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4 cotton fields of south
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_ visited Texasin May

CIRCULAR No. 14, SECOND SERIES. (REVISION OF No. 6.)

United States Department of Agriculture,

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

THE MEXICAN COTTON-BOLL WEEVIL.

(Anthonomus grandis Bol.)
SCOPE OF THE CIRCULAR.

Circular No. 6 was published in April, 1895, and contained a brief
report of the observations made up to that time, and the conclusions
based on those observations, concerning the Mexican cotton-boll weevil,
an insect of Central
American origin
which, during 1894,
attracted considera-
ble attention in the

gation was continued
during the summer,
fall, and early winter
of 1895, especially by
Mr. Sehwarz, who

and June and again
from October to De-
cember, and by Mr. Se ast

Townsend, who was £1¢-1.—Anthonomus grandis: a, adult beetle; >, pupa; ¢, larva—all
stationed in theState ee

during the greater part of the summer. The writer went to Texas in
December, and in company with Mr. Schwarz carefully studied the
condition of affairs at that season and talked with many prominent
cotton growers. The object of the present circular is to lay before cot-
ton planters the results of this supplementary investigation. In order
to make it complete in itself, such facts as are needed are repeated from
Circular No. 6.

GENERAL APPEARANCE AND METHOD OF WORK.

This insect is a small, grayish weevil, of the shape and general
appearance shown in fig. 1, a, and measuring a little less than a quar-
ter of an inch in length. It is found in the cotton fields throughout
the season, puncturing and laying its eggs in the squares and bolls. .

The larvee, of the shape and appearance shown at fig. 1, c, and measur-

1

2

ing a little over three-eighths of an inch in length when full grown,
live within the buds and bolls and feed upon their interior substance.
The squares attacked usually drop, but most of the damaged bolls
remain upon the plant and become stunted or dwarfed, except late
in the season, when they either dry or rot.

DISTRIBUTION.

This insect through its ravages caused the abandonment of cotton
eulture around Monclova, Mexico, about 1862. Two or three years ago

LEGEND
e... ACTUAL OCCURRENCES, 1895.

_o..-POINTS EXAMINED WHERE NO
WEEVILS WERE FOUND.

pe lag

14

}

J

Fic. 2.—Map showing distribution of the Mexican cotton-boll weevil.

cotton was again planted in that vicinity, but the weevil immediately
reappeared and destroyed the crop. At Matamoras the weevil was
noticed eight or ten years ago. About 1893 it crossed the river at
Brownsville, and in 1894 was noticed in the country around San Diego,
Alice, and Beeville. At the close of the season of 1894 the insect occu-
pied a territory extending to the north a little beyond Beeville, a few
miles to the east of that point, and southwest to the neighborhood ot
Realitos, on the National Mexican Railway. The greatest damage
seems to have been done along the lower Nueces River. During 1895,
and particularly in the latter part of the season, it extended its range
to a considerable extent. Toward the east it was found in moderate

3

abundance along the valley of the Guadaloupe River at Victoria,
Thomaston, and Cuero. North of its old range it extended to Kenedy,
Floresville, and many points in the country lying between the latter
place and Cuero. A single field was found near San Antonio which
contained weevils in large numbers, and in the same way a single field
was found far to the east at Wharton in which the weevils had
appeared late in the season. The exact localities where the insect was
found during 1895 are indicated on the accompanying map.

NATURAL HISTORY AND HABITS.

The insect passes the winter in the weevil state. It can be found on
the cotton plant until late in December, and, in fact, as long as any
portion of the plant is green. It is found most abundantly in the early
winter hidden between the in-
volucre and the boll, and later it
frequently works its way down
into the dry and open bolls.
All the specimens found by Mr.
Schwarz in such situations in
the late spring of 1895 were
dead; but Mr. Townsend found
a few living in March. The
dry boll is probably not a fre-
quently successful hibernating
place. Judge 8. G. Borden, of
Sharpsburg, however, writing
under date of January 27, 1896,
states that the weevil at that
time was being found nearly
every (lay in the dry bolls; but
this statement lacks the sig-
nificance which it might other- ,,., ; ‘ eer Bey ie

: = : G.3.—a, newly hatched larva in young. square; 2,
wise have had as bearing on nearly full-grown larva in situ; c, pupain young boll
the question of hibernation from Picked from ground.
the fact that no heavy frost had probably occurred up to that time at
Sharpsburg.

With the cutting of the plants or with the rotting or drying of the
bolls as a result of frost, the adult weevils leave the plant and seek
shelter under rubbish at the surface of the ground, or among weeds and
trash at the margin of the fields. Here they remain until the warm
days of spring, when they fly to the first buds on such volunteer plants
aS may come up in the neighborhood. They feed on these and lay their
eggs on the early squares, and one, or perhaps two, generations are
developed in such situatious, the number depending upon the character
of the season and the date of cotton planting. By the time the planted
cotton has grown high enough to produce squares the weevils have
become more numerous, and those which have developed from the gen-
eration on volunteer cotton attack the planted cotton, and through
their punctures, either for feeding or egg-laying, cause a wholesale
shedding of the young squares. It seems to be an almost invariable
rule that a square in which a weevil has laid an egg drops to the ground
as a result of the work of the larva; in the square on the ground the
larva reaches full growth, transforms to pupa, and issues eventually as
a beetle, the time occupied in this round approximating four weeks.
Later, as the bolls form, the weevils attack them also and lay their

m= ik

4

eggs in them, and the lurve develop in the interior just as with the
squares. The bolls, however, do not drop. Figs. .3, a, and 3, 6, show
the larve in the squares, and fig. 3, ¢, shows a young boll cut open and
the pupa in its customary position.

There is a constant succession of generations from early spring until
frost, the weevils becoming constantly more numerous and the larvie
and pupe aswell. <A single female will occupy herself with egg-laying
for a considerable number of days, so that there arises by July an inex- -
tricable confusion of generations, and the insect may be found in the
field in all stages at the same time. ‘The bolls, as we. have just stated,
do not drop as do the squares, but gradually become discolored, usually
on one side only, and by the time the larva becomes full-grown generally
crack open at the tip. While in a square one usually finds but a sin-
gle larva, in a full-grown boll as many as twelve have been found. In
any case, iow-
ever, the hatch-
ing of a single
larva in a boll
results in the de-
struction of the
‘boll to such an
extent that its
fiber is useless.
Where no seri-
ous frost occurs
in December,
the insects all,
or nearly all,
Fic. 4.—Mature boll cut open at left, showing full-grown larva; the one at the reach maturity

_ right not cut and showing feeding punctures and oviposition marks. and enter hiber-
nating quarters,
although larve have been found on into January at Sharpsburg. When-
ever a heavy frost comes 1n this month, or before, the observations of
last fall show that those insects which have not reached the beetle
stage are nearly all killed. From this fact it follows that the insect
will probably not prove as injurious in other portions of the cotton belt
as 16 is in southern Texas.

It was found during the latter part of 1895 that the weevil was present
in anumber of localities in which it was not known
by the planters themselves to occur. It is impor-
tant that every planter who lives in or near the
region which we have mapped out should be able
to discover the weevil as soon as it makes its
appearance in his fields. Where a field is at all
badly infested the absence of bloom is an indica-
tion of the presence of the insect. In the early
part of the season the weevils attack the squares
first, and these wilt and drop off. A field may be
in full blossom, and as soon as the insect spreads
well through it hardly a blossom will be seen.
This dropping alone, however, is not a sufficient 4 é
indication of the weevil’s presence. Squares are Fi¢.5.—Late fall boll show-
shed from other causes, but if a sufficient number tS pow pees ere.
of fallen squares are cut open the cause will be
apparent. The characteristic larva of the weevil will be quite readily
recognizable on comparison with the figures which we publish herewith.

5

As stated above, the bolls do not drop. The punctures made by the
_ weevils in feeding, however, are comparatively characteristic, and wher

a boll is discolored and has begun to crack at the tip the larva or the
pupa can be seen wifliout trouble on cutting it open. Late in the season
the weevils themse ves will be found between the involucre and the boll,

as Shown in fig. 5, or in their absence the feeding marks and the yel.

low, granular excrement which collects in the involuere at the base of
the ‘voll are excellent indications.

POPULAR NAMES.

In south Texas, among Spanish- speaking people, the insect is gener-
ally known as the ‘‘picudo,” a descriptive name which refers to the snout
or beak of the insect. English-speaking planters generally referred to
the insect at first, as “the sharpshooter,” a term which for many years
has been applied to any insect which causes through its punctures the
shedding of the squares or the rotting of the bolls. As there are sey-
eral native insects that are commonly called sharpshooters, and which,
though imjurious, are by no means to be compared with this insect, it
becomes necessary to discourage in every way the use of the word sharp-
shooter asapplied to this weevil. This was attempted in the first edition
of the circular by illustrating one of the commonest of the insects ordi-
narily termed sharpshooters, calling attention to the radical differences
which exist between it and the weevil under consideration. The adop-
tion of the term “ Mexican ce vtton-boll weevil” for the new pest is recom-
mended. The term sharpshooter is now much less generally applied to
the weevil than it was at first. Planters generally now refer to it as
the boll weevil, or the Mexican weevil, or the Mexican boll weevil.

PARASITES AND NATURAL ENEMIES.

It is safe to say that little assistance will be derived from the work
of natural enemies and parasites upon this inséct. Of the former none
of any importance have been found. Several parasites, however, have
been found to attack it, and in one or two localities some little good
has resulted from their work. They have only been abundant, how-
ever, late in the season, after the weevil has completed its damage for
the year and at a time when a minimum of good can be accomplished
by the destruction of the larva. The major ity of the weevils in a given
field fail to hibernate successfully, being killed by cold weather or some
other cause, so that the work of parasites at this time does not count.
Careful estimates, however, show that from 15 to 20 per cent of the
weevil larve in fallen squares in November at Beeville and Kenedy
were destroyed by parasites. There is a bare possibility that in the
original home of the weevil (south Mexico and some Central American
States, as well as certain of the West Indies) more efficacious parasites
could be round, but this possibility is hardly sufficiently strong to
warrant the expense of a search expedition.

REMEDIES.

In considering the matter of remedies we must start with the state-
ment that experience has shown that none of the general applications
of insecticides will be of the slightest value against this species. There
are measures, however, which cotton planters may adopt and whieh, if
carried out generally at the right time, will postpone the appearance of

6

the insect in injurious numbers for one or two generations, even if they |
will not prevent an undue multiplication of the species. These measures |

are directed against the over-wintered weevils and the larve of the first

generation, since where the insect has once become numerous nothing |

can be done to save the crop from practical destruction.

We have noticed that the weevils first appear in spring among

clusters of young squares on the most advanced cotton plants. This

suggests the possibility of trapping these earliest beetles by means of |
a very few cotton plants especially grown for this purpose. These |
plants must be grown at convenient points, must be protected from |
frost, and forced by watering, so that they will branch out and acquire |
buds even in advance of the volunteer cotton. The weevils which issue |
from hibernating quarters on the first warm days will be attracted to |}
these plants at once, and can be easily coliected and killed, if the plants |

are examined daily until the cotton in the fields has become of some
size. It is not likely that this plan will appeal to the average cotton
planter, but we are convinced that much good can be done by its gen-
eral adoption.

The fact that the spring generation develops only upon volunteer
cotton has suggested the possibility that the insect will not spread
beyond the region where volunteer cotton will grow in spring, but
unfortunately this possibility is by no means absolutely to be relied
upon. Nevertheless, the destruction of such volunteer plants as come
up in cornu fields and in abandoned fields which, the previous year,
were planted to cotton, can not be too strongly recommended, for it 1s
a matter of observation that the shade afforded by the corn or the rank-
growing weeds which come up in abandoned fields is especially favor
able to the development of the weevils.

While the plants are young, and where labor is as cheap as it is in
south Texas, a great deal of good can be accomplished by picking and
burning the fallen squares, and if this is done promptly a large number
of the insects will be destroyed. It should be done at least twice, at
intervals of three weeks, during the period while the plants are small.
As soon as the plants begin to branch out, however, this method becomes
impracticable, on account of the difficulty of finding the squares on the
ground.

The idea of picking the affected bolls during the cotton picking was
suggested in the first edition of the circular. It was thought that the
affected bolls could be so readily recognized that many thousands of
the insects could be destroyed by the cotton pickers by picking these
affected bolls and carrying them away in a separate receptacle to be
burned. The amount of extra labor involved in this operation, how-
ever, would be very considerable, and the affected bolls in many
instances are not to be recognized at a glance.

These measures, aside from the last one, together with early planting
and clean cultivation, comprise all that can be done to save the crop of
1896. It is obvious, however, that no general adoption of these simple
measures will be brought about this year, and that the probabilities
are strong that the insect will be quite as injurious as in 1895, if not
more so. A good first crop will probably be secured if the climatic
conditions are favorable, but the top crop is sure to be destroyed by the
weevils. This destruction, judging from the experience of the past two
years, will probably take place in September in most of the localities
where the weevils were present in 1895, and at this time the prospective
loss of the top crop will at once become evident from the absence of
bloom.

0

The prospect of any further picking of cotton being thus rendered
so extremely small, a suggestion is obtained as to what is perhaps.
after all, the most practical way of reducing the numbers of the weevil
and securing approximate immunity for the summer of 1897, and that
is in the cutting down and burning of the plants at a time when it
becomes evident that the cotton yet to be gathered will be very small
in quantity. In many localities during the past summer this could
have been done to very great advantage as early as the beginning of
October, and several large growers of cotton in Nueces and Duval
counties have decided to undertake this means next year. The success
of this measure will naturally depend upon uniformity of action among
the planters of a given region, and the difficulty of securing this uni-
formity is the main argument to be used against it. Only about half
the cotton in Duval County, for example, seems to be grown by the
proprietors of the land; the remainder is grown by renters, who will
be not at all disposed to cut down their plants so long as a chance
remains of picking a handful of cotton. In this way the plants in
many fields will doubtless be left standing until toward the end of
December.

Could anything like uniformity be secured, either by legislation or
otherwise, it is in this fall destruction of the cotton that our best hope
lies at the present outlook; and in this connection the further sugges-
tion should be made that not all the plants in any given field should
be destroyed in this way. All the insects which are in the larval and
pupal condition will be destroyed when the cotton 1s burned, but those
which may be in the beetle stage will, by flight, escape alive. If, there-
fore, a certain 1.umber of the plants are left standing in every field,
these plants will attract the remaining beetles, which will settle upon
them, so that they may readily be collected day after day and destroyed.
If the plants are all cut down and burned, the beetles will spread far
and wide; but if a few are left standing in this way, the weevils will
concentrate upon them in such a way that they can be easily handled.
Where there is obviously a certain amount of cotton still to be gath-
ered after the early part of’ October, it may be an object to postpone
this cutting down and burning of the plants. We have found that the
weevil continues to breed and may be found in the bolls in all stages
up to the time of the first frost. The cutting and burning will then
accomplish a considerable amount of good, even if done during Novem-
ber, although October would be far better.

From the present outlook, therefore, the best hope which the cotton
planters in the affected region will have for the future will be in follow-
ing this last-described method in the fall of 1896, and the more thor-
oughly and uniformly (and, in fact, the earlier) this is done in any given
locality the greater will be the chance for a good crop the following
year. Unfortunately, after talking with many cotton planters in this
region, we are by no means sure that the plan will be at all generally
followed, for the reasons suggested above; and as the prospects of these
planters themselves, as well as the owners of cotton plantations in
adjoining regions as yet uninfested, will depend almost entirely on the
general adoption of this plan or some better one which may yet be dis-
covered, it becomes necessary to look forward to the enforcement of
remedial work by legislation.

It will be greatly to the interest of all growers of cotton in the prolific
district lying to the northeast of the region at present infested to urge
the passage of an act during the session of 1896-97 which will bring
about the enforcement of remedial work in 1897. This act should pro-

8

|
vide for the appointment of commissioners in each county upon the}
application of a certain number of the citizens of that county. These}
commissioners should be empowered to enforce remedial work, to levy |
penalties, or to have the work done by their own agents, the cost to be |
assessed upon the propertye It will be well to let this law have a wide |
bearing and not to confine its application to this particular insect, but |
cover ali injurious insects, in case of future emergencies of a similar |
nature. Such a law should be passed in every State in the Union.
Though it might remain inoperative for years, its application would be |
available in case of any sudden emergency, such as the introduction |
from a foreign country of a new injurious insect, or the sudden multi- |
plication and spread of any one of our native species.

SUMMARY OF REMEDIES.

(1) Trapping over-wintered beetles by means of a few early planted |
cotton plants.

(2) Destruction of volunteer plants in corn fields or abandoned fields.

(3) Picking fallen squares as fast as practicable, from the time the
Squares are formed on the plant.

(4) Cutting and burning the cotton stalks as early in the fall as prac-
ticable, and, if possible, plowing the cotton fields at the same time.

(5) Trapping the last weevils in the field by meaus of a few plants
left standing.

There can be no doubt that tims insect 1s the most serious enemy to |
the cotton plant with which cotton growers in this country. have had |
to contend, and every effort should be made to prevent its further |
spread. The writer believes that this can be accomplished, if, by con-
certed action of the planters, the recommendations just made are carried
out throughout the infested region.

L. O. HOWARD,
Entomologist.
Approved:
CHAS. W. DABNEY, Jr.,
Assistant Secretary.

WASHINGTON, D. C., February 12, 1896.

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