron NOE Polium MOENCH. . 78 Pollalesta HBK 499 78 Polyacantnus PRESL 348 80 Polyactidium LESS 525 78 Polyactis LESS 525 78 Polyantherix NEES 87 78 hystrix NEES 88 74 Polycyrtus SCHLECHT 390 78 Polydora FENZL 499 75 Polygala LINN 338 78 cruciata 340 81 Polygala cuspidata HOOK 340 75 Polygala paucifolia WILLD 339 75 Polygala purpurea AIT. f 3:^9 79 —purpurea NUTT 340 sanguinea LINN 340 79 Polygala senega LINN 339 81 seneya var. latifolia T 78 andG ; 339 83 Polygala uniflora MICHX 339 75 Polygala verticillata LINN 339 78 viridescens LINN 340 78 Polygalaceae 338 81 Polyg-onaceae 202 74 Polygonastrum MOENCH 152 74 Polygonatam A DANS 154 79 Polygonatum angusti folium 79 PURSH 155 77 Polygonatumbiftorum(WA-LT.). 155 75 Polygonatum canaliculatum 78 PURSH 154, 155 78 Polygonatum commutatum 74 (SCHULT.) 155 81 Polygonatum giganteum 79 DIETR 154 74 hirtum PURSH 155 78 lati folium PURSH 155 346 multiflorum PURSH 155 310 — pubescens PURSH 155 310 Polygonella articulata MEISN. 209 311 Polygonum LINN 204 323 —acre HBK 205 250 ampliibium LINN 206 250 Polygonum amphibium var. 250 aquaticum WILLD.... 206 250 — amphibium emersum 58 Micnx 206 423 amphibium var.(?)muhl- 169 enbergii MEISSN 206 169 amphibium var. terres- 327 tre WILLD 206 103 Polygonum cm/bZnmiLiNN. ... 210 337 — — articulatum LINN 209 78 — aviculare LINN 209 330 Polygonum aviculare var. erec- 341 turn GRAY 208 270 bicorne RAF 207 270 bistorta WALT 206 270 centinodium LAM 209 431 Polygonum tilinode MICHX 210 433 Polygonum coccineum MUHL 206 434 terrestre 206 433 dumetorum var. scan- 455 dens GRAY 210 455 Polygonum emersum ( MICHX.). 206 808 METASPEKMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Polygonum erectum LINN 208 Polygonum flliforme BART 208 geniculatum POIB 209 glandulosum POIR 205 Polygonum hartwrightii GRAY. . 206 hydropiper LINN 205 Polygonum hydropiper MICHX. 205 Polygonum hydropiperoides MICHX 205 Polygonum hydropiperoides PURSH , 205 Polygonum incarnatum ELL 207 Polygonum lapathifolium var. incarnatum WATS, and COULT 207 — linifolium MUHL 208 mite ELL 205 mite PURSH 205 muhlenbergii S. WATS. . 206 muticum MOENCH 209 nodosum var. incarna- tum GRAY 207 Polygonum pensylvanicum LINN. 207 Polygonum persoonii ENGELM. 205 provinciale KOCH 209 punctatum ELL 205 purpureum GILIB. 206 Polygonum ramosissimum MICHX 208 sagittatum LINN 210 Polygonum sagittatum var. boreale MEISN 210 scabrum MOENCH 207 Polygonum scandens LINN 210 tenue MICHX 208 Polygonum terrestre BSP 206 Polygonum virginianum LINN . . 209 POLYNOME SALISB 160 Polypogon setosus SPRENG 60 Polymnia BAILL 531 Polymnia LINN 531 canadensis LINN 531 Polymnia canadensis var. dis- coidea GRAY 531 Polymniastrum LAM 531 Polydon HBK 70 Polyotus NUTT 423 — heterophyllus NUTT 423 Polypogon glomeratus WILLD 60 racemosus NUTT 60 Polypremum A DANS 492 Polyperis LESS 548 Polystigma MEISSN 350 Polytaenia DC 389 — — nuttaUii DC 389 Pomaceae KNDL 281 Ponceletia THOU 69 Ponerorchis REICH, f 165 Pontederia LINN 137 Pontederia angusti foliaPuRSii 1 37 Pontederia cordata LINN 137 Pontederia mucronata RAF. . . 137 Pontecleriaceae 137 Populago TOURN 230 Populopfiyllum 179 Populus LINN 179 Populus atheniensis HORT 181 angulata AIT 179 angulosa MICHX 180 Populus balsamifera LINN 180 Populus talsamifera var. gen- uina WESM 180 balsamifera lanceolata MARSH 180 — canadensis MICHX. f... 180 candicans AIT 180 Populus grandidentata MICHX . . 180 Populus grandidentata var. pendula TORR 180 laevigata AIT 179 — macrophylla LODD 180 Populus monilifera AIT 179 Populus tacamahaca MILL 180 tremuliformis EM 181 Populus tremuloides MICHX... 181 Populus trepida WILLD 181 viminea BON 180 Porphyroscias MIQ — 391 Porroteranthe STEUD 80 Porrum SALISB 147 Portulaca LINN 219 retusa ENGELM. and GRAY 219 Portulacaceae 217 PortunaNuTT 406 Potamogeton LINN 33 Potamogeton acuminatus SCHUM 38 acuminatus WAHL 38 acutifolius PR 36 Potamogeton amplifolius TUCKM. 35 Potamogeton angusti foli u s OP 36 berchthold ii FIEB 36 caudatus SEID 38 complanatus WILLD... compressus AUCT compressus SM cornutus PR 39 39 37 38 crispus DARL 35 cuspidatus SCHRAD 39 fasciculatus WOLFG — 37 fllicaulis SCHUR flexicaule DETH 38 flexuosus SCHL. and WRED . . 38 Potamogeton fluitans ROTH 34 foliosus RAF 39 Potamogeton f riesi i Rupii 37 — gramineus MER 36 gramineus ROTH 35 — gramineus var. hetere- phyllos FRIES 35 Potamogeton gramineus var. zizii (ROTH) 36 lieterophyllos SCHREIJ 35 INDEX. 809 Potauiogeton h y b r i d u s PENTAGN 35 Potamogeton illinoensis MORONG 36 Potamogeton interruptus KIT. 37 Potamogeton lanceolatus SM 38 Potamogeton loeselii R. and S. 35 lonchites TUCKM 34 Potamogeton lucens LINN 37 Potamogeton lucens var. minor UFH 36 lucens WEBB 38 lucidus GULDENST 37 major MORONG 37 mucronatus NYM 36 Potamogeton natans LINN 34 Potamogeton natans var. angustatus MK 34 natans var. flu i tans CHAM 34 oederi MEY 37 — oblongus MEY 34 — palustris TEESD 35 pauciflorus PURSH 39 paucifolius OP 35 Potamogeton pectinatus LINN ... 37 perfoliatus LINN 35 perfoliatus var. lanceo- latusRoBBiNS 38 perfoliatus var. richard- soni BENNETT. 38 petiolarisPR 34' Potamogeton praelongus WULF . 38 Potamogeton proteus var. het- erophyllos CHAM, and SCHLECHT *35 proteus f. lucens CHAM. and SCHLECHT 38 proteus f . zizii CHAM, and SCHLECHT 36 purshianusMoRONG 39 Potamogeton pusillus LINN 36 Potamogeton pusillus var. major FRIES 37 Potamogeton rutilus WOLFG .... 37 Potamogeton serratus WEBB. . 37 vaillantii R. and S 37 verticillatum WALT 384 — volhynicus BESS 38 zizii ROTH 36 Potamogeton zoster aefolius SCHUM 39 Potamogeton zosterophyllus Dum 39 Potamog-etonaceae 33 Potaninia MAX 293 Potentilla LINN 293 anserina LINN 294 argentea LINN 296 arguta PURSH 298 Potentilla bipinnatiflda DOUGL 297 Potentilla canadensi* LINN . — 294 canadensis var. simplex (Micnx.).. 294 Potentilla caroliniana POIR. . . 294 conferti flora TORR 298 floribunda PURSH 295 Potentilla fruticosa LINN 295 Potentilla fruticosa var. ameri- cana MARSH 295 Potentilla hippiana LEHM 297 Potentilla lacradorica LEHM.. 298 leucophylla TORR 297 PotenHUamillegrana ENGELM.. 298 norvegica LINN. 289 palustris ( LINN. ) 296 Potentilla paradoxa NUTT 297 Potentilla pensylvanica LINN.. 297 Potentilla pensylvanica var. arguta TORR 299 pensylvanica var. bipin- natiflda T. and G 297 — pensylvanica var. hip- piana T. and G 297 Potentilla pensylvanica var. strigosa PURSH 297 Potentilla pumila POIR 294 retusa MULL 295 rivalis- var. millegrana WATS 298 sarmentosa WILLD 294 si mplex MICHX 294 Potentilla supina LINN 297 tridentota SOL 295 Pothos foetidus MICHX 131 Prasium concinneum WALT. . 446 purpureum WALT 446 Praxelis CASS 501 Prenanthes LINN 565 alba LINN 566 -aspera MICHX 566 crepidinea MICHX 567 Prenanthes illinoeusis PERS. . . 566 juncea PURSH 565 miamensis RIDD 566 ovata RIDD 566 proteophylla RIDD 566 Prenanthes racemosa, MICHX. . . 566 Prenanthes rubricunda WILLD 566 Prenanthes serpentaria PURSH. 566 Prenantbes suavis SALISB 566 Prestinaria SCH.-BIP 543 Prieuria DC 375 Primula O. KUNTZE 411 , occidentalis OKi 411 Primulaceae 411 Primulopsis T. and G 381 Prinos LINN 349 gronovii MICHX^ 350 confertus MOENCH 350 verticillatus LINN 350 Prionopsis NUTT 514 Prismatocarpus L'HER 496 Proteopsis Scn.-BiP 499 Provenzalia ADANS 131 Prunella LINN 446 Prunophora NECK 305 Prunopsis ANDR 305 810 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY Prunus Juss 305 americana MARSH 305 Prunus boreal is Pom 308 — cartilaginea LEHM 306 cuneata RAF 306 depressa PURSH 306 duerinckiiWALP 307 hiemalis MICHX 305 hirsuta ELL .307 lanceolata WILLD 307 mississi ppi MARSH 305 nana DuRoi 307 nigra MUHL 305 obo vata BIGEL 307 pennsylvanica LINN, f . . 307 persicifolia DESF 308 — -pumila LINN 306 rubra AIT 307 serotinaEHRH 306 serotina POIR 307 spinosa WALT 305 virginiana LINN 307 virginiana MILL 306 Prunus-Cerasus canadensis MARSH 307 montana MARSH 307 Pascalium CASS 554 Psaruma BEAUV 67 Psammoseris Boiss 567 Pseudantheae ENDL 340 Pseudocapsicum MOENCH — 458 Pseudocarex MIQ 106 Pseudocyperus SEGU 103 Pseudofumaria LUDW 254 Pseva RAF 402 maculata (LiNN. ) 402 umbellata (LiNN. ) 402 Psilocaenia NUTT 568 Psilorhegma VOG 309 Psilosanthus NECK . • 504 Psolanum NECK 458 Psoralea LINN 330 Psoralea alopecuroides POIR.. . 330 argophylla PURSH 331 brachiata DOUGL 330 Candida POIR 329 dalea LINN 320 Psoralea esculenta PURSH 330 Psoralea floribunda NUTT .... 330 Psoralea incana N UTT 331 Psoralea par vi flora POIR 325, Psoralea tenuiflora PURSH 330 Psorophytum SPACH 362 Psycanthus RAF 338 Psychrogeton Boiss 515 Psychrophila GAY 230 Psyllophora EHRH 106 pauciflora SOHUR 130 Ptarmica NECK 549 borealis DC 549 Ptelea LINN 338 Pbelea pentaphylla FABR 338 tomentosa RAF 338 Ptelea trifoliata LINN 338 Ptelea viticifolia SALISB 338 Pterochilus HOOK, and A UN. . 172 Pterolepis SCHRAD 97 Pteroloma BENTH 319 Pteroneuron DC 261 Pteronia caroliniana WALT. . . 506 Pterophyllum NUTT 231 Pterosel i num REICH 390 Pterosenecio Scn.-BiP 554 PterotaP.BR 337 Pterotheca CASS 567 Pterotheca PRESL 104 Ptilagrostis GRIS 57 Ptilochaeta NEES 104 Ptilosciadium STEUD 104 Ptilostemon CASS 558 Pugiopappus TORR 543 Pulegium MILL 454 Pulicaria annua GAERTN 527 Pulsatilla TOURN 235 hirsutissirna BRITT 239 nuttalliana SPRENG. .238, 239 patens GRAY 239 Punduana STEETZ 499 PurshiaRAF 383 Purshia SPRENG 436 mollis LEHM 436, 437 Putranjiveae ENDL 340 Putteriickia ENDL 348 Pycnanthernum MICHX 452 . flexuosum BSP 452 lanceolatum PURSH 452 linifolium PURSH 452 virginianum HITCH 452 — — virginicum PERS 452 Pycreus BEAUV 90 Pygmaea HOOK, f 465 Pyrola see Pirola 277 Pyrola MOR 277 corymbosa BERT 402 maculata LINN 402 umbellata LINN 402 Pyrrheima HASSK 136 Pyrrhopappus A. RICH 560 Pyrrocoma HOOK 514 Pyrus see Pirus 283 americana NEWB 284 aucuparia MEY 284 bartramiana TAUSCH... 286 coronaria var. iowensis WOOD 284 — iowensis BAIL 284 ovalis BIGEL 286 w angenhei miana TAUSCH 286 sanguinea PURSH 286 Pythagorea RAF 374 alata RAF 374 Pyxidium MOENCH 214 Q Quamoclidion CHOIS 216 Quercophyllum 191 Quercus LINN 190 I^DEX. 811 Quercus alba HOOK* 192 Quercus alba LINN 192 Quercus alba var. pinnatiflda MICHX 192 alba var. repanda MICHX 192 — ambigua MICHX 191 coccinea var. ? r u b r a SPACH 191 coccinea var. tinctoria GRAY 191 discolor AIT 191 Quercus macrocarpa MICHX 192 Quercus microcarpa A. DC 192 Quercus muhlenbergii ENGELM. . 192 Quercus obtusiloba var. depressa NUTT 192 oli vaeformis MICHX. f... 192 Quercus rubra LINN 191 Quercus rubra var. runcinata A. DC 191 sinuata WALT 192 — stellata var. depressa A. DC 192 — tinctoria BARTR 191 —tinctoria var. angulosa MICHX 191 — tinctoria var. sinuosa MICHX 191 Quercus velutina LAM 191 Queria canadensis NUTT 225 --dichotorna MOENCH 225 Quineria RAF 357 hederacea RAF 357 hirsuta RAF 357 Quinquefolium TOURN 293 Quinquelocularia KOCH 494 B Radicula palustris MOENCH. 260 Radiola GMEL 335 Ramium RUMPF 1 98 cylindricum (LiNN.) 198 Ranapalus KELL 473 — eiseni KELL 473 Raiiaria CHAM 473 Randalia BEAUV 136 Ranmanissa ENGL 270 Kanunculaceae 229 Ranunculus LINN 241 abortivus LINN 244 abortivus var. micranthus. 245 Ranunculus affinis R. BR 245 alismaefolius GRAY 246 Ranunculus ambigens S. WATS. 246 Ranunculus arnoenus LED 245 Ranunculus aquatilis var. caes- pitosus DC 248 Ranunculus aquatilis var. capillaceus DC 247 aquatilis var. stagnatilis DC 248 Ranunculus aquatilis var. trich- ophyllus ( CHAIX.) 247 Ranunculus circinatus SIBTH . . 248 Ranunculus clintoni BECK ... 242 cymbalaria PURSH 241 divaricatus GRAY 248 Ranunculus fascicularis MUHL . 243 Ranunculus fascicularis SPRENG 244 —filiform is MICHX 246 flamnmla PURSH 246 flammula var. reptans E. M EY , 246 fluviatilis HIGEL 247 fluviatilis PURSH 247 hispidus MICHX 243 — hispidus PURSH 242 hirsutus CURT 242 — bydrocharis caespitosus HIERN 248 hydrocharis trichophyl- lus HIERN 247 intermedius EAT 242 Ranunculus lacustris B. and T. 246 lacustris B. and T. var. terrestris (GRAY) 247 Ranunculus lanuginosusWALT 244 — leptopetalus RAF 244 limosus NUTT 247 lingua PURSH 246 marilandicus Pom ... 243 micranthus NUTT 245 multifldus BIGEL 246 multifldus PURSH 246 multifldus var. terrestris GRAY 247 — nitidus MUHL 243 — nitidus WALT 244 Ranunculus oralis RAF 245 pedatifidus SM 245 — pensylvanicus LINN, f — 242 Ranunculus prostratus Pom. . 242 — purshiiRicn 247 radicans var. multifldus REGEL 247 Ranunculus recurvatus POIR. . . 244 Ranunculus Pepens AUCT 243 repens var. hispidus T. and G 243 repens var. nitidus T. and G 243 repens LINN 243 Ranunculus repens LINN 242 reptans LINN 246 Ranunculus reptans var. flli- formis DC 246 rhoruboideus GOLDIE — 245 robiniRAF 246 saniculaeformis MUHL. . 244 sarmentosus A DANS 241 Ranunculus sceleratus LINN 244 Ranunculus schlechtendahlii HOOK 243 Ranunculus septentrionalis Pom. 243 Ranunculus tomentosus POIR. 242 trichophyllus CHAIX — 247 812 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Kanunculus auricomus var. afflnis LAWS 245 — brevicaulis HOOK 245 canadensis JACQ 242 — carolinianus DO 243 — tridentatus HBK 241 trifolius MOENCH 242 Raphione SALISB 147 Rapuntium GAEKTN 497 Ratibida RAF 537 sulcata RAF 587 Rebis SPACH 278 Reboulea KUNTH 76 gracilis KUNTH 76 obtusata GRAY 76 pennsylvanica GRAY — 76 Receveura VELL 362 Reinwardtia DUM 335 Relchella STEUD 66 Requienia DC 327 Reussia ENDL 137 Reutera Boiss 394 Khamnaceae 355 RhamnellaMiQ 356 Bhamnus LINN 356 alnifolia L'HER 356 Rhamnus alpinus 356 f ranguloides MICHX 356 RhaphisLouR 47 Rhetsa W. and ARN 337 Rhinactina LESS 515 Rhinanthaceae DC 459 Rhinanthus virginicusLiNN. . 468 Rhinolobium ARN 423 Rhodax SPACH 464 Rhodophora NECK 302 Rhodopsis LED 302 JtausLiNN 345 Rhus carolinense MARSH 347 Elms copallina LINN 347 Rhus eiegans AIT 347 Rhusglabra LINN 347 Rhus hirta p. 1 347 — hypselodendron MOENCH. 347 Rhus radicans LINN ...» 346 RhustoxicodendronAucT.AM, 346 toxicodendron var. radi- cans TORR 346 Rhus typhina LINN 347 Rhus typhina var. arborescens WILLD 347 typhina var. frutescens WILLD 347 venenata DC 346 Rhus vernix LINN 346 Rhynchelythrum NEES 49 Rhyncodium PRESL 330 Rhyncopetalum FRES 497 Rhynchospora VAHL 104 alba (LiNN.) 104 RhynchosporacapillaceaToRR. 104 Rhynchospora setacea (MuHL.). 104 Rhy tispermum LINK 437 Ribes LINN 278 Ribes albinervium MICHX 279 campanulatum MOENCH 279 Ribes cynobasti LINN 380 floridum L'HER 279 —gracik MTCHX 280 Ribes gracile TORR 280 hirtellum MICHX 280 missouriensis NUTT — 280 Ribes nigrum LINN 279 Ribes nigrum var. B. LINN. .. 279 nigrum var. pennsylva- nicum MARSH 279 — niveum LINDL 280 Ribes oxycanthoides LINN 280 Ribes oxycanthoides var. G. TORR and GRAY 280 recurvatum MICHX 279 rotundifolium UPH 280 rotundifolium var. ENGELM 280 rubrurn AUCT 279 Ribes rubrum var. albinervium (MiCHX.) 279 Ribes rubrum var. subglandu- losum MAX 279 saxosum HOOK 280 triflorum BIGEL 280 Ribesiaceae ENDL 274 Ricinocarpus BURM 340 virginicus (LiNN.) 341 Rienera MOENCH 327 Robertsonia HAW 274 Robsonia BERL 278 Rochelia R. and S 440 Rodigia SPRENG 568 Roegneria C. KOCH 85 Roemeria MOENCH 214 Roemeria THUNB 345 Roeperorchis REICH, f 1 65 RoldanaLLAV. and LEX 554 Rophostemon BLUME 169 Rorella RUPP 272 RoridaR. and S 269 Roridula FORSK 269 Roripa BESS 259 — - nasturtioides SPACH — 260 Rosa LINN 302 acicularis LINDL 304 Rosa acicularis var. bourgeau- iana CREP 304 — arkansana PORT 304 blanda AIT 304 blanda var. arkansana BEST 304 blanda var. pubescens CREP 304 b 1 a n d a var. s e t i g e r a CREP 304 Rosa Carolina LINN 303 Rosa carolinensis MARSH 303 —caroliniana MICHX 303 — cinnamomea var. gem- ellaSER 303 INDEX. 813 Rosa cinnamomea var. glabella SER 304 coryrubosa EHRH 303 engelmanni S. WATS 304 fenclleri CREP 303 flexuosa RAF 303 fraxinifolia GMEL 304 gemella WILLD 304 Rosa humilis MARSH 303 Rosa lucida AUCT. AM 303 -lyonii PURSH 303 parviflora EHRH 303 pennsylvanica MICHX. . . 303 Rosa pisocarpa GRAY 303 raflnesquii SER 303 sayi SCHWEIN 304 yirginiana DuRoi. 303 Rosa virginiana MILL 304 — virginiana var. arkansana (PORT.) 304 — woodsii LINDL 303 Rosaceae 281 Roscyna SPACH 362 Rosilla LESS 548 Rossolis TOURN 272 Rothia SCHREB 568 RottboelliapaniculataSPRENG 70 Roucela DUM 494 Rubia BAILL 479 Kubiaceae 478 Rubiaceae BAILL 482, 490 Rubus LINN 289 Rubus aegopodioides SER 292 arcticus WALT 290 — argutus LINK 291 Rubus canadensis LINN 290 Rubus canadensis TORR 292 Rubus chamaemorus LINN 290 Rubus dalibarda LINN 290 — flagellaris WILLD 290 Rubus fruticosus LINN 290 Rubus fruticosus MARSH 291 Rubus hispidus LINN 290 Rubus idaeus PURSH 291 idaeus var. aiuericanus TORR 291 idaeus var. strigosus MAX 291 montanus SER 292 obovalis MICHX 290 oboyatus ELL 290 Rubus occidentalis LINN 291 Rubus procumbens MUHL 290 Rubus repens ( LINN. ) 290 Rubus saxatilis BIGEL 292 — saxatilis var. americanus PERS 292 saxatilis var. canadensis MICHX 292 Rubus strigosus MICHX 291 triflorus RICH 292 Rubus trivialis PURSH 290 Rubus villosus AIT 291 Rudbeckia LINN . . 536 Rudbeckia angiistifolia (DC. } . . 539 columnaris PURSH 537 Rudbeckia digitata MILL 533 discolor ELL 537 gracilis NUTT 538 Rudbeckia hirta LINN 538 laciniata LINN 538 Rudbeckia odorata NUTT 538 Rudbeckia pinnata VENT 537 Rudbeckia pinnatiflda RAF. . . 537 quinata MILL 538 serotinaNuTT 538 strigosa NUTT 538 Rudbeckia subtomentosa PURSH. 538 Rudbeckia tomentosa ELL.. 537, 538 triloba var. a. MICHX 538 Rugelia SCHUTTLEW 554 Rumex LINN 202 altissimus WOOD 203 Rumex anthoxanthum MURR. 204 aureusWrra 204 — brit;innica MEISSN 203 Rumex britannicus LINN 203 Rumex maritimus AUCT. AMER 204 orbiculatus GRAY 203 Rumex persicarioides LINN 204 salicifolius WEINM 203 verticillatus LINN 202 Rumex verticillatus RICH 203 xanthorhizos HOFFM 203 Rutaceae 336 Ruteria MOENCH 330 Ruyschiana MILL 448 Rytidosperma STEUD 67 Sabad ilia BRANDT 144 Sagittana LINN 43 Sagittaria acutifolia PURSH. . 44 — gracilis PURSH 44 Sagittaria graminea MICHX 44 Sagittaria hastata PURSH 44 heterophylla PURSH 44 • heterophylla SCHREB — 44 latifolia WILLD 44 longiloba ENGLM 44 major SCOP 44 minor MILL 44 monoica GILIB 44 — obtusa WILLD 44 purshii KUNTH 44 Sagittaria rigida PURSH 44 sagittaefolia LINN. . / 44 sagittaefolia f . angustifolia (ENGLM.) . ........ 45 sagittaefolia f. diversifolia 45 sagittaefolia f. gracilis (PURSH) 45 sagittaefolia f. hastata (PURSH) 45 sagittaefolia f . latifolia ( WILLD ) 45 sagittaefolia f . obtusa I WILLD.) 45 814 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY Sagittaria sagittaefolia var. variabilis (ENGLM.). . . 45 simplex A UCT 44 simplex PUKSH 44 stolonifera ENGLM. and GRAY 44 variabilis EXGLM 44 vulgaris GULDENST 44 Sagotia WALP 319 Salicaceae- 179 Salicaria TOURN 374 Salicophyllum 181 Salix LINN 181 amygdaloides ANDERS... 185 Salix angustata PURSH 182 arbuscula PALL 181 Salix Candida WILLD 182 Salix carol iniana MICHX 185 conifera WILLD 183 Salix cordata MUHL 182 cordata var. angustata (PURSH) 182 discolor MUHL 184 Salix elegans BESS 181 fa-lcata PURSH 185 fluviatilis NUTT 184 f uscata PURSH 183 — grisea WILLD 183 grisea var. subglabrata Kocn 183 houstoniana PURSH 185 Salix humilis MARSH 183 Salix incaiia Micnx 182 ligustriana MICHX. f 185 livida var. occidentalis GRAY 184 Salix longifolia MUHL 184 Salix longifolia var pedicillata ANDERS 184 — longirostris MICHX 183 Salix lucida MUHL 1 85 Salix lucidavar.serissima BAIL 185 melanopsis NUTT 185 Salix muhlenbergiana PURSH. 183 — muhlenbergiana WILLD. 183 Salix myrtilloides LINN 181 Salix myrtilloides var. pedicil- laris CAREY 182 Salix nigra MARSH 185 Salix nigra var. falcata GRAY. 185 ni vea SM 182 pedicillaris HOOK 181 — pennsylvanica SAL 183 pentandra NUTT 185 pentandra WALT 185 Salix petiolaris SM 183 Salix petiolaris var. g r a c i 1 i s AND 183 prinoides PURSH 184 rigida MUHL 182 rosmarinifolia PURSH. .. 183 Salix rostrata RICH 1 84 Salix rubra RICH.... 184 sensitiva BARK 184 Salix sericea MUHL 183 tomentosa SCHRAD 182 Salix tristis AIT 183 Salix vagans var. rostrata ANDERS 184 Salsola LINN 213 Salsola Carolina MICHX 213 — caroliniana WALT 21 3 Salsola kali LINN 213 Salsola kali var. caroliniana NUTT 213 Sambuceae B. and H 490 Sambucus LINN 487 Sambucus canadensis LINN 488 Sambucus glauca GRAY 488 humilis RAF 488 —nigra MARSH.... 488 —pu bens MICHX 488 — pubescens PERS 488 pubescens var. arbores- cens T. and G 488 — pubescens var. B. HOOK 488 Sambucus racemosa LINN 488 Sanguinaria LINN 252 Sanguinaria acaulis MOENCH. 252 Sanguinaria canadensis LINN. . 252 Sanguinaria vernalis.SALiSB.. 252 Sanguisorbaceae LINDL 281 Sanicula LINN 387 canadensis LINN 388 marylandica LINN 387 Sanicula marylandica var. can- adensis TORR 388 marylandica T. and G. . . 388 Santalaceae 199 Sapinduceae BAILL 351 Sapindaceae B. and H 350, 351 Saponaria dioica CHAM, and SCHLECHT 220 Sarracena TOURN 225 Sarracenia LINN 271 purpurea LINN 271 Sarraceniaceae 271 Sarratia MOQ 214 Sarcoca RAF 215 Sarcoglottis PRESL 170 Sarothra LINN 362 Satureja virginiana LINN 452 Saturn ia MARATTI' 147 Saturnia SaLiSB 147 Satyrium bracteatum PERS. . . 168 hiisutum GILIB 172 repens LINN 172 repens MICHX 171 Sauroglossum LINDL 170 Sauvagesiaceae LINDL 365 Sa vastana SCHRANCK 55 Savia RAF 311 Saxifraga LINN 274 oppositifolia 274 Saxifraga palustris LINK 274 Saxifraga pennsylvanica LINN. 274 Saxifraga semipubescens SWEET 274 INDEX. 815 • Saxifra g-aceae 274 Scandix dulcis MUHL 398 Scepaceae LINDL 340 Schedonnardus STEUD 70 paniculatus (NUTT. ) 70 Schedonnardus texanus STEUD. 70 Schedonorus BEAUV 82, 83 Schelhammeria MOENCH 106 Schenodorus arundinaceus R. and S 79 Scheuchzeria LINN 42 Scheuchzeria asiatica MIQ — 42 Scheuchzeria palustris LINN 42 Scheuchzeria paniculataGiLiB. 42 Schizachrium NEES 47 Schizmaxon STEUD ' 335 Schizocarya SPACH 376 — (?) crispa SPACH 376 Schizolepis SCHRAD 105 Schizoptera TURCZ 531 Schizonotus A. GRAY 423 Schistachne FIG. et NOT 56 Schlagintweitia GRISEB 568 Schlechtendahlia WILLD 548 Schmalzia DESYX 345 Schoenissa SALISB 147 Schoenocaulon A. GRAY 144 SchoenodorusteneilusR.andS. 83 SchoenoplectuslacustrisPALLA 98 pungens PALL A 99 — tabernaemoDtani PALLA 98 Schoenoprasum HBK 147 Schoenopsis BEAIJY 103 Schoenus albus LINN 104 — angustifolius VAHL 90 mariscoides MUHL . . 104 setaceusMuiiL 104 — spathaceus LINN 90 Schollera ROTH 408 Schollera SCHREB 138 dubiaOK 138 — graminea BARTR 138 graminifolia WILLD 138 Schousbaea NICOTR 57 Schweydkerta C. C. GMEL 418 Sciadophila PHIL 356 Sciadoseris KUNZE 554 Scilla esculenta KER 151 f raseri GRAY 151 Sciophylla WIBEL 152 Sciothamnus ENDL 390 Scirpidium NEES 99 acicularis NEES 100 Scirpus LINN 96 Scirpus acicularis LINN 100 — acuminatus MUHL 101 altissimus GILIB 98 americanus PERS 99 and rzejowskii BESS 98 an nuus THUILL, 102 Scirpus atrovirens MUHL 97 Scirpus baiothryon WAHL 101 — brayi HOPPE 98 — capillaris LINN 103 Scirpus capitatus SCHREB 102 chaeta SCHULTES 100 compressus MOENCH 102 custoris HEG 98 cyperiformis MUHL 92 cyperinus KUNTH 96 eriophorus VAHL 96 Scirpus fluviatilis (TORR. ) 98 Scirpus glaucescens MER 101 — glaucescens WILLD 102 glaucus SM 93 intermedius MUHL 101 janii BESS 98 Scirpus lacustris LINN 98 Scirpus lenticularis TORR 97 lineatus MICHX 96 lithuanicus BESS 98 manophyllus BESS 98 maritimus var. (?) fluvi- atilis TORR 98 melanostachys D'URV.. 101 microcarpus PRESL 97 mucronatus ALL 99 muhlenbergii SPRENG.. 103 multflcaulis GMEL 102 nutans BERG 102 — orgylis RAF 98 ovatus ROTH 102 — palustris LINN 101 — pendulus MUHL 96 — polyphyllus VAHL 97 pungens VAHL 99 rep tans THUILL 101 robustus PURSH 98 rothii HOPPE 99 soloniensis DUB 102 — spathaceus Micnx 90 subsquarrosus MUHL... 90 sylvaticus HOOK 97 sylvaticus var. atrovi- rens GRAY 97 Sylvatieus var. digynus BOECKL 79 Scirus sylvanicus var. microcar- pus (PRESL) 97 Scirpus tenuif'olius DC 99 tenuis WILLD 100 thy rsiflorus WILLD 96 Scirpus triangularis < PERS.) 99 Scirpus trichodes MUHL, 100 triqueter ROTH , 99 triqueter var. triangu- laris PERS — 99 —turgid us PERS 102 validus PURSH 98 varius SCHKEB 101 wolfgangii BESS 98 (Trichophorum) erioph- orum TORR 96 Schizoglossum E. MEY 423 Schizotnecium FENZL 221 Sclepsion RAF 197 divaricatum RAF. . 197 Scleranthaceae 219 816 MET A SPERM AE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Scleria BERG 105 Scleria flaccida STEUD 105 —nitida WILLD 105 Scleria triglomerata MICHX 105 verticillata MUHL 105 Sclerobasis CASS 553 Sclerochloa REICH 82 Sclerophyllum GAUD 567 Scleropoa GRISEB 82 Scleropus SCHRAD 215 Sclerotheca A. D^ 497 Scolochloa LINK 79 arundinacea (LiLJ.) 79 Scolochloa festucacea LINK. . . 80 Scordium CAV 455 Scoria RAF 177 minima (MARSH.) 178 om£a(MiLL.) 178 Scorodoo ia MOENCH 455 Scorodosma BUNGE 390 Scorzonera BAILL 565 Scrofularina HEER 460 Scropfiularia LINN 459 ScrophularialanceolataPuRSH 460 marylandica LINN 460 Scrophularia nodosa var. mary- landica (LiNN.) 460 Scrophulariaceae 459 Scuria RAF 105 ScuUUarw LINN 447 Scutellaria ambigua NUTT — 447 Scutellaria galericulata LINN. . . 447 laterifiora LINN 448 parvula MICHX 447 Scytophyllum S. and Z 348 Selatium G. DON 418 Selotinus OERST 489 Selunia ALEF 315 SelwynniaF. MULL 251 Semidopsis ZUM 189 Semeiocardium HASSK 338 Senecillis GAERTN 554 Senecio BAILL 553 Senecio LINN 553 atriplicifplius (LiNN. ) — 555 Senecio atriplicifolius var. ron- iformis HOOK 555 Senecio aureus LINN 556 Senecio aureus var. balsamitae T.andG 557 Senecio aureus var. gracilis HOOK 557 Senecio aureus var. obovatus (MUHL.) 557 aureus var. pauperculus (MiCHx) 556 Senecio aureus UPH 556 balsamitae MUHL 557 ciliatus WALT 558 elliottii T. and G 557 fastigiatus SCHWEIN — 556 gracilis PURSH 556 hieracif olia LINN 553 Senecio integerrimus NUTT 556 Senecio integrifolius var. het- erophyllus NUTT 556 Senecio lugens RICH 555 Senecio lugens var. hookeri EAT 555 —lugens var. parryi EAT. . 555 obovatus MUHL 557 Senecio ovatus (WALT.) 555 palustris (LiNN.) 557 Senecio palustris var.congestus HOOK 557 pauperculus MICHX 556 — plattensis NUTT 557 Senecio reniformis (MUHL.) 555 tomentosus MICHX 556 Senega DC 338 — offlcinalis SPACH 339 Senna GAERTN 309 Sen ra CAV 361 Septas LOUR 473 Seyrneria auriculata SPRENG. 468 Serrafalcus PARLAT 84 Serapias repens CHAIX 172 Sericocarpus NEES 515 — asteroides BSP 524 conyzoides NEES 524 Serpicula occidentalis PURSH. 46 —verticillata MUHL 46 Serratula compta DRY AND — 504 novebora^ensis LINN — 500 — -praealta LINN 500 scariosa LINN 504 spicata LINN 504 squarrosa LINN 506 Sesleria NUTT 73 dactyloides NUTT 73 Shepherdia NUTT 373 argentea NUTT 373 Shortia dentata RAF 265 Shuttleworthia MEISSN 442 Sibbaldia LINN 293 Sicyoides TOURN 493 angulata MOENCH 493 Sicyos LINN 493 Sicyos acutus RAF 493 Sicyos angulatus LINN 493 Sicyos lobatus MICHX 493 Sida dioica CAV 361 Sieberia SPRENG 165 Sieversia WILLD 299 Sigillaria RAF 152 Silenaceae 219 Silene LINN 219 alba MUHL 220 antirrhina LINN 220 Silene catesbaei WALT 220 coccinea MOENCH 220 — nivea DC 220 Silene stellata (LiNN.) 221 virginica LINN 220 Siliquaria FORSK 269 Silphium BAILL 531 Silphium LINN 531 Silphium conjunctum WILLD. 531 erythrocaulon BERNH... 531 gummiferum ELL. ...... 532 hornemanni SCHRAD — 531 Silphium integrifolium MICHX. 532 INDEX. 81' Silphium integrifoliurn var. laeveT. andG 532 Silphium lacimatum LINN 532 Silphium laevigatum PURSH.. 532 Silphium perfoliatum LINN 531 Silphium scabrum MOENCH. . . 531 — speciosum NUTT 532 — spicatum Pom 532 Silphium terebinthinaceum JACQ 532 Silphium tetragonum MOENCH 531 SiphisiaRAF 201 glabra RAF 202 sipho KLOTZSCH 202 Sisarum TAUSCH 391 Sisarum TOUKN 396 Sismondea DELPON 160 Sison canadense LINN 397 marginatum MICHX 391 trifoliatum MICHX 392 Sisymbrella SPACH 257 Sisymbrium LINN 257 Sisymbrium arabidioidesHooK 265 brachycarpum H. and A. 258 — californicum WATS 258 canescens BENTH 258 canescens var. brachycar- pum UPH 258 canescens KUTT 258 — canescens var. brevipes T. and G 258 dentatum TOUR 258 Sisymbrium h artwe gia n u m FOURN 258 Sisymbrium hispid um POIR. . . 259 humifusum J. VAHL. . . 265 incisum var. hartwegia- num WATS 258 Sisymbrium multifidum (PuRSii) 258 Sisymbrium nasturtiumWALT. 261 palustre LEYS 2tO pinnatum GREENE 258 sophia G RAY 258 Sisyrinchium LINN 161 Sisyrinchium anceps CAV 162 angustifolium AUCT. in part 161 Sisyrinchium an gust ifo I i um MILL 162 Sisyrinchium bermudiana MICHX 162 gramineum LAM 162 Sisyrinchium m uc ronatum MICHX 161 Sitanion RAF 87 elymoides RAF 87 Sitocodium SALISB 151 Sium LINN 396 angustifolium LINN 396 Sium canadense LAM 397 Sium cicutaefolium K. C. GMEL . . 396 Sium i?)douglasii DC 395 — latifolium BIGEL 396 lineare MICHX 396 Sium pumilum NUTT 396 rigidius LINN. 391 rugosum RAF 396 suave WALT 396 tenuifolium MUHL 396 Skofltzia HASSK 130 Smilacina DESF 152 bifolia DESF 152 bifolia \7ar. canadense GRAY 152 —borealis PURSH 151 — canadense PURSH 152 —ciliata PL-USH 154 — racemose DESF 154 - stellata DESF 153 Smilacina trifolia DESF 153 Smilax LINN 1 57 Srailax aspera DC 158 caduca LINN 158 ciliata STEUD 158 Smilax echirrata WATS ]o8 Smilax grand i folia BUCKL . . 157 Smilax herbacea LINN 158 Smilax herbacea var. pulveru- lenttii GRAY 158 herbacea var. pulveru- len ta (Micnx. ) 1 59 Smilax hispiaa MUHL 157 Smilax peduncularis MUHL. . . 158 — pulverulenta MICHX 158 — quadrangularis MUHL.. 158 Smilax rotundifolia LINN 158 Smilax rotundifolia WILLD. . . 157 Srnyrnium aureum LINN 392 barbinode MUHL 39:J cordatu m W A LT 393 — integerrimum LINN 395 luteum MUHL 392 — nudicaule PURSH 390 trifoliatum MUHL 393 Solanaceae 456 Solanites 456 Solatium LINN 458 Solanumcrenato-dentatumDC 459 Solanum nigrum LINN 459 Solanum pterocaulon DC 459 — ptycanthuiu DC 459 Soleirolia GAUDICH 199 Solenachne STEUD 69 Solenostigma ENDL 194 Solidago KUNTZE 516 Solidago LINN 508 Solidago altissima AIT 512 — altissima T. and G 512 amplexicaulis MART 509 — angulata SPRENG 512 arguta T. and G. 512 arguta var. juncea GRAY 512 aspera AIT 512 — asperata PURSH 512 asperata SOLAND 512 asperula DESF 512 Solidago caesia Linn 514 canadensis LINN 510 -52 818 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Solidago ciliaris MUHL 512 cinerascens SCHWEIN. . . 509 conferta POIR 509 decemflora DC 509 decemflora GRAY 509 erecta PURSH 513 flexicaulis LINN 513 — flexicaulis var. lati folia WILLD -. 513 — flexicaulis LINN. herb. ... 514 f ragrans DESF 511 — frankii HOCHST. and STEUD 512 g'gantea AIT 511 gigantea WILLD 51 1 glaberrima MART 511 — giabra DESF 51 1 Solidago graminifolia (LiNN. ) . . 508 Solidago grandiflora RAF 509 hirta WILLD 512 Solidago hispida MUHL 509 humilis DESF 512 incanaT. and G 510 Solidago juncea AIT 512 Solidago lanceolata CHAM, and SCHLECHT 508 lanceolata LINN 508 lateriflora LINN 519 Solidago latifolia LINN 513 Solidago longifolia SCHRAD. . 510 — — macrophylla BIGEL 513 Solidago missouriensis NUTT... 511 Solidago mollis BARTL 510 Solidago negkcta T. and G 512 nemoralis AIT 509 Solidago nemoralis var. in- cana GRAY. 510 Solidago nemoralis var. mollis (BART.) 510 Solidago uutans DESF 510 Solidago occidentalis N UTT 508 patula MUHL 512 Solidago petiolaris MUHL 513 pitcheri NUTT 51 1 puberula DC 509 Solidago radula NUTT 509 Solidago reflexa AIT 510 Solidago riddellii FRANK 509 — rigida LINN 509 Solidago rigidula Bosc 512 — rotundifolia DC 509 Solidago rugosa MILL 512 Solidago scaberrima T. and G . 509 sempervirens MICHX 513 Solidago serotina AIT 51} Solidago serotina var. gigantea (AiT.) '. 511 Solidago serotina HOOK 511 seroti na WILLD 511 Solidago speciosa NUTT 513 Solidago speciosa var. angus- tata T. and G 513 Solidago speciosa var. erecta (PURSH) 513 Solidauo speciosa vsir.rigidiuscula " T. and G 513 Solidago villosa PUKSII 512 Solomonia LOUR 33S Sonchus acuminatus BIGEL. .. 560 biennis MOENCH 560 floridanus AIT 560 floridanus LINN 561 leucophaeus WILLD 560 ludovicianus NUTT 561 multiflorus DESF 560 pallidus TORR 560 pallidus WILLD 562 — pulchelius PURSH 561 — sibiricus.RiCH 561 spicatus LAM 560 Sondera LEHM 272 Sophora tinctoria LINN 311 Sophorocapnos TURCZ 254 Sophrouanthe BENTH 464 Soranthus LED 390 Sorbus LINN 283 arbutifolia WEN/ 284 aucuparia SCHRANK 283 aucuparia var. B. MICHX 283 — coronaria MACM 284 sambucifolia ROEM 284 sitchensis ROEM 284 Sorbus TOURN 283 Sorghum PERS 47 nutans GRAY 48 Sorostachys STEUD 90 Souza VELLOZ 161 Soyeria MONN 567 Spallanzania POLL 302 Spanioptilon LESS 558 Sparganiaceae Sparganium LINN 32 androcladum (ENGLM.). . 33 Sparganium erectum WAHL . . 32 erectum var. B. LINN. . . Sparganium eurycarpum ENGLM Sparganium ramosum AUCT. . Sparganium simplex HUDS 33 Sparganium simplex var. androcladum ENGLM. . 33 simplex var. nuttaLii ENGELM Spartina SCHREB 69 cynosuroides ( LINN ) 69 Spartina polystachya MUHL.. 170 Spathyema RAF 131 —foetida LINN 131 Spatularia HAW 274 Specularia HEIST 496 perfoliata DC 496 SpeculuraHALL 496 Spergulastrum MICHX 221 gramineum MICHX 222 Spermachiton 62 Spermatura REICH 398 Spermodon BEAUV 104 •Sphaerochloa BEAU v 136 Sphaeropus BOECKL 105 INDEX. 819 Sphaeroschoenus NEES 104 Sphaerostigma ENDL 381 Sphenocleaceae MART 494 Sphondylium TOURN 389 Spiesia NECK 322 Spiesia lamberti (PURSH) 323 splendent (Do UGL. ) 322 Spiloxene SALISB 159 Spiraea LINN 282 Spiraea amoena RAF '282 — caroli oiana MARSH 281 carpi ni folia WILLD 282 ciliata RAF 282 ferruginea RAF 282 glomerata RAF. . . : 282 — obovata RAF 282 — opulifolia LINN 281 rosea RAF 282 Spiraea salicifolia LINN 282 tomentosa LINN 282 Spiraea tomentosa var. alba MARSH 282 Spiranthes L. C. RICH 170 cernua RICH 170 gemrnipara LINDL 171 gracilis BIGEL *. 170 — romanzowiana CHAM. ... 171 Spirillus J. GAY 33 Spirodela SCHLEID 133 — polyrhiza SC.HLBID 134 Splitgerbera MIQ J98 Sporobolus R. BR 62 — asper (Micnx. ) 64 cryptandrus (ToRR.) 62 cuspidatus (ToRR.) 63 depauperatus (ToRR. ) 63 lieterolepis GRAY 62 :junceus (MiCHX.) 63 vaginaeflorus ( TORR. ) 63 Sportella HANCE 287 Stachys LINN . 445 Stachys arvensis WALT 445 Stachys aspera MICHX 445 Stachys foeniculum PUKSH, . . 449 hispida PURSH 445 Stachys palustris LINN 445 Stachys palustris var. aspera GRAY 445 Staphylea LINN 350 trifolia LINN 350 Staphyleaceae 350 Staphylodendron TOUKN 350 trifoliatumMoENCii ... 350 Staphysagria SPACH 234 Starkea pinnata NUTT -514 Staurogeton irisulcus SCHUR. 133 Steganotaenia HOCHST 390 Steironerna RAF 413 ciliatwn (LiNN.) 414 lanceolatum \3LT.hybridum (MiCHX.) 413 Steironerna longifolia RAF . . . 413 Steironema quadriflorum (SiMS. ) 413 Stellaria LUDW. . 345 Stellaria verna (LiNN.) 345 Stellaria vernalis WIGG 345 Stellaria B. and H 221 — biflora PURSH 224 — borealis var, B 221 — crassifolia EHRH 221 — crassifolia WATS 222 — glauca MEY 222 — graniinea BIGEL 222 — longifolia MUHL i>22 —longifolia ROTH 222 —longipes GOLDIE 222 Stellariaceae 334 Stellularia LINN 221 crassifolia ( EHRH.) 221 Stellularia longifolia (MuHL.). . 222 — longipes (GOLDIE) 222 Stenactis NEES 525 — ambigua DC 526 — annuaDC 527 — dubia CASS 527 — strigosa DC 527 Stenanthium A. GRAY 144 Stengelia Scn.-BiP 499 Stenocephalum Scn.-BiP 499 Stenophragma CLARK 257 Stenorrhyncus L. C. RICH ... 170 Stenosiphon SPACH 376 Stenotaenia Boiss 389 Stenotheca MONN 568 venosa MONN 569 Stenotus NUTT 514 Stephanandra S. and Z 281 Steptoramphus BUNGE 560 Sterculiaceae BAILL 360 Sterigmanthe KL. and G 341 Stevenia AD. and Risen 265 Stilaginaceae LINDL 340 Stilpnogyne DC 554 SUlpnopappus DC 499 Stipa LINN 57 Stipa canadensis Pom 58 — juncea MICHX 58 Stipa spartea TRIN 57 Stipagrostis NEES. 56 Stooria NECK 497 Strateuma SALISB 164 Strebanthus RAF 388 Streblochaeta HOCHST 69 Streptachne HBK 56 Streptachne R. BR 57 Streptostachys DESVX 49 Strobocalyx Scn.-BiP 499 Strophades Boiss 268 Strophiostoma TURCZ 439 Strophis SALISB 160 Strophopappus DC 499 Strophostyles ELL 312 angulosa ELL 312 — pauciflorus S. WATS 312 Sturmia REICH — 173 — loeselii REICH \ . . 173 Stylandra NUTT 423 StylipusRAF 299 820 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Stylopappus NUTT 564 Styphonia NUTT 345 Styrandra RAF 152 -hi folia RAF 152 Suocuta DESM 429 Su t'rago G A EIITN 499 SwantiaALEF 315 Symphachno BEAUV 136 Symphoria PERS 483 conglomerata PERS 485 occidentals R. BR 484 racemosa PERS 483 Symphoricarpa NECK 483 Symphoricarpos Juss 483 Sym phoricarpos elongata PRESL 484 — glomerata PURSH 485 heterophylla PRESL 484 Symphoricarpos occidentalis (R. BR.) 484 Symphoricarpos qrbiculatus MOENCH 485 — parviflora DESF 485 Symphoricarpos racemosus MICHX 483 racemosus var. pauciflorus ROBB 484 symphoricarpos (LiNN.). . 485 Symphoricarpos v u 1 g a r i s MICHX 485 Symphyandra A. DC 494 Symphyostemon KL 270 Symphyotrichum NEES 515 Symplocarpus SALISB 131 foetidus SALISB 131 Synaedrys LINDL 190 Synanthereae RICH 499 Synassa LINDL 170 Syndesmon HOFFMNSGG 235 thalictroides HOFFMGG. 235 Syneilesis MAX 554 Synmeria GRAH 165 Syntherisma WALT 49 Synthyris BENTH 467 houghtoniana BENTH 467 Syorhyuchium HOFFM 161 Syrmatium VOG. 331 T Taeniopetalum BUNGE 390 Taeniostema SPACH 364 Tagetes BAILL 548 papposa VENT 549 lalinum ADANS 218 Talinum cilia/bum WALP 218 Talinum teretifolium PURSH .... 218 Taraxacum HALL 562 Taraxacum d3ns-leonis DICSF.. 563 — officinale WEHB 563 Taraxacum taraxacum (LiNN. ). 563 Taraxia NUTT 381 Teichostemraa R. BR 499 Telmatophace SCHLEID 133 orbicularis SCHUR. . . 134 Telmatophace polyrhiza GOD it 134 TeloxysMoQ 211 Tenagia REICH 13* Tephis ADANS 204 Tephroseris SCHUR f>r,3 Tephrosia PERS 327 — virgin iana PERS 32S Tephrothamnus Scn.-Bip 499 Terebinthaceae BAILL 345 Terobera STEUD 103 Terranea COLLA 525 Tetragonoloba SCOP 331 Tetrahitum HOFFM. and LINK 445 Tetramolopium NEES 525 Tetratelaia SOND 270 Tetrodus CASS , 547 Teucrium LINN 455 — canadense LINN 4~^> Teucrium virginicum LINN. . . 455 Thacla SPACH 230 Thalasium SPRENG 49 Thalictrum LINN 248 Thalictrum anemonoides MICHX 235 — carolinianum WALT 235 cornuti T. and G 249 Thalictrum dioicum LINN 249 Thalictrum laevigatum MICHX 249 polygamum Coll. Norn.. 249 Thalictrum purpurascens LINN . 249 Thalictrum revolutum DC 249 rugosum AIT 249 Thaspium NUTT 392 — aureum (LiNN.) 392 Thaspium aureum var. apte- rum GRAY 394 Thaspium aureum var. corda- tum (WALT.) 393 Thaspium aureum var. trifoli- atam C. and R 393 Thaspium barbinode (MiCHX.).. 393 Thaspium cordatum T. and G. 393 trit'oliatum GRAY 393 — trifoliatum var. apte- ru in GRAY 393 Thaumuria GAUDICH 199 Thelaia ALEF 403 Thely podium ENDL — * 256 — pinnatifidum ( MICHX.) . 256 Thelysia SALISB 160 Theopyxis GRIS 412 Thesium corymbulosum MICHX 200 umbellatum LINN 200 Thlaspi tuberosum NUTT 262 — virginianum Pom 257 Thrasya HBK 4» Thylax fraxineum RAF M7 Thynielaeaceae 372 Thymophylla LAG 54s Thy m us virginicus LINN 452 Thyrsanthus SCHR 412 Thysanella GRAY 204 INDEX. 821 Thysselinum HOFFM LINN i folia LINN Tiarella laciniata HOOK 7V* de'DHuinia DC — rigida (LiNN.) TiUa LINN americana LINN Tilia canadensis MICHX caroliniana MILL — glabra VENT lati folia SALISU neglecta SPACH. . . pubescens Nouv.Pun AM — stenopetala RAF Tiliaceae Timbalia CLOS Tinea Biv Tinus OERST Tithymalopsis KL. and G Tithymali ADANS Ti thy mains GAERTN Tobinia DESVX Tofiddia HUDS glutinosa ( MICHX) Tommasinia BERT Tooguea ENDL Tordyliopsis DC Tordyllum BAILL Tormentilla LINN Torminalis MED Torminaria ROEM Torresia R. and 1* Torreya RAF Torulinum DESV Tosagris BEAUV Tovara ADANS Tovaria NECK Toxicodendron Ton KN — pinnatum MILL Tozzettia SAVI Trachylomia NEES trfglomerata NEES Trachynot ia Micnx cyriosuroides Micnx ... polystachya MICHX Trachyrhyuchiura NEES Tradescantia LINN" Tradescantia cristata WALT. . — ohioensis KAF. Trodewanlia ••iryinica LINN. . Tragacantha To URN (Tragacantha) Trayium SPIIENO Tnigopogon virginicum LINN. Tragopsls POMEL Tragoselioum POMEL Trasi HKATV Travtirsia HOOK, f Traunsteinera REICH Trcissia HA\V. Trentepohlia HOKCKL Triachyrum I IOUHST Triadenia SPACH 390 275 275 275 391 391 359 359 359 359 359 3>9 359 359 359 359 287 165 489 3il 340 341 337 143 141 390 257 389 389 293 283 283 55 90 91 58 204 152 34H 346 61 105 105 69 69 69 103 13H 137 137 137 323 30H 394 564 394 394 103 554 1(54 341 90 02 302 Triadenum purpurascens RAF. Triaena HBK Triantha NUTT Triathera DKSVX Trichachne NEES Tricherostlgma KL. and G ... Trichocha^ta STEUD 1 richochloa BEAUV calycina TRIN glomerata TRIN Trichocrepis Vis Trichodium MICHX. — decumbens MICHX laxifoliurn Micnx — -pe"ennans ELL — scabrum MUIIL Tricholaena SCHRAD Trichoon ROTH Trichophorom Pfiiis — cy peri num PERS — lineatum MUHL Trichopodiuni PKESL Triehostemnia brachiatus LINN Trichostylis LESTTIJ Trichothalamus LEHM Triclinium odoratum UAF ... Triclisperma RAF grand i flora RAF Tricoccae LINN Tricolophus SPACII Tridia KORTH Trientalis LINN americana (PERS.) Trientalis europaea MICIIX . . . — europaea var. americ. PERS •—europaea vac. angu folia 'I ORR Triylochin LINN Triglochin chilensis MEY — flata NUTT — juncea GILIB Tri.ylochiu rn«;ritim<( LINN. Triglochin ruarilima var. el tta (I KAY 41 — mexicana HBK Triglochin palustris LINN Triglochin salina WALLR. ... Trigonea PARLAT Trigonella americana XLTT. . Trigonosciadum Boiss Trigueria CAVr Trillidium KUNTII Ti'illitn'n LiNN Trillium album PURSII — camtschaticum PTRSII. Trillium cernmtm LJNN — erectum LINN Trillium erectum var. dccliti i- t.um GRAY Trittium-grandiflorum ( M icn — -nivale RIDD Trillium pendulum AIT. .. 304 70 143 70 49 341 104 58 00 60 568 64 65 65 65 05 49 73 94 96 90 329 450 103 29:5 388 338 339 340 33 -s 302 414 414 414 414 414 41 41 41 41 41 42 ' 41 41 41 147 332 389 301 156 156 150 156 153 15o 1 50 1 50 156 156 822 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Trillium pendulum MUHL.. 156 Trillium sessile LINN 157 recurvatum BECK 157 Trillium rhomboideus var. grandiflorum MICHX. . 156 , Trilophos Fiscn 251 Trimeris PRESL 497 Trimorphoea CASS 525 Triniusa STEUD 84 Triodanis RAF 496 Triodia festucacea EICHW ... 80 Trionum MED : 36 1 Triosteum LINN 487 Triosteum majus MICHX 487 Triosteum perfoliatum LINN. .. 487 Tripetalus LINDL 487 Tri phora NUTT 169 Triplathera ENDL 70 Triplima RAF 105 Tripolium NEES 515 Tripterium SPACH 248 Triraphis NEES 69 Trisetum purpurascens TORR. 68 Triticum caninum LINN 85 — repens var. glaucum VAS 86 — sepium LAM 85 violaceum HORN 86 Trewiaceae LINDL 340 Trixago MOENCH 445 Troilia LINK 315 Trollius BAILL 230 Tropaeolurn BENTH.and HOOK 332 Troximon AUCT 563, 564 — cuspidatum PURSH 563 — glaucum PURSH 564 margi natum NUTT 563 Tuamina ALEF 315 Tuberaria DUN 364 Tubopadus POMEL 306 Tuckermannia NUTT 543 Tullia LEAVENNV 452 Tuna DILI 371 Tu pa G. DON 497 Turczaninowia DC 515 Turpinia LLA v. and LEX 500 Turpinia RAF X45 Turritis LINN 265 — glabra LINN 266 — hirsuta LINN 267 — hiruta MunL 67 laevigata MUKL 267 — lyrata RAF 266 — macrocarpa NUTT 266 — oblongata RAF 267 — ovata PURSH 267 TussacaRAF 171 repens RAF 172 Tylomium PRESL ...'.. 497 Tylothrasya DOELL 49 T.ynarthron CAS 553 Typalia DENTS 337 I'yplia LINN 31 Typha angustifolia RICH 31 Typha latifolia LINN 31 Typha latifolia var. elongata DUDL 31 —major CURT :n Typhaceae 31 Typhodes MOENCH 54 — arundinacea MOENCH. .. 55 Tytonia DON 351 U Udora NUTT 45 — canadensis NUTT 46 — occidentalis KOCH 46 Ulmaceae 192 Ulmaceae ENDL 192 Ulmiphyllum 193 Ulmus LINN 193 Ulmus alba RAF 193 Ulmus americana LINN 193 Ulmus americana var. aspera CHAP... 193 — americana var. bartramii WALP 193 — americana var. pendula AIT 193 — americana var. rubra AIT 194 — americana var. scabra SPACH 193 —americana LINN. herb. BANKS 194 — americana PLANCH 193 — crispa WILLD 154 — floridana CHAP 193 Ulmus fulva MICHX 194 Ulmus mollifolia MARSH 19 i —pendula WILLD 193 — pubescens WALT 194 Ulmus racemosa THOS 1 93 Ulmus rubra MICHX f 194 Uloptera FENZL 390 Ulostoma G. DON 418 Umbelliferae 387 Unifolium ADANS 152 Unifolium canadense (LiNN). 152 Unifolinm bifolium (LiNN.) ... 152 racemosum « LINN.) 154 —itellatum f LINN.) 153 - trifolium (LiNN. > 153 Uniserna RAF 137 Urachne TRIN 57 — asperifolia TRIN 58 — brevicaudata TRIN 58 — leucosperma LINK 58 — racemosa TRIN 58 Uraspermum NUTT 398 — aristatum OK — 398 — aristatum var brevistyle OK '... 398 - clay toni NUTT 398 hirsutum BIGEL 398 Urochloa BEAUV 49 Urochloa KUNTH 49 Urtica LINN 1 96 Urtica canadensis LINN 197 INDEX. 823 Urtica capitata PURSH 199 cylindrica LINN 198 dioica MICHX 19.7 dioica var. procera WEDD 197 -divaricata PUKSH 197 fasciculata Pom 198 rrtiva gracilis AIT 197 Urtica'procera PUESH 197 — pumila LINN 198 — whitlowi MUHL 197 Urticaceae — 196 Urticaceae B. and H 192, 195 Urticastrum MOEHR 197 Urticeae 196 Utricularia LINN 473 — cornuta MICHX 474 Utricularia estacea HOOK 474 Utricularia intermedia HAYNE. 474 Utricularia millefolium NUTT 474 Utricularia minor LINN . i 474 Utricularia personata LE CONTE 474 Utricularia vulgaris LINN 474 Utriculariaceae BAILL 473 Uvedalia B. BR ~. 463 Uvularia LINN 146 —grandiflora SM 146 Uvularia lanceplata WILLD . . 146 Uvularia perfoliata LINN 146 Uvularia perfoliata var. major MICHX 146 — perfoliata var. minor MICHX 146 Uvularia sessilifolia LINN 146 Uwarowia BUNGE 442 V Vacciniaceae LINDL 405 Vaccinium LINN 409 Yaccinium altmm LAM 410 — album LINN 486 — album PURSH 411 — amoenum AIT 410 Vaccinium canadense KALM 410 — corymbosum var. amoenum (AiT.) 410 Vaccinium corymbosum var. fuscatum HOOK 410 — elevatum DUN 411 — elongatum WATS 410 — grandiflorum WATS 410 — hispidulum LINN 407 —humile WILLD 410 kunthianum KL. . 411 macrocarpon AIT 409 — marianum WATS 410 — multiflorum WATS 411 — myrtilloides MICHX 410 — oxycoccusLiNN 409 — oxycoccus var. oblongi- folius MICHX 409 Vaccinium pennsylvanicum LAM 410 Vaccinium ramulosurn WILLD 410 Vaccinium stamineum LINN 411 Vaccinium tenellum PURSH . Vahlodia FRIES Valeriana LINN Valeriana ceratophylla MACM ciliata T. and G Valeriana edulis NUTT Valeriana radiata WILLD Valerianaceae Valerianella MOENCH — chenopodifolia (PURSH) . . — radiata ( WILLD.) Volerianites SAP Vallisneria LINN Vallisneriaamericana Micnx. — bulbosa POIR — — jacquiniana EICHW — jacquinii SAVI Vallisneria spiralis LINN Vallisneria spiralis var, amer- icana(MiCHX.) Vanillosma SCH.-BIP Varasia PHIL Vaseya THURB Velarum SCHTTR Veratrum LINN Veratrum album MICHX —album var. eschscholtzii DAWSON — album var. vi rid is REGEL — eschscholti/Ji GRAY — Veratrum viride AIT Verbena LINN angustifolia — bracteosa MICHX — bracteosa X stricta UPH . . Verbena canescens CHAP — cuneifolia RAF Verbena hastuta LINN Verbena hastata var. pinnati- flda PURSH — paniculata rigens MICHX — rugosa WILLD -simplex LEHM — squarrosa^ROTH Verbena stricta VENT Verbena urticaefolia LINN — Verbenaceae Vernix ADANS Vernonella SOND Vernonia SCHREB Vernonia altissima DC corymbosa SCHWEIN .... Vernonia fasciculata MICHX . . . noveboracensis (LiNN.). . . Vernonia praealta HOOK tomentosa ELL Veronica LINN americana SCHWEIN Veronica anagallis BONG Veronica anagallis LINN Veronica beccabunga ATJCT . . caroliniana WALT — ^intermedia SCHW 411 67 491 492 491 491 492 491 492 492 492 49 46 46 44 46 46 46 46 499 418 58 257 145 145 145 145 145 145 442 444 443 443 443 443 443 443 443 443 444 444 443 443 444 442 346 499 499 500 500 500 500 500 500 465 466 466 466 466 465 466 824 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY Veronica marilandica MURK.. 465 Veronica pereyrina LINN 465 — scutellata LINN 466 Veronica sibirica LINN 467 Veronica virginica LINN 467 Veronica xalipensis HBK 465 Veronicites HEER 465 Vesalea MART, and GAL 483 Vesicaria AUCT. AM • 263 globosa DESVX 263 — ludoviciana DC 263 Vetiveria THOU 47 Viburnum LINN 489 — dentatum LINN 490 Viburnum den ta turn var. gla- bellumMiCHX 490 — dentatum var. lucidum AIT 490 denta'um var. pubescens AIT 489 — edule HOOK 489 Viburnum lentago LINN 490 Viburnum opuloides MUHL. . 489 Viburnum opulus LINN 489 Viburnum opulus var. ameri- canum T. and G 489 oxycoccus PURSH 489 Viburnum pubescens (AiT.) 4£9 Viburnum raflnesquianum R. and S 489 — subtomentosum MICHX. 489 — trilobum MARSH 489 — villosumRAF 489 Vicia LINN 315 — americana MUHL 316 — caroliniana WALT 316 cracca LINN 316 Vicia oregana NUTT 316 — parviflora MICHX. 316 — sparsifolia NUTT 316 — *ylvatica NUTT 316 tridentata SCHW 316 VicillaScHUR 315 Vicioides MOENCH 315 Vigiera VELLOZ 375 Vigineixia POM 567 V ignantha SCHUR 106 Vignea BEAUV 106 aquatilis REICH 123 — canescens REICH 110 — chordorhiza REICH 116 persoonii SCHUR Ill stenophylla REICH 115 — teretiuscula REICH 114 Vilfa ADANS 64 Vilfa BEAUV 62 aspera BEAUV 64 cry ptandra TRIN <>2 cuspidata TORR 63 — depauperata TORR 63 — heterolepis GRAY 62 hookeri TRIN 64 juncea TRIN 63 longifolia TORR 64 Vilfa utilis TORR 63 vaginaeflora Touii 63 Villanova CRT 533 Villarsia GMCL 418 — cordata ELL 418 lacunosa VENT 418 Vincentia GAUDICH 103 Viola LINN 366 A^iola acuta BIGEL 368 albiflora LINK 367 — allegheniensis R. and S. 369 amoena LECONTE 368 — asarifolia PURSH 369 attenuata SWEET 368 barbata MUHL 370 Viola blanda WILLD 368 blanda var. amoena (LE- CONTE) 3»)8 Viola blanda var. palustrifor- mis GRAY 368 Viola canadensis LINN 367 Viola canina var. muhlen- bergii TRAUTV 366 — canina var. sylvestris REG 366 ciliata MUBL 369 ciliata U. and S 370 clandestina PURSH 368 cordata WALT 370 cucullata AIT 369 cucullata var. cord a La GRAY 370 cucullata var. palmata GRAY 369 debilis MICHX 366 debilis PURSH 366 delphinifolia NUTT 370 dentata PURSH 369 digi tata PURSH 370 — heterophylla MUHL 369 Viola lanceolata LINN 368 Viola lewisiana GING 366 muhlenbergiana GING . 366 muhlenbergii TORR 366 obliqua HILL 369 obi iqua PURSH 368 ochroleuca SCHW 366 ovata NUTT 369 Viola palmata LINN 369 palmata var. cordata (WALT) 370 Viola palmata var. cucullata GRAY 369 Viola palmata var. obliqua (HiLL) 369 Viola papilionacea PURSH — 369 Viola pedata LINN 370 pedatifida G. DON 370 Viola pennsylvanica MICHX . . 367 --pinnataRiCH 370 Viola primulaefolia LINN 368 Viola pubescens AIT 367 rotundifolia MICHX 367 Viola sagittaefolia SALISH .... 369 INDEX. 825 Viola sagittata AIT 369 Viola sororia WILLD 370 Viola striata AIT 366 sylvtstris LAM 366 Viola uliginosa MUHL 366 uniflora var. pubescens REG 367 villosa WALT 370 Violaceae 365 Viorna PERS. 240 Vi rga aurea TOURN 508 Virgilia L'flER 547 Virgularia R. and P 468 Viscum terrestris LINN 413 Vitaceae 357 Viticella MITCH 434 Vi dcella MOENCH 240 Vitis LINN 358 — aestivalis Micnx 358 cordi folia LAM 359 Vitis cordifolia var. riparia GRAY 358 hederacea EHRH 357 incisaJACQ 358 intermedia MUHL 358 labrusca WALT 358 labruscoidps MUHL 358 laciniosa MARSH 358 odoratissima DON 358 palmata VAHL 358 quinquefolia Micnx — 357 Vitis riparia Micnx 358 Vitis virgin iana Pom 358 vulpina LINN 358 vulpina var. cordifolia REGEL 359 vulpina JACQ 358 vulpina MUHL 359 Vitis-Idaea TOURN 410 Vitmannia TURRA 216 Vittadinia A. RICH 525 Vivianaceae LINDL 332 Vleckia RAF 449 foenicula ( PURSH) 449 nepetoides (LiNN. ) 450 scro pliul ariaef olia (WlLLD.) 449 Voightia ROTH 568 Volvulus MED 428 sepium ( LINN. ). . 428 spithameus (LiNN.) 428 Vosacan ADANS 539 VulpiaGMEL 82 Vyenomus PRESL 348 W Waldschmidtia WIGG 418 Waldsteinia WILLD 299 WalliaALEF 176 cinereaALEF 177 nigraALEF 177 Webb i a DO 499 Webbia SPACH 362 Weigela THUNB 486 Weigela PERS 486 Wendia HOFFM 389 Whitlavia HOOK 435 Wiggersia A LEF 315 WikstrotniaSpKENG 501 Wilhelmsia C KOCH 77 Willdenowa CAV 548 Willkomrnia SCHULTZE 554 WoodvilleaDC 525 WolffiaHoRK 134 brasiliensis WEDD 134 — coiumbiana KARST 135 Wulffla NECK 134 X Xamachrista RAF 309 trifoliaRAF 309 Xanthidium DELP 534 Xanthiuni LINN 535 Xanthium americanum WALT 535 Xanthium canadense MILL 535 — canadense var. echinatum (MURR.) 536 Xanthium carolinense DILL.. 535 echinatum MURR 536 maculatum RAF 536 macrocarpum var glab- ratumDC 535 orientale LINN 535 strumarium AUCT. AM.. 535 strumarium var. cana- dense T. and G 535 Xanthogalum LALL 390 Xantholinum REICH 335 Xanthoselinum SCHUR 390 Xanthoxylum see Zanthoxy- lum fraxini folium MARSH... 337 —mite WILLD 337 Xeniatrum SALISB 151 Xenocarpus CASS .. 554 Xiphion PARLAT 160 X i phocarpus PRESL 327 Xiphochaeta POEPP. and ENDL 500 Xiphocoma STEV 241 Xi pholepis STEETZ 499 Xylan thena NECK 558 Xylococcus NUTT 408 Xylopleurum SPACH 380 Xyiorhiza NUTT 515 Xyloohiza SALISB 147 XylosteumTouRN 485 eiliatum PURSH 486 eiliatum var. album PURSH 483 tartaricum MICHX 486 Xypherus RAF 311 Xyridaceae 135 Xyridion KLATT 160 Xyris LINN 135 Xyris bulbosa KUNTH 135 Xyris jkxuosa MUHL 135 Xyris j u picai MICHX 135 scabra ENGELM 135 Xysmalobium R. BR 423 826 METASPEKMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Ymnostemma NECK 497 Youngia CASS 567 Z Zahlbrucknera REICH 274 Zanichellia LINN 39 Zanichellia gen iculata GILIB. . 39 macrostemon G. W. L.. 39 major BNGH 39 Zanichellia palustris LINN 39 Zanichellia radicans WALLM.. 39 repens BNGH 39 Zanthoxyleae ENDL 336 Zanthoxylum LINN 337 americanum MILL 337 Zanthoxylum fraxineum WILLD.. 337 rami folium MICHX 337 tricarpum HOOK 337 Zeocriton BEAUV 86 secalinum BEAUV 87 Zerobotrys NUTT 408 ZietineaGLED 445 Zigadenus MICHX 144 Zte adenus chloran thus RICH . . 144 Zigadenus ekgans PURSH J44 Zigadenus glkucus HOOK 144 virginicus KUNTH 145 Zizania LINN 53 aquatica LINN 53 Zizania clavulosa MICHX 53 — palustris LINN 53 Zizaniopsis DOELL. and ASCH. 53 Zizia KOCH 394 aurea KOCH 394 cordata KOCH 393 Zizia integerrima DC 395 Zosteraceae « 33 Zosterospermon BEAUV 104 Zygadenus see Zigadenus UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BRANCH OF THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW 5m-8,'26 3025 •lacmillan, QK168 Metaspermae of the Minnesota val ?0&5 LIBRARY, BRANCH OF THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE