.o^-^^®^ i863' DATE DUE 1 UNIVERSITY OF MASSACPiUSETTS LIBRARY S 73 no. 459 -600 1928-38 book may be kept out; ^i n*> if BULLETIN No. 469. JANUARY, 1928 Meteorological Observations AT THE MASSACHUSETTS AGIIICULTUIUL EXPERIMENT STATION. ■^w or rut Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Height of ha ro meter above ground, ^r ft. Above sea Jei Height oj Wind Instruments 72 ft. Time used, y^th Mer Longitude y^^fiHl'^^'^/'' ^^^'Cllfdiuf Col ^^M^^y^ MASS. MONTHLY SUMMARY. Pressiiie. In inches. Maximum reduced to freezing, 30.29, 16th, 9A. Minimum reduced to freezing-, 28.60, 25th, 6a- Reduced maximum reading, 30.61, 16th, g a. Reduced minimum reading, 28.90,25th, 6 a. Mean semi-daily reduced 29.960 Monthly range 1.71 Air Temperature. In Degrees Fahr. Highest 54.5, 7th, 2-30 p Lowest -3.5, 30th, 7 A Mean hourly 27.; Mean of means of max. and niin 27. Mean sensible (wet bulb) . i 24.4 Monthly range 38.0 Highest mean daily 44.4, 7th Lowest mean daily 10.8, 30th Mean maximum 35.2 Mean minimum 19.3 Mean daily range 15.9 Greate.st daily range 36,5, 25th Least daily range 5.0,12th Humidity. Mean dew point 20.1 Mean force of vapor 157 Mean relative humidity 78.9 Precipitation. In inches. Total iM'ecipitation, in inches 2.19 Numbe. of days on which .01 inch or more rain fell 11 Total snow in inches \ Days of sleighing ' 5 Wiii.l. Total movement 64i9ni Greatest daily movement S^f^m, 25th Least daily movement 28m, 31st Mean daily movement 207m Mean hourly velocity 8.6m Maximum pressure per square foot, 25.0 lbs = 71m per hour, 25th, 5 r. W. Maximum velocity for 5 minutes, 42m per hour, 25th, 6 p., \V. Prevailing direction. West Summary. West 32 per cent North Northwest 13 " " West Southwest 13 " " Southwest 13 " " Other directions 29 " " Weather. Mean cloudiness observed .... 54 per cent Total cloudiness recorded by the Sun Thermometer . . 165 hours = 56 per cent Number of clear days 4 Number of fair days 14 Number of cloudy days 13 Bright Siiiisliiiie. Number hours recorded. 132 ~ 44 per cent. Rain. ist. 9th, 13th, 14th, igtli, 24th, 25th, 26tli Thunder and Lif^htening, 13th. Snow, 10th, 16th, I9tli, 20th, 21st, 26th, 28th, 29th Gales, 40m, ist, W.; 39m, 2d. W.N. W.; 51m, 5th, N. W.; 50m, 14th W. 35m, 17th N.W.: 4ini, 20th, N. W.; 44m, 21st; W.; 7rni,25th,W.: 56m, 26th, W.N. W.; 4.?m, 29th, N. DAILY SUMMARY. Barometer Keduced to Sea Level. Temperature. Ground btielter. "ox E 3 s 3 'rt E £ s TJ 2c 3 3 0(/) s s 'S 2s a V E c V E rt x" c ^U £05 Q % s Sc^ s H i H SSS >< ;5| c . 4) {/I g 0, rt £ 3 CT p. bi bj; Inches. c *-• c n c -ti'" S tj "^ i> " ■" ^ Tl C/5 ^.1 OJ c ^ ="0 V 0 H U 3 > OJ 2 >s a! a) >- ^ 0 S 'Si 0 c Q Sa, 2Uj SDiH ia ^S.5 Sa,a. ^ = H m W Si in I 195 154 71.0 W. 328 8.0 40 9P C A 3 A .05 2 4.0 .084 65.5 W.N.W. 337 7-5 39 10 A 3 6.0 .083 71.0 W. 80 0.0 — 4 6.5 .083 76.S S.S.W. 53 0.0 — — 5 15-5 .107 .85.0 W. 277 13.0 5' 4 P 6 26.0 .170 82.0 w. ^5 05 10 5 A 7 36.5 .300 74-5 w. 175 2.0 20 I p 8 34-5 .242 835 w. 75 00 — — 9 37.5 •233 98.0 s. 60 0.0 — — 9 A I p .10 (O 29.5 .207 79 5 w.s.vv. 144 >-5 17 5 P 10 A II A T T II 3'o .215 82.0 vv.s.w. 196 3-0 25 7P 12 27.0 .202 72.5 w.s.w. 162 2.0 20 4 P '3 39-5 .244 980 S.S.W. 199 3-5 27 8 P 5 A 12 P .)8 14 33-5 .229 85.0 s.w. 262 12.5 50 5 A 8 P 11 P .04 •5 28.0 .225 72.0 N.N.W. 232 5-0 32 I p i6 12.0 .100 79.0 N.W, 124 I.O 14 I A 6 P 10 P .40 I I? 22.5 .183 67-5 W.N.W. 217 6.0 35 9A i8 28.0 .206 75.0 W.N W. 247 4-5 30 6 A '9 225 •157 81.0 N.E. 128 1.0 14 6 P 5 P 12 P .41 2 20 235 .152 85.5 N.W. 304 85 41 10 p 8 A 8:30A 'r T 21 7.0 .070 90 0 W. 482 9-5 44 2 P 8 a 8:3oA T T 22 14.0 .110 81.5 S.W. 259 4.0 28 12 M 23 27.0 .189 85.5 s.w. 296 5-5 33 2 P 24 24.5 186 80.5 W.S.W. 73 0.0 9P 12 p .40 25 230 .214 635 W.N.W. 544 25.0 71 5 P 0 A 3 A •51 26 14-5 .114 775 W. 337 6.5 3'^ 0 A 4:30 P 8 1' .02 h 27 8.5 .085 81.0 w. 125 20 20 I A 28 S.5 .090 76.5 N. 179 30 24 7 P 10 A 12 P .01 T 29 I' 5 .094 84.0 N. 324 9.0 42 1 p OA 8a •07 I 30 -30 .062 66.0 w. 37 0.0 — — ' 31 5-5 .079 77.0 s.w. 2S 0.0 *• Rain or melted snow at base of tower. Included in following day. REMARKS The weather during the month was marked by unusual high winds and large fluctuations in barometric pressure. The num- ber of gales was large and a few exceeded fifty miles per hour. The wind was less variable than usual in direction, much the greater part coming from the west or points of compass nearly west.- Except for the general absence of snow the weather was seasonable. The amount of snow was small and only a few days of sleighing were recorded. The following were the more important features of the records of the several weather elements. Tne mean pressure was low fo ■ the time o'" year and the range of pressure unusually large. This was largely due to the very low reading of the 25th. The mean temperature was three degrees higher than normal and the range for the month about the usual amount. The temperature fell below zero on only a single date and then only for a few hours. The last third of the month was the coldest. The mean dew-point was nearly three degrees higher than usual and the relative humidity nearly normal. The total precipitation was about sixty percent of the normal and much the larger part occurred as rain. The snowstorms were all light, the largest only two inches, and the ground was bare most of the month. A moderate thunderstorm occurred on the 13th, a very unusual occurrane at this time of year. Many days showed a large wind movement and changes of direction were not so frequent as usual. The amount of sunshine was nearly the usual value. J. E. OSTRANDER, Meteorologist H. BAUMGARTNER, Ob.servcr. BULLETIN No. 470. FEBRUARY, 1928 Meteorolomcal Observations MASSACHUSETTS AGllICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72* 31' 10" VV. H/'ig/it of barometer above ground, ^i ft. Above sea level, 2yj.j ft. Height oj Wind Instruments J 2 ft. Time used, y^t/iMer. MONTHLY SUMMARY. Pressiiie. In inches. Maximum reduced to freezins, 3040., 6th,gA. Minimum reduced to freezing, 29.02, 18th, 3P Reduced maximum reading, 3o-73. 6thi, qa Reduced minimum reading, 29.33, iSth, 3 P Mean semi-daily reduced 30.06! Montlily range i-40 Air Tpiniieratiire. In Degrees l^'ahr. Highest 50-5. 4th, 3-30 P Lowest -3-5, 26th, 7 A Mean hourly 25.7 Mean of means of max. and min 25.5 Mean sensible (wet bulls) 22.4 Mtmthly range 54 o liighest mean daily 4°. 4. 15th Lowest mean daily 9-6 26th Mean maximum 34.4 Mean minimum 16 7 Mean daily range 17.6 Greatest daily range 31.0, 2Ld Least daily range 40- 9th Humidity. Mean dew point 17. i Mean force of vapor 139 Mean relative humidity 77.2 Precipitation. In inches. Total precipitation, in inches 2.90 Number of days on which .01 incii or more rain fell 10 Total snciw in inches Days of sleigliing SS Mind. Total movement s-^-m Greatest daily movement 34Sni, 20th Least daily movement 21m ist Mean daily movement ,35^ Mean hourly velocity 7 "ni Maximum pressure per square foot, 6.5 lbs = 36m per hour, 2d. 3 P.W. Maximum velocity for 5 minutes, 24m per hour, 2d, 3 P., W. Prevailing direction. West Northwest. 17 per cent 14 " 14 " .Summary. Northwest . . . " ' West South Southwest North 10 Southwest 10 Southwest ■ • 10 West Northwest 10 North Northwast 10 ()ther directions 15 Weather. Mean cloudiness observed .... 49 per cent Total cloudiness recorded by the Sun Thermometer . . 136 hours = 44 per cent Number of clear days 13 Number of fair days 6 Number of cloudy days 10 Briiiht Sunshine. Number hours recorded. 176= 56 per cent. Kain. 7th. Sth, gth, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 23d Snow, ist, 3d, 9th, nth, 17th, iSth, 23d, 27th, 29th. tialeK, 36m. 2nd W.; 36m, 5th, N.N.E.: 36m. 19th. N. W.: 35m, 20th W.N.W. DAILY SUMMARY. Barometer Reduced to V Sea Level. Temperature. Ground Shelter. "ox S s S 'S S 3 S S 3 T3 3c a s Ot/) Q £ £ s i c nl X' c Meaii Hourly Draper. Mean Sensibi Wet B I 30.29 29.86 29.992 27.0 11 P 8.5 3 A 17-7 17.0 16.5 3-2 3 30-49 29.95 29.275 25-5 0 A 150 12 P 20.2 20.6 158 9.0 3 30->i 30.44 30.606 270 3P -1.0 8:30A 13.0 15.8 10.8 8.0 4 30-44 29-93 30.092 50.5 3:30? 23-0 0 A 38.6 38.5 35-0 7-8 5 30.53 30.01 30-372 43-5 0 A 15.0 12 P 29.2 27.8 20.2 93 6 30.73 30.53 30665 29.5 4P 3-5 8a 16.5 14-5 8.0 9-3 7 30-S6 30.11 30.326 34-5 4 P 8.0 7:30 A 2 1.2 23-7 21.2 0.8 8 30.11 29.70 29.808 40.5 11:30 A 320 0 A 36.2 34-8 34.2 0.0 9 ^983 29.69 29-759 34.5 0 A 30.5 12 P 32-5 32-9 32.2 00 iO 29.99 29.83 29.968 29.5 2:30 P 235 12 P 265 27-3 23.8 3-4 II 29.98 29.82 29.891 30-5 3 P 18.0 7 A 24-3 239 20.5 4-5 13 3034 29.89 30.135 34 5 3 P 17.0 4 A 25-7 24.1 18.8 9.2 «3 30-44 30.34 30412 395 3:30 p 13.0 7:30 A 26.2 24.5 19-5 9-5 «4 30.3s 29.59 30053 430 12 p 23.0 4A 33-0 31-9 29-5 0.8 «5 29.64 2943 29497 45-0 '■-30 P 370 12 P 41.0 40.4 38.2 0.8 i6 29 80 29.63 29709 39-0 2 p 34-0 7 A 36.5 36.2 33-8 0.0 •7 29.97 29.80 29.912 44.0 2 p 31.0 12 P 37-5 368 32.8 5-0 r8 29.81 29-33 29437 31.0 0 A 245 12 P 27.7 28. 4 28.5 3-3 '9 30.04 29-54 29.974 24.5 0 A 9.0 9A 16.7 16.2 12.6 8.8 20 30.12 29.81 29.944 335 7 P •i.S 12 P 22.5 23-1 '7-5 9.0 2J 30.54 30.12 30.412 iS.o 4 P 80 7 A '3-0 '2 3 8-5 9.0 22 30.63 30.35 30.540 330 2:30? 2.0 7 A 17-5 20.4 18.5 8.0 23 30.35 29.66 29.782 49-0 4 P 29.0 3:30 A 39-0 37-8 37.5 3-7 24 30.12 29 60 29.897 41.5 2 A 205 12 P 310 32.2 27.8 9.2 ^5 30.33 30.13 30.296 17-5 2 P 6.0 12 P 11.7 14.5 n.o 99 26 30.41 30.12 30.304 21.0 4 P -3-5 7 A 8.7 9.6 5-7 10.5 27 30.12 30.81 29.932 390 3-.30P 13.0 0 A 26.0 27.2 243 7-4 28 30.19 30.09 30.149 32.0 4 F 15.0 7A 23-5 23.0 !7.7 10 6 29 30.09 29.66 29.842 40.0 3P 19.5 CA 29.7 31.0 293 5-7 DAILY SUMMARY. Humidit y. Wind. F reclpitation. • fe Tot al in Q 0 a. > ,>3 il c . ai in ^ 0. S 3 a 1-, c bi Inc lies. #_ ^' rt i> 0 V 0 D 4, 3 > V 1) >~ 0 0-* "= s s 0) - ~ c oi 'Si c 0 a Q Sa, Sii SDiS liQ HS.S SjXcl, SS H m W Pi 3 30.19 30.05 30.141 590 2:30 P 26 0 6 A 42.5 41.2 36.5 9-9 '4 30.08 29.85 29.932 42.0 3P 35-0 7A 3«-5 374 34-7 1-5 «5 29.98 29.88 29.930 3S.0 12 M 300 12 1' 34-0 350 3J.0 6.2 i6 3004 29.91 29.896 36-5 3:30? 26.5 6:30 A 31-5 31-7 29.5 7-5 •7 29.96 29.90 29952 48.0 3 P 29 0 6 A 38.5 370 32-3 98 i8 29.92 29.28 29.486 36.0 0 A 31.0 7:30 A 335 34 4 32.5 0.0 '9 29.66 29-34 29.560 36.5 3 P 29.5 6a 33-0 324 29.7 10.2 20 29.74 29.58 29.690 39-5 2:30? 27.S . ^"^ 33-5 32-1 30.0 8.5 21 29.81 2972 29.785 42.5 4:30 p 280 6:30 A 35-2 342 32.0 9.6 22 29.70 29.44 29.540 35-0 II A 29.5 . '^ 322 33-3 33-0 0.0 23 29.98 29.56 29.901 45.0 4:30 P 29.0 6:30 A 37-0 358 30-S 1 1.5 24 29.97 29.61 29732 68.0 3:30 P 260 4:30 A 470 47-5 433 8-5 ^5 29.76 29.62 29 698 65-5 3 P 430 7 A 542 53-3 46.0 3-6 26 29.76 29.49 29.609 63.0 3P 36.0 6:30 A 49-5 50.1 45 -o lO.O 27 29.71 29.20 29-374 490 0 A 25.0 12 P 37-0 39-1 74-5 C.8 78 30.00 29.71 29.884 390 3 P 23.0 6 A 31-0 30.7 27.2 52 29 30.05 29.86 26.976 46.0 3P 26 0 5A 36.C 35-2 32.5 7-3 30 29.86 29.44 29.616 36.0 0 A 30-5 12 P 33-2 33-3 310 0.0 31 29.90 29.44 29.682 380 3P 29.5 6 A 33-7 32.0 29.5 5-1 DAILY SUMMARY. Humidit y- Wind. Precipitation. \i Total in Q "0 0 a ci > 0) m 1- c . 0 0^ S ^ 3 C 3 0 ni ^ »" 0) a ~ 0 6 g bi '2 c bi c •5 c Indies. >> i 0 c Q So, SUh ^xtc a;5 HS.5 Sa,ai SE H m W X Cfi I 24.0 191 81.0 W.N.W. 232 9.0 43 5 P I A 3 A T T 2 21.5 .144 82.5 W.S.W. 259 7.0 38 5 P ii:30F 12 Y T T 3 13.0 .107 77-5 W.N.W. 338 130 5' I A 4 15-5 .183 73-5 S.W. 304 95 44 5 P 9 A 12 M T T 5 14.0 .106 81.5 W.N.W. 39' 9.0 43 II A 6 S.o .101 66.5 N.W. 214 6.0 35 12 M 7 22.5 .146 88.C S.W. 171 6.0 35 2 P 12 M 8 P ■03 h 8 245 .152 89.0 W.N.W. 321 5-0 32 3 A 9 22.0 .125 96.5 N.E. 92 0.0 9 A 12 P .60 8 10 19.0 •130 81.0 N. 214 1-5 18 8 A 0 A 2 A •03 h II 20.0 .140 840 S.E. 102 ^■5 18 3P 12 335 .211 94.0 N.W. 76 0.0 — 7 A 9 A T '3 33-0 •237 84.0 S.W. 87 I.O 14 5 I' 14 32-5 .214 87.0 w. 117 4.0 28 7P 4 A 12 M .12 '5 25-5 ■195 71-5 N.W. 316 6.5 36 b p 9A 10 A T T i6 26.0 ■177 79-5 N.W. 203 2.0 20 I A '7 28.0 .204 76.5 N. 164 1.0 14 12 M i8 32.5 .182 1 00.0 N.N.E. 21 1 6.0 35 II A 6a ID P •34 34 '9 26.0 ..78 79-5 w. 299 5-5 33 4 A 20 27-5 .181 84-5 w. 305 5-5 33 5 P 2 P 4 P T T 21 27.5 .198 76.5 W.N.W. 216 3-5 26 10 A 22 30.0 .199 860 S.W. 133 15 17 II A 10 A 9 P •03 T 23 24.0 .192 71.0 N.W. 188 2.0 20 7 A 24 385 •323 78.5 S.S.W. 187 6.0 35 I p 25 44 0 •332 87.5 S.E. 105 CO — — 26 42.0 •342 82.5 S.W. 91 2.0 20 7P 27 35-5 248 91.5 w. 291 lO.O 45 5 P 8 a 8.30 A T 28 20.5 .167 70.0 W.N.W. 362 7.0 38 I p 29 29.5 .198 87.0 S.W. 180 30 24 0 A 30 27.0 .189 81.5 W.N.W. 76 0.0 — • — 8:30 p I i:30P .02 T 3' 25-5 •'75 82.0 W.N.W. 368 8.0 40 6p 1 p 9P T T •* Rain or melted snow at base of tower. Included in following day. REMARKS The weather for the month was generally seasonable. In as much as there had been no accumulation of snow during the winter, the spring freshets due to melting snow were lacking. The precipitation during the month was 1.17 inches which is only 30 percent of the normal for this station. The snowfall was 12.25 inches which happens to be equal to the total snowfall for the winter up to March 1st. The temperature was higher than normal in all respects. The maximun was 5.8 degrees higher than normal; the minimum, 2.3 degrees higher than normal; and the mean 1.2 degrees higher than the average temperature for March. The total wind movement was 6613 miles which is 17 percent more than normal and more than usual was from the north west quadrant. The barometric pressure was slighth^ lower than nor- mal and showed less than the nornial fluctuation. Slightly less cloudiness than normal was recorded. There were 11 clear days, 12 fair days, and 8 cloudy days. The total hours of bright sunshine was 214 which is 7 percent higher than normal. The relative humidity was 80.2 percent which is 5.6 percent higher than normal. C. I. GUNNESS, Meteorologist H. BAUMGARTNER, Observer. BULLETIN No. 472. APRIL, 1928 Meteorological Observations AT THE MASSACHUSETTS AGllICULTUML EXPERIMENT STATION. Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above grotind, sr ft. Above sea level, 2^3. ^ ft. Height of Wind fnstninieuts 72 ft. Time used, f^th Mer. MONTHLY SUMMARY. Pressure. In inches. Maxiniani reduced to freezing, 30.16,3rd, 5 A Minimum reduced to freezing, 29.07, 19th, 3 p Reduced maximum reading, 3o-47, 3rd, 5 a Reduced minimum reading, 29.36,19111,3?. Mean semi-daily reduced 29. 9S Monthly range i-09 Air Temiieraitire. In Degrees Fahr. Highest 82.5, 5th, 3 p Lowest 20,5, 2d, 6 A Mean hourly 42 6 Mean of means of max. and min 43.3 Mean sensible (wet bulb) 380 Monthly range 620 Highest mean daily 61.2,6th Lowest mean daily 32-9i ist Mean maximum 53-5 Mean minimum 33-1 Greatest daily range 42. o, Sth Least daily range 4-5, 22nd Humidity. Mean dew point 35,8 Mean force of vapor 280 Mean relative humidity 76.8 Precipitaiioii. In inches. Total precipitation, in inches 1.99 Number of days on which .01 inch or more rain fell 11 Total snow in inches 25 Days of sleighing None Wind. Total movement 6770m Greatest daily movement 39Sni, 9th Least daily movement 94"), 14th Mean daily movement 226m Mean hourly velocity 9.4m Maximum pressure per square foot, 17.5 lbs = 59m per hour, 9th. 10 a., W. Maximum velocity for 5 minutes, 33m per hour, Sth, 7A. Prevailing direction, Southwest. Summary. Northwest . . . • " 23 per cent West 16 " " Southwest 16 " " South 13 " " West Northwest 13 " " North Northeast 13 " " Other directions 6 " " Weather. Mean cloudiness observed .... 50 per cent Total cloudiness recorded by the Sun Thermometer . . 166 hours = 42 per cent Number of clear days S Number of fair days 15 Number of cloudy days 7 Bright Sunshine. Number hours recorded. 236 ^ 58 per cent. Rain, 3rd, Sth, nth, 12th, 14th, 19th. 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, 25th, 27th, 2Sth, 29tli 30th. Thunder and Liehning. 19th, 30th. Gales, 36m, 3rd, S.S.W.: 37m, 6th, S.: 39m, 7th,S.S.W.; 45m, Sth, N.W.; 59m, 9th, W\: 37m, nth, N.N.E.: 42m, J3th W. N.W.: 37m. I^th W.N.W.: 40m, 17th. WN.W.; 45m, 19th, N.W.; 41m, 24th, W.; 43m, 25th, W.; 37m, 29th, Siio> W.S.W. nth, 12th, 22nd, 23rd, 28th. DAILY SUMMARY. Barometer Reduced to c Sea Level. Temperature. Ground Shelter. "OM S 3 S "3 E 3 E 3 -B v'5 52 c 3 3 Ot/) 0^ (4 £ S C4 S 1 S 'c 6 E ?^ S "J 3« d.£f Q s i 5 D s H s H l* 0 :-, S^^ ^« 1 30.23 29.90 30076 39-0 2 P 27.0 7:30 A 33-0 32-9 295 7.1 2 30.46 30.23 30.405 50.5 3:30 P 20.5 6 A 35-5 35-6 31.0 1 1.8 3 3047 30.30 30.408 52.5 1:30? 28.5 6 A 40.5 40.4 36-5 8.3 4 30-36 30.12 30.296 73-5 3 P 34.0 5:30 A 53-7 52.5 47.8 1 0.0 5 30.24 30.04 30139 82.5 3 P 40.5 7A 61.5 58.1 50.0 9.2 6 30.09 29.94 30.022 79-0 2:30? 45.0 6:30 A 62.0 61.2 54.0 1 1-3 7 30.02 29.81 29.963 74.0 2 P 51-0 4 A 62.5 60.4 57-3 8.0 8 29.97 29.75 29.823 63-5 3 P 54-0 7 A 58.8 55-5 47-5 f 1.0 9 30.16 29.96 30.064 40.0 3 *■ 32-5 12 P 393 38.0 33-5 103 lO 30.21 30.09 30.165 49-5 4:30 P 27.0 6a 3S-3 36.6 320 10.3 II 30.16 29.70 29.982 47-0 I P 28.0 4 A 3?-5 37.9 35-5 8.8 12 2971 29.52 29-548 55-0 4 P 32.0 5A 43-5 41-5 37-2 7.5 13 30.05 29.71 29.908 58.5 2 P 39-0 12 P 48.7 47 2 39-0 12.0 14 30.04 29.55 29.795 45.0 2:30 P 29.5 6a 37.3 3-90 38.2 0.0 15 29.98 29.56 29854 43-0 0 A 26.0 12 p 35-5 37-1 3J-5 8.7 16 30.07 29.96 30.054 44.0 3P 24-5 6 a 34-3 33-6 28.0 123 17 30.03 29.96 29.990 45-5 jP 27.0 6 A 3^-3 356 305 12.0 18 30.13 29-93 30.050 57.0 4 P 20.5 5:30 A 41.7 42.6 35-'^ 12.3 19 ^9-93 29-3^5 29595 70.0 2:30 1' 380 12 P 54.0 49.9 42.8 7.0 20 30.27 29.80 30.080 49.0 4 P 30.5 6 A 39-7 3^-3 33-5 12.2 21 30.41 30.20 30.330 51.0 2 P 24-5 6 A 37-7 38.8 35 5 9.2 22 30.20 29.84 29988 37-5 3P 33-0 OA 35-3 35-5 35 -o 0.0 -3 29.8s 29.70 29.782 42.5 1 p 33-0 12 P 37-7 37« 37.0 0.7 24 29.70 29.50 29.562 50.0 6 P 32.0 3A 41.0 39-7 37-2 4.7 25 29.86 29.63 29-743 45 -o 3:30 P 35 -0 6 A 40.0 39 3 38.8 7.6 26 30.12 29.S5 29.994 51.0 5 P 37-5 0 A 44-3 430 39-2 1 1.0 27 30 14 29.98 30.070 52-5 4P 28.0 5:30 A 40.3 42.5 40.5 92 28 29.98 29.40 29.521 390 0 A 33-0 7 A 36.0 37-1 35-5 0.0 29 29.64 2937 29.494 46.0 5P 38.0 0 A 42.0 41.6 39-2 0.9 30 29.75 29.60 29.742 65.0 3 P 35-0 5 A 50.0 48.7 450 2.3 DAILY SUMMARY. Humidity. Wind. Precipitation. Total in 0) Q 0 a. > ii S :3 cr 0. bi: c hn Inches. 1. 0 c ta « 0 _ 0 m 1) 3 5 >s :^ 0 6 60 '5 c 'c3 Q Sa, Sfc ^;^X iQ HS.5 Sa.^ SK H m W Pi m t 26.0 ■354 79-5 N.W. 225 30 24 I A 2 28.0 .196 81.5 w. 99 I.O 14 8 A 3 32.0 ■239 77.0 s. 264 65 36 2 V 6p 7 P .02 4 44-5 •398 8i.o s. 96 2.0 20 7P 5 97.0 .450 7S.C s. 127 50 32 6p 6 51.0 .476 82 0 s. 225 7.0 37 b V 7 54.0 .514 860 s.s.w. 279 7.0 37 2 P 8 40.5 .406 65-5 s.w. 369 lO.O 45 8p 4 A 6 a .02 9 26.5 .226 655 W.N.W. 398 17-5 59 10 A lO 26.0 208 680 N. W. 149 30 24 2 A 1 1 32.0 .229 79° N.N.E 214 7.0 37 to P 10 p 12 p .29 h 12 31.0 .265 71-5 N.W. 231 2.0 20 2 P 0 a 3 A •38 3 '3 30-5 .296 5S.5 W.N W. 296 90 42 2 P 14 35-5 .247 835 W. 94 30 24 I P 2:30? II p •03 '5 27.0 .185 76.5 W.N.W. 323 7.0 37 4 P i6 20.0 .180 60.5 N.W. 291 4.0 28 II A '7 22.0 .200 60.5 N.W. 433 8.0 40 4P 1 8 265 .275 54.0 W. 217 50 32 3 P '9 39-0 •314 78.0 S.W. 328 1 0.0 45 8p 6 a 4 P T 20 29.0 .214 74.0 N.W. 360 4-5 30 7 A 21 31-5 .228 80.5 S.W 120 5.0 32 7 P 8p 12 p T T 22 35-° .204 1 00.0 N.N.E. 108 0.0 — — 0 A 12 p •52 4 23 36.0 .227 93-5 N.N.E. 148 0.0 — — 2 P 12 P .07 h 24 33 5 247 81 0 N.W. 236 8.5 41 5 P 0 A 8 P ■17 25 36.5 .248 88.0 W. 164 95 43 8p 8p 10 p T 26 34 5 277 72.0 W.N.W. 275 5-0 32 8 a 27 36.0 .289 73-5 W. 117 3-0 — I p 10 P 12 p .04 28 340 .216 91.0 N.N.E. 210 4-5 30 10 a 0 A 12 p .40 T 29 35-5 .263 805 S.W. 197 7.0 37 10 p 0 A 12 P T 30 430 ,326 88.5 S.W. '77 9.0 42 1 5 P 2 A 7 P •05 Kain or melted snow at base of tower. * Included in following day. REMARKS The weather during the month was abnormal in many respects. The barometer was marked by many sudden changes but the mean reading of 29.98, as well as the monthly range of 1.09, were normal. Many gales were recorded and the total wind movement of 6770 miles was well above the average for April. Most of the wind was from the west the prevailing direction being recorded as southwest. Rain fell on fifteen days during the month, but the total precipitation was only 66 per cent of the normal. Snow fell on six days; the total snowfall being two and one-half inches. The hours of bright sunshine was 58 per cent of the pos- sible amount which is 3 per cent above normal. The mean hourly temperature was 3.7 less than normal. During the first week of the month the temperature was very high being 7 degrees higher than normal. During the last two weeks, however, the temperature was about 9 degrees less than normal. The maximum temperature was 3 degrees higher than normal and the minimum 1 degree lower than normal. C. I. GUNNESS, Meteorologist H. BAUMGARTNER, Observer. BULLETIN No. 473. MAY, 1928 Meteorological Observations AT THK MASSACHUSETTS AGIIICULTUIUL EXPERIMENT STATION. Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, ^i ft. Above sea level, 2yj.^ ft. Height of Wind Instrmnents Y2 ft. Titne used, y^thAfer. MONTHLY SUMMARY. Pressuie. In inches. Maxiniuni reduced to freezing, 30. oS, 14th, S A Miniiniini reduced to freezing, 29.20, 26th, i P- Reduced maximum reading, 30.38, 14th, 8a Reduced minimum reading, 29.50, 26th, i p Mean semi-daily reduced 29.92 Monthly range 88 Air Temperuiure. In Degrees Fahr. Highest 80.5, 17th, 2 p Lowest 31.0, 14th, 5-30 A Mean hourly 550 Mean of means of max. and niin 5 Mean sensible (wet bulb) 50.9 Monthly range 49 5 Highest mean daily 62 3, 4th Lowest mean daily , . . . 46.2, 13 h Mean maximum 66.1 Mean minimum 44.1 Greatest daily range 470, loth Least daily range 5.5,23rd Humidify. Mean dew point 46.9 Mean force of vapor 433 Mean relative humidity 77.1 Precipiiaflon. In inches. Total precipitation, in inches 3.25 Number of days on which .01 inch or more rain fell 9 Wind. Total movement 37i6m Greatest daily movement 287m, 12th [.east daily movement 32m, 28th Mean daily movement 120m Mean hourly velocity 5.0m Maximum pressure per square foot, 11. 0 lbs = 47in per hour, 12th. 2 p.,N.W. Ma.ximum velocity for 5 minutes, 27m per hour, 12th, 2 p. Prevailing direction, Northwest. Summary. Northwest 13 per cent South Southeast 13 " " South 13 " " West 10 " " North Northeast 10 " " North 7 " " Northeast 7 " " West Northwest 7 " " Other directions 20 " " Weather. Mean cloudiness observed .... 54 per cent Total cloudiness recorded by the Sun Thermometer . , 226 hours = 50 per cent Number of clear days 10 Number of fair days 8 Number of cloudy days 13 Bright Sunshine. Number hours recorded. 227— 50 per cent. Kain. nth, i8th, 19th, 20th, 23rd, 25th, 26th, 27th, 28tli, 29th, 30th. Thunder and Liahninii. 2Stli, 30th. Frosts, 10th, 14th. Gales, 47m, i2th, N.W.: 35m, 13th, N.N. W. DAILY SUMMARY. Barometer Keduced to c Sea Level. Temperature. Ground Shelter. "ox E 3 3 S 3 E 3 ■a S2 c 3 3 0(/3 £ 'E Se E c4 E g 'c E 0 rt S C a5 Q S i ^^ s H i H ssS 0) 0 i_ S^^ ^ffl I 29.83 29.71 29.768 69-5 4 P 45-0 5 A 57-3 55-5 495 7-9 2 30.07 29.83 29.961 62.0 4:30? 45.0 6 A 53-5 52.5 490 105 3 30.17 30.07 30.134 70.5 3 1^ 37-0 3:30 A 53-8 56.5 50.8 12.2 4 30 13 2978 30.064 76.0 6 P 52.0 5A 64.0 62.3 6[.o lO.O 5 30.10 29.92 3G.028 76.0 3:30? 48.0 6a 62.0 60.2 53-8 10.7 6 30.19 29.98 30.124 67 0 3 ^ 47.0 7 A 57-0 56.0 48.0 I I.O 7 30.22 30.09 30->63 61.0 4 1^ 4 1.0 6A 5'o 504 430 II.O 8 30.16 30.01 30.093 65 0 4 I' 36 0 5:30 A 50.5 52.3 45.0 133 9 30.01 29.81 29 888 64.0 3 i- 370 5A 50.5 50 0 44.8 8.3 lO 29.86 29.76 29.S20 80.0 4 *■ 3.50 5:30 A 56.5 58.3 50.2 12.5 II 29.78 29.74 29.772 59-5 1 }' 48.5 5A 54.0 53-8 49-2 0.4 12 30- 1 3 29.76 29.984 585 3 I' 390 4 A 48.8 49 3 43-5 12.3 13 3029 30.13 30.196 57-0 I p 33-5 6 A 45-2 46.2 40.0 1 1.5 14 30-3« 30.28 30.334 65 0 3:30 P 3' 0 5:30A 48.0 504 45.2 13.0 15 30-32 30.13 30.224 67.0 3 •' 325 5 A 49.8 53-5 47-5 I '-5 i6 30.20 30.12 30.172 77.0 5 I' 40.0 6 A 58-S 59-1 53-5 133 17 30.21 30.01 30.122 80.5 2 p 41.0 5:30 A 60.8 61.0 53-8 12.0 i8 30.03 30.00 30.020 60.0 2 p 540 S A 570 57-4 56 2 03 19 30.02 29.91 29.972 59.0 I p 52.5 12 P 55-7 563 558 0.0 20 29.91 29-73 29-773 590 4 1' 50 0 6 A 54.5 52.7 52.2 0.0 21 29«3 29-73 29788 71.0 4:30 P 530 4 A 62.0 598 57.0 1-3 22 29.87 29-:6 29.825 71.0 3 J' 53-0 4:30 A 62 0 59-2 54.0 2.7 23 2983 29-7; 29 814 53-5 4 H 48.0 8 A 50.7 50.2 48.2 03 24 29.83 29.66 29.726 570 I P 45.0 5 A 51.0 50.7 48.5 4-3 25 29.66 29.57 29.632 64.0 6 p 430 4:30 A 535 5^-^ 5'.2 5.0 26 29.65 29.50 29.618 59-0 6 p 43-5 5:30 A 51-3 50.8 50.5 13 27 29.75 29.65 29-73t 665 I P 43.0 4 A 54 7 54-9 55-0 2 8 28 29.70 29.61 29 666 67.0 2 p 54 0 2 A 60.5 586 57.0 3-1 29 29.68 29.61 29.660 69 0 3--.30 P 535 6 A 61.3 59-3 57-0 8.8 30 2979 2965 29.718 68.0 2 p 45.0 5A 56.5 56.. 53-3 5-6 31 29.76 29,68 29-731 70.5 2:30 p 43-0 5:30 A 56.7 5S.7 53-5 10.5 DAILY SUMMARY. Humidity. Wind. P recipita tion. u^ Total in Q 0 a n! > ^ 0 c . S-5! 5 oj ri % ■- 3 G 3 a- ft c c be Incites. # ff Q rt5 E 0) aj 3 (3 tj > V 1) I. rt 0) t. en i^ ::: 0 V s c I) -5 c W 0 a in I 4S.0 •387 88.0 s. 149 2.2 22 7 P 2 43-5 .420 67.0 w. 139 30 25 7P 3 46.0 .456 70.0 N.N.W. 70 2.0 20 3 P 4 52-5 ■552 76.0 S.S.E. 85 I.O 14 3 P 5 51-5 .456 85 0 S.S.E. 150 2-5 22 7 P 6 43-0 .426 660 N.VV. 204 2-5 22 2 p 7 35-5 .345 61.5 N. 278 4.0 28 4P 8 40.5 .406 625 E. 153 0.0 — — 9 39 -o .358 675 N.E. 106 0.0 — (O 42.0 .498 56.0 W. 7' 1-5 18 1 1 p [1 45.0 .410 740 S. 98 1.0 14 6 p II A 4 P T 12 36.0 •358 6o.o N.W. 287 1 1 0 47 2 p '3 31.0 •315 56.0 N.N.W. 243 6.0 35 7 P 14 35 5 .405 52.0 N.N.W. I So 5 •'3 32 7 P * '5 40.5 .426 60.5 W. 61 0-5 10 4 P i6 4S.0 •511 66.0 N.W. 75 05 10 I P '7 49.0 •512 70.5 S.S.W. 113 2.0 20 4P i8 55-5 •474 930 S S.E. 73 0.5 10 II P 10 A 12 p .27 <9 5S-0 •457 95-5 S.S.E. 102 1-5 18 5P 0 A 8 P .29 20 51-5 •397 98.5 N.N.E. III 0.0 — — 3 A 4 P .61 21 55-5 .496 90.0 N. 98 0.0 — — 22 52.0 .465 82.5 E.S.E. 72 0-5 10 7 P 23 47.0 •349 935 N.E. 81 0.0 — — 1:30 A io:30A .63 24 46.0 373 S3 5 E.N.E 122 0-5 10 3 P 25 48.5 •430 80.5 WS.W. 95 2^5 22 1 1 p 3 A 4 A T 26 485 393 89.0 S.W. 102 0.0 — — ID A 4 P •27 27 545 .440 97.0 s. 75 i-S 18 3 P 3 P 12 P •13 28 56.5 •473 95^5 s. 32 0.0 — — 0 A 8p •50 29 57.0 •4S7 970 W.N.W. 97 10 14 6 p i2:30A 2 A .14 30 51-5 .437 87.0 N.W. 77 5-0 32 6 p 5:30 p 7 P .41 3' 49.0 .501 7q-5 W.N.W. 119 3-c^ 25 3 P ** Rain or melted snow at base of tower. * Included in following day. REMARKS The weather during the month was cold and cloudy giving a very backward season. The mean hourly temperature was 55 degrees. This is 2.6 less than the normal. No such low mean temperature was obtained for May at this station from 1889 until 1917. In May 1917 the mean temperature was 49.3. Since then other low temperatures for May have been: 1920, 54.6; 1924, 53.5; 1925, 54 6; and 1927, 53.2 degrees. The minimum temperature was 31 degrees on the 14th. The normal minimum temperature for May is 30.5 degrees. The maximum temperature was 80.5 degrees on the 17th. The normal maxi- mum is 87.0 degrees. However, during the last four years no high temperatures have been recorded during May. In 1924 the maximum was 74.0; in 1925; 80.0; in 1926, 80.0; and in 1927, 75 degrees. In srite of the rainy weather, the total precipitation was slightly less than normal for May. The total rainfall was 3.25 inches, while the normal is 3.74 inches. The barometer was slightly lower than normal and showed the average range. The mean dew point was slightly lower than normal and the mean humidity of 77.1 per cent is 8.2 per cent higher than normal. The wind movement was less than normal and the month had relatively few windstorms. The prevailing direction was northwest. Errata. — The record for precipitation for the month of April, reported in bulletin 472, is corrected to read as follows: 3rd .02; 8th .02; nth .29; 12th .38; 14th .30; 21st .30; 22nd 1.25; 23rd .45; 24th .20; 27th .10; 28th .80; 30th .05. The total precipitation for the month was 4.16 inches. C. I. GUNNES^, Meteorologist H. BAUMGARTNER, Observer. BULLETIN No. 474. JUNE, 1928 MeteoroloQ-ical Observations AT THE MASSACHUSETTS AGIIICULTUIUL EXPERIMENT STATIOIM. I.atilude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72' 31' 10" VV. Helf:;hf of ha ro meter ahoi^e ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 2jj.j ft. Height oj Wind Listruments 6j ft. I'itne used, y^t/iAIer. MONTHLY SUMMARY. Pressure. In inches. Maximum reduced to freezing, 29.84, nth. 8 a. Minimum reduced to freezing, 2g.i8,6th,4 p. Reduced maximum reading, 3o-i3. nth, 8a. Reduced minimum reading, 29.48, 6th, 4 p. Mean semi-daily reduced 29.912 Monthly range 65 Air Temiieralnre. In Degrees Fahr. Highest 85.0, inh, 2-30 p. 85. o, J4th, 3 p Lowest 41-5, nth, 5 A Mean hourly 63,1 Mean of means of max. and min 63.6 Mean sensible (wet bulb) 59.4 Monthly range 435 Highest mean daily 72.8, 26th Lowest mean daily 54.2, 6ih Mean maximum 73-o Mean minimum 54-5 Greatest daily range 37 o. 8th Least daily range 4-0. jfb. 20th Hiiiniifa4ioi In inches. Total precipitation, in inches 6.97 Number of days on which .01 inch or more rain fell ' 1 Wind. Total movement 3632m Greatest daily movement 228ni, 30th Least daily movement 33m, 8th Mean daily movement 121m Mean hourly velocity 5.0m Maximum pressure per square foot, 5.5lbs = 33U1 per hour, 2nd. 12 m. Maximum velocity for 5 minutes, i8m per hour, loth, 2 P. Prevailing direction, South .Southwest. Summary. South Southeast 17 per cent Southwest 10 " " South Southwest 10 " " North Northeast 10 " " West 10 " " West Southwest 7 " " West Northwest 7 " " Southeast 7 " " Other directions 22 " " Weather. Mean cloudiness observed .... 63 per cent Total cloudiness recorded by the Sun Thermometer . . 2S6 liours = P3 per cent Number of clear days 4 Number of fair days 7 Number of cloudy days 19 Briiihf Sunshine. Number hours recorded, 171= 37 per cent. Uain. 2nd, 4th, 5th, 6th,9th, lOth, 14th, i8tli, 19th, 20th, 21st, 22nd, 24th, 26th, 27th. 28th, 29th, 30th. Thunder and LiiihninjS, 9th, 14th, 26th, 27th. DAILY SUMMARY. Barometer Reduced tt Sea Level. Tem perature Ground Shelter. S G nl 3 >< E 3 £ 3 ■a it's S2c 3 3 0(fl H '5 E (U s E 'c E 0 5 S 'd >=' ?^ 2 "i a S i s.j^ s c S H (LI rt .« i> 0 i. -e^^ =^« I 29.82 29.66 29-752 74.0 6p 52.0 5 A 63.0 63-2 58.0 II. 5 2 29.81 29.54 29.610 77-0 3 i" 55-5 4:30 A 66,2 65.0 58.8 77 3 30.02 29.81 29-94: 74.0 4 P 50.0 5 A 62.0 60.8 52-5 12.0 4 30.11 29.97 30.700 66.0 3 P 475 5:30 A 56.8 58.6 550 5-0 5 2997 29.81 29.8S8 57-5 3 P 53-5 2 A 55-5 55-2 550 00 6 29.81 29.48 29.596 590 5 P 52.0 3 A 55-5 54.2 53-5 0.0 7 29.88 29.61 29.689 71.0 4:30 P 52.0 4 A 6. .5 58.9 562 4 7 8 29.90 29.S3 29.874 79.0 6 p 420 6a 60.5 02.7 60 5 II. 7 9 29.90 29.64 29.740 68. 0 3:30 P 56 0 5A 62.0 61.0 59-7 CO 10 30.07 29.64 29.905 65.0 4:30? 550 6 A 60.0 58.6 5 '-7 II. 0 II 30-13 30.05 30.100 74.0 3P 41.5 5A 57 7 59-0 52-7 11.7 12 30.12 30.00 30.070 79 5 3 P 46.0 6 A 62.7 64.2 58.0 8.0 13 30.07 29-93 30.000 85.0 2:30 p 51.0 5 A 68.0 67.2 61.5 8.7 '4 29.93 29.79 29.S62 850 2 p 65.0 3 A 70 0 71-5 66.0 52 15 30.06 29.82 29-943 76.0 2:30 p 57-0 5 A 66.5 65.0 56.5 7-5 i6 30.08 30.04 30 070 72-5 4 P 42.0 5:30 A 57-2 59-2 55-2 108 17 30.09 30.00 30.045 76.5 5--30P 430 5:30 A 59-7 62.1 57-3 12.0 i8 29.99 29.86 29.936 76.0 3 P 520 5:30 A 64.0 65.0 676 5-3 19 29.89 29.81 29.860 69.0 9 A 59-5 4 A 64.2 60.6 59 7 0.0 20 29-93 29.86 29.898 62.5 I 1' 58.5 6 A 60.5 59-6 567 0.0 21 30.04 29.91 29. 98 1 980 1:30 p 58.0 5 A 63.0 61.4 568 0.8 22 30-03 29.99 30.010 60.0 3--30 P 55-0 5 A 57-5 56.8 54 5 0.0 -3 30.05 29.98 29.983 61.0 3 P 53-0 5 A 57-0 57-3 55-6 I.I 24 29.96 29.76 29.804 72-5 6 p 55-0 3A 63-7 61.2 60.6 2.7 25 29.78 29.71 29745 81.5 3:30 P 64.0 5 A 72.7 70.1 66.8 2.6 26 29.87 29-73 29-793 81.0 3 P 6S.0 3 A 74-5 728 69.0 65 27 30.00 29.86 29.9(9 82.0 3 P 66.0 5 A 74.0 72.0 67-5 7-5 28 30.09 29.99 30,063 83.0 3 P 580 6 A 70,5 60.3 63-5 9.8 29 30.02 2969 29877 72.0 6 p 62 0 6a 67.0 67.8 660 0.1 30 29.78 29.64 29.700 81.0 2 p 67.0 3 A 74.0 71.2 69.0 7.0 DAILY SUMMARY. Humidit i- Wind. I- recipita tion. iZ Total in 0) Q 0 3. > c . V S :3 cr 0. bi be Inches. * 0 c >1 Q §5 ' So, 5 :; 4) 3fe ^^5 (U V ■- 2>s rn 0 S '5)3 "5 W I 53-0 586 72.0 w.s.w. 20S 5.0 32 12 M 2 55-5 572 80.0 w. 186 5-5 33 12 M 2 A 6 A ■53 3 46-5 522 60.0 W.N.W. ■38 0.0 — — 4 52.0 487 81.5 w. 42 0.0 — — 5P 12 P .06 5 54-5 439 985 S.E. 44 0.0 — — 0 A 12 P 1. 15 6 530 426 94.0 E.S.E. 34 0.0 — — 0 A 10 P •43 7 550 526 82,5 VV. 87 ^•5 18 7P 8 5'^.; 594 84.8 S.S.E. 33 0.0 — — 9 59.0 53' 930 S.S.E. 1.53 I.O 14 7 P 6 A II P 2.24 10 47-5 464 70.5 E. 222 5.0 32 8 A 1 1 48.0 508 66.0 S.S.E. 112 1-5 18 4 P 12 54-5 591 73-0 S.W. 94 0.0 — — 13 60.0 600 87.5 S.S.E. 114 2-5 23 4P 14 65 0 698 8S.0 s.s.w. ^33 1-5 18 5 P 4:30 p 10 P 1.04 '5 51 0 581 65.5 N.N.W. '94, 108 2.5 23 10 A 16 52-5 501 79.0 W.N.W. 0.0 — — 17 53-5 572 71-5 S S.E. 47 0.0 — — 18 61.5 625 87.5 S.E. 112 1-5 18 12 P 10 P 12 P •15 '9 59.0 550 89.0 N.N.E. loS 0 A I P .29 20 55-5 503 86.0 N.N.E. 207 2-5 23 3 P 9 A 10 A .10 2 1 55 c* 513 84.0 N.N.E. 143 7:30 P Sp T 22 53-0 45« 88.0 E.N.E. 75 8 A I p .04 23 54-S 471 87.5 S. 100 0.0 — — 24 60.5 550 955 N. 75 0.0 — — 0 A 12 P ■3' 25 66.5 714 79.0 S W. 88 1-5 18 7 I' 26 68.0 752 90.5 S.S.W. 177 4.0 29 6p 3P 4 P T 27 66.0 742 86.0 W.S w. 144 1-5 18 6 p 3 A 6a .12 28 61.0 686 78.5 S S.W. 63 0.0 — — 3 A 4 A T 29 65.0 687 90 0 S.W. ^S3 4.0 29 7 P 10 A 8 p .42 30 68.5 764 90.5 S.S.W. 228 3-0 25 8 A 0 A II p .09 ** Kain or melted snow at base of tower. Included in following day. REMARKS The weather durinj^ the month was outstanding in the lack of sunshine, low average temperature and large amount of rainfall. The mean hourly temperature was 63.1 degrees, which is 1.9 de- grees lower than the normal. The minimum temperature was 41.5 degrees on the 11th, which is 2.1 degrees higher than normal. The maximum temperature on the 13th, however, was 6.3 less than normal or 85 degrees. The range was 43.5 degrees, while the normal range for this station is 52 degrees This has been characteristic of the weather during the present spring showing less than normal range in temperature but a lack of high temp- erature during the day. The m.ean relative humidity was 82.6 percent which is 10 per cent higher than the normal. The total rainfall was 6.97 inches, and rain fell on 18 days. The normal rainfall for June is 3.86 inches. The total wind movement was about normal and no gales were recorded. The prevailing diiection of the wind was South South- west. The bright sunshine recorded during the month was 171 hours which is 37 per cent of the possible sunshine during this month. This is 66 per cent of the normal sunshine for June. N. B. The meteorological instruments were moved from their old location in South College to Stockbridge Hall on June 12. The altitude of the various instruments in their new location is indicated on the first page of this bulletin. C. I. GUNNESS, Meteorologist R. W. NASH, Observer. BULLETIN No. 475. JULY, 1928 Meteorological Observations AT THE MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72* 31' 10" VV. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 2jj.j ft. Height oj Wind Instruments dy ft. Time used, 7^th Mer. MONTHLY SUMMARY. Pressuie. In inches. Maximum reduced to freezing, 29.96, 31st, 8 A. Minimum reduced to freezing, 29.40, 28tli, 6 P. Reduced maximum reading, 30.24, 31st, 8 A. Reduced minimum reading, 29.67, 28tlr,6 p. Mean semi-daily reduced 29.949 Montlily range 57 Air Temperature. In Degrees Fahr. Highest 93.0,8th, 4-30? Lowest 47.0, 31st, 5 .\ Mean hourly 71.5 Mean of means of max. and min 70.3 Mean sensible (wet bulb) 66.S Monthly range 46.0 Highest mean daily 77.5, jgth Lowest mean daily 61.7, 3olh Mean maximum 82.4 Mean minimum 61.7 Greatest daily range 33.0, Sth, 31st Least daily range 7.0, 27th Huniidily. Mean dew point 648 Mean force of vapor 761 Mean relative humidity So. 6 Precipitation. In inches. Total precipitation, in inches 6.23 Number of days on which .oi inch or more rain fell >4 Wind. Total movement 354';ni Greatest daily movement 294ni, 29th Least daily movement 37m, 2nd Mean daily movement 114m Mean hourly velocity 4.7ni Maximum pressure per square font, 6.olbs = 35)n per hour, loth, 6 P. Maximum velocity for 5 minutes, 27m per hour, 29th, 12:30 P. Prevailing direction. South Summary. South Southeast 26 per cent South Southwest 13 " West Northwest 13 " East Southeast 10 " Northwest 6 " North Northeast 6 " South 6 " West Southwest 6 " Other directions 14 " Weather. Mean cloudiness observed .... 50 per cent Total cloudiness recorded by the Sun Thermometer . . 213 hours = 40 per cent Number of clear days 11 Number of fair days 5 Number of cloudy days 15 Briiiht Sunshine. Number hours recorded. 249=- 54 per cent. Rain, ist, 2nd, 5th, 6th, gth, loth, nth, 12th, 13th 14th, 19th, 20th, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, 27th 28th. Thunder and Liiihtninti. 1st, 9th, loth, 12th, 27th. Gales, 35 or mure miles per hour: 35m, loth, SE. DAILY SUMMARY. Barometer Reduced tc c Sea Level. Tern perature Ground Shelter. "oS 3 "5 s 3 3 -a v'5 S2 c 3 3 OIT} c« ■5 i nl ai £ i £ nl x' c 4) ni.- d.£f I 29.S8 29-78 29.859 82.0 1:30 P 59.0 5 A 70.5 67.7 65.0 2.9 2 29-93 29.87 29.909 84.0 3 i' 58.0 6a 71.0 70.0 66.5 2.6 3 29 96 29.85 29.960 89.0 4 i" 60.0 5 A 74-5 74.9 70.0 lo.s 4 29.90 29.76 29.829 90.0 3--30 P 66,0 6.\ 78.0 769 72.5 7.2 5 29.81 29.76 29.801 85 0 1:30 P 64.0 5-.30 A 74-5 73.1 69.0 3-2 6 30.06 29.77 29.938 78.0 3--30P 64.0 6 A 71.0 69.0 62.0 8.r 7 30-13 30.09 30.194 84.0 4--30P 52.0 5 A 68.0 68.7 64-5 12.4 8 3001 29.96 29-993 930 4:30 P 60.0 5 A 76.5 77.0 72.5 II 0 9 30.06 29.97 30 060 90.0 2 P 68.0 5:30 A 79.0 76.7 70.5 9.8 lO 30.05 30.03 29.993 S3.0 2 P 67.0 5:30 A 75-0 72.0 680 8.1 II 29.96 28.88 29 925 84.0 2 P 69.0 5:30 A 76.S 74.5 72.0 4.4 12 30.03 29.90 29.9S1 86.0 4:30 p 67.0 5 A 76.5 76.2 71 0 II. 2 13 30.07 2997 30-043 780 3--30 P 65.0 4 A 71-5 70.6 68.0 5-5 14 29.99 29.83 29 863 790 3 P 70.0 0 A 74-5 72.0 71.0 25 15 30.00 29.89 29.985 83.0 4 P 65 0 6a 65-5 730 66.0 12. 1 16 30.03 29.99 30.010 83.0 3:301' 63.0 5A 64.5 73 I 66.0 12.4 17 30.05 29.9s 30.003 87.0 5 P 62.0 5 A 64.8 76.3 67.7 10.3 18 29.97 29.84 29899 88.0 3 P 63.0 5:30 a 66.5 77.2 70.0 9-7 19 29.86 29.76 29805 86.0 1:30 p 63.0 5A 693 77.5 75 7 9.0 20 29-93 29.75 29.831 77.0 9 A 57.0 TO P 58.5 64.2 60.0 .6 21 30.07 29.99 30.038 81.0 4:30 p 530 5A 67.0 68.5 61.5 7.8 22 30.00 29-73 29.872 72.0 3 P 60.0 3 A 61.0 65.0 64.5 0.0 23 29 S6 29.71 29.782 80.0 2:30 p 66.0 5 A 730 72.0 69.5 9-3 24 29.96 29.84 29.928 83.0 5 P 64 0 6 A 73.5 72.3 68.0 10.5 25 29 96 29.89 29.929 84.0 4 P 6i 0 5:30 a 72.5 73-0 68.5 120 26 30-03 29-93 29983 82 0 5 P 60.0 6 A 71.0 70.9 63-7 10.8 27 2999 29.82 29.906 72.0 12 M 65.0 5 A 68.5 67.9 66.0 0.0 28 2983 29.67 29-730 84.0 4:30 P 65.0 0 A 74.5 72.2 677 7-5 29 30.19 29.82 30.033 74.0 5:30 P 61.0 5 -.30 A 67.S 66.1 58.0 130 30 30.21 30.14 30.187 74.0 3 P 49.0 6 A 6, .5 61.7 57.7 12.3 31 30.24 30.09 30.171 80.0 3 P 470 5 A 635 648 59-0 .12.5 DAILY SUMMARY. Huinidit y. Wind. Precipitation. iZ Total in Q ^0 0 a. nl > ■-S 4) u 3 5?c ■^ 0 'St! (I) 1- c . 0 0^ 3 cu n! a to 1.1' ^ 0 V S be 'c c bi C Inches. c 'rt 0 c Q Sa-, siS S:ii: £5 ^s.s Sa,a, sx c-i DP W ;V m I 64.0 •653 92.5 N.N.W. 72 0-5 10 7 P 7P 8 P o-S 2 65.0 .724 86.0 N.W. 37 0.0 — 5 A 6:30 A 0.1 3 68.0 .842 82.0 S. 90 0.5 10 9 P 4 70.5 ■903 62.5 S.S.W. '55 1-5 18 6p 5 68.0 .771 88.0 S.S.E. 83 0.0 — — 4:30 p 12 P 0-3 6 59-5 .652 78.0 E.N.E. 214 2.0 20 8p 0 A 5 A 0.18 7 61.0 •747 72.0 S.S.W. 1 10 0-5 10 1:30 p 8 /0.5 •932 81.0 S.S.E. So 0.0 — — 9 68.5 849 82.0 E.S.E. 78 5-5 34 5 P 3:30 P 4 P T [O 67.5 735 90.5 S S.E. 151 6.0 35 6:30 p 4:30 P 6:30 P 0.23 ( 1 69-5 •837 86.5 S.S.E. 165 1-5 18 6p 5 A 6 a 0.1 12 69.5 ■837 855 W.N.W. 99 0.0 — — 3 P 4 P T '3 67.5 .710 94.0 E.S.E. 69 0.0 — — 5 P Sp C.3 14 70.5 .796 920 S.S.E. 224 4.0 28 2 p 0 A I P 1.02 '5 63.0 .791 72.0 S.S.W. 143 2.0 20 2 p i6 63.0 .781 750 W.S.W. 179 3-^ 25 I ••30 P '7 63.5 .899 655 E S.E. 116 0.0 — (8 67.0 .S94 74-5 W.S.W. no 0-5 10 I p '9 74.5 .988 86.0 S.S.E. 71 0.0 — — 8p 8:30 p T 20 60 5 •634 850 N.N.W. 107 0.0 — — 8 a 4 P 0.63 21 59.0 .646 78.0 S. 65 I.C '4 8 P 22 63.5 .649 90.0 S.E. lOI CO — — ii:30A 12 P 0.60 23 69,0 •77' 90.5 W.N.W. 83 0-5 10 8a 0 A I 1 -.30 P O.IO 24 660 ■797 79-5 N W. 48 0.0 — — I p 2 P 0 02 25 66.5 •8.3 80.0 W.N.W. 102 0.0 — — 26 60.0 738 71.0 N. 78 I.O 14 8 A 27 05.0 .677 92.5 S.S.E. 100 0.0 — — 0:30 P 12 P C.95 28 66.5 .761 65.5 S.S.E. 83 1.0 14 2 P 0 A II A 1.20 29 53-5 .612 66.5 W.N.W. 294 4.0 28 10 A 30 55.0 .544 805 w. 121 1.0 14 3 P 3t 55.0 .605 74.0 S.S.W. 117 3-0 25 9P ** Itain or melted snow at base of tower. * Included in following day. REMARKS The weather during the month of July was marked with a large amount of cloudiness and a heavy rainfall. Rain fell on seventeen days, the total rainfall being 6.23 inches. A very heavy rain of 2.1 inches fell during the night of the 27th. The normal rainfall for July is 4.34 inches for this station. The total number of hours of bright sunshine was 249, while the normal is 260 hours. The mean temperature was slightly higher than normal, being 71.5 degrees. The normal is 70.7. The maximum temperature recorded was 93 degrees on the 8th which is slightly less than the normal, which is 93.7 for July. The minimum temperature was 47 degrees, the normal minimum being 45.3 degrees. July was similar to the former months of this season in showing less than normal range in temperature. The relative humidity was 80.6 per cent, which is 7-3 per cent higher than normal. The wind movement was slightly less than normal being 3545 miles. The normal wind movement for July is 3612 miles. No heavy winds were recorded. Thunder and lightning were ob- served on 5 days, but there were no heavy thunder storms. The mean barometer was slightly lower than normal, and showed a range of .57 inches which is .13 inches less than normal. C. I. GUNNESS, Meteorologist R. W. NASH, Observer. BULLETIN No. 476. AUGUST, 1928 Meteoroloo'ical Observations AT THE MASSACHUSETTS AGKICULTUKAL EXPElilMENT STATION. Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72' 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 2^j.^ ft. Height oj Wifid Instrufiie/its 6y ft. Time used, j^thMer. MONTHLY SUMMARY. Pressiite. In inches. Maximum reduced to freezing, 30.17, 27th. 8a. Minimum reduced to freezing, 28.96, iStli, 8 p Reduced maximum reading, 30.34, 271!^, 8 a. Reduced minimum reading, 29.66, i8th,8 p. Mean semi-daily reduced jO-oS' Monthly range 68 Air Teiiiperaliire. In Degrees Fahr. Highest 92.0, 3rd, 3-30 p.. 4th, I p Lowest 52.0, 13th, 4-30 A Mean hourly 70. f Mean of means of max. and min 72.0 Mean sensible (wet bulb) 66.8 Monthly range 40.0 Highest mean daily 78.1,29th Lowest mean daily 60.0,7th Mean maximum Si. 6 Mean minimum 62 Greatest daily range 350, 14th Least daily range 5.0, 25th Hnmidity. Mean dew point 63.2 Mean force of vapor 732 Mean relative humidity 86. PrecipHation. In inches. Total precipitation, in inches S.40 Number of days on which .01 inch or more rainfall M Total movement 3090m Greatest daily movement 169m, 31st Least daily movement 37m, 14th Mean daily movement 99.7ni Mean hourly velocity 4.1m Ma.ximum pressure per scjuare foot, 4.5 lbs = 30m per hour, 5th, 12M. Maximum velocity for 5 minutes, 30m per hour, 5th, 12 M. Prevailing direction. South Southeast Summary. South Southeast 30 per cent West Southwest 16 " " North Northwest 13 " " South Southwest 10 " " North Northeast 6 " " East Northeast 6 " " ( )ther directions 19 " " Weather. Mean cloudiness observed .... 60 per cent Total cloudiness recorded by the Sun Thermometer . . 22 6hours = 53 per cent Number of clear days 7 Number of fair days 6 Number of cloudy days 18 Bright Sunshine. Number hours recorded, 203= 47 per cent. Kain. ist, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, loth, 17th, 18th, 22nd, 23rd, 25th, 26th, 28th, 30th Thunder and Liiihininii. 3rd, 4th, 5th, 10th, 18th, 2ISt, 30th. DAILY SUMMARY. Barometer Reduced to c Sea Level. Temperature. Ground Shelter. 'oiE S 3 :3 ■3 c 3 S 3 4) "3 J2 c 3 3 (A ■5 n1 S s 5 5 01 rt ^ c 5 0 ri l) 0 ■"0 a> (t> 3 0) 1- 0 0 n! JJ ^ ^ 0 S "bD T3 •^ c a Sa. StL, SaiS £q '- >T3 C aJ C ♦I'- >, ri = nj a rt c« - n) ""o ^ O 1) S) 3 Q 2a, ZUi S2i = Wind. QhS 1) « o o"^ ^2 '- Precipitation. Total in Indies. 1 505 449 81.5 2 48.5 450 77.0 3 58.0 520 94-5 4 57-5 600 79-S 5 530 480 83.0 6 55-0 462 930 7 550 502 88.5 8 50.5 49.S 91.5 9 5S.5 5«' 84.5 (O 5^-5 474 84.0 1 1 66.0 709 9'-5 [2 57-0 498 94.0 '3 65.5 648 96.0 14 55-5 588 750 'S 54-5 S04 «3..S i6 62.5 624 92.5 '7 63s 630 925 i8 505 470 77-5 iq 48.0 .180 87.0 20 635 666 87.5 21 59.0 570 865 22 46.5 4-9 73-5 2 3 43-5 333 86.5 24 4-:-5 342 78.5 25 37-5 307 755 26 370 301 71.0 27 40 0 :86 88.5 2S 3S5 274 84.5 29 37-5 254 88.0 30 3:-5 254 88.0 j.W. S.E. N.W S.E. E. N.W. s.w. N.W. W.N.W S.S.E. S.E E.N.E. S. N.N W. N.E. S. E. S.S.E. N. N. S.E. S. N.N.W. S.S.E. N.W. S. N.W. S. W. S w. N. 7« 0.0 81 1-5 90 0.0 108 0.0 66 0.0 51 0.0 79 0.0 40 0.0 107 2.0 9' 0.0 140 CO 89 0.0 71 4.0 248 2.0 154 0.0 102 0-5 ifS 2.0 161 o-S 196 2-5 282 5-5 i«3 0.0 185 1-5 113 0.0 7Q 0.0 «7 50 242 4.0 214 3-0 169 2.0 47 0.0 76 0.0 28 20 10 20 10 23 33 18 30 28 25 20 3 P 7 f 4P II M 6p II A I P II P I P 2 P 5 P gp 12 M 4 A 5 A 7:30? 7:15 F 7P 7 p 12 M O A 5P 2 p I A 7:30? Sp 12:30 p 5:30 A 7:45 P 7:30 P 10:30? 8 P 12 p I A 5:30 P 2:30? 2 P 8p 10 P 1.87 .02 .14 •56 .05 •30 .O" T .08 T .02 ** Rkin or melted snow »t b«se oi tower. * Included in following day. SUMMARY. The weather during the past month has been more nearly normal than previous months of the season. There was still a lack of sunshine. The number of hours of bright sunshine was 48 per cent of the possible hours for the month of September. The normal sunshine for the month is 53 per cent. The rainfall for the month was less than normal, being 3.07 inches. The normal is 4.07 inches. The average relative humidity was 85.2 per cent, while the normal humidity for September is 78.6 per cent. The hourly mean temperature was 57.8 degrees, which is 3.5 degrees less than normal. The highest temperature recerded during the the month was 84 degrees, while the normal maximum for Sep- tember is 87 degrees. The lowest temperature recorded was 31 degrees on the 25th and the 29th. The first frost, on the 25th, is somewhat later than normal, the normal date for the first frost being September 18th. The wind movement was sHghtly greater than normal, being 3744 miles. The normal for the month is 3362 miles. No heavy gales were observed. The barometer was very nearly normal. C. I. GUNNESS, Meteorologist L. O. JONES, Observer. BULLETIN No. 478. OCTOBER, 1928 Meteorological Observations AT THE MASSACHUSETTS AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72* 31' 10" W. Height of Ihirometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 2^j.^ ft. Height oj Wind Instruments dj ft. Time used, y^thAIer. MONTHLY SUMMARY. Pressuie. In inches. Maximum reduced to freezing, 30.26, 30th, 10 a Minimum reduced to freezinji, 29.27, 24th, 2P Reduced maximum reading, 30.55, 30th, 10 A Reduced minimum reading, 29.55, 24th, IP Mean semi-daily reduced 30.110 Monthly range i.oo Air Temperature. In DegTees Fahr. Highest 86.0, 12th, 3 p Lowest 19.5, 30th, 6-30 A Mean hourly 51. i Mean of means of max. and min 51 Mean sensible (wet bulb) 46.2 Monthly range 66.5 Highest mean daily 70.3, iSth Lowest mean daily 29.0,30th Mean maxinuim 64.6 Mean minimum 39 3 Greatest daily range 41.0, 15th Least daily range lo.o, 20th Humidity. Mean dew point 42.9 Mean force of vapor 3S4 Mean relative humidity 79.2 Precipitation. In inches. Total precipitation, in inches Number of days on which .01 inch or more rain fell Wind. Total movement 4512m Greatest daily movement 3oini, 20th Least daily movement 43m, 4th Mean daily movement 145.6m Mean hourly velocity 6.1m Maximum pressure per square foot, 6.5 lbs = 36m per hour, iSth, 4?. 23rd, 3 p. Maximum velocity for 5 minutes, 32m per hour, gth, bp. Prevailing direction. South Southwest Summary. South 32 per cent Southeast 16 " " West 13 " " Northwest 13 " " West Northwest 10 " " Other directions 16 " " Weather. Mean cloudiness observed .... 34 per cent Total cloudiness recorded by the Sun Thermometer . . 174 hours = 51 per cent Number of clear days 7 Number of fair days 12 Number of cloudy days ' . . 12 Bright Sunshine. Number hours recorded. 167= 49 per cent. Rain. 5th, i6th, iSth, 20th, 23rd, 25th, aSth. Thunder and Lightning, None. Gales, 36m., i8th. E.S.E., 36m., 23rd. S.S.E. DAILY SUMMARY. Barometer Reduced to (U Sea Level. Temperature. Ground Shelter. "o^ B s B 3 E E 3 13 J2 3 c 01/) c £ S £ £ '£ £ 0 S rt X' c u c . 11 1/1 5^ £ = 0- a. bi c c bi Inches. # a-' rt Q rt c ^ 0 att, D 4J 3 (5 1! > 0) £5 11 3 I) S c bJD -5 c W c 'rt Pi; 0 c I ■36.0 251 87.0 w. 50 0.0 _ 2 38.0 287 89.5 S.E. 72 0.0 — — 3 49-5 403 89.5 S. 75 0.0 — — 4 54-5 496 88.5 S. 43 0.0 ■ — — 5 5^-5 521 96.0 S. 92 2.5 22 6 p io:30A 10:30 P .24 6 46.0 438 72.5 w. 192 3-0 24 10 A 7 43 -o ?,72> 74-5 w. 177 45 30 3P 8 36.5 276 79-5 s. 97 0.0 — — 9 50.0 533 70.5 s. 249 4.0 28 10 A [O 40.5 341 73-0 w. 195 2.0 20 2 P (I 47.0 451 74-5 S S E. 80 0.0 — — 12 57-5 578 84.0 s.w. i04 0.0 — — 13 5^-5 568 68.0 N.W. 171 4.0 28 3P 14 28.5 269 58.0 N. 183 0.0 — — •5 39-0 318 79 5 S. 91 2-5 22 2 P 16 56.5 540 85.0 S.E. 103 0.0 — 8p 8:30? T '7 65.0 690 90.5 S. E. 147 1-5 18 4P 18 66.0 713 89.5 S.E. 213 6.5 36 4^^ 8 P 11 P .05 19 59-5 590 87.0 S.E. 154 1-5 18 12 M 20 40.0 393 63.0 W.N.W. 301 3-5 26 31- i:30A 2 A .05 21 3S.5 316 72.5 W.N.W. 193 1-5 18 10 A 22 41.0 3'5 88.0 S. 125 30 24 I P 23 59-5 509 lOO.O S.S.E. ,67 6.5 36 3 P 4:30 P 9 P •30 24 3S.0 325 72.0 N.W 254 4.0 28 3P 25 34-5 248 82.0 w.s.w. 15' 2.0 20 2 p 5:30 P 6 P T 26 21.0 193 60.0 N.W. 180 4.0 28 3 P 27 24-5 195 71-5 s. 76 0.0 — — 28 38.0 269 86.5 S. 134 1-5 18 12 M 0:30 A 6:30 p •23 29 20.5 188 59.0 W.N.W. 268 4-5 30 12 M 30 2Z.O 141 85.0 N.W. 77 0.0 — 31 29.0 186 795 S. 98 2 0 20 3P Rain or melted snow at base of tower. Included in following dav- REMARKS The weather during the month of October was pleasant and fairly seasonable with some slight variations from normal con- ditions. The barometer was normal, showing a maximum of 30.55 inches on the 30th and a minimum of 29.55 inches on the 24th, The latter is .13 higher than the normal minimum for the month of October. The hourly average temperature for the month was 51.1 degrees which is .9 of a degree higher than normal. The maxi- mum of 86 degrees on the 12th is 7 degrees higher than the highest temperature normally observed in October. The mini- mum of 19.5 degrees on the 30th is lower than normal, the normal minimum for October being 23.1 degrees. Especially warm weather prevailed during the day between the 11th and the 19th. A general killing frost did not occur until October 15. The light frost in September killed tender plants in certain loca- tions but in more sheltered locations these were not injured until the frost on the 15th. The amount of sunshine was 49 per cent of the possible amount for this season of the year, and is .6 per cent higher than normal. A very small amount of rain fell during the month. The rain- fall was .87 inches, while the normal rainfall for October is 3.69 inches. The total rainfall for the season is still well above the average. The relative humidity was 79 2 per cent. This is 4.2 per cent higher than normal. The total wind movement was 4512 miles. This is somewhat higher than normal as the average wind move- ment for October is 4115 miles. No severe gales were recorded, the highest wind being 36 miles per hour on the 18th and 23rd. C. I. GUNNESS, Meteorologist L. O. JONES, Observer. BULLETIN No. 479. NOVEMBER, 1928 Meteorological Observations AT THE MASSACHUSETTS AGIIICULTUIUL EXPERIMENT STATION. Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72' 31' 10" \V. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 2^j.^ ft. Height oj Wuid Instruvients 6y ft. lime used, y^t/iAfer. MONTHLY SUMMARY. Pressure. In inches. Maximum reduced to freezing, 30.23, ist, S A. Minimum reduced tofreezins,29.i4, 19th, 7-30 p. Reduced maximum reading, 30.53, ist, 8 A. Reduced minimum reading, 29.43, igth, 7-30 p. Mean semi-daily reduced 30.001 Monthly range i.io Air Temperature. In Degrees Fahr. Highest 73.0,17th, 12-30 p Lowest 14. 5, 28th, 2-30 A Mean hourly 39 4 Mean of means of max. and min 40.0 Mean sensible (wet bulls) 35.4 Monthly range 5=;.o Highest mean daily 61.2, i6th Lowest mean daily 30.4,23rd Mean maximum 48.7 Mean minimum 31.7 Greatest daily range 34 0, 14th Least daily range 5-5, 3oth Humidity. Mean dew point 31.1 Mean force of vapor 246 Mean relative humidity 7S.1 Precipitation. In inches. Total precipitation, in inches i Number of days on which .01 inch or more rain fell 9 Total snow in inches, Wind. Total movement 4736ni Greatest daily movement 442m, 7th Least daily movement 34ni,2nd Mean daily movement i57-9ni Mean hourly velocity 6.6m Maximum pressure per square foot, 15.0 lbs = 55m per hour, 6th, 9 p. Maximum velocity for 5 minutes, 48m per hour, 6th, 4-30 p. Prevailing direction, West Southwest Summary. West 27 per cent Northwest 27 " " South 13 " " East 7 " " Southeast 7 " " North Northwest 7 " " Other directions 12 " " Weather. Mean cloudiness observed .... 53 percent Total cloudiness recorded by the Sun Thermometer . . 171 hours = 58 per cent Number of clear days 7 Number of fair days 6 Number of cloudy days 17 Bright Sunshine. Number hours recorded, 121= 42 per cent. Rain. 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 6th, Sth, 12th, 17th, 19th, 22nd, 30th. Snow, Sth, 22nd, 25th, 30th. Gales, 55m., 6th, S.E., 35m., 7th, W.N.W.' 38m, 9th, N.W., 40m., 19th, S., 35m, 20th, N.W., 35m. 2;th, N.N.W., 35m. 27th, N.W. DAILY SUMMARY. Barometer Reduced to Sea Level. Temperature. Ground Shelter. "ox s 5 '5 E s £ s •0 s 3 OCfl c« Q S rt SI a IS E H £ 'c E H 0 S a x' c d.Sf 1 30.53 30.34 30.448 60.0 3P 27.0 6:30 A 43-5 40.7 33-7 9-5 2 30-37 30.24 30.123 510 2:30 p 35 -o 7A 43-0 42.9 395 1-7 3 30.24 29-75 30.014 495 I P 43.0 6 A 46-3 46.3 46.2 0.0 4 29.75 2957 29.685 540 2 p 44-0 8:30 P 49.0 48.3 45-8 0.3 5 30.11 29.72 30.048 50.0 2:30 p 31.0 7 A 40.5 40.3 30.2 9-0 6 29.94 29.46 29631 58.S 3:30 P 36.0 0:30 A 47-2 48.5 42.3 3-3 7 2990 29.64 29.852 530 3P 43.0 6 A 48.0 47-4 38-S 92 8 29.81 29.60 29.692 45.0 0 A 33-0 12 P 39-0 38.7 35-8 0.0 9 30.14 29-75 30.013 42.0 1 P 30.0 12 P 36.0 34 5 31.8 2-5 10 30-27 30.14 30.261 47-5 2:30 P 250 4A 36-3 34-7 30-5 7-5 II 30.28 30.04 30.184 45-5 3 P 27.0 12 P 3(^-3 34-5 30.8 67 12 30.04 29.83 29.914 42.0 2:30 P 21.0 7 A 3I-5 32.7 29-3 6.2 13 30.37 29-93 30.258 51.G 3 P 25.0 7 A 38.0 35-3 28.0 8.3 '4 30.43 3030 30.384 59-0 3 P 25.0 3 A 42.0 41.4 35-8 7-5 15 3030 30.02 30.144 65 0 2:30 p 43-5 7:30A 54-3 52.3 45-0 6-3 16 30.13 30.02 30.112 68.5 3-30 P 530 0 A 60.8 61.2 52-5 7-3 17 30.08 29.87 29.95c 73-0 12-30 P 55-5 2 A 64-3 61.6 54-8 6.2 18 30.00 29.81 29.895 59-0 0 A 46.0 12 P 52-5 52-5 49-5 0.0 «9 29.93 29-43 29.702 62.0 8 P 45.0 7:30 A 53-5 49-0 52.8 0.0 20 29.92 29.52 29.813 54-0 0 A 30.0 12 P 42.0 40.2 33-3 2.7 21 29.94 29.68 29.854 35 -o 2:30 P 27.0 7 A 31.0 31.0 27-3 35 22 29.83 29-55 29.674 41.0 2:30 P 29.0 12 P 35-0 34-6 32.8 0.5 23 30.10 29.83 30.042 38.0 3P 23.5 7 A 307 304 26.3 3-0 24 30.06 29.84 29.905 38.0 3 P 28.0 0 A 33-0 31.0 30.5 03 25 29.93 29.69 29.834 40.0 II A 21.0 12 P 305 29.8 26.5 2-3 26 30.04 29.92 30.002 28.0 2 P 180 7:30A 23.0 21.2 18.5 8.0 27 30.31 29.90 30.194 32.5 2 P 17.0 12 p 24.8 24.7 21.8 8.3 28 30.30 30.04 30.T39 42.0 3 P 145 2:30A 21.0 305 28.8 0.7 29 30.16 30.03 30.090 46.0 3 P 29.0 12 p 37-5 38.6 35-5 0.6 30 30.19 29.53 29-974 32.0 8 p 26.5 2:3oA 29.2 29.1 27.8 0.0 DAILY SUMMARY. Humidity. Wind. Precipitation. £ Total in (U Q SI 0 si ■0 41 D 3 M ■ p. in V,' ~ 0 V S si c a bi B ■5 c Inches. 1. d 0 Q So, Sfc SsiS £q i hS.S ^^oi Sffi H DQ W « If) I 30-5 .215 83.0 s. 60 0.0 2 36.5 .268 83.0 N.W. 34 0.0 — 7 P 10 P T 3 46.0 •317 98.0 N.W. 41 0.0 — 2 P 12 P .14 4 44-5 •319 92.5 W. 40 3-5 26 11 P 0 A 4:30 P .12 5 20.0 .209 53^5 S. 165 2-5 22 4 A 6 33-0 •345 58.0 s. 297 15.0 55 9 A 9:30 A 2 P .04 7 29-5 .296 56.5 W.N.W. 442 6.0 35 9 A 8 33-5 .224 87.0 N.N.W. 119 1-5 18 6p 6:30 A 8 P .20 T 9 27.0 .197 76.5 N.W. 307 7.0 38 2 P 10 26.0 .189 76.0 N.W. 70 0.0 ■ — 11 25.0 .177 77^5 N.W. 118 0.0 — — 12 26.5 •175 87.5 W. 49 0.0 — — 4:30 P 5 P T '3 24.5 .169 80.0 N. i'3 15 18 10 A 14 30-5 .252 72.5 S.E. 104 0.0 — — 15 41.0 •353 72.5 S.E. 166 2.0 20 10 P i6 47-5 •494 66.0 W. 246 3-5 26 11 A '7 51-0 .508 74.0 S.W. 148 I.O 14 2 P 1 A 2 A .02 i8 48.5 .368 93-0 E. 128 0.0 — 4:30 A 5:30 A .09 •9 52.0 •427 94^5 E. 78 8.0 40 6:30 P 6:30 A 11 P •36 20 24.0 .232 57-0 N.N.W. 338 6.0 35 7 A 21 19.0 •173 61.5 W. 138 0.0 22 30-5 .194 87.5 w. 164 l.O 14 3P 1 A 5 A .08 ^ 23 21.5 ■155 76.0 N.W. 128 2.0 20 2 P 24 28.0 .179 87.5 S.S.E. 139 0.0 — 25 21.5 .160 76.0 W. 238 6.0 35 10:30 P 1 P 2:30? .02 i 26 16.5 109 89.0 W. 336 5-5 33 0:30 A 27 18.5 .125 83.5 N.W. 263 6.0 35 7 A 28 25.5 ■ 174 83.5 S. 72 1^5 18 1 P 29 32.5 .223 84^5 W. 135 o^5 10 4 P 30 23.0 ,167 76.0 N.W. 60 0.0 12 M 12 P .81 i ** Rain or melted snow at base of tower. * Included in following day. REMARKS The weather during the month of November was warm and pleasant with very Httle rain or snow. The outstanding feature was the high temperature in the middle of the month. The average hourly temperature for the 16th and 17th was 61.2 and and 61.6 degrees respectively. The highest temperature on the 17th was 73 degrees. Only twice since the station was establish- ed in 1889 has such a high temperature been recorded during November. This was in 1903, when the thermometer reached 74.5 degrees on November 4th, and in 1924 when it reached 75 degrees on the 1st and 7th. In no case has a temperature of 73 degrees been reached as late as November 17th. The minimum temperature was 14.5 degrees on the 28th. This is not as low a temperature as can be expected during November, as the average minimum for the station is 13.5 degrees. The college pond was frozen so as to permit skating on the last two days of the month. The total precipitation during the month was 1.88 inches. The normal precipitation is 3.20 inches. The total snowfall was 2 inches. The average relative humidity was 78.1 per cent. This is higher than usual, as the normal relative humidity for November is 75.7 percent. ~ The amount of bright sunshine was 42 per cent of the possible amount; which is .4 higher than normal. The wind movement was somewhat higher than normal, being 4736 miles. The normal wind movement is 4565 miles. A gale of 55 miles was recorded on the 6th and one of 38 miles on the 9th. The barometer was very nearly normal in all respects. The maximum was 30.53 as compared with a normal of 30.68. The minimum, 29.43 compared with a normal of 29.29. The mean was 30.001 as compared to a normal of 30 04. C. I. GUNNESS, Meteorologist L. O. JONES, Observer. l^ BULLETIN No. 480. DECEMBER, 1928 Meteorolodcal Observations o AT THE MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72' 31' 10" W. Heii^ht of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Abo7>e sea levels ^53-5 f^- Height oj Wind Instnitnents dy ft. Time used, J^th Mer. MONTHLY SUMMARY. Pressuie. In inches. Maximum reduced to freezing, 30.22, 22d, 10 A. Minimum reduced to freezing, 28.84, i8th, 4 A. Reduced maximum reading, 30.53 22d, 10 A. Reduced minimum reading, 29.12, i8th,4 a. Mean semi-daily reduced 30.095 Montlily range 1.41 Air Tempernture. In Degrees Fahr. Highest 56.0,17th, II p. Lowest 8.5,23rd,6 A.: 24th. 7^ a Mean hourly 31.6 Mean of means of max. and min 324 Mean sensible (wet bulb) 27.7 Monthly range 47 5 Highest mean daily 45.2,17th Lowest mean daily ... 16.1,23rd Mean maximum 40 6 Mean niiuinnim 241 Greatest daily range .'05, 24th Least daily range 6.5,20th Humidity. Mean dew point 229 Mean force of vapor 173 Mean relative humidity 77 o Wind. Total movement 5061 m Greatest daily movement 472n"i, 30th Least daily movement 34m, 24th Mean daily movement 163 m Mean hourly velocity 6.8ni Maximum pressure per square foot, 13.5 lbs = 52m per hour, 30th, 11 A. Maximum velocity for 5 minutes, 50m per hour, 30th, II A. Prevailing direction. West Southwest Summary. West 32 per cent Northwest 23 " " South 19 " " North Northwest «3 " " Other directions 13 " " Weather. Mean cloudiness observed .... 47 percent 1 Otal cloudiness recorded by the Sun Thermometer . . 148 hours = 52 per cent Number of clear days 9 Number of fair days 10 Number of cloudy days I2 Briitht Sunshine. Number hours recorded. 135= 48 per cent. Rain. 1st, 3rd, 5th, 8th, 17th, 18th, 20th, 27th, 28th. Precipitation. In inches. Total precipitation, in inches 97 Number of days on which .01 inch or more rain fell 9 Total snow in inches, 25 Snow, 8th, Gnlea, 35m.. 8th. N.N.VV., 36m., 9th,N.N.W. 41m, loth, N.W., 35m., 17th, S.S.E., 45m. i8th, W.,42m., 2ist, N.W.,52m., 30th, N.N.W. DAILY SUMMARY Barometer Reduced to V Sea Level. Temperature. Ground Shelter. "0;^ B 3 3 'c5 E 3 £ 3 ■a 3 3 ot/; l4 £ £ 0) S H E 'c _E rt x' a get; 2^ -H I 29.86 29.51 29.708 41.0 2 P 29 0 10 P 35-0 340 323 0.0 2 30.22 29.86 30.125 45.0 J A 29.0 2 A 37-0 36-7 330 0.0 3 30-^3 29.98 30.114 440 4 P 32.0 7 A 38.0 37-5 360 0.0 4 30 15 30.02 30.133 43 5 3 P 29.0 12 P 36.3 36.8 35-0 0.7 5 30.11 2984 30.012 410 3 P 29.0 0 A 35 -o 33-0 29.8 0.0 6 30-31 30.11 30274 35-5 2 p 26.5 6 A 3'-o 29.0 25.8 7.7 7 30.30 30.14 30-267 36.0 2 p i: 5 7:30 A 26.8 255 20.8 43 8 30.25 30.13 30 189 32.0 I p 23.0 12 P 27.5 27.8 24.8 0.0 9 p 17 29.74 30 016 32.0 3 P 22.0 6 A 27 0 27.1 25-5 00 lO 30.10 29.74 29.962 36.0 2 p 20.0 12 P 28.0 28.3 24.0 8.0 1 1 3025 30.10 30 200 41-5 2 p 165 3:30 A 29.0 28.4 25 8 4 5 12 30.45 30.25 30-43*'' 45.0 2:30 p 22.5 6: 30 A 33-8 31-3 24.8 7.8 13 30.48 30.25 30-384 44.0 2 P 24.0 6 a 34.0 34-0 29.8 5-4 M 3030 30.23 30.271 47 0 2 p 29.0 12 P 3S.0 365 29.8 6.0 15 30-38 30.10 30.302 47-5 2:30 p 22.0 7:30 A 348 34.8 29.0 75 i6 30.16 30.07 30 1 2(; 52.0 1:30 p 36.0 12 P 44.0 432 393 7 0 17 30-07 29.28 29.680 560 II p 340 I A 45.0 45.2 46.5 0 0 i8 29.90 29.12 29.600 550 0 A 32.0 12 P 43-5 40.8 3>-5 50 19 30.08 29.90 30-045 42 0 3 P 24.0 7:30 A 33-0 32-4 28.8 5-5 20 30.10 29.77 29.95c 36.5 8 P 30-0 8 A 333 32.9 320 0 0 21 ,30-27 29.77 30.070 34-0 0 A 17.0 12 P 22.8 25.1 19.0 90 22 30.53 30.27 30.475 30 0 2-30 P 10.5 7 A 20.3 17.0 13.0 8.5 23 3045 30.40 30-435 31.0 4 P 8.5 6 A .9.8 16.1 1 1.8 60 24 30.48 30.25 30 395 38.0 3:30 P 8.5 7:30 A 23-3 21.7 17-5 8.5 25 30.25 30.10 30.200 46 0 12 M 23.0 8 A 34 5 33-7 278 65 26 30.35 30.20 30.285 44.0 3 P 21.5 7:30 P 32.8 3' 0 245 8.5 »7 30.20 29-72 30-015 340 12 P 19.5 7 A 26.8 28.5 258 0.0 28 29.72 29.42 29 480 435 12 M 340 0 A 388 37-8 35-3 3-5 29 ^9.65 29.46 29559 39.5 I P 3'.o 12 P 35-3 34-7 29.8 I.O 30 29.89 29.65 30.001 33-0 2:30 P 26 0 8 A 295 29.6 2.15 8.0 31 30.28 29 88 30.252 39.0 3,- 20.0 12 P 295 288 25.0 6.0 DAILY SUMMARY. Humidity. Wind. Precipitf tion. £ Total ill (V Q o a > 1) ti ^ 2 c . S 3 cr c 'c ti: •5 c Indies. * 0 c rt 5 = 0) 1) - 0) 3 ~ o V 5 c Si Q Sa, Su, S2£!i: i,2 .^S.5 Sxo^ s= — a Di 1 29.0 .197 8. 0 2 28.5 •2'3 73 0 3 345 ■2-^3 88 5 4 340 20s 97 5 5 245 .182 75 5 b 22.0 .152 77 5 7 15.0 .127 71 5 8 20 0 .148 74 0 9 21.0 152 77 5 lO .8.5 .144 71 5 ( 1 22 0 .150 82 0 12 20.5 .146 80 0 '3 26.0 ..8s 820 >4 25.C .182 770 '.5 23 0 ..9. 71.0 i6 36.5 ■259 84.0 '7 44.0 •343 89.0 i8 21.0 .22. 5VO 19 26.0 .16S 86.5 20 29.5 ..90 «7 5 21 8.S •'23 55-0 22 7-5 .087 75.0 23 «-5 .082 «'-5 24 14.3 ..14 825 2S 24.5 ..70 83.0 26 205 .46 77-5 27 17-5 'S3 8. 0 28 3I.O .226 77.0 29 20.5 ..98 5S.0 30 130 •53 53-0 31 22.5 .N4 85 0 W. I2S 30 24 JP 0 A 2 A .01 s.w. S^ 0.0 s.w. 63 4-0 28 3:301^ 4:30 P 9 P .07 N.W. 44 0.0 — w. 133 4-5 30 5 P 10 A I P ..9 N.W. 264 3-5 26 I p s. 74 o.s 10 2 p N.N.W. 272 60 IS II p 5:30 P II P •01 N.N.W. ^S5 65 36 8p N.W. 443 8-5 41 1:30? • W. 92 IS 18 12 M N.N.W. 59 0.0 — — W. 41 0.0 — — N. los 2.0 20 io:30A S.E. 69 0.0 — — W. 9S 0.0 — — S S E. 147 6.0 3S 9P 10 A 12 P .04 W. 445 lO.O 45 . p 0 A 5 A .20 S. 153 2-5 22 10:30 P S. 118 o.s ID 6 p 2:30 P 9 P •05 N.W. 323 9.0 42 2 p 5 P S. los 0.0 — — W. 41 T.O 14 3 A W 14 0.0 W. 190 S-O 32 I p S. 54 0.0 — N.W. 60 0.0 — 7:30 P .2 p .16 N.W. 266 so 32 12 M 0 A 7 A .22 w. 257 4-S 30 6p N.N.W. 472 '3-5 S2 I I A N.W. 109 I.O 14 2 A ** Rain or melted snow at base of tower. * Included in following: day. Annual Summary for 1928. Pressure. In inches. Maximum reduced to freezing, Minimum reduced to freezing, Maximum reduced to freezing and sea-level, . . . Minimum reduced to freezing and sea-level, . . . Mean semi-daily reduced to freezing and sea-level. Annual range, . 30.40, Feb. 6th, 9 A. 28.60, Jan. 25th, 6 A. 30.73, Feb. bth, 9 A. 28.90, Jan. 25th, 6 A. 29.997 1.83 *Air Temperature, In degrees Fahr. Highest, 93.0, July 8th, 4-30 P. Lowest, -3.5, Jan. 30th, 7 A. Feb. 26th, 7 A. Mean hourly, 47-4 Mean of means of max. and min 47.8 Mean sensible (wet bulb), 43-i Annual range, 96-5 Highest mean daily, 78.1, Aug. 29th Lowest mean daily, 9-6, Feb. 26th. Mean maximum, 57-5 Mean minimum, 38.4 Mean daily range, i9-i Greatest daily range, 47.0, May 10th. Least daily range, . . 4.0 Feb. 9th. June 5th., June 20th. Humidity. Mean dew point, 40.2 Mean force of vapor, 378 Mean relative humidity, 79-9 Wind. Prevailing direction, Southwest Summary. West 14 per cent South 10 " " South Southwest 9 " " West Northwest 9 " " Northwest 13 " " Other directions, 45 " " Total movement 57.215 ni Greatest daily movement, . . . 544m., Jan. 25th Least daily movement 21m., Feb. 1st. Mean daily movement, 156.4 m Mean hourly velocity, 6.5 m Maximum pressure per square foot, 25.0 lbs.,~ 71 m. per hour, Jan. 25th. 5 p. W. Maximum velocity for 5 minutes, 48 m. per hour, Nov. bth, 4.30 p. Temperature in ground shelter. Precipitation. In inches. Total precipitation, rain or melted snow, . 42.06 Snow total in inches, jo.o Number of days on which .01 or more rain or melted snow fell, 122 Weather. Mean cloudiness observed 51 per cent. Total cloudiness recorded by Sun Thermom- eter, 2253 hrs. =51 per cent. Number of clear days, . 93 Number of fair days, 116 Number of cloudy days 157 Bright Sunshine- Number of hours recorded,220i hrs.^49 per cent I>ate8 of Frosts. Last, May 14th First Sept. 25th l><«tes of Snow. Last April 2Sth First Nov. 8th Gales of 50 or More .Miles Per Hour, 51 m. Jan. 5th, N.W.; 50 m. Jan. T4th, W.; 71 m Jan. i5th, W. 51 m. Mar. 3d, W. 59 m. April 9th, W. 55 m. Nov. 6th, S. E 57 m. Dec. 30th, N. N. W. L. 0. JONES Obsemer. C. I. GUNNESS, Meteorologist. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 481 January, 1929 Meteorological Observations JANUARY 1929 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of haro7neter above ground, j6 ft. Above sea level, 2jj.j ft. Height of Witni Instruments dy ft. Time used, y^th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. c 0 IT. in C Wind. P ecipita tion. Maximum. | Minimum. | X- \ i \s. t% a; {/I ni Q a) D S H 0) u Q 6 E H c D (1) = d X- ■5-5 > (t £(5 1% 0 0 c d 0) cq t3 0) W c ■3 1 1) - 2§ 3cr, d X M ■ > f« i) - 1- p 3t/. O ^ '3 o > a. c £ o o \ B c be 0) ca -5 a> 3 Wind. OhQ 2 > ^1 Precipitation. 55.0 45.0 57.0 63.0 65.0 47.5 84.0 86.5 71.5 54.0 50.0 37.0 37.0 36.0 46.5 39.0 43.0 18 j 44.5 19 54.0 20 49.5 7 3-30 3-30 4 2 5 4 3 4 0 A 3 P 1 pj 5 P, 4 P| 11-30 A 4p| 2 4 11 42.5 48.0 56.0 64.0 58.0 68.0 68.5 60.5 53.0 58.0 6 4 3 5-30 1 5 2-30 0 5 40.0 24.0 31.0 35.0 39.5 39.0 37.0 57.0 54.0 28.0 22.0 33.0 31.0 29.0 33.5 35.0 36.0 36.5 38.0 39.0 36.0 33.0 27.5 30.0 43.0 48.0 37.0 44.0 39.0 33.5 12 6 0 1-30 6 6 2 6-30 12 12 5 12 6 6-30 6 6 2 10-30 0 6 12 6 5-30 5-30 5 12 6 4-30 12 6 47.5 34.5 44.0 49.0 52.2 43.2 60.5 71.7 62.8 33.6 36.0 35.0 34.0 32.5 40.0 37.0 39.5 40.5 46.0 44.3 39.3 40.5 41.7 47.0 50.5 58.0 52.7 52.2 46.0 45.7 91.5 45.0 51.0 83.0 78.0 82.0 80.0 72.5 65.0 90.0 58.0 86.0 74.5 80.5 70.0 81.5 80.0 65.0 55.0 85.5 87.5 86.5 42.0 41.5 81.0 67.0 41.0 62.5 49.5 37.0 0.0 se 12.7 nw 12.8 w ; 4.5 SW 1 3.0 s 0.0 n 7.5 w 8.5 SW 7.0 w 0.0 nw 13.2 e 0.0 n 0.0 ne 0.3 w 0.3 ne 0.0 n 0.0 ;nw 0.6 I w 8.5 'nw 0.0 ^sa 0.0 1.2 13.2 13.0 0.0 4.5 13.0 2.7 2.8 12.5 n n w w s SW s se w w 17033 462 35 10312 62 10 10017 107110 8414 183:22' 122 11: 13617' 15714 16817 15812 56 4 93 16 334 26 360^221 31225 335 25| 78, 6: 13612 21216 21830; 14918 170 23 27821 12111 21818 378,33 318|26 7 a' 7 p 4 p 10-30 p 0 A 9-30 A 9-30 p 5-30 A 1 A Oa 0 A 7 a 0 A 11 A 0 A Oa 8 a 0 A 6p 7 p 12 p 8 a 10 a 12 p 5 P .08 .12 .14 .30 T .08 .49 12 p! 12 p .89 .70 12 p 4 a 10 p .27 .04s .511 3.0 12 p 1.55' 0.5 12 p. .03 T 12 m .12 2.0 12 p .53 12 p .89 2 p .15 T *Based on least time required to blow one mile and corrected to conform to three cup anemometer. Monthly Summary April, 1929 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.39, 3rd Minimum 28.99, 17th Mean semi-daily 29.915 Range 1.40 Air Temperature Highest 86.5,8th Lowest 22.0, 11th Mean 45.2 Monthly range •■ 64.5 Highest mean daily 71.7, 8th Lowest mean daily 32.5, 14th Mean maximum 54.7 Mean minimum 36.3 Greatest daily range 47, 7th Least daily range 4.0, 12th, 16th PrecipitaHoit Precipitation. In inches 6.89 Snow. In inches 5.5 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1.55, 12th Number of days on which .01 or moi'e inches of rain fell 17 Wind (miles) Total movement 5778 Greatest daily movement 462, 2nd Least daily movement 56, 14th Mean hourly velocity 8.0 Maximum velocity for 5 min 35, 2nd (corrected to conform to 3 cup anemometer) Wind (direction) PrevaiUng direction w North, days 5 Northeast, days 2 East, days 1 Southeast, days 3 South, days 3 Southwest, days 3 West, days 9 Northwest, days 4 W e a 1 h e r Mean relative humidity, per cent 69.0 Mean cloudiness, per cent 60.0 Number of clear days 7 Number of fair days 7 Number of cloudy days 16 Number of hours bright sunshine 142.0 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 35.0 Frosts after the 15th, 23rd Thunder and lightning 7th, 26th 30.48 29.41 29.99 1.08 79.5 21.6 45.8 57.8 3.27 2.32 10 5436 7.5 29 69.6 49.2 11 10 9 221 55.0 30.71, 1911 29.14, 1891 1.42,1891,1907;0.72,1919 88.5, 1896 8.5, 1923 6.59, 1914; 0.76, 1892 11, 1891; 0, 1910 18, 1909; 3, 1892 8208, 1908; 3853, 1917 39. 1916 81.2, 1916; 54.5, 1892 75, 1901; 34, 1925. 1927 19, 1911 ; 3, 1898, 1902 18, 1915;2, 1894, 1901 22, 1901; 3, 1899, 1924 296, 1911 ; 103, 1901 Note— The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second and third columns give the averages and extremes observed frcjni 1SS9 to 192S for the same month of the year. REMARKS The weather during April was abnormal in a number of re- spects. The outstanding features were the high temperatures during the first week followed by very low temperatures during the middle of the month and the heavy rainfall and lack of sun- shine. The highest temperature was 86.5 degrees on the 8th. This is the highest temperature recorded at this station for a date as early as April 8. A temperature of 88.5 degrees was recorded on April 16 in 1896. The mean temperature during the first week in April was 50.3 degrees which is 8 degrees higher than normal. The mean temperature during the second and third weeks were 5.4 and 6.8 degrees, respectively, lower than normal and during the last week the mean temperature was normal. The mean temperature during the month was 45.2 degrees which is only .6 degrees less than normal. The lowest temperature was 22 degrees on the 11th which is normal for April. The total precip- itation during the month was 6.89 inches which is the highest re- corded for April at the station. The nearest approach to this maximum was reached in 1914 when 6.59 inches fell. The nor- mal rain-fall for April is 3 27 inches. A total of 5.5 inches of snow fell. Rain fell on 18 days during the month. There was recorded only 142 hours of bright sunshine or 35 per cent of the possible amount for April. The normal is 221 hours or 55 per cent of the possible amount. The mean cloudiness for the month was 60 per cent while the normal is 49 per cent. The mean relative humidity was 69 per cent which is .6 per cent less than normal. The total wind movement for the month was 5778 miles which is slightly higher than normal. The highest wind was observed on the 2nd when a velocity of 35 miles was record- ed and a total wind movement for the 24 hours was 462 miles. The prevailing direction was West. The barometer showed a range of 1.40 inches with a maximum of 30.39 on the 3rd and a minimum of 28.99 on the 17th. Thunder and lightning was ob- served on the 7th and 26th. Vegetation was advanced very rapidly during the first week of the month but little progress was made during the second and third weeks. At the end of the month fruit trees are in a normal state of advance. Field work is very much retarded due to the excess. of rain and low temperature. C. I. GUNNESS, L. O. JONES Meteorologist. Observer. L^' Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 485 May, 1929 Meteorological Observations FOR MAY 1929 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. lleiglit (jf barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for V)ulletins sliould be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHER.ST, MAS.S. Daily Records Temperature. Maximum Minimum. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 72.0 74.5 67.5 61.0 68.0 67.0 58.5 52.0 55.5 66.0 70.5 73.5 67.0 60.0 76.5 79.0 70.0 74.0 61.5 61.5 49.0 64.0 68.5 68.0 66.5 75.5 82.5 90.0 88.5 92.0 88.0 1-30 P 42.5 3 P, 55.0 2-30 a' 43.5 4-30 P, 38.5 1-30 P 44.0 2 p. 36.5 12 m! 42.0 5 pi 37.0 5 p 36.5 3-30 P 31.5 2 p 12-30 P 12 m 1 p 12-30 p 4-30 p 4 p 0 3 5 2-30 1 5-30 4 2 5 1-30 2 2-30 35.0 49.0 44.0 37.0 47.0 43.0 38.5 41.0 45.0 41.5 42.0 39.5 33.5 45.0 42.0 42.0 43.0 55.5 65.0 65.0 68.0 3 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 1 5 6 4 12 5 1 12 5 5 12 6 6 4-30 5 5 A A P A! p| Aj P A A A A A P A A P A A P A A A A A 5 A 5 A 5 A 5-30 A 5-30 A 5 A 5 A Wind. SKI O ^ XX. ZPOi DL.P iH^ Precipitation. 57.2 66.0 64.7 79.0' 55.5 59.7 49.7 49.0 52.5 67.0 51.7 70.0 50.2 66.3 44.5 52.0 46.0 50.3 48.7 45.3 52.7 44.3 61.2 64.0 55.5 45.7 48.5 65.7 61.7 70.7 61.0 61.0 54.2 41.3 57.5 66.7 53.2 90.7 51.5 49.3 45.5 87.3 51.7 56.0 51.0 45.3 56.5 67.0 54.2 58.7 58.7 55.7 62.7 64.3 72.7 60.7 76.7 72.0 78.5 64.3 78.0 50.3 12.6 6.0 1.3 8.4 4.2 9.0 7.0 8.0 5.0 13.5 11.0 2.5 9.0 0.0 6.5 1.0 13.5 10.0 0.0 8.5 0.0 12.0 11.5 1.3 13.0 13.0 10.5 10.0 8.0 13.0 12.0 se se s s s s w w w nw s se n w sw 20921 15914 410 26 287 20 208 24 12116 264 30 '31132 |126'17i 8410 1175 21 290 22 167 18 94 15 100 23 sw '252 35 sw 215 12 se 194 17 nw 129 17 w 182 14 n 16915 nw 15019 s 113 13 s 222 20 165 20 53 11 11115 87' 8 68 8 sw 10912 w 167124 4p 0 A 12 p 5 A .25 1.00 nw sw s se s 3 p 4-30 p .30 5 p 12 p .58 0 A 5-30 A .14 3 p 4-30 P .03 1 p[ 12 p .54 0 aI 8 a .16 12-30 p 1-30 p .03 5-30 A 7 p .61 4 a' 12 m .40 1-30 P 10 p .13 4-30 P 5 P T *Based on least time required to blow one mile and corrected to conform to three cup anemometer. NOTE— Beginning May ist relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. m., 12 noon, and 8 p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 A. m. and 8 P. M. Monthly Summary May, 1929 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum . . . .' 30.54, 14th Minimum 29.33, 2nd Mean semi-daily 30.045 Range 1.21 Air Temperature Highest 92.0, 30th Lowest 31.5, 10th Mean 56.6 Monthly range 60.5 Highest mean daily 78.5, 30th Lowest mean daily 44.5, 8th Mean maximum 70.0 Mean minimum 44.1 Greatest daily range 39.5,27th Least daily range 7.0, 21st Preciphation Precipitation. In inches 4.17 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1.25, 2nd, 3rd Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 12 Wind (miles) Total movement 5417 Greatest daily movement .... 410, 3r5 Least daily movement 53, 26th Mean hourly velocity 7.3 Maximum velocity for 5 min. ... 35, 16th icunected to ccjnform to 3 cup anemometer) Wiiul (direction) Prevailing direction sw North, days 2 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 5 South, days 9 Southwest, days 5 West, days 6 Northwest, days 4 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent 60.8 Mean cloudiness, per cent 48 Number of clear days 11 Number of fair days 14 Number of cloudy days 6 Number of hours bright sunshine 241.3 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 53.3 Thunder and lightning 24th, 29th, 30th Frosts 10th, 23rd Last frost 23rd 30.38 29.51 29.95 85.5 30.8 56.8 54.6 3.63 12 4540 6.1 25 70.7 51.5 10 11 10 250.1 55.2 12th 30.55, 1895 29.16, 1893 1.16, 1893; 0.60, 1899 94.5, 1911 24.0, 1900 6.91, 1901; 0.48, 1903 20, 1901; 5, 1903 5946, 1907; 2180, 1894 35, 1912 83.9, 1927 ; 59.3, 1891 70, 1901 ; 30, 1923 20, 1923 ; 0, 1927 17, 1907, 1926 ; 5, 1923 20, 1927; 3, 1903, 1922 334, 1922 ; 137, 1927 J'e3, 1908; Apr.23, 1904 NoTR — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second and third columns give the averages and extremes observed from 1S89 to 192S for the same month ol the year. REMARKS The weather was cold and wet during the first part of the month so that farm operations were badly delayed. During the latter half of the month, however, the weather has been very favorable with the result that vegetation has advanced rapidly and the end of the month finds the season normal. The out- standing feature was the hot spell during the last week of the month. The highest temperature was recorded on the 30th when the mercury reached 92 degrees. This was exceeded in May 1911 when a maximum of 94.5 degrees was reached . It is, however, very unusual to have such an extended heat wave at this early season. The mean temperature for the month was 56.6 degrees which is only .2 degrees lower than usual. The very low tempera- ture at the beginning of the month was compensated for by the unusually high temperature at the end of the month. Killing frosts on low land were reported on the 10th and 23rd. The lowest temperature was 31.5 degrees on the 10th. The range in temperature was 60.5 degrees while the normal range for the month is 54.6 degrees. The precipitation was 4.17 inches. The normal rainfall for May is 3.63 inches. The highest rainfall re- corded in May was 6.91 inches in 1901; the least was in 1903 when only 0.48 inches fell. Rain fell on 12 days which is normal for A^ay. The wind movement was 5417 miles which is well above the average, the normal being 4540 miles. The highest velocity recorded was 35 miles per hour on the 16th. The pre- vailing wind direction was south west. The relative humidity was 60.8 per cent. A total of 241 hours of bright sunshine was recorded. This is 9 hours less than the normal for May. Dis- tant thunder and lightning were observed on the 24th, 29th and 30th. The barometer showed more than the usual range having a maximum of 30.54 on the 14th and a minimum of 29.33 on the 2nd. C. I. GUNNESS, L. O. JONES Meteorologist. Observer. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 486 June, 1929 Meteorological Observations FOR JUNE 1929 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. 0, c Wind. P recipitation. . * Maximum Minimum. O tr. ■yi '- ^ ' c > sis m 4) = 3 1/. O ^ . '^^ 6 Z '5 tj > OJ H 1- \ £ y. c 60 0) 0) T3 c a a) :-• bo (U 1) E H 01 0) bj) 0) o Q Q Q s ^XX zee £(5 ,HS A a W « en 1 73.0 2-30 P 53.0 12 p 63.0 53.7 12.3 nw 237 24 2 60.0 i 3 p 41.0 12 p 50.5 52.3 7.0 nw 259 25 3 65.5 4-30 p 35.0 4 A 50.5 60.7 9.3 nw 122 14 4 68.0 5 p 41.5 5 A 59.7 60.7 12.0 nw 109 15 5 72.5 2 p 41.0 3 A 56.7 72.7 7.0 s 145 18 6-30 p 9 p .26 6 73.0 1 5 p 44.5 5 A 58.7 57.0 15.0 sw 70 8 7 77.0; 10-30 A 47.5 5-30 A 62.2 67.3 6.5 sw 181 18 11-30 A 12-30 p .01 8 74.5 1 4-30 P 46.0 5-30 A 60.2 61.3 12.0 w 117 11 9 77.5 3-30 p 45.5 5 A 61.5 55.3 15.0 nw 89 10 10 78.0 ' 3 P 45.5 5-30 A 61.7 57.7 15.0 e 101 11 11 86.0 4 P 41.5 6 A 63.7 56.7 13.0 sw 78 11 12 87.0 1-30 p 57.0 5-30 A 72.0 55.3 11.5 se 176 18 13 90.0 4 p 57.5 5 A 73.7 71.7 8.5 se 120 10 14 89.0 3 P 64.0 5 A 76.5 76.0 5.5 s 79 11 15 81.0 12-30 P 65.0 4-30 A 73.0 82.0 3.6 s , 79 9 2-30 A 8-30 A .44 16 84.0 5 p 58.0 7 A 71.0 65.3 10.1 w 60 11 17 89.0 2-30 P 53.5 5 A 71.2 61.0 10.9 nw 56 11 18 92.0 3 P 61.5 4-30 A 76.7 64.3 6.6 sw 43 11 19 91.5 3 P 66.5 5 A 79.0 65.0 8.0 w 99 11 20 79.5 1-30 p 62.0 12 p 73.0 73.0 2.7 se 113 11 3-30 A 5-15 A .20 21 85.5 4 p 59.0 5 A 72.2 65.0 6.8 se 107 8 22 83.0 4 p 63.5 6-30 A 73.2 82.3 3.9 se 89 07 12-15 A 12-45 0.14 23 85.0 5 p 64.5 5 A 74.7 80.0 2.7 se 118 10 24 86.0 2-30 p 68.0 4-30 P 77.5 79.7 4.0 se 77 12 3-20 p 5-30 p 1.15 25 82.5 3 p 68.0 12 p 75.2 85.0 1.4 s 115 18 6 p 11 p 0.23 26 77.0 5 p 56.0 12 p 66.5 56.3 14.5 w 170 16 27 81.0 5 p 56.0 5 A 68.5 65.0 14.8 nw 75 9 2a 2-30 A 0.02 28 76.0 1 p 54.5 6 A 65.2 77.7 1.9 se 100 16 2p 7p 0.61 29 69.5 5 P 59.0 5 A 64.2 69.0 2.9 w 232 26 30 79.0 1 p 46.5 4 A 62.7 60.7 8.5 sw 112 16 *Based on least time required to blow one mile and corrected to conform to three cup anemometer. NOTE — Beginning: May ist relative humidity is based on readings taken at S A. M., 12 noon, and 8 p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 A. m. and 8 P. m. Monthly Summary June, 1929 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.16, 9th Minimum 29.49, 29th Mean semi-daily 29.911 Range 67 Air Temperature Highest 92.0,18th Lowest 35.0,3rd Mean 67.1 Monthly range 57.0 Highest mean daily 79.0, 19th Lowest mean daily 50.5, 2nd, 3rd Mean maximum 79.8 Mean minimum 54.1 Greatest daily range 44.5,11th Least daily range 13.0, 20th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 3.06 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1.15, 24th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 9 Wind (miles) Total movement 3528 Greatest daily movement 259, 2nd Least daily movement 43, 18th Mean hourly velocity 4.9 Maximum velocity for 5 min 26, 29th (coiifcted tu conform to 3 cup anemometer) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction sw North, days 0 Northeast, days 0 East, days 1 Southeast, days 8 South, days 4 Southwest, days 5 West, days 5 Northwest, days 7 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent 66.3 Mean cloudiness, per cent 44 Number of clear days 11 Number of fair days 11 Number of cloudy days 8 Number of hours bright sunshine 252.9 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 55.0 Thunder and lightning 15th, 22nd, 24th 25th 30.31 29.56 29.961 0.75 91.1 40.0 63.7 51.2 3.54 10 3584 5 23 73.9 50.1 9 13 8 257.4 56 30.54, 1889 29.24, 1902 1.27, 1902; 0.52, 1916 101, 1919 34, 1891 9.68, 1922; 0.76, 1908 17, 1922; 4, 1908 4571, 1908; 1409, 1906 35, 1922 85.9, 1922 ; 65.3, 1891 71, 1903 ; 28, 1908 22, 1908 ; 1, 1907, 1926 23, 1912 ; 4, 1895, 1903 22, 1903; 1, 1923 362, 1908 ; 102, 1903 Note— The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second and third columns give the averages and extremes observed from iSSg to 1928 for the same month of the year. REMARKvS The weather during the month of June was seasonable in most respects. The weather was cool during the first few days with a light frost on the 3rd, and a minimum temperature in the shelter of 35 degrees. Frosts have been observed at as late a date previously, and in 1891 a minimum temperature of 34 degrees was recorded on the 5th. We had hot weather during the middle of the month with a maximum of 92 degrees on the 18th. The normal maximum for June is 91.1 degrees but in 1919 the thermometer reached 101 degrees. The mean or average tempera- ture for the month was 67.1 degrees which is 3.4 degrees higher than normal. The total rainfall during the month was 3.06 inches. The normal rainfall for June is 3.54 inches. As extremes might be mentioned that in 1922 there was a total rainfall of 9.68 inches in June. In 1908 only 76 inches fell. Very little rain fell dur- ing the first two weeks of the month, with the result that crops suffered somewhat but good rains in the last two weeks have helped all crops. The rainfall during the months of April, May and June of 1929 is 14.12 inches, while the normal rainfall for that period is 10.44 inches. A heavy rain shower on the 24th gave a total of 1.15 inches. Of this amount Yz inch fell in a per- iod of five minutes. The shower was accompanied by a severe electrical storm, Page laboratory being struck by lightning. Rain fell on 9 days as compared to 10 days as a normal and 17 days in 1922 and 4 days in 1908. The total wind movement for the month was 3528 miles. The normal movement is 3584 for June. No high wind was recorded, the maximum velocity being 26 miles per hour on the 29th. The prevailing wind direction was southwest. The mean relative humidity was 66.3 percent and the number of hours of sunshine was 253. The normal sunshine for June is 257.4 hours. C. I. GUNNESS, D.F. MURPHY, Meteorologist Observer. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 487 July, 1929 Meteorological Observations FOR JULY 1929 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ^^^ Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records - Temperat uie. •/I ^ Wind. I'lecipi tjition. Maximum Minimum. - t. C -c D 0) = 3c7 0 ^ = 5 > a. 3_C c c iS > P 2. S y. c "a ^'- 1 -I OJ c cc be E X. a; ;-< 3 cup anemometer) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction wsw North, days 2 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 10 South, days 2 Southwest, days 2 West, days 7 Northwest, days 8 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent 65.0 Mean cloudiness, per cent 47 Number of clear days 0 Number of fair days 18 Number of cloudy days 13 Number of hours bright sunshine 151.6 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 35.0 Thunder and lightning .... 19th, 23rd 30.32 29.63 29.972 0.69 91.3 42.9 68.4 48.4 4.24 10 3099 4.2 21 78.4 49.4 9 13 9 236 55 30.48, 1918 29.18, 1890 1.10, 1890; 0.44, 1894 100, 1918 37, 1894, 1908 8.28, 1915; 31,1894 16, 1892; 4, 1899 4271, 1910; 1920, 1894 35, 1915 87.3, 1927 ; 69.9, 1894 67, 1901 ; 27, 1923 17, 1921; 0, 1915 25, 1912; 5, 1893 18, '01, '28; 2, '10, '23 317, 1921 ; 152, 1915 Note— The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second and third columns give the averages and extremes observed from 1889 to IQ28 for the same month of the year. REMARKS The outstanding feature of the August weather was the continued drouth. The total rainfall for the month was 1.54 inches whereas the normal rainfall for the month is 4.24 inches. The rainfall for the two months of July and August of this year is 2.24 inches while normally we get 8.57 inches of rain during that time. Lawns and crops have suffered considerably in this region and the water shortage is acute in many western towns of the state. It is interesting to note that in 1894 only .31 inches of rain fell in August and that year only 1.55 inches fell in July. The mean temperature for the month was 66.5 degrees as compared with a normal of 68.4 degrees. The highest tempera- ture was recorded on the 12th when the thermometer reached 90 degrees. The normal maximum for August is 91.3 degrees but in 1918 the thermometer reached 100 degrees. The lowest tem- perature was 41 degrees on the 21st. In both 1894 and 1 OJ 3 c O ir, £§ o ^ "^."bi Wind. P recipitation. Maximum j Minimum. '3 tj > QJ c a; ■So * \ £ c bo t3 - Q (U 1 0 <= \ V S a be D 03 ■X! \. rt rt ca 0) C W 'rt o c nS Q i Q i ho a; f* > ^ 0) • 0) ■a c 1 "^ > D o c Q Q H Q H s Ssil ZfC 0,0 HS g D3 W j « , 1 33.0 2 p 24.0 1 A 28.5 64.6 7.5 sw 242 8 1 2 28.0 5 P 21.0 5 A 24.5 82.3 0.0 e 104 18 12 m 5-45 p 0.26 2.5 3 38.0 12 M 21.0 3 A 29.5 75.0! 3.7 sw 1 63 11 4 29.0 12 m 17.0 6 A 23.0 67.3 6.4 s |113;16 5 32.0 6 p 16.0 7 A 24.0 68.6 1.1 e 133 10 6 40.0 1 p 26.0 0 A 33.0 69.3 0.5 e 63 8 7 41.0 2 p 33.0 7 A 37.0 85.3 0.3 w 24:14 10 p 12 p 0.12 8 33.0 4 p 23.0 12 p 28.0 90.3 1 0.0 nwil29tll Oa 8-30 A 0.18 0.5 9 37.0 1 p 21.0 4 A 29.0 62.0 9.1 w 190 26 10 29.5 1 p 24.0 1 A 26.7 766 0.0 nw ' 39 13 11 27.0 0 A 9.0 12 p 18.0 67.0 6.6 nw 214 21 T i 12 21.0 8 p 1.0 7-30 A 11.0 63.3 4.5 nw 178! ? 13 32.0 8P 21.0 0 A 26.5 95.0 0.0 nw 50 5 3-30 A 6 P 0.24 0.5 14 46.0 12-30 P 32.0 0 A 39.0 81.6 0.3 w 116 21 15 41.0 3 P 28.0 12 p 34.5 82.6 0.0 w 106 21 16 38.0 2 p 14.0 7 A 26.0 59.6 8.8 w 209 13 17 33.0 7P 24.0 7 a 28.5 92.3 0.0 w 33 5 8a 12 P 0.68 T 18 36.0 Up 32.0 0 A 34.0 96.0 0.0 se 22 9 Oa 12 p 0.78 19 37.0 2 p 32.5 5 A 34.7 94.3 0.0 nw 97 8 0 A 12 p 0.62 20 36.0 0 A 22.0 12 p 29.0 73.3 1.0 sw 179! 18 0 A 8 A,0.12 21 31.0 12 p 18.0 6 A 24.5 56.0 3.9 w 296 26 22 33.5 12 M 15.0 12 p 24.3 60.3 7.6 nw 269 21 23 20.0 12 p 7.5 6 A 13.7 73.3 0.0 nw 25 1 21 1 p 12 P 0.30 24 28.0 1 p 19.0 12 p 23.5 79.3 8.3 nw 297 26 Oa 8 A 0.40 4.0 25 30.0 3 P 11.0 9 A 20.5 82.7 7.1 s 53 5 26 34.0 2-30 P 9.0 4 A 21.5 83.7 4.5 se 36 16 27 42.0 3 p 33.0 0 A 37.5 69.7 3.0 se 221 11 28 39.0 2 p 32.0 5 A 35.5 85.3 0.0 se 29 6 12-30 p 4 P 0.05 29 35.0 3 p 33.0 8 A 34.0 93.3 0.0 sw 65 26 11-30 A 8-30 P 0.30 0.5 30 37.0 3 p 31.0 8 A 34.0 64.3 3.8 sw 216 12 31 44.0 10 A 30.0 12 p 38.5 61.3 3.9 sw 1 280 33 *Based on least time required to blow one mile and corrected to conform to three cup anemometer. NOTE— Beginning May ist relative humidity is based on readings taken at S .\. m., 12 noon, and S P. M. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 A. M. and 8 i". m. Monthly Summary December, 1929 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum. . . .^ 30.72,12th Minimum 29.42, 29th Mean semi-daily 30.049 Range 1.30 Air Temperature Highest 46.0, 14th Lowest 1.0, 12th Mean 28.1 i Monthly range 45.0 Highest mean daily 38.5, 31st Lowest mean daily 11.0, 12th Mean maximum 34.2 Mean minimum 21.9 Greatest daily range 20.0, 12th Least daily range 2.0, 29th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 4.05 Snow, in inches 8 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 0.74, 17th, 18th. Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 12 Wind (miles) Total movement 4320 Greatest daily movement 297, 24th Least daily movement 22, 18th Mean hourly velocity 5.8 Maximum velocity for 5 min .... 33, 31st (corrected to cita, cC c \ 0 c in 0) bJD at V s si's 0) (1) 3 3 ;/". 0 ^. . ^ 6 t- £ 5 > E c tn T3 0) T3 c c ■3 Q a H Q H s Ssiff ze OhC HS Si " w Pii 1 34.0 4 p 24.0 5 a 29.0 85.6 1.0 s 40 4 2p 10 p 0.05 2 48.0 3 P 32.0 8 A 40.0 79.0 1.8 se 72 8 3 43.0 1 A 36.0 12 p 39.5 88.0 0.0 w 104 16 1-30 A 11-30A 0.31 4 36.0 0 A 13.0 12 p 24.5 57.6 7.1 nw 261 29 5 27.0 3 P 6.2 8 A 16.6 62.0 9.1 se 139 16 6 44.5 3 p!24.0 0 A 34.2 63.6 8.2 se 252 18 7 55.0 4 p 36.0 2 A 45.5 ' 82.0 4.3 se 198 14 8 56.0 3 p 45.0 4 A 50.5 1 82.3 0.0 se 220 21 9 50.0 0 a' 31.0 12 p 40.5 90.6 0.0 e 150 39 7 P 10 p 0.04 10 33.0 1 p^ 15.0 12 p 24.0 85.6 0.0 nw 148 29 11 25.0 4 p 11.0 7 A 18.0 67.6 5.6 w 224 12 12 32.0 4 p. 22.0 0 A 27.0 87.3 0.0 w 82 8 4-30 A 12 p 0.69 3.5 13 34.0 12 p, 29.0 7 A 31.5 93.0 0.0 w 42 5 Oa 12 p 0.12 14 39.0 12 M 34.0 7 A 36.5 89.3 0.0 nw 82 8 Oa 12 p 0.23 15 37.0 4 p 34.0 8 A 35.5 94.0 0.0 se 79 18 0 A 12 p 0.09 16 34.0 0 A 17.0 12 p 25.5 58.0 0.3 w 235 18 17 23.0 3 p 9.2 7 A 16.1 55.0 7.7 nw 193 11 6-30 p 12 p 0.02 18 29.0 7 p 19.0 6 A 24.0 1 83.0 0.0 nw 148 26 Oa 12 p 0.77 2.5 19 22.0 IP 5.0 7 A 13.5 65.6 8.8 sw 192 16 20 26.0 4p 2.0 7 A 14.0 1 69.3 4.2 s 69 6 21 27.0 3 p 21.0 3 A 17.5 82.6 0.0 sw 42 3 8 a 12 p 0.05 0.5 22 27.0 3 p 8.0 12 p 17.5 83.3 0.2 w 49 4 0 A 12 p 0.09 2.0 23 27.0 3 p 3.0 3 A 15.0 63.0 7.6 w 58 9 24 25.0 3 p -1.0 5 A 12.0 66.6 9.6 se 98 9 25 29.0 3 p 11.0 7 A 20.0 59.0 8.6 s 183 24 26 22.0 3 p 3.0 12 p 12.5 56.7 9.7 w 230 18 27 23.0 7 p' -4.0 6 A 9.5 76.3 4.6 sw 39 3 3 p 12 P 0.07 0.5 28 39.0 2 p 21.0 0 A 30.0 81.0 3.7 se 75 29 0 A 8 a 0.04 0.5 29 32.0 0 a' 16.0 12 p 24.0 58.0 8.3 w251 24 30 22.0 3 p| 8.0 7 A 15.0 66.0 0.1 w 142 17 31 25.0 4 P 3.5 7 A 14.5 68.0 6.3 s 115 10 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— BeginninR May 1st, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at S A. M., 12 NOON, and 8 p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 A. m. and 8 P. m. Monthly Summary January 1930 Normal Extremes Baromeier (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.77, 5th Minimum 29.74, 18th Mean semi-daily 30.225 Range 1.03 Air Temperature Highest 56.0, 8th Lowest -4.0, 27th Mean 26.0 Monthly range 60.0 Highest mean daily 50.5, 8th Lowest mean daily 9.5, 27th Mean maximum 33.1 Mean minimum 17.3 Greatest daily range 27.0, 27th Least daily range 3.0, 15th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 2.57 Snow, in inches 9.5 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. .77, 18th. Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 13 Wind (miles) Total movement '4,222 Greatest daily movement 261, 4th Least daily movement 39, 27th Mean hourly velocity 5.7 Maximum velocity for 5 min 39, 9th (Corrected to conform to 3 cup anemometer) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction sw North, days 0 Northeast, days 0 East, days 1 Southeast, days 8 South, days 4 Southwest, days 3 West, days 10 Northwest, days 5 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 74.1 Mean cloudiness, per cent 69.3 Number of clear days 10 Number of fair days ... 6 Number of cloudy days 15 Number of hours bright sunshine 116.8 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 39.7 Thunder and lightning 30.71 29.18 30.07 1.54 50.4 -7.4 24.1 58.2 3.42 13 11 5,068 6.8 30 78.2 54 8 10 13 140 47.6 31.00, 1927 28.55, 1913 2.18, 1913; 0.97, 1896 61.5, 1890 -23.0, 1907 7.15,1898; 1.07,1896 33, 1898, 1923 ; 1.75, 1911 18, 1923 ; 4, 1889 7,770, 1908; 2,896, 1895 40, 1913 85.3, 1927; 68.2, 1890 66, 1898; 38, 1922 16, 1922; 2, 1914 18, 1890, 1926 ; 3, 1916 22, 1923 ; 4, 1920 214, 1920; 76, 1923 Note— The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second and third columns give the averages and extremes observed from 18S9 to 1929. REMARKS The weather during the month of January has been less severe than usual for Amherst. The mean or average temperature was 26 degrees, while the normal temperature for this month is 24.1 degrees. The weather has been fairly cold during the latter part of the month, but warm weather at the beginning of the month helped to raise the average. The highest temperature was 56 degrees on the 8th, and the lowest was -4 degrees on the 27th. The normal maxi- mum is 50 4 degrees and the normal minimum for January is 7.4 degrees below zero. It is interesting to note that the lowest tem- perature recorded in the last 41 years is 23.5 degrees below zero in 1907. The total precipitation during the month was 2.57 inches, while the normal precipitation for January is 3.52 inches. The snow- fall was 9.5 inches and normal snowfall is 13 inches. The maximum snowfall during any month of January during the past 41 years was 33 inches in 1898 and 1923. There was about 2 inches of snow on the ground on January 1. This had disappeared by January 7. The ground has again been covered with a small amount of snow since January 12 to the end of the month. There were 116.8 hours of bright sunshine recorded against a normal of 140 hours. The greatest number of hours of bright sunshine in January was in 1920 when 214 hours were recorded; the least was in 1923 when 76 hours were recorded. The mean cloudiness was 69.3 per cent, with a normal of 54 per cent. The mean relative humidity was 74.1 per cent. The total wind movement was 4222 miles, the normal being 5068 miles. The prevailing direction was Southwest. The normal direction for this month is West Northwest. The highest wind was on the 9th with a velocity of 39 miles per hour. The highest barometer was 30.77 inches on the 5th, which is .06 higher than normal for January. The lowest was 29.74 on the 18th, the normal minimum being 29.18 inches. C. I. GUNNESS, D. F. MURPHY, Meteorolo^si Observer. V Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 494 February, 1930 Meteorological Observations FOR FEBRUARY 1930 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ^t. Lleight of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperat lire. c o ■« in C Wind. p recipitation. Maximum j Minimum. ^ ' aw. ■So a ji > •^ Q bjo 0) Q ^ 2 > Z £■-0° ;5 c bo HI •a Ol XI c W d "3 o c 1 30.0 4 p 17.0 5 A 23.5 66.0 10.0 sw 10910 2 41.0 3 p 25.0 0 A 33.0 73.6 2.6 se 140|l2 3 38.0 12 m 24.0 12 p 31.0 73.6 2.4 nw 108,14 4 P 7 p .02 4 28.0 6 P 14.0 7 A 21.0 81.6 0.0 w 67 8 9-30 A 12 p .36 2.5 5 30.0 1 P 12.0 12 p 21.0 63.0 5.8 nw 11715 0 A 4a .08 1.5 6 14.0 3 p -6.0 7 A 4.0 61.0 8.2 nw 105 14 7 20.0 4 p 6.0 0 A 13.0 77.6 0.0 w 42' 8 8a 11 A .05 0.5 8 31.0 2 p 13.0 7 A 22.0 69.0 8.2 sw 129; 18 9 36.0 3 P 13.0 2 A 24.5 60.6 8.8 se 138.20 10 38.0 11 A 24.0 12 p 31.0 52.6 5.7 sw 19318 11 26.0 4 P 12.0 12 p 19.0 47.7 10.4 w 257 i 18 12 35.0 4 P 0.0 7 A 17.5 64.7 7.2 se 101;12 13 43.0 3 P 32.0 0 A 37.5 91.0 0.0 se 160:12 4a 12 p .38 14 33.0 2 P 24.0 12 p 28.5 56.0 10.5 w 164; 15 0 A 3 a .10 15 30.0 1 P 19.0 7 A 24.5 67.7 2.8 se i01i20 4-30 P 12 p .19 16 22.0 0 A 1.0 12 p 11.5 58.3 10.6 nw 294 29 17 20.0 3 P -5.0 3 A 7.5 54.0 10.6 sw 129 10 18 40.0 3 P 13.0 1 A 26.5 68.3 6.0 se, 17110 19 54.0 5 P 35.0 0 A 44.5 64.7 9.0 se 153 10 20 65.0 4 P 37.6 8 A 51.3 64.0 10.8 s 11210 21 58.0 1 P 35.0 12 p 46.5 71.7 9.3 nw 7714 22 53.0 5 P 28.0 7 A 40.5 85.0 8.4 se 6410 23 53.0 6 P 37.0 8 A 45.0 84.0 0.1 se 14420 9p 12 p .15 24 63.0 4 P 38.0 12 p 50.5 68.0 8.5 s 9610 25 59.0 6 p 34.0 3 A 46.5 90.3 1.5 w : 58i24 26 41.0 Oa 24.0 11 A 32.5 68.6 0.0 w 1257 20 6p 11 p .06 1.0 27 39.0 4 p 24.0 7 A 31.5 41.0 11.1 w 179,24 28 43.0 3 P 21.0 7 A 32.0 49.3 11.1 se 135 8 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, T929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at S A. m., 12 NOON, and S p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. MONTHLY SUMMARY February 1930 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum . . .' 30.60, 17th Minimum 29.62, 5th Mean semi-daily 30.065 Range 98 Air Temperature Highest 65.0, 20th Lowest -6.0, 6th Mean 29.2 Monthly range 71.0 Highest mean daily 51.3, 20th Lowest mean daily 4.0, 6th Mean maximum 38.7 Mean minimum 19.7 Greatest daily range 35.0, 12th Least daily range 9.0, 14th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 1.39 Snow, in inches 5.5 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. .48, 13th, 14th. Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 9 ■Wind (miles) Total movement 3,800 Greatest daily movement 294, 16th Least daily movement 42, 7th Mean hourly velocity 5.7 Maximum velocity for 5 min .... 29, 16th (corrected to cunforni to 3 cup anemometer) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction sw North, days 0 Northeast, days 0 East, days • 0 Southeast, days 10 South, days 2 Southwest, days 4 West, days 7 Northwest, days 5 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 66.9 Mean cloudiness, per cent 57.0 Number of clear days 15 Number of fair days 4 Number of cloudy days 9 Number of hours bright sunshine 179.6 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 61.0 Thunder and lightning 30.63 29.20 30.03 1.43 50.3 -7.9 23.5 58.2 3.35 14.27 10 4,833 7.1 29 77.9 50.5 10 8 10 160 54.4 31.05, 1920 28.56, 1895 1.89, 1900 ; 1908; .88, 1913 57.5, 1890 -22.5, 1918 8.12, 1900 ; 0.62, 1901 48.75, 1893; 2.5, 1912 15, 1893, 1920; 4, 1901 6,445, 1896; 3,438, 1892 42, 1912 90, 1889; 66.8, 1902 66, 1890, 1927; 31, 1905 17, 1924; 2, 1927 16, 1920 ; 3, 1890 16, 1894 ; 2, 1920 221, 1924; 110,1927 .\'()TK— I'he first column in the above summary gives observations made during the montli. The second and tliirtl columns ;_;ive the averages and extremes observed from 1S89 to 1929. REMARKS The outstanding feature of the weather during February was the unusual high temperature for a week beginning on the 18th. The highest temperature was recorded on the 20th with a reading of 65 degrees. The normal maximum for Fel^ruary is 50.3 degrees and the highest observed heretofore was 57.5 de- grees in 1890. The lowest temperature observed was on the 6th when the thermometer fell to -6 degrees. The normal minimum for February is -7.9 degrees and in 1918 the mercury fell to -22.5 degrees which is the minimum for this station. The mean temperature for the month was 29.2 degrees which is 5.7 degrees higher than normal. This has been exceeded three times in the history of the station; in 1890 when the mean was 32.6, in 1909 with 29.3 and in 192 5 with 32.1 degrees. Only 5.5 inches of snow fell during the month with a total precipitation of 1.39 inches. The normal snowfall is 14.3 inches for Februar}^ and the normal precipitation is 3.35 inches. Be- ginning on February and the normal precipitation is 3.35 inches. Beginning on February 1st with approximately 1.5 inches of snow on the gromid, this was increased to 4 inches on the 5th. By the 10th this had decreased to 3 inches and by the 22nd the ground was bare and continued so to the end of the month ex- cept for a fall of 1 inch on the 26th which lasted only one day. The amount of sunshine was greater than normal being 179.6 hours, the normal being 160 hours. The number of clear days was 15, while the normal is 10 days. The relative humidity was 66.9 per cent. The total wind movement was 3800 miles while the normal is 4833 miles. There were no unusually high winds and the prevailing wind direction was south west. The normal wind direction for this month is west north west. C. I. GUNNESS, D. F. MURPHY, Meteorologist Observer Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 495 March, 193tt Meteorological Observations FOR MARCH 1930 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPLRIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Tempera ure. c o ■/; Wind. Piecipit .ition. Maximum Minimum. ^ n 1) = o 1- Sail zee 1 = > a, -• be (U Q (U £ a CS V o c t/3 1 58.0 2 p 27.0 5 A 42.5 61.3 9.7 se 212 20 2 47.0 2 A 32.0 12 p 39.5 58.3 12.2 w 418 29 2 A 5 A .05 3 52.0 5 p 28.0 6 A 40.0 51.0 12.8 se 116 14 4 54.0 3 P 30.0 7 A 42.0 56.0 12.4 nw 299 29 5 64.0 4 p 27.0 6 A 45.5 55.3 12.9 se 80 8 6 62.0 2 p 33.0 7 A 47.5 65.0 8.3 e 167 22 9-30 p 12 p .16 7 58.0 3 p 39.0 12 p 48.5 79.7 3.8 s 297 20 0 A 12 p .71 8 40.0 3 p 32.0 12 p 36.0 64.0 4.6 s 259 24 9 43.0 5 p 28.0 7 A 35.5 60.3 8.9 w 331 23 10 59.0 3 p 25.0 6 A 42.0 48.7 12.1 e 67 11 11 68.0 2 p 44.0 6 A 56.0 58.3 9.4 e 115 15 12 65.0 4 p 39.0 3 A 52.0 73.7 8.3 w 83 8 0 A 8 a .11 13 52.0 6 p 37.0 6 A 44.5 85.3 0.0 s 69 6 14 73.0 1 p 44.0 12 p 58.5 58.0 13.3 w 205 28 15 54.0 5 p 31.0 7 A 42.5 38.3 13.3 n 169 12 16 54.0 3 p 32.0 6 A 43.0 43.3 10.1 n 160 20 17 46.0 1 P 29.0 5 A 37.5 61.0 4.3 se 119 10 5 p 12 p .05 18 48.0 12 p 35.0 0 A 41.5 95.0 0.0 se 68 9 0 A 12 p .15 19 57.0 3 p 44.0 12 p 50.5 79.3 3.4 w 159 24 0 A 8a .04 20 57.0 3 P 35.0 6 A 46.0 43.3 13.6 w 234 29 21 51.0 11 A 29.0 5 A 40.0 56.7 4.7 se 109 15 22 50.0 2 p 31.0 12 p 40.5 69.7 7.1 sw,2l4, 29 1-30 A 8 a .14 23 28.0 2 p 26.0 5 A 27.0 60.0 13.7 sw . 355 30 T 24 39.0 2 p 25.0 3 A 32.0 55.0 7.1 sw 301 1 25 T 25 52.0 2 p 28.0 5 A 40.0 59.7 8.8 w ! 163i 24 26 58.0 12 m 40.0 12 p 49.0 52.7 9.2 nw 1481 20 27 66.0 4 p 34.0 4 A 50.0 45.3 13.9 sw 174j 20 28 63.0 3 p 40.0 12 p 51.5 40.7 13.9 n 174! 13' 29 67.0 3 p 29.0 6 A 48.0 47.7 14.0 se 118' 18' 30 75.0 2 p 36.0 5 A 55.5 44.0 7.6 se 148 15 ♦Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE — Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. NOON, and 8 p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. Monthly Summary April, 1930 Normal Extremes Baromeier (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.59, 17th Minimum 29.07, 7th Mean semi-daily 30.039 Range 1.52 Air Temperalure Highest 75.0, 30th Lowest 25.0, 10th, 24th Mean 44.1 Monthly range 50.0 Highest mean daily 58.5, 14th Lowest mean daily 27.0, 23rd Mean maximum 55.3 Mean minimum 33.0 Greatest daily range 39.0, 30th Least daily range 2.0, 23rd Precipiiation Precipitation. In inches 1.41 Snow, in inches Trace Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. .71, 7th. Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 8 Wind (miles) Total movement 5,531 Greatest daily movement 418, 2nd Least daily movement 67, 10th Mean hourly velocity 7.7 Maximum velocity for 5 min .... 30, 23rd (corrected to coritorm to 3 cup anemometer) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction ssw North, days 3 Northeast, days 0 East, days 3 Southeast, days 8 South, days 3 Southwest, days 4 West, days 7 Northwest, days 2 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 59 Mean cloudiness, per cent 48 Number of clear days 15 Number of fair days 11 Number of cloudy days 4 Number of hours bright sunshine 273.4 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 68.0 Thunder and lightning 30.48 29.41 29.99 1.08 79.5 21.6 45.8 57.8 3.27 2.32 11 5,436 7.5 29 69.6 49.2 11 10 9 221 55.0 30.71, 1911 29.14, 1891 1.42,1891,1907; 0.72, 1919 88.5, 1896 8.5, 1923 6.89, 1929; 0.76, 1892 11, 1891; 0,1910 18, 1909 ; 3, 1892 8,208, 1908; 3,853, 1917 39, 1916 81.2, 1916; 54.5, 1892 75, 1901 ; 34, 1925, 1927 19, 1911; 3, 1898, 1902 18, 1915; 2, 1894, 1901 22, 1901 ; 3, 1899, 1924 296, 1911; 103,1901 N()Ti'-Tlie first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month, llie second and third colunns give the averages and extremes observed from i88g to 1929. REMARKS The weather during the month of April was cooler than nor- mal and had less rain than normal. The mean temperature for the month was 44.1 degrees which is 1.7 degrees less than normal. The highest temperature was 75 degrees on the 30th. Last year the highest temperature in April was 86.5 degrees and this oc- curred on the 8th. The lowest temperature was 25 degrees on the 10th and 24th. The normal minimum temperature for April is 21.6 degrees. Only 1.41 inches of rain fell during the month, while the normal rainfall for April is 3.27 inches. Last year the rainfall during April was 6.89 inches. In 1892 only .76 inches fell in April. Light snow squalls occurred on the 23rd and 24th. There was a total of -273.4 hours of bright sunshine, while the nor- mal for April is 221 hours. The mean cloudiness was 48 percent which is slightly less than normal. The number of clear days were 15, the normal being 11. Only 4 days were recorded as cloudy. No high winds were recorded, and the wind movement was normal. The prevailing direction was south southwest. The progress of the season is expressed as follows by Dr. J. K. Shaw: "The weather in April has been variable warm periods with rather rapid development alternating with cool periods and very slow development. On the whole, fruit buds are somewhat ahead of normal as the month closes. All peach varieties are full of fruit buds, and other fruits promise good to excellent bloom. Strawberries have wintered well, and there is about tJie normal winter injury to raspberry plants". C. L GUNNESS, D. F. MURPHY, Meteorologist Observer \y Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 497 May, 1930 Meteorological Observations FOR MAY 1930 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ^^• Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperat ure. a. Wind. P recipitation. Maximum Minimum. * . v~\l'^-\ 1^ Q, (U >- c 0) T3 T3 C c "rt o c Q Q H Q S S2^S zee a.C ca W « 1 81 2 p 43 5 A 62.0 70.7 11.0 s 11112 6 p 8p .05 2 88 2 p 55 12 P 71.5 50.7 11.0 s 228 28 3-30 p 10-30 p .44 3 61 2 P 51 12 P 56.0 41.0 14.0 sw 348 31 4 74 5 P 44 4 A 59.0 39.0 14.1 w 343 32 5 87 4 P 52 1 A 69.5 33.3 14.1 w 140 20 6 89 4 p 57 6 A 73.0 47.0 14.3 sw 176 20 7 92 4 p 59 5 A 75.5 55.7 14.3 sw 144 20' 8 86 4 p 61 3 A 73.5 66.3 7.7 se 94 18 4 a 5 A .04 9 77 4 p 53 6 A 65.0 42.7 14.4 nw 143 22 10 75 3 p 40 7 A 57.5 41.7 14.4 n 124 13: 11 74 6 P 37 6 A 55.5 45.0 14.4 nw 85 13 12 78 3 P 42 5 A 60.0 53.3 14.5 se 14712 13 82 3 P 47 4 A 64.5 51.3 8.6 w 180 20 14 70 11 A 46 12 P 58.0 67.0 5.8 e 131 14 6-30 P 7 P .02 15 51 4 P 45 5 A 48.0 88.3 0.0 n 165 9 0 A 8 p .74 16 68 2 P 45 2 A 56.5 70.0 6.2 sw 111 16 3-30 P 4 p .04 17 75 4 P 47 5 A 61.0 56.7 12.4 sw 174 28 18 55 5 P 47 6 A 51.0 63.3 1.6 sw 110 6 19 55 3 P 47 5 A 51.0 82.0 0.0 e 88 9! 2 a 12 p .31 20 60 1 P 45 5 A 52.5 72.7 2.6 sw 130 20 0 A 5a .04 21 70 2 p 43 5 A 56.5 64.7 13.3 w 151 20j 8-30 P 9p .04 22 78 3 P 42 5 A 165.0 75.7 13.9 se 57| 9 23 90 3 P 57 5 A 73.5 62.3 14.9 e 13l'l8 24 76 3 P 53 6 A 64.5 56.3 8.9 se 138 11 25 57 0 A 46 12 p 51.5 94.7 0.0 se 96 11 1 A 12 p .99 26 53 3 P 43 5 A 48.0 70.3 2.7 nw 17125 Oa 11-30A .14 27 54 3 P 42 1 A 48.0 i 58.3 2.3 nw 227 25 8-30 A 10-30A1 .04 28 64 1 p 43 5 A 53.5 77.0 5.4 s 77 6 3 p 12 P ! .43 29 63 3 p 47 12 p 55.0 74.0 6.2 w 85 11 1 A 6a .02 30 60 5 P 39 6 A 49.5 60.0 10.3 w 118 18 31 61 2 p 35 5 a 48.0 54.7 12.5 w 17018 1 ♦Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Be^^innins: May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. NOON, and S p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 A. m. and 8 p. m. Monthly Summary May, 1930 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.34, 11th, 12th Minimum 29.57, 2nd Mean semi-daily 29.944 Range 0.77 Air Tomperalure Highest 92,7th Lowest 35, 31st Mean 59.1 Monthly range * 57 Highest mean daily 75.5, 7th Lowest mean daily. .48.0,15,26, 27th, 31st Mean maximum 71.1 Mean minimum 46.9 Greatest daily range 38.0, 1st Least daily range 6.0, 15th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 3.34 Snow, in inches Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1.0, 25th, 26th. Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 14 Wind (miles) Total movement 4,593 Greatest daily movement 348, 3rd Least daily movement 57,22nd Mean hourly velocity 6.2 Maximum velocity for 5 min 32, 4th (corrected to conform to 3 cup anemometer) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction sw North, days 2 Northeast, days 0 East, days 3 Southeast, days 5 South, days 3 Southwest, days 7 West, days 7 Northwest, days 4 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent. . 60.8 Mean cloudiness, per cent 60 Number of clear days 17 Number of fair days . . . , 7 Number of cloudy days 7 Number of hours bright sunshine 285.8 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 63.0 Thunder and lightning Frosts 31st Last frost 30.38 29.51 29.95 85.5 30.8 56.8 54.6 3.63 70.7 51.5 10 11 10 250.1 55.2 12th 30.55, 1895 29.16, 1893 1.16, 1893; 0.60, 1899 94.5, 1911 24.0, 1900 6.91, 1901 ; 0.48, 1903 12 20, 1901 ; 5, 1903 4,540 5,946, 1907; 2,180, 1894 6.1 25 35, 1912 83.9, 1927; 59.3, 1891 70, 1901 ; 30, 1923 20, 1923; 0, 1927 17, 1907, 1926; 5, 1923 20, 1927; 3, 1903, 1922 334, 1922 ; 137, 1927 J'e 3, 1908; Apr. 23, 1904 Note— The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second and third columns give the averages and extremes observed from i8Sq to 1929. REMARKS The weather during the first part of May was warm and dry but cooler weather in the latter part of the month and rain during the last week has brought the month near to normal. The mean temperature for the month was 59.1 degrees which is 2.3 degress higher than normal. The maximum temperature was 92 degrees on the 7th and the lowest was 35 degrees on the 31st. The normal maximum for May is 85.5 degrees and the normal minimum is 30.8 degrees. There was a light frost on low land on the 31st. The normal time for the last frost is on May 12th. The latest frost which has been recorded at this station was June 3rd in 1908. The rainfall for the month was 3.34 inches as compared with a normal of 3 63 inches. Rain fell on 14 days, the normal number of days of rain in May being 12. The wind movement during the month was practically normal and the highest velocity was 32 miles per hour on the 4th. The prevail- ing wind direction was south west. The number of clear days was 17, fair days 7, and cloudy days 7. The number of hours of bright sunshine was 285.8 as compared with a normal of 250 hours. The following observations have been made by Dr. J. K. Shaw on vegetation : "The early part of May was warm, sunny, and dry; all fruit trees bloomed heavily and favorable conditions resulted in a heavy set of fruit. Dates of blooming were about a week earlier than the average. Sufficient rain has fallen to relieve the drought of the early part of the month. May closes with vegetation generally in a satisfactory condition." C. I. GUNNESS, D. F. MURPHY, Meteorologist Observer Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 498 June, 1930 Meteorological Observations FOR JUNE 1930 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ^t. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature. 0. O ". '/I "- Wind. P recipitatioii. Maximum Minimum. * ■^\ S.i^l c = c 0 B bo 0) V 5 > 'X. S3 I c fcc t3 V C 1 ■3 Q Q Q ^ S '^ ^-y; T7 ISt a-C r-S s D= W 1 M 1 75 3 p 37 3 A 58.0 46.6 8.2 sw 251 32 2 79 4 P 41 5 A 60.0 59.6 15.1 se 91 8 3 88 6 p 46 6 a 67.0 55.0 15.1 sw 102 14 4 90 5P 53 5 A 71.5 49.6 15.1 sw !ll6 18 5 92 4 p 58 5 A 75.0' 57.6 15.2 s ! 74 11 6 88 2 p 62 4 A 75.0 j 72.3 9.2 e !l71 15 5-30 P 10-30P .24 7 79 1 p 64 5 A 71.5! 83.3 3.2 e |154 10 IP 5p .12 8 76 3 P 61 5 A 68.5' 76.0 8.3 se 66 17 9 71 11 A 61 6 A 68.0 91.3 0.3 w 151 13 12-30 A 6-30 p 1.64 10 80 2 p 65 1 A 72.5 73.3 7.2 se ,274 22 IIP 12 p .18 11 77 4 p 62 4 A 69.5 79.3 10.3 se 147 8 0 A 2-30 A .31 12 79 3 P 61 4 A 70.0 81.3 10.0 se 89 13 4-30 P 5p .01 13 84 4 p 63 4 A 73.5 ; 73.6 12.2 se 118 10 14 85 3 P 64 5 A 74.5 74.3 11.5 se 125 10 - 15 90 2 p 63 4 A 76.5 70.6 15.3 se 138 11 16 87 2 P 63 4 A 75.0' 69.0 15.3 se 183 13 17 83 1 P 64 3 A 73.5 77.6 6.4 se 17013 3-30 P 12 p .30 18 81 1 P 67 1 A 74.0 87.3 6.8 se 197 14 0 A 4p .61 19 85 1 p 62 12 P 73.5 81.6 3.6 se 102 13 1 P 2 p .28 20 76 1 P 62 5 A 69.0 69.0 6.5 se 136 13 5-30 A 6 a .02 21 84 1 p 58 2 A 71.0 62.6 11.1 se 15413 3-30 P 4 P .02 22 85 5 P 61 5 A 173.0 63.0 12.0 nw 141,11 23 86 6 P 53 5 A ;69.5 53.6 15.3 nw 1143i22 24 83 5 P 50 5 A 66.5 76.3 5.8 se i 64 09 25 91 2 p 61 5 A 76.0 65.6 15.3 nw ill9 13 26 89 4 P 59 5 A 74.0 58.6 14.0 se ! 77 11 9-00 p 12 P .53 27 83 1 P 67 4 A 75.0 77.3 5.6 se 144 17 0 A 6p .21 28 72 4 P 56 6 A '64.0 53.7 15.3 w 1220 22 29 80 4 P 48 5 A 64.0 61.3 15.3 se 1 85,10 30 84 4 P 62 1 A 73.0 74.0 9.5 se 178 15 ♦Rased on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. m., 12 NOON, and 8 p. M- Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. Monthly Summary June, 1930 Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.33> 3rd, 12th Minimum •. 29.43, 27th Mean semi-daily 29.928 Range 90 Air Temperature Highest 92,5th Lowest 37, 1st Mean 70.6 Monthly range 55 Highest mean daily 76.5, 15th Lowest mean daily 56.0, 1st Mean maximum 82.7 Mean minimum 58.5 Greatest daily range 42, 3rd Least dailj' range 10, 9th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 4.47 Snow, in inches Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1.64, 9th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 13 Wind (miles) Total movement 4,180 Greatest daily movement 274, 10th Least daily movement 64, 24th Mean hourly velocity 5.8 Maximum velocity for 5 min .... 32, 1st (corrected tn conform to 3 cup anemometer) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction se North, days 0 Northeast, days 0 East, days 2 Southeast, days 19 South, days 1 Southwest, days 3 West, days 2 North v/est, days 3 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent. . 69.1 Mean cloudiness, per cent 54 Number of clear days 15 Number of fair days 12 Number of cloudy days 3 Number of hours bright sunshine 314 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 69 Thunder and lightning 6th, 26th Frosts Last frost Normal Extremes 30.31 29.56 29.961 0.75 91.1 40.0 63.7 51.2 3.54 10 3,584 5 23 73.9 50.1 9 13 8 257.4 56 30.54, 1889 29.24, 1902 1.27, 1902; 0.52, 1916 101, 1919 34, 1891 9.68, 1922; 0.76, 1908 17, 1922; 4, 1908 4,571, 1908; 1,409, 1906 35, 1922 85.9, 1922; 65.3, 1891 71, 1903 ; 28, 1908 22, 1908; 1, 1907, 1926 23, 1912; 4, 1895, 1903 22, 1903; 1, 1923 362, 1908 ; 102, 1903 Nope— The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second and third columns give the averages and extremes observed from 18J59 to 1929. REMARKS The weather during the month of June was marked with high temperature, a large amountof sunshine and heavy rain fall. The highest temperature was 92 degrees on the 5th, the normal highest temperature in June being 91.1 degrees. In 1919 a max- imum of 101 degrees was registered. The mean temperature for the month was 70.6 degrees which is 5.2 degrees higher than normal. The lowest temperature was 37 degrees on the 1st. The total rain fall during the month was 4.47 inches. Rain fell on 13davs. In spite of all this rain 15 days were recorded as clear, there being a total of 314 hours of bright sunshine. The normal number of hours of bright sunshine is 257.4, the normal number of clear days being 9. The total wind movement was 4180 miles compared with a normal of 3584. The prevailing wind direction was southeast, the wind blowing from this direction on 19 days. C. I. GUNNESS, F. R. SHAW, Meteorologist ObserTer V Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 499 July, 1930 Meteorological Observations FOR JULY 1930 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. Maximum Minimum. 3 Wind. cuC HS Precipitation. 1 82 2 83 3 73 4 76 5 78 6 79 7 82 8 80 9 80 10 80 11 77 12 82 13 79 14 76 15 79 16 81 17 87 18 90 19 89 20 86 21 95 22 74 23 83 24 84 25 86 26 85 27 84 28 76 29 84 30 80 31 80 63 65 60 55 49 61 59 59 60 58 53 56 56 57 52 46 55 59 70 58 57 62 61 59 57 56 64 64 65 55 49 5 1 6 2 6 4 6 5 5 5 6 6 5 12 5 5 5 5 5 12 1 12 5 5 5 6 2 4 4 6 6 72.5 80.6 5.0 74.0 70.3 8.9 66.5 78.3 3.0 65.5 66.3 7.9 63.5 60.7 15.2 70.0 89.3 2.8 70.5 70.0 7.6 69.5 59.7 15.2 70.0 73.3 7.1 69.0 72.0 15.1 65.0 82.0 4.6 69.0 71.3 10.2 67.5 70.7 6.3 68.0 84.0 5.3 65.5 53.7 15.0 63.5 61.7 15.0 71.0 59.7 15.0 74.5 69.0 13.5 79.5 68.7 5.6 72.0 58.3 14.2 76.0 71.3 8.0 68.0 77.7 0.2 72.0 71.3 14.3 71.5 81.7 5.6 71.5 64.7 14.2 70.5 67.3 12.4 74.0 79.3 10.5 70.0 76.0 4.2 75.0 75.3 7.6 67.5 55.0 14.3 64.5 63.7 14.5 se il82 nwl 88 nw 128 nw 108 se ' 72 se 149 nw 103 w 192 w ;106 nw 137 sw [ 63 nw 115 s I 99 185 171 66 114 120 lOST 86 65 83 68. 87 57 137 75 154 137 89, s nw s s se s nw s n n s w s nw s s nw w 2p 8 P 6 a 7p 6 a 4p 4a 4 a 2-30 P 11 P 0 A 12 p .79 10 p .26 8p .28 1 10 p .16 10 p .01 12 a .06 11 A .98 6p .07 12 p .471 5 a .01 -30 p .98 12 p .26 4 a .17 ♦Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginninpf May 1st, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. m., i NOON, and 8 p. m. Prior to tliat time readings were taken at 8 A. m. and 8 p. m. Monthly Summary July. 1930 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.16> 5th, 16th Minimum 29.51, 21st Mean semi-daily 29.893 Range 65 Air Temperature Highest 95,21st Lowest 46,16th Mean 69.9 Monthly range 49 Highest mean daily 79.5, 19th Lowest mean daily 63.5, 5th, 16th Mean maximum 81.6 Mean minimum 58.1 Greatest daily range 38, 21st Least daily range 12, 22nd, 28th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 4.50 Snow, in inches Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. .98, 14th, 24th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 13 Wind (miles) Total movement 3,455 Greatest daily movement 192, 8th Least daily movement 57, 26th Mean hourly velocity 4.6 Maximum velocity for 5 min 25, 21st (corrected tcj conform to 3 cup anemometer) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction wsw North, days 2 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 4 South, days 10 Southwest, days 1 West, days 4 Northwest, days 10 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 70.4 Mean cloudiness, per cent 50 Number of clear days 14 Number of fair days 13 Number of cloudy days 4 Number of hours bright sunshine 298.3 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 65 Thunder and lightning 6th, 9th, 11th, 26th Frosts 30.28 29.60 29.972 0.68 93.9 45.5 70.6 48.4 4.33 11 3,435 4.6 24 75.6 50.1 9 14 8 266 58 30.50, 1892 29.39, 1909 0.97, 1892; 0.51, 1895, 1899 104, 1911 34, 1889 14.51, 1897; .70, 1929 20, 1915; 4, 1924 5,097, 1909; 1,109, 1894 39, 1908, 1915 88.8, 1927; 64.8, 1893 69, 1914 ; 31, 1924 22, 1923; 0, 1915 24, '09, '21; 5, '89, '23, '28 18, 1889; 0, 1910 371, 1910 ; 182, 1889 Note— The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second and third columns give the averages and extremes observed from 1889 to 1929. REMARKS The weather during the month of July was pleasant and in most respects very near the normal for this station. The rain- fall was slightly above normal being 4.50 inches. The normal for July is 4.33 inches. It is interesting to recall that in 1929 only .70 inches of rain fell in July. The heaviest rainfall re- corded in July was in 1897 when 14.51 inches fell. Rain fell on 13 days. In spite of this we had more than the usual amount of sunshine. There were 14 days classified as clear, 13 as fair and only 4 as cloudy. The total hours of bright sunshine was 298.3, the normal for July being 266 hours. The highest tem- perature observed was 95 degrees (V a 1- V c o c bo V c £ c T3 C Q Q '"' Q H S i) 0) ^ /CK ic r^-A S a W « 1 74 5 p 61 8 A 67.5 89 0.5 ! se [ 80 7 Oa 10 a .42 2 87 4 P 64 6 A 75.5 82 7.2 se 71 10 11 p 12 p .10 3 82 2 p 57 12 p 69.5 76 11.3 se 146 25 4 73 3 P 49 6 A 61.0 64 13.1 nw 110 15 5 77 3 p 42 6 A 59.5 70 12.9 se 96 13 6 81 3 P 53 7 A 67.0 80 5.1 se 96 20 5p 9p .20 7 74 4 p 57 7 A 65.5 73 7.1 se 52 10 8 73 3 P 47 12 p 60.0 64 11.0 nw 117 17 Oa 5 a .33 9 72 4 p 41 6 A 56.5 70 12.7 nw 69 13 10 71 3 p 47 7 A 59.0 65 12.8 nw 92 15 3 A 4a .01 11 73 4 p 41 6 A 57.0 80 2.1 se 48 8 12 83 3 p 56 7 A 69.5 76 12.7 se 122 11 13 69 2 p 62 7 A 65.5 82 0.0 ne 95 8 14 73 5 P 56 6 A [64.5 89 1.4 se 81 8 15 83 4 p 66 6 A 74.5 85 4.0 se 170 13 16 88 2 p 68 12 p 178.0 86 5.3 se 114 8 3 a 10 p .36 17 82 2 p 62 12 P 72.0 80 3.9 se 115 10 18 72 3 p 52 6 A 62.0 53 8.5 w 155 20 19 74 4 p 44 6 A 59.0 72 12.3 w 76 8 20 79 3 p 44 6 A 61.5 73 11.1 se 85 8 21 78 5 p 60 6 A 69.0 84 5.2 s 103 13 7-30 p 8p .50 22 79 4 p 52 7 A 65.5 76 10.0 w 85 12 23 77 3 p 48 6 A i62.5 63 12.2 n 106 12 24 76 3 p 44 7 A 60.0 72 12.1 s 68 8 25 76 2 p 61 2 A 68.5 89 0.0 nw 69 7 6 A 6 p .13 26 86 5 p 61 7 A 73.5 84 8.0 se 48 7 7 a 7-30 A .01 27 75 1 p 48 12 p 61.5 71 7.6 nw 157 14 6 a 8 a .02 28 70 1 p 42 7 A 56.0 61 11.4 sw 115 13 29 63 3 p 35 7 A 49.0 73 10.0 s 63 11 30 61 2 p 40 12 p 50.5 62 9.0 nw 118 18 ♦Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May 1st, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at S A. M., 12 NOON, and 8 p. m. Piior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 v. m. Monthly summary September. 1930 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.33, 1st Minimum 29.64, 27th Mean semi-daily 29.981 Range 69 Air Temperature Highest 88,16th Lowest 35,29th Mean 64 Monthly range 53 Highest mean daily 78, 16th Lowest mean daily 49, 29th Mean maximum 76.0 Mean minimum 52.0 Greatest daily range 35, 5th, 20th Least daily range 7, 13th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 2.08 Snow, in inches Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. .50, 21st Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 10 Wind (miles) Total movement 2,922 Greatest daily movement 170, 15th Least daily movement 48, 11th, 26th Mean hourly velocity 4 Maximum velocity for 5 min 25, 3rd (durected tii couforin to 3 cup anemometer) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction sse North, days 1 Northeast, days 1 East, days 0 Southeast, days 14 South, days 3 Southwest, days 1 West, days 3 Northwest, days 7 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent. . 74.8 Mean cloudiness, per cent 51 Number of clear days 15 Number of fair days ... 10 Number of cloudy days 5 Number of hours bright sunshine 240.5 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 65 First frost Thunder and lightning 6th, 21st 30.45 29.59 30.068 0.86 87.4 32.8 61.6 54.6 3.79 3,252 4.5 22 80.0 48.7 9 11 10 202.5 54 19 30.65, 1924 29.32, 1900 1.20, 1924; 0.57, 1910 97.0, 1895, 1929 24.5, 1914 8.74, 1907; 0.52, 1914 15, 1918; 3, 1903 4,686, 1896; 1,414, 1894 39, 1915 89, 1927; 70.7, 1892 65, 1889 ; 27, 1908, 1914 18, 1891; 2, 1907, 1928 19, '1908; 3, 1889 19, '89, '07; 4, '08, '16 255, 1916; 110, 1907 Aug. 22, '94, '95; Oct. 13, '09 .Mote— The tirst culunin in the above summary gives observations made during- the niMutli. I'he seconil luid third culunin^ -ivt- tin- averages and extremes observed from 1S89 to 1929. REMARKS The weather during the month of September was unusually pleasant with a large amount of sunshine, a very light rainfall and higher temperature than normal. The average temperature for the month was 6-i degrees, the normal being 61.6 degrees. The highest temperature was 88 degrees on the 16th and the lowest was 35 degrees on the 29th. There was no frost during the month. The normal time for the first frost is September 19. The precipitation for the month was 2.08 inches, while the normal precipitation for September is 3.79 inches. The lack of rain is again affecting the water supply in many communities. There was a total of 240.5 hours of sunshine during the month. This is well above the average as the normal amount is 202.5 hours for this station. There were 15 clear days aud 10 fair days, leaving only 5 to be recorded as cloudy. The total wind movement for the month wns 2922 miles as compared with a normal of 3252 miles. There were no high winds and the prevailing direction was south southeast. C. I. GUNNESS, K. M. WHEELER, Meteorologist Observer // Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 502 October, 1930 Meteorological Observations FOR OCTOBER 1930 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Te mperature. Mean Relative Humidity No. Houes of Brielit Sunshine Wind. p recipitation. Maximum Minimum: u ri (J > 0) 4) "- £(5 c 01 c o o * \ c d c fco 0) ca 0) T3 w 'a Q bo 0) Q B H 0) u 0) Q a a It o c in 1 60 3 p 32 7 A 46.0 74 8.7 nw 102 13 2 64 3 p 33 6 A 48.5 70 11.7 nw 105 18 3 64 4 p 37 6 A 50.5 72 7.3 nw 114 14 4 61 3 p 37 7 A 49.0 63 11.6 nw 198 17 5 64 5 p 36 7 A 50.0 65 6.2 nw 123 22 6 71 4 p 39 7 A 55.0 65 11.6 nw 132 17 7 71 5 p 35 7 A 53.0 68 11.5 w 66 7 8 65 2 p 40 6 A 52.5 71 4.5 e 95 10 9 65 4 p 44 12 p 54.5 79 1.5 nw 110 9 10 76 4 p 40 6 A 58.0 76 9.4 nw 99 17 11 76 3 p 49 7 A 62.5 69 11.3 nw 118 Hi 12 81 4 p 44 6 A 62.5 80 11.3 se 34 6 13 83 3 p 41 6 A 62.0 74 11.2 s 49 8 14 79 3 p 43 7 A 61.0 71 4.3 w 64 15 15 60 9 A 52 12 p 56.0 82 0.0 n 164 14 1 A 8p .15 16 66 4 p 45 12 p 55.5 76 2.4 nw 171 13 3-30 A 4a .02 17 69 3 p 39 7 A 54.0 84 5.9 s 55 17; 9p 12 p .35 18 55 1 p 32 12 p 43.5 64 6.3 w 217 25 Oa 3-30A .10 19 48 3 P 31 7 A 39.5 55 5.0 sw 144 15 20 47 2 P 28 7 A 37.5 54 8.1 w 158 22 21 47 3 P 23 7 A 35.0 68 3.1 w 97 14 22 50 3 P 25 5 A 39.5 65 7.5 se 84 17 23 57 2 P 21 7 A 39.0 65 6.5 se 65 7 24 49 1 p 38 10 p 43.5 96 0.0 nw 103 22 3-30 A 4 p .22 25 44 6 p 34 7 A 39.0 86 0.0 nw 392 32 3a 2 p .70 T 26 57 2 p 34 12 p 45.5 61 10.3 nw 308 25 i 27 57 3 p 25 7 A 41.0 70 6.8 se 80 9 28 56 4 p 41 1 A 48.5 90 0.2 nw 66 5 7a 10 a .04' 29 51 1 p 36 4 A 43.5 1 98 0.0 nw 43 5 10 a 3p .02 j 30 55 2 P 40 12 p 47.5 66 1.2 nw 80 11 31 43 4a 32 11 p 37.5 96 0.0 n 93, 9 4-30 A 2 P .64 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at Sa. m., 12 NOON, and 8 p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. Monthly Summary October, 1930 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.40, 7th Minimum 29.40, 25th Mean semi-daily 30.060 Range 1.00 Air Temperature Highest 83,13th Lowest 21, 23rd Mean 48.9 Monthly range 62 Highest mean daily .... 62.5, 11th, 12th Lowest mean daily 35, 21st Mean maximum 61.0 Mean minimum 36.3 Greatest daily range 42, 13th Least daily range 8, 15th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 2.24 Snow, in inches Trace Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. .70, 25th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 9 Wind (miles) Total movement 3,729 Greatest daily movement 392, 25th Least daily movement 34, 12th Mean hourly velocity 5 Maximum velocity for 5 min .... 32, 25th ^c()I•rected to cnntonn to 3 cup anemometer) Winil (direction) Prevailing direction nw North, days 2 Northeast, days 0 East, days 1 Southeast, days 4 South, days 2 Southwest, days 1 West, days 5 Northwest, days 16 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent. . 73.0 Mean cloudiness, per cent 45 Number of clear days 11 Number of fair days 10 Number of cloudy days 10 Number of hours bright sunshine 185.4 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 54 Thunder and lightning Frosts 1, 2, 4, 7, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 27 30.53 29.42 30.059 1.11 79.7 23.4 50.4 56.3 3.35 4,023 5.4 27 76.9 47.6 8 11 12 171.0 50 30.68, 1929 29.00, 1926 1.47, 1926; 0.76, 1899 90.5, 1908 18.0, 1904 8.81, 1911; 0.01, 1924 15, 1913; 1, 1897, 1924 5,467, 1910; 2,540, 1894 35, 1906, 1916, 1925 86.7, 1920 ; 64, 1929 64, 1890, 1900; 18, 1924 14, 1897, 1916; 1, 1911 17, '24; 5, '94, '96, '98, '03, '17 19, 1896 ; 3, 1924 232, 1923 ; 91, 1913 Note— The first column in tlie above summary gives observations made during the month. The second and third columns give the averages and e.Ktremes observed fr(jm 18S9 to 1929. REMARKS The weather during October was pleasant with a large num- ber of clear days and a small amount of rain. The rainfal dur- ing the month was 2.24 inches as compared with a normal rain- fall of 3.35 inches in October. The total rainfall during the three months of August, September and October for this year was 6.14 inches. The normal rainfall during these months is 11.38 inches. The result is that many wells have gone dry, causing considerable inconvenience on farms. The total rainfall during the year to date is 27.77 inches, the normal being 36.60 inches. It may be interesting to note that in 1908 and 1924 the rainfall for the same ten months was 26.57 and 26.23 inches re- spectively. The mean temperature for the month was 48.9 degrees which is 1.5 degrees lower than normal. The highest tempera- ture was 83 degrees on the 13th and the lowest 21 degrees on the 23rd. The first frost of the season occurred on October 1. The normal date for the first frost is September 19. There were 11 days recorded as clear, 10 as fair and 10 as cloudy. The total number of hours of bright sunshine was 185.4, the normal being 171 hours. The total wind movement was 3,729 miles and the prevailing direction was Northwest. The wind blew from the Northwest on 16 days. The highest velocity was 32 miles per hour on the 25th. C. I. GUNNESS, K. M. WHEELER, Meteorologist Observer / Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 503 November, 1930 Meteorological Observations FOR NOVEMBER 1930 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Te mperature. Mean Relative Humidity No. Hours of Brigrbt Sunshine Wind. p recipitation. Maximum Minimum. c a- c s s > o o * \ £ c ni be n Da (P T3 C W 'ci Q m Q E H 01 (U bo v Q V £ 0 c 1 45 2 p 22 12 p 33.5 63 2.8 . i 1 w 239 32 Oa 7a .10 2 18 3 p 9 8 A 13.5 49 9.3 nw 382 28 3 38 3 p 12 5 A 25.0 51 7.4 se 16114 4 39 1 p 31 8 A 35.0 63 0.0 ne 85 10 5 37 1 p 31 8 A 34.0 64 0.0 n 92 13 6 39 4 p 3] 6 A 35.0 68 0.0 n 108 10 7 40 3 p 34 6 A 37.0 80 0.0 nw 115 11 8 42 11 A 34 7 P 38.0 76 0.0 nw 113 22 T 9 45 9 p 34 4 A 39.5 63 0.0 w 195 32i 10 44 3 p 27 12 P 35.5 54 8.5 nw 279 25 11 32 2 p 24 1 A 28.0 68 0.0 nw 73 8 1 p 12 p .20 1.25 12 35 1 p 31 0 A 33.0 92 0.0 nw 76 28 Oa 6-30 p .18 13 28 2 p 19 12 p 23.5 65 7.6 nw 266 18 14 26 12 p 15 6 A 20.5 76 0.0 nw 172 22 15 25 0 A 11 12 p 18.0 65 3.1 nw 253 22 T 16 20 3 p 1 9 A 10.5 59 9.1 nw 204 18 17 41 3p 8 7 A 24.5 73 8.0 se 69 7 18 43 3p 21 9 A 32.0 60 6.5 nw 74 11 19 38 3 p 19 4 A 28.5 87 0.8 se 55 9 7-30 p 12 p .11 1.00 20 45 2 P 29 8 A 37.0 80 3.3 w 66 18 Oa 5 a .17 2.00 21 39 4 P 29 9 A 34.0 i 73 4.3 se 75; 7 22 41 3 p 14 8 A 27.5 i 86 7.7 s 47,13 23 30 3 p 24 0 A 27.0} 87 0.0 n 19015 3a 2 p .24 4.00 24 30 1 p 17 12 p 23.51 86 0.4 nw 11812 6a 10 a .06 1.00 25 33 3 p 2 8 A 17.5 1 75 8.6 se 97 13 26 37 12 M 26 3 A 31.5 1 73 0.0 se 145 18 5-30 P 12 p .14 0.50 27 34 4 A 26 12 p 30.0 87 0.0 nw 249 18 2-30 A 2 p .43 4.00 28 35 1 p 25 4 A 30.0 80 0.0 n 116 20 29 30 3 p 14 12 p 22.0 100 3.6 se 61 3 -30 31 3 p 14 0 A 22.5 71 0.6 nw 1 28 18 T -31 33 2 p 14 7 A 23.5 66 8.5 se 1 152 14 ♦Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May 1st, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. m., 12 NOON, and S p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. Monthly Summary December, 1930 Normal 1 Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.64, 2nd, 3rd Minimum 29.38, 9th Mean semi-daily 29.706 Range 1.26 Air Temperalure Highest 45, 1st, 9th, 20th Lowest . 1, 16th Mean 28.1 Monthly range 44 Highest mean daily 39.5, 9th Lowest mean daily 10.5, 16th Mean maximum 35.3 Mean minimum 20.9 Greatest daily range 33, 17th Least daily range 4, 12th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 1.63 Snow, in inches 13.75 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. .57, 26th, 27th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 9 Wind (miles) Total movement 4,355 Greatest daily movement 382, 2nd Least daily movement 28, 30th Mean hourly velocity 6.0 Maximum velocity for 5 min. 32, 1st, 9th (corrected to conform to 3 cup anemometer) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction nw North, days 4 Northeast, days 1 East, days 0 Southeast, days 8 South, days 1 Southwest, days 0 West, days 3 Northwest, days 14 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent. . 72.0 Mean cloudiness, per cent 67 Number of clear days 10 Number of fair days 4 Number of cloudy days 17 Number of hours bright sunshine 100.0 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 35 Thunder and lightning Frosts 30.65 29.25 30.056 1.40 54.5 -2.3 27.3 56.8 3.47 8.99 9 4,726 6.4 29 77.2 53.4 8 10 13 130.7 46 30.96, 1889 28.85, 1915 1.78, 1895; 1.01, 1892 65.5, 1908 -22.5, 1917 7.77, 1901; 0.87, 1896 26.50, 01, 02; t, 1891 17, 1902; 4, 1892 6,694, 1925; 3,239, 1918 41, 1928 87.1, 1919; 67.2, 1890 68, 1897; 39, 1919 15, 1890; 2, 1922 16, 1909; 4, 1889 19, 1911, 1922; 7, 1909, 1923 172, 1896; 86, 1922 No TE— The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second and third columns give the averages and extremes observed from 1889 to 1929. ANNUAL- SUMMARY Annual, 1930 Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.78> Nov. 29 Minimum 29.87, Aug. 24 Mean semi-daily 29.978 Range 1-91 Air Temperalure Highest 95, July 21 Lowest -6, Feb. 6 Mean 48.6 Range 101 Highest mean daily 80, Aug. 3rd Lowest mean daily 4, Feb. 6 Mean maximum 59.0 Mean minimum 38.0 Greatest daily range .. 42, June 3, Oct. 13 Least daily range 2, April 23 Precipitalion Precipitation. In inches 32.82 Snow, in inches 29.50 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1.64, June 9 Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 130 Winil (miles) Total movement 50,966 Greatest daily movement . .475, Mar. 14 Least daily movement 28,Dec. 30 Mean hourly velocity 5.8 Maximum velocity for 5 min. 39, Jan. 9, Nov. 6 (corrected to conform to 3 cup anemometer) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction sw North, days 18 Northeast, days 6 East, days 12 Southeast, days 96 South, days 46 Southwest, days 35 West, days 64 Northwest, days 88 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 69.0 Mean cloudiness, per cent 55 Number of clear days 163 Number of fair days 100 Number of cloudy days 102 Number of hours bright sunshine 2,628 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 59 Last Frosts May 31st First Frost Oct. 1st Last snow April 24th First snow Oct. 25th Normal 30.81 28.95 30.016 1.86 95.8 -12.1 47.2 108.0 58.1 36.1 43.40 48.38 123 52,321 Extremes 6.0 35 75.8 50.8 109 128 128 2,356 53 M'yl2 S't 19 Aprl4 Nov 5 31.00, 1927 28.47, 1914 2.33, 1913; 1.55, 1923 101, 1919 -26.0, 1904 49.6, 1913; 44.0. 1904 57.05, 1897; 30.68, 1908 78.00, 1920; 24.50, 1919 144, 1902, 96, 1924 63,571, 1908; 36,257, 1894 42, 1912 82.9, 1927; 66.8, 1891 60, '98, '01, '02; 41, '08, '24 145, 1891; 59, 1927 182, 1912; 83, 1894 192, 1920; 71, 1910 2,793, 1910; 1864, 1902 Apr. 23, 1904; June 3, 1908 Aug. 22, 1894; Oct. 13, 1909 Mar. 14. '10; May 5, '91, '17 Oct. 10, '25; Nov. 26, '91 NoiE — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the year. The second and tliird columns give the averages and e.xtrenies observed from 18S9 to 1929. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 505 January, 1931 Meteorological Observations FOR JANUARY 1931 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Men Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. 0. M-2 Wind. Precipitation. » Maximum Minimum. O IT. ... c f £■'-•'' bc^ c \ 0) (U 1- ^1 •A rt 0) 03 XI c w .S 'rt m 1 30 1 P 16 12 P 23.0 72 7.0 nw 89 25 2 32 9 p 5 7 A 18.5 74 9.1 se 127 8 3 34 8 p 2 8 A 18.0 73 7.1 se 54 8 4 43 3 p 25 7 A 34.0. 75 1.5 se 73 5 5 40 5 p 17 5 A 28.5 88 0.0 ne 49 17 5p 12 p .68 6 37 0 A 26 12 p 31.5 91 0.0 nw 242 28 0 A 3 P .30 T 7 26 0 A 17 12 P 21.5 68 2.2 nw 362 39 8 31 3 P 12 5 A 21.5 60 9.2 nw 162 15 9 32 5 P 8 8 A 20.0 71 8.4 w 48 5 10 38 4 p 16 8 A 27.0 67 9.0 nw 100 20 11 35 3 P 22 12 p 28.5 64 3.7 w 195 28 12 32 11 P 19 3 A 25.5 96 0.0 nw 42 10 6a 9 P .71 6.25 13 37 1 p 15 8 A 26.0 73 7.7 w 121 20 14 38 1 P 9 7 A 23.5 71 9.3 w 118 18 15 18 3 p 10 12 p 14.0 69 9.4 n 207 17 16 28 3 P -9 8 A 9.5 74 9.4 s 55 9 17 40 1 p 20 0 A 30.0 69 1.3 w 200 25 18 36 1 p 16 12 p 26.0 68 3.5 nw 159 14 19 32 12 p 13 0 A 22.5 95 0.0 nv/ 127 18 5-30 A 6 p .88 5.0 20 39 11 A 22 12 p 30.5 71 2.0 sw 124 13 21 32 11 A 17 12 p 24.5 68 3.4 w 180 22 22 23 2 p 5 12 p 14.0 64 9.6 nw 137:14 23 29 6p -2 8 A 13.5 73 1.9 s 75 25 24 19 3 P 8 8 A 13.5- 65 9.6 nw 192 17 25 31 12 p -6 2 A 12.5 73 0.0 se 78 10 26 41 11 A 26 12 p 33.5 64 5.7 nw 225 25 27 49 2 p 19 6 A 34.0 i 73 5.7 se 102 15 28 40 Oa 22 12 p 31.0! 69 5.5 nw 163 20 29 31 8 p 13 4 A 22.0 84 0.0 nw 45 28 8 a 1-30 p .19 2.0 30 24 0 A 7 8 A 15.5 70 5.0 sw 194; 8 3p 12 p .30 3.0 31 21 2 P 10 8 A 15.5 84 6.0 nw 211, 22, Oa 10 a .52 4.5 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. m., 12 NOON, and S p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. Monthly summary January, 1981 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.48, 15th Minimum 28.96, 6th Mean semi-daily 29.974 Range 1.52 Air Temperature Highest 49, 27th Lowest -9, 16th Mean 22.9 Monthly range 58 Highest mean daily 34, 27th Lowest mean daily 9.5, 16th Mean maximum 32.8 Mean minimum 12.9 Greatest daily range 37, 25th Least daily range 8, 15th PrecipKalion Precipitation. In inches 3.58 Snow, in inches 20.75 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. .88 19th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 7 Wind (miles) Total movement 4,256 Greatest daily movement 362, 7th Least daily movement 45, 29th Mean hourly velocity 5.7 Maximum velocity for 5 min 39, 7th (corrected to conform to 3 cup anemometer) Wiiul (direction) Prevailing direction wnw North, days 1 Northeast, days 1 East, days 0 Southeast, days 5 South, days 2 Southwest, days 2 West, days 6 Northwest, days 14 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 73.4 Mean cloudiness, per cent 51 Number of clear days 12 Number of fair days 8 Number of cloudy days 11 Number of hours bright sunshine 152 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 52 30.71 29.18 30.07 1.54 50.4 -7.4 24.1 58.2 3.42 13 11 5,068 6.8 30 78.2 54 8 10 13 140 47.6 31.00, 1927 28.55, 1913 2.18, 1913; 0.97, 1896 61.5, 1890 -23.0, 1907 7.15, 1898; 1.07, 1896 33, 1898, 1923; 1.75, 1911 18, 1923; 4, 1889 7,770, 1908; 2,896, 1895 40, 1913 85.3, 1927; 68.2, 1890 66, 1898; 38, 1922 16, 1922; 2, 1914 18, 1890, 1926; 3, 1916 22, 1923; 4, 1920 214, 1920; 76, 1923 Note— The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1928. Tiie third column gives extremes observed from i8Sq to 1930. REMARKS The month of January has been marked with more severe winter weather than usual. The ground has been covered with snow throughout the month and the snow fall has been greater than normal. A total of 20.75 inches fell during the month. The normal snow fall for January is 13 inches. The greatest snow fall recorded for January was in 1898 and 1923 when 33 inches fell. The mean temperature during the month was 22.9 degrees while the normal is 24.1 degrees. The lowest tempera- ture observed was -9 degrees on the 16th. The normal mini- mum for January is -7.4 degrees. In 1907 the temperature dropped to -23 degrees in January. There was less than the usual amount of wind, the total wind movement being 4,256 miles while the normal is 5,068 miles. The highest velocity observed was 39 miles per hour on the 7th. The prevailing direction was west north west, the wind blowing from the north west on 14 days. There was more than the usual amount of sunshine with a total of 152 hours. The normal amount is 140 hours in January. C. I. GUNNESS, K. M. WHEELER, Meteorologist Observer Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 506 February, 1931 Meteorological Observations FOR FEBRUARY 1931 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records reniperatuie. Wind. P recipita tion. * Maximum Minimum. o - rt rt be T3 C 'rt (/^ a o Q ^ s ^2il zee ic H^ D3 W « 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 19 25 29 39 28 39 21 25 33 32 28 37 45 40 33 40 43 38 35 30 41 40 39 44 47 47 35 48 2 2 4 3 4 1 3 12 12 1 3 3 4 3 12 3 3 10 0 3 1 3 3 3 3 2 3 4 -5 6 -11 16 0 5 2 14 22 12 -1 -2 28 16 8 32 31 p p p p p p p p p A P P P A P P P A 34 A 25 p p p p p P Pi p| P 23 15 19 26 19 21 21 26 21 12 8 12 8 3 8 4 3 12 7 5 5 12 6 12 1 3 12 3 7 8 12 7 7 8 12 4 7.0 15.5 9.0 27.5 14.0 67 80 76 81 66 22.0 76 11.5 68 19.5 99 27.5 97 22.0 76 13.5 68 17.5 78 36.5 76 28.0 63 20.5 53 36.0 59 37.0 i 79 36.0 85 30.0 I 87 26.5 89 28.0; 78 29.5 74 32.5 67 31.5 I 65 34.0 55 34.0 64 30.5 66 34.5 60 10.0 3.6 10.0 1.8 10.1 5.3 4.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.4 2.4 0.0 4.6 2.6 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.3 1.1 5.3 8.5 10.9 11.0 7.9 11.0 11.1 sw 100 14 nw 13122 s 102 12 se 204 25 nw 111 7 nw 104 22 nw 132 15 nw } 88 7 nw 51 7 nw 263 22 nw 108 13 n I 55 9 se 1127 13 nw 318 39 n 225 25 1144 14i 84 121 !248 22 ,243 14 J178 11 I 94 17 nw 161 22 nw 288 20 w j 84 13 nwi 89 12 nw;143 25 nw 380 28 w 123 14 s n n n n nw 8p Oa 10 P 0 A Oa 8 p Oa 8 p 0 a 1030a Oa 12 p 7 a 12 p 7a .02 .25 .05 .25 T 12 p .02 12 p .26 1.0 12 p, .59 5.0 .03 .10 12 p .10 6 p .34 12 p .12 1.5 10 p .17 1.5 ♦Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May 1st, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. 12 NOON, and 8 p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. Monthly Summary February, 1931 I Normal Extremes Barometer (Reading's reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.51, 7th Minimum 29.63, 14th Mean semi-daily 30.022 Range 88 Air Temperature Highest 48, 28th Lowest -11, 3rd Mean 25.4 Monthly range 59 Highest mean daily 37, 17th Lowest mean daily 7, 1st Mean maximum 35.7 Mean minimum 15.1 Greatest daily range 40, 3rd Least daily range 4, 18th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 1.80 Snow, in inches 9.50 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. .59 9th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 11 Wind (miles) Total movement 4,378 Greatest daily movement .... 380, 27th Least daily movement 51, 9th Mean hourly velocity 6.5 Maximum velocity for 5 min 39,14th (Corrected to conform to 3 cup anemometer) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction nw North, days 6 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 2 South, days 2 Southwest, days 1 West, days 2 Northwest, days 15 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent. . 73.3 Mean cloudiness, per cent 55 Number of clear days 10 Number of fair days 5 Number of cloudy days 13 Number of hours bright sunshine 134.6 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 46 30.63 29.20 30.03 1.43 50.3 -7.9 23.5 58.2 3.35 14.27 10 4,833 7.1 29 77.9 50.5 10 8 10 160 54.4 31.05, 28.56, 1920 1895 1.89, 1900, 1908; .88, 1913 65.0, -22.5. 1930 1918 8.12, 1900; 0.62, 48.75, 1893; 2.5, 1901 1912 15, 1893, 1920; 4, 1901 6,445, 1896; 3,438, 1892 42, 1912 90, 1889; 66.8, 1902 66, 1890, 1927; 31, 1905 17, 1924; 2, 1927 16, 1920; 3, 1890 16, 1894; 2, 1920 221, 1924; 110, 1927 REMARKS The weather during the first half of February was consid- erably colder than normal, with the lowest temperature -11 on the 3rd. During the second half of the month the temperature was higher than usual, so that the mean for the month was 25.4 degrees. The normal mean temperature for February is 23 5 degrees. In 1930 the mean temperature in February was 29.2 degrees, with the highest temperature 65 degrees on the 20th. The highest temperature observed this past month was 48 degrees on the 28th. The total precipitation during the month was only 1.80 inches as compared with a normal of 3.35 inches. In 1930 the precipitation in February was 1.39 inches. The snowfall during February was 9.5 inches, while the normal snowfall in February is 14.27 inches. The snowfall to date during the winter is 44.75 inches. The normal snowfall to the end of February is 38.31 inches. There was about 11 inches of snow on the ground on February 1. This has been reduced to about 4 inches on the 8th. Snow on the 8th and 9th again brought the snow depth to 10 inches. This had melted gradually so that at the end of the month there was less than 1 inch of snow on the ground, with many fields bare. There was less than the normal amount of sunshine, only 134.6 hours being recorded. The normal sunshine during Feb- ruary is 160 hours. The last week of the month, however, was continuously clear. Ten days were recorded as clear, five fair, thirteen cloudy. The relative humidity was 73.3 per cent. The total wind movement was 4378 miles, compared with a normal of 4833 miles. The highest vtlocity was 39 miles per hour on the 14th. The prevailing direction was northwest. The wind blew from the northwest on 15 days and from the north on 6 days. C. I. GUNNESS, K. M. WHEELER. Meteorologist Ohsen'er V Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 507 March, 1931 Meteorological Observations FOR MARCH 1931 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. Maximum Minimum. (U Q 1-1 be 4) Q M 01 Q S 1 40 2 41 3 41 4 35 5 38 6 39 7 44 8 39 9 42 10 38 11 36 12 37 13 38 14 47 15 48 16 41 17 40 18 48 19 47 20 44 21 51 22 54 23 51 24 58 25 40 26 52 27 58 28 51 29 44 30 43 31 46 5 5 2 3 5 4 3 12 3 3 4 1 4 5 12 m 2 p 5 p 3p 5 4 5 2 3 2 4 4 3 4 5 3 3 K aj 3 3(/, O ^ XX. Wind. Precipitation. 22 6 A 31.0 73 0.3 25 8 A 33.0 66 9.3 18 7 A 29.5 73 8.5 30 12 p 32.5 92 0.0 28 8 A 33.0 80 6.3 22 4 A 30.5 67 4.0 23 7 A 33.5 60 11.2 32 4 A 35.5 80 0.0 33 7 A 38.5 65 4.7 31 6 A 34.5 92 0.0 27 6 A 31.5 67 2.4 30 6 A 33.5 64 4.5 27 12 p 32.5 60 9.6 22 6 A 34.5 63 11.8 31 2 A 39.5 63 5.2 80 2 A 35.5 80 1.0 29 1 A 34.5 65 0.3 26 5 A 37.0 49 12.0 26 6 A 86.5 56 7.0 32 6 A 33.0 67 4.0 32 12 p 41.5 60 10.2 25 7 A 39.5 50 9.0 31 7 A 41.0 49 12.2 28 7 A 43.0 47 12.2 33 7 A 36.5 95 0.0 38 5 A 42.5 71 8.0 84 5 A 46.0 52 12.2 28 6 A 39.5 66 0.0 34 4 A 39.0 92 0.0 35 6 A 39.0 62 0.2 30 12 p 38.0 64 2.6 sw nw n n nw w s e s nw nw w nw w e ne n nw w nw nw w n e n n n nw nw sw nw 3014 137 13 185 25 160 13 3a 219 28 Oa 187 25 8r 8 206 25 8a 195 15 0 A 74 9 Oa 174 18 23125 280 25 122 17 102 14 172 22 8a 133 12 313 32 76 8 169 18 1a 106 14 76, 7 21020 185'15 11414 3a 363 28 Oa 18311 17115 7 p 13813 Oa 21518 17515 12 p 10 a .39' 3.5 .29 2.0 12 p 1.08 l.O 3 A .06 12 p .14 1.0 1 p .02 5 A 12 p 8a 12 p 11.30a .04 .69 .06, .05' .97 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at S A. m., 12 noon" and 8 p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at S a. m. and 8 v. m. Monthly Summary March. 1931 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.40, 28th Minimum 29.22, 8th Mean semi-daily 29.904 Range 1.18 Air Teinperaiure Highest 58, 24th, 27th Lowest 18, 3rd Mean 36.3 Monthly range 40 Highest mean daily 46, 27th Lowest mean daily 29.5, 3rd Mean maximum 44.0 Mean minimum 29.0 Greatest daily range 30, 24th Least daily range 5, 4th PrecipKatioii Precipitation. In inches 3.79 Snow, in inches 7.50 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1.14 8th, 9th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 11 Wind (miles) Total movement 5,182 Greatest daily movement .... 363, 26th Least daily movement 30, 1st Mean hourly velocity 6.9 Maximum velocity for 5 min 32,18th Wind (direction) Prevailing direction nw North, days 7 Northeast, days 1 East, days 3 Southeast, days 0 South, days 2 Southwest, days 2 West, days 5 Northwest, days 11 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent. . 67.4 Mean cloudiness, per cent 65 Number of clear days 11 Number of fair days 8 Number of cloudy days 12 Number of hours bright sunshine 168.7 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 45.5 30.60 29.26 30.02 1.35 63.9 5.7 34.2 58.2 3.68 8.11 11 5,738 7.7 29 75.0 51.0 11 9 11 201 54.4 30.96, 1904 28.47, 1914 2.10, 1914; 0.85, 1915 79.5, 1907, 1921 -7.5, 1906 7.13, 1899; 0.12, 1915 27, 1899; 0, 1921 17, 1890, 1913; 3, 1915 7,485, 1911; 3,006, 1905 39, 1913 86.8, 1916; 61.6, 1930 68, 1901 ; 27, 1915 22, 1924; 3, 1901 17, 1900; 4, 1895 21, 1901; 1, 1915 292, 1924; 93, 1901 None— The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives averages based on observations made from li^H9 to U)L'«. Tlie third column gives extremes observed from l»8l) to 1930, REMARKS The weather during the month of March was marked with a very uniform temperature sHghtly higher than normal. The' mean temperature for the month was 36.3 degrees, while the normal for March is 34.2 degrees. The highest temperature during the month was 58 degrees on the 24th and 27th, and the lowest was 18 degrees on the 3rd. The normal maximum for March is 63.9 degrees and the normal minimum is 5.7 degrees. Frost came out of the ground early with less than the usual breaking up of dirt roads, and the season as a whole is well advanced. Dr. J. K. Shaw reports as follows: "Fruit trees seem to have set fruit buds freely when the extremely heavy crop of last year is considered. Peach fruit buds have come through the winter with very moderate amount of killing. The heavy snow protected strawberries so that they and other herbaceous perennial ]:)lants have come through the winter in good condition." There was practically no snow on the ground on March 1. By March 5 there was 5>4 inches on the ground. This had been reduced to 2 inches on the 8th and was com- pletely gone by the 14th. There was a total snowfall of 7.50 inches during the month. The normal snowfall during the month is 8.11 inches. The rainfall was 3. 79 inches which is .10 inches greater than usual for March. There was less than the normal amount of sunshine with 168.7 hour's. The normal amount of sunshine for March is 201 hours. The total wind movement was 5182 miles, while the normal is 5738 miles. The highest wind velocity recorded was 32 miles per hour on the 18th. There was a general storm over the state on the 8th with heavy snowfall near Amherst, but at the station only 1 inch of sleet was recorded. C. I. GUNNESS, K. M. WHEELER, Meteorologist Observer 1/ Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 54)8 April, 1931 Meteorological Observations FOR APRIL 1931 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. Maximum Minimum. rt rt c « 12th Minimum 29.30, 1st Mean semi-daily 30.008 Range 1.21 Air Temperature Highest 79, 20th, 21st Lowest 27,25th Mean 46.7 Monthly range 52 Highest mean daily 59, 22nd Lowest mean daily 36, 1st Mean maximum 68.7 Mean minimum 35.3 Greatest daily range 42, 20th, 21st Least daily range 7, 7th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 2.95 Snow, in inches 2.00 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. .96 26th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 11 Wind (miles) Total movement 5,674 Greatest daily movement .... 391, 27th Least daily movement 64, 9th Mean hourly velocity 8 Maximum velocity for 5 min 39,29th Wind (direction) Prevailing direction wnw North, days 6 Northeast, days 1 East, days 0 Southeast, days 6 South, days 4 Southwest, days 1 West, days 5 Norttawest, days 7 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent. . 55.0 Mean cloudiness, per cent 53 Number of clear days 13 Number of fair days 7 Number of cloudy days 10 Number of hours bright sunshine 219.7 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 55.0 Frosts after the 15th: 16th, 17th, 19th, 24th, 25th, 30th. 30.48 29.41 29.99 1.08 79.5 21.6 45.8 57.8 3.27 2.32 11 5,436 7.5 29 69.6 49.2 11 10 9 221 55.0 30.71, 1911 29.07, 1930 1.52, 1930; 0.72, 1919 88.5, 1896 8.5, 1923 6.89, 1929; 0.76, 1892 11, 1891; 0,1910 18, 1909; 3, 1892 ?,208, 1908; 3,853, 1917 39, 1916 81.2, 1916; 54.5, 1892 75, 1901 ; 34, 1925, 1927 19, 1911; 3, 1898, 1902 18, 1915; 2, 1894, 1901 22, 1901; 3, 1899, 1924 296, 1911; 103, 1901 Note— The first coIuqjii in the above summary irives observations made durinu' the month. The second column gives averages based on observations made from l!?«'j to ty2b. The third column aivea extremes observed from 18S'.) to lOaO. REMARKS The temperature during the first two weeks in April was very nearly normal. During the third week the temperature was considerably higher than usual, with the last week colder than usual. As a result vegetation was advanced rapidly dur- ing the third week; but the development was checked during the last week, according to Dr. Shaw. He also reports that no general damage has been done to fruit buds from the frosts near the end of the month. Peach buds were ready to open and many apple blossoms showing pink at the close of the month. Prospects for a good bloom continue good. The mean tempera- ture forthe month was 46.7 degrees compared with a normal of 45.8 degrees. The highest observed was 79 degrees on the 20th and 21st, and the lowest, 27 degrees on the 25th. The normal extremes are 79.5 degrees and 21.6 degrees respectively. We had less than the normal amount of rainfall during the month, the total being 2.95 inches, and the normal, 3.27 inches. Two inches of snow fell during the month. Total rainfall from January 1 to April 30 is 12.12 inches. The normal precipita- tion for this period is 13.72 inches. The amount of sunshine was practically normal, being 219.7 hours, the latter being 221 hours. The mean relative humidity was 55 per cent. There was slightly more than the usual wind movement, with 5674 miles, the normal being 5436 miles. The highest wind velocity observed was 39 miles per hour on the 29th. The prevailing wind direction was west northwest. There were frosts after the 15th on the 16th, 17th, 19th, 24th, 25th and 30th. C. I. GUNNESS, K. M. WHEELER, Meteorologist Observer Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 509 May, 1931 Meteorological Observations FOR MAY 1931 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ^^^ Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperal are. > V i) >- (U s c t3 w 1 57 5 P 30 5 A 43.5 43 13.9 w 127 15 2 62 1 P 34 5 A 48.0 68 4.2 se 123 13 3.30 P 11 p .14 3 55 1 P 39 12 p 47.0 61 1.3 nw 262 28 Oa 6a .04 4 71 4p 30 5 A 50.0 53 14.2 s 85 10 5 80 3 P 39 6 A 59.5 44 10.0 se 133 13 6 80 4 p 38 6 A 59.0 41 7.4 se 98 14 7 73 4 p 46 7 A 59.5 73 5.1 nw 135 14 5-30 A 8a .02 8 72 11 A 58 1 A 65.0 72 1.0 se 205 22 12-30 P 11-30 p .97 9 77 5 P 54 7 A 65.5 58 12.2 sw 106 11 10 60 0 A 42 12 p 51.0 84 0.0 n 142 25 7-30 A 12 p 1.65 11 54 4 P 41 6 A 47.5 72 0.8 n 141 14 0 A 12 m .11 12 61 4 P 44 5 A 52.5 72 2.2 s 94 18 7-30 p 12 p .08 ■ 13 49 11 A 43 5 A 46.0 72 0.0 n 186 18 Oa 12 p .15 14 48 2 P 44 4 A 46.0 85 0.0 n 110 10 0 A 12 p .62 15 71 4 P 43 4 A 57.0 61 5.5 se 13120 0 A 7 a .04 16 79 12 m 49 3 A 64.0 52 5.2 w 19122 3-30 P 5 p .03 17 66 6 P 46 12 p 56.0 38 14.6 nw 19118 18 71 4 P 36 6 A 53.5 44 12.8 se 13018 19 78 4 P 49 2 A 63.5 73 7.5 se 18015 20 82 3 P 59 8 A 70.5 71 7.0 se 179 20 21 66 5 P 54 12 p 60.0 85 0.0 se 143 12 7 a 1 p .15 22 74 5 p 50 5 A 62.0 59 11.8 nw 65 25 23 67 6 P 55 12 p 61.0 84 0.5 se 191 25 1 A 3 p 2.57 24 55 0 A 44 9 A 49.5 73 0.0 se 165 14 7a 4-30 p .03 25 64 6 p 44 5 A 54.0 68 1.0 se 141 13 T 26 74 3 P 52 5 A 63.0 60 11.2 nw 97 13 27 80 4 P 45 5 A 62.5 47 15.0 sw 77 8 28 88 6 P 48 5 A 68.0 49 11.5 sw 57 15 29 91 3 P 54 5 A 72.5 54 11.3 w 81 13 30 86 3 P 61 6 A 73.5 65 10.3 sw 71 18 7 P 9-30 p .33 31 80 3 P 61 5 A 70.5 81 3.9 s 117 12 8 a Up .51 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at S a. m., 12 NOON, and S p. M. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 A. m. and 8 p. m. MONTHLY SUMMARY May, 1931 Normal Barometer (Reading's reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.21, 4th, 27th Mmimum 29.55, 16th Mean semi-daily 29.934 Range 66 Air Temperature Highest 91,29th Lowest 30, 1st, 4th Mean 58.1 Monthly range 61 Highest mean daily 73.5, 30th Lowest mean daily 43.5, 1st Mean maximum 70.0 Mean minimum 46.2 Greatest daily range 42, 6th Least daily range 4, 14th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 7.44 Snow, in inches Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 2.57, 23rd Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 16 Wind (miles) Total movement 4,154 Greatest daily movement .... 262, 3rd Least daily movement 57, 28th Mean hourly velocity 5.6 Maximum velocity for 5 min 28, 3rd (foriected to conform to H cuj) anemometer) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction s North, days 4 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 12 South, days 3 Southwest, days 4 West, days 3 Northwest, days 5 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent. . 63 Mean cloudiness, per cent 66 Number of clear days 11 Nuinber of fair days 7 Number of cloudy days 13 Number of hours bright sunshine 200.9 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 44.0 Thunder and lightning 10th, 23rd, 31st Frosts 1st, 4th Last frost 30.38 29.51 29.95 .88 85.5 30.8 56.8 54.6 Extremes 3.63 12 4,540 6.1 25 70.7 51.5 10 11 10 250.1 55.2 12th 30.55, 1895 29.16, 1893 1.16, 1893; 0.60, 1899 94.5, 1911 24.0, 1900 6.91, 1901; 0.48, 1903 20, 1901; 5, 1903 5,946, 1907; 2,180, 1894 35, 1912 83.9, 1927; 59.3, 1891 70, 1901 ; 30, 1923 20, 1923; 0, 1927 17, 1907, 1926; 5, 1923 20, 1927; S, 1903, 1922 334, 1922; 137, 1927 J'e 3, 1908; Apr. 23, 1904 Note— The first column in ttie above summary gives observations made during- tlie month. The second column gives averages based on observations made from 1889 to r.)28. Tlie third column gives extremes observed from 18811 to VXM). REMARKS The weather during the month of May was marked with very heavy rains, relatively high temperatures, and a small amount of sunshine. There was a very heavy rain storm on the 23rd; a total of 2.57 inches of rain fell between 1 A. m. and 3 p. M. The total precipitation for the month was 7.44 inches compared with a normal rainfall of 3.63 inches for May. This is the greatest rainfall recorded in May since the station was established in 1889. The nearest approach to the present record was 6.91 inches in 1901. The total precipitation since January 1 is now 19.56 inches; the normal for this period is 17 35 inches. The mean temperature for the month was 58.1 degrees, being 1.3 degrees higher than normal. The highest temperature was 91 degrees on the 29th. In 1930 we had a temperature of 92.0 degrees on May 7 and in 1911 a temperature of 94.5 degrees was recorded in May. There were 200.9 hours of bright sunshine, the normal being 250 1 hours. Rain fell on 16 days, there usually being 12 rainy days in May. There was less than the usual amount of wind, the total wind movement being 4154 miles; the normal is 4540 miles. The prevailing wind direction was south. Dr. Shaw reports that fruit trees came into bloom begin- ning May 11, which is about the average date. Weather condi- tions during bloom were fair but not as good as last year. Peaches seem to have set well but it is too early to tell what the set of apples will be. Planting of farm crops was a trifle earlier than usual until the heavy rains delayed work during the last week of the month. A heavy crop of hay is assured. C. I. GUNNESS, K. M. WHEELER, Meteorologist Observer Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 510 June, 1931 Meteorological Observations FOR JUNE 1931 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperat ure. J. Wind. Frecipita ion. 1 >*. X. * Maximum Minimum. D X c = - \ 5» Q 03 U be d 5 0) s c Da T3 OJ -a c W c Pi O C 1 63 5 P 56 6 A 59.5 70 0.0 n 127 14 1 A 5a .05 2 74 6 P 54 6 A 64.0 47 14.6 n 135 15 3 72 6 p 45 5 A 58.5 61 10.5 nw 115 15 4 83 5 P 47 5 A 65.0 61 12.4 sw 77 14 5 87 4 p 60 5 A 73.5 56 7.2 s\v 111 25 6 77 5 P 51 5 A 64.0 43 14.7 se 144 9 7 67 12 p 54 5 A 60.5 89 0.0 se 167 12 4 A 10 p .27 8 71 3 P 64 5 A 67.5 82 0.0 se 155 12 12-30 A 12 p .03 9 66 3 P 54 12 p 60.0 88 0.0 n 124 14 Oa 12 p 2.25 10 63 3 pl 53 1 A 58.0 80 0.0 n 217 13 0 A 10 P .22 11 75 5 P 56 0 A 65.5 79 3.8 n 145 10 Up 12 p .04 12 78 3 P 60 3 A 69.0 72 4.1 n 110 13 0 A 1 A .03 13 81 5 P 56 6 A 68.5 58 14.6 nw 60 15 14 80 4 p 57 5 A 68.5 69 11.5 s 118 14 15 81 2 p 59 5 A 70.0 76 6.1 se 143 11 6p 8p .01 16 76 11 A 58 12 p 67.0 86 0.0 n 110 11 12-30 p 12 p .21 17 77 5 p 55 12 p 66.0 75 8.8 n 167 18 lA 5 A .72 18 80 3 P 50 5 A 65.0 60 10.5 nw 55 8 19 85 3 P 61 5 A 73.0 63 13.1 sw 137 12 20 94 6 P 67 5 A 80.5 61 9.5 nw 123 18 11 p 12 p .02 21 84 3 p 58 12 p 71.0 50 12.5 nw 201 28 22 78 4 p 48 5 A 63.0 53 14.1 nw 98 9 23 65 11 A 54 12 p 59.5 74 0.0 nw 66 6 12 m 6 P .39 24 75 2 p 54 5 A 64.5 47 14.5 n 132 14 25 75 5 P 47 5 A 61.0 53 12.4 se 63 9 26 84 5 p 60 4 A 72.0 65 3.5 se 123 8 27 85 3 P 65 6 A 75.0 62 12.2 nw 87 13 28 82 2 P 55 5 A 68.5 51 10.5 nw 163 18 29 84 7 P 56 5 A 70.0 54 15.3 n 152 20 30 93 5 p 55 5 A 74.0 62 15.3 s 74 12 ♦Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. m., 12 NOON, and 8 p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. Monthly Summary June, 1931 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.27, 25th Minimum 29.51, 8th Mean semi-daily 29.941 Range 76 Air Temperature Highest 94, 20th Lowest 45, 3rcl Mean 66.7 Monthly range 49 Highest mean daily 80.5, 20th Lowest mean daily 58, 10th Mean maximum 77.8 Mean minimum 55.6 Greatest daily range 38, 30th Least daily range 7, 1st, 8th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 4.24 Snow, in inches Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 2.25, 9th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 12 Wind (miles) Total movement 3,704 Greatest daily movement .... 217, 10th Least daily movement 55, 18th Mean hourly velocity 5.0 Maximum velocity for 5 min 28, 21st (corrected to coiiforiu to M cup anemometer) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction nw North, days 10 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 6 South, days 2 Southwest, days 3 West, days 0 Northwest, days 9 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 64.9 Mean cloudiness, per cent 57 Number of clear days 13 Number of fair days 7 Number of cloudy days 10 Number of hours bright sunshine 251.7 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 55.0 Thunder and lightning 20th 30.31 29.56 29.961 .75 91.1 40.0 63.7 51.2 3.54 10 3,584 5 23 73.9 50.1 9 13 8 257.4 56 30.54, 1889 29.24, 1902 1.27, 1902; 0.52, 1916 101, 1919 34.0, 1891 9.68, 1922; 0.76, 1908 17, 1922; 4, 1908 4,571, 1908; 1,409, 1906 35, 1922 85.9, 1922; 65.3, 1891 71, 1903; 28, 1908 22, 1908; 1, 1907, 1926 23, 1912; 4, 1895, 1903 22, 1903; 1, 1923 362, 1908; 102, 1903 Note— The first column in the above summary gives observations made diirinc tlie month. The second column gives averages based on observations made from iHtsi) to 19"2S. The third column uives extremes observed from 1881) to r.wo. REMARKS The weather during June was considerably warmer than usual, and there was more than the normal amount of rain. The highest temperature was 94 degrees on the 20th and the lowest, 45 degrees on the 3rd. The mean temperature for the month was 66.7 degrees, while the normal mean temperature for June is 63.7 degrees. The total rainfall for the month was 4.24 inches of which 2.25 inches fell on the 9th. The normal rainfall for June is 3.54 inches. Rain fell on 12 days. The total precipitation from January 1 to June 30 is 23.80 inches. The normal precipitation for this same period is 20.89 inches. The heavy rains during May and June have produced a heavy hay crop but quality has been impaired in some cases. Corn and tobacco are somewhat later than normal on account of the heavy rains. The wet weather has favored the develop- ment of apple scab and the rotting of strawberries. Apples set only moderately well and strawberries are yielding considerably less than last year. Peaches and plums set well and promise full crops. There was a total of 251.7 hours of bright sunshine during the month compared to a normal of 257.4 hours. The total wind movement during the month was 3704 miles. The normal is 3584 miles in June. The highest wind velocity was 28 miles per hour on the 21st. The prevailing wind direction for the month was northwest. C. I. GUNNESS, K. M. WHEELER, Meteorologist Observer 1/ Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 511 July, 1931 Meteorological Observations FOR JULY 1931 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperat ure. c o ■« Wind. Precipita tion. Maximum. Minimum. * 1 3 p M _ *■* \ "^ d t/" c C c o c Q V 1) Q E H u Q V E H a 1) - Soil 3.* 6 Z ZD5 ;5 O £ s a c CQ T3 1) C c Pi 1 93 3 P 65 5 A 79.0 70 7.1 se 57 10 7 P 8p .02 2 86 3 P 63 5 A 74.5 64 10.3 se 100 11 3 83 5 p 61 4 A 72.0 67 7.3 s 83 11 4 84 5 P 59 5 A 71.5 75 6.0 se 61 11 12 m 1 p .11 5 83 4 P 57 5 A 70.0 58 12.1 se 120 12 6 74 6 P 61 3 A 67.5 85 0.0 se 119 14 8a 7 p .96 7 84 1 P 64 4 A 74.0 78 2.4 se 58 10 8 80 5 P 69 4 A 74.5 86 0.7 nw 69 9 1-30 p 2-30 P .06 9 83 3 P 70 5 A 76.5 83 1.5 nw 76 15 5-30 p 10-30 p .62 10 83 2 P 70 5 A 76.5 80 3.9 se 137 13 6-30 A 6 P .40 11 82 3 P 63 12 P 72.5 69 9.7 se 155 10 12 78 6 P 57 4 A 67.5 60 9.5 s 112 13 13 84 3 P 54 5 A 69.0 56 15.0 se 81 9 14 84 3 P 66 5 A 75.0 75 6.1 s 127 11 5-30 A 6 a .06 15 87 3 P 62 4 A 74.5 65 8.3 sw 46 8 7-30 p 9 P .23 16 85 4 P 62 12 P 73.5 66 8.3 nw 118 13 17 81 11 A 60 4 A 70.5 67 5.2 se 95 15 2-30 p 4p .03 18 70 2 P 63 5 A 66.5 78 0.0 se 90 5 19 83 3 P 65 2 A 74.0 75 2.1 s 69 7 20 83 2 P 65 5 A 74.0 71 3.1 s 172 14 21 85 1 P 73 1 A 79.0 80 0.0 s 167 13 Ip 11 p .34 22 82 5 P 64 12 P 73.0 73 4.5 nw 140 11 0 A 6-30 A .24 23 84 4 P 57 5 A 70.5 76 5.0 s 74 10 24 82 1 P 65 3 A 73.5 75 3.0 s 56 18 2 p 8 p .50 25 79 1 P 56 4 A 67.5 66 6.6 nw 95 14 26 82 6 P 53 5 A 67.5 61 9.0 w 58 8 27 89 5 P 58 5 A 73.5 64 4.0 s 90 12 28 93 3P 67 3 A 80.0 64 9.5 se 72 8 29 94 3 P 72 5 A 83.0 68 6.7 se 173 19 5p 6p .30 30 87 2 P 69 5 A 78.0 60 6.4 se 102 13 31 78 4 P 60 12 p 69.0 56 6.5 nw 186 22 ♦Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. m., 12 NOON, and 8 p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 A. m. and 8 p. m. MoNTHLv Summary July, 1981 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.13, 13th Minimum 29.43,19th Mean semi-daily 29.905 Range 0.70 Air Temperature Highest 94, 29th Lowest 53, 26th Mean 73.1 Monthly range 41 Highest mean daily 83.0, 29th Lowest mean daily 66.5, 18th Mean maximum 78.0 Mean minimum 63.0 Greatest daily range 31, 27th Least daily range 7, 18th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 3.87 Snow, in inches Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 0.96, 6th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 13 Wind (miles) Total movement 3,158 Greatest daily movement .... 186, 31st Least daily movement 56, 24th Mean hourly velocity 4.0 Maximum velocity for 5 min 22, 31st (corrected to conform to 3 cup anemometer) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction s North, days 0 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 14 South, days 9 Southwest, days 1 West, days 1 Northwest, days 6 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent. . 70 Mean cloudiness, per cent 62 Number of clear days 2 Number of fair days 17 Number of cloudy days 12 Number of hours bright sunshine 179.8 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 39.0 Thunder and lightning 21st, 24th 30.28 29.60 29.972 .68 93.9 45.5 70.6 48.4 4.33 11 3,435 4.6 24 75.6 50.1 9 14 8 266 58 30.50, 1892 29.39, 1909 0.97, 1892; 0.51, 1895, 1899 104, 1911 34.0, 1889 14.51, 1897; 0.70, 1929 20, 1915; 4, 1924 5,097, 1909; 1,109, 1894 39, 1908, 1915 88.8, 1927; 64.8, 1893 69, 1914; 31, 1924 22, 1923; 0, 1915 24, '09, '21; 5, '89, '23, '28 18,1889; 0, 1910 371, 1910; 182, 1889 Note— The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1928. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1980, REMARKS The weather during July was somewhat warmer than usual and while there was considerable cloudiness and rain on 13 days, the total rainfall for the month was slightly less than normal. Even with the heavy rains of May and June, the soil is quite dry at the end of the month, and some crops show the need of rain. The rainfall for the month was 3.87 inches. The normal rainfall for July is 4.33 inches. The total rainfall from January 1 to July 31 has been 27.67 inches. The normal pre- cipitation for the same period is 25.22 inches. A heavy rain fell on July 6. A hail storm did considerable damage to to- bacco near Amherst on July 24th, although no hail fell at the station. The mean temperature for the month was 73.1 degrees, the normal being 69.9 degrees. The highest tempera- ture was 94 degrees on the 29th. There was only 179.8 hours of bright sunshine, while the normal for July is 266 hours. The total wind movement was 3158 miles, the normal being 3435 miles. No heavy winds were recorded. There was thunder and lightning on the 21st and 24th. C. I. GUNNESS, F. R. SHAW, Meteorologist Ohsen'er Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 512 August, 1931 Meteorological Observations FOR AUGUST 1931 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperat ure. C Wind. Precipita ion. * Maximum j Minimum. O IT. \ > H Xx. . ^ 6 Z zee c c c o c in Q be a> Q E H 01 Q £ c .>;5 (L o o £ c bu ■a a Pi 1 78 4 p 52 7 A 75.0 54 13.2 nw 101 ' 11 2 74 1 p 46 5 A 60.0 66 4.1 s 12110 11 p 12 P .01 3 90 3 p 65 0 A 77.5 79 4.1 s 149 28 5p 8 p .42 4 83 3 P 63 5 A 73.0 65 10.1 nw 94 20 5 89 4 P 59 5 A 74.0 67 14.1 nw 7810 6 94 3 P 61 4 A 77.5 65 14.2 sw 62 9 7 96 1 p 65 5 A 80.0 67 9.4 n 81 17 8 P 10 p .02 8 81 2 P 64 7 A 72.5 55 9.1 n 96 7 9 77 4 p 63 5 A 70.0 82 0.0 se 60 13 10 80 3 P 65 12 p 72.5 74 3.6 nw 143 14 8p 9 p .05 11 70 1 p 61 6 A 65.5 83 0.0 nw 58 11 4 a 12 p .51 12 65 4 p 60 6 A 62.5 88 0.0 nw 168 9 Oa 12 p .91 13 83 5 P 60 0 A 71.5 82 2.4 s 69 10 2 a a6 .08 14 85 4 P 65 6 A 75.0 78 6.5 s 88 7 15 77 3 P 66 12 P 76.5 86 3.7 se 54 4 7a 2p .51 16 80 4 P 63 5 A 71.5 78 0.3 sw 55 11 17 85 2 P 59 4 A 72.0 72 9.1 nw 84 32 6p 9 P .11 18 84 2 P 56 6 A 70.0 69 7.7 sw 52 5 19 74 10 a 59 5 A 66.5 84 0.0 nw 72 15 10 a 1 p .26 20 78 1 P 57 5 A 67.5 67 9.0 nw 102 13 21 75 3 P 56 5 A 65.5 60 8.0 n 120 15 22 78 2 p 54 6 A 66.0 60 10.2 ne 107 15 23 75 4 p 54 2 A 64.5 69 6.3 n 132 13 24 73 1 P 55 6 A 64.0 70 8.4 n 177 18 25 82 5 P 48 6 A 65.0 73 11.8 s 67 7 26 82 4 P 56 7 A 69.0 75 10.2 nw 69 5 1 A 2 a .18 27 70 4 p 61 6 A 65.5 87 0.3 e 70 22 3a 12 p 3.34 28 80 3 p 59 0 A 69.5 82 6.0 se 75 7 Oa 2 a .17 29 77 3 p 64 12 p 70.5 79 3.0 s 101 8 30 76 12 m 56 6 A 66.0 69 10.2 w 113 10 31 74 3 p 49 12 p 61.5 76 13.0 nw 114 13 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. m., 12 NOON, and S p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. i Monthly Summary August, 1981 Baromeier (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.37, 14th Minimum 29.37,29th Mean semi-daily 29.989 Range 1.00 Air Temperature Highest 96, 7th Lowest 46, 2nd Mean 69.6 Monthly range 50 Highest mean daily 80.0, 7th Lowest mean daily 60.0, 2nd Mean maximum 79.5 Mean minimum 58.7 Greatest daily range 34, 25th Least daily range 5, 12th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 6.57 Snow, in inches Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 3.51, 27th, 28th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 13 Wind (miles) Total movement 2,932 Greatest daily movement .... 177, 24th Least daily movement 52, 18th Mean hourly velocity 4.0 Maximum velocity for 5 min 32, 17th (t'orreeted to conform to H cuii aneuioineter) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction wnw North, days 5 Northeast, days 1 East, days 1 Southeast, days 3 South, days 6 Southwest, days 3 West, days 1 Northwest, days 11 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 72.9 Mean cloudiness, per cent 55 Number of clear days 9 Number of fair days 12 Number of cloudy days 10 Number of hours bright sunshine 192.7 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 45 Thunder and lightning 3rd, 19th, 26th 27th, 28th Normal 30.32 29.63 29.972 .69 91.3 42.9 68.4 48.4 4.24 10 3,099 4.2 21 78.4 49.4 9 13 9 236 55 Extremes 30.48, 1918 29.18, 1890 1.10, 1890; 0.44, 1894 100, 1918 37, 1894, 1908 8.28, 1915; 0.31, 1894 16, 1892; 4, 1899 4,271, 1910; 1,920, 1894 35, 1915 87.3, 1927; 69.9, 1894 67, 1901; 27, 1923 17, 1921; 0,1915 25, 1912; 5, 1893, 18, '01, '28; 2, '10, '23, 317, 1921; 152, 1915, 1929 Note— The first coluiiin in the above summary grives observations made durinK the month. The second column cives averaues based on observations made from ISH'J to 1928. The thij-d column sives extremes observed from isai) to 1930. REMARKS The weather during August was marked with a large amount of rain, somewhat higher temperature than usual and a small amour. t of sunshine. The total precipitation during the month was 6.57 inches. Of this amount 3.51 inches fell on the 28th and 29th. Rain fell on 13 days. The total precipitation from January 1 to August 31 is 34.24 inches. The normal precipita- tion for this period is 29.46 inches. The normal rainfall for August is 4.24 inches. The mean tem|:erature for the month was 69.6 degrees. The normal is 68.4 for August. The highest temperature was 9o degrees on the 7th and the lowest 46 degrees on the Sfend. The normal maximum is 91.3 degrees and the lowest 42.9 degrees. There was slightly less than the usual amount of wind with a total wind movement of 2932 miles. The normal is 3099 miles. The highest wind velocity indicated was 32 miles on the 17th. The prevailing direction was west northwest. The total number of hours of bright sunshine was 192.7 hours. The normal number of hours for August is 236 hours. There was thunder and lightning on the 3rd, 19th, 26th, 27th and 28th. C. I. GUNNESS, F. R. SHAW, Meteorologist Obsen'er J Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 513 September, 1931 Meteorological Observations FOR SEPTEMBER 1931 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ^^^ Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Te mperature. M ean Relative Humidity No. Hours of I I?nebt ."Sunshine Wind. Precipitation. Maximum Minimum. c I.= > OJ % ^1 \ X n c 0) CO T3 C W Q 0) 0) Q B o o 4) s T3 c Q H Q H S 1> 4) 3 zb: £g W K 1 71 2 75 3 82 4 82 5 83 6 77 7 70 8 75 9 62 10 67 11 67 12 55 13 66 14 62 15 68 16 62 17 60 18 50 19 64 20 71 21 65 22 64 23 69 24 69 25 68 26 57 27 63 28 59 29 50 30 65 31 56 4 3 3 3 3 3 12 M 2 p 4 3 5 3 3 2 3 0 A 2 p 12 m 49 48 48 47 55 53 48 50 35 29 30 39 29 32 52 50 36 35 30 32 38 36 37 42 47 46 41 47 39 35 37 5 A 60.0 68 3.8 s 5 A 61.5 57 11.7 sw 7 A 65.0 65 11.7 se 7 A 64.5 71 9.3 se 6 A 69.0 78 6.0 s 5 A 65.0 67 9.3 nw 4 A 59.0 77 6.3 s 12 p 62.5 63 7.7 w 12 p 48.5 63 11.4 nw 7 A 48.0 72 8.9 sw 7 A 48.5 70 3.0 w 7 A 47.0 48 11.3 nw 7 A 47.5 56 11.2 s 7 A 47.0 77 1.5 s 6 A 60.0 88 1.6 nw 12 p 56.0 78 0.0 w 12 p 48.0 62 1.2 w 5 A 42.5 56 6.0 nw 7 A 47.0 62 10.9 sw 7 A 51.5 60 10.9 s 12 p 51.5 48 10.9 nw 2 A 59.0 55 10.8 nw 7 A 53.0 67 7.6 w 5 A 55.5 73 3.3 s 12 p 57.5 65 3.0 nw 6 A 51.5 45 8.4 nw 7 A 52.0 39 10.6 nw 5 A 53.0 79 0.3 w 12 p 44.5 89 0.0 nw 7 A 50.0 88 4.5 w 12 p 46.5 69 3.5 sw 154 146 56 59 92 99 69 192 155 39 82 345 88 76 50 77 169 194 80 55 79 155 52: 74' 154 385 265 58: 101 66 94 1-30 P 1 P 8-30 p Oa Oa 5 a 0 A 3a Oa 5p 5 p 2p 2 p 12 4 7 .371 .01 12 p .211 12 p .52' 1-30 Pj .69 6-30 A .07 .141 .10 .87 .08 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at S a. 12 NOON, and S p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. Monthly Summary October, 1931 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.43, 13th Minimum 29.28,17th Mean semi-daily 30.015 Range 1.15 Air Xempersiture Highest 83,5th Lowest 29, 10th, 13th Mean 53.6 Monthly range 54 Highest mean daily 69.0, 5th Lowest mean daily 42.5, 18th Mean maximum 66.3 Mean minimum 41.0 Greatest daily range 39, 20th Least daily range 11, 26th, 29th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 3.06 Snow, in inches Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. .87, 29th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 10 Wind (miles) Total movement 3,761 Greatest daily movement .... 385, 26th Least daily movement 39, 10th Mean hourly velocity 5.5 Maximum velocity for 5 min 32, 26th {(•orrecit'fi to oonfonn to H cuij anemometer) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction w North, days 0 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 2 South, days 7 Southwest, days 4 West, days 7 Northwest, days 11 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 66.4 Mean cloudiness, per cent 49 Number of clear days 15 Number of fair days 8 Number of cloudy days 8 Number of hours bright sunshine 203.1 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 60 Thunder and lightning 25th Frost 10th, 11th, 13th, 14th, 19th, 20th 30.53 29.42 30.059 1.11 79.7 23.4 50.4 56.3 3.35 4,023 5.4 27 76.9 47.6 8 11 12 171.0 50 30.68, 1929 29.00, 1926 1.47, 1926; 0.76, 1899 90.5, 1908 18.0, 1904 8.81, 1911; 0.01, 1924 15, 1913; 1,1897, 1924 5,467, 1910; 2,540, 1894 35, 1906, 1916, 1925 86.7, 1920; 64, 1929 64, 1890,1900; 18, 1924 14, 1897, 1916; 1, 1911 17, '24; 5, '94, '96, '98, '03, '17 19, 1896; 3, 1924 232, 1923; 91, 1913 Note— The finst column in the above summary gives observations made rturinc the month. The second column erives averages based on observations made from IHHD to ly^S. The third column gives extremes observed from 188!) to 1930. REMARKS The weather during October was unusually pleasant with high temperature, many clear days and a large amount of sun- shine. The mean temperature for the month was 53.6 degrees while the normal mean temperature for October is 50.4 degrees. The highest temperature was 83 degrees on the 5th. The lowest was 29 degrees on the 10th and 13th. The first frost of the sea- son was on the 10th. Rain fell on 10 days during the month with atotal precipitation of 3.06 inches, which is. 29 inch less than normal. The total precipitation from January 1 to October 31 is 39.80 inches, with the normal precipitation for the same period 36.60 inches. The were 203.1 hours of bright sunshine, the normal being 171 hours. There were 15 clear days, 8 fair days and 8 cloudy days. The normal distribution of clear, fair and cloudy days is 8, 11, and 12 days. The total wind move- ment for the month was 3761 miles with a normal of 4023 miles for October. The prevailing direction was west. The highest wind velocity was 32 miles per hour on the 26th. C. I. GUNNESS, K. M. WHEELER, Meteorologist Obsen'er Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 515 November, 1931 Meteorological Observations 1931 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ^^• Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Men Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. Mean Relative H uniidity No. Hours of Brierht Sunshine Wind. P recipitation. Maximum Minimum. c rS ii > O ^ . ^ 6'Z Zffi Sf c c o c m Q i Q S H (U u M D Q 4) H H c 0) V >-5 xZ £ •? c -d 0 Q u Q s bo Q S c c-t;-^ . bi aji = or 1^ = z£ 2> ^1 te c W a in 1 33 3 p 18 4 A 25.5 80 0.0 n 98 13 6p 12 p 1 .03 2i 37 12 m 29 9 p 33.0 81 0.0 n 210 15 Oa 12 p .58 4.5 3 36 3 p 30 0 A 33.0 78 0.3 n 212 14 Oa 2a .04 0.5 4 32 3 p 12 12 p 22.0 79 1.7 w 66 6 5 25 4 p 10 1 A 17.5 85 0.3 nw 42 4 6 50 11 P 24 0 A 37.0 92 0.0 w 87 13 7a 12 p .44 7 51 1 A 30 12 p 40.5 70 2.0 nw 180 20 Oa 5a .24 8 34 3 p 27 5 A 30.5 79 0.0 se 44 4 9 34 12 m 31 8 A 32.5 87 0.0 nw 38 12 2 a 6a .10 1.25 10 35 12 m 26 11 p 30.5 55 3.5 nw 242 22 T 11 29 1 A 14 8 A 21.5 57 7.7 n 115 15 12 44 12 p 22 0 A 26.5 73 1.8 se 117 10 13 61 2 p 44 0 A 52.5 87 1.7 se 260 22 9 a 11 A .12 14 66 2 p 40 2 A 52.0 64 8.7 s 79 10 15 58 5 p 38 3 A 48.0 73 0.0 se 136 25 12 m 3-30 p .07 16 44 0 A 32 8 A 38.0 50 2.5 nw 205 17 17 33 0 A 29 8 A 31.0 88 0.0 nw 41 6 7a 12 p .11 18 49 2 P 32 0 A 40.5 63 8.0 w 161 25 Oa 4a .08 19 37 1 A 29 11 p 33.0: 54 7.8 w 277 25 20 43 4 p 30 0 A 36.5 55 0.0 s [ 167 14 21 36 0 A 24 7 A 30.0 75 4.3 nwj 84 5 2p 12 p .25 1.5 22 37 8 p 31 0 A 34.0 86 0.0 nwj 56 12 6-30 A 10 a .09 23 33 11 A 30 8 A 31.5 85 0.0 nwl 71 7 11-30A 9 P .51 24 42 3 P 31 12 p 36.5 55 1.6 w 217 28 25 36 1 p 30 3 A 33.0 1 58 0.6 w 155! 32 ! T 26 45 1 p 27 3 A 36.0 65 3.5 se 167 14 10 p 12 p .08 27 44 7 P 35 0 A 39.5 75 0.0 nw 244; 28 0 A 12 M .52 28 40 2 p 24 12 p 32.0 47 9.8 nw 402 32 29 31 12 P 18 6 A 24.5 77 0.0 nw 101 8 1 p 7 P .09 30 40 3 P 31 0 A 35.5 75 0.6 nw 148 25 1-30 A 10-30A .32 31 30 12 M 18 12 p 24.0 49 7.8 W 1 i48| 39 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE — Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. m., 12 NOON, and 8 p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. Monthly Summary January, 1932 Barometer (Readingfs reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.61, 16th, 17th Minimum 29.37, 30th Mean semi-daily 30.120 Range 1.24 Air XemperaVind (miles) Total movement 4,430 Greatest daily movement 421, 1st Least daily movement 54, 12th Mean hourly velocity 6.4 Maximum velocity for 5 min. . . .39, 18th (corrected to conform to S cup anemometer) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction nw North, days 5 Northeast, days 2 East, days 0 Southeast, days 6 South, days 1 Southwest, days 0 West, days 5 Northwest, days 10 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 69.6 Mean cloudiness, per cent 64 Number of clear days 8 Number of fair days 14 Number of cloudy days 7 Number of hours bright sunshine 123.0 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 42 30.63 29.20 30.03 1.43 50.3 -7.9 23.5 58.2 3.35 14.27 10 4,833 7.1 29 77.9 50.5 10 8 10 160 54.1 31.05, 1920 28.56, 1895 1.89,1900,1908; .88, 1913,1931 65.0, 1930 -22.5, 1918 8.12, 1900; 0.62, 1901 48.75, 1893; 2.5, 1912 15, 1893, 1920; 4, 1901 6,445, 1896; 3,438, 1892 42, 1912 90, 1889; 66.8, 1902 66, 1890, 1927; 31, 1905 17, 1924; 2, 1927 16, 1920; 3, 1890 16, 1894; 2, 1920 221, 1924; 110, 1927 NOTK— The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives averages based on observations made from 1881* to I9L'8. The third column gives extremes observed from Issi) to lii.Sl. REMARKS The weather during February has been seasonable in most respects but considerably warmer than usual. The mean tempera- ture for the month was 26.3 degrees. The normal mean tempera- ture for February is 23.5 degrees. The highest temperature during the month was 46 degrees on the 13th. The normal high tempera- ture for February is 50.3 degrees. The lowest temperature observed was 3 degrees on the 15th and 16th. The normal minimum temperature for February is -7.9 degrees. In 1931 the minimum temperature in February was -11 degrees. The lowest temperature observed in February was -22.5 degrees in 1918. The total precipitation for the mcnth was 2.70 inches which was largely in the form of snow. The normal precipitation for February is 3.35 inches. The total snowfall for the month was 20.25 inches. The normal snowfall for February is 14.27 inches. There was no snow on the ground February 1. A light snow on the 2nd followed by heavy snow on the 4th and 5th brought the total depth to 14 inches. This has decreased gradually until at the end of the month there is about 2 inches of snow on the ground. There were 123 hours of bright sunshine during the month compared with a normal of 160 hours. The total wind movement during the month was 4430 miles, while the normal for February is 4833. The prevailing direction was northwest. The maximum wind velocity was 39 miles per hour on the 18th. C. I. GUNNESS, K. M. WHEELER, Meteorologist Observer 450-1932-4098 \y Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 519 March, 1932 Meteorological Observations FOR MARCH 1932 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. Maximum Minimum. lU (U 3 o Wind. OhC Precipitation. T3 T3 c C rt W « 1 38 2 51 3 50 4 45 5 50 6 39 7 36 8 32 9 27 10 30 11 37 12 35 13 32 14 32 15 23 16 33 17 30 18 38 19 46 20 32 21 33 22 37 23 40 24 50 25 42 26 55 27 53 28 38 29 43 30 53 31 55 3 3 3 4 3 3 5 0 3 4 3 3 3 2 4 4 10 3 5 1 3 4 3 2 5 1 4 0 5 4 29 35 29 25 29 25 32 18 9 12 22 23 21 13 10 10 23 23 21 24 17 24 27 26 26 33 38 26 27 27 41 33.5 43.0 39.5 35.0 39.5 32.0 34.0 25.0 26.5 22.5 16.5 21.5 23.5 30.5 33.5 28.0 25.0 66 65 49 53 44 76 77 49 18.0 1 49 21.0 1 57 29.5 56 29.0 51 54 53 57 46 91 58 78 41 60 30.5 76 33.5 42 38.0 61 34.0 48 44.0 I 70 45.5 I 49 32.0 89 35.0 50 40.0 49 48.0 81 0.2 8.3 11.3 6.6 11.3 0.0 0.0 5.7 10.3 1.8 9.6 11.6 4.8 5.5 11.8 11.5 0.0 5.3 1.5 11.0 1.4 0.0 12.1 2.6 5.4 0.6 7.4 0.0 10.9 9.4 0.1 nw 416 n 369 n 262 n '180 nwl98 nw201 nw260 w 519 w 296 w 262 nw 215 nw 293 w 234 w 258 nw401 nw244 nw 115 sw 193 s 189 nw 323 swi 90 nw 113 nw 339 sw'l02 se 122 s 223 nw 163 n 236 nw416 se 159 s 1237 1 A 9-30A 6 p 0 A 6 p 3 p 0 A 12-30 p 4 p 9 P .35 0 A 1-30 p .40 2 p1 .10 8 p .05 8 P .02 12 m .58 7p' .01 I I 5p, .12 10 P 1.74 12 p .87 T .25 1.00 T T .50 7.00 *Rased on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning- May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at S A. M., 12 NOON, and S p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 A. m. and 8 r. m. MONTHLY Summary March. 1932 Baroinefer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.32, 25th Minimum 28.64, 6th, 7th Mean semi-daily 29.744 Range 1.68 Air Temperature Highest 55, 26th, 31st Lowest 9, 9th Mean 31.9 Monthly range 46 Highest mean daily 48, 31st Lowest mean daily 16.5, 15th Mean maximum 39.8 Mean minimum 24.0 Greatest daily range 26, 30th Least daily range 4, 7th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 4.24 Snow, in inches 8.75 Maximum precipitation 24 hrs. 1.74, 28th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 10 Wind (miles) Total movement 7,628 Greatest daily movement 519, 8th Least daily movement 90, 21st Mean hourly velocity 10.0 Maximum velocity for 5 min. ... 48, 8th (eoireeted to confoiui to :-i cuij anemoiuetei) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction wnw North, days 4 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 2 South, days 3 Southwest, days 3 West, days 5 Northwest, days 14 M' e a t li e r Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 59.5 Mean cloudiness, per cent 55.5 Number of clear days 12 Number of fair days 7 .Number of cloudy days 12 Number of hours bright sunshine 178.0 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 48 Normal Extremes 30.60 29.26 30.02 1.35 63.9 5.7 34.2 58.2 3.68 8.11 11 5,738 7.7 29 75.0 51.0 11 9 11 201 54.2 30.96, 1904 28.47, 1914 2.10, 1914; 0.85, 1915 79.5, 1907, 1921 -7.5, 1906 7.13, 1899; 0.12, 1915 27, 1899 ;0, 1921 17, 1890, 1913; 3, 1915 7,485, 1911; 3,006, 1905 39, 1913 86.8, 1916; 61.6, 1930 68, 1901 ; 27, 1915 22, 1924; 3, 1901 17, 1900; 4, 1895 21, 1901; 1, 1915 292, 1924; 93, 1901 Ndi'K— Tlie first column in the above summary gives observations made diuinir the month. The second column (fives averages based on observations made from l!S,s',t to 1928. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to I'.tai. REMARKS The weather during the month of March has been somewhat cooler than normal. The mean temperature for the month was 31.9 degrees while the normal temperature for March is 34.2 de- grees. The highest temperature of the month was 55 degrees on the 26th and 31st. The normal maximum temperature for March is 63.9 degrees. The lowest temperature was 9 degrees on the 9th. The normal minimum temperature is 5.7 degrees. Now that the end of winter has been reached it may be interesting to consider the temperatures for the winter months. Temperature records are available for Amherst from 1838 to date. This is the first winter during this period that the temperature has not drop- ped below zero. In the winter of 1889-1890 there was no zero wea- ther during December, January or February, but the temperature dropped to -6.5 in March. The mean temperature for the past winter from November 1 to March 31 was 33.5 degrees. The nor- mal mean for the same months based on a 40-year average is 29.5 degrees. Dr. J. K. Shaw reports that fruit buds have come through the winter in good condition. The cool weather in March has been favorable in that buds have been held back, decreasing the danger from frost. Apparently no harm was done by the warm winter weather. The total snowfall for the past winter was 41 inches. The nor- mal snowfall is 48.38 inches. There was a total snowfall of 8.75 inches during the past month. The normal snowfall for March is 8.11 inches. The snow storm on the 28th was unusual for this late date, with a total fall of 7 inches. The total precipitation for the month was 4.24 inches, the normal being 3.68 inches. The total precipitation since January 1 is 10.61 inches. The normal precipitation for the same period is 10.45 inches. The total wind movement for the month was 7628 miles compared with a normal of 5738 miles. On the 8th a maximum wind velocity of 48 miles per hour was recorded. The prevailing wind direction was west northwest. There was a total of 178 hours of bright sunshine during the month. The normal hours of bright sunshine for March are 201 hours. C. I. GUNNESS, K. M. WHEELER, Meteorologist Observer 450-1932-4098 1/ Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 520 April, 1932 Meteorological Observations FOR APRIL 1932 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Heiglit of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. Maximum Minimum. 2 2il Wind. cuC Precipitation. 1 49 2 54 3 52 4 45 5 55 6 63 7 60 8 53 9 47 10 51 11 43 12 48 13 41 14 42 15 42 16 48 17 41 18 54 19 57 20 69 21 73 22 75 23 55 24 55 25 58 26 62 27 45 28 58 29 72 30 72 0 aI 5 p; 1 p! 3 p 4 p 2 p 5 P 2 p 3P| 2 p' 0 A 12 M 4 P 4 P 5 P 2 P 12 M 1 P 6 p 5 P 4 p 4 p 3 p 5 P 12 M 6 p 3 p 6 p 4 p 2 P 29 29 37 29 24 29 38 44 41 41 38 36 32 30 26 29 31 36 36 32 37 39 34 29 29 42 29 29 47 44 12 p 39.0 52 8.8 0 A 41.5 69 0.2 12 p 44.5 66 12.8 7 A 37.0 43 12.8 6 A 39.5 45 11.1 6 A 46.0 61 11.4 6 A 49.0 71 4.4 12 p 48.5 78 0.5 7 A 44.0 89 0.0 6 A 46.0 70 0.0 12 p 40.5 82 0.0 12 p 42.0 79 0.4 5 A 36.5 65 3.3 12 p 36.0 62 0.1 5 A 34.0 63 2.5 6 A 38.5 58 11.9 8 A 36.0 62 1.0 5 A 45.0 59 8.6 5 A 46.5 58 7.5 6 A 50.5 40 13.6 6 A 55.0 45 13.6 6 A 57.0 49 13.7 12 p 44.5 39 13.7 6 a 42.0 47 13.7 6 A 43.5 62 6.6 5 A 52.0 86 0.0 12 p 37.0 58 3.0 0 A 43.5 45 12.4 6 A 59.5 38 14.0 6 A 58.0 63 10.2 w !319 se:i84 w 311 nw323 s 115 nw 160 nw 179 se 113 e 82 ne 135 ne 152 nw 229 s 1242 w 176 w 1148 nw 160 nw472 nw 273 nw 193 nw 150 nw 145 n 132 nw257 nw218 s 96 s 102 nw314 w 243 sw 128 s ,205 Oa 9 A 6 a 7a 1 A 0 A 1 aI 12 m' 7 a 8 p 12 p 12 p .01 .14 .06 .33 0 a10-30a 1.30 7 p 6-30 p 9 p 9 P .04 8 p .30 12 p .02 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Bescinning May 1st, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 A. m., 12 NOON, and S p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at S a. m. and 8 p. m. Monthly Summarv April, 1932 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.40, 5th Minimum 29.17, 12th Mean semi-daily 29.917 Range 1.23 Air Temperature Highest 75, 22nd Lowest 24, 5th Mean 44.4 Monthly range 51 Highest mean daily 59.5, 29th Lowest mean daily 34, 15th Mean maximum 54.6 Mean minimum 34.2 Greatest daily range 37, 20th Least daily range 5, 11th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 2.33 Snow, in inches T Maximum precipitation 24 hrs. 1.30, 12th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 10 Wind (miles) Total movement 5,956 ■Greatest daily movement 472,17th Least daily movement 82, 9th Mean hourly velocity 8.3 Maximum velocity for 5 min. . . 39, 17th (coireL'teii to conform to ;s cup anemometer) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction wnw North, days .... 1 Northeast, days 2 East, days 1 Southeast, days 2 South, days 5 Southwest, days 1 West, days 5 Northwest, days 13 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 60.1 Mean cloudiness, per cent 57.0 Number of clear days 13 Number of fair days 5 Number of cloudy days 12 Number of hours bright sunshine 211.8 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 53 Thunder and Lightning 26th Frosts after the 15th: 16th, 24th, 25th, 27th, 28th. 30.48 29.41 29.99 1.08 79.5 21.6 45.8 57.8 3.27 2.32 11 5,436 7.5 29 69.6 49.2 11 10 9 221 55 30.71, 1911 29.07, 1930 1.52, 1930; 0.72, 1919 88.5, 1896 8.5, 1923 6.89, 1929; 0.76, 1892 11, 1891; 0, 1910 18, 1909; 3, 1892 8,208, 1908; 3,853, 1917 39, 1916, 1931 81.2> 1916; 54.5, 1892 75, 1901 ; 34, 1925, 1927 19, 1911; 3, 1898,1902 18, 1915; 2, 1894, 1901 22, 1901; 3, 1899, 1924 296, 1911; 103, 1901 NOTK— The first column in the above summary stves observations made durintr tlie month. The second ct)lumn (fives averaees based on observations made from 18»9 to lyiis. The third column gives e.xtremes observed from l»8'.i to 1931. REMARKS The weather during the month of April has been sHghtly colder than usual. The mean temperature for the month was 44.4 degrees, while the normal for April is 45.8 degrees. The highest temperature was 75 degrees on the 22nd and the lowest 24 on the 5th. The normal maximum temperature for April is 79.5 degrees and the normal minimum is 21.6 degrees. The highest temperature observed in April at this station was 88.5 degrees in 1896 and the lowest 8.5 degrees in 1923. Dr. J. K. Shaw reports that both apple and peach buds have come through without injury and prospects at this stage are for a heavy apple crop. He also reports that vegetation was in a normal state of advance at the end of the month. The total precipation for the month was 2.33 inches, the normal being 3.27 inches. The total precipitation since January 1 is now 12.94 inches. The normal for this period is 13. 72 inches. There were only traces of snow during the month. The normal snowfall for April is 2.32 inches. In 1891 eleven inches of snow fell in April. The total wind movement during the month was 5,956 miles, the normal being 5,436 miles. The highest wind velocity recorded was 39 miles per hour on the 17th. The prevailing direction was west northwest. The re- lative humidity was 60.1 per cent. There were 211.8 hours of bright sunshine compared with a normal of 221 hours, C. I. GUNNESS, K. M. WHEELER, Meteorologist Observer 450-1932-4098 Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 521 May, 1932 Meteorological Observations FOR MAY 1932 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Heiglit of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Men Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperatiite. Wind. Precipita tioii. * Maximum Minimum. ?£ -C ' - >■ 3tA ij c dJ \ i/i tA ^ ^ V oj i's Tx "rt ^ S ■5 c -a o a a Q S Q _S c nl 4) '- . ^ : 6 z - i2CC > a. 3 > o o be 03 Pi a; (U >- 1 c c be 03 0) -a c W •A d Q bo Q 6 0) cu Q V S c V o 1 79 5 P 51 5 A 65.0 55 13.0 nw 133 14 2 83 4 P 50 5 A 66.5 47 10.5 nw 81 11 3 77 3 P 57 5 A 67.0 86 2.8 se 130 12 3 A 10-30 p .55 4 89 5 p 61 2 A 75.0 63 12.6 nw 114 14 5 89 1 P 58 5 A 72.5 62 7.5 nw 48 12 6 84 2 p 60 5 A 72.0 63 12.2 w 113 20 Oa 1 A .04 7 64 0 A 40 12 p 52.0 47 13.0 nw 250 25 8 62 5 p 36 5 A 49.0 44 13.3 sw 168 20 9 70 4 p 48 6 A 59.0 46 5.3 sw 144 14 T 10 68 6 P 47 12 p 57.5 48 13.3 nw 215 18 11 81 5 p 40 4 A 60.5 38 15.2 w 69 10 12 81 2 p 48 5 A 64.5 52 11.1 s 119 13 8 p 12 p .04 13 64 3 p 55 3 A 59.5 87 0.0 ne 98 9 0 A 8 p .10 14 68 3 P 53 2 A 63.0 82 0.0 s 49 5 5-30 A 6-30 A .02 15 85 5 P 58 4 A 71.5 65 11.2 w 80 10 16 76 3 P 63 6 A 69.5 86 0.3 nw 51' 7 10 a 12 p 1.06 17 75 5 P 63 4 A 69.0 79 1.3 n 116 12 0 A 9 a .44 18 70 2 P 51 12 p 60.5 69 8.8 e 115 11 19 76 4 P 51 0 A 63.5 81 9.5 s 84 7 20 86 5 P 57 1 A 71.5 76 9.6 s 79 6 21 79 2 p 60 6 A 69.5 76 1.5 se 131 11 22 84 5 p 62 5 A 73.0 64 9.8 w 147 32 9 p 10 P .05 23 73 3 p 46 12 p 59.5 56 10.1 W ' 298 40 6 p 7 P .02 24 71 5 p 38 4 A 54.5 47 12.7 w 238 25 25 66 4 p 47 5 A 56.5 70 0.0 se 105 11 26 86 4 p 56 3 A 71.0 65 12.8 S 1 80 13 27 84 12 m 65 6 A 74.5 81 1.3 s i 44 12 12 M 4 P .30 28 85 4 p 64 12 p 74.5 56 14 6 w 141 1 15 29 84 3 p 54 5 A 69.0 54 13.7 s j 611 9 30 80 2 p 58 12 p 69.0 50 14.1 W 1 170 20 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at S A. M., 12 NOON, and S P. M. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. Monthly Summary June, 1932 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.29, 18th Minimum 29.45, 7th Mean semi-daily 29.885 Range 0.84 Air Temperature Highest 89, 4th, 5th Lowest 36, 8th Mean 62.9 Monthly range 53 Highest mean daily 75, 4th Lowest mean daily 49, 8th Mean maximum 77.3 Mean minimum 53.3 Greatest daily range 41, 11th Least daily range 9, 13th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 2.62 Snow, in inches Maximum precipitation 24 hrs. 1.50, 16th, 17th. Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 10 Wind (miles) Total movement 3,671 Greatest daily movement 298, 23rd Least daily movement 44, 27th Mean hourly velocity 5.1 Maximum velocity for 5 min. -. 40, 23rd (corrected to conform to H ciiji anemometer) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction wsw North, days 1 Northeast, days 1 East, days 1 Southeast, days 3 South, days 7 Southwest, days 2 West, days 8 Northwest, days 7 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 63.2 Mean cloudiness, per cent 53.0 Number of clear days 14 Number of fair days 8 Number of cloudy days 8 Number of hours bright sunshine 261.1 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 57 Thunder and Lightning . . 3rd, 5th, 16th Frosts 8th 30.31 29.56 29.961 .75 91.1 40.0 65.4 51.2 3.54 10 3,584 5.0 23 73.9 50.1 9 13 8 257.4 56.2 30.54, 1889 29.24, 1902 1.27, 1902; 0.52, 1916 101.0, 1919 34.0, 1891 9.68, 1922; 0.76, 1908 17, 1922; 4, 1908 4,571, 1908; 1,409, 1906 35, 1922 85.9, 1922; 64.9, 1931 71, 1903 ; 28, 1908 22, 1908; 1, 1907, 1926 23, 1912; 4, 1895, 1903 22, 1903; 1, 1923 362, 1908; 102, 1903 NoTK— The first column in the above summary sives observations made durinu the month. The second column irives averatjes based on observations made from 1889 to lUJS. The tlurd column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1981. REMARKS The weather during June was cooler than usual and less than the normal amount of rain fell in Amherst. The mean temperature for the month was 62.9 degrees. The normal temperature for June is 65.4 degrees. The highest temperature was 89 degrees on the 4th and 5th, while the normal is 91.1 degrees. The lowest temperature was 36 degrees on the 8th with a frost. The temperature dropped to 38 degrees on the 24th. This is the lowest temperature on record for this late date, and while there was no frost at the location of the weather instruments, frost was reported in the town. The total rain- fall for the month was 2.62 inches, the normal for the month being 3.54 inches. The total rainfall since January 1 is 17.23 inches and the normal for this period is 20.89 inches The heaviest rain during the month was on the I6th and 17th, when 1.50 inches fell. Very much more rain fell in Holyoke and Springfield at that time. The total wind movement during the month was 3671 miles, which is 87 miles more than normal. A velocity of 40 miles per hour was recorded on the evening of the 23rd. There was more than the normal amount of sunshine, being 261.1 hours as compared with the normal of 257.4 hours. C. I. GUNNESS, F. R. SHAW, Meteorologist Observer 450-1932-^098 1/ Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 523 July, 1932 Meteorological Observations FOR JULY 1932 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. c Wind. P recipitf ition. * 1 Maximum M nimum. - O If. "u t: o ^ c E c T3 (U o c Q u a. O i- S i5 > o o 0) S y. c be OJ D3 13 4) W 1 79 3 p 46 6 A 62.5 63 10.0 sw 50 7 2 81 2 p 50 5 A 65.5 80 4.5 w 28 7 7 p 10 p .21 3 73 10 A 67 3 A 70.0 92 0.0 se 95 13 11 A 11 p .98 4 85 5 P 68 5 A 76.5 72 12.6 w 161 20 4a 5 A .01 5 88 4 p 58 5 A 73.0 60 14.3 sw 124 6 6 86 2 p 60 4 A 73.0 68 10.3 se 80 11 7 84 4 p 60 5 A 72.0 73 7.3 se 96 13 2 p 3 p .02 8 87 2 p 70 4 A 78.5 55 11.0 se 98 11 9 83 2 p 56 4 A 69.5 61 9.7 w 94 20 T 10 83 12 m 53 6 A 68.0 74 7.1 w 78 22 3 P 10 p .12 11 78 3 p 59 12 p 68.5 76 6.i s 79,17 1 A 7 A .07 12 77 1 p 53 5 A 65.0 70 8.0 w 102 15 2 p 3 p .02 13 79 4 p 56 3 A 67.5 59 12.8 nw 121 20 14 83 4 p 52 5 A 67.5 63 14.0 nw 131 17 15 88 3 p 49 6 A 68.5 61 14.0 se 85' 7 16 86 2 p 59 4 A 72.5 69 8.9 s 90 12 17 85 2 p 67 3 A 76.0 64 5.5 se 159 13 18 84 11 A 68 10 p 76.0 74 2.0 se 172 18 2 P 10 p .14 19 81 3 p 61 12 P 71.0 67 9.8 nw 163 10 1-30A 4 A .11 20 81 1 p 51 6 A 66.0 62 13.0 sw 78 10 21 83 3 p 49 5 A 66.0 57 13.7 se 81 8 22 88 1 p 50 5 A 69.0 60 13.6 w 50 13 23 82 3 P 56 5 A 69.0 53 13.3 nw 102 11 24 81 2 p 47 5 A 64.0 64 13.0 e 116 10 25 91 2 p 58 5 A 74.5 67 12.3 e 131 10 26 91 2 p 66 5 A 78.5 59 10.5 e 114 13 27 82 3 p 68 6 A 750 77 1.5 se 146 13 11-30 A 11 P .38 28 78 3 P 63 5 A 70.5 63 8.4 w 134 17 29 80 2 P 59 5 A 69.5 64 7.3 nw 142 20 30 88 3 p 55 5 A 71.5 70 11.5 n 131 10 31 76 2 p 65 6 A 70.5 81 0.0 se 70 5 3 A 8a .61 *Bdsed on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at S a. 12 NOON, and 8 p. m. Prior to tliat time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. MorsjTHLY Summary August, 19;i2 Barometer ( Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.31, 24th Minimum 29.71, 11th Mean semi-daily 29.997 Range 0.60 Air Tempersiture Highest 91, 25th, 26th Lowest 46, 1st Mean 70.5 Monthly range 45 Highest mean daily 78.5, 8th, 26th Lowest mean daily 62.5, 1st Mean maximum 82.9 Mean minimum 58.0 Greatest daily range 39, 15th Least daily range 6, 3rd Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 2.67 Snow, in inches Maximum precipitation 24 hrs. 0.98, 3rd Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 11 ■Wind (miles) Total movement 3,301 Greatest daily movement .... 172, 18th Least daily movement 28, 2nd Mean hourly velocity 4.4 Maximum velocity for 5 min. 22, ... . 10th (coireeted to confoiiii to '^ cup aneiuoiuetei) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction ssw North, days 1 Northeast, days 0 East, days 3 Southeast, days 10 South, days 2 Southwest, days 3 West, days 7 Northwest, days 5 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 67.0 Mean cloudiness, per cent 38.5 Number of clear days 15 Number of fair days 12 Number of cloudy days 4 Number of hours bright sunshine 286.0 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 67 Thunder and Lightning 7th, 27th Frosts Normal E.xtremes 30.32 29.63 30.00 .69 91.3 42.9 68.4 48.4 4.24 10 3,099 4.2 21 78.4 49.4 9 13 9 237 55.2 30.48, 1918 29.18, 1890 1.10, 1890; 0.44, 1894 100.0, 1918 37.0, 1894, 1908 8.28, 1915; 0.31, 1894 16, 1892; 4, 1899 4,271, 1910; 1,920, 1894 35, 1915 87.3, 1927; 69.9, 1894 67, 1901; 27, 1923 17, 1921; 0, 1915 25, 1912; 5, 1893 18, '01, '28; 2, '10, '23 317, 1921; 152, 1915, 1929 Note— The first column in the above summar.v gives observations made during the month. The second column gives averages based on observations made from ls»S) to ly'2S. The third column gives extremes observed from l«8y to 1981. REMARKS The weather during the month of August was dry, clear, and warm. The precipitation during the month was only 2.67 inches, while the normal for the month is 4.24 inches. The total precipitation for the present calendar year since January 1 is 23.73 inches. The normal precipitation for this period is 29.46 inches. The mean temperature for the month was 70.5 degrees, while the normal mean temperature is 68.4 degrees. The highest temperature was 91 degrees on the 25th and 26th. The normal maximum temperature for August is 91.3 degrees. The lowest temperature was 46 degrees on the 1st, the normal minimum temperature for August being 42.9 degrees. There were 286 hours of bright sunshine during the month compared with a normal of 236 hours. There were 15 days recorded as clear, 12 as fair and 4 as cloudy. The normal distribution of clear, fair, and cloudy days in August is 9, 13, and 9 respectively. The total wind movement for the month was 3301 miles compared with a normal of 3099 miles. The maximum velocity was 22 miles per hour on the lOth. The prevailing direction was south southwest. The mean relative humidity was 67 per cent. There was thunder and lightning on the 7th and 27th. No sunshine was recorded on the 31st, the day of the eclipse, but the clouds broke away for a short period during the phenomenon. C. I. GUNNESS, F. R. SHAW, Meteorologist Observer 450-1932-4098 Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 525 September, 1932 Meteorological Observations FOR SEPTEMBER 1932 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ^^• Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. Maximum Minimum. lU «) 3 125 o ^ Wind. ic o o Precipitation. 1 84 2 92 3 87 4 80 5 82 6 82 7 70 8 69 9 74 10 73 11 76 12 85 13 83 14 83 15 80 16 66 17 67 18 65 19 65 20 78 21 86 22 76 23 83 24 70 25 65 26 71 27 62 28 68 29 63 30 54 2 1 2 3 3 1 3 3 12 M 3 p 3 3 2 3 1 9 4 4 3 5 4 4 3 2 3 3 12 9 2 3 68 4 A 76.0 83 0.3 64 12 p 78.0 67 7.9 56 5 A 71.5 59 11.4 62 6 A 71.0 88 0.0 70 12 p 76.0 90 1.2 54 12 p 68.0 65 6.5 46 5 A 58.0 58 7.4 49 5 A 59.0 60 0.8 52 12 p 63.0 61 12.8 42 6 A 57.5 54 12.8 35 6 A 55.5 56 12.7 44 6 A 64.5 68 12.7 57 6 A 70.0 58 12.6 60 4 A 71.5 67 8.5 59 5 A 69.5 68 10.5 58 3 A 62.0 88 0.0 59 6 A 63.0 57 12.4 42 6 A 53.5 59 12.4 35 5 A 50.0 62 10.2 46 6 A 62.0 72 9.2 52 7 A 69.0 77 9.2 58 12 p 67.0 77 9.6 55 7 A 69.0 72 10.7 50 7 A 60.0 61 12.1 40 . 12 p 52.5 59 12.0 34 6 A 52.5 59 11.0 43 3 A 52.5 86 0.0 49 11 p 58.5 79 4.8 40 12 p 51.5 66 11.9 32 6 A 43.0 58 9.5 4-30 p 5 P 9 a 11 p 0 A 5-30 P 6 p .20 .64 11 p 1.94 12 p 2-30 A .05 .03 6-30a11-30a .10 Oa! 1 p 1.00 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Be.afinninK May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. m., 12 NOON, and S p. m. Prior to tliat time readings were taken at S A. M. and 8 P. M. Monthly Summary September, 1982 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.49, 26th Minimum 29.40, 16th Mean semi-daily 30.064 Range 1.09 Air Temperature Highest 92, 2nd Lowest 32, 30th Mean 62.5 Monthly range 60 Highest mean daily 78, 2nd Lowest mean daily 43, 30th Mean maximum 74.6 Mean minimum 50.4 Greatest daily range 41, 11th, 12th Least daily range 8, 16th, 17th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 3.96 Snow, in inches Maximum precipitation 24 hrs. 1.94, 16th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 7 Wind (miles) Total movement 3,876 Greatest daily movement 402, 9th Least daily movement 38, 12th Mean hourly velocity 5.4 Maximum velocity for 5 min 32, 16th (corrected to conform to 8 cup anemometer) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction w North, days 2 Northeast, days 1 East, days 3 Southeast, days 5 South, days 2 Southwest, days 2 West, days 6 Northwest, days 9 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 68.0 Mean cloudiness, per cent 47.0 Number of clear days 19 Number of fair days 5 Number of cloudy days 6 Number of hours bright sunshine 253.1 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 68 Thunder and Lightning Frosts 11th, 19th, 30th 30.45 29.59 30.068 .86 87.4 32.8 61.6 54.6 3.79 3,252 4.5 22 80.0 48.7 9 11 10 202.5 54.4 19 30.65, 1924 29.32, 1900 1.20, 1924; 0.57, 1910 97.0, 1895, 1929 24.5, 1914 8.74, 1907; 0.52, 1914 15, 1918; 3, 1903 4,686, 1896; 1,414, 1894 39, 1915 89, 1927; 70.6, 1931 65, 1889; 27, 1908, 1914 18, 1891; 2, 1907, 1928 19, 1908; 3, 1889 19, '89, '07; 4, '08, '16 255,1916; 110,1907 Aug. 22, '94, '95; Oct. 13, '09 NoTK— The first colnum in the above summary gives observations made dnrintr tlie month. Tlie second column gives averag:es based on observations made from ls«'.» to 1928. The third column gives extremes observed from 188U to 1931. REMARKS The weather during September was pleasant and seasonable with considerable more sunshine than usual, few rains, and somewhat warmer than normal. The mean temperature for the month was 62.5 degrees, the normal being 61.6 degrees. The highest temperature was 92 degrees on the 2nd, the normal maximum for September being 87.4 degrees. The lowest tem- perature was 32 degrees on the 30th. There were frosts on the 11th, 19th and 30th. The normal date for the first frost is September lOth. The total rainfall for the month was 3.96 inches compared with a normal of 3.79 inches. This rain fell in seven rains and 1.94 inches fell between 9 a. m. and 11 p. m. on the 16th. The total precipation for the current year from January 1 to Septem- ber 30th is 27.69 inches. The normal precipitation for the same period is 33.25 inches. There were 19 days recorded as clear during the month and there was a total of 253.1 hours of bright sunshine compared with a normal of 202.5 hours. The relative humidity for the month was 68 per cent. There was slightly more wind than normal, the total movement being 3,876 miles and the normal being 3,252 miles. The maximum velocity was 32 miles per hour on the 16th. C. I. GUNNESS, HERBERT JENKINS, Meteorologist Observer 450-1932-4098 Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 526 October, 1932 Meteorological Observations FOR OCTOBER 1932 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ^t. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. 1>^ P Wind. P recipit? tioii. Maximum 1 Ml nimum. c = i 1 I Q Q E 0) V g 2-- =- Be 'So > a. (U >- 0) c iS > o o S in c bn ! T3 I D 1 B 1 ^ o 1 51 4 p 41 2 A 46.0 83 2.8 nw 53 5 Oa 8 A .05 2 76 3 p 46 5 A 61.0 67 8.3 se 124 14 3 76 2 p 60 4 A 68.0 76 7.2 se 162 14 4 79 2 p 60 5 A 69.5 79 6.5 se 136 13 3 p 3-30 p .05 5 74 12 M 68 2 A 71.0 78 1.1 e 266 22 1 p 12 p .26 6 75 12 M 52 12 p 63.5 80 2.1 e 312 25 8 a 8 p 1.10 7 56 3 p 44 12 p 50.0 58 8.8 w 220 22 8 74 4 p 39 6 A 56.5 70 10.3 se 82 8 9 76 3 P 41 6 A 58.5 70 80 se 62 7 10 76 3 P 45 7 A 60.5 68 8.2 s 78 9 11 63 12 m 40 12 p 51.5 68 3.3 se 178 25 11-30A 12 M .04 12 52 2 p 37 3 A 44.5 61 5.0 sw 154 25 13 49 4 p 26 12 p 37.5 50 11.2 nw 215 25 14 55 2 p 21 6 A 38.0 61 10 3 se 109 20 15 63 3 p 28 7 A 45.5 58 10.6 se 66 7 16 60 8 p 54 3 A 57.0 80 0.0 se 85 10 11-30 A 2 p .03 17 65 3 A 54 5 A 59.5 83 1.1 sw 72 8 3-30 P 12 p .26 18 62 1 p 59 12 p 60.5 82 0.0 n 163 32 0 A 8 p 1.48 19 60 9 A 52 12 p 55.0 77 0.2 nw 271 22 T 20 57 1 p 50 7 A 53.5 1 83 0.0 nw 165 25 8 a 9a .04 21 56 4 p 45 8 A 50.5 58 2.1 w 234 28 22 62 2 p 40 12 p 51.0 55 10.8 w 205 22 23 57 4 p 34 4 A 45.5 70 5.7 nw 96 14 24 56 4 p 30 12 p 43.0 1 62 10.7 nw 92 7 25 57 2 p 30 3 A 43 5 67 3.7 se 48 10 26 64 12 P 47 1 A 55.5 84 0.0 s 86 251 27 58 2 A 45 12 p 51.5 1 88 0.4 nw 162 10 2 a! 4 p .35 28 53 IP 37 7 A 45.0 73 6.7 nw 198 25 ! 29 58 1 p 37 7 A 47.5 54 7.8 s 139 15! 9 p 9-30 p[ .03 30 52 2 p 35 12 p 43.5 57 3.5 w 171 20) i 31 52 4 p 31 7 A 41.5 68 10.4 w 83 1 11 t ♦Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beafinning May ist, Tg29 relative humidity is based on readings taken at S a. m., 12 NOON, and 8 p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. Monthly Summary October. 1932 Normal Extremes Daromeier (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.53, 25th Minimum 29.53, 21st Mean semi-daily 30.033 Range 1.00 Air Temperature Highest 79, 4th Lowest 21, 14th Mean 52.4 Monthly range 58 Highest mean daily 71, 5th Lowest mean daily 37.5, 13th Mean maximum 62.1 Mean minimum 42.8 Greatest daily range .... 35,8th, 9th, 15th Least daily range 3, 18th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 3.69 Snow, in inches Maximum precipitation 24 hrs. 1.60, 17th, 18th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 11 Wind (miles) Total movement 4,487 Greatest daily movement 312, 6th Least daily movement 48, 25th Mean hourly velocity 6.0 Maximum velocity for 5 min 32,18th (coireoted to conform to ^ cup anemometer) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction sw North, days 1 Northeast, days 0 East, days 2 Southeast, days 10 South, days 3 Southwest, days 2 West, days 5 Northwest, days 8 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 70.0 Mean cloudiness, per cent 67.1 Number of clear days 12 Number of fair days 7 Number of cloudy days 12 Number of hours bright sunshine 166.8 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 48.9 Thunder and Lightning Frosts .... 13th, 14th, 15th, 24th, 25th, 28th, 31st 30.53 29.42 30.059 1.11 79.7 23.4 50.4 56.3 3.35 4,023 5.4 27 76.9 47.6 8 11 12 171.0 50.1 30.68, 1929 29.00, 1926 1.47, 1926; 0.76, 1899 90.5, 1908 18.0, 1904 8.81, 1911; 0.01, 1924 15, 1913; 1, 1897, 1924 5,467, 1910; 2,540, 1894 35, 1906, 1916, 1925 86.7, 1920; 64, 1929 64, 1890, 1900; 18, 1924 15, 1931; 1, 1911 17,'24;5,'94,'96,'98, '03,'17 19, 1896; 3, 1924 232, 1923; 91, 1913 Note— The first column in the above summar.v gives observations made during- the month. The second coluiun gives averages based on observations made from 1S89 to 1928. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1931. REMARKS The weather during October has been slightly warmer than usual with somewhat more rain than no:mal. The mean tem- perature for the month was 52.4 degrees which is 2.0 de,qrees higher than normal. The highest temperature was 79 degrees on the 4th and the lowest temperature was 21 degrees on the 14th. The total rainfall during the month was 3.69 inches, the normal being 3.35 inches. The total rainfall for the year since January 1 is now 31.38 inches, while the normal for this period is 36.60 inches. Rain fell on 11 days, while the normal number of days of rain for October is 8 days. There were 166.8 hours of bright sunshine during the month, the normal for October being 171.0 hours. The total wind movement during the month was 4487 miles, while the normal for the month is 4023 miles. The prevailing direction was southwest. C. I. GUNNESS, HERBERT JENKINS, Meteorologist Observer 4S0-1932-4098 Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 527 November, 1932 Meteorological Observations FOR NOVEMBER 1932 C. I. GUXXESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" X. Longitude 72"^ 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ^'^• Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records " \ Temperature. a. vv iiid. , Maximum 1 Minimum. i« s^ ' - >-5 o ^ ll a S 0) i; 0) a; bo s be 5 rt s3 5 d C 1) 1- i5 > o o Q Q ^ s :5:^X Zffi a.(5 H^ Precipitation. T3 a c rt w « 1 57 2 p 37 12 p 47.0 76 0.0 2 47 1 P 35 7 A 41.0 53 2.2 3 43 2 p 22 12 P 32.5 50 10.2 4 50 4 p 20 6 A 35.0 64 9.3 5 62 11 A 35 12 P 48.5 66 1.7 6 59 2 p 28 7 A 43.5 59 8.3 7 49 4 p 42 7 A 45.5 89 0.0 8 50 10 A 38 12 p 44.0 81 0.0 9 42 10 p 35 6 A 38.5 71 0.0 10 46 3 p 35 12 p 40.5 87 0.0 11 55 4 p 31 4 A 43.0 84 4.0 12 48 0 A 32 12 p 40.0 57 4.3 13 42 1 p 24 12 p 33.0 61 3.1 14 45 4 p 22 4 A 33.5 61 3.3 15 58 2 p 32 7 A 45.0 76 8.4 16 45 12 p 32 4 A 38.5 90 0.0 17 50 1 p 30 12 p 40.0 66 8.1 18 45 3 P 25 7 A 35.0 58 8.6 19 48 5 P 34 5 A 41.0 85 0.0 20 40 Oa 23 12 p 31.5 53 8.8 21 41 4 p 24 7 A 32.5 62 0.0 22 34 0 a 25 7 A 29.5 45 9.5 23 36 3 P 14 7 A 25.0 61 8.5 24 47 1 p 30 12 p 38.5 60 2.3 25 55 3 P 28 8 A 41.5 65 9.5 26 43 11 a 9 12 p 26.0 50 2.8 27 26 3 P 8 8 A 17.0 47 9.4 28 33 3 p 10 7 A 21.5 46 9.4 29 40 3 p 11 7 A 25.5 43 7.8 30 53 3 p 32 4 A 42.5 34 8.0 nwl99 nw 217 1104 nw 269 sel 89 nw 301 nw 131 s 168 se 160 nw287 nw 252 nw 180 nw 160 nw 271 8a 10 P 0 A 11-30 p 0 A 3 a 0 A 2 a 6 a 3 p .74 12 p .14 8 a .37 T 12 p .05 11 A 1.63 4-30 A .05 T 5 a .18 5-30 P 2.86 6-30A .03 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. NO rE — Bejrinnins May ist, 192? relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. m., 12 NOON, and S P. M. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 A. m. and 8 r. M. Monthly Summary November, 1932 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.87, 28th Minimum 29.37, 19th Mean semi-daily 30.212 Range 1.50 Air Temperature Highest 62, 5th Lowest 8,27th Mean 36.5 Monthly range 54 Highest mean daily 48.5, 5th Lowest mean daily 17, 27th Mean maximum 46.3 Mean minimum 26.7 Greatest daily range 34, 26th Least daily range 7, 7th, 9th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 6.05 Snow, in inches T Maximum precipitation 24 hrs. 2.86, 19th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 9 Wind (miles) Total movement 5,363 Greatest daily movement 287, 26th Least daily movement 54, 16th Mean hourly velocity 7.4 Maximum velocity for 5 min. 32,1st, 26th (correeced to conform to ;■< cup anemometer) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction nw North, days 2 Northeast, days 1 East, days 1 Southeast, days 5 South, days 2 Southwest, days 1 West, days 5 Northwest, days 13 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 63.3 Mean cloudiness, per cent 59 Number of clear days 14 Number of fair days 4 Number of cloudy days 12 Number of hours bright sunshine 147.5 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 50 Thunder and Lightning Frosts 30.58 29.34 30.046 1,29 65.3 13.8 38.6 51.4 30.86, 1896 28.73, 1904 1.84, 1904; 0.98, 1890 75.0, 1924 3.5, 1891 3.45 8.64, 1927; 0.63, 1917 2.05 9,24; t,89,93,03,12,18,19,22,27 4,564 6.3 29 22, 1921; 2, 1904 5,978, 1906; 2,589, 1889 76.3 53.5 6 9 15 121.0 41.3 40, 1915 85.9, 1907; 67.8, 1890 72, 1900, 1927; 34, 1917 15, 1903; 1, 1900, 1911, 1927 16, 1912; 4, 1889, 1930 24, 1927; 9, 1890, 1905, 1917 182, 1903; 66, 1927 NorK— The first column in the above sumniar.v gives observations made dtirintr the month. The second column gives averages based on observations made from 1»«9 to IH'ifs. The third column erives extremes observed from Iswi to V.t31. REMARKS The weather during November was cooler than usual. There was more rain than normal, more sunshine, and more wind than for the average November. The mean temperature for the month was 36.5 degrees, the normal being 38.6 degrees. The highest temperature was 62 degrees on the 5th. The lowest was 8 degrees on the 27th. The normal maximum temperature for November is 65.3 degrees and the normal minimum is 13.8 degrees. The total precipitation for the month was 6.05 inches but rain fell on only 9 days, so it did not give the impression of a rainy month. A total of 2.86 inches fell on the 19th. The normal rainfall for November is 3.45 inches. The total pre- cipitation since January 1 is now 37.43 inches. The normal pre- cipitation for this period is 40.05 inches. There was a trace of snow on the 26th but not enough to be noticeable on the ground. There was a total of 147.5 hours of bright sunshine compared with a normal of 121 hours. The total wind movement was 5363 miles, the normal being 4564. The maximum wind velocity was 32 miles per hour on the 1st and 26th. The prevail- ing direction was northwest. The barometer was higher than normal, the mean being 30.212 inches. The highest barometer reading was 30.87 inches. The highest recorded heretofore in November was 30.86 in 1896. C. I. GUNNESS, HERBERT JENKINS, Meteorologist Observer 450-1932-4098 i/^ Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 528 December, 1932 Meteorological Observations FOR DECEMBER 1932 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ^^• Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Tempera ure. a. O If. S2- Wind. P ecipita tion. Maximum Minimum. \ > u 0) 01 o «i m >1 Q 0) Q £ 0) D £(5 S B > ^1 £ c be a; Da 0) ■a c W c "S. Pi c 1 58 3 p 35 7 A 46.5 hi 9.3 nw 229 13 2 48 6 p 24 7 A 36.0 61 3.3 se 55 10 3 61 2 p 33 12 p 47.0 62 6.6 n 148 20 4 45 12 p 29 7 A 37.0 82 0.2 s 38 8 5 52 3 p 37 12 p 44.5 52 6.4 s 178 17 8 p 10 p .03 6 50 6 p 32 8 A 41.0 65 2.7 se 109 10 7 64 2 p 45 6 A 54.5 60 5.7 se 270 25 8 p 10 p .13 8 50 Oa 20 12 P 35.0 46 7.3 nw 354 28 9 33 3 P 19 3 A 26.0 52 4.8 se 109 9 10 26 3 p 17 12 P 21.5 64 0.0 nw 140 15 5 p 12 p .07 1.50 11 20 3 p 12 8 A 16.0 76 0.0 nw 185 10 0 A 12 p .06 .75 12 29 8 p 17 3 A 23.0 90 0.0 nw 136 11 0 A 11 p .54 2.25 13 32 3 p 20 7 A 26.0 69 0.0 se 105 9 6-30 P 10-30 P .04 1.00 14 31 1 P 12 6 A 21.5 63 2.8 se 86 10 15 25 12 M 10 6 A 17.5 56 5.8 w 169 22 16 11 2 P 5 8 A 8.0 42 9.0 w 231 22 17 12 12 P -11 8 A 0.5 71 0.0 nw 86 10 3-30 I' 12 P .03 .50 18 28 2 p 3 12 P 15.5 67 9.0 nw 96 8 0 A 5 a .08 1.00 19 24 12 M 1 8 A 12.5 75 1.5 nw 49 7 20 39 2 P 8 0 A 23.5 71 7.1 w 44 4 21 39 2 P 7 4 A 23.0 73 5.1 se 122 17 22 45 3 P 28 11 p 38.5 64 7.0 nw 194 28 23 41 7 P 24 7 A 32.5 67 0.3 se 163 13 2 p Up .12 24 49 3 P 36 8 A 42.5 67 7.1 e 200 20 25 50 6 P 34 6 A 42.0 92 0.0 e 121 9 0 A 5 A .14 26 49 0 A 28 12 p 38.5 64 2.8 w 237 25 27 32 12 P 23 8 A 27.5 81 0.0 sw 34 7 3 p 12 p .39 1.50 28 36 2 p 31 0 A 33.5 90 0.0 w 35 3 0 A 4 p .34 29 34 2 p 24 9 p 29.0 89 0.4 s 20 4 30 44 3 p 26 0 A 35.0 90 0.0 se 87 11 31 61 2 p 24 12 p 42.5 68 0.3 nw 316 32 6 A 8 a .02 ♦Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Bejjinning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. m. 12 noon' and 8 p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 A. M. and 8 p. m. Monthly Summary ! December, 1932 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.68, 17th Minimum 29.34, 31st Mean semi-daily 30.189 Range 1.34 Air Temperature Highest 64, 7th Lowest -11, 17th Mean 30.2 Monthly range 75 Highest mean daily 54.5, 7th Lowest mean daily 0.5, 17th Mean maximum 39.3 Mean minimum 21.1 Greatest daily range 37, 31st Least daily range ... 5, 28th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 1.99 Snow, in inches 8.50 Maximum precipitation 24 hrs. .73, 27th, 28th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 13 Wind (mites) Total' movement 4,346 Greatest daily movement 354, 8th Least daily movement 20, 29th Mean hourly velocity 6.0 Maximum velocity for 5 min. 32, 31st (corrected to conform to n cui' anesuometer) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction wsw North, days 1 Northeast, days 0 East, days 2 Southeast, days 9 South, days 3 Southwest, days 1 West, days 5 Northwest, days 10 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 68.6 Mean cloudiness, per cent 69.5 Number of clear days 8 Number of fair days 8 Number of cloudy days 15 Number of hours bright suhshine 104.5 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 37 Thunder and Lightning 30.65 29.25 30.056 1.40 54.5 -2.3 27.3 56.8 3.47 8.99 4,726 6.4 29 77.2 53.4 8 10 13 130.7 46.0 30.96, 1889 28.85, 1915 1.78, 1895; 1.01, 1892 65.5, 1908 -22.5, 1917 7.77, 1901; 0.87, 1896 26.50, '01, '02; t, 1891 17, 1902; 4, 1892 6,694, 1925; 3,239, 1918 41, 1928 87.1, 1919; 63, 1931 68, 1897; 39, 1919 15, 1890; 2, 1922 16, 1909; 4, 1889, 1930, 1931 19, 1911, 1922; 7, 1909, 1923 172, 1896; 86, 1922 Note -The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column (rives averages based on observations made from 1889 to 192S. The third column gives extremes observed from !;<»<) to l'.»31. Annual Summary Annual. 1932 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.87, Nov. 28 Minimum 28.64, Mar. 6, 7 Mean semi-daily 30.001 Range 2.23 Air Xemperatnre Highest 92, Sept. 2 Lowest -11, Dec. 17 Mean 48.2 Range 103 Highest mean daily 78.5, Aug. 8, 26 Lowest mean daily 0.5,Dec. 17 Mean maximum 58.7 Mean minimum 38.1 Greatest daily range 48, May 24 Least daily range 3, Jan. 9, 23; Oct. 18 Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 39.42 Snow, in inches 45.25 Maximum precipitation 24 hrs. 2.86, Nov. 19th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 125 Wind (miles) Total movement 56,442 Greatest daily movement . . 519, Mar. 8 Least daily movement 20, Dec. 29 Mean hourly velocity 6.4 Maximum velocity for 5 min. 48, Mar. 31 Wind (direction) Prevailing direction w North, days 28 Northeast, days 8 East, days 17 Southeast, days 74 South, days 37 Southwest, days 17 West, days 67 Northwest, days 118 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 64.9 Mean cloudiness, per cent 57.3 Number of clear days 150 Number of fair days 97 Number of cloudy days 119 Number of hours bright sunshine 2392.1 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 53.7 Last Frost June 8 First Frost Sept. 11 Last Snow April 27 First Snow Nov. 26 30.81 28.95 30.016 31.05, 1920 28.47, 1914 1.86 2.33, 1913; 1.55, 1923 95.8 -12.1 47.2 108.0 104, 1911 -26.0, 1904 49.6, 1913; 44.0, 1904 57.8 36.5 43.49 48.38 57.05, 1897; 30.68, 1908 78.00, 1920; 24.50, 1919 123 52,321 6.0 35 144, 1902; 96, 1924 63,571, 1908; 36,257, 1894 42, 1912 75.8 50.8 109 128 128 2,356 53 82.9, 1927; 66.8, 1891 60, '98, '01, '02; 41, '08, '24 145, 1891; 59, 1927 182, 1912; 83, 1894 179, '01, '02; 71, 1910 2,838, 1924; 1,864, 1902 M'y 12 Apr. 23, 1904; June 3, 1908 S't 19 [Aug. 22, '94, '95; Oct. 13, '09 Aprl4 'Mar. 14, '10; May 5, '91, '17 Nov 5 Oct. 10, '25; Nov. 27, 1931 Note— The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the year. The second and third columns give the averages and extremes observed from 18«9 to 19'?1. •50-1933-6861 Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 529 January, 1933 Meteorological Observations FOR JANUARY 1933 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Tempera ure. Wind. Precipitation. * Maximum Minimum. o nl Q bi Q a 0) So Q a; s 0 . ^ 6 Z 7,CC "5t> > d 5 ^1 E c CO 13 > 0 c in 1 22 2 p 9 8 A 15.5 53 8.3 sw 209 10 2 42 2 p 12 0 A 27.0 45 5.2 s 200 15 3 42 3 P 20 8 A 31.0 71 3.7 se 80 12 4 55 3 p 30 8 A 42.5 72 5.1 s 88 10 5 48 Oa 30 12 p 39.0 52 6.6 w 208 25 6 47 4 p 25 7 A 36.0 60 7.1 s 196 10 7 47 4 p 32 0 A 39.5 65 0.6 se 255 48 ' 8 34 3 p 24 8 A 29.0 54 6.4 w 232 28 9 32 7 P 24 3 A 28.0 80 0.0 se 80 11 8 A 8.30 p .83 8.50 10 41 2 p 25 5 A 33.0 55 6.0 se 216 28 11 47 8 P 33 0 A 40.0 68 0.7 se 292 20 9p 12 p 0.15 12 45 0 A 20 12 p 32.5 47 5.8 w 277 25 0 A 2.30 A 0.07 13 25 3 p 13 8 A 19.0 60 4.9 w 51 4 14 27 2 p 11 4 A 19.0 65 1.3 nw 145 14 15 37 4 p 23 5 A 30.0 83 2.2 se 92 8 T 16 41 4 p 17 6 A 29.0 85 7.8 ne 39 3 17 54 2 p 25 2 A 39.5 65 7.2 se 109 22 18 42 3 p 26 12 p 34.0 51 9.0 nw 243 32 19 46 10 P 24 4 A 35.0 83 0.0 se 87 20 6 a 1.30 p 0.79 20 44 2 A 34 12 p 39.0 50 7.5 nw 375 39 21 44 3 P 27 5 A 35.5 .59 8.5 se 91 5 22 37 8 P 30 0 A 33.5 84 0.0 nw 42 7 8 a 10.30 p 0.56 23 51 4 p 36 0 A 43.5 66 8.3 w 163 25 24 45 3 P 27 12 p 36.0 47 9.6 w 168 28 25 40 3 p 19 7 A 29.5 68 7.5 nw 88 12 26 42 3 P 32 8 A 37.0 64 3.7 n 246 20 T T 27 37 2 p 34 12 P 35.5 69 0.0 n 219 18 I T 28 37 4 P 31 8 A 34.0 63 2.1 nw 398 35 T 29 31 0 A 24 6 P 27.5 59 0.0 nw 552 32 11 A 5 P0.04 0.50 30 37 2 P 18 3 A 27.5 59 8.6 nw 365 22 31 41 2 p 26 7 A 33.5 65 7.6 nw 155 25 ♦Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. m. 12 NOON, and S p. M. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. Monthly Summary January, 1933 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.69, 13th Minimum 29.36, 28th Mean semi-daily 30.007 Range 1.33 Air Temperature Highest 55, 4th Lowest 9, 1st Mean 32.6 Monthly range 46 Highest mean daily 43.5 23rd Lowest mean daily 15.5, 1st Mean maximum 40.6 Mean minimum 24.5 Greatest daily range 30.0, 2nd Least daily range 4.0, 27th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 2.44 Snow, in inches 9.00 Maximum precipitation 24 hrs. .83, 9th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 6 Wind (miles) Total movement 5,961 Greatest daily movement .... 552, 29th Least daily movement 39, 16th Mean hourly velocity 8 Maximum velocity for 5 min.. . . 39, 20th (corrected to conform to 3 cup aneuiometer) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction w North, days 2 Northeast, days 1 East, days 0 Southeast, days 9 South, days 3 Southwest, days 1 West, days 6 Northwest, days 9 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 63.4 Mean cloudiness, per cent 69 Number of clear days 14 Number of fair days 7 Number of cloudy days 10 Number of hours bright sunshine 151.3 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 51 30.71 29.18 30.07 1.54 50.4 -7.4 23.8 58.2 3.42 13 11 5,068 6.8 30 78.2 54 8 10 13 140 47.6 31.00, 1927 28.55, 1913 2.18, 1913; 0.97, 1896 66.,0 1932 -26.0, 1904 7.15, 1898; 1.07, 1896 33,1898, 1923; 1.75, 1911 18, 1923; 4, 1889 7,770, 1908; 2,896, 1895 40, 1913 85.3, 1927; 68.2, 1890 66, 1898; 38, 1922 16, 1922; 2, 1914 18, 1890, 1926; 3, 1916 22, 1923, 1931; 4, 1920 214, 1920; 76, 1923 NoTK-The first column in the almve summary gives observations made durintr tlie month. The second column tfives the averages baaed on observations made from 1»8!) to I'.d'iS. The ttiird colnrnii trives extremes oI)served from l.ss'.t to l'.i32. REMARKS The weather during January was marked with unusually high temperature and a small amount of precipitation. There was a total snowfall of 9 inches during the month but the grour.d was covered with snow for only four days. The mean temperature for the month was 32.6 degrees, the normal mean being 23.8 degrees. The mean of the past month has been exceeded only twice since the station was established in 1889. In 1913 the mean temperature for January was 34.2 degrees and in 1932 the mean temperature was 33 5 degrees. The lowest temperature re- corded during the month was 9 degrees on the first. The normal minimum temperature for January is -7.4 degrees. The highest temperature recorded was 55 degrees on the 4th. The normal maximum is 50 4 degrees. In January 1932 the maximum tem- perature was 66 degrees on the 14th. The total precipitation was 2 44 inches as compared with a normal of 3 42 inches. Rain or snow fell on only 6 days while the normal number of days of rain or snow in January is 11 days. In spite of the lack of snow cover- ing, there is practically no frost in the ground at the end of the month. There were 151.3 hours of bright sunshine as compared with a normal of 140 hours. Fourteen days were recorded as "clear" while normally we have only 8 "clear" days. The total wind movement for the month was 5961 miles, the normal being 5068 miles. It is interesting to note that in 1908 the total wind movement in January was 7770 miles. The prevailing direction was west and the maximum velocity was 39 miles per hour on the 20th. C. I. GUNNESS, HERBERT JENKINS, Meteorologist Obsen'er 450-1933-6861 Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 530 February, 1933 Meteorological Observations FOR FEBRUARY 1933 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. Maximum | Minimum. ' c ij: '3 tj ^ s P c T3 o c Q 1-1 Q a H be aj Q P bi > - 3 > o ° >5 bo OJ ca C W c 'to 1 42 1 p 36 3 A 39.0 88 0.0 nw 104 12 0 A 12 p .68 2 60 2 P 37 2 A 48.5 69 6.2 nw 105 18 0 A 2 A .01 3 46 3 p 39 12 P 42.5 81 3.3 e 134 10 4 a 8a .05 4 44 8 p 35 6 A 39.5 79 0.0 nw 226 35 2-30 A 4p .57 5 58 4 p 36 6 A 47.0 52 12.7 w 346 35; 6 56 2 p 30 5 A 43.0 54 6.0 w 78 12 8p 8-30 p .04 7 47 4 p 41 12 P 44.0 81 0.2 ne 144 18 Oa 2-30 p .20 8 47 4 p 36 6 A 41.5 54 4.7 w 268 23 9 53 4p 37 6 A 45.0 51 8.0 nw 231 14 10 57 2 p 31 4 A 44.0 51 13.0 ne 107 10 11 54 11 A 33 7 A 43.5 55 4.5 e 192 18 8p 12 p .02 12 38 11 A 34 11 p 36.0 85 0.0 e 164 20 0 A 12 p 1.47 4.00 13 45 3 P 32 2 A 38.5 73 7.6 ne 290 18 0 A 7 A .51 2.00 14 50 12 m 36 3 A 43.0 79 1.2 n 149 15 7-30 A 8 A .03 15 58 5 P 41 0 A 49.5 72 3.0 nw 75 8 16 55 5 P 43 5 A 49.0 87 0.0 nw 82 7 7 A 8 p .07 17 58 4 p 47 8 A 52.5 88 0.0 nw 132 17 0 A 12 p .35 18 55 2 P 45 12 P 50.0 86 00 n 127 10 12 m 8 p .55 19 53 3 P 32 12 p 42.5; 44 3.1 n 277 22 20 55 5 P 30 5 A 42.5! 50 13.5 ne 169 13 21 65 4 p 28 6 A 46.5 46 12.4 se 70 11 22 48 1 P 27 12 p 37.5 47 10.2 n 241 22 23 53 4 p 22 5 A 37.5 36 13.7 nw 296 17 24 72 3 p 38 6 A 55.0 36 13.7 sw 208 25 25 68 11 A 43 6 A 55.5 64 2.3 se 129 20; 12 M 5-30 P .30 26 51 0 A 34 12 p 42.5. 60 1.7 nw 210 25 6-30 A 9-30 A .18 T 27 44 4 p 31 2 A 37.5^ 49 10.5 w 263 30 28 59 3 p 25 6 A 42.0^ 53 10.3 s 164 21 29 74 4 p 50 0 A 62.0 63 9.7 se 237 25 30 78 3 P 43 6 A 60.5 52 14.0 se 139 18 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. m., 12 NOON, and S p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 A. M. and 8 p. m. Monthly Summary April, 1983 Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.49, 20th Minimum 29.35, 26th Mean semi-daily 29.995 Range 1.14 Air Temperature Highest 78, 30th Lowest 22, 23rd Mean 45.3 Monthly range 56 Highest mean daily 62, 29th Lowest mean daily 36, 12th Mean maximum 54.8 Mean minimum 35.7 Greatest daily range 37, 21st Least daily range 4, 12th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 5.03 Snow, in inches 6.00 Maximum precipitation 24 hrs. 1.47, 12th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 15 Wind (miles) Total movement 5,357 Greatest daily movement 346, 5th Least daily movement 70, 21st Mean hourly velocity 7.4 Maximum velocity for 5 min. 35, 4th, 5th (corrected to conform to 3 cup anemometer) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction nnw North, days 4 Northeast, days 4 East, days 3 Southeast, days 4 South, days 1 Southwest, days 1 West, days 4 j Northwest, days 9 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 62.8 Mean cloudiness, per cent 63 Number of clear days 11 Number of fair days 6 Number of cloudy days 13 Number of hours bright sunshine 185.5 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 46 Frosts after the 15th: 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 28th Thunder and Lightning Normal 30.48 29.41 29.99 1.08 79.5 21.6 45.8 57.8 3.27 2.32 11 5,436 7.5 29 Extremes 69.6 49.2 11 10 9 221 55 30.71, 1911 29.07, 1930 1.52, 1930; 0.72, 1919 88.5, 1896 8.5, 1923 6.89, 1929; 0.76, 1892 11, 1891; 0, 1910 18, 1909 ; 3, 1892 1,208 1908; 3,853, 1917 39, 1916, 1931, 1932 81.2, 1916; 54.5, 1892 75, 1901; 34, 1925, 1927 19, 1911; 3, 1898, 1902 18, 1915; 2, 1894, 1901 22, 1901; 3, 1899, 1924 296, 1911; 103, 1901 NoTn— The first column in the above summar.v gives observations made during the month. The second column ei ves the averasjes based on observations made from I8i<9 to Ktl-'s. The third column eives extremes observed from 1H8SI to UI32. REMARKS The month of April has been marked with more rain than usual and a small amount of sunshine. Rain fell on 15 days during the month. The total precipitation was 5.03 inches as compared with a normal of 3.27 inches. This brings the total precipitation since January 1 to 15.84 inches. The normal precipitation for this period is 13.72 inches. Six inches of snow fell during the storm on April 12 and 13. This is the heaviest snowfall recorded at this late date in the spring. There were only 185.5 hours of bright sunshine, the normal for April being 221 hours. The temperature during the month was very nearly normal. The mean temperature was 45.3 degrees, the normal mean being 45.8 degrees. The maximum temperature was 78 degrees on the 30th and the lowest was 22 degrees on the 23rd. The total wind movement was 5357 miles with the highest velocity of 35 miles per hour on the 4th and 5th. Dr. J. K. Shaw reports that fruit buds are somewhat more advanced than usual tor the end of April and except for a few re- ports of winter damage to peaches on low land, the prospects for the fruit crop are good. C. I. GUNNESS, HERBERT JENKINS, Meteorologist Observer 450-1933-6861 Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series. Bulletin No. 533 May, 1933 Meteorological Observations 1933 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. 4/ C Wind. Precipitation. » Maximum Minimum. 2 = M • c \ (/> •*-'' o'^' ■So V ^ D 1-1 bo a> Q i '5 (U c 1) * \ £ c ID T3 C W '3 Q V'iiid (niiles) Total movement 3,874 Greatest daily movement 255, 1st Least daily movement 76, 27th Mean hourly velocity 5.4 Maximum velocity for 5 min 36, 3rd (cm lected to conforui tit H c-ni) aiiemonieter) WIinI (direction) Prevailing direction s North, days 0 Northeast, days 0 East, days 1 Southeast, days 15 South, days 0 Southwest, days 2 West, days 3 1 Northwest, days 9 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 65.3 Mean cloudiness, per cent 49.5 Number of clear days 16 Number of fair days 9 Number of cloudy days 5 Number of hours bright sunshine 288.9 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 63.2 Thunder and Lightning, . .3rd, 6th, 9th 21st, 29th Frosts 2nd 30.31 29.56 29.961 .75 9L1 40.0 65.4 51.2 3.54 10 3,584 5.0 23 73.9 50.1 9 13 8 257.4 56.2 30.54, 1889 29.24, 1902 1.27, 1902; 0.52, 1916 101.0, 1919 34.0, 1891 9.68, 1922; 0.76, 1908 17, 1922 ; 4, 1908 4,571, 1908; 1,409, 1906 40, 1932 85.9, 1922; 63.2, 1932 71, 1903; 28, 1908 22, 1908; 1, 1907, 1926 23, 1912; 4, 1895, 1903 22, 1903; 1, 1923 362, 1908; 102, 1903 None— The first column in the above summary irives observations maile duiint;- the montli. The second column irives the averages ba.sed on observations made from ls»'.i to liii'tv. Tlie tliird column (fives extremes observed from 1889 to l'.t3'2. REMARKS The weather during the month of June was considerably warmer than usual with very high temperature on se\eraldays. The mean temperature for the month was 68.3 degrees, the normal mean temperature for June being 62.9 degrees. The highest temperature was 97 degrees on the 29th. Temperatures of 94 and 95 degrees were recorded on the 8th and 9th respectively. Maximum June temperature of 97 degrees were recorded in 1923 and 1925, in 1901 a temperatures of 98.5 degrees was recorded, and the highest June temperature recorded at this station was 101 degrees in 1919. The The lowest temperature was 36 degrees on the 2;id with a light frost. The rainfall during the month was 3.68 inches, which is .12 inch greater than normal. Local showers on the 29th gave 1.10 inches with no rain at points a very few miles from the station. The total precipitation since January 1 is now 21.21 inches, the nor- mal being 20.89 for this period. There was considerably more sun- shine than normal with a total of 288.9 hours, the normal being 257.4 hours. There were 16 days recorded as clear. The wind movement for the month was 3874 miles, the normal for June being 3584 miles. The maximum velocity was 36 miles per hour on the 3rd. Thunder and lightning occurred on the 3rd, 6th, 9th, 21st, and 29th. C. I. GUNNESS, F. R. SHAW, Meteorologist Obsen'er 450-1933-6861 Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 535 July, 1933 Meteorological Observations FOR JULY 1933 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Te mperature. Wind. Precipitation. * Maximum Minimum. O 'X3 m 0) 3 ZK 'S o > (U D >- S jo o X ri »* c ID 03 T3 a) XI c o c 1 95 1 P 75 6 A 85.0 64 12.6 w 199 14 2; 77 1 P 60 12 p 68.5 59 9.7 e 145 15 2 A 3a .13 3 69 2 p 53 12 P 61.0 69 4.8 ne 132 15 4 83 1 p 52 4 A 67.5 69 5.0 n 129 20 5 68 1 p 55 6 A 61.5 68 2.5 n 179 18 1 A 4a .32 6 87 5 p 54 4 A 70.5 57 15.2 w 95 14 7 93 6 P 63 5 A 78.0 55 12.0 sw 89 10 8 93 3 p 66 6 A 79.5 66 6.0 se 116 28 5 p 6 P .61 9 77 2p 59 12 p 68.0 73 6.5 nw 120 17 3 A 4 a .15 10 77 11 A 52 5 A 64.5 75 6.0 w 84 25 4 p 9 p .39 11 78 4 p 57 7 A 67.5 76 10.1 nw 93 13 12 75 3 p 52 12 p 63.5 63 8.5 e 137 7 13 80 4 p 47 5 A 63.5 59 15.0 s 73 7 14 83 3 p 54 5 A 68.5 66 15.0 se 102 9 15 78 3 p 56 7 A 67.0 81 2.0 nw 65 8 16 71 6 p 58 6 A 64.5 85 0.3 se 84 7 17 83 4 p 62 12 p 72.5i 81 8.3 se 108 10 18 86 2 p 53 6 A 69.5 59 13.5 w 71 12 19 87 4 p 56 5 A 71.5 56 15.0 w 85 15 20 90 4 p 59 6 A 74.5 66 7.9 se 72 12 21 92 3 p 65 6 A 78.5 83 2.5 se 98 10 T 22 93 1 p 68 6 A 80.5i 75 3.0 ne 142 1 9 23 96 4 p 68 7 A 82.0 74 10.4 ne 90 7 0 A 1 A .03 24 96 3 p 68 5 A 82.0 85 8.5 s 100 10 6-30 P 12 p .39 25 75 0 A 59 12 p 67.0 90 0.0 sw 122 10 7-30 A 12 P .23 26 81 4 p 55 2 A 68.0 68 11.1 sw 89 13 27 86 3 p 55 5 A 70.5, 67 10.1 sw 52 7 28 91 1 p 58 7 A 74.5 61 13.0 se 145 12 29 96 3 p 66 5 A 81.0; 65 13.8 sw 148 12 30 97 5 p 78 4 A 87.51 58 13.2 sw 118 11 31 96 5 p 70 5 A 83.0' 64 13.0 nw 80 11 T *Biised on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. m., 12 NOON, and 8 p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 A. m. and 8 p. m. Monthly Summary July, 1933 Normal Extremes liarometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.31, 3rd, 4th Minimum 29.57, 1st Mean semi-daily 29.993 Range 0.74 Air Temperature Highest 97, 30th Lowest 47, 13th Mean 72.3 Monthly range 50 Highest mean daily 87.5, 30th Lowest mean daily 61.0, 3rd Mean maximum 84.8 Mean minimum 59.8 Greatest daily range 33, 6th,13th,18, 28th Least daily range 13, 5th, 16th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 2.25 Snow, in inches Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. .76, 8th, 9th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 8 ■Wind (miles) Total movement 3,362 Greatest daily movement .... 199, 1st Least daily movement 52, 27th Mean hourly velocity 4.5 Maximum velocity for 5 min 28, 8th (corrected to conform to 3 cup anemometer) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction sw North, days 2 Northeast, days 3 East, days 2 Southeast, days 7 South, days 2 Southwest, days 6 West, days 5 Northwest, days 4 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 69.0 Mean cloudiness, per cent 58.2 Number of clear days 13 Number of fair days 12 Number of cloudy days 6 Number of hours bright sunshine 274.5 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 59.4 Thunder and Lightning, 8th, 23rd, 24th 31st Frosts, 30.28 29.60 29.972 .68 93.9 45.5 70.6 48.4 4.33 11 3,435 4.6 24 75.6 50.1 9 14 8 267.0 57.8 30.50, 1892 29.27, 1932 0.97, 1892; 0.51, 1895, 1899 104.0, 1911 40.0, 1890, 1898 14.51, 1897; 0.70, 1929 20, 1915 ; 4, 1924 5,097, 1909; 1,109, 1894 39, 1908, 1915 88.8, 1927; 64.8, 1893 69, 1914; 31, 1924 22, 1923; 0, 1915 24, '09, '21; 5, '89, '23, '28 18, 1889; 0, 1910 371, 1910; 182, 1889 Note— The first column in tlie aiiove summary gives observations made during the month. The second column tri ves the averages based on observations made from 18»y to 1928. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1932. REMARKS The weather during July has been hot and dry. The mean temperature during the month was 72.3 degrees, the normal being 70.6. The maximum temperature was 97 degrees on the 30th. A temperature of 96 degrees was reached on four other days during the month. The normal maximum temperature for July is 93.9 degrees. In 1911 the maximum for July was 104 degrees. The lowest temperature was 47 degrees on the 13th. The total precip- itation for the month was 2.25 inches, the normal being 4.33 inches. The total precipitation since January 1 is now 23.46 inches, the normal for this period being 25.22 inches. The rainfall for the season on April 1 was .36 above normal so the deficiency during the growing season is 2.12 inches. The hot weather and drouth has injured crops, particularly tobacco, onions, and the second crop of hay. There were 274.5 hours of bright sunshine compared with a normal of 267 hours. The relative humidity for the month was 69 per cent. The prevailing wind direction was southwest with no high winds and a normal wind movement. C. I. GUNNESS, F. R. SHAW, Meteorologist Observer 450-1933-6861 \/ Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 536 August, 1933 Meteorological Observations FOR AUGUST 1933 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72'' 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. O f 3;/. o ^ 6'Z Wind Precipitation Maximum Ml nimum. 01 u - '3 tj > i. c i O 0 * \ 'S c - rt y, bo 1 « 0) c W Q bo Q £ 1-1 bjo . d) CI 1 78 5 p 55 7 a 61.5 69 6.7 2 81 3 p 55 6 A 68.0 70 9.4 3 70 2 p 58 6 A 64.0 85 0.0 4 74 6 p 67 1 A 70.5 90 0.0 5 78 2 p 54 12 P 66.0 67 13.0 6 79 4 p 47 5 A 63.0 78 5.0 7 78 5 p 49 5 A 63.5 83 6.6 8 80 4 p 59 6 A 69.5 81 6.V 9 83 4 p 64 1 A 73.5 85 5.1 10 72 12 M 52 12 p 62.0 62 8.2 11 60 1 p 40 6 A 50.0 49 8.0 12 69 3 p 35 5 A 52.0 64 9.1 13 74 3 p 38 6 A 56.0 66 9.0 14 55 3 p 52 7 A 53.5 90 0.0 15 57 1 p 51 6 A 54.0 77 0.0 16 50 4 p 48 8 A 49.0 90 0.0 17 64 6 p 52 0 A 58.0 91 0.0 18 69 2 p 55 5 A 64.0 68 2.5 19 71 4 p 54 5 A 62.5 63 7.0 20 75 3 p 50 12 p 62.5 85 2.4 21 68 1 p 54 6 A 61.0 82 2.0 22 70 2 p 52 4 A 61.0 77 4.7 23 74 2 p 56 7 A 65.0 69 7.0 24 79 3 P 57 6 A 68.0 76 9.5 25 81 3 P 61 12 p 71.0 84 4.8 26 79 1 p 61 0 A 70.0 83 3.0 27 85 4p 66 3 A 75.5 81 6.6 28 76 3P 61 12 p 68.5 73 7.0 29 72 2 P 50 12 p 61.0 72 4.3 30 72 2 P 42 6 A 57.0 65 11.8 w sw se s w se nw se nw nw n ne nw w s nw nw nw s se se se e 50 4 53! 7 110 12 121 I 7 92 15 59 25 93 1 9 79 11 sw 134 13 nw 204 28 nw 143 20 70 9 77 10 75 6 123 11 191 13 nw 243 20 w 164 17j 183 22 87 171 42 i 5! 112 22! 70 6 83! 7 66 611 86 6 139 12! 109 1311 nw 107 20 se i 71 7 2 P 0 A 5 P 0 A 11 P 0 A 1 A 0 A 0 A 8 A 0 A 30 A 4 A 4 P 30 p 0 A 12 p 1.14 11 A 1.10 12 p 1.35 2 a .58 12 p .10 4 A .04 8 p .40 12 p .35 8 p 6.08 1 1 p .10 12 p .65 T T 12 m .01 5p .06 5 p .35 12 p .01 6 a .02 *R,ised on least time required to blow one mile. NO TE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. m., 12 NOON, and S p. M. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 P. M. Monthly Summary September, 1938 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum . 30.31, 15th Minimum 29.43, 20th Mean semi-daily 29.929 Range 0.88 Air Temperature Highest 85, 27th Lowest 35, 12th Mean 62.7 Monthly range 50 Highest mean daily 75.5, 27th Lowest mean daily 49, 16th Mean maximum 72.4 Mean minimum 53.1 Greatest daily range 36, 13th Least daily range 2, 16th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 12.34 Snow, in inches Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 6.32, 15th and 16th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell '. 16 ■Wind (miles) Total movement 3,236 Greatest daily movement 243, 17th Least daily movement 42, 21st Mean hourly velocity 4.5 Maximum velocity for 5 min. . . 28, 10th (corrected to conform to a cup anemometer) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction w North, days 1 Northeast, days 1 East, days 1 Southeast, days 7 South, days 3 Southwest, days 2 West, days 4 Northwest, days 11 M' e a t h e r Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 75.8 Mean cloudiness, per cent 56.8 Number of clear days 6 Number of fair days 14 Number of cloudy days 10 Number of hours bright sunshine 159.4 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 42.7 Thunder and Lightning, 20th, 27th Frosts, 12th 30.45 29.59 30.068 .86 87.4 32.8 61.6 54.6 3.79 3,252 4.5 22 80.0 48.7 9 11 10 202.5 54.4 19 30.65, 1924 29.32, 1900 1.20, 1904; 0.57, 1910 97.0, 1895, 1929 24.5, 1914 8.74, 1907; 0.52, 1914 15, 1918 ; 3, 1903 4,686, 1896; 1,414, 1894 39, 1915 89, 1927; 68.0, 1932 65, 1889; 27, 1908, 1914 19, 1932; 2, 1907, 1928 19, 1908; 3, 1889 19, '89, '07; 4, '08, '16 255, 1916; 110, 1907 Aug. 22, '94, '95; Oct. 13, '09 NoTK— The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages baaed on observations made from 18;9 to 1928. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to UI32. REMARKS The outstanding feature of the weather during September was the unusually large rainfall. A total of 12.34 inches of rain fell during the month. This is the greatest rainfall which has been re- corded in Amherst in any one month since 1836 except for that of July 1897, when 14.51 inches fell. During that month 8 inches fell in one storm extending over a 44-hour period. During the past month 6.75 inches fell from the 14th to 17th inclusive. A total of 6.32 inches fell during an 18-hour period from 9:30 P. M. on the 15th to 3:30 p. m. on the 16th. This is the heaviest rain which has ever been recorded at this station for such a period. An inch of rain fell during half an hour about 10 A. M. on the 16th. It may be of interest to recall that the rain causing the flood in November 1927 gave a total of 5.63 inches during the three days November 2, 3, and 4. The total precipitation for the year to the end of September is 42.43 inches, the normal for this period being 33.25 inches. There were 159.4 hours of bright sunshine during the month, the normal being 202.5 hours. The mean temperature for the month was 62.7 hours, which is 1.1 degrees higher than normal. The highest temperature was 85 degrees on the 27th and the lowest 35 degrees on the 12th with alight frost. The normal date for the first frost is September 19, There were no high winds during the month. The total wind movement was 3236 miles which is practically the normal amount. C. I. GUNNESS, HERBERT JENKINS, Meteorologist Obsen'er 450-1933-6861 Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 538 October, 1933 Meteorological Observations FOR OCTOBER 1933 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ^^^ Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. X Wind. Precipitation. 1 * Maximum 1 Mi nimum. O tr- en C OJC ^ \ Q 0) Q S 0) 0) 1-4 Q E ■1/ - a; 13 = 3 if. O ^ . ^ 6 Z ^ c "a u > a V o o H5; S c be D3 ■d C W '3 Pi o c 1 79 1 P 53 2 A 66.0 70 4.6 se 17718 10 p 12 p .09 2 71 2 P 46 12 p 58.5 60 11.7 se 11913 3 65 3 p 40 6 A 52.5 79 11.7 nw 78 20 4 67 2 p 35 7 A 51.0 70 8.2 nw 91[13 5 55 11 A 47 6 A 51.0 82 0.0 ne 162112 11-30 p 12 P .76 6 69 2 p 47 5 A 58.0 71 9.1 nw 206 22 6 a 1 A .07 7 58 3 P 49 8 A 53.5 72 0.1 nw 205 15 8 70 2 P 43 7 A 56.5 70 11.5 nw 88 8 0 A 4 A .02 9 61 3 P 52 0 A 56.5 87 0.0 nw 78 12 7 A 10 P .03 10 65 2 p 46 7 A 55.5 62 8.8 w 12718 11 66 4 p 47 7 A 56.5 64 4.1 s.w 96 7 12 73 4 p 44 6 A 58.5 59 4.8 se 160 17 T 13 58 2 p 41 12 p 49.51 60 4.0 nw 162 15 14 55 2 p 33 12 p 44.0 70 11.1 nw 12015 15 68 3 P 30 7 A 49.0 62 11.1 se 75 8 16 70 2 P 35 6 A 52.5 71 8.9 se 114 12 17 70 12 M 42 12 p 56.0 75 0.2 se 161 18 12-30 p 4-30 P 1.02 18 58 1 P 38 5 A 48.0' 67 7.0 w 94 13 5-30 p 12 p .03 19 55 4 P 32 7 A 43.5 57 11.0 se 97 12 0 A 4-30 A .02 20 64 3 p 38 12 p 51.0| 63 4.0 se 207 20 3 A 7A| .06 21 50 2 p 29 7 A 39.5 65 4.7 w 67i 7 22 65 2 p 42 1 A 53.5 87 0.0 s 94 20 T 23 58 2 p 38 12 p 48.0 65 3.0 nw 178 17 1 A 8-30 A .81 24 47 12 M 37 5 A 42.0 75 00 nw 105 15 12-30 P 12 p .77 25 42 6 p 26 12 p 34.0 54 0.5 nw 355 32 Oa 4-30 A .07 26 47 4 p 23 7 A 35.0 56 10.6 nw 135 15 27 44 5 p 26 5 A 35.0 75 0.1 nw 31 2 5-30 p 12 p .09 28 49 1 p 27 12 p 38.0 55 5.8 nw 20124 0 A 7-30 A .06 29 51 2 p 27 6 A 39.0 61 7.9 nw 125 10 30 50 2 p 33 12 p 41.5 66 10.4 nw 87 12 31 64 4 p 30 6 A 47.0 77 4.5 sw 47 8 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at S a. 12 NOON, and S P. M. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 A. M. and 8 p. m. MONTHLY Summary October, 1983 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.65, 21st Minimum 29.54, 25th Mean semi-daily 30.110 Range 1.11 Air Teinperaiure Highest 79, ist Lowest 23, 26th Mean 49.0 Monthly range 56 Highest mean daily 66, 1st Lowest mean daily 34, 25th Mean maximum 60.1 Mean minimum 37.9 Greatest daily range 38, 15th Least daily range 8, 5th Pre ci pi tut ion Precipitation. In inches 3.90 Snow, in inches Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1.02, 17th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 14 Wind (miles) Total movement 4,048 Greatest daily movement 355, 25th Least daily movement 37,27th Mean hourly velocity 5.4 Maximum velocity for 5 min. . . 32, 25th (corrected to conform to s cup anemometer) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction nw North, days 0 Northeast, days 1 East, days 0 Southeast, days 8 South, days 1 Southwest, days 2 West, days 3 Northwest, days 16 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 68.0 Mean cloudiness, per cent 51.0 Number of clear days 13 Number of fair days 9 Number of cloudy days 9 Number of hours bright sunshine 179.4 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 53.0 Thunder and Lightning, 1 st Frosts, 4th, 14th, 15th, 16th. 19th, 21st, 25th, 26th, 27th, 28th, 29th, 30th, 31st 30.53 29.42 30.059 1.11 79.7 23.4 50.4 56.3 3.35 4,023 5.4 27 76.9 47.6 8 11 12 171.0 50.1 30.68, 29.00, 1929 1926 1.47, 1926; 0.76, 1899 90.5, 18.0, 1908 1904 8.81, 1911; 0.01, 1924 15, 1913; 1, 1897, 1924 5,467, 1910; 2,540, 1894 35, 1906, 1916, 1925, 1929 86.7, 1920; 64, 1929 67, 1932; 18, 1924 15, 1931; 1, 1911 17, '24; 5, '94, '96, '98, '03, '17 19, 1896; 3, 1924 232, 1923; 91, 1913 Note— The first column in the above summary gives observations made dnrine- the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 18c'J to 19'2S. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1932. REMARKS . The weather during October was very nearly normal in all respects. The total rainfall during the month was 3.90 inches compared with a normal of 3.35 inches The total rainfall since January 1 is now 46.33 inches, the normal being 36 60 inches for this period. The mean temperature for the month was 49 degrees, the normal being 50.4 degrees. The highest tempera- ture was 79 degrees on the 1st and the lowest 23 degrees on the 26th. These are extreme temperatures to be expected during the month of October. There were 179.4 hours of bright sun- shine for the month, the normal being 171.0 hours. The total wind movement was 4048 miles, which is only 15 miles more than normal and the highest wind velocity was 32 miles per hour on the 25th. C. I. GUNNESS, HERBERT JENKINS, Meteorologist Observer 450-1933-6861 Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 539 November, 1933 Meteorological Observations FOR NOVEMBER 1933 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Heio-htof wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily records Temperature. c O If. Wind. p recipita tion. Maximum | Minimum. \ - |.l c V £ ^1 S bo 0) cq C W 0 c if} 1 63 4 P 36 6 A 49.5 65 10.3 nw 87 8 2 63 4 p 30 7 A 46.5 66 3.6 se 63 8 3 62 2 p 42 12 p 52.0 78 0.0 se 147 18 7 p 8 p .01 4 42 12 M 25 12 p 33.5 60 10.2 n 289 20 5 40 3 p 22 7 A 31.0 43 6.0 n 158 12 6 33 2 p 27 5 A 30.0 89 0.0 nw 102 9 1 A 8 A .30 2.0 7 40 3 p 32 0 A 36.0 79 0.0 nw 75l 8 8 43 1 P 25 12 p 34.0 57 2.0 nw 223 32 9 40 11 A 25 6 A 32.5 70 1.7 se 14612 T 10 34 2 p 21 12 p 27.5 65 0.0 nw 174 25 11 35 2 p 20 7 A 27.5' 79 0.2 sw 154 18 7 P 12 p .35 5.0 12 41 3 P 18 12 p 29.5 75 6.5 nw 123 18 13 48 8 p 18 0 A 33.0 80 2.5 nw 59 6 6-30 p 12 p .17 14 42 0 A 29 12 p 35.5 77 0.0 w 140 25 0 A 8 a .12 0.25 15 29 0 A 13 12 p 21.0 45 2.4 w 320 25 16 29 2 p 9 7 A 19.0 39 6.3 sw 14112 17 32 5 P 18 7 A 25.0 54 0.0 s 172 18 8 p 11 P .08 0.50 18 37 1 p 26 0 A 31.5 77 0.0 se 126 22 19 35 0 A 25 8 A 30.0 50 4.7 nw 232 18 20 42 12 M 22 12 p 32.0 58 5.3 nw 186 25 T 21 35 12 p 15 7 A 25.0 64 0.8 nw 55 4 22 55 12 M 35 0 A 45.0 72 0.3 nw 126 18 0 A 1 A .01 23 42 2 p 30 12 p 36.0 62 4.7 nw 128 12 24 37 2 p 20 7 A 28.5 70 0.0 s 107 11 25 42 3 p 35 8 A 38.5 63 1.1 w 122 10 26 55 3 p 34 2 A 44.5 84 2.5 se 98 10 8p 9-30 P .01 T 27 48 Oa 18 12 p 33.0 54 0.0 nw 295 32 0 A 2a .03 28 47 1 p 18 0 A 32.5 54 0.3 w 142 25 29 49 2 p 33 7 A 41.0 65 4.5 se 139 10 8p Up .11 30 66 2 p 42 11 p 54.0 58 6.0 w 294 32 ♦Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative iiumidity is based on readings taken at 8 A. M., 12 NOON, and S p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 A. m. and 8 p. m. Monthly Summary November, 1933 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.47, 17th Minimum 29.11, 27th Mean semi-daily 29.965 Range 1.36 Air Temperature Highest 66, 30th Lowest 9 16th Mean 34.5 Monthly range 57 Highest mean daily 54,30th Lowest mean daily 19, 16th Mean maximum 43.5 Mean minimum 25.4 Greatest daily range 33, 2d Least daily range 6, 6th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 1.19 Snow, in inches 7.75 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. .35, 11th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 10 Wind (miles) Total movement 4,624 Greatest daily movement 320, 15th Least daily movement 55,21st Mean hourly velocity 6.4 Maximum velocity for 5 min.. . 32, 8th 27th 30th (corrected to conform to 3 cup anemometer) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction w North, days 2 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 6 South, days 2 Southwest, days 2 West, days 5 Northwest, days 13 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 65.0 Mean cloudiness, per cent 61.0 Number of clear days 2 Number of fair days 9 Number of cloudy days 19 Number of hours bright sunshine 81.9 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 28.0 Thunder and Lightning, Frosts, 30.58 29.34 30.046 1.29 65.3 13.8 38.6 51.4 3.45 2.05 9 4,564 6.3 29 76.3 53.5 6 9 15 121.0 41.3 30.87, 1932 28.73, 1904 1.84, 1904; 0.98, 1890 75.0, 1924 3.5, 1891 8.64, 1927; 0.63, 1917 9,24; t, 89, 93, 03, 12, 18,19,22, 27,32 22, 1921; 2, 1904 5,978, 1906; 2,589, 1889 40, 1915 85.9, 1907; 63.3, 1932 72, 1900, 1927; 34, 1917 15, 1903; 1, 1900, 1911, 1927 16, 1912; 4, 1889, 1930, 1932 24, 1927; 9, 1890, 1905, 1917 182, 1903; 66, 1927 Note— The first column in the above summary gives observations made durinti: the month. The second column iri ves the averages baaed on observations made from l«8y to 19_'8. Tlie tliird column uives extremes observed from lyH'i to 1982. REMARKS The weather during November was colder than usual with very little sunshine and a very light rainfall. The mean tem- perature for the month was 34.5 degrees, while the normal for the month is 38.6 degrees. The highest temperature was 66 degrees on the last day of the month, which is very high for this date. The lowest temperature was 9 degrees on the 16th, which is the lowest temperature recorded at that early date in November. The precipitation during the month was only 1.19 inches, the normal being 3.45 inches. The total precipitation since January 1 is now 47.52 inches, while the normal for this period is 40.52 inches. The snowfall during the month was 7.75 inches. The average snowfall during November is 2.05 inches. Five inches of snow fell on the 11th, which is the heaviest snow- fall ever recorded at that early date. There were only 81 .9 hours of bright sunshine. The normal for the month is 121 hours. The total wind movement during the month was 4624 miles with the highest velocity 32 miles per hour. This occurred on the 8th, 27th and 30th. C. I. GUNNESS, HERBERT JENKINS, Meteorologist Observer 450-1933-6B61 Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 540 December, 1933 Meteorological Observations FOR DECEMBER 1933 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10'' W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ^^^ Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIOl^ AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. c 0 - 2 > a rt c 0) Da ■a 0) ■o c W '3 0 c 1 46 0 A 18 12 p 32.0 58 2.1 w 496 '39 ! 2 43 3p 18 3 A 30.5 72 4.4 s 123 18 3 38 2 p 29 1 A 33.5 75 0.0 se 74 7 3 A 12 p .05 4 36 7 a 28 12 p 32.0 78 0.0 n 207 17 0 A 8 a .23 5 38 12 P 27 1 A 32.5 75 0.0 s 83 8 6 43 1 P 32 12 p 37.5 80 0.0 s 163 18 9 A 12 M .10 7 37 1 P 26 7 A 31.5 67 2.1 se 93 7 8 55 12 p 26 1 A 40.5 76 0.0 s 51 5 9 37 Oa 12 12 p 24.5 69 0.0 nw 199 20 10 16 1 p 8 8 A 12.0 75 4.7 nw 314 13 11 26 4 p 6 5 A 16.0 62 0.0 s 184 43 12 17 12 M 7 8 A 12.0 43 2.6 nw 443 28 4.0 13 21 3 p 9 0 A 15.0 76 0.0 s 80 5 10-30 A 8 p .33 14 27 2 p 2 12 p 14.5 65 9.1 nw 97 10 15 16 8 p 2 5 A 9.0 72 0.0 nw 79 4 2 p 12 p .15 16 39 3 p 15 0 A 27.0 80 1.5 s 62 7 0 A 2-30 A .14 17 35 12 p 13 6 A 24.0 89 0.0 se 37 5 4 p 12 P .37 18 44 6 A 27 12 p 35.51 46 4.6 nw 290 39 19 44 2 p 22 7 A 33.0 55 5.8 se 109; 10 20 36 7 P 22 7 A 29.0 78 0.0 ne 77[ 7 1-30 p 12 P .62 3.0 21 34 1 p 25 2 A 29.5 74 0.0 w 21428 0 A 2 a .20 22 36 2 p 30 12 p 33.0 60 0.0 sw 200 32 23 30 2 p 20 6 A 25.0 56 2.8 se ! 136 17 24 34 2 p 28 7 A 31.0 89 0.0 se 49 4 25 38 4 A 20 12 p 29.0 47 0.0 w 302 28 26 20 0 A 12 12 p 16.0 72 0.0 nw 1 176 17 9 A 8 p .62 9.0 27 13 4 A 0 12 p 6.5 55 9.1 1 w i 352 40 28 22 2 p -8 5 A 7.0, 63 5.2 w 136 25 29 4 Oa -17 8 A -6.5 51 9.1 nw 220 9 30 -3 12 p -20 7-30 A -11.5 60 0.0 nw 64 4 T 31 22 12 p -3 0 A 9.5 72 0.0 nw 40 3 *Ba.sed on least time required to blow one mile. NO TE^Beginning: May 1st, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. m., 12 NOON, and S p. M. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. Monthly Summary December, 1933 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.87, 29th Minimum 29.49, 21st Mean semi-daily 30.097 Range 1.38 Air Xeinperaiure Highest 55, 8th Lowest -20, 30th Mean 22.3 Monthly range 75 Highest mean daily 40.5, 8th Lowest mean daily -11.5, 30th Mean maximum 30.5 Mean minimum 14.0 Greatest daily range 30, 28th Least daily range 6, 22d, 24th Precipitjilion Precipitation. In inches 2.81 Snow, in inches 16.00 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. .82, 20th, 21st Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 10 Wind (miles) Total movement 5,150 Greatest daily movement 496, 1st Least daily movement 37, 13th Mean hourly velocity 6.9 Maximum velocity for 5 min. . . 40, 27th (corrected to conform to 3 cnj) anemometer) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction wsw North, days 1 Northeast, days 1 East, days 0 Southeast, days .....' 6 South, days 7 Southwest, days 1 West, days 5 Northwest, days 10 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 67.4 Mean cloudiness, per cent 66.0 Number of clear days 2 Number of fair days 6 Number of cloudy days 23 Number of hours bright sunshine 63.1 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 22.3 Thunder and Lightning, Frosts, 30.65 29.25 30.056 1.40 54.5 -2.3 27.3 56.8 3.47 8.99 9 4,726 6.4 29 77.2 53.4 8 10 13 130.7 46.0 30.96, 1889 28.85, 1915 1.78, 1895; 1.01, 1892 65.5, 1908 -22.5, 1917 7.77, 1901; 0.87, 1896 26.50, '02; t, 1891 17, 1902; 4, 1892 6,694, 1925; 3,239, 1918 41, 1928 87.1, 1919; 63, 1931 71, 1929; 39, 1919 15, 1890; 2, 1922 16, 1909; 4, 1889, 1930, 1931 19, 1911, 1922; 7, 1909, 1923 172, 1896; 86, 1922 NorK— Tlie first column in the above summary ffives observations made durinn the month. The second column erives the averattes based on observations made from 18-'.i to 1928. The third column ffives extremes observed from 1«H9 to 1932 Annual Summary Annual, 19S8 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.87, Dec. 29 Minimum 28.99, Mar. 8 Mean semi-daily 29.985 Range 1.38 Air Temperature Highest 98, Aug. 1 Lowest -20, Dec. 30 Mean 48.2 Range 118 Highest mean daily 87.5, July 30 Lowest mean daily -11.5, Dec. 30 Mean maximum 58.0 Mean minimum 38.4 Greatest daily range 47, Feb. 8 Least daily range 2, Sept. 16 Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 50.33 Snow, in inches 63.75 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 6.32, Sept. 15, 16 Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 134 Wind (miles) Total movement 56,704 Greatest daily movement . .552, Jan. 29 Least daily movement, 37,Oct. 27, Dec. 13 Msan hourly velocity 6.5 Maximum velocity for 5 min., 45, Feb. 21, Mar. 9 (conecterl to confor m to a cvip aneinouieter) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction w North, days 19 Northeast, days 12 East, days 10 Southeast, days 93 South, days 25 Southwest, days 21 West, days 58 Northwest, days 127 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 66.0 Mean cloudiness, per cent 59.0 Number of clear days 126 Number of fair days 105 Number of cloudy days 134 Number of hours bright sunshine 2203.5 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 49.4 Last Frost June 2 First Frost Sept. 12 Last Snow April 26 First Snow Nov. 6 30.81 28.95 30.016 1.86 95.8 -12.1 47.2 108.0 57.8 36.5 43.49 48.38 123 52,321 6.0 35 31.05, 28.47, 1920 1914 2.33, 1913; 1.55, 1923 104, -26.0, 49.6, 1913; 44.0, 1911 1904 1904 57.05, 1897; 30.68, 1908 78.00, 1920; 24.50, 1919 144, 1902; 96, 1924 63,571, 1908; 36,257, 1894 48, 1932 75.8 82.9, 1927; 64.9, 1932 50.8 60, '98, '01, '02; 41, '08, '24 109 150, 1932; 59, 1927 128 182, 1912; 83, 1894 128 179, '01, '02; 71, 1910 2,356 2,838, 1924; 1,864, 1902 53.0 M'yl2 S't 19 Aprl4 Nov 5 Apr. 23, 1904; June 8, 1932 Aug. 22, '94, '95; Oct. 13, '09 Mar. 14, '10; May 5, '91, '17 Oct. 10. '25; Nov. 27, 1931 NOTE-The first .■oUimn in the above summary gives observations made during the year. The seeond and tliiid colnuins give the averages and extremes observed from 1889 to 1932. 450-1 933-6861 Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 541 January, 1934 Meteorological Observations FOR JANUARY 1934 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W, Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ^^ Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily records Temperature. Wind. Precipita ion. 1 * 1 Maximum | Minimum. «1 ^ x - c O ^ u in I/) Q bo V Q S H m )-• bo Q V s H c >;5 ^ « £ aj 4, = . ^ 6 Z 'rtt; > a. -^1 s rt c bo 0) Da 13 T3 c w ■(3 o c 1 43 2 P 22 0 A 32.5 83 0.0 se 121 18 8-30 P 12 p .02 2 30 Oa 8 12 p 19.0 58 1.0 nw 286 20 3 19 8 p 3 6 A 11.0 55 3.0 nw 72 8 4 29 3 p 12 8 A 20.5 71 3.0 nw 57 7 5 33 12 P 23 6 A 28.0 87 0.0 nw 74 8 4 p 2 p .58 3.0 6 34 3 P 31 0 A 32.5 89 1.0 s 32 3 7 35 2 P 30 0 A 32.5 86 0.0 w 41 6 4-30 A 12 p .96 8 36 11 A 33 0 A 34.5 74 1.0 nw 160 22 0 A 8 A .07 9 35 2 P 29 12 p 32.0 65 3.2 s 66 9 10 40 2 P 27 8 A 33.5 77 2.5 sw 62 8 T 11 33 11 A 29 12 p 31.0 61 1.3 sw 192 25 12 33 2 P 28 8 A 30.5 74 2.2 nw 55 8 13 36 8 P 28 2 A 32.0 83 0.0 nw 83 15 7 A 8 p .32 •i 14 35 12 m 20 12 p 27.5 66 0.1 sw 190 15 T 15 28 1 P 13 11 p 20.5 59 5.0 nw 183 12 T 16 35 3 P 14 0 A 24.5 60 5.8 ne 56 15 17 26 0 A 8 12 p 17.0 48 9.4 nw 320 35 18 19 1 P 4 8 A 11.5 49 9.4 nw 150 13 19 35 12 m 6 0 A 20.5 50 4.1 s 214 39 20 23 2 P 14 12 p 18.5 52 4.1 nw 112 8 21 18 4 P 10 12 p 14.0 59 4.3 nw 126 15 22 32 3 P 11 0 A 21.5 59 6.3 w 78 10 T 23 41 12 m 30 12 p 35.5 75 0.0 w 151 39 2 A Ip 1.37 T 24 27 4 p 19 8 A 23.0 49 9.6 w 319 28 25 42 5 P 18 8 A 30.0 62 4.5 nw 77 28 26 36 0 A 18 12 p 27.0 61 1.6 s 174 25 T 27 34 12 p 16 7 A 25.0 62 0.0 se 81 16 12 M 3-30 P .05 0.5 28 40 7 P 28 12 p 34.0 67 0.0 se 164 35 6 A 7-30 P .13 29 28 Oa -5 8 A 11.5 53 5.4 nw 514 40 30 7 1 p -4 3 a 1.5 45 6.6 w 369 32 31 25 12 p -1 5 A 12.0 54 1.5 se 179 15 ♦Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 A. t2 NOON, and 8 p. m- Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 A. M. and 8 p. m. Monthly Summary January, 1984 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.69, 4th Minimum 29.04, 28th Mean semi-daily 30.083 Range 1.65 Air Temperature Highest 43, 1st Lowest -5.0, 29th Mean 24 Monthly range 48 Highest mean daily 35.5, 23rd Lowest mean daily 1.5, 30th Mean maximum 31.2 Mean minimum 16.8 Greatest daily range 33, 29th Least daily range 3, 6th, 8th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 3.50 Snow, in inches 4.0 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1.37, 23rd Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 8 Wind (miles) Total movement 4,758 Greatest daily movement .... 514, 29th Least daily movement, 32, 6th Mean hourly velocity 6.4 Maximum velocity for 5 min., 40, 29th 21, Mar. 9 (corrected to conform to 3 cup anemometer) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction w North, days 0 Northeast, days 1 East, days 0 Southeast, days 4 South, days 4 Southwest, days 3 West, days 5 Northwest, days 14 Weatlier Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 64.3 Mean cloudiness, per cent 60.5 Number of clear days 5 Number of fair days 10 Number of cloudy days 16 Number of hours bright sunshine . . 96.0 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 32 Thunder and Lightning Frosts 30.71 29.18 30.07 1.54 50.4 -7.4 23.8 58.2 3.42 13 11 5,068 6.8 30 78.2 54 8 10 13 140 47.6 31.00, 1927 28.55, 1913 2.18, 1913; 0.97, 1896 66.0, 1932 -26.0, 1904 7.15, 1898; 1.07, 1896 33, 1898, 1923; 1.75, 1911 18, 1923; 4, 1889 7,770, 1908; 2,896, 1895 41, 1911 87.7, 1920; 63.4, 1932, 1933 78,1932; 37,1908 16, 1922; 2, 1914 18, 1890, 1926; 3, 1916 22, 1923, 1931; 4, 1920 214, 1920; 74.2, 1932 Note— The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1928. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1933. REMARKS The weather during January has been very nearly normal except for lack of sunshine. There were only 96 hours of bright sunshine recorded, while the normal amount of sunshine for this month is 140 hours. The mean temperature for the month was 24 degrees, which is two-tenth of a degree higher than normal. The highest temperature during the month was 43 degrees on the 1st and the lowest —5.0 degrees on the 2yth. The domestic heating load for the season to the end of January is now 4026 degree-days, whereas the normal number of degree-days for this period is 3773, giving an excess of about 7%. The total precipitation for the month was 3.5 inches and the nor- mal for January is 3.42 inches. Four inches of snow fell during the month compared with a normal snowfall of 13 inches. The total wind movement for the month was 4758 miles, the normal being 5068 miles. The highest wind velocity recorded for a 5 -minute period was 40 miles per hour on the 29th. The prevailing direction was west. C. I. GuNNESS, Meteorologist Herbert Jenkins, Observer 450-1933-6861 Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 542 February, 1934 Meteorological Observations FOK FEBRUARY 1934 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Heiglit of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ^t. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. <*-i Wind. •Precipita tioii. * Maximum 1 Minimum. « t \ 3(7, o d r ^c t: i? 1) ij c oi ;5 S St- > c c a! to 13 V -a c '3 o Q Q Q s Ztf a-'C Hii s M W Pi m 29 31 18 15 20 16 18 8 4 9 2 10 23 11 34 12 35 13 26 14 18 15 35 16 13 17 24 18 35 19 36 20 25 21 31 22 37 33 8 18 15 15 28 9 A 0 A 5 P 4 3 3 3 0 3 4 4 3 11 5 3 3 5 3 3 Oa 3 P 4 p 6 a 3 p 3 p 12 m 4 p 2 p 21 6 -5 -3 -10 -7 -16 -14 -22 -9 3 22 -2 -5 10 1 4 0 17 6 -1 10 5 0 -4 10 2 -14 25.0 64 18.5 52 6.5 45 6.0 71 5.0 70 4.5 55 1.0 60 -5.0 47 -10.0 48 7.0 42 18.5 49 28.5 60 12.0 65 6.5 41 22.5 64 7.0 50 14.0 48 17.5 61 26.5 70 15.5 74 15.0 49 23.5 77 19.0 53 4.0 41 7.0 61 12.5 79 8.5 64 7.0 61 0.0 6.7 10.0 0.9 7.0 10.2 4.8 10.4 10.4 10.3 4.3 104 0.5 10.5 5.0 8.1 10.8 10.8 3.5 1.9 10 9 3.2 10.9 10.9 7.0 0.0 11.1 11.1 se nw nw nw nw nw sw nw nw sw s se nw nw sw nw nw sw se nw sw se w w nw nw nw se 202 12 258 20 184 22 39; 2 8813 165118 68 13 244'22 218^22 67 10 113 10 119 14 22539 226122 215|39 262:22 17lil5 61 5 127115 454'48 i 135 20 8122 334 45 405 25 107 7 243 17 240 20 92 11 A 12 p .37 4.0 8 P 0 A 5P, 0 A 4 P Oa* 9 a 1 p .08 6 a 7 a .03 12 p .26 1 P 1.16 12 p 2 A .24 .10 12 p .11 8 P .47 2.0 T 24 84 2.0 4 1.0 5.0 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. NO TE— Beginnins May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at S a. 12 NOON, and S p. m. Prior to tliat time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. Monthly Summary Febuary. 19m4 Normal Extremes Barometer ( Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.83, 28th Minimum 29.11, 13th Mean semi-daily 30.116 Range 1.72 Air Tempera a) 1) 1- S c bo 1) 03 D ■d c W c Pi 0 c C/2 1 35 4 p 5 7 A 20.0I 61 11.0 se 7111 2 45 3p 10 7 A 22.5^ 65 6.1 se 67|12 11 P 12 p .03 3 49 3 p 34 2 A 41.5' 76 4.0 w 153 15 0 A 12 p .40 4 40 3 p 35 2 A 37.5 85 0.0 s 54I1I 0 A 12 P .28 5 61 2 p 33 12 p 47.0 73 4.8 s 8611 0 A 8 A .47 6 40 4 p 32 2 A 36.0 46 6.2 w 21620 T 7 37 10 A 31 11 p 34.0 58 2.0 w 182 14 8 34 2 P 21 12 P 27.5 58 1.5 w 119 22 4 P 8 P .03 .25 9 29 4 p 11 7 A 20.0 47 7.8 w 253 1 18 10 20 3 p 11 3 A 15.5 65 0.0 se 13012 2 p 12 P .15 .50 11 33 2 p 16 7 A 24.5 70 5.6 se 24015 0 A 11 A .24 1.50 12 30 5 p 10 6 A 20.0 53 11.2 se 13514 13 40 4 P 14 1 A 27.0 C3 1.1 sw 237,17 T 14 46 11 A 25 12 p 35.5 51 3.0 w 240 20 11-30A 4-30 P .06 .75 15 40 4 P 19 7 A 29.5 51 11.0 w 149 14 16 47 5 P 20 6 A 33.5 68 3.6 w 12812 17 51 3 P 29 7 A 40.0 58 12.0 nw 144 11 18 59 12 m 25 12 P 42.0 56 6.3 nw 190 25 T T 19 32 4 P 16 7 A 24.0 52 12.0 w 196 18 20 40 2p 22 7 A 31.0 58 12.0 se 176; 18 21 41 2 p 21 7 A 31.0 50 8.0 se 195 20 22 35 0 A 10 12 p 22.5 48 12.0 nw 31132 23 29 3 P 6 7 A 17.5 46 8.1 se 266 18 24 30 12 m 19 7 A 24.5 61 0.7 nw 12110 2 p 8 P .15 2.50 25 37 5 P 15 6 A 26.0 48 12.3 nw 571 9 26 37 3 P 1 21 6 A 29.0 73 6.7 s 109 14 4 P 12 p .32 27 55 4 p 1 31 0 A 43.0 88 0.0 s 124 20 0 A 12 p .24 28 43 0 A 32 12 p 37.5 76 0.0 n 241 i 25 0 A 8 A .60 29 59 5 F 26 6 A 42.5 53 12.5 n 104; 10 30 47 3 F 27 5 A 37.0 51 10.0 nw , 127 13 31 47 2 F 29 7 A 38.0 72 2.2 e 158 1 17 3 p 12 P .63 ♦Based oi 1 least time required to blow one mile. NOTE-E teginninw May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on re adings 1 aken at 8 A. M., 2 MJC ?i,and S p. M. Prior to that t ime r« i ad ins ■■s wer e taken i it 8 A. M. and 8 p M. Monthly Summary March, 1984 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.68, 1st Minimum 29.47, 5th Mean semi-daily 30.142 Range 1.21 Air Temperature Highest 61, 5th Lowest ■ • 5, 1st Mean 30.9 Monthly range 56 Highest mean daily 47, 5th Lowest mean daily 15.5, 10th Mean maximum 40.9 Mean minimum 21.2 Greatest daily range 35, 2nd Least daily range 5, 4th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 3.60 Snow, in inches 5.50 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. .63, 31st Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 13 Wind (miles) Total movement 4,979 Greatest daily movement .... 311, 22nd Least daily movement, 54, 4th Mean hourly velocity 6.7 Maximum velocity for 5 min., 32, 22nd (corrected to conform to 3 cup anemometer) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction w North, days 2 Northeast, days 0 East, days 1 Southeast, days 8 South, days 4 Southwest, days 1 West, days 9 Northwest, days 6 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 60.7 Mean cloudiness, per cent 55.0 Number of clear days 11 Number of fair days 9 Number of cloudy days 11 Number of hours bright sunshine 193.7 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 52.0 Thunder and Lightning Frosts 30.60 29.26 30.02 1.35 63.9 5.7 34.2 58.2 3.68 8.11 11 5,738 7.7 29 75.0 51.0 11 9 11 201 54.2 30.96, 1904 28.47, 1914 2.10, 1914; 0.85, 1915 79.5, 1907, 1921 -7.5, 1906 7.13, 1899; 0.12, 1915 27, 1899; 0, 1921 17, 1890, 1913; 3, 1915 7,628, 1932; 3,006, 1905 48, 1932 86.8, 1916; 59.5, 1932 68, 1901; 27, 1915 22, 1924; 3, 1901 17, 1900; 4, 1895 21, 1901; 1, 1915 292,1924; 93,1901 Note— The first column in the above summary Rives observations made during- the month. The second column erives the averages based on observations made from 18(<9 to 19'28. The tbird column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1983. REMARKS The weather during the month of March was considerably colder than usual but in other respects quite near the normal. The mean temperature for the month was 30.9 degrees and the normal mean is 34.2 degrees. The continued cold weather during March with the cold weather during the winter months brings the heating load to 6578 degree-days or' 11.5% above normal. The highest temperature was 61 degrees on the 5th and the lowest 5 degrees on the 1st. The total precipitation during the month was 3.60 inches and there were 5.5 inches of snow. The normal precipitation for March is 3.68 inches and the normal snowfall is 8.11 inches. There were 193.7 hours of bright sunshine compared with a normal of 201 hours. The total wind movement was 4979 miles whereas the normal March wind movement is 5738 miles. The prevailing direction was West. More than the usual damage has been done to light macadam roads as the heavy frost has been coming out of the ground. Country roads have been unusually bad. Dr. J. K. Shaw of the Department of Pomology offers the fol lowing additional comments on the effect of the winter on fruit trees: "Reports indicate that the severe temperatures have caused much injury to many fruit plants. Tender varieties of apple trees such as King, Gravenstein and Baldwin show injury to wood and especially to the fruit spurs. Some injury even to Mcintosh is reported. We may expect considerably reduced crops and some permanent injury to trees .There is no reason to fear severe root killing as there has been a good snow cover. Peach fruit buds are practically all killed as far south as Chesapeake Bay and there is some wood killing. There seems to be no especially severe injury to healthy vigorous bush fruits nor to strawberry plants." C. I. GuNNESS, Meteorologist Herbert Jenkins, Observer Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 544 April, 1934 Meteorological Observations FOR APRIL 1934 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ^t. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. Wind. P recipita tion. *_ 1 Maximum Minimum. O V. o c^ c \ m tr. ii *■ .5 c V J) d Q 1) a, 0) 1- 1^ o o c be Da t3 0) 4) £ i3 > E c bo D CQ ■V T3 C W c Pi o a 1 79 6 p 62 4 A 70.5 60 6.2 nw 80 8 2,91 4 p 62 3 X 76.5 62 10.3 s 155 12 10-30 p 12 p .33 3 60 1 p 52 12 p 56.01 77 0.0 ne 120 12 0 A 1 A .06 4 71 5 p 52 6 A 61.5 75 3.9 s 81 8 5 89 4 p 65 1 A 77.01 75 9.6 s 117 8 6 85 2 p 64 5 A 74.5 73 7.8 sw 166 14 4 p 5-30 P .01 7 71 4 p 48 12 p 59.5 47 8.4 ne 212 22 8 70 4 p 39 5 a 54.5 46 15.2 s 102 10 9 69 12 M 52 3 A 60.5 71 2.0 se 181 13 9-30 P 12 p .04 10 89 1 p 61 0 A 75.0 70 10.1 se 124 22 2 p 4-30 p .41 11 77 3 p 56 12 p 66.5 57 15.1 w 169 20 12 79 1 p 49 4 A 64.0 73 9.8 e 79 11 5-30 p 10 P .82 13 73 4 p 54 12 p 63.5 72 4.7 w 86 14 2 P 3 P .16 14 74 2 p 52 4 A 63.0 67 5.6 w 127 18 15 81 3 p 52 5 A 66.5 56 7.9 w 99 13 16 82 3 p 52 6 A 67.0 66 10.4 e 104 12 1 A 3-30 A .36 17 82 3 p 52 5 A 67.0 60 15.3 se 9811 18 78 2 p 55 5 A 66.5 57 13.3 se 14612 19 68 2 p 56 12 P 62.0 87 0.0 se 172 i 18 4 A 12 p 1.68 20 83 3 p 54 5 A 68.5 59 13.8 nw 223 20 1 A 2 A .01 21 89 4 p 57 5 A 73.0 64 11.5 s 127 20 22 82 5 p 61 12 p 71.5 65 15.3 nw 194! 18 23 82 5 p 56 6 A 69.0 79 8.4 sw 8110 3-30 A 8 a .51 24 84 3 p 60 5 A 72.0 74 10.2 se 13513 25 82 4 p 60 12 p 71.0 52 15.3 w 200' 20 1 A 2 a .18 26 73 1 p 53 12 p 63.0 61 10.1 nw 110 9 T 27 66 6 p 52 3 A 59.0 86 0.0 sw 35 5 2 P 3 P .10 28 83 3 p 58 1 A 70.5 74 10.9 sw 7111 29 93 3 p 67 5 A 80.0 56 15.3 w 200 25 30 88 5 P 67 5 A 77.5 57 15.3 sw 53 11 ♦Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 A. M. 12 NOON, and 8 p. M. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 A. M. and 8 P. M. Monthly summary June. 1934 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.39, 8th Minimum 29.57, 19th Mean semi-daily 29.896 Range 82 Air Temperature Highest 93, 29th Lowest 39, 8th Mean 67.6 Monthly range 54 Highest mean daily 80, 29th Lowest mean daily .... 54.5, 8th Mean maximum 79.1 Mean minimum 56.0 Greatest daily range 31, 8th Least daily range 8, 3rd Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 4.67 Snow, in inches Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1.68, 19 th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 13 Wind (miles) Total movement 3,847 Greatest daily movement 223, 20th Least daily movement, 35, 27th Mean hourly velocity 5.3 Maximum velocity for 5 min., 25, 29th (corrected to conform to 3 cup anemometer) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction sw North, days .... 0 Northeast, days 2 East, days 2 Southeast, days 6 South, days 5 Southwest, days 5 West, days 6 Northwest, days 4 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 65.9 Mean cloudiness, per cent 51.7 Number of clear days 13 Number of fair days 12 Number of cloudy days 5 Number of hours bright sunshine 281.7 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 61.6 Thunder and Lightning 6th, 12th, 25th 30.31 29.56 29.961 .75 91.1 40.0 65.4 51.2 3.54 10 3,584 5.0 23 73.9 50.1 9 13 8 257.4 56.2 30.54, 1889 29.24, 1902 1.27, 1902; 0.52, 1916 101.0, 1919 34.0, 1891 9.68, 1922; 0.76, 1908 17, 1922; 4, 1908 4,571, 1908; 1,409, 1906 40, 1932 85.9, 1922; 63.2, 1932 71, 1903; 28, 1908 22, 1908; 1, 1907, 1926 23, 1912; 4, 1895, 1903 22, 1903; 1, 1923 362, 1908; 102, 1903 Note— The first column In the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1928. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1933. REMARKS The weather during June was favorable for all growing crops. The temperature was considerably higher than normal with a mean of 67.6 degrees, the normal being 65.4 degrees. The highest temperature was 93 degrees on the 29th and the lowest 39 degrees on the 8th. These are seasonable temperatures for June. The total rainfall during the month was 4.67 inches as compared to a normal of 3.54 inches and was well distributed through the month. The total rainfall since January 1 is now 22.45 inches, the normal for this period being 20.89 inches. There were 281.7 hours of bright sunshine. The normal hours of sunshine for June is 257.4 hours. There was thunder and lightning on the 6th, 12th, and 25th. Dr. J. K. Shaw offers the following ob- servations on the fruit crops: "Adequate rainfall and generally favorable weather con- ditions have promoted a satisfactory development of all fruit crops. Recovery from injury due to the severe winter has pro- gressed as well as could be expected. The most severe damage continues to appear among peach trees and Baldwin apple trees. Pear trees and many Gravenstein apple trees have recovered rather remarkably, considering the condition of the wood last spring. Many Baldwin trees have been ruined. The most severe damage is to trees of low vigor and to those that bore heavily last year." Dr. A. B. Beaumont has following comment on the hay crop: "Winter killing of alfalfa and clover was severe in Mas- sachusetts. Grass was injured to a less extent. The injury appeared to be due to the formation of local ice sheets which smothered the plants. Due to depleted stands of alfalfa, clover, and grass the hay crop in western Massachusetts will be lighter than normal in spite of the generous rainfall of the past month." Frank Shaw C. I. Gunness Observer Meteorologist Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 547 July, 1934 Meteorological Observations FOR JULY 1934 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 f^* Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. jt: ^■' T7 'I^-M ■ DAILY RECORDS Temperature. 11.5' c ■*-* "^ a) «) 3 Sail O If. S2 p 3j! O ^ . ^ 6 Z zee Wind. Precipitation. Maximum Minimum. c rl V Prevailing Direction Total Movement Maxmiles/hr* Began T3 11 X) c Pi in Precipitation. IP 60 0 A 62.0 89.0 0.0 se 12 M 42 8 a 43.5 63.0 0.6 w 12 M 31 8 A 36.0 64.0 6.0 w 2 p 36 3 a 42.0 91.0 1.0 se 11 A 36 7 A 38.0 59.0 6.1 w 2 P 30 8 A 32.5 64.0 6.0 w 1 p 14 8 a 20.5 74.0 9.2 nw 3 p 9 7 A 13.0 71.0 8.9 nw 3 p 2 7 A 12.5 72.0 9.1 nw 2 p 4 7 A 12.5 76.0 9.1 n 1 p 3 8 A 10.0 62.0 9.1 nw 2 p 4 8 A 17.0 75.0 7.0 sw 2 p 25 7 A 27.5 81.0 1.0 se 2 p 15 7 A 25.0 68.0 2.5 nw 3 p 11 7 A 19.0 57.0 9.1 e 6 p 25 0 A 31.0 83.0 0.0 se 2 p 24 12 p 30.5 63.0 4.9 nw 4 p 10 8 A 24.0 65.0 9.0 se 8 p 13 7 A 30.0 87.0 0.0 nw 1 A 36 10 p 41.0 68.0 3.0 sw 3 p 30 7 a 34.5 73.0 1.5 sw 2 p 28 5 a 30.0 91.0 0.0 nw 0 A 12 8 a 19.5 82.0 0.0 nw 2 p 18 6 A 27.0 77.0 5.5 nw 1 p 19 8 A 23.0 86.0 0.0 n 4 p 25 0 A 33.5 91.0 0.5 nw 1 p 8 6 A 12.5 50.0 9.1 nw 4 p 7 8 a 14.5 68.0 1.5 nw 7 P 19 0 A 26.5 87.0 0.0 nw 3 p 10 8 a 15.0 52.0 9.1 nw 2 p 3 8 a 14.5 66.0 9.1 nw 293'28 283 32 133 1 8 130122 273I25 17014 139113 209 14 75J12 62' 5 204 20 121 10 89 6 257 25 23122 101 7 180 14 741 5, 9525 314 32 119 11 43 5 94 14 133 22 44| 4 135,40 521 [45 67 6 126 32 463 25 117i 8 4-30 A 6 p .87 Oa 5-30 A .23 10 a 12 m .03 10 a 11-30A .02 1-30 p 10 p .88 8a 8p 5-30 p 10 p .20 .01 1-30 P 9-30 A 4p 1-30 p T .65 7-30 A 11-30 A .10 i" 2i" T ♦Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. m., 12 NOON, and 8 p. m- Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. Monthly Summary December, 1934 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.50, 23rd Minimum 29.06, 19th, 20th Mean semi-daily 30.051 Range 1.44 Air Temperature Highest 7 64, 1st Lowest 2, 9th Mean 26.4 Monthly range 62 Highest mean daily 62, 1st Lowest mean daily 10, 11th Mean maximum 33.1 Mean minimum 19.6 Greatest daily range 34, 19th Least daily range 3, 2nd Precii>i(a 0- 0 0 0) £ c 0) t3 C 0 c a Q r- Q S •^ -v^"- zee £c HS 1 na W « in 1 36 6P 13 5 \ 24.5 95.0 0.5 w 16535 2-30 a 1-30 p 0.92 9.00 2 29 4 p 14 8 a 21.5 67.0 8.0 w 35135 3 45 3 p 11 7 A 28.0 70.0 9.1 se 128 40 4 12 1 p -4 12 p 4.0 49.0 9.1 w 364 20 5 32 12 p -IL 6 A 10.5 68.0 9.1 se 39 12 6 44 12 m 32 0 A 38.0 86.0 3.0 se 182 10 7 48 3 p 40 8 A 44.0 98.0 0.0 se 101 10 8 48 6 p 38 10 a 43.0 98.0 0.0 se 89 12 9p 12 p 0.21 9i45 3 p 42 8 A 43.5 100.0 0.0 se 123 14 1 A 12 p 0.89 10 38 7 p 35 8 A 36.5 98.0 0.0 n 67 14 Oa 8a 0.72 11 37 1 p 31 6 A 34.0 66.0 8.0 nw 226 30 12 25 1 p 22 8 A 23.5 59.0 7.5 nw 338 30 13 18 12 M 9 3 A 13.5 68.0 0.0 nw 82 7 3p 12 p 0.32 3.50 14 20 8 a 12 7 A 16.0 15.0 5.5 nw 270 40 Oa 3-30 A 0.10 0.50 15 25 2 p 6 8 A 15.5 59.0 7.0 w 176 13 16 25 4 p 4 8 A 14.5 78.0 7.0 sw 39 3 T 17 30 12 p 2 1 A 16.0 88.0 0.0 sw 86 12 7-30 A 6p 0.29 3.00 18 34 3 a 10 12 p 22.0 52.0 6.5 w 406 40 19 22 3 p -2 6 a 10.0 61.0 7.5 se 149 15 20 28 12 p 4 0 A 16.0 93.0 0.0 e 37 7 7-30 A 7p 0.64 6.00 21 33 6 p 25 2 A 29.0 73.0 0.0 e 77 6 10 A 7p 0.24 22 38 6 A 20 12 p 29.0 65.0 0.5 e 177 17 T 23 20 0 A 14 8 A 17.0 73.0 0.0 e 185 20 4p 12 p 0.47 4.50 24 14 0 A -6 12 p 4.0 74.0 5.5 e 460 30 Oa 1-30 A 0.08 1.00 25 16 3 p -12 8 A 2.0 64.0 6.0 nw 138 20 10-30 p 12 p 0.03 0.50 26 26 1 p 11 12 p 18.5 79.0 7.5 nw 199 22 Oa 4-30 A 0.05 0.50 27 7 3 p -14 12 p -3.5 65.0 9.7 nw 173 12 28 14 12 p -21 5 A -3.5 71.0 7.2 se 60 10 29 28 3 p 10 12 p 19.0 81.0 3.0 nw 96 20 T 30 12 3 p -5 8 A 3.5 55.0 9.9 nw 227 13 31 13 4 p -12 8 a 0.5 54.0 9.9 nw 147 18 ♦Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at S a. m. 12 NOON, and S p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. Monthly Summary January, 1985 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced tn sea level) Maximum 30.81, 5th Minimum 29.41, 1st Mean semi-daily 30.006 Range 1.40 Air Temperafnre Highest 48, 7th, 8th Lowest -21, 28th Mean 19.0 Monthly range 69 Highest mean daily 44, 7th Lowest mean daily -3.5, 27th, 28th Mean maximum ^7.8 Mean minimum ' 0.3 Greatest daily range 43, 5th Least daily range 3, 9th, 10th, 12th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 4.96 Snow, in inches 28.50 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs 0.92, 1st Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 13 Wind (miles) Total movement 5357 Greatest daily movement 460, 24th Least daily movement 37, 20th Mean hourly velocity 7.2 Maximum velocity for 5 min., 40, 3rd, 14th, 18th (■• (iierce i to conf.)iru to :-i cup anemometer) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction wnw North, days 1 Northeast, days 0 East, days 5 Southeast, days 8 South, days 0 Southwest, days 2 West, days 5 Northwest, days 10 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent. . 73.3 Mean cloudiness, per cent 59.0 Number of clear days 14 Number of fair days 6 Number of cloudy days 11 Number of hours bright sunshine . . 147 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 50 Thunder and Lightning Frosts 30.71 29.18 30.07 1.54 50.4 -7.4 23.8 58.2 31.00, 1927 28.55, 1913 2.18, 1913; 0.97, 1896 66.0, 1932 -26.0, 1904 3.42 7.15, 1898; 1.07, 1896 13 33,1898, 1923; 1.75,1911 11 5.068 6.8 30 18, 1923; 4, 1889 7,770, 1908; 2,896, 1895 41, 1911 78.2 87.7, 1920; 63.4, 1932, 1933 54 8 10 13 140 47.6 78, 1932; 37, 1908 16, 1922; 2, 1914 18, 1890, 1926; 3, 1916 22,1923, 1931; 4, 1920 214, 1920; 74.2, 1932 Note— The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1928. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1934. REMARKS The weather during January was extremely cold, with more snow than usual. The mean temperature for the month was 19 degrees, while the normal is 23.8 degrees. This is the lowest mean temperature for January since 1920 when the mean was 15.2 degrees. The lowest temperature was -21 degrees on the 28th. Only three times since this station was established have we had lower tempera- tures in January. In 1899 it reached -21.5; in 1904, -26; and in 1907 it reached -23.5 degrees. The domestic heating load for the current heating season to the end of January is 3838 degree-days. The normal for this period' is 3773. Last winter the heating load for the same period was 4026 degree-days. In other words, the fuel required for the present year is about 2 per cent more than normal and 5 per cent less than last year. The total snowfall for the month was 28.5 inches. This has been exceeded only twice in January since 1889. In 1898 and 1923 the snowfall was 33 inches in January. The normal snowfall for January is 13 inches. The total precipitation for the month was 4.96 inches, the normal being 3.42 inches. The wind movement was somewhat higher than usual with no high gales. The prevailing direction was west northwest. There were 147 hours of bright sunshine, which is 7 hours greater than normal. Dr. J. K. Shaw makes the following comments: "The low tem- peratures almost equaling those of last year have entirely destroyed the fruit buds in the college peach orchards. How general this condition is over the state is unknown but it is certain that the peach crop of Massachusetts will be reduced almost, if not quite, to nothing. What the effect has been on fruit trees is as yet unknown, but it is to be feared that we may experience more or less killing or injury to all tender fruit trees." A. H. Madden, Observer C. I. Gunness, Meteorologist Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 554 February, 1935 Meteorological Observations FOR FEBRUARY 1935 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ^^ Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. t ^^-^ Wind. P recipitatioii. 1 * Maximum | Minimum. O If. ID C c c ^ \ in r/l 4^ — O ;S C 5 6 ;i be 1) V c >'0 Xx. '5 tj > CU £ i3 > o o X c d t/3 13 T3 C c 'rt o c Q a H Q S 1> OJ ^ Ztt ic H«s S CQ w Pi m 1 22 4 p -12 9 .\ 5.0 66 10.0 se 81 15 2 35 4 p 17 0 A 26.0 67 1.5 s 119 10 3 39 1 p 28 3 A 33.5 77 0.8 nw 91 8 4 32 0 A 10 12 p 21.0 69 4.3 nw 214 25 5 16 3 p 3 12 p 9.5 58 1.0 n 177 13 6 23 4 p -L 6 A U.O 57 10.1 n 219 20 7 28 5 p -11 7 A 8.5 70 10.2 w 35 7 8 34 2 p 12 1 A 23.0 82 1.0 s 78 6 T 9 41 1 p 33 12 p 37.0 85 0.5 se 140 13 Oa 6-30 A .17 0.50 10 33 0 A 22 7 A 27.5 71 1.0 w 103 12 11 35 1 p 10 12 p 22.5 67 10.4 w 162 20 12 26 4 p -2 8 A 12.0 64 8.4 s 89 10 13 36 3p 13 4 A 24.5 c9 7.6 nw 81 12 14 34 12 p 12 6 A 23.0 91 0.0 nw 55 7 3-30 p 12 p .11 15 44 2 p 31 7 A 37.5 90 3.0 se 99 9 0 A 7a .82 16 43 1 p 34 12 p 38.5 72 0.7 nw 120 20 T 17 34 3 p 28 12 p 31.0 98 0.0 nw 71 13 4-30 A 4-30 P .43 3.75 18 36 4p 18 7 A 27.0 64 4.5 w 175 13 19 39 1 p 22 12 p 30.5 74 0.5 s 150 40 20 38 1 p 13 7 A 25.5 71 7.0 se 14] 20 21 31 2 p 14 7 A 22.5 55 10.8 w 237 25 22 33 4 p 21 8 A 27.0 55 6.5 n 112 9 23 28 2 p 19 7 A 23.5 95 0.0 nw 125 15 2-30 A 10-30 p .43 3.00 24 37 3p 21 7 A 29.0 77 4.0 se 124 10 25 48 2 p 27 7 A 37.5 68 5.5 se 193 15 26 42 0 A 12 12 p 27.0 81 0.0 nw 175 20 5 a 12 p .38 1.25 27 22 2 p 7 12 p 14.5 64 7.0 w 312 22 Oa 4a .16 0.75 28 29 2 P 4 3 A 16.5 71 7.7 w 186 25 * Rased on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE — BesinninR May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 12 \ooN, and S [•. M. Prior to tliat time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. M. Monthly Summary February, \9S5 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum . 30.78, 1st Minimum 29.49, 3rd Mean semi-daily 30.048 Range 1.29 Air Tempersilure Highest 48,25th Lowest -12, 1st Mean c 24.0 Monthly range 60 Highest mean daily 38.5, 16th Lowest mean daily 5.0, 1st Mean maximum 33.5 Mean minimum 14.5 Greatest daily range 39, 7th Least daily range 17th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 2.50 Snow, in inches 9.25 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs .93,14th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 7 Wind (miles) .Total movement 3864 Greatest daily movement 312, 27th L^ast daily movement 35, 7th Mean hourly velocity 5.9 Maximum velocity for 5 min., 40, 19th (cDriecceri to (M)nfi>rtn to H cup anemometer) Wind (direction) Prevailing direction w North, days 3 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 6 South, days 4 Southwest, days 0 West, days 7 Northwest, days 8 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent. . 72.4 Mean cloudiness, per cent 56.0 Number of clear days 7 Number of fair days 8 Number of cloudy days 13 Number of hours bright sunshine .124 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 42 Thunder and Lightning Frosts 30.63 29.20 30.03 1.43 50.3 -7.9 23.5 58.2 31.05, 1920 28.56, 1895 1.89, 1900,1908; .88,1913,1931 65.0, 1930 -22.5, 1918 3.35 14.27 10 4,833 7.1 29 77.9 50.5 10 8 10 160 54.1 8.12, 1900; 0.62, 1901 48.75, 1893; 2.5, 1912 15, 1893, 1920; 4, 1901 6,445, 1896; 3,438, 1892 45, 1933 90.0, 1889; 66.8, 1902 66,1890, 1927; 31, 1905 17, 1924; 2, 1927 16,1920; 3, 1890 16, 1894; 2, 1920 221, 1924; 110, 1927 NOTK— The first rolunm in the above summary ttives obsei vntions made diiriiiK the month. The second column irives the averages brsed on obseivaiions made from lx lUo 192». The third column gives extremes observed from 1«»H to 19S4. REMARKS The weather during the month of February was not far from normal in most respects. The temperature was sHghtly higher than usual with a mean of 24 degrees. The normal mean is 23.5 degrees. The lowest temperature was -12 degrees on the 1st. It will be recalled that the mean temperature during February, 1934, was 11.6 degrees with a minimum of -22 degrees. The heating load for the present winter to the end of February is 4986 degree-days. The normal for this period is 4935 degree-days. In the winter of 1933-34 the number of degree-days for the same period was 5522. The total precipitation during the month was only 2.5 inches, the normal being 3.35 inches. The snowfall for the month was 9.25 inches. The usual snowfall in February is 14.27 inches. There were only 124 hours of bright sunshine which is 36 hours less than usual for February. The wind movement was 3864 miles which is 1000 miles less than usual. The prevailing direction was West. A. H. jMadden, Observer C. I. Gunness, Meteorologist Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 555 March, 1935 Meteorological Observations FOK MARCH 1935 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" \A'. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ^^ Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records 1 I'emperat ure. ^.i. Wind. Precipitation. * 1" Maximum Minimum. ?fc c \ Q V £ oj j ^ 1 Q ^ 1 :" i 0. V X rt c a) 01 X c bo 0) u c Pi o c 1 52 2 p 35 6 \ 43.5 62 0.4 se 80 10 4 p 8-30 p .01 2 48 4 P 36 6 a 42.0 78 2.0 nw 169 32 3 46 4 p 29 12 p 37.5 52 10.4 nw 286 30 T 4 51 5 p 23 6 A 37.0 60 6.7 nw 90 10 5 37 12 m 31 12 p 34.0 71 0.0 n 96 12 1 p 12 p .05 T 6 48 4 p 29 7 A 38.5 57 12.9 n 154 22 Oa 3-30 A .02 T 7 51 4 p 27 6 A 39.0 55 10.3 n 240 20 8 51 12 m 31 4 A 41.0 56 9.3 ne 225 32 9 42 10 A 35 6 P 38.5 81 0.0 n 286 28 8-30 A 10 p .35 T 10 47 4 p 37 7 A 42.0 72 2.0 n 294 28 11 54 1 p 32 3 A 43.0 63 8.5 ne 209 22 12 38 1 A 34 8 a 36.0 91 0.0 n 125 12 7a 1-30 p .48 T 13 41 4 p 34 0 A 37.5 63 0.0 nw 217 15 7-30 A 8p .63 14 45 11 p 36 5 a 40.5 78 2.0 nw 146 28 15 63 12 m 34 6 a 48.5 (.2 8.3 se 158 22 16 37 3 P 32 12 p 34.5 71 0.0 nw 25125 T 17 41 12 m 30 3 A 35.5 80 0.0 nw 138 32 lA 4 p .20 1.00 18 54 4 p 27 6 A 40.5 69 6.4 nw 21640 19 64 3 p 39 5 A 51.5 61 12.0 nw 186 15 20 64 3 P 35 6 A 49.5 61 11.0 w 139 22 21 68 2 p 37 5 A 52.5 55 11.9 nw 62 18 22 61 12 m 44 6 A 52.5 70 7.0 nw 161 20 3-30 p 10-30P .32 23 59 12 m 40 3 A 49.5 70 5.5 nw 92 11 T 24 63 12 m 41 12 p 52.0 73 4.5 nw 130 28 T 25 58 2 p 33 5 A 45.5 59 13.5 nw 176 40 26 69 4 p 30 4 A 49.5 47 11.6 nw 183 25 27 86 8 P 53 6 A 69.5 50 14.0 s 111 18 28 75 3 p 50 12 p 62.5 61 7.8 nw 257 40 3a 4a .02 29 73 3 P 42 6 A 57.5 62 11.0 se 128 15 30 56 4 P 42 12 p 49.0 81 2.0 nw 192 30 2-30 A Ip 46 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on leadings taken at S a. m., 12 NOON, and S p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. i Monthly summary April, ig.-iS Normal Extremes Barometer { Reading's reduced to sea levelj Maximum 30.28, 11th Minimum 29.35, 17th Mean semi-daily 29.896 Range 0.93 Air Tempera* 11 re Highest 86, 27th Lowest 23, 4th Mean 45.0 Monthly range 63 Highest mean daily 69.5, 27th Lowest mean daily 34.0, 5th Mean maximum 54.7 Mean minimum 35.3 Greatest daily range 39, 26tii Least daily range 4, 12th Precipiiatioii Precipitation. In inches 2.54 Snow, in inches 1-00 Maximum precipitation in 24hrs. 0.63, 13th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 10 Wind (miles) Total movement 5197 Greatest daily movement 294, lOth Least daily movement 62, 21st Mean hourly velocity 7.2 Maximum velocity for 5 min., 40, 18th, 25th, 28th Wind (direction) Prevailing direction nnw North, days 6 Northeast, days 2 East, days 0 Southeast, days 3 South, days 1 Southwest, days 0 West, days 1 Northwest, days 17 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 65.7 Mean cloudiness, per cent 65.2 Number of clear days 11 Number of fair days 11 Number of cloudy days 8 Number of hours bright sunshine ..191 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 47.5 Thunder and Lightning Frosts after the 15th: 17th, 18th, 26th 30.48 29.41 29.99 1.08 79.5 21.6 45.8 57.8 30.71, 1911 • 28.99, 1907, 1929 1.52, 1930; 0.72, 1919 38.5, 1896 8.5, 1923 3.27 2.32 11 5,436 7.5 6.89, 1929; 0.76, 1892 11, 1891; 0,1910 18, 1909; 3, 1892 8,208, 1908; 3,853, 1917 29 139,1916,1931,1932,1934 69.6 49.2 11 10 9 221 55 81.2, 1916; 54.5, 1892 75, 1901; 34, 1925, 1927 19, 1911; 3, 1898, 1902 18,1915; 2, 1894, 1901 22, 1901; 3, 1899, 1924 296, 1911; 103, 1901 Note— The first column in the- above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 18f9 to 1928. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 19.S4. REMARKS The weather during the month of April was shghtly colder than usual, with the exception of the last ten days of the month when the weather was almost continuously warm and pleasant. The mean temperature for the month was 45 degrees, the norm.al being 45.8. The highest temperature was 86 degrees on the 27th and the lowest, 23 on the 4th. The normal maximum temperature for April is 79.5 degrees and the normal minimum, 21.6 degrees. The highest tempera- ture observed in April at this station is 88.5 degrees in 1896. The total heating load for the current year to the end of April is 6487, the normal being 6466. Last year the heating load for this period was 7145. The total precipitation during the month was 2.54 inches; the normal, 3.27 inches. The total precipitation since the first of the year is now 11.48 inches. The normal for this period is 13.72 inches. There was 1 inch of snow on the 17th. The greatest snowfall at the latest date in the spring was 6 inches on April 12 and 13, 1933. There was less sunshine than usual, with 191 hours. The normal for the month is 221 hours. The total wind movement was 5197 miles with a normal of 5436 miles. The highest velocity was 40 miles an hour on the 18th, 25th and 28th. This is the highest wind velocity recorded at the station for the month of April. A. H. Madden, Observer C. I. Gunness, Meteorologist Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 557 May, 1935 Meteorological Observations FOR MAY 1935 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ^t Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. 0. Wind. F recipitatioii. 1 * Maximum 1 Minimum. O ir. M d \ tn w t) •" %'^- :=.£ IT 1) !- £ o o 0) oa -a c W '3 o c in 1 53 4 p 39 4 A 46.0 63 4.0 nw 416 45 2 47 3 p 35 5a 41.0 61 0.0 w 109 15 3 48 1 p 35 5a 41.5 68 0.0 ne 125 18 11-30 A 8p .27 4 57 5 p 37 7 a 47.0 74 4.5 ne 104 10 2-30 A 9a .28 5 61 1 p 34 6 a 47.5 61 9.2 se 145 22 7-30 P 12 p .01 6 61 3 p 43 0 A 52.0 67 2.0 nw 151 20 1 A 4a .03 7 52 3 p 46 6a 49.0 91 0.0 ne 102 17 12 m 9-30 p .88 8 66 6 p 44 5 a 55.0 61 4.4 nw 140 18 9 71 3 p 37 6a 54.0 54 14.4 s 149 25 10 66 5 p 48 3a 57.0 84 3.0 se 186 20 5-30 A 9-30 p .53 11 65 3 p 44 5 a 54.5 53 10.4 w 208130 12 70 5 p 43 2 a 56.5 49 14.5 n 142 15 13 73 6 p 40 6a 56.5 56 9.7 se 68 10 14 68 4 p 48 12 p 58.0 66 3.8 nw 169 28 15 60 5 p 41 5 a 50.5 50 6.0 nw 255 22 16 68 3 p 32 6a 50.0 ee 14.0 s 88 13 17 68 6 p 40 6a 54.0 54 7.4 nw 10125 18 62 3 p 35 6a 48.5 46 14.7 w 227! 30 19 60 4 p 43 7a 51.5 48 13.6 nw 240;30 20 68 4 p 41 5a 54.5 46 8.0 w 204 32 21 69 1 p 40 5a 54.5 55 2.0 se I04!l5 22 64 2 p 40 5 a 52.0 43 14.8 nw 146 22 23 59 6 p 39 5 a 49.0 67 4.0 se 61 9 24 66 6 p 34 6a 50.0 52 8.8 w 73 8 25 74 4 p 36 6a 55.0 51 9.5 nw 65115 26 80 4 p 42 6a 61.0 50 14.9 se 66! 10 27 85 4 p 44 6a 64.5 54 11.4 sw 10614 28 81 1 p 59 4 a 70.0 63 1.0 se 137 32 29 83 2 p 62 5a 72.5 65 1.5 se 168 15 2-30 p 4-30 p .03 30 80 5 P 49 5a 64.5 63 10.8 se 69:11 T 31 77 12 M 58 12 p 67.5 73 1.7 se 11125 12-30P 1 12 p .14 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 A. M. 12 NOON, and 8 p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. Monthlly Summary May, 1985 Normal Extremes Barometer ( Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.37, 5th Minimum 29.51, 21st Mean semi-daily 29.954 Range 0.86 Air Temperature Highest 85, 27th Lowest 32, 16th Mean 54.4 Monthly range 53 Highest mean daily 72.5, 29th Lowest mean daily 41.0, 2nd Mean maximum 66.5 Mean minimum 42.2 Greatest daily range 41, 27th Least daily range 6, 7th PrecipKafioii Precipitation. In inches 2.17 Snow, in inches Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 0.88, 7th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 8 Wind (miles) Total movement 4435 Greatest daily movement 416, 1st Least daily movement 61, 23rd Mean hourly velocity 6.0 Maximum velocity for 5 min., 45, 1st Wind (direction) Prevailing direction w North, days 1 Northeast, days 3 East, days 0 Southeast, days 10 South, days 2 Southwest, days 1 West, days 5 Northwest, days 9 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent ... 60 Mean cloudiness, per cent 55 Number of clear days 11 Number of fair days . . . , 9 Number of cloudy days 11 Number of hours bright sunshine . . 224 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 50 Thunder and Lightning 10th, 31st Frosts 16th, 24th,25th 30.38 29.51 29.95 85.5 30.8 56.8 54.6 3.63 12 4,540 -6.1 25 70.7 51.5 10 11 10 250.1 55.2 12th 30.55, 1895 29.16, 1893 1.21, 1929; 0.60, 1899 94.5, 1911 24.0, 1900 7.44, 1931; 0.48, 1903 20, 1901; 5, 1903 5,946, 1907; 2,180, 1894 35, 1912, 1929, 1934 83.9, 1927; 53.8, 1932 70, 1901; 30, 1923 20, 1923; 0, 1927 17, 1907, 1926; 5, 1923 20, 1927; 3, 1903, 1922 334, 1922; 137, 1927 June 8, 1932; Apr. 23, 1904. Note— The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 18»9 to t»28. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1934. REMARKS The weather during the month of May was dry and cold. The total rainfall during the month was 2.17 inches, the normal being 3.63 inches. No rain fell on the 18-day period from the 11th to the 28th. This is the longest continuous period without rain in May at this station. There have been many years when we have had less rain in April and May than in the current year. In 1932 only 2.33 inches of rain fell in April and 1.67 inches in May. In 1903 no rain fell during the last half of April and only .48 inches in May. The total ' rainfall for 1935 to date is 13.65 inches. The normal for this period is 17.35 inches. The mean temperature for the month was 54.4 degrees, the normal being 56.8 degrees. This is the lowest May temperature since 1927 when the mean was 53.9 degrees. The highest temperature was 85 degrees on the 27th and the lowest 32 degrees on the l6th. This is the lowest temperature recorded at this late date since 1917 when a temperature of 30 degrees was reached on May 16. The heating load for the current season from September 15 to May 31 was 6822 degree-days. The" normal for this period is 6720 degree- days. In 1933-34 the heating load was 7321 Jegree-days. There were 224 hours of bright sunshine, the normal for May being 250 hours. The total wind movement was 4435 miles and the maximum velocity was 45 miles per hour on the 1st. Dr. J. K. Shaw reports as follows on the fruit prospects for the state: "The blossoming season of most tree fruits was aboiit a week later and much longer than usual. This was due to cool weather shortly before and during the time of bloom. While frosts were reported from some places, no injury to tree fruits has been seen. The cool weather is unfavorable for heavy set of fruit but much sunshine and freedom from winds favoring the flight of bees are likely to offset this and a good set of fruit is indicated except for peaches, the fruit buds of which were largely destroyed by winter cold." A. H. Madden, Observer C. I. Gunness, Meteorologist Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 558 June, 1935 Meteorological Observations FOK JUNE 1935 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Tempera ture. Wind. Precipitation. 1 * 1 Maximum | Minimum. O 0) D >- c be 0) oa -0 ■c W c "3 c c 1 68 6 p 51 12 p 59.5 74 1.0 ne 159 25 0 A 1 A .07 2 81 5 P 44 6a 62.5 57 15.1 n 69 12 3 81 3 P 49 6a 65.0 52 8.5 se 134 13 4 65 0 A 57 12 p 61.0 81 0.0 se 146 12 2-30 p 12 P .38 5 72 3 p 57 4 a 64.5 77 2.1 se 102 18 Oa 1 A .03 6 68 5 p 57 6 a 62.5 87 1.3 se 91 9 5p 6-30 p .05 7 77 3 p 57 6 a 67.0 79 4.5 se 134 17 T 8 65 3 p 57 3a 61.0 81 0.0 s 74; 7 1-30 p 12 p .13 9 59 0 A 55 9a 57.0 91 0.0 n 165 25 Oa 7-30 p 1.74 10 61 2 p 54 5 a 57.5 90 0.0 n 168 17 6 a 10 a .43 11 75 7 p 53 4 a 64.0 68 1.5 nw 109 17 T 12 84 6 p 57 6a 70.5 57 15.3 s 86 13 13 87 4 p 52 5 a 69.5 57 15.3 w 6111 14 84 5 p 56 5a 70.0 51 15.3 se 85 13 15 87 11 A 58 12 p 72.5 71 7.0 se 197 25 8-30 a 12-30 P .14 16 77 3 p 52 3 a 64.5 57 15.3 se 11110 17 85 3 p 57 4a 71.0 76 9.0 ne 16139 10 a 12 p 1.34 18 60 0 A 55 8a 57.5 81 0.0 w 152 17 Oa 9a .19 19 62 3 p 53 6a 57.5 77 0.0 nw 95 13 3a 12 p .35 20 70 6 p 53 1 A 61.5 89 0.2 sw 9l| 9 Oa 1 A .03 21 78, 1 p 52 5a 65.0 73 2.5 n 89 13 T 22 78 3 p 58 12 p 68.0 83 1.9 se 15817 12-30A 6-30 P .44 23 75 1 p 53 5 a 64.0 71 8.3 sw 6125 5p 6p .09 24 77 3 p 56 5 A 66.5 73 9.2 w 64 11 25 77 1 p 57 12 p 67.0 65 7.5 n 54 25 26 83 3 p 53 5 a 68.0 61 10.8 sw 42 5 27 83 3 p 58 5 a 70.5 70 6.0 s 100 17 6p 7P .09 28 86 5 p 64 4 a 75.0 71 10.8 sw 62 8 29 88 2 p 60 5 a 74.0 67 3.3 se 72 9 30 86 4 p 64 5 a 75.0 68 7.3 nw 105 20 *Ra.sed on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May 1st, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. 12 NOON, an.l 8 p. M. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 A. m. and 8p.m. MONTHLY SUMMARY June, 1985 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.22, 2nd Minimum 29.48, 17th Mean semi-daily 29.947 Range 0.74 Air Temperature Highest 88, 29th Lowest 44, 2nd Mean 65.6 Monthly range 44 Highest mean daily 75, 28th, 30th Lowest mean daily 57, 9th Mean maximum 76 Mean minimum 55 Greatest daily range 37, 2nd Least daily range 4, 9th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 5.50 Snow, in inches Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1.74, 9th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 15 Wind (miles) Total movement 3197 Greatest daily movement 197, 15th Least daily movement 42, 26th Mean hourly velocity 4.4 Maximum velocity for 5 min., 39, 17th Wind (direction) Prevailing direction s North, days 5 Northeast, days 2 East, days 0 Southeast, days 10 South, days 3 Southwest, days 4 West, days .^ 3 Northwest, days '. 3 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent. . . 72 Mean cloudiness, per cent 54 Number of clear days 7 Number of fair days 8 Nuinber of cloudy days 15 Number of hours bright sunshine . . 179 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 40 Thunder and Lightning 15th, 17th, 22nd, 23rd, 27th 30.31 29.56 29.961 .75 91.1 40.0 65.4 51.2 3.54 10 3,584 5.0 23 73.9 50.1 9 13 8 257.4 56.2 30.54, 1889 29.24, 1902 1.27, 1902; 0.52, 1916 101.0, 1919 34.0, 1891 9.68, 1922; 0.76, 1908 17, 1922; 4, 1908 4,571, 1908; 1,409, 1906 40, 1932 85.9, 1922; 63.2, 71, 1903; 28, 22, 1908; 1, 1907, 23,1912,4, 1895; 22, 1903; 1, 362, 1908; 102, 1932 1908 1926 1903 1923 1903 Nf)-rK— The first colunm in the above suniniary gives observations made dnrinc: tbe month. The second column srives the averages biised on observations made from 18i«9 to l9-.'s The third column (rives extremes observed from 1HH9 to 1984. REMARKS The weather during June was marked with a large amount of rain, with a corresponding small amount of sunshine and clear weather. Rain fell on 15 days with a total of 5.50 inches. The normal rainfall for June is 3.54 inches. The total rainfall since January 1 is 19.15 inches, while the normal rainfall for this period is 20.89 inches. There were 15 days in June classified as cloudy, while normally we have 8 cloudy days in this month. The mean temperature for the month was 65.6 degrees which is 0.3 degree higher than normal. The maximum temperature was 88 degrees on the 29th and the lowest was 44 degrees on the 2nd. The usual range of temperature in June is from 40 degrees to 91.1 degrees. There were only 179 hours of bright sunshine, whereas the normal sunshine for June is 257 hours. The total wind movement for the month was 3197 miles, the prevailing direction being south. The maximum velocity was 39 miles per hour on the 17th. Dr. Shaw of the Department of Pomology gives the following report: "The cool weather during the blossoming season seems not to have been very injurious to the set in apples. The past severe winters show their effect in prospective light crops of Baldwins and Gravensteins. Other important varieties promise normal crops or better. The peach crop will be very light and scattered. Many plum varieties will have light crops due to the severe winter cold of the past two years. Abundant rain has assured a heavy crop of strawberries but there has been some loss from rot of the berries." C. L. LoTHROP, Observer C. I. Gunness, Meteorologist Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 559 July, 1935 Meteorological Observations FOR JULY 1935 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' lo" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ^^' Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Tempera ure. Wind. Pi ecipita tion. I *, Maximum | Minimum. O If. S5 = c c c < in I/} 11 ■" 3(/, o ^ Sc V -5 lU «j 3 6 Z zee '5 tj > (V i5 > H2 X c bJD Da T3 W c "3 Pi o c m 1 80 4 p 69 5 A 69.5 50 15.3 n 124 18 2 79 5 p 51 5 A 65.0 52 15.1 nw 88 8 3 81 4 p 52 5 A 66.5 69 15.3 s 125 13 4 83 1 p 57 4a 70.0 71 15.2 se 147 10 5 90 3 p 63 6a 76.5 68 15.1 s 111 13 6 95 3 p 69 4 a 82.0 71 13.2 s 111 15 7 74 0 A 57 12 p 65.5 90 0.0 e 131 13 4 A 12 p .33 8 78 1 p 57 3a 67.5 90 3.8 n 114 13 Oa 6p .91 9 78 1 p 68 5a 73.0 83 2.2 ne ICl 14 8a 8p .01 10 85 2 p 68 5a 76.5 74 8.6 sw 81 7 8-30 p 9p .01 11 91 5 p 70 4 a 80.5 64 15.1 nw 54 6 12 93 3 p 66 5 a 79.5 72 14.0 sw 103 22 5 p 12 p .59 13 85 4 p 66 12 p 75.5 63 15.1 w 104 12 14 86 4 p 58 5a 72.0 64 13.5 sw 73 12 15 80 3 P 68 5a 74.0 77 4.1 se 110 10 T 16 81 3 p 65 12 p 73.0 82 6.1 s 88 8 2a 6p .65 17 86 5 p 63 6a 74.5 73 15.0 sw 51 5 18 90 5 p 63 2 a 76.5 75 11.0 s 95 12 19 92 1 p 68 12 p 80.0 77 7.3 s 129 25 4-30 p 10 p .27 20 80 3 p 66 5 a 73.0 83 6.0 n 83 14 21 79 4 p 64 5 a 71.5 82 2.2 s 88 10 22 83 1 p 69 4a 76.0 84 3.5 s 133 12 1-30 p 6p .03 23 88 1 p 72 3a 80.0 79 8.8 s 110 28 3-30 p 12 p .15 24 87 4 p 73 12 p 80.0 74 8.5 s 106 8 25 74 7 P 67 12 p 70.5 90 0.0 sw 44 4 8 a 12 m .10 26 80 5 P 59 5 a 69.5 61 14.6 nw 120 13 27 81 4 p 55 5 a 68.0 63 14.6 se 62 8 28 81 3 P 57 6a 69.0 64 14.6 se 118 10 29 76 4 p 60 12 p 68.0 73 1.5 se 136 17 9-30 A 11 A .05 30 85 5 P 52 6a 68.5 68 14.6 nw 107 13 31 87 4 p 66 6a 76.5 66 13.1 s 115 10 'Based on least time required to blow one mile. MOTE — Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at S A. m. I 2 NOON, and S p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. MONTHLY SUMMARY July. 1985 Normal Barometer (Readings reduced to sea le\el) Maximum 30.34, 3rd Minimum 29.61, 31st Mean semi-daily 30.000 Range 0.73 Air Temperature Highest 95, 6th Lowest ,51, 2nd Mean 73.2 Monthly range 44 Highest mean dail y 82.0, 6th Lowest mean daily 65.0, 2nd Mean maximum 83.5 Mean minimum 62.8 Greatest daily range 33, 30th Least daily range 7, 25th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 3.10 Snow, in inches Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. .91, 8th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 11 Wiii.l (miles) Total movement 3222 Greatest daily movement 161, 9th Least daily movement 44, 25th Mean hourly velocity 4.3 Maximum velocity for 5 min., 28,23rd Wiiiil (direction) Prevailing direction s North, days 3 Northeast, days 1 East, days 1 Southeast, days 5 South, days 11 Southwest, days 5 West, days 1 Northwest, days 4 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent. . . 72.7 Mean cloudiness, per cent 58.2 Number of clear days 14 Number of fair days 8 Number of cloudy days 9 Number of hours bright sunshine . . 307 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine g6.4 Thunder and Lightning 12th, 16th,22nd, 23rd. 30.28 29.60 29.972 .68 93.9 45.5 70.6 48.4 Extremes 11 3,435 4.6 24 67.9 50.1 9 14 8 267.0 57.8 30.50, 1892 29.27, 1932 0.97, 1892; 0.51, 1895, 1899 104.0, 1911 40.0, 1890, 1898 4.33 14.51, 1897; 0.70, 1929 20, 1915; 4, 1924 5,097, 1909; 1,109, 1894 39,1908,1915 69, 1914; 31, 1924 22, 1923; 0, 1915 24,'09, '21;5, '89,'23, '28 18, 1889; 0, 1910 371, 1910; 182, 1889 NOTK-The first coUiiun in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from IBi-gto 192H. except that humidity records are based on observations from i;)2'.t to I'.m Tlie third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1934. REMARKS The weather during July was warmer than usual with a mean temperature of 73.2 degrees, the normal mean temperature for July being 70.6 degrees. The mean temperature for the month has been exceeded only twice since 1889. In July 1911 the mean temperature was 74.6 degrees and in 1921, 74.7 degrees. A temperature of 90 degrees or higher was recorded on only six days which is not excessive. In 1933 the thermometer reached 90 degrees or above on 12 days and in 1911 this same temperature was reached on 12 days. Those last 12 days were consecutive except for one day when the maximum was 85.5 degrees. The mean maximum for the 12 days was 96.4 degrees. The mean humidity for the past month was 72.7 per cent which is 4.8 per cent higher than the mean for July for the last six years. This high humidity made a number of uncomfortable days, even though temperature was not excessively high. The total rainfall for the month was 3.1 inches, the normal being 4.33 inches. The total precipitation since January 1 is now 22.25 inches. The normal for this period is 25.22 inches. There were 307 hours of bright sunshine during the month, the normal being 267 hours. The total wind movement was 3222 miles and the maximum velocity 28 miles per hour on the 23rd. Dr. J. K. Shaw makes the following comment on the fruit crop: "All fruits developed well during July. Some loss of strawberries from rot was reported but the crop was generally good. Tender varieties of apples like Baldwin and Gravenstein still show the effect of the cold winters in many weak trees and light crops. The same may be said of tender varieties of pears and plums. Peach trees that survived the cold have made a vigorous growth." C. L. LoTHROP, Observer C. I. Gunness, Meteorologist Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 560 August, 1935 Meteorological Observations FOR AUGUST 1935 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253,5 ^t. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Teniperal ure. Wind. Precipita ion. , * Maximum | Minimum. O If. ■ k4 ? cc c \ 6e 1 S iS > ^1 S y. T3 C W o c tn 1 87 11 p 64 6a 75.5 66 10.5 s 108 1' 2 82 3 p 62 12 p 72.0 62 7.2 nw 104 21 3 83 4 p 54 5 A 68.5 66 11.0 nw 71 11 4 86 5 p 58 6 a 72.0 63 13.4 nw 50 ; 5 79 1 p 65 12 p 72.0 68 10.0 nw 156 li i 12-30A 1-30 A .15 6 74 4 p 62 12 P 68.0 78 2.0 ne 134 1( ) 7p 8 p .05 7 79 2 p 53 4 a 66.0 76 8.0 s 57i ' 8 80 1 p 54 5 a 67.0 69 4.5 ne 66 ( 9 87 5 p 54 5 a 70.5 63 12.2 sw 48 1( 10 83 3 p 56 6 a 69.5 61 12.2 se 138 K 3 11 67 5 p 63 6a 65.0 88 0.0 se 102 i i\ 6 a 10-30A .33 12 85 4 p 63 4 a 74.0 82 6.0 se 97 S 13 88 3 p 68 4a 78.0 79 5.3 se 1541 t 7p 10 p .06 14 82 4p 64 12 P 73.0 77 5.5 nv/' 69 5 8a 10 a .06 15 83 5 p 58 6a 70.5 73 14.0 nw 46 16 90 6 p 62 7a 76.0 68 139 nw 57 [ 5 17 92 5 P 62 6a 77.0 68 13.9 s 58 I S 18 92 3 P 62 6a 77.0 65 10.0 sw 70 7 19 87 •4 p 59 5a 73.0 65 7.0 se IOC B 20 86 2 p 63 4 a 74.5 72 6.0 se 99 6 21 87 3 p 69 5 a 78.0 70 4.0 se 1411 2 22 75 0 A 64 12 P 69.5 82 0.0 s 145 1 4 5 a 6a .01 23 77 3 p 55 6a 66.0 61 13.6 n 184 1 8 24 72 3 p 49 6a 60.5 54 12.0 n 253 2 2 25 74 4 p 45 6a 59.5 57 13.5 nw 184 2 5 26 84 4 p 50 2 a 67.0 54 13.5 se 99 1 3 27 73 5 P 59 6a 66.0 90 0.0 se 90 9 4p 6p .09 28 79 5 p 59 12 p 69.0 66 1.0 w 157 1 4i 29 74 4 p 46 7a 60.0 63 12.0 w 77 1 3 30 59 3 p 50 4 a 54.5 90 0.0 nw 56 S 11 A 2-30 p .07 31 73 3 P 52 7 a 62.5 65 11.8 nw 81 i 7 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE — Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. r 2 NOON, and S p. M. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p.m. MONTHLY SUMMARY August 19.H5 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.31, 18th Minimum 29.57, 1st Mean semi-daily 30.012 Range 0.74 Air T«» 111 pera< lire Highest 92, 17th, 18th Lowest 45, 25th Mean 69.4 Monthly range 47 Highest mean dail y 78, 13th Lowest mean daily 54.5, 30th Mean maximum 80.6 Mean minimum 58.2 Greatest daily range 34, 26th Least daily range 4, 11th Precii>i*s« a. - \ Precipitation. 5 A 64.5 63 13.2 12 p 57.0 72 1.5 5 A 59.0 67 8.5 8 A 57.5 93 0.0 0 A 66.0 83 25 12 p 60.5 77 2.0 4 a 61.0 83 12.9 2 A 59.5 76 2.0 12 m 59.0 95 0.0 12 p 60.0 63 10.5 7 a 57.5 66 12.7 6 a 64.0 73 11.5 12 p 57.0 74 0.0 8 a 54.5 68 0.0 12 p 63.5 70 5.5 12 p 51.5 69 12 5 6a 5L.0 68 9.5 4 a 63.0 71 2.0 1 A 67.5 79 3.5 12 p 67.0 66 5.2 8 a 58.0 83 0.1 6a 61.0 82 8.1 12 P 50 0 60 12.1 6 A 49.0 62 10.0 5 A 65.0 C7 10.0 6 A 64.0 72 5.5 12 p 67 5 73 20 1 p 50.5 92 O.O 12 p 55.0 62 3.2 11 p 54.0 59 12.7 w 47 6 s 40 4 s 57 5 T s 53 6 5a 12 p 2.42 s 75 6 Oa 8a .06 ne 88 13 4p 5p .01 w 78 9 se 55 5 T n 65' 5 Oa 12 p 1.24 nw 133 20 s 92 8 sw 95 13 nw 118 15 nw 95 7 nw 217 20 5 a 8a .20 n 213 28 sw 60 7 se 149 12 se 103 11 n 145 17 e 47 13 8-30 a 11 A .02 nw 102 18 T nw 15118 se 77; 8 se 113 8 T se 140 13 se 148 13 n 141 14 6-30 a 10 p .72 nw 101 15 s 184 15 *Rased on least time required to blow one mile. NO PE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 A. 12 >ji>o.v,aiii S P. M. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 A. M. and 8 P. m. Monthly Summary September, 1985 Normal Barometer ( Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.37, 24th Minimum 29.49,29th Mean semi-daily 30.045 Range 0.88 Air TemperaMire Highest 82, 1st Lowest 30, 24th Mean 59.1 Monthly range 52 Highest mean daily 67.5, 19th,27th Lowest mean daily 49, 24th Mean maximum 70.0 Mean minimum 48.3 Greatest daily range 38, 24th Least daily range 3, 4th PrecipiT3 - £5 S c bt> ■a W 0 c in 1 70 3 p 44 0 A 57.0 60 11.7 se 170 17 10 p 12 p .16 2 58 3 p 34 12 P 46.0 61 10.1 nw 177 20 Oa 4 a .05 3 64 3 p 32 5 A 48.0 70 5.2 sw 123 20 9-30 p 12 p .13 4 59 1 p 39 6 a 49.0 53 10.1 w 147 14 5 56 3 p 34 6a 45.0 58 6.5 w 116 13 6 53 3 p 40 6a 46.5 69 0.1 n 89 15 Oa lA .03 7 53 1 p 28 12 p 40.5 55 6.8 nw 217 20 8 59 4 p 24 6a 41.5 64 11.5 sw 51 7 9 63 3 P 34 7 a 48.5 67 14.4 sw 59 7 10 66 3 P 32 6 a 49.0 74 6.4 se 99 13 11 71 3 P 48 0 A 59.5 67 2.6 se 113 18 T 12 61 3 P 32 12 p 46.5 60 11.3 nw 115 14 13 68 3 p 27 6a 47.5 66 11.0 se 49 8 14 71 2 p 42 3 a 56.5 74 8.2 se 117 18 15 CO 2 p 34 12 p 47.0 51 8.3 n 248 39 16 58 3 P 24 12 p 41.0 56 11.1 n 155 17 17 70 3 p 23 6 a 46.5 54 11.0 se 72 12 18 70 12 M 36 5 a 53.0 72 1.8 nw 68 25 3p 3-30 p .05 19 68 4 p 41 6a 54.5 60 10.5 sw 147 39 20 66 4 p 40 12 p 53.0 46 10.9 w 182 28 21 68 4 p 31 5 a 49.5 71 8.6 se 83 10 22 73 4 P 52 7a 62.5 86 0.3 se 106 U Oa 10 a .09 23 69 3 P 50 12 p 59.5 79 0.0 se 148 28 11 A 5-30 P .37 24 50 0 A 34 12 p 42.0 55 8.5 nw 289 28 T 25 46 5 P 26 7a 36.0 C3 2.7 n 72 u T 26 66 1 P 39 6a 52.5 52 3.8 nw 211 25 27 67 2 P 39 6a 53.0 61 3.1 s 108 11 28 73 3 P 38 7 a 55.5 67 3.0 s 95 11 29 68 3 P 50 5 a 59.0 82 1.4 n 69 11 T 30 71 11 A 53 6a 62.0 74 2.1 e 157 18 31 59 1 P 50 6a 54.5 83 0.0 ne 155,11 T •Rased on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. m. 12 NOON, and 8 p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 A. M. and 8 p. m. Monthly Summary October. 19S6 Normal Extremes Barometer ( Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.61, 16th Minimum 29.59, 3rd Mean semi-daily 30.177 Range 1.02 Air Temperature Highest 73, 22nd, 28th Lowest 23, 17th Mean 50.4 Monthly range 50 Highest mean daily 62.5, 22nd Lowest mean daily 36, 25th Mean maximum 63.7 Mean minimum 37.1 Greatest daily range 47, 17th Least daily range 9, 31st Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 0.88 Snow, in inches Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 0.46, 22nd, 23rd Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 7 Wind (miles) Total movement 4007 Greatest daily movement 289, 24th Least daily movement 49, 13th Mean hourly velocity 5.4 Maximum velocity for 5 min., 39, 15th, 19th Wind (direction) Prevailing direction sw North, days 5 Northeast, days 1 East, days 1 Southeast, days 9 South, days 2 Southwest, days 4 West, days 3 Northwest, days 6 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent . . . 64.9 Mean cloudiness, per cent 42.6 Number of clear days 15 Number of fair days ... 5 Number of cloudy days 11 Number of hours bright sunshine . . 203 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 59.6 Thunder and Lightning 23rd Frosts, 3rd, 7th, 8th, 10th, 12th, 16th, 17th, 21st, 25th 30.53 29.42 30.059 1.11 79.7 23.4 50.4 56.3 30.68, 1929 29.00, 1926 1.47, 1926; 0.76, 1899 90.5, 1908 18.0, 1904 3.35 8.81, 1911; 0.01, 1924 4,023 5.4 27 15, 1913; 1, 1897, 1924 5,467, 1910; 2,540, 1894 39,1934 69.0 47.6 8 11 12 171.0 50.1 86.7, 1920; 64, 1929 67, 1932; 18, 1924 16, 1934; 1, 1911 17,'24;5,'94,'96,'98,'03,'17'34 19, 1896; 3, 1924 232,1923; 91, 1913 Note— The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 18n9 to 1928. except that humidity records are based on observations from 1929 to 1934 The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1984. REMARKS The weather during October was clear and dry. Only .88 inch of rain fell during the month. This is the least rain in October since 1928 when only .87 inch fell. Other years in which there has been light rainfall in October are: 1892, .66; 1897, .73; 1924, .01 inch. The normal rainfall for October is 3.35 inches. The total rainfall since January 1 is now 28.61 inches, the normal for this period being 36.60 inches. The total hours of bright sunshine for the month was 203 hours, while the normal for October is 171 hours. The mean tempera- ture for the month was 50.4 degrees which is also the normal for the month. The first half of the month was cooler than usual, while the latter half has been warmer than normal. This, with the large amount of sunshine, has given the impression that the month has been warmer than usual. The mean relative humidity for the month was 64.9 per cent, the normal being 69 per cent. The highest wind velocity for the month was 39 miles on the 15th and 19th. The total wind move- ment for the month was 4007 miles which is practically the normal wind movement for October. P. C. Stone, Observer C. I. Gunness, Meteorologist Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 563 November, 1935 Meteorological Observations FOR NOVEMBER 1935 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ^^ Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. Wind. P recipitation. * Maximum Minimum. O If. c c c i in m »j ■" o Bo t> 1) Q a (V bo u Q B be 0) Q c « t) 3 Sail . ^ 6 z zoa > - a c •a a) c W c Pi o a t/2 1 58 1 P 51 5 A 54.5 88 0.0 n 135 12 5 a 8a .02 2 62 4 p 55 0 A 58.5 88 0.0 nw 95 22 0-30 A 8p 1.12 3 65 3 P 40 12 p 52.5 53 10.2 nw 206 20 4 61 1 P 30 6a 45.5 78 6.0 se 9118 5 70 1 p 58 0 A 64.0 81 0.0 se 269 22 T 6 66 0 A 35 12 p 50.5 53 1.5 nw 247 25 T 7 45 3 p 31 6 a 38.0 81 0.0 nw 48 8 4-30 p 8p .09 8 57 1 p 36 12 p 46.5 69 2.1 nw 108 28 2-30 a 3-30 A .03 9 55 4 p 29 7 a 42.0 66 10.0 nw 69 17 10 51 4 p 34 0 A 42.5 75 0.0 se 106,15 6 p 12 p .23 11 61 4 p 48 0 A 54.5 90 1.5 n 4] 4 3-30 A 4a .01 12 58 3 P 51 1 A 54.5 90 0.0 n 31 10 7a 12 F .20 13 56 0 A 45 8 p 50.5 89 0.0 ne 73 18 Oa 9 P .30 14 47 3 p 40 12 P 43.5 76 0.3 n 219|14 15 40 0 A 36 12 p 38.0 78 0.0 n 230 22 16 37 3 p 35 8 A 36.0 66 0.0 ne 186 17 17 35 0 A 32 5p 33.5 76 0.0 n 312 22 11 A 12 p .62 2 18 38 3 p 33 Oa 35.5 78 0.0 nw 421 28 8a 8 p .01 19 49 3 P 30 7 a 39.5 66 9.6 nw 163 10 20 52 3 P 40 Oa 46.0 83 0.0 se 117 7 3a 4a .03 21 53 1 p 29 8 a 41.0 73 5.2 se 57 8 22 48 3 p 29 6a 38.5 85 0.0 nw 73 20 23 39 0 A 22 12 p 30.5 76 0.0 n 325 25 6a 12 p 0.09 1 24 36 3 P 20 2a 28.0 51 6.0 n 340 25 25 44 4 P 20 6a 32.0 44 9.5 n 186 12 26 45 2 p 30 6a 37.5 74 2.0 s 69 12 27 47 2 p 31 7 a 39.0 74 4.0 s 87 12 28 60 6 p 42 2 a 51.0 89 0.0 s 242 25 Oa 12 p 1.43 29 56 0 A 37 12 p 46.5 76 2.2 w 127 10 0 A 8a 0.23 30 37 0 A 27 12 p 32.0 64 1.0 w 108 17 •Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE — Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings- taken at 8 A. 12 r^ooN, and 8 p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. Monthly Summary November, 1985 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.49, 16th Minimum 29.55,29th Mean semi-daily 30.124 Range O.94 Air Temperature Highest 70, 5th Lowest 20, 24th, 25th Mean 43.4 Monthly range 50 Highest mean daily 64, 5th Lowest mean daily 28, 24th Mean maximum 50.9 Mean minimum 35.5 Greatest daily range 31, 4th, 6th Least daily range 2, 16th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches Snow, in inches Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1.43, 28th Number of days on which .01 or inches of rain fell Wind (miles) 4.41 3.00 more ...14 Total movement Greatest daily movement 421 Least daily movement 31 Mean hourly velocity Maximum velocity for 5 min., 28, 18th . 4781 ,18th , 12th 6.6 , 8th, Wind (direction) Prevailing direction nnw North, days 9 Northeast, days 2 East, days 0 Southeast, days 5 South, days 3 Southwest, days 0 West, days 2 Northwest, days 9 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent. . .74.3 Mean cloudiness, per cent 71 Number of clear days 4 Number of fair days ... 4 Number of cloudy days 22 Number of hours bright sunshine . . 71 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 24 Thunder and Lightning First snow, Nov. 17 30.58 29.34 30.046 1.29 65.3 13.8 38.6 51.4 3.45 2.05 9 4,564 6.3 29 69.8 53.5 6 9 15 121.0 41.3 Nov. 5 30.87, 1932 28.73, 1904 1.84, 1904; 0.98, 1890 75.0, 1924 3.5, 1891 8.64, 1927; 0.63, 1917 9,24;t,89, 93,03, 12, 18, 19, 22, 27, 32, 34 22, 1921; 2, 1904 5,978, 1906; 2,589, 1889 40, 1915 85.9, 1907; 63.3, 1932 72, 1900, 1927; 34, 1917 15, '03; 1, '00, '11, '27 16,'12;4, '89, '30, '32 24,'27;9, '90, '05,'17 182,1903; 66, 192 7 Oct. 10, '25; Nov. 27, '31 REMARKS The outstanding feature of the weather during November was the small amount of sunshine and high temperature. There were only 71 hours of bright sunshine, whereas the normal for November is 121 hours. Only once before, in 1927, has there been less sunshine in November since records were started in 1889. In 1927 only G(> hours were recorded. The mean temperature for the month was 43.4 degrees, the normal being 38.6 degrees. This has been exceeded only twice since the station was established in 1889. In 1927 the mean temperature was 43.9 degrees, and in 1931 it was 44.1 degrees. The domestic heating load from September 1 to November 30 is 1257 degree-days. The normal number of degree-days for this period is 1327. The total precipitation was 4.41 inches, with a snowfall of 3 inches. The normal precipitation for November is 3.45 inches, with 2.05 inches of snow. The total precipitation since January 1 is 33.02 inches, the normal being 40.05 inches. The first snow fell on Novem- ber 17, the normal date being November 5. The mean relative humid- ity for the month was 74.3 per cent, while the normal is 69.8 per cent. The total wind movement for the month was 4781 miles, which is 200 miles higher than normal. The highest wind velocity was 28 miles an hour recorded on the 8th and 18th. P. C. Stone, Observer C. I. Gunness, Meteorologist Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 564 December, 1935 Meteorological Observations FOR DECEMBER 1935 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer, Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. a. Wind. P recipita tion. 1 * Maximum | Minimum. O a) 0) Q ^ Q c V t) s d C 0) >- 1^ 5, > £ ■A c tan 1> CQ T3 c W c 0 1 33 12 M 24 12 P 23.5 77 2.7 se 64 3 12 m 6p .09 1.50 2 33 2 p 24 0 A 23.5 83 2.0 nw 41 15 3 33 2 p 22 8 A 27.5 61 9.3 nw 189 20 4 29 5 a 8 12 P 18.5 52 7.5 nw 298 32 5 32 3 p 8 Oa 20.0 58 2.1 se 190 22 6 28 3 p 9 7 A 18.5 50 9.2 nw 277 25 7 34 12 p 9 8 a 2L.5 64 5.5 s 43 12 8 44 2 p 34 0 A 39.0 62 3.0 se 121 6 T 9 42 3 p 36 6 A 39.0 87 1.6 n 69 12 Oa 11 A .25 10 43 2 p 34 3 A 38.5 80 1.5 s 59 12 8p . 12 p .10 11 40 3 p 34 5 a 37.0 78 1.1 n 151 14 OA 6a .09 12 41 1 p 26 12 p 33.5 69 5.2 n 107 12 13 36 1 p 24 5 a 30.0 75 2.0 n 81 10 14 38 2 p 31 5 a 34.5 73 0.2 nw 158 12 15 38 4 P 34 8 a 36.0 91 0.0 nw 65 10 2p 12 p .40 16 38 2 P 32 12 p 35.0 84 0.0 nw 116 25 2a 3p .09 17 32 0 A 22 12 p 27.0 66 7.3 nw 293 20 18 33 3 p 18 8 a 25.5 57 9.0 w 133 12 19 38 2 p 24 Oa 31.0 69 4.0 se 54 9 20 34 3 p 22 12 p 28.0 79 0.0 nw 49 25 3 a 8p .02 0.50 21 22 0 A 8 12 p 15.0 57 9.0 nw 195 25 22 26 3 p 8 Oa 17.0 47 9.0 nw 184 17 23 25 4 p 11 8a 18.0 45 9.0 n 184 14 24 22 4 p 8 7 a 15.0 64 9.0 n 138 28 25 25 3 P 14 7 a 19.5 49 9.0 nw 179 17 26 22 1 P 14 8 a 18.0 65 7.3 nw 180 28 1 A 3a .01 T 27 20 3 P 14 8 A 17.0 56 9.1 nw 336 28 28 17 2 p 6 12 p 11.5 53 9.2 nw 305 25 29 14 1 p -1 8 A 6.5 52 4.8 nw 195 20 30 23 4 p 10 1 A 16.5 48 4.1 nw 259 20 31 32 3 p 7 8 A 19.5 50 9.2 nw 102 12 •Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. f2 NOON, and 8 p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 A. m. and 8 p. m. Monthly Summary December, 1985 Normal Extremes Barometer ( Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.68, 7 th Minimum 29.44, 20th Mean semi-daily 30.002 Range 1.24 Air Xemperaliire Highest 44, 8th Lowest -1, 29th Mean 24.9 Monthly range 45 Highest mean daily 39 8th, 9th Lowest mean daily 6.5, 29th Mean maximum 31.2 Mean minimum 18.5 Greatest daily range 25, 7th, 31st Least daily range 4, 15th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 1.05 Snow, in inches 2.00 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 0.49, 15th, 16th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 8 Wind (miles) Total movement 4815 Greatest daily movement 336, 27th Least daily movement 41, 2nd Mean hourly velocity 6.5 Maximum velocity for 5 min., 32, 4th Wind (direction) Prevailing direction nw North, days 6 Northeast, days 1 East, days 0 Southeast, days 3 South, days 2 Southwest, days 0 West, days 1 Northwest, days 18 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent. . 64.7 Mean cloudiness, per cent 53.4 Number of clear days 14 Number of fair days 6 Number of cloudy days 11 Number of hours bright sunshine . . 162 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 57.1 Thunder and Lightning 30.65 29.25 30.056 1.40 54.5 -2.3 27.3 56.8 3.47 8.99 9 4,726 6.4 29 70.0 53.4 8 10 13 130.7 46.0 30.96, 1889 28.85, 1915 1.78, 1895; 1.01, 1892 65.5, 1908 -22.5, 1917 7.77, 1901; 0.87, 1896 26.50, '02; t, 1891 17, 1902; 4, 1892 6,694, 1925; 3,239, 1918 45, 1934 87.1, 1919; 63, 1931 71, 1929; 39, 1919 15, 1890; 2, 1922, 1933 16, 1909; 4, 1889,1930,1931 19, 1911, 1922; 7, 1909, 1923 172, 1896; 63.1, 1933 NOTE-The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 18!<9 to I3i«. except that humidity records are based on observations from 1929 to 1984 The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1984. Annual Summary Annual. 1935 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum . 30.81, Jan. 5 Minimum 29.35, Apr. 17 Mean semi-daily 30.022 Range 1.46 Air Temperalure Highest • 95, July 6 Lowest - 21, Jan. 28 Mean 47.1 Yearly range 116 Highest mean daily 82, July 6 Lowest mean daily . . . -3.5, Jan. 27 & 28 Mean maximum 57.0 Mean minimum 37.0 Greatest daily range 47, Oct. 17 Least daily range 2, Nov. 16 Precipiiation Precipitation. In inches 34.08 Snow, in inches 47.75 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 2.42, Sept. 4 Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 116 Wind (miles) Total movement 50,765 Greatest daily movement. . . 460, Jan. 24 Least daily movement 31, Nov. 12 Mean hourly velocity 5.8 Maximum velocity for 5 min., 45, Mar. 17 & 24, May 1 Wind (direction) Prevailing direction w North, days 47 Northeast, days 15 East, days 9 Southeast, days 87 South, days 39 Southwest, days 20 West, days 39 Northwest, days 109 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent. . 69.2 Mean cloudiness, per cent 55.8 Number of clear days 137 Number of fair days 86 Number of cloudy days 142 Number of hours bright sunshine . 2239 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 50.3 Last frost May 25 First frost Sept. 17 Last snow Apr. 17 First snow Nov. 17 30.81 28.95 30.016 1.86 95.8 -12.1 47.2 108.0 57.8 36.5 43.49 48.38 123 52,321 6.0 35 67.2 50.8 109 128 128 2,356 53.0 M'yl2 S't 19 Apr 14 Nov 5 31.05, 1920 28.47, 1914 2.33, 1913; 1.38, 1933 104, 1911 -26.0, 1904 49.6, 1913; 44.0, 1904 57.05, 1897; 30.68, 1908 78.00, 192C; 24.50, 1919 144, 1902; 96, 1924 63,571, 1908; 36,257, 1894 48, 1932, 1934 60, '98, '01, '02; 41, '08, '24 150, 1932; 59, 1927 182, 1912; 83, 1894 179, '01, '02; 71, 1910 2,838, 1924; 1,864, 1902 Apr. 23, 1904; June 8, 1932 Aug. 22, '94, '95; Oct. 13, '09 Mar.l4,'10;May5, '91, '17 Oct. 10, '25; Nov. 27, '31 Note— The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the year. The second column gives the averages bRsed on observations made from ISi-O to 1928. except that humidity records are based on observations from 1929 to 1934 The third column gives extremes observed from 1889to 1934. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 565 January, 1936 Meteorological Observations JANUARY 1936 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ^t. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. Wind. Precipitation. 1 * Maximum | Minimum. O (T in C cc c Q Q E H 0) Q V S H a (U 0) 3 3 c/. o ^ u d C zee > £ c CQ 13 T3 C W 0 c 1 33 4 p 10 3 A 21.5 71 6.0 w 43 3 1 2 35 12 p 11 5 A 23.0 84 0.7 sw 31 17 6p 12 P 0.29 0.75 3 50 8 A 34 1 A 42.0 81 0.0 w 147 23 Oa 3 P 1.58 4 44 12 m 35 5 A 39.5 60 5.0 s 168 8 5 39 11 A 32 12 p 35.5' 76 0.3 nw 196 21 2-30 A 5 A 0.26 T 6 35 12 m 29 6 a 32.0 81 0.0 w 78 6 5 P 12 p 0.07 T 7 39 3 p 29 12 p 34.0 77 7.0 n 101 14 Oa 8 A 0.U5 T 8 35 2 p 26 8 a 30.5 64 9.2 n 94 11 9 33 2 p 25 8 p 29.5 72 0.0 n 100 13 3p 12 p 0.76 3.75 10 39 2 p 32 0 a 35.5 73 2.2 nw 230 22 Oa 4a 0.08 11 37 2 p 33 12 p 35.0 63 1.0 s 111 4 T 12 38 1 p 30 9 a 34.0 77 2.7 nw 59 12 Oa 6 A 0.15 2.00 13 47 12 m 30 0 A 38.5 65 1.4 se 208 25 2p 7 Pi 0.09 14 36 3 P 20 8 A 28.0 48 9.3 nw 244 15 15 38 8 p 27 2 A 32.5 8S 0.0 nw 107 23 4p 12 P 1.42 16 39 3 a 25 12 p 32.0 53 9.4 w 313 24 17 32 3 P 18 8 a 25.0 50 9.4 nw 126 12 18 20 11 p 12 8 a 16.0 86 0.0 nw 116 15 5 a 8 P 0.43 3.75 19 23 8 p 17 2 p 20.0 83 0.0 n 235 32 6 a 12 p 1.28 10.25 20 22 4 p 8 11 p 15.0 58 7.7 nw 386 24 21 28 3 p -5 8a 12.5 69 9.6 s 75 7 22 , 40 12 p 17 Oa 23.5 63 9.0 se 18121 23 40 Oa 4 9a 22.0 53 7.8 w 372 26 24 15 4 p 5 6 a 10.0 5S 5.2 nw 313 24 25 19 3 P 6 12 p 12.5 56 9.7 nw 313 23 26 23 4 P -4 7 a 9.5 63 9.7 nw 53 2 27 14 2 P 0 0 A 7.0 71 3.7 nw 103 19 7a 8 A .01 T 28 18 4 p 6 0 A 12.0 58 9.8 nw 400 22 29 19 1 P -1 12 p 90 47 9.9 nw 236 23 30 21 3 P -6 7 a 7.5 63 10.0 w 35 3 31 20 4 p -4 5 a 8.0 65 7.3 w 7' 113 •Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. m., 12 NOON, and 8 p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. Monthly Summary January. 1936 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.54, 8th Minimum 29.17, 23rd Mean semi-daily 29.962 Range 1.37 Air Temperature Highest 50, 3rd Lowest -6, 30th Mean 23.8 Monthly range 56 Highest mean daily 42, 3rd Lowest mean daily 7, 27th Mean maximum 31.3 Mean minimum 16.3 Greatest daily range 36, 23rd Least daily range 4, 11th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 6.47 Snow, in inches 20.50 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1.87, 2nd, 3rd Number of days on which .01 or more inches of precipitation fell ... 13 Wind (miles) Total moveinent 5,199 Greatest daily movement 400, 28th Least daily movement 31, 2nd Mean hourly velocity 7 Maximum velocity for 5 min., 32, 19th Wind (direction) Prevailing direction nw North, days 4 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 2 South, days 3 Southwest, days 1 West, days 7 Northwest, days 14 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent. . 67.3 Mean cloudiness, per cent 50.3 Number of clear days 15 Number of fair days 4 Number of cloudy days 12 Number of hours bright sunshine . 163 Percent of possible hours -of bright sunshine 55.0 Thunder and Lightning Frosts '. 30.71 29.18 30.07 1.54 50.4 -7.4 23.8 58.2 3.42 13 11 5,068 6.8 30 69.5 54 8 10 13 140 47.6 31.00, 1927 28.55, 1913 2.18, 1913; 0.97, 1896 66.0, 1932 -26.0, 1904 7.15, 1898; 1.07, 1896 33, 1898, 1923; 1.75, 1911 18, 1923; 4, 1889 7,770, 1908; 2,896, 1895 41, 1911 78, 1932; 37, 1908 16, 1922; 2, 1914 18, 1890, 1926; 3, 1916 22, 1923, 1931; 4,1920 214, 1920; 74.2, 1932 Note— The first oohinm in tiie above summary gives observations made during the year. The second column arives the averages b:i8ed on observations made from 1889 to 19-28. except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1985. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1935. REMARKS The weather during January was very near normal in most respects, except for excessive rain and snow. The heavy snow storm on the 18th and 19th, with steady cold weather since that date, has given the impression of rather severe winter weather. The mean tem- perature for the month, however, was 23.8 degrees which is normal for January. The lowest temperature was -6.0 degrees on the 30th. The normal minimum for January is -7.4 degrees. It may be of inter- est to recall that the temperature fell to -21.0 degrees on January 28, 1935. The domestic heating load for the season to the end of January is 3780 degree-days. The normal for this period is 3773 degree-days. The total precipitation for the month was 6.47 inches, the normal being 3.42 inches. The total snowfall was 20.50 inches The normal snowfall for January is 13 inches. A total of 14 inches of snow fell on the 18th and 19th. There were 163 hours of bright sunshine, the normal for January being 140 hours. Dr. J. K. Shaw makes the following comments: "Although there were several very cold mornings during the month, the peach buds in the College orchards show no more than normal killing. There remains about two or three weeks of the danger period. If this is safely passed, our peach growers may feel assured of a good year, for the crop has been ruined in some peach growing regions." P. C. Stone, Observer C. I. Gunness, Meteorologist Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 566 February, 1936 Meteorological Observations FOK FEBRUARY 1936 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ^^ Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature. Wind. P recipitatioii. 1 * Maximum | Minimum. O ir. in C I- 3 2.V c \ 0) 0) 1- 5 2 > c rt be ca T3

01 4) >- £(5 ^1 c 0) oa c Pi 0 c (/) lUs 5 P 30 • 6 A 39.0 50 6.6 nw 143']5 1 2 36 12 m 33 ! 2 A 34.5 92 0.0 n 105' 8 Oa 12 P .55 .50 3 40 2 p 30 12 p 35.0 68 5.6 nw 198 20 2a 6 A .29 4 42 4 p 28 4 a 35.0 43 12.8 w 294 19 5 51 1 P 32 2a 41.5 54 6.0 se 13813 10 p 12 p .06 6 58 6 P 40 Oa 49.0 86 0.0 se 329 32 0 A 2p 1.17 7 41 0 A 35 7 a 38.0 81 0.0 n 119|14 Ip 8p .09 8 45 4 P 29 12 p 37.0 59 11.5 w 257,28 3 a 6a .02 9 55 1 P 26 6 a 40.5 55 9.5 se 13813 8 p 12 p .06 10 46 3 P 36 1 A 41.0 87 0.0 n 122 10 0 a 8 a .14 11 42 3 P 37 12 p 39.5 86 0.0 n 13212 Oa 8-30 p .80 12 45 2 P 34 6 a 39.5 77 1.2 nw 65 7 T 13 49 3 P 35 12 P 42.0 76 0.7 se 74! 16 T 14 58 4 P 30 6 a 44.0 56 13.3 nw 131117 15 49 1 P 40 12 P 44.5 89 0.0 n 9O1I2 2 a 3 p .64 16 49 11 A 37 7a 43.0 69 1.8 Vf 207 1 24 4a 9a .13 17 45 3 P 37 5 A 41.0 58 2.0 w 30121 18 48 5 P 36 12 p 42.0 65 0.5 w 164' 15 19 49 12 m 32 4a 40.5 54 4.5 w 145120 20 58 2 P 33 5 a 45.5 61 7.7 s 82| 8 8p 9p .01 21 62 2 P 40 12 p 51.0 76 1.2 w 149,25 8a 1-30 P .03 22 47 3 P 32 12 p 39.5 53 13.7 w 31522 23 59 3 P 26 5 a 42.5 51 13.7 w 86 11 24 50 4 P 32 12 p 41.0 49 13.7 nw 262 22 25 65 3 p 25 5a 40.0 49 12.8 s 142 15 26 57 4 P 40 12 p 48.5 70 4.2 s 280 24 3-30 A 10 A .04 27 68 4 P 29 6 a 48.5 49 13.9 se 101 11 28 62 4 p 37 5 A 49.5 64 9.6 s 23714 29 79 3 p 51 0 A 65.0 73 7.9 s 199 17 T 30 77 5 p 56 4 a 66.5 71 2.6 s 120 9 3 a 4-30 A .04 •Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at S A. M., r2 NOON, and S p. m. Prior to that time readings were tal OJ S 0° a e bo i()ON, and S P. M. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 A. m. and 8 p. m. Monthly Summary May. 1986 Normal Barometer ( Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.62, 22nd Minimum 29.51, 28th Mean semi-daily 29.998 Range 1.11 Air Temperature Highest 91, 8th Lowest 32, 15th, 16th, 21st, 22nd Mean 59.4 Monthly range 59 Highest mean daily .... 72, 8th, 9th, 18th Lowest mean daily 44, 16th Mean maximum 72.5 Mean minimum 46.2 Greatest daily range 42, 23rd Least daily range 8, 3rd Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 1.76 Snow, in inches Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. .58, 3rd and 4th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 9 Wind (miles) Total movement 4,389 Greatest daily movement 329, 14th Least daily movement 65, 22nd Mean hourly velocity 5.9 Maximum velocity for 5 min., 26, 14th Wind (direction) Prevailing direction wsw North, days 3 Northeast, days 2 East, days 0 Southeast, days 7 South, days 4 Southwest, days 2 West, days 8 Northwest, days 5 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent. . 61.6 Mean cloudiness, per cent 40.5 Number of clear days 18 Number of fair days 7 Number of cloudy days 6 Number of hours bright sunshine . 308 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 68 Thunder and Lightning 3rd, 13th, 14th, 27th Frosts 15th, 16th, 21st, 22nd Last Frosts 30.38 29.51 29.95 85.5 30.8 56.8 54.6 Extremes 3.63 12 4,540 6.1 25 59.7 51.5 10 11 10 250.1 55.2 12th 30.55, 1895 29.16, 1893 1.21, 192£; O.GO, 1899 94.5, 1911 24.0, 1900 7.44, 1931; 0.48, 1903 20, 1901; 5, 1903 5,946, 1907; 2,180, 1894 45, 1935 70, 1901; 30, 1923 20, 1923; 0, 1927 17, 1907, 1926; 5, 1923 20, 1927; 3, 1903, 1922 334, 1922; 137, 1927 June 8, 1932; Apr. 23, 1904 Note— The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1928, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1935. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1985. REMARKS The weather during May was warmer than usual with less rain and considerable more sunshine than normal. The mean tem- perature for the month was 59.4 degrees, the normal mean being 56.8 degrees. The highest temperature was 91 degrees on the 8th and the lowest was 32 degrees on the 15th, l6th, 21st and 22nd. The total heating load for the season to the end of May is 6748 degree-days, the normal being 6720 degree-days. The precipitation during the month was 1.76 inches. The normal precipitation for May is 3.63 inches. The total precipitation from January 1 to May 31 is 21.98 inches as compared to a normal of 17.35 inches. There were 308 hours of bright sunshine. This is the greatest number of hours of sunshine during May since 1923, when there were 325 hours. The normal sunshine for May is 250.1 hours. On May 22 was recorded the highest barometer for May since the station was established. The maximum this year was 30.62 inches. In May 1895 it was 30.55 inches. The mean relative humidity for the month was 61.6 per cent, the normal being 59.7 per cent. There were light frosts at the observatory and heavier frosts on lower land within the town on the 15th, l6th, 21st and 22nd. Dr. J. K. Shaw of the Pomology Department gives the fol- lowing comment on the fruit crop: "The past spring was characterized by alternate cold and warm periods. Warm weather in March developed the fruit buds nearly to the pink stage. Cold weather during April allowed little growth. Then a warm period brought all apple varieties into full bloom nearly together. This was followed by cooler weather with a light to heavy frost in some localities. There was no noticeable injury in the College orchards but reports indicate that many orchards in limited areas over the state were severely injured. There are evidently some orchards in which the crop was destroyed. Our peach orchards promise a fair crop. Early strawberry bloom was injured but the total crop will not be reduced." Errata — A typographical error appeared in the April bulletin. No. 568, in that the cover page was marked "May". P. C. Stone, Observer C. I. Gunness, Meteorologist Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 570 June, 1936 Meteorological Observations FOR JUNE 1936 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253,5 ft. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. Wind. Precipitation. ,» r Maximum Minimum. c c 1 \ in J-. »j.- ot :=.£ t) _(L) Q (U d £ 0) fcJ3 1) P S H >T3 0. 1) >- 1% ^1 V. it "5 Pi 0 c m 1 83 3 P 51 0 A 67.0 54 12.7 se 1 185 18 2 86 2 p 60 6 A 73.0 63 15.1 s 219 18 3 90 2 p 63 2 A 76.5 76 13.3 s 142 28 4-30 P 12 p 1.09 4 77 3p 56 12 p 66.5 59 2.3 w 73 12 0 A 1-30 A .01 5 83 4 p 47 5 A 65.0 48 15.2 nw 88 11 6 85 4 p 47 6 a 00.0 oo io.ii s 49 9 7 82 4 p 50 5 a 66.0 55 15.2 s 99 8' 8 85 4 p 57 6 a 71.0 75 6.8 sw 76 6 9 86 3 P 57 5 A 71.5 67 14.9 se 87 10 10 82 4 P 56 5 a 69.0 73 2.6 s 48 5 11 82 2 P 65 5 A 73.5 75 6.0 s 93 18 4 P 4-30 P .31 12 76 12 m 63 12 p £9.5 73 3.2 n 153 18 2 A 5 a .14 13 77 2 P 61 6 A 69.0 77 0.6 e 107 9 14 65 5 P 59 10 a 62.0 85 0.0 n 80 7 8 a 2-30 P .24 15 71 6p 60 2 a 65.5 88 0.0 nw 77 20 1 A 8-30 p .64 16 74 3 P 47 12 p 60.5 53 15.3 w 235 22 17 79 4 P 40 5a 59.5 55 15.3 s 109 12 18 67 8 a 61 2 a 64.0 85 0.0 se 178 22 8-30 A 7-30 p .62 19 72 6 p 63 O A 67.5 86 0.0 se 125 10 2-30 A 3 P .02 20 85 3 p 65 5 a 75.0 78 8.0 s 160 12 21 82 1 p 52 12 p 67.0 50 7.5 nw 153 14 22 73 6 p 45 5 a 59.0 49 15.3 nw 104 25 23 77 5 p 44 5 a 60.5 49 11.8 se 71 11 24 76 I p 61 7 a 63.5 68 1.5 e 127 15 2 A 2-30 a .01 25 85 5 P 54 5 A 69.5 55 13.8 nw 96 11 T 26 83 4 p 59 5 A 71.0 66 7.0 nw 171 20 27 71 7 P 64 6 A 67.5 86 0.9 se 101 10 3 A 2-30 P .18 28 76 3 p 56 12 p 66.0 63 6.0 s 162 36 1-30 A 7 a .02 29 73 4 p 50 3 A 61.5 56 12.3 w 218 28 30 80 4 p 55 6 A 67.5 44 14.2 w 134 18 1 ! •Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at S .a. 12 MOON, and S p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 A. m. and 8 p. m. Monthly Summary Normal Extremes Uaruineter ( Keadin.Ljs reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.29, 23rd Minimum 29.43, 28tli Mean semi-daily 29.855 Range 0.86 Air Tpiii i><»rji tiire Highest 90, 3rd Lowest 40, 17th Mean 67 Monthly range 50 Highest mean daily 76.5, 3rd Lowest mean daily 59, 22nd Mean maximum 78.8 Mean minimum 55.3 Greatest daily range 39, 17th Least daily range 6, 14th, 18th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 3.28 Snow, in inches Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1.10, 3rd and 4th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell H Wind (miles) Total movement 3720 Greatest daily movement 235, 16th Least daily movement 48, 10th Mean hourly velocity 5.2 Maximum velocity for 5 min., 36, 28th Wind (directiim) Prevailing direction ssw North, days 2 Northeast, days 0 East, days 2 Southeast, days 6 South, days 9 Southwest, days 1 West, days 4 Northwest, days 6 Weatlier Mean relative humidity, per cent. . 65.6 Mean cloudiness, per cent 54 Number of clear days 14 Number of fair days 6 Number of cloudy days 10 Number of hours bright sunshine . 252 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 55.1 Thunder and Lightning 3rd, 11th, 18th 30.31 29.56 29.961 .75 91.1 40.0 65.4 51.2 3.54 10 3,584 5.0 23 66.7 50.1 9 13 8 257.4 56.2 30.54, 1889 29.24, 1902 1.27, 1902; 0.52, 1916 101.0, 1919 34.0, 1891 9.68, 1922; 0.76, 1908 17, 1922; 4, 1908 4,571, 1908; 1,409, 1906 40, 1932 71, 1903; 28, 1908 22, 1908; 1, 1907, 1926 23, 1912; 4, 1895, 1903 22, 1903; 1, 1923 362, 1908; 102, 1903 Note— The first colnmn in tlie above suiuniar.v gives observations made diiriny: the month. The second column Kives the averaB:es based on observations made from 1889 to 1<.I28. except that humidity records are based on observations made from l'J2'.' to I'.WS. The third column gives extremes oliserved from 1889 to l',)35. REMARKS The weather during June was near normal in most respects. The mean temperature for the month was sUghtly higher than normal, being 67 degrees. The normal for June is 65.4 degrees. The first half of the month was considerably warmer than usual, while the latter half was slightly cooler than normal. The rainfall for the month was 3.28 inches which is .26 inch less than normal. The total precipitation since January 1 is 25.26 inches, the normal being 20.89 inches. There were 252 hours of bright sunshine which is only 5.4 hours less than normal. The mean relative humidity was 65.6 per cent which is 1.1 per cent lower than usual. The total wind movement for the month was 3720 miles as com- pared to a normal of 3584 miles. Dr. J. K. Shaw makes the following comments in regard to the fruit crop: "Cold weather following bloom interfered with a full set of apples, although most orchards have a fair crop. A few scattered orchards in the state suffered heavy or complete loss of crop from frost. The effect of the recent severe winters is still seen in Baldwins and other non- hardy varieties in weakened wood and light crops. Peaches set enough for a good crop on trees not suffering severely from cold winters. Frost, dry weather following set, and rot favored by rain during the ripening period reduced the strawberry crop somewhat. Sweet cherries still show signs of cold winters but sour cherry trees have a good crop. Raspberry plants were not abnormally injured by the winter and carry a good crop." P. J. Spear, Observer C. I. Gunness, Meteorologist Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 571 July, 1936 Meteorological Observations FOR JULY 1936 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" \V. Heiglit of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 f^- Height of wind instrum^its 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. Maximum. Minimum. Wind. tf ^ > (V V o o c be T3 -a c c G ^ Q 1 o H s s.^x Zffi £c HS S 03 W ^ ffl 1 56 4 p 45 6 A 50.5 94 0.2 n 102 i; 2 Oa 12 m 1.87 2 67 2 p 40 12 p 53.5 80 11.7 nw 74 i( 3 3 63 3 P 32 7 a 47.5 74 11.7 w 74 1 7 4 6£ 3 p 32 7 A 48.5 71 11.6 se 68 S 5 70 2 p 39 7a 54.5 79 10.0 se 102 7 6 66 12 m 41 6 a 63.5 80 2.5 se 97 < ^1 7 69 12 M 58 5 a 63.5 88 0.0 se 1561 ^1 Ip 2-30 p .04 8l76 3 p 49 12 p 62.5 71 11.5 w 1161 3 9 75 3 P 40 5 a 57.5 74 11.4 w 53 5 10 62 7 p 50 0 A 56.0 95 0.0 sw 44 7 5 a Up .44 11 68 10 A 53 12 p 60.5 72 2.0 w 159 1 5 4 a 4-30 A .01 12 56 9 A 36 12 p 46.0 51 6.1 w 236 2 7 T 13 46 12 M 29 5 A 37.5 63 1.1 sw 76 ( 3 14 42 0 A 39 7a 40.5 89 0.0 nw 44 < 5 8 A 8p 0.4 15 61 5 P 42 0 A 51.5 86 0.0 se 56 i 3 T 16 71 12 m 57 5 a 64.0 82 1.5 s 144 li 2 17 67 3 p 58 12 p 62.5 84 0.0 se 217 2{ 3 1 A 2p 1.57 18 58 0 A 42 12 p 50.0 65 1.0 w 206 25 I Oa 2 a .16 19 55 3 p 40 4 a 47.5 67 0.5 s 118 IJ i 20 77 3 p 39 6 a 58.0 68 10.9 se 117 { I 21 77 I p 54 7 a 65.5 69 10.9 se 200 1{ j 22 74 1 p 57 2 A 65.5 80 7.0 se 182 15 I 23 63 Oa 42 9 P 52.5 92 0.0 nw 162 1( 3 4-30 A 12 p .36 24 52 3p 34 12 P 43.0 74 5.0 nw 133 1' 7 Oa 8 a .16 25 58 2 p 28 7 A 43.0 69 10.7 nw 72 i: I 26 58 2 p 29 12 P 43.5 79 0.0 s 275 25 ) 10 a 12 m .25 27 42 3 p 21 7 A 31.5 57 10.6 n 195 1' 7 28 50 3 p 17 7 A 33.5 62 10,6 s 71 i 3 29 55 3p 27 2 A 41.0 67 9.0 s 69 K ) T 30 51 10 a 37 7 A 44.0 66 6.0 s 216 2J 3 31 51 2 p 31 7 A 41.0 51 10.5 se 1 184 i( 5 •Rasad on least time required to blow one mile. MO TE— Beginning May ist, igag relative humidity is based on readings taken at S a. ( ! Ni )OM, and 8 P. M. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 A. M. and 8 P. m. P. J. Spear, Observer Monthly Summary October. 19S6 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum . 30.61, 14th Minimum 29.17, 17th Mean semi-daily 30.094 Range 1.44 Air Temperature Highest 77> 20th, 21st Lowest 17, 28th Mean 50.6 Monthly range 60 Highest mean daily 65.5. 21st, 22nd Lowest mean daily 31.5, 27th Mean maximum 61.3 Mean minimum 39.9 Greatest daily range 38, 20th Least daily range 2, 17th Preciititatioii Precipitation. In inches 4.90 Snow, in inches Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1.87, 1st Number of days on which .01 or more inches of rain fell 10 Wind (miles) Total movement 4018 Greatest daily movement 275, 26th Least daily movement 44, 10th, 14th Mean hourly velocity 5.4 Maximum velocity for 5 min., 29, 26th Wind (direction) Prevailing direction ssw North, days 2 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 10 South, days 6 Southwest, days 2 West, days 6 Northwest, days 5 W e !i t h e r Mean relative humidity, per cent. . 74.2 Mean cloudiness, per cent 48 Number of clear days 13 Number of fair days 4 Number of cloudy days 14 Number of hours bright sunshine . 174 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine .51 Frosts, 13th, 25th, 26th, 27th, 28th, 29th, 31st 30.53 29.42 30.059 1.11 79.7 23.4 50.4 56.3 3.35 4,023 5.4 27 68.4 47.6 8 11 12 171.0 50.1 30.68, 1929 29.00, 1926 1.47, 1926; 0.76, 1899 90.5, 1908 18.0, 1904 8.81, 1911; 0.01, 1924 15, 1913; 1, 1897, 1924 5,467, 1910; 2,540, 1894 39, 1934, 1935 67, 1932; 18, 1924 16, 1934; 1, 1911 17, '24; 5, '94, '96, '98, '03,' 17, '34, '35 19, 1896; 3, 1924 232, 1923; 91, 1913 Note— The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column erives the averages based on observations made from 18H9 to l'.)-.'s. except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1986 The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1935. REMARKS The weather during October was practically normal in temper- ature, with more rain than usual and a normal amount of sunshine. The mean temperature for the month was 50.6 degrees which is only .2 of a degree higher than normal. The highest temperature was 77 degrees on the 20th and 21st. The lowest was 17 degrees on the 28th. This is the lowest temperature recorded at this station in October. The nearest approach to it was a temperature of 18 degrees on October 31, 1904. The total precipitation during the month was 4.90 inches, the normal for October being 3.35 inches. The total precipitation for the year is now 40.26 inches, the normal for this period being 36.60 inches. There were 174 hours of bright sunshine which is 3 hours more than normal. Total wind movement for the month was 4018 miles which is 5 miles less than normal. The mean relative humidity for the month was 74.2 per cent, the normal being 68.4 per cent. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 575 November, 1936 Meteorological Observations FOR NOVEMBER 1936 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records 'i'emperature. Maximum Minimum. o o Precipitation. 1 60 3 P 42 0 A 51.0 61 0.2 se 168 12 2 58 9 p 47 8 a 52.5 94 1.0 w 38 9 4.30 a 12 p 0.16 3 71 2 p 57 0 A 64.0 76 3.5 se 248 17 Oa 12 p 0.04 4 64 0 A 47 12 p 55.5 95 0.0 nw 143 10 Oa 8 p 0.34 5 50 12 M 30 12 P 40.0 73 7.5 n w 240 22 Oa 5 A 0.62 6 52 3 p 28 7 a 40.0 67 10.1 nw 111 12 7 46 2 p 30 0 A 38.0 77 0.2 w 29 2 8 54 12 m 41 7 A 47.5 82 3.0 s 58 12 2.30 p 8 p 0.32 9 50 3 p 29 12 p 39.5 63 10.0 n w 127 14 10 46 11a 28 3 a 37.0 60 7.5 n w 196 28 11 47 2 p 20 7 a 33.5 46 10.0 se 114 8 12 49 1 p 25 8a 37.0 69 6.5 s 105 11 13 53 2 p 27 7a 40.0 74 8.0 n 99 14 14 54 1 p 28 7a 41.0 74 7.0 se 173 16 T 15 52 1 p 36 12 P 44.0 69 8.0 nw 142 12 0 A 1 A 0.01 16 37 1 A 19 12 P 28.0 53 6.5 nw 383 32 17 47 12 p 15 3 a 31.0 55 4.0 s 247 15 18 47 0 A 12 12 P 29.5 50 9.7 nw 349 29 19 34 3 P 10 5 A 22.0 49 9.6 nw 130 13 20 40 12 p 31 0 A 35.5 56 0.0 se 163 14 21 61 Ip 40 Oa 50.5 54 8.5 nw 172 18 22 40 Oa 26 12 P 33.0 61 5.5 nw 190 16 23 33 3 p 21 12 P 27.0 60 9.5 nw 198 20 24 29 4 p 10 12 p 19.5 93 0.0 n 65 7 3 a 10 P 0.32 2.75 25 32 12 p 5 3 A 18.5 94 1.0 nw 24 5 5a 12 p 0.07 26 34 1 p 22 12 p 28.0 59 3.0 nw 175 21 Oa 8 a 0.13 T 27 26 2 p 12 12 p 19.0 63 9.4 nw 153 13 28 29 8 p 5 7 A 17.0 79 0.0 se 118 11 6 p 8p 0.01 T 29 38 1 p 25 8 A 31.5 73 2.3 w 146 13 30 27 Oa 11 12 p 19.0 62 9.5 w 320 21 31 •Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 A. M., 12 NOON, and 8 p. M. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 A. m. and 8 p. m. P. C. Stone, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY November. 1986 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readinsis reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.67, 6th Minimum 29.34, 15th Mean semi-daily 30.030 Range 1.33 Air Temperature Highest 71, 3rd Lowest 5, 25th, 28th Mean 35.7 Monthly range 66 Highest mean daily 64, 3rd Lowest mean daily 17, 28th Mean maximum 45.3 Mean minimum 26.0 Greatest daily range 35, 18th Least daily range 9, 20th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 2.02 Snow, in inches 2.75 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 0.62, 5 th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of precipitation 10 Wind (miles) Total movement 4824 Greatest daily movement 383, 16th Least daily movement 24, 25th Mean hourly velocity 6.7 Maximum velocity for 5 min., 32, 16th Wind (direction) Prevailing direction wnw North, days 2 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 6 South, days 3 Southwest, days 0 West, days 4 Northwest, days 15 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 68 Mean cloudiness, per cent 48.3 Number of clear days 14 Number of fair days 6 Number of cloudy days 10 Number of hours bright sunshine . 161 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 55 First snow Nov. 24th 30.58 29.34 30.046 1.29 65.3 13.8 38.6 51.4 3.45 2.05 9 4,564 6.3 29 70.4 53.5 6 9 15 121.0 41.3 Nov. 5 30.87, 1932 28.73, 1904 1.84, 1904; 0.94, 1935 75.0, 1924 3.5, 1891 8.64, 1927; 0.63, 1917 9,24:t,89,93,03,12,18, 19 22, 27, 32, 34 22, 1921; 2, 1904 5,978, 1906; 2,589, 1889 40, 1915 72, 1900, '27; 34, 1917 15, 03; 1, '00 '11 '27 16, '12; 4, '89, '30, '32, '35 24, '27; 9, '90, 05, '17 182, 1903; 66, 1927 Oct. 10, '25; Nov. 27, '31 Note— The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1928, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1985. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 19S5. REMARKS The outstanding feature of the weather during November was the unusually low temperatures recorded during the latter part of the month. The lowest temperature was 5° on the 25th and 28th. This has been exceeded only three times since the station was estab- lished in 1889, with 3.5° in 1891, 4.5° in 1914 and 4.5° in 1924; and has been equalled only twice, with 5° in 1897 and 1930. The mean temperature for the month was 35.7°, while the normal is 38.6°. The highest temperature was 71° on the 3rd. There was skating on the college pond on the 24th. The total precipitation during the month was 2.02 inches, with 2.75 inches of snow. The normal precipitation for November is 3.45 inches, with 2.05 inches of snow. The total precipitation since January 1 is now 42.28 inches compared with a normal of 40.05 inches. The first snow fell on November 24, the normal date being November 5. This is within three days of the latest date ever ■ecorded for first snowfall, which was November 27, 1931. The total sunshine recorded for the month was l6l hours which is 40 hours greater than normal. The mean relative humidity for the month was 68 per cent, while the normal is 70.4 per cent. The total wind movement for November was 4824 miles compared with a normal of 4564 miles. Errata: In the October bulletin the rainfall on October 14 should read .04 instead of .40. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 576 December, 1936 Meteorological Observations FOR DECEMBER 1936 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft- Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Tempera ure. Wind. Precipitation. Maximum | Minimum. 2?c c ♦ rt a i Q 0) Q B H c V €1 u 3 5; Sir 0 ^ 0 C ^ 0 a tj > 4) 1) >- ale V 0 0 S rt rt oa T3 0) X! C 'rt 0 c 1 25 3 p 7 8 A 16.0 73 9.3 nw 139 14 2 35 12 p 10 0 A 22.5 94 0.0 nw 71 10 7 a 12 p 1.26 2.50 3 40 2 p 33 9p 36.5 83 0.0 nw 156 20 Oa 1 A 0.04 4 35 2 p 28 10 p 31.5 74 6.0 nw 129 12 5 34 2 p 20 12 p 27.0 64 8.0 n 233 23 6 40 12 p 20 0 A 30.0 81 0.0 n 57 4 Ip 1 p 0.69 7 46 1 A 16 12 P 31.0 52 0.5 n 244 21 8 25 3 p 9 8 A 17.0 50 9.1 n 173 14 9 29 12 p 19 0 A 24.0 74 0.0 n 108 8 10 38 8 p 29 0 A 33.5 90 0.0 n 152 13 8a p 0.84 11 38 7 p 36 4 A 37.0 92 0.0 n 47 5 Oa p 0.84 12 40 2 A 31 12 P 35.5 67 0.0 n 204 17 T 13 38 3 p 24 12 p 31.0 54 7.5 nw 207 13 14 39 3 p 16 8a 27.5 74 8.0 se 71 7 15 46 2 p 28 3a 37.0 58 7.5 w 157 16 16 48 1 p 27 5 A 37.5 72 5.5 se 91 12 9p p 0.0 17 49 1 P 30 12 P 39.5 71 6.0 nw 122 17 Oa 8a 0.1 18 30 0 A 17 12 P 23.5 52 9.0 nw 272 19 19 33 12 p 13 4 a 23.0 70 0.0 nw 133 9 6p p 0.1 0.50 20 55 9 a 32 12 P 43.5 76 0.0 s 241 20 Oa 8a 1.3 21 39 2 p 32 1 A 35.5 53 5.5 w 269 21 22 32 0 A 14 12 P 23.0 46 8.5 nw 329 24 23 30 3 P 10 8a 20.0 52 8.5 s 80 5 24 50 4 p 26 8 A 38.0 65 1.0 sw 98 14 25 44 2 P 38 12 p 41.0 82 0.0 s 129 9 8p 12 p 0.05 26 41 12 M 34 12 p 37.5 86 0.0 e 56 7 27 £3 12 p 33 1 A 43.0 85 0.0 se 113 12 T 28 54 4 A 30 12 p 42.0 57 8.8 w 290 26 29 36 3 p 20 8 A 28.0 55 9.3 nw 146 10 11.30 p 12p T 30 35 12 P 30 Oa 32.5 95 0.0 nw 73l 7 8a 9p .11 31 51 6 P 33 6a 42.0 93 0.0 se 7511 1 8 a 8p .37 •Rased on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at S a. m., 12 MOON, aad S p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 A. m. and 8 p. m. P. C. Stone, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY December. 1986 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.77, 9th Minimum 29.36, 20th Mean semi-daily 30.265 Range 1.41 Air Temperature Highest 55, 20th Lowest 7, 1st Mean 31.8 Monthly range 48 Highest mean daily 43.5, 20th Lowest mean daily 16.0, 1st Mean maximum 39.6 Mean minimum 24.0 Greatest daily range 30, 7th Least daily range 2, 1 1th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 5.96 Snow, in inches 3.00 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1.38, 20th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of precipitation 12 Wind (miles) Total movement 4665 Greatest daily movement 329, 22nd Least daily movement 47, 11th Mean hourly velocity 6.3 Maximum velocity for 5 min., 26, 28th Wind (direction) Prevailing direction nw North, days 8 Northeast, days 0 East, days 1 Southeast, days 4 South, days 3 Southwest, days 1 West, days 3 Northwest, days H Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 70.7 Mean cloudiness, per cent 62.3 Number of clear days 11 Number of fair days ■. 4 Number of cloudy days 16 Number of hours bright sunshine . 118 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 41.7 First snow Nov. 24th 30.65 29.25 30.056 1.40 54.5 -2.3 27.3 56.8 3.47 8.99 9 4,726 6.4 29 69.2 53.4 8 10 13 130.7 46.0 Nov. 5 30.96, 1889 28.85, 1915 1.78, 1895; 1.01, 1892 65.5, 1908 -22.5, 1917 7.77, 1901; 0.87, 1896 26.50, '02; t, 1891 17, 1902; 4, 1892 6,694, 1925; 3,239, 1918 45, 1934 71, 1929, 39, 1919 15, 1890; 2, 1922, 1933 16, 1909; 4, 1889,1930,1931 19, 1911, 1922; 7, 1909, 1923 172, 1896; 63.1, 1933 Oct. 10, '25; Nov. 27, '31 Note— The first column in the above summary gives observations made durlne: the month. The second column erives the averag-es based on observations n)ade from I8f9 to 19-28. except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1935. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1935. Annual Summary Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.77,Dec. 9th Minimum 29.08, Mar. 21st Mean semi-daily 30.018 Range 1-69 Air Temperature Highest 98, July 8th Lowest -12, Feb. 20th Mean 47.9 Annual range HO Highest mean daily ... . 82.5, Aug. 16th Lowest mean daily 5.5, Feb. 20th Mean maximum 58.0 Mean minimum 37.6 Greatest daily range 42, May 23rd Least daily range 2, Oct. 17th, Dec. 1 1th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 48.24 Snow, in inches 47.50 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 2.13, Mar. 18th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of precipitation fell. . .143 Wind (miles) Total movement 51,222 Greatest daily movement 400, Jan. 28th Least daily movement .... 24, Nov. 25th Mean hourly velocity • • • 5.8 Maximum velocity, 5 min., 44, July 9th Winfl (direction) Prevailing direction w North, days 45 Northeast, days 8 East, days JO Southeast, days 61 South, days ol Southwest, days ft West, days ^^ Northwest, days "'^ M'eather Mean relative humidity, per cent. . 68.0 Mean cloudiness, per cent 52.7 Number of clear days 169 Number of fair days 6'4 Number of cloudy days 133 Number of hours bright sunshine . 2466 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 55.4 30.81 28.95 30.016 1.86 95.8 -12.1 47.2 108,0 57.8 36.5 43.49 48.38 123 52,321 6.0 35 67.5 50.8 109 128 128 2,356 53.0 31.05, 1920 28.47, 1914 2.33, 1913; 1.38, 1933 104, 1911 -26.0 1904 49.6, 1913; 44.0, 1904 57.05, 1897; 30.68, 1908 78.00, 1920; 24.50, 1919 144, 1902; 96, 1924 63,571, 1908; 36,257, 1894 48, 1932, 1934 60, '98, '01, '02; 41, '08, '24 150, 1932; 59, 1927 182, 1912; 83, 1894 179, '01, 'C2; 71,1910 2,838 1924; 1,864, 1902 Last frost May 22nd M'y 12 iApr. 23, 1904; June 8, 1932 Mrst frost ; Sept. 26th S't 19 j Aug. 22, '94, '95; Oct. 13, '09 Last snow April 2nd Aprl4 Mar 14 '10; May 5, '91 ;i7 First snow Nov. 24th Nov. 5 Oct. 10, '25; Nov. 27, '31 Note— The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 18S9 to 1928. except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1935 The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1935. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 577 January, 1937 Meteorological Observations FOK JANUARY 1937 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. Maximum Minimum. ^ \V nd. Precipita tioii. * o a; (0 1- £(5 5 c be ca Ended 'rt •^ 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 48 34 36 36 42 29 32 8 38 9 56 10 39 11 32 12 40 13 46 14 52 15 58 16 36 17,32 18 43 19 41 20 28 21 41 22 41 35 32 46 38 28 30 39 41 35 12 M 12 M 6 P 1 p 3 P 0 A 12 P 2 P 12 m 0 A 1 p 12 M 4 p 12 p 4 A 0 A 12 p 8 P 0 A 0 A 12 p 0 A Da 12 p 2 p Oa 4 p 3 F 2 p 3p 1 p 30 27 33 26 27 18 18 32 37 22 13 24 26 36 36 21 15 32 28 21 23 35 20 14 32 26 13 9 22 23 20 12 p 8 a Oa 10 p 0 a 12 p 0 A 0 A 0 A 12 p 8 a Oa 8 a 0 A 12 P 12 P 6 A 0 A 12 P 8 a 0 A 12 P 12 P 7a 0 A 12 P 12 p 8 A 0 A 8 A 6 a 39.0 30.5 34.5 31.0 34.5 23.5 2i:.0 35.0 46.5 30.5 22.5 32.0 36.0 44.0 47.0 16.0 23.5 37.5 34.5 24.5 32.0 38.0 27.5 23.0 39.0 32.0 20.5 19.5 30.5 32.0 27.5 54 76 97 61 54 49 93 93 79 85 74 71 72 93 82 52 85 94 61 63 89 88 65 81 82 51 47 58 74 69 85 9.1 0.0 0.0 7.0 7.0] 9.2| 0.0 j 0.0] 3.0 0.0 9.3 5.0 9.3 0.0 0.0 80 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.3 0.0 1.0 6.0 9.8 9.9 5.1 9.0 0.0 w n w w s n nw nw w nw nw se sw se se \v nw se nw n se s nw nw nw w n nw nw nw n 115 14 1021 8 7615 148 18 154 17 181 15 46 3 23 4 99 20} 98 12 72 9 130 15 72| 5 15d 11 216 25 3:^8 22 62| 5| 57i 7 10910l 159 15 108 10 53i 7 126 12 154| 6 118 14 220 18 17612 44j 5 76 10 113|11 48 8 3p Oa 6 p T 12 pO.41 2 p 0.37 12 pO.41 T 0 A 8 a 0.02 4 A 11-30P 0.30 4-30 A 2p 0 A 4-30 p 0 A 2 a Oa 2p 2a T T 2 P 0.47 12 p 0.88 10 A 0.07 12 p 0.30 1 P 0.33 12 p 0.36 8 P 0.05 12 pO.75 6 A 0.15 10 P 0.51 2.00 1.50 1.25 1.50 0.25 0.25 T 3.00 •Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE — Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. m. 12 NOON, and 8 P. M. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p.m. P. C. Stone, Observer Monthly Summary January. 1937 Barometer ( Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum . 30.85, 28th Minimum 29.55, 3rd Mean semi-daily 30.253 Range 1.30 Air Tempera I lire Highest • 58, 15th Lowest 9, 28th Mean 31.7 Annual range 49 Highest mean daily 47, 15th Lo vvest mean daily 19.5, 28th Mean maximum 38.8 Mean minimum 24.5 Greatest daily range 22, 15th Least daily I'ange 3, 3rd Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 5.38 Snow, in inches 9.75 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 0 88, 17th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of precipitation fell. . . .15 Wind (miles) Total movement 4,339 Greatest daily movement 328, 16th Least daily movement 23, 8th Mean hourly velocity 5.8 Maximum velocity, 5 Tnin., 25, 15th U'iiKl (direction) Prevailing direction nw North, days 5 Noi'theast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 5 South, d'ciys 2 Southwest, days 1 West, days ^ Northwest, days 12 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent. . 73.5 Mean cloudiness, per cent 63.0 Number of clear days 10 Number of fair days ... 5 Number of cloudy days 16 Number of hours bright sunshine . . 112 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 38.1 formal 1 E.\trenies 30.71 31.00, 1927 29.18 28.55, 1913 30.07 1.54 2.18, 1913; 0.97, 1896 50.4 66.0, 1932 -7.4 -26.0, 1904 23.8 58.2 •3 /(O 3.42 7.15, 1898; 1.07, 1896 13 33,1898, 1923; 1.76, 1911 11 5,068 6.8 30 69.7 54 8 10 13 140 47.6 18, 1923; 4, 1889 7,770, 1908; 2,896, 1895 41,1911 78, 1932; 37, 1908 16, 1922; 2, 1914 18, 1890,1 P?6; 3, 1916 22, 1923, 1931; 4, 1920 214, 1920; 74.2, 1932 Note— The first oolnrun in the above summary gives observations made diiriny;- the month. The second folumn arives the averages based on observations made from 18i*9 to Ut-..'8. except that humidity records are based on oljservations made from 1929 to 1936. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to I9!iti. REMARKS The weather during January was considerably warmer than usual, with less snow than normal. While there was a total snowfall of 9.75 inches, divided among seven storms, the snow in each case melted very soon after it fell, with the result that the ground was bare practically all of the month. The mean temperature for the month was 31.7 degrees, the normal for January being 23.8 degrees. This high mean temperature has been exceeded only four times since weather records were first taken in 1889. In 1889, 1913, 1932, and 1933 the mean temperatures were 32.9, 34.2, 33.5 and 32.6 respec- tively. The total number of degree-days for the present heating season •is 3520 as compared with a normal of 3849 degree-days. The smallest heat load for this period was in 1931-32 with 3102 degree-days. The highest during the month was 58 degrees on the 15th and the lowest, 9 on the 28th. Normally the lowest temperature during January is -7.4 degrees. The total precipitation for the month was 5.38 inches, the normal being 3.42 inches. The normal snowfall for January is 13 inches. There were 112 hours of bright sunshine compared to a normal of 140 hours. Only four times since 1889 has there been less sunshine in January. In 1914, 1923, 1932 and 1934 there were 95, 76, 74 and 96 hours of bright sunshine respectively. Dr. Shaw gives the following report in regard to the fruit crop: "The cold weather of late November and early De- cember, followed by abnormally warm weather continuing through January, has resulted in some growth of peach buds, but there is yet very little injury. It can not be expected that buds will survive temperatures of -16 degrees or lower, as they did last year. If there are no temperatures below -10 degrees during the next two or three weeks, we may expect a peach crop in 1937. No winter injury to fruit trees has yet been observed. The lack of snow may prove unfavorable to strawberry fields not well mulched, but in general prospects favor a normal fruit crop." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 578 February, 1937 Meteorological Observations FOR FEBRUARY 1937 C. I. GUN NESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° it,' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft, Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Kequests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY Records Temperat ure. i. o «•. Wind. Precipitation. Maximum j Minimum. 1 c = i * x: c/> « iJ t;' ;=.S a> aj I4 V V u OJ Q E V u bs a; V >- " 1 ■a : .S W 1 4 27 34 2 p 20 12 p 27.0 43 11.1 nw 3125 lb 1 28 36 4 p 14 7 A 25.0 49 11.2 nw 1 174] i L2 1 1 A I i i •Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at S A. m., 12 NOON, and 8 p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. P. C. Stone, Observer MONTHLY Summary February. 19S7 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced tci sea level) Maximum 30.39, 20th Minimum 29.25, 14th, 15th Mean semi-daily 29.970 Range 1.14 Air Temperature Highest 55, 13th Lowest 6, 4th Mean 30.0 Montiily range 49 Highest mean daily 44.5, 13th Lowest mean daily 15, 2nd Mean maximum 37.5 Mean minimum 22.4 Greatest daily range 29, 12th, 19th Least daily range 4, 14th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 2.23 Snow, in inches 0.50 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1.03, 14th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of precipitation fell .... 6 Wind (n.ile>) Total movement 4,745 Greatest daily movement 374, 22nd Least daily movement 29, 9th Mean hourly velocity 7.1 Maximum velocity, 5 min., 48, 22nd Wind (direction) Prevailing direction wnw North, days 2 Northeast, days 0 East, days 1 Southeast, days 2 South, days 2 Southwest, days 0 West, days 7 Northwest, days 14 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent. . 64.0 Mean cloudiness, per cent 44.0 Number of clear days 10 Nun:iber of fair days 8 Number of cloudy days 10 Number of hours bright sunshine . . 138 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 46.6 30.63 29.20 30.03 1.43 50.3 -7.9 23.5 58.2 31.05, 1920 28.56, 1895 1.89, 1900, 1908; 88, 1913, 1931 3.35 14.27 10 4,833 7.1 29 67.8 50.5 10 8 10 !160 54.1 65.0, 1930 -22.5, 1918 8.12, 1900; 0.62, 1901 48.75, 1893; 2.5, 1912 15, 1893, 1920; 4, 1901 6,445, 1896; 3,438, 1892 45, 1933 66, 1890, 1927; 31, 1905 17, 1924; 2, 1927 16,1920; 2, 1936 16, 1894; 2, 1920 ,221, 1924; no, 1927 Norr,— The first coluiun in tlie above suiuinaiy gives obsei vatioiis made during tbe month. Tlie second column gives the averages based on observations made from 18H9 to 19'28, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 192i) to 1981; The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 198(i. REMARKS The outstanding features of the weather for February were the unusually high temperature and the lack of snowfall. The mean temperature for the month was 30.0 degrees, while the normal is 23.5 degrees. This is the highest mean for February since 1889 except that in 1890 the mean temperature was 32.6 degrees and in 1925 it was 32.1 degrees. The maximum temperature for Feb- ruary was 55 degrees and the minimum only 6 degrees. Up to the present time the thermometer has not reached zero for the winter, the lowest being 5 degrees on November 25 and 28. The total precipitation was 2.23 inches, the normal for Feb- ruary being 3.35 inches. Only one-half inch of snow fell during the entire month, as against a normal of 14.27 inches. This is the least amount of snow ever recorded at this station for February. The nearest to this record was 2.5 inches in 1912. The snowfall th's winter totals 16 inches as compared to a normal of 38.30 inches for this period. An interesting feature of the weather was the extremely high wind velocity on the 22nd. A maximum velocity of 48 miles was recorded at 5:30 A. M. which is the highest wind velocity ever recorded at this station. This was equaled only twice, i. e., on February 20, 1934 and March 8, 1932. There were 138 hours of bright sunshine compared with a normal of 160 hours. The heating load to date is 4500 degree-days, the normal for this period being 5011 degree-days. Dr. J. K. Shaw of the Department of Pomology makes the following comments on the fruit crop: "Remarkably mild weather continued through February, and no serious injury to fruit buds or trees has been observed. We may now feel quite sure of a peach crop in 1937. The lack of snow is not good for strawberry plants, and some crown injury from freezing has been observed." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 579 March, 1937 Meteorological Observations FOK MARCH 1937 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. Wind. Precipitation. 1 1 * Maximum Minimum. o c c rt bfi n T3 X! C W '3 5 c c 1 42 4 p 15 7 A 28.5 50 11.2 w 92 1 4 2 42 2 p 31 4 A 36.5 62 6.5 w 160 1 2 3 40 4 P 27 7 A 33.5 41 11.3 nw 196 1 5 4 58 4 P 26 1 A 42.0 71 3.0 s 179 2 8 T 5 39 0 A 26 12 P 32.5 61 6.0 nw 224 2 0 T 6 28 3 P 19 12 p 23.5 76 0.0 w 87 1 5 T 7 31 4 P 14 6 A 22.5 43 11.5 w 260 2 2 8 34 12 P 17 6 A 25.5 71 0.0 sw 54 6 IP 12 p 0.41 T 9 37 2 p 22 12 P 29.5 53 8.0 nw 204 1 8 10 27 4 p 15 7 A 21.0 44 9.5 w 264 2 0 11 36 4 p 12 7 A 24.0 54 10.5 s 71 1 0 12 40 4 p 15 7 A 27.0 51 11.6 w 92 8 13 36 2 P 22 12 P 29.0 82 5.0 nw 83 1 7 5a 11 a 0.14 1.00 14 34 2 p 14 7 A 24.0 61 6.0 nw 84 1 2 15 32 3 P 27 7 a 29.5 92 0.0 n 151 1 4 7 a 12 P 0.69 5.00 16 36 2 P 30 Oa 33.0 78 5.0 nw 310 2 5 0 A 8a 1.17 17 36 12 P 27 8 a 31.5 69 7.5 w 234 1 3 T 18 48 3p 32 5 A 40.0 61 0.0 sw 169 1 5 T 19 46 11 A 34 2 A 40.0 59 12.0 w 292 2 1 20 42 12 M 31 7 a 36.5 74 5.0 s 83 9 Ip 12 P 0.79 0.50 21 44 2 F 33 4 a 38.5 75 3.0 nw 185 2 3 Oa 3a 0.03 22 40 2 P 29 12 P 34.5 46 12.2 w 332 2 5 23 48 1 P 26 6 A 37.0 49 12.2 w 210 2 ,7 24 46 3 P 22 6 A 34.0 51 10.0 sw 103 8 8 P 12 p 0.07 25 35 0 A 26 6 a 30.5 83 0.0 n 140] 9 4 a 6a 0.08 0.25 26 32 1 P 20 6 A 26.0 55 9.0 nw 342 2 J9 27 39 2 p 23 2 A 31.0 59 9.5 nw 300 2 >1 28 33 3 P 23 8 A 28.0 53 U.l nw 358 2 n 29 45 3 p 24 0 A 34.5 55 12.6 nw 356 2 54 30 43 3p 27 5 A 35.0 46 12.7 nw 282 2 21 31 52 4 P 20 6 a 36.0 39 12.6 nw 77 7 1 •Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. m. 12 NOON, and 8 p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. P. C. Stone, Observer MONTHLY Summary March, U Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.37, 3rd Minimum 29.29, 16th Mean semi-daiiy 29.869 Range 1.08 Air Temperature Highest 58, 4th Lowest L2, 11th Mean 31.5 Monthly range 46 Highest mean daily 42.0, 4th Lowest mean daily 21.0, 10th Mean maximum 39.4 Mean minimum 23.5 Greatest daily range 32, 4th, 31st Least daily range 5, 15th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 3.38 Snow, in inches 6.75 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1.86, 15th, 16th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of precipitation fell. ... 8 Wind (miles) Total movement 5,974 Greatest daily movement 358, 28th Least daily movement 54, 8th Mean hourly velocity 8.0 Maximum velocity, 5 min., .... 29, 26th Wind (direction) Prevailing direction wnw North, days 2 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 0 South, days 3 Southwest, days 3 West, days 10 Northwest, days 13 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent. . 60.1 Mean cloudiness, per cent 46 Number of clear days 17 Number of fair days 7 Number of cloudy days 7 Number of hours bright sunshine . . 235 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 63.3 30.60 29.26 30.02 1.35 63.9 5.7 34.2 58.2 3.68 8.11 11 5,738 7.7 29 83.0 51.0 11 9 11 201 54.2 30.96, 1904 28.47, 1914 2.10, 1914; 0.85, 1915 79.5, 1907, 1921 -7.5, 1906 7.13, 1899; 0.12, 1915 27, 1899; 0, 1921 17, 1890, 1913, 1936; 3, 1915 7,628, 1932; 3,006, 1905 48, 1932 68, 1901; 27, 1915 22, 1924; 3, 1901 17, 1900; 4, 1895, 1936 21, 1901; 1, 1915 292, 1924; 93, 1901 Note— The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column fjives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1928, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1986. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 198(;. REMARKS The weather during March was colder than usual, with a large amount of sunshine, nearly normal precipitation, but less snow than usual. The mean temperature for the month was 31.5 degrees, the normal being 34.2 degrees. The temperature was uniformly low, with no extremely low temperatures. The lowest was 12 degrees on the 11th, while the normal low temperature for March is 5.7 degrees. The highest temperature was 58 degrees on the 4th, the normal maximum for March being 63.9 degrees. The heating load for the month was 1040 degree-days. The total for the season is 5541 degree- days as compared with a normal of 5966 degree-days. The total precipitation for the month was 3.38 inches, the normal being 3.68 inches. The snowfall for the month was 6.75 inches, while the normal is 8.11 inches. The total snowfall for the winter is 22.75 inches. This is the least snow reported for any winter to the end of March since records were first taken at this station in 1889. There were 235 hours of bright sunshine, the normal being 201 hours. The total wind movement for the month was 5974 miles, an average of 8 miles per hour. The normal average wind movement for March is 7.7 miles per hour. Dr. Shaw makes the following statement regarding the fruit crop: "There was little development of fruit plants during March, owing to rather low temperature. This is favorable as it will tend to check early blooming and consequent danger from spring frosts, such as caused some damage last year." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 580 April, 1937 Meteorological Observations FOR APRIL 1937 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. 0. O a. in C f P Wind. Precipitation. Maximum [ Minimum. c = c ! \ 1 i en 1 t/i (uS So 4) 0! S HI 1 - 1 ID C J w 1 c PS o c 1 50 2p 24 5 A 37.0 48 i.2.1 nw 13 5 20 2 38 10 A 31 5 A 34.5 79 0.0 n 7 J 14 12 m 4p 0.12 010 3 46 4 p 27 5 A 36.5 63 12.0 nw 15 117 4 50 4 p 30 7 A 40.0 66 9.5 se 8 :)10 5 48 3 P 37 6 A 42.5 69 0.5 se 15 J 12 6 64 4 P 39 5 A 51.5 78 4.5 se 17 2 17 2 a 11 a 0.92 7 50 4 p 32 12 p 41.0 60 lO.U nw 26 9 21 T 8 59 12 m 30 4 A 44.5 49 4.0 s 11 7 11 T 9 45 Oa 32 12 p 38.5 87 0.0 n 16 2 15 11 a 9 P 0.21 T 10 44 3 p 33 6a 38.5 60 3.5 nw 25 1 18 11 49 1 p 30 6 a 39.5 61 7.0 nw 19 4 20 12 55 4 p 30 6a 42.5 50 li.O n 14 2 19 13 64 4 p 27 5 A 45.5 49 11.5 s 13 1 15 T 14 71 4 p 41 5 a 56.0 56 10.0 w 20 9 24 3 a 12 p 0.11 15 62 12 m 43 12 P 52.5 88 0.0 s 13 8 25 0 A 11 P 0,48 16 56 4 p 40 12 P 43.0 57 7.5 n 24 6 22 17 61 3 p 33 6 a 47.0 37 11.0 se 17 5 14 T 18 60 3 A 43 7 a 51.5 74 3.5 se 16 111 6a 12 p 0.06 19 67 2 p 45 5 a 56.0 50 13.0 nw 17 5 20 20 59 3p 40 12 P 49.5 48 13.6 nw 26 3 26 21 51 3p 31 4 A 41.0 72 0.0 w 7 1 9 6a 10 P 0.28 22,41 12 m 35 12 P 38.0 84 0.0 n 18 7 14 0 A 12 P 1.10 23 47 12 m 35 0 A 41.0 67 1.0 n 30 0 22 1 A 2 A 0.02 24 62 2 p 33 6 A 47.5 35 13.7 se 12 8 12 25 63 4 P 30 6 A 46.5 1 48 13.8 w LO 6 9 26 61 1 p 29 5 A 45.0 1 35 13.8 e 21 3 21 27 55 I p 36 6 A 45.5 69 0.0 e 13 4 13 11 A 8p 0.40 28 60 5 p 44 4 A 52.0 ! 83 4.0 n 8 6 7 Oa 11 p 0.31 29 56 6 P 41 12 p 48.5 i 79 2.9 ne 14 1 21; 12 M 1 P |0.02 30 67 4p 35 6 A 51.0 46 14.0 ne 1 11 5 13 •Based on least time required to blow one mile. NO FE— Besinnin 4) B < 4) £ 1) '9 to 1928, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 19:SG The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 t« 198(i. REMARKS The total rainfall for the month was 6.09 inches. This is well tibove the normal of 3.63 inches and has been exceeded only four times since 1889. The total precipitation since January 1 is now '21.11 inches, the normal for this period being 17.35 inches. The weather during May was a good deal warmer than usual and there was considerably more rain than normal. The mean tem- perature for the month was 59-3 degrees, the normal for May being 56.8 degrees. The highest temperature was 92 degrees on the 31st. The total number of degree-days for the past heating season to the end of May is 6320. The normal for this period is 6808 degree-days. There were 241 hours of bright sunshine as compared to a normal of 250.1 hours. There was less wind movement than usual 'with a total wind travel of 3382 miles. The normal for May is 4540 miles. There were no frosts during the month, while our normal date for last frost is May 12. Dr. J. K. Shaw of the Pomology Department gives the following report in regard to the fruit crop: 'Truit trees bloomed a few days later than the average and the blooming period was longer than last year. Bloom in apple orchards was generally quite heavy but some- what "spotty", especially among Baldwin and Granvenstein trees which have evidently not fully recovered from recent cold winters. No injury from frost has been reported. Weather during bloom was generally cool and cloudy, and so not especially favoring a heavy ^et of fruit. It is too early to tell how good it will be." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 582 June, 1937 Meteorological Observations FOR JUNE 1937 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ^^ Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPP:RIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperat are. VVir d. Precipitation . * Maximum | Minimum. a, C cc c \ Q Q (U ^ , 2 > - 1 1 ^ 1 T3 ■a c ^ ! c ■3 P3 0 c ir, 1 92 2p 63 5 A 77.5 64 8.5 sw ' 11413' T 2 78 3 p 61 12 P 69.5 64 4.8 nw 110 13 3 73 1 P 56 5 A 64.5 74 1.5 se 87 10 1 p 12 p 1.27 4 75 3 p; 54 4 A 64.5 62 b.O w iO 815 5 80 4p' 51 5 A 65.5 58 11.5 n 59! 7 6 83 3 P 55 2 A 69.0 74 10.0 s 581 6 6 p 9 p 0.21 7 84 1 P 63 12 P 73.5 70 4.7 n 9122 T 8 73 6 P 56 12 P 64.5 81 0.5 n 59 6 8 a 1 p 0.03 9 83 4 P 51 5 a 67.0 71 7.7 sw 78 10 5-30 P 6-30 P 0.13 10 76 1 P 58 12 P 67.0 79 0.3 s IS 8 18 10 A 3p 0.39 11 76 6 P 56 6 a 65.5 65 4.2 n 14 9|11 12 78 2 P 50 6 a 64.0 49 11.4 w 8 2 15 13 81 4 P 50 5 a 65.5 53 10.6 w IC 7 12 14 74 3 P 60 6 A 67.0 87 0.5 s 11 9 10 2 a 5 P 0.56 15 79 4 P 57 12 p 68.0 73 9.5 n 11 9 14 IP 2 p 0.11 16 80 3 P 49 5 A 64.5 58 11.0 s ^6 7! 17 81 1 P 50 5 A 65.5 67 10.5 se 1] L6 12i 10 P 12 P 0.3f. 18 81 2 F 56 1 A 68.5 88 2.1 se IJ 5 111 0 A 10 p 0.26 19 68 4 P 61 7 A 64.5 81 0.0 e J ?9 81 1 A 12 M 0.02 20 77 4 p 59 5 a 68.0 75 9.6 s c )5! 8 21 70 2p 60 3 A 65.0 91 0.0 1 se 15 25 10 9.30 a Up 1.54 22 73 1 p 59 5 A 66.0 76 1.0 ! n r 73 '22 2-30 a 3-30 A 0.05 23 80 3 p 57 5 A 68.5 53 9.5 n 1 1913! 24 83 5 p 53 4 A 68.0 58 11.0 j nw 7012 25 85 6 p 52 6 A 68.5 57 10.2 n I 34I13 26 70 11 A 60 5 A 65.0 71 0.5 n 38 10 3 P 5 p 0.14 27 69 6 p 55 6 a 62.0 75 0.5 e ( 38 4 28 65 3 p 61 8 A 63.0 92 0.0 w 34 7 9-30 A 1-30 p 0.18 29 78 5 p 59 12 p 68.5 80 2.0 w 53 18 5 p 6 p 0.45 30 80 4 p 55 5 a 67.5 73 5.C se 1 53 8 11-30 p 12 p 0.03 •Based on least time required to blow one mile. i^OTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. m.. 12 ^^oON, and S p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 A. m. and 8 P. M J. F. Hanson, Observer Monthly Summary June, igsT Normal Uaroiueter ( Read illy s reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.32, 17th Minimum 29.48, 21st, 22nd Mean semi-daily Z9.909 Range 0.84 Air Xeiiiper:! t lire Highest 92, 1st Lowest 49, 16th Mean 66.9 Monthly range 43 rfighest mean daily 77.5, 1st Lowest mean daily 62.0, kl7th Mean maximum 77.5 Mean minimum 56.2 Greatest daily range 33, 25th Least daily range 4, 28th frecipHatioii Precipitation. In inches 5.72 Snow, in inches Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1.54 21st Number of days on which .01 or more inches of precipitation fell. . . . 16 Wind (miles) Total movement 2,896 Greatest daily movement 198, 10th Least daily movement 53, 29th, 30th Mean hourly velocity 4.0 Maximum velocity, 5 min., 22, 7th, 22nd Wind (direction) Prevailing direction w North, days 9 Northeast, days 0 East, days 2 Southeast, days 5 South, days 5 Southwest, days 2 West, days 5 Northwest, days 2 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent. . 70.6 Mean cloudiness, per cent 86 Number of clear days 4 Number of fair days ... 11 Number of cloudy days 15 Number of hours bright sunshine . . 169 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 37 Thunder and lightning 3rd, 6th, 14th. 19th, 29th, 30th 30.31 29.56 29.961 .75 91.1 40.0 65.4 51.2 3.54 10 3,584 5.0 23 Extremes 66.5 50.1 9 13 8 257.4 56.2 30.54, 1889 29.24, 1902 1.27, 1902; 0.52, 1916 101.0, 1919 34.0, 1891 9.68, 1922; 0.76, 1908 17, 1922; 4, 1908 4,571,1908; 1,409, 1906 40, 1932 71, 1903; 28, 1908 22, 1908; 1, 1907, 1926 23,1912; 4, 1895, 1903 22, 1903; 1,1923 362, 1908; 102, 1903 Note — The first column in the abo\e summary gives observations made riiirine the month. The second column erives the averages based on observations made from 18''9 to 1928, except that humidit.v records are based on observations made from U>2'.t to IHao. The third column «rives extremes observed from 1889 to 19H(; REMARKS The outstanding features of the June weather were an execs sive amount of rain and lack of sunsliine. The total precipitation dur- ing the month was 5.72 inches, the normal being 3.54 inches. This is the greatest amount of rain for June since 1928 when 6.97 inches fell and in 1922 when 9.68 inches fell. Rain in excess of .01 inch fell on 16 days, the normal number of days of rain in June being 10. Traces of rain fell on two additional days. The total precipitation since January 1 is now 26.83 inches, the normal for this period being 20.89 inches. There were only 169 hours of bright sunshine as com- pared to a normal of 257.4 hours. The mean temperature for the month was 66.9 degrees, the normal being 65.4 degrees. The highest temperature for the month was 92 degrees on the first; the lowest was 49 degrees on the l6th There was less wind than normal, with a total wind travel of 2896 miles compared to a normal of 3584 miles. Dr. }. K. Shaw reports as follows on the effect of the weather on the fruit crop: "The excessive precipitation and the high humidity which prevailed during the month have resulted in much apple scab on susceptible varieties and brown rot in cherries which are ripening as the month closes. Weather during bloom was not very favorable for blossom fertilization and the set of Mcintosh was only fair. The plentiful water supply has favored vigorous growth but is likely to cause root killing in orchards located in poorly drained soils. The strawberry crop has been good but with some loss from rot. The flavor of fruits thus far harvested seems a little inferior, a common result of so much cloudy, rainy weather." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 583 July, 1937 Meteorological Observations FOR JULY 1937 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ^^ Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. >«-. ,£. VV nd. P. * Maximum | Minimum. ?^t *; \ in (/I 1; — .- c i) _4; 0) £ c .t-^ C -*-" '^ ci o C E c bji - :^ C •/: cc D Q H p H s 1 4) 3 i^.CC ic r-S 03 Precipilvilii.r. 1 74 3 P 2 73 2 p 3 74 12 M 4 83 4 P 5 85 1 P 6 89 1 P 7 90 4 P 8 96 3 P 9 95 2 P 10 93 4 P 11 90 1 P 12 69 11 A 13 80 3 P 14 78 3 P 15 69 12 P 16 89 4 P 17 88 12 m 18 80 12 m 19 83 4 F 20 84 3 P 21 84 4 P 22 85 4 P 23 88 3 P 24 89 I p 25 89 3 P, 26 86 1 p 27 78 4 P 28 72 5 P 29 85 3 P 30 82 2 P 31 83 4 P 55 50 57 53 57 57 60 62 67 70 68 64 58 54 62 69 67 62 56 62 57 52 60 62 64 68 58 54 53 61 59 5 a 12 p 12 p 12 P 3 A 4 a 0 A 12 p 5a 5 a 12 P 5 A 5 A 5 a 5 A 5 a 12 p 12 p 3 a 3 a 5 A 5 a 64.5 61.5 65.5 68.0 71.0 73.0 75.0 79.0 81.0 81.5 79.0 66.5 69.0 66.0 65.5 79.0 77.5 71.0 69.5 73.0 70.5 68.5 74.0 75.5 76.5 77.0 68.0 63.0 69.0 71.5 71.0 61 62 75 68 63 69 64 61 69 66 72 87 66 67 92 75 66 65 62 66 65 58 66 71 68 79 65 68 67 66 67 6.4 9.4 5.2 12.8 13.0 11.3 16.1 15.1 12.3 15.0 11.0 0.0 11.1 9.7 0.0 11.2 8.4 7.8 12.5 9.6 11.8 14.8 ]3.3 13.9 13.7 6.9 8.1 5.0 12.5 11.0 11.1 w 124 13 0 A 6-30 A 1.01 se nw s nw nw nw nw nw se ne ne se se sw sw nw nw s w s se se se se s nw se s nw 75; 69 6. 75 70 64 97 58 59 76 55 107 80 116 141 97 91 85 94 64 41 50 97 112 206 139 70 67 130 1 50 7 6 10 13 9' 12^ 13 6 7 9 6-30 P 4 6 A 14 9 8 12 M 12 p 0.52 9-30 P 0.95 8 pO.12 13 25 12 13 9 7 5 7 11 10 18! 121 9| i?l I'l 71 5a 9 p 0.28 •Rased on least time required to blow one mile. >^0 rE—Besinnins May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. m., 1 2 vdON. \n 1 S P. M. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 A. m. and 8 P. m J. F. Hanson, Observer Monthly Summary July. 1937 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced tn sea levelj Maximum 30.18,29th Minimum 29.57, 16th Mean semi-daily 29.963 Range 0.61 Air Xemperature Highest 96, 8th Lowest 50, 2nd Mean 71.6 Monthly range 46 Highest mean daily 81.5, iOth Lowest mean daily 61.5, 2nd Mean maximum 83.3 Mean minimum 59.9 Greatest daily range 34, 8th Least daily range 5, 12th Precipifsitioii Precipitation. In inches 2.88 Snow, in inches Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1 01 1st Number of days on which .01 or more inches of precipitation fell. ... 5 Wind (miles) Total movement 2,725 Greatest daily movement 206, 26th Least daily movement 41, 22nd Mean hourly velocity 4.0 Maximum velocity, 5 min., .... 25, 17th Wiiiil (direction) Prevailing direction ssw North, days .... 0 Northeast, days 2 East, days 0 Southeast, days 9 South, days 6 Southwest, days 2 West, days 2 Northwest, days 10 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent. . 68.3 Mean cloudiness, per cent 83 Number of clear days 19 Number of fair days 10 Number of cloudy days 2 Number of hours bright sunshine . . 319 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 69 Thunder and lightning 1st, 11th, 24th, 26th 30.28 29.60 29.972 .68 93.9 45.5 70.6 48.4 4.33 11 3,435 4.6 24 sw 68.0 50.1 9 14 8 267.0 57.8 30.59, 1892 29.27, 1932 0.97, 1892; 0.51, 1895, 1859 104.0, 1911 40.0, 1890, 1898 14.51, 1897; 0.70, 1929 ■ 20, 1915; 4, 1924 5,097, 1909; 1,109, 1894 44, 1936 69, 1914; 31, 1924 22, 1923; 0, 1915 24, '09, '21; 5, '89, '23, '28, '36 18, 1889; 0,1910 371, 1910; 182, 1889 NOTK— Tlie first oolnoin in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 18x9 to 1928, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1986 The third colmiiii gives extremes observed from 1889 to 193(i REMARKS July was marked by a very unusual hot spell from the 7th to the 11th, when the daily maximum temperature for a 5-day period did not fall below 90 degrees, with a temperature of 96 on the 8th. These high temperatures, together with high humidity and many hours of bright sunshine, made the period a most uncomfortable one. Not since 1919 have we experienced such a prolonged spell of hot weather, when another 5 -day period of maximum temperatures ranging from 94.5 to 98 degrees was recorded. The all-time record for prolonged excessive heat at this station was in 1911 when the daily temperature for a 7-day period did not fall below 90 degrees, the highest tempera- tures being 104, 102.5 and 101.5 degrees. Other excessive warm spells were recorded in 1892, 1901 and 1912. The mean temperature for the month was 71.6 degrees, the nor- mal for July being 70.6 degrees. The maximum temperature was 96 degrees on the 8th, and the minimum, 50 degrees on the 2nd. The rainfall for July was 2.88 inches compared with a normal of 4.33 inches. The total precipitation since January 1 is now 29.71 inches, with a normal of 25.22 inches for this period. There were 319 hours of bright sunshine, the normal being 267 hours. Nineteen days classi- fied as "clear", ten as "fair", and only two as "cloudy." The relative humidity for the month of July was 68.3 per cent, the normal being 68 per cent. The total wind movement was 2725 milse compared with a normal of 3435 miles. This is the lowest wind movement recorded for July since 1921, when it was 2421 miles. The Pomology Department gives the following report on the fruit crop: "The abundant and well distributed rainfall previous to August I has resulted in the development of excellent foliage in the average orchard and a rapid sizing of fruit. The moisture situation is very different from that in 1936 when actual drought conditions existed in many orchards. If rainfall during August is normal, we anticipate favorable conditions from the standpoint of maturing the apple crop. On the other hand, if drought conditions prevail, it is reasonable to expect a premature drop of fruit on certain varieties such as Mcintosh and perhaps the development of bitter pit or stippen in Baldwins. Rainfall and humidity during July have favored a secondary infection of apple scab which has necessitated emergency measures in the average orchard." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 584 August, 1937 Meteorological Observations FOR AUGUST 1937 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ^^• Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75 th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperat ure. O u- Wind. Precipitation. Maximum | Minimum. ?fc c \ I i Q j 0) 6 c V >-5 (U D >- S X he 1 w c r»5 0 c tr. 1 79 12 m 60 3 A 69.5 69 9.0 n 72 ll' Ip 9-30 p .10 2 82 2 p 56 5 A 69.0 72 9.0 nw 66 11 1 T 3 84 3 P 56 5 A 70.0 66 11.0 nw 55 6] T 4 88 3 P 59 5 A 73.5 64 11.5 s 111 9 5 88 3 p 68 1 A 78.0 77 6.5 s 137 10 1 6 89 1 P 69 3 A 79.0 71 9.5 s 100 11 7 89 3 P 70 7 A 79.5 74 6.6 sw 69 5' 8 88 12 m 70 12 P 79.0 76 8.2 se 76 1 4i 0 A 3p .12 9 86 1 p 69 2 A 77.5 78 4.5 se 63 LI 2 P 3 P .05 10 86 3 P 73 7 P 79.5 78 3.5 se 124 Li' 11 83 11 A 69 4p 76.0 83 1.4 s 180 17 11-30 A Up .91 12 85 3 P 67 2 a 76.0 72 2.5 s 156 12 9p 10-30 p .20 13 83 4 P 64 11 P 73.5 64 11.0 w 126 13 14 80 4 p 56 6a 68.0 62 14.0 w 74 8, 15 84 3 P 51 6a 67.5 72 14.0 sw 56 6 16 91 4 p 50 5 a 70.5 70 13.5 sw 53 8 17 91 3 P 65 6 a 78.0 68 13.5 se 120 101 18 90 2 P 68 12 p 79.0 70 1.0 ne 113 141 T 19 81 5 F 68 5 a 74.5 81 0.0 s 86 8; 9-30 p 11 p .03 20 95 4 P 73 4 a 84.0 71 8.0 s 101 lOi 9p 10 p .08 21 92 1 P 69 12 p 80.5 81 4.9 se 120 181 5p 8p .52 22 69 0 A 58 12 p 63.5 89 0.0 nw 115 18 4-30 A 10 p .65 23 62 2 P 57 8 A 59.5 i 84 0.0 ne 116 u! 3 A 9a .23 24 68 5 P 57 7 a 62.5 80 1.5 s 66 6 25 83 3 P 53 5a 68.0 75 9.0 s ; 57 6! 26 75 4 P 64 6 a 69.5 85 0.5 se ; 90 6 5-30 P 10 P .04 27 72 11 A 64 12 p 68.0 89 1.0 n 104 22 1-30 A 3p 1.98 28 87 4 p 58 5 a 72.5 : 77 13.4 w 80 9 29 86 3 P 61 6a 73.5 76 9.5 sw 44 6 30 83 5 p 65 6a 74.0 78 8.5 1 se ! 72 8 31 90 4 p 66 12 p 78.0 , 76 9.6 1 w 1 88, 8, Rased on least time required to blow one mile. NjQ j>E_Beginninsr May ist, ig2q relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. m.. 12 voON.a-ii S P. M. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m J. F. Hanson, Observer Monthly Summary August, 1937 Normal Kxtrenies Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.32, 15th Minimum 29.75, 12th Mean semi-daily 30.065 Range 5-^ Air Temperature Highest 95, 20th Lowest 50, 16th Mean 73.3 Monthly range 45 Highest mean daily 84, 20th Lowest mean daily 59.5, 23rd Mean maximum 83.5 Mean minimum 63.0 Greatest daily range 41, 16th Least daily range 5, 23rd Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 4.91 Snow, in inches Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1.98 27th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of precipitation fell. . 12 Wind (miles) Total movement 2,870 Greatest daily movement 180, Uth Least daily movement 44, 29th Mean hourly velocity 3.9 Maximum velocity, 5 min., 22, 27th Wind (direction) Prevailing direction s North, days 2 Northeast, days 2 East, days 0 Southeast, days 7 South, days 9 Southwest, days 4 West, days 4 Northwest, days 3 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent. . 75.1 Mean cloudiness, per cent 6 Number of clear days l-* Number of fair days 1^ Number of cloudy days 1^ Number of hours bright sunshine . . 2lC Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine r->0 Thunder and lightning 4th, 9th, lOth, 11th, 12th, 20th, 21st 30.32 29.63 30.00 .69 91.3 42.9 68.4 48.4 4.24 10 3,099 4.2 21 69.6 49.4 9 13 9 237.0 55.2 30.48, 1918 28.87, li/3U 1.49, 1930; 0/4, 1884 100.0, 1918 37.0, 1894, 1908 8.40, 1928; 0.31, 1894 16, 1892, 1933; 4, 1889 4,271,1910; 1,920, 1894 35,1915 67, 1901; 27, U". 3 17, 1921, 19;iC; 0, 1<)15 25, 1912; 5, 1893, 193,'^, 19 6 18, '01, '28; 2, '10, 1923 317, 1921; 152, 1915, 1929 Note— The first column in the above sniiiniary trives observations made durins the month. The second column erives the averaues based on observations made from 1889 to 1928. except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1936 Ttie third column (jives extremes observed from 1889 to 1936 REMARKS The outstanding feature of August weather was the unusually high temperature. The mean temperature for the month was 73.3 degrees. This is the highest mean temperature for August since weather records have been taken at Amherst, beginning in 1837. The nearest approach to this high mean was 72.3 degrees in 1917. The highest temperature was 95 degrees on the 20th and the lowest 50 degrees on the l6th. The mean relative humidity for the month was 75.1 per cent, while the normal is 69.6 per cent. This is the highest relative humidity for August during the last ten years. The mean temperature for June, July and August for the current year is 70.6 degrees, while the mean normal is 68.1 for this period. This is the highest mean temperature for these three months since 1876 when the mean tem- perature was 71.8 degrees. In 1917 the mean temperature for the three summer months was 70.4. The rainfall for the month was 4.91 inches compared to a normal of 4.24 inches. The rainfall since Janu- ary 1 is now 34.62 inches, the normal for this period being 29.-46 inches. There were 216 hours of bright sunshine, compared to a normal of 237 hours. The total wind travel for the month was 2870 miles, while the normal velocity for August is 3099 miles. Dr. J. K. Shaw of the Pomology Department comments as follows on the fruit crop: "Wet weather continued through August. There is considerable brown rot on peaches, although the crop is otherwise good. Apples do not seem to be sizing up well and show much russeting due to humidity and heavy spraying to control scab. The blueberry crop was heavy. There is promise of good pear and plum crops." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 585 September, 1937 Meteorological Observations FOR SEPTEMBER 1937 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W, Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY Records Temperature. Wind. Precipitation. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Maximum Minimum. 87 4 P 59 6 A 73.0 76 10.0 sw 40 5 86 3 P 62 5 A 74.0 83 4.2 s 65 13 6p 7-30 p .46 92 3 P 70 12 P 81.0 70 12.8 s 107 17 8p 9-30 p .11 89 12 M 68 5 A 78.5 74 7.6 sw 109 13 3-30 p 5 P .10 69 0 A 52 12 p 60.5 91 0.0 n ]52 11 4-30 A 12-30 P .89 68 5 P 47 4 A 57.5 70 11.2 ne 100 13 75 3 P 44 5 A 59.5 73 9.7 s 50 8 77 2 P 47 6 A 62.0 68 12.9 nw 89 13 * 74 3 P 44 6 A 59.0 65 12.8 s 76 8 79 3 P 49 6 A 64.0 70 12.8 se 91 8 67 4 p 49 4 a 58.0 90 0.0 nw 97 11 11-30 A 2p .04 72 1 P 51 12 p 61.5 68 8.7 w 85 14 61 11 P 51 0 A 56.0 87 0.0 nw 108 20 8a Up 1.12 64 7 A 49 12 p 56.5 67 4.9 sw 152 20 Oa 3a .03 74 2 P 43 6 a 58.5 74 11.8 se 152 18 76 2 p 54 12 p 65.0 69 4.5 s 63 6 57 2 p 47 4 A 52.0 89 0.0 sw 41 6 8a 7p .08 66 3 p 38 7 A 52.0 72 10.0 se 78 10 62 4 F 42 4 a 52.0 84 3.5 w 141 20 10 a 12 m .02 58 4 p 44 12 p 51.0 62 1.5 nw 244 28 67 2 p 38 2 A 52.5 63 12.2 nw 95 13 71 3 P 37 6 A 54.0 69 12.2 nw 50 6 75 3 p 39 6 A 57.0 74 12.1 se 88 10 83 4 p 46 7 a 64.5 82 9.0 se 53 3 81 3 p 55 7 A 68.0 78 7.2 w 41 7 74 11 A 53 12 p 63.5 70 7.9 w 115 20 63 3 P 42 6 A 52.5 61 7.5 n 113 17 52 2 p 46 1 A 49.0 89 0.0 nw 136 13 8a 7-30 p .39 66 1 P 46 12 p £6.0 72 5.6 nw 127 10 68 4 P 36 5 A 52.0 75 6.4 sw 50 7 Based on least time required to blow one mile. SOTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at S a. m.. 12 NOON, and 8 p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 A. m. and 8 p. m J. F. Hanson, Observev Monthly Summary •September 1987 Normal Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.55,30th Minimum 29.52, 11th Mean semi-daily 30.065 Range 1.03 Air Temperature Highest 92, 3rd Lowest 36, 30th Mean 60.0 Monthly range 56 Highest mean daily 81, 3rd Lowest mean daily 51, 20th Mean maximum 71.8 Mean minimum 48.3 Greatest daily range 37, 24th Least daily range 6, 28th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 3.24 Snow, in inches Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1.12, 13th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of precipitation fell ... 10 Wind (miles) Total movement 2,908 Greatest daily movement 244, 20th Least daily movement 40, 1st Mean hourly velocity 4.0 Maximum velocity, 5 min., .... 28, 20th Wind (direction) Prevailing direction wsw North, days 2 Northeast, days 1 East, days 0 Southeast, days 5 South, days 5 Southwest, days 5 West, days 4 Northwest, days 8 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent. . 74.5 Mean cloudiness, per cent 44.5 Number of clear days 13 Number of fair days ... 10 Number of cloudy days 7 Number of hours bright sunshine . . 219 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 58.9 Thunder and lightning 2nd, 3rd, 4th First Frost 30.45 29.59 30.068 .86 87.4 32.8 61.6 54.6 E.xtremes 3.79 9 3,252 4.5 22 73.6 48.7 9 11 10 202.5 54.4 19th 30.65, 1924 29.32, 1900 1.20, 1904; 0.57, 1910 97.0, 1895, 1929 2.45, 1914 12.34, 1933; 0.52, 1914 15, 1918; 3, 1903 4,686, 1896; 1,414, 1894 39, 1915, 1934 70.0, 1934; 27, 1908, 1914 19, 1932; 2, 1907, 1928 19, 1908; 3, 1889 20, 1934; 4, '08, '16 255, 1916; 106, 1934 Aug. 22, '94, '95; Oct. 13, '09 Note— The first column in the above suuimary gives observations made during the month. The second column trives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 19'28. except that humidit.v records are based on observations made from \'.)2'.> to 1936 The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1936 REMARKS The weather during September was quite seasonal in all respects, with no unusual conditions. The mean temperature for the month was somewhat lower than usual, being 60.0 degrees, while the normal is 61.6 degrees. The highest temperature was 92 degrees on the 3rd and the lowest, 36 degrees on the 30th. There was light frosts within the town on the 21st and 22nd, but not at the point where our observations are made. The total precipitation for the month was 3.24 inches, the normal for September being 3.79 inches. The total precipitation since January i is now 37.86 as compared to ci normal of 33.25 inches for that period. There were 219 hours of bright sunshine, the average being 202.5 hours. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 586 October, 1937 Meteorological Observations FOR OCTOBER 1937 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42* 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ^t Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. c O IT. 1/1 c Wind. Precipitation. Maximum | Minimum. * u ^-c 1- :: \ in M (U Q £ 0) M 0) Q S H B -2 V (J 3 Sail . ^ 6 Z zee 'rto > 0) V >- s H2 £ c T3 T3 c W fa o e 1 71 1 P 46 5 A 58.5 64 11.8 se 137 13 2 65 2 P 48 12 P 66.5 65 4.1 n 141 17 3 59 2 p 39 7 A 49.0 71 11.7 w 89 6 4 63 5 P 41 0 A 52.0 77 5.6 se 58 6 5 74 3 P 53 8 A 63.5 79 5.5 s ]10 10 Up 12 p .06 6 76 4 p 65 4 A 70.5 87 4.9 s 181 20 Oa 9-30 A .30 7 69 0 A 48 12 p 58.5 54 7.0 nw 213 28 8 52 2 p 35 12 P 43.5 53 11.0 nw 188 28 9 54 2 P 26 6 A 40.0 63 9.7 se 55 5 10 49 3 P 41 7 A 45.0 79 0.0 nw 96 15 5 a 8a .03 11 51 3 P 36 12 p 43.5 68 1.7 nw 155 13 T 12 66 3 P 31 3 A 48.5 71 10.0 s 142 25 8p 12 p .05 13 52 2 p 39 12 P 45.5 54 9.5 w 178 18 Oa lA .01 14 51 1 P 24 7 A 37.5 66 7.1 w 78 15 15 48 2 P 26 7 A 37.0 64 8.5 w 143 22 16 50 3.P 28 7 A 39.0 54 9.9 nw 120 15 17 55 3 p 21 6 A 38.0 65 8.0 w 53 6 18 61 2 p 26 6 a 43.5 76 2.3 s 133 15 19 67 12 F 56 0 A 61.5 88 0.0 s 203 15 0 A 12 p .39 20 70 12 m 45 12 p 57.5 82 0.0 s 305 28 0 A 8 P 1.75 21 62 3 P 41 6 A 51.5 58 10.9 s 142 13 22 70 2 p 48 7 A 58.0 85 1.5 s 105 15 6p 7p .02 23 67 2 p 55 12 p 61.0 85 0.0 se 303 28 6 a 5p .48 24 52 12 m 36 12 p 44.0 60 4.2 sw 159 17 25 54 3 p 29 7 A 41.5 63 10.2 s 127 11 26 60 3p 28 7 a 44.0 76 9.0 se 89 13 27 28 63 2 p 39 7 A 51.0 80 7.9 w 69 13 52 2 p 49 11 A 50.5 90 0.0 nw 152 13 4-30 A 2p 1.24 29 54 4 p 47 8 p 50.5 74 2.0 w 92 13 1 T 30 64 2 p 46 4 A 55.0 53 10.4 nw 326 42 31 50 1 p 33 12 p 41.5 54 6.6 nw 294 i ,28 1 Biised on least time required to blow one mile. MOTE— Bejjinning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. m., 12 NOON, and 8 p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m J. F. Hanson, Observer Monthly Summary Octobei 1937 Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.67, 17th Miaimum 29.34, 23rd Mean semi-daily 30.051 Range 1.33 Air Temperature Highest 76, 6th Lowest 21, 17th Mean 49.6 Monthly range 55 Highest mean daily 70.5, 6th Lowest mean daily 37.0, 15th Mean maximum 59.7 Mean minimum 39.5 Greatest daily range 35, 12th, 18th Least daily range 3, 28th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 4.33 Snow, in inches Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1.83, 19th, 20th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of precipitation fell ... 10 "Wind (miles) Total movement 4,636 Greatest daily movement 326, 30th Least daily movement 53, 17th Mean hourly velocity 6.2 Maximum velocity, 5 min., 42, 30th Wind (direction) Prevailing direction sw North, days 1 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 5 South, days 9 Southwest, days 1 West, days 7 Northwest, days 8 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 69.6 Mean cloudiness, per cent 52 Number of clear days 13 Number of fair days 9 Number of cloudy days 9 Number of hours bright sunshine . . 191 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 56 Frosts . 9th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th 25th, 26th First frost 9th Normal 30.53 29.42 30.059 Lll 79.7 23.4 50.4 56.3 Extremes 3.35 4,023 5.4 27 69.2 47.6 8 11 12 171.0 50.1 30.68, 1929 29.00, 1926 1.47, 1926; 0.76, 1899 90.5, 1908 17, 1936 8.81, 1911; 0.01, 1924 15, 1913; 1, 1897, 1924 5,467, 1910; 2,540, 1894 39, 1934, 1935 67, 1932; 18, 1924 16, 1934; 1, 1911 17, 1924; 4, 1936 19, 1896; 3, 1924 232, 1923; 91, 1913 19th Aug. 22, '94, '95; Oct. 13, '09 NOTK— The first coluiun in tlie above summary gives observations made diirinc the month. The second oolumn irives the averages leased on observations made from 1889 to 1928. except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1986 Che third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1986 REMARKS The weather during October was slightly colder than usual with considerably more rain than normal. The mean temperature for the month was 49.6 degrees, the normal being 50.4 degrees. The highest temperature was 76 degrees on the 6th and the lowest, 20 degrees on the 17th. The domestic heating load for October was 478 degree-days, the normal being 453 degree-days. There were 199 degree-days in September, making the total heating load for Sep- tember and October 677, compared to a normal of 611 degree-days. The total rainfall during the month was 4.33 inches, which is .98 inch greater than normal. The total rainfall from January 1 to October 31 is 42.19 inches, compared to a normal of 36.60 inches for that period. There were 191 hours of bright sunshine, the normal for October being 171 hours. The total wind for the month was 4636 miles, the normal being 4023 miles. The highest velocity was 42 miles per hour on the 30th. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 587 November, 1937 Meteorological Observations FOR NOVEMBER 1937 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature. Maximum Minimum. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Wind. xO o o Precipitation. 51 5 P 23 6 A 37.0 69 10.3 60 3 P 35 2 A 47.5 72 7.0 46 1 P 36 12 P 41.0 52 5.3 47 4 P 32 12 P 39.5 67 3.1 54 3 P 25 5 A 39.5 69 4.0 50 12 M 32 12 P 41.0 61 6.2 60 3 P 27 5a 43.5 61 7.6 62 3p 33 5 A 47.5 82 1.6 63 12 M 46 12 p 54.5 56 7.2 55 1 p 33 12 P 44.0 56 7.9 41 4 p 25 12 P 33.0 52 10.0 40 2 P 18 7 A 29.0 78 3.2 56 3 P 36 0 A 46.0 86 0.0 57 12 m 42 12 P 49.5 83 1.5 51 3 P 35 7 A 43.0 89 1.5 49 2 P 38 4 A 43.5 65 3.2 47 1 P 33 5 A 40.0 79 1.0 44 2 P 32 9 P 38.0 57 4.9 42 12 M 29 7 A 35.5 71 4.5 33 8 F 32 8 A 32.5 92 0.0 34 4 p 26 12 p 30.0 78 2.6 30 2 p 20 12 p 25.0 62 3.1 42 2 P 14 7 A 28.0 68 9.5 40 2 p 28 0 A 33.0 66 1.5 52 4 p 28 7 A 40.0 60 2.9 48 6 P 26 5 A 37.0 73 1.5 54 2 P 35 8 A 44.5 74 2.3 61 8 P 45 3 A 53.0 88 0.0 60 0 A 29 12 p 44.5 61 9.3 48 3 P 25 7 A 36.5 68 9.3 nw s nw w s w s se w nw nw w ne nw nw w w nw s nw w w w s se s e nw s e n w s I 68 8 5242 22 119132 110 1-iO 221 119 75 316 241 197 32 124 144 60 136 61 215 96 143 123 68 59 72 57 41 44 111 15 14 32 11 14 31 28 20 4 28 14 10 18 5 25 12 15 18 22 9 6 6 5 2 20 4 a Oa 0 A 4p 5 a 0 A 8p 5 a T .04 12 P 1.73 4-30 A .34 7 P .14 8p 11 A .11 .11 T .03 233 22 12-30 A 7 12 p Oa 111-30 p 2.27 lAl .09 ijO T 1.50 1.50 T .Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginninsr May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. m., )ON,and 8 p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m J. F. Hanson, Observer NOC Monthly Summary November 1987 Normal Barometer ( Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.58, 1st Minimum 29.36, 14th Mean semi-daily 30.079 Range 1.22 Air Temperature . Highest 63, 9th Lowest 14, 23rd Mean 39.9 Monthly range 49 Highest mean daily 54.5, 9th Lowest mean daily 25.0, 22nd Mean maximum 49.2 Mean minimum 30.5 Greatest daily range 33, 7th Least daily range 1, 20th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 4.86 Snow, in inches 3.00 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 2.34, 28th, 29th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of precipitation fell ... 9 Wind (miles) Total movement 3,794 Greatest daily movement 316, 9th Least daily movement 32, 12th Mean hourly velocity 5.3 Maximum velocity, 5 min., 32, 3rd, 6th Wind (direction) Prevailing direction w North, days 0 Northeast, days 1 East, days 0 Southeast, days 4 South, days 6 Southwest, days 0 West, days 9 Northwest, days 10 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent. . 69.8 Mean cloudiness, per cent 55.2 Number of clear days 7 Number of fair days 11 Number of cloudy days 12 Number of hours bright sunshine . . 132 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 45.1 Thunder and lightning 15th First snow 19th Nov 30.58 29.34 30.046 1.29 65.3 13.8 38.6 51.4 3.45 2.05 9 4,564 6.3 29 70.1 53.5 6 9 15 L21.0 41.3 Extremes 30.87, 1932 28.73, 1904 1.84, 1904; 0.94, 1935 75.0, 1924 3.5, 1891 8.64, 1927; 0.63, 1917 9,24; t, 89, 93, 03, 12, 18, 19 22, 27, 32, 34 22, 1921; 2, 1904 5,978, 1906; 2,589, 1889 40, 1915 72, 1900, '27; 34, 1917 15, '03; 1, '00 '11 '27 16, '12; 4, '89,30, 32, '35 24, '27: 9, '90, '05, '17 182, 1903; 66, 1927 Oct. 10, '25, Nov. 27, '31 NoTK-The tirst coluiuii in the above summary gives observations made diirinif the month. The second column ffives the averay:es based on observations made from 1889 to 1928. except that tuimidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to lyse The third column jrives extremes observed from 1889 to 198(1 REMARKS November weather was nearly normal with the ex- ception of a heavier rainfall than usual. The mean tem- perature for the month was 39.9 degrees compared with a normal of 38.6 degrees. The highest temperature was 63 degrees on the 9th and the lowest, 14 degrees on the 23rd. Last year the lowest temperature for November was 5 degrees, the lowest on record for this month being 3.5 degrees in 1891. The total precipitation during the month was 4.86 inches, while the nomal is 3.45 inches. Most of the rainfall occurred in two storms, 2.07 inches being recorded on the 13th and 14th, and 2.39 inches on the 28th and 29th. The total precipitation since January 1 is now 47.05 inches, compared with a normal of 40.05 inches for this period. The total snowfall for November was 3.00 inches, which fell on the 20th and 21st. The first snow this year fell on the 19th, the normal date being November 5. The total sunshine was 132 hours, while the normal is 121 hours. The humidity for the month was normal, the mean being 69.8 per cent as compared to a normal of 70.4 per cent. The total wind movement was 3794 miles, while the normal is 4564 miles. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 588 December, 1937 Meteorological Observations KOK DECEMBER 1937 C. I. (JUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. 0, c 0 1/. J, c Wind. Precipitation. Maximum j M nimum. cc c * \ Q 1-1 as Q a H Q E c V (U u ^ XX . ^ 6 c zee 5_c . > a. m >- c c y. « c rt tc V Da -0 •0 c W 0 c 1 42 2 p 25 7 A 33.5 60 9.3 w 65 7 2 35 3 P 20 7 A 27.5 63 7.2 n 124 18 3 37 3 P 21 8 A 29.0 52 9.3 n 24115 4 41 3 P 19 7 A 30.0 60 9.2 nw 79 11 5 41 2 P 24 8 A 32.5 64 4.5 sw ■16 3 6 39 2 P 25 0 A 32.0 78 0.0 n 73 18 2p 12 p .58 T 7 37 0 A 28 12 p 32.5 70 0.0 sw 210 17 Oa 5-30 A .23 T 8 32 2 P 21 7 A 26.5 55 3.2 s 21714 9 35 2 P 21 12 p 28.0 50 7.8 sw 133j 9 T 10 32 3 P 14 7 A 23.0 59 9.1 s 114l 8 11 30 2 P 10 8 A 20.0 66 5.7 nw 46 9 12 27 2 P 9 8 A 18.0 75 5.3 nw 7817 13 22 1 P 12 0 A 17.0 56 9.1 nw 229 28 14 29 3 P 13 7 A 21.0 55 9.1 nw 21622 15 39 2 p 17 4 A 28.0 61 4.0 nw 126 2U 16 38 5 P 26 0 A 32.0 84 0.0 se 103' 14 3a 8 a .24 .75 17 37 3 P 25 2 A 31.0 91 0.0 se 55' 6 5 a 12 P .09 18 38 11 p 33 2 A 35.5 92 0.0 nw 64 14 Oa 2p .69 19 42 1 P 29 6 A 35.5 68 3.8 nw 151 15 20 34 6 A 25 12 p 29.5 54 6.0 w 162 18 21 27 3 P 21 8 A 24.0 59 5.6 nw 97 12 T 22 48 2 P 24 0 A 36.0 60 1.5 se 140 13 23 41 3 A 20 12 p 30.5 52 9.0 nw 250139 24 29 12 p 16 5 A 22.5 74 1.0 nw 72] 9 6p 12 p .21 .50 25 41 3 p 29 0 A 35.0 85 1.0 nw 72 10 0 A 2 a .05 .25 26 40 3 P 31 6 A 35.5 51 4.0 w 144 22 27 35 3 P 20 12 p 27.5 52 7.3 nw 209 25 T 28 25 3 P 19 8 A 22.0 91 0.0 nw 60 6 6 a 2p .32 3.00 29 33 2 P 18 8 A 25.5 61 8.8 w 66 13 30 27 12 M 14 12 p 20.5 59 0.6 nw 69i 7 31 25 2 p 6 5 A 15.5 70 4.6 n 82 12 IOp 12 P .03 .50 .Based on least time required to blow one mile. NO rE— Beginning May 1st, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 A. m., 12 NOON, and 8 h. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m J. F. Hanson, Observer Monthly Summary December 19.17 Normal Extremes Barometer ( Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.58, 27th Minimum 29.16, 7th Mean semi-daily 30.098 Range 1.42 Air Temperature Highest 48, 22nd Lowest 6, 31st Mean 27.6 Monthly range 42 tiighest mean daily 35.5, 18th, 19th, 26th Lowest mean daily 15.5, 31st Mean maximum 34.8 Mean minimum 20.5 Greatest daily range 24, 22nd Least daily range 5, 18th Frecipitalioit Precipitation. In inches 2.44 Snow, in inches 5.00 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. .81, 6th, 7th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of precipitation fell ... 9 Wind (miles) Total movement Greatest daily movement 250, Least daily movement ... . 46,5th, Mean hourly velocity Maximum velocity, 5 min., 39, Wind (direction) Prevailing direction North, days ; . Northeast, days East, days • Southeast, days South, days Southwest, days West, days Northwest, days . . 3,793 23 rd nth 5.1 23rd nw 4 0 0 3 2 . 3 4 15 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent. . 65.1 Mean cloudiness, per cent 54.0 Number of clear days 11 Number of fair days 10 Number of cloudy days 10 Number of hours bright sunshine . . 146 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 51.6 Thunder and lightning First snow. Nov. 19th Nov. 5 30.65 29.25 30.056 1.40 54.5 -2.3 27.3 56.8 3.47 8.99 9 4,726 6.4 29 69.4 53.4 8 10 13 130.7 46.0 30.96, 1889 28.85, 1915 1.78, 1895; 1.01, 1892 65.5, 1908 -22.5, 1917 7.77, 1901; 0.87, 1896 26.50, '02; t, 1891 17, 1902; 4, 1892 6,694, 1925; 3,239, 1918 45, 1934 71, 1929; 39, 1919 15, 1890; 2, 1922, 1933 16, '09; 4. '89, '30, '31, '36 19, '11, '22; 7, '09, '23 172, 1896; 63.1, 1933 Oct. 10, '2.5; Nov. 27, '3l NOTK— The first oolunm in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1KW9 to 192S. except that humidity record.s are based on observations made from 1929 to 1936. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1986 Annual Summary Annual. 1987 Normal Barometer ( Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.85, Jan. 28 30.81 iViinimum 29.16, Dec. 7 28.95 Mean semi-daily 30.023 30.016 Range 1.69 1.86 Air Temperature Higtiest 96, July 8 95.8 Lowest 6, Feb. 4, Dec. 31 -12 Mean 49.0 47.2 Annual range yO 108 Highest mean daily .... 84, Aug. 20 Lowest mean daily 15, Feb. 2 Mean maximum 58.7 57.8 Mean minimum 39.2 36.5 Greatest daily range 46, May 3 ! Least daily range 1, Nov. 20 I Preripilatioii Precipitation. In inches 49.49 43.49 Snow, in inches 25.i 0 48.38 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 2 34, Nov. 28, 29 Number of days on which .01 or morg inches of precipitation fell . . . 125 123 Wind (miles) Total movement 46,950 52,321 Greatest daily movement . . 374, Feb. 22 L jast daily movement 23, Jan, 8 Mean hourly velocity 5.4 6.0 Maximum velocity, 5 min., . . 48, Feb. 22 35 Wind (direction) Prevailing direction wnw North, days 39 Northeast, days 10 East, days 6 Southeast, days 55 South, days 56 Southwest, days 23 i West, days 65 Northwest, days Ill Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent. . 68.2 67.6 Mean cloudiness, per cent 55.2 50.8 Number of clear days 139 109 Number of fair days 105 1 28 Number of cloudy days 121 128 Number of hours bright sunshine . . 2326 2,356 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 52 53.0 Last frost April 26 M'y 12 First frost Oct. 9 S't 19 La.«?t snow April 9|Apr 14 First snow Nov. 19 Nov. 5 Extremes 31.05, 1920 28.47, 1914 2.33, 1913; 1.38, 1933 104, 1911 -26.0, 1904 49.6, 1913; 44.0, 1904 57.05, 1897; 30.68, UC8 78.00, 1920; 24.50, 1919 144, 1902; 96, U24 63,571, 1908; 36,257, 1894 48, 193?, 1934 60, '98, '01, '02; 41, '08, '24 169, 1932; 59, 1927 182, 1912; 83, 1894 179, '01, '02; 71, 1910 2,838, 1924; 1,864, 1902 Apr. 23, 1904; June 8, 1932 Aug. 22, '94, '95; Oct. 13, '09 Mar. 14, '10; May 5. '91 '17 Oct. 10, '2.5; Nov. 27, '31 NoTK— The first column in the above summary gives obsprvations made during; the month. The second column gives the averages b:i8ed on observations made from 1«»9 to 19v'H. event that huniiditv records are based on observations made from 19v!y to 19at) riie third column tfives extremes observed from 1889 to lySfi Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 589 January, 1938 Meteorological Observations FOR JANUARY 1938 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ^t. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. c vv ind. Precipitation. * Maximum M nimum. O in M ■ c \ m tf) f.ti ot ■5o V 1 >< Q be V Q 5 H 0) o o c ni be 03 T3 c o c 1 23 12 p 11 4 A 17.0 89 0.0 nw 205 15 Oa 12 P 1.48 7.00 2 40 2 p 23 0 A 31.5 77 3.3 nw 137 15 0 A 10-30 A .57 3 34 4 P 13 12 P 23.5 61 7.2 w 128 20 4 25 4 P 2 6 A 13.5 85 0.2 nw 33 4 5 40 3 P 10 2 A 25.0 77 6.2 w 80 15 6 33 4 P 9 7 A 21.0 81 6.5 w 47 6 7 40 4 P 26 0 A 33.0 92 1.0 nw 70 12 Oa 10 a 1.31 8 32 2 p 21 11 p 26.5 55 7.5 nw 171 13 9 27 3 P 13 12 p 20.0 50 8.1 w 108 18 10 25 2 p 10 6 A 17.5 68 0.0 s 47 5 11 20 4 p 3 7 A 11.5 79 2.2 nw 39 6 12 19 8 P 3 3 A 11.0 74 0.0 nw 48 6 7-30 p 12 p .14 1.00 13 32 4 P 19 0 A 25.5 72 1.6 n 105 12 0 A 10-30 A .27 3.00 14 34 1 p 10 7 A 22.0 61 5.3 nw 102 13 15 22 3 p 5 12 p 13.5 58 6.7 nw 166 14 16 24 11 p -3 9 A 10.5 68 6.1 nw 43 5 17 24 3 p 15 12 p 19.5 83 0.0 nw 136 15 2 A 8p .32 5.00 18 10 4 p -4 12 p 3.0 47 6.3 nw 224 20 19 20 2 p -12 8 A 4.0 61 8.9 nw 55 5 20 31 2 p 4 8 A 17.5 66 6.3 nw 26 4 21 29 4 p 2 6 A 15.5 77 0.1 nw 33 3 6p 12 p .07 1.00 22 31 4 p 25 0 A 28.0 86 0.0 nw 54 6 Oa 12 p .0'7 1.00 23 43 4 p 27 3 A 35.0 83 3.1 s 40 5 0 A 6a .02 .25 24 44 12 P 14 8 A 29.0 88 0.0 s 52 22 9.30P 12 p .27 25 58 12 M 28 12 p 43.0 80 0.0 s 400 47 Oa 5.30P 1.99 26 36 0 A 19 12 p 27.5 43 8.7 S vv 269 22 27 23 3 P 12 12 p 17.5 54 9.6 nw 189 15 28 22 4 p 5 7 A 13.5 61 9.1 n 128 17 29 27 4 p 10 7 A 18.5 62 0.5 se 70 7 30 52 2 p 26 0 A 39.0 58 4.5 s 148 20 31 48 4 A 24 12 p 36.0 70 0.0 s 314 28 7 a 3p .09 .25 .Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. m., 12 NOON, and 8 p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 A. m. and 8 p. m J. F. Hanson, Observer Monthly Summary January, 1988 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.40, 29th Minimum 29.21, 25th Mean semi-daily 30.072 Range 1.19 Air Temperature Highest 58, 25th Lowest —12, 19th Mean 21.6 R-nge 70 Highest mean daily 43, 25th Lowest mean daily 3, 18th Mean maximum 31.2 Mean minimum 11.9 Greatest daily range 32, 19th Least daily range 6, 22nd Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 6.60 Snow, in inches 18. £0 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 2.26, 24th, 25th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of precipitation fell .... 12 Wind (miles) Total movement 3667 Greatest daily movement .... 400, 25th Least daily movement 26, 20th Mean hourly velocity 4.9 Maximum velocity, 5 min., ... 47, 25th Wind (direction) Prevailing direction nw North, days 2 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 1 South, days 6 Southwest, days 1 West, days 4 Northwest, days 17 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent . . 69.9 Mean cloudiness, per cent 62 Number of clear days 9 Number of fair days 8 Number of cloudy days 14 Number of hours bright sunshine . . 119 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 40.5 Thunder and lightning 25th 30.71 29.18 30.07 1.54 50.4 -7.4 23.8 58.2 3.42 13 11 5,068 6.8 30 70.1 54 8 10 13 140 47.6 31.00, 1927 28.55, 1913 2.18, 1913; 0.97, 1896 66.0, 1932 -26.0, 1904 7.15, 1898; 1.07, 1896 33,1898, 1923; 1.75, 1911 18, 1923; 4, 1889 7,770, 1908; 2,896, 1895 41, 1911 78, 1932; 37, 1908 16, 1922; 2, 1914 18,1890, 1926; 3, 1916 22,1923,1931:4,1920 214, 1920; 74.2, 1932 Note— The first column In the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1928. except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1937. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 te 1987 REMARKS The weather for January was most unusual in many respects. The outstanding feature was the heavy rainfall, accompanied by high temperature and high wind on the 24th and 25th which melted a 12-inch blanket of snow, causing near-flood conditions. The mean temperature for the month was 21.6 degrees compared with a normal of 23.8 degrees. The lowest tem- perature was -12 degrees on the 19th, which is the lowest for January since 1927 when it was also -12, with the ex- ception of 1935 when it was -21 degrees. The highest tem- perature was 58 degrees on the 25th. This has been ex- ceeded only twice since 1913 when the highest temperature was 59.5 degrees. In 1937 it was 58 degrees and in 1932, 66 degrees. The domestic heating load for January was 1346 degree-days, the normal being 1277 degree days. The load for the season to the end of January is 3935.5 degree- days compared with a normal of 3849 degree-days for this period. The total precipitation for the month of January was 6.60 inches, the normal being 3.42 inches. This is the heavi- est precipitation for January since 1836, the year rainfall records were first taken, with the exception of 1898 when the precipitation for January was 7.15 inches and 1891 when it was 6.75 inches. The total snowfall was 18.50 inches, which is 5.50 inches greater than normal for January, There was no snow on the ground after the 25th, until the last day of the month when 14 of ^^ i^ich fell. There were 119 hours of sunshine compared to a nor- mal of 140 hours for January. The highest wind velocity was 47 miles per hour on the 25th, the day of the heavy storm. The record for high wind velocity at this station is 48 miles per hour. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 590 February, 1938 Meteorological Observations FOK FEBRUARY 1938 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 4^° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ^^ Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature. ■»-.£ Wind. Precipitation. I t. Maximum 1 Minimum. c d C ztr c £ -'J \ m E s c X) c W (4 M t Q H V b£ Q E o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 U 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 24 3 p 13 12 p 18.5 43 10.0 29 2 p 9 3 A 19.0 54 3.5 32 8 P 25 1 A 28.5 79 0.0 38 8 A 29 12 p 33.5 59 o.y 39 3 p 21 8 A 30.0 68 7.2 49 3 p 35 0 A 42.0 88 0.4 46 1 P 26 12 p 36.0 55 3.0 37 5 P 18 8 A 27.5 46 8.0 41 2 P 29 0 A 35.0 77 0.0 44 5 A 15 12 p 29.5 43 7.4 27 3 P 8 7 A 17.5 35 6.5 35 8 P 18 5 A 26.5 49 0.0 38 3 p 33 0 A 35.5 90 0.0 44 12 M 32 10 p 38.0 68 3.0 33 0 A 16 12 p 24.5 49 7.6 25 4 p fl 7 A 17.0 46 10.6 36 3 p 11 7 A 23.5 59 8.2 44 8 p 33 0 A 38.5 77 0.5 42 2 p 31 12 p 36.5 67 0.0 34 5 P 20 12 p 27.0 73 1.8 37 3 p 15 6 A 26.0 47 10.0 34 1 p 10 8 A 22.0 75 5.4 40 3 p 30 0 A 35.0 87 0.0 37 2 p 31 7 A 34.0 69 0.0 36 I p 26 12 p 31.0 59 4.1 36 4 p 17 7 A 26.5 50 11.0 38 2 p 20 4 A 29.0 81 0.0 33 0 A 4 12 p 18.5 63 1.8 nw se n w n w s se nw n w s e n w n s e se w nw nw se se n e n n s s n n w w 8 e n w il89|i7 : 59 : 73 224 125 208 257 163 116 310, 8 11 A 207 17, 9511 114 180 283 246 100 149 162 268 200 86 74 118 222 144 100 453 6p Oa 7 a 1 A 7-30 p 9A 2 A 7-30 0 2 A 1 ! 12 P ! 1 .29 12 P 3 a .31 .07 T 12 P 5 A .30 .12 9p 10 a 12 M .01 T .02 .51 12 p 4a .06 .03 10 a T .05 4.50 1.00 T T T .50 ,B-Aied on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, igag relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 A. m., 12 NOON, and 8 r. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 i». M J. F. Hanson, Observer Monthly Summary February. 1938 Normal Extremes Barometer C Readitig^s reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.88, 2nd Minimum 29.25, 28th Mean semi-daily 30.156 Range 1.63 Air Temperature Highest 49, 6th Lowest 4, 28th Mean 28.8 Range 45 Highest mean daily 42, 6th Lowest mean daily 17,16th Mean maximum 36.7 Mean minimum 20.9 Greatest daily range 29, 10th, 28th Least daily range 5, 13th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 1.77 Snow, in inches 6.00 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. .£1, 20th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of precipitation fell .... 11 Wind (miles) Tetal movement 4925 Greatest daily movement .... 453, 28th Least daily movement 59, 2nd Mean hourly velocity 7.3 Maximum velocity, 5 min., ... 42, 28th Wind (direction) Prevailing direction nw North, days 4 Northeast, days 1 East, days ^0 Southeast, day* 8 South, days 3 Southwest, days 0 West, days 2 Northwest, days 10 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent.. 59.5 Mean cloudiness, per cent 65 Number of clear days 9 Number of fair days 4 Number of cloudy days 15 Number of hours bright sunshine . . 110 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 37.2 Thunder and lightning 30.63 29.20 30.03 1.43 50.3 -7.9 23.5 58.2 3.35 14.27 10 4,833 7.1 29 67.4 50.5 10 8 10 160 54.1 31.05, 1920 28.56, 1895 1.89, 1900, 1908; 88, 1913,1931 65.0, 1930 -22.5, 1918 8.12, 1900; 0.62, 1901 48.75, 1898;2.5,1912 15, 1893, 1920-4, 1901 6,445, 1896; 3,438, 1892 48, 1937 66, 1890, 1927; 31, 190?^ 17, 1924; 2, 1927 16, 1920; 2, 193R 16, 1894; 2, 1920 221,1924; 110 1927 NOTK— The first column In the above suuimary slveg obiervationt made during the month. The second column irives the averaues baged on ob«ervaUoni made from ie«9 to 192s, e.Tcept that luimidity records are based on observations made from 19U9 to 1WS7. The third column sives extremes observed from 1889 te 1987 REMARKS The month of February was considerably warmer than usual, with less precipitation and less sunshine than normal. The mean temp- erature for the month was 28.8 degrees, while the normal is 23.5 de- grees. Only twice since 1925 has the mean temperature for February been higher, with 30.0 degrees in 1937 and 29.2 degrees in 1930. In 1934 the mean for February was 11.6 degrees, the coldest February on record. The maximum temperature for the month was 49 degrees on the 6th and the minimum temperature, 4 degrees on the 28th. The lowest temperature for the winter to date is — 12 degrees which oc- curred on January 19. Last year the temperature did not fall below zero, the lowest being 5 degrees in November. The heating load to date is 4949 degree-days, the normal for this period being 5011 degree-days. The total precipitation for the month was 1.77 inches, compared with a normal of 3.35 inches. This is the lowest precipitation for February since 1905, when it was 1.70 inches, with the exception of 1930 when it was 1.39 inches. The total snowfall for the month was 6.00 inches which is 8.27 inches less than the normal fall for February. Last year only one-half inch of snow was recorded during February, which is the least on record for the month. There were 110 hours of bright sunshine, compared with a normal of 160 hours for February This is the least number of hours recorded for February since the Sta- tion was established in 1889, and has been equaled only once, in 1927 when there were also 110 hours of bright sunshine. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 591 March, 1938 Meteorological Observations FOR MARCH 1938 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 4a* 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72' 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ^t. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. a. C Wind. Precipitation. 1 » Maximum | Minimum. O If. s: i'5 rt rt C a; 4, 3 S2iX ^ 3 Xx 6 t zee 'rt tj - > 4! 1 ^'^\' c *> a o o -1^ \ s - 1 1) w a be V Q V B H V bt Q V c c s. 1 38 12 p 4 0 A 21.0 58 2.0 W 267 28 2 53 1 P 37 7 A 45.0 50 6.5 s 206 17 3 43 1 A 6 12 p 24.5 55 5.2 nw 316 22 4 28 5 P 0 7 A 14.0 58 9.5 n w 148 14 5 40 12 P 25 0 A 32.5 90 0.0 se 173 13 5-30 A 12 p .45 1.25 6 39 0 A 26 12 P 32.5. 54 6.7 n w 297 28 Oa 1 A .04 7 39 1 P 23 7 A 31.0 1 59 8.5 w 165 20 8 34 4 P 22 12 p 28.0 43 4.7 w 262 32 9 35 3 P 21 1 A 28.0 43 11.1 n w 133 28 10 36 5 P 20 6 A 28.0 59 4.1 nw 103 18 u 43 3 P 15 7 A 29.0 58 8.8 8 91 12 12 46 5 P 30 11 p 38.0 76 4.5 s e 85 7 2A 3 A .01 T 13 55 4 P 32 0 A 43.5 76 3.2 se 152 14 T 14 47 0 A 28 12 p 37.5 41 2.1 n 176 20 15 46 5 P 19 7 A 32.5 43 11.8 nw 147 11 16 34 2 P 28 7 A 31.0 82 0.0 s e 68 8 IP 12 P .51 17 38 4 P 33 12 P 35.5 82 0.0 n w 158 11 Oa 9p .15 18 48 4 P 33 0 A 40.5 70 4.0 n w 177 15 19 56 5 F 36 7 A 46.0 64 11.0 n w 153 15 20 47 6 P 32 6 a 39.5 87 0.0 w 30 3 12M 3p .01 21 65 4 P 39 0 A 52.0 43 12.1 n w 197 25 22 78 4 P 33 6 A 55.5 55 12.2 8 e 76 12 23 79 4 P 38 7 A 58.5 74 9.4 s 152 201 24 56 3 A 36 12 P 46.0 60 8.8 n w 322 28 25 57 5 p 31 7 A 44.0 43 12.3 n !l83 15 26 44 11 A 31 6 A 37.5 73 0.0 se 15£ 20 11-30 A 3-30 P i .42 27 47 3 p 32 12 p 39.5 47 8.4 w 34C )28 28 52 4 p 25 6 A 38.5 45 12.3 n w 12( )12 29 66 5 p 36 5 A 51.0 45 9.8 e 125 J 25 30 41 12 m 38 4 A 39.5 88 1 O.C e T } 8 2p 12 F ' .18 31 43 8 p 37 5 A 40.0 91 O.C n w 6( 5 5 6a 8i ' .23 , Based on least time required to blow one mile. VOTE— Beginning May 1st, 1929 relative Ijuniidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. v., I 7 \ooN, and 8 p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m J. F. Hanson, Observer Monthly Summary March. 1938 Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.45, 4th Minimum 29.35, 6th Mean semi-daily 30.008 Range 1.10 Air Temperature Highest 79, 23rd Lowest 0, 4th Mean 37.4 Range 79 Highest mean dailj/ 58.5, 23rd Lowest mean daily 14, 4th Mean maximum 47.5 Mean minimum 27.3 Greatest daily range 45, 22nd Least daily range 3, 30th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 2.0'> Snow, in inches 1.2'^ Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. .£8, 16th, 17th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of precipitation fell .... 9 Wind (miles) Total movement 5117 Greatest daily movement .... 340, 27th Least daily movement 30, 20th Mean hourly velocity 6.9 Maximum velocity, 5 min., .... 32, 8th Wind (direction) Prevailing direction v/nw North, days .... 2 Northeast, days 0 East, days s 2 Southeast, days 6 South, days 3 Southwest, days 0 West, days 5 Northwest, days 13 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent. . 61.7 Mean cloudiness, per cent 58 Number of clear days 13 Number of fair days 8 Number of cloudy days 10 Number of hours bright sunshine . . 189 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 50.9 Thunder and lightning Normal Extremes 30.60 29.26 30.02 1.35 63.9 5.7 34.2 58.2 3.68 8.11 11 5,738 7.7 29 64.4 51.0 11 9 11 201 54.2 30.96, 1904 28.47, 1914 2,10,1914; 0.85,1915 79.5, 1907, 1921 -7.5, 1906 7.13, 1899; 0.12, 1915 27, 1899; 0, 1921 17, 1890, 1913, 1936; 3, 1915 7,628, 1932; 3,006, 1905 48, 1932 68, 1901; 27, 191.^ 22, 1924; 3, 1901 17, 1900; 4, 1895, 1936 21, 1901; 1, 1915 292, 1924; 93 1901 NoTK— The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from IBsy to 1928. except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 19.S7. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1937 REMARKS The weather during March was warmer than usual with less rain and snow than normal. The normal mean temperature for March is 34.2 degrees, while this year the mean temperature was 37.4 degrees. The highest tempera- ture was 79 degrees on the 23rd. This has been exceeded only twice since 1889. In March 1907 and 1921 maximum readings of 79.5 degrees were recorded. The lowest temper- ature during the past month was 0 degrees on the 4th. The total heating load for the current season to the end of March is 5805 degree-days, as compared to a normal of 5966 degree-days for that period. The total precipitation during the month was 2 inches, the normal for March being 3.68 inches. Only 1.25 inches of snow fell during the month, the normal being 8.11 inches. There were 189 hours of bright sunshine compared to a normal of 201 hours. There was slightly less wind than usual, with a total of 5117 miles. The normal is 5738 miles. Dr. J. K. Shaw of the Pomology Department makes the following comments: "The past winter, while more severe than the previous ones, does not seem to have caused much damage to fruit plants. Peach fruit buds were badly killed in some orchards, while others came through with plenty of live buds. It was a winter that will bring out the value of good air drainage for peach orchard sites. There has been some winter injury to more tender fruit plants. Because the ground was bare much of the time, some in- jury to strawberry crowns may appear later." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 592 April, 1938 Meteorological Observations FOR APRIL 1938 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72* 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. 4. 3 rr Wind. Piecipitatioii. Maximum 1 M nimum. a * \ Q Q £ V u a ■LI - - 41 S 0 s X d oa 1 a) C W c "a o c 1 64 3 p 39 12 P 51.5 ' 50 12.4 W 160 20 Oa 2a .05 2 50 2 p 34 6 A 42.0 56 6.5 n w 204 20 3 41 3 p 29 12 P 35.0; 49 12.4 n w 304 28 4 47 12 M 27 2 A 37.0 63 7.0 w 163 25 T T 5 37 1 p 23 12 p 30.0 51 8.0 n vv 259 28 T 6 39 4 P 18 5 A 28.5 45 5.0 n w 83 11 7 51 5 P 29 6 A 40.0 33 2.0 n 121 12 8 43 12 m 24 6 A 33.5 67 1.0 e 94 14 2-30 p 12 p .77 .25 9 37 4 p 32 0 A 34.5 91 0.0 n w 117 9 Oa 10 p .61 10 42 3 P 28 12 P 35.0 48 10.6 n w 352 40 T 11 54 3 P 22 6 A 38.0 48 13.0 s e 2ll'22 12 68 2 P 38 4 A 53.0 67 9.0 s 144 9 T 13 69 4 P 38 6 A 53.5 64 10.0 se 110 10 T 14 15 80 5 p 48 6 A 64.0 60 12.0 sw 10611 79 2 p 52 12 p 65.5 73 3.5 n 11820 3p 8p .14 16 68 2 p 43 6 A 55.51 40 13.4 s e 142115 17 63 12 m 34 5 A 48.5 55 9.0 s 88^20 18 58 3 P 50 0 A 54.0 89 0.0 s 15312 3-30 A 10 p .78 19 68 12 m 48 12 P 58.0 64 8.2 n w 13922 5a 8 a .08 20 84 2 p 44 5 A 64.0 56 9.9 s w 145|28 5p 10 p .13 21 74 3 p 51 0 A 62.5 46 12.0 n 104 1 15 0 A 1 A .01 22 59 4 F 39 12 P 49.0 72 1.5 n w 131 32 8a 12 M .12 23 61 4 p 36 6 A 48.5 41 13.7 nw 216 18 24 65 2 p 34 6 A 49.5 45 11.6 e 129 15 25 64 1 p 37 5 A 50.5 61 11.0 w 93 n T 26 73 6 p 38 5 A 55.5 51 13.8 s w 39 7 27 79 2 p 46 4 A 62.5 58 13.9 se 211 20 28 88 4 p 51 6 A 69.5 52 13.9 se 16C 22 29 68 12 m 46 12 P 57.0 75 9.5 n 6 124 12 Ip 3p .14 30 56 2 P 42 5 A 49.0 84 2.2 S 7J 9S 15 5a 8p .24 Based on least time required to blow one mile. MOTE— Beginning; May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. m., 12 NOON, and 8 P. M. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m J. F. Hanson, Observer Monthly Summary April, 193H Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced tn sea level) Maximum 30.50, 7th, 8th Minimum 29.10, 9th Mean semi-daily 30.050 Range 1.40 Air Temperature Highest 88, 28th Lowest 18, 6th Mean 49.2 R-nge 70 Highest mean daily 69.5, 28th Lowest mean daily 28.5, 6th Mean maximum 61 Mean minimum 37.3 Greatest daily range 40, 20th Least daily range 5, 9th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 3.07 Snow, in inches 25 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1.33, 8th, 9th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of precipitation fell 11 Wind (miles) Total movement 4519 Greatest daily movement .... 352, 10th Least daily movement 39, 26th Mean hourly velocity 6.3 Maximum velocity, 5 min., ... 40, 10th Wind (direction) Prevailing direction w North, days 3 Northeast, days 1 East, days 2 Southeast, days 5 South, days 3 Southwest, days 4 West, days 3 i Northwest, days 9 \ Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent. . 58.5 Mean cloudiness, per cent 52 Number of clear days 15 Number of fair days ... 8 Number of cloudy days 7 Number of hours bright sunshine . . 256 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 63.7 Thunder and lightning 1st, 20th, 29th Frosts after 15th none 30.48 29.41 29.99 1.08 79.5 21.6 45.8 57.8 3.27 2.32 11 5,436 7.5 29 62.0 49.2 11 10 9 221 55 30.71, 1911 28.99, 1907, 1929 1,52,1930; 0.72,1919 88.5, 1896 8.5, 1923 6.89, 1929; 0.76, 1892 11, 1891; 0, 1910 18, 1909; 3, 1892 ,208, 1808; 3,853, 1917 40, 1935 75, 1901; 34, 1925, 1927 19, 1911; 3, 1898, 1902 18, 1915; 2, 1894, 1901 22, 1901; 3, 1899, 1924 296,1911; 103,1901 Nope— The first colnrnn in the abo%'e summary irives observations made during the month. The second column irives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 19v!«. except that humidity records are l)ased on observations made from 1929 to 1987. The third column uivea extremes observed from 1889 to 1937 REMARKS The weather during April was unusually pleasant, with the season at the end of the month considerably in advance of normal. The mean temperature for the month was 49.2 degrees, the normal being 45.8 degrees. This is the highest mean temperature for April since 1921 when it was 52.0 degrees. The highest temperature for the month was 88 degrees on the 28th. This was equalled in 1915, and exceeded in 1896 when it reached 88.5. The lowest temperature was 18 degrees on the 6th. The total number of degree-days for the current heating season to the end of April is 6280.5, while the normal for this period is 6542 degree-days. The total precipitation during the month was 3.07 inches, while the normal is 3.27 inches. The snowfall was one-quarter inch, the average snowfall during April being 2.32 inches. There were 256 hours of bright sunshine, the normal for April being 221 hours. The mean relative humidity was 58.5 per- cent, compared with a normal of 62 percent. Dr. J. K. Shaw gives the following comment on the fruit crop: "The development of fruit plants is fully ten days more advanced than the average due to warm days during April. The average date of full bloom of Mcintosh apple trees for the past sixteen years is May 15. A heavy bloom is opening in most of the College orchards, giving promise of a full crop. Not enough peach fruit buds were winter-killed to reduce the bloom seriously. Pear and plum trees are blooming heavily. There is a full bloom on apple trees, except on some that fruited heavily last year. No information is yet available as to conditions over the state, but as last year's crop was generally heavier than that at the College, it is probable that bloom is generally less. Due to the advanced state of the trees, damage from late frosts may be feared but frost damage is rare in Massachusetts, except in orchards with poor air drainage." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 593 May, 1938 Meteorological Observations FOR MAY 1938 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily records Temperature. Maximum Minimum. i 65 •I 71 6 69 4 74 5 73 6 68 '/ 61 8 66 9 70 10 61 11 60 12 58 13 56 14 69 15 49 16 60 17 69 18 71 19 69 20 61 21 74 22 74 23 73 24 75 25 68 26 68 27 71 28 77 29 66 30 67 31 72 « £ Wind. Precijiitation. 4 4 4 4 5 11 2 2 1 6 4 3 1 1 3 4 5 2 4 il 4 5 3 4 3 3 4 3 P 2p 2p 5p 39 41 43 34 47 42 39 43 39 47 39 37 34 39 46 43 36 42 42 52 55 51 54 56 41 42 56 53 54 39 35 6 6 5 1 12 2 3 5 12 12 2 5 4 6 1- 5 52.0 56.0 56.0 54.0 60.0 55.0 50.0 54.5 54.5 54.0 49.5 47.5 45.0 54.0 47.5 51.5 52.5 56.5 55.5 56.5 64.5 62.5 63.5 65.5 54.5 55.0 63.5 65.0 60.0 53.0 53.5 48 42 39 38 49 60 65 60 64 73 51 56 63 58 88 65 51 59 71 87 60 71 71 81 55 68 79 73 68 50 47 14.0 14.1 9.6 14.1 11.8 7.5 7.6 6.0 7.5 4.9 7.0 6.0 9.2 8.8 0.0 5.5 12.1 12.0 6.7 0.0 13.8 10.0 7.2 1.8 14.8 7.7 5.0 4.4 2.8 15.0 15.0 w nw nw se e w w s w w w sw s n nw nw s s se nw se s s nw s s e e e 139 174 131 67 88 96 152 56 83 113 100 93 119 HI 231 297 167 84 113 167 179 86 120 176 131 86 62 84 104 12? 61 4 A 1-30 A 11 A 8p 0 A 7-30 P 9a 4 a 6p 2-30 A 7P Oa 6-30 A 2-30 A 2-30 P 3p 12 P 9-30 p 10-30 p 3p 6-30 A 6-30 p 5-30 p 12 P 3 A .35 .04 .28 .01 .26 1.87 .01 .17 .18 .02 .42 .11 .09 .Based on least time required to blow one mile. MOTE— Beffinning- May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at S a. 12 MOON, and S p. M. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 A. m. and 8 p. m J. F. Hanson, Observer Monthly Summary May. 198.-< Ncirmall Extremes Barometer ( Readings reduced td sea levelj Maximum 30.43, 30tl,, 3lst Minimum 29.10, 15th Mean semi-daily 29.940 Range 1.33 Air Xeini»era(iirc Highest 77, 28th Lowest 34, 4th, 13th Mean 55.6 R:inge 43 Highest mean daily 65.5, 24th Lowest mean daily 45.0, 13th Mean maximum 67.3 Mean minimum 43.9 Greatest daily range .... 40, 4th Least daily range 3, 15th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 3.81 Snow, in inches Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 2.11, 14th, 15Lh Number of ddys o i which .01 or more inches of precipitation fell 13 Wind (miles) Total movement 3797 Greatest daily movement .... 297, 16th Least daily movement 56, 8th Mean hourly velocity 5.1 Maximum velocity, 5 min., 40, 13th, 15th Wind (direction) Prevailing direction sw North, days 1 Northeast, days 0 East, days 4 Southeast, days 3 South, days Southwest, days West, days Northwest, days 9 1 7 6 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent.. 61.6 Mean cloudiness, per cent 53 Number of clear days 11 Number of fair days 15 Number of cloudy days 5 Number of hourrs bright sunshine . . 262 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 57.9 Thundei- and lightning 6th, 7th, 10th Frosts 4th, 13th, 31st Last frost 30.38 29.51 29.95 88 85.5 30.8 56.8 54.6 3.63; 12 4,540 6.1 25 60.6 51.5 10 11 10 250.1 55.2 12th 30.62, 1936 29.16, 1893 1.21, 1929; 0.60, 1899 94.5, 1911 24.0, 1900 7.44, 1931; 0.48, 1903 20, 1901; 5, 1903 5,946, 1907; 2,180, 1894 45, 1935 70, ]901; 30,1923 20, 1923; 0, 1927 17, 1907, 1926; 5, 1923 20, 1927; 3, 1903,1922 334,1922; 137,1927 June 8, 1932; Apr. 23, 1904 Note— The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column erives the averaue.s based on observations made from 1889 to 1928, except that liiimidity records are based on observations made from 19'29 to 19.S7 The third column eives extremes observed from 1.H89 to 1987 REMARKS The weather during May was very nearly normal in most respects. The mean temperature for the month was 55.6 degrees, the mean for May being 56.8 degrees. The highest temperature was 77 degrees on the 28th. This is a very low maximum for May, the normal being 85.5 degrees. The lowest temperature was 34 degrees on the 4th and 13th. There was frost on these dates as well as on May 31 when a temperature of 35 degrees was recorded. The heating load for the season is about 5 per cent lower than normal, being 6573 degree- days to the end of May. The normal to this date is 6808 degree-days. The precipitation during the month was 3.81 inches, the normal rainfall for May being 3.63 inches. The total precipitation since January 1 is now 17.25 inches, the normal being 17.35 inches. There were 262 hours of bright sunshine compared to a normal of 250.1 hours. The total wind movement during the month was 3797 miles, the normal for May being 4540 miles. There were high winds of 40 miles per hour on the 13th and 15th. Many trees blew down in the town on the 15th. The gusts of wind which caused this damage were greatly in excess of 40 miles per hour. The anemometer used at the observatory records average wind velocity during the time required to blow one mile and does not indicate maximum velocity. Dr. J. K. Shaw of the Pomology Department makes the following report: "The blossoming period of most fruit trees was about eleven days earlier than normal and much prolonged. The temperature, es- pecially at night, was low. There were several days in which bees were active. The set of Mcintosh in our orchards is poor, and a few scat- tered reports indicate that these conditions may be more or less general over the state. Other varieties appear to have set heavily. There have been a few nights in which frosts have occurred in low places. It would not be surprising if strawberry blossoms have suffered from frost. Other fruits promise normal to good crops." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 594 June, 1938 Meteorological Observations FOR JUNE 1938 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Maximum Wind. = 1 > i) aiC. Precipitation. 78 3 P 42 6 A 60.0 47 15.1 s 114 10 76 3 P 43 5 A 59.5 65 11.6 s 194 15 75 2 P 57 12 p 66.0 72 7.0 w 110 12 3-30 A 8 A .29 71 2 p 50 5 A 60.5 78 2.7 sw 46 b 11 p 2 p .13 75 1 P 57 12 p 66.0 57 7.5 sw 71 12 76 5 p 46 6 A bl.O 54 12.5 s w 130 13 87 2 p 61 5 A 74.0 70 11.2 se 204 20 9 P 11 p .20 75 7 P 55 12 p 65.0 70 9.0 w 82 12 1 A 6 A .24 76 4 p 48 5 A 62.0 50 15.2 w 122 17 77 4 p 44 6 A 60.5 51 14.2 se 93 10 72 6 p 60 5 A 66.0 90 0.0 se 92 6 7a 12 p 1.28 84 4 P 63 12 p 73.5 76 10.0 nw 104 15 6p 12 p 1.10 74 7 P 57 i2 p 65.5 71 8.0 n 140 lo 0 A 6a .42 79 4 P 52 6 A 65.5 53 15.0 n 98 13 79 2 P 50 5 A 64.5 47 15.3 ne 116 13 T 72 2 P 56 6 A 64 0 71 6.1 e 87 9 79 4 P 59 0 A 69.0 79 7.0 se 88 12 8 a 9 A .02 85 5 P 60 2 A 72.5 73 11.7 sw ho 8 84 3 P 63 6 A 73.5 67 12.3 nw 88 10 T 86 4 P 56 5 A 71.0 59 13.0 nw 65 10 91 4 P 58 5 A 74.5 57 15.3 se 65 n 85 5p 62 5 A 73.5 64 14.0 s 101 9 88 2p 70 12 P 79.0 70 9.2 se 113 10 91 ■i p 68 1 A 79.5 66 11.5 s 58 9 89 2 p 68 6 A 78.5 67 12,0 s 170 17 74 Oa 57 12 p 65.5 83 0.0 n 202 15 5-30 A 12 P 2.04 60 3 p 55 12 p 57.5 90 0.0 n 114 U 0 A 12 P 2.55 62 2 p 55 0 A 58.5 82 0.0 n 134 12 3 A 9 P .18 77 3 p 52 4 A 64.5 50 15.3 n 150 17 78 4p 45 6 A 61.5 50 13.8 sw 62 5 Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE — Besinninp^ May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. m., 12 NOON, and 8 p. M. Prior to that time readings were talit2it](>ii Precipitation. In inches 8.45 Snow, in inches Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 3.64, 2Gth, 27lh Number ol days on which .01 or more inches of precipitation fell 11 Wind (miles) Total movement 3308 Greatest daily movement 204, 7th Least daily movement 46, 4th Mean hourly velocity 4.6 Maximum velocity, 5 min., 20, 7th Wind (direction) Prevailing direction sw North, day -J 6 Northeast, days 1 East, days 1 Southeast, days 6 South, days 5 Southwest, days 5 West, days 3 Northwest, days 3 W e II « h e r Mean relative humidity, per cent. . 6^ Mean cloudiness, per cent 66 Number of clear days 17 Number of fair days 8 Number of cloudy days 5 Number of hours bright sunshine . . 296 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 64.8 Thunder and lightning. . . . 7th, Uth, 12th Frosts none Last frost May 31 30.31 29.56 29.961 .75 91.1 40.0 65.4 512 3.54 10 3,584 67.0 50.1 9 13 8 257.4 56.2 M'yl2 30.54, 1889 29.24, 1902 1.27, 1902; 0.52,1916 101.0, 1919 34.0, 1891 9.68, 1£22; 0.76. 1908 17, 1922; 4, 1908 4,571, 1908; 1,409, 1906 40, 1932 71, 1903; 28,1908 22, 1908: 1, 1907,1926 23,1012:4.1895, 1903 22, 1903; 1, 1923 362,1908; 102,1903 June 8, 1932; Apr. 23, 1904 NOTK— The first column in the above summary cives observations made durinj; the month. The second column ifives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 19-'H. except that humidity records are based on observations made from 19'29 to 1937. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1987 REMARKS The weather diiring June was marked by a prolonged warm spell and very heavy precipitation most of which occurred in two storms. The mean temperature was 67.1, degrees, compared with a normal mean of 65.4 degrees for June. The min- imum temperature was 42 degrees on the 1st and the maximum tem.perature, 91 degrees on the 21st and 24th. This maximum temperature has been exceeded many times during June of other years. However, an eight-day heat wave from the 18th to the 25th, accompanied by excessive humidity, resulted in a period of very uncom- fortable weather. Other excessive warm spells in June were recorded in ISOl, 1909, 1919, and 1933. It is inter- esting to recall that the mean temperature for the three summer months last year was the highest mean tempera- ture for summer since 1876. The total precipitation was 8.45 inches compared with a normal of 3.54 inches. This is the greatest pre- cipitation for June since 1889, with the exception of 1922 when 9.68 inches were recoided. Nearly all the rain fell in two heavy storms. From the 11th to the 13th, 2.80 inches were recorded, and during the storm of the 26th to the 28th, 4.77 inches fell. In this latter storm 3.64 inches were recorded in 24 hours, equaling the total rainfall for May of this year. Last year also heavy rains fell in June, the total being 5.72 inches. There were 296 hours of sunshine compared with a normal of 257 hours. The mean humidity for the month was nearly normal. The total wind travel was 3308 miles compared with a normal of 3584 miles. Dr. J. K. Shaw of the Pomology Department gives the following report on the fruit crop: "As reported last month the set of Mcintosh apples was generally poor duo largely to unfavorable weather during and immedi- ately following blooming time. The fact that some trees and some orchards set moderate crops suggests that this was not the only factor involved. Other varieties of apples have set well. There is promise of a good peach crop and most other fruits will have good crops. Raspberries suf- fered some bud killing in early spring and will give a short crop. The strawberry crop was good as rains came at opportune times to promote growth but with little rot. The heavy rains at the close of the month will insure an abundant water supply for fruit trees for some time to come." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 595 July, 1938 Meteorological Observations FOR JULY 1938 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ^^ Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. a. Wind. Precipitation. » Maximum 1 M nimum. O v. c = c \ Q 0) V 21 s c ri bxi 0) m ■a 0) c W (5 o B t/1 1 76 4 P 58 6 A 67.0 83 4.5 S 150 14 6 A 9P .05 2 72 3 p 58 12 p 65.0 61 9.8 nw 162 13 T 3 79 12 M 47 5 A 63.0 52 11.5 nw 168 15 4 70 4 p 50 5 A 60.0 64 7.8 nw 164 20 5 84 2 P 48 4 A 66.0 54 15.0 w 119 17 6 79 4 p 58 12 p 68.5 50 15.0 w 154 22 7 82 5 P 51 5 A 66.5 58 13.0 s 62 6 8 86 2 p 62 3 A 74.0 66 10.9 se 153 13 9 87 2 p 66 5 A 76.5 69 12.0 se 176 15 6p 8p .06 10 87 4 p 66 12 p 76.5 58 15.1 nw 158 17 11 85 2 p 60 5 A 72.5 73 10.5 nw 76 28 4P 8p .53 12 80 3 p 64 1 A 72.0 84 3.0 nw 69 8 2-30 A 3-30 A .11 13 84 4 p 60 6 A 72.0 66 11.0 s 68 7 14 82 2 p 66 4 A 74.0 79 6.3 s 136 12 8a 11-30 p .12 15 84 2 p 66 12 P 75.0 63 9.0 w 100 11 16 82 4 P 58 6 A 70.0 58 15.0 sw 80 8 17 87 3 P 58 5 A 72.5 63 13.5 se 92 10 18 74 0 A 68 12 P 71.0 90 0.5 se 92 12 7-30 A 8p 2.07 19 70 6 p 67 6 A 68.5 87 0,0 nw 41 9 5-30 A 11-30 p 1.27 20 79 4p 67 5 A 73.0 83 1.0 w 60 7 21 73 10 a 67 12 P 70.0 86 0.0 se 82 6 7 A 4-30 p .57 22 78 12 m 67 0 A 72.5 82 1.0 se 125 13 0 A 3p .60 23 75 2 p 69 12 p 72.0 85 0.2 se 178 11 8 A 6p .30 24 76 3 P 68 5 A 72.0 81 2.0 se 155 13 0 A 4 A .07 25 84 3 P 67 5 A 75.5 73 12.2 s 122 10 26 86 2 p 70 12 P 78.0 75 5.5 s 122 li. 27 86 3 P 68 2 A 77.0 81 6.3 s 105 10 3p 4p .02 28 84 4 p 65 5 A 74.5 79 8.9 sw 67 n 29 84 2p 69 12 P 76.5 87 3.1 s 106 22 4a 7p 1.68 30 85 2p 65 6 A 75.0 68 14.6 w 88 10 31 88 I P 62 4 A 75.0 66 9.8 s 72 8 .Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE^Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. m., ij NOON, and 8 p.m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a.m. and 8 p. m J. F. Hanson, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY July. 19.S8 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.17, 31st Minimum 29.70, 14th Mean semi-daily 29.982 Range 47 Air Temperature Highest 88, 31st Lowest 47, 3rd Mean 71.7 Rar-ge 41 Highest mean daily 78, 26th Lowest mean daily 60, 4th Mean maximum 80.9 Mean minimum 62.4 Greatest daily range 36, 5th Least daily range 3, 19th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 7.45 Snow, in inches Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 2.07, 18th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of precipitation fell 13 Wind (miles) Total movement 3502 Greatest daily movement 178,22nd Least daily movement 41, 19th Mean hourly velocity 4.7 Maximum velocity, 5 min., 28, 11th Wind (direction) Prevailing direction ssw North, days Northeast, days . East, days Southeast, days . South, days Southwest, days West, days Northwest, days 7 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent. . 71.8 Mean cloudiness, per cent 55 Number of clear days 12 Number of fair days 9 Number of cloudy days 10 Number of hours bright sunshine . . 248 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 53.7 Thunder and lightning 9, 11, 12, 18, 21, 29 30.28 29.60 29.972 .68 93.9 45.5 70.6 48.4 4.33 11 3,485 4.6 24 68.0 50.1 9 14 8 267.0 57.8 30.59, 1892 29.27, 1932 0.97, 1892; 0.51,1895, 1899 104.0, 1911 40.0,1890, 1898 14.51, 1897; 0.70, 1929 20, 1915; 4, 1924 5,097, 1909; 1,109, 1894 44, 1936 69, 1914; 31, 1924 22, 1923; 0, 1915 24, '09, '21; 5, '89,'23, '28, '36 18, 1839; 0,1910 371,1910; 182,1889 Note— The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column erives the averages based on observations made from 18h9 to 1928, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 19.S7. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1937 REMARKS The outstanding feature of the weather during July was the heavy precipitation. This, together with the heavy fall which occurred in June, marks the summer so far as the wettest on record since 1897. Some sur- rounding towns experienced even heavier precipitation than was recorded here at the station and in other areas throughout the state, especially around greater Boston, flood conditions prevailed. A total of 7.45 inches fell in July, and this has been exceeded only three times in July since 1889, viz., 9.13 inches in 1915, 14.51 in 1897, and 10.52 in 1889. The nor- mal fall for July is 4.33 inches. In June 8.45 inches fell, making a total of 15.90 inches for the two months. The precipitation for this same period in 1897 was 21.16 inches, with 6.65 inches in June and 14.51 inches in July. The total precipitation for the present year since Janu- ary 1 is 33.15 inches, while the normal for the same period is 25.22 inches. The mean temperature was ii.7 degrees, as com- pared to a normal of 70.6 degrees for July. The maxi- mum temperature was 88 degrees on the 31st and the minimum, 47 on the 3rd. The normal high for July is 93.9 degrees. The all-time record for high temperature at this station is 104 degrees in July, 1911. The relative humidity was higher than usual, with a mean of 71.8 percent for the month, as compared to a normal of 68.0 per cent. There were 248 hours of sunshine, while the normal is 267 hours. A total of 3502 miles of wind travel were recorded, the normal for July being 3435 miles. Thunder and lightning occurred on. six days. Dr. J. K. Shaw of the Pomology Department gives the following report on the fruit crop: "The periods of excessive rain during the past month caused much dam- age to raspberries and blueberries. The berries could not be picked at usual intervals, and they became soft and dropped. The wet weather favored the development of scab and brown rot of peaches and other diseases. Only well sprayed trees can escape the severe losses. On lighter soils there must have been considerable loss of certain soil nutrients from leaching. Low, wet spots in fields of various crops show poor growth and yellow coloration." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 596 August, 1938 Meteorological Observations FOR AUGUST 1938 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Heigiit of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft, Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. Wind. Precipitation. * Maximum Minimum. O IT. J2 ' c ni rt rt c ■ > HI D 1- £(5 ■H2 2 c oa c W .S Q bo Q H -'■" n! t« C ■its. o ^ Wind. - \ a,C Precipitation. 12 P 7 A 6 A 2 A 12 p 7 A 5 A 6 A 6 A 7 A 5 A 5 A 12 P 6 A 6 A 12 P 3 A 8 A 1 A 12 P 12 P 5 A 12 P 4 A 6 A 6 A 12 p 7 A 7 A 7 A 72.5 58.5 58.0 70.5 59.0 55.0 56.0 56.5 51.5 53.5 56.5 58.0 69.0 63.5 70.0 58.5 54.5 57.5 60.0 64.5 60.0 58.5 56.5 63.5 55.0 54.5 62.0 58.5 60.0 49.5 70 62 70 70 52 61 82 61 63 63 64 78 74 75 87 64 74 86 89 66 83 70 67 74 79 7i 71 80 6.2 13.0 5.0 5.0 9.8 10.8 O.U 9.2 8.7 11.0 9.4 1.9 6.2 3.4 0.0 8.4 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.2 1.5 9.4 12.0 9.4 3.4 6 2.0 0.0 s n s SW nw s s n n s se s se nw se nw n n n n s s s nw nw s se s nw n 211120 2-30 A 1001151 62;i2i 166117 5-30 A 185 20 72 9 113 17 IP 212 139 52 66 115 135 62 85 148 82: 104 73 103 274 283 129 172 166 81 207 103 76 195 6p 0 A 2a 6p 10 a 0 A Oa 0 A 4-30 p 4-30 A .11 6-30 A .04 9p .33 12 p 8a .33 .60 6-30 p .98 10 p 12 p 12 p 12 p 9p .34 .34 3.44 3.96 3.88 T 7-30 F T .20 .Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. m., 12 NOON, and 8 p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. M J. F. Hanson, Observer Monthly Summary September. 1988 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) [ Maximum 30.40, 10th { 30.45 Minimum 28.41, 21st 29.59 Mean semi-daily 30.037 I 30.068 Range 1.99 .86 Air Temperature Highest 87 1st 87.4 Lowest 36, 10th 32.8 Mean 59.4 61.6 Range 51 54.6 Highest mean daily 72.5, 1st Lowest mean daily 49.5, 30th Mean maximum 70.5 Mean minimum 48.3 Greatest daily range . . 35, 10th, 11th, 26th Least daily range 5, 18th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 14.55 3.79 Snow, in inches Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 5.17, 20th and 21st Number of days on which .01 or more inches of precipitation fell 12 Wind (miles) Total movement 3971 Greatest daily movement 283,22nd Least daily movement 52, 10th Mean hourly velocity 5.5 Maximum velocity, 5 min., 80, 21st Wind (direction) Prevailing direction sw North, days 8 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 4 South, days 11 Southwest, days 1 West, days 0 Northwest, days 6 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent 72.7 73.7 Mean cloudiness, per cent 58 48.7 Number of clear days 10 9 Number of fair days 7 11 Number of cloudy days 13 10 Number of hours bright sunshine 165 -02.5 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 44.2 54.4 Thunder and lightning 14th, 15th, 19th,20th Frost 10th 19th First frost 10th 3,252 4.5 22 30.65, 1924 29.32, 1900 1.20,1904; 0.57,1910 97.0, 1895, 1929 24.5, 1914 12.34, 1933; 0.52, 1914 15, 1918; 3, 1903 4,686, 1896; 1,414, 1894 39, 1915, 1934 70.0, 3 934; 27, 1908, 1914 19, 1932; 2, 1907, 1928 19, 1908; 3, 1889 20, 1934; 4, '08, '16 255,1916; 106,1934 Aug. 22, '94, '95; Oct. 13, '09 NoTK— The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1928. except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1937. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1987 REMARKS The outstanding feature of the weather during September was the heavy rainstorm from the 17th to the 21st, terminating with the hurricane on the 21st. A total of 11.96 inches of rain fell between 6 P. M. on the 17th and 9 P. M. on the 21st. This storm brought the Connecticut River to a height of 14.9 feet over the Holyoke dam. This is .1 foot higher than in November, 1927, and 1.7 feet lower than in March, 1936. The total rainfall during the month was 14.55 inches. This is the greatest rainfall in Amherst during any month since 1836, the year records were first taken in Amherst. The nearest approach to this heavy rainfall was in July, 1897 when 14.51 inches were recorded. The total rainfall since January 1 is now 49.74 inches, as compared with a normal of 33.25 inches for this period. The barometer continued high during the rain on the 17th and 18th and until noon on the 19th, reading approximately 30.15 inches when reduced to sea level. At noon (E. S. T.) on the 19th the bar- ometer commenced falling slowly and reached 29.70 by 12 P. M. on the 20th. On the 21st the fall of the barometer was accelerated but did not become unusual until noon when it had fallen to 29.58. Be- tween 12 noon and 2 P. M. it fell .15 inch and by 3 P. M. it reached 29.12. By 4 o'clock the barometer had dropped to 28.72 inches and reached the minimum of 28.41 at 5:05 P. M. During this time the wind rose from 20 miles per hour at 3 P. M. to 38 at 4 P. M., and about 50 at 4:30, and reached 80 miles per hour at 5:17. An average velocity of 57 miles per hour was maintained for 5 minutes beginning at 5:10. After 5:05 P. M. the barometer rose at about the same rate at which it had dropped. The wind gradually decreased in velocity to 65 miles per hour at 5:30 and fell to 22 miles per hour at 7 P. M. On March 1, 1914 there was a sudden drop in the barometer quite similar to that which occurred on the 21st. The lowest reading at that time was 28.47 inches when reduced to sea level. The wind velocity ac- companying that storm was only 45 miles per hour. The wind blew from the north during the rain on the 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th, except from 9 P. M. on the 19th to 6 A. M .on the 20th when it blew from the south. It continued from the north until noon on the 21st when it shifted to southeast and continued from that direction during the storm. After the storm it shifted to south and continued from that direction on the following day. A large number of trees were uprooted and others were snapped off by the force of the vdnd, both on the College campus and in the town. Many tobacco barns and poultry buildings were over- turned and collapsed. Many roofs were damaged, some blowing off completely. Few substantial buildings were damaged except from falling trees. The mean temperature for the month was 59.4 degrees, the normal for September being 61.6 degrees. The highest temperature was 87 degrees on the first and the lowest, 36 degrees on the 10th. A very light frost occurred on that date. The normal date for the first frost is September 19. Dr. J. K. Shaw of the Pomology Department gives the following statement on the fruit crop: "The havoc caused by the extraordinary rainfall of the 17th to the 21st followed by the hurricane of the 21st has never before been even approximated. Nearly all the apples still on the trees were blown off and the remainder injured by the severe wind. Twenty-two per cent of our apple trees were blown over or severely broken." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 598 October, 1938 Meteorological Observations FOR OCTOBER 1938 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72* 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. Maximum Minimum. rt « c V ^ s 3 c/, O ^ Wind. - \ 3uC I2l Precipitation. 1 60 1 P 40 6 A 50.0 68 10.0 2 61 3 P 35 6 A 48.0 69 11.5 3 63 3 P 41 6 A 52.0 53 11.5 4 65 3 P 37 7 A 51.0 71 11.6 b 72 4 P 33 6 A 52.5 73 11.6 6 55 0 A 46 12 p 50.5 70 1.5 7 57 4 P 36 12 p 46.5 62 11.4 8 87 3 P 30 7 A 48.5 61 iO.O y 63 10 a 43 12 F 54.0 66 10.7 iU 66 3 P 36 6 A 51.0 69 11.2 11 79 5 P 37 6 A 58.0 76 11.2 12 85 4 P 46 7 A 65.5 71 8.1 13 78 1 P 54 6 A 66.0 73 8.1 14 65 4 P 59 9 p 62.0 95 0.1 15 78 1 P 54 12 p 66.0 80 8.5 16 82 2 P 45 6 A 63.5 70 10.7 17 85 1 p 51 6 A 68.0 66 9.7 18 67 2 p 52 7 A 59.5 73 0.0 19 71 2 p 53 4 A 62.0 83 4.2 20 64 2 p 50 12 p 57.0 87 0.0 21 63 1 P 42 12 p 52.5 68 8.3 22 62 4 P 35 7 a 48.5 78 10.3 23 61 2 p 45 6 A 53.0 80 1.6 24 62 4 P 48 12 p 55.0 58 0.0 25 56 3 P 45 7 A 50.5 49 7.8 26 66 2 F 35 7 A 50.5 52 iO.6 27 58 3 P 44 8 A 51.0 50 4.5 28 63 2 P 52 4 A 57.5 57 2.7 29 65 1 P 53 4 A 59.0 58 7.2 30 61 2 P 49 6 A 55.0 52 8-4 31 54 3 P 37 8 A 45.5 43 9.0 nw n e n w n n nw nw nw s s se se w sw s s s s nw w se s w se n w n n n n 155 144 145 117 32 191 150 74 187 22 10212 45 7 55 7 119 66 29 36 84 117 168 95 168 44 66 131 257 155 126 217 20 258 il81 5-30 A 3-30 P Oa 4-30 A 1-30 P 0 A 1-30 p 12 p 7a 8-30 p 8p 1-30 A .10 T .77 .06 i.35 .Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning: May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. m., 12 NOON, and 8 p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m F. W. Whittemore, Observer Monthly Summary October. 1938 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.49, 3rd j 30.53 Minimum 29.53, 24th,25th I 29.42 Mean semi-daily 30.116 | 30.059 Range 0.96 1.11 Air Temperature Highest 85, I2th,17th 79-7 Lowest 30, 8th 23. 4 Mean 55.2 50-4 Range 55 56 3 Highest mean daily 68, 17th Lowest mean daily 45.5, 31st Mean maximum 66.3 Mean minimum 44.0 Greatest daily range 42, 11th Least daily range 6, 14th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 2.49 3.35 Snow, in inches Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1.35, 24th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of precipitation fell 6 Wind (miles) Total movement 3915 Greatest daily movement 258,30th Least daily movement 29, 15th Mean hourly velocity 5.3 Maximum velocity, 5 min., 39, 24th Wind (direction) Prevailing direction wnw North, days 8 Northeast, days 0 East, days 1 Southeast, days 4 South, days 7 Southwest, days 1 West, days 4 Northwest, days 6 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent 67.1 69.2 Mean cloudiness, per cent 40 47.6 Number of clear days 21 8 Number of fair days 3 H Number of cloudy days 7 12 Number of hours bright sunshine 232 171.0 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 68 50.1 Thunder and lightning Frost 2nd,4th, 5th, 7th, 22nd, 26th First frost Sept. lu|S 19th 4,023 5.4 27 30.68, 1929 29.00, 1926 1.47, 1926; 0.76, 1899 90.5, 1908 17, 1936 8.81, 1911; 0.01, 1924 15, 1913; 1, 1897, 1924 5,467, 1910; 2,540, 1894 42, 1937 67, 1932; 18, 1924 16, 1934; 1, 1911 17, 1924; 4, 1936 19, 1896; 3, 1924 232,1923; 91,1913 Aug. 22, '94, '95; Oct. 13, '09 Note— The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column Kives the averages based on observations made from l«89 to 1928. except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to I9.S7. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 te 1937 REMARKS The weather during October was unusually pleasant, with warm, clear days and a small amount of rain. The mean temperature was 55.2 degrees, as compared to a nor- mal of 50.4 degrees. This is the highest mean temperature for October since 1920 when it was 56.4 degrees. The high- est temperature was 85 degrees on the 12th and 17th. This is the highest temperature for October since 1928 when it reached 86 degrees on the 12th. The lowest temperature was 30 degrees on the 8th. The domestic heating load during the month was 305 degree-days, compared to a normal of 453 degree-days. There were 191 degree-days in September, making the total to date 496 degree-days. The normal for September and October is 611 degree-days. There were 21 days listed as "clear", which is the largest number of clear days for October on record. There were 232 hours of sunshine, which has not been exceeded since records have been taken at this station but was equal- ed in October, 1923. Only 2.49 inches of rain fell during the month, while the normal rainfall for October is 3.35 inches. The total precipitation since January 1 is now 52.23 inches, compared to a normal of 36.60 inches for this period. The highest wind velocity during the month was 39 miles per hour on the 24th. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 599 November, 1938 Meteorological Observations NOVEMBER 1938 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. Maximum Minimum. >T3 C -S'" 1) 4) 3 Sail 3 IT, O ZK Wind. CL,C 13 >• S Precipitation. 1 63 4 p 27 8 A 45.0 40 10.3 w 26 3 2 62 3 P 30 7 A 46.0 46 5.7 n 63 13 3 56 4 P 41 2 A 48.5 43 3.5 n 106 9 4 69 3 p 47 8 A 58.0 55 8.S s 169 18 5 74 1 P 52 3 A 63.0 64 6.5 se 144 25 6 68 2 P 62 5 A 65.0 95 3.7 se 155 10 3-30 ^. 4 A .04 7 75 i P 58 12 P 66.5 a4 5.5 se 165 25 8 87 3 P 44 12 P 55.5 93 2.0 se 273 22 6-30 p 12 p .18 9 52 1 p 36 12 F 44.0 57 lo.o w 304 28 0 A 2-30 A .14 10 68 2 P 30 7 A 49.0 62 lO.O se 78 7 U 67 1 P 29 6 A 18.0 82 7.5 ne 47 4 12 65 3 P 38 4 A 51.5 89 5.0 n 40 8 13 61 4 P 40 7 A 50.5 95 0.2 s 110 22 T U 48 9 A 31 12 p 39.5 50 5.5 nw 314 44 T 15 44 2 P 30 1 A 37.0 63 8.5 w 205 22 T 16 43 2 P 29 7 A 36.0 57 9.8 n 120 18 T 17 41 3 P 31 5 A 36.0 98 0.0 n 82 7 4 a 10-30 A .36 18 59 12 p 34 8 A 46.5 93 0.0 nw 52 8 T 19 62 4 A 38 12 P 50.0 87 0.0 nw 233 28 8a 12 p .59 20 51 4 P 31 12 P 41.0 74 7.6 nw 154 15 21 52 4 P 27 12 P 39.5 74 9.6 sw 57 9 T 22 51 6 P 27 7 A 39.0 96 0.0 se 64 11 23 43 4 A 29 12 P 36.0 78 2.3 nw 153 20 3-30 p 12 p .18 24 29 0 A 17 12 F 23.0 77 0.0 n 293 25 5p 12 p .50 5.0 25 23 4 P 8 12 P 15.5 82 6.5 nw 423 39 0 A 8a .66 6.5 26 23 3 P -4 3 A 9.5 81 6.3 n 74 11 27 29 2 P 12 12 p 20.5 93 2.0 n 189 17 3a 10-30 A .17 2.0 28 34 2 P 1 4 A 17.5 84 6.0 n 94 12 29 39 4 P 21 5 A 30.0 71 8.8 s 196 17 30 43 2 P 34 8 A 38.5 71 2.4 s 110 20 Based on least time required to blow one mile. SOTE— Beginning May ist, 1929 relative humidity is based on readings taken at 8 a. m., 12 NOON, and 8 p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m F. W. Whittemore, Observer Monthly Summary November. 19S8 Normal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.64, 26th Minimum 29.57 13th Mean semi-daily 30.172 Range 1.08 Air Temperature Highest 75, 7th Lowest -4, 26th Mean .... 41.5 Range 79 Highest mean daily 66.5, 7th Lowest mean daily 9.5,26th Mean maximum 52 Mean minimum 31 Greatest daily range 38, 10th, 11th Least daily range 6, 6th Precipitation Precipitation. In inches 2.82 Snow, in inches 13.50 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1.16,24th, 25th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of precipitation fell 9 Wind (miles) Total movement 4493 Greatest daily movement 423,25th I Least daily movement 26, 1st ' Mean hourly velocity 6.2 Maximum velocity 44, 14th Wind (direction) Prevailing direction nnw North, days 9 Northeast, days 1 East, days 0 Southeast, days 6 South, days 4 Southwest, days 1 West, days 3 Northwest, days 6 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent 74.8 Mean cloudiness, per cent 61 Number of clear days 10 Number of fair days 10 Number of cloudy days 10 Number of hours bright sunshine 152 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 51.9 Thunder and lightning Frost First snow 14th 30.58 29.34 30.046 1.29 65.3 13.8 36.6 51.4 3.45 2.05 4,564 6.3 29 70 53.5 6 9 15 121.0 41.3 Nov.5 30.87, 1932 28.73, 1904 1.84,1904; 0.94,1935 75.0, 1924 3.5, 1891 8.64, 1927; 0.63, 1917 9, 24; t, 89, 93, 03, 12, 18, 19 22, 27, 32, 84 22, 1921;2, 1904 5,978, 1906; 2,589, 1889 40, 1915 72, 1900; '27; 34, 1917 15, '03; 1, '00, '11, '27 16,'12; 4, '89, 30, 32, '35 24, '27; 9, '90, '05,*17 182,1903; 66,1927 Oct. 10, '25; Nov. 27, '31 Note— The first colunjn in the above summary gives observations made during; the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from l^ny to 19'28. excejit that humidity records are based on observations made from 1»'29 to 19.S7. The third column sives extremes observed from 1889 to 1987 REMARKS The weather during November was record-breaking in several respects. The outstanding feature was the snow- storm on the 24th and 25th, which was accompanied by high wind that caused much drifting. A total of 11.50 inches was recorded during this storm, which is a very heavy fall for such an early date. On the 27th two inches more fell, bringing the total for the month to 13.50 inches. This is the heaviest snowfall for November ever recorded at the station, the nearest approach being 9 inches in 1924. Snow- fall records have been taken since 1889. The mean temperature for the month was 41.5 degrees, as compared to a normal of 38.6 degrees. The first half of the month was extremely warm, with a maximum tempera- ture of 75 degrees on the 7th. This is the highest temper- ature on record for a November day, and it has been equalled only once — in November, 1924. The lowest tem- perature was -4 degrees on the 26th, which breaks another record for November. The previous record was 3.5 degrees above zero on November 30, 1891. Temperature records have been taken since 1838. The domestic heating load for November was 705 degree-days, compared to a normal of 792 degree-days. The load for the heating season is now 1200 degree-days, the normal for this period being 1403 degree-days. The total precipitation was 2.82 inches; the normal, 3.45 inches. This brings the total precipitation since Janu- ary 1 to 55.05 inches, as compared to a normal of 40.05 inches for the same period. There were 152 hours of bright sunshine, the normal for November being 121 hours. The mean relative humidity was 74.8 percent; the normal, 70.1 percent. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 608 December, 1938 Meteorological Observations FOR DECEMBER 1938 C. 1. GUNNESS OBSKRVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ^^• Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Kecjuests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Daily Records Temperature. 0. c w ind. Pi ecipita ion. 1 * Maximum | Minimum. O - i ^^ H ,2^ 1 c c rt be 0) oa T3 U T3 C W 'n o c m I'sg 0 A 16 12 p 27.5 32 9.3 nw 314 28 2 24 3 P 7 6 a 15.5 57 9.3 ne 135 15 3 29 12 p 4 2 A 16.5 77 0.2 nw 26 4 11 p 12 p .04 4 56 3 p 29 0 A 42.5 82 9.2 sw 92 13 0 A 4 A .40 5 40 4 p 30 2 A 35.0 98 0.0 nw 40 13 8a 12 P l.z6 6 47 8 A 35 0 A 4i.O 80 0-0 nw 136, 20 Oa 12 M .61 7 48 2 P 33 12 P 42.0 60 8.0 nw 191 28 Oa 1-30 A .03 8 45 4 P 31 8 A 38.0 8o 3.5 nw 49 8 T 9:44 4 P 41 6 A 42.5 97 0.0 nw 140 9 9-30 t. 4 P .22 10 46 4 P 41 2 P 43.5 83 0.5 sw 20139 3-30 A 3p !67 U 44 0 A 33 12 F 38.5 77 0.0 nw 157 15 12,40 3 P 32 1 A 36.0 79 1.3 nw 113 25 13 ' 42 2 P 27 12 P 34.5 59 9.1 nw 201 20 14 41 1 P 23 12 P 32.0 61 5.0 s 195 32 15 28 2 P 16 8 A 22.0 54 3.1 nw 226 28 16 33 2 P 11 7 A 22.0 68 9.0 nw 67 8 17 33 12 p 20 0 A 26.5 92 0.0 nw 48 7 8p 9f .01 18 35 3 A 32 12 P 33.5 96 0.0 nw 102 10 10 a 8p .07 T 19 35 4 p 32 0 A 33.5 88 0.0 n 173 18 20 35 3 p 25 12 P 30.0 68 00 n 177 14 21 28 2 p 22 8 A 25.0 78 1.8 nw 59 10 22,31 12 m 20 12 P 25.5 51 9.0 nw 33340 23 24 8 P 17 6 A 20.5 68 0.0 n 126,12 T 24 32 5 P 23 2 A 27.5 93 O.OJ nw 25 4 T 25 39 4 p 24 5 A 31.5 63 7.5 nw 155 22 26 32 4 p 12 7 A 22.0 65 7.2 nw 71 12 27 43 4 p 23 0 A 35.5 80 1.5 S3 182 28 lA 10 A .54 1.50 28 24 0 A \ 17 12 p 20.5 45 8.0! nw 420 48 29 28 8 p 7 8 A 17.5 70 4.2 s 124 14 30 30 9 A 16 12 P 23.0 53 7.3inw 228 32 • T 31 26 2 p 11 7 A 18.5 91 6.C 1 s 1 i 65 8 1 5p i 9p .10 1.5 0 Based on least time required to blow one mile. NOTE— Beginning May ist, ig29 relative humidity is based on readings taken at S a. m., 12 NOON, and 8 p. m. Prior to that time readings were taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m F. W. Whittemorh, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY December !9SS Ndrmal Extremes Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.85, 17th Minimum 29.30, 6th Mean semi-daily 30.052 Range 1.55 Air Temperature Highest 56, 4th Lowest 4, 3rd Mean 29.7 Range 52 Highest mean daily 43.5, 10th Lowest mean daily 15.5, 2nd Mean maximum 3'6.2 Mean minimum 23.2 Greatest daily range 27, 4th Least daily range .... 3, 9th, 18th, 19th Precipitation Precipitation, inches 3.95 Snow, inches 3.00 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs 1.81, 5th, 6th Number of days on which .01 or more inches of precipitation fell 11 Wind (miles) Total movement 4571 Greatest daily movement .... 420, 28th Least daily movement 25, 24th Mean hourly velocity 6.1 Maximum velocity 48, 17th Wind (direction) Prevailing direction nw North, days 3 Northeast, days 1 East, days 0 Southeast, days 1 South, days 3 Southwest, days 2 We3t, days ...". 0 Northwest, days 21 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent 72 6 Mean cloudiness, per cent 59 Number of clear days 12 Number of fair davs 4 Number of cloudy days 15 Number of hours bright sunshine 126 Per cent of possible hours of bright sunshine 44.5 First snow Nov. 14 30.65 29.25 30.056 1.40 54.5 -2.3 27.3 56.8 3.47 8.99 9 4,726 6.4 29 I 68.9 53.4 8 I 10 I 13 [130.7 I I 46.0 I Nov. 5 30.96, 1889 28.85, 1915 1.78, 1895; 1.01, 1892 65.5, 1908 -22.5, 1917 7.77, 1901; 0.87, 1896 26.50, '02; t, 1891 17, 1902; 4, 1892 6,694, 1925; 3,239, 1918 45, 1934 71, 1929; 39, 1919 15, 1890; 2, 1922, 1933 16, '09; 4, '89, '30, '31, '36 19, '11, '22; 7, '09, '23 172, 1896; 63.1, 1933 Oct. 10, '25; Nov. 27, '31 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made dui-ing the month. The second colunm gives the averages based on ob- servations made from 1889 to 1928, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1937. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1937. Annual Summary Annual 1938 Normal Extremes 30.81 31.05, 1920 28.95 28.47, 1914 30.016 ^ 1.86 2.33, 1913; 1.38, 1933 95.8 104, 1911 -12.1 -26.0, 1904 47.2 49.6, 1913; 44.0, 1904 108.0 57.8 36.5 Barometer (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.88, Feb. 2 Minimum 28.41, Sept, 21 Mean semi-daily 30.04(; Range ". 2.47 Air Temperature Highest 93, Aug. 3 and 15 Lowest -12, Jan. 19 Mean 49.2 Monthly range 105 Highest mean daily 82.5, Aug. 16 Lowest mean daily 3.0, Jan. 18 Mean maximum 59.4 Mean minimum 39.0 Greatest daily range 45, Mar. 22 Least daily range 3 Precipitation Precipitation, inches 59.00 Snow, inches 42.50 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs 5.17, Sept. 20 and 21 Number of days on which .01 or more inches of precipitation fell 126 Wind (miles) Total movement 48,765 Greatest daily movement 453, Feb. 28 Least daily movement .... 25, Dec. 24 Mean hourly velocity - 5.6 Maximum velocity 80, Sept. 21 Wind (direction) Prevailing direction w North, days 49 Northeast, days 5 East, days "^ Soutlieast, days 57 South, days 73 Southwest, days 20 West, days 3P, Northwest, days 113 Weather Mean relative humidity, per cent 67.2 Mean cloudiness, per cent 56.6 Number of clear days 153 Number of fair days 97 Number of cloudy days 115 Number of hours bright sunshine 2431 Per cent of possible hours of bright sunshine 54.6 Last frost Mav 31 First frost Sept. 10 Last snow April 10 First snow Nov. 14 43.49 48.38 123 52,321 6.0 35 167.6 1 150.8 i I 109 I I 128 i 128 I 12,356 I J I 153.0 I iM'vl2! i S't 19| |Aprl4i I Nov 51 57.05, 1897; 30.68, 1908 78.00, 1920; 24.50, 1919 144, 1902; 96, 192-^ 63,571, 1908; 36,257, 1894 48, 1932, 1934, 1937 60, '98, '01, '02; 41, '08, '24 169, 1932; 59, 1927 182, 1912; 83, 1894 179, '01, '02; 71, 1910 2,838, 1924; 1,864, 1902 Apr. 23, '04; June 8, '32 Aug. 22 '94, '95; Oct. 13,'09 Mar.l4, '10; Mav5, '91, '17 Oct. 10, '25; Nov. 27, '31 Note-;— The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the year. The second column gives the averages based on ob- servations made from 1889 to 1928, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 tp 1937. The thiid column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1937.- ,'^'