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BULLETIN No. 637

Office of the Secretary q eu a
Contribution from the Office of Farm Management
W. J. SPILLMAN, Chief

- Washington, D.C. ¥ January 14, 1918

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- A METHOD OF CALCULATING ECONOMICAL BAL-

ANCED RATIONS.

By J. C. RunpD1LEs, Scientific Assistant.

CONTENTS.
Page. Page.

_New method of balancing rations............ 27) How tojuse;DablelV ce 322225 ek -aa.conet 12

How ro use-Tables: T and Iz)... .52.s..5.. 7 | Relative value of carbohydrate feeds when the

Maplerot equivalent prices. -2.-..55...05.22.. 7 cheapest available feed is nitrogenous ...-- 13

owsouse Tabled... 6:2 225... 222.25. 222 8; How to. useable V 23225 3.2 eee) ates 16

Relative value of feeds...........:........--.- S2| How-to uses Mable: Vile iene see cere eee 17
Relative value of protein feeds...........-.. 8

- Economy in feeding is of prime importance to the feeder. It in-

. volves judgment in the selection of feeds as well as skill in the mixing

of rations. The feeder may know that he needs a concentrate rich
in carbohydrates or one rich in protein, yet be at a loss to determine
the cheapest form of the desired concentrate to buy. Again, he

_ may have certain feeds available and be unable to determine the
- most economical proportion in which they should be fed to give a

ration of a desired nutritive ratio. This bulletin suggests ways in-

_ which these problems may be solved by fixed rule as they arise.

It is, of course, generally understood among students of nutrition

that protein, carbohydrate, and fat content of a feeding stuff is not

the only factor affecting its feed value. Proteins differ in their
nutritive qualities, while some substances not included in the classes
above mentioned are necessary to the proper maintenance of the
bodily functions. The palatability and succulence of a feeding stuff
has much to do with its value as a feed. Many feeding stuffs have
physiological effects entirely apart from their nutritive qualities.
Again, a ration may be perfectly balanced from the standpoint of
relative content of protein and energy producers, and yet be quite

_ impracticable because too bulky or too concentrated. It is there-

fore understood that any consideration of a feeding stuff or a ration
-18026°—18—Bull. 637—1

2 BULLETIN 637, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Uy

based only on chemical composition is to be taken merely as a guide,
to be followed in the light of all the knowledge obtainable about
animal nutrition.

NEW METHOD OF BALANCING RATIONS.

The method of balancing rations commonly used might well be
called the ‘“‘Cut and Try Method.” It is faulty for the reason that
it usually necessitates several trials to secure the desired result. By
using the method described in these pages, balancing a ration is a
caus matter of multiplication and division.t. ~

Table I gives the excess protein per pound for different protein
feeds when used in rations of various nutritive ratios. ‘To illustrate:
A hundred pounds of dried brewer’s grains contains 21.5 pounds
digestible protein and 44.2 pounds digestible carbohydrates. A
ration with a nutritive ratio of 1:4, requires only 11.05 pounds pro-
tein to balance 44.2 pounds of carbohydrates. Hence, in such a
ration, 100 pounds of this feed contains 21.5—11.05, or 10.45 pounds
of excess protein. The excess protein in a single pound is thus
0.1045 pound. (See Table I, column headed “Ratio 1 to 4,” oppo-
site brewer’s grains, dried.) In rations having wider ratios the
excess protein is proportionally greater.

Some of the figures in Table I are printed in italics. These repre-
sent deficiency instead of excess in protein. Thus, in a ration of
ratio 1:4, a pound of rye is deficient in protein by 0.0798 pound,
while in a ration of ratio 1:10, it has an excess of protein amounting
to 0.0279 pound.

In like manner Table If shows the protein deficiency per pound
for various carbohydrate feeds as compared with rations of specified
nutritive ratios. The italic figures in this table represent excess
protein. Thus, in a ration of ratio 1:4, a pound of buckwheat is
deficient in protein by 0.0572 pound, while in a ration with ratio 1:10
it has an excess of 0.0257 pound of protein.

1 The tables used in this bulletin are based upon Table III, Digestible nutrients and fertilizing constit-
uents, in Henry’s “Feeds and Feeding.’’ It was necessary to include the digestible fat, with its equivalent
fuel value (21 xcarbohydrate) with the carbohydrate in order to prepare the tables. In proposing a mathe-
matical method for balancing rations different from the one commonly employed, the same assumptions
are made as in the case of the usual method, viz, that fats have two and one-fourth times the feeding
value of the carbohydrates and that a pound of carbohydrates or protein has a uniform value whatever its
source. The latter assumption is, of course, not strictly true. Proteins differ somewhat in their nutri-
tive value, and sugars have nutritive and physiological effects somewhat different from those of starches.
Nevertheless, the assumption of the equality of value of these nutritive elements in various feed stufis
introduces a no greater source of error in the method proposed in this bulletin than in the usual method
of balancing rations.

The method of balancing rations described in this bulletin is based on the principle (alligation) proposed
by Prof. J. T. Willard in Kansas Experiment Station Bulletin 115, but the method of applying this

principle is different, and is believed to be simpler and more convenient, especially when several feeding
stufis are to be used in the ration.

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CALCULATING ECONOMICAL BALANCED RATIONS. 3
Taste I.—The amount of excess protein per pound of given protein feeds when used in

rations with the following specified nutritive ratios.

Nene ee eee ee

Digestible—

f Pro- | Car- |Nutri- 2 3 ‘ 4 : j P
: : : Ratio} Ratio| Ratio| Ratio| Ratio} Ratio] Ratio
Protein feeds. tein, | bohy- | tive |4494/1t05./1to6.|1to7.|1to08.|1t09.|1 to 10

per | drate, |ratio 1.
100 | per 100
Ibs. |pounds
feed. | feed.!
I. Concentrates:
Brewers’ grains, dried......-.-.--- 21.5 44,2) 2.1 |0. 1045/0. 1266/0. 1413)0. 1519)0. 1597/0. 1659)0. 1708
Cottonseed meal, choice......-.--- 37.0 41.2} 1.1 | .2670) . 2876] .3013} .3111) .3185) .3242) .3288
Cottonseed meal, good........-..-| 31.6 43.2} 1.4 | . 2080} . 2296} . 2440) . 2543} . 2620) . 2680) . 2728
Cowpea secede a2 shoes rose 19. 4 57.0} 2.9 } .0515) .080 | .099 | .1126) .1227| .1307| . 1370
Distillers’ grains, dry, corn....-.-- 22. 4 66.5) 3.0 | .0578} .091 | .1132) . 1290} . 1409] . 1501) . 1575
Distillers’ grains, dry, rye..--.-.--- 13.6 52.8] 3.9} .004 | .0304] .088 | .0606) .07 | .0773) .0832
MbRIedNOlOOd: 22852. ane. es 2 69.1 2.0 . 03] . 6360] . 6870} . 6876] . 6881} . 6885] . 6888} . 6890
Bish meal hich in fat... 2.22. <2 37.8 26.1 .7 | .8128) .3258] .3345] .3407| .3454) .3490} .3519
ishimeal; lowamstat.=5.5-. 2... .- 40.9 5.0 .1 | .38965] .3990) . 4007} . 4019} . 4028) . 4034} . 4040
Germ_oil meal, (H. G.).....---..-- 16.5 GOROles 4203 Saas 2 .033 | .055 | .0707} .0825) .0917} . 099
Glutemfeed (Hy G.)...---......-. 21.6 59.1) 2.7 | .0682) .0978] .1175) .1316) . 1421) .1503) . 1569
Giluteniteed dus:G.) s2225. 2.222 2: 15.1 68.6] 4.5 | .0205| .0118| .0367| .053 | .0653) .0748] . 0824
Linseed meal (N. P.).....-...-.-- Sled 44,2} 1.4 | .2065) . 2286) . 2433) . 2539) . 2617] . 2679) . 2728
- Linseed meal (O. P.)...----.--.-- 30. 2 47.7| 1.6 | .1828) . 2066] . 2225) . 2339] . 2424] . 2490) . 2543
MENS ROUUSGs see ae ee 20.3 50.3} 2.5 | .0772) .1024} .1192) .1311| .1401] .1471) . 1527
Meat and bone meal, 30-40 per
OPM CM As Sere SOE ee ek an ae 37.0 24.8 of | -8080| .3204| .3286| .3346| .3390| .3424| .3452
Meat and bone meal, over 40 per
(ODI OSES Bo a ee erase erat 30.9 22.1 -7 | . 2588] . 2648) . 2722) . 2774) . 2814) .2844/ . 2869
Reamuats wiuhohulls: 222522255022 18. 4 88.7| 4.8 | .0378] .0066} .0362) .0573] .0731| .0854) . 0953
Peanut cake from hulled nuts...-| 42.8 36. 6 -9 | .3365] .3548] .3670| .3757| .3823) .3873] .3914
Wests ee ence Semen 9.8 71.1) 7.2 | .0798| .0442| .0200| .0036| .01 | .02 | .0279
Eyenmid MMe GA see see 1 Lee soe 12.6 62.5} 5.0 | .0302| .001 | .0218] .0367| .0479] .0565) .0635
OVeDeanseed 40 Hees eh 30. 7 55.2} 1.8 | .1690] .1966] . 2150) . 2281] . 2380) . 2457) . 2518
Tankage, 55-60 per cent...-..-.-- 54. 0 28. 6 .5 | . 4685] . 4828] . 4923} . 4991] .5042} . 5082} .5112
Tankage, 45-55 per cent.--.....-- 48.0 30.8 -6 | . 4030} . 4184] . 4287] . 4360) . 4415) . 4458) . 4492
Tankage, below 45 per cent ash...| 37.6 37.6] 1.0 | . 2820) .3008] . 3133) .3223] .3290} .3342) .3384
Velvet-bean seed.....-.-..------- 18.1 62.7} 3.5 | .0242) .0556} .0765] .0914} . 1026] .1113) . 1183
Wheat flour middlings.-........-. ee) 62.5} 4.0 | .0008} .032 | .0529) .0677| .0789) .0875) .0945
MWiheat bran, winter). A552 2522 - 12.2 47.4] 3.9 | .0035] .0272} .043 | .0543) .0627| .0693) .0746
Wheat shorts, standard, wheat
. MOUS S- ei ek So 13. 4 55.9} 4.2 | .0058) .0222) .041 | .0541) .0641] .0719) . 0781
II. Roughage:
Pabeea AY conto voce st ens sce cis. s - 10. 6 41.0} 3.9 | .0035) .024 | .0376) .0474) .0547| .0604| .065
Melialinmeales: foes. te 0 5 ks 10.2 40.5} 4.0 | .0008) .021 | .0345) .0441) .0514) .057 | .0615
Clover hay, alsike, allanalyses....| 7.9 39.4) 5.0] .0195| .0002] .0133] .0227}] .0298} .0352] . 0396
Clover hay, crimson.....-..-.---- 9.7 39.0) 4.0] .0005) .019 | .032 | .0413) .0482} .0537| . 058
Clover hay, red, all analyses...--- 7.6 43.3] 5.7 | .0322| .0106| .0038] .0141} .0219] .0279) .0327
Clover hay, sweet, yellow....-.-- 10.0 37.0] 3.7 | .0075) .026 | .0383) .0471| .0538] . 0588) . 063
Clover hay, sweet, white.......-- 10.9 39.8] 3.7 | .0095) .0294| .0427| .0521| .0592) .0648| . 0692
Cowpea hay, all analyses........- 13.1 35.9] 2.7 | .0412) .0592} .0712) .0797| .0861} .0911) . 0951
Molasses alfalfa feeds...........-. 8.5 42.1] 5.0 | .0202| .0008| .0148) .0249; .0324] .0382| .0429
Peanut-vine hay with shells... ... 9.6 58.3] 6.1 | .0498] .0206| .0012| .0127| .0231) .0312) .0377
eds ang oaduGayens< fo eS 8.3 40.5} 4.9 | .0182| .002 | .0155) .0251) .0324| .038 | .0425
Skim milk, centrifugal........... 3.6 5.5} 1.5 | .0223] .025 | .0268] .0281} .0291} .0299) .0305
POWs CANN AY se chee. Ae aos IS Y/ 41.9! 3.6] .0122) .0332| .0471) .0571] .0646] .0704| . 0751
Molvet beamthay =. 2.2... .2. 05. 12.0 43.5] 3.6 | .0112) .033 | .0475) .0579) .0656) .0717| .0765
Rienetiubiayern = Panes. Fee AS 11.6 AGEA ete (Bete 2 . 0232} . 0387] .0497| .058 | .0644| . 0696

- 1The carbohydrate includes the fat with its usual fuel value (25 times carbohydrate in Tables V

aa ae Table III, Digestible nutrients and fertilizing constituents, Henry’s ‘“‘Feeds and
The use of Tables I and II in balancing rations is illustrated in
the following examples:
1. How much cottonseed meal is required to balance a dairy
ration consisting of 30 pounds corn silage, 10 pounds alfalfa hay,
and 3 pounds corn meal, giving a nutritive ratio of 1:6?

+

Solution:

BULLETIN 637, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

30'pounds:corn'silages.2 524-2528 S22 eae ee Aoeeget Se Qtee Sea aces eee ore
10spounds-alfalia haya.. 2s 2 asec cee ee ote ace eee coe ae eee eee
3 pounds. coriemeal (7. e sseeee hot cee es. eee =e as Ba ete ee ns anaes See creer

Subtractine~ 2 2ss282-< 2 se eces ce gees Ee ee ee ee ee eet eee Sees eee

i neund_coLLonseed meal excess fo hah oe ea en ae ee ate tee eae.

Poundscoutonseed meal requirediss <2 js. cheb eees Se ese = eee ee

Protein.
Excess. | Deficiency.
Ss oe Eee 0. 5010
0:3/760)|-- 3 ae
| Aes a = oe -1776
3760 6786
Fee eerie 3760
- 3013 . 3026
Jee eee 1

TasBLE II.—The amount of protein deficiency per pound of given carbohydrate feeds in
rations with the following specified nutritive ratios.

Carbohydrate feeds.

Pa

I. Concentrates:

Banleye sees ocisenges ae cee eee
Beekpulprany. tice. cm ete races
BYTOM -COMTSCCds a2. . ees see
ibuekwheapas.- fesse. ae Be
Corn meal, chop, or shelled corn...
Corntarnd icob:meales = 22-2 2e=- 2
Corn, oat, and barley feed.......--
MD UITT A OT ANTI eae eo crete eee
Germ:oil meal (2 G.) sees. e see
Flominy feed (EH iG=) sess este
Hominy feed: (lu. G2 seh se tse
Keahirigraitienes Jaa Nie en Sear,
IMilQsoran ec ey ae ee Ae ss
Molasses feeds, below 10 per cent

Rice: polished ©2202 sap = geek -
AViCe MOUSRSS - ses! assis ese.
ice Dual GhetGa)se. 2 scsciec - ee ee

Wiest. WAN ter esa. ct sees eee
II. Roughages:
Blue grass, Kentucky, allanalyses. .
Corn fodder, medium in water. ...
Corn silage, well matured. ......--
Corn and clover silage.-.:.--------
Corn stover, green, ears Off......--
Kafr fodder, (dry 2... = oes
Milo fodder: drysen. 22-262 Sse se
Millet; German aien see ee
Molasses-alfalfa feeds......-.------
Ost layeeer sss eee ccs teeter
Oat: straw. soos ee
Sorghum and cowpea Silage. ..-.--
Sorghum dry fodder..........--.--
Sweet sorghum, green...........--
Sweet-corn fodder...-...--...-----
Soy beans and corn.............-.
Timothy hay, all analyses.....--.-.
Timothy and clover.......-...-.---
Wieaphay227 55.82.52. eeeceee Se
Wiheatistraws to. 26. S82oee ee

‘

5 $3)
Digestible—
Nuttt!Ratio Ratio| Ratio |Ratio|Ratio Ratio Ratio
Car- “~ |1 to 4.) to 5./1 to 6. |1 to 7./1 to 8.!1 to 9./1t0 10.
Pro- ratio 1.
tein, | Pohy-
drate
9.0) 70.4 7. 8/0. 086 |0. ok 0273 |0. 0106/0. 002 |0. 0178 . 0196
4.6} 67.0} 14.6) .1215] .088 | .0657 |..0497| .0377| .0284) .021
8.3] 68.7 8.3} . 0888} . 0544) .0315 | .0151) .0029) . 0067) . 0143
8.1) 55.3 6.8] .0572| .0296) .0112 | .002 | .0119) . 0196) .0257
6.9) 76.9) 11.1] .1232} .0848) .0592 | .0409| .0271] .0164)..0079
6.1; 72.0} 11.8} .1190) .083 | .059 0419) .029 | .019 | .011
9.1} 68.9 7.6} . 0812) .0468) .0238 | .0074) . 0049) .0144| .0221
8.2} 74.0 9.0} . 1030) .066 | .0413 | .0237) .0105) . 0002) . 0080
10.0} 72.8 7.3) .082 | .0456) .0213 | .004 | .009 | .0191| .0272
7.0) 77.6} 11.1] .1240} .0852) .0593 | .0409] .027 | .0162| . 0076
6.3) 76.7| 12.2] .1288] .0904) .0648 | . 0466] . 0329) . 0222) .0137
9.0) 71.0 7.9) #0875} .052 | .0283 | .0114) .0012| .0111| .0190
8.7) 71.2 8.2} .0910) .0554) .0317 | ..0147} .002 | .0079| . 0158
8.2| 58.4 7.1) .064 j .0348) .01533] .0014| .009 | .0171| .0236
7.4) 57.1 7. 7| . 0688] .0402) .0212 | .0076) . 0026) .0106| .0169
1.0! 58.2) 58.2] .1355) .1064! .0870 | .0731) . 0628) . 0547) . 0482
9.4) 60.6 6.4] .0575) .0272) .007 | . 0074) .0182| . 0267) . 0334
9.7| 60.7 6. 3) . 0548) .0244) .0042 | .0103) .0211| . 0296) . 0363
8.0} 74.1 9.3] .1052] . 0682} .0435 | .0259) .0126| . 0023) . 0059
4.7) 68.4) 14.6] .1240) .0898) .067 | .0507} .0385) .029 | .0214
ie eo Ge 7.3} .0658} .0368} .0175 | .0037| .0066) .0147| .0211
9.9) vite 7.2) .0788} .0432} .0195 | .0026] .0101) .0200| .0279
9.2} 70.5 7.7} .0843} .049 | .0255 | .0087] .0039| .0137| .0215
7.5} 72.0 9.6) .1050) .069 | .045 | .0279) .015 | .005 | .003
8.7| 71.0 8.2} . 0905) .055 | .0314 | .0144) .0018] .0081| .0160
2.3) 16.2 7.0} .0175) .0094| .004 | .0001) .0028| .005 | .0068
3.0) 50.7; 16.9} .0968) .0714) .0545 | . 0424) . 0334) . 0263) .0207
1.1} 16.6) 15.1) .0305) . 0222} .0167 | .0127} .0098) .0074| . 0056
Qed LT. 8.3} .0228] .014 | .0082 | .004 | .0009) . 0016) . 0035
-d| 12.4) 24.8) .026 | .0198} .0157 | .0127) .0108) . 0088) . 0074
4.1) 48.8) 11.9} .081 | .0566) .0403 | .0287] .02 | .0132] .0078
1.9) 42.6) 22.4) .0875) .0662] .052 | .0419) . 0342] .0283) . 0236
4.8) 53.5) 11.1) .0858) .059 | .0412 | . 0284) .0189} .0114) . 0055
8.5) 42.1 5. 0} . 0203] . 0008) . 0148 | .0249| . 0324) . 0382) .0429
4,5) 41.9 9. 3} . 0598] . 0388} .0248 | .0149) . 0074) . 0016] . 0031
1.0) 44.6] 44.6) .1015} .0792) .0643 | .0537] . 0458) . 0396] . 0346
-9} 18.0) 20.0) .036 | .027 | .021 | .0167} .0135} .011 | .009
2.8} 49.3; 17.6) .0953) .0706} .0542 ; . 0424) .0336; .0268] .0213
-7| 15.5) 22.1) .0318} .024 | .0188 | .0151] .0124) .0102) . 0085
5.9) 50.5 8.6) . 0673) .042 | .0252 | .0131) .0041] . 0029) . 0085
1.7; 15.0 8. 8} .0205} .013 | .008 | .0044) .0018) .0003| .0020
3.0) 45.5) 15.2] .0838) .061 | .0458 | .035 | .0269} .0206) .0155
4.0) 42.2) 10.6) .0655) . 0444) .0303 | .0203) .0128) .0069} . 0022
4.0} 50.3} 12.6] .0858) .0606) .0438 | .0319] . 0229) .0159) .0103
.7| 36.2} 51-7] .0835) .0654) .0533 | . 0447] . 0383) .0332} . 0292

CALCULATING ECONOMICAL BALANCED RATIONS. 5

The excess or deficiency in protein of each feeding stuff in the above
example is found first for one pound, in Table I or II, in the column

headed “Ratio 1 to 6.” The figures given in the table are then

multiplied by the number of pounds of the respective feeding stuffs
in the ration. Thus, in a ration with a 1:6 ratio, a pound of corn
silage is deficient in protein to the extent of 0.0167 pound. (See

Table II, column headed “ Ratio 1 to 6,” line beginning “Corn silage,

well matured.’”’) There being 30 pounds of silage, the total protein
deficiency in silage is 0.0167 X30=0.5010 pound. Subtracting the
excess protein in 10 pounds of alfalfa (0.376 pound), the net deficit
of protein is found to be 0.3026 pound. Dividing this by the excess
protein in one pound of cottonseed meal, which is 0.3013 pound, we
find that it takes almost 1 pound of the latter to balance the ration
toa lto6ratio. After adding this pound of cottonseed meal, the
balanced ration stands as follows:

Protein.
Excess. | Deficiency.

RMA SHOWN AD Cheer acc. nts 25.) ee viol we eee ole ee Shee siecle Stelinemms cece = 0. 5010

2 [OC NHTONG ISS LER TON Aa oe Ry A eo EE ee are eae (BSCE Se eee scsosc
© SU UEGS Gtirinsnneny | 5 ahs 00 eae eI ae a een eee mea Sea ee Sets ee eames .1776
© PUTRGL OOUE ONES S7a(0 kre eye LS Sa Mi ee eee ee As 10) BS yA ese

6773 6786

Sometimes it may be desirable to balance a ration, not simply by
adding a protein feeding stuff, but by substituting it for one less rich
in protein. Suppose, for instance, that we desire to substitute
enough cottonseed meal for corn meal in the above ration to make the
nutritive ratio 1 to6. In this case the ration is worked out as follows:

Protein.
Excess. | Deficiency.
ST PET ETINGLS GOEL STIEK OS a es a tae Sl a ees SIG Gere eS cr | ay 0. 5010
Ted) TB OVEITE.G ES By RNR LOR cS a Rat I eI ma et ec A RA Naor ee on NO: 3760 | Sas Naa
Bemnastconmiemical ys ser oer tn a Oe te ek cos 1776
3760 . 6786
Sesser eee - 3760
INC ERULC COL Cy RaNe er eae ei are tais PMU Crewe oy Srey cota thee ea Siesta ss res . 3026
Taking out 1 pound corn meal reduces deficiency...........---------------- 0. 0592
Adding 1 pound cottonseed meal reduces deficiency.-.-.-.-.------.--------- . 3013
fiotal reduction. per pound. substititeds 2.3225 25. seeds. LS. . 3605

Pounds to be substituted, 0. 30260. 3605=—0.84.
Corn meal remaining after substitution, 3.00—0.84=2.16.

6 BULLETIN 637, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The resulting ration is therefore:

Protein.

Excess. |Deficiency.

a0 pounds icornsilage 2) 223th :<ty 2 pepe eee es ae ae eee 0. 5010
a pounds alfalia Dye = oon ses ee- oin se ee = 0. 3760| = eee
2G pounds corm meals: -ferereps-:- epee 2 - anos = 2 eee ee ee 1279
0s) pound cottonseed mitale oe <2 2a a2 See on ee ee eee 22081 os - case cone

6291 - 6289

2. When a ratio of 1: 6 is desired, how much alfalfa meal is required
to balance a dairy ration of 35 pounds corn silage, 4 pounds corn
meal, and 2 pounds cottonseed meal? ~~

Solution:
Protein.
Excess. Deficiency.
Ja POMUMUS COL SHAGe.. bo 2 <. Ace Sia cece eee = 2h ee ee ee 0. 5845
a;poHlds com inital oso see cane ea Se ee ee ee . 2368
2 pouudsicelpensced meal- = 3 22 Sheet se ee Saar See eee eee 0.6026: |-. = ae
6026 | 8213
1 SSO 6
EXCESS Prove ane pound:altal fa) menlesce = = Se os ee ee 2a ee 0. 0345) .2187
Pounds aliniiawneal required =» ==... 222002 as See ent el ee eee 6.3

3. In a ration for hogs it is desired to feed alfalfa meal and tankage
in equal parts along with sufficient corn meal to give a nutritive
ratio of 1 to 7. In what proportion should the feeding stuffs be

mixed ?

Solution:
Protein excess.
L pound tankase! oe. ee hs LL ee es eee ee. See ee Se ee 0. 4991
ipopndalialinimeal ob. sn = osen.te< So eae ee ee ee eS os oe ee - 0441
1. pound corn meal, deficiency... 22 kas ses ee ee ee 0.0409) . 5432
Pounds cornmeal required. 2232292 fe 0522 2S oO. oes eee ee ee 13.3

The proportion in which to mix the feeds is, therefore, tankage
1 pound, alfalfa meal 1 pound, and corn meal 13.3 pounds.

4. In order to secure a beef-feeding ration with a ratio 1 to 8,
how much good cottonseed meal should be added to a ration con-
sisting of corn silage 21 pounds, shelled corn 14 pounds, corn, oat,
barley feed 3 pounds, and alfalfa hay 3 pounds?

CALCULATING ECONOMICAL BALANCED RATIONS. i

Solution:
Protein.
Excess. Deficiency.
PERPIMIACSICORMI SMALE Ua nraes SS5 lane adn eis Woe RN ieee CUMS M a yee eles seb aee eine 0. 2058
SPEMOMIMASSHEUeGICOM: 455.5255 os250 en an eke aad aoe noo chins wace Naja ssc |sodeemeasis oe 3794
Pepa Seon, ont barley feeds 051228 Vee eee oe etek. oe cltgnee ss OSO14 7 eis ep oeiseee
PROOUMMNGS alata yar fede ser cis a tote olesia cia afoigie wistereiaie ketene He ee uli exee lel GAT: rere Ones iereennee
1788 - 0852
wee Ap am - 1788
HEMoOlMGRCOLLONseed meal, CXCeSSes es... cs. poe anes ne ee eee jedee senha snes oe cree 0.2620) . 4064
Round sicotsonsecdsmeal requiredise: es ee) a ee ee Or oe 1555

HOW TO USE TABLES I AND II.

Given the desired nutritive ratio and a ration, or certain feeds in
bulk to balance, proceed as follows:

(a) Turn to Table II. In the column representing the nutritive
ratio desired find the protein deficiency for 1 pound of each of the
carbohydrate feeds that are to be fed.

(b) For each feed multiply the protein deficiency per pound by
the total quantity of that feed, add the products, and the sum is the
digestible protein deficiency, or quantity required to balance the
carbohydrate feeds. :

(c) Turn to Table I. Note the amount of excess protein in 1
pound of each of the protein feeds to be fed given opposite the names
of the feeds in the column representing the desired nutritive ratio.

(d) For each feed multiply the excess protein per pound by the
total quantity of that feed, disregarding the one to be used for
balancing the ration, and the sum of the products represents the total
protein excess in the nitrogenous part of the feed or ration.

(e) Subtract the total amount of excess digestible protein furnished
by the known quantity of the protein feeds from the total amount
of protein required by the carbohydrate feeds and divide the differ-
ence by the excess amount of digestible protein furnished in 1 pound
_ of the protein feed used for balancing the same.

TABLE OF EQUIVALENT PRICES.

It is often desirable in this connection to know what prices per
bushel of grain correspond to hundred-weight values, and vice versa.
_ For that reason Table III has been prepared.

¥

8 BULLETIN 637, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Taste III.—Various values of grain per bushel and corresponding values per 100

pounds.
Value per 100 pounds.
nt pl nN (se | ca
ushel. uck- orn Corn on

| Wheat. | Rye. Oats. | Barley. See shelled | eal Potatoes. _

sp.20)h 2 foe sino ee | eee oe ees a

3 eee Rs eae A ae eee Sn Peete eee Lee Se be rats

~AO 5283529. oc haseacn 1.25 $0. 83 90.83) |= 2 ot eat codtae oo gees $0.'67

SOO ese h $0. 89 1. 56 1. 04 1. 04 $0. 89 $0. 73 . 83

. 60 $1. 00 1.07 1. 87 1.25 1.25 1.07 88 1.00

. 70 Lig iby 1.25 2.19 1. 46 1.46 do 20 1.03 Ly

. 80 1.33 1. 43 2. 50 1. 67 1. 67 1. 43 1.18 1.33

. 90 1.50 1.61 2. 81 1.87 1. 87 1.61 1.32 1.50

1.00 1.67 1.79 3.12 2. 08 2.08 1.79 1. 47 1. 67

1.10 1. 83 1.96 3. 44 2. 29 2. 29 1.96 1.62 1.83

1.20 2.00 2.14 3.75 2. 50 2. 50 2.14 1.76 2.00

1.30 Pass ll 2.32 4,06 2. 71 2.71 2.32 1.91 2.17

1.40 2.33 2. 50 4. 37 2.92 2. 92 2.50 2.06 2.33

1.50 2. 50 2.68 4. 69 3.12 3.12 2. 68 2.21 2. 50

1.60 2. 67 2. 86 5. 00 3.33 3.33 2. 86 2.395 2. 67

1.70 2. 83 3. 04 5. 31 3. 54 3. 54 3. 04 2.50 2. 83

1. 80 3. 00 3. 21 5. 62 3.75 ! 3.79 3. 21 2.65 3. 00

1.90 3.17 3.39 5. 94 3. 96 3. 96 3.39 2.79 3.17

2. 00 3.33 3.57 6. 25 4.17 4.17 3.57 2.94 3.33

2.10 3. 50 3.75 6. 56 4.37 4.37 3. 75 3. 09 3. 50

2. 20 3. 67 3. 93 6. 87 4.58 | 4.58 3. 93 3. 24 3. 67

2.30 3. 83 4.11 7.19 4.79 1 4.79 4.11 3. 38 3. 83

2. 40 | 4.00 4.29 7.50 5. 00 5. 00 4,29 3. 53 4.00

2. 50 4,17 4. 46 7. 81 5. 21 5. 21 4. 46 3. 68 4.17

Bushels “perma Ga | SSS SS
100 pounds. 1. 667 1. 786 | 3.125 2. 083 2. 083 1. 786 1. 471 1. 667
Bushels per

foun 333 358 623 412 412 358 297, 334

HOW TO USE TABLE Iil.

The use of Table III can be well illustrated by examples. Given
$2.50 as the value of 100 pounds-of barley, what is the corresponding
value per bushel? Look for $2.50 in column headed “‘ Value per 100
pounds, barley.’’ Opposite this value in column “‘ Value per bushel”
is given the corresponding value of barley per bushel, which is $1.20.

RELATIVE VALUE OF FEEDS.

The selling price of a feed is not a reliable guide to its relative
feeding value. The carbohydrate feeds (corn, oats, barley, kafir,
and various others) and the protein feeds (cotton-seed meal, tank-
age, and brewers’ grains) are found on the market at various prices.
The feeder wants to know, with certain given prices, ‘“‘ What is the
cheapest feed to buy—what is the true value of a bushel of oats, rye,
or barley for feed when corn is worth 80 cents a bushel, or what is
the value of a ton of brewers’ grains, linseed meal, or bran when
cotton-seed meal is worth $30 per ton and corn a dollar a bushel?”
In the following pages there are presented tables, by the use of which
these questions can be answered.

RELATIVE VALUE OF PROTEIN FEEDS.

In localities in which the cheapest and most available feeding
stuffs are deficient in protein and where, in consequence, it 1s neces-
sary to buy nitrogenous concentrates as a means of balancing the
ration, the feeder’s problem is to obtain the needed protein with the
smallest possible outlay of money. The method here outlined
shows how this may be done.

Te de Sa ss

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BULLETIN 637,

10

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CALCULATING ECONOMICAL BALANCED RATIONS. 11

As seen in Table IV, a ton of corn contains 1,538 pounds of carbo-
hydrates and 138 pounds of protein, or 0.0897 pounds of protein for
each pound of carbohydrates. Hereafter, in the discussion of this
table, this 0.0897 pound of protein to each pound of carbohydrates
is referred to as ‘‘proportional protein.’’ It is the proportion of
protein accompanying carbohydrates in corn.

A ton of dried brewers’ grains contains 884 pounds of carbohy-
drates and 430 pounds of protein. Now, in corn, 884 pounds of
carbohydrates would be accompanied by 79 pounds of protein (884 xX
0.097 =79). The nutrients in a ton of dried brewer’s grains may
thus be classified as follows:

Pounds
Carbohydrates, 884 pounds, proportional protein. ...-............2ceeceeeeceee 79
| excess protein. 222.002 ou ee 351
Motalproteim..2 255s Oe ol eee en tel 430

The digestible carbohydrate content of a ton of each of the various
protein feeds is given in Table IV, first column to the right of the
double rule. The digestible protem per ton is given in the next
column. ‘This is the sum of the proportional protein, given in next
to the last column, and the excess protein, given in the last column.
The proportional protein in choice cottonseed meal, for instance,
which is 74 pounds, merely represents the protein obtained in corn
along with 824 pounds of carbohydrates, which is the amount of the
latter contained in a ton of choice cotton seed meal.

The method here outlined is based on the assumption that the
carbohydrates and ‘‘proportional protein” in a ton of any expensive
protein feed are worth just what they would cost in the cheap and
standard carbohydrate feed used as a basis of comparison (corn in
Table IV).

The first 11 columns of figures in Table IV give the value of the
carbohydrates and proportional protein in a ton of each of the
various nitrogenous feeds when the price of corn is as shown in the
column headings.

When corn is worth more than a dollar a bushel, the value of the
carbohydrate and proportional protein given in Table IV may be
easily obtained by either combining the figures given in two columns
or by adding to the values given in one column a proportional part
of the values given in another. For example, when corn is worth
$1.50 a bushel, double the amounts given in column headed ‘‘$0.75”;
when it is worth $1.15 a bushel add to the values given in column
headed ‘‘$1.00”’ one-third the amount given in column headed
°° $0.45.”

To illustrate the method of arriving at the cost of a pound of
excess protein, let us assume that corn is 60 cents a bushel and
peanut cake is $30 a ton. In the column headed ‘‘$0.60” we find

x

12 BULLETIN 637, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

that when corn is 60 cents per bushel the carbohydrates and propor-
tional protein in a ton of peanut cake are worth $10.21. The excess
protein in a ton of cake thus costs $30 — $10.21 =$19.79. Since
there are 790 pounds of this excess protein, a single pound costs
$19.79 + 790 = $0.025, or 2.5 cents.

A few additional problems will show the facility with which com-
putations may be made by use of this table.

1. Corn is available at 60 cents a bushel. Choice cottonseed meal
ean be bought at $32 a ton and high-grade gluten feed at $24.
Which of the latter is the cheaper source of protein ?

Solution:

Cottonseed meal. Gluten feed.
$32.00 $24. 00
171.49 116.48

2666) 20.51 2326) 7.56
0.0308 0. 0232

Hence, gluten feed, under the conditions named, is the cheaper
source of protein. It furnishes this element at 2.32 cents per pound,
as against 3.08 cents for cottonseed meal.

In case the price of corn is not given exactly in the table, use the
nearest price given. In this case the result will not be exact, but the
inaccuracy will be of such nature that the result is never misleading.

2. With corn at 80 cents a bushel, choice cottonseed meal $45 per
ton, and tankage (45-55 per cent) $50 per ton, which of the latter
furnishes protein more cheaply ?

Solution:
Cottonseed meal. Tankage.
$45. 00 $50. 00
15. 30 11. 44
666) 29.70 907) 38.56
0. 0446 0. 0425

The $15.30 and $11.44 in the above solution are taken from Table
TV, column headed ‘‘$0.80’’; the 666 and 907 are taken from the last
column. Tankage is seen to be the cheaper source of protein at the
prices given.

HOW TO USE TABLE IV.

Given a certain number of protein feeds with the local selling
prices per ton, to determine the relative cost of protein per pound,
proceed as follows:

1. In columns headed ‘‘Value of corn per bushel” select the one
corresponding most nearly to the local market price of that grain.

2. In that column take the amount found opposite the name of the
feed in question and subtract it from the local selling price of that
feed. The difference represents the value of the excess carbohydrate.

1 From column headed $0.60in TableIlV. This figure is the valueof thecarbohydrates and proportional

protein in a ton of the feed in question.
2 From last column of TableITV. Pounds of excess protein in a ton of this feed.

CALCULATING ECONOMICAL BALANCED RATIONS. - 13

. 8. In the last column opposite the name of the feed is given the

-~ amount of excess protein in a ton. Divide the value obtained above
by this amount and the result is the value of a pound of excess pro-
tein, when bought in the feed considered.

_ RELATIVE VALUE OF CARBOHYDRATE FEEDS WHEN THE CHEAPEST
AVAILABLE FEED IS NITROGENOUS.

In some sections of the country the most available feeding stuff is
distinctly nitrogenous in character, and it is desirable to buy carbo-
naceous feeding stuffs to balance the ration. Thus, in the South,
cottonseed meal is frequently the basic feeding stuff, while in many

_ parts of the West alfalfa occupies this position. In such cases it

becomes desirable to know the cheapest available source of carbo-

_ hydrates. The method of procedure is given in the following pages.

It is similar to that already given for evaluating protein feeds.

2 As seen in Table V a ton of choice cottonseed meal contains 740

pounds of digestible protein and 824 pounds of digestible carbohy-
drate, or 1.113 pounds of carbohydrate for each pound of protein.
Hereafter, in the discussion of this table, this 1.113 pounds of carbo-
hydrate to each pound of protein is referred to as ‘‘proportional car-
bohydrate.” It is the proportion of carbohydrates accompanying
protein in cottonseed meal.

A ton of barley contains 180 pounds of protein and 1,408 pounds
of carbohydrate. Now, in cottonseed meal, 180 pounds of protein
would be accompanied by 200 pounds of carbohydrate (180 1.113 =
200). The nutrients in a ton of barley may thus be classified as

follows:
; Pounds
Proteins 180 pounds, proportional carbohydrates. ...........-.-...-..-. ae 200
excess carbomydratess Sa 25 ott, aoe 1, 208
Motalearbohydrates. 4200.28. 2 2 an te tee 1, 408

The digestible protein content of a ton of each of the various
carbohydrate feeds is given in Table V, first column to the right of
- the double rule. The digestible carbohydrate per ton is given in the
next column. This is the sum of the proportional carbohydrate,
given in next to the last column, and the excess carbohydrate, given
in the last column. ‘The proportional carbohydrate in dry beet pulp,
for instance, which is 102 pounds, merely represents the carbohydrate
obtained in cottonseed meal along with 92 pounds of protein, which
is the amount of the latter contained in a ton of dry beet pulp.

The method here outlined is the same as that for Table IV. It is
based on the assumption that the protein and the proportional car-
bohydrate in a ton of any expensive carbohydrate feed are worth
just what they would cost in the cheap protein feed used as a basis

of comparison (cottonseed meal in Table V).

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Regie as 3 ; ns es 5

CALCULATING ECONOMICAL BALANCED RATIONS. 15

The first seven columns of figures in Table V give the value of

the protein and proportional carbohydrate in a ton of the various

carbohydrate feeds when the price of cottonseed meal is as shown in
the column headings. When the value of cottonseed meal varies
from that given in the column headings the value of protein and
proportional carbohydrate can be made to correspond by increasing
the figures in one of the columns a proportional amount. For in-
stance, when cottonseed meal is worth $12 per ton the figures in
column headed $10 should be increased by +, or 20 per cent.

To illustrate the method of arriving at the cost of a pound of
excess carbohydrate let us assume that choice cottonseed meal is
$35 and dried beet pulp $15 per ton. In the column headed ‘‘ $35.00”
we find that when cottonseed meal is $35, the protein and propor-
tional carbohydrate in a ton of dried beet pulp are worth $4.35.
The excess carbohydrate in a ton of beet pulp thus costs $15 — $4.35 =
$10.65. Since there are 1,238 pounds of this excess carbohydrate, a
single pound costs $10.65+1,238=0.86 cents. A few additional
problems will show the ease seth which computations may be made
by use of this table.

Problem 1.—Choice cottonseed meal is available at $35 per ton.
Sorghum grain can be bought at $20, rough price at $28, and shelled
corn at $30.35, or 85 cents per bushel. Which is the cheapest source

of carbohydrate?

Solution:
Sorghum Shelled Rough
grain. corn. rice.
$20. 00 $30. 35 $28. 00
2 fe d@ 16.53 14,45
? 1273) 12.90 2 1B84)yu2a48e 2/1263) 23:50
0.0101 0.0172 0.0186

Problem 2.—Given cottonseed meal at $30 per ton and shelled
corn at 95 cents per bushel, what is the value per ton of barley, oats,
and rye for balancing a cottonseed meal ration ?

Solution:

$33.92 (Value of ton of corn at 95 cents per bushel. See Table TIT.)
5.59 (See Table V, column headed $30, opposite corn, shelled.)

1384) 28.33 (For 1384, see last column Table V, opposite corn, shelled.)

0.0204 (Value of a pound of excess carbohydrates in corn.)

Barley: A ton of barley contains 1,208 pounds of excess carbo-
hydrates, which, at 2.04 cents per pound, is worth $24.642 The
protein and the remaining carbohydrates are worth $7.30. (See
Table V, column headed “$30.00,’’ opposite barley.) Hence,

1 See column headed “$35.00”? (Table V). These figures represent the value of the protein and propor-
tional carbohydrate in a ton of these feeds when cottonseed meal is worth $35 per ton.

2 See last column, Table V.

3 It is assumed that a pound of excess digestible carbohydrate has the same value regardless of the feed »
which supplies it. When cottonseed meal is worth $30and corn 95 cents, a pound of excess carbohydrate
has a value of 2.04 cents. This figure is used for determining the value of the excess carbohydrate in oats
andrye. The value of the remaining carbohydrate content and the protein in these feeds is taken from
Table V.

~

16 BULLETIN 637, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

under the conditions named, a ton of barley is worth $24.64 +$7.30=

$31.94. In a like manner the value of a ton of oats and rye are ob-

tained:
Oats: 9980. 0204=$20. 36

7.86

28.22 (Value of a ton of oats.)
Rye: 12020. 0204= 24.52
§. 02

32.54 (Value of a ton of rye.)

The value of each of these grains per bushel is now easily found from
Table IIT to be as follows: Barley, 77 cents; oats, 45 cents; rye, 91

cents.
HOW TO USE TABLE V.

Given a certain number of carbohydrate feeds with the local selling
prices per ton, to determine the relative cost of excess carbohydrate
per pound, proceed as follows:

(1) In columns headed ‘‘ Value of cottonseed meal’’ select the one
corresponding most nearly to the local market price of that feed.

(2) In that column take the amount found opposite the name of the
feed in question and subtract it from the local selling price of that feed.
The difference represents the cost of the excess carbohydrate.

(3) In the last column opposite the name of the feed is given the
amount of excess carbohydrate in a ton. Divide the value obtained
above by this amount and the result is the cost of a pound of excess
carbohydrate when bought in the feed considered.

In many sections of the West and Southwest alfalfa hay is the basic
feeding stuff. It is distinctly nitrogenous in character, and it is often
desirable to buy carbonaceous feeding stuffs to balance the ration.
The method of procedure is the same as that already given in con-
nection with Table V.

As seen in Table VI, a ton of alfalfa hay contains 212 pounds! of
digestible protein and 820 pounds! of digestible carbohydrates, or
3.868 pounds of carbohydrates for each pound of protein. Hereafter in
the discussion of this table this 3.868 pounds of carbohydrates to each
pound of protéin is referred to as ‘‘proportional carbohydrates.” Itis
the proportion of carbohydrates accompanying protein in alfalfa hay.

A ton of barley contains 180 pounds of protein, and 1408 pounds
of carbohydrates. Now, in alfalfa hay, 180 pounds of protein would
be accompanied by 696 pounds of carbohydrates (180 x 3.868 =696).
The nutrients in a ton of barley may thus be classified as follows:

Pounds.

Protein 180 pounds, proportional carbohydrates. -.......-.------..----------+-- + 696
excess carbohydrates. 522 3.524. ae oe 1712

Total carbolty drives 2°26 FaB Re ie Se ei eens ek ae sae 11,408

1 See Table VI, last four columns opposite names of feeds in question, for the distribution of the nutrients
in a ton of each.

i a

CALCULATING ECONOMICAL BALANCED RATIONS. Vi.

The proportional carbohydrate in barley, for instance, which is
696 pounds, merely represents the carbohydrates obtained in alfalfa
hay along with 180 pounds of protein, which is the amount of the
latter contained in a ton of barley.

As previously stated, the method here outlined is baal on the
assumption that the “raver and “‘proportional carbohydrates” in a
ton of any expensive carbohydrate feed are worth just what they
would cost in the cheap protein feed used as a basis of comparison
(alfalfa hay in Table VI).

The first 10 columns of figures in Table VI give the value of the
protein and the proportional carbohydrates in a ton of the various
carbohydrate feeds when the price of alfalfa hay is as shown in the
column headings. Other figures to correspond to a different value of
alfalfa hay may be easily obtained either by combining the figures of
two columns in Table VI or by increasing those of one column by a
proportional part of those in another column. For instance, when
alfalfa is worth $7, increase the figures found in column headed
“$6.00” by one-fourth of those found in column headed ‘‘$4.00” to
get figures corresponding to alfalfa at $7.

To illustrate the method of arriving at the cost of a pound of excess
protein let us assume that alfalfa hay is $10 per ton and barley is
available at $22.88 a ton or 55 cents a bushel. In the column headed
‘*¢10.00” we find that when alfalfa is $10 per ton the protein and the
proportional carbohydrate in a ton of barley is worth $8.49. The
excess carbohydrate in a ton of barley thus costs $22.88 —$8.49 =
$14.39. Since there are 712 pounds of excess carbohydrate, a single
pound costs $14.39 + 712 = $0.0202, or 2.02 cents.

The use of Table VI is further illustrated in the following problem:

Alfalfa hay is available at $12, shelled corn at $25, barley at $23,
and milo grain at $24 a ton. Which of the three grains is cheapest as
a source of carbohydrates for balancing an alfalfa ration ?

Solution:

Corn. Barley. Milo.
$20.00 $23.00 $24.00
fpr 110.19 19.85
21004) 17.19 2712) - 1281 2751) 14.15
020171 3 0.0180 3 0.01884

In this case, corn is the cheapest source of carbohydrates.
HOW TO USE TABLE VI.
Follow the directions given for the use of Table V.

1 Table VI, column’ headed ‘$12.00,’ opposite corn, barley and milo. These figures represent the
value of the protein and proportional carbohydrate in a ton of the feeds in question.
_ 2Table VI, last column.
3 Value of a pound of excess carbohydrates.

18

BULLETIN 637, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

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i

, a

_ PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
RELATED TO THE SUBJECT OF THIS BULLETIN.

AVAILABLE FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION BY THE DEPARTMENT.

Raising and Fattening Beef Calves in Alabama. (Department Bulletin 73.)

Economical Cattle Feeding in the Corn Belt. (Farmers’ Bulletin 588.)

The Feeding of Dairy Cows. (Farmers’ Bulletin 748.)

Feeding and Management of Dairy Calves and Young Dairy Stock. (Farmers’ Bulle-
tin 777.)

Equipment for Farm Sheep Raising. (Farmers’ Bulletin 810.)

How Live Stock is Handled in the Bluegrass Region of Kentucky. (Farmers’ Bulle-
tin 812.)

Farm Sheep Raising for Bester (Farmers’ Bulletin 840.)

Utilization of Farm Wastes in Feeding Live Stock. (Farmers’ Bulletin 873.)

Swine Management. (Farmers’ Bulletin 874.)

FOR SALE BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,
WASHINGTON, D. C.

Cost of Raising a Dairy Cow. (Department Bulletin 49.) Price, 5 cents.

Fattening Cattle in Alabama. (Department Bulletin 110.) Price, 5 cents.

Use of Energy Values in the Computation of Rations for Farm Animals. (Department
Bulletin 459.) Price, 5 cents.

Study in Cost of Producing Milk on Dairy Farms in Wisconsin, Michigan, Pennsylva-
nia, and North Carolina. (Department Bulletin 501.) Price, 5 cents.

Feeding Farm Animals. (Farmers’ Bulletin 22.) Price, 5 cents.

Principles of Horse Feeding. (Farmers’ Bulletin 170.) Price, 5 cents.

Pig Management. (Farmers’ Bulletin 205.) Price, 5 cents.

Crimson Clover, Utilization. (Farmers’ Bulletin 579.) Price, 5 cents.

Feeding for Meat Production. (Bureau of Animal Industry Bulletin 108.) Price,
10 cents. ;

Beef Production in Alabama, 1. Cost of Raising Cattle. 2. Wintering Steers Pre-
paratory to Summer Fattening on Pasture. 3. Fattening Cattle on Pasture. (Bu-
reau of Animal Industry Bulletin 131.) Price, 10 cents.

Nutritive Value of Non-protein of Feeding Stuffs. (Bureau of Animal Industry Bul-
tin 139.) Price, 10 cents.

Maintenance Rations of Farm Animals. (Bureau of Animal Industry Bulletin 143.)
Price, 15 cents.

Feeding Beef Cattle in Alabama, 1. Winter Fattening on Cottonseed Meal, Cottonseed
Hulls, Corn Silage, and Johnson Grass Hay. 2. Wintering Steers Followed by
Summer Fattening on Pasture. 3. Value of Shelter for Fattening Cattle in Ala-
bama. 4. Early Compared with Late Fattening of Steers on Pasture. (Bureau of
Animal Industry Bulletin 159.) Price, 10 cents.

Meat Situation in the United States. Part IV. Utilization and Efficiency of Avail-
able American Feed Stuffs. (Report 112.) Price, 5 cents.

= 19

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OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM
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AT

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