w NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION 1901-1904. f-\U\j'. METEOROLOGY PART II COMPRISING DAILY SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS IST OCTOBER, 1901, TO SlsT MARCH, 1904. PREPARED IN THE METEOROLOGICAL OFFICE, UNDER THE SUPERINTENDENCE OF M.W.CAMPBELL HEPWORTH,C.B.,R.D., COMMANDER R.N.R. MARINE SUPERINTENDENT. LONDON: lo \ PUBLISHED BY THE ROYAL SOCIETY. 1913. M i:Ti:ouiH.o(iicAi, OFFICE, SOUTH KKNSINdTON, LONDON, S.W. 17th February, I HI.;. To Sir ARCHIBALD GEIKIE, K.C.B., President of the Royal Society. Sir, I have now the honour to forward the corrected proof of the "Remarks," introductory to the Daily Synchronous Charts of the Southern Quarter of tfyo Globe, which were prepared, under my direction, to represent the results of the international co-operation in meteorological work for the National Antarctic Expedition, 1901-1904. These form the last instalment in discharge of the obligation which was undertaken for the Office by the Meteorological Council, in response to a request of the Royal Society, dated 30th September, 1904, and which devolved upon me in 1905. It would serve no useful purpose now to enter into detailed explanations of the length of time that has been found necessary to complete the work. Of the members of the directing body, under whose guidance it was originally planned, all except myself have passed away — Sir WILLIAM WHARTON, Sir RICHARD STRACHEY, Dr. ALEXANDER BUCHAN, Sir GEORGE DARWIN— and by a coincidence as tragic as it is deplorable, the final touches of the work, designed by international co-operation to elucidate the problems which the discoveries of the Antarctic explorers of 1901-1904 suggest, are delayed by the melancholy news of the loss of their leader, Captain ROBERT FALCON SCOTT, and of his four companions on their return from his second and successful attempt to reach the South Pole. I am, .Sir, Q 115 A/ Your obedient servant, W. N. SHAW, Director. 32, PREFACE. THE present volume completes the publication of all the Physical mnlu of the National Antarctic Expedition of which the supervision was undertaken by the Royal SonVty. It comprise* Part II Meteorology, of which Part I. was issued in 1908. The delay in t|H! ftppevtOM of the volume him arwen chiefly from the labour attending the preparation of the Charts, a tusk «hieh has been carried th under the superintendence of Commander IlK.nMHn n, C.H., Marine Supi-riiittnd.-nt <>n the staff <.f th- Meteorological Office, who has supplied the Introdueto, T Text. It will ),.• seen that the v.-liiini- proflente not only the detailed results of the daily observations of the Expedition, but combines also a large n of contemporary observations obtained by other Antarctic explorers, by observatories in rarioiu parU of the Southern Hemisphere, and by the Captains of vessels traversing the Antarctic seas. It than offer* a continuous daily picture of the changing meteorological conditions in the whole Antarctic region smith of the 30th parallel of latitude. An opportunity is afforded here to refer to certain objections made by Captain SCOTT to some of the statements contained in Part I. of the Meteorology, which was issued in the summer of the year 1908. Shortly before this distinguished polar explorer was about to sail on the Antarctic Expedition which be is now conducting, in letters addressed to me, he called attention to these statements containing criticisms of the work of his Expedition of 1901-1904. Some of these criticisms, in his opinion, showed a want of appreciation of the practical difficulties of observation in high latitudes, while others involved errors of statement which he wished to correct. As regards the latter, he maintained, in the first place, that the observations of the directions of wind taken on the land were "true" and not, as was suggested, "magnetic." He pointed out that in a region like that around the Magnetic Pole, where the horizontal magnetic force is very slight and magnetic directions are constantly changing, and where, therefore, it is impracticable to travel by compass, it WM necessary that constant attention should be given to keep the course true, and that this necessity was fully realised by himself and his staff. He therefore dissented from the suggestion (text, pp. 489, 490; Preface, p. xii.) that the observations recorded in Lieutenant EOYDS' important traverse across the ice- barrier in the months of November and December, 1903, were probably made by compass. That suggestion occurs in connection with the contention that if a mean correction of 145° E,, which is the deviation at the Winter Quarters, be applied to these observations, the winds recorded as coming from the S.W. to the extent of 68 per cent, are found to be from E. by N. and are thus brought into harmony with those registered at the Winter Quarters. While protesting against this introduction of a ma.L correction, Captain SCOTT pointed out that the correction will not give the desired result, for it has been put in the wrong direction, viz., westerly instead of easterly, and that even when it is correctly applied, the direction of the 68 per cent, of wind would be N. by E. and not E. by N., as stated in the Table on p. 490. Captain SCOTT maintained that, apart from all explanatory theory, the wind observations taken on the sledge-journey in question were perfectly trustworthy, and were in harmony with those made during other sledge-journeys of the Expedition, which combine to indicate a preponderance of southerly and westerly winds in the region under observation, and as he conceives, lend no support to the generalisation that the dominant direction of the surface winds is there from the e Another complaint of Captain SCOTT had reference to the insertion of a column (Xo. 3, pp. 284-363) purporting to give the positions of the sledge-parties at noon each day of their journeys. Hi- remarked that it is difficult to see how the figures in this column wore obtained, and that they are constantly in error. Citing in illustration his own sledge-journey of October to December, 1903, he pointed out that B 2 whereas in the printed table he is stated to have been, on October 30, 26 miles from the ship on sea-ice, he was really 80 miles from the ship, climbing the Ferrar glacier; and, on December 16, when he is represented as being 95 miles from the ship, it is plain from the column of " Remarks," that he had returned to Winter Quarters and was comparing his aneroid with the ship's barometer. Captain SCOTT intended to have adjusted these Tables before he sailed on his recent Expedition, but, in the hurry of his departure, seems to have found it impossible to do so. It should be understood that when the Tables of the various sledge-journeys were in course of compilation at the Meteorological Office from the records made by the observers, great difficulty was experienced in obtaining information as to the daily positions. Two of the journeys are actually printed without positions, but for the other journeys the positions are printed as supplied to the Meteorological Office by Captain SCOTT'S instruction, in reply to a request addressed to the Royal Geographical Society. It is matter for regret, however, that after the return of the Expedition, when the staff of observers was dispersed, closer touch with them should not have been maintained. With regard to the statement that "the explorers brought back no certain information about the amount of slope of the barrier-surface towards the sea " (Preface, p. xii.), Captain SCOTT contended that the staff possessed no means of discriminating between the influence on the barometer of the varying conditions of atmospheric pressure, on the one hand, and of differences in altitude, on the other. While fully realising the importance of distinguishing between these two causes, he knew of no practical means of discriminating them on sledge-journeys over the Antarctic ice-field, and he desired that proper allowance should be made for the apparently insuperable difficulties which have to be encountered. Nevertheless, it must be recognised that the separation of the influence of varying atmospheric pressure from that dependent on height above sea-level, is of such fundamental importance that no polar expedition can now be regarded as completely equipped for meteorological and physiographical research unless it is provided with the means of conducting levelling operations, independently of barometric variations. The accurate measurement of the slope of the inland ice is required for the determination not only of the atmospheric pressure gradient towards the pole, but also of the flow of the ice-cap. ARCH. GEIKIE, President of the Royal Society. 24th January, 191-1. Since the foregoing paragraphs were in type and ready to be printed off, tidings have come of the appalling tragedy of the death of Captain SCOTT and his companions on their return journey from the South Pole. It is not possible to allow this last contribution from the voyage of the " Discovery " to be published without the addition of a few words expressive of the profound sorrow with which the loss of these brave men has filled the hearts of all those who were associated with them in connection with Antarctic exploration and its problems. We had learnt to appreciate the remarkable gifts of Captain SCOTT and Dr. E. A. WILSON as explorers, and their charm as personal friends. We looked forward to their return home, bringing with them another and still ampler harvest of results. They have lost their lives in the cause of science, but their names are now imperishably graven on the bede-roll of the heroes of polar discovery. A. G. 14th February, 1918. REMARKS ON THE CHARTS. BY M. W. CAMPBELL HEPWORTH, C.B., R.D., COMMANDER R.N.R. THE COLLECTION OF THE DATA. TN connexion with the scheme of International Antarctic Exploration, inaugurated at tho beginning of this century, which attained its fulfilment during the years 1901-04, arrangements were made by the British Meteorological Office and the Deutsche Seewarte conjointly, prior to the departure for the Far South of the British and German Expeditions, with a view to obtaining synchronous observations at Noon G.M.T. of barometric pressure, air temperature, and wind frequency, during the period October, 1901, to March, 1903, for Latitudes South of the 30th parallel of South Latitude. For this country special registers, in a form agreed upon by the British anU>gi,-al S,,, iety,' Vol. XIX. (1893), pp. 34r-38. { " Climatology of Victoria Land and the Neighbouring Seas," ' National Antarctic Expedition, Meteorology,' P«rt I. C 10 high southern latitudes seldom experience strong winds or gales from Eastward, even when there appears to be evidence to show that they are situated well to the south of the central "low" of a cyclonic wind system. It has, therefore, been assumed that in these systems the gradient polewards is normally slight, and that on its southern side the low pressure dominates but a small area. The results of observations obtained by the German Expedition at Kergnelen Island and at Kaiser Wilhelm II. Land go far to prove that depressions which traverse the Southern Ocean cover a much larger area on their southern side than was hitherto supposed, and that although Easterly gales are seldom met with on the trade routes referred to, nevertheless they occur, considerably further south, it is true, but still within the limits of the system and forming part of their circulation. The rise of temperature which was associated with gales from Eastward at the " Gauss " Winter Station and which, as a rule, continued until the wind began to moderate, may be attributed to the circulation of warm air drawn from lower and warmer latitudes about a minimum pressure far north of the station. Frequently the daily observations at noon G.M.T. of barometer and wind recorded by the German Antarctic Expedition at Kerguelen Island and at the " Gauss " Winter Quarters respectively — the former supplemented and confirmed by similar observations made on board ships situated in the neighbourhood of the island — indicate a connexion between the strong winds and gales from Northward and Westward associated with diminishing pressure at Kerguelen and the strong winds and gales from eastward experienced at the " Gauss " station. The distance between the meridians of these two stations respectively, on a middle latitude of 57° 43' S., is about 630 miles. As instances in which the common origin of these increases in wind force, experienced at the two stations, is shown, the following cases are cited. Doubtless the fuller data in the possession of the German meteorologists bring into greater prominence the connexion referred to. It should be understood that noon G.M.T. observations only are cited. 18th to 20th February, 1902. At Kerguelen Island on the 18th February, 1902, at noon G.M.T., the barometer stood at 29 '75 inches, the thermometer at 45° F. ; the wind was from West, force 5. Next day the mercury had fallen to 29 '43 inches, the temperature had risen 1°; and the wind, still from West, had increased to a fresh gale, indicating a gradient to the South. On the 20th the barometer had risen to 29 '80 inches, the thermometer showed a drop in the temperature to 42° F., and the wind had backed to West-south-west. The depression was passing away to the eastward. By this time, at noon G.M.T., on the 20th, on board the " Gauss," in latitude 65° 55' S., longitude 90° 20' E., the barometer indicated a pressure of 29 '55 inches, which was diminishing, the thermometer marked 28° F., and a fresh breeze was blowing from East. The mercury had fallen to 29 '28 inches on the 21st in latitude 66° 17' S., longitude 90° 43' E. ; temperature had risen to 31° F., and the direction and force of the wind were the same as on the previous day. On the 22nd, the " Gauss " being then in her Winter Quarters, the mercury had fallen but slightly, to 29 '25 inches; the temperature had dropped to 25° F., and a strong gale was blowing from East-by-south. The gale had not abated at noon G.M.T. on the day following, when the direction of the wind had changed to East. The barometer then stood at 29 '23 inches, the thermometer at 24° F. The mercury had fallen to 29 '14 inches on the 24th; temperature had risen to 29° F., but the gale was abating. 23rd to 28th April, 1902. On the 23rd April of the same year, at noon G.M.T., pressure at Kerguelen Island had fallen 0'71 inch and temperature had risen 8° F. during the preceding 24 hours. The barometer then read 29 '20 inches and the thermometer 48° F. ; the breeze blew freshly from West-north-west. At the same G.M.T. a barometer reading of 29 '58 inches was recorded at the " Gauss" station; the temperature was 9° F., and the wind gentle from East^south-east. On the 24th the mercury had risen to 29 • 33 inches at Kerguelen Island, the temperature had dropped to 34° F., and the wind had backed to South-west-by-west and moderated. The disturbance, with which the diminution of pressure at the island had been associated, was then passing away to the eastward. At the " Gauss " station the mercury had by this time fallen to 11 29 • 35 inches, the thermometer had risen to 1 7° P., and a strong gale from Ka.t-by-north had set in The mercury continued to fall, on the 25th it had fallen to 29 -11 inchea, and the thermometer marked 1 the direction of the wind had not changed, but the force had increased to 10. Ths barometer was down to 28 '49 inches on the 26th ; the thermometer had ruen to 17' F, and the wind still blew with the force of a whole gale from East-by-north. ()„ tJ,,- day f.,ll,,wi,,K the mercury had risen to 28 -72 inches and was still rising; temperature had dropped to 1C V., and t),,- g»le continued, unabated, from the same point. The wind moderated on the 28th, when the mercury had rum to 29 • 23 inches. 2nd to 6th May, 19o.'. Between the 2nd and 6th May, 1902, pressure at Kerguelen Island diminished from l!'.i •;••_• j,,, !,<* to 28-84 inches, and fresh winds were experienced from North-westward, lacking to Westward. The temperature between the 4th and 5th had risen from 34° F. to 42* F. Fr.-m the 4th to the 7th of the month, inclusive, the " Gauss" station was visited by a strong to whole gale from East-by-m.rth, prewure having diminished from 29-24 inches, on the 3rd, to 28'52 inches on the r,tl,, and u-.nperature riwn during that period from - 4° F. to 21° F. 15th to 19th May, 1902. Again, between the 15th and 17th of the same month, pressure at Kerguelen Island d.-, lim-d from 29-33 inches to 28 -90 inches, and temperature rose from 30° F. to 42° F. Strong wind* from between West-north-west and West-south-west were recorded at this time and also on the 18th at the island, and strong winds and gales on board ships in the neighbourhood of the island. At the German station in the Antarctic the barometer showed a fall from 29'23 inches to 29-09 inches between the 17th and 18th, the thermometer a rise from 9° F. to 13° F., and the wind, from East-by-north, increased in force to a fresh gale. On the 19th the barometer had risen to 29 -24 inches, and the wind increased from the same point to a whole gale. Next day the mercury had risen to 29 '43 inches, temperature had dropped to 8° F., and the gale was over. 4th to 7th June, 1902. A rapid diminution of pressure, rise of temperature, and increase of wind to gale force, which occurred from the 4th to the 6th June at the Antarctic station, was evidently associated with a diminution of pressure and increase of wind to gale force previously recorded (between the 3rd and 5th of the month) at Kerguelen Island and on board the S.S. " Waimate," in a position, on the 4th, rather more than 100 miles south of the island. Subsequently, between the 6th and 7th of June, the " Waimate," passing the meridian of the "Gauss " station in latitude 50J° S., experienced a fresh to strong gale from West-south-west, veering to North- west, while pressure increased at the Antarctic station, and the wind moderated from a whole gale to a strong breeze. 5th to 8th July, 10(',.'. On the 5th July a rapid fall of the mercury recorded at Kerguelen Island and on board ships approaching the neighbourhood of the island resulted in an increase of wind on the 6th, which had backed from North-west to West, and blew a fresh gale from the latter direction. During these two days the mercury at the "Gauss" station fell 0'58 inch, and the thermometer rose 11°, and on the 7th an increasing wind attained the force of a fresh gale. The barometer then commenced to rise ; the tempe- rature had risen 5° since the preceding day, and marked 21* F. Next day the gale was ov.-r. llth to 18th July, 1 From the 12th to the 13th of the same month barometric pressure at Kerguelen Island declined from 29-82 inches to 28 -84 inches, the wind at the same time backing from North-west to West, and freshening. Between the llth and 12th the thermometer had risen 4°. C 2 12 On the 13th a light South-west freeze obtained at the Antarctic station, pressure increasing, the tonii«>r;iturc - 11° F. On the 14th the barometer there read as high as 29'58 inches; the temperature had risen to - 4° F., but the wind had backed to East-by-south, and was entered in the record as a fresh breeze. On the 15th the mercury had fallen half an inch, the thermometer risen 19°, and the wind was blowing with storm force from East-by-north. With a slight recovery of pressure on the 16th, it moderated to a fresh gale, but subsequently increased to a strong gale, still from the same point, and this continued, pressure the while declining, until the 18th, when the barometer had fallen to 28 '61 inches, and the thermometer marked 17° F. Pressure recovered next day and the wind moderated, but the temperature had risen to 20" F. ; it fell, however, on the 20th to 1° F. 30th July to 8th August, 1902. A rapid fall in the barometer from 30 • 37 inches to 29 • 62 inches occurred at Kerguelen Island between the 30th and 31st July, occasioning an increase of wind, and associated with a slight rise of temperature. On these days the mercury fell 0 • 4 inch at the " Gauss " station, and the direction of the wind changed from West-north-west on the 30th to East-by-south on the 31st, increasing in force at the same time. On the 1st August the mercury had fallen as low as 27 '82 inches, and a whole gale was blowing from East- by-north. The temperature had risen 10° since noon G.M.T. of the preceding day. A diminution of pressure and decrease in wind force recorded at Kerguelen Island and on board ships in the neighbourhood of the island, on the 6th and 7th August, appear to have been associated with a diminution of pressure, rise of temperature, and increase of wind from East-by-north to gale force, recorded on board the "Gauss " on the 7th and 8th of the month. 15th to 17th August, 1902. Reduction of pressure at the island, again, on the 15th to the 17th of the same month, was followed at the "Gauss" station by a rise of temperature between the 16th and 17th of 25°, and a fall in the barometer of 0'74 inch between the 17th and 18th, together with an increase of wind from East-by-north on the 18th to storm force. llth and 12th, 20th and 21st October, 1902. Diminishing pressure, accompanied by increase of wind, recorded at Kerguelen Island and by ships in the neighbourhood of the island on the llth and 12th October, and again on the 20th and 21st of that month, was followed at the German Antarctic station by decline of pressure, rise of temperature, and increase of wind to whole gale force. llth to 14th December, 1902. On the llth December a fall in the barometer of more than half an inch had been recorded at Kerguelen Island for the previous 24 hours, and the ship " Niagara," some 250 miles north-eastward of the island, was experiencing a strong gale from North-north-west. On the following day the centre of disturbance, progressing eastward, had passed the meridian of the station at Kerguelen, and the S.S. " Salamis," in the immediate neighbourhood of the island, had a strong wind from South-by-west. At the German station in the Antarctic pressure was then giving way, but the wind, from East-north-east, was light. About 1300 miles due north of the " Gauss" the " Loch Torridon" recorded a strong wind from North-by-west and a barometer reading of 29 '56 inches, which was 0'28 inch higher than the reading recorded at the same time on board the " Gauss." The " Niagara," then in about 45° S. latitude, 81£° E. longitude, still had the wind from Northward, and was therefore in front of the trough of the depression. On the 13th the " Loch Torridon" and the '•' Niagara " carried a Westerly wind, and the latter, in about 45° S. latitude, 86|° E. longitude, was running before a fresh gale, with the central low to the southward of her. The Antarctic station, when- ,., ,| lilllll,| ,„ KJve wfty( WM now )1||(1(.r |}|i. f|(|| j(i UK- disturbance, an.I :i fresh Easterly gale was blowing there, l,,,t the *i,,,| mod, this gale temperature appears to have changed vcrv little. Ol 6th to 8th Frbnutry, liiOS. A diminution of pressure recorded at Kerguelen Inland and on board hhip* in the neighl- island between the 6th and 8th February, 1903, which was acconi|>anied l,\ an increase of wind, WM followed on the 9th by a diminution of pressure and a strong gale from Ka,!, in 65" 53' 8., 89' : position in which the " Gauss " was situated. OthSr instances furnished by synchronous G.M.T. observation* could be cited to show how the gale* experienced at Kaiser Wilhelm II. Land, during the sojourn there of the German Exploring EXJM-.I frequently owed their origin to systems of low pressure travelling eastward, which had previously affected the weather conditions of Korguelen nnd ships in tlio neighbourhood of the island, giving rue to strong winds and gales in those localities. Studied in connexion with the more ample information in reference to the meteorology of the during the same period, which is given in Part I. of this work, considerable light is thrown bv'theM Charts upon problems relating to pressure distribution and wind cin •illation in, and in the neighborhood of, those localities in which the Winter Quarters of the British, German, Scottish, and Swcd were situated. They afford additional examples which may be explained by the supposition that the strong winds and gales from polar directions experienced by the "Discovery" Expedition in South Victoria Land were accompanied by a decided rise of temperature, because they had their origin in lower latitudes over the ocean. The train of low-pressure areas during their passage eastward in this part of the Southern Ocean frequently follows a more southerly path after passing Cape Adair, the centres of the depressions striking south-eastward and the areas of disturbance spreading over the Koss Sea. With a cyclonic depression dominating air circulation over, and in the vicinity of, the Koss Sea, » . are Northerly to North-easterly in the eastern segment of the system, seaward ; Easterly to South-ea in the southern segment, over and immediately to the south of the ice barrier; and Southerly to South- westerly in the western segment, following the trend of the mountain ranges. It is contended, therefore, that the relative warmth of the winds having a southerly component in South Victoria Land may reasonably be attributed to the place of origin in lower latitudes over the ocean, though the cold of higher polar regions makes itself felt in the south-westerly segment of the cyclonic depression of that region. The Weddett Sea Kegim. McMurdo Sound is situated nearly 400 miles south of North Cape, and west of the easternmost spur of the Admiralty Range. It is, in consequence, sheltered to some extent from northerly winds by this range, and by the east coast ranges, including Prince Albert Mountains, which afford shelter from north-westerly winds also. Snow Hill, sheltered for the most part from between North-north-east and \Ve-t by the heights of Joinville Island, which include Mount Percy, by those of Louis Philippe Land, and of Palmer I from which rises Mount Haddington, is somewhat similarly situated as regards exposure to winds, so that strong winds and gales from an equatorial quarter are rarely experienced there, while Southerly and South-westerly winds prevail, and frequently attain to gale f<- Because the depressions which exercise the most influence upon the weather conditions of the South Orkneys are those which move to the south-eastward after passing the 60th meridian, the average air circulation in, and in the neighbourhood of, the Weddell Sea, accruing from a procession of these cyclones, approximates to that which would obtain were an area of low pressure situated over that sea, occasioning Northerly and North-westerly winds over the eastern side of the sea, Easterly on the southern side; Southerly and South-westerly on the western, and Westerly on the northern side. 14 The prevailing winds at Laurie Island, South Orkneys, the station of the Scottish Antarctic Expedition, during the year 1903 were North-westerly, but Northerly and Westerly winds were rather frequent. At Snow Hill, the Swedish station, the average direction of the wind, from March, 1902, to October, 1903, inclusive, was about South-south-west, the prevailing winds being from South or South-west. When gales occurred they blew almost exclusively from Southward and South-westward. On board the " Scotia," near the ice barrier bordering the land discovered by the Scottish Plxpcdition in latitude 74" 1' S., longitude 22° W., and named by the leader, Mr. BRUCE, " Coats Land," the prevailing direction of the wind from the 7th to the 12th of March, 1904, the period of the " Scotia's" stay there, was Easterly; and from the 7th to the 10th the wind blew with gale force. It seems probable that between sea and ice barrier in the southern extremity of the Wed dell Sea, under normal conditions, there exists a slight pressure gradient for Easterly winds, and that the gales from Eastward which occur there are the result of a steepening of this gradient associated with depressions centred to the north of the barrier, and moving eastward or south-eastward. The Region of Kaiser Wilhelm II. Land. At the Winter Quarters of the German Expedition, in latitude 66° 2' S., longitude 89° 48' W., where the "Gauss" lay frozen in during the period March, 1902, to February, 1903, nearly 53 per cent, of all wind observations were of winds from East-by-north, East, and East-by-south ; 73 per cent, being from directions in the eastern half of the horizon; 16 per cent, from directions in the western half; and 11 per cent, being noted as calms.* The Easterly winds were stronger than those from any other direction ; out of 793 hours of strong winds, recorded in the course of twelve months, no less than 90 per cent, were from East-by-north, East, or East-by-south. From the 28th April to the 10th May, and again from the 28th September to the 9th October, periods of 13 and 15 days respectively, meteorological observations were obtained at the foot of the Gaussberg, a mountain situated in latitude 66° 48' S., longitude 89° 30' E., on the verge of the inland ice barrier, 53 miles south from the " Gauss." By comparing the observations of barometric pressure taken at this station with those obtained on board the " Gauss," it was found that pressure was slightly higher at the foot of the mountain than it was on board the ship. During the earlier period the difference amounted to 1-7 mm. (0-067 inch), and during the latter to 0'8 mm. (O'OSl inch). This slight increase of pressure landward was thought to be confirmatory of an inference that had been drawn from the direction of the prevailing wind that pressure increased with latitude southward. Whether this be the case or not, the frequency of winds from Eastward is doubtless due to the existence of a pressure gradient between land and sea, and to the general east and west trend of the coast line. The steepness of this pressure gradient is increased, and Easterly gales occasioned, by the incursion of eastward moving low-pressure wind systems. The Easterly gales experienced by the German Expedition at the " Gauss " station were always attended with a steady rise of air temperature, the thermometer continuing to rise until the wind had attained its maximum force. This increase of temperature associated with gales from Eastward may be regarded as a proof that the winds have their origin in lower, warmer, and possibly in tropical latitudes over the ocean, and that they form part of the circulation of eastward moving cyclonic systems, flowing in front of their centres ; for during gales from Westward at this station there was always a fall of temperature. The remaining part of the air from the Northward, which, by circulating in rear of these central " lows," had parted with its heat during its passage over the Antarctic, is reinforced by air from polar regions, and occasions a fall of temperature. The Westerly winds that are shown by the charts to occur occasionally at Kaiser Wilhelm II. Land immediately after a cyclonic depression has passed eastward to the north of the " Gauss " station, may belong to the wind system of a secondary depression, and the fall of temperature with which it is attended may be due to the introduction of air of polar origin into the circulation of this secondary. It will be seen from the foregoing that, as a result of the wind circulation set up during the passage "Wind Conditions at the 'Gauss' Winter Quarters," by Dr. WILH. MEINAEDUS, Berlin, 'The Proceedings of the Fifteenth German Assembly of Geographers at Danzig in 1905.' 15 eastward ,,f successive ]„«• preuu u over the. South,-,-,, . . llivo|y ».„, .i, j, coMumiy being drawn from lower latitude, in front of central a,-,,,, of de,,,,-^,,,,,, w|, | ^ in the frigid zone and being still further chilled l.y the mixing of air of |H,|iir origin, Iwre th, At,i.,r,-tie M » cold wind. This exposition of surface wind circulation in high latitude,,, whirl, » based on a clow examination of the results of observations represented on the daily charts, was offered l,y tl, „„ ^ Climatology of South Victoria Land in Part I. of this work. The proportion I,*., rinot IK-,,, . !.ti«nt«l and extended to equatorial regions by Dr. W. J. LOCKYEK,* who suggests that the warn air cummU circulating in front of the baric minima of eastward moving depressions are of equatorial origin, a,,.| tint after they have traversed the southern and western segments of their circuit they r«-j.,in th,- w«'-*t. current, and so return by the trade wind circulation to the equator on the eastern si.).- ,,f u.tirydones. This, as the writer understands it, is in effect the suggestion put forward, and it i< a 1,r..|H«iii.,n with which, in the main, he is in accord. ANTICYCLONES OF THE SUB-TROPICAI, BELT. In regard to this subject Dr. LOCKYEU, in the work already quoted, favours the views held l,y the late Mr. H. C. RUSSELL, F.R.S., C.M.G., in regard to these ocean anticyclones and tin sKU.'s theory, while, on the • hand, it can be proved conclusively by reference to such charts that the anticyclones of the great oceans are permanent systems of high pressure. It must be admitted, nevertheless, that the appearance over the extreme wwl »f An-tralia, on the daily weather charts that are drafted, of these anticyclones, month after month, and their regular progress across the island continent conveys the impression that they are visitors from the Indian Ocean and might have formed, as Mr. RUSSELL supposed, thousands of miles to the westward. * ' Southern Hemisphere Surface Air Circulation,' by WILLIAM J. S. LOCKTBK, M.A. (C'.ntab.), Ph.D. (O6Uing«o), F.R.A.S., Chief Assistant, Solar Physics Observatory. 16 The interchange of air between equatorial and polar regions may be effected through the intermediary of nnticyclonic circulations, albeit these high-pressure systems are permanent ; and, in the opinion of the writer, the temperate zones are bridged in this manner. The heat thus transmitted from low to high latitudes, while mitigating in some measure the severity of the climate of northern Antarctica, may also contribute towards the disruption of ice from outlying ice barriers. Similarly the introduction of cool air from high to low latitudes doubtless exercises an ameliorating effect upon tropical regions through the agency of the trade winds. THE RATE OF TRAVEL OF CYCLONIC DEPRESSIONS. To revert to the cyclonic depressions experienced in far southern seas ; it has been ascertained* that in the Southern Ocean, between the meridians of 10° and 140° E., the strongest gales experienced near the centre of a cyclonic depression blow in its front, from between North-east and North-west, and that the wind moderates when it backs to Westward, as pressure increases ; whereas gales that occur within the northern segment of a cyclonic depression remote from its centre attain their highest velocity in rear of the line of lowest barometer readings, from some point to the South of West, usually from about South- west, while pressure is rapidly recovering, the wind having been comparatively moderate from North- westward while pressure was diminishing. The high velocity of the wind on the outskirts of a depression in rear of its centre may be attributed partly to the proximity of the high-pressure belt situated to the north of the Westerly air current, and partly to the rapid recovery of pressure that takes place by replenishment of air from a polar quarter. The paths followed by centres of cyclonic depressions vary with the season ; the parallels along which they move to the eastward depending mainly upon the position of the tropical high-pressure belt which consists, for the most part, of the southern anticyclones of the great oceans ; which, in addition to their annual east and west expansion and contraction, have a motion North and South. The amplitude of these seasonal oscillations appears to vary in different years ; and it has been suggested that the tropical anticyclones may have a cycle of long period as well as a seasonal movement. This point will be referred to later. The average paths of the centres of cyclonic depressions depicted on the daily charts under notice have been estimated and grouped. The method employed in their construction was as follows : — The probable positions of the centres of all depressions, that can be identified day after day on four or more consecutive daily charts, were plotted on skeleton charts. Four charts were used for this purpose, one for each season of the year ; and the several positions allotted to the centre of each identical system was joined by a line. Parallel to, and bisecting as nearly as possible the areas covered by the paths indicated, a line was drawn to represent the average path. In grouping the paths in seasons, the months of September, October, November are selected to represent Spring ; December, January, February : Summer ; March, April, May : Autumn ; and June, July, August : Winter. The results obtained are as follow : — The average path of all central areas of depression charted for the entire period, October, 1901, to March, 1904, is found to have been in about the 52nd parallel. Between the meridians of 20° E. and 150° E., that is to say, over the South Indian division of the Southern Ocean, it was between the 49th and 50th parallels; and between 150° E. and 70° W., the South Pacific division, in about the 55th. The South Atlantic division of the ocean, embraced by the meridians 70° W. and 20° E., is rarely visited by ships, except on the western side ; the observations relating to that portion of the Southern Ocean are, therefore, limited almost exclusively to that side, and to that side only the average paths estimated for this division of the ocean refer. During each of the seasons the centres of depression after passing the meridian of Joinville Island, about 56° W., either struck eastward or south-eastward ; or moved east-north-eastward or north-eastward. In the Spring of the year the average path taken by centres of depression is found to have been between * ' The Trucks of Occau Wind Systems in Transit across Australasia,' quoted on p. 9. 17 the 49th and 50th parallels in the Indian division, and between the 64th ami tin- f»5th in ti, centres entered the Atlantic division on or near the 08th punillel, thence about .,.„• ihml ,,i them moved north-eastward, and the remainder passed between Dam-o Land and the South OrU. . I'm. Summer months the 53rd was the average parallel along which tin- .•cntr.-H travelled outward in tin- Indian division, and they followed a path between tho r.titl, ;m,l 57th in that ..I" tL After pawing the 56th meridian of W. longitude, about half the central ureas of depression travelled Ea*t-toutb-«Mt between Palmer Land and Danco Land and the South Orkneys, ;md the other half panned away to the north-eastward. During Autumn and Winter the paths were ci.nfinrd to zones between 48' S. and 49* 8. in the South Indian division, and between 55° S. and 56" S. in the Pacilir. After entering the Atlantic division, rather less than one-third of the centres moved east-south-eastward or eastward acroM Danco Land, or between Danco Land and the South Orkneys, the remainder passing east-north-eastward or north-eastward into the Atlantic. A few crossed Tierra del Fuego or the southern extremity of Patagonia. The paths of cyclonic centres are found to have been more scattered during tho Autumn and Winter months than in Spring and Summer in all parts of the Southern Ocean. Cyclonic storms, presumably of tropical origin, are represented on each of the charts on which the central positions of Summer and Autumn depressions were plotted, but they are confined to the western portion of the Pacific division of the Southern Ocean. Those appear to have moved into the Tasman Sea from the north-westward, one in the Summer of 1901 and one in each of the Autumn* of 1902 and 1903. The centre of the 1902 storm moved south-eastward to the north-west coast of New Zealand, tl south, passing through Cook Strait, and subsequently zigzagged to the eastward. It can Ixj identified on the daily charts from a position in about 34° S., 169£° E., on the 12th December to a position in about 5 1! S., 148|° W., on the 19th of that month, representing a travel of 2187 nautical miles, at an average rate of translation of 312 nautical miles per day. The cyclones of the Autumns of 1901 and 1903 moved east-south-eastward after crossing the 30th parallel, but cannot be traced to the eastward of the 1 80th meridian. The tropical disturbance of December, 1901, above mentioned, is not the only cyclonic depression that can be traced on the daily charts for a number of days consecutively. Similar instances of identification, day after day, of such systems after their initial location can be cited as follows : — March 7-15, 1902. From 56° S., 146° W. to 55° S., 80° W. = 2243 miles; 280 miles per day. May 2-10, 1902. From 53° S., 102° E. to 47° S., 175° E. = 2840 miles; 355 miles per day. May 29-June 5, 1902. From 47£° S., 17° E. to 60° S., 83° E. = 2433 miles; 348 miles per day. September 2-9, 1902. From 57° S., 80° E. to 47° S., 131J° E. = 2510 miles; 359 miles per day. May 16-23, 1903. From 54° S., 131° W. to 58° S., 72° W. = 1995 miles; 285 miles per day. September 21-29, 1903. From 47£° S., 89° E. to 50£° S., 130° E. = 1625 miles; 203 miles per day. December 10-17, 1903. From 40° S., 130° E. to 55° S., 171° E. = 1890 miles; 270 miles per day. February 8-15, 1904. From 40° S., 154° E. to 52£° S., 166° W. = 1890 miles ; 270 miles per day. If the centres of the respective cyclonic depressions have been correctly located, the average daily rate at which they progressed was nearly 300 miles. While the number of cyclonic systems that can be identified for four or more days in succession, during their passage over the ocean, is large, the only moving anticyclonic systems that can be traced for more than three consecutive days are:— (1) Those that appear to have their origin to the west of Australia, the centres of which travel eastward, join the Australian " high," and subsequently move across or to tho of Australia, over the Tasman Sea and New Zealand or immediately north or south of those islands, and then disappear over the Pacific. (2) Those that move eastwards from the South American Continent, over the sea, and soon after disappear over the Atlantic. The former appear to originate as secondary high-pressure systems thrown off the South Indian anticyclone ; the latter appear to form over the land. As regards the paths of anticyclones, shown on the charts, the instances are rare in whicl barometer, other than those that obviously form part of the permanent ;mt.Yy,lones of the great oceans, r> 18 can be traced over the ocean for more than three consecutive days ; and when such areas can be identified for as many as three days, their movements are shown to be erratic and slow. Over the continents it is otherwise, and in connexion with an investigation, already referred to, the writer found that from November to March inclusive the centres of moving anticyclones that appear over Australia follow paths lying chiefly over the ocean, not far from but to the South of the island Continent, thence over the Tasman Sea, and across or just South of the Middle and South Island of New Zealand ; but from May to September inclusive, chiefly over the southern part of Australia, over the Tasman Sea and New Zealand. He expressed the opinion that these anticyclones form over the cool plains of Western Australia during the winter months, and over the relatively cool sea immediately South-west of the land during the summer, spreading subsequently from the sea northward over the land. Evidence is not wanting, moreover, to prove that small areas of high pressure, breaking off the Indian Ocean anticyclone, drift eastward and reinforce these high pressure areas that have formed ; and that the relatively high-pressure ridges which follow in rear of depressions also are merged in these "highs." CHARTS OF MEAN PRESSURE AND AIR TEMPERATURE. By a close examination of the data exhibited on the charts of mean pressure for Noon G.M.T., month by month, it is found possible to follow the seasonal oscillations of the tropical high-pressure belt, as represented by the southern margins of the ocean anticyclones : and, by comparing each chart with the Accompanying chart illustrating normal pressure distribution, to detect displacements of the belt from its average southern limit in any month or series of months to which the charts refer. The evidence thus afforded by the pressure charts is in a measure supplemented by a similar comparison of the charted observations of air temperature with average results on the charts accompanying them. Thus it is found that during the last three months of 1901 the southern margins of the South Atlantic, Indian Ocean, and South-eastern Pacific permanent high-pressure areas were North and West of their average positions ; that of the South-western Pacific was South of the average, and exhibited no departure from the average as regards longitude. In these months the mean air temperature appears to have been above the normal in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean divisions of the Southern Ocean ; but about the normal in the South-eastern and South-western Pacific divisions. During the greater part of 1902 the ocean anticyclones were again North of their average southern limits and the Atlantic anticyclone was West of its average position. The Indian Ocean and South Pacific anticyclones, however, appear in their average positions as regards longitude. Air temperature over the Southern Ocean, as indicated by the charts, was in each month of this year either about the normal or above it, except in the South-western Pacific division of the ocean, where it seems to have been below the normal. During the year 1903 the southern margin of the high-pressure belt is charted in or near its average parallels ; and, while the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean areas of maximum pressure are shown to have been West of their average positions, the two South Pacific areas are located slightly to the East of the average. As regards mean air temperature during that year, this appears from the position of the isotherms to have been higher than the normal over the South Atlantic and the South-eastern Pacific divisions of the Southern Ocean, slightly above the normal over the Indian Ocean division, and slightly below the normal over the South-western Pacific division. In the first three months of 1904 the southern margin of the belt is charted in about its average parallels. The air temperature indicated by the isotherms for those months is above normal, except in the South-Western Pacific division, where a slight defect in temperature is indicated. In a paper contributed to the Royal Meteorological Society in 1908 by Colonel H. E. RAWSON, C.B., R.E.,* it was pointed out that when isobaric charts of the Southern Hemisphere relating to any month or months which had been prepared in different years were compared with one another, the action-centre of the South "The Auticyclonic Belt of the Southern Hemisphere," 'Quarterly Journal, Roy. Met. Soc.,' July, 1908. 19 Atlantic anticyclone was found to occupy different positions in the correspond i UK month or months on the charts of each of these years. He found that if !ii MIAN'S ..hurt*, puhli,h.-d in l*r,'j, arc compared those prepared by the same authority for 1870-84, or if MOHN'H charts published in 1879, 18«3 and 1903 are compared with those prepared by the Meteorological Ollic.-, wl.i.-h are based on oWrvatiniu recorded in nearly 3300 logs extending over the period 1855-99, the me.-.n monthly JM, lion^nlnt will be found to vary very considerably both in latitude and longitude < in addition to the seasonal migration of the high-pressure belt, which has so long lieen recognised, there is a progressive displacement going on from year to year, in consequence of which the tome years nearer to the Equator than in others. He believed ho had found .strong evident of cyclical change! having taken place in the belt's latitude, and of the existence of an interval of 9J years between the times of its passing from its extreme northern to its extreme southern positions, and via tertA. If Colonel RAWSON'S theory be correct, the belt should have reached the southern limit of its oscillation in 1903. Now although the southern margin of the high-pressure belt in the several divixions of the ocean, as shown on the monthly charts for that year, appears to be in about its average position a* regard* latitude, it must be admitted that the monthly charts for both 1901 and 1902 place the margin of the belt in lower parallels. SUMMARY OF THE OBSERVATIONS OF WIND. On Tables I. to IV. are set forth the number of observations of wind from each of eight cardinal and inter-cardinal points of the compass, and of variable winds and calms recorded in the Southern Ocean during the thirty-months period, October 1901 to March 1904; inclusive also of the number of instances on which these winds attained to gale force. For the purposes of comparison the observations are arranged according to (1) the respective seasons, (2) the divisions of the Ocean, and (3) the zones to which they relate. In the classification adopted (p. 16), the months of September, October, Noveml>er are regarded as representing Spring; December, January, February as representing Summer ; March, April, May, Autumn; and June, July, August, Winter. The following are the meridional boundaries selected for representing the three divisions of the Southern Ocean, 150° E. to 70° W., Pacific; 70° W. to 20' E., Atlantic; 20' E. to 150° E., Indian. The grouping of ocean wind and gale frequency into zones of ten degrees of latitude is adopted for convenience. Tables V. to IX. state the directions from which the largest and smallest percentages of winds of all forces, and of gales only, were recorded in each of the zones and divisions of the Southern Ocean referred to, in the respective seasons of the year and in all seasons, during the thirty months period. Table X. furnishes similar information relating to the Southern Ocean as a whole. D 2 20 M S § I il 1 1 _S m O i 8 g S f g S g g g 0 « r; 2 S » - 1 ire a rH f ^ •* S, 0 O 0 o 3«t 2 8 ~ ':- ,1 t- 0 - 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 ! ; 5= ri 8 S S ~ S K S 5 * " 1 tA rH -*• r-« a w •* ' i -r 1 1 1 i is S S S 4 S S 3 :: — N - | N **•*-» - CO P 5 i "-C 1 1 1 i 1 * • t R 8 X S £ 3 T " 1 1 — ?t I" 1 : D 1" 1 5 i 0 1 1 1 l H a. W 838 g S S 5 g 1 1 1 i rH ^ r-» 5 : ri T t n (-. 1 1 1 i R a S 3 8 s - 8 S .--. I 1 1 I - | r- c 4 1 ~ - 1 1 1 1 w Sao c» ri rH 8 71 M 0 r. " 1 1 -9« rH | rH - V I 1 1 1 1 1 l a M AS* ?i 0 00 ift - 1 - 1 H ^ r—l ^ ^ .H : ? 91 1 ^1 1 1 1 i tq co oo o eo «-> w R S S 3 g » 00 ^ 1 I H ' 1 0 1 ! 1 i € S a s -r W3 i7 iC •W f >-H | ass * 1 its f7 •* 1 3 CO C 0 0 •r n f~t> o t- -"•cE £«S3 - » i — I ^, - -•'. i i i 1 PH * "3 1 1 1 i 1 1 * i 1 1 1 i £ z S 3 2 ^" r- ^i — S iO iO -V O O •s | n - : 0 1 • " 1 - 1 " 1 - d »c 8 S " S T. 00 « r. t-» O | 94 S o 1 | « - f 1 e ' 1 ?i 1 91 1 is a ass 8 X '£ C1 - I-H y> r* 00 . -8 >< T3 t-t rj »-* t> M 1 | :i 1 re 1 CO If ad 8 S » -r •_• | M - •* ~ 1 - g o ?5 « H a> P D3 i -° i 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 k H 03 ?! 5 S r X „ „ „ :: 1 1 1 1 S R M 03 S "^ r£ fi „ „ - 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 H O t* t" 8 1 « „ CO 1 1 1 1 « s H ^ 0 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 W M S S " a « * 1 '- 1 1 ~ - (S ^ ^ M 1 1 C 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 z 2 g a SI JO t* flO N ••O rH lO :•! .2 JS * 1 1 1 - 1 - " 1 1 - 1 00 t- « co «-« t- g § g g | §00 •* t- *0 i § n I-H ic C 1 « c 1 •-£> n O :o -f O •ES'CS «— c"rt >• « * 3 2 °* ""* S « co o C •^ lO rH ?; 2^2 a CO •»*• (D s 1 - - | r 1 1 c ' 1 0) 1 ~ 1 -H m 1 |c BB as* B •v « >- ^H n rH ! »^ ^ t-< en •v il " 1 " 1 1 >• 9) 0 1 ra 1 K w Si 03 •* m -. ~» C$ rH 9 t, OS ffi 9 «3 » «n » 1 1 " p 1 - 4 74 CO 1 ^ - N W 03 - [, — 1 eo o o n i N i w 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 m •» to J5 R ~ S S '•'-: w •* j •D 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I ce z •T o cc JC 0 b* 0 «"< FH W — r- fr» CO ~ ~ 1 1 1 - - •M 1 1 1 1 ri t- w t~ :: S 8 S S Ol irt 00 S 1 1 " " H Tl 1 ~ - 91 | as T 1 § i i f 5 ef Q 49 8 g S 2 s I i c S 1 g 7 i § 1 CO H " " " t-H rH rH ""^ rH rH rH •e I 5 I »,» S fc ft 03 CO S2i5 OJ «j I3i eo'oQ o o ? « 1 ?*° 02 PB H •Ci-eS «a ^ - "3 >1e« 8 tt at 2 55 * si is I a tn s 2 Wind S 3 S 00 b- 00 S3 2 2 S 2 3 S 2 8 2 00 C9 1. 5 N r, 8 - S i S B 3 2 SS s s a 2 S S S S c-j 2 00 I !5 O 1 1 Ed '/; 5 H o ,e S = •— : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 \ 1 I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 I I I i i i i i t i i i i i 1 1 1 1 1 1 = ! 1 1 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 (2 — 1 5 •o _- 3 -c o e o | 5 3 s B R 3 S ! r. to s - , 0 0 Is*0 • . - - - = Ifll 5 " K — • " • --' — i i 1 1 1 1 1 1 i i 'f ; « « i E s • 2 * 1 1 1 - 1 1 - i i tt S 2 N .-. S JS " • O 71 00 M « | •« * - 1 •" - ! H 1 '. S 8 •= g S S 2 g 1 ' ~ • * « | « 1C 0* I - 1" - ri « 222 * ** ss *° K5 C7 •— - 1 - - c, W | j « <« ^ 1 « o '« 1 1 OB £ — °* E M s 1 1 -II- 7) 1 1 M 1 1 1 H ifj d O 8 2 - 1 r. 1 1 I 1 1 r' 1 1 M 1 1 (8 •f. 8 2 • e 55 ^ n - 1 H "II- - 1 - 1 1 1 * 5 . * s s s a ,-: 0 | «, «5 00^ "II- e, - | -•-• - 1 - I "" S TO i 3 S 2 s S 53 S S o 1 o o o c 00 O O • 00 0 0 00 mi O W •* -r - - 1 -c 1 - 1 - HH "i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 » 5 ~ * S •c •* » N 23" s o IM O " 1 1 • - 1 1 - - 1 1 H 6 * S * 1 s 2 •» « a ^O ^H N r. £ o •f -II' « 1 1 « 03 [ j ee 3 5 £ r 8 « - s? PH 4 n 2 e m t-i 00 K ? "II* 1 CD | | * 1 1 1 1 05 3 S K ao CO I 1 3 10 i i iO § o S « P | (M ] I C 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 *- DO S? 3 * - •• CO fc3 CO 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : « p-> t- CC ft 1 « - - « i - » d o 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 - PJ S5 2 - S rt - - - • «« - o> 0 5 -C - 1 1 1 1 - 1 K a a •• 5 PH « in s 00 «0 CO 2 1 N | ' - 1 1 - " 1 n 1 § S tt I a s s s s s s 1 O BO t- cn o c. s s * « 8 32* 9 till ** iM W a • • « •r 1 - 1 \ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ft: to 2 "* 1 r. P3 a S 2 2 £ HH — i CO n 1 ao - 1 - n | " 1 1 1 H 2 ?, r - 2 c3 ^ "* E S « « - - 1 1 -i CO | " » | - n' Oi cq s CO ^ T' n iJS !D Ol 8 n ~* 1 1 . n | d» 8 i Hi i 111 7 11 i III W" i III I Wind dire •a 5 «s«> to oi oi to o5 to co Ooo" 00 CO 28 • O •s (-, M w 1-3 g ^ 00 8. SI 1 1 J £ SSP <-< ^ a CO 1 1 a 1 1 1 w 00 8 - --- ' • i '- 1 - - 1 " 1 1 w & °° » s - .- 1 1 • 1 1 M & 2 i S « i 1 1 ^ 1 " . 1 1 1 1 ri 3 a :\ S3 S I I " - s " 1 . n M . 1 1 3 0 | 8 °> I 1 ™ >^ 3"s eo rt •- 1 1 c, « n Ft 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t& S 2 S -r 10 -• . « a •8 n | ~ " 1 1 "" - , & j * S " .: « ~ i S •5 CO S 2 i- . . -T — 00 Ok " 1 •• •' -. " ft! CO Stc ^* a * « r^ . « . g | 1 1 1 " •. " 1 - g H S S a « «, - « « •° 1 1 - - 1 1 1 a 00 O» S » - -r « 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - pj S « ft n | N PS ••« « 3 -2 •fl 1 1 1 i \ 1 1 1 •i eg •-< 1 eo «0 i . . MB 1= - - - - •• « - n 1 1 s S 1 S n -' - i 5 — 0 «D « -. 2 2 R •cs^e $35$ O V — * - « N O I 1 1 1 1 1 1 j S N 8 S = S S ' c "S - 1 - - 1 * ' (S 00 tf} S 8 2 :; S 8 S 1 - 1 - - — n « * 1 02 8 « Q ^« S 1 s a s I " 1 - 1- '- - - a OT S a S S 2 » 8 2 3 * 1 - " 1 ': « M - - . CO N B « R :, S a o» « R M rc « oo n s n N " N 1 i a ft S R 8 S i s - s 1 - - - CO n Id 0* N 5 1 1 n A - 1 i 11 | 11 1 -.' _• i i i I I i I i i i Wimlilirec Parallels. ^—<-> M CO 3D « T- a* M 24 TAIII.K V. — Directions from which the Largest and Smallest Percentages of Winds were recorded in each of the Zones, 30°-40° S., 40°-500 S., 50°-60° S., in the Three Divisions of the Southern Ocean, viz., Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian. SPRING: September, 1902-3; October, 1901-3; November, 1901-3. Zone. Pacific. Atlantic. Indian. Largest percentage. Smallest percentage. Largest percentage. Smallest percentage. Largest percentage. Smallest percentage. 80°-40° S. 17-38. 7'2W. 16 -8 S.E. 7-1 E. 20 '9 S.W. 5-8E. 40°-60°S. SOP-CO" S. 17 -1 N. ; 16 -3 S.W. 23-7N.W.; 21-6 S.W. 5 -9 E. and S.E. 1 -0 S.E. 23 -8 N. and N.W. 29 -2 N.W. 2 -9 E. and S.E. j 3 -8 8. 0-OE. and S.E. ; 2 -1 N.E. and S. 19 -8 S.W. ; 19-1 VV.; 18 -7 N.W. 39 -3 N. 2-OE. 0 -0 S.E. and S. 30°-40°S. 40°-50° S. 50°-60° S. 1-1 S. 2 -3 S.W. 1 -6 S.W. 0 -0 E., S.E., N.W. GALES. I -OS. 1 -9 S.W. and W. 6 -3 S.W. 0 -0 N. and E. 0 -0 N.E.-S. 0 -0 N.E.-S. 1 -2 W. ; 1 -0 S.W. 1 -1 S.W. No gales 0-1 N. 0-OE.; 0-1 S.E. ; 0 -2 N.E. recorded. 0 -0 E. and S.E. O-ON.E.-S.E. TABLE VI. — Directions from which the Largest and Smallest Percentages of Winds were recorded in each of the Zones, 30°-40° S., 40°-50° S., 50°-60° S., in the Three Divisions of the Southern Ocean, viz., Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian. SUMMER: December, January, February, 1901-2, 1902-3, 1903-4. Zone. Pacific. Atlantic. Indian. Largest percentage. Smallest percentage. Largest percentage. Smallest percentage. Largest percentage. Smallest percentage. 30°-40°S. 40P-50PS. 50°-60°S. 16 -5 S. 15 -4 S.W. ; 14 -3 N.E. 22 '5 N.W. ; 19 "4 N.; 19 -0 W. 7 -5 E. ; 8-0 W. 7-4E. 3 -1 E. and S.E. 20 -1 N. 22 -7 N. 25 -3 N.W. ; 24 -1 N. 6 -6 W. i 7-2 S.W. j 7-7E. 4 -4 S.E. 4 -3 E. and S.E. ; 6-1 S. 21 -7 S.W. ; 20 -5 S. 21 "7 S.W. ; 20'ON.W".; 19 '4 W. 31 -8 N.W. 5 -5 N.W. 1-8E. 0 -0 N.E. and S.E. GALES. 30°-40°S. 40°-50° S. 60°-60°8. 0 -2 S. and N.W. 1 -3 N.W. 1 -9 N.W. O-ON.-S.E.; S.W. ; W. 0 -0 E. and S. 0 -2 N.E.-S. 0-28. 0 -9 N.W. 2-5N. 0 '0 on every other point. O'ON.-E.; S. 0 -0 N.E.-S. 0 -6 S.W. 1 -4 W. No gales 0 -0 N.E. ; S.E. ; S.; N.W. 0 '0 E. and S.E. recorded. 25 TABLE VII.— Directions from which the Largest and Smallest Percentages of Winds were recorded in each of the Zone*. 30°-40° S., 40°-50° S., 50°-60° S., in the Three Divisions of the Southern Ocean, viz., Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian. AUTUMN: March, 1902, 1903, 1904; April, 1902, 1903; May, 1902, 1903. Zone. Pacific. Atlantic. Indian. Largest percentage. Smallest percentage. Largest percentage. Smallest percentage. Largest percentage. 30°-40° S. 19 -0 S. 6 -3 N.W. ; 7'OE. 18 -1 S.E. 7-6E.; 8-1 S.W. tO -6 S.W. 8'* B.I 8-6 K. 40°-50° S. 50°-60° S. 16 -9 N. ; 16 -4 S.W. 23 '2 N.W. 5-4 E; 6 -6 S.E. 2-5 E. 27 -7 N. 31 -3 N.W. i 19 -3 N. 1-6E. 3 -6 S.E. 20-2S.W.jl8-2W.j 17 U N.W. 32 -0 W. j .; I.. 0 -0 E. and S.E. G-ALB8. 80°-40° S. 40°- 50° S. 1-48. 1 '9 S.W. 0-3 N.E.j E. ; W. 0-ON. 0 -5 N. ; S. ; S.W. ; N.W. 2 -2 S.W. and W. 0 '0 E. and S.E. 0-0 N.E.-S. 0 -8 S.W. 1 -1 S.W. 0 -0 E. and N.W. 0-2 N.W. 50°-60° S. 3 7 N.W. 0-OE. 3-6 W. 0 -0 S.E.-S.W. 8 -0 S.W. 0-ON.B.-S.! 5.W. TABLE VIII. — Directions from which the Largest and Smallest Percentages of Winds were recorded in each of the Zone*, 30°-40° S., 40°-50" S., 50°-60° S., in the Three Divisions of the Southern Ocean, viz., Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian. WINTER: June, July, August, 1902, 1903. Zone. Pacific. Atlantic. Indian. Largest percentage. Smallest percentage. Largest percentage. Smallest percentage. Largest percentage. Smallest percentage. 30°-40° S. 20 -3 S. 7 -7 E. ; 8 -0 W. 14 -8 N.W. ; 14-OS.E. 7 -5 E. ; 8-1 N.E. 19 -6 S.W. 6 2 N.E. 40°-50° S. 20 -3 S.W. 4-9E. 21 -6 N. and N.W. 2-3E. 23 -3 S.W. 8 -1 N.E. and E. 50°-60° s. 15 -6 S.W. ; 14 -7 N.W. 6-6E. 21 -5 S.W. 5 -1 N.E. and E. ; 6 -3 S.E. 40 -0 N.W. 0-ON -vW. GALES. 30°-^0° S. 1-4S. 0 -0 N. and N.E. 0 -8 N.W. 0 -0 N.E.-S. 1 -4 S.W. 0 -2 E. and S.E. 4ff-5(fS. 2 -2 S.W. and N.W. 0-ON. 3 -4 N.W. 0 -0 N.E. and E. 8 -3 S.W. 0 -0 N.E. and E. 50°-60° S. 2-8W. 0-OE. 3 -8 X. 0 -0 N.E. and S.E. 30-0 N.W. 0«> E 26 TABLE IX. — Directions from which the Largest and Smallest Percentages of Winds were recorded in each of the Zones, 30°— 10° S., 40°-50" S., 50°-60° S., in the Three Divisions of the Southern Ocean, viz., Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian. ALL SEASONS: October, 1901, to March, 1904. Zone. Pacific. Atlantic. Indian. Largeet percentage. Smallest percentage. Largest percentage. Smallest percentage. Largest percentage. Smallest percentage. 80P-40°S. 40P-50°S. GCP-fffS. 18 -2 S. 17 -1 S.W. 21 -1 N.W. 7 '8 E. ; 8 -5 W. ; 9 -1 N.W. 6 -1 E. ; 7'5 S.E. 4 -8 S.E. ; 4 -0 E. 15 -9 S.E. 24 -0 N. 24 -7 N.W. i 22 -ON. 7'5E. 3 -4 E. j 4-1 S.E. 4-0 S.E. ; 4-3E. 20 -7 S.W. 21-0 S.W. ; 18'lW.j 18 -0 N.W. 26 -9 N. j 23 -5 W. 7 '3 E. ; 77 N.E. 2-4E. 1 '2 S.E. GALES. 30P-409S. 1-OS. 0-2E. 0 -6 S.W. and N.W. 0 '0 E. 0 -9 S.W. and W. 0 •! E. and S.E. 40P-50°S. 50P-60°S. 1 -5 S.W. 2 -0 W. and N.W. 0-2E. 0-1E. 1 '4 S.W. ; 1 "3 W. and N.W. 2 -7 N. and W. 0 -0 N.E. and E. 0 -0 S.E. 1 "5 S.W. 3 -5 N.W. 0-1 E. O-ON.E.-S.; W. TABLE X. — Directions from which the Largest and Smallest Percentages of Winds were recorded in the Southern Ocean in the Respective Seasons during the Years 1901 to 1904; also in All Seasons during that Period. Largest percentage. Smallest percentage. 15 -9 S W • 15 '5 W • 15 '3 N W 5 -0 E (2) Summer 19 '4 S.W. • 14 '7 N.W. 5-7 E 16 '2 S W • 14 '2 N W and N. 5 '5 E (4) Winter 21 '5 S W • 15 '4 S • 15 '0 N W. 5 '8 E 18 -1 S.W. j 14 -7 N.W. 5-5 E. G-ALES. 1-3 S W O'l E 0 '8 N W and W 0 -1 N E -S (3) Autumn 1 '2 S W • 1 '1 W 0-1 E (4) Winter 1 '8 W • 1 '7 S W 0-2 E 1 '1 S W and W • 0'9 N W 0-1 E KEY MAR EXPLANATION. The. Daily andMeatuMonJJily charts iti, this volume are based on. daily obset-vation.t r, • the above chart, in addition, to those received from ,SVup,s- or the Ki'yal A°*e in /•/>«* ftp readings of 30° Fahr. and below. The red. and blue lines on the Dail\, Mean. Monthly, and Normal rl< '-rs.turt are Ifotarx ,3,— > 4 to 6,c=>7 A «,=^ 9 & W,m+H &>Z . I9OI INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC COOPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES OCTOBER I (901 OCTOBER I9OI OCTOBER 3 1901 OCTOBER I4O' ISO' 160' 170* 180" 170' ieO' ISO' 140' 50 no 4O' 3O' 20' 10' 0' 10' 20' 30' 40' 140' 150' 160' 170' 180' 170' 160* ISO' 140' For explanation see Key ma.p INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC COOPERATION 1901 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE fOR NOON C M T WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES OCTOBER 5 1901 OCTOBER 1901 OCTOBER 7 1901 OCTOB ER For explanation a« Key m'«.p 1901 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES OCTOBER 9 1901 OCTOBER 10 140* iso' 160' 170 iso no- lee 30' ~ 20' A 10- 0' 10^ 20' 30' 40 1901 OCTOBER II 1901 OCTOBER 30' 20 10 0 10 20 SO For explanation see Key map INTERNATIONAL ANTARCT.C CO-OPERATION 1901 RONOUS CHARTS OP SEA-LEVEL PRESSUR£ rQR *"TH W.ND9 AND AIR TSMPERATURES OCTOBER 13 ,90, ~ iic* OCTOBER 40' ISO 160' 170' IBO' 170' 16 12 30 20" J> 10'" 0' 10' 20" 30' 407 1901 OCTOBER 15 1901 OCTOBER 140' ISO' IW* 170' 3O 20 10! 0' 10 20 30 4O o mr ?c For explanation ste Key map 1901 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES OCTOBER 17 1901 OCTOBER 18 140' I«O- 170 180 170 IBO SO' 20' 10 0 10 20 30' 1901 OCTOBER 19 19OI OCTOBER 20 160 ISO' 1*0" 40' 50" 20' 10' 0' ID' 20' 30' 40' 140' ISO' 160' 170' 180' 170' ISO' ISO' 140' 3O" 20" For expl«.na.t ion see Key ma.p 1901 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON CMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES OCTOBER 21 1901 OCTOBER 1901 OCTOBER H3 1901 OCTOBER 140" ISO* 160" 170* 160* 170* 160* ISO * >> For cxpla.ni.tion set Key map NTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. 1901 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON CM T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES OCTOBER 25 1901 OCTOBER 26 I9OI OCTOB E R 27 1901 OCTOBER 28 ISO 140 10 20 30 140 ISO . 20" 10 O 10 20 3O For explanation see K«y map 1901 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC COOPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON CMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES OCTOBER 29 I9OI OCTOBER 30 ISO 140* 10' 20' 30' 40' 20 10 O 10" 2O* 30' 1901 31 1901 NOVEMBER OCTOBER I4O' ISO' 160* 170' ISO' 170* ISO1 ISO 0 10" 20' 30' 40' to so 20 map o ID' to* so* For explanation aee Key map INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC COOPERATION. 1901 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON C.M T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES NOVEMBER 2 1901 NOVEMBER 140* ISO' l«0' 170' 180' 170' l«0 ISO 140' I4O* ISO 1901 NOVEMBE R NOVEMBER 4O 150 ISO 170 ICO 170 160 ISO 140 140' ISO' 160' 170' 160' 170' ISO ISO* 20' 10' O' 10 For explanation see Key map 1901 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC COOPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON CMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. NOVEMBER 6 I9O! NOVEMBER 140 ISO 60 ISO 140 30' 20' 10* 0' ' 10' 20' 40' 140' I »0' l»0' 170' l»0' 170' I601 Isc 30' 20' 10' 0' 10' 20' 30' 4O' 1901 N OVEMB ER 8 1901 NOVEMBER 140' ISO' ISO' 170' 160' 170' 160' ISO1 140' 30' 20" 10' 0' 10' 20' 30' 40' 1*0' ISO' l«0' 170* 160' 170* 160* ISC' 140' M V so' ao' 10' 10* 20' 30' +0' For explanation see Key map INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. 1901 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES NOVEMBER 10 1901 NOVEMBER 140' ISO' HO' 170 V (»0 110 160 ISO 140 I4O" ISO' 160" 170" ISO 170' ISO 30* 20 10 0 10 20 30 4O 30' 20 10 '.-'oPO 10 20 30 40 1901 NOVEMBER 12 1901 NOVEIYI B ER 140" ISO* 160" 170 .J60 170 160 ISO 30' 20 10 0 ' 10 20 30 For expls.na.tion see Key ma/p 1901 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON CMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES NOVEMBER 14 1901 NOVEMBER 15 140' ISO' 180' 170' , J»0 170 160 ISO' 140' 30' 20' 10' 0' 10' 20' 30' 40' 140* HO* I«O* 50" *" 2O** f 10' O' ' 10 20' 3O* 40* 1901 NOVEMB E R 16 1901 NOVEMBER 17 140' iso' i«o' 170' i«o' no' ieo' iso' 30 4O" 3O" 20" <-7 10* 20" 30' 140' ISO' 160' 170' 160' 170' IgO' so' 20" 10" o' io' For expl»na.tion see Key map INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC COOPERATION 1901 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES NOVEMBER 18 1901 NOVEMBER 19 50 20 f 10 0 10 20 30 1901 NOVEMBER 20 1901 NO VEM BER I4O* ISO" 160" 170" 1«0* 170" I6O" 150* 0" 20" 30" 14O" ISO" 160" 170" 160" 170* 160* ISO* hod if I 6 M $*>* ^.. fSfSrg. IEH «\G» »&, •&'&!£ ' 0* 10" 20" 30" For explanation see Key m«.p INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC COOPERATION 1901 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON CMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. NOVEMBER ZZ I9OI NOVEMBER 23 ISO 140 30" 20" 10" 0" 10* 20" 30" 30" 20" 10' 0" 10" 20" 30" 1901 NOVEMBER NOVEMBER 160" 170" IBO" 170 IBO ISO 140 140" ISO" 160" 170" 160" 170" ieO" ISO" I401 30 20 10 For expl«.na,tion see Key m«.p INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. I90i SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES NOVEMBER 26 1901 NOVEMBER 27 1 ISO" l«0" IK)' 180' HO' l»0 150 140" ISO' 160" 170" 1BO" 170" 160 150" 140' 30' 20" 30" 20" 10" 0" 10" 20" 30" 40* 1901 NOV EMBER 28 I9OI NOVEMBER 29 I4O" I gp* 160" 170"' ,180" 170" IgO ISO' 40" 30' 20' 50" 40' 140" ISO" 160" 170" 180" 170" ISO" ISO" 140" 30" 20" * 10s 0s 10" 20" 30" For explanation see Key m«,p 1901 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC COOPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES NOVEMBER 30 1901 DECEMBER 1901 DECEMBER 1901 DECEMBER SO' „ ISO' 170 160' *O' ISO' 160' 170 l«0 170 160 ISO !«' 30' 20' •* T» 0 IO' 20' 30' JO' 20" 5l IDS 0 10 20 30 For expl»na,tion see Key ma,p 301 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC COOPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES DECEMBER 4- I9OI DECEMBER 30' 20' ID 0* 10' 20" 3O' 140 ISO 160 170 ISO 170 160 40' 50' 20' 10' 0' 10' 20' 30" 1901 DECEM BE.R 6 I9OI DECEMBER 140* iso' 160' 170' :eo' no iso iso 3O" 20" 10' 0* 10' 20' 30' 140* ISO* ISO' 170' 160' 170* ISO' ISO* 140" 30* 20" 10" 0" 10" 20" 3O" For expla.na.tion see Key m*,p 1901 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. DECEMBER 8 1901 DECEMBER 1901 DECEMBER For explanation see Key m«.p 1901 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES DECEMBER 13 I9OI DECEMBER 13 SO' 170 ISO no 160 ISO' 140 140' 150' l«0' lj»'., l»0" 170' l»0' ISO 140' 4O' 0' 20' 30' 40' 1901 DECEMBER I9OI DECEMBER 15 0" 170* 160 ISO* 140' 4O' SO' 20' 10' O' 10' 20' 30' 40' 40' SO' to' 10^ 0^ 10' 20' 30' 40' For explanation »«« Key map I9OI INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES DECEMBER 16 1901 DECE.MBE.R I4O" ISO" 160 170 180 170 160 150 140* ISO* 1*0* 170* :»0' 170* 160' 'SO' 30' 20' 10' 0' 10' 2O' 30' 30' 20' "TO' O' 10' 20' 30' 1901 D ECE.MBER 18 I9OI DECEMBER 18 140* ISO* J60* 170* 60* 170* 160" ISO' lid so- 20' "0 10' 0" 10' 20' 50' 40" 140' ISO' 160' 170' l«0' 170' ISO' ISO" 140' 4O* 30* 20* 10" O* 10* 20" 30* For expla.na.ti on see Key ma.p. 1901 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES DECEMBER 24- 1901 DECEMBER •O 30 20 10 O 10 20 30" 40' 1901 DECEMBER 26 1901 DECEMBER 27 J40 150" 160" 170 160 170 160 150 140" -->'" -cvft / 72-^* 10^ 0^ 10^ 20^ 30" 40" 30" ^ aof 10' For explm.na.tion see Key map INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. 1901 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES DECEMBER 28 1901 DECEMBER 29 70V l»0* HO* 1«0 150' ,0" 0" 10* 20* 30" 4O* ISO" 160* |70 60 3O' ' 20' 10' 0" 10* 20' 30 1901 DECEMBER 30 1901 DECEMBER 31 IgQ' 160' 170' 160' 170* 160 ISO !»' ZO* 30* 40' 1*0* 150" 160" 170" 160" 170* 160 ISO so" ao" ID* o" 10* 80' so" For ejqjlan».tion »«e Key map INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. 1902 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. JANUARY I 1902 JANUARY i+o iso iso i/o IBO i7o ieo 150 140 i40' iso' i«o' IWT IBO* no' i»• io' ao' xr For expl«.n«.tioi) see Key ma,p 1902 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON C.M.T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES FEBRUARY ZZ 1902 FEBRUARY 140' ISO' 160' 170* IBO" 170 160 ISO 1*0 u-d 3O" 20' 10* 0* 10' 20 30" 140 ISO 160 3O" 20" 10" 0" 10" 20" 30* 1902 FEBRUARY 24- 1902 FEBRUARY 25 I4O' ISO" 160" 170" 1*0" 170" 160" ISO" 140" 1*0" ISO" ISO" 170" 180" 170" 160" 150" 140" SO" 20" 10" O" 10" 20" 30" 40" For explanation tee Key map 1902 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC COOPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON CMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. FEBRUARY Z6 I9O2 FEBRUARY ISO 140 4O* 30* 20' 10* 0" 10" 20* 30" 40* loo 30' 20' 10* 0" 10* 20' 30* 40' 1903 FEBR UARY 28 I9O2 MARCH 140' 180' 160' 170' l«0* 170* l«0* 130* 140' 30" 20" O' TO* 30' «O* For explanation see Key map 1902 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON CM.T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. MARCH 2 I9O2 MARCH I4O' ISO* 160* 170 180' 170 180' ISO 140 140" 1«0- 170 50' 20 O 10 0 10 20 30 1902 MARCH 4 1902 MARCH For expla.na.tion see Key map 1902 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC COOPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON CMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. MARCH 6 1902 MARCH ISO 140 4O* SO' 20' 10* 0' 10' 20' 30* 40' 40' 30* 20' 10' O* 10' 20' 30' 40' 1902 MARCH 8 1902 MARCH I4O ISO 160 170 160 170 160 ISO 140" 30' 20' ID! 0* 10' 20' 30' 40" 140* ISO' leO* ITO' 160* 170* 160* 50 30' 20' 10' For explanation see Key ma.p 1902 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC COOPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON C.M.T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES MARCH 10 I9OZ MARCH 140' ISO* ISO' 170' 180' 170' 160 ISO 140* 4O* 3O' 20" 10' O* 10* 20" 30" 40* 140* ISO* ISO* 170* ISO* 170* 160* ISO* 140* 4O* 3O* 20* 10* 0* 10* 20 MARC H \Z I9OE MARCH 13 40* SO' iff \0' O' tO' 20" 30* 40* I4O* 150* 160* 170* 160' no' 160' ISO* 140' SO" 20* 10* 0* 10* 2O* 30* 40* For explanation aee Key map 1902 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON CMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES MARCH 14- 1902 MARCH i4o- iso- i«o' iTo- i»er nor 30' 20' 10 O" 10" 20' 30 For ae« Key m»p INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. I90Z SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES MARCH 18 I90Z MARCH 19 I«O* ISO" 160' 170' l»0' 170* 160 ISO 30' 20* 10* 0* 10* 20' 30' 30' 20 10 0 10 20 30 I90Z MARCH 2O 1902 MARCH 21 140" iso* 160' iTO* ieo' go' ieo' iso M 30' 20' 10* O* IP' 20' 30' 170* 160* ISO' 30' 20' 10' 0* 10' 20' 30' For explm.na.tion see Key m«.p. 1902 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE TOR NOON C.MT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES MARCH 22 I9O2 MARCH 23 I4Q* ISO [60 170 ISO 170 160 150 30' 20" 10' 0' 10* 20' 30" 40" 140* ISO' l»0* 170* HO* 170* iSo1 40' O* 10" 20' 30" 40* 1902 MARCH 24- 1902 MARCH 25 140* ISO' 160" 170* 180* 170' 160* ISO* Iso 3O" 20^ 10^ 20" 30" 140* ISO* l«0 00' 140' 30' to' ^o* o* IP" to" so* 4o* For explanation see Key m«.p 1902 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON C.MT. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES MARCH 26 1902 MARCH 27 140' 180* 160' 170' ISO' 170' 160 ISO' 3O" 40' 1902 MARCH 28 1902 MARCH 29 140 ISO 160' 170 ISO 170 160 ISO |4Q* 30' 20" 10" 0* 10 30' 40' I4O* ISO' 160' 170' 180' 170' 160' ISO' 10' 20" SO' For explanation see Key map 1902 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON CMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES MARCH 30 1902 MARCH 31 SO" 20' \ \" O' 20" 30" 40' -• 30' 20* 10' O" 10' 20' 30' 4O" I90Z APRIL I 1902 APRIL I4O' ISO' ISO' 170' I6O' 170' 160' ISO' 140' IKJ 00 3O" 20* 10" 0" 10* 20" 30" 140' 180" l«0* 170" l«0" 170' l«0* SO" 20" 10" O* IP' 20" 30* 170 ISO' 140 30" 20" 10" O' 10' 20' 140* ISO 8C i70 160 130 SO" 20' 84*10' 0* 1902 SEPTEMBER 20 1902 SEPTEMBER 21 I4O* ISO" 160" 170" !60* 170" 160* ISO* 140" •H ri 40' I4O' ISO' 1«0' .170' 160' :70' 160' ISO* no 20' " 10' 0' 10' 20' 3O' For expl«.na,tion see Key map 1902 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC COOPERATION SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. SEPTEMBER 22 1902 SEPTEMBER 1902 SEPTEMBER 24- 1902 SEPTEMBER 25 140* ISO* 160' 170" 160" 170" 160* ISO" 3O' 2O* 1O" 20* 30" no" 40 ISO' l«0' PTC' 160' 170 160 30" For explanation see Key m«.p INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. 1902 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE fOR NOON GMT. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES SEPTEMBER 26 1902 SEPTEMBER 1*0* ISO' iso- ire' igo' no' no 150' 140" ai IK? 30' 20" W 10' 0' 10' 20' 50' 40" 140" ISO* 160' 170* 180" 170* 160 150 W 4O" 30' 20' *V 10' «* 0' 10' 20' 30' 40' 1902 SEPTEMBER 28 1902 SEPTEMBER 29 +0' ISO' 160" 170' 160" 170' 160' ISO" 140" 40" 30' 20' 10' 0' 10' 20' 30' 40' For explm.na.tion see Key m«/p 1902 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON CM T WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES SEPTEMBER 30 1902 OCTOBER 160* 170' 180' 170' 160 1 80' ;c SO" 20' 10' O" 10' 20' 30' I4O' 150* i«o' 170' IBO' go' ieo iao KJ 30' 20" 1902 OCTOBER 2 1902 OCTOBER «0" 30' 20' «' 10" 0 10' 20" SO' 40 30 20 ' lOi 0' 10 20 30 4O For explanation gee Key ma.p INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. 1902 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON CM T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES OCTOBER 4- 1902 OCTOBER SO' 20' 10* 0' 10" 20' 30' I4O ISO l«0 170 IBO 30' 20' 10* 0* 10' 20' 30' OCTOBER OCTOBER I4O* ISO' ISO' 170' » ISO' SO' 20' 10' O' 10' 2O' 30' 140" ISO' 160' 170' 160' 170' ISO' ISO' 140' SO' 20' 10' 0' 10' 20' 30' For explanation see Key m»,p 1902 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON CMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. OCTOBER 6 1902 OCTOBER 140* ISO" 1«0" 170* ISO" 170 160 ISO 140' I«O' 180' l«0' I TO' HO* 170' l«0* ISO" 140' 3O* 20" 10" 0" 10" 20" 30" SO" 20" 1902 OCTOBER 10 1902 OCTOBER II 140* ISO" 160" 170" 160" 170" 160* ISO* 140" JO" 20^" 10" 0" 10" 20" 30" 140* ISO* l«0' I7O* WO" 170" 190" ISO" 140" so" to' io" o* '-, if 20" so" *o" For explm.na.ticm se* Key map 1902 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES OCTOBER 12 1902 OCTOBER 13 i40' sc' i«o' 170' IBP' no' 160* 150' 1*0' 140* ISO' ISO' 170' 0 IgO' 170' 160' 130' SO' 20' 10' O" 10' 2O' 30' 40' 30' 20' IOV 1902 OCTOB ER 1902 OCTOBER 15 I4O" ISO* 160' 170* 160' 170" 160' 150" 140" 40' 30" 20' - ' 10" 0" !«' 20' 30' Vf I4O' 150' 160' 170" 160" 170" 180" ISO" 5O* 20" "** 10" 0" 10" 20" 30" For explanation see Key map 1902 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES OCTOBER 16 1902 OCTOBER 17 1*0' 150' 160' 170* 180' 170' l«0' ISO 140' 30' 20' 10' 0' 10' 20' 3O' 140' ISO' MO' 170' ISO' 170s I601 ISO1 !40' 40' 30' 20' a^P>3e>n 0' 1902 OCTOBER 18 1902 OCTOBER 50 20 n03o.i O 10 20 30 For explanation ace Key map 1902 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON G.M.T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. OCTOBER 20 1902 OCTOBER I4O* ISO* 160' 170" 180* 170* 1C AD' ISO* ISO* 170* 180* I7O* 160 ISO 140 3O* 20* 10 0 10 -V 20 3O- 10* 30 20 10"* 0 10- ZO 1902 OCTOBER 2£ 1902 OCTOBER 30* 2O* 10 O 10 20 30' For expla.na.tion see Key map. INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. 1902 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON G.MT. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES OCTOBER 24 I9O2 OCTOBER 180 ISO" 170" ISO' 170* 180* ISO 1902 OCTOBER 26 1902 OCTOBER ISO 160' 170' 160' 170' 160° 156= I40- SO ISO" 170' 180' 170* 160* ISO' o 10- 20 so 4 \0 1902 NOVEMBER 3 1902 NOVEMBER 1*0 ISO' 160" I70-: I8 10* 20' 30" 4O' 1902 NOVEMBER 7 1902 NOVEMBER 1*0' ISO' 160' 170' I8O' 170' 160 I4O* ISO* 160' 170 180 170 160* ISO SO 20 10 O 10 20 SO For explanation see Key map. 1902 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC COOPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON C.M.T. WITH WIND3 AND AIR TEMPERATURES. NOVEMBER 9 1902 NOVEMBER 10 160 ISO" 140' 10' " O^ - 10* 2O* 30" 40" 40' SO* 20* 10" 0" 10" 20" 30" 1902 NOVEMBER II 1908 NOVEMBER 12 I4O" ISO" 160* 170" 180* 170" 160° ISO" 140" 4O 30* 2O" TO 3O" 40" I4O" ISO" I6O* 170 160" 170" I6O ISO* 140' uol so* 20 10 * of 10 ao Huth London For explanation see Key map. 1902 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON G.M.T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. NOVEMBER 13 1902 NOVEMBER 1902 NOVEMBER 15 1903 NOVEMBER 16 I«O* ISO* 160* 170* 180" 170 160 ISO O" 2O* SO" I4O* ISO* 160* 170* I8O* 170* 160' ISO* SO* 20 10 O* 10* 20' 3O* For expla.na.tion see Key map. INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. 1902 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON G.M.T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. NOVEMBER 17 1902 NOVEMBER IS 140* ISO* 160* 170* IB(T 170' 160 ISO' 140* 30" 20* 10* KO* ISO* I«O* I7O* ISO* 170* HOT ISO* I4O* 1902 NOVEMBER. 160* 170 160* 170' 160 4O' SO 20 1O ZO 3O 10 O IO 3O 40 Huth. London For explanation see Key map. 1902 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON G.M.T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. NOVEMBER 21 I9O2 NOVEMBER 22 30' 20' 10' 0* I0- 20' 30' 40" 30" 20 10" O 10 20 30 1902 NOVEMBER 23 For explanation aee Key map. I90Z INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON G.M.T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. NOVEMBER 25 1902 NOVEMBE.R 26 I4O' 150* 160" 170' 180' 170* I6O 150* 140* 50" 20* 10' O* IO' 20' 30" 40' I4O* l»0* I«O* 170* HO* 170' 160* 180* I4O* 40' 3O' 2O* IP* O* 10' 2O' 3O* 4O" 1902 NOVEMBER 21 1902 NOVEMBER I4O' ISO' ISO' 170 160 170 160" ISO 140' ISO' ISO' 170' 180* 170' ISO' ISO1 to- so" 20' 10 0 30 Huth London For explanation see Key map. I9O2 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. NOVEMBER 29 19O2 NOVEMBER I90E DECEMBER I I9O2 DECEMBER ISO" ISO' 170' 180' 170 ISO 160' 170', * 180' 170' 160* ISO JO' 20 10 O IO' 2O 30 4O 30T 10 O 3O 4tT For explanation see Key map. INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. 1902 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON G.M T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. DECEMBER 3 1902 DECEMBER 140' ISO* 160* 170* I6O' 170* 160 ISO' 30' 20* 10* O" 10' 20' 30' 40' 140* ISO' 160' 30' 20' \0' 0' 10' ZO' 30' 4O* Huth.London. For explana/tion see Key map. INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. 1902 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON G.M.T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. DECEMBER 7 I9O2 DECEMBER I4O* ISO* 160* 170* ISO* 170* 160 ISO 140* 20° 30* 4O° 140* ISO* 160* 170* ISO* 170* 160 lap* 140* Bdl 60 4O° SO* 20° IO* O* 10" 20* 3O' 40' 1902 DECEMBER 9 1902 DECEMBER 40 SO 2O" »'IO" O* 10° For explanation see Key map. 1902 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON C.M.T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. DECEMBE.R II 1902 DECEMBER 12 140 ISO 160 170 180 170 160 ISO 30' 20* 10* O* 10* 2O* 30* 40' 140" 150- .bo- -o- iecr iaor 40' SO' 20' 10' 0* 10' 20' 50' 4O* 1902 DECEMBER 13 1902 D ECE MBE R 14- MO* ISO* 160' 170' 180' 170 160 ISO* 140' *O SO* 20* 3O* 40' I4O* 150* 160* 170* 180' 170' 160* ISO* 140' 40' 30* Huth I For explanation see Key map. 1902 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON G.M.T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. DECEMBER 15 I9O2 DECEMBER 16 I4O' ISO' l«0' 170' SO' 20* "** 10' O* 10' 2O' 30' I4O' ISO' ISO' 170' 180' 170' 160 4O" SO* 20* 10' O' 10' 20* 30' 1902 OECE M B E R 17 1902 DECEMBER 18 ISO I4O" n oc 10' 20' SO" 4O* I4O* ISO' 180' 170' I8O* I7O* 160' ISO1 4O' 3O° 20" \ 10^ O' IO' 20' 3O' For expla.na/tion see Key map. I90E INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON G.M.T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. DECEMBER 19 I9OE DECEMBER 170- I80T 170- 160- 40 30' 20° 10* O' 10' 20° 30' 40' 30' 20' 10* 0' 10' 20' 3O' 40' 1902 DECEMBER 21 1902 DECE M B ER zz 140 150 160 170 160^ 170 160 150 3O* 20* 10* O* 1 0 " 20* 30* 150] SO' ZO 10' O* IO* 20' 3O* For explana/tion see Key map. INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. 1902 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON G.M.T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. DECEMBER 23 I9O2 DECEMBER 24- 140* ISO* 160' 170* 180* 170 160' ISO 1*0* 30' 20' 10' Q' 10" -" 520° 30" 40* I4O' ISO* ISO* J70 30* 20* "IO* O* 10* 20* 3O* 4O* 1902 DECEMBER 25 1902 DECEMBER I40- ISO' ISO* 170 180* 170- I6O ISO 140 I4O* ISO* 160* 170* ISO* 170 ISO ISO* 140' O* 20" 30" 40 3O 20 IO O For explanation see Key map. INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON C.M T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. DECEMBER 27 I90E DECEMBER 140' ISO' ISO' 170' ISO' I7O' I8O ISO I4O' igo' i«o' 170" iso" 170" leer laar no- 30* 20' 10' O' 10* 2O* 30' 30 20 10 0 10 2O DECEMBER DECEMBER ISO' 170 180 170- 160' ISO* ISO' 170 180' 170 160' ISO ID" 20" 30 so yn in* n* in' >n Huth ' For explana,tion see Key map. INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. 1902 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES DECEMBER 31 1903 JANUARY 1*0* 130" 160* 170 180' 170' 180 ISO 140 150 160 170 180 170 160 150 140 0 20' 3D' 40' 10 0 10 20 30' 1903 JANUARY 2 1903 JANUARY 140* 150" 160* 170" ISO" 17O" 180" 150" 140* ISO" I6O" 170" ISO" 170" ISO" ISO" 140" no »- 30" 20" 0" 10" 20* 3O" 30" 20" For explana.t\on see Key map NTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. 1903 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON CM T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. JANUARY 4 I9O3 JANUARY 140' ISO' IgQ' 170' 180 170' 180* ISO' 140' 40" 30' 20'" 10' O" 10' 20° 30" 140* i BO' i«o* ITO* no* ITCT i«o' So1 140' 30' 20' 10' 0' 10' 20' 3O* 4O' 1903 JANUARY 6 1903 JAN UARY 30' 20' ID" 0- ICC 20 30' For explana/tion see Key ma,p. INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. I9O3 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON G.M.T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES JANUARY 8 1903 JANUARY I4O* ISO* 160' 170" IBO' 170" I«(T 180* 140* I4O' 150' 160* 170' 180' 170' 160* ISO' 140' 40* SO* 20* WIO* 0* 10* 20' 30' 40* 30* 20' ee 10* 0* 10' 20' 30' 40' 1903 JANUARY 10 1903 JAN UARY For explanation see Key map. INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION 1903 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON CM T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES JANUARY 12 1903 JANUARY 13 140* ISO* 160' 170' 180' 170 160 150' 140' 30' 20' 10' 0' 10' 20' 30' 40' I4O* ISO' l«0- 170' IBO' 170' HO* IgQ* 140' SO' 20' 10* 0* 10' 20' 30' 40' 1903 JANUARY 14 1903 JANUARY For explanation see Key map. 1903 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC COOPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON G.M T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. JANUARY 16 1903 JANUARY 140* 130' 160' 170 180' 170" 160- ISO 140 140' ISO* 160* 170' 180' 170' 160 ISO' 140' 30' 20' 10 0 10 20 30 40 1903 JANUARY 18 1903 JANUARY 19 136 140* ISO" 160* 170" ISO" 170" 160* 40" 30' 20" 10* O" 10* 28* 30" 30" 20" 10" O* 10' 20" 30" 40" For explanation see Key map. 1903 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC COOPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON CMT. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES JANUARY 20 1903 JANUARY 21 1+0 ISO 160 170 ISO 170 160 150 40" 30* 20* 10* 0* 10" 20" 30" 40' iso* ieo* iTQ* no* .TO* no' '-.. 30' 20' 10' O' 10' 20' SO' 40' 1903 JANUARY 22 I9O3 JANUARY 23 140' ISO' 160' 170' 180' 170' 180' ISO* 140' 30° 20' 10* O' 10' 20' 30' 40' 140' ISO' 160' 170' 180' 170s 160* ISO' 4O' SO' 20' 10" 0' 10' ?O* 30' For expla.na.tion see Key m&p 1903 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES JANUARY 24 1903 JANUARY 25 I4Q* ISO* l»0* 170' 160* 170' 160 130' 40" 40" SO' 20' 10* 0* 10' 20' 30 I4O* ISO' 160' 170* ISO' 170' 160* ISO* 140* ISO1 30* 20" 10* 0* 10' 20' 3O" 1903 JANUARY 26 1903 JAN UARY 27 140* ISO" l«0* 170* ISO' 170' 160* ISO* 140" 140" ISO" 160" 170" 180" 170° 160" 150° SO 4O" 30" 20" 10" 0" 10" 20" 30" For explana/tion see Key map. INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC COOPERATION. 1903 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON CMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. JANUARY 28 1903 JANUARY 140* ISO' 160' 170 ISO' 170 I6O' ISO 40* SO' 20 O' 10' 20' 30' 40' 30' 20' 10' 0* IP' 20' SO* 40* 1903 JANUARY 30 1903 JANUARY 31 140" ISO* 160* 170" 160* 170* 160* ISO* 140* 1*0* iso* i«o* 170* i»o* no* i«o* no* 140* 40* 30' 20* 10* O' 10* 8O* 3O* 40* For explanation see Key map INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. 1903 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON G.M T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. FEBRUARY I 1903 FEBRUARY 140' 130* 160* 170* ISO* 170* 160 ISO* 140' SO" 20* 10" 0* 10* 20* 30* l«0* ISO* 160* 170* ISO* 170* 160* ISO' 140" 30' 20' 10' 0* 10* 20' 30' I9O3 FEBRUARY 3 1903 FEBRUARY 40' 0* 20* 30" 140* ISO" 160* 170' 180" 170" 160* ISO" 140' 70 30" 20" 10' 20" 30" 40" For explanation see Key map. I9O3 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES FEBRUARY 5 I9O3 FEBRUARY 50 ISO I7O ISO 17U ICO 150 140' ISO' l«0' 170' F8 30" 20' 10" 0* 10" 20* 30" 4O* I9O3 MARCH 3 I9O3 MARCH 4O" 3O" 20" 10* O" 10" 20" 30" 10 3O* 20" 10* O" 10" 20" 30" 40* For explanation see Key map INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC COOPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON G.M.T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES 1903 MARCH 5 1903 MARCH i?0~ 160' 170' 180' 170' ISO' ISO 140 160' 170' ISO' no' 160' ISO 140 I9O3 MARCH 7 1903 MARCH 140* ISO* ISC* 170* 180* 170 160 ISO ,40* ISO* 160* 170* ISO* 170* 8° "* K>* 30* 20* 10 For explanation see Key map. 1903 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OP SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES MARCH 1903 MARCH 10 i9o; MARC H M 1903 MARCH 160' 170' 180" 170' 160' ISO' IXT 170' ISO' 170* 1(0 10 O' 10' 20' 30 For explanation see Key ma.p. INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. 1903 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES MARCH 13 1903 MARCH iso _ 140' i4O* iso' ieo' ITO* 1*0' i7o' 40' SO' 2O' 10' 0' 10* 20' SO' 4O* 140' ISO' 160' 170' ISO' 170' 160' ISO' 140* BO be 40' SO' 20' 10' 0' 10' 20* 30' 40' 1903 MARCH 15 I9O3 MARCH 16 14O' ISO' l«0' 170' 160' 170 ISO* 140' 40' 30' 2O' 10' O* 10' 20* 30' 40 140' ISO' 160' 170' 180' 170' 160° ISO' 140' Bfll 40' 30' 20' 10' O' 10' 20" 30' 4O For expls.na.tion see Key map. 1903 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC COOPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON CMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES MARCH 17 1903 MARCH 16 140* ISP' ito* i7o' iao 170 leer iso* no' 30' 20" 10' 0* 10" 20' 30* 4O' 140* iw lio* ITO" iff fjo* iio" iio" i4o' 40" JO' 20' 10* O* 10' 20' SO' 40* I9O3 MARCH 19 I9O3 MARCH «>' ISO' 160' 170' ISO' 170 160 ISO' 4O' ISO' l«0' 170' l»0 170 l«0 l»0' 50 2O 10 O 10 20 30 40 2O" IO* O 10 2O 30 4O For explanation see Key map 1903 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC COOPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON G.M T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES MARCH 21 I9O3 MARCH 22 I4O* I DO* ISO* 170" ISO* 170 160 ISO 140' TO 601 O* 10* 20' 30" 40" 140* ISO* ISO' 170' ISO* 170' 160* ISO* 140' I 4O' 3O" 20" 10° O* 10" 20" 30* 40° I9O3 MARC H S3 1903 MARCH 24- 140* ISO* 160* 170* 180" I7O* 160' ISO* 140 140* ISO' 160* 170" ISO* 170' 160* ISO* 140* 40" 3O" 20* 10" O* 10" 2? 30* 40* 40" 30* 20" 10' O* 10" 20" 30" 40" For txplMMbtion see Key map. INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. I9O3 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES MARCH 35 1903 MARCH 26 150 I6O JO' 20' 10' 0* 10" 20' 30' 40* 4O* 30* 20' 10* O" 10* 20* 50* 4O* I9O3 MARCH 27 I9O3 MARCH 140* ISO* 160" 170 180 170 160 ISO 140" 160* ITO ISO' no ieo s. 10' 10* 0* 10' 20* SO' 40* 40 sn' vr,' in* o* IQ* 20 3O 40 For expl«.n»,tion see Key map INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. 903 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. MARCH 29 I9O3 MARCH 30 .40* l§0* I«O* 170* ISO' 170' 160' ISO* 140' SO' 20' 10' 0* 10" 20' 3O' 4O' 140* ISO' ISO' 170' ISO' 170' 160* ISO* 140' 40' 30' 20' 10' 0' 10' 20' 30' 40' I9O3 MARCH 31 I9O3 APRIL 140' ISO* 60 4O' 30' 20' 10' 0* 10' 20' 30* 40 For explanation see Key ma,p. INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC COOPERATION. 1903 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON CMT. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. APRIL 2 I9O3 APRIL 4O' 30' 20* 10" 0' 10' 20' 30* 40' 140' HO* l»0* 170' l>0* i70* i«• 10* ao' ay 40' I9O3 APRIL 4 I9O3 APRIL 140' ISO' 160' 170 160 170' 160' ISO' 140' ISO' l«0' 170' I8CT 170' !•«• HO' 40 so* ->rf in* ft' a' 20 30 For expl»Tia,tion see Key map INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC COOPERATION. '903 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GM.T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. APRIL 6 1903 APRIL iao' 170' ISO' 140' SO 20 10 0 10 20 30 140' ISO' 160' 170' 160" SO" 20' 10' 0' 10' 20' 10' 1903 APRIL 140' ISO' 160' 170' 180' I7O 160 ISO' 140' 160' 170 ISO' 170' ISO' SO 20 10 O 10 2O' SO' 40 0- 20' 30' 40' For explanation see Key map. 1903 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES APRIL 10 1903 APPIL 50' 20' 10 O' 10" 20' 30' SO" 20' 1C' 0- ID' 20" 30- 1903 APRIL 1903 APRIL 13 40- ISO' 160' 170' V 140' For expl«.na,t ion see Key map. INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. •903 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. APRIL 14 I9O3 APRIL 15 I4O* ISO' ISO* 170" ISO* 170* 160 ISO' 140' 1*0* ISO' 160' 170' 180' 170* 160' ISO* 140' uol 4O' 30* 20' 10* 0' 10' 20* 30' 40° 30' 20' 10' 0' 10' 20' 30' 40' •903 APRIL 16 I9O3 APRIL SO 20 IO' 0 10 20 50' 40 50' 20' 10' 0' 10' 20' 30' 40" For expla.na.tion »ee Key map. 1903 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON CM T WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES APRIL 18 I8O3 APRIL 140* HO* i«0* Of i»0* |70* i«o* iso 30 20* 1C' 0- ID' 20 SO" OT 1903 APRIL 20 1903 APRIL 1*0' ISO* 160" 170' 160' 170' 160 ISO 140* ISO' 160' 170' l»0* 170' l«0* 180' 30 2O 10 For explanation see Key m«.p 1903 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GM.T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES APRIL 22 1903 APRIL 30' 20' 10* O' 10 • 20 30' 40 1903 APRIL 24 1903 APRIL I4O* ISO' ISO' 170' ISO' 170* 160* ISO' 140° 1+0* ISO' 160* 170' ISO' 170' ISO* ISO* 140' 40' SO' 20' ~*IO* 10^ 28^ SO' * i 30' 20' 10' O* 10' 20' 30' 40' For explanation see Key map I9O3 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES APRIL ae 1903 APRIL 30' 20' 10" O' 10' 20' 50' 40' 190,3 APRIL 28 (903 APRIL 140' ISO' 160' 170* 180' 170' 160* ISO* 140' 4O° 3O" 20 140" ISO' l«0' 170' ISO' 170* 160 ISO' 140' 30' 20' 10' O' 10' 20' 30' 40' For explanation see Key ma/p J903 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES APRIL 30 I9O3 MAY I4O* ISO' 160' s 170 /ISO' 170 160" ISO 1903 MAY 1903 MAY 140" 140* ISO" 160" 170' 180* 30* 20* 10* 0" 10" 20* 30" 40 For expl«,na,tion see Key map 1903 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEALEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES MAY 4 1903 MAY 140' ISO' 160* 170 160 170' 160 ISO 40' 30' 20' »T 10' 0' 10' 20' 30' 40' 140' ISO' l«0' ieoT i4o* .; ' 30' 20' 10' 1903 MAX 6 1903 MAY 30' 20' 10' 0* 10' 20' 30' 40' 30' 20' For expl«.n«.lion see Key map .903 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON CM T WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES MAY 8 1903 MAY 30 20 10 O 10 20 30 I9O3 MAY 10 1903 MAY I4O* ISO* 160' 170* 180* I7O' 160* 150' 140' 1*0* ISO 4O* 30' 20' 10' 0' KT 2? SO' 40' 30" 20' I0! 0' 10' 20' 3O' For expl«.na,t 1011 see Key ma/p. I9O3 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON CM T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES MAY 12 I9O3 MAY 13 1*0* ISO' l«0' 170' 180' 170' 180 150' 140' 0' 0' 10' 20° JO' 40' 140* ISO* 1*0' 30' 20' 10' O' 1903 MAY 14- I9O3 MAY 15 140* ISO' 160' £ 170' 3 ISO' 170' IBO' 150° I4O' ISO' 40' 3O' 20' 10' 0' 10' 20' 30' 40' For explanation see Key ma/p INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. 1903 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES MAY 16 1903 MAY 17 140' 140' ISO' NO* 170' IBO' 170' 160' 4O* SO' 2O' 10* 0' 10' 2O' 30' 4O' I4O* ISO' 160' 170' IBO' 170' 160' ISO' 00 90 SO' 20' 10' 0' 10' 20' 30' 40' I9O3 MAY 40 ISO' 160' 170 180' 170' 160' ISO For explanation see Key map. 1903 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEALEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON CMT. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES MAY 2O 1903 MAY 140* ISO" 160' 170' IBO '.10 160 180 140' tt -. 30" 20' 10" 0' 10" 20' 30" I«O" I7Q- 1(0* 170* lUf ISO* 140' SO' 20" 10" 0* 10" 20" 30" 40" 1903 MAY 1903 MAY 160' 170" 180" 170" 160" 10" 20" 30" ieo* iTo" igo" no" no' SO' 20' 10' 0* 10' 20" 3O' 4O" For explanation see Key ma.p 1903 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES MAY 24 1903 MAY 25 50' 30 10 0 10 20 30 I9O3 M AY 26 I9O3 MAY 40' ISO' 160* 170' ISO' I7O* 160' ISO' 1+0' 30' 40' 140' ISO' 160' 170' 180' 170' ISO' 90 - 30' 20' 10' 0' 10* 20" 30' 40' For explanation »ee Key map 1903 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON C.MT. WITH WINDS AND A I R TEMPERATURES MAY 28 1903 MAY 29 140' ISO* ISO' 170" _ 180' 170 160 ISO' 30' 20' <0' 0' 10' 20' 30" I4O' 150' I6O' 30' 20' 10" 0" 10" 20' 3O' 40" 1903 MAY 30 1903 MAY 40' ISO" 160' 370' «, 180' 170" ISO ISO 30 20 10 O 10 2O 30 For explanation see Key map 1903 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES JUNE I I9O3 JUNE 160* 170 1*0' 170' 160 3D 20 10' 0 10 20 30 40 30" 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 I4O' ISO' 160' 170' 180 I7O' 160' ISO' I+C 140 ISO 150* 170 180 170 160 ISO 40' JO 20' 0" IO' 2O' SO' 40' For explanaot 1011 see Key m&p INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. I9O3 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES JUNE 5 I9O3 JUNE ISO' ISO' I7CT ISO" 170 160- 150 140' ISO' l«0* 170' l»0" I TO' ItV ISO' 30 20 '10 O C" 20' 30 JO' 20' 10' O' 10' 20' 30' I9O3 JUNE 7 1903 JUNE a ISO* 160" 170" 180" 170* 180* 150° 30* 20* For expla-nait ion see Key m&p INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. I9O3 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES JUNE 9 I9O3 JUNE 10 I4O' IIP' I«O' I79O' 10' 20' SO* 40* 1903 JULY 17 1903 JULY 18 140' 150' 160' 170' l»0' 170' 160* ISO* 140' 0* 10' 20' 30* 40* 140* ISO* 160* 170* l»0* 170' l«0* HO* 140* 40' so' ao' 10* o* IP' 20' so' For explanation see Key m&p INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. 1903 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES J U LY 19 I9O3 J U LY 20 •40' ISO* 180' 170* IBO' 170* 160* ISO' 40' 30" 2O" 10* 0" 1*0' ISO' 160' 170' 180' 170' 160' ISO' 30' 20' 10' —*"30 Z 10' 20' 30' I9O3 JULY 21 1903 JULY 22 ;*0' ISO' 160' 170' ISO' 170' ISO' ISO' n Sti! 40' 30' 2O' 10' 0' 10' 2O' 30' HO1 - ^ 30' 20' 10' O' 10' 20' 30' 40' For explain action see Key ma-p. INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. 1903 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. JULY 23 1903 JULY 24 ISO* 160* 170 160 170 160 150 30' 20* • 10' O' 10" 20' 30* id SO' 20' 10* 0" 10" 20' 30* 1903 J ULY 1903 J U LY 1*0' ISO' ISO' 170' 180' 170* 160' ISO* 30* 20* 10* 0' 10' 20* 30* 1*0' ISO' 160' 170' 180' 170* ISO' ISO' 140* 40' For explanation see Key map 1903 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON CM T WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. JULY 27 I9O3 JULY 28 140* ISO* 160* 170' 180' 170' 160 180 140' SO' 20' 10' 0' 10' 20' 3O* 4O 1*0' ISO' ISO' 170' «x3 4O" SO' 20' 10' 0' 10' 20' 30' 1903 JULY 29 I9O3 JULY 30 I4O' ISO' 160' 170' 180' 170' 160* ISO* 140' 40' SO' 20' 10* 0' 10* 20' 30' 40' 140* ISO* 180' 170' 160* 170' 160' ISO* 4O* SO' 10' 0* 10' 20' 30' For explanation see Key m«.p. 1903 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE TOR NOON CM T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. JULY 31 1903 AUGUST 140* ISO' ISO' 170' ISO' 170' 160* ISO 140' 140' I »0' I«O' 170* ISO* 170* !» INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. 1903 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT. WITH WIND3 AND AIR TEMPERATURES AUGUST 4 I9O3 AUGUST SO 140' -.-; - * 30' 40' I4O* ISO* SO' 20' 10* 0' 10' 20' 30' I9O3 AUGUST 6 1903 AU GUST 140' ISO* 160' 170' 160' -170' l«0 ISO* 10' 20' 30* 140* ISO' 160* 170' 190' SO" 20* TwiO' For explanation see Key map I9O3 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON C.M.T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. AUGUST 8 1903 AUGUST iso' nJMHf i »• I80- 170' i«o «o to o* 10' 20' 3c For explanation see Key ma/p 1903 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON CM T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES SEPTEMBER 21 I9O3 SEPTEMBER 22 40' 4O* ISO* 160' 170' 180' 170 180 30' 20' 10" O* 10* 20' 30' 140' ISO' 160* 170' ISO 30' 20' 1903 S EPTEMBE R 23 1903 SEPTEM B ER 24- 4O* ISO* 160* I7O* 180* 170* ISO* ISO* KO' so* 20* 10* TO' 10' 20' 30' 40' ISO' SO' 2O' 10' 0' 10' 20' 30* 40' I9O3 DECEMBER 24 1903 DECEMBER 40' ISO' 160' 170' 160' 170' 160 ISO 140' For explanation see Key map INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. 1903 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS Of SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON G.M.T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. DECEMBER 26 1903 DECEMBER I4O* ISO* I6O' 170" IBO" 170' 160" 140" 140 ISO 160 170 180 170 160 ISO 140 40" 30* 20 10' O" 10" 20' 30 50 20 " 10 O 10 20 30' 1903 DECEMBER 28 I9O3 DECEM B ER I4O' ISO' ISO* 170* 180* 170* 160* ISO* 140* 9CT 20" 10* 0" 10" 2O" 30" 4O* 140" ISO" 160" 170" 180" 170" 160* ISO" 140" SO" 20 ,TIO" O* IO" 20' 3O" For explana-tion see Key map. INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. 1903 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT. WITH WIND3 AND AIR TEMPERATURES. DECEMBER 30 I9O3 DECEMBER 31 140* ISO* 160* 170* I8(T 170' I6O ISO 140* 180* I«O* 170* IXT 170* ISO" ISO* I 40' 30" 20 1904- J AN UARY I 1904- J ANU ARY 140' ISO' ISO' 170 180" 170 160 ISO 140' ISO ISO' 170 I8O' 170 180 ISO' 30' 2O IO' O' 10' 2O' 30' 40 n' an 30 40 Huth, London For explanaution see Key map. INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. 1904 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON G.M.T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. JANUARY 3 1904- JANUARY I4O* ISO* ISO* I7O* ISO* 170* 160 ISO 140* 30' 20* »7*IO*H10H0* 10* 2O" 30" 40* I4O* ISO* 160* 170 180* 170* 180* ISO 1+0* 30' 20' 10* O* 10' 20' 30" 4O" 1904- JANUARY JANUARY I4O" ISO" 160' 170 180' 170 160" ISO' 140 140" ISO* 160" 170 180 170 160 ISO 140 2O 10 O 10 40 SO" JO For explanation see Key map 1904- INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON G.M T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. JANUARY 7 1904- JANUARY I4O" ISO* 160* 170* 160* 170* 160 150 140* 30' 20' 10* O' 140* i go* ieo* ITO* i»o* no1 leo* So* 140* 40' 30" 20* 10' 0* 10* 20* 30* 40* 1904- J AN UARY 9 1904- J ANUARY 10 I4O* ISO* ISO* 170' geO* 170* 160* ISO* 140* 140* ISO* 160* 170^ 180* 170* 160* 180* 140* «r SO" 20 10 0 IO" go 3O Huth London For explanation see Key map. INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. 1904- SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON G.M T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES JANUARY II 1904 JANUARY 60' 170" ISO" 170 I6(T 150 140' 4O ISO 160 170 I 70' l«0 ISO l«0" 30' 20' 10* O' I0- 20' 30' 20* 10' O' 10' 20' 30 JAN UARY JAN UARY I6O* 170 180 170 160 XT 2O mff 10 0 10" 20* 3O" 4O* 3O 2O 10 O 10 2O 3O For explanation see Key map 1904- INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC COOPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES JANUARY 15 1904- JANUARY 16 140* 150' 160' 170* 160' no* 180* ISO* 140* 30' 20* \JO* 0' I4O* l»0* 160* 170* l»0* ITO* 160* Off HO* 40* 30* I9O4- J AN UARY 17 1904- J AN UARY 18 I4O* ISO' 160* 170* ISO* 170* 160* 150° 140* 140* ISO* ISO* 170* ISO* 170* ISO' ISO* HO* 3O* 20 10 O 10 20 3O Hutih, London For explanation see Key uia,]> INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. I9O4 SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON G.M.T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. JANUARY 19 1904- JANUARY 20 I4O' ISO' 160' 170' 180* 170* 160 ISO* 140* 40' 50' 20' 10* 0* 10' Z \0' O' 10' 20' 30' 40* 1904 FEBRUARY 26 1904- FEBRUARY 27 40' ISO' 160* 170* 180* 170* 160* 150' 140' 30' 40' I4O' ISO* ISO* 170* 180* 170' 160 ISO* 140* 30" 20 to" o 10 ao so Huth I For expla.na.tion see Key map. 1904- INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GMT. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. FEBRUARY 28 I9O4- FEBRUARY 29 140" ISO" 160' 3O" 20" !0" O' I4O* 150' I6O* 170' leo' 170* 160 ISO* 140* 40" 30" 20" ~'o 10" 0s 10" 20* 3O" 10' I9O4- MARCH I I9O4- M ARCH O* IO' ZO* 3O* 4O* 140" ISO* 160" 170" ISO* 170* 160* ISO" 140" 30° 20^ 0* 10" 20* 3O" 40 For explana-tion see Key map. I9O4 INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON C.M.T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES MARCH 3 I9O4- MARCH 1*0' ISO' 160* 170* I6CT 170' 160 180' 140* 30" 20* 10* O' 140* ISO* leo* 170* ISO* 170* 160* 160* 4O 3O 1904 MARCH 5 1904 MARCH 140* ISO* 160* 170* ISO* 170* 160° ISO* 140* SO" 20^ 10^ (/ 10" 7* '2O" 3O" 40' 140* ISO* 3O* 20 10 O 10 20 30 Huth,Londem. For expla.na.tion see Key map INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. 1904- SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON G.M T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. MARCH ~l 1904- MARCH I«O* Igo* 160* 170* ISO* 170* 160 ISO 140* 40* 30' 20' ' *|V 10' 20' 30' 40' 40" 30' 20* TO* O* 10* 20" JO' 40' 1904- MARCH 9 1904- M AR C H I4O* ISO* 160* 170* 180* 170* 160* 150° 140 ISO SO I4O* ISO* 160' j 170' ISO' 170* 160* ISO* 140' For explanation see Key map. 1904- INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON G.M T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. MARCH II 1904- MARCH 12 140 ISO 160 170 I8(T 170 16O 130 140" I5O* 140" 4O" 30* I4O' _ l»0' I«O* 170* ISO* 170* 20' 10* O" 1C' 20' 30" 40* 1904- M ARCH 13 1904- M ARCH 140' ISO* 160* 170*. 180* 170* 160 ISO' 140* 140" ISO" 160* 170* 180" 170" 160" ISO" 140" 3O* 4O" 30" 2O 10" O 10 2O 3O Huth Lori don For explanation see Key map. INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. 1904- SYNCHRONOUS CHARTS OF SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE FOR NOON GM.T. WITH WINDS AND AIR TEMPERATURES. MARCH 15 I9O4- MARCH 16 140* ISO* 160' 170* 4O" 30' 20* iO* 0* 10' 20' 30' 140 ISO 160 170 180 170 30* 20' 10° O* 10* 20' 30' I9O-V MARCH 17 1904- M ARC H 18 I4O* ISO* I6O* 170* ISO" 170" 160* ISO* I4O* 0s 10* 20' SO* I4O* ISO* 160* 170' 160* 170* 160* ISO* 140* 40' 30' 2,' 160' 170' 180* 170* HO* SO1 140' 30" 20* 10' 0* IO" 20" 30' 4O* ISO" 160' 170' 180* 170* 160 ISO' 140 30" 2O 10 0 10 40' yf 2O 10 O' 10 SO SO" 4O1 For expl«.na/tion see Key ina/p INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. CHARTS OF MEAN SEA LEVEL PRESSURE AND AIR TEMPERATURE. OCTOB E R NORMAL PRESSURE. MEAN PRESSURE.NOON, G.M.T. 1901. 140' ISO' 160' 170' 180' 170" 160 ISO* 140' 170' 160 ISO' 140* 40' 30' 20' 10' O' 10' 20' 30* 40' NORMAL AIR TEMPERATURE. OCTOBER MEAN AIR TEMPERATURE.NOON.G.M.T. 1901. 40' ISO' 170 180 170 160 140 5n* 10* n* IO" 2O* 3O* 40 I4O" ISO* 160* 170' 180* 170* 160* ISO* 140' For explanation see Key ma.p INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. CHARTS OF MEAN SEA LEVEL PRESSURE AND AIR TEMPERATURE. NOVEMBER NORMAL PRESSURE. MEAN PRESSURE, NOON, G.M.T. 1901. 140" ISO" 160" 170 IBO 170 160 lap 140* 30' 20" 10" 0" 10" 2O" 30" 40" 140' IIP* 160* ITO* ISO* 170' 160* IS? 140" 30" 20" 10" 0" 10" 20' SO" 40" NORMAL AIR TEMPERATURE. NOVEMBER MEAN AIR TEMPERATURE,NOON, G.M.T. 1901 For expla.na.tion see Key map INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. CHARTS OF MEAN SEA LEVEL PRESSURE AND AIR TEMPERATURE. DECEMBER NORMAL PRESSURE. MEAN PRESSURE, NOON, G.M.T. 1901 140* ISO* ISO' 170* 180' 170' 160 ISO* 30' 2O' !0" 0* 10' 2O" 30' 40* 40* ISO' 160" 170* 180* 170' 160* ISC' 140* 30' 20' 10' 0* 10" 20" 30" NORMAL AIR TEMPERATURE. DEC EMBER MEAN AIR TEMPERATURE, NOON.G.M.T. 1901 140' ISO* 160* 170* ISO* 170* 160 150 140' 3O" 20' 10* 0" 10" 20" 30" 40" 140" ISO* 160* 170* 180* 170* 160' ISO* 140' ' N 3O* 20 10* O* 10" 20" 3O" For explaneut/ion see Key map INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. CHARTS OF MEAN SEA LEVEL PRESSURE AND AIR TEMPERATURE. JAN U ARY NORMAL PRESSURE. MEAN PRESSURE.NOON, G.M.T. 140* [SO* 160" 170 \Q(Y I'D* L 30" 20' 10' O* 10' 20' 3O' 40' SO' 20" 10' 0' 10" 20' ^0' *0' NORMAL AIR TEMPERATURE. J ANU ARY MEAN AIR TEMPERATURE,NOON. G.M.T. 1902. 140' ISO* ISO' 170* 160* 170' 160° ISO* 140' 4O' 30" 20^ 10s 0s ItP 20' 30' 40 I4O* ISO' 160* 170* ISO' 170* 160* 140* JO" 2O*" 10' O' 10' 20' 3O' Huth. London For explana-tion see Key map INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. CHARTS OF MEAN SEA LEVEL PRESSURE AND AIR TEMPERATURE. FEBRUARY NORMAL PRESSURE. MEAN PRESSURE, NOON, G.M.T. I9O2. 3O" 20* 10* 0" 10' 20' 30' 40" I4O ISO 160 170 180" 170 160 ISO 40" NORMAL AIR TEMPERATURE. FEBRUARY MEAN AIR TEMPERATURE, NOON, G.M.T. 1902. I4O \6Q _ J60 170 170 160 150 140" M 50 49* 30" 20" |0* o" 10" 20" 3O" 40" I4O' ISO" 160* I7«* 180' 170' 160' ISO' 140' 3O" 20 10" O* 10" 2O" 30" For expla.na.tion see Key map NTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. CHARTS OF MEAN SEA LEVEL PRESSURE AND AIR TEMPERATURE. MARCH N O RMAL PRESSURE. MEAN PRESSURE, NOON, G.M.T. 1902. 140 ISO 160 170 160 170 160 ISO 140 40' 30' 20" 10* 0* 10' 2O* 30' 40' I4O* 150 •I 40' 30' 20' 10* 0' 10' 20' SO' 4O" NORMAL AIR TEMPERATURE. MARCH MEAN AIR TEMPERATURE, NOON.G.M.T. 1902. ISO* ISO' 170' 180* 170' 160" ISO1 3O 2O 10' O' 10 20 30 Hath London For expl«.na,tion see Key map INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. CHARTS OF MEAN SEA LEVEL PRESSURE AND AIR TEMPERATURE. APR IL NORMAL PRESSURE. MEAN PRESSURE, NOON, G.M.T. 1902. 1*0* ISO' ISO' 170' 180' 170' 140 ISO* 160" 170 IBQT 170 KO ISO 140* 40' 30' 20' 10' O* 10" 20* 30' 4O* NORMAL AIR TEMPERATURE. APRIL MEAN AIR TEMPERATURE, NOON, G.M.T. 1902. I4Q* ISO* l«0* 170' IBO' 170' ISO 180 I4C* SO* 20* 10* 0* 10" 2O" 140* ISO* 160' 170" ISO* 170* 160* ISO* 140' 3O" 20' 201 30' 40' For explanation see Key map INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. CHARTS OF MEAN SEA LEVEL PRESSURE AND AIR TEMPERATURE. MAY NORMAL PRESSURE. MEAN PRESSURE, NOON, G.M.T. 1902. 1*0 ISO 160 170 ISO 170 160 150 140 SO* 20* 10' 0* 10* 20' 3O' 40* '40' 150' 160' 170' IgQ* I7C* l«0* HO* 140* 3O° 20' 10" O' 10* 20 3O' 40" NORMAL AIR TEMPERATURE. MAY MEAN AIR TEMPERATURE,NOON,G.M T. 1902. I4O* ISO* ISO* 170' I6CT 170' ISO' ISO' 140' 3O 20 10 O 10 20 30 30 I4O* ISO* 160' I7O' 160' 170' 160* 150* 140* 40' 30' 20' 10' 0* A" For explana-tion see Key map INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. CHARTS OF MEAN SEA LEVEL PRESSURE AND AIR TEMPERATURE. JUNE NORMAL PRESSURE. MEAN PRESSURE, NOON, G.M.T. 1902. I4O" ISO' ISO' 170" 180* 170 I8O ISO 140* 4O* SO' 20* 10* 0' 10" 20* 30' 40* 1*0* ISO' leo' 170' ISO* 170* 160 180' 140' 40' 30' 20' 10' 0* 10' 20* 30' 40' JUNE NORMAL AIR TEMPERATURE. MEAN AIR TEMPERATURE,NOON,G.M.T. 1902. I«O ISO 160* 170 ISC' 170' 160 ISO* 140' 3O* __ 20' Itr o* 170* i6 170* l«0' ISO* 140' SO' 20' 10' 0* 10" 20" 30' 40" NORMAL AIR TEMPERATURE. FEBRUARY MEAN AIR TEMPERATURE,NOON, G.M.T. 1903. 40" ISO" 160" 170- 180 170 160 ISO I4O" ISO" 160" 170 180 170 160 ISO 140' 50 2O 10 O 10 2O For expla.na.tion see Key map INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC COOPERATION CHARTS OF MEAN SEA LEVEL PRESSURE AND AIR TEMPERATURE. MARCH NORMAL PRESSURE. MEAN PRESSURE, NOON, GM.T. 1903. 140* ISO* 160" 170* 180' 170* 160 150' no' 1 I 30' 20' 10' O' 10' 20' 30' 40' ,*• • .•>••• 160* iTo* itef 170' i«ef lac* 140* 30' 20' 10* o* 10" 20' so' 4O' MARCH NORMAL AIR TEMPERATURE. MEAN AIR TEMPERATURE, NOON, G.M.T. 1903. 160' 170' 180' 170' 160" ISO 1+0' JO1 5s 10= ZO^ XT 40 For expla.na.tion see Key map INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. CHARTS OF MEAN SEA LEVEL PRESSURE AND AIR TEMPERATURE. APRIL NORMAL PRESSURE. MEAN PRESSURE, NOON, G.M.T. 1903. 1*0' ISO' 160* 170' ISO' 170* 160* ISO 140* 00 « 40' 3O' 20" 10* O' 10" 2O' 30' 40' 1*0* ISO' ISO' 170' , 180' 170' 160 ISO 140' 40' 30' 20' 10' 0" 10* 20' 30' 40' NORMAL AIR TEMPERATURE. APRIL MEAN AIR TEMPERATURE,NOON. G.M.T. 1903. I4O- 170- 170 160 ISO 140 ISO' 170 180' 170 160 ISO 140' 3O 20 10 O 10 20 30 20 10 0 10 20 30- For explanation see Key map INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. CHARTS OF MEAN SEA LEVEL PRESSURE AND AIR TEMPERATURE. NORMAL PRESSURE. MAY MEAN PRESSURE, NOON, G.M.T. 1903. I4O* ISO* I6O* 170' 40* 3O" i4o* i»o* 1*0' iTO* no* iTy ico* So* i 3O' 20' 10* 0* 10* 2O NORMAL AIR TEMPERATURE. MAY MEAN AIR TEMPERATURE.NOON, G.M.T. 1903. I4O* 150* 160* 170" ISO* 170 160 150 140' I4O* ISO* 160* 170 180* 170 I60- 140* 10* 20' 30 Huth. Lender. For expla.na.tion see Key ma,j> INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC CO-OPERATION. CHARTS OF MEAN SEA LEVEL PRESSURE AND AIR TEMPERATURE. JUNE NORMAL PRESSURE. MEAN PRESSURE.NOON, G.M.T. I9O3. MO* ISO* 160* 170* ISO* 170 I8» ISO no . no JO" 2O" 10* 0* 10" 2V 30* 40" I4O* ISO" 160" 170* 180* 170* ISO ISO' NORMAL AIR TEMPERATURE. JUNE MEAN AIR TEMPERATURE,NOON, G.M.T. 1903. I4O* ISO* 160* 170' 160* 170* 160 ISO* 140" ISO" 160" 170* ISO" 170" 160" 150" 3O" 20 For explanation see Key map INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC COOPERATION CHARTS OF MEAN SEA LEVEL PRESSURE AND AIR TEMPERATURE. JULY NORMAL PRESSURE. MEAN PRESSURE.NOON, G.M T 1903. 30' 20' IO' 0" 10' 2O' 3O" 40' L 30' 20' 10' 0* 10' ZO' 3