104 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

*605. H. gigaiiteus, L. Th.

Low grounds; variable. Ionia Co.; Flint; Ann Arbor: Macomb Co., and northward. Common.

*606. H. divaricatus, L. Th.

Dry woods. Common.

607. H. hirsutus, Raf. S.

Dry soil; Ann Arbor, and S. W.

*608. H. strumosus, L. C. & S.

Dry soil. Frequent.

609. H. tracheliifolius, Willd. C. & S.

Copses. 8. Mich.,— Wright's Cat; Macomb Co.,— Dr. D. Cooley.

*610. H. decapetalus, L. L. P.

Low grounds. Frequent.

*611. H. tuberosus, L. Jerusalem Artichoke.
Sparingly escaped from gardens.

2O8. ACTINOMERIS, Nutt,

612. A. squarrosa, Nutt. S.

Rich soil. S. Mich.- Wright's Cat.; Dundee,— Wheeler; Islands in the Detroit river,— Maclagan,
Can. Cat.

2O9. COREOPSIS, L. TICKSEED.

613. C. laiiceolata, L. Th.

Sandy shores of Lake Huron; sand hills, Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K.; sandy plains near Baldwin,— Dr.
Beal; south to Macomb Co.,— Cooley.

614. var. augustifolia, T. & G.

Shore of Little Traverse Bay and Lake Superior.

615. C. palmata, Nutt. S.
S. Mich.,— Wright's Cat. ; shore of Barren Lake,— Wheeler, 1890; Gull Prairie,— Dr. Houghton, 1838.

616. C. vertieillata, L.

Samaria, Monroe Co., Grand Rapids,— Wheeler.

617. C. tripteris, L. Tall Coreopsis. S.
Detroit; Macomb Co.; Oakland Co.; S. Mich.,— Wright's Cat. ; Ionia; Grand Rapids.

*618. C. tricliosperma, Michx., var. tenuiloba, Gray. C. & S.

Swamps. Flint; Montcalm Co.; Ionia Co.; S. Mich.— Wright's Cat. Common in pine country,
infrequent elsewhere. Flowers a beautiful golden yellow. Frequently, in September, swamps of large
eize may be seen so full of this Coreopsis that at a little distance they seem one mass of yellow.

619. C. aristosa, Michx. C. & S.
S. Mich.— Univ. Herb.

620. C. discoidea, Torr. & Gray.
Wet ground. Ionia Co. Scarce.

21O. BIDETS, L. BUR-MARIGOLD.
* 621. B. frondosa, L. Common Beggar-ticks. Stick-tight. Th.

Low grounds. A troublesome weed. Common.

*622. B. connata, Muhl. Swamp Beggar- ticks. Th.

Low grounds. Common.

*623. var. comosa, Gray.

Infrequent.

*624. B. cernua, L. Smaller Bur-Marigold. Th.

Wet places. Cheboygan Co., — Kofoid. Southward. Frequent.

*625. B. clirysaiitliemoides, Michx. Larger Bur-Marigold. Th.

Swamps. Common.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 105

*626. B. Becrkii, Torr. Water Marigold.

S. Mich.— Wright's Cat. ; Ann Arbor; Wexford Co.,— Cooley; Manistee,— E. J. Hill; Indian River,-
Wheeler. Rare.

211. HEL.ENIUM, L.. SNEEZE-WEED.
*627. H. autumiiale, L. C. & S.

River banks. Common.

212. ANTHEMIS, L. CHAMOMILE.

*628. A. COTULA, DC. May- weed. Dog-Fennel. Th.

Roadsides, etc. Common.

629. A. ARVENSIS, L. Corn Chamomile.
Introduced. Three Rivers,— Wheeler; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

213. ACHIL.L.EA, L. YARROW.

*630. A. Millefolium, L. Common Yarrow or Milfoil. Th.

Fields. Common.

631. A. PTARMICA, L. Sneeze wort.
Mich.,— Gray's Manual. Rare.

214. MATKICAKIA, Tourn. WILD CHAMOMILE.

632. M. INODORA, L.
Flint,— Dr. D. Clark.

215. CHRYSANTHEMUM, Tourn. OX-EYE DAISY.

*633. C. LEUCANTHEMUM, L. Ox-eye or White Daisy. Th.

Meadows and pastures. A vile weed, becoming frequent in E. & S. parts of the State.

*634. C. BALSAMITA, L., var. TANACETOIDES, Boiss. Mint-Geranium.
Escaped from gardens.

216. TANACETUM, L. TANSY.

*635. T. VULGARE, L. Common Tansy.
Escaped from gardens. Frequent.

636. T. Huroiieiise, Nutt.
Sand dunes at the head of Little Traverse Bay, and northward. Frequent.

217. ARTEMISIA, L. WORMWOOD.

* 637. A. caudata, Michx. C. & S.

Sandy fields. Ionia Co.; Montcalm Co. ; S. Haven,— Bailey. Infrequent. ,

638. A. Canadeiisis, Michx. Th.
Sand dunes. Barren Lake ; New Buffalo,— Wheeler ; Ottawa Co.; Emmet Co.; to Lake Superior.

639. A. Ludoviciana, Nutt. Western Mugwort.

Dry banks. Niles,— J. T. Scoville, Univ. Herb.; Keweenaw Co.,— Farwell. Rare.

640. A. VULGARIS, TJ. Common Mugwort.
Waste'places. Infrequent.

*S41. A. bieimis, Willd.

A road-side weed, lately introduced from the west and extending throughout the State.

642. A. ABSINTHIUM, L. Common Wormwood.
Ionia Co.; Flint; Gratiot Co. Sparingly escaped from gardens.

•218. TUSSIL.AGO, Tourn. COLTSFOOT.

*643. T. Farfara, L.

Saultde Ste. Marie,— Whitney's Cat. ; Washington. Macomb Co.,— W. A. Brotherton.

$5$

G

MICHIGAN FLORA.

PREPARED FOR THE THIRTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

SECRETARY OF THE STATE BOARD OF

AGRICULTURE

BY W. J. BEAL, M. S., Ph. D., AND C. F. WHEELER, B. S.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. MICHIGAN.

G

PREFACE.

The work which forms the basis of this catalogue of Michigan plants
is a "Catalogue of the Phsenogamous and Vascular Cryptogamous Plants
of Michigan, Indigenous, Naturalized and Adventive, by Charles F.
Wheeler and Erwin F. Smith," which was published in the tenth annual
report of the State Horticultural Society, 1880. Some years siuce E. F.
Smith was appointed by the Department of Agriculture a special agent to
investigate the Peach Yellows. The loss of Dr. Smith's assistance in the
preparation of this revision is deeply regretted. Much new matter is
added in the introduction which, it is hoped, will make the work useful to
agriculturists, horticulturists, and all persons interested in floriculture,
forestry, etc. The catalogue proper has been revised and corrected as far
as possible. With few exceptions, the sixth edition of Gray's Manual has
been followed in the arrangement of orders and genera, and in nomenclat-
ure. We do not thereby wholly indorse the conservatism of that excellent
work, but as this catalogue is prepared mainly for the use of those persons
to whom Gray's Botany is perhaps the only accessible book on the subject,
we feel justified in using it as a basis of nomenclature.

A large majority of the plants admitted to this list have been collected
by the compilers in different parts of the State- during the past twenty-five
years and, with very few exceptions, the name of no plant is published of
which there is not an authentic specimen in some herbarium, public or
private.

A large number of species of mosses, liverworts, saprophytic and para-
sitic fungi have been collected, a separate catalogue of which may be
published in the future. Any one finding plants which are not in this
list, or new stations for rare plants, should send us notice of the locality,
with specimens, if possible.

It is hoped that the publication of this list will stimulate local observers
and collectors in all parts of the State to assist in contributing to the
60

.:»V.,:V' PREFACE.

better knowledge of our plants, especially in the matter of geographical
distribution. M. S. Bebb has kindly looked over specimens of our Wil-
lows. The genus Carex has been corrected by Prof. L. H. Bailey. To
G. H. Hicks we are greatly indebted for assistance in revision, copying
and proof reading.
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, )
Mich., April 25, 1892. \

CONTENTS.

PAGE .

Bibliography 7

Herbaria consulted 8

Local lists consulted 9

Topography 9

Regions —

A. Southeastern littoral region 10

B. South central region 11

C. Sagi naw Valley region 11

D. Southwestern littoral region 12

E. North central region 12

F. Northeastern littoral region '_ 13

G. Northwestern littoral region 13

H. Eastern Upper Peninsula region 13

I. Marquette region : 14

J. Keweenaw region 14

Climate and distribution . 14

Trees and shrubs of Miphigan compared with those of the rest of the world 17

Why has Michigan so many trees and Great Britain so few? 18

Flora of the Jack Pine Plains 19

a. Those most common 19

b. Those less frequent 20

Plants peculiar to the prairies . 21

Comparison of the flora of the eastern and the western sides of the State in lati-
tude 40° 41' 21

a. Northern plants found on the east side of the State and not on the weet__ 21

b. Southern plants found on the west side of the State and not on the east-- 21

Plants supposed to have immigrated from the northeast 22

Plants supposed to have immigrated from the north and west 22

Overlapping of northern and southern species in the Grand River Valley 22

Southern species 22

Planting the roadside and about the home 23

Planting a grove 24

Planting a wild garden 25

Autumn foliage 27

Native trees selected for the color of their leaves in autumn 28

a. Green 28

b. Brown _ 28

c. Yellow and orange _._ 29

d. Scarlet, crimson, red ,. 29

Native small trees or shrubs distinguished for their flowers 29

Native trees or shrubs distinguished for their beautiful fruit 30

List of native trees and shrubs distinguished for showy or brilliant colored bark 30

Native climbing plants _ _ 31

1. Root climbers ._ _ _ _ .31

2. Twiners •__ 31

a. Woody twiners 31

b. Herbaceous twiners 31

3. Leaf climbers 31

4. Tendril climbers 31

5. Climbing by recurved prickles 31

Native plants which are very light colored 31

a. Glaucous 31

b. Clothed with white hairs ._ 32

J .S*. •••' CONTENTS.

PAGE.

A list of small evergreens _ - -

Bronze evergreens

Plants suitable for winter bouquets

Native bog and marsh plants which are promising for cultivation

Native aquatic plants most worthy of cultivation 35

A list of native ferns most promising for cultivation 35

a. Thriving in sun or shade in poor soil 35

b. Thriving in cool rocky places 35

c. Thriving in bogs or swamps 35

d. Thriving in rich woods __ 35

The procession of flowers 36

A. Flowers of April '_ 36

B. Flowers of May

C. Flowers of summer and autumn

Plants indicating a fertile soil

Plants indicating a barren soil __ 39

Trees valuable for timber 40

The best kinds of timber for firewood 41

The most durable kinds of timber for posts or sills

Favorite kinds of timber for the cabinetmaker 41

Timber for farm implements

Timber valuable for small or large boats

Kinds of timber most employed for boxes, baskets and barrels

Timber for paper pulp

Trees for sugar 43

Trees and shrubs best suited for screens or wind-breaks 43

Some of our wild fruits and nuts, with suggestions concerning their improve-
ment 43

Aj>artial list of wild fruits, nuts, etc. ___ 46

Native forage plants

Native bee plants 48

Native plants for the protection of hillsides, embankments and drifting sands 48

Plants for carp ponds 49

Native tree-like or large shrubs 49

List of smaller shrubs 50

Weeds, native and introduced 51

List of weeds introduced from Europe 52

List of indigenous weeds 53

List of rare or local plants _____ ^ 53

Native plants fast disappearing 56

List of plants introduced from Europe and becoming naturalized 57

Parasitic fungi 59

Flowering parasites and saprophytes destitute of green leaves 60

Green leaved parasites __ 61

Native poisonous plants 61

Botany and the common school 61

List of Michigan plants which are admitted to the U. S. pharmacopoeia 63

List of medicinal jdants not officinal _ _*_,. 64

"Flora J? 67

Index _. 171

INTRODUCTION.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The following publications have been consulted in the preparation of
this work:

Catalogue of the Phsenogams and Filicoid Plants collected on the Geo-
logical Survey of Michigan. John Wright, M. D., Legislative Report No.
23, pp. 17-44. Detroit, 1839.

Catalogue of the Plants collected by W. A. Burt in the primitive region
south of Lake Superior in 1846. D. Cooley, Jackson's Lake Superior, pp.
875-882. Washington, D. C., 1849.

Lake Superior, its Physical Character, Vegetation and Animals, etc.
Louis Agassiz, 1850.

List of Plants of the Upper Peninsula. W. D. Whitney in Eeport
on the Geology of the Lake Superior Land District. J. W. Foster and J.
D. Whitney, part 2, 1851.

A Manuscript List of the Plants growing spontaneously within ten miles
of Cooley's Corners, Washington, Macomb Co. D. Cooley, M. D., 1853.

Catalogue of Phaonogamous and Acrogenous Plants found growing wild
in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and the Islands at the head of Lake
Huron. N. H. Winchell, Geological Eeport for I860, pp. 245-330.

Catalogue of Flowering Plants of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan,
with a few of the Cryptogamia. N. Coleman, Grand Rapids, 1873, Miscel-
laneous Publications, No. 2, Kent Scientific Institute.

Some notes on the Flora near Kalamazoo, Mich. F. H. Tuthill, Botani-
cal Gazette, Vol. 1, No. 4, 1876.

Flora of Ann Arbor and Vicinity. Miss E. C. Almendinger, Proceed-
ings of the Ann Arbor Scientific Association, 1876, pp. 85-116.

Catalogue of Phaenogamous and Acrogenous Plants found growing wild
in the State of Michigan. Elmore Palmer, M. D., 1877.

List of Native Medicinal Plants of Michigan. Prof. V. M. Spalding,
Proceedings of the Michigan Pharmaceutical Association, 1877.

Medicinal Plants Indigenous in Michigan. A. B. Lyons, M. D., Nov.
27, 1877, Detroit Lancet, February and March, 1878.

Michigan Lake Shore Plants at South Haven. L. H. Bailey, Jr., Botan-
ical Gazette, pp. 76-77 and pp. 90-91, 1880.

Catalogue of the Phsenogamous and Vascular Cryptogamous Plants of

8 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

Michigan, Indigenous, Naturalized and Adventive. Charles F. Wheeler
and Erwin F. Smith, 1881.

Limits of Michigan Plants. L. H. Bailey, Jr., Botanical Gazette, pp.
106-108, 1882.

Plants of Belle Isle, Michigan. A. F. Foerste, Botanical Gazette, pp.
202-203, 1882.

The Menominee Iron Eegion and its Flora. E. J. Hill, L, pp. 208-211;
II., pp. 225-229; Botanical Gazette, 1884.

Plants of the. Detroit Eiver. D. H. Campbell, Bulletin of the Torrey
Botanical Club, Vol. XIII, pp. 93-94, 1886.

List of Trees and Shrubs belonging to Michigan. W. J. Beal, First
Report of State Forestry Commission, pp. 36-51, 1888.

Flora of the Sandy Pine Plains of Michigan. W. J. Beal, Report of
Michigan Horticultural Society, 1888.

Notes on- the Flora of the Lake Superior Region. E. J. Hill, I., pp.
140-149; II. , pp. 159-166; Botanical Gazette, 1890.

The Carices of the Upper Half of the Keweenaw Peninsula. L. H.
Bailey, Jr., Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, pp. 61-64, 1890.

Catalogue of Canadian Plants. John Macoun, M. A., F. L. S., F. R.

S. C., 1883-1890.

Central Michigan Cyperacere. C. F. Wheeler, Bulletin of the Torrey
Botanical Club, p. 148, 1891.

HERBARIA CONSULTED.

The following Herbaria have been examined:

The Herbarium of the State Agricultural College is fortunate in pos-
sessing the collection of Dr. D. Cooley, an excellent botanist who lived
many years in Washington, Macomb county. He was a valued correspond-
ent of Dr. Gray, Dr. Torrey, W. S. Sullivant and other botanists of the
early part of this century.

The Herbarium of Dr. D. Clark, of Flint, Mich., has lately become the
property of the State Agricultural College. This collection contains sets
of Bebbs' Willows, Olney's Carices and many specimens from the earlier
American collectors, besides valuable collections of Michigan plants.

The large collection of Prof. C. F. Wheeler, which was destroyed by the
burning of the Botanical Laboratory on the 23d of March, 1890.

Prof. V. M. Spaulding kindly permitted us to examine the University
Herbarium at Ann Arbor, in which are deposited the collections of Dr.
Douglass Houghton, 1838; Miss Mary H. Clark, Miss E. C. Almendinger,
Prof. M. W. Harrington, Prof. N. H. Winchell, Geo. L. Ames, M. D., F.
E. Wood and others.

The collection of plants belonging to the Kent Scientific Institute at
Grand Rapids under the charge of Mr. George D. Sones.

The collection of O. J. Stilwell, which belongs now to Prof. C. A. Davis,
of Alma College; also Prof. Davis' collection.

The collection of G. H. Hicks, of the Agricultural College, made
in Northern and Central Michigan.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 9

The collection of G. F. Comstock, made in Lena wee County, 1845-'50,
now the property of Dr. W. J. Beal.

The collection of Dr. W. J. Beal, now the property of the Michigan
Agricultural College.

LOCAL LISTS CONSULTED.

To the following persons we are indebted for lists of the plants growing
in their several localities:

To O. A. Farwell, for full list of plants of the Keweenaw peninsula with
copious notes and many specimens.

To Prof. H. C. Beardslee, of the University School, Cleveland, O., and
Prof. Chas. A. Kofoid, of Oberlin College, for a very complete list of the
plants of Cheboygan County, Mich., observed by them during the summer
of 1890, with full notes and many specimens.

To Charles K. Dodge, for a collection t)f the plants growing in the
vicinity of Port Huron, with many notes on variation and distribution.

To L. H. Dewey, for a list of the plants in the vicinity of Tecumseh,
Mich.

To Prof. W. Hull, for notes and specimens from Albion and vicinity.

To S. P. Orth, for list of plants in the vicinity of Imlay City.

To E. H. Moseley, for a list of plants observed near Union City.

To A. F. Fcerste, for a list of plants observed in the eastern part of St,
Clair county.

To Prof. I. N. Mitchell, for a list of plants collected in various parts of
the State.

To Prof. C. E. St. John, for a list of plants collected in Mason county
and in the southeastern portion of the State.

TOPOGEAPHY.

Michigan is peculiarly situated within the waters of the great lakes, N.
latitude 41°45' to 4S°20'; W. longitude, 82°25' to 90°34'. It is divided
into two parts, called the Upper and Lower Peninsulas. * The greatest
length of the northern portion from east to west is 318 miles, width 80 to
164 miles, forming about two-fifths of the State. The greatest length of
the southern portion from north to south is 277 miles and its extreme
width 259 miles. The total area is 58,915 square miles, with a coast line
of over 1,600 miles.

The general elevation of the Upper Peninsula is 400 to 1,100 feet above
Lake Superior, and that of the Lower Peninsula is 400 to 600 feet above
the level of Lakes Michigan and Huron.

The two parts of the State present a striking contrast in many respects.
The Upper peninsula may be divided into two sections east and west of a
line drawn through Marquette which present very marked surface and geo-
logical characteristics. The eastern portion slopes northward from its
southern border to a watershed and thence falls rapidly to the shores of
Lake Superior. This plateau contains many lakes and marshes, also fine
forests of pine intermixed with groves of hardwood.

The western part is rugged and hilly, some of the hills rising 1,000 to

10 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

1,200 feet. In the extreme northwest are ranges which form the copper
region ; the central range extends from Keweenaw point across to the Wis-
consin line; on either side are the Porcupine mountains and the copper
range proper.

South and east of the copper range lies the iron range of Marquette and
Iron counties. The eastern portion of this peninsula is underlaid with
stratified rocks belonging to the Silurian period, while the western part is
occupied by the copper bearing rocks and those of the Huronian period.
Glacial diiit covers deeply a large portion of both the eastern and western
sections.

The Lower Peninsula is generally level or rolling, sloping up in its
northern portion to a central ridge or watershed which extends nearly
northeast and southwest, the highest part of which, in Otsego county, is
1,100 feet above the lake level.

The shores along the west side of this peninsula are generally bold bluffs
which are constantly wearing away, while on the Huron shore they are
low and extending by additions* of earth cast up by the waves.

The rivers are small but their number is great, and these, with the 5,000
lakes scattered along the watersheds of the State abundantly water all parts
of it.

Dr. 0. Bominger, a former State Geologist, writes of the geology of the
Lower Peninsula as follows: "It forms the center-point of an oceanic bay
which seems to have existed without any important alteration in its limits,
from the beginning of the Silurian period to the end of the Carboniferous
time. We find within the space supposed to have been the bay an uninter-
rupted series of marine deposits, following each other in the greatest regu-
larity of superposition, which represent all the known formations deposited
on this continent from the Silurian period on to the coal formation."
The entire surface of th^ peninsula is covered deeply with glacial drift,
consisting of sand, gravels and clays variously intermixed.

The topographical outlines of the Lower Peninsula are due to the joint
action of moving ice and flowing water during and following the glacial
period.

Beginning in Presque Isle county the lateral moraine of the Huron gla-
cier passes southwest near the line between Montmorency and Alpena
counties, thence south by west through Oscoda, Roscommon and Clare,
meeting in Me^osta county, the east lateral moraine of Lake Michigan.
These join ana pass in a southwest direction through Kent, Barry, Kala-
niazoo and St. Joseph counties. The Saginaw bay branch of the Huron
glacier unites with the Huron glacier proper, and forms a lateral moraine
beginning in Huron county, passing through Sanilac, Lapeer, Oakland,
Livingston and portions of Jackson, Washtenaw and Hillsdale counties.
This peninsula is divided by these moraines into certain more or less
clearly marked floral regions.

On the map ten regions have been roughly outlined. They are desig-
nated by the first ten letters of the alphabet. The following lists of plants
are characteristic of the different regions:

A. SOUTHEASTERN LITTORAL, REGION.

Acerates viridiflora, Ell. Green Milkweed.
Agrimonia parviflora, Ait, Small-flowered Agrimony.
Allium Schoenoprasum, L. Chives.

Castanea sativa, Mill., var. Americana, Gray. Chestnut.
Dalibarda repens, LJ.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 11

Dentaria maxima, Nutt. Large Toothwort.

Draba nemorosa, L. Whitlow-Grass.

Eleocharis equisetoides, Torr. Spike-Rush.

Fimbristylis capillaris, Gray. Sedge.

Fuirena squarrosa, Michx., var. hispida, Chapm. Umbrella-Grass.

Gaura biennis, L. Gaura.

Gentians, puberula, Michx. Gentian.

Gentiana Saponaria, L. Soapwort Gentian.

Heuchera Americana, L. Common Alum-root.

Juncus filiformis, L. Rush. V-t

Juncus Greenii, Oakes and Tuckerm. Rush.

Juncus Vaseyi, Engelm. Rush.

Ludwigia alternifolia, L. Seed-Box.

Ludwigia sphcerocarpa, Ell. False Loosestrife.

Myrica cerifera, L. Bayberry. Wax- Myrtle.

Pentstemon Icevigatus, Solander,"*var. Digitalis, Gray. Beard-tongue.

Quercus palustris, Du Roi. Swamp Spanish or Pin Oak.

Ranunculus ambigens, Watson. Water Plantain Spearwort.

Rosa setigera, Michx. Climbing or Prairie Rose.

Rubus odoratus, L. Purple Flowering Raspberry.

Scirpus maritimus, L. Sea Club-Rush.

Scleria verticillata, Muhl. Nut-Rash.

S. triglomerata, Michx. Nut-Rush.

Valeriana edulis, Nutt. Valerian.

Valerianella radiata, Dufr. Corn Salad. Lamb-Lettuce.

Vernonia faseiculata, Michx. Iron- Weed.

Zannichellia palustris, L. Horned Pondweed.

B. SOUTH CENTRAL, REGION.

Actinomeris squarrosa, Nutt.

^Esculus glabrat Willd. Fetid or Ohio Buckeye.

Amorpha canescens, Nutt. Lead- Plant.

Asclepias obtusifolia, Michx. Milkweed.

Asclepias verticillata, L. Milkweed.

Aster sericeus, Vent. Aster.

Baptisia leucantha, Torr. & Gray. False Indigo.

Cacalia tuberosa, Nutt. Tuberous Indian Plantain.

Commelina Virginica, L. Day Flower.

Coreopsis palmata, Nutt. Coreopsis.

Desmodium Illinoense, Gray. Tick-Trefoil.

EryngiumYucccefolium, Michx. Button Snake-root.

Gaura biennis, L.

Gerardia auric.ulata, Michx.

Heliopsis Icevis, Pers. Ox-Eye.

Houstonia purpurea, L,, var. r.iliolata. Gray,

Liparis liliifolia, Richard. Twayblade.

Onosmodiujfi Carolinianum, D. C. False Gromwell.

Phlox bifida, Beck. Phlox.

Polygala cruciata, L. Milkwort.

Pogonia pendula, Lindl.

Pogonia verticillata, Nutt.

Ruellia strepens, L.

Silphium laciniatum, L. Rosin-weed. Compass-Plant.

Silphium trifoliatum, L. Rosin-weed.

Verbena angustifolia, Michx. Vervain.

Verbena bracteosa, Michx. Vervain.

Zizia cordata, D. C.

C. SAGINAW VALLEY REGION.

t

Anemonella thalictroides, Spach. Rue-Anemone.
Arabis dentata, Torr. and Gray. Rock Cress.
Asimina triloba, Dunal. Common Papaw.
Astragalus Cooperi, Gray. Milk- Vetch.
Brascnia peltata. Pursh. Water-Shield.
Carex sychnocephala, Carey. Sedge.
Cassia Marilandica, L. Wild Senna.
Collinsia verna, Nutt. Innocence.

2

12 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

Cyperus Engelmanni, Steud. Sedge.

Cyperhs speciosus, Vahl. Sedge.

Eleocharis olivacea, Torr. Spike-Rush.

Eleocharis pygmcea, Torr. Spike-Rush.

Eleocharis Robbinsii, Oakes. Spike-Rush.

Eleocharis rostellata, Torr. Spike-Rush.

Eragrostis Frankii, Meyer.

Eragrostis pectinacea, Gray.

Erigenia bulbosa, Nutt. Harbinger-of -Spring.

Gerardia purpurea, L. var. paupercula, Gray. Purple Gerard ia.

Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lam. Ky. Coffee-tree.

Hydrocotyle umbellata, L. Water Pennywort.

Jeffersonia diphylla, Pers. Twin-leaf.

Juncus pelocarpus, E. Meyer. Rush.

Juniperus communis, L. Common Juniper.

Juniperus Virginiana, L. Red Cedar.

Lespedeza reticulata, Pers. Bush-Clover.

Nasturtium lacustre, Gray. Lake Cress.

Poa alsodes, Gray. Meadow-Grass.

Poaflexuosa, Muhl. Meadow-Grass.

Prenanthes racemosa, Michx. Rattlesnake-root.

Quercus imbricaria, Michx. Laurel or Shingle Oak.

Quercus prinoides, Willd.

Ranunculus rhomboideus, Goldie. Crowfoot.

Scirpus Smithii, Gray. Sedge. *

Scirpus Torreyi, Olney. Sedge.

Silphium terebinthinaceum, L. Prairie Dock.

Tiedmannia rigida, Coult. & Rose. Cowbane.

Trillium nivale, Riddell. Dwarf White Trillium.

Utricularia resumnata, B. D. Greene. Bladderwort.

D. SOUTHWESTERN LITTORAL, REGION.

Asplenium ebeneum, Ait. Spleenwort.

Calamagrostis longifolia, Hook.

Cyperus Schweinitzii, Torr. Galingale.

Euphorbia poly gonifolia. L. Spurge.

Monarda punctata, L. Horse-Mint.

Ranunculus Cymbalaria, Pursh. Sea-side Crowfoot.

Sabbatia angularis, Pursh.

Salix adenophylla. Hook. Willow.

Smilax rotundifolia, L. Greenbrier.

Viburnum prunifolium, L. Black Haw.

Woodwardia angustifolia, Smith. Chain-Fern.

E. NORTH-CENTRAL. REGION.

Calypso borealis, Salisb.
Carex adusta, Boot.
Carex Houghtonii, Torr.
Carex Schweinitzii, Dewey.
Carex Saltuensis, Bailey.

Ceanothus ovatus, Desf . New Jersey Tea. Red-root.
Corydalis glauca, Pursh. Pale Corydalis.
Dracocephalum parviflorum, Nutt. Dragon Head.
Eriophorum alpinum, L. Cotton Grass.
Goodyera Menziesii, Lindl. Rattlesnake-Plantain.
Goodyera repens, R. Br. Rattlesnake-Plantain.
Habenaria obtusata, Richardson. Rein-Orchis.
Kalmia angustifolia, L. Sheep Laurel. Lambkill.
Krigia Virginica, Willd. Dwarf Dandelion.
Linaria Canadensis, Dumont. Toad-Flax.
Lonicera hirsuta, Eaton. Hairy Honeysuckle.
Lonicera oblong if olia, Muhl. Swamp Honeysuckle.
Mimulus Jamesii, Torr. Monkey-flower.
Moneses grandiflora, Salisb. One-flowered Pyrola.
Physalis grandiflora, Hook. Ground Cherry.
Pinus Banksiana, Lambert. Jack, Scrub or Gray Pine.
Pinus resinosa, Ait. Red or Norway Pine.
Potentilla tridentata, Ait. Three-toothed Cinquefoil.

FLORA OP MICHIGAN. 13

F. NORTHEASTERN LITTORAL REGION.

Campanula rotundifolia, L., var. arctica, Lange. Harebell.

Carex Backii, Boot. Sedge.

Carex capillaris, L. Sedge.

Carex gynocrates, Wormsk. Sedge.

Carex umbellata, Schkuhr, var. vicina, Dewey. Sedge.

Carex communis, Bailey, var. Wheeleri, Bailey. Sedge.

Equisetum littorale, Kiihlewein. Scouring Rush.

Centiana linearis, Froel , var. lanceolata, Gray. Gentian.

Hudsonia tomentosa, Nutt.

Monotropa Hypopitys, L. Pine Sap. False Beech-drops.

Myrica Gale, L. Sweet Gale.

Nuphar advena. Ait. f. var. minus. Morong. Yellow Pond-Lily.

(Enothera, pumila, L. Evening Primrose.

Panicum xanthophysum, Gray.

Pellcea gracilis, Hook. Cliff Brake.

Petasites palmata, Gray. Sweet Coltsfoot.

Phegopteris polypodioides, Fee. Beech Fern.

Polygonella articulata, Meisn.

Polygouum Hartwrightii, Gray. Knotweed.

Ranunculus Flammula, L. var. reptans, E. Meyer. Creeping Crowfoot.

Rosa acicularis, Lindl. Rose.

Viola canina, L. var. puberula, Watson. Violet.

G. NORTHWESTERN LITTORAL REGION.

Acer Pennsylvanicum, L. Striped Maple.

Agropyrum dasystachyum, Vasey.

Ammophila arundinacea, Host. Sea Sand-Reed.

Aphyllon fasciculatum, Gray. Naked Broom-rape.

Artemisia Canadensis, Michx. Wormwood.

Bromus breviaristatus, Thurb.

Claytonia Caroliniana, Michx. Spring Beauty.

Cnicus Pitcheri, Torr. Pitcher's Thistle.

Coreopsis lanceolata, L. Coreopsis.

Dicksonia pilosiuscula, Willd.

Halenia deflexa, Grisebach. Spurred Gentian.

Hypericu'm Kalmianum, L. Kalm's St. John's-wort.

Juniperus Sabinn, L. var. procumbens, Pursh. Juniper.

Melica Smithii, Vasey.

Orchis rctundifolia, Pursh. Orchis.

Picea alba, Link. White Spruce.

Primula farinosa, L. Birds-eye Primrose.

Prunus pumila, L. Dwarf Cherry.

Pyrus Americana, D. C. American Mountain Ash.

Rosa Engelmanni, Watson. Rose.

Rubus Nutkanus, Mocino. Salmon-berry.

Rumex salicifolius, Weinmann. White Dock.

Salix glaucophylla, Bebb. Willow.

Symphoricarpos racemosus, Michx. Snowberry.

Tanacetum Huronense, Nutt. Tansy.

H. EASTERN UPPER PENINSULA REGION.

Aspidium Lonchitis, Swartz. Shield Fern.

Asplenium Trichomanes, L. Spleenwort.

Aster Lindleyanus, T. & G. Lindley's Aster.

Botrychium Lunaria, Swartz. Moonwort.

Botrychium simplex, Hitchcock. Moonwort.

Castilleeia pallida, Kunth, var. septentrionalis, Gray. Painted-Cup.

Carex scirpoidea, Michx. Sedge.

Cerastium arvense, L. Field Chickweed.

Drosera linearis, Goldie. Slender Sundew.

Erigeron acris, L. Fleabane.

Erigeron glabellus, Nutt. Fleabane.

Iris lacustris, Nutt. Lake Dwarf Iris.

Lactuca pulchella, D. C. Lettuce.

Lucopodium innndatum, L. Club-Moss.

Parnassia palustris, L. Grass of Parnassus.

14 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

Parnassia parviflora, D. C. Grass of Parnassus.

Pellcea gracilis, Hook. Cliff-Brake.

Pinguicula vulgaris, L. Butterwort.

Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. Mountain- Ash.

Scirpus sylvaticus, L. var. digynus, Boeckl. Bulrush. Club-Rush.

Solidago Hougjitonii, Torr. & Gray. Golden Rod.

Woodsia Ilvensis, R. Brown. Fern.

I. MARQUETTE REGION.

Alnus viridis, D. C. Mountain Alder.

Amelanchier alnifolia, Nutt. Service-berry.

Artemisia borealis, Pallas. Northern Wormwood.

Carex Michauxiana, Boeckl. Sedge.

Carex virescens, Muhl., var. costata, Dew. Sedge.

Erigeron acris, L. Fleabane.

Erigeron hyssopifolius, Michx. Fleabane.

Juncus stygius, L. Rush.

Mertensia paniculata, Don. Lungwort.

Potamogeton rufescens, Schrader. Pond-weed.

Potamogeton RobbinsU, Oakes. Pond-weed.

Primula Mistassinica, Michx. Primrose.

Scirpus ccespitosus, L. Bulrush.

Trisetum subspicatum, Beauv., var. molle, Gray.

J. KEWEENAW REGION.

Adenocaulon bicolor, Hook.

Amelanchier oligocarpa, Roem. Shad-bush. Service-berry.

Anemone parviflora, Michx. Anemone.

Betula glandulosa, Michx. Dwarf Birch.

Carex Crawei, Dewey. Sedge. ^

Carex exilis, Dewey. Sedge.

Carex livida, Dewey. Sedge.

Comandra livida, Richardson. Bastard Toad-flax.

Collinsia parviflora, Dougl.

Jva Xanthiifolia, Nutt.

Juniperus communis, L., var. alpina, Gaud. Juniper.

Listera cordata, R. Brown. Twayblade.

Lonicera ccerulea, L. Mountain Fly-Honeysuckle.

Lonicera involucrata, Banks. Honeysuckle.

Phacelia Franklinii, Gray.

Polygonum viviparum, L. Knotweed.

Ranunculus Flammula, L. var. intermedium, Gray. Smaller Spearwort.

Rosa Sayi, Schwein. Rose.

Sagina nodosa, Fenzl. Pearlwort.

Salix balsamifera, Barratt. Willow.

Sisymbrium humile, Meyer. Hedge Mustard.

Stellaria borealis, Bigel. Northern Starwort.

Vaccinium myrfilloides, Hook. Bilberry.

Viola Selkirkii, Pursh. . Great-spurred Violet.

CLIMATE AND DISTRIBUTION.

" The sinuosities of the several isothermal lines will demonstrate at a
glance the peculiar character of the climate of Michigan, and the fact that
both in summer and winter, it is better adapted to the interests of agricult-
ure and horticulture, and probably also to the comfort and health of its
citizens, than the climate of any other northwestern state. The marked
peculiarity of the climate of Michigan in these respects is attributable to
the influence of the great lakes by which the state is nearly surrounded.
It has long been known that considerable bodies of water exert a local
influence in modifying climate and especially in averting frosts, but it has
never been expected that Lake Michigan, for instance, impresses upon the
climatic character of a broad region an influence truly comparable with
that exerted by the great ocean." — WINCHELL.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 15

The following general notes on Climate and Distribution are from the
preface to the first edition by E. F. Smith:

"The influence of climate on vegetation may be summed up in a few
words. The climate of the Lower Peninsula is not as severe as that of the
Upper, nor so even, but is subject to frequent, sudden, and extreme changes
of temperature — as great a variation during the winter season as 53° Fahr.
in less than 24 hours having been recorded. Such rapid changes more or
less affect vegetation, especially the tender branches of cultivated trees,
which are sometimes seriously injured. In one or two instances a like
effect on our forest trees has been noticed. The annual range of temper-
ature is about 116°, and the annual mean 46°. Of rainfall, including
what falls in form of snow, we have, yearly, about thirty inches. Our
snowfall is much less, for the same latitude, than that of New York and
New England. In the center of the peninsula, we seldom have more than
a few inches at a time.

"The proximity of the Great Lakes exerts a marked influence in
equalizing the temperature and the effects are marked upon our flora.

"Trees like Liriodendron Tulipifera, Asimina triloba, Cercis Canaden-
sis, Gleditschia friacanthos, Cornus florida, Nyssa multi flora, and Morus
rubra, which belong to Ohio and Central Illinois, have crept northward,
favored by the mild influence of the lake winds, through the central and
western part of the Lower Peninsula, often beyond the middle, and the
same is true of smaller and less noticeable plants.

"As might be expected from the uniform surface of the peninsula, the
flora is much alike throughout. Probably three-fourths of our species are
common to all sections, though by no means equally distributed; some
being very abundant in one district and rare in another at no great dis-
tance. In most cases such change is due to soil rather than to difference
in elevation, temperature, or atmospheric moisture.

"The Lower Peninsula is covered with a deep drift of alternating sands,
clays, and gravels, and the flora of any section depends chiefly on which
of these happens to lie uppermost. With reference to its flora, the penin-
sula may be roughly divided into two great divisions — the hardwood and
the softwood lands; one representing the Appalachian flora, and the
other, the Canadian.

"The hardwood country lies south of latitude 43°, and consists of very
fertile sand, clay, or loam, mostly cleared of the original forest, and largely
cultivated.

" The sandy or stony drift of many river valleys in this section supports
a heavy growth of oak, frequently interspersed with walnut and hickory,
while the margins of the streams, and the neighboring swamps, abound in
soft maples, swamp and chestnut oak, white and black ash, elm, hackberry,
sycamore, butternut, and similar trees. Willows, dogwoods, viburnums,
and buttonbush, are common shrubs in the swamps; and hazel, hawthorn,
wild cherry and plum, June berry, witch-hazel, etc., are abundant on the
dryer ground.

" On the uplands, and away from streams, clay, loam, and a peculiar
black muck soil supersede the sands and gravels of the valleys. The pre-
vailing timber here is beech and maple and oak forest in about equal pro-
portions. Beech and maple generally grow together, forming magnificent
forests of great extent. The best wheat farms are usually found on
uplands near streams, where the oak timber gradually shades into beech
and maple. Plains of fertile sand covered with a low, or scattering growth

16 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

of oak (oak openings) are frequent, and always very desirable for farming
purposes.

" Marshes densely covered with tamarack are common in this part of
the State, and nourish in their thick shade such plants as Drosera
rotundifolia, Sarracenia purpurea, Rhus venenaia, Ribes rubrum, Chio-
genes hispidula, Salix Candida, Similacina trifolia, Pogonia ophiogloss-
oides and Calopogon pulchettus, Arbor-vitse, red cedar and black spruce
are comparatively rare.

"A similar tract of soil and timber occurs in the upper end of the pen-
insula, north of a line drawn from Thunder bay west to the head of Grand
Traverse bay. This is commonly known as the "Traverse region," and
has a flora much like that we have just described, with the exception that
some of the southern species disappear, and northern ones begin to take
their place, or if found growing further south, here first become frequent.
Deep forests of hemlock and yellow birch (B. lutea) mixed with a fine,
tall growth of striped maple (A. Pennsylvanicum) are frequent, having
underneath a tangled growth of Taxus baccata, var. Canadensis, and under
all a carpet of Lycopodium annotinum. Alternating with these are .sandy
plains covered with a dense growth of Vacciniums, yielding a great abund-
ance of fruit. Sugar maples and basswood are also abundant in this
region, and reach an immense size. In fact, it would be difficult to find
finer groves of maple in any part of the State.

" The pine country proper lies between the two tracts we have described,
and embraces about 15,000 square miles. It is composed largely of sand
hills and plains, either scantily furnished with vegetation, or densely cov-
ered with pine forest. Argillaceous tracts wooded with beech and maple
also occur, like oases in a desert; and swamps abound, with the usual low-
land timber. Forests of hemlock spruce are frequent, and there are occa-
sional ridges of oak. Birch (B. lutea) also begins to be a common forest
tree, and attains a large size. The usual timber of the barrens is Jack
Pine (P. Banksiana). Climatic and other influences have combined to
produce groves composed entirely of this species of large size and of great
beauty, for, instead of being 'a straggling shrub, or low tree' (Gray), it
rises, often 50-60 seet, straight and symmetrical. All through this region
Pinus strobus is the prevailing species and furnishes most of the lumber,
but P. resinosa is frequent as far south as Clare county, and occurs spar-
ingly in the northern part of Isabella county, which appears to be its
southern limit.

"Such is the general character of the sylva down to about latitude 43°,
but in the western part of the State, owing perhaps to moister climate, or
to favorable soil, hemlock spruce is more abundant, and reaches much
farther south, nearly or quite to the Indiana line, ancl the same is true of
white pine.

" The flora of the deep pine woods is interesting, though rather monot-
onous. Yery little undergrowth is found, and their gloomy recesses
nourish only such plants as love thick shade. Here the club-mosses
(Lycopodiums) find a congenial home, and flourish luxuriantly, while
Clintonia borealis covers the ground. The great round-leaved orchid
(Habenaria orbiculata), with its tall, greenish spike and twin leaves close
to the earth, is also frequent and striking. We shall also meet Mitchella
repens, Maianthemum Canadense, Trillium grandiflorum, perhaps, and a
few ferns, particularly Asplenium Filix-foemina and Phegopteris Dryop-
teris. Other species occur, of course, but not so abundantly. In more

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 17

open places, and on ridges, we' meet Rhn,s aromatica and Comptonia along
with wintergreen (Gaultheria) and trailing arbutus (Epigcea), and are
often fortunate enough to find the wax-white, fragrant flower of Moneses
uniflora, or Poly gala paucifolia, hiding its shining leaves under a wealth
of showy pink blossoms.

" The floral treasures of the pine region lie, however, in its swamps and
lake borders rather than in the deep woods. Therein grows Linncea
borealis in all its delicate beauty, carpeting the ground, and close at hand,
the odd, brown-purple flower of Cypripedium acaule and the small yellow
blossom of its water-loving relative C. parviflorum. In such swamps, or
within a stone's throw of them, may be found many other plants of equal
interest, such as Medeola Virginica, Ledum latifolium, Andromeda poli-
folia, Kalmia glauca, Lonicera oblongifolia, Cardamine pratensis, Ger-
ardia aspera, Miiella nuda,, Eriophorum vaginatum, etc. On lake mar-
gins we shall find Lysimachia and the blue Poniederia and more rarely,
Nescea and Eleocharis quadrangulata. The lake itself, most likely, will
be full of Nymphoea, Nuphar, Utrtcularias, and a world of Potamage-
fons and similar water weeds. Shrubby Vacciniums line the bluffs, and
here and there gleam the white trunks of paper birches against the dark
background of pines.

" In the thick-pine country, where the lumberman's ax has let in the
sunlight, new plants spring up freely. Here, Prunus Pennsylvania and
poplars are frequent, and the blackberry is omnipresent. Aralia hispida
and Phy salis lanceolaia are also peculiar to such land, and in August
Gnaphalium decurrens may be seen whitening thousands of acres.

" One seldom beholds a drearier sight than a dead and deserted
lumber region. The valuable trees were all felled years ago, and the lum-
berman moved on to fresh spoils, leaving behind an inextricably confused
mass of tree tops, broken logs, and uprooted trunks. Blackberry canes
spring up everywhere, forming a tangled thicket, and a few scattering
poplars, birches, and cherries serve for arboreal life, above which tower the
dead pines, bleached in the weather and blackened by fire, destitute of
limbs, and looking at a distance not unlike the masts of some great harbor.
Thousands of such acres, repellent alike to botanist and settler, can be seen
in any of our northern counties.

"In certain districts considerable beech is found associated with the
pine. The soil of such tracts is usually of better quality, and can be
rendered productive without much labor. It may be noted that in such
cases the pine also grows thriftier and mak^s better lumber."

TREES AND SHRUBS OF MICHIGAN COMPARED WITH THOSE OF THE REST OF

THE WORLD.

Michigan is very rich in trees and shrubs. If we have counted correctly
there are 69 species of indigenous trees and three exotics which have
escaped from cultivation; 150 native shrubs, 5 exotics spread from cultiva-
tion. This gives us 220 indigenous woody plants and 8 exotics which have
become naturalized.

To comprehend the relative importance of our trees and shrubs, let us

glance at the forests of Great Britain. Great Britain and Ireland contain

121,260 square miles of land, Michigan 60,000, a little less than one-half as

much as Great Britain. She has one species of basswood not so good as

•ours; one maple not over twenty feet high; one cherry from ten to twenty

18 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

feet high; one small ash, two elms, two poplars, one beech, which grows
very large but not very high; one small white birch, one species of pine, by
no means a match for our white pine; a species of oak which sometimes
grows to a great size.

Great Britain has about ten species of trees native to her soil. Michigan,
with half the territory, has sixty-nine species (ninety if we compare the
sizes exactly), nine times as great a variety. Great Britain has no white-
wood, no white or red cedar, no walnuts or hickories. Michigan has six
species of maple of tree size, a basswood, a whitewood, honey locust,
Kentucky coffee tree, three cherries, a pepperidge, five species of ash, a
sassafras, three elms, a hackberry, a mulberry, a buttonwood, black walnut,
butternut, six hickories, ten oaks, a chestnut, a beech, four tree birches,
four willows of tree size, five poplars, three pines, two spruces, one hem-
lock, a balsam fir, one larch, one arbor-vitse and a red cedar.

The forests of North America may be divided into two regions, the
Atlantic and the Pacific. In the Atlantic region there are 292 species, in
the Pacific region 153 species.

In all Europe there are only 85 species of trees.

WHY HAS MICHIGAN SO MANY TREES AND GREAT BRITAIN SO FEW.

This question now very naturally arises: Why has the Atlantic region,
including Michigan, so many species of trees and why has Europe so few?
Certainly we cannot attribute this difference to a defective soil and climate
of Europe, as they now exist, for Europe can grow all sorts of trees now
found in the temperate zone, while " Great Britain alone can grow double
or treble the number of trees that the Atlantic States can."

The former geological conditions of their continents help to explain all
this difference in the distribution of trees to the entire satisfaction of
scientists.

Away back in the Tertiary Period the trees of the regions now possess-
ing an arctic climate were such as now thrive in a warm temperate zone
like that of Georgia and California. This is well illustrated by the
abundant fossil remains of trees. Following this, came a long time when
extreme cold prevailed, known as the Glacial Epoch, when snow and ice
for niost or all of the year extended to the Ohio river. At the approach of
cold, the trees slowly retreated southward, as generation followed genera-
tion. The plants such as now thrive in southern Michigan, perhaps then
extended to what now forms the State of Alabama, while the arctic plants
reached Ohio.

As the climate again gradually grew warmer, the trees and other plants
slowly migrated northward. Some arctic plants were stranded on the
White mountains and in Labrador, where they still remain; others went
farther north.

Plants of the cool temperate zone reached Michigan. In a similar manner,
during the Glacial Epoch the plants of Europe were driven southward.
The Alps, the Pyrenees, the Appenines, the Caucasus, still contain some
of these arctic plants which retreated there at the close of the Glacial
Epoch. Most of the plants of the warm temperate region had perished
and therefore were unable to retreat when the continent became warmer.

I quote the words of Dr. A. Gray, from whom other hints are taken, as
found in the American Journal of Science, page 194, 1878. " I conceive
that three things have conspired to this loss. First, Europe hardly extend-

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 19

ing south of latitude 40°, is all within the limits generally assigned to
severe glacial action. Second, its mountains trend east and west, from the
Pyrenees to the Carpathians and the Caucasus beyond, near its southern
border; and they had glaciers of their own, which must have begun opera-
tions, and poured down the northward flanks, while the plains were still
covered with forest on the retreat from the great ice wave coming from the
north. Attacked both on front and rear, much of the forest must have
perished then and there. Third, across the line of retreat of those which
may have flanked the mountain ranges, or were stationed south of them,
stretched the Mediterranean, an impassable barrier."

" Greenland may be referred to, by way of comparison, as a country
which, having undergone extreme glaciation, bears the marks of it in the
extreme poverty of its flora, and in the absence of the plants to which its
southern portion, extending six degrees below the arctic circle, might be
entitled. It ought to have trees, and might support them. But since
destruction by glaciation, no way has been open for their return."

" In the American continent -the mountains run north and south. The
trees, when touched on the north by the on-coming refrigeration, had only
to move their southern border southward, along an open way, and there
was no impediment to their due return. So our lines have been cast in
pleasant places, and the goodly heritage of forest trees is one of the
consequences. ' '

A

FLORA OF THE JACK-PINE PLAINS.

The plants of this region are all found in one or more of the regions
previously enumerated.

The soil of these plains is mainly sand of considerable depth which dries
out quickly after a rain, and is then especially liable to be burned over,
the burning often destroying every living plant above the surface of the
soil. In this way, by repeated burning, much of the vegetable matter is
removed, leaving the surface soil thin.

The following seventy species of plants are almost certain to be found
in considerable quantity on any extended area of Jack-pine plains:

a. THOSE MOST COMMON.

Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oblongifolia, Torr. & Gray. Dwarf June-Berry.

Andropogon fureatus, Muhl. Finger, or Beard-Grass.

Andropogon scoparius, Michx. Beard-Grass.

Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, Spreng. Bearberry.

Aster Icevis, L. Aster.

Carex Pennsylvania, Lam. Pennsylvania Sedge.

Danthonia spicata, Beauv. Wild Oat-Grass.

Epigc&a repens, L. Trailing Arbutus.

Erigeron Canadensis, L. Horse-weed.

Gaultheria procumbens, L. Wintergreen.

Myrica asplenifolia, Endl. Sweet Fern.

Oryzopsis Canadensis, Torr. Mountain Rice.

Pinus Bariksiana, Lambert. Scrub, or Jack-pine.

Populus tremuloides, Michx. Aspen.

Prunus Pennsylvania, L. f. Wild Red, or Pin Cherry,

Prunus pumila, L. Sand Cherry.

Prunus Virginiana, L. Choke- Cherry.

Pteris aquilina, L. Brake. Eagle Fern.

Quercus coccinea, Wang. Scarlet Oak.

Quercus tinctoria, Bartr. Black Oak.

Rumex Acetosella, L. Sheep Sorrel.

3

20 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

Salix humilis, Marsh. Low, or Prairie Willow.
Solidago nemoralis, Ait. Golden-rod.
Vaccinium Canadense. Kalm. Low Blueberry.
Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum, Lam. Dwarf Blueberry.
Vaccinium vacillans, Solander. Low Blueberry.

b. THOSE LESS FREQUENT,

Agrostis scabra, Willd. Hair-Grass.

Antennaria plantaginifolia, Hook, Plantain-leaved Everlasting.

Apocynum androscemifolium, L. Dogbane.

Aralia hispida, Vent. Bristly Sarsaparilla.

Campanula rotundifolia, L. Bluebell. Harebell.

Ceanothus Americana, L. New Jersey Tea.

Comandra umbellata, Nutt. Bastard Toad-flax.

Cnicus pumilus, Torr. Low Thistle.

Convolvulus spithamceus, L. Low Bindweed.

Diervilla trifida, Moench. Bush Honeysuckle.

Erigeron strigosus, Muhl. Daisy Fleabane.

Festuca ovina, L. Sheep's Fescue.

Fragaria Virginiana, Mill., var. Illinoiensis, Gray Strawberry.

Gaylussacia resinosa, Torr. & Gray. Black Huckleberry.

Gnaphal'ium decurrens, Ives. Everlasting.

HeHanthemum Canadense, Michx. Frost-weed.

Helianthus divaricatus, L. Wild Sunflower.

Helianthus occidentalis, Walt. Wild Sunflower.

Hieracium venosum, L. Rattlesnake- weed.

Houstonia purpurea, L., var. longifolia, Gray. Houstonia.

Kceleria cristata, Pers. Koeleria.

Krigia amplexicaulis, Nutt. Dwarf Dandelion.

Liatris cylindracea, Michx. Blazing Star.

Lycopodium complanatum. L. Ground-Pine.

Lithospermum hirtum, Lehm. Hairy Puccoon.

Maianthemum Canadense, Desf.

Melampy'rum Americanum, Michx. Cow-Wheat.

Monarda fistulosa,~L. Wild Bergamot.

(Enothera biennis, L. Evening Primrose.

Panicum depauperatum, Muhl. Panic-Grass.

Panicum dichotomum, L. Panic-Grass.

Pinus resinosa, Ait. Norway, or Red Pine.

Pinus Strobus, L. White Pine.

Polygala polygama, Walt. Pink Polygala.

Populus grandidentata, Michx. Large-toothed Aspen.

Potentilla Canadensis, L. Five-Finger. Cinque-foil.

Potentilla tridentata, Ait. Three- toothed Cinque-foil.

Quercus alba, L. White Oak.

Rubus Canadensis, L. Dewberry.

Rubus hispidus, L. Dewberry.

Rudbeckia hirta, L. Cone-flower.

Solidago juncea, Ait. Golden Rod,

Viola canina, L., var. puberula, Wats. Violet.

Viola pedata, L. Bird-foot Violet.

The above list consists of representatives of twenty-seven families, of
fifty -four genera, and of seventy species.

The families of plants best represented on the plains are the Rosacece
by nine species, Composites by fifteen species, Ericacece by seven
species, and Graminece by nine species.

The following large and prominent families of the State are not repre-
sented in the list given above: Ranunculacew. Cruciferce, Caryophylla-
cece, Saxifragacece, Umbelliferce, Orchidacece.

Most remarkable of all is the absence of any Leguminosce, though the
family contains 6,500 species and is second in size only to the Compositae.
The Leguminosce is represented in the State by 47 native species and
varieties.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 21

The number of biennials given in this list is remarkably small, only two,
and there are no annuals in it. Sixty-eight out of seventy are perennials
and most persistent plants weU adapted by long, deep roots and rootstocks
to live in poor soil which is subject to severe droughts. Most of them are
admirably adapted to survival after a severe fire has burned over the
ground and killed the tops of the plants.

PLANTS PECULIAR TO THE PRAIRIES.

The following plants are peculiar to the prairie region of the south-
western portion of the State:

Amorpha canescens, Nutt. Lead-Plant.

Asclepias verticillata, L. Milkweed.

Aster sericeus, Vent. Aster.

Baptisia leucantha, Torr. & Gray. False Indigo.

Bouteloua racemosa, Lag. Muskit-Grass.

Coreopsis palmata, Nutt.

Echinaceapurpurea, Mcench. Purple Cone-flower.

Helianthus rigidus, Desf. Sunflower.

Phlox biftda, Beck. Phlox.

Silphium, integrifolium, Michx. Rosin-weed.

Silphium laciniatum, L. Compass-plant.

Silphium perfoliatum, L. Cup-plant.

Silphium terebinthinaceum, L. Prairie Dock.

COMPARISON OF THE FLORA. OF THE EASTERN AND THE WESTERN SIDES OF THE
STATE IN THE LATITUDE OF 44°40 .

On the east side, the latitude in question is near Harrisville in Alcona
county. On the west side it is near Frankfort in Benzie county.

It has long been known that the climate of the west shore where the
wind sweeps across Lake Michigan was milder in winter, and throughout
the year less variable than it is on the east side of the State. So far as
observed, the plants of the State which are only found in the vicinity of
the great lakes are more abundant in individuals on the west shore.

A. NORTHERN PL, ANTS FOUND ON THE EAST SIDE OF THE STATE AND NOT ON THE

WEST.

Botrychium Lunaria, Swartz. Moon wort.
Botrychium simplex, Hitchcock. Moonwort.
Carex Backii, Boot. Sedge.
Carex capillaris, L. Sedge.
Carex Houghtonii, Torr. Sedge.
Dracocephalum parviflorum, Nutt. Dragon-Head.
Kalmia augustifolia, L. Sheep Laurel. Lambkill.
Kalmia glauca, Ait. Swamp Laurel. Pale Laurel.
Picea alba. Link. White Spruce.
Ribes lacustre, Poir. Swamp Gooseberry.
Sparganium simplex, Huds.

B. SOUTHERN PLANTS FOUND ON THE WEST SIDE OP THE STATE AND NOT ON THE

EAST.

Adiantum pedatum, L. Maiden Hair Fern.
Acer dasycarpum, Ehrh. Silver Maple.
Rubus occidentalism L. Black .Raspberry.
Sambucus Canadensis, L. Common Elder.
Sassafras officinale, Nees. Sassafras.
Ulmus fulva, Michx. Red Elm.
Ulmus racemosa, Thomas. Rock Elm.

This list is doubtless incomplete, but so far as it goes it sustains tfae pre-
vailing notion that the west side of the State has the milder climate. We
might be able to see why silver maple, sassafras, black raspberry, red elm

22 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

and rock elm thrive on the west shore and not on the east, but we are
unable to see why the northern plants found on the east shore should not
be found on the west shore. ; Perhaps there is some other reason than the
difference of climate of the present day.

PLANTS SUPPOSED TO HAVE IMMIGRATED FROM THE NORTHEAST.

Calypso borealis, Salisb.

Clintonia borealis, Raf.

Equisetum litorale, Kuhlewein.

Eriocaulon septangulare, Withering. Pipewort.

Selaginella spinosa, Beauv.

Spiranthes Romanzoffiana, Cham. Ladies' Tresses.

Trillium erectum, L. Wake Robin.

Trillium erythrocarpum, Michx. Painted Trillium.

PLANTS SUPPOSED TO HAVE IMMIGRATED FROM THE NORTH AND WEST.

Adenocaulon bieolor, Hook.
Anemone parvifl ora, Michx. Anemone.
Artemisia Ludoviciana, Nutt. Mugwort.
Bromus breviaristatus, Thurber. Brome Grass.
Castilleia pallida, Kunth., var. septentrionalis, Gray. Painted Cup.
Drosera linearis, Goldie. Sundew.
Echinacea angustifolia, DC. Purple Cone-flower.
Euphorbia serpyllifolia, Pers. Spurge.
Olyceria pallida, Trin.
, Iva xanthiifolia, Nutt. Marsh Elder.

Lonicera involucrata, Banks. Honeysuckle.

Mertensia paniculata, Don. Lungwort.

Mimulus Jamesii, Torr. Monkey-flower.

Mimulus moschatus, Dougl. Monkey-flower.

Nasturtium obtusum, Nutt.

Parnassia palustris, L. Grass of Parnassus.

Parnassia parviflora, DC. Grass of Parnassus.

Phacelia Franklinii, Gray.

Polyonum lapathifolium, L., var. incanum, Koch. Knot weed.

Potentilla frigida, Vill. Cinque-foil.

Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. Mountain Ash.

Ranunculus Ffammula, L., var. intermedius, Hook. Spearwort.

Rosa acicularis, Lindley. Rose.

Rosa Eugelmanni, Watson. Rose.

Rosa Sayi, Schwein. Rose.

Rumex salicifolius, Weinmann. White Dock.

Symphoricarpos occidentalism Hook. Snowberry. «•

'

OVERLAPPING OF NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN SPECIES IN THE GRAND RIVER

VALLEY.
NORTHERN SPECIES:

Carex Magellanica, Lam. Sedge.

Oarex pauciflora, Lightf. Sedge.

Carex tenuiflora, Wahl. Sedge.

Dracocephalum parviflorum, Nutt. Dragon-head.

Eriophorum vaginatum, L. Cotton-grass.

Lonicera oblongifolia, Muhl. Swamp Ply-Honeysuckle.

Mimulus Jamesii, Torr. Monkey-flower.

Primula Mistassinica, Michx. Primrose.

Symphoricarpos racemosus, Michx., var. pauciflorus^ Robbins. Snowberry.

Taxas Canadensis, Willd. American Yew. Ground Hemlock.

SOUTHERN SPECIES:

Asimina triloba, Dunal. Papaw.

Carya sulcata, Nutt. Big Shell-bark. King-nut.

Cassia Marilandica, L. Wild Senna.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 23

Cercis Canadensis, L. Red-bud. Judas-tree.

Chcerophyllum procumbens, Crantz.

Collinsia verna, Nutt.

Coreopsis trichosperma, Michx., var. tenuiloba, Gray. Tickseed Sunflower.

Desmodium Manlandicum, F. Boot. Tick-Trefoil.

Eleocharis equisetoides, Torr. Spike-Rush.

Eleocharis olivacea, Torr. Spike-Rush.

Eleocharis quadrangulata, R. Br. Spike-Rush.

Eleocharis tiobbinsii, Oakes. Spi tee-Rush.

Eleocharis rostellata, Torr. Spike-Rush.

Erigenia bulbosa, Nutt. Harbinger-of-Spring.

Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lam. Ky. Coffee-tree.

Hemicarpha subsquarrosa, Nees.

Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. White-wood. Tulip-tree.

Morus rubra, L. Red Mulberry.

Silphium terebinthinaceum, L. Prarie Dock.

Tradescantiu Virginica, L. Common Spiderwort.

Utricularia resupinata, B. D. Greene. Bladderwort.

PLANTING THE ROADSIDE AND ABOUT THE HOME.

As students and admirers of nature, we are unable to name a single
native tree or shrub that is not interesting and, in some important respects,
beautiful and worthy of consideration in making a list for ornamental
planting, especially on a large estate. For certain places each kind of
"tree is just the thing." With a more extended knowledge of these trees,
one is usually much less liable to be hampered by fashion. He will not
make the same selections as his neighbors and will thereby exhibit more
originality in his designs.

In most species there is considerable variation in the modes of growth
of different individuals. The student of botany and horticulture is learn-
ing never to express surprise at finding or hearing of specimens of any
species of our trees or shrubs which have a weeping habit. In like man-
ner, time is almost sure to produce dwarf specimens of every plant, and
those with variegated or cut leaves, as well as those with white or double
flowers. Testimony regarding variations of this sort is all the time com-
ing in from different sources.

For a complete list of our sixty-nine native species of trees, the reader
is referred to page

For shade trees along the roadside, or in the front yard,_in country or
city, among our deciduous-leaved trees, the sugar maple (including the
black maple) is a general favorite and the one most extensively planted.
It is a fashionable tree, producing a dense, clean top, much the shape of a
well-built hay stack. Too many trees of this sort, however beautiful they
may be, give a monotonous appearance to a yard or roadside.

The American elm, when well grown, is the queen of the deciduous-
leaved trees of northern temperate regions, and is often planted. Our
numerous species of oaks are too much neglected as ornamental trees,
partially, perhaps, because they often hold their dead leaves during winter.

Among evergreens, for general planting, the white pine, arbor- vitse,
hemlock, red cedar and Norway pine, can scarcely be equalled by any
species in temperate climates. Well-grown hemlocks have been considered
by competent judges to be the finest evergreens in cultivation, while, in
many respects, the white pine cannot be excelled.

It should not be forgotten that a very large proportion of foreign trees
and shrubs have not proved hardy, or. after a few years, in some respects

24 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

fail and become unsightly. In this regard, if we try natives of our own
region there is scarcely any risk.

Doubtless the time will come, when the officers of at least some of our
rural highways will learn that it is next to vandalism to remove the last
.vestige of every shrub or small tree along the roadside. They often leave
a tree here and there, but these are frequently damaged by the trimming.
Groups or thickets of native shrubbery, including vines, untouched by ax
or bush-hook, are a great source of delight to a well- trained person, as he
views them while passing along the road. As a rule, at present, all bushes
and shrubs are considered by the average pathmaster as entirely out of
place and not to be tolerated in any well regulated neighborhood. There
never was a greater mistake, and the more we talk about it, the sooner we
may look for much needed reforms.

"Many of the most attractive highways in the State owe their beauty to
the shiftlessness of the pioneers, who allowed a mass of bushes to grow up
in the corners of the old worm fences undisturbed for a generation; after-
ward to be utilized by more thrifty successors in the embellishment of the
roadsides. No plantations formed by man are equal in beauty to these
irregular masses of trees that are of Nature's planting.

"Occasionally I note an example of the workings of some man's mathe-
matical mind, who has tried to clear out one of these rows, leaving a tree
once in so many feet, and thus ruining the effect for all time." — C. W.
Garfield, in Garden and Forest, 1888, p. 149.

" The Thorns and Dogwoods and Viburnums, the thickets of Elder and
Hazel, the Bitter-sweet and Clematis and Moonseed climbing over all —
the flora of the world has no more beautiful plants than these and a hun-
dred more which spring up of themselves and flourish until some one with
a zeal for * trimming up ' attacks them with grubbing-hoe and brush-hook.
And when the vines are stripped from the fences, and the brush all cut,
gathered and burned, the roadsides are thoroughly cleared, it is true, but
a desolation of rocks and ashes is all that is left in exchange for the
fragrance of flowers, the beauty and coolness of green leaves, and the
melody of the birds among them.

" It is a comfort to note that road borders of native shrubs are being
used more and more in the best park work. Every one of these shrubs
would grace a palace garden, and yet when they modestly appear along a
rural highway they are mowed down to ' improve the appearance ' of the
country."— Garden and Forest, 1889, p. 337.

PLANTING A GROVE.

Without discussing at present the utility of planting trees for growing
timber in Michigan, we can mos heartily encourage every farmer who has
the least inclination that way, to plant on some acre, more or less, one or
many specimens of native trees and shrubs of as many kinds as be can
secure. When properly attended to, such a piece will prove to be an addi-
tional attraction for home. If properly located, it will serve to check the
fierce winds which chill the animals in the barn, drift the snows in winter,
shake the apples from the trees in summer or lodge the grain before it is
ripe.

A part of this acre, or even more, could be planted to chestnuts, hickory
nuts, black walnuts, butternuts and hazelnuts.

FLORA OP MICHIGAN. 25

It will also be interesting to have a part of a country cemetery planted
with all the kinds of native trees that can be found.

PLANTING A WILD GAKDEN.

"Few have any conception of the great number of really pretty flowers
that may be selected from wild places, and cultivated with success in a
garden. As a rule, horticulturists have never attempted a selection from
our wild flowers as adapted for garden use. The botanist, as a rule, deals
with things in a wild state only, and therefore the subject has never been
thought of by him.

" Some are looking back with regret to the old mixed-border gardens;
others are endeavoring to soften the harshness of the bedding system by
the introduction of fine-leaved plants, but all are agreed that a great mis-
take has been made in destroying all our sweet old border flowers, from
tall lilies to dwarf hepaticas, though very few persons indeed have any
idea of the numbers of beautiful subjects in this way which we may
gather from every northern and temperate clime.

"What is to be done? Every garden should have a mixed border.

" To most people a pretty plant in the wild state is more attractive than
any garden denizen. It is free, and taking care of itself, it has had to
contend with and has overcome weeds which, left to their own sweet will
in a garden, would soon leave very small trace of the plants therein; and,
moreover, it is usually surrounded by some degree of graceful wild spray
— the green above, and the moss and brambles and grass around.

" There can be few more agreeable phases of communion with nature
than naturalizing the natives of countries in which we are infinitely more
interested than in those of greenhouse or stove plants.

"It is quite practicable to create aspects of vegetation along our wood
and shrubbery walks, and in neglected places, superior to any seen in
nature, because we may cull from the place of every northern, temperate
and alpine region; whereas in nature comparatively few plants exist wild
in a restricted space." — Garden and Forest.

In planting and managing a mixed border of native wild plants, or a
wild garden or botanic garden, whichever you choose to call it, there is a
great opportunity to acquire knowedge of the habits of plants. Some of
these lessons may be a surprise. In a small botanic garden at the College,
a considerable portion is river bottom of the Ked Cedar river. Summer
freshets have more than once killed spikenard, ginseng, adder's tongue,
burdock, dandelion, catnip, motherwort, houstonia, wild lettuce, May-
weed, mallow, broad-leaved plantain and many others not usually found in
abundance on river bottoms. Why these were killed and not most of the
others we cannot tell.

Some of the asters, goldenrods, hawkweed, great willow-herb, artichokes,
lilies, bladder fern, iris, bur-reed, water weed, arrow-head, cat-tail flag,
toad-flax, germander, yellow pond-lilies, and others, spread rapidly in
every direction, and if not disturbed will soon monopolize all of the
unoccupied land. A good many are more modest and spread little, but
root deeply as though they had come to stay. Of these, are water-dock,
several wild sunflowers, elecampane, rosin-weed, pokeweed, comfrey and
horseradish. Many are delicate and make slow progress, perhaps because
we do not understand their wants. Such with us have been the beautiful
hepaticas, gold-thread, trailing arbutus, wintergreen, cranberry, laurel,

26 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

rhododendron, Labrador tea, shin-leaf, pipsissewa, and most others which
have broad evergreen leaves. The hot suns in summer, but especially
those in March, kill the leaves.

In a garden we have a chance to study the effect of large masses of one
species of wild plant. The shape and color of the leaves and the posi-
tions assumed by each are very interesting studies. For example, the
dark lanceolate leaves of several sorts of wild sunflowers, each bunch five to
eight feet in diameter, hang down, overlapping one another in a beautiful
manner somewhat like the shingles of a roof. For the back part of a gar-
den in front of a tall fence, a building, or some trees or shrubbery, these
plants are appropriate and much more attractive than many suppose.

The large coarse plants of Silphium perfoliatum, cup-plant, are almost
subtropical in effect.

Wild lettuce has smooth pinnatifid leaves which hang down from the
erect stem, which is often ten feet high. Before flowering, this plant is a
real beauty.

Wild senna has long, pinnate leaves and racemes of yellow flowers. A
mass five feet high and six feet in diameter cannot fail to awaken the
admiration of every true florist. When placed together, it is striking to
study, by day or night, the change of position of leaves of most legumi-
nous plants, such as the last mentioned, including peas, locust, clovers and
the like.

Several of the wild asters and golden-rods, when placed in damp, rich
soil, in large bunches which are a trifle isolated, will astonish almost any-
one who has never seen them thus situated. The graceful, even outline,
the leaves and the flowers are a study.

Let us here call attention to the idea of growing some of our grasses in
large unmixed masses. The andropogons, wild sorghum, Panicum
virgatum, several species of Elymu<s (wild rye), bottle-brush grass, in fact
almost every grass we have, and there are sixty or more in almost every
neighborhood, are fine ornamental plants.

The horticulturist will be well repaid by a study of the sedges, of which
he will find a number that are valuable for use in masses, each sort by
itself in bogs or low places.

The fruits of our different species of Trillium are quite dissimilar and
afford good points for distinguishing them. ,

In a botanic garden or wild garden, throughout the season, from the
first willows to the witch-hazel and gentians, the apiarist can see what his
favorite insects visit for nectar and pollen. The mints always attract the
bees; they hum and crawl about the flowers of germander, blue-curls,
pennyroyal, spearmint, peppermint, watermint, catmint, bugle-weed, hore-
hound, dittany, hyssop, basil, marjoram, thyme, summer savory, calaminth,
balm, stone-Aot, sage, Oswego-tea, bergamot, horsemint, blephilia, gill,
dragon-head, cedronella, synandra, self-heals, skullcap, hedge-nettle, dead-
nettle and mountain mints. All of these and many more are mints, and
they are much benefited by the visits of bees, which are rewarded with
nectar for services rendered. One who passes by such plants can scarcely
help picking fragments for a nosegay.

The figworts, too, in large numbers are hardly less valuable, and to them
belong the mulleins, toad-flax, snap dragon, snakehead, pentstemon,
mimulus, and a host of others. The immense sunflower family contains
hundreds of plants valuable for bees.

Here the young and enthusiastic entomologists sweep in our insect

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 27

friends as well as our insect foes. They learn to look for certain insects
about the plants of a certain species, genus, or family.

Here the landscape artist can study the plants with reference to produc-
ing certain effects. Some are subtropical, some suitable for bog or
pond, some for sunshine all the day long, others only for shade. Some
are best in groups of one kind, others are best massed with one or
more sorts; some are eccentric, some noble, some clean, some strag-
gling. Plants with tall, slender, or naked stems may be properly
planted in or near low bushy ones which will support or cover
their nakedness. With some the chief glory lies in their flowers; with
others in the foliage. Some are out early in spring, and go to rest
during the heat of summer, while others barely get into flower when the
frosts of September appear. Some will be well cared for if all the allied
hardy species are placed in a ward or group, while others, like the violets,
shoot their seeds for a yard or more in every direction and soon become
hopelessly mixed.

Some plants are suitable for dry, sunny slopes, others retire to the shade.
Study the soil and location of wild plants to learn how to treat them in a
wild garden. The following are excellent to hang over the crest of banks
in exposed places: Wintergreen, bearberry, trailing arbutus, dwarf blue-
berries, dwarf June-berry, violets, harebell, wild asters, the sweet golden-
rod, anemones, the bushy andropogons and panicums, and the dwarf
sedges.

Cheap and unique ornaments are the sprouts of low stumps cut back each
spring to near the old roots. For this purpose use any oak, the Juneberry,
witch-hazel, the maples, ashes, basswood, poplars, alders, birches or
chestnuts.

If once well selected and well started in a wild garden, plants may
remain very attractive for a great many years without much attention,
save now and then a little thinning of the most vigorous to keep them from
overrunning their more retiring neighbors. Considering the outlay, if the
taste leads that way, one will get better returns for labor spent in a wild
garden than he will from the one neatly shorn near the house.

AUTUMN FOLIAGE.

For reasons which need not here be explained, the leaves of many of our
native trees during autumn assume different colors from the usual green of
spring and summer. In the autumn of some years, many trees are truly
gorgeous, and become the admiration of everyone. To set off these autumn
tints to best advantage, some evergreens or deciduous trees are needed
which retain their green colors till late in the season.

In planting along the roadside, in parks, cemeteries, or near the home
buildings, too little attention is usually given to the selection and arrange-
ment of trees with reference to what pleasure they may afford in
autumn. To render the subject more complex and the effects more uncer-
tain, trees of the same species do not all of them assume the same colors at
the same time in autumn. Certain trees or parts of trees are more bril-
liant than others. Different leaves or branches, or different parts of the
same leaves of some sumachs will be red, crimson, orange or yellow. The
red maples may be orange or gold, crimson or scarlet — and many leaves
may contain clear blotches of bright yellow, and scarlet splashed among
4

28 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

the deep green. The soil and degree of moisture, the nature of the season,
the age and thriftiness of a tree, all tend to modify its appearance.

To acquire hints as to what trees to set out, and how to arrange them
for producing the best effect, one should note the colors assumed in autumn
by our trees and shrubs, then like an artist, he can study all the compli-
cated or simple combinations possible.

The favorite views in the case of woody plants will most likely be found
along the edge of marshes, or, if viewed at a distance across an open field
or a valley, as the trees rise on the hills beyond.

"Everyone has noticed, in the case of the sugar maple, that on some indi-
viduals the leaves are all golden, while on others a portion are scarlet,
or that sometimes the leaves on a single branch turn scarlet while the
remainder of the tree is still green. Individuals of the scarlet maple differ
even more than sugar maples in this respect. On some the leaves are pale
yellow; on others they are green with scarlet margins; others are brilliantly
scarlet. In western Massachusetts there is one tree of this species, now
known from one end of the commonwealth to the other, whose leaves turn
from green first to deep, dark purple, and then to the most brilliant scar-
let. The leaves upon some trees of white ash turn to a deep, bronzy pur-
ple, while in others they turn pale yellow.

"If the leaves on a particular branch of a maple tree assume a particular
color one year, they will continue to do so, year after year, as long as the
branch exists. If the leaves of a certain oak are more brilliant than those
of any of its associates, they will continue to be so year after year.

"Planters, therefore, can well select and perpetuate these individuals as
the purple beech, pyramidal oak, have been propagated. The nurseryman
who will propagate by grafting maples or oaks or elms, selected with refer-
ence to autumnal tints of their foliage, will open the way to more effect-
ive plantations than have yet been made in this country, and will reap the
reward of his intelligence and enterprise. The field, so far as we know, is
entirely a new one." — Garden and Forest, 1888, p. 410.

Aside from the deep green colors retained till the hard frosts of autumn
by many thrifty specimens, most of our cone-bearing trees, known as
evergreens, are the most certain to remain green. Some of these should
\)9 selected for autumn planting as a background or "setting" for the
picture to be produced by trees of different colors.

NATIVE TREES AND SHRUBS ^SELECTED FOR THE COLOR OF THEIR LEAVES

IN AUTUMN.

a. Green.

Abies balsamea, Miller. Balsam Fir. After fifteen years it usually loses its beauty.
Juniperus Virginiana, L. Red Cedar. Becomes brown in winter.
Picea alba, Link. White Spruce.

" nigra, Link. Black Spruce. A slow grower.
Pinus Banksiana, Lambert. Jack or Scrub Pine.

" resinosa, Ait. Norway or Red Pine. Better than the Austrian.

" Strobus, L. White Pine.

Thuya occidentalis, L. Arbor Vitas. White Cedar.
Tsuga Canadensis, Carr. Hemlock. Needs protection from the strongest winds.

b. Brown.

Fraxinus Americana, L, White Ash.
Myrica asplenifolia, Endl. Sweet Fern.
Prunus Pennsylvania, L. f. Wild Red Cherry.
Pteris aquilina, L. Brake or Eagle Fern.
Quercus alba, L. White Oak.
Quercus rubra, L. Red Oak.
And many more trees and shrubs.

FLORA OP MICHIGAN. 29

c. Yellow and Orange.

Acer saccharinum, Wang. Sugar Maple.

" saccharinum, Wang., var. nigrum, Torr. and Gray. Black Maple.
Amelanchier Canadensis, Torr. and Gray. Service Berry, Shad Bush.
Betula papyrifera, Marshall. Paper or Canoe Birch.
Corylus Americana, Walt. Hazel-nut.

" rostrata, Ait. Beaked Hazel-nut.
Fagus ferruginea, Ait. Beech.

Hamamelis Virginiana, L. Witch-hazel. %

Larix Americana, Michx. Tamarack.
Populus grandidentata, Michx. Large-toothed Aspen.

" monilifera, Ait. Cotton- wood.

" tremuloides, Michx. American Aspen.
And others.

d. Scarlet, Crimson, Red.

Acer rubrum, L. Red Maple.

" spicatum, Lam. Mountain Maple.
Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Michx. Virginian Creeper. Our most valuable native

vine.

Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, Spreng. Bearberry.
Cornus florida, L. Flowering Dogwood.
Gaultheria procumbens, L. Wintergreen.
Gaylussacia resinosa, Torr. and Gray. Black Huckleberry.
Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh. Pepperidge. Sour Gum.
Quercus coccinea, Wang. Scarlet Oak.

" rubra, L. Red Oak.
Rhus copallina, L. Dwarf Sumach.

" typhina, L. Staghorn Sumach.

" venenata, DC. Poison Sumach.
Rubus Canadensis, L. Dewberry.

" hispidus, L. Swamp-Blackberry.

" villosus, Ait. High Blackberry.
Vaccinium Canadense, Kalm. Dwarf Blueberry.

Pennsylvanicum, Lam. Dwarf Bluberry.
" vacillans, Solander. Low Blueberry.

And many others.

NATIVE SMALL TREES OR SHRUBS DISTINGUISHED FOR THEIR FLOWERS.

Amelanchier alnifolia, Nutt. Service-berry.

Canadensis, Torr. & Gray. June Berry. Shad-bush.
oligocarpa, Roem. Service-berry. Shad-bush.
Cassandra calyculata, Don. Leather-Leaf.
Ceanothus Americanus, L. New Jersey Tea. Red-root.

ovatus, Desf .

Cephalanthus occidentalis, L. Button-bush.
Cercis Canadensis, L. Red-bud. Judas-tree.
Cornus florida, L. Flowering Dogwood.
Cratcegus coccinea, L. Scarlet-fruited Thorn.
Crus-galli, L. Cockspur Thorn.
punctaia, Jacq.
" tomentosa, L.

Hypericum Kalmianum, L. Kalm's St. John's-wort.
prolificum, L. Shrubby St. John's-wort.
Kalmia augustifolia, L. Lambkill. Sheep Laurel. Wicky.

" glauca, Ait. Pale Laurel.
Ledum latifolium, Ait. Labrador Tea.
Lonicera ciliata, Muhl. Fly-Honeysuckle.

" oblongifolia, Muhl. Swamp Fly-Honeysuckle.
Physocarpus opulifolius, Maxim. Nine-bark.
Potentilla fruticosa, L. Shrubby Cinque-foil.
Prunus Americana, Marshall. Wild Plum.

" Pennsylvania, L. f. Wild Red or Pin Cherry.
" pumila, L. Sand Cherry. Dwarf Cherry.

serotina, Ehrh. Wild Black Cherry.
*' Virginiana, L. Choke-Cherry.

30 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

Pyrus Americana, DC. Mountain- Ash.
" arbutifolia, L. f. Choke-berry.

var. melanocarpa, Hook. Choke-berry.
coronaria, L. Wild Crab- Apple.

" sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. Elder-leaved Mountain- Ash.
Rosa acicularis, Lind.

blanda, Ait. Early Wild Rose.
Carolina, L. Swamp Rose.
Engelmanni, Watson. Engelmann's Rose.
humilis, Marsha Low Rose.
Sayi, Schwein. Say's Rose.
'* setigera, Michx. Climbing or Prairie Rose.
Rubus Nutkanus, Mogino. White Flowering- Raspberry. Salmon-Berry.

odoratus, L. Purple Flowering-Raspberry.
S&mbucus Canadensis, L. Common Elder.
racemosa, L. Red-berried Elder.
Spiraea salicifolia, L. Meadow-Sweet.

" tomentosa, L. Hardhack. Steeple-Bush.
Viburnum pubescens, Pursh. Downy Arrow-wood.

NATIVE SHRUBS OB TEEES DISTINGUISHED FOB THEIR BEAUTIFUL FRUIT.

Celastrus scandens, L. Staff-tree. Shrubby Bitter-sweet.

Clematis Virginiana, L. Virgin's-Bower.

Cratcegus coccinea, L. Searlet-fruited Thorn.

Cratcegus tomentosa, L. Hawthorn.

Euonymus Americanus, L. var. obovatus, Torr. and Gray. Trailing Strawberry

Bush.

Suonymus atropurpureus, Jacq. Waahoo. Burning-Bush.
Ilex verticillata, Gray. Winterberry. Black Alder.
Lonicera, Seven species.
Menispermum Canadense, L. Moonseed.
Nemopanthes fascicularis, Raf. Mountain Holly.
Pyrus Americana, DC. Mountain Ash.

" sambucifolia, Cham, and Schlecht. Mountain Ash.
Rhus glabra, L. Smooth Sumach.

" typhina, L. Staghorn Sumach.
Rosa. Six species.

Sambucus racemosa, L. Red-berried Elder.
Sassafras officinale, Nees. Sassafras.
Symphoricarpos occidentalis, Hook. Wolfberry.
racemosus, Michx. Snowberry.

Taxus Canadensis, Willd. Ground Hemlock. American Yew.
Xanthoxylum Americanum, Mill. Prickly Ash.

A LIST OF NATIVE TREES AND SHRUBS DISTINGUISHED FOB THEIR SHOWY OR

BRILLIANT COLORED BARK.

Acer Pennsylvanicum, L. Striped Maple.
rubrum, L. Red Maple.
spicatum, Lam. Mountain Maple.
Betula papyrifera, Marsh. Paper or Canoe Birch.
Cornus sericea, L. Silky Cornel. Kinnikinnik.

" stolonifera, Michx. Red-osier Dog-wood.
Negundo aceroides, Moench. Box-elder.
Platanus occidentalis, L. Button wood. Sycamore.
Rubus villosus, Ait. Blackberry.
Salix humilis, Marsh. Low Willow. Prairie Willow.
" lucida, Muhl. Shining Willow.
" petiolaris, Smith.
Sassafras officinale, Nees. Sassafras.
Smilax hispida, Muhl. Greenbrier.

Young twigs, a year old, of the above species assume brilliant hues in
winter, excepting those of buttonwood and paper birch j^hich must be

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 31

older. The older stems of striped maple as well as the young ones are
attractive.

Shrubs or small trees in which the young stems are brilliant in winter
should be cut back erery spring.

There are many other interesting phases of bark, leaves, twigs, buds and
flowers, familiar to students of nature, but they cannot all be enumerated
here.

NATIVE CLIMBING PLANTS.

"The selection of plants to cover bowers, trellises, railings, old trees,
stumps, rootwork, etc., suitably, is an important matter, particularly as the
plants fitted for these purposes are equally useful for rough rockwork,
precipitous banks, flanks of rustic bridges, river-banks, ruins natural or
artificial, covering cottages or outhouses, and many other uses in garden,
pleasure-ground, or wilderness." — W. Robinson, in " The Wild Garden."

These may be divided into five sections according to their method of
getting themselves up in the world.

SECTION 1. Root Climbers.

Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Michx. Virginian Creeper. American Ivy. Sometimes

by roots; but mostly by tendrils.
Rhus Toccicodendron, L. Poison Ivy.

SECTION 2. Twiners.

a. Woody Twiners.

Oelastrus scandens, L. Climbing Bitter-sweet. Wax-work.
Lonicera glauca, Hill. Small Glaucous Honeysuckle.

" hirsuta, Eaton. Hairy Honeysuckle.
Menispermum Canadense, L. Moonseed.

b. Herbaceous Twiners.

Apios tuberosa, Moench. Ground-nut.
Convolvulus sepium, L. Hedge Bindweed.
' Dioscorea villosa, L. Wild Yam.
Humulus Lupulus, L. Hop.
Ipomcea pandurata, Meyer. Wild Potato-Vine.
Polygonum cilinode, Michx. Fringe-jointed Polygonum.

dumetorum, L., var. scandens, Gray. Climbing Buckwheat.

SECTION 3. Leaf Climbers.

Adlumia cirrhosa, Raf. Climbing Fumitory or Mountain Fringe.
Clematis Virginiana, L. Virgin's-Bower.

SECTION 4. Tendril Climbers.

Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Michx. Virginian Creeper. Five-leaved Ivy.
Echinocystis lobata, Torr. & Gray* Wild Cucumber.
Smilax hispida, Muhl. Greenbrier.

SECTION 5. Climbing by recurved Prickles.

Oalium asprellum, Michx. Rough Bedstraw.

Rosa setigera, Michx. Prairie Rose. Climbing Rose.

NATIVE PLANTS WHICH ABE VERY LIGHT .COLORED.

<a. Glaucous.

Alopecurus geniculatus, L., var. aristulatus, Torr. Fox-tail Grass.

Andromeda polifolia, L,

Baptista tinctoria, R. Br. Wild Indigo.

Corydalis glauca, Pursh. Pale Corydalis.

32 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

Dicentra Canadensis, DC. Squirrel Corn.

" Cucullaria, DC. Dutchman's Breeches.
Kalmia glauca, Ait. Pale Laurel.
Lonicera glauca, Hill. Glaucous Honeysuckle.

b. Clothed with White Hairs.

Amelanchier Canadensis, T. & G., var. oblongifolia, T. & G. Service Berry.
Anemone cylindrica, Gray. Long-fruited Anemone.
Anaphalis margaritacea, B. & H. Pearly Everlasting.
Artemisia Canadensis, Michx. Wild Wormwood.

Ludoviciana, Nutt. Western Mugwort.

Antennaria plantaginifolia, Hook. Plantain-leaved Everlasting.
Cnicus altissimus, Willd. Tall Thistle.

" Pitcheri, Torr. Pitcher's Thistle.
Gnaphalium decurrens, Ives. Everlasting.

polycephalum, Michx. Common Everlasting.
purpureum, L. Purplish Cudweed.
uliginosum, L. Low Cudweed.
Potentilla Anserina, L. Silver- weed.

' argentea, L. Silvery Cinque-foil.

A LIST OF SMALL EVERGREENS.

Antennaria plantaginifolia, Hook. Plantain-leaved Everlasting.
Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, Spreng. Bearberry.
Aspidium acrostichoides, Swz. Christmas Fern,

marginale, Swz. Shield Fern.
Cassandra calyculata, Don. Leather-Leaf.
Chimaphila maculata, Pursh. Spotted Wintergreen.

umbellata, Nutt. Prince's Pine.
Coptis trifolia, Salisb. Goldthread.
Epigcea repens, L. Trailing Arbutus.
Gaultheria procumbens, L. Creeping Wintergreen.
Hepatica acutiloba, DC. Liver-leaf. Hepatica.
" triloba, Chaix. Liver-leaf. Hepatica.
Hudsonia tomentosa, Nutt.
Lechea major, Michx. Pinweed.

" minor, L. Pinweed.

Mitchella repens, L. Partridge Berry. 0

Phlox bifida, Beck.

" divaricata, L.
Polypodium yulgare, L. Polypody.
Potentilla tridentata, Ait. Three-toothed Cinque-foil.
Pyrola elliptica, Shin-leaf.

rotundifolia, L. Shin-leaf.

" secunda, L. Shin-leaf.
Vaceinium macrocarpon, Ait. Large Cranberry.

Oxycoecus, L. Small Cranberry.
Waldsteinia fragarioides, Tratt. Barren Strawberry.

And many other plants might be added to this list.

BRONZE EVERGREENS.

The leaves of the following evergreens often assume a bronze color in
autumn :

Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, Spreng. Bearberry.
Epigcea repens, L. Trailing Arbutus.
Gaultheria procumbens, L. Creeping Wintergreen.
Rubus hispidus, L. Running Swamp-Blackberry.
Sarracenia purpurea, L. Pitcher-Plant.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 33

Vaccinum Canadense, Kalm. Dwarf Blueberry.

macrocarpon, Ait. Large Cranberry,

Oxycoccus, L. Small Cranberry.
" Pennsylvanicum, Lam. Dwarf Blueberry.

" vacillans, Solander. Low Blueberry.

To this list, also, other plants might be added.

PLANTS SUITABLE FOR WINTER BOUQUETS.

Antennaria margaritacea, Benth. & Hook. Pearly Everlasting.
Celastrus scandens, L. (fruit). Wax-work. Climbing Bitter-sweet.
Clematis Virginiana, L. " Virgin 's-Bower.
Cyperus. Different species, cut young.
„ Dioscorea villosa, L. (fruit). Wild Yam.
Eriophorum cyperinum, L. Cotton-Grass.

lineatum, Benth. & Hook. Cotton-Grass.
Euonymus Americanus, L., var. obovatus, Torr. & Gray. Strawberry Bush.

" atropurpureus, Jacq. Wahoo.

Gnaphalium decurrens, Ives. Everlasting.

polyceplyalum, Michx. Common Everlasting.
Grasses. Some species cut young.
Liatris scariosa, Willd. Blazing-Star.
Staphylea trifolia, L. (fruit). American Bladder-nut.
Solidago. Several species.

NATIVE BOG AND MARSH PLANTS WHICH ARE PROMISING FOR CULTIVATION.

Only a portion of the native plants found in bog and marsh are here
included and these are thought to be the best. Plants for this purpose,
as a rule, have received very little attention in this country, but, where
favorable conditions can be secured, this portion of a garden will give as
great satisfaction for the labor bestowed as any.

Acorus Calamus, L. Sweet Flag.

Alopecurus geniculatus, L. var. aristulatus, Torr. Foxtail Grass.
Andromeda polifolia, Salisb. Andromeda.
Arethusa bulbosa, L. An orchid.
Asclepias incarnata, L. Swamp Milkweed.
Aspidium cristatum, Swz. Shield Fern.
Thelypteris, Swz. Shield Fern.
Aster Novce-Anglice, L. Aster.

" puniceus, L. Aster.
Calla palustris, L. Calla.
Calopogon pulchellus, R. Br. An orchid.
Caltha palustris, L. Marsh Marigold.
Calypso borealis, Salisb. An orchid.
Campanula aparinoides, Pursh. Marsh Bellflower.
Cardamine pratensis, L. Cuckoo Flower.
rhomboidea, DC. Spring Cress.

var. purpurea, Torr. Spring Cress.
Carex. Many species.

Cassandra calyculata, Don. Leather-Leaf. .
Chelone glabra, L. Turtle-head. Snake-head.
Chiogenes serpyllifolia, Salisb. Creeping Snowberry.
Clintonia borealis, Raf.
Cnicus muticus, Pursh. Swamp Thistle.
Coptis trifolia, Salisb. Three-leaved Goldthread.
Coreopsis trichosperma, Michx. Tickseed Sunflower.
Cypripedium acaule, Ait. Stemless Lady's Slipper,

candidum, Muhl. Small White Lady's Slipper.

parviflorum, Salisb. Yellow Lady's Slipper.
" pubescens, Willd. Larger Yellow Lady's Slipper.

spectabile, Salisb. Showy Lady's Slipper.
Drosera rotundifolia, L. Round-leaved Sundew.
Dulichium spathaceum, Pers.

34 FLORA OP MICHIGAN.

Eriophorum polystachyon, L. Cotton grass.
Oentiana crinita, Proel. Gentian.

quinqueflora, Lam. Gentian.
serrata, Gunner. Gentian.
Geum rivale, L. Water or Purple Avens.
Glyceria Canadensis, Trin. Rattlesnake Grass.
Habenaria ciliaris, R. Br. Yellow Fringed-Orchis.
dilatata, Gray.

fimbriata, R. Br. Purple Fringed-Orchis.
psycodes, Gray. Purple Fringed-Orchis.
Helenium autumnale, L. Sneeze-weed.
Hibiscus Moscheutos, L. Swamp Rose-Mallow.
Hydrocotyle umbellata, L. Water Pennywort.
Impatiens fulva, Nutt. Spotted Touch-me-not.

pallida, Nutt. Pale Touch-me-not.
Iris versicolor, L. Blue Flag.
Kalmia glauca, Ait. Pale Laurel.
Lathyrus palustris, L. Vetchling..

" var. myrtifolius, Gray. Vetchling.
Ledum latifolium, Ait. Labrador Tea.
Lobelia cardinalis, L. Cardinal-flower.
" syphilitica, L. Great Lobelia.
Lonicera oblongifolia, Muhl. Swamp Fly-Honeysuckle.
Lysimachia quadrifolia, L. Loosestrife.
stricter Ait. Loosestrife.
thyrsiflora, L. Tufted Loosestrife.
+ Menyanthes trifoliata, L. Buckbean.
Muhlenbergia glomerata, Trin. Drop-seed.
Osmunda cinnamomea, L. Cinnamon Fern.
Claytoniana, L. Flowering Fern.
regalis, L. Flowering Fern.
Parnassia (either species). Grass of Parnassus.
Pedicularis lanceolata, Michx. Lousewort.
Petasites palmata, Gray. Sweet Coltsfoot.
Phragmites communis, Trin. Reed Grass.
Pinguicula vulgaris, L. Butterwort.
Plantago cordata, Lam. Plantain.
Pogonia ophioglossoides, Nutt. An orchid.
Polygonum amphibium, L. Knotweed.

Hartwrightii, Gray. Knotweed.
Potentilla Anserina, L. Silver- weed.

palustris, Scop. Marsh Five-Finger.
Primula farinosa, L. Bird's eye Primrose.

" Mistassinica, Michx. Primrose.
Rudbeckia speciosa, Wend. Cone-flower,
Rumex Britannica, L. Great Water-Dock.

" verticillatus, L. Swamp Dock.
Salix Candida, Willd. Willow.
" myrtilloides, L. Willow.

Sarracenia purpurea, L. Side-saddle Flower. Pitcher-Plant.
Saxifraga Pennsylvanica, L. Swamp Saxifrage.
Scutellaria galericulata, L. Skullcap.
Senecio aureus, L. Golden Ragwort. Squaw-weed.
Smilacina trifolia, Desf. False Solomon's seal.
Solidago Ohioensis, Riddell. Golden -rod.
" patula, Muhl. Golden-rod.

Riddellii, Frank. Golden-rod.
" uliginosa, Nutt. Golden-rod.

Spartina cynosuroides, Willd. Fresh-water Cord-Grass.
Steironema ciliatum, Raf. Loosestrife.
Symphoriearpus fcetidus, Salisb. Skunk Cabbage.
Vaccinium macrocarpon, Ait. Cranberry.
Valeriana sylvatica, Banks. Valerian.
Viola blanda, Willd, White Violet.
Woodwardia angustifolia, Smith. Chain-Fern.
" Virginica, Smith. Chain-Fern.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 35

NATIVE AQUATIC PLANTS MOST WORTHY OF CULTIVATION.

Alisma Plantago, L. Water-Plantain.
Brasenia peltata, Pursh. Water-Shield.
Glyceria fluitans, R. Br. Water Manna- Grass.
Leersia oryzoides, Swz. Rice Cut-Grass.
Lemna minor. L. Duckweed. Duck's-meat.
" trisulca, L. Duckweed. Duck's-meat.
Mimulus Jamesii, Torr. James' Monkey-flower.
Nuphar advena, Ait. f. Yellow Pond-Lily. Spatter-Dock.

" var. minus, Morong. Small Yellow Pond-Lily.

Nymphcea odorata, Ait. Sweet-scented Water-Lily. A pink form found in Otsego

lake, Otsego county, is especially fine.
Nymphcea reniformis, DC. Tuber-bearing Water-Lily.
Peltandra undulata, Raf. Arrow Arum.
Pontederia cordata, L. Pickerel-weed.
Potamogeton natans, L. Pondweed.
Ranunculus aquatilis, L. var. trichophyllus. Gray. White Water-Crowfoot.

" circinatus, Sibth. Stiff Water-Crowfoot.

multifidus, Pursh. Yellow Water-Crowfoot.
Sagittaria variabilis, Eng. Arrow-head.
Saururus cernuus, L. Lizard's-tail.
Scirpus fluviatilis, Gray. Bulrush.
Sparganium eurycarpum, Eng.' Bur-reed.
Spirodela polyrrhiza, Schleid. Duck's-meat,
Typha latifolia, L. Cat-tail Flag.

" angustifolia, L. Narrow-leaved Cat-tail Flag.
Utricularia cornuta, Michx. Bladderwort.

vulgaris, L. Bladderwort,
Zizania aquatica, L. Wild Rice.

A LIST OF NATIVE FERNS PROMISING FOR CULTIVATION.

Most ferns are easily injured by exposure to strong winds, and a large
per cent will not thrive when long exposed to direct sunlight. After observ-
ing these two points, and the sections under which the ferns are placed, a
little thought will enable any one to give most of our native ferns a suit-
able location and treatment to ensure success.

a. Thriving in sun or shade in poor soil.

Pteris aquilina, L. Eagle Fern, Common Brake.

b. Thriving in cooZ, rocky places.

Asplenium ebeneum, Ait. Spleenwort.

Ruta-muraria, L. Spleenwort.

Trichomanes, L. Spleenwort.
Aspidium Filix-mas, Swz. Male Fern.
" fragrans, Swz. Shield Fern.
Cryptogramme acrostichoides, R. Br. Rock- Brake.
Pellcea gracilis, Hook. Cliff-Brake.
Polypodium vulgare, L. Polypody.
Woodsia Ilvensis, R. Br.

Oregana, D. C. Eaton.

c. Thriving in bogs or swamps.

Aspidium cristatum, Swz. Shield Fern.

u Noveboracense, Swz. Shield Fern.

Thelypteris, Swz. Shield Fern.
Woodwardia angustifolia, Smith. Chain-Fern.
Virginica, Smith. Chain-Fern.

d. Thriving in rich woods.

Adiantum pedatum, L. Maidenhair.
Asplenium angustifolium, Michx. Spleenwort,

Filix-fcemina, Bernh. Spleenwort.

thelypteroides, Michx. Spleenwort.

5

38 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

Aspidium acrostichoides, Swart/. Shield Fern.

" aculeatum, Swartz, var. Braunii, Koch. Shield Fern.
Boottii, Tuckerman. Shield Fern.
Goldianum, Hook. Shield Fern.
Lonchitis, Swartz. Shield Fern.
marginale, Swartz. Shield Fern.
spinulosum, Swartz. Shield Fern.

" var. intermedium, D. C. Eaton. Shield Fern.
Cystopteris bulbifera, Bernh. Bladder Fern.

" fragilis, Bernh. Bladder Fern.
Dicksonia piloxiuscula, Willd.
Onoclea sensibilis, L. Sensitive Fern.

" Struthiopteris, Hoffman. Ostrich Fern.
Osmunda cinnamomea, L. Cinnamon Fern.
Claytoniana, L. Flowering Fern.
regalis, L. Flowering Fern.
Phegopteris Dryopteris, Fee. Beech Fern.

hexagonoptera, Fe"e. Beech Fern.
polypodioides, Fe"e. Beech Fern.

THE PROCESSION OF FLOWERS.
A. Flowers of April.

In northern climes there is greater interest shown for the flowers of
early spring, than for those of equal beauty, which may follow at any
other season of the year. After the usual long dreary winter, the first
approach of returning plant activity is always welcome.

The naked sticks, so long bare in their brown and gray, are covered
with swelling buds. From the dead leaves of last autumn ar& springing
forth hundreds of plants, all making arrangements for the work of the
season, in fact they began their work last summer and autumn, so that
flowers were all well formed and of considerable size before winter set in.
The date of blossoming varies much in different seasons, but in the
southern half of the State the following account is applicable:

The pioneer of wild spring flowers is the Hepatica, often called liver-
leaf or blue anemone, the thick evergreen leaf of which resembles a clover
leaf in shape with the parts somewhat grown together. In favored sunny
slopes, the flowers may often be seen long before the snow leaves the
shady banks.

A few inconspicuous weeds are in flower in early April; indeed, flowers
may be found at any time during the winter when there is snow to cover
the ground.

Alders and birches of the swamps next open their waxy catkins of
flowers. How can they tell just when it will do to venture out? How is
it that three, four, or more unusually warm days in autumn would not set
them all out, when they would perish? They have descended from a long
line of hardy ancestors, the injudicious or tenderest ones of which have
perished. Foreign trees and herbs are much more likely to be deceived
by unusual seasons.

A little later willows are covered with downy spikes, smooth as kittens,
soon spreading to woo the bees which seek the nectar and yellow pollen.

The American elm, the rock elm, the red elm, and the red maple all
send forth flowers before hanging out their leaves. In swamps or low
grounds, skunk-cabbage puts up its fetid bunch of flowers on a fleshy
stem as large as one's thumb. In a few places may be found the colt's-
foot from Europe, much resembling the dandelion. On low lands in some
portions of northern Michigan, may be seen the sweet-scented colt's-foot.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 37

Soon after, the spring beauty with pale rose-colored flowers delicately
lined with a deeper hue, shoots up its slender stem between two narrow,
thick, fleshy leaves. Its cup-shaped flowers are nourished by a tuber as
large as the end of a lady's little finger which is deeply buried in the rich
loam of the valley.

The mandrake or May-apple is now raising its buds which soon expand
like an umbrella.

The buds of beech, hickory and basswood are swelling every day and
are soon too large for their scaly coverings. Two or three species of
trillium are conspicuous on the hill side. They may be best admired where
they grow, for the odor of wilting trilliums is anything but agreeable.

On dry land through portions of the State, the fragrant sumach, a low
straggling shrub is occasionally seen, showing its small yellow flowers.
Leatherwood or moosewood is an interesting early bush, not growing
abundantly anywhere. It has very soft tender wood, while the bark is
very tough.

In shaded places may be found a pale, juicy little flower about the size
of your little finger nail, having two long spurs or horns. It is called
Dutchman's breeches, from a slight resemblance to those ancient gar-
ments. Another flower somewhat like it is called squirrel corn, because
some of the underground shoots look like bunches of yellow corn.

About this time watch for two or more grassy-looking plants called
sedges, and for the beautiful Isopyrum.

On little knolls at the south, or more frequently at the north, may be
found the partridge-berry, occasionally carrying some of its red berries
through the winter safe and sound from the birds, boys and squirrels.
The round, evergreen leaves are about as large as a cent. Wintergreens
with thick, bronzed leaves and red berries are attractive for April.

North of the middle portion of the State, the trailing arbutus or May-
flower hides its sweet pink and white flowers beneath the dead leaves.
Everyone admires this plant. Mosses and evergreen ferns in shady places
attract unusual attention at this time of year because of their beautiful
green color.

Toothwort and cardamine, two species of each, are out with their white
flowers. They are cousins to the cabbage, radish, turnip, mustard and
horseradish.

About this time look for several kinds of violets; then come the anem-
ones, one, two, three of them, early, beautiful, delicate. And here come
the small white flowers of the mitre-wort, fringed all around the edges
like a sweet little night-cap.

True to its time the June-berry or service-berry sends forth its clear
white blossoms, somewhat like those of a cherry tree. Late in the month
a yellow honeysuckle appears, and the early crowfoots, two or three of
them, with glossy petals of golden yellow. A phlox, also, begins to
untwist its fragrant petals.

Along wet land, curled under two dull green kidney-shaped leaves, may
be found a purple flower hiding itself from view. It is the wild ginger.
The dandelion, a thrifty naturalized foreigner, is just showing its yellow
heads covered with bees. Let Higginson describe the next: "The Blood-
root opens, a name of guilt, and a type of innocence. This fresh and
lovely thing appears to concentrate all stains within its ensanguined root,
that it may condense all purity in the peculiar whiteness of its petals. It
emerges from the ground with each shy blossom wrapt in its own pale-

38 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

green leaf, then doffs the cloak and spreads its long petals round a group
of yellow stamens. The flower falls apart so early that when in full bloom
it will hardly bear transportation, but with a touch the stem stands naked,
a bare gold tipped sceptre amid drifts of snow."

With the bloodroot come the lily-like yellow adder- tongues (and the
rarer white one). The mints and watercresses are running up their tender
shoots and are never more attractive to the eye or palate. But here comes
the first of May, and to enumerate more flowers would be to encroach on
her treasures.

B. Flowers of May.

We have seen that almost any neighborhood in the southern half of the
lower peninsula will contain not far from fifty plants which flower in
April. May finds many of these still in their prime, while others have
shed their pollen and are ripening seeds. In this month over one hundred
species are added to our list of wild plants in flower. We do not think it
necessary to attempt a complete list, but a few seem to merit a brief
notice. Along the brooks, cowslips are conspicuous, and on dryer soil,
the columbine. In May appear the flowers of Sassafras, two gooseberries,
two or three currants, a plum, a crab apple, several hawthorns, several
violets, an elder, Solomon's seal, three ashes and several oaks. Two
species of orchis, rather rare and very curious, have beautiful, fragrant
flowers. In the same family is the two-leaved lady's slipper and another
that is yellow. Toward the close of the month appear the flowers of black
walnut, butternut, buttonwood, some hickories, two raspberries, three
blackberries, a geranium, some potentillas, and the flowering dogwood, the
last of which at a distance looks as though the dry limbs were covered
with snow. These large white petaloid objects, four for each cluster of
inconspicuous flowers, are not petals at all, but an involucre. These serve
to attract insects to the small flowers between them.

C. Flowers of Summer and Autumn.

By the first of June flowers come thick and fast. The special interest
on the approach of spring has long since passed; the work of a busy sea-
son on the farm and garden, or study in the school, makes it difficult for
most people to find time enough to welcome each new arrival.

In June we find the flowers of the pitcher-plant, the bass-wood, the
cone-bearing trees and a large number of others, but this is most emphat-
ically the month for roses, grasses, and the introduced clovers of the field.
The rose family is a most valuable one, containing apples, pears, quinces,
medlars, service berries, peaches, almonds, apricots, nectarines, plums,
prunes, cherries, strawberries, raspberries and blackberries. It may well
be called the " fruit " family.

The grass family contains the cereals, Indian corn, wheat, oats, barley,
rye, rice, clover, sorghum, broom-corn, millet; also the meadow and pasture
grasses, such as Timothy, red top, June grass, fowl meadow-grass, blue
joint, buffalo grass, orchard grass, meadow foxtail, the fescues, rye-grass,
oat-grass, sweet vernal, Bermuda grass, and many more. It also contains
sugar cane and the bamboos. The grass family is king of the food-producing
plants of all the earth.

In June, along the east side of central Michigan, may be seen two
species of laurels (Kalmia), one of which Agassiz used to say was the
neatest flower that grew.

FLORA OP MICHIGAN. 39

In July, among the hosts of plants, may be found the flowers of many
of the figworts, including gerardias; also the mints, the sumachs, the St.
John's- worts, dogbanes and milkweeds, and the sedges.

August and September are noteworthy for many composite, including
asters, golden-rods and wild sunflowers. In this procession may be seen
the lilies and water lilies, the lobelias, and the weedy amaranths,
euphorbias, pigweeds and polygonums.

Some time in October when we find the closed and the fringed gentians
in their deep blue, and the slender yellow petals of the witch-hazel, we
shall know that the last of the procession of wild flowers of the year has
arrived, and that for a long six months we must wait for the beginning of
another floral display.

PLANTS INDICATING A FERTILE SOIL.

Acer saccharinum, Wang, Sugar maple, when the wood is solid and of fine

quality.

Acer saccharinum, Wang., var. nigrum, Torr. & Gray. Black sugar maple.
Adiantum pedatum, L. Maidenhair Fern.
Angelica hirsuta, Muhl. Angelica.
Apios tuberosa, Mcench. Wild Bean. Ground-nut.
Ariscema triphyllum, Torr. Indian Turnip.
Asplenium angustifolium, Michx. Spleenwort.
thelypteroides, Michx. Spleenwort.
Cassia Marilandica, L. Wild Senna.
Collinsonia Canadensis, L. Rich-weed. Stone-root.
Cratcegus tomentosa, L. Hawthorn.
Dentaria diphylla, Michx. Toothwort. Pepper-root.
" laciniata, Muhl. Toothwort. Pepper-root.
Dicentra Canadensis, DC. Squirrel Corn.

Cucullaria, DC. Dutchman's Breeches.
Fraxinus Americana, L. White Ash.

quadrangulata, Michx. Blue Ash.
Hydrastis Canadensis, L. Golden Seal.
Hydrophyllum Canadense, L. Waterleaf.
Virginicum, L. Waterleaf.
Juglans cinerea, L. Butternut.

" nigra, L. Black Walnut.
Menispermum Canadense, L. Moonseed.
Orchis spectabilis, L. Showy Orchis.
Podophyllum peltatum, L. May- Apple. Mandrake.
Quercus alba, L. White Oak. When well grown.

" macrocarpa, Michx. Bur-Oak.
Ribes Cynosbati, L. Prickly Gooseberry.
Rubus occidentalis, L. Black Raspberry.
Scrophularia nodosa, L., var. Marilandica, Gray. Figwort.
Taraxacum offlcinale, Weber. Dandelion.
Tilia Americana, L. Basswopd.
Ulmus Americana, L. American Elm.

" racemosa, Thomas. Rock Elm.
Uvularia grandiflora, Smith. Bellwort.
Verbena hastata, L. Blue Vervain. ,

When well grown and of good size, several other trees are indications of
good soil.

PLANTS INDICATING A BAEEEN SOIL.

For these, the reader is^, referred to the list of plants found on the Jack-
pine plains.

40 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

TREES VALUABLE FOR TIMBER.

The following list contains the names of sixty-five species and varieties
of native woody plants large enough to be called trees. All attempts to
arrange them according to value have utterly failed. One kind of tree is
most useful for one purpose, and another kind for another purpose. For
example, the relative abundance of the fine trees of any species has much
to do with their usefulness. Chestnut, red cedar, and black walnut are
three very useful kinds of timber, but the trees are now scarce in Michi-
gan. Among the highest for general purposes come white pine, white
oak, sugar maple, and white ash.

Abies balsamea, Miller. Balsam. Balm-of-Gilead Fir.
Acer dasycarpum, Ehrh. White or Silver Maple.
" rubrum, L. Red Maple.
" saccharinum, Wang. Sugar Maple.

Wang., var. nigrum, Torr. & Gray. Black Sugar Maple.
^Esculus .glabra, Willd. Fetid or Ohio Buckeye,
Amelanchier Canadensis, Torr. & Gray. Shad-Bush. June-Berry.
Betula lenta, L. Cherry Birch. Sweet B. Black B.
" lutea, Michx. f. Yellow or Gray Birch.
" papyrifera, Marshall. Paper or Canoe Birch.
Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt. Blue Beech.
Carya alba, Nutt. Shell-bark Hickory.
" amara, Nutt. Bitter-nut.
" microcarpa, Nutt. Small fruited Hickory.
" sulcata, Nutt. King-nut. Big Shell-bark Hickory.
" tomentosa, Nutt. Mocker-nut.

Castanea sativa, Mill., var. Americana, Gray. Chestnut.
Celtis occidentalism L. Hackberry.
Cornus florida, L. Flowering Dogwood.
Cratcegus coccinea, L., var. mollis, Torr. & Gray. Hawthorn.
Fagus fevruginea. Ait. American Beech.
Fraxinus Americana, L. White Ash.
pubescens, Lam. Red Ash.
quadrangulata, Michx. Blue Ash.
sambucifolia, Lam. Black Ash.
viridis, Michx. Green Ash.
Gleditschia triacanthos, L. Honey-Locust.
Oymnocladus Canadensis, Lam. Kentucky Coffee-tree.
Juglans cinerea, L. Butternut.

" nigra, L. Black Walnut.
Juniperus Virginiana, L. Red Cedar.
Larix Americana, Michx. Tamarack. Am. Larch.
Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. Tulip-tree. Whitewood.
Morus rubra, L. Red Mulberry.

Negundo aceroides, Mcench. Box-Elder. Ash-leaved Maple.
Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh. Pepperidge. Tupelo. Black or Sour Gum.
Ostrya Virginica, Willd. Iron wood. Hop-Hornbeam.
Picea alba, Link. White Spruce.

"• nigra, Link. Black Spruce.
Pinus Banksiana, Lambert. Jack or Scrub Pine.
" resinosa, Ait. Norway or Red Pine.
" Strobus, L. White Pine.

Platanus occidentalis, L. Buttonwood. Sycamore.
Populus balsamifera, L. Balsam Poplar.

grandidentata, Michx. Large-toothed Aspen.
monilifera, Ait. Cotton-wood.
tremuloides, Michx. American Aspen.
Prunus serotina, Ehrh. Black Cherry.
Pyrus Americana, DC. American Mountain- Ash.
Quercus alba, L. White Oak.

bicolpr, Willd. Swamp White Oak.
" coccinea, Wang. Scarlet Oak.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 41

Quercus tinetoria, Bartram. Black Oak.

" macrocarpa, Michx. Bur Oak.

" Muhleribergii, Engelm." Chestnut-Oak.

" rubra, L. Red Oak.
Salix amygdaloides, Anders. Willow.

" nigra, Marsh. Black Willow.
Sassafras officinale, Nees. Sassafras.
Thuya occidentalism L. White Cedar. Arbor Vitae.
Tilia Americana, L. Basswood. Linden.
Tsuga Canadensis, Carr. Hemlock.
Ulmus Americana, L. American Elm.

" fulva, Michx. Red Elm. Slippery Elm.

" racemosa, Thomas. Rock Elm.

THE BEST KINDS OF TIMBER FOE FIREWOOD.

The most prominent and best known are :

Acer saccharinum, Wang. Sugar Maple.

var. nigrum, Torr. & Gray. Black Sugar Maple.
Fagus ferruginea, Ait. Beech.

In some regions one or more of the five kinds of hickories are employed.
Ironwood is very valuable, though the trees are small. All sorts of trees
common in a neighborhood are more or less used for fuel. The heavier
the wood, when seasoned, the more valuable it is for fuel.

THE MOST DURABLE KINDS OF TIMBER FOR POSTS OR SILLS.

Costarica sativa, Mill., var. Americana, Gray. Chestnut.
Fraxinus quadrangulata, Michx. Blue Ash.
Juglans nigra, L. Black Walnut.
Juniperus Virginiana, L. Red Cedar.
Larix Americana, Michx. Tamarack.
Morus rubra, L. Red Mulberry.
Prunus serotina, Ehrh. Black Cherry.
Quercus alba, L. White Oak.

bicolor, Willd. Swamp White Oak.
macrocarpa, Michx. Bur Oak.
" Muhlenbergii, Engelm. Chestnut-oak.
Thuya occidentals, L. White Cedar.
Tsuga Canadensis, Carr. Hemlock.

In market, white oak, swamp white oak and chestnut-oak are usually
indiscriminately called " white oak," although swamp white oak is generally
tougher and more durable than white oak. For posts, red cedar is the best,
but too scarce to find its way into the market. For railroad ties the oaks
above named are much employed, with some use of red oak and black oak,
hemlock, white cedar and black ash. Poles for telegraphs, telephones and
electric lights consist almost entirely of white cedar. For piles, oak and
Norway pine are the favorites. White pine logs are bored, hooped with
steel and tarred, and then used for water pipes below ground. White
pine, whitewood, and tamarack are bored for pump logs.

FAVORITE KINDS OF TIMBER FOR THE CABINET MAKER.

Black walnut, black cherry, and curly maple are the oldest favorites,
while closely following them come white ash, black ash, butternut, white
oak, red oak, and black oak. More recently yellow birch has been much
employed, and still later American elm and sycamore. Nearly all of the

42 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

above are employed as veneers, mostly made by steaming and cutting into
thin sheets as the log is made to revolve on its axis. Knots or burls of several
trees are much sought for to be made into veneers. Trees of walnut,
ash or maple with wavy like patches or blisters are valuable for veneers.

The species of our native trees above named are most used for the
exterior or fronts of furniture, for finishing the interior of fine dwellings,
and for railway cars, but the timber of a very large number of other
species is employed for furniture which is covered with paint or for those
parts not exposed to view.

No one, so far as our knowledge extends, has yet taken the pains to
employ the wood of some of our rarest trees and shrubs for the purposes
noticed under the last heading.

For beauty and originality, we call especial attention to red maple,
coffee-tree, honey-locust, large hawthorn, June-berry, dogwood, sassafras,
red elm, hackberry, mulberry, ironwood, red cedar, papaw, prickly ash and
staghorn sumach.

TIMBEE FOE FAEM IMPLEMENTS.

Chief among the timbers valuable for this purpose, come white ash,
white and swamp-white oak, three or more species of hickory, rock elm,
sugar maple, black maple, and Norway pine; while, for certain portions,
basswood, whitewood, white pine, and a few others are much employed.

TIMBEE VALUABLE FOE LAEGE OE SMALL BOATS.

White oak and swamp-white oak and chestnut- oak are almost the only
timbers used where hardwood is needed and where it is more or less
exposed to moisture. For certain places tamarack is employed. Where
solidity is not especially required, white cedar is employed if the timber
be much exposed to water. For the upper and interior portions, all kinds
of timber are employed which are mentioned as suitable for cabinet work.

KINDS OF TIMBEE MOST EMPLOYED FOE BOXES, BASKETS AND BAEEELS.

Boxes for holding dry goods and the like are often made of white pine
or any other light timber, such as basswood or American elm.

For cheese boxes, peck measures, etc., American elm is steamed and
cut into the right shape.

For berry boxes whitewood is the favorite, when steamed and cut into
very thin sheets.

For baskets and bottoming cheap chairs, black ash was formerly almost
exclusively employed. White oak was also used in like manner for stout
baskets, and the twigs of willow were sometimes called into use. More
recently " bushel baskets," market baskets and peach baskets have mostly
been made of thin strips cut after steaming, from American elm, white-
wood, beech, birch, basswood or several other kinds of timber.

Barrels for liquids and flour are mostly made of oak, almost any kind if
sound; for salt barrels and wash-tubs, white pine is employed; for butter,
white ash is selected as it imparts no disagreeable flavor.

Basswood is much used for heading. For barrel hoops thrifty young
trees of hickory, bitternut, white oak, and white ash are the favorites, while
American elm is now extensively employed, the pieces being cut and
shaped properly while the timber of large logs is steamed till it is soft and
spongy.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 43

TIMBER FOE PAPER PULP.

For this purpose the clean logs of aspen, cottonwood, black or white
spruce and balsam fir are employed. Tamarack is good only the paper is
not very white. More recently several other kinds of timber have been
employed with success.

TREES FOR SUGAR.

Probably no experimenters will ever find a method of profitably making
syrup or sugar from the sap of any other of our native trees than sugar or
rock maple, black maple, and in some cases from red maple, and possibly
from box elder.

TREES AND SHRUBS BEST SUITED FOR SCREENS OR WIND-BREAKS.

For this purpose, evergreens are mostly employed. Mixed with ever-
greens or planted by themselves in dense rows or groups many deciduous-
leaved trees and shrubs are useful. Young white oaks and beeches hold
many of their leaves during winter and make a very good screen, but they
are unsightly at such times. The following are the common names of our
best evergreens:

Norway pine, where not too near the dwellings, though the tree is a little coarse.
Red cedar, grows rather slowly and becomes brown in winter.

White cedar, makes a dense though somewhat slow growth, and is a general favorite.
White pine, one of the very best. It may be cut back if desired, thus keeping the
trees denser and more stocky.
White spruce. Very good.

We enumerate some of the best deciduous-leaved trees :

American elm, Black maple, Pepperidge, Silver maple, •

Aspen, Black oak, Red maple, Sugar maple,

Basswood, Box elder, Sassafras, Tulip tree.

Beech, Mulberry, Scarlet oak, White oak.
Black cherry,

In selecting shrubs to mix with trees, there is no danger of going amiss.
Each possesses some peculiar merit.

Alders, for moist land, Elders, Mountain ash, Virginia creeper,

Bladdernut, Grape vines, Mountain maple, Wild crab,

Bittersweet, Hazels, Prickly ash, Wild plum,

Blue beech, Hawthorns, Service berry, Willows,

Choke cherry, Honeysuckles, Sumachs, Witch hazel.

Dogwoods, Judas tree, Viburnums,

SOME OF OUR WILD FRUITS AND NUTS, WITH SUGGESTIONS CONCERNING

THEIR IMPROVEMENT.

Considering the comparatively short length of time that North America
has been inhabited by civilized people, the improvement and general culti-
vation of so large a number of native fruits seems quite wonderful. This
list includes all of our blackberries and dewberries, most of our goose-
berries, all the hardy grapes, grown in climates like our own, all of our
red and yellow plums, all of the best red raspberries and black raspberries
and all the most valuable strawberries, All of our cultivated red or white
6

44 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

currants have descended from a small red currant found in Europe which
is thought to be identical with one found in wet places in northern
Michigan.

Although the improvements in fruits have been much greater during
the past two hundred or three hundred years, than during any correspond-
ing period of the world's history, we cannot help wondering what grand
results might have been attained had these experiments been continued in
North America through 2,000-4,000 years.

The advantages of experimenting with native instead of with foreign
plants is shown by the mere fact that they are already adapted to our
climate. Much time has been lost in making unsuccessful attempts to
acclimatize or to improve foreign fruits.

We know of no attempts in this country to raise seedlings by tens of
thousands such as could now be well undertaken by almost any of our
experiment stations. The great increase of numbers would increase the
probability of sooner obtaining the improvements sought for. In case of
apples, pears and quinces this subject has received too little attention, but
with strawberries and some of the others requiring little time for finding
the results, more experiments have been made. The often repeated rec-
ommendations of the late President Wilder in his addresses to members of
the American Pomological Society were: "Plant the most mature and
perfect seeds of the most hardy, vigorous and valuable varieties; and as a
shorter process, ensuring more certain and happy results, cross or hybridize
your best fruits."

In this connection, we consider ourselves very fortunate in being able to
reproduce portions of a most admirable essay which appeared in the pro-
ceedings of the American Pomological Society in 1873. It was written by
the late Dr. Asa Gray and has been greatly admired by the comparatively
small number ifijio have read it:

'" It would be curious to speculate" as to what our pomology would have
been if the civilization from which it, and we ourselves, have sprung, had
had its birthplace along the southern shores of our great lakes, the north-
ern shores of the Gulf of Mexico, and the intervening Mississippi, instead
of the Levant, Mesopotamia and the Nile, and our old world had been
open to us as a new world, less than four hundred years old.

" Seemingly, we should not have as great a variety of choice fruits as
we have now, and they would mostly have been different, but probably
neither scanty nor poor. In grapes at least we should have been gainers.
Our five or six available species, of which we are now just beginning to
know the capabilities, would have given us at least as many choice sorts
and as wide a diversity as we now have of pears; while pears would be a
recent acquisition, somewhat as our American grapes now are. Our apples
would have been developed from Pyrus coronaria, and might have
equaled anything we actually possess from Pyrus malus in flavor though
perhaps not in variety, if it be true, as Karl Koch supposes, that the
apples of the orchards are from three or four species. At least one of our
hawthorns, Cratcegus tomentosa, in some varieties, bears a large and deli-
cately flavored fruit, evidently capable of increase in size; it might have
been in the front rank of pomaceous fruits. In a smaller way our service-
berry would have been turned to good account; our plums would have
been the progeny of the Chicasa, the beach plum, and our wild red and
yellow Prunus Americana, which have already shown great capacity for
improvement; our cherries might have been as well flavored, but probably

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 45

not so large as they now are. But instead of peaches and figs we should
be discussing manifold and most luscious varieties of persimmon and
papaw, the former probably equal to the kaki just acquired from the far
east. As to strawberries, gooseberries, and currants, we should have lost
nothing and gained something, as we possess several species besides the
European types themselves; as to blackberries and raspberries we should
have been better off than now, by the earlier development and diversifica-
tion of our indigenous species. And we might have had all of our finest
strawberries a thousand or^ more years ago, these having come from our
American types, Fragaria Virginiana with its varieties (which as well
as the old world, F. vesca, occurs all across the continent), and F. Chilensis,
which ascends the Pacific coast to Oregon."

Had civilization had its birthplace in America, Dr. Gray believes "our
ground-nut (Apios tuber osa} would have been the first developed esculent
tuber, and would probably have held its place in the first rank along with
potatoes and sweet potatoes of later acquisition.

"Among the causes and circumstances which have given to the fruits of
temperate climates of the old world their pre-eminence, opportunity is
one. How many potential fruits of value lie undeveloped in this country
we know not, and shall never know. They have lost their opportunity.
Necessity, which is the mother of pomology as well as of other inventions,
has been fully supplied out of other accessible, and in some cases, no
doubt originally, better materials.

" There are some, however, for which evidently ' a good time is coming.'
Of these, our wild grapes are foremost. They have such a start already,
and seedlings, whether from crosses or otherwise, can be produced and
selected and reproduced in so short a space of time, that they will probably
have achieved their position when the American Pomological Society
holds its centennial celebration.

"Blackberries from Rubus villosus, are in a similar case; and if due
attention be paid to the low blackberry or dewberry, and to the sand
blackberry of New Jersey and farther south, the foundation for a greater
diversity of excellent sorts will be laid.

"As to cranberries, already an important staple, increase of size and
abundance of production are all that are to be expected. It is easier to
bring about improvements in the direction of sweetness than in that of
acidity. Huckleberries, also, have probably nearly reached their perfection
unassisted.

" A few wild fruits may be mentioned which manifestly have great capa-
bilities, that may or may not be developed in the future. The leading
instances in my mind are the persimmon and the papaw. The papaw is
wholly distinct from any other fruits we possess of temperate climates.
The custard apples of the West Indies give some idea of what might be
made of our papaw, when ameliorated by cultivation and close selection
from several generations.

" Our American plums, already mentioned, have for many years been in
some sort of cultivation, and have improved upon the wild forms; but I
suppose they have not been systematically attended to. Their extreme
liability to black knot and other attacks renders them, for the present,
unpromising.

" Finally, if pomology includes nuts, there is a promising field uncul-
tivated. Our wild chestnuts are sweeter than those of the old world; it
would be well to try whether races might not be developed with the nuts

46 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

as large as marrows or Spanish chestnuts, and without diminution of
flavor. If we were not too easily satisfied with a mere choice among spon-
taneous hickory nuts, we might have much better and thinner shelled
ones. Varying as they do excessively in the thickness of the shell and in
the size and flavor of the kernel, they are inviting your attention1, and
promising to reward your care. The butternuts and black walnuts are
waiting to have their excess of oil turned into farinaceous and sugary
matter, and their shells thinned and smoothed by continued good breeding;
when they will much surpass the European walnut.

" All this requires time, almost unlimited time; but it is not for those
who are enjoying the fruits which it has taken thousands of years to per-
fect, to refrain from the good work which is to increase the enjoyments of
far future generations."

LIST OF WILD FEUIT8, NUTS, ETC.

Amelanchier Canadensis, Torr. & Gray, and varieties. Service-berry.
Asimind triloba, Dunal. Papaw.
Carya alba, Nutt. Shell-bark Hickory.

" sulcata, Nutt. Large Shell-bark Hickory. King-nut.
Castanea sativa, Mill., var. Americana, Gray. American Chestnut.
Corylus Americana, Walt. American Hazel-nut.

" rostrata, Ait. Beaked Hazel-nut.
Fagus ferruginea, Ait. Beech.
Fragaria vesca, L. Alpine Strawberry.

" Virginiana, Mill. American Strawberry.

" var. Illinoensis, Gray. Wild Strawberry.
Gaylussacia resinosa, Torr. & Gray. Black Huckleberry.
Juglans cinerea, L. Butternut.

" nigra, L. Black Walnut.
Morus rubra, L. Red Mulberry.
* Podophyllum peltatum, L. May-Apple. Mandrake.
Prunus Americana, Marshall. Wild Red and Yellow Plum.

" pumila, L. Sand Cherry.
Pyrus coronaria, L. American Crab-apple.
Kibes Cynosbati, L. Prickly Gooseberry,
" floridum, L'Her. Black Currant.

oxyacanthoides, L. Smooth Wild Gooseberry.
" rubrum, L., var. subglandulosum, Maxim. Red Currant.
Rubus Canadensis, L. Dewberry,

occidentalis, L. Black-cap Raspberry.
strigosus, Michx. Wild Red Raspberry.
" villosus, Ait. Blackberry.
Vaccinium Canadense, Kalm. Canada Blueberry.
corymbosum, L. Swamp-Blueberry.
macrocarpon, Ait. American Cranberry.
Pennsylvanicum, Lam. Dwarf Early Blueberry.
vacillans, Solander. Low Blueberry.
Vitis bicolor, LeConte. Summer Grape.

" riparia, Michx. Frost Grape.
Zizania aquatica, L. Wild Rice.

NATIVE FOKAGE PLANTS.

The native grasses while young, from early spring to winter, without
exception, furnish a tender bite which is very acceptable to all sorts of
horses, cattle, sheep, and even swine and poultry. Most of the native
grasses (about 115 in number) grow in isolated bunches, more or less fre-
quent, and furnish but little food, while a considerable portion soon
become unpalatable as the summer approaches. The most important
native grasses for pasture or meadow are found in open places and are:

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 47

June grass, fowl meadow-grass, and several other species of Poa which
have no well-known common name; several manna-grasses (Glyceria); a
few small fescues, two or three Eatonias; blue-joint, two or three small
redtops, and several species of Muhlenberg's grass, two or three kinds of
mountain rice, reed-grass, two beard-grasses, and several panic-grasses.
The following, though quickly and thoroughly disseminated, are not native
to our State: Barn-yard grass, crab-grass, foxtail or pigeon-grass, sweet
vernal-grass, Timothy, meadow foxtail, the larger redtop so popular for low
lands, tall oat-grass, orchard grass, tall fescue, perennial rye-grass,
quick-grass.

Besides the true grasses, there are about one hundred and eighty species
of grass-like plants mostly found on marshes, which are called sedges.
They are mostly confounded with the grasses except by the botanist. In
addition to these are some twenty-five other narrow-leaved and grass-
like plants known as rushes which furnish more or less herbage. Many
of the sedges and rushes make hay of fair quality when cut early before
they become harsh and woody.

On the Jack-pine plains and in many other portions of the sandy stump-
lands in the northern counties are two species of sedges found abundantly
on dry land. These are Carex Pennsylvania, Lam., and C. umbellata,
var. vicina, Dewey; they are popularly called grasses by the residents of
those counties. Inquiries have frequently been made concerning the
name, and statements made to the effect that they were very nutritious
and that cattle got fat on them early in the spring. So far as we have
observed, cattle prefer something else as it starts in spring, thus leaving
the sedges untouched to grow all summer and remain green under the
snow till the following spring. In spring the cattle eagerly devour the
last year's growth of the sedges and thrive on it. This is but another
evidence that the quality of the fodder is not of so great importance,
provided animals can get enough of it, and can be induced to eat it.

Besides the native grasses, sedges and rushes there are great numbers of
other herbaceous plants, usually one here and there which are eaten by
hungry stock. Leaves and the tender growth of shrubs and young trees are
often eaten in great quantities, and in times of scarcity cattle get astride of
young trees bending down the tops so as to reach the leaves and twigs
Sheep eat the greatest variety of plants and thus where they feed closely
are valuable aids in the clearing of a new country. They eat briars, elders
and sprouts of stumps, but will leave some things which they do not like.
The weeds tnat are thus left have an excellent chance to spread and in
time occupy much of the ground once covered by the nutritious and edible
plants which have been removed. Here we see one of the most excellent
reasons for the interference of man in removing the weeds and in encour-
aging the introduction of the more valuable fodder plants. While these
early native pastures and meadows are of incalculable value to the pioneer,
without some care they soon deteriorate.

In times of great scarcity of feed in a new country, farmers used to fell
trees that cattle might eat the twigs, or " browse," which contain much
starch and protoplasm stored away by the trees ready to be used in giving
the young growth a start on the approach of warm weather.

Michigan has no native species of clover.

48 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

NATIVE BEE PLANTS.

In Michigan there is a very large number of plants which furnish a
good quality of honey. If the species is abundant in any region, it usually
becomes known to the apiarist as a good bee plant; if not abundant it very
likely fails to attract attention. A plant may be rare or important in one
region and abundant in another. In autumn, asters and golden rods are
known as excellent bee plants, because some few of the man^ species in
the State are plentiful in nearly every neighborhood, but the same sorts
of asters or golden rods do not everywhere throughout the State furnish a
great amount of the honey. As a rule, those plants which produce odor-
ous or showy flowers afford honey and will be visited by honey bees unless
the flower is of a shape which makes it impossible for the bee to reach the
food.

Probably in the State there are of native plants, introduced weeds and
field crops, a thousand species which furnish excellent food for bees. This
is nearly o;ne hundred times as many as t|he bee keeper has in mind,
unless he has given unusual attention to the subject.

Our open low lands furnish a large proportion of the bee pasture; the
forests some; the weeds and some of the field, garden and orchard crops a
fair amount. Extremely dry or very wet weather are both unfavorable to
the yield of honey. Drainage of the swamps and the clearing of waste
places are unfavorable to the interests of the bee keeper.

As the botanist now looks at the subject, colors and odors are mere
advertisements to call the attention of insects to the rich supplies of food
in store for them. It may be said that the honey is there for the bees,
but primarily it is there for the good of the plant, secondarily for the
good of the insect. Had good old Dr. Watts lived in our day, he would
have no doubt written his familiar verse in this way:

How doth the little busy bee

Improve each shining hour?
By carrying pollen day by day

To fertilize each flower.

NATIVE PLANTS FOR THE PEOTECTION OF HILLSIDES, EMBANKMENTS AND

DRIFTING SANDS.

The following, so far as we know3 are the most valuable:

Agropyrum repens, Beauv. Quick- or Quack-Grass. Well naturalized from Europe.
Ammophila arundinacea, Host. Sea Sand-Reed.
Apocynum androscemifolium, L. Spreading Dogbane.

" cannabinum, L. Indian Hemp.
Calamagrostis longifolia, Hook. Dogwood.
Carex siccata, Dewey. Sedge.
Cornus alternifolia, L. Dogwood.

" Bailey i, Coult. & Evans. Dogwood.

" stricta, Lam.

" sericea} L. Silky Cornel.

" stolonifera, Michx. Red-osier Dogwood.
Elymus Canadensis, L. Wild Rye.
Poa pratensis, L. June Grass.
Populus balsamifera, L. Balsam Poplar.
" monilifercij Ait. Cotton- wood.
" tremuloides, Michx. Aspen.
Rubus strigosus, Michx. Red Raspberry.
Salix. Any of our native species growing near by.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 49

Sambucus Canadensis, !L. Elder.

'* racemosa, L. Elder.

Spartina cynosuroides, Willd. Cord-Grass.
Viburnum. Any of our native species near at hand.

PLANTS FOR CARP PONDS.

Elodea Canadensis, Michx. Water-weed.
Qlyceria fluitans, R. Br. Manna-Grass.
Lemna minor, L. Duckweed.

" trisulca, L. Duckweed.

Potamogeton. Any of our numerous species. Pondweed.
Ranunculus aquatilis, L., and its varieties. Water-Crowfoot.

" multifidus, Pursh. Water-Crowfoot.

Sagittaria variabilis, Engelm. Arrow-head.
Spirodela polyrrhiza, Schleid. Duckweed.
Spirogyra. Several species. Pond Scum.
Vallisneria spiralis, L. Eel-grass.
Vaucheria. Several species of green pond weeds.
Wolffia Brasiliensis, Weddell.

" Columbiana, Karsten.
Zizania aquatica, L. Wild Rice.

There are several species of low, flowerless plants which would be
valuable in this connection.

Uiricularia vulgaris, L., Bladderwort, and some other species of this
genus have been employed, but within a few years it has been ascertained
that the small bladders catch and kill the young fish when very small.

NATIVE TREE-LIKE OR LiRGE SHRUBS.

The following list of woody plants includes those about which there
may be a difference of opinion as to whether they rank as trees or as
shrubs. Several that are mere shrubs in our State certainly rank as trees
when well grown on rich land in many of the States south of us. This
list numbers thirty species.

Acer spicatum, Lam. Mountain Maple.

Alnus incana, Willd. Speckled Alder. Hoary Alder. Black Alder.

" serrulata, Willd. Smooth Alder. Black Alder.
Asimina triloba, Dunal. Papaw. Custard Apple.
Cercis Canadensis, L. Red-bud. Judas-Tree.
Cornus alternifolia, L. f. Dogwood.

" circinata, L'Her. Dogwood.*

Cratcegus coccinea, L. Scarlet Hawthorn. Red Hawthorn. White Thorn.
Crus-galli, L. Cockspur Thorn. Newcastle Thorn.
tomentosa, L. Black Thorn. Pear Haw.

Euonymus atropurpureus, Jacq. Burning-Bush. Waahoo. Spindle-tree. Arrow-
wood.

Hamamelis Virginicd, Li. Witch-hazel.
Prunus Americana, Marshall. Wild Plum. Canada Plum. Horse Plum.

" Virginiana, L. Choke-Cherry.

Ptelea trifoliata, L. Hop-tree. Shrubby Trefoil. Wafer Ash.
Quercus prinoides, Willd. Chinquepin Oak.
Rhus copallina, L. Dwarf Sumach.
" glabra, L. Smooth Sumach.
" typhina, L. Staghorn Sumach.
" venenata, DC. Poison Sumach. Poison Dogwood.
Salix discolor, Muhl. Glaucous Willow.
" longifolia, Muhl. Sand-bar Willow.
" lucida, Muhl. Shining Willow.
Sambucus Canadensis, L. Common Elder.
" racemosa, L. Red-berried Elder,

50 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

Staphylea trifolia, L. Bladder-nut.
Viburnum Lentago, L. Sheep-berry. Nanny-berry.
prunifolium, L. Black Haw. Stag-bush.
Xanthoxylum Americanum, Mill. Prickly Ash. Toothache-tree.

LIST OF SMALLER SHRUBS.

There are one hundred and eight species and varieties.

Amelanchier alnifolia, Nutt. June- or Service-berry.

Canadensis, Torr. & Gray, var. oblongifolia, T. & G. June Berry.
oligocarpa, Roem. June-berry.

Ampelopsis quinquefolia. Michx. Five-leaf Ivy. Virginian Creeper.
Andromeda polifolia, L. Wild Rosemary.
Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, Spreng. Bearberry.
Betula glandulosa, Michx. Dwarf Birch.

" pumila, L. Low Birch.
Cassandra calyculata, Don. Leather-Leaf.
Ceanothus Americanus, L. New Jersey Tea. Red-root.

" - ovatus, Desf.

Celastrusscandens,Ij. Climbing Bitter-sweet. Wax- work.
Cephalanthus occidentalism L. Button-bush.
Cornus Baileyi, C. & E. Bailey's Cornel.
" stricta, Lam.

sericea, L. Silky Cornel. Kinnikinnik.
" stolonifera, Michx. Red-osier Dogwood.
Corylus Americana, Walt. Hazel-nut.

" rostrata, Ait. Beaked Hazel-nut,
Diervilla trifida, Moench. Bush-Honeysuckle.
Dirca palustris, L. Leatherwood. JVIoosewood.
Empetrum nigrum, L. Black Crowberry.

Euonymus Americanus, L., var. obovatus, Torr. & Gray. Strawberry Bush.
Gaylussacia resinosa, Torr. and Gray. Black Huckleberry.
Hypericum Kalmianum, L. Kalm's St. John's-wort.
prolificum, L. Shrubby St. John's-wort.
Ilex verticillata, Gray. Winterberry. Black Alder.
Juniperus comunis, L. Common Juniper.

" L., var. procumbens, Pursh.
Kalmia augustifolia, L. Sheep Laurel. Lambkill.

" glauca, Ait. Pale Laurel.
Ledum latifolium, Ait. Labrador Tea.
Lindera Benzoin, Blume. Spice-bush. Benjamin-bush.
Lonicera ccerulea, L. Mountain Fly-Honeysuckle.
" ciliata, Muhl. Fly-Honeysuckle.
glauca, U ill.

grata, Ait. Am. Woodbine.
hirsuta, Eaton. Hairy Honeysuckle.
involucrata, Banks.

oblongifolia, Muhl. Swamp Fly- Honey suckle.
Menispermum Canadense, L. Moonseed.
Myrica asplenifolia, Endl. Sweet-Fern.
" cerifera, L. Bayberry. Wax-Myrtle.
" Gale, L. Sweet Gale.

Nemopanthes fascicularis, Raf . Mountain Holly.
Physocarpus opulifolius, Maxim. Nine-bark.
Potentilla fruticosa, L. Shrubby Cinque-foil.
Prunus pumila, L. Sand Cherry. Dwarf Cherry.
Pyrus arbutifolia, L. f. Choke-berry.

" " var. melanocarpa, Hook.

Rhamnus alnifolia, L'Her. Buckthorn.
Rhus Canadensis, Marsh. Fragrant Sumach.

" Toxicodendron, L. Poison Ivy. Poison Oak.
Ribes Cynosbati, L. Prickly Gooseberry.
" gracile, Michx.
lacustre, Poir.

M oxyacanthoides, L.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 51

Ribes prostratum, L'Her. Fetid Currant.

" rubrum, L., var. subglandulosum, Maxim. Red Currant.
Rosa acicularis, Lindl. Rose.

" ArJcansana, Porter.

" blanda, Ait.

" Carolina, L. Swamp Rose.

" Engelmanni, Wats.

" humilis. Marsh. Dwarf Wild Rose.

" Sayi, Schwein.

" setigera, Michx. Climbing or Prairie Rose.
Rubus Canadensis, L. Dewberry.

" hispidus, L. Running Swamp-Blackberry.

Nutkanus, Mogino. Salmon-berry.

occidentalism L. Black Raspberry. Thimbleberry.
" odoratus, L. Purple Flowering-Raspberry.
" strigosus, Michx. Wild Red Raspberry.
" villosus, Ait. Common or High Blackberry.
Salix adenophylla, Hook.

•' Candida, Willd. Sage Willow. Hoary WTillow.
" cordata, Muhl, and varieties. Heart-leaved Willow.
" humilis, Marsh. Prairie Willow.
" glaucophylla, Bebb, and varieties.
" myrtilloides, L.
" petiolaris, Smith.
" rostrata, Richard.
" sericea, Marsh. Silky Willow.
" tristis, Ait. Dwarf Gray Willow.
Shepherdia Canadensis, Nutt.
Spircea salicifolia, L. Common Meadow-Sweet.
" tomentosa, L. Hardback. Steeple-Bush.
Symphoricarpos occidentalis, Hook. Wolfberry.
" racemosus, Michx. Snowberry.

" var. pauciflorus, Robbins.

Taxus Canadensis, Willd. Yew.

Vaccinium ccespitosum, Michx., var. cuneifolium, Nutt.
" Canadense, Kalm. Canada Blueberry.
corymbosum, L. Blueberry.
myrtilloides, Hook.
ovalifolium, Smith.

Pennsylvanicum. Lam. Dwarf Bluberry.
uliginosum, L. Bog Bilberry.
vacillans, Solander.

Vitis-Idcea, L. Cowberry. Mountain Cranberry.
Viburnum acerifolium, L. Dockmackie. Arrow-wood.
" cassinoides, L. Withe-rod.

lantanoides, Michx. Hobble-bush. American Wayfaring-tree.
Opulus, L. Cranberry-tree.
pauciflorum, Pylaie.
" pubescens, Pursh.
Vitis bicolor, LeConte. Summer Grape.
" riparia, Michx. Frost Grape.

WEEDS NATIVE AND INTRODUCED.

A new country is comparatively free from weeds, but as the years pass
by, one after another, weeds are introduced. . Some of them are natives of
the neighborhoods in which they are found, but most of them have been
introduced from other portions of our own country or from foreign coun-
tries. The farmer is not inclined to adopfc Emerson's notion of a weed as
" a plant whose virtues have not yet been discovered," at least he doesn't
purpose trying to find a use for them. The seeds of most weeds find their
way on to a farm nicely mixed with seeds of grasses, grains and clovers,
which are drilled in or sowed broadcast on fertile soil, where they are
afforded an excellent opportunity to grow and multiply. In some instances
7

52 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

weeds are introduced as a part of the packing or straw employed to pro-
tect castings, marble, crockery or fruit trees. Such foreign packing should
always be burned at once.

By these processes the older the country the more troublesome weeds it
will have, as every new intruder usually comes to stay. In most cases a
weed becomes well established before it is discovered and the inquiry
comes: " What is it, and how can I get rid of it?"

Weeds are likely to become most troublesome, where farmers are
slovenly and where they are not thorough in cultivating throughout the
season the so-called " hoed crops." In regions where " hoed crops " are
seldom raised or only raised in small quantity, certain weeds are likely to
prove very annoying. The majority of our weeds have been introduced
from Europe, as will be seen by a comparison of the two lists which
follow:

LIST OF WEEDS INTRODUCED FROM EUROPE.

The list includes fifty-seven species.

Alyssum calycinum, L. Alyssum.
Amaranthus chlorostachys, Willd. Pigweed.

retroflexus, L. Pigweed.
Anthemis Cotula, DC. May-weed.
Aretium Lappa, L. Burdock.
Brassica nigra, Koch. Black Mustard.
Sinapistrum, Boiss. Charlock.
Bromus secalinus, L. Cheat. Chess.
Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Moench. Shepherd's Purse.
Chenopodium album, L. Lamb's Quarters. Pigweed.
Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, L. White Daisy. Ox-Eye Daisy.
Cichorium Intybus, L. Chicory.
Onicus arvensis, Hoffm. Canada Thistle.

" lanceolatus, Hoffm. Common Thistle. Bull Thistle.
Conium maculatum, L, Poison Hemlock.
Convolvulus arvensis, L. Bindweed.
Cynoglossum officinale, L. Hound's-Tongue.
Datura Stramonium, ~L. Stramonium. Thorn Apple.
Daucus Carota, L. Carrot.
Dipsacus sylvestris, Mill. Wild Teasel.
Echinospermum Lappula, Lehm. Stickseed.
Eragrostis major, Host.

Hypericum perforatum, L. St. John's wort.
Inula Helenium, L. Elecampane.
Lactuca Scariola, L. Prickly Lettuce.
Leonurus Cardiaca, L. Mother wort.
Linaria vulgaris, Mill. Ramsted. Butter and Eggs.
Lithospermum arvense, L. Red root. Corn Gromwell. Wheat Thief.
Lychnis Githago, Lam. Corn Cockle.
Malva rotundifolia, L. Common Mallow.
Medieago lupulina, L. Black Medick.
Melilotus alba, Lam. White Melilot. Sweet Clover.
Nepeta Cataria, L. Catnip.
Panicum Crus-galli, L. Barnyard-Grass.
" glabrum, Gaudin. Panic Grass.

sanguinale, L. Crab- or Finger-Grass.
Plantago lanceolata, L. Ribgrass. English Plantain.
Polygonum Convolvulus, L. Black Bindweed.
Portulaca oleracea, L. Purslane.
Ranunculus acris, L. Buttercups.

bulbosus, L. Buttercups.
Rumex Acetosella, L. Field or Sheep Sorrel.

" crispus, L. Curled Dock.

" obtusifolius, L. Bitter Dock.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 53

Sapovaria officinalis, L. Soapwort. Bouncing Bet.
Setaria glauca, Beauv. Foxtail. Pigeon-Grass.

" viridis, Beauv. Green Foxtail. Bottle-Grass.
Silene noetiflora, L. Night flowering Catchfly.
Sisyvibrium officinale, Scop. Hedge Mustard.
Sonclius asper, Vill. Spiny-leaved Sow Thistle.

" oleraceus, L. Sow Thistle.
Stellaria media, Smith. Chickweed.
Tanacetum vulgare, L. Common Tansy.
Taraxacum officinale, Weber. Dandelion.
Tragopogon pratensis, L. Goafs-beard,
Verbascum Blattaria, L. Moth Mullein.
Thapsus, L. Mullein.

LIST OF INDIGENOUS WEEDS.

This includes twenty-two species.

Amarantus albus, L, Tumble Weed.

" blitoides, Watson.

Ambrosia artemisicefolia, L. Roman Wormwood. Hog- weed.
Artemisia biennis, Willd. Biennial Wormwood.
Bidens frondosa, L. Beggar-ticks. Stick-tight.
Brunclla vulgaris, L. Heal-all.
CencJirus tribuloides, L. Hedge-hog- or Bur-Grass.
Chenopodium hybridum, L. Maple-leaved Goosefoot.
Cypei -as esculantus, L. Nut-grass.
Erigeron Canadensis, L. Horse-weed. Butter-weed.
Hedeoma pulegioides, Pers. Pennyroyal.
Helianthus tuberosus, L. Jerusalem Artichoke.
Lepidium Virginicum, L. Peppergrass.
CEnotkera biennis, L. Evening Primrose.
Panic um capillare, L. Old-witch Grass.
Planlago major, L. Plantain.

" Rugelii, Decaisne. Plantain.
Polygonum aviculare, L. Knotgrass.

erectum, L. Erect Knotgrass.
Rudbcckia hirta, L. Cone-flower.
Urtica, gracilis, Ait. Tall Wild Nettle.
Xanthium Canadense, Mill. Cocklebur. Clotbur.

LIST OF BARE OB LOCAL PLANTS.

Most of our rare or local plants are included in the following list:

Acerates viridiflora, Ell. Green Milkweed.
Adlumia cirrhosa, Raf. Climbing Fumitory.
j32scu lus glabra, Willd. Fetid or Ohio Buckeye.
Agrimonia parviflora, Ait. Small-flowered Agrimony.
Aletris farinosa, Li. Colic-root. Star-grass.
Amorj>ha canescens, Nutt. Lead-Plant.
Anemonella thalictroides, Spach. Rue- Anemone.
Aristida purpurascens, L. Triple-awned Grass.
Asclepias obtusifolia, Michx. Obtuse-leaved Milkweed.

verticillata, L. Whorled Milkweed.
Asplenium viride, Hudson. Spleenwort.
Astragalus Canadensis, L. Milk Vetch.

Cooper i, Gray. Cooper's Vetch.
Baptixia leucantha, T. and G. Wild Indigo.
Bartonia tenella, Muhl. Bartonia. Screw-stem.
Botrychium Lunaria, Swz. Moonwort.

simplex, Hitchcock. Moonwort.
Bromus breviaristatus, Thurber. Brome-Grass.

" Kalmii, Gray. Wild Chess.
Bouteloua racemosa, Lag. Muskit-Grass.

54 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

Buchnera Americana, L. Blue-Hearts.
Cacalia suaveolens, L. Indian Plantain.

" tuberosa, Nutt. Tuberous Indian Plantain.
Calamagrostis stricta, Trin. Reed Bent-Grass.
Calypso borealis, Salisb.

Camassia Fraseri, Torr. Eastern Camass. Wild Hyacinth.
Cardamine pratensis, L. Cuckoo Flower.
Carex adusta, Boott. Sedge.

jilopecoidea, Tuck., var. sparsispicata, Dewey. Sedge.
" aquatilis, Wahl. Sedge.
" castanea, Wahl. Sedge.
" Crus-corvi, Shuttlew. Sedge.
" Davisii, Schwein. and Torr. Sedge.
" decomposita, Muhl. Sedge.
" exilis, Dewey.
" formosa, Dewey. Sedge.

" hystricina, Muhl., var. Dudleyi, Bailey. Sedge.
" laxiculmis, Schwein. Sedge.
" pallescens, L. Sedge.
" Richardsoni, R. Br. Sedge.
•" Sartwettu. Dewey. Sedge.
" scabrata, Schwein. Sedge.
" Schweinitzii, Dewey. Sedge.
" scirpoidea, Michx. Sedge.

squarrosa, L. Sedge.
" sychnocephala, Carey. Sedge.
" triceps, Michx., var hirsuta, Bailey. Sedge.
" umbellata, Schkuhr. Sedge.
" Willdenovii, Schkuhr. Sedge.

Castanea sativa, Mill., var. Americana, Gray. Chestnut.
Cerastium arvense, L. Field Chickweed.
Cercis Canadensis, L. Red-bud. Judas-tree.
Chimaphila maculata, Pursh. Spotted Wmtergreen.
Cimicifuga racemosa, Nutt. Black Cohosh.
Claytonia Caroliniana, Michx. Spring. Beauty.
Commelina Virginica, L. Day -Flower.
Coreopsis palmata, Nutt. Tickseed.

verticillata, L.
Cyperus aristatus, Rottb. Galingale.

" Engelmanni, Steud. Galingale.
Cypripedium arietinum, R. Br. Ram's-Head Lady's Slipper.

candidum, Muhl. White Lady's Slipper.
Dalibarda repens, L. Barren Strawberry.
Desmodium ciliare, DC. Tick-Trefoil.

Illinoense, Gray. Tick-Trefoil.
Marilandieum, F. Boott. Tick-Trefoil.
rigidum, DC. Tick-Trefoil.
sessilifolium, T. and G. Tick-Trefoil.
Diarrhena Americana, Beauv. Grass.
Dicksonia pilosiuscula. Willd. Fern.
Dodecatheon Meadia, L. Shooting-Star.
Draba Caroliniana, Walt. Whitlow-Grass.
Dracocephalum parviflorum, Nutt. Dragon-Head.
Eatonia Dudleyi, Vasey.
Eleocharis equisetoides, Torr. Spike-Rush.

olivacea, Torr. Spike-Rush.
" pygmcea, Torr. Spike-Rush.
" quadrangulata, R. Br. Spike-Rush.
" Robbinsii, Oakes. Spike-Rush.

rostellata, Torr. Spike-Rush.
Equisetum variegatum, Schleicher. Horsetail.
Eragrostis pectinacea, Gray, var. spectabilis, Gray.
Eriophorum vaginatum, L. Cotton-Grass.

Eryngium yucccefolium, Michx. Rattlesnake-Master. Button Snakeroot.
Frasera Carolinensis, Walt. American Columbo.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 55

Fraxinus pubescens, Lam. Red Ash.

" viridis, Michx. Green Ash.
Galium continuum, T. and G. Bedstraw.
Oaura biennis, L.
Gentiana alba, Muhl. Whitish Gentian.

u puberula, Michx. Blue Gentian.

" Saponaria, L. Soapwort Gentian.

serrata, Gunner. Smaller Fringed Gentian.
Gerardia auriculata, Michx. Wild Foxglove.
Geum triflorum, Pursh. Three-flowered Avens.
Gillenia trifoliata, Moench. Bowman's Root.

Gleditschia triacanthos, L. Honey-Locust. Three-thorned Acacia.
Glyceria pallida, Trin. Manna-Grass.
Graphephorum melicoideum, Desv.
Habenaria ciliaris, R. Br. Yellow Fringed-Orchis.

leucopho&a, Gray. Western Orchis.
Helianthus rigidus, Desf. Wild Sunflower.
Hemicarpha subsquarrosa, Nees.
Heuchera Americana, L. Common Alum -root.
Hierochloe borealis, Roem. & Schultes. Vanilla Grass.
Hydrastis Canadensis, L. Golden Seal. Yellow Puccoon.
Hydrocotyle umbellata, L. Water Pennywort.
Hypericum ellipticum, Hook St. Johns-wort.
Ipomoza pandurata, Meyer. Wild Potato-vine.
Iris lacustris, Nutt. Dwarf Lake Iris.
Lactuca hirsuta, Muhl. Wild Lettuce.

Liatris cylindracea, Michx. Button Snakeroot. Blazing-Star.
Liparis liliifolia, Rich. Twayblade.
Melica Smithii, Vasey.

Mertensia Virginica, DC. Virginian Cowslip. Lungwort. Blue Bells.
Mimulus Jamesii, Torr. Monkey-flower.

" moschatus, Dougl. Monkey-flower.
Monarda didyma, L. Oswego Tea. Bee- Balm.
Moneses grandiflora, Salisb. One-flowered Pyrola.
Muhlenbergia Wildenovii, Trin. Grass.
Myosotis verna, Nutt. Scorpion-grass. Forget-me-not.
Nasturtium lacustre, Gray. Lake Cress.
Opuntia Rafinesquii, Engelm. Prickly Pear.
Onyzppsis Canadensis, Torr. Mountain Rice.
Panicum clandestinum, L. Panic-Grass.

" xanthophysum, Gray. Panic-Grass.
Pellcea gracilis, Hook. Cliff- brake.
Pentstemon Icevigatus, Solander. Beard-tongue.
Phlox bifida, Beck. Phlox.
Poa nemoralis, L. Meadow-Grass.
Pogonia pendula, Lind.

" verlicillata, Nutt.
Polytcenia Nuttallii, DC.
Potamogetonhybridus, Michx. Pondweed.
marinus, L. Pondweed.
Robbinsii, Oakes.

Poterium Canadense, B. and H. Burnet.
Prenanthes racemosa, Michx.

Primula Mistassinica, Michx. Primrose. Cowslip.
Quercus prinoides, Willd. Dwarf Chestnut Oak.

" imbricaria, Michx. Laurel or Shingle Oak.
Ranunculus ambigens, Watson. Water Plantain. Spear wort.

rhomboideus, Goldie. Early Crowfoot.
Rhus Canadensis, Marsh. Fragrant Sumach.
Rosa setigera, Michx. Climbing or Prairie Rose.
Ruellia ciliosa, Pursh.

Sabbatia angularis, Pursh. American Centaury.
Sagittaria graminea, Michx. Grass-leaved Arrow-head.
Salix balsamifera, Barratt.

" tristis, Ait. Dwarf Gray Willow.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

Scheuchzeria palustris, L.

Seirpus Clintonii, Gray. Bulrush. Club-Rush.
' ccespitosus, L. Bulrush.
Olneyi, Gray. Bulrush.
polyphyllus, Vahl. Bulrush.
Smithii, Gray. Bulrush.
Torreyi, Olney. Bulrush.
Scleria triglomerata, Michx. Nut-Rush.

" verticillata, Muhl. Nut-Rush.
Scutellaria parvula, Michx. Skullcap.

pilosa, Michx. Skullcap.
Selaginella spinosa, Beauv.
Silphium integrifolium, Michx.

laciniatum, L. Rosin- weed. Compass-Plant.
" perfoliatum, L. Cup-Plant.
Solea concolor, Ging. Green Violet.
Spircea lobata, Jacq. Queen of the Prairie.

" tomentosa, L. Hardhack. Steeple-Bush.
Spiranthes latifolia, Torr. Ladies' Tresses.
Siachys hyssopifolia, Michx. Hedge-Nettle.
Stellaria crassifolia, Ehrh. Starwort. Chickweed.
Stylophorum diphyllum, Nutt. Celandine Poppy.
Synthyris Houghtoniana, Benth.
Tiedemannia rigida, C. & R. Cowbane.
Tipularia discolor, Nutt. Crane-fly" Orchis.
Trillium nivale, Riddell. Dwarf White Trillium.

" sessile, L. Sessile Wake Robin.
Typha angustifolia, L. Narrow-leaved Cat- tail Flag.
Utricularia gibba, L. Bladderwort.

minor, L. Smaller Bladderwort.
resupinata, B. D. Greene.
Valeriana edulis, Nutt. Valerian.
Viburnum prunifolium, L. Black Haw.
Viola lanceolata, L. Lance-leaved Violet.
Waldsteinia fragarioides, Tratt. Barren Strawberry.
Woodwardia angustifolia, Smith. Chain-Fern.

NATIVE PLANTS FAST DISAPPEARING.

Many of our fathers and grandfathers spent a considerable portion of
their energies in clearing away trees, shrubs, and breaking up the land
that they might have fertile fields. The newer portions of our State are
still rapidly undergoing this same transition.

As the country becomes older and more thickly settled almost every-
thing seems to conspire against the trees and smaller plants. Proprietors
are still making extensions to their clearings. The " tidy " farmer ditches
the cat-holes and marshes, clears out the elders and viburnums to make
more room for turnips and better grasses. He turns stock into the wood lot
and the flowers of spring and summer retreat to the brush-heaps and a few
places inaccessible to the cattle. Fire burns out the dried-up swamps.
The officers of the railroad see that the strips alongside the track are often
mowed. The highways are attacked and the larger vegetation removed.
In places, nurserymen or their agents collect large numbers of the choicer
wild plants, as prairie roses and lady's slippers. Near high schools and
colleges, the student collectors exterminate many choice plants, root and
branch.

Many wild plants vigorously protest against these attempts toward their
extermination, and start again and again to recover the lost ground, but
with the hand of a thorough farmer against them, sooner or later they
succumb, the scattered remnants only surviving in the few remaining
swamps, along railroads, on a few ragged hills and out of the way places.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 57

The small prairies in the two tiers of southern counties were formerly
the home of quite a number of southern and western plants which are
seldom found today. Among these may be mentioned:

Amorpha canescens, Nutt. Lead-Plant.
Bapti-sia leucantha, T. & G. Wild Indigo.
Bouteloua racemosa, Lag. Muskit-Grass.
Buchnera Americana, L. Blue-Hearts.
Gacalia suaveolens, L. Indian Plantain.

" tuberosa, Nutt. Tuberous Indian Plantain,
Camassia Fraseri, Torr. Eastern Camass. Wild Hyacinth.
Commelina Virginica, L. Day-Flower.
Coreopsis palmata, Nutt.
Dalibarda repens, L. Barren Strawberry.
Desmodium ciliare, DC. Tick-Trefoil.

Illinoense, Gray. Tick-Trefoil.
" sessilifolium, T. & G. Tick-Trefoil.

Diarrhena Americana, Beauv.
Dodecatheon Meadia, L. Shooting-Star.

Eryngium yucccefolium, Michx. Rattlesnake-Master. Button Snake-Root.
Gaura biennis, L.

Gentiana puberula. Michx. Blue Gentian.
" Saponaria, L. Soapwort Gentian.
Gerardia auriculata, Michx. Wild Foxglove.
Gillenia trifoliata, Moench. Bowman's Root.
Helianthus rigidus, Desf . Wild Sunflower.
Penlstemon Icevigatus, Solander. Beard-tongue.
Phlox bifida, Beck.
Pogonia pendula, Lindl.

" verticillata, Nutt.
Polytcenia Nuttallii, DC.
Poterium Canadense, B. & H. Burnet.
.Rosa setigera, Michx. Climbing or Prairie Rose.
Ruellia ciliosa, Pursh.
Scutellaria pilosa, Michx. Skullcap.
Silphium integrifolium, Michx.

laciniatum, L. Rosin-weed. Compass-Plant.
perfoliatum, L. Cup-Plant.
Spiraea lobata, Jacq. Queen of the Prairie.
Synthyris Houghtoniana, Benth.
Viburnum prunifolium, L. Black Haw.

LIST OF PLANTS INTRODUCED FROM EUROPE AND BECOMING NATURALIZED.

One hundred and forty-two species of plants have been introduced
from Europe into Michigan.

Abutilon Avicennce, Gaertn. Velvet-Leaf.
Agrostis alba, L. White Bent-Grass. Red Top.

" var. vulgaris, Thurb. Red Top.
Alopecurus geniculatus, L. Floating Foxtail.

pratensis, L. Meadow Foxtail.
Alyssum calycinum, L.
Amarantus chlorostachys, Willd. Pigweed.

retroflexus, L. Pigweed.
Anthemis arvensis, L. Corn Camomile.

Cotula, DC. May- weed.

Anthoxanthum odoratum, L. Sweet Vernal-Grass.
Arenaria serpyllifolia, L. Thyme-leaved Sand wort.
Arctium Lappa, L. Burdock.
Asparagus ojficinale, L. Asparagus.
Brassica alba, Boiss. White Mustard.
" nigra, Koch. Black Mustard.
" Sinapistrum, Boiss. Charlock.
Bromus secalinus, L. Cheat or Chess. ;

58 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

Camelina sativa, Crantz. False Flax.

Cannabis sativa, TJ. Hemp.

Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Moench. Shepherd's Purse.

Carum Carui, L. Caraway.

Cerastium vulgatum, L. Larger Mouse-ear Chickweed.

Chelidonium majus, L. Celandine.

Chenopodium album, L. Lamb's Quarters. Pigweed.

ambrosioides, L. var. anthelminticum, Gray Wormseed.

Botrys, L. Jerusalem Oak. Feather Geranium.

glaucum, L. Oak-leaved Goosefoot.

murale, L.

urbieum, L. Pigweed.

Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, L. Ox-Eye or White Daisy. White-weed.
Cichorium Intybus, L. Chicory.
Cnicus arvensis, Hoffm. Canada Thistle.

" lanceolatus, Hoffrn. Common Thistle.
Conium maculatum, L. Poison Hemlock.
Convolvulus arvensis, L. Bindweed.
Cynoglossum officinale, L. Hound's-Tongue.
Dactylis glomerata, L. Orchard Grass.
Datura Stramonium, L. Jamestown- Weed. Thorn-Apple.
Daucus Carota, L. Carrot.
Delphinium Consolida, L. Field Larkspur.
Dianthus deltoides, L. Maiden Pink.
Dipsacus sylvestris, Mill. Wild Teasel.
Draba verna, L. Whitlow-Grass.
Echinospermum Lappula, Lehm. Stickbeed.
Eleusine Indica, Gaertn. Crab -Grass.
Eragrostis major, Host.
Erodium cicutarium, L'Her. Storksbill.
Euphorbia Cyparissias, L. Spurge.
Helioscopia, L.
platyphylla, L.

Fagopyrum esculentum, Moench. Buckwheat.
Festuca elatior, L. Taller or Meadow Fescue.

" var. pratensis, Gray.
Galeopsis Tetrahit, L. Hemp-Nettle.
Geranium pusillum, L.
Hemerocallis fulva, L. Day-Lily.
Hesperis matronalis, L. Eocket. Dame's Violet.
Hibiscus Trionum, L. Bladder Ketmia.
Hyoscyamus niger, L. Black Henbane.
Hypericum perforatum, L. St. John's-wort.
Inula Helenium, L. Elecampane.
Lactuea Scariola, L Prickly Lettuce.
Lamium^amplexicaule, L. Dead-Nettie.
Leontodon autumnalis, L. Fall Dandelion.
Leonurus Cardiaca, L. Mother wort.
Linaria vulgaris, Mill. Ramsted. Butter and Eggs.
Lithospermum arvense, L. Red-root. Wheat-thief.

officinale, L. Gromwell.
Lychnis Coronaria, DC. Cockle.

" Githago, Lam. Corn Cockle.
Lycium vulgare, Dunal, Matrimony-Vine.
Lysimachia nummularia, L. Moneywort.
Malva Alcea, L. Mallow.

" crispa, L. Curled Mallow.
" moschata, L. Musk Mallow.
" rotundifolia, L. Common Mallow.
Marrubiu/n vulgare, L. Horehound.

" Medicago lupulina, L. Black Medick.
Melilotus alba, Lam. White Melilot.

officinalis, Willd. Yellow Melilot.
Mentha piperita, L. Peppermint.

" viridis, L. Spearmimt.
Nasturtium Armoracia, Fries. Horseradish.
" officinale, R. ^r. Water-Cress.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 59

•
Nepeta Cataria, L. Catnip.

" Glechoma, Benth. Ground Ivy. Gill-over-the-Ground. '
Nicandra physaloides, Gaertn. Apple of Peru.
Nicotiana rustica, L. Wild Tobacco.
Panicum Crus-galli, L. Barnyard-Grass.

glabrum, Gaudin.

" sanguinale, L. Crab- or Finger-Grass.
Pastinaca sativa, L. Parsnip.
Phalaris Canariensis, L. Canary-Grass.
Phleum pratense, L. Timothy. Herd's-Grass.
Plantago lanceolata, L. Ribgrass. English Plantain.
Poa annua, L. Low Spear-Grass.

"• compressa, L. Wire-Grass. English Blue-Grass.
Polygonum Convolvulus, L. Black Bindweed.

" Persicaria, L. Lady's Thumb.

Populus alba, L. White Poplar. Abele.
Portulaea oleracea, L. Purslane.
Ranunculus acris, L. Tall Buttercups.

bulbosus, L. Bulbous Buttercups,
Rumex Acetosella, L. Field or Sheep Sorrel.

" crispus, L. Curled Dock. Narrow-leaved D.
" obtusifolius, L. Bitter Dock.
Salix alba, L. White Willow.
" Babylonica, Tourn. Weeping Willow.
" fragilis, L. Crack Willow.
Saponaria officinalis, L. Bouncing Bet.

" Vaccaria, L.
Scleranthus annuus, L. Knawel.
Sedum acre, L. Mossy Stone-crop.

" Telephium, L. Live-for-ever.
Setaria glauca, Beauv. Foxtail. Pigeon-Grass.

" viridis, Beauv. Green Foxtail. Bottle-Grass.
Silene Armeria, L, Sweet- William Catchfly.
" Cucubalus, Wibel. Bladder Campion.
" noctiflora, L. Night- flowering Catchfly.
Sisymbrium officinale, Scop. Hedge Mustard.
Solanum Dulcamara, L. Bittersweet.
Sonchus asper, Vill. Spiny-leaved Sow-Thistle.

" oleraceus, L. Common Sow-Thistle.
Stellaria media, Smith. Chick weed.
Symphytum officinale, L. Comfrey.
Tanacetum vulgare, L. Tansy.
Taraxacum officinale, Weber. Common Dandelion.
Thlaspi arvense, L. Field Pennycress.
Tragopogon pratensis, L. Goat'e-beard.
Trifolium agrarium, L. Yellow or Hop-Clover.
arvense, L. Rabbit-foot Clover.
hybridum, L. Alsike Clover.
medium, L. Zigzag Clover. Mammoth Clover.
pratense, L. Red Clover.
procumbens, L. Low Hop-Clover.
Tussilago Farfara, L. Coltsfoot.
Urtica dioica, L. Great Stinging Nettle.
Verbascum Blattaria, L. Moth Mullein.
Verbascum Thapsus, L. Mullein.
Veronica arvensis, L. Corn Speedwell.
Viola tricolor, L., var. arvensis, DC. Pansy. Heart's-Ease.

PARASITIC FUNGI.

When a large area is cleared of vegetation of a miscellaneous character,
and the ground is then covered with plants of one kind, this large area,
after a time is much more liable to be damaged by injurious insects than
it was before the change was made. The increased supply of suitable food
encourages certain one or more kinds of insect enemies. A similar state
8

60 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

of things seems to prevail in reference to parasitic fungi. For example,
fungi infesting cultivated grapes sometimes sweep down with great severity
in many sections where vineyards are large or numerous, while a
few vines in isolated neighborhoods may often escape uninjured. So it is
with rust, smut and bunt on wheat, smut on corn, lettuce mold, rust on
onions, and black knot on cherries and plums.

Recently the life history of many fungi injurious to cultivated plants,
including some experiments with materials to check their progress, has
received considerable attention in this country.

As we have insects which by preying on other injurious insects are ben-
eficial to the progress of agriculture and horticulture, so we have a goodly
number of fungi which prey on our weeds and tend more or less to keep
them in check. Recently there have been a few successful efforts made
in introducing the proper insects to prey on injurious insects. In time
very likely there may be introduced certain parasitic fungi which shall
aid in the extermination of weeds.

At the Agricultural College, Shepherd's Purse in many places has been
nearly all destroyed by a parasitic fungus, Cystopus candidus. Lev. Com-
mon purslane has been much checked by Cystopus Portulacce, DeBy, and
in a few places the common elder by JEcidium sambuci, Sch. For some
years past, large patches of the common milkweed have disappeared grad-
ually, one after another, through the agency of some disease — possibly a
microbe. Three species of milkweed are similarly affected. One attempt,
as yet unsuccessful, has been made to disseminate this milkweed disease
to neighborhoods where the plants are abundant and thrifty.

In these parasitic fungi we see an important factor which helps control
the geographical distribution of plants, and may there not be something
here to help explain why certain foreign species for a time are often so
vigorous in a new country? Isolation is favorable to thrift, while large
masses are opposed to long continued escape from the ravages of insects
or parasitic fungi.

It was a part of our plan to prepare a list of parasitic fungi, especially
so far as seen at the Agricultural College, but we have not yet been able
to make it complete enough to satisfy us.

FLOWERING PARASITES AND SAPROPHYTES DESTITUTE OF GREEN LEAVES.

There are a few native flowering plants which are destitute of green
throughout their growth and development. They subsist entirely on
decaying animal or vegetable matter, or to some extent on matter as it is
assimilated by growing plants, or they may live entirely on what they can
take from such plants.

The list is a short one and includes:

Aphyllon fasiculatum, Gray. Cancer-root.

*• uniflortim, Gray. Cancer-root.
Conopholis Americana, Wallroth. Squaw-root.
Cuscuta chlorocarpa, Engelm. Dodder.

" Gronovii, Willd. Dodder.

" tenuiflora, Engelm. Dodder.
Epiphegus Virginiana, Bart. Beech-drops.
Monotropa Hypopitys, L. Pine-sap. False Beech-drops. «r

uniflora, L. Indian Pipe. Corpse-Plant.
Pterospora Andromedea, Nutt. Pine-drops.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 61

GREEN LEAVED PARASITES.

There are a few attractive native plants which have usually baffled all
attempts to introduce them into cultivation. • The reason for this lack of
success is probably owing to the fact that the plants under consideration
are partially parasitic. They will not thrive except when some of their
roots are attached to their host plants. This list is a short one, and
includes:

Castilleia coccinea, Spreng. Scarlet Painted-Cup.

pallida, Kunth, var. septentrionalis, Gray. Pale Painted-Cup.
Comandra livida, Richardson. Bastard Toad-flax.

umbellata, Nutt. Bastard Toad-flax.
Gerardia aspera, Dougl. Gerardia.

auriculata, Michx. Gerardia.
" flava, L. Downy Foxglove.
Icevigata, Raf . Gerardia.
pedicularia, L. Lousewort Foxglove.
purpurea, L. Purple Gerardia.

var paupercula, Gray. Purple Gerardia.
** quercifolia, Pursh. Smooth Foxglove.
tenuifolia, Vahl. Slender Gerardia.

var. asperula, Gray. Slender Gerardia.

NATIVE POISONOUS PLANTS.

Besides two species of nettles ( Urtica gracilis, Ait., and Laportea
Canadensis, Gaud.) there are only two species of native plants which are
of any prominence as poisonous to the touch, and even these two are not
poisonous to all persons. The latter plants or shrubs are known as poison
sumach or poison dogwood (JRhus venenata, DC.), and poison ivy, or
poison oak (Rhus Toxicodendron, L.). The last named plant is the most
troublesome, as it is often common on dry land, while the one previously
noticed is confined to swamps which are not so often frequented. Poison
ivy has three leaflets to each leaf, while the handsome Virginian Creeper
often confounded with it usually has five leaflets to the leaf, and is harm-
less. The roots, leaves or flowers of many of the medicinal plants are
more or less poisonous when eaten in sufficient quantity, but fortunately,
in nearly all such cases, there is something repulsive to the taste or to
the smell. Unless one is a botanist or takes the advice of a good botanist,
it is safest to let strange plants alone.

BOTANY AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL.

Wide awake teachers have learned that pupils may advance just as
rapidly when properly taught in arithmetic, grammar, spelling, reading,
etc., if a few other subjects of a different nature are placed in the course.
The ability to observe accurately, we take it for granted will help any
person in any kind of business. For cultivating the observing faculty of
young persons nothing is better or more convenient than the study of
plants.

" The point never to be lost sight of is that if you teach a child to dis-
criminate with the plants in hand and from observation only, between such
objects as the simple, heart-shaped, opposite, ex-stipulate stalked leaves of
a lilac, and the compound, pinnate, alternate, stipulate leaves of a rose,
you lay the foundations of a power for obtaining knowledge which is no
way to be measured merely by the amount or kind of information
imparted." — Marshal Ward in Garden and Forest, December, 1890.

62 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

It is not the mere learning of facts about plants that is of most
importance, but it is the acquiring a habit of close observation of common
things all around us, that is of permanent value. The study of plants is
often the means of awakening an interest in dull pupils.

To begin right, they must first observe, handle, dissect, compare and
study the specimens. For young pupils, nothing better than the des-
criptions and comparisons of trees or herbaceous plants can be assigned
for compositions — the dread of every youngster in school.

In learning botany, as a rule, no book lessons should be assigned, nor
any scientific names thrust upon the pupils till they have studied the
objects themselves. After observing a plant or any part of it carefully,
they are then prepared to read about it understandingly and are ready and
eager for suitable names. In most cases, scientific names are necessary, as
they have a definite meaning, each for its place. In case of very young
persons they can usually learn these scientific names just as easily as the
common ones.

To aid in, this work a teacher may plan an exhibition or fair consisting
of flowers, leaves, roots, buds, wild fruits, nuts, berries, monstrosities, and
perhaps contributions from the vegetable garden, orchard and flower
garden. At such time there should be a nice but short lecture, and above
all, reports of committees who have examined the objects exhibited.

A part of these things may be kept, and others added to make a museum.
If only temporary, for the term, it will be worth all it costs. If it cannot
be placed in the school room, place it under a shed, or in the open air near
the house where it may be seen and talked about.

There may be short excursions for observation and collecting, and notes
made covering the poisonous and the most useful, as well as the most
beautiful plants.

There can be a May-day party, with a variety of suitable exercises, a
June flower festival, and an exploration of the neighboring woods in season
to collect various colored autumn foliage with which to decorate the school
room.

Almost any out of the way place may be better than none in which may
be planted, by each pupil, one or more different sorts of wild herbs or
shrubs, many of which will survive and do very well without much further
attention, provided they are near the woods where autumn leaves annually
mulch the ground. Here may be collected and planted all sorts of wild vines
that can be found, and every kind of native tree that any one knows of.
Hints for arbor day have already been given, and interesting programs
carried out by many public schools. In such exercises there is, usually, con-
siderable unprofitable sentiment in regard to " sparing that tree," regard-
less of all conditions. In too many cases the after care of the trees planted
is discouraging, and the value of the lessons thus imparted far from satis-
factory. The most valuable part of an arbor day will usually be the carry-
ing out of a well planned literary program in the school-house or in the
grove. One of this kind was carried out at a forestry convention held in
Grand Eapids, January 26, 1888. At that convention children represented
various kinds of native trees, each of whom enumerated his own good qual-
ities. The text for most of this program appeared in the Michigan Agri-
cultural Eeport for 1888; als© in the Prairie Farmer soon after; also in
Arbor Day, a book containing many valuable hints, edited by Hon. E. W.
Furnas, of Nebraska; also in the Arbor Day Manual, by Hon. C. E.
Skinner, Deputy Supt. of Public Instruction, Albany, N. Y.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 63

In order to secure profitable and satisfactory results from teaching
botany, two requisites are necessary, viz.: 1st. The teacher must have
been properly taught, and have the rare skill necessary to incite interest
in the subject. 2d. He must have the support of the school directors.
Without both of these, there is little use in placing botany on the
program.

Again, it may be well to add, that a frequent change of teachers in a
country district, as is usually the custom, will be fatal to anything in the
line of permanent planting of wild gardens.

A pamphlet entitled " The New Botany," containing hints on teaching
the subject, may be obtained from the author, Dr. W. J. Beal.

LIST OF MICHIGAN PLANTS WHICH ARE ADMITTED TO THE UNITED STATES

PHARMACOPOEIA.

The following species, 54 in all, are admitted to the United States
pharmacopoeia. When eaten, many of them are poisonous:

Acorus Calamus, L. Sweet Flag.
Agropyrum repens, Beauv. Couch-Grass.
Apocynum cannabinum, L. Indian Hemp.
Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, Spreng. Bearberry.
Arctium Lappa, L. Burdock.
Artemisia Absinthium, L. Wormwood.
Aspidium Filix-mas, Swz. Male Fern.
Brassica alba, Boiss. White Mustard.
" nigra, Koch. Black Mustard.
Cannabis sativa, L. Hemp.
Carum Carui, L. Caraway.

Castanea sativa, Mill., var. Americana, Gray. Chestnut.
Chelidonium majus, L. Garden Celandine.

Chenopodium ambrosioides, L., var. anthelminticum, Gray. Wormseed.
Chimaphila umbellata, Nutt. Pipsissewa. '
Cimicifuga racemosa, Nutt. Black Snakeroot. Black Cohosh.
Cornus florida, L. Flowering Dogwood.
Cypripedium pubescens, Willd. Yellow Lady's Slipper.
Datura Stramonium, L. Stramonium.
Euonymus atropurpureus, Jacq. Waahoo.
Eupatorium perfoliatum, L. Boneset.
Gaultheria procumbens, L. Wintergreen.
Geranium maculatum, L. Cranesbill.
Hamamelis Virginiana, L. Witch-Hazel.
Hedeoma pulegioides, Pers. American Pennyroyal.
Humulus Lupulus, L. Common Hop.
Hydrastis Canadensis, L. Golden Seal.
Hyoscyamus niger, L. Black Henbane.
Inula Helenium, L. Elecampane.
Iris versicolor, L. Blue Flag.
Juglans cinerea, L. Butternut.
Juniperus communis, L. Juniper.
Linum usitatissimum, L. Flax.
Lobelia inflata, L. Indian Tobacco. Lobelia.
Marrubium vulgare, L. Horehound.
Mentha piperita, L. Peppermint.

*' viridis, L. Spearmint.
Phytolacca decandra, L. Pokeweed. Scoke.
Podophyllum peltatum, L. Mandrake.
Polygala Senega, L. Senega. Seneca Snakeroot.
Prunus serotina, Ehrh. Wild Black Cherry.
Quercus alba, L. White Oak.
Rubus villosus, Ait. Blackberry.

Rumex crispus, L. Curled Dock. Narrow-leaved Dock.
Sambucus Canadensis, L. Elder.
•Sanguinaria Canadensis, L. Blood-root.

64 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

Sassafras officinale, Nees. Sassafras.
Scutellaria lateriflora, L. Skullcap.
Solanum Dulcamara, L. Bittersweet.
Tanacetum vulgare, L. Tansy.
Taraxacum officinale, Weber. Dandelion.
Ulmusfulva, Michx. Slippery Elm. Red Elm.
Veronica Virginica, L. Culver's Physic.
Xanthoxylum Americanum, Mill. Prickly Ash.

LIST OF MEDICINAL PLANTS NOT OFFICINAL.

The following plants, 124 species in all, are often used as domestic
remedies :

Abies balsamea, Miller. Balsam Fir.
Acer rubrum, Li. Red Maple.
Achillea Millefolium, L. Yarrow.
Actcea alba, Bigel. White Cohosh.

" spicata, L., var. rubra, Ait. Red Cohosh.
Agrimonia Eupatoria, L. Agrimony.
Aletris farinosa, L. Colic-root.
Allium Canadense, Kalm. Wild Garlic.
Alnus incana, Willd. Speckled or Hoary Alder.

" serrulata, Willd. Smooth Alder.
Ambrosia artemisicefolia, L. Ragweed.
Anagallis arvensis, L. Common Pimpernel.
Angelica atropurpurea, L. Angelica.

" hirsuta, Muhl. Angelica.
Anemone nemorosa, L. Wind-flower.
Anthemis Cotula, DC. May-weed.
Aralia hispida, Vent. Wild Elder.

" racemosa, L. Spikenard.
Ariscema triphyllum, Torr. Indian Turnip.
Artemisia vulgaris, L. Mugwort.

Asarum Canadense, L. Wild Ginger. Canada Snake-root.
Asimina triloba, Dunal. Papaw.
Asclepias Cornuti, Decaisne. Common Milkweed. Silkweed.

incarnata, L. Swamp Milkweed. White Indian Hemp.
tuberosa, L. Pleurisy-Root.
Asparagus officinalis, L. Asparagus.
Aspidium marginale, Swz. Marginal Shield Fern.
Asplenium Filix-foemina, Bernh. Lady Fern.
Baptisia tinctoria, R. Br. Wild Indigo.
Berber is vulgaris, L. Barberry.
Cassia Marilandica, L. Wild Senna.
Caulophyllum thalictroides, Michx. Blue Cohosh.
Ceanothus Americanus, L. New Jersey Tea.
Celastrus scandens, L. Woody Bittersweet.
Chelone glabra, L. Snake-head.
Cichorium Intybus, L. Chicory.
Cicuta maculata, L. Water-Hemlock.
Clematis Virginiana, L. Common Virgin's-Bower.
Collinsonia Canadensis, L. Horse-Balm. Stone-root.
Conium maculatum, L. Poison Hemlock.
Coptis trifolia, Salisb. Goldthread.
Corallorhiza odontorhiza, Nutt. Coral-root.

Cypripedium parviflorum, Salisb. Smaller Yellow Lady's Slipper.
Epigcea repens, L. Trailing Arbutus.
Epilobium angustifolium, L. Great, Willow-herb,
Erechtites hieracifolia, Raf. Fireweed.
Erigeron annuus, Pers. Daisy Fleabane.

Canadensis, L. Canada Fleabane.
Euphorbia corollata, L. Large-flowering Spurge.
Frasera Carolinensis, Walt. American Columbo.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 65

Galium Aparine, L. Cleavers.

" triflorum, Michx. Sweet-scented Bedstraw.
Gentiana Andrewsii, Griseb. Closed Gentian.

crinita, Froel. Fringed Gentian. •

Geum rivale, L. Water Avens. x
Gillenia trifoliata, Moench. Indian Physic.
Gnaphalium polycephalum, Michx. Common Everlasting.
Helenium autumnale, L. Sneeze-weed.
Hepatica acutiloba, DC. Sharp-lobed Hepatica. Liver-leaf.

" triloba, Chaix. Round-lobed
Heracleum lanatum, Michx. Cow-Parsnip.
Heuchera Americana, L. Alum-root.
Hypericum perforatum, L. St. John's- wort.
Ipomcea pandurata, Meyer. Man-of-the-Earth.
Jeffersonia diphylla, Pers. Rheumatism-root. Twin-leaf.
Larix Americana, Michx. Tamarack.
Ledum latifolium, Ait. Labrador Tea.
Leonurus Cardiaca. L. Motherwort.
Lindera Benzoin, Blume. Spice-bush.
Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. Tulip-tree.
Lobelia syphilitica, L. Great Lobelia.
Lycopodium clavatum, L. Common Club-Moss.
Malva rotundifolia, L. Low Mallow.
Melilptus alba, Lam. Sweet Clover.
Menispermum Canadense, L. Moonseed.
Menyanthes trifoliata, L. Buckbean.
Mitchella repens, L. Partridge-berry. Squaw-vine.
Morus rubra. L. Red Mulberry.
Nasturtium Armoracia, Fries. Horseradish.
" officinale, R. Br. Water-Cress.

palustre, DC. Marsh-Crese.
Nepeta Cataria, L. Catnip.

" Glechoma, Benth. Ground Ivy.
Nymphcea odorata, Ait. Sweet-scented Water-Lily.
CEnothera biennis, L. Evening Primrose.
Oxalis Acetosella, L. Wood-Sorrel.

" cornieulata, L., var. stricta, Sav. Yellow Wood-sorrel.
Polygala polygama, Walt. Bitter Polygala.
Polygonatum biflorum, Ell. Smaller Solomon's Seal.

giganteum, Dietrich. Great SolomonVSeal.
Polygonum acre, HBK. Water Smartweed.

" Hydropiper, L. Smartweed.
Polypodium vulgare, L. Polypody.
Populus balsamifera, L. Balsam Poplar.

" tremuloides, Michx. American Aspen.
Ptelea trifoliata, L. Hop-tree.
Pteris aquilina, L. Common Brake.
Ranunculus acris, L. Tall Crowfoot.

sceleratus, L. Cursed Crowfoot.
septentrionalis, Poir. Creeping Crowfoot.
RTius glabra, L. Smooth Sumach.

" Toxicodendron, L. Poison Ivy.

" venenata, DC. Poison Sumach.
Rumex Britannica, L. Great Water-Dock.

oUusifolius, L. Bitter Dock.
Salix alba, L. White Willow.

Sanicula Marylandica, L. Sanicle. Black Snakeroot.
Saponaria officinalis, L. Bouncing Bet.
Sarracenia purpurea, L. Pitcher-Plant.
Scrophularia nodosa, L., var. Marilandica, Gray. Figwort.
Senecio aureus, L. Life-root. Squaw- weed.
Spircea tomentosa, L. Hardback.
Symplocarpus foztidus, Salisb. Skunk Cabbage.
Taxus Canadensis, Willd. Ground Hemlock.
Teucrium Canadense, L. Wood Sage.
Thuya occidentalis, L. American Arbor Vitae. White Cedar.

66 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

Trillium erectum, L. Birthroot.
Triosteum perfoliatum, L. Horse-Gentian.
Tussilago Farfara, L. Coltsfoot.
Urtica dioica, L. Common Nettle.
Verbaseum Thapsus, L. Common Mullein.
Veronica officinalis, L. u Speedwell.

Viburnum Opylus, L. Cranberry-tree.
prunifolium, L, Black Haw.

CATALOGUE.

Range of species north or south has been indicated by the following abbreviations at
the right: S. — 1st, 2d and 3d tiers of counties. C. — From 3d tier of counties northward
to Houghton Lake region. N. — Remainder of the Lower Peninsula. L. P. — Lower
Peninsula. U. P. — Upper Peninsula. Th. — Whole State so far as known. In a few
instances S. E. and S. W. have been used to indicate the southeastern and southwestern
parts of the Lower Peninsula. In case of rare or local species, we have given all the
localities known, but for more common ones have usually indicated only the range and
relative frequency. Throughout the catalogue B. & K. refer to notes of H. C. Beards-
lee and Chas. A. Kofoid. Keweenaw Co., F., refers to notes of O. A. Farwell. All
plants which have been collected within ten miles of Lansing are indicated by an
asterisk.

I. KANUNCULACE^. CBOWFOOT FAMILY.

1. CLEMATIS, L. VJBGIN'S-BOWER.

*1. C. Virg'iiiiana, L. Common Virgin's-Bower. Th.

Frequent.

2. ANEMONE, L. ANEMONE. WIND-FLOWER.

2. A. parviflora, Michx. U. P.
Dr. Lyons ; Asa Gray; Pic river, Lake Superior,— Macoun. Rare.

3. A. multificla, DC.

Mackinaw,— Whitney Cat.; month of Saginaw R.,— Winchell Cat. ; Lake Superior,— Gray; Frankfort;
shore of Grand Traverse Bay, and Torch Lake near the landing,— E. J. Hill; 8 miles below Rock Harbor,
Isle Royal,— Porter.

* 4. A. cylintlrica, Gray. Long-fruited Anemone. L. P.

Poor soil. Infrequent.

*5. A. Virg'iniaiia, L. Th.

Frequent.

* 6. A. 'Peimsylvaiiica, L. Th.

On low ground along streams. The handsome, white flowers are sometimes over two inches in
diameter. Common.

* 7. A. iiemorosa, L. Wind-flower. Wood Anemone. Th.

Early^ and very pretty. Flowers sometimes bright rose color. Leaves frequently with five or more
lobes, hairy. Common.

3. HEPATICA, Dill. LIVER-LEAF. HEPATICA.

*8. H. triloba, Chaix. Th.

Less frequent than the following, at least in the center.

9

68 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

\

* 9. H. acutiloba, DC. Th.

This species is very common on beech and maple land, while H. triloba prefers oak soil. No transi-
tion forms have been seen.

4. ANEMONELLA, Spach.

*10. A. tlialictroid.es, Spach. Rue- Anemone. C. &S.

Quite local through the center. Flowers very pretty, white, sometimes pink. Found usually on oak
soil.

5. THALICTRUM, Tourn. MEADOW-RUE.

* 11. T. dioicum, L,. Early Meadow-Rue. . Th.
Common, along river banks.

* 12, T. purpurascens, L. Purplish M.-Rue. Th.

The flowers vary from white to deep purple, the fertile ones occasionally bearing stamens. Wet
meadows. Common.

6. RANUNCULUS, L. CROWFOOT. BUTTERCUP.

*13. R. circinatus, Sibth. Stiff Water-Crowfoot. Th.

Bear River, Petoskey,— E. J. Hill; Ann Arbor,— Allmendinger Cat.; Huron E.,— Lyons; etc. The
common form in L. P. Frequent.

14. R. aquatilis, L., var. tricliophyllus, Gray. Common White Water-
Crowfoot.

Not observed in E. and S. Black Lake, Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K.; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

15. R. Cymbalaria, Pursh. Sea-side Crowfoot.
South Haven,— L. H. Bailey. Bare.

* 16. R. multifidus, Pursh. Yellow Water-Crowfoot. Th.

Flowers an inch and three-eighths in diameter and full— double have been seen. Ponds and plow
streams. Perennial by rooting from the nodes of floating stems after flowering. The young plants root-
ing in mud are pubescent so far as observed in many parts of the State. Common.

17. R. ambigens, Watson. Water Plantain Spearwort.
Dr. Lyons. Not observed in C. and 8. St. Clair Co.,— A. F. Foerste.

18. R. Flammula, L., var. intermedius, Gray.
Keweenaw Co.,— F.

19. var. reptans, E. Meyer. Creeping Spearwort. N. & U. P.

Infrequent except northward, and not seen in the center of the State. Sandy shore of Black Lake,
Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K.

20. R. rhomboideus, Goldie.

On light sand: our earliest spring flower. Muir and Palo in Ionia county; Lake Superior, — Can. Cat.
Prairies, Mich.,"— Gray. Rare.

*21. R. abortivus, L. Small-flowered Crowfoot. Th.

Common.

22. var. micraiitlms, Gray.

North shore of Lake Superior,— Agassiz ; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

* 23. R. sceleratus, L. Cursed Crowfoot. Th.
Ditches and low ground. Exceedingly variable, stems sometimes two inches in diameter. Frequent.

*24. R. recurvatus, Poir. Hooked Crowfoot. Th.

Woods in rich soil. Common.

*25. R. fascicularis, Muhl. Early Crowfoot.

F.'owers sometimes double, or with reversion of essential organs to leaves. Hills and sandy plains.
Infrequent, from the center of the State southward.

*26. R. septeiitrionalis, Poir. Th.

Frequent and variable.

*27. R. Pennsylvauicus, L. f. Bristly Crowfoot. Th.

Frequent.

[R. HISPIDUS, Hook.

>T. shore, L. Superior,— Gray's Man., 6th Ed. May be looked for in this State.]

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 69

28. R. BULBOSUS, L. Bulbous Crowfoot or Buttercups.
Sault Ste. Marie,— Porter. Keweenaw Co.,— F.

29. R. ACRIS, L. Tall Crowfoot or Buttercups. Th.

"Classed by Hooker f. as indigenous,"— Watson. So. Haven; Macomb Co.; Flint; Huron Shore,—
Winch. Cat. ; and Lake Superior. Gradually spreading over the State. Infrequent.

7. ISOPYRUM, L.

* 30. I. biteriiatum, Torr. & Gray. C. & S.

Early and pretty. Often mistaken for Rue- Anemone, the latter is easily distinguished, however, by
its dahlia-like roots. Very common on "beech and maple" land, but not on oak.

8. CAL.THA, L. MARSH MARIGOLD.

*31. C. paliistris, L. Th.

in swamps. Frequently called "Cowslip," and eaten in spring for greens, Very common.

9. COPTIS, Salisb. GOLDTHREAD.

*32. C. trifolia, Salisb. Three-Leaved Goldthread. Th.

Bogs and coniferous woods. Common.

10. AQUILEGIA, Tourn. COLUMBINE.

*33. A. Caiiacleiisis, L. Wild Columbine. Th.

Frequent.

11. CIMICIFUGA, L. BUGBANE.

34. C. racemosa, Nutt. Black Snakeroot. Black Cohosh.
S. E.,— Winch. Cat.; Jackson,— University Herb; U. P.,— Burt. Rare in Michigan.

12. ACT^EA, L. BANEBERRY, COHOSH.

*35. A. spicata, L., var. rubra, Ait. Red Baneberry. Th.

Frequent.

*36. A. alba, Bigelow. White Baneberry. Th.

Moist woods and hillsides. Frequent.

13. HYDRASTIS, Ellis. ORANGE-ROOT. YELLOW PUCCOON.

* 37. H. Caiiadeiisis, L. Golden Seal. C. & S.

Rich, moist woods. Rather local.

14. NIGELLA, L.

38. X. DAMASCENA, L. Fennel-flower.
Escaped from gardens. Infrequent.

II. MAGNOLIACE^E. MAGNOLIA FAMILY,
15. LIRIODENDROX, L. TULIP TREE.

*39. L. Tulipifera, L. C. & S.

A large sized tree, frequent at Ionia, Saranac, Lansing and southward, but not seen north of Grand
river valley. Formerly common but becoming infrequent.

III. ANONACE.E. CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.

1O. ASIMIXA, Adans. NORTH AMERICAN PAPAW.

*40. A. triloba, Dunal, Common Papaw. C. & S.

7 tree, fruit edible. Frequent i:
reaches its N. limit. Common southward.

A low tree, fruit jedible. Frequent in the valleys of the Grand and Maple rivers, where it probably
:>nttn

70 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

IV. MENISPEKMACE^E. MOONSEED FAMILY.

17. MENISPEKMUM, L. MOONSEED.

* 41. M. Caiiadeiise, L.

Woods and moist thickets. Frequent.

Y. BERBERIDACE^. BARBERRY FAMILY.

18. BERBEKIS, L. BARBERRY.

* 42. B. VULGARIS, L. Common Barberry.
Flint, etc. Sometimes escaped from cultivation.

19. CAULOPHYLLUM, Michx. BLUE COHOSH.

*43. C. tlialictroicles, Michx. Pappoose-root. Th.

Common in L. P.

2O. JEFFERSO^IA, Barton. TWIN-LEAF.

* 44.- <T. diphylla, Persoon. Rheumatism-root. C. & S.
An early spring plant. Infrequent.

21. PODOPHYL.L.UM, L. MAY-APPLE. MANDRAKE.
*45. P. peltatum, L. C. & S.

Roots drastic, an article of commerce. Ripe fruit often eaten. Very common.

YI. NYMPH^ACE^E. WATER-LILY FAMILY.

22. BRASENIA, Schreber. WATER-SHIELD.

*46. B. peltata, Pursh. L. P.

Greenville, Ionia, Ann Arbor, Fife Lake, Oscoda. Infrequent.

23. NEL.UMBO, To urn. SACRED BEAN.

47. N. lutea, Pers. Yellow Nelumbo. Water Chinquapin. S.

River Rouge, south of Detroit ; Mill Pond, Vicksburg,— Tuthill. River Raisin at Monroe, where it is
abundant. Perhaps introduced by the Indians. Local.

24. NYMPHJEA, Tourn. WATER-NYMPH. WATER-LILY.

48. 1ST. odorata, Aiton. Sweet-scented Water-Lily.

Petoskey,— E. J. Hill. A form with pink flowers is found in Otsego lake, Otsego county. Infrequent.

*49. N. reniformis, DC. Tuber-bearing Water-Lily. Th.

In all our ponds and slow streams. Flowers large and delicately beautiful, fragrant.

25. KTJPHAR, Smith. YELLOW POND-LILY. SPATTER-DOCK.
*50. N. adveiia, Aiton, f. Th.

In company with water-lilies, but often a dirty plant— seeming to delight in filth. Common.

51. var. minus, Morong.

Long Lake, Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K. Baldwin,— Dr. Beal

52. !N". Kalmiaimm, Ait.

"Sag. Bay & S. W,"— Winch. Cat. ; 8. tier of counties,— Wright's Cat.; N. shore of Lake Superior, -
Agassiz. Rare.

VII. SAEKACENIACE^E. PITCHER-PLANTS.

•

26. SARRACENIA, Tourn. SIDE-SADDLE FLOWER.

*53. S. purpurea, L. Side-saddle Flower. Huntsman's Cup.

Common in sphagnous swamps. Can be grown in the house, where it always attracts attention as a
'curiosity," though all the swamps in the neighborhood be full of it.

FLORA OP MICHIGAN. 71

VIII. PAPAVERACEJE. POPPY FAMILY.

27. SANGUINAKIA, Dill. BLOOD-ROOT.
*54. S. Canadensis, L. Th.

The white flowers appear in early spring, and are sometimes 2yz inches in diameter. Common.
28. STYLOPHOKUM, Nutt. CELANDINE POPPY.

55. S. diphyllum, Nutt. C. & S.

Rich woods, Oceana county and southward. Flower orange-yellow, over two inches in diameter. Local,

29. CHELIDOXIUM, L. CELANDINE.

*56. C. MA jus, L. Celandine.
Lebanon, Clinton Co., "well established,"— Van Vleck.

3O. PAP AVER, Tourn. POPPY.

57. C. SOMNIFERUM, L. Common Poppy.
Occasional. Escaped from cultivation.

IX. FUMAKIACE^E. FUMITORY FAMILY.

31. ADLUMIA, Raf. CLIMBING FUMITORY.

58. A. cirrhosa, Raf. Th.

Hemlock woods in vicinity of Houghton Lake ; Grand Rapids,— Miss Clark; So. Haven ; Marquette,—
E. J. Hill. Not common.

32. DICEXTBA, Borkh. DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES.
*59. D. Cucullaria, DC. Dutchman's Breeches. L. P.

From Frankfort southward. Frequent.

*60, I>. Canadeiisis, DC. Squirrel Corn. L. P.

From Frankfort southward. Frequent.

33. CORYDALIS, Vent.

61. C. glauca, Pursh. Pale Corydalis. Th.

Grand Haven; Clare Co. ; L. Sup.; etc. Infrequent except northward. Oscoda; Alger's camp, Alcona
Co.

62. C. aurea, Willd. Golden Corydalis.

Not noticed in the center of the L. P., where the preceding species is also rare f frequent northward ;
in the U. P. common.

X. CKUCIFER^E. MUSTARD FAMILY.

34. DENT ARIA, Tourn. TOOTHWORT. PEPPER-ROOT.

*63. D. diphylla, L. Th.

Common.

*64. D. laciniata, Muhl. Th.

Keweenaw county and southward. Common.

65. D. maxima, Nutt.
Bluffs along Black river near Abbottsford— C. K. Dodge, the only station know a in the State.

35. CABDAMINE, Tourn. BITTER CRES?.

*66. C. rhomboidea, DC. Spring Cress. Th.

Common.

*67. var. purpurea, Torr. Th.

An early spring flower.

72 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

*68. C. prateiisis, L. Cuckoo Flower. Th.

Bogs. Rare S., frequent in C., and common N.

*69. C. hirsuta, L, Small Bitter Cress. Th.

New Buffalo,— Wheeler; near Black lake, Cheboygan county,— B. & K. ; Keweenaw county ,—F.

36. ARABIS, L. ROCK CRESS.

*70. A. hirsuta, Scop. Th.

Piiver banks. Infrequent.

*71. A. laevigata, Poir. Th.

River banks. Infrequent.

*72. A. Canadensis, L. Sickle-pod.

Fields and rocky woods. Not common.

* 73. A. perfoliata, Lam. Tower Mustard. Th.
Fields. Infrequent.

74. A. confmis, Watson.

Dry banks. Hubbardston ; Flint ; Macomb Co.; etc. Keweenaw Co.,— F. Not common.

75. A. lyrata, L. Th.

Sandy fields, Hubbardston. So. Haven; Flint; Petoskey; U. P.,— Whitney Cat. Infrequent.

*76. A. dentata, T. & G. C. &. S.

Low lands along Grand river and southward. Not common.

37. DRABA, Dill. WHITLOW-GRASS.

77. I>. iiicaiia, L., var. arabisans, Watson.

Shores of the Gr. Lakes. Mackinac,— G. H. Hicks. Infrequent.

78. D. Caroliiiiaiia, Walt. C. & S.

Ionia Co. and southward. Rare.

*79. D. nemorosa, L.

" Fort Gratiot and northwestward."— Gray. Collected by Dr. Pitcher. Infrequent.

80. D. VERNA, L. Whitlow-Grass. S.

Agricultural College grounds; Detroit,— Dr. Lyons. Rare.

38. AL.YSSUM, Tourn.

*81. A. CALYCINUM, L.

Hubbardston, Ionia, Flint, Lansing, etc., a recently introduced plant, becoming common in many
localities. Door-yards and waste places.

39. CAMELINA, Crantz. FALSE FLAX.

82. C. SATIVA, Crantz. Th.

Road-sides and waste places. Flint; Ann Arbor; Macomb Co.; Sturgis; Keweenaw Co.,— F. Not
common.

4O. NASTURTIUM, R. Br. WATER-CRESS.

* 83. N. OFFICINALE, R. Br. True Water-Cress.
Ionia; Ann Arbor; South Haven; etc. Frequent in brooks.

84. N. obtusnin, Nutt.

Keweenaw Co.,— F.

* 85. N. palustre, DC. Marsh Cress. Th.
Frequent.

* 86. var. hispidum, Fisch. & Meyer. Th.

87. N. lacustre, Gray. Lake Cress. C. & S.

From Fish Cr. and Maple R. southward. Infrequent.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 73

-3

*88. X. ARMORACIA, Fries. Horseradish.

Used in spring as a condiment. Escaped from gardens into waste places. Frequent.
41. BARB ARE A, R. Br. WINTER CRESS.

89. B. vulgaris, R. Br. Yellow Rocket. Common Winter Cress. Th.

So. Haven j Ann Arbor— Allmendinger Cat.; Macomb county; Hubbardston; and N. into the U. P.
where it is indigenous and frequent.

90. var. stricta, Regel.
Keweenaw Co.,— F.

42. HESPERIS, Tourn. ROCKET.

91. H. MATRONALJS L. Dame's Violet.

Escaped from cultivation at Cassopolis,— Wheeler; Shore of Lake Huron,— T. & G., Flora of N. Am.

43. ERYSIMUM, Tourn. TREACLE MUSTARD.

*92. E. clieiranthoides, L. Worm-seed Mustard.
Gratiot Co.; Grayling,— Hicks ; Cheboygau county,— B. & K. Keweenaw Co.,— F.

44. SISYMBRIUM, Tourn. HEDGE MUSTARD.

93. S. liumile, Meyer.

Isle Royal,— Gillman ; Mackinac,— G. H. Hicks; Macomb county; Grand Haven, etc. Infrequent.

94. S. canescens, Nutt. Tansy Mustard. Th.
Shores of Great Lakes, etc. Pitcher, Houghton, Winchell, et al. Barry county,— L. H. Bailey.

Infrequent.

* 95. S. OFFICINALE, Scop. Hedge Mustard. Th.
Road-sides and wet places. Frequent.

45. BRASSICA, Tourn. MUSTARD.

* 96. B. SINAPISTRUM, Boiss. English Charlock. Th.
A bad weed, becoming too frequent.

*97. B. ALBA, Boiss. White Mustard. C. & S.

Infrequent.

*98. B. NIGRA, Koch. Black Mustard. C. & S.

Common.

99. B. CAMPESTRIS, L. Turnip.
Keweenaw Co.,— F.

46. CAPSELLA, Medic. SHEPHERD'S PURSE.

*100. C. BURSA-PASTORIS, Moench. Th.

The commonest of weeds.

47. THL.ASPI, Tourn. PENNYCRESS.

* 101. T. ARVENSE, L. Field Pennycress or Mithridate Mustard.
Ann Arbor,— Allmendinger Cat. ; " Shores of Lake Huron,"— Gray ; Bare.

48. LEPIDIUM, Tourn. PEPPERWORT. PEPPERGRASS.
*102. L,. Virgiiiicum, L. Wild Peppergrass. Th.

103. L«. intermedium, Gray.
Keweenaw Co.,— F.

104. L. CAMPESTRE, R. Br. S. B.
Macomb Co., and Detroit. Infrequent.

49. CAKILE, Tourn. SEA-ROCKET.

. 105. C. Americana, Nutt. American Sea- Rocket. Th.

Shores of the great lakes. Common.

74 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

•

XL CAPPAEIDACE^E. CAPEB FAMILY.

50. POL.ANISIA, Raf.
106. P. graveoleiis, Raf.

Shores of great lakes; South Haven : Detroit; Put-in-Bay ; etc. Not rare.

XII. CISTACE^. EOCK-EOSE FAMILY.

51. HELIANTHEMUM, Tourn. ROCK-ROSE.

*107. H. Canacleiise, Michx. Frost-weed. Th.

Frequent.

52. HUDSONIA, L.

108. H. tomeiitosa, Nutt. Th.

" Shores of great lakes,"— Gray ; 8. Mich.,— Winch. Cat. ; L. Sup.,— Can. Cat. ; Oscoda. Frequent.

53. LECHEA, Kalm. PINWEED.
*109. I,, major, Michx. C. &. S.

Common on poor soil.

110. !L. minor, L.

Pointe-aux-Pins, Lake Superior,— Dawson; AuSable,— Dr. Beal.

XIII. VIOLACE^. VIOLET FAMILY.

54. VIOLA, Tourn. VIOLET. HEART'S-EASE.

*111. V. peclata, L. Bird-foot Violet. Th.

Common on light sand; our finest species. N. to " British Am., lat. 55°."— Torr. & Gr., Fl. N. Am.

112. V. palmata, L. Common Blue Violet.
Frequent on hills about Ionia,— E. F. Smith.

*113. var. cucullata, Gray.

Very common and variable.

114. V. sagittata, Aiton. Arrow-leaved Violet. Th.
Bare in some sections, common in others. Howard City and Baldwin,— Dr. Beal. Keweenaw Co.,— F.

115. V. Selkirkii, Pursh. Great-spurred Violet. U. P.
Gillman, Gray, et al. A high northern plant. Keweenaw Co.,— F.

*116. V. blancla, Willd. Sweet White Violet. Th.

Low ground. Common and variable.

*117. var. palustriformis, Gray.

Towar's swamp near Lansing; Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K; Shores of Barren lake, Cass Co.; Keweenaw
Co.,— F.

*118. var. renifolia, Gray.

CheboFgan Co.— B. & K. Keweenaw Co.,— F.

119. V. lanceolata, L. Lance-leaved V.

W. Harrisville; Glade Tp.; KalkaskaCo.; Roscommon Co. ; L. Sup., etc. Bare.

120. V. rotundifolia, Michx. Round-leaved Violet. U. P.
Sugar Island,— Winch. Cat. ; Michigan,— Gray.

*121. V. pubescens, Aiton. Downy Yellow V. Th.

Beech woods. Common.

FLORA OP MICHIGAN. 75

* 122. V. Caiiadensis, L. Canada V. Th.

Abundant on "beech and maple" land, but seldom, or never found under oaks.

* 123. V. striata, Alton. Pale V. Th.
Keweenaw Co.,— F. Southward. Common.

* 124. V. rostrata, Pursh. Long-spurred V. C. & S.

Well distributed and frequent.

*125. V. caiiiiia, L., var. Muhleiiberjyii, Gray. Th.

Common.

126. var. puberula, Watson, in herb.
Keweenaw Co.,— F. Alcona Co. ; Frankfort.

127. V. TRICOLOR, L. Pansy. Heart's-ease.
Keweenaw Co.,— F.

55. SOLEA, Spreng, in part. GREEN VIOLET.
*128. S. concolor, Ging. C. & S.

Hubbardston ; Ann Arbor,— Allm. Cat. ; etc. Scarce and local. Near Grand Rapids,— Miss E. J. Cole,

XIV. CAEYOPHYLLACE^:. PINK FAMILY.

56. DIANTHUS, L. PINK. CARNATION.

* 129. D. DEL.TOIDES, L. Maiden Pink.
College grounds.

57. SAPONABIA, L.

*130. S. OFPICINALIS, L. Bouncing Bet. Soap wort. Th.

Waste places and roadsides. Old Mission,— E. J. Hill ; and common in C. & S. ; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

*131. S. VACCARIA, L. Th.

Muir ; S. Mich.,— Wright Cafe. ; etc. Sparingly introduced. Keweenaw Co.,— F.

58. SILENE, L. CATCHFLY. CAMPION.

132. S. stellata, Alton. Starry Campion. S.

Dr. Wright. Constantine,— Wheeler.

133. 8. Virgiiiiea, L. Fire Pink. Catchfly.

Winchell Cat. ; Keweenaw Co.,— F. Open woods, Lake Huron,— Todd; Islands in Detroit River,.
-Maclagan, Canadian Catalogue.

* 134. S. antirrhiiia, L. Sleepy Catchfly.

Common.

135. S. ARMERIA, L. Sweet- William Catchfly.
Baldwin,— Dr. Beal.

*136. S. NOCTIFLORA, L. Nigh t-flower ing C. Th.

Frequent in cultivated grounds.

59. LYCHNIS, Tourn. COCKLE.
137. L. VESPERTINA, Sibth. Evening Lychnis.

* 138. L. GITHAGO, Lam. Corn Cockle. L. P.
In wheat fields, but easily eradicated by sowing clean seed-wheat. Common.

*139. L. CORONARIA, L. Mullein Pink.
Keweenaw county ; Grand Traverse,— A. B. Lyons. *

GO. ARENARIA, L. SANDWORT.

* 140. A. SERPYLLJFOLIA, L. Thyme-leaved Sandwort. Th.
Sandy fields. Common.

10

76 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

141. A. Miehauxii, Hook, f. Th.

S. Michigan,— Wright Cat.; Macomb Co.; Montcalm Co; L. Sup.,— Can. Cat. Constantino; Three
Rivers; AlconaCo.; Crystal Lake, Benzie Co.

*142. A. lateriflora, L. Th.

" From lat. 40° to the Arctic Sea,"— Torrey & Gray, in Flora N. Am." Rather common in C., and
quite pretty.

61. STEL.L.AKIA, L. CHICKWEED. STARWOKT.

* 143. S. MEDIA, Smith. Common Chick weed. Th.

Gardens and fields. A very abundant and hardy little weed, which has been seen in blossom every
month in the year. In fact, even in mid-winter, a few warm days are enough to set it growing.

*144. S. longifolia, Muhl. Long-leaved Stitchwort. Th.

Low ground. Common.

145. S. loiigipes, Goldie. Long-stalked Stitchwort. N. & U. P.

" GrosCap, L. Mich., abundant in pure sand,"— Winch. Cat.; Lake Superior,— Dr. A. B. Lyons. Rare.

* 146. S. GBAMINEA, L.

Introduced from Europe. College grounds; Ypsilanti,— O. A. Farwell.

147. S. uligiuosa, Murr. Swamp S. U. P.
Dr. Lyons. Infrequent.

148. S. crassifolia, Ehrh.

Dr. Lyons. Carson City, July 5, 1881,— C. F. Wheeler. Rare.

149. S. borealis, Bigelow. Northern S. U. P.

Point au Barques, L. Huron, and Isle aux Train, L. Sup,— Gillman; also, Gray in Manual, and Can.
Cat. Isle Royale,— A. E. Foote. Infrequent.

62. CEBASTIUM, L. MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED.

150. C. VISCOSUM, L. Larger Mouse-ear C. Th.
Not common.

* 151. C. VULGATUM, L. Mouse-ear Chickweed. Th.
Common.

152. C. nutaiis, Raf. Th.

Macomb county; Flint; Lyons, etc. Found on low grounds from Louisiana to Hudson's Bay. Rare

153^ C. arvense, L. Field Chickweed. , Th.

Lake Superior,— Can. Cat.; Mackinac,— G. H. Hicks. Infrequent.

154. var. oblong ifolium, Holl. & Britt.

S. Mich.,— Winch. Cat.; wet woods close to Amherstburgh, Ont.; Macoun.

'• 63. SAG-INA, L. PEARLWORT.

155. S. proonmbeiis, L.

€hampion, Mich.,— E. J. Hill.

156. S. nodosa, Fenzl. U. P.

"L. Sup, and northward,"— Gray ; Isle Royale,— Whitney's Cat; Keweenaw Co.,— F.; Isle Royale,— F.
E. Wood.

64. SPERGUL.A, L. SPURREY.

157. S. ARVENSIS, L. Corn Spurrey.
Dr. Wright, Dr. Clark. Introduced from Europe.

[STELLARIA BOREALIS, Big., var. ALPESTRIS, Gray.

Pic Island, Thunder Bay, Lake Superior, — Macoun, Canadian Cat.]

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 77

XV. POETULACACE^. PUBSLANE FAMILY.

65. PORTULACA, Tourn. PURSLANE.

*158. P. OLERACEA, L. Common Purslane. Th.

Very tenacious of life— a vile weed in gardens. Very common.

66. CLAYTONIA, Gronov. SPRING-BEAUTY.
*159. C. Virginica, L. Th.

An early and very pretty spring flower. Common.

160. C. Caroliuiaiia, Michx.

Only found in the northern part of the State. Frankfort, Mich.,— E. J. Parker; Mackinac, July, '88,
in fruit,— G. H. Hicke; Keweenaw Co.,— F.; Alpena,— C. A. Davis.

XVI. HYPEEICACE^. ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.

67. HYPERICUM, Tourn. ST. JOHN'S-WORT.

* 161. H. Aseyroii, L. Great St. John's- wort. Th.

South Haven; Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Macomb Co,; Ionia ; Stanton; Hubbardston; Crystal Lk.; Flint;
Ontonagon River, — Whitney Cat. Grand Rapids, — Sones; Keweenaw Co., — F. Occurs at wide intervals
and in small patches.

162. H. Kalmianum, L. Kalm's St. J. Th.

Along the lakes; more common northward. 8. Mich.,— Wright Cat. ; Fort Gratiot,— Winch. Cat.;
Petoskey; etc.

*163. H. prolific-um, L. Shrubby St. J. Th.

A low, compact shrub, with a profusion of bright yellow blossoms, from July to September. Fre-
quent from C. southward.

164. H. elliptic-urn, Hook.

Ann Arbor,— Miss Clark ; L. Sup.,— Gray; Keweenaw Co.,— F.; Carp River, —Porter. Infrequent.

* 165. H. PERFORATUM, L. Common St. J. Th.

Ionia; Flint; etc.; Keweenaw Co.,— F. Infrequent. A bad weed in the Eastern States, but not
troublesome in Michigan.

* 166. H. maculatum, Walt. Th.

Common.

* 167. H. mutilum, L. Th.

Common.

*168. H. Canadense, L. Th.

Ionia Co.; Macomb Co.; Flint; Drummond's Island, — Winch. Cat. Occasional.

*169. var. ma jus, Gray. Th.

St. Glair Co.,— Foerste; Flint; Fruitport and Old Mission,— E. J. Hill; L. Sup.,— Gray.

170. var. minimum, Chois.

Keweenaw Co.,— F.

68. EL.ODES, Adans. MARSH ST. JOHN'S-WORT.
*171. E. campaimlata, Pursh. Th.

Common.

XVII. MALVACE^. MALLOW FAMILY.

69. MALTA, L. MALLOW.

*172. M. ROTUNDIFOLIA, L. Common Mallow. Th.

Keweenaw Co.,— F. Southward. Common.

78 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

*173. M. SYLVESTRIS, L. HighM. L. P.

Occasional.

* 174, M. CRISPA, L. Curled M.
Dr, Clark. Infrequent.

* 175. M. MOSCHATA, L. Musk M. Th.
Keweenaw Co.,— F. Southward. Not rare.

*176. M. ALCEAL.
Lansing; adventive on the College grounds.

61. SID A, L.

177. S. NAP^EA, Cav. S.

Kalamazoo, R. R. track,— Tuthill. Rare.

62. ABUTLLON, Tourn, INDIAN MALLOW.
*178. A. AVICENN.E, Gsert. Velvet-Leaf. C. & S.

Roadsides and river banks. Very common in places, and, along with Datura, Stramonium, forming
regular thickets.

63. HIBISCUS, L. ROSE-MALLOW.

179. H. Moseheutos, L. Swamp Rose-Mallow. C/& S.

Monroe; Flint: Put-in-Bay, Lake Brie; St. Joseph,— V. Willoughby; Detroit,— D. H. Campbell;
Saugatuck,— Tuthill. Rare.

* 180. H. TRIONUM, L. Bladder Ketmia. C. & S.
S.— Dr. Wright ; Ann Arbor,— Winch. Cat.; Flint. Rare.

XVIII. TILIACE^E. LINDEN FAMILY.

64. TILIA, Tourn. LINDEN. BASSWOOD.

*181. T. Americana, L. Basswood. Linden. Th.

Abundant in C. & S., common in Emmet Co., and frequent in U. P., " Especially in Ontonagon Val-
ley,"—Whitney Cat.

XIX. LINAGES. FLAX FAMILY.

•
65. LJNUM, Tourn. FLAX.

*182. L. Virginiammi, L. S.

Ann Arbor,— Dr. Lyons ; S. Mich.,— Wright Cat. ; Lenawee Co.,— G. F. Comstock. Infrequent.

183. L,. sulcatum, Riddell. S.
Dr. Wright. University Herb. Rare.

184. L. USITATISSIMUM, L. Common Flax.

Dr. Clark, and Dr. Wright; Keweenaw Co.,— F. Escaped from cultivation. Infrequent.

XX. GEEANIACE^E. GERANIUM FAMILY.

•-

66. GERANIUM, Tourn. CRANESBILL.

* 185. O. maculatum, L. Wild Cranesbill. C. & S.
"Canada to Florida."— Torr. & Gr., Fl. N. Am. Common.

186. G. Robertianum, L. Herb Robert. Th.

Put-in-Bay, Lake Erie : Montcalm Co. ; Saginaw Bay; Mackinac, and Drummond's Is.,— Winch. Cat. ;
L. Sup.— Whitney's Cat. Common around the Gr. Lakes, but seldom seen in the interior.

FLORA OP MICHIGAN. 79

*187. O. Carolinianum, L. Th.

Macomb Co.; Clinton Co., etc. Rare in S. & C., abundant in vicinity of Farwell, Clare Co., thence N.
to L. Superior.

*188. Gr. PUSILLUM, L.
Flint,— Dr. Clark ; Benzie Co.,— Dr. Beal ; Constantino,— Wheeler. Adventive.

67. ERODIUM, L'Her. STORKSBILL.
189. E. CICUTARIUM, L'Her. Storksbill. C. & S.

Oceana county; Ionia county; Kalamazoo, etc. Not yet common.

68. FLGERKEA, Willd.

* 190. F. proserpinacoides, Willd. False Mermaid.

Ionia; Hubbardston ; Flint, etc. Not rare but usually overlooked. A delicate little herb in damp
woods.

69. OXALIS, L. WOOD-SORREL.

191. Q. Acetosella, L. Common Wood-Sorrel. Th.
Macomb county; and " L. Sup. and northward,"— Gray. Rare in S. Peninsula.

192. O. violacea, L. Violet W. S. E.
WinchellCat. Rare.

*193. O. corniculata, L., var. stricta, Sav. Yellow W. Th.

Marquette Co.,— Burt's MS., etc., etc. Southward. Common.

7O. IMPATIEXS, L. BALSAM. JEWEL-WEED.

* 194. I. pallida, Nutt. Pale Touch-me-not. Th.

Macomb Co. ; Ionia Co.; Sugar Is.,— Winch. Cat., etc. Much rarer than the next.

* 195. I. fulva, Nutt. Spotted T. Th.
Keweenaw Co.,— F. Southward,

XXI. KUTACE^. EUE FAMILY.

71. XANTHOXYLUM, L. PRICKLY ASH.

*196. X. Americanum, Mill. Northern Prickly Ash. Toothache-tree.

L. P.

Everywhere along streams and on low ground.

72. PTELEA, L.

*197. P. trifoliata, L. Hop-tree. Shrubby Trefoil. C. & S.

Very abundant on the low, rocky, islands in the western end of Lake Erie, and frequent along river
banks and the shore of the Gr. Lakes. Occurs in the interior as far north as Montcalm Co. Does not
occur at Flint, and is not mentioned in Dr. Cooley's MS. Cat., but is given by Dr. Wright.

XXII. ILICINE^. HOLLY FAMILY.

73. ILEX, L. HOLLY.

* 198. I. verticillata, Gray. Black Alder. Winterberry. Th.
Low grounds. The bright red berries are very noticeable in swamps during early winter.

74. NEMOPAIS'THES, Raf. MOUNTAIN HOLLY.
*199. N. fascicularis, Raf. Th.

Borders of swamps. S. Mich.,— Wright Cat.; Ionia Co.; Montcalm Co.; Flint; Macomb Co.; and
northward. Frequent.

80 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

XXIII. CELASTKACEJE. STAFF-TREE FAMILY.

75. CELASTRUS, L. STAFF-TREE. SHRUBBY BITTER-SWEET.

*200. C. scandeiis, L. Wax- work. Climbing Bitter-sweet. Th.

Frequent.

76. EUONYMUS, Tourn, SPINDLE-TREE.

*201. E. atropurpureus, Jacq. Waahoo. Burning-Bush. C. &. S.

Jjow river-banks. Well distributed, but nowhere very common.

*202. E. Americauus, L., var. obovatus, T. & G. Strawberry Bush.

C. AS.

Trailing. Common.

XXIY. EHAMNACE^E. BUCKTHORN FAMILY.

77. RHAMNUS, Tourn. BUCKTHORN.

*203. R. alnifolia, L'Her. Th.

Common.

78. CEANOTHUS, L. NEW JERSEY TEA. RED-ROOT.

*204. C. Americanus, L. New Jersey Tea. Th!

Sandy woods, rarely on beech and maple land. Frequent.

205. C. ovatus, Desf.

Dr. Pitcher; also east shore L. Huron, E. Ont., and L. Sup.,— Can. Cat. ; Cheyboygan Co.,— B. & K.;
Alcona Co. ; Grayling; Oscoda.

XXV. VITACE^E. VINE FAMILY.

79. VITIS, Tourn. GRAPE.
*206. V. bicolor, Le Conte. Summer Grape. C. & S.

Lyons; Stanton; Crystal Lk., Montcalm Co.; Flint; Ann Arbor,— Winch. Cat.; S. Mich.,— Wright
Cat., etc. Infrequent S.

*207. V. riparia, Michx. Th.

Common along our rivers; infrequent in the pine region, where V. bicolor is very abundant. Flowers
vary fragrant, filling the air with odor. The small, glaucous fruit is sometimes eaten.

8O. AMPELOPSIS, Michx. VIRGINIAN CREEPER.

*208. A. quiiiquefolia, Michx. Th.

Common.

XXVI. SAPINDACE.E. SOAPBERRY FAMILY.

81. ^ESCULUS, L. HORSE-CHESTNUT. BUCKEYE.

209. JE. g-labra, Willd. Ohio Buckeye. Fetid B. S.

River bottoms, Lenawee Co.,— Prof . Beal; and probably injother localities in the southern tier of coun-
ties.

82. ACER, Tourn. MAPLE.

210. A. Peimsylvaiiicum, L. Striped Maple. N. & U. P.

Abundant in U. P,— Whitney ; common at Petoskey, and occasional as far S. on the Huron shore as
Alcona Co., — Winchell Cat. ; in the interior as far as Houghton lake.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 61

* 211. A. spictatum, Lam. Mountain Maple. C. N. & U. P.
Common in U. P.; Alcona Co.,— Winch. Cat.; Crystal Lake, Montcalm [Co.

* 212. A. saccharinum, Wang. Rock or Sugar Maple. Th.

Frequent in the U. P., and abundant in the lower, forming extensive groves, either alone or in con-
nection with beech.

* 213. var. nigrum, T. & Gr. Black Sugar Maple. Th.

Along with the preceding, and much resembling it. Distinguished bestjby its prominent stipules and
downy leaves. Common.

* 214. A. dasycarpum, Ehrh. White or Silver Maple. C. & S.

Low ground along rivers. Common.

*215. A. rubrum, L. Red or Swamp M. Th.

On low ground and along streams. Very common.

83. NEOUN1>O, Moanch. ASH-LEAVED MAPLE. BOX-ELDEB.

*216. N. aceroides, Moanch. Th.

River banks. A small, handsome tree, with glaucous green twigs, ash-like leaves, and pendant flowers
and keys. West of Lake Superior, and north to Saskatchewan Valley,— Macoun.i Canadian Catalogue.
Frequent in Grand River Valley.

84. STAPHYL.EA, L. BLADDER-NUT.

*217. S. trifolia, L. American Bladder-nut. Th.

Marquette Co., and southward,— Burt. Frequemt along river banks in L. P.

XXVII. ANACARDIACEJE. CASHEW FAMILY.

85. RHUS, L. SUMACH.
*218. R. typhina, L. Staghorn Sumach. Th.

Seldom very large; less common than the next.

* 219. R. glabra, L- Smooth S. Th.

Very common in C., and nearly, or quite, as large as R. typhina. The trunk occasionally 5-10 in. in
diameter. These two species are much alike, and, pubescence aside, one might easily be mistaken for the
other. It is no stretch of imagination to believe that such closely allied species, and there are many
such, are descended from a common stock. Indeed, one can scarcely believe otherwise if he studies
plants extensively.

* 220. R. copallina, L. Dwarf S. C. & S.

Abundant in the pine country on light soil.

* 221. R. veneiiata, DC. Poison Sumach or Dogwood. L. P.

Common in swamps and poisonous to the touch. A low shrub, with smooth, grayish bark, and dull,
white fruit in clusters. Green Lake, G. Traverse Co. and southward.

* 222. R. Toxicodemlron, L. Poison Ivy. Poison Oak. Th.
Tall-climbing, often to tops of forest trees ; stems occasionally several inches in diameter.

223. R. Canaclensis, Marsh. Fragrant Sumach. Th.

Less frequent than other members of the genus. Found chiefly on bluffs and sandy hills through the
middle counties of the L. P. "N. to the Saskatchawan,"— Torr. & Gr., PI. N. Am.

XXVIII. POLYGALACE^E. MILKWORT FAMILY.

86. POLYGALrA, Tourn. MILKWORT.

*224. P. paucifolia, Willd. Flowering Wintergreen. Fringed Polygala, Th.
Common on pine land ; the large, rose-purple flowers very beautiful.

*225. P. polygama, Walt. Th.

Sandy soil. Ionia, Clinton. Montcalm, and counties southward. Infrequent. Abundant near Quin-
, Menominee Co.,— E. J. Hill.

82 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

*226. P. Senega, L. Seneca Snakeroot. Th.

Banks; not common.

227. var. latifolia, Torr. & Gray.

.flnbbardston ; Flint. Rare.

*228. P. saiiguiiiea, L. C. & S.

fielding ; Ionia; Flint ; Macomb Co., etc. Local, but usually abundant wh«: found at all.

229. P. cruciata, L. S.

8. Mich.,— Wright Cat. Rare.

* 230. P. vertieillata, L. C. & S.

Flint; Macomb Co.; Wayne Co., etc. Gammon in some places, rare in others. The fresh roots have
the smell of wintergreen, or Spiraea lobata.

XXIX. LEGUMINOS^E. PULSE FAMILY.

87. BAPTISIA, Vent. FALSE INDIGO.

*231. B. tinctoria, R. Br. Wild Indigo. C. & S.

Woodward Lake, Ionia Co,; Flint; Macomb Co.; Ann Arbor,— Winch. Cat.; etc. Abundant in places
but not well distributed; much commoner than the next species.

232. B. leucaiitha, Torr. & Gr. S.

Calhoun Co.,— Winch. Cat. ; Ann Arbor,— Allmendinger Cat.; Shore of Lake Erie,— Goldie, Cana-
dian Catalogue. Rare.

88. LUPINUS, Tourn. LUPINE.

* 233. L,. pereimis, L. Wild Lupine. C. & S.

Abundant in light sand. Flowers, a fine blue-purple, varying to light pink, in May and June forming
great masses of color.

234. var. occideutalis, Watson.

Benton Harbor,— Wheeler.

89. TRIPOLI UM, Tourn. CLOVER. TREFOIL.

*235. T. ARVENSE, L. Rabbit-foot or Stone Clover.
Becoming naturalized in light soil.

*236. T. PRATENSE, L. Red Clover. Th.

Meadows and fields.

* 237. T. MEDIUM, L. Mammoth Clover. Zigzag Clover.

238. T. stoloniferum, Muhl. Running Buffalo Clover.
Kalamazoo,— Tuthill. Introduced (?)

*239. T. repeiis, L. White Clover. Th.

Meadows, pastures, and road-sides. Very common,

* 240. T. HYBRIDUM, L. Alsike Clover. Th.
Escaped from cultivation.

241. T. AGRARIUM, L. Yellow or Hop Clover. Th.

Port Huron,— C. K. Dodge; Keweenaw Co.,— F. Not common. ,

*242. T. PROCUMBENS, L. Low Hop-C. C. & S.

Ionia, etc. Blossoms bright yellow and very pretty. Infrequent,

9O. MELILOTUS, Tourn. MELILOT. SWEET CLOVER.

* 243. M. OFFICINALIS, Willd. Yellow Melilot. C. & S.
Rare.

* 244. M. ALBA. Lam. White Melilot. L. P.
More common than the preceding, but only occasional.

FLORA OP MICHIGAN. 83

91. MEDIC AGO, Tourn. MEDICK.

245. M. SATIVA, L. Lucerne. Alfalfa. C. & S.

Escaped from cultivation in a few places.

* 246. M. LUPULINA, L. Black Medick. Nonesuch. L. P.
Waste places. Mackinac; Jackson; Ann Arbor, etc.; forming patches.

92. AMORPHA, L. FALSE INDIGO.

247. A. canescens, Nutt. Lead-Plant. S.

W.Mich.,— Winch. Cat.; Ann Arbor,— Prof. M. W. Harrington; Kalamazoo; Tuthill; Klinger Lake;
Barron Lake,— Wheeler. Rare.

93. TEPHROSIA, Pers. HOARY PEA.

248. T. Virgiiiiana, Pers. Goat's Rue. Catgut. C. & S.

Clinton Co. ; Montcalm Co. ; Macomb Co.; Livingston Co.,— Miss Clark, etc. On light sand. Infre-
quent.

94. ROBIMA, L. LOCUST-TREE.

* 249. R. PseiHlacacia, L. Common Locust or false Acacia.
Escaped from cultivation.

250. R. viscosa, Vent. Clammy Locust.
Escaped from cultivation at Ionia,— Wheeler. *

95. ASTRAGALUS, Tourn. MILK-VETCH.
*251. A. Caiiadensis, L. Th.

Put-in-Bay; Ann Arbor; Macomb Co.; Orchard Lk.; Montcalm Co.; river bank, North Lansing;
Shiawassee Co.,— G. H. Hicks; and northward. Well distributed, but infrequent.

* 252. A. Cooperi, Gray. C. & S.

Dr. A. B. Lyons ; Cooley MS.; Park Lake, Clinton Co.,— Bailey; clay bank \VZ miles N. of the College,—
Wheeler, 1891. Rare.

96. DESMODIUM, Desv. TICK-TREFOIL.

*253. D. nucliflorum, DC. C. & S.

Crystal Lk.; Montcalm Co.; Flint; Macomb Co.; S. Mich.,— Wright, Cat., etc., Common.

*254. D. acumiiiatum, DC. C. &. S.

Woodlands. Very common.

*255. D. pauciflorum, DC. S.

Mont Lk.,— Miss Clark in Winch. Cat. Rare.

*256. D. rotundifolium, DC. C. & S.

Hubbardston; Ionia; Flint ; So. Haven ; Macomb Co. ; Ann Arbor,— Allmend. Cat. etc. Infrequent.

257. D. canescens, DC. S.

Ann Arbor,— Allmend. Cat. ; S. West,— Wright, Cat. Rare.

* 258. I>. cuspidatum, Torr. & Gray. C. & S.

Hubbardston; Flint; Ann Arbor; Macomb Co.; S. Mich.,— Wright, etc. Usually on oak land.
Frequent.

259. D. Illiiioense, Gray.

University campus, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1885,— Dr. W. J. Beal.

*260. D. Dillenii, Darlingt. C. &. S.

Oak woods. Hubbardston; Flint; Macomb Co.; S. Mich.,— Wr. Cat.; Mont Lk..— Miss Clark, etc.
Frequent. Downy forms of this species were called D. viridiflorum, Beck\ in the first edition of this
catalogue.

[HJEDYSARUM BOREALE, Nutt.

N. shore of L. Superior,— Gray's Man. May be looked for within our limits.]
11

84 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

*261. IX paiiiculatum, DC. C, & S.

Oak woods. Hnbbardston ; Flint; Macomb Co. ; S. Haven; 8. Mich.,— Wr. Cat., etc. Frequent.

*262. I>. Canadense, DC. Th.

Hubbardston, and probably farther N.; Flint; Ann Arbor,— Allmendinger Cat. and Winch, Cat.,
etc. Flowers early. Frequent.

263. D. sessilifolium, Torr. & Gray. S.
" Michigan,"-Gray; S. Mich.,— Winch. Cat. ; University Herb., Miles,— Ames; Greenville. Rare.

264. D. rigidum, DC. C. & S.

Hubbardston; Flint ; Macomb Co. ; Ann Arbor and S. W.,— Winch. Cat. Infrequent.

265. D. ciliare, DC. S.

Dr. Wright. Rare.

*266. 1>. Marilaiidicum, F.Boott. C. & S.

Dry hills; Ionia, and southward ; near Park Lake, Clinton Co.,— Dr. Beal. Infrequent.

97. T^ESPEDEZA, Michx. BUSH-CLOVER.

*267. L. violacea, Pere. S.

Ann Arbor,— Miss Clark; S. W.,— Wright. Infrequent.

* 268. L. reticulata, Pers. C. & S.

Dry woods and fields. Common.

269. L. Stuvei, Nutt. S.

Winchell Cat. ; Gray in Manual. Rare.

270. var. intermedia, Wats.
Gray's Man.

*271. L.. polystachya, Michx. C. & S.

Common.

*272. L. capitata, Michx. C. & S.

Abundant in old fields ; prefers light sand. Common.

273. L,. augustifolia, Ell. C. & S,
In the same situation, and along with the preceding two. Infrequent.

98. VICIA, Tourn.. VETCH. TARE.

274. V. BATIVA, L. Common Vetch. Tare.

Detroit.— Dr. Lyons; Springwells,— Henry Gillman; Port Huron,— C. K. Dodge; Keweenaw Co., —
Farwell. Infrequent.

275. V. Cracca, L. S.

S. Mich.— Wright Cat. ; Ann Arbor,— Prof. M. W. Harrington. Rare or local.

* 276. V. Caroliniaiia, Walter. C. & S.

Dry soil. Common.

*277. V. Americana, Muhl. Th.

Ann Arbor; Ionia ; Montcalm Co., etc.; N. to Lake Sup. Much rarer than the preceding, and very-
pretty. Spreads rapidly in C., along railroads and highways, and acts like an immigrant.

99. L.ATHYRUS, Tourn. VETCHLING. EVERLASTING PEA.

278. L,. maritimus, Bigelow. Beach Pea. Th.

All around the Gr. Lakes, but seldom or never seen in the interior. Shore of Higgins Lake,— G. H_
Cannon.

*279. L. ochroleueus, Hooker. Th.

Hillsides and dry uplands. Keweenaw Co.,— F., and southward. Infrequent.

280. L. venosus, Muhl. Th.

Ionia C.; Clinton Co.; Flint; Macomb Co.; Ann Arbor, etc. Northward to Keweenaw Co.,— F.
Infrequent.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 85

*281. Li. palustris, L. Th.

Ann Arbor ; Ionia ; Bay City; Antrim Co.; Petoskey to L. Sup. This and the next are both common in
C., growing in marshes along with Apios tuberosa, Campanula aparinoides, etc.

*282. var. myrtifolius, Gray. Th.

Infrequent.

1OO. APIOS, BOERHAAVE.

* 283. A. tuberosa, Moench. Ground-nut. Wild Bean. C. & S.

A curious vine, with edible tubers, and fragrant, chocolate-brown flowers. Common.

101. STKOPHOSTYLES, Ell.

284. S. aiigulosa, Ell. Wild Bean. S.

S. E. along shore, and on the islands of Lake Erie, and shore of Lake Michigan at So. Haven,— Bailey.
Probably not much farther north, and not found in the interior.

1O2. AMPHICARP^EA, Ell. HOG PEA-NUT.
*285. A. moiioica, Nutt. Th.

Fields and woods. Common.

*286. A. Pitcheri, T. & G.

Moist woodlands. Hubbardston; Lenawee Co.,— Dr. Beal.

1O3. CEKCIS, L. RED-BUD. JUDAS-TREE.

*287. C. iJanadeiisis, L. C. & S.

Indigenous throughout the southern part of the State, and as far N. in the west as Grand River valley.
Plaster creek, Grand Rapids— Garfield ; Ionia— Le Valley; banks of Thornapple river. Eaton Co.; Ann
Arbor; Adrian; South Haven, etc. This tree is quite frequent in the valley of the river Raisin, 10 miles S.
W. of Adrian, in company with Negundo, Gymnocladiis, and JEscuhis glabra. The largest trees are ten
inches in diameter, — Henry Owen.

1O4. CASSIA, Tourn. SENNA.
*288. C. Jlarilamlica, L. Wild Senna. C. & S.

Lyons ; Grand Haven ; Ann Arbor, etc. River banks; a tall weed with bright yellow blossons. Infre-
quent.

1O5. GYMNOCLAOUS, Lam. KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE.
*289. O. Canadeiisis, Lam. C. & S.

A slender tree along the river banks as far N. as Maple river, in Clinton Co.; alsp Fish creek, Mont-
calm Co.; banks of Grand river, etc. The largest specimen seen was about 60 feet high, and less than a
foot in diameter. Farther south a large tree. Infrequent.

106. OLEDITSCHIA, L. HONEY-LOCUST.

290. O. triacaiithos, L. Three-thorned Acacia. Honey-Locust, S.

Grows along the river Raisin, and is certainly indigenous. Often two feet in diameter,— Dr. Beal,
Henry Owen, et al. Along the St. Joseph, also, and in other localities in the extreme S. D.undee, Niles, -
Wheeler.

XXX. ROSACES. EOSE FAMILY.

107. PKUNUS, Tourn. PLUM, CHERRY, ETC.

*291. P. Americana, Marshall. Wild Yellow or Red Plum. Th.

Along our rivers ; the fruit either round or oblong, yellow, red, or green, and pleasant or bitter. Along
Black River, Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K.

292. P. pumila, L. Dwarf Cherry. Sand Cherry. Th.

L. Sup.; Emmet Co.; Honghton Lake; Mecosta Co.; South Haven; Saginaw Bay.— Winchell, etc.
Frequent in the N. half of the L. P., but not yet found in the interior 8. of Saranac, Ionia Co., where it
occurs in a dry glade along with Synthyris, Castilleia, Lupinus, and Senecio aureus.

*293. P. Pennsylvania, L.f. Wild Red Cherry. Th.

Very abundant on sandy land in the N. half of the State, but less common southward, where P.
serotina, takes its place. Occasionally it becomes a good sized tree, 40-50 feet high, a foot and a half in
diameter. One such stands by the roadside near Prairie Creek, in Ronald Tp., Ionia Co.

86 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

*294. P. Virginiaiia, L. Choke-Cherry. Th.

A shrub or small tree. Very pretty in May by reason of its light green leaves and racemes of white
flowers. Common.

*295. P. serotina, Ehrh. Wild Black Cherry. Th.

A medium sized timber tree, well known as " Black Cherry." Frequent in C. and S., in places suffi-
ciently so for economic use. Rare in N. and U. P.

1O8. SPIRAEA. L. MEADOW-SWEET.

*29G. S. salicifolia, L. Common Meadow-Sweet. Th.

In marshes. Common.

297. S. tomentosa, L. Hardhack. Steeple-Bush. C. & S.
Grand Rapids,— G. D. Sones; Ionia Co., and southward. A low shrub with fine rose-colored flowers,

in dense panicles, and leaves rusty-wooly beneath. Infrequent.

298. S. lobata, Jacquin. Queen of the Prairie. S.

"Meadows and prairies, Penn. to Mich.,"— Gray. Occurs only in the S. W. R. R. track, near Augusta,
—Prof. Bailey ; Calhoun Co.;— University Herb. St. Joseph,— V. Willoughby.

1O9. PHYSOCARPUS, Maxim. NINE-BARK.
*299. P. opulifolius, Maxim. Th.

Along streams. A low shrub with recurved branches, white flowers, clusters of reddish pods, and
something the habit of red currant but larger.

11O. GILLENIA, Moench. INDIAN PHYSIC.

300. G. trifoliata, Moench. Bowman's Root.
WinchellCat. Rare.

111. RUBUS, Tourn. BRAMBLE.

301. R. odoratus, L. Purple Flowering-Raspberry. Th.
From Ft. Gratiot (Winchell) northward. Not observed in the interior of the C. & S. Common in

N. and'U. P.

302. R. Nutkanus, Mogino. Salmon-berry. N. & U. P.
Frequent at Petoskey and common farther north.

*303. R. triflorus, Richard. Dwarf R. Th.

Frequent.

*304. R. strigosus, Michx. Wild Red R. Th.

Variable. Common.

* 305. R. occidentalis, L. Black R. Thimbleberry. Th.
Hybrids between this and the preceding frequently occur. Common.

*306. R. iieg'lectus, Peck.
Hubbardston,.

* 307. R. villosus, Aiton. Blackberry, Common or High. Th.

Very common in C., covering thousands of acres of waste pine-land to the exclusion of almost every-
thing else. Rare in U. P.

308. R. Millspaughi, Britton, n. sp. Torrey Bulletin, Dec., 1891, p. 366.
Keweenaw Peninsula,— L. H. Bailey, in Garden and Forest, 1892, p. 144.

*309. R. Canadensis, L. Dewberry. Low Blackberry. Th.

Extensively trailing— 12 feet or more— deep-rooted, hard to exterminate, and troublesome in sandy
fields. Fruit ripe about the middle of July, sweeter than that of R. villosus, Keweenaw Co.,— F. ; Black
Lake, Cheboygan Co.,— Wheeler. Frequent.

*310. R. liispidus, L. Running Swamp-B. Th.

Very abundant through the C. in the pine country, frequently covering the ground.

112. DALIBARDA, L.
311. I>. repeiis, L.

Ann Arbor,— Mary Clark; Macomb Co.,— Cooley. May occur farther north, and perhaps throughout
Lake Huron,— Bell, Canadian Catalogue.

FLORA OP MICHIGAN. 87

113. GEUM, L. Avens.
*312. G. album, Gmelin. L. P.

Common.

* 313. G. Virg iiiiaimm, L. C. & S.

Common.

314. G. maerophylluiu, Willd.

Rare in L. P. Cheboygan Co., — B. & K.; N. Shore of Lake Superior, — Agassiz.

315. G. strictum, Alton. Th.
New Haven ; Gratiot Co.; Petoskey, etc. ; Keweenaw Co.,— F.; St. Clair Co.,— A. F. Foreste.

*316. G. rivale, L. Water or Purple Avens. Th.

Swamps and wet places. Common.

317. G. triflorum, Pursh.

Otisco Tp., Ionia Co., — A. B. Morse; Montcalm Co., near Greenville; the only reported localities in
the State.

114. WALDSTEINIA, Willd.
*318. W. frag arioi cles, Tratt. Barren Strawberry. Th.

Livingston Co.,— Winch. Cat.; Ionia; Flint to L. Sup., -Whitney Cat. Bather local, but abundant
when found at all.

115. FRAGARIA, Tourn. STRAWBERRY.
*319, F. Virginia iia, Mill. Th.

Very common.

*320. var. IlHuoeusis, Gray. Th.

Keweenaw Co., — F. ; and southward. Frequent.

321. F. vesca, L. Th.

Occasional in 8., frequent in C., and abundant northward, where it seems to take the place of F. Vir-
giniana. Moist woodlands and borders of swamps.

116; POTENTILLA, L. CINQUE-FOIL. FIVE-FINGER.
*322. P. arjjuta, Ph. Th.

Flowers either white or yellow, generally all in one locality of one color ; the same is true of Moth
Mullein ; Ann Arbor ; Macomb Co. ; Ionia ; and ft . to Isle Royal. Frequent on light sand ; in places
common.

*323. P. RECTA, L. ,

Ypsilanti,— O. A. Farwell; Lansing.— Dr. Beal ; Spreading along the T. & A. A. R. R. track between
Ann Arbor and Howell Junction, — C. F. Wheeler.

*324. P. Norvegiea, L. Th.

Common.

325. P. Peimsylvaiiica, L.

L. Superior,— Gray's Man. p. 159; Prof. Ellis, in Canadian Catalogue.

*326. P. argeutea, L. Silvery Cinque-foil.

Ann Arbor,— Clark and Allmendinger ; Alma,— Davis; Inland, Benzie Co.; "Behaves like a weed at
Hanover, Mich., running out clover," etc., — G. E. Simmons. Becoming frequent.

327. P. frigicla, Villars. U. P.

Dr. Lyons. Rare.

*328. P. palustris, Scop. Marsh Five-Finger. Th.

Swamps throughout, but nowhere abundant.

*329. P. fruticosa, L. Shrubby Cinque-foil. Th.

Edges of swamps. A low shrub with small, silky leaves, and a profusion of showy yellow blossoms, in
August. Ranges N. to Arctic America. Common.

330. P. trideiitata, Ait. Three-toothed C. N. & U. P.

Barrens of Missaukee Co.; Grayling; " Shores of the Upper Great Lakes,"— Gray; lele Royal,— Dr.
• Lyons. Frequent.

88 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

331. P. Anseriua, L. Silver- Weed. Th.

Frequent along the Great Lakes, but rare in the interior. Banks of Higgins Lake,— G. H. Cannon ;
Baldwin,— W. J. Beal ; Otsego Co.,— Guy L. Stewart.

*332. P. Caiiadeusis, L. Common C. Five-Finger. Th.

Common.

117. AGRIMOXIA, Tourn. AGRIMONY.
*333. A. Eupatoria, L. Common Agrimony. Th.

Dry soil. Common.

334. A. parviflora, Ait. Small-flowered A. S. E.
Detroit,— Miss Clark; Macomb Co.; St. Clair Co.,— A. F, Foerste. Infrequent.

118. POTERIUM, L. BURNET.

335. P. Cauadeuse, Benth. & Hook. Canadian Burnet. S.

South Haven,— Bailey; Ann Arbor, — Allmendinger. Rare.

119. ROSA, Tourn. ROSE.

336. R. setigera, Michx. Climbing or Prairie Rose. C. & S.

So. Haven,— Bailey; Jackson Co.,— Winchell; Flint,— Dr. Clark; Macomb Co.,— Cooley; Grosse Isle,—
Miss Clark; Belle Isle Park,— Foerste; near Adrian,— Mrs. I. H. Wheeler. Indigenous, but rare or local.

337. R. Eiigelmaimi, Watson. N. & U. P.
Indian River, Black Lake (Cheboygan Co.); Mackinaw City; Petoskey,— Wheeler ; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

338. R. blanrta, Aiton. Th.

Ionia; Hubbardston; Flint; Ft. Gratiot,— Winch. Cat. Lake shore, New Buffalo,— Wheeler, North-
ward to Keweenaw Co., — F. Common northward, but infrequent south of lat. 48° except along the
shore of Lake Michigan.

339. R. Sayi, Schwein. N. & U. P.

Oscoda; Keweenaw Co.,— F.; Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K. Infrequent.

340. R. Arkaiisana, Porter. N. & U. P.

Harbor Springs,— Wheeler ; Keweenaw Co., — F. Rare.

341. R. acicvilaris, Lindl. N. & U. P.

Keweenaw Co.,— F. ; Mackinac,— Loring; In herb,— Gray ; South Shore Lake Superior,— Whitney,
1849; Au Sable; Crawford Co.

*342. R. Carolina, L. Th.

Swamps. Common.

*343. R. Carolina Xhuiiiilis, C. P. Wheeler. A supposed hybrid.
Border of a swamp near the Agricultural College.

*344. R. liumilis, Marsh. Th.

Abundant and pretty. In the C. it is our common wild-rose. Dry soil. A low form on hills about
Ionia has narrow leaves, with peduncles and ripe fruit glandular-bristly.

*345. R. RUBIGINOSA, L. Sweetbrier. Eglantine. C. & S.

Roadsides. Frequent.

12O. PYRUS, L. PEAR. APPLE.

*346. P. cornaria, L. American Crab-Apple. C. & S.

Thickets and along streams ; the fine rose colored flowers delightfully fragrant in May. The fruit
green and bitter. Common.

*347. P. arbutifolia, L.f. Choke-berry. Th.

Hubbardston; New Buffalo,— Wheeler; Harris ville and northward.

*348. var. melanocarpa, Hook. Th.

Burt. MS.; Isle Royal,— Whitney's Cat., etc. Frequent in swamps through C.

349. P. Americana, DC. American Mountain Ash. N. & U. P.

Ludington, and north along the Michigan shore to Charlevoix; Sault Ste. Marie; and into Canada
where it is common; also westward, through U. P., — Burt, and Whitney.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 89

350. P. sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlect.
Mackinac Island,— H. Mann; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

*351. P. MALUS, L. Cultivated Apple.
Spontaneous in thickets along roadsides.

121. CRATyEGUS, L. HAWTHORN. WHITE THORN.
*352. C. coccinea, L. Th.

Common.

* 353. var. mollis, T. & G. Th.

Frequent in C.; our largest thorn, frequently 20-25 ft. high and a foot in diameter. A tree along the
Raisin river in Monroe Co.,— Wheeler; Ontonagon,— Mary H. Clark.

*354. C. tomentosa, L. Th.

The form referred to this species is a shrub with large, thick, oval, sharply-serrate leaves, beneath
prominently veined, and tapering into a margined petiole; corymbs very straggling and fruit quite
small — J4 in. Infrequent.

*355. C. pimctata, Jacq.

A shrub or low tree very common in the center of the State. Very variable.

*,356. C. Crus-galli, L. Cockspur Thorn. S.

Usually a shrub. Used for hedges in tke east. Common.

122. AMELANCHIER, Medic. JUNE-BERRY.
*357. A. Caiiadensis, Torr. & Gray. Shad-bush. Service- berry. Th.

A shrub or small tree. Fruit variable in size and flavor, frequently delicious, and so well known to
the birds that one can seldom find it well ripened. Includes vars.,* Botryapium and rotundifolia.
Common.

* 358. var. (?) oblongifolia, T. & Gr. Th.

Ionia ; Flint; 8. Mich.,— Winchell Cat. A low shrub on sandy land. Infrequent.

359. A. oligocarpa, Koem. U. P.

Shores of Lake Superior,— Gray's Man.; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

360. A. alnifolia, Nutt, N. &U.P.
Presque Isle,— Winchell; Keweenaw Co.,— F. Rare.

XXXI. SAXIFKAGAQE^E. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.

123. SAXIFRAGA, L. SAXIFRAGE.

361. 8. tiizoides, L. Yellow Mountain-Saxifrage. U. P.

''Northern Michigan." — Gray.

362. S. tricuspidata, Retz. U. P.

"Shore of L. Sup. and northward," — Gray; Isle Royale, — Dr. Lyons and Whitney Cat.

363. S. Aizoon, Jacq. U. P.
"Upper Mich.,"— Gray; Isle Royale,— Lyons, and Whitney.

364. S. Virgiiiiensis, Michx. Early-S. U. P.
Li. Sup., — Can. Cat.; Keweenaw Co., — F.

*365. S. Peimsylvanica, L. Swamp. S. Th.

Bogs. Common.

124. TIARELLA, L. FALSE MITRE-WORT.

*366. T. cordifolia, L. Th.

Ft. Gratiot; Macomb Co. ; Flint; Stanton ; and northward. Common in N. & U. P. ; rare in C. & S. W.

125. MITELLiA, Tourn. MITRE-WORT. BISHOP'S-CAP.
*367. M. diphylla, L. Th.

Hillsides in rich woods. Very common.

90 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

*368. M. iiucla, L. Th.

Shaded swamps in Sphagnum. Racemes sometimes inclined to be paniculate; seeds brown. A very
delicate and pretty little herb, usually growing under tamaracks and along with Ribes rubrum, Chiogenes
hispidula, Smilacina trifolia, and Salix Candida. The scape frequently bears a small leaf, as if to suggest
the derivation of this and the preceding from one earlier form. Frequent.

126. HEUCHERA, L. ALUM-ROOT.
369. H. Americana, L. Common Alum-root. C, & S,

Grand Rapids,— Coleman; Ann Arbor,— Winch. Cat.; Monroe Co.,— Wheeler. Rare.

* 370. H. hispida, Pursh. C. & S.

Common in Grand-Saginaw Valley.

127. CHRYSOSPLEMUM, Tourn. GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE.
*371. C. Americanum, Schwein.

So. Haven ; Hubbardston ; Flint; and northward. Infrequent.

128. PARNASSIA, Tourn. GRASS OF PARNASSUS.

372, P. parviflora, DC. U. P.

L. Sup.,— Can. Cat.; Grand Island,— Henry Gillman; also, northwest shore of Lake Michigan, in
Wisconsin,— Gillman.

373. P. palustris, L. U. P.

Drummond's Is.,— Winch. Cat. ; " Shore of L. Sup., and northward,"— Gray, from Dr. Pitcher.

*374. P. Caroliiiiaiia, Michx.

Swamps and wet banks. Rare northward; common in C. & S.

12£>. RIBES, L. CURRANT. GOOSEBERRY.

*375. R. Cyiiosbati, L. Gooseberry. Th.

The large berries prickly, but edible. Common.

376. R. g'racile, Michx. Missouri Gooseberry.
St. Joseph's Island, and Sitting Rabbit,— Winchell's Cat.

*377. R. oxyacaiithoides, L. Swamp G. Th.

Fruit smooth. Low grounds along Fish Creek and Maple River; Flint; Macomb Co., etc.
Northward and shore of Long lake,— B. & K. ; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

378. R. lacustre, Poir. N. & U. P.
As far south as Houghton Lake; Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K. Common.

379. R. prostratum, LTHer. Fetid Currant. C. N. & U. P.

Flint; Isabella Co. ; Missaukee Co.; St. Joseph's Is.,— Winch. Cat.; Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K. ;
Keweenaw Co.,— F. Frequent.

*380. R. floridum, L'Her. Wild Black Currant. Th.

Cheboygan Co.— B. & K. Southward. Common.

*381. R. rubrum, L., var. subg'landulosum, Maxim. Red Currant. Th.
Deep swamps and cold woods, under tamaracks. Ann Arbor; Ionia; Stanton, Cheboygan Co.— B. &
K. Infrequent.

XXXII. CRASSULACE^E. ORPINE FAMILY.

13O. PENTHORUM, Gronov. DITCH STONE-CROP.

*382. P. sedoides, L. K P.

Roadsides and ditches ; shore of Black Lake, Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K. Frequent.

131. SEDUM, Tourn. STONE-CROP. ORPINE.

*383. S. ACRE, L. Mossy Stone-crop.
Escaped from cultivation.

*384. S. TEL.EPHIUM, L. Live-for-ever. Garden Orpine. C. & S.

Escaped from cultivation.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 91

XXXIII. DROSEKACEJE. SUNDEW FAMILY.

132. 1XROSERA, L. SUNDEW.
*385. I>. rotundifolia, L. Round-leaved Sundew. Th.

In sphagnous swamps. An insectivorous plant.

386. D. intermedia, Hayne., var. Americana, DC. Th.

S. Mich.,— Wiight. Cat. ; Ann Arbor,— Allmendinger Cat. ; Grand Rapids,— R. H. Wolcott; Keweenaw
Co.,-F.

387. I). liiiearis, Goldie. Slender Sundew. Th.

Livingston Co.; L. Superior,— Dr. Lyons; Keweenaw Co.,— F. ; La Pointe.,— D. Houghton ; Copper
Harbor,— F. E. Wood. Rare.

XXXIV. HAMAMELIDE^. WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY.

133. HAMAMELl'S, L. WITCH-HAZBL.
*388. H. Virgmiana, L. Th.

The yellow blossoms open in November after the leaves have fallen. The ripe pods burst with a sharp
report, scattering the seeds. This is frequently the case with pods of other plants. Common.

XXXV. HALOEAGE^. WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY.

134. MYRIOPHYLLUM, Vaill. WATER-MILFOIL.

*389. M. spicatum, L. Th.

Abundant, L. Sup.,— Can. Cat.; etc, ; Black Lake, Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K. ; Pine Lake, Ingham Co.
Common.

*390. M. verticillatum, L. L. P.

Hubbardston; Flint; Macomb Co.; 8. Mich., — Wright Cat. Common.

391. M. heteropliyllum, Michx. C. & S.

Fruitport, — E. J. Hill; Huron R. at Ypsilanti, — Lyons; Macomb Co., — Cooley. Rare.

392. M. teuellum, Bigelow.

Gray's Manual.

393. M. Farwellii, Morong, nov. sp.

Bulletin of Torrey Bot. Club, May, '91, p. 146; Pond, Keweenaw Co.,— F.

136. PROSERPINACA, L. MERMAID-WEED.
*394. P. palustris, L.

In swamps along with Alopecurus aristulatus and Ludwigia paltistris. Keweenaw Co., — F. ; Cheboy-
gan Co.,— B. & K.

136. HIPPURIS, L. MARE'S TAIL.

395. H. vulg-aris, L. Th.

L. Sup.,— Can. Cat. ; 8. Mich.,— Wright Cat. ; Keweenaw Co.,— F. ; Black River, Cheboygan Co.,— B.
& K. ; Bscanaba,-E. J. Hill. Rare.

396. var. fltiviatilis, Hart.

Keweenaw Peninsula,— Robbins ; Indian River, Cheboygan Co.,— Wheeler.

137. CALLITRICHE, L. Water-Starwort.

397. C. verna, L.

Ponds, Macomb Co.,— Cooley; Keweenaw Co.,— F.; Norway,— E. J. Hill.

398. C. autumnalis, L.

Flint,— Dr. Clark; L. Superior,— Gray; Alma,— Davis; Sault de Ste. Marie, -Morong.

12

92 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

XXXYI. LYTHKACEJE. LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.

138. LYTHRUM, L. LOOSESTRIFE.

399. L. alatum, Pursh. S.

Near Detroit,— Cooley MS.; S. Mich.,— Wright Cat. ; Kalamazoo, Tnthill; Maiden, Detroit River,—
Maclagan, Canadian Catalogue.

139. DECODON, Gmelin. SWAMP LOOSESTRIFE.

*400. D. verticillatus, Ell. L. P.

Crystal Lake, Montcalm Co.; Flint; Birmingham, Oakland Co.; So. Haven, etc. Fife Lake, farthest
station north known. Infrequent.

XXXVII. ONAGKACE^E. EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.

14O. LTJDWIGIA, L. FALSE LOOSESTRIFE.

401. L. alternifolia, L. Seed-box. S. W.
Dr. Wright; near Detroit,— Dr. Cooley.

402. L. polycarpa, Short & Peter. C. &S.

Dr. Pitcher and Dr. Clark. St. Glair Co.,— A. F. Foerste.

403. L. palustris, Ell. Water Purslane. L. P.
Common.

141. EPILOBIUM, L. WILLOW-HERB.

*404. E. spieatum, Lam. (E. angustifolium, L.) Great Willow-herb.

Fire-weed. Th.

Springs up abundantly where forests have been burned over, hence one common name.

*405. E. lineare, Muhl.
Hubbardston; Flint ; Stanton; and north to L. Sup. Infrequent in C. and rare or not at all in S.

*406. E. strictum, Muhl. Th.

Hubbardston ; Flint; Ann Arbor; Macomb Co. ; northward to Keweenaw Co., — F. Frequent.

*407. E. coloratum, Muhl. Th.

Common.

408. E. adeiiocaulon, Hauesk.

Trelease, Revision of Epilobium, p. 95. Keweenaw Co.,— F. Frequent.

409. E. Hornemanni, Eeichenb. U. P.
"Upper Wisconsin and Michigan." — Gray.

142. CENOTHERA, L. EVENING PRIMROSE.

*410. CE. biennis, L. Common Evening Primrose. Th.

Common.

411. CE. pumila, L. Th.

Ontonagon Falls,— Whitney Cat. ; So. Mich.,— Wr. Cat.; Oscoda, shore Lake Huron. Infrequent.

412. CE. fruticosa, L. Sundrops. Th. / '
Palo, Ionia Co. ; Flint; Macomb Co. ; Ann Arbor,— Allmend. Cat.; Keweenaw Co.,— F. Infrequent.

143. GAURA, L.

413. G. bieimis, L. S.

Dr. Wright. Maiden, Ont., — Maclagan, Canadian Catalogue.

I [E. PANICU.LATUM, Nutt.

Found on the Canadian shore of Lake Huron. May be looked for in Mich.]

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 93

144. CIRCLE A, Tourn. ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE.
*414. C. Lutetiana, L. Th.

Woods. Very common.

*415. C. alpina, L. Th.

Woods. Common.

XXXVIII. CUCUEBITACE^. GOURD FAMILY.

145. ECHIXOCYSTIS, Torr. & Gray. WILD BALSAM-AI>PLE.
*416. E. lobata, Torr. & Gray.

Common in low woods along streams. Ionia; So. Haven; Macomb County; Ann Arbor,— Allmend.
Cat., etc.

XXXIX. CACTACE^:. CACTUS FAMILY.

146. OPUNTIA, Tourn. PRICKLY PEAR. INDIAN FIG.

417. O. Rafinesquii, Engelm.

Common in Newaygo Co. along the Muskegon R. ("a quite spiny form,"— Engelmann) ; Cedar Creek
Tp. ; Muskegon Co.,— Wheeler ; and a stunted variety on sand barrens near Greenville,— Mr. Satterlee; also,
northward into British Am.,— Engelmann.

XL. FICOIDE^. ICE-PLANT FAMILY.

147. MOLLUGO, L. INDIAN-CHICKWEED.

* 418. M. VERTICILLATA, L. Carpet-weed. C. <fe S.

Roadsides and sandy fields. Common.

XLI. UMBELLIFEE^. PARSLEY FAMILY.

148. I>ATJCUS, Tourn. CARROT.

419. D. CAROTA, L.

Keweenaw* Co.,— F.; "Introduced into the E. part of the State,"— C. K. Dodge; near Grand
. D. Sones.

)idsk-G.

-

149. ANGELICA, L,

J420. A. hirsuta, Muhl. L. P.

Emmet Co.,— Winch. Cat.; Pontiac; Detroit, etc. Dry banks and open woods. Infrequent.

*421. A. atropurpurea, L. Th.

Occasional in S., common in C. & N. ; also L. Sup.— Can. Cat.

ISO. CONIOSELINUM, Fisch.

*422. C. Canadense, Torr. & Gray. Hemlock-Parsley. Th.

Ann Arbor,— All. Cat. ; Macomb Co.; Flint; Hubbardston and north,— Wheeler. Infrequent.

151. TIEDEMANNIA, DC.

*423. T. rigida, Coult. & Rose. Cowbane.s C. & S.

Hubbardston ; Ann Arbor,— All. Cat., etc. Not much N. of let. 43°. Infrequent.

152. HEBACLEUM, L. Cow PARSNIP.
*424. H. laiiatum, Michx. Th,

Low ground; tall and coarse. Common.

94 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

153. PASTINACA, L. PARSNIP.

*425. P. SATIVA, L. Th.

Fields, etc. Infrequent.

154. POI.YT^BNIA, DC.

426. P. Nuttallii, DC. S.

Dr. Wright, also Gray. Bare.

155. P1MPINELLA, L.

*427. P. integ-errima, Benth. & Hook. Th.

Dry soil. Very abundant in Grand-Saginaw Valley.

156. CRYPTOT^ENIA, DC. HONEWORT.
*428. C. Cauadensis, DC. C. & S,

Low woods. Common.

157. SIUM, Tourn. WATER PARSNIP.

*429. S. ficutse folium, Gmelin. Th.

Clinton Co.; S. Mich.,— Winch. Cat., etc. Frequent.

158. BfiRULA, Koch.
430. B. aiigustifolia, Koch. S.

Winchell, and Dr. Gray. Kalamazoo,— Tathill. Infrequent.

159. ZTZIA, Koch.
*431. Z. aurea, Koch.

Low ground. Common.

432. Z. cor data, DC. C. & S.

Flint; Put-in-Bay, and S. W.,— Dr. Wright; Barren Lake, Cass Co.,— C. F. Wheeler. Rare.

16O. CARUM, L. Caraway.

*433. C. CARUI, L. Caraway.
Naturalized in many places.

161. CICUTA, L. WATER-HEMLOCK.

*434. C. maculata, L. Spotted-Cowbane. Beaver-Poison. Musquash, Boot.
Low meadows and swamps. Roots tuberous like the dahlia, and very poisonous. Common.

*435. C. bulbifera, L. Th.

Swamps. Common.

162. COKITJM, L. POISON HEMLOCK.

*436. C. MACULATUM, L. Th.

Infrequent in C. & S. Common at Mackinac,— Winch. Cat.

163. CH^3ROPHYI,LUM, L.

*437. C. prociunbens, Crantz. C. & S.

Low woods. Frequent in Grand River Valley; Valley of the Raisin river near Dundee,— C. F.
Wheeler ; Macomb Co.

164. OSMORRHIZA, Raf. SWEET CICELY.

*438. O. brevistylis, DC. Th.

"The prevailing species,"— Winchell. Probably true of counties along the Huron shore; Cheboygan
Co.,— B. & K. ; Keweenaw Co.,— F. Common.

*439. O. loiigistylis, DC. Th.

Common.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 95

165. ERIG-ENIA, Nutt. HARBINGER-OP-SPRING.
*440. E. bulbosa, Nutt. C. & S.

A delicate little plant in low woods, the flowers peeping from under matted leaves in earliest spring ,
often before the snow is gone. Common.

166. HYDBOCOTYLE, Tourn. WATER PENNYWORT.

*441. H. umbellata, L.

Woodward Lake, Ionia Co. ; 8. Mich.,— Wright Cat., etc. Either grows on sandy shores or is wholly
aquatic, with floating leaves.

*442. H. Americana, L. L,. P.

Common in C.

167. EBYNGIUM, Tourn. ERYNGO.

443. E. yuccse folium, Michx. Rattlesnake-Master. Button Snakeroot.

S. W.
White Pigeon, 1838,— Dr. Wright, in University Herb. Rare.

168. SANTCULA, Tourn. SANICLE. BLACK SNAKEROOT.
*444. S. Marylandica, L. Th.

Oak woods. Common.

* 445. var. Canadeiisis, Torr. C. & S.
Hubbardston; Flint; Ann Arbor,— All. Cat., etc. Beech and maple woods. Infrequent.

XLIL AEALIACE^E. GINSENG FAMILY.

169. ARALIA, Tourn. GINSENG. WILD SARSAPARILLA.

* 446. A. racemosa, L.. Spikenard. Th,
Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K. ; Keweenaw Co.,— F. Frequent.

*447. A. hispida, Ventenat. Bristly Sarsaparilla. Wild Elder.

In a peat bog near the Agricultural College; also on dry clay soil, lot 21, Collegeville, Ingham Co.
Apparently not common south of the pine region.

*448. A. nudicaulis, L. Wild Sarsaparilla. Th.

Common.

*449. A. quinquefolia, Decsne, & Planch. Ginseng. Th.

Sault Ste. Marie; Ludington; Stanton, formerly in great abundance; Hnbbardaton; Flint;
Macomb Co.; southwest,— Wright Cat., etc. Usually rare, but so common in places that it has been dug
for profit, and nearly exterminated.

* 450. A. trifolia, Decsne. & Planch. Ground-nut. Dwarf Ginseng. Th.
Frequent northward to Keweenaw Co.,— F.

XLIIL COKNACE^. DOGWOOD FAMILY.

17O. COBNUS, Tourn. CORNEL. DOGWOOD.
*451. C. Cauaclensis, L. Dwarf Cornel. Bunch-berry. Th.

Rare south. Constantino,— Wheeler; Ann Arbor,— G. D. Sones. Northward very common.

*452. C. florida, L. Flowering Dogwood. C. & S.

Frequent as far north as Grand-Saginaw Valley, usually as a low tree in oak woods. Frequently
blooms when only a bush, 3-4 ft. high.

453. C. circinata, L'Her. Round-leaved Dogwood. Th.

Klinger Lake ; Hubbardston to Cheboygan Co.— B. & K., and northward to Keweenaw Co.,— F. Infre-
quent.

*454. C. sericea, L. Silky Cornel. Kinnikinnik. C. & S.

Indians use the inner bark for smoking. Frequent.

96 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

*455. C. stoloiiifera, Michx. Red-osier. Dogwood. Th.

Marshes, borders of streams. Very common.

*456. C. Bailey i, Coulter & Evans. Th.

Petoskey, New Buffalo,— Wheeler ; a bundant along E. shore of Lake Michigan on sand dunes ;
occasional in Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K.; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

*457. C. stricta, Lam. Panicled Cornel. L. P.

The white flowers eagerly devoured by partridges. Common.

*458. C. alternifolia, L. f. Th.

Banks. Frequent. The dead stems bright yellow. Keweenaw Co.,— F. ; rare in Cheboygan Co.,
— B. & K.

171. NYSSA, L. Tupelo. PEPPERIDGE. SOUR-GUM TREE.

*459. N. sylvatica, Marsh. Pepperidge. Tupelo. L. P.

Edges of swamps. Frequent. A small or medium-sized tree. Largest specimens seen, 2 to 3 ft. in
diameter. Only one tree detected in Cheboygan Co., — B. & K.

XLIV. CAPBIFOLIACE.E. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.

172. SAMBUCUS, Tourn. ELDER.

*460. S. Canacleiisis, L. Common Elder.
Follows settlements. Common.

*461. S. racemosa, L. Red-berried Elder. Th.

More northern in its range than the last. Variety with dissected leaves seen in Clare county.
173. VIBURNUM, L. ARROW- WOOD. LAURESTINUS.

462. V. lantaiioides, Michx. Hobble-bush. American Way faring- tree.

U. P.
Whitney's Cat. Mr. Whitney found none of the sp. abundant in the U. P.

*463. V. Opulus, L. Cranberry-tree. Th.

Swamps and borders of streams. Common.

464. V. pauciflorum, Pylaie. U. P.

Dr. Lyons. Gray's Manual. Bare.

* 465. V. acerif bliuin, L. Arrow- wood. Dockmackie. L. P.
Frequent in Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K.

*466. V. pubesceiis, Pursh. Downy A. Th.

Common.

*467. V. cassinoicles, L. Withe-rod. Th.

Macomb Co.; Hubbardston; Stan ton; Riverdale, Gratiot Co.; HoughtonLk.; to L. Superior. Com-
monest sp. about Black Lake,— B. & K. Frequent.

*468. V. Lentago, L. Sweet Viburnum. Sheep-berry. Th.

Frequent in C. and 8., and northward. Cheboygan Co., infrequent,— B. & K.

469. V. prunifolium, L. Black Haw. S.

Dr. Lyons; Kalamazoo,— Tuthill ; Barren Lake, Case Co.,— Wheeler. Rare.

174. TRIOSTEUM, L. HORSE-GENTIAN. FEVER- WORT.

*470. T. perfoliatum, L. L. P.

Clinton Co.; Ionia Co. ; Flint; Macomb Co., etc.; Black River, Cheboygan Co., one plant seen by B.
£ K. Frequent southward.

175. LJNNJEA, Gronov. TWIN-FLOWER.

* 471. L. borealis, Gronov. C. N. & U. P.

Very abundant in N. & U. P. ; south to Grand river valley, and 8. E. to Macomb Co.; Port Huron,— C.
K. Dodge.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 97

176. SYMPHORICARPOS, Dill. SNOWBERRY.

472. S. vulgar! s, Michx. Indian Currant. Coral -berry.
Keweenaw Co.,— F.

473. S. oi'fideutalis, Hook. Wolfberry. C. N. & U. P.

Ft. Gratiot, Austin; N. Mich.,— Gray; Port Huron,— Dodge. Rare.

474. S. racemosus, Michx. Snowberry. C. N. & U, P.
Along the Great Lakes, Saginaw Bay and Alpena Co.,— Winchell ; L. Sup.,— Can. Cat.

475. var. paucifiorus, Robbins.

Harbor Springs; Keweenaw Co.,— Dr. Robbins; Hubbardston,— C. F. Wheeler.

177. LOXICERA, L. HONEYSUCKLE. WOODBINE.

*476. L. eiliata, Muhl. Fly-Honeysuckle. Th.

Frequent.

477. L. coerulea, L. Mountain F. U. P.

Dr. Lyons. Keweenaw Co.,— F. ; Clifton,— F. E. Wood, in University Herb.

*478. L. oblougifolia, Muhl. Swamp F. Th.

Howell Junction,— Wheeler; Macomb Co.; Stanton; Edmore; Isabella Co., etc. More frequent in N.
and U. P. Rare in 8.

479. L. involiu'rata, Banks. U. P.
Mainland and Isle Royale ; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

480. L. grata, Aiton. American Woodbine.
Dr. Lyons. Gray's Manual.

481. L. hirsuta, Eaton. Hairy Honeysuckle. N. & U. P.

Frequent northward.

*482. L. glauca, Hill. Th.

Ionia; Montcalm Co.; Ann Arbor,— All. Cat., etc. Flowers bright yellow to crimson purple; corolla
downy or nearly smooth; leaves pubescent or glaucous. Swamps or dry soil. Common.

178. DIER VILLA, Tourn. BUSH-HONEYSUCKLE.

*483. I>. trifida, Moench. Th.

Rocky woods and bluffs. Common.

XLV. RUBIACE^. MADDER FAMILY.

179. HOUSTONIA, L.

484. H. eoerulea, L. Bluets. Innocence.
Keweenaw Point,— Dr. Robbins.

485. H. purpurea, L. var. eiliolata, Gray. S.

Dr. Wright. Three Rivers,— Wheeler.

486. var. longifolia, Gray. Th.
Hastings,— L. H. Bailey; Ionia, common ; Clare Co., abundant, etc. ; to L. Sup.,— Can. Cat.

180. CEPHALANTHUS, L. BUTTON-BUSH.

*487. C. occidentalis, L. L. P.

Swamps and flooded riverlbottoms. Common, Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K. Very common southward.
181. MITCHELL A, L. PATRIDGE-BEBRT.

*488. M. repeiis, L. Tn

Prefers beech and maple, hemlock, or pine woods, and is seldom found under oaks. Common.

,X«. SULLIVANTII, Gray.

Pic River, Lake Superior,— Maconn. May yet be found in this State.]

98 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

182. GALIUM, L. BEDSTRAW. CLEAVERS.
*489. G. Apariiie, L. Cleavers. Goose-Grass. Th.

Common.

*490. G. pilosum, Alton. C. & S.

Frequent as far north as Grand-Saginaw Valley.

*491. G. circaezaiis, Michx. Wild Liquorice. L. P.

Dry woods, Cheboygan Co., rare.— B. & K. Frequent southward.

* 492. G. lanceolatum, Torrey. Wild Liquorice. Th.

Riverdale, Gratiot Co.; Hubbardston; Flint; Macomb Co.; and S. Mich.— Wr. Cat.; also, L. Superior
—Whitney.

*493. G. boreale, L. Northern Bedstraw. Th.

Very common.

*49i. G. trifidum, L., Small Bedstraw. Th.

Bogs. Common.

* 495. var. pusilluiu, Gray. Th.

Sphagnous swamps. Common.

*496. var. latifolium, Torr. C. & S.

Infrequent.

*497. G. concinnum, Torr. & Gray. C. &S.

Flint ; Ann Arbor.— All. Cat ; Grand Ledge. Rare.

*49S. G. asprellum, Michx. Rough Bedstraw. Th.

Frequent.

* 499. G. trifloruin, Michx. Sweet-scented Bedstraw. Th.
Frequent in C. & S., and very abundant northward.

XLVI. VALEEIANACE^E. VALERIAN FAMILY.

183. VALERIAN A, Tourn. VALERIAN.

500. V. edulis, Nutt. S. E.

Ann Arbor and Macomb Co. Rare.

*501. V. sylvatica, Banks. Th.

Sphagnous swamps, local.

184. VALEKIANELLA, Tourn. CORN SALAD. LAMB-LETTUCE.

502. V. cheiiopodifolia, DC. „ C. & S.

Flint ; Ionia; Lyons, etc. Not common.

503. V. radiata, Dufr.
"Mich.,"— Gray; Macomb Co.,— Cooley.

XL VII. DIPSACE^. TEASEL FAMILY.

185. DIPSACUS, Tourn. TEASEL.

504. D. SYLVESTBIS, Mill. Wild Teasel. C. & S.
Fields and roadsides. Gratiot Co.; Ann Arbor ; Detroit; Flint, etc. Infrequent.

XL VIII. COMPOSITE. COMPOSITE FAMILY.
186. VEBNOXIA, Schreb. IRON-WEED.

[V. ALTISSIMA, Nutt.

St. Glair Flats,— J. Macoun, Can. Cat.; may be looked for within our limits.]

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 99

* 505. V. fasciculuta, Michx. C. & S.

River banks; Ionia Co,; Macomb Co.; Monroe Co.; South Haven, — Bailey. Frequent.

187. EUPATORIUM, Tourn. THOROUGHWOKT.
*506. E. purpiireum, L. Joe-Pye Weed. Trumpet- Weed. Th.

Low grounds. Very variable. Common.

507. E. sessilifolium, L. Upland Boneset. S.

Copses. Macomb Co.; S. Mich.,— Winch. Cat.

*508. E. perfoliatum, L. Thorough wort. Boneset. Th.

Low grounds. Common.

*509. E. ageratoides, L. White Snake-root. Th.

Woods. Frequent.

510. E. coele.stinum, L. Mist-flower.

"Rich soil, Mich."— Gray's Manual.

188. KUHNIA, L.

511. K. eiipatorioid.es, L. C. & S.

Ionia Co.; S. Mich., -Winch. Cat. Infrequent.

189. LIATRIS, Schreb. BUTTON SNAKE-ROOT. BLAZING STAR.

512. L. eylindracea, Michx. Th.

Sterile open places; Ionia Co.; Macomb Co. Lenawee Co.,— G. F. Comstock; Grand Rapids to
Keweenaw Co.,— F. Not common.

*513. L. seariosa, Willd. Blazing-Star. Th.

Rarely the flowers vary to white. Dry soil. Northward to Keweenaw Co.,— F. Frequent.

*5U. L. spicata, Willd. C. & S.

Low grounds. Ionia Co.; Macomb Co. ; near Port Huron,— C. K. Dodge; Kalamazoo,— Tuthill.
Infrequent.

19O. SOLLDAGO, L. GOLDEN-ROD.
*515. S. csesia, L. L. P.

Rich woods. Frequent.

*516. S. latifolia, L. Th.

Moist woods, frequent. All golden-rods furnish bees with pollen and honey, some, however, more
abundantly than others.

*517. S. bicolor, L. var. eoiicolor, Torr. & Gray. Th.

Dry places. Ionia Co.; Flint; Macomb Co. ; and northward.

518. 8. macrophylla, Pursh. U. P.

" Shore of Lake Superior and northward,"— Gray's Manual, 6th edition.

519. S. Virgaurea, L., var. alpina, Bigel. U. P.
Gray's Manual, 6th edition.

520. S. humilis, Pursh.

Frequent at Petoskey; Cheboygan Co.,— Beardslee.

521. var. Gillmani, Gray. Th.

Shores of Lake Mich., from New Buffalo to Mackinaw City,— C/F. Wheeler.

*522. S. uliginosa, Njitt. Th.

Swamps. Infrequent.

*523. S. speciosa, Nutt.

Margin of woods on light soil. Ionia Co.; Flint ; Macomb Co., aud northward to Keweenuw Co.,— F.
Infrequent.

524. var. angustata, Torr. & Gray.

Indian River, Cheboygan Co.,— Wheeler.

18

lOO FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

*525. S. patula, Muhl. C. & S.

Borders of swamps. Common.

*526. S. rugosa, Mill. Th!

Borders of fields, northward to Thunder Bay, — Macoun. Common.

*527. S. ulmifolia, Muhl. L. P.

Borders of woods. Ionia Co. ; Flint; S. W.— Winch. Cat. Infrequent.

528. S. neglecta, Torr. & Gray.
Swamps. Ionia Co. and northward. Infrequent.

*529. S. juneea, Ait. Th.

Meadows and fields, variable. Frequent.

530. var. acabrella, Gray.

N. shore of Lake Superior southward.

*531. S. serotiiia, Ait. Th.

Borders of woods. Frequent.

*532. var. gigaiitea, Gray. Th.

Northward to Keweenaw Co.,— F.

*533. S. Canadensis, L. Th.

Fields. Our most variable and common 'golden-rod.

* 534. var. procera. T. & G.

Common.

*535. S. iiemoralis, Ait. Th.

Dry sandy soil. Common.

*536. S. rig Ida, L.
Dry, sandy ground; Ann Arbor; Ionia Co.,; Flint, and northward. Infrequent.

537. S. Ohioensis, Riddell.

Moist meadows. Ionia Co.; Flint; Macomb Co. to Grand Detour below Sugar Island,— Prof. Porter,
Infrequent.

*538. S. Riddellii, Frank. S.

Swamps, Ionia Co.; Macomb Co. and southward. Rare.

539. S. Houg'htonii, Torr. & Gray.
" N. shore of Lake Michigan,"— Gray's Man. ; Drummond's Is.,— Winch. Cat.

*540. S. laiieeolata, L. Th.

Moist soil. Common.

191. ASTER, L. STARWORT. ASTBR.
541. A. corymbosus, Ait. Th.

Woods. Infrequent.

*542. A. mat'rophyllus, L. Th.

Woods. Common.

*543. A. Novge-Anglise, L. Th.

Moist grounds. Frequent.

544. A. serieeus, Vent.
S. Mich.,— Winch. Cat., Dr. D. Houghton; north to Keweenaw Co.,— F. Rare.'

546. A. patens, Ait. S. E.

Dry grounds. Ann Arbor; Macomb Co.

S. MISSOURIENSIS. Nutt.

Point Edward, St. Glair river, Ont.,— Jno. Macoun. May be looked for in Mich.]

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. '101

*-546. A. azureus, Lindl.

Sterile soil. Flint; Ann Arbor; Ionia Co.; Macomb Co. Infrequent.

*547. A. undulatus, L. L. P.

Dry copses. Flint ; 8. Mich.; Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K.; Ionia Co. Common.

*548. A. cordifolius, L. Th.

Woods. Common.

*549. A. sagittifolius, Willd. Th.

Dry grounds. Frequent.

550. A. Liindleyaims, Torr. & Gray. N. & U. P.

" Labrador to Lake Superior."— Gray's Manual ; Mackinaw City,— Wheeler; Keweenaw Co.,— F. Not
common.

*551. A. Itevis, L. L. P.

Border of oak woods. Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K. Common southward.

552. A. ericoides, L.

Petoskey,— Wheeler; shores of the Great Lakes.

553. A. multifloriiN, Ait. C. & S.

Sandy soil. Frequent.

554. A. dumosus, L. L. P.

Thickets. Macomb Co.; Petoskey, — Dr. D. Clark ; Hnbbardston, not common, — Wheeler ; Cheboygan
Co.,— Beardslee.

*555. A. vimineus, Lam. L. P.

Low grounds. Cheboygan Co.,— Beardslee. Frequent southward.

*556. A. diffusus, Ait. Th.

Fields. Exceedingly variable. Common.

557. var. tliyrsoideus, Gray.

Washington, Macomb Co., — Dr. D. Cooley; and northward.

* 558. A. Tradescanti, L. L. P. tv

Low grounds. Flint; Macomb Co. Frequent.

*559. A. puniculatus, Lam. Th.

Shady banks. " Polymorphous,"— Gray. Frequent.

560. A. salicifolius, Ait.
Hoist soil. Flint; Macomb Co., etc., northwardi Frequent.

*561. A. juiiceus, Ait. Th.

Tamarack swamps. Ionia Co.; Flint; Macomb Co., etc., northward. Frequent.

*562. A. pimiceus, L. Th.

Low grounds. Common.

*563 var. lueidulus, Gray.

Macomb Co. westward. Abundant.

*564. A. umbellatus, Mill. Th.

Moist places.

565 var. pubeiis, Gray.

Upper Mich.,— Gray's Manual; Cheboygan Co.,— Beardslee; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

566. A. ptarmicoides, Torr. and Gray. Th.

8. E. Michigan; Macomb Co.; Clarkston,— G. H. Hicks ; Keweenaw Co.,— F. Infrequent.

192. ERIGERON, L. FLEABANE.

*567. E. Caiiadensis, L. Horse-weed. Butter- weed. Th.

Waste grounds. Common.

102 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

56f8. h!. aVris,'L. var. Droebacheiisis, Blytt. U. P.

' Shores of Lake Superior," — Gray ; Dr. A. B. Lyons; Keweenaw Co. — F.

* 569. E. animus, Pers. Daisy Fleabane. Sweet Scabious. Th.

Fields. Common.

*570. E. strig-osus, Muhl. Daisy Fleabane. Th.

Fields. Common.

571. E. glabellus, Nutt, U. P.

Plains. Dr. A. B. Lyons.

572. E. hyssopifolius, Michx. U. P.
" Lake Superior, and northward,"— Gray; Dr. Lyons; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

*573. E. bellidifolius, Muhl. Robin's Plantain. C. & S.

Moist banks. Frequent.

*574. E. Philadelphicus, L. Common Fleabane. Th.

Common.

193. ANTENNARIA, Gsertn. EVERLASTING.
*575. A. plantag-inifolia, Hook. Plantain-leaved Everlasting. Th.

Dry fields. Common.

194. ANAPHALIS, DC. EVERLASTING.

576. A. margaritacea, Benth. & Hook. Pearly Everlasting. Th.

Montcalm Co.; Grayling,— G. H. Hicks; Petoskey ; Mackinac and northward.

195. GNAPHALIUM, L. CUDWEED.

* 577. O. polycephalum, Michx. Common Everlasting. Th.
Fields. Common.

*578. G-. decurrens, Ives. Everlasting.
Fields. Abundant in the pine region, and northward.

*579. O. ulig'inosum, L. Low Cudweed. Th.

Roadsides in clayey soil, abundant.

580. G. purpureum, L. Purplish Cudweed.
Macomb and St. Glair Co.,— A. F. Foerste.

196. ADEXOCATJLON, Hook.

581. A. bicolor, Hook. U. P.
Moist ground. Ontonagon River.

' 197. INULA, L. ELECAMPANE.

*582. I. HELENIUM, L. Elecampane.
Roadsides, — escaped from gardens. Infrequent.

198. POLYMNIA, L. LEAF-CUP.

*583. P. Canadensis, L. C. &. S.

Shaded river banks. Ionia Co.; Macomb Co. ; Flint; S. Michigan. Infrequent.

584. P. Uvedalia, L. S.

S. Michigan,-Wright's Cat.

199. SILPHIUM, L. ROSIN-WEED.

585. S. laciiiiatum, L. Rosin-weed. Compass-Plant. S.
S. Mich.,— Wright's Cat.

586. S. terebinthiiiaceum, L. Prairie Dock. C. & S.
Oak openings. Ionia ; Macomb Co., and southward. Infrequent.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 103

587. S. iiitejfrifoliiim, Michx.

S. W.,— University Herb.; Kalamazoo,— Tuthill.

588. S. perfoliatum, L. Cup-Plant.

S. Mich., -Wright's Cat. *

2OO. IVA, L. MARSH ELDER. HIGHWATEK-SHKUB.

589. I. xanthiifolia, Nutt.

Keweenaw Co.,— F. The farthest station east known.

2O1. AMBROSIA, Tourn. RAGWEED.
*590. A. trifida, L. Great Ragweed. Th.

Common. Low grounds along Grand and Maple Rivers; northward to Keweenaw Co.,— F.

* 591. var. integri folia, T. & G. Th.

*592. A. artemisiaefolia, L. Roman Wormwood. Ragweed. Hog-weed.

Bitter- weed. Th.

Roadsides. Introduced from the west. Abundant.

2O2. XANTHIUM, Tourn. COCKLEBUR. CLOTBUR.
*593. X. Canadeiise, Mill.

Common in waste places and along river banks.

594. var. ecliinatum, Gray.
Shores of Great Lakes.

2O3. HELIOPSIS, Pers. OX-EYE.

595. H. Isevis, Pers. C. & S.

Banks. Infrequent.

2O4. ECHINACEA, Moench. PURPLE CONE-FLOWER.

596. E. purpurea, Moench. S. W.

Univ. Herb.,- Harrington ; Grand Rapids,— Delia Bailey; St. Joseph,— Dr. Houghton, 1838. Rare.

597. E. angiistifolia, DC.

Keweenaw Co.,— F.

2O5. RUDBECKIA, L. CONE-FLOWER.
*598. R. laciniata, L. Th.

Low grounds. Frequent.

599. R. triloba, L.

Washington, Macomb Co., — Cooley. Rare.

*600. R. hirta, L. Th.

Meadows and low places, apparently introduced. Common.

*601. R. speciosa, Wenderoth. C. & S.

Wet soil. Ionia Co.; Flint; Macomb Co.; Ann Arbor. Infrequent.

206. LEPACHYS, Raf.
*602. L. pinnata, Torr. &Gray.; C. & S.

Dry ground. Ionia Co.; Grand Rapids; S. Mich. Infrequent.

2O7. HELIANTHUS, L. SUNFLOWER.

603. H. rigidus, Desf. S.

Dry soil. Ann Arbor, — Winch. Cat.

604. H. occidental, Riddell. C. & S.
Sterile soil. Ionia Co.; Flint; Grand Rapids; Macomb Co., etc. Infrequent.

104 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

*605. H. giganteus, L. Th.

Low grounds; variable. Ionia Co.; Flint; Ana Arbor; Macomb Co., and northward. Common.

*606. H. divaricatus, L. Th.

Dry woods. Common.

607. H. hirsutus, Raf. S.

Dry soil; Ann Arbor, and S. W.

*608. H. strumosus, L. C. & S.

Dry soil. Frequent.

609. H. tracheliifolius, Willd. C. & S.

Copses. 8. Mich.,— Wright's Cat; Macomb Co.,— Dr. D. Cooley.

*610. H. decapetaliis, L. L. P.

Low grounds. Frequent.

*611. H. tuberosus, L. Jerusalem Artichoke.
Sparingly escaped from gardens.

2O8. ACTINOMERIS, Nutt,

612. A. squarrosa, Nutt. S.

Rich soil. S. Mich.- Wright's Cat.; Dundee,— Wheeler; Islands in the Detroit river,— Maclagan,
Can. Cat.

2O9. COKEOPSIS, L. TICKSEED.

613. C. lauceolata, L. Th.

Sandy shores of Lake Huron; sand hills, Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K.; sandy plains near Baldwin,— Dr.
Beal; south to Macomb Co.,— Cooley.

614. var. angustifolia, T. & G.
Shore of Little Traverse Bay and Lake Superior.

615. C. palmata, Nutt. S.
S. Mich.,-Wright's Cat. ; shore of Barren Lake,— Wheeler, 1890; Gull Prairie,-Dr. Houghton, 1838.

616. C. verticillata, L.

Samaria, Monroe Co., Grand Rapids, — Wheeler.

617. C. tripteris, L. Tall Coreopsis. S.
Detroit; Macomb Co.; Oakland Co. ; S. Mich.,-Wright's Cat. ; Ionia; Grand Rapids.

*618. C. tricliosperma, Michx., var. tenuiloba, Gray. C. & S.

Swamps. Flint; Montcalm Co.; Ionia Co.; S. Mich.— Wright's Cat. Common in pine country,
infrequent elsewhere. Flowers a beautiful golden yellow. Frequently, in September, swamps of large
size may be seen so full of this Coreopsis that at a little distance they seem one mass of yellow.

619. C. aristosa, Michx. C. & S.

S. Mich.— Univ. Herb.

620. C. discoidea, Torr. & Gray.
Wet ground. Ionia Co. Scarce.

21O. BIDENS, L. BUR-MARIGOLD.

* 621. B. frondosa, L. Common Beggar- ticks. Stick-tight. Th.

Low grounds. A troublesome weed. Common.

*622. B. connata, Muhl. Swamp Beggar-licks. Th.

Low grounds. Common.

*623. var. comosa, Gray.

Infrequent.

*624. B. cernua, L. Smaller Bur-Marigold. Th.

Wet places. Cheboygan Co.,— Kofoid. Southward. Frequent.

*625. B. clirysaiitlieinoides, Michx. Larger Bur-Marigold. Th.

Swamps. Common.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 105

* 626. B. Bet-kit, Torr. Water Marigold.

S. Mich.— Wright's Cat. ; Ann Arbor; Wexford Co.,— Cooley; Manistee,— E. J. Hill; Indian River,-
Wheeler. Eare.

211. HEtrENIUM, L. SNEEZE-WEED.
*627. H. autiimimle, L. C. & S.

Kiver banks. Common.

212. ANTHEMIS, L. CHAMOMILE.

*628. A. COTULA, DC. May- weed. Dog-Fennel. Th.

Roadsides, etc. Common.

629. A. ARVENSIS, L. Corn Chamomile.
Introduced. Three Rivers,— Wheeler; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

213. ACHIL.L.EA, L. YARROW.

*630. A. Millefolium, L. Common Yarrow or Milfoil. Th.

Fields. Common.

631. A. PTARMICA, L. Sneeze wort.
Mich.,— Gray's Manual. Rare.

214. MATKICABIA, Tourn. WILD CHAMOMILE.

632. M. INODORA, L.
Flint,-Dr. D. Clark.

215. CHRYSANTHEMUM, Tourn. OX-EYE DAISY.
*633. C. LEUCANTHEMUM, L. Ox-eye or White Daisy. Th.

Meadows and pastures. A vile weed, becoming frequent in E. & S. parts of the State.

*634. C. BALSAMITA, L., var. TANACETOIDES, Boiss. Mint-Geranium.
Escaped from gardens.

210. TANACETUM, L. TANSY.

*635. T. VULGARE, L. Common Tansy.
Escaped from gardens. Frequent.

636. T. Huronense, Nutt.
Sand dunes at the head of Little Traverse Bay, and northward. Frequent.

217. ARTEMISIA, L. WORMWOOD.

* 637. A. eaudata, Michx. C. & S.
Sandy fields. Ionia Co.; Montcalm Co. ; S. Haven, — Bailey. Infrequent; ,

638. A. Canadeiisis, Michx. Th.

Sand dunes. Barren Lake ; New Buffalo,— Wheeler ; Ottawa Co.; Emmet Co.; to Lake Superior.

639. A. Liudoviciana, Nutt. Western Mugwort.

Dry banks. Niles,— J. T. Scoville, Univ. Herb.; Keweenaw Co.,— Farwell. Rare.

640. A. VULGARIS, L. Common Mugwort.
Waste'places. Infrequent.

*641. A. biennis, Willd.

A road-side weed, lately introduced from the west and extending throughout the State.

642. A. ABSINTHIUM, L. Common Wormwood.
Ionia Co.; Flint; Gratiot Co. Sparingly escaped from gardens.

'.218. TUSSILAGO, Tourn. COLTSFOOT.
*643. T. Farfara, L.

Saultde Ste. Marie,— Whitney's Cat. ; Washington. Macomb Co.,— W. A. Brotherton.

106 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

219. PETASITES, Tourn. SWEET COLTSFOOT.

644. P. palmata, Gray.

Harrisville, Oscoda, Alger, and westward; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

220. ABXICA, L.

645. A. Cliamissonis, Less.

Shores of Lake Superior,— Gray's Man. ; Copper Harbor,— Whitney's Catalogue.
221. SE^"ECIO, Tourn. GROUNDSEL.

*646. S. VULGARIS, L. Common Groundsel.
Flint; Macomb Co.; S. W. Mich.,— Wright's Cat.

*647. S. aureus, L. Golden Ragwort. Squaw- weed. Th.

Very variable. Common.

*648. var. obovatus, Torr. & Gray.

More common southward.

649. var. Balsamitae, Torr. & Gray. Th.

Abundant northward. Mackinaw City.

222. CACALIA, L. INDIAN PLANTAIN.

650. C. suaveolens, L. Indian Plantain.

Lodi,— Miss Clark, in Winch. Cat. Gray's Manual. Rare.

*651. C. atriplicifolia, L. Pale Indian Plantain. C. & S,

Woods. Ionia Co.; 8. Mich.,— Wright's Cat. Frequent.

652. C. tuberosa, Nutt. Tuberous Indian Plantain. S.

S. Mich.,— Wright's Cat.; 3 miles east of Kalamazoo, 1888,— Dr. D. Houghton; Mottville,— I. N.
Mitchell.

223. ERECHTITES, Raf. PIBEWEED.

*653. E. liieracifolia, Raf. Fireweed. Th.

New clearings. Common, northward.

224. ARCTIUM, L. BURDOCK.

*654. A. LAPPA, L. Burdock. Th.

Waste places. Common.

655. var. MINUS, Gray.

Keweenaw Co., — F.

225. CNICUS, Tourn. COMMON OR PLUMED THISTLE.

*656. C. LANCEOLATUS, Hoffm. Common Thistle. Th.

Roadsides and fields. Common.

657. C. horridulus, Pursh. Yellow Thistle.

N. shore Lake Superior,— Agassiz ; Grand Detour,— Porter.

658. C. Pitcheri, Torr.

Sand dunes. South Haven ; and northward to L. Superior; Sand Point, Saginaw Bay. Frequent.

659. C. unclulatus, Gray. N. & U. P.

" Islands of L. Huron and Michigan,"— Gray; Drummond's I.,— Winch. Cat.

*660. C. altissimus, Willd. C. & S.

Ionia Co.; Flint; Macomb Co. Infrequent.

*661. var. discolor, Gray. C. & S.

Meadows. Montcalm Co.; Ionia Co.; Flint; and southward. Flowers sometimes white. Infrequent.

*662. C. muticiis, Pursh. Swamp Thistle. Th.

Swamps. Frequent.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 107

663. C. pumilus, Torr. [C. Hillii, W. M. Canby, Garden & Forest,
March 4, 1891.] Pasture Thistle.

S. W. Mich.,— Wright's Cat.; Grand Rapids,— Coleman's Cat. ; Macomb Co.,— Dr. Cooley ; Baldwin,—
Dr. Beal; sand hills, Cheboygan Co., frequent,— B. & K.

*664. C. ARVENSIS, Hoffm. Canada Thistle. Th,

Fields. A vile pest. Infrequent in center of the State, but increasing rapidly, and already trouble-
some in some localities. Our Canada Thistle law ought to be rigidly enforced.

226. OXOPORDON, Vaill.

665. O. ACANTHIUM, L. Cotton or Scotch Thistle.
Grand Rapids. Rare.

227. KRIGIA, Schreber. DWARF DANDELION.

666. K. Virgiiiica, Willd.

Barrens. N. part of Clare Co. ; Walton. Rare.

* 667. K. amplexicaulis, Nutt. L. P.

Moist hillsides. Frequent.

228. CICHORIUM, Tourn. SUCCORY OR CHICORY.

*668. C. INTYBUS, L. Th.

Ionia Co.: Flint; Detroit, etc.; roadsides. Frequent.

229. TRAGOPOGON, L. GOAT'S-BEARD.

669. T. PRATBNSIS. L. Goafs-beard.
Spreading. Hubbardston,— Wheeler; Kalamazoo, — Tuthill.

23O. LEONTODON, L. HAWKBIT.

670. L. AUTUMNALJS, L. Fall Dandelion.
Well established at Hubbardston.:

231. HIERACIUM, Tourn. HAWK WEED.
*671. H. Caiiadense, Michx. Th.

Woods. Frequent.

672. H. PILOSELLA, L. Mouse-ear Hawkweed.
Introduced at Benzonia,— G. A. Clark.

*673. H. paiiiculatum, L. C. & S.

Macomb Co.; S. Mich.,— Wright Cat. Scarce.

*674. H. venosum, L. Rattlesnake-weed. Th.

Dry soil in pine woods, or on oak land. A. form has been seen at Ionia not having purple veins in the
root leaves; abundant at Point-aux-Pins, at the entrance to Lake Superior, — Macoun, Can. Cat. Frequent.

*675. H. scabrum, Michx. Th.

Woods. Common.

*676. H. Gronovii, L. Hairy Hawkweed. C. & S.

Dry soil. Ionia Co.; Flint; Macomb Co; S. W. Mich.,— Wright Cat. Infrequent.

677. H. longipilum, Torr. Long-bearded Hawkweed. L. P.

Melds. Macomb Co.; Traverse City; S. W.,- Wright Cat.; Grand Rapids,— Coleman. Scarce.

232. CREPIS, L.

*678. C. TECTORUM, L.
Introduced.

[H. UMBELL.ATUM, L.

North shore of Lake Superior,— Gray.

14

108 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

233. PRE1STANTHES, Vaill. RATTLESNAKE-ROOT.
*679. P. racemosa, Michx.

Lenawee Co., — G. F. Comstock; Flint; Macomb Co.; shore of L. Mich., near Sitting Rabbit, — Winch.
Cat. ; S. W.,— Wright Cat. ; Cheboygan Co.,— Beardstee ; Keweenaw Co.,— Farwell. Rare.

*680. P. alba, L. White Lettuce. Rattlesnake-root. Th.

Woods. Common.

*681. P. altissima, L. Th.

Rich woods. Frequent.

234. TARAXACUM, Haller. DANDELION.
*682. T. OFFICINALE, Weber. Common Dandelion.
Fields everywhere.

235. LACTUCA, Tourn. LETTUCE.

*683. L. SCARIOLA, L. Prickly Lettuce.
A bad weed, spreading and becoming rapidly introduced everywhere along lines of railroad, etc.

*684, L. Canadeiisis, L. Wild Lettuce. Th.

Rich soil. Frequent.

685. L. integrifolia, Bigel.

Petoskey,— Wheeler, 1890.

* 686. L. hirsuta, Muhl.
Infrequent. Hubbardston; Macomb Co.,— Cooley.

687. L. pulchella, DC. N. & U. P.

" Upper Michigan,"— Prof. Porter; Caribou I.; Lake Huron,— Dr. Todd; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

*688. L. leucoplisea, Gray. Th.

Frequent.

689. var. integrifolia, Gray.

BeUe Isle, Detroit,— Wheeler.

236. SONCHUS, L. SOW-THISTLE.

*690. S. OLERACEUS, L. Common Sow-Thistle.
Waste places. Macomb Co. ; Montcalm Co. ; northward to L. Superior. Frequent.

*691. S. ASPER, Vill. Spiny-leaved Sow-Thistle. Th.

Waste places. Frequent.

* 692. S. ARVENSIS, L. Field Sow-Thistle.
Grand Rapids— Coleman's Cat. Bare.

XLIX. LOBELIACE^E. LOBELIA FAMILY.

237. LOBELIA, L.

*693. L. carcliiialis, L. Cardinal-flower. Th.

Kiver banks. Flowers rarely rose-color or even white. Showy and easily cultivated. Common.

* 694. L. sypliilitica, L. Great Lobelia. L. P.
Low grounds. Flowers vary to white. Common.

*695. L. spicata, Lam. Th.

Oak openings. Frequent.

[L. FLOBIDANA, Gaertn.

Islands in Detroit river,— Maclagan, Cat. Canadian Plants. Probably occurs within the State.]

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 109

696. var. hirtella, Gray.

Keweenaw Co.,— F.

*697. L. Kalmii, L. Th.

Wet banks, and rocks along shores. Ionia Co. ; Ann Arbor ; Oakland Co. ; Petoskey; to L. Superior
Frequent.

698. L. iiiflata, L. Indian Tobacco. Th.
Pastures. Montcalm Co.; Flint ; Macomb Co. ; Oakland Co. ; Put-in-Bay. Scarce.

699. L. Dort manna, L. Water Lobelia. U. P.
Isle Royale,— Dr. A. B. Lyons.

L. CAMPANULACE^E. CAMPANULA FAMILY.

238. SPECUL.ARIA, Heister. VENUS'S LOOKING-GLASS.

700. S. perfoliata, A. DC. C. & S.

Gravelly fields. Clinton Co. ; S. E.,— University Herb. ; Niles,— I. N. Mitchell; Detroit,— A. B. Lyons.
Scarce.

239. CAMPANULA, Tourn. BELLFLOWER.

*701. C. rotuiulifolia, L. Harebell. Th.

Sandy banks and lake shores. Common.

702. var. arctica, Lange.

Keweenaw Co.,— F. ; shore of Black Lake, Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K.; Petoskey,— Wheeler.

703. var. veliitina, DC.

Sand hills of Burt Lake,-E. J. Hill.

*704. C. apariiioides, Pursh. Marsh Bellflower. Th.

Wet grassy grounds. Common.

*705. C. Americana, L. Tall Bellflower. C. & S.

Moist woodlands. Ionia Co. ; Flint ; Macomb Co. ; Ann Arbor,— Winch. Cat. Frequent.

LI. ERICACEAE. HEATH FAMILY.

24O. GAYLUSSACIA, HBK. HUCKLEBERRY.

* 706. G. resiiiosa, Torr. & Gray. Black Huckleberry. Th.
Hillsides. Frequent.

241. VACCINIUM, L. BLUEBERRY. BILLBERRY. CRANBERRY.

* 707. V. Pennsylvanicum, Lam. Dwarf Blueberry. Th.

Dry hills and barrens. " The lowest and earliest-fruited of the blueberries,"— Gray, Synopt. Flora of
N. Am. Very variable in color of fruit, etc. Common.

*708. V. Canadeiise, Kalm. Th.

Swamps. Commonest sp. in Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K. This species furnishes large quantities of ber-
ries for market in the northern lake region. Common.

709. V. vaeillaiis, Solander. Low Blueberry. Th.

Barrens. Infrequent.

*7]0. V. corymbosum, L. Swamp-Blueberry. Th.

Swamps. Yielding abundantly; variable. Common.

711 var. amoenum, Gray.

Keweenaw Co..— F.

712. V. uligiiiosum, L. Bog Bilberry. U. P.

*' Shore of Lake Superior,"— Gray; Isle Royale and White Fish Pt., L. Superior,— Henry Gillman.

110 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

713. V. cse spit o sum, Michx., var. cuiieifolium, Nutt. U. P.

Shores of Lake Superior and westward, — Gray, Fl. N. A.; Lyons.

714. V. myrtilloicles, Hook. U. P.
Damp woods L. Superior, — Gray, Fl. N. A.; Keweenaw Co., — F.

715. V. ovalii'olium, Smith. U. P.
Woods L. Superior, S. shore,— Robbine.

*716. V. Oxy coccus, L. Small Cranberry. Th,

Sphagnous swamps. Ann Arbor ; Ionia Co. ; Constantine, — Wheeler, and northward. Infrequent.

* 717. V. macrocarpoii, Ait. Large or American Cranberry. Th,

Bogs. The common Cranberry of the market. Common.

242. CHIOGENES, Salisb. CREEPING SNOWBERRY.

718. C. serpyllifolia, Salisb. Creeping Snowberry. Th.

S. Mich.,— Wright's Cat. ; Ionia Co.; Montcalm Co.; Petoskey. etc. Sphagnous swamps. Infrequent.

243. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adans. BEARBERRY.

719. A. Uva-ursi, Spreng. Bearberry. Th.
Sandy soil. Abundant northward, but rare S. of lat. 43°.

244. EPIG^EA, L. TRAILING ARBUTUS. GROUND LAUREL.

720. E. repeus, L. Th.

Borders of marshes, and woods in sandy soil. Jackson,— W. C. Hull; Niles,— I. N. Mitchell. Rare S.,
frequent in C., and common northward.

245. GATJLTHERIA, Kalm. AROMATIC WINTERGREEN.

*72l. G. procumbeiis, L. Creeping Wintergreen. Th.

Low woods, and borders of swamps. Common.

246. ANDROMEDA, L.

*722. A. polifolia, L. Th.

Sphagnous swamps, S. Mich.,— Wright's Cat.; Ionia Co. and northward. Frequent.

723. A. lig-ustriiia, Muhl.
Keweenaw Pt.,— Dr. Kobbins.

247. CASSANDRA, Don. LEATHER-LEAF.

*724. C. calyculata, Don. Th.

Swamps. Common.

248. KALMIA, L. AMERICAN LAUREL.

725. K. angustifolia, L. Sheep Laurel. Lambkill. Wicky.
Harrisville, west to Portage Lake ; Tawas City and Thunder Bay, common,— Winch. Cat.

726. K. g'lauca, Ait. Pale Laurel. Th.

Bogs. S. Mich.,— Wright's Cat.; Ionia Co.; Macomb Co.; Long Lake, Cheboygan Co., rare,— B. & K
northward. Infrequent.

727. var. rosmariiiiiblia, Pursh.
Keweenaw Co.,— F.

249. LEDUM, L. LABRADOR TEA.

*728. L. latifolium, Ait.
Swamps and bogs. Common northward.

[V. VITIS-ID^EA, L. Cowberry. Mountain Cranberry.

N. shore L. Superior,— Dr. A. B. Lyons ; and probably in our district.]

FLORA OP MICHIGAN. Ill

25O. CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. PIPSISSEWA.
*729. C. umbellata, Nutt. Pipsissewa. Prince's Pine. Th.

Pine woods. Common.

730. C. macula ta, Pursh. Spotted Wmtergreen. C. & S.
Oak woods. Ionia; Bangor and South Haven, Van Baren Co.; Flint. Rare or local.

251. MOXESES, Salisb. ONE-FLOWERED PYROLA.

731. M. graiidiflora, Salisb, Th.

Pine forests. Flowers very fragrant when a little wilted. Montcalm Co.; Flint; Indian River,—
Wheeler; Clarkston,— G. H. Hicks; Fort Gratiot,— Winch. Cat.; Cedar swamps, Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K.;
Keweenaw Co.,— F.; Escanaba,— E. J. Hill. Rare.

252. PYROLA, Tourn. SHIN-LEAF. WINTERGREEN.

732. P. minor, L. U. P.

" Cold woods, L. Superior," — Gray.

* 733. P. secunda, L. Th.

Rich woods. Common.

734. var. pumila, Gray.

GrayJing,— G.H. Hicks; Osco da; Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K.; Escanaba,— E. J. Hill; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

735. chlorantha, Swartz. C. N. & U. P.
Pine woods. Rare south of lat. 43°. Frequent northward.

*736. P. elliptica, Nutt. Shin-leaf. Th.

Rich woods. Ann Arbor; Ionia Co.; northward to L. Superior. Common.

*737. P. rotuudifolia, L. Th.

Dry oak woods. Common.

738. var. asarifolia, Hook.

The Cove, L. Huron,— Winch. Cat.

739. var. ulig'iiiosa, Gray.

L. Superior,— Prof . J. Macoun; Quinnesec,— E. J. Hill; Keweenaw Co.,— F. ; Cheboygan Co., — Beardslee.

253. PTEROSPORA, Nutt. PINE-DROPS.

740. P. Aiiclromedea, Nutt.

Sitting Rabbit,— Winch. Cat. ; Carp river, U. P.,— Whitney Cat; Keweenaw Co.,— F.
254. MOXOTROPA, L. INDIAN PIPE.

*741. M. uniflora, L. Indian Pipe. Corpse-Plant. Th.

Damp woods. Frequent.

* 742. M. Hypopitys, L. Pine-sap. False Beech-drops.

Oak and pine woods. Macomb Co.; Ft. Gratiot,— Austin ; to Ontonagon River, L. Superior,— Whitney
Cat.; Cheboygan Co., cedar swamp and hard woods, rare,— B. & K.; Grayling,— Hicks; Escanaba,— E. J.
Hill. Infrequent.

LIL PRIMULACE^E. PRIMROSE FAMILY.

255. DODECATHEON, LJ. AMERICAN COWSLIP.

743. D. Meadia, L. Shooting-Star. S.
Moist, shaded grounds,— Gray, Flora of N. A.; Dr. A. B. Lyons.

256. PRIMULA, L. PRIMROSE. COWSLIP.

744. P. farinosa, L. Bird's-eye Primrose. N. & U. P.

Pictured Rocks,— Hicks ; shores 'of Little Traverse Bay ; Drummond's Island,— Winch. Cat. ; L.
Superior,— Whitney Cat. ; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

112 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

*745. P. Mistassiiiiea, Michx.

S. E.— University Herb; Lake Superior,— Whitney Cat.; Rocks, Grand Ledge, 1890; Presque Isle.,—
Dr. Houghton; Eagle River,— F. E. Wood. Rare.

257. TKIENTALIS, L. CHICKWEED-WINTERGREEN.

*746. T. Americana, Pursh. Star-flower. Th.

Damp woods. Common.

258. STEIKONEMA, Raf.

*747. S. eiliatum, Raf. Th.

Swamps. Common.

748. S. laiiceolatum, Gray.
Howard City,— Dr. Beal.

749. var. liybritlum, Gray.
Low grounds. Cheboygan Co., — B. & K.

*750. S. long ifolium, Gray. L. P.

Banks of streams. Ann Arbor and Ft. Gratiot,— Winch. Cat.; Ionia Co. ; Flint, etc. Frequent.

259 LYSIMACHIA, Tourn. LOOSESTRIFE.

751. L. quaclrifolia, L. L. P.

Sandy soil. Ann Arbor, — Winch. Cat.; Ionia Co.;Montcalm Co.; Flint; MacombCo., northward to
Oscoda Co.

*752. L. stricta, Ait. Th.

Borders of marshes. A form of this species was found in a sphagnous swamp near Hnbbardston,
bearing bulblets in the axils instead of flowers. Frequent.

753. var. proclucta, Gray.
In herb. Gray from Mich.,— L. H. Bailey.

754. L. NUMMULARIA, L. Moneywort.
Escaped from cultivation. Monroe Co.,— Wheeler, 1890.

*755. L. thyrsiflora, L. Tufted Loosestrife. Th.

Swampy soil. Common.

26O. AXAGALLIS, Tourn. PIMPERNEL.

756. A. ARVENSIS, L. Common Pimpernel.
Ann Arbor— Mary H. Clark.

261. SAMOLiTJS, Tourn. WATER PIMPERNEL. BROOK- WEED.

*757. S. Valeraiidi, L., var. Americanus, Gray.

Springy places. Common along Maple river; Flint; Macomb Co.; N. W.,— University Herb.

LIII. OLEACE.E. OLIVE FAMILY.

262. FKAXINUS, Tourn. ASH.

*758. F. Americana, L. White Ash. Th.

Common.

*759. F. pubescens, Lam. Red Ash. Th.

Low grounds. A small tree, seldom noticed. Ionia Co.; S. Mich.,— Wright Cat.; Drummond's I.,—
Winch. Cat.; along Black river, Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K.; Keweenaw Co.,— F. Scarce.

*760. F. viriclis, Michx. f. Green Ash.
Ann Arbor.— Winch. Cat.; and northward. Rare.

*761. F. quadraiigulata, Michx. Blue Ash. Th.

Rich woods. Infrequent.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 113

*76'2. F. saiiibiicifolia, Lam. Black Ash. Th.

Common.

LIV. APOCYNACE.E. DOGBANE FAMILY.

263. APOCYNUM, Tourn. DOGBANE. INDIAN HEMP.

*763. A. aiidrossemifolium, L. Spreading Dogbane. Th.

Borders of woods. Common.

*764. A. caimabimim, L. Indian Hemp. Th.

Low grounds. Exceedingly variable in sine, habit, shape of leaves, pubescence, etc. De Candolle's
varieties glaberrimum and pubescens occur, but also intermediate forms, rendering useless any sub-spe-
cific names. Common.

LV. ASCLEPIADACEJE. MILKWEED FAMILY.

264. ASCLEPIAS, L. MILKWEED. SILKWEED.

*765. A. tuberosa, L. Butterfly- weed. Pleurisy-root.
Sandy soil. Ranges from Canada to Florida, and from the Saskatchewan Valley to Texas. Common.

766. A. purpurasceiis, L. Purple Milkweed. C. & S.

Woods. Ann Arbor, -Winch. Cat. ; Ionia Co.; Clinton Co.; Flint; Macomb Co. Infrequent.

*767. A. iiicarnata, L. Swamp Milkweed. Th.

Banks of streams. Common.

*768. A. Corimti, Decaisne. Common Milkweed or Silkweed. Th.

Fields. Common.

769. A. obtusilblia, Michx.

Baldwin, Lake Co.,-Dr. Beal; Sturgis, Barron Lake,-C. F. Wheeler, 1890; Niles,-O. J. Stilwell.
Rare.

*770. A. pliytolaccoides, Pursh. Poke-Milkweed. C. & S.

Moist grounds. Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot,— Winch. Cat.; Ionia Co.; Flint; Macomb Co. Infrequent.

771. A. verticillata, L.

Barrens, S. Mich.,— Wright Cat.; Monroe Co., Grand Rapids,— Wheeler; Washington, Macomb Co.,—
Dr. D. Cooley.

265. ACERATES, Ell. GREEN MILKWEED,

772. A. longifolia, Elliott.
South Haven,— Bailey.

773. A. viridiflora, Ell. C. & S.

Grand Rapids,— Geo. D. Sones ; Ft. Gratiot,— Winch. Cat.; S. W.,— Wright Cat. Rare.
266. VINCETOXICUM, Moench.

*774. V. NIGRUM, Moench.
Escaped from cultivation on College grounds.

|LVI. GENTIANACEJE. GENTIAN FAMILY.

267. ERYTHR^EA, Richard. CENTAURY.

*775. E. CENTAURIUM, Pere. Centaury.
Agricultural College grounds,— Bailey. The only locality known in the State.

[A. VIRIDIFLORA, Ell. var. LANCEOLATA, Gray.

On a sand beach at Point Edward, foot of Lake Huron,— Macoun.J

114 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

268. SABBATIA, Adans.

776. S. angularis, Pureh. S.

Marshes, Cass Co.,— Univ. Herb., Houghton Survey, Coll., 1838; Goguac Lake, near Battle Creek. 1879,
—Prof. V. M. Spalding; S. Mich.,— Wright's Cat.; Berrien Co.,— E. F. Smith. Rare.

269. GE^TIA^A, Tourn. GENTIAN.

*777. G. crinita, Froel. Fringed Gentian. Th.

Ix>w grounds, Lenawee Co.,— G. F. Comstock; Ann Arbor,— Winch. Cat.; South Haven,— Bailey ;
Mackinac, — Whitney ; Ionia Co., etc. Frequent.

*778. G. serrata, Gunner. Smaller Fringed Gentian. Th.

Tamarack swamps. Frequent.

* 779. G. quinqueflora, Lam. C. & S.

Moist hillsides. Ann Arbor,— Winch. Cat.; Ionia Co. Occasional.

780. var. occidentalis, Gray.

Lenawee Co.,— G. F. Comstock; Ann Arbor,— Winch. Cat.; Hubbardston; Macomb Co. Infrequent.

781. G. puberula, Michx. S.

Barrens. Ann Arbor, — Miss Clark, Miss Allmendinger. Rare.

782. G. Saponaria, L. Soapwort Gentian. S.
Moist woods. Macomb Co. ; S. Mich., — Wright Cat. Infrequent.

*783. G. Andrews!!, Griesb. Closed Gentian. Th.

River banks. Frequent.

784. G. alba, Muhl. Th.

Low meadows and borders of woods. Ionia Co.; Clinton Co.; Ann Arbor and S. W.,- -Winch. Cat.;
to L. Superior. Rare or local.

785. G. liiiearis, Froel. var. lanceolata, Gray. N. & U. P.

Pt. au Chene, L. Mich.,— Winch. Cat.; low ground near Black Lake, Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K. ; "Min-
nesota and along L. Superior," — Gray.

786. var. latifolia, Gray.
Keweenaw Co., — Farwell.

27O. FRASERA, Walt. AMERICAN COLOMBO.

787. F. Caroliiiensis, Walt. C. & S.

Jackson Co. and westward, — Winch. Cat.; Ann Arbor, — Miss Clark; Constantino, Three Rivers, — C.
F. Wheeler ; Lenawee Co.,— G. F. Comstock; Grand Rapids ; Macomb Co. Scarce.

271. HAL.EN1A, Borkh. SPURRED GENTIAN.

788. H. deflexa, Griesb. N. & U. P.

Shore of Little Traverse Bay, near Harbor Point; Drummond's Is. and St. Helen's Is., — Winch. Cat. ;
northward to Lake Superior; shore Black Lake, Cheboygan Co. Frequent. A form of this species
occurs in Keweenaw Co., witn the corolla changed into five unequal green and spurless petals, — O. A.
Farwell.

272. BARTOOTA, Muhl.
*789. B. tenella, Muhl.

Open woods. S. Mich.,— Wright Cat., Hubbardston; Flint; Grayling. Rare.

273. MENYAXTHES, Tourn. BUCKBEAN.
*7°0. M. trifoliata, L. Th.

Bogs. Common.

274. LIMNANTHEMUM, Gmelin. FLOATING HEART.

791. L. lacimosum, Griseb.
Keweenaw Pt.— Dr. Robbins.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 115

LVII. POLEMONIACE^E. PHLOX FAMILY.
275. PHLOX, L.

792. P. paiiiculata, L,

Keweenaw Co.,~Farwell. Introduced. (?)

793. P. pilosa, L.

Dry, sandy fields, Ann Arbor,— Winch. Cat.; Ionia Co.; Flint; Macomb Co., etc. infrequent.

* 794. P. divaricata, L. L. P.

Woods and fields, northward to Kingsley and Frankfort. Common.

795. P. bifida, Beck. S. W.

Rare. Shores of Barren Lake; Klinger Lake, the farthest station east known for this interesting
plant,-C. F. Wheeler.

796. P. subulata, L. Ground or Moss Pink.

S. Mich..— Winch. Cat.; shore of Barren Lake,— C. F. Wheeler. Common in cultivation.

LYIII. HYDROPHYLLACE^E. WATEBLEAF FAMILY.

276. HYDKOPHYLLUM, Tourn. WATERLEAF.

*797. H. Virg-inicum, L. C. & S.

Rich woods. Frequent.

* 798. H. Caiiadeiise, L. C. &. S.

Damp, rich woods. Frequent.

*799. H. appeiidiculatum, Michx. L. P.

Moist hillsides and rich woods, northward to Frankfort. Frequent.

277. PHACELIA, Juss.

800. P. Fraiiklinii, Gray. U. P.

" Shores of L. Superior, especially on Isle Royaie," — Gray, and Dr. A. B. Lyons.

LIX. BORRAGINACE^. BORAGE FAMILY.

278. CYNOGLOSSUM, Tourn. HOUND'S-TONGUE.

*801. C. OPPICINALE, L. Common Hound's-Tongue. Th.

Roadsiftes. Frequent.

*802. C. Virginicum, L. Wild Comf rey. Th.

Open woods,— Coming, Oscoda Co. ; Ejscanaba, where it replaces C. offlcinale as a weed,— E. J. Hill.
Frequent.

279. ECHINOSPERMUM, Lehm. STICKSEED.

*S03. E. Virgliiicum, Lshm. Beggar's Lice. Th.

Woods. Frequent.

804. E. deflexum, Lehm., var. Americaiiuiii, Gray.

Cheboygan Co.,-B. & K.

*805. E. LAPPULA, Lehm. Th.

A worthless weed along roadsides and in waste places.

28O. MEKTE1STSIA, Roth. LUNGWORT.

806. M. Virg-inica, DC. Virginian Cowslip. Lungwort. Blue Bells.
Near Adrian,— Mrs. I. H. Wheeler; S. E. of Grand Rapids,— G. D. Sones. Rare.

807. M. paniculata, Don. U. P.

Whitney Cat.; Gray, Fl. N. A. ; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

15

116 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

281. MYOSOTIS, Dill. SCORPION-GRASS, FORGET-ME-NOT.

*808. M. verna, Nutt. S.

Winch. Cat.; Coleman Cat.; Flint,— Dr. Clark; Ann Arbor,— I. N. Mitchell; shore of Park Lake,
Clinton Co.,— C. F. Wheeler. Rare.

282. LITHOSPERMUM, Tourn. GROMWELL. PUCCOON.

*809. L. ARVENSE, Li. Wheat-Thief. Red-root. Corn Grom well. C. & S.
In wheat fields. Introduced from the old world.

*810. L. OFFICINALE, L. Common Gromwell. Th.

Roadsides. Infrequent.

*811. L. latifolium, Michx. C. & S.

Borders of woods S. Mich.,— Winch. Cat.; Ionia Co.; Flint, etc. ; Bois Blanc and other islands [in
Detroit river,— Maclagan, Canadian Catalogue. Frequent.

*812. L. hirtum, Lehm. Th.

Light sand. Flowers bright yellow, showy. Frequent.

*813. L. caiiesceiis, Lehm. Puccoon of the Indians. Th.

Sandy fields, Ann Arbor,— Winch. Cat. ; Ionia Co. ; Macomb Co. and northward.

814. L. aiig'iistifolium, Michx.

Dr. A.B. Lyons; "Mich.," — Gray's Manual, 6th edition.

283. ONOSMODIUM, Michx. FALSE GROMWELL.

815. O. Carolinianum, DC., var. molle, Gray.
Only noticed by Dr. D. Cooley. Macomb Co.

284. SYMPHYTUM, Tourn. COMPREY.

*816. S. OFFICINALE, L. Common Comfrey.
Escaped from gardens. Infrequent.

285. ECHIUM, Tourn. VIPER'S BUGLOSS.

817. E. VULGARE, L. Blue-weed.
Vulcan,-E. J. Hill.

LX. CONVOLVULACE^E. CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.

286. IPOMCEA, L. MORNING GLORY.

818. I. paiulurata, Meyer. Wild]Potato-vine. Man-of-the-Earth. S.
Ann Arbor,— Winch. Cat.; Niles,— I. N. Mitchell; Coleman Cat. Infrequent.

287. CONVOLVULUS, Tourn. BINDWEED.

819. C. spithamaeus, L. Th.

Sandy fields, Local.

*820. C. sepium, L. Hedge Bindweed. , Th.

Low grounds. Common.

*821. var. Aiiiericanus, Sims.

Common, with the species.*

*822. var. repeiis, Gray.

Frequent.

*823. C. ARVENSIS, L. Bindweed.
Alma,— C. A. Davis; Hubbardston; College grounds, along C. & G. T. R. R. Spreading.

288. CUSCUTA, Tourn. DODDER.

824. C. chlorocarpa, Engelmann. S. W.

S. Haven,— Mrs. Millington.

FLORA OP MICHIGAN. 117

*825. C. temiiflora, Engelm.
Maple River valley; Coleman Cat; on willows along Cedar river east of the College.

826. C. EPITHYMUM, Murr.
Introduced at Salem, with alfalfa seed.

* 827. C. Groiiovii, Willd. C. & S.
Low grounds. Frequent.

LXI. SOLANACE^E. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.

289. SOLANUM, Tourn. NIGHTSHADE.

*828. S. DULCAMARA, L. Bittersweet. C. & S.

Roadsides. A form with white flowers and very pubescent stems and leaves, is found near Hubbards-
ton. Infrequent.

*829. S. nigrum L. Coiamon Nightshade. C. & S.

Moist, cultivated fields. Common.

290. PHYSALIS, L. GROUND CHERRY.

830. P. grandiflora, Hook. N. & U. P.

"Clearings." First collected in L. P., near Farwell, in June, 1876, where it seemed to be at home.
Near the mouth of the AuSable river, losco Co., June, '78,— C. B. Cochran ; " S. shore of L. Superior,''—
Gray, Synop. Fl. N. A.; Eecanaba,— E. J. Hill ; Indian River,— C. F. Wheeler.

*831, P. Virginiaiia, Mill. Th.

Light, sandy soil. Common.

832. var. ambigua, Gray. U. P.

Keweenaw Co.— F.

*833. P. lanceolata, Michx. Th.

Sandy soil. Ionia Co., etc. Frequent.

291. NICANDRA, Adans. APPLE OF PERU.

* 834. N. PHYSALOIDES, Gaertn.

Gardens. Ann Arbor,— Winch. Cat. ; Flint ; Ionia Co. Scarce.

292. LYCIUM, L. MATRIMONY-VINE.

*835. L. VULGARE, Dunal.
Escaped from gardens in places.

293. HYOSCYAMUS, Tourn. HENBANE.

836. H. NIGER, L. Black Henbane.
Macomb Co.; Ft. Gratiot; Mackinac, abundant,— Winch. Cat.

294. DATURA, L. JAMESTOWN- WEED. THORN-APPLE.

* 837. D. STRAMONIUM, L. Common Stramonium, or Thorn- Apple. C. & 3.
Roadsides. Frequent.

* 838. D. TATULA, L. Purple Thorn- Apple. C. & S.
Flint; Mncomb Co. Rare.

295. NICOTIANA, Tourn. TOBACCO.

839. N. RUSTICA, L. Wild Tobacco.
Emmet Co., cultivated by the Indians,— Winch. Cat.

FLORA OP MICHIGAN.

LXII. SCKOPHULARIACEJE. FIGWORT FAMILY.

296. VERBASCUM, L. MULLEIN.

* 340. V. THAPSUS, L. Common Mullein. Th.

Fields and road sides everywhere,— a common weed. Cultivated in England under the name of
Aaron's Rod.

*841. V. BLATTARIA, L. Moth" Mullein.
Road sides. S. Mich.; Ionia Co. ; Detroit, etc.

297. LINARIA, Tourn. TOAD FLAX.

*842. Ij. Canaclensis, Dumont.

S. shore of Saginaw Bay,— Winch. Cat.; barrens, in Clare Co. Infrequent or wanting in G. and S.
Mich. Grand Rapids, — G. D. Sones.

*843. L. VULGARIS, Mill. Ramsted. Butter and Eggs.
Road sides. Spreading from cultivation.

298. SCROPHULARIA, Tourn. FIGWORT.

*844. S. iiodosa, L., var. Marilaiiclica, Gray. Th.

Rich soil. Keweenaw Co., — F., and southward. Frequent.

299. COLLINSIA, Nutt.

*845. C. verna, Nutt. C. & S.

A beautiful little annual with blue and white flowers. Moist woods. Ann Arbor,— Winch. Cat.; S. W.,
— Wright's Cat.; Ionia Co., and probably reaches its N. limits in Gratiot Co.

846. C. parviflora, Dougl. U. P.

" Shady, moist ground, Upper Michigan,"— Gray Fl. N. A ; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

3OO. CHELONE, Tourn. SNAKE-HEAD. TURTLE-HEAD.
*847. C. glabra, L. Th.

Borders of streams. Frequent.

3O1. PENTSTEMON, Mitchell. BEARD-TONGUE.

*848. P. pubescens, Solander. Th.

Dry soil. Ann Arbor ,— Winch. Cat. ; to Mackinac,— G. H. Hicks. Common.

849. P. laevigatus, Solander, var. Digitalis, Gray.
Near:Adrian,-Mrs. I. H. Wheeler.

3O2. MIMUL.US, L. MONKEY-FLOWER.

*850. M. ring-ens, L. Th.

Wet places. Common.

851. M. alatus, Ait. S. W.
Wright's Cat.

852. M. moschatus, Dougl.
Keweenaw Co.,— F.

853. M. Jamesii, Torr. Th.

Abundant at Mackinac.— Winch. Cat. ; " Upper Michigan,"— Gray ; Petoskey; Hubbardston,— Wheeler ;
Grayling,— G. H. Hicks; Comstock, Kalamazoo Co.,— Tuthill; rare southward; near Miller's, Ind., Flora
of Cook Co., Illinois.

3O3. LIMOSELLA, L. MUDWORT.

854. L. aquatica, L., var. teimifolia, Hoffmann.

Dr. A. B. Lyons.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 119

3O4. GRATIOLA, L. HEDGE-HYSSOP.
855. G. Virgiiiiana, L,

IS. Mich.,— Winch. Cat.; Keweenaw Pt.,— Dr. Bobbins. Rare.

305. ILYSANTHES, Raf.

* 856. I. riparia, Raf. False Pimpernel. C. & S.

Low grounds. Frequent.

306. SYNTHYRIS, Benth.

857. S. Houg-htoniana, Benth. ,

Oak barrens. 8. Mich.,— Wright's Cat.; Ionia Co., three miles S. of Saranac, probably reaches here
its N. limits; Barry Co.,— L. H. Bailey. Rare.

3O7. VERONICA, L. SPEEDWELL.

.*858. V. Virginica, L. Culver's-root. Culver's Physic. Th.

Open woods. Common.

*859. V. Auagallis, L. Water Speedwell. Th.

In springs and brooks. Frequent.

* 860. V. Americana, Schweinitz. American Brooklime. Th.

Brooks. Common.

*861. V. scutellata, L. Marsh Speedwell. Th.

Swamps. Frequent.

862. V. officinalis, L,. Common Speedwell. S.

Dry hills. Ann Arbor,— Winch. Cat. Scarce.

* 863. V. CHAM^DRYS, L,
Escaped from cultivation.

*864. V. serpyllifolia, L. Thyme-leaved Speedwell. Th.

Open grounds. Frequent.

*865. V. peregrina, L. Neckweed. Purslane Speedwell. Th.

Moist grounds everywhere. Common.

* 866. V. ABVENSIS, L. Corn Speedwell. C. &. S.
Cultivated and waste grounds. Common.

867. V. AGRESTTS, L. Field Speedwell.
Sandy fields. Coleman Cat. ; and Flint. Rare.

868. V. BUXBAUMII, Tenore.

Waste grounds,— Coleman Cat. Corunna,— G. H. Hicks ; Port Huron,— Dodge.

3O8. BUCHNEBA, L. BLUE-HEARTS.

869. B. Americana, L. C. & S.

Moist sandy ground. S. W. Wright Cat.; Flint ; Macomb Co.,— Coleman Cat. Infrequent.

309. GERABDIA, L.

* 870. G. peclicularia, L. L. P.

Woods. Frequent.

* 871. G. flava, L. Downy False Foxglove. C. & S.
Open woods. Frequent.

*872. G. quercifolia, Pursh. Smooth False Foxglove. C. &. S.

Oak woods. Frequent.

873. G. Isevig-ata, Raf. S.

Coleman Cat.; Flint; Dr. Lyons.

120 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

874. G. auriculata, Michx. S.

Wright Cat. Rare.

875. G. aspera, Dougl.

" Plains and prairies, Mich., etc.,"— Gray's Manual.

876. G. purpurea, L. Purple Gerardia. L. P.
Moist, sandy ground, near the Great Lakes; Port Huron,— C. K. Dodge.

*877. var. paupercula, Gray.

Oakland Co.; shore of Park Lake, Clinton Co.,— Wheeler.

878. G. teimifolia, Vahl. Slender Gerardia.
Ann Arbor,— Winch. Cat.; Macomb Co. Rare.

*879. var. asperula, Gray.

Lenawee Co.,— G. F. Comstock; Flint,— Dr. Clark.

31O. CASTILLEIA, Mutis. PAINTED -Cup.

*880. C. coccinea, Spreng. Scarlet Painted-Cup, Th.

Wet and dry grounds. Varies in color of bracts from scarlet to yellow. Common.

881. C. pallida, Kunth, var. septeiitrioiialis, Gray. U. P.
Lake Superior,— Gray ; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

311. EUPHRASIA, Tourn. EYEBRIGHT.

882. E. officiiialis, L., var. Tartariea, Benth. U. P.
" Shore of Lake Superior,"— Gray; Isle Royale,— Whitney Cat.

312. RHINAIX'THUS, YELLOW- RATTLE.

883. R. Crista-g-alli, L. U. P.

" Lake Superior,"— Gi»y, Fl. N. Am.

313. PEDICUL.ARIS, Tourn. LOUSEWOKT.

*834. P. Canadeiisis, L. Common Lousewort. Wood Betony. Th.
Moist banks and woodlands. Common.

*885. P. lanceolata, Michx. Th.

Swamps. Frequent.

314. MELAMPYRUM, Tourn. COW-WHEAT.

*886. M. Americaiium, Michx. Th.

Sandy woods. A form with broad, spear-shaped leaves is frequent. Common.

LXIII. OROBANCHACE^. BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.

315. EPIPHEGUS, Nutt. BEECH-DROPS. CANCER-ROOT.

*887. E. Virginiaiia, Bart.

Beech woods, Ionia Co.; Flint; 'Macomb Co., etc. Very common in Grand-Saginaw Valley.

316. CO^OPHOLIS, Wallr. SQUAW-ROOT. CANCER-ROOT.

888. C. Americana, Wallr.

Moist woods, Ann Arbor; S. Mich,— Wright Cat.; Ionia Co.; Flint; Macomb Co., northward to
Keweenaw Co.,— F. Infrequent.

317. APHYLLON, Mitchell. NAKED BROOM-RAPE.

889. A. uniflorum, Gray. One-flowered Cancer-root. Th.

Damp woodlands, S. Mich.,— Wright Cat.; Ann Arbor,— G. D. Sones; Flint; Grayling,— G. H. Hicks;
Lake Superior,— Whit. Cat. Infrequent.

890. A. fasciculatum, Gray.

" Sandy ground, Lake Michigan,"— Gray; sand dunes, Frankfort.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 121

LXIV. LENTIBULARIACE^E. BLADDEEWOET FAMILY.

318. UTRICULARIA, L. BLADDERWORT.

*891. U. vulg-aris, L. Greater Bladderwort. Th.

Slow streams. Throat of corolla orange, veined with brown-purple. Frequent.

892. U. minor, L. Smaller Bladderwort. Th.

Shallow water. Detroit river,— D. H. Campbell; Ann Arbor,— Winch. Cat. ; Hillsdale,— University
Herb. ; Hubbardston; Montcalm Co. : northward. Eare.

*893. U. gibba, L. L. P.

Old Mission, Grand Traverse Co.,— E. J. Hill; shore of Park Lake, Clinton Co.,-C. F. Wheeler;
Lenawee Co.,— G. F. Comstock. Eare.

894. U. intermedia, Hayne. Th.

Shallow water. Ann Arbor,— Winch. Cat.; Macomb Co.; Grand Eapids,— Sones ; northward to Black
Lake. Cheboygan Co., — B. & K.; and Keweenaw Co.,— F. Infrequent.

* 895. U. resupinata, B. D. Greene.

Very abundant on the east shore of Woodward lake, in Ionia Co., — E. F. Smith, 1880; shore of Pine
lake, Ingham Co., also reported from Whitings, Ind.

*-896. U. eornuta, Michx. Th.

Shore of Pine Lake, Ingham Co.; Point Sable.Mason Co.,— C. E. St. John ; Petoskey; Cheboygan Co.,—
B. & K. ; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

319. PIKGUICULA, Tourn. BUTTERWORT.

897. P. vulgaris, L. U. P.

Wet rocks. Whitney's Catalogue; Isle Eoyale,— Dr. A. B. Lyons; Pictured Eocks, abundant.— G. H.
Hicks.

LXV. ACANTHACE^B. ACANTHUS FAMILY.

32O. RUELLIA, Plumier.

898. B. ciliosa, Pursh. S.
Dry grounds. Wright Cat.

899. R. strepens, L. S.

Dry soil. Wrigkt Cat.

321. DI ANTHER A, Gronov. WATER-WILLOW.

900. D. Americana, L. S.

In shallow water. Ann Arbor,— Winch. Cat.; Put-in-Bay; S. Haven,— Bailey.

LXVI. YERBENACE^E. VEEVAIN FAMILY.

322. VERBENA, Tourn. VERVAIN.

* 901. V. urticsefolia, L. White Vervain. Th.
Waste places. Common.

902. V. angustifolia, Michx. S.

Dry grounds. Winch. Cat.

*903. V. liastata, L. Blue Vervain. Th.

Roadsides. Cotiftnon.

904. V. bracteosa, Michx. S.

Waste places. Coleman Cat.; Kalamazoo,— Bailey.

122 FLORA. OF MICHIGAN.

323. LIPPIA, Houst.

905. Li. lanceolata, Michx. Fog-fruit. S. W.

Coleman Cat.; Niles — I. N. Mitchell.

324. PHRYMA, L. LOPSEED.
*90tJ. P. Leptostachya, L. C. & S.

Moist woods, Pt. au (Jhene,— Winch. Cat.; Flint; Macomb Co.; S. Mich.,— Wright Cat.; loniu l'o.
Infrequent.

LXVIL LABIATE. MINT FAMILY.

325. TEUCRIUM, Tourn. GERMANDER.

*907. T. Caiiadeiise, L. American Germander. Wood Sage. L. P.
Low grounds. Infrequent at Black Lake, Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K.

326. COLLIlSrSONIA, L. HORSE-BALM.

*908. . C. Canadensis, L. Stone-root. Rich-weed. C. & S.

Rich woods. Ionia Co.; Flint; Detroit; Ann Arbor, and 8. W.,— Winch. Cat. Frequent.

327. MENTHA, Tourn. MINT.

* 909. 31. VIRIDIS, L. Spearmint.
Roadsides. Escaped from cultivation. Frequent.

*910. M. PIPERITA, L. Peppermint. Th.

Along streams. Extensively cultivated in St. Joseph and Wayne counties for the oil. Common.

*911. M. Canadensis, L. Wild Mint. Th.

Low grounds. Common.

912. var. glabrata, Benth.

Keweenaw Co.,— Farwell.

328. LYCOPUS, Tourn. WATER HOREHOUND.

*913. L,. Virginicus, L. Bugle-weed. Th.

Low grounds. Common.

914. L.. rubelliis, Moench.
Clinton Co.,— E. F. Smith ; St. Clair Co.,— Brotherton.

*915. L. sinuatus, Ell. Th.

Frequent.

329. HYSSOPUS, Tourn. HYSSOP.

916. H. OFFICINALIS, L.
Escaped from gardens. Flint; S. W.,— Winch. Cat.

33O. PYCNANTHEMUM, Michx. MOUNTAIN MINT. BASIL.
*917. P. lanceolatum, Pursh. C. & S.

Low grounds. Ionia Co.; Flint ; Macomb Co., and southward. Frequent.
331. THYMTJS, Tourn. THYME.

918. T. SERPYLLUM, L. Creeping Thyme.
Flint,— Coleman Cat. Rarely escaped from gardens.

*919. T. VULGARIS, L.
College grounds.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 123

332. CALAMINTHA, Tourn. CALAMINT.
920. C. Xuttallii, Gray.

Drumm end's Island, and northward, common. Not seen in C. of the State; S. E., — Wright Cat.

*921. C. Cliiiopodium, Benth. Basil. Th.

Fields. Ionia Co. ; Fort Gratiot,— Winch. Cat., and northward to Lake Superior.

333. HEDEOMA, Pers. MOCK PENNYROYAL.

*922. H. puleg'ioides, Pers. American Pennyroyal. C. &S.

Fields. Hubbardston; S. Mich.,— Wright Cat.; Macomb Co.; Lenawee Co.,— Dr. Beal.

334. MONARDA, L. HORSE-MINT.

923. M. clidyma, L. Bee-Balm. Oswego Tea. S. W.

Rare m Michigan. Barren Lake,— Wheeler; Flint,— Dr. Clark.

*924; M. fistulosa, L. Wild Bergamot. Th.

Sandy soil. Common.

925. var. mollis, Benth.
Port Huron,— C. K. Dodge.

926. M. puiictata, L. Horse-Mint. S.
Sandy soil. S. Mich.,— Wright Cat. ; S. Haven,— Bailey; Grand Haven,— G. D. Sones. Infrequent.

335. BLEPHILIA, Raf.

*927. B. ciliata, Raf. Th.

Dry ground. Ionia Co.; Ann Arbor, and Sault de Ste Marie,— Winch. Cat. Scarce.

* 928. B. hirsuta, Benth. C. & S.
Low woods. S. Mich.,— Wright Cat. ; northward to Ionia Co,

336. LOPHAXTHUS, Benth. GIANT HYSSOP.

*929. L. iiepetoides, Benth. C. & S.

Low grounds. Ionia Co. ; Flint; 8. W.,— Wright Cat. ; Grosse Isle,— Miss Clark. Infrequent.

930. Lr. scrophulari8efolius,fBenth. C. & S.

Low grounds. S. Mich.,— Wright Cat. ; Lenawee Co.,— G. F. Comstock; Macomb Co.; Hubbardston.
Infrequent.*

337. NEPETA, L. CAT-MINT.

* 931. N. CATARIA, L. Catnip. Th.
Near dwellings. Common.!

* 932. N. GLECHOMA, Benth. Ground Ivy. Gill-over-the-Ground. C. & S.
Sparingly escaped from culture. Flint; Grand Rapids, — Coleman Cat.; Cassopolis.

338. DKACOCEPHALUM, Tourn. DRAGON-HEAD.
933. D. par viflor um, Nutt. Tb.

This interesting plant was first detected in the Lower Peninsula in June, 1876, when it was foundJin
Roscommon Co., south of Houghton Lake. Alcona Co.; Hnbbardston, Ionia Co. Rare southward.

339. SCUTELLARIA, L, SKULLCAP.
*934. S. lateriflora, L. Mad-dog Skullcap. Th.

Low grounds. Common.

935. S. versicolor, Nutt. S.
Banks of streams. S. Mich.,— Wright Cat.

936. S. pilosa, Michx.

S. W.,— Winch. Cat.; Gray's Manual, 6th edition.

937. S. parvula, Michx,

Ionia,— E. F. Smith ; Islands east of Georgian Bay,— Bell, Can. Cat. Infrequent.

16

124: FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

*938. S. galericulata, L. Th.

Low grounds. Common.

34O. BBUNEL.LA, Tourn. SELF-HEAL.

* 939. B. vulg-aris, L. Common Self-heal or Heal-all. Th.

Fields. Occasionally the flowers are white. Common.

PHYSOSTEGIA, Benth. FALSE DRAGON-HEAD.
940. P. Virginiana, Benth.

Wet grounds; varies greatly. Ann Arbor,— Winch. Cat.; S. W.,— Wright Cat; Muir; Kalamazoo,—
Bailey ; Flint,— Dr. Clark, northward to Keweenaw Co.,— F,

342. MARRUBIUM, Tourn. HOREHOUND.
*94L M. VULGARE, L. Common Horehound.

Roadsides, escaped from cultivation. Ionia Co.; Flint; S. Mich.,— Winch. Cat.; Grand Traverse and
Benzie Cos. Frequent.

343. LEONURTJS, L. MOTHERWORT.
*942. L. CARDIACA, L. Common Motherwort.
Waste grounds. Common.

344. L.AMIUM, L. DEAD-NETTLE.

*943. Li. AMPLEXICAULE, L.
Naturalized in gardens.

345. GALEOPSIS, L.

944. G. TETRAHIT, L. Common Hemp-Nettle. Th.

Rare in C. of the State. Abundant at Mackinac,— Winch. Cat. ; Cheboygan Cc.,— B. & K. ; Harbor
Springs,— Wheeler.

945. G. LADANUM, L. Red Hemp-Nettle.
Ft. Gratiot and Sault de Ste. Marie,— Winch. Cat.

246. STACHYS, Tourn. HEDGE-NETTLE.

946. S. hyssopifolia, Michx. Th.
Wet grounds. S. Mich.,— Wright Cat.; Stanton,— E. J. Quackenbush. Rare.

947. S. palustris, L.
Keweenaw Co.,— F.

948. S. aspera, Michx. L. P.

Wet grounds. Infrequent.

*949. var. glabra, Gray.

Rare. . ;

LXVIII. PLANTAGINACE^E. PLANTAIN FAMILY.

347. PLANTAGO, Tourn. PLANTAIN. RIBWORT.
*950. P. corclata, Lam. C. & S.

Borders of streams. S. Mich.,— Wright Cat.; Tnscola Co.,— Winch. Cat.; Ionia Co.; Clinton Co.;
Flint; Macomb Co. Frequent.

*951. P. major, L. Common Plantain. Th.

Waysides and about dwellings everywhere. Decaisne's variety minima occurs in salt marshes; Maple
River, Clinton Co., etc. Common.

* 952. P. Kug-elii, Decaisne.
Waste places. Often confounded with the previous species. Frequent.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 125

*953. P. LANCEOLATA, L. Ripplegrass. Ribgrass. English Plantain.

C. &S.
Meadows and fields. Too common. The seeds are often mixed with clover seed.

LXIX. ILLECEBRACE^E. KNOTWOET FAMILY.

348. ANYCHIA, Michx. FORKED CHICKWEED.

954. A. dicliotoma, Michx. S. W.

S. Mich.,— Dr. Wright ; Ann Arbor; Watkins Sta.,— Dr. A. B. Lyons.

349. SCT.ERANTHUS, L. KNAWEL.

*955. S. ANNUUS, L.
Naturalized on the Agri. College grounds.

LXX. AMARANTACE^. AMARANTH FAMILY.

35O. AMABAXTUS, Tourn. AMARANTH.

956. A. HYPOCHONDRIACUS, L,
Scarcely escaped from gardens. Ann Arbor,— Miss Clark.

* 957. A. RETROFLEXUS, L. Tn.
A common weed in gardens.

958. A. CHLOROSTACHYS, Willd.
Detroit. Infrequent.

*959. A. albus, L. Tumble Weed. Th.

Fields and gardens ; lees troublesome than the preceding species. Frequent.

*960. A. blitoides, Wats.
Lately introduced from the west, spreading rapidly along railroad tracks.

351. ACNIDA, Mitch. WATER-HEMP.

* 961. A. tuberculata, Moq. C. & S.

Low grounds. 8. Mich.,— Winch. Cat. ; Ionia Co.; Macomb Co. Frequent.

LXXI. CHENOPODIACE^]. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.

352. CYCLOLOMA, Moquin. WINGED PIGWEED.

962. C. platyphyllum, Moquin.
Keweenaw Co.,— F.

353. CHENOPODITJM, Tourn. GOOSEFOOT. PIGWEED.

*963. C. ALBUM, L. Lamb's-Quarters. Pigweed. Th.

Waste and cultivated ground. Common.

*964. C. URBICUM, L. S.

Waste grounds. Ionia Co.; Flint; Grand Rapids,— Coleman Cat. Infrequent

965. C. MURALE, L. C. & S.

Grand Rapids,— Coleman Cat.

* 966. C. hybridum, L. Maple-leaved Goosefoot. Th
Waste grounds. Common.

*967. C. GLAUCUM, L. Oak-leaved Goosefoot.
Lansing, College grounds; Detroit.

126 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

968. C. BONUS-HENRICUS, L. Good-King-Henry.
Flint,— Dr. Clark. Infrequent.

*969. C. capitatum, Watson. Strawberry Elite. Th.

Dry, rich grounds. Very noticeable from the fleshy, bright-red calyx. Common.

*970. C. BOTRYS, L. Jerusalem Oak. Feather Geranium.
Escaped from gardens. Abundant at Indian River,— Wheeler.

971. C. AMBEOSIOIDES, Mexican Tea. S.
Waste places. Macomb Co.; Detrqjt ; Ann Arbor,— Miss Clark ; S. W.,— Wright Cat. Scarce.

972. var. ANTHELMINTICUM, Gray.
Detroit.

354. ATRIPLEX, Tourn. ORACHE.

* 973. A. patulum, L., var. hastatum, Gray.
Common at Detroit, — Dr. A. B. Lyons. Naturalized at Lansing.

974. var. littorale, Gray,

Detroit; " along the Great Lakes,"— Gray's Manual.

355. CORISPERMUM, A. Juss. BUG-SEED.

975. C. hyssopifolium, L.

S. Haven,— Bailey; and northward to L. Superior, along the shores of the Great Lakes.

LXXII. PHYTOLACCACE^E. POKEWEED FAMILY.

356. PHYTOLACCA, Tourn. POKEWEED.

*976. P. decanclra, L. Garget. Poke. Scoke. Pigeon Berry. C. & S.
Fields. Frequent.

LXXIII. POLYGONACE^]. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.

357. RUMEX, L. DOCK. SORREL.

977. R. PATIENTIA, L. Patience Dock.
Adventitious at Portland,— C. F. Wheeler.

*978. R. Britannica, L. Great Water-Dock. Th.

Wet places. S. Mich.,— Winch. Cat.; Ionia Co.; Flint ; Macomb Co. ; and northward. Frequent.

*979. R. altissimus, Wood. Pale Dock.
Sault de Ste. Marie,— Winch. Cat. ; Ionia. Apparently introduced at the College. Rare.

980. R. salicifolius, Weinmann. White Dock. N. & U. P.

Shore of Little Traverse Bay; and northward. Scarce.

*981. R. verticillatus, L. Swamp Dock. L. P.

River banks. Frequent.

*982. R. CRISPUS, L. Curled Dock. Narrow Dock. Th.

Everywhere in fields.

*983. R. OBTUSIFOLIUS, L,. Bitter Dock. Th.

Meadows and fields. Frequent.

984. var. DISCOLOR, Wall.
Formerly mistaken for R. sanguineus, L.

985. R. OBTUSIFOLIUS X CRISPUS, Trelease.

North Manitou Isle.,— Mrs. Wislizenus. Trelease, Revision of Rumex.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 127

* 986. R. ACETOSELLA, L. Field or Sheep Sorrel. Th.

Sterile fields. Common.

987. K. ACETOSA, L. Sorrel Dock. U. P.

Very abundant at Point-aux-Pins, above Sault de Ste. Marie,— Maconn; N. shore of Lake Superior,—
Pitcher, Trelease, Revision of Rumex.

358. POLYGONTJM, Tourn. KNOTWEED.

*988. P. aviculare, L. Th.

The commonest of weeds.

*989. P. erect mil, L.

Waste places with the preceding species. Common.

*990. P. tenue, Michx.
Sterile soil. S. Mich.,— Wright Cat.; common in Ionia Co.; Macomb Co., and northward.

*991. P. lapathifolium, L. Th.

River banks. Ionia Co.; Grand Rapids,— Coleman Cat.; Keweenaw Co.,— F. Frequent.

992. var. incaimm, Koch.

Keweenaw Co.,— F. ; L. Superior,— O. B. Wheeler.

*993. P. Peimsylvanicum, L. C. & S.

Low grounds. Ionia Co.; Clinton Co.; Flint; S. Mich., — Wright Cat. Frequent.

*994. P. ampliibium, L. Th.

Borders of ponds. Frequent.

*995. P. Mulilenbergii, Watson.

E. shore Lake Huron,— J. Macoun; Ionia Co.; Flint; Grand Rapids; Indian River; Black Lake;
•Cheboygan Co.

*996. P. Hartwrightii, Gray. Th.

Kalamazoo, — Tuthill; Indian River; Black Lake, Cheboygan Co., — B. and K. ; Lenawee Co., —
Dr. Beal; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

997. P. ORIENTALE, L. Prince's Feather.
Sparingly escaped from gardens.

*998. P. PERSICARIA, L. Lady's Thumb. Th.

Waste places. Common.

*999. P. hydropiperoicles, Michx. Mild Water-Pepper. C. & S.

Wet places. Common.

*1000. P. Hydropiper, L. Common Smartweed or Water-Pepper. Th.

Moist grounds. Common.

*1001. P. acre, HBK. Water Smartweed. L. P.

Wet places. Ann Arbor; Ionia Co. ; Mackinac,— Winch. Cat.; Flint. Frequent.

1002. P. viviparum, L. U. P.

Shore of L. Superior,— Gray ; Isle Royale, common,— Whitney Cat.

*1(03. P. Virgrinianum, L. C.&S.

Thickets. Common.

1004. P. arifolium, L. Halberd-leaved Tear-thumb. L. P.

Low grounds. South Haven,— Bailey; IGros Cap, L. Mich.— Winch. Cat.; S. Mich.,— Wright Cat.
Infrequent.

*1005. P. sagittatum, L. Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb. Th.

Low grounds. Frequent.

{P. RAMOSISSIMUM, Michx.

Should be looked for. as it is found on Manitoulin Islands,— Can. Cat.]

128 FLORA. OF MICHIGAN.

*1006. P. CONVOLVULUS, L. Black Bindweed. Th.

Waste gronnde. Common,

1007. P. ciliiiode, Michx. Th.

Copses. S. Haven,— Bailey; Lyons. Common northward.

*1008. P. dumetoriim, L., var. scaiicleiis, Gray. Climbing False

Buckwheat. Th.

Moist thickets. Frequent.

359. FAGOPYRUM, Tourn. BUCKWHEAT.

*1009. F. ESCULENTUM, Moench. Buckwheat.
Persistent in fields.

36O. POLYGOSTEULA, Michx.

1010. P. articulata, Meisn. N. & U. P.

Traverse City,— Winch. Cat. ; L. Superior,— Whitney Cat. ; Oscoda; Black Lake, Cheboygan Co.,— B. &
K.; Indian River,— Wheeler ; Harrison,— Dr. Beal; Crawford Co.,— O. Palmer.

LXXIV. PODOSTEMACE^E. EIVEK-WEED FAMILY.

361. PODOSTEMON, Michx. RIVER-WEED.

1011. P. ceratophylliis, Michx.

Detroit,— Dr. A. B. Lyons.

LXXV. ABISTOLOCHIACE^S. BIBTHWOBT FAMILY.

362. AS ARUM, Tourn. ASARABACCA. WILD GINGER.
*1012. A. Canadense, L. Th.

Moist woods. Common.

363. ARISTOLOCHIA, Tourn. BIRTHWORT.

1013. A. Serpentaria, L. Virginia Snakeroot.
In Gray's Manual, said to occur in the S. part of the State.

LXXYI. PIPEEACE^. PEPPEE FAMILY.

364. SAURURUS, L. LIZARD'S-TAIL.

*10H. S. cermms, L. C. & S.

Swamps. Common.

LXXVII. LAURACE^E. LAUREL FAMILY.

365, SASSAFRAS, Nees. SASSAFRAS.
*1015. S. officinale, Nees. L. P.

Woods,— sandy soil. A shrub or low tree, reported by Mr. Spicer, near Manistee; Hamlin Lake, Mas
Co.,— C. E. St. Johns. Frequent.

366. LTIKDERA, Thunb. WILD ALLSPICE. FEVER-BUSH.

*1016. L. Benzoin, Blume. Spice-bush. Benjamin-bush. C. & S.

Damp woode. Frequent. |

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 129

LXXVIII. THYMEL^EACE^E. MEZEKEUM FAMILY.

367. DIRCA, L. LEATHER-WOOD. MOOSEWOOD.

*1017. D. palustris, L. Th.

Woods. The tough bark used for thongs by Indians. Ann Arbor,— Winch. Cat. ; S. Haven,— Bailey,
and northward. Frequent.

LXXIX. EL^EAGNACE^E. OLEASTER FAMILY.

368. SHEPHERDIA, Nutt.
*1018. S. Canaeteiisis, Nutt. Th.

Gravelly banks. "On the western islands in Lake Erie."— Dr. D. Cooley, ; Ann Arbor,— Winch.
Cat.; South Haven,— Bailey; Flint, and northward. Abundant at Petoskey. "A common short shrub,"
(L. Superior") ,— Whitney Cat.; Benton Harbor,— Wheeler.

LXXX. SANTALACE^. SANDALWOOD FAMILY.

369. COMANDRA, Nutt. BASTARD TOAD-FLAX.
*1019. C. umbellate, Nutt. Th.

Dry ground. Indifferently parasitic on roots. Common.

1020. C. livida, Richards. N. & U. P.

" Sandy shores, L. Superior,"— Gray; Traverse City,— Dr. :A. B. Lyons; Isle Royale,— Whitney Cat;
Keweenaw Co.,— F.

LXXXI. EUPHOKBIACE^. SPURGE FAMILY.

37O. EUPHORBIA, L. SPURGE.

1021. E. polygoiiifolia, L. Th.

Sandy shores of the Great Lakes. S. Haven,— Bailey; Ft. Gratiot,— Winch. Cat., etc. Frequent.:

1022. E. serpyllifolia, Pers.
Keweenaw Co.,— F.?

* 1023. E. maculata, D.

Roadsides and fields, everywhere.

1024. E. humistrata, Engelm.
Flint,— Dr. D. Clark.

*1025. E. Preslii, Guss. C. & S.

Cultivated soil, and waste places. Detroit,— Dr. A. B. Lyons; Ionia; Grand Rapids. Infrequent^

*1026. E. corollata, L. C. & S.

Sandy soil. Frequent.

1027. E. PLATYPHYLLA, L.

Macomb Co.; "Along the Great Lakes,"— Gray; Lake Huron,— Dr. Todd.

1028. E. HELIOSCOPIA, L.
Common at Detroit,— Dr. A. B. Lyons.

* 1029. E. EsULA, L..
Escaped from cultivation.

[E. SERPENS, HBK. t

Introduced at Windsor, Ont..— J. Macoun. Probably in Detroit.]

130 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

*1030. E. CYPARISSIAS, L.
Escaped from cultivation. Frequent.

1031. E. commutata, Engelm.
Ann Arbor.— Winch. Cat.; Flint. Infrequent.

371. ACALYPHA, L. THREE-SEEDED]MERCURY.
*1032. A. Virginica, L. Th.

Open woods. Variable. Common.

1033. var. gracileiis, Muell.

Detroit,— Dr. D. Clark.

LXXXII. UKTICACE^S. NETTLE FAMILY.

372. UL.MUS, L. ELM.

* 1034. U. fulva, Michx. Slippery or Red Elm. Th.
Rich soil. Frequent.

* 1035. U. Americana, L. White or American Elm. Th.
Low grounds. Common.

*1036. U. racemosa, Thomas. Cork or Rock Elm. Th.

River banks. Frequent.

373. CELTIS, Tourn. NETTLE-TREE. HACKBERRY

*1037. C. occideiitalis, L. Hackberry. Sugarberry. C. & S.

River banks. A medium or large sized tree. Frequent.

374. CAMTABIS, Tourn. HEMP.

* 1038. C. SATIVA, L. Hemp.
Waste places. Frequent.

375. HUMULUS, L. HOP.

1039. H. Ldipulus, L. Common Hop. Th.

Banks of streams. Frequent northward.

376. MOKUS, Tourn. MULBERRY.

* 1040. M. mbra, L. Red Mulberry. C/& S.
A small tree on river bottoms.

377. UBTICA, Tourn. NETTLE.
*1041. U. gracilis, Ait. Th.

Moist ground. Common.

1042. U. DIOICA, L. Th.

Waste places . Occasional .

378. LAPORTEA, Gaud, D WOOD-NETTLE.

*1043. L. Canaclensis, Gaud. C. & S.

Thick woods along streams. Common.

379. PILEA, Lindl. RICHWEED. CLEARWEED.

* 1044. P. pumila, Gray. Richweed. Clearweed.] C. & S.

Low woods. Common.

38O. BCEHMERIA, Jacq. FALSE NETTLE.
*1045. B. cylinclrica, Willd.
Moist ground. Common.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 131

'LXXXIII. PLATANACE^]. PLANE-TREE FAMILY.

381. PLATA^US, L. SYCAMORE. BUTTONWOOD.

* 1046. P. occiclentalis, L. C. & S.

Along oar rivers. " The largest tree of the Atlantic forests."— Sargent.

LXXXIY. JUGLANDACE^. WALNUT FAMILY.

382. JUGLAXS, L. WALNUT.
*1047. J. ciiierea, L. Butternut.

Low rich woods. *

* 1048. J. iiigra, L. Black Walnut. C. & S.

Becomming scarce.

383. CABYA, Nutt. HICKORY.

*1049. C. alba, Nutt. Shell-bark or Shag-bark Hickory. C. & S.

Timber very valuable. Common.]

1050. C. sulcata, Nutt. Big Shell-bark. King-nut. S.

River bottoms. Rare, except in the extreme south.

* 1051. C. tomentosa, Nutt. Morier-nut. White-heart Hickory. C. & S.
Dry woods. Flint; Grand Rapids,— Coleman's Cat.; Three Rivers; Cassopolis,— Wheeler. Rare.

*1052. C. microcarpa, Nutt. S.

Ann Arbor; Cassopolis ; Three Rivers.

1053. C. porciiia, Nutt. Pig-nut or Broom Hickory. C. & S.

Woods. Nuts pear-shaped or oblong.

* 1054. C. aiiiara, Nutt. Bitter-nut or Swamp Hickory. C. & S.
Moist soil. No member of this family gets much north of lat. 43°. Common.

LXXXV. MYRICACE^E. SWEET-GALE FAMILY.

384. MYRICA, L. BAYBERRY. WAX-MYBTLE.

1055. M. Gale, L. Sweet Gale. N. & U. P.

Swamp near Crooked Lake, Emmet Co.; Harrisville^Manistee,— E. J. Hill; Isle Royale,— Dr. A. B.

Lyons.

1056. M. cerifera, L. Bayberry. Wax-Myrtle.

' S. Mich.,— Winch. Cat.

1057. M. aspleiiifolia, Endl. Th.

South,— Wr. Cat. ; Detroit,— Dr. A. B. Lyons. Very common in the center of the State and northward
throughout the pine country, of which it is a characteristic species.

LXXXYI. CUPULIFER^E. OAK FAMILY.

385. BETUL.A, Tourn. BIRCH.

* 1058. B. leiita, L. Cherry Birch. Sweet or Black Birch. Th.

Ann Arbor,— Allmend. Cat.; S. Haven,— Bailey; Lenawee Co.,— Dr. Beal; Hubbardston; Flint and
northward to L. Superior. Rare in the south, but attains a " monstrous size " on Drummond's Island, —
Winch. Cat.

17

132 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

1059. B. lutea, Michx. f. Yellow or Gray Birch. Th.

Ann Arbor,— Winch. Cat.; 8. Haven,— Bailey; to L. Superior. "Common along the line of the F. &
P. M. R. R. and northward to the Traverse country; a large tree; timber valuable,"— Dr. Beal. Rare
south of the Grand- Saginaw Valley.

* 1060. B. papyrifera, Marshall. Paper or Canoe Birch. White Birch.

Th.

Extends southward to Lansing and perhaps further. Frequent at Crystal Lake, Montcalm Co., as a
small tree. Often springs up, forming a dense thicket, where pine lands have been burned over.

*1061. B. pumila, L. Low Birch. Th.

Swamps. Variable. Frequent.

1062. B. glanclulosa, Michx. Dwarf Birch. U. P.
Burt's MS. Cat; Lake Superior.

386." ALNUS, Tourn, ALDER.

1063. A. viridis, DC. Green or Mountain Alder. U. P.

" Dry rocky land,"— Whitney Cat.; Isle Royale,— Dr. A. B. Lyons; high hills, Escanaba,— E. J. Hill;
Keweenaw Co.,— F. Common.

*1064. A. incana, Willd. Speckled or Hoary Alder. Th.

Borders of streams. The prevailing Alder in center of the State and in U. P. Common.

1065. A. serrulata, Willd. Smooth Alder.
Macomb Co.; Traverse City and S. Mich., -Winch. Cat. ; Burt's MS. Cat. Rare or local.

387. CORYL-US, Tourn. HAZEL-NUT. FILBERT.
*1066. C. Americana, Walt. Wild Hazel-nut. Th.

Thickets. Common.

1067. C. rostrata, Ait. Beaked Hazel-nut. Th.

Hubbardston ; and common northward.

388. OSTRYA, Micheli. HOP-HORNBEAM. IRON-WOOD.

*1068. O. Virgiiiica, Willd. American Hop-Hornbeam. Lever- wocd,

Th.
Rich woods. Common.

389. CARPINUS, L. HORNBEAM. IRON-WOOD.

*1069. C. Caroliniaiia, Walter. American Hornbeam. Blue or Water

Beech. Th.

Along streams. Wood of this and the preceding tough and durable ; used for wedges, levers, etc.

390. QUERCUS, L. OAK.
*1070. Q. alba, L. White Oak. Th.

Rich woods. Rare in U. P., Menominee Co.,— Burt MS. Cat., etc. Our most valuable species. Much
used in inside finishing, carriage-making, etc., etc., wherever a strong, durable, and beautiful timber is
desired. Common,

*1071. Q. macrocarpa, Michx. Bur Oak. Over-cup or Mossy -cup Oak.
Rich soil. Common. A form of this oak occurs in Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K.

*1072. Q. bicolor, Willd. Swamp White Oak.
Low ground. A large tree. Common.

*1073.fjQ. Muhlenberg-ii, Engelm. Yellow Oak. Chestnut-Oak. C.&S.
Rich woods. A medium sized tree. Infrequent.

1074. Q. prinoicles, Willd. Dwarf Chestnut-Oak. C. & S.

A low shrub or small tree. Macomb Co.; Barren Lake, Cass Co. ; Brighton,— Dr. J. B; Steere; Hub-
bardston; Muir ; Gratiot Co. This and the preceding seem to run together. Infrequent.

*1075. Q. rubra, L. Red Oak. Tb.

In the C. & S., a large tree ; or, at Petoskey, a low tree or tall shrub; in U. P., along the shore, a low
shrub or scraggy tree (the common form), or, in Ontonagon valley, a good-sized tree,— Whitney. Q.
ambigua, MX., apparently belongs here. (See Engelm, "Oaks of the U.S." Tr. Ac. Sc., St. Louis, Vol.
III.) " "One of the most variable of the Atlantic species,"— Engelmann.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 133

i
1076. Q. cocciiiea, Wang. Scarlet Oak. L,. P.

Inner bark reddish; scales of involucre, brown, glabrate, appressed. In the C., this species blossoms
and puts forth its leaves about two weeks earlier than the next, and the leaves are smooth and glossy
before the leaves of the next have become well divested of their reddish down. Frequent.

*1077. Q. tinctoria, Bartram. Quercitron. Yellow-barked or Black Oak.

Inner bark bright yellow; scales of involucre yellowish-canescent, somewhat sqarrose; leaves less
pinnatified, more obova4e in outline and less glossy-green than those of Q. coccinea. This species and
the preceding occur together in the C., and are seldom large— usually 40-50 ft., and 12-15 inches in diam-
eter. Considerable study has shown no gradations between the two forms, except one anomalous speci-
men, with very long acorns, and some characteristics of both species.

1078. Q. palustris, Du Roi. Swamp Spanish or Pin Oak. S. E.
Only seen in the S. E. portion'of therState; Port Huron,— Dodge^Belle Isle ; Monroe Co.

1079. Q. iifcibricaria, Michx. Laurel or Shingle Oak. S.
Barrens, Galesburg,— H. Dale Adams; Ann Arbor,— Winch. Cat. ; S. Mich.,— Dr. Wright.C Rare.

391. CAST AXE A, Tourn. CHESTNUT.

1080. C. sativa, Mill.,£var. Americana, Watson. Chestnut. S. E. •

''-""•Occurs abundantly along an outcrop of Helderberg limestone in E. Monroe Co. and Wayne Co. -•
Wheeler ; Ann Arbor,— Dr. Steere; Detroit River to Lake St. Clair,— Macoun, in Can. Cat.

392. FAGUS, Tourn. BEECH.

*1081. F. ferruginea, Ait.* American Beech.' Th.

Common in L. P., but7rare 'in LU. P. Occurs at Mackinac and[Pictured Rocks; St. Mary's River,— •
Macoun.

LXXXVII. SALICACE^E. WILLOW FAMILY.

393. SALJX, Tourn. WILLOW. OSIER.

*1082. S. nigra, Marshall. Black Willow. Th.

Along streams ; a small tree.

*il083. S. amygdaloides, Anders. Th.

Flint,— Dr. Clark ; Hubbardston ; ; Harrisville.

*1084. S. lucida, Muhl. Shining Willow. Th.

Along'streams. Variable. Common.

*1085. S. ALBA, L., var. VITELLINA/ Koch. White Willow.
Naturalized from Europe.

*1086. S. longifolia, Muhl. Th.

Wet places. Common.

*1087. S. rostrata, Richardson. Th,

Moist or dry ground. CCommon.

*1088. S. discolor, Muhl. Glaucous Willow. Th.

River banks. This species and the preceding are very much visited by bees in early spring for pollen
and honey. Common.

1089. var.JI[eriocephala,*Ander8.

KeweenawlCo.,— F.

*1090. var. prinoides, Anders.

Common.

*1091. S. humilis, Marshall. Prairie Willow. Th.

Common northward to Marquette Co.,— Burt MS. Cat. A>ery broad leaved [form with the yourg
leaves round-obovate to nearly round, collected by O. A. Farwell, Keweenaw Co.

1092. S. tristis, Ait. Dwarf Gray Willow.
Alcona Co. ; Barren lake. Cass Co.; Monroe Co, Infrequent.

131 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

*1093. S. sericea, Marshall. Silky-Willow.

Drnmmond's Is.,— Winch. Cat.; Ionia Co. ; and southward to S. Haven,— Bailey ; shore of Black lake,
•Cheboygan Co. Very common in central part of the State.

*1094. S. petiolaris, Smith. Petioled Willow. Th.

With the last. From Sault de Ste. Marie southward. Ionia Co. Frequent.

1095. S. petiolaris, Smith, var. gracilis, Anders.
S. western part of the State.

*1096. S. Candida, Willd. Hoary Willow. Th.

Usually in tamarack swamps. Rare in S. part of the State. Common northward.

* 1097. S. VIMINALJS, Basket Osier.
Woodward lake, Ionia Co.; S. Haven,— Bailey.

*1098. S. cordata, Muhl. Heart-leaved Willow. Th.

Along streams. Marrow-leaved forms occur in the central and southern parts of the State; at
Petoskey, broadly ovate-heart-shaped leaved forms occur. Common.

*1099. S. glaucophylla, Bebb. Th.

Hnbbardston; Petoskey; frequent along the shores of Little Traverse Bay, and shores of the Great
Lakes. Rare in the interior.

1100. var. angustifolia, Bebb.
Sturgeon Point, Alcona Co.

1101. var. brevifolia, Bebb.
Shores of Little Traverse bay,— C. F. Wheeler.

1102. S. balsamifera, Barrett.
Flint,— Dr. D. Clark; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

1103. var. vegeta, Bebb.

1104. var. lanceolata, Bebb.
These two varieties occur in Keweenaw Co.,— F.

1105. S. adeiiopliylla, Hook. Tomentose Willow.

Low, 2-5 feet. Beach sand. Lake Michigan, and northward. Petoskey; St. Jo., Dr. Wright in Torr.
Herb.,— Bebb. Hooker's original specimens came from Labrador.

*1106. S. myrtilloides, L. Myrtle Willow. Th.

Sphagnous swamps. 8. E.,— Winch. Cat. Ionia, etc., to L. Superior. Frequent.

1107. var. pedicellaris, Anders.
Keweenaw Co., — F.

1108. S. SEBICEAX CANDIDA, Bebb.. forma denudata, Bebb, Herb. Salicum,

No. 33.
Flint,-Dr. Clark.

1109. S. SERICEA X CANDIDA, Bebb. Herb. Salicum, No. 32.
Flint,— Dr. D. Clark; Hnbbardston,— C. F. Wheeler.

1110. S. PETIOLARIS X CANDIDA, Bebb. Herb. Salicum, No. 30.

Originally from Hascall's swamp, near Flint, Mich., where it was discovered by Daniel Clarke, M. D.,
IB 1872— the locality being soon after obliterated. Should it be deemed advisable hereafter to treat sup-
posed hybrids as quasi-species, after the manner of Andersson, Kerner and others, I very much wish that
this beautiful willow should be called S. Clarkei, to commemorate the name of a botanist who has done
more than any other to give an impetus to the study of hybrid willows in this country,— M. S. Bebb,
1880. Swamp near Hubbardston, Ionia Co.,— C. F. Wheeler.

1111. S. ROSTRATA (X PETIOLARIS?), No. 37. Bebb. Herb. Salitfum.
Flint,— Dr. D. Clark.

1112. S. CANDID AX CORDATA, Bebb.
Flint,— Dr. D. Clark ; Hubbardston,— C. F. Wheeler.

*1113. S. CORDATA X SERICEA, Bebb.
Bailey; Flint,— Dr. D. Clark.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 135

*1114. S. HUMILISX DISCOLOR, Bebb.
Keweenaw Co.,— Farwell.

*1115. S. FRAGiLisXALBA, Wimmer.
Coleman's Catalogue ; Palmer's Catalogue.

394. POPULUS, Tourn. POPLAR. ASPEN.

1116. P. ALBA, L. White Poplar. Abele.
Occasionally escaped from cultivation.

* 1117. P. tremuloides, Michx. American Aspen. Th.
Woods and lake shores; most abundant in U. P.,— Whitney. Common.

* 1118. P. g'randidentata, Michx. Large-toothed Aspen. Th.
Woods. Common northward, but " rare in U. P.,"— Whitney Oat.

* 1119. P. balsamifera, L. Balsam Poplar. Th.
River banks. A small tree in Michigan.

*1120. var. CANDICANS, Gray.

Common in cultivation.

*1L21. P. monilifera, Ait. Cotton- wood. Necklace Poplar. L. P.

Sometimes a large tree, three feet in diameter. Infrequent. Collected by the Forestry Commission
Expedition party, June, 1888, in Alcona Co.

LXXXVIIL EMPETKACE^E. CBOWBERBY FAMILY.

395. EMPETRUM, Tourn. BLACK CROWBERRY.

1122. E. nigrrum, L. U. P.

Whitney Cat. Pictured Rocks,— G. H. Hicks.

LXXXIX. CEEATOPHYLLACE.E. HORNWORT FAMILY.

396. CEKATOPHYLLUM, L. HORNWORT.
*1123. C. demersum, L. Th.

Ponds. Fruit in August. Common.

XC. HYDEOCHAEIDACE^E. FROG'S-BIT FAMILY.

397. ELODEA, Michx.

*1124. E. Caiiadensis, Michx. Water-weed. Th.

Slow streams. Common. "

398. VALLISNEBIA, L.

*1125. V. spiralis, L. Tape-grass. Eel-grass. Th.

Ann Arbor,— Winch. Cat.; S. Haven,— Bailey; Hubbardston, to Petoskey; Lake Superior,— Agassiz.
Slow streams. Common in Grand River and tributaries.

XCI. OECHIDACE^E. ORCHIS FAMILY.

399. MICBOSTYLIS, Nutt. ADDER'S-MOUTH.

1126. M. monopliyllos, Lindl.

Hubbardston; {Flint; Macomb iCo.;"bogs near Long lake and Black 'lake, Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K.
Rare.

1127. M. ophiogrlossoides, Nutt.

Ann Arbor,— Allmendinger Cat.; Hubbardston ; Lenawee Co.,— G. F. Comstock. Rare.

136 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

4OO. LIPARIS, Richard.

1128. L. liliifolia, Richard.

S. W.— Wright's Cat.

1129. L. Loeselii, Richard. Twayblade. Th.

Ann Arbor,— Allmendinger Cat.; abundant in a tamarack swamp near Hubbardston; S. 'Haven,—
Bailey; Flint ; Macomb Co. ; Keweenaw Co.,— F.; Sault de 8te Marie,— Porter.

4O1. CALYPSO, Salisb.

1130. C. borealis, Salisb.

Forty-mile Point, Presqne Isle Co.,— Winch. Cat.; shores of Higgins lake,— Dr. D. Cooley; Mount
Pleasant,— E. F. Smith; Grayling,— G. H. Hicks; Frankfort,— E. J. Parker; Keweenaw Co., —F.; Mackinac,
—Whitney Cat.; L. Superior,— J. Maconn, in Can. Cat.

4O2. TIPULARIA, Nutt. CRANE-FLY ORCHIS.

1131. T. discolor, Nutt.

Coleman Cat.; " N. Mich., Dr. Cooley,"— Winch. Cat.; eastern coast of L. Huron,— J. Maconn. Our
rarest orchid.

4O3. APLECTRUM, Nutt. PUTTY-ROOT. ADAM-AND-EVE.
*1132. A. liiemale, Nutt.

Rich woods. Ann Arbor,— Allmend. Cat.; Detroit,— Gillman; Macomb Co.; Montcalm Co.; Flint;
Hubbardston; Grand Rapids,— Colemans Cat.; Niles,— Mitchell; Keweenaw Co..— F. Scarce.

4O4. CORALLORHIZA, Haller. CORAL-ROOT.

*1133. C. innata, R. Br. Th.

S. E.,— Wright Cat.; Park Lake, Clinton Co.; Harmon; Grayling; Frankfort; L. Superior, not rare,—
Whitney Cat.

1134. C. odoiitorhiza, Nutt. Th.

Hubbardston; Flint; Frankfort; Oscoda; northward to L. Superior,— Whitney Cat.

*1135. C. multiflora, Nutt. Th.

Hubbardston; S. W.,— Wright Cat.; Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K. ; northward to L. Superior.

1136. C. striata, Lindl. N. & U. P.

Frankfort; Comins, Oscoda Co.; abundant at Mackinac, — Whitney Cat.; Keweenaw Co., — F. Becom-
ing scarce.

4O5. LISTERA, R. Brown.

1137. L. corclata, R. Br. Twayblade. N. & U. P,

Whitney Cat.; and Isle Royale,— Dr. A. B. ;Lyons ; Grayling,— G. H. Hicks ; Keweenaw Co.,— F. ; cedar
swamps, Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K.

1138. L. convallarioides, Nutt. N. & U. P.

Not common. Whitney Cat.; Isle Royale,— Dr. A. B. Lyons ; abundant at Pictured Rocks,- G. H.
Hicks; Grand Traverse Co.; Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K. ; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

4O6. SPIRANTHES, Richard. LADIES' TRESSES.

1139. S. latifolia, Torr.

Drummond's Island, common, and S. E.,— Winch. Cat.; Hubbardston; Flint. Rare in L. P.

1140. S. Romaiizoffiana, Chamisso. Th.

Borders of Mud Lake, Northport,— E. J. Hill; St. Clair Co.,— A. F. Foerste ; Grayling,— G. H. Hicks ;
Caribou Islet, — Porter ; northward to L. Superior. Infrequent southward.

*1141. S. cernua, Richard.; Th.

Sphagnous swamps. Frequent.

1142. S. gracilis, Bigelow. L. P.

S. W.,— Wright's Cat.; Macomb Co.; Grand Rapids,— Coleman Cat.; Kalamazoo,— Tuthill; Long Lake
and Pine Plains, Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K.

4O7. GOODYERA, R.]Br. RATTLESNAKE-PLANTAIN.

1143. G. repens, R. Br. Th.

Bangor, Van Buren Co., —Bailey; Grand Rapids,— Coleman Cat.; RoscommonCo.,— Dr. Cooley; Petos-
key and northward. Infrequent.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 137

*1144. G. pubescens, R. Br. Th.

Woods. Frequent.

1145. G. Menziesii, Lindl. N. & U. P.

Grayling,— G. H. Hicks; Boyne Falls, Northport and Frankfort,— E. J. Hill; Petoskey; Isle Royale and
Traverse Bay.,— Dr. A. B. Lyons; Keweenaw Co.,— F. Rare in Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K.

408. ARETHUSA, Gronov.

*1146. A. bulbosa, L. Th.

In sphagnous swamps. S. Mich.,— Wright Cat.;] Ann Arbor,— Allmeni. Cat.; Kalamaz oo,— Tathill;
Hubbardston, and northward. Rare.

409. CALOPOGOX, R. Br.

*1147. C. pulcliellus, R. Br. Th.

Bogs. Common.

41O. POGONIA, Juss.

*1148. P. opliioglossoides, Nutt. Th.

Bogs. Common.

1149. P. pendula, Lindl. S. W.
Dr. Wright; Calvin, Cass Co., -I. N. Mitchell. Rare.

1150. P. verticillata, Nutt. C. & S.

Kalamaz oo; Flint; Macomb Co. Rare.

411. ORCHIS, L.

*1151. O. spectabilis, L. Showy Orchis. C. & S.

Rich woods. Scarce.

1152. O. rotimdifolia, Pursh.

Frankfort,— E. J. Parker; Marquette,— T. H. Danger; Lake Fume6,— E. J. Hill.

412. HABEXARIA, Willd. REIN-ORCHIS.

1153. H. tridentata, Hook. Th.

Lenawee Co.,— G. F. Comstock; 8. W.,— Wright Cat.; Ann Arbor,— Allmend. Cat.; Hubbardston;
Grayling,— G. H. Hicks; and northward.

1154. H. virescens, Spreng. L. P.
Macomb Co.; Ann Arbor,— Winch. Cat. ; S. W.,— Wright Cat.; Cheboygan Co,, infrequent,— B. & K.

* 1155. H. bracteata, R. Br. Th

Ann Arbor and Emmet Co.,— Winch. Cat.; Macomb Co.; Kalamazoo; Hubbardston; Flint; and
northward.

1156. H. hyperborea, R. Br. Th.

Wet woods. Frequent northward.

*1157. H. dilatata, Gray. Th.

S. E.,— Winch. Cat. ; Constantine, and northward.

1158. H. obtusata, Richardson. N. & U. P.

Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K. ; Pictured Rocks,— G. H. Hicks ; Isle Royale,— Dr. A. B. Lyons; L. Superior,
common,— Whitney Cat.; Cove I. ; L. Huron,— Austin.

*1159. H. Hookeri, Torr. Th.

S. E.,— Winch. Cat. ; Hubbardston ; Flint; Lake Superior,— Whitney Cat. Rare southward.

* 1160. H. orbiculata, Torr. Th.
Frequent in the pine region, not rare on U. P.,— Whitney Cat. ; Hubbardston ; Flint, etc.

* 1161. H. ciliaris, R. Br. Yellow Fringed-Orchis.

Ann Arbor,— Winch. Cat.; Macomb Co.; Kalamazoo,— Tuthill ; Niles,— I. N. Mitchell. Rare.l

1162. H. blepharig-lottis, Torr. White Fringed-Orchis. C. & S.

S. Mich.,— Winch. Cat. ; Stanton. Rare.

138 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

*1163. H. leucophaea, Gray.

Belle Isle,— Foerste; Ann Arbor,— Winch. Cat.; Pine Lake, Ingham Co.; Woodward Lake, Ionia Co.;
Macomb Co.; Isle Royale,— Foote. Rare.

* 1164. H. lacera, R. Br. Ragged Fringed-Orchis. Th.

Ann Arbor,— Winch. Cat.; Woodward Lake ; Flint ; Macomb Co. ; north to Keweenaw Co.,— F. Infre-
quent.

*1165. H. psycodes, Gray. Th.

Low grounds. Frequent.

413. CYPRIPEDIUM, L. MOCCASON -FLOWER.

1166. C. arietinum, R. Brown. Ram's-head Lady's Slipper.

Isle Royale,— Dr. A. B. Lyons; tamarack swamp Vz mile E. of Whittemore Lake,— W. H. Lewis, May,
1891. Rare.

1167. C. caiiclidum, Muhl. Small White Lady's Slipper. Th.

Tamarack swamps. Ann Arbor,— Winch. Cat.; Kalamazoo; Macomb Co. ; Flint ; Hubbardston ; How-
ell Junction,— Wheeler ; Keweenaw Co.,— F. Rare.

*1168. C. parviflorum, Salisb. Smaller Yellow Lady's Slipper. Th.

Swamps. A slender species; leaves slightly pubescent, not much plaited; flowers much smaller than
those of the next; corolla bright yellow and much brown spotted inside in lines; sepals and side petals
dark brown-purple, the latter several times twisted. Usually grows in clumps, preferring very wet swamps.
Frequent. t

*1169. C. pubescens, Willd. Larger Yellow Lady's Slipper.

Woods, in moist or dry ground. Much coarser every way than the preceding, with strongly-plaited,
hairy leaves, and large light yellow flowers, more or less brown-spotted. Small forms of this are often
mistaken for C. parviflarum, but the two species are apparently distinct in Michigan. Frequent.

*1170. C. spectabile, Salisb. Showy Lady's Slipper. Th.

Swamps. The largest species, as well as the most beautiful ; leaves frequently 6x10 inches. Ann
Arbor,— Winch. Cat.; Kalamazoo,— Tuthill ; Macomb Co.; Flint; Hubbardston; Keweenaw Co. Frequent.

* 1171. C. acaule, Ait. Stemless Lady's Slipper. Th.
Dry woods, and sphagnous swamps. Frequent.

XCII. H^MODORACE^E. BLOODWORT FAMILY.

414. ALETRIS, L. COLIC-ROOT. STAR-GRASS.

1172. A. farinosa, L. G. & S.

Addison,— G. F. Comstock; Howard City; Grand Rapids; Ann Arbor,— Allmend. Cat. ; Macomb Co.
Flint; Clarkston,— G. H. Hicks; Hubbardston. Rare.

XCIII. IRIDACE^E. IRIS FAMILY.

415. IRIS, Tourn. WILD FLOWER-DE-LUCE.

* 1173. I. versicolor, L. Larger Blue Flag. Th,
Low grounds. Common.

1174. I. lacustris, Nutt. Lake Dwarf Iris.

Bois Blanc I. and Drummond's I.,— Winch. Cat. : Mackinac.,— Whitney Cat.; "Shores of L. Huron
and Mich.,"— Gray, Lewis Foote, et al.; Mackinaw City,— Wheeler.

416. SISYRINCHIUM, L. BLUE-EYED GRASS.

*1175. S. angustifolium, Mill. Th.

Moist grassy places. Common.

1176. S. aiiceps, Cav. Th.

Palo ; Petoskey ; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

XCIV. AMAKYLLIDAQE.E. AMARYLLIS FAMILY.
417. HYPOXYS, L. STAR-GRASS.

FLORA OP MICHIGAN. 139

1177. H. erecta, L. C. & S.

Meadows. Common.

XCV. DIOSCOKEACE^B. YAM FAMILY.

418. DIOSCOREA, Plumier. YAM.

*1178. D. villosa, Wild Yam-root. C. & S.

Rich woods. Frequent.

XCVI. LILIACE.E. LILY FAMILY.

419. SMILAX, Tourn, GREENBRIER. CAT-BRIER.

* 1179. S. herbacea, L. Carrion-Flower. Th.

River banks. Flowers much visited by blow-flies. Common.

* 1180. var. pulveruleuta, Gray.

Ann Arbor,— Allmend. Cat. ; Owosso,— G. H. Hicks.

1181. S. ecirrhata, Watson.
Mich., — Gray's Manual.

1182. S. rotundifolia, L. Common Greenbrier. Horse-brier. C. & S.

Ann Arbor,— Allmend. Cat.; Flint; Macomb Co.; Kent Co.,— Coleman Cat.; Benton Harbor.
Infrequent.

*1183. S. liispicla, Muhl. Th.

The common woody species in Ionia and adjacent counties. Ann Arbor, — Winch. Cat. ; Hubbardston;
Flint ; Houghton lake; northward to Lake Superior,— Whitney Cat.

42O. ALT.IUM, L. ONION. GARLIC.
*1184. A. tricoccum, Ait. Wild Leek. Th.

Rich woods. Cattle pastured in woodlands in early spring are sure to find and eat this plant, and
the " garlic " odor of wild leek is only too well known to butter buyers in the rural districts.

1185. A. Schoeiioprasum, L. Chives. U. P.
Dr. A. B. Lyons ; Gray's Manual ; N. shore of Lake Superior, — Ag assiz ; Keweenaw Point, — F.

1186. A. cernuum, Roth. Wild Onion. + S.

Ann Arbor,— Allmend. Cat.

*1187. A. Canaclense, Kalm. Wild Garlic. C. & S.

Woods. Common.

421. CAMASSIA, Lindl
1188. C. Fraseri, Torr. Eastern Camass. Wild Hyacinth.

Adrian, Mich.,— Mrs. I. H. Wheeler; White Island in the Detroit river opposite Amherstburgh, 1882,—
Dr. J. Macoun.

422. HEMEROCALLIS, L. DAY LILY.

*1189. H. FULVA, L. Common Day-Lily.
Escaped from cultivation.

423. POLYGONATUM, Tourn. SOLOMON'S SEAL.

* 1190. P. biflorum, Ell. Smaller Solomon's Seal. Th.
Ann Arbor, — Winch. Cat. ; Ionia Co., and northward. Open woods. Common.

*1191. P. gigaiiteum, Dietrich, Great S. S. Th.

River banks. Stems often very tall and channeled [on one side. Intermediate forms between this
and the preceding occur.

18

140 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

424. ASPARAGUS, Tourn. ASPARAGUS.

*1192. A. OFFICINALIS, L. Garden Asparagus.
Sparingly escaped from gardens in older parts of the State.

425. SMILACrNTA, Desf. FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL.

* 1193. S. racemosa, Desf. False Spikenard. Th.

Moist grounds. Common. ^

*1194. S. stellata, Desf. Th.

Moist banks. Common.

*1195. S. trifolia, Desf. Th.

Sphagnous swamps. Frequent.

426. MAIANTHEMUM, Wigg.
*1196. M. Caiiadeiise, Desf. Th.

Woods, everywhere.

427. STKEPTOPUS, Michx. TWISTED-STALK.

1197. S. amplexifolius, DC.

Fort Gratiot,— Winch. Cat.; Houghton Lake to Lake Superior, where it is rare,— Whitney Cat.

1198. S. roseus, Michx.

Cedar swamps, Mt. Pleasant,— Chas. A. Davis; Cheboygan Co.,— B. &K.; Drummond's Is. and Sugar
Is.,— Winch. Cat. ; to L. Superior where it is very common,— Whitnev Cat.

428. CLINTONIA, Raf.

1199. C. borealis, Raf. Th.

Follows the Lake Michigan shore down .as far as S. Haven; on the eastern side of the State reaches to
Macomb Co.,— Dr. D. Cooley; and in the center of the State is found in Ionia Co. Very common north
of latitude 43°.

429. UVULARIA, L. BELLWOBT.
1200. U. perfoliata, L.

Rich woods. Marquette Co.,— Burt MS. Cat. ; Flint; Macomb Co. Infrequent.

*1201. U. grandiflora, Smith. C. & S.

Rich woods. Common.

43O. OAKESIA, Watson.

1202. O. sessililblia, Watson. Th.

Low woods. Apparently infrequent S. Monroe Co.,— Wheeler ; Ann Arbor,— Allmend. Cat. ; Ypsi-
lanti; Flint; Macomb Co. ; Crystal Lake, Montcalm Co.,— E. F. Smith, and northward to Marqaette
Co.,— Whitney Cat.

431. ERYTHRONIUM, L. DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET.
*1203. E. Americaimm, Ker. Yellow Adder's-tongue. Th.

Low copses. Common.

*1204. E. albidum, Nutt. White Dog's-tooth Violet. . Th.

Ann Arbor,— Allmend. Cat.; Macomb Co.; Flint ; Hubbardston. " At L. Superior Dr. Bobbins found
a plant like this but yellow flowered, a transition towards E. grandiflorum," — Gray's Man.; Keweenaw
Co.,-F.

432. L.ILIUM, L. LILY.

*1205. L. Philadelpliicum, L. Wild Orange-red Lily. Th.

Ann Arbor,— Allmend. Cat.; Hubbardston; Petoskey, and northward. Not common in the central
part of the State.

*1206. L. superb vim, L. Turk's-cap Lily. C. & S.

Low grounds. Ann Arbor (Miss Clark) ,— Winch. Cat.; Flint ; S. Haven,— Bailey; Alma,— C. A. Davis,
Frequent.

FLORA OP MICHIGAN. 141

1207. L. Canadeuse, L. Wild Yellow Lily.
Meadows and along streams. Northward, frequent.

433. MEDEOLA, Gronov. INDIAN CUCUMBER-ROOT.

*1208. M. Virgiiiiaiia, L. L. P.

Abundant at Gaylord, where it probably reaches its N. limits,— G. L. Stewart.

434. TRILLIUM, L. WAKE ROBIN. BIRTHROOT.

1209. T. sessile, L. S.

Dr. A. B. Lyons. St. Joseph,— Wheeler; Niles,— I. N. Mitchell. Rare.

1210. T. recur vatum, Beck. S. W.

Niles,-!. N. Mitchell.

*1231. T. erectum, L. Th.

Ann Arbor,— Winch. Cat.; Constantino; Port Huron,— Dodge. The white form with declinate pedicels
is most common throughout, and the only form in the northern part of the State.

*1212. T. grandiflorum, Salisb. Th.

Rich woods. Exceedingly variable and apt to sport. Common.
*1213. T. cernuum, L.

S. Mich.,— Winch. Cat.; Macomb Co. ; Flint; Grand Rapids,— Coleman Cat.; northward to Keweenaw
Co.,— F. Infrequent.

1214. T. nivale, Riddell. Dwarf White Trillium. C. & S.

Low woods. One of our earliest spring flowers. Hnbbardston; Ionia; Grand Rapids, — Coleman
Cat.; Niles -I. N. Mitchell. Rare.

1215. T. erythrocarpum, Michx. Painted T. Th.

S. Mich.,— Wright Cat.; not observed in the center of the State ; Port Huron,— Dodge; Keweenaw Co.,
— F. Infrequent.

435. CHAMJELIBIUM, Willd. DEVIL'S-BIT.

1216. C. Caroliniaiium, Willd. Blazing-Star.

Dr. A. B. Lyons.

436. TOFIELDIA, Hudson. FALSE ASPHODEL.

1217. T. palustris, Hudson. U. P.
Isle Royale,— Dr. A. B. Lyons.

*1218. T. glutiiiosa, Willd. Th.

Sphagnous swamps. Frequent.

437. ZYGAI)ENUS, Michx.

*1219. Z. elegans, Pursh. Th.

S. W.,— Wright Cat.; Dexter,— Dr. Elmore Palmer; Ann Arbor,— AUmend. Cat.; Grand Ledge;
Clarkston,— G. H. Hicks; Ionia; Davisburgh; Petoskey. Rare.

XCYII. PONTEDEEIACE^E. PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.

438. POXTEDEBIA, L. PICKEREL-WEED.

*1220. P. cordata, L. Th.

Borders of lakes and slow streams. Lakes in Oakland Co.; Ann Arbor; Ionia Co., and northward.

*1221. var. aiigustifolia, Torr.

Lake St. Clair ; Pine Lake, Ingham Co.

439. HETEBAXTHEBA, R. & P. MUD-PLANTAIN.
* 1222. H. gramiiiea, Vahl. C. & S.

Ann Arbor,— Allmend. Cat. ; Dexter,— Dr. Elmore Palmer; Grand Rapids; Hnbbardston. In streams
Common.

142 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

XCVIII. XYEIDACE^]. YELLOW-EYED-GRASS FAMILY.

44O. XYKIS, Gronov. YET.LOW-EYED-GRASS.

1223. X. flexuosa, Muhl.

Macomb Co. ; S. W.,— Wright Cat ; Hubbardston,— Wheeler. Rare.

1224. var. pusilla, Gray,

Lake Superior,— Gray's Manual, 6th edition.

XCIX. COMMELINACE^. SPIDERWORT FAMILY.

441. COMMELINA, Dill. DAY-FLOWER.

1225. C. Virgiiiica, L. S. W.
Wright Cat.

442. TRADESCAXTIA, L. SPIDERWORT.

1226. T. Virginica, L. Common Spider wort. C. & S. .
Moist woods. Ionia Co.; Grand Rapids; Ann Arbor,— Allmendinger Cat.; Hillsdale Co. Frequent.

C. JUNCACE^]. KUSH FAMILY.

443. JUNCUS, Tourn. RUSH. Boo-RusH.

*1227. J. eftusus, L. Common or Soft Rush. Th.

Marshy grounds. Common.

*1228. var. coiiglomeratus, Engelm.

Swamps; not so common as the species.

1229. J. filiformis, L.

Adrian,— Tuthill; Saginaw Bay,— Winch. Cat.; L. Superior,— Jno. Macoun. Rare.

* 1230. J. Balticus, Dethard, var. littoralis, Engelm. Th.

Sandy shores. 8. Haven,- Bailey; to Petoskey; Port Huron ; Oscoda, and northward. A form of this
species is found at Hubbard&ton, Ionia Co.,— Wheeler.

1231. J. stygius, L.

" N. shore of Lake Superior, Mr. Wheeler,"— Gray's Manual, 5th edition; Marquette,— E. J. Hill.

1232. J. margiiiatus, Rostk. S.
S. Mich.,— Winch. Cat. ; Macomb Co.,— Dr. D. Cooley; Grand Rapids,— Wheeler. Rare.

1233. J. Vaseyi, Engelm.
Detroit,— Lyons ; Lake Superior,— Jno. Macoun.

1234. J. Greeiiii, Oakes & Tuck.

Head of Lake Michigan,— Gray's Manual, 6th edition ; Detroit,— Wheeler.

*1235. J. tennis, Willd. Th.

Roadsides. Very variable. Common.

1236 J. Gerardi, Loisel. Black-Grass.
" Rare about the Great Lakes,"— Gray's Manual.

*1237. J. bufonius, L. Th.

Roadsides. Common.

[JuNcus LONGISTYLIS, Torr.

Rather common at Win 'sor, on the Detroit River, 1885,— Macoun.]

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 143

* 1238. J. pelocarpus, E. Meyer. Th.

Shore of Woodward Lake, Ionia Co.; Pine Lake, Ingham Co.; Lake Superior; J. Macoun, Can. Cat ;
Bear Lake, Manistee Co.,— E. J. Hill; Macomb Co., Dr. D. Cooley. Infrequent.

* 1239. J. alpiims, Villars, var. iiisigiiis, Fries. Th.

"Along the Great Lakes northward and westward,"— Gray. Common. Along railroad track on
Agricultural College Farm. This species has been mistaken by early collectors for J. articulatiis, which
" is confined to the New England States."— Engelmann.

*1240. J. acuminatus, Michx. Th.

Macomb Co.; Fruitport, — E. J. Hill; Hubbardston; KeweenawCo., — F.; north shore of Lake Superior,
— Agassiz.

1241. J. brachy carpus, Engelm.

Dr. Engelmann.

1242. J. scirpoicles, Lam.
Gray's Manual.

*1243. J. nodosus, L. Th.

Gravelly banks. Common. An intermediate form grows with the species on the shore of Little
Traverse Bay,— Wheeler.

1244. var. megacephalus, Torr.

Flint; Hubbardston and southward.

*1245. J. Canatleiisis, J. Gay. Th.

•Common.

* 1246. var. loiigicauclatus, Engelm. Th.
Fruitport,— E. J. Hill; Macomb Co.; Hubbardston; northward to Sault de Ste. Marie,— Burgess.

*1247. var. brachyceplialus, Engelm. S.

.Hubbardston; Howell Junction.

1248. var. coarctatus, Engelm.

Detroit; north shore of Lake Superior,— Dr. Lyons.

444. LUZULA, DC. WOOD-RUSH.

* 1249. L. vernalis, PC. Th.

Woods. Common.

1250. L. spaclicea, DC., var. melaiiocarpa, Meyer. U. P.

Dr. A. B. Lyons. Shore of Lake Superior at the Pic, and along Current River, Thunder Bay,—
Macoun.

* 1251. L. campestris, DC. C. & S.

Dry woods. Frequent.

1252. Li. spicata, Desvaux. • U. P.

Dr. A. B. Lyons.

01. TYPHACE^E. CAT-TAIL FAMILY.

445. TYPHA, Tourn. CAT-TAIL FLAG.
*1253. T. latifolia, L. Common Cat-tail. Th.

Borders of streams. Common.

1254. T. aiigustifolia, L. S. E.

Detroit,— Dr. A. B. Lyons. Rare.

446. SPARGAXIUM, Tourn. BUR-REED.

* 1255. S. eurycarpum, Engelm. C. & S.

Borders of ponds. Frequent.

*1256. S. simplex, Hudson. Th.

Fruitport,— E. J. Hill ; Oscoda; Keweenaw Co.,— Farwell; Black River,— B. & K. Common.

144 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

1257. var. aiulrocladum, Engelm.
Ann Arbor,— Allmendinger Cat. ; Flint,— Dr. Clark; Macomb Co.

1258. var. angustifolium, Engelm.

Isle Royale,— Whitney Cat.; Keweenaw Co.,— F.; N. shore of Lake Superior,— Agassiz.

1259. S. minimum, Fries.

Hubbardston; Manistee,— E. J. Hill ; Macomb Co.; Homestead, Benzie Co. ; Keweenaw Co.,— FarwelL
Rare.

OIL AKACE^E. ARUM FAMILY.

447. ARIS.^EMA, Martius. INDIAN TURNIP. DRAGON ARUM.

*1260. A. triphyllum, Torr. Indian Turnip. Th.

Rich woods.

* 1261. A. Dracontium, Schott. Green Dragon. Dragon- root. C. & S.
Low grounds. Infrequent.

448. PELTANDRA, Raf. ARROW ARUM.

*1262. P. uiululata, Raf. C. & S.

S. Mich.,— Wright Cat.; Huron River,— Allmendinger Cat.; Ionia Co.; Flint.

449. CAL.LA, L. WATER ARUM.

*1263. C. palustris, L. Th.

Bogs. Frequent.

45O. SYMPLOCARPUS, Salisb. SKUNK CABBAGE.
*1264. S. foeticlus, Salisb. Th.

451. ACORUS, L. SWEET FLAG. CALAMUS.

*1265. A. Calamus, L. Th.

Margin of streams. Infrequent.

GUI. LEMNACE.E. DUCKWEED FAMILY.

452. SPIRODELA, Schleiden.

*1266. S. polyrrhiza, Schleid.
Ponds. Common.

453. LEMNA, L. DUCKWEED. DUCK'S-MEAT.

*1267. L. trisulca, L. C. & S.

Ponds. Frequent.

1268. L. perpusilla, Torr. C. & S.

Detroit River,— D. H. Campbell; Dr. A. B. Lyons. Rare.

*1269. L. minor, L. Th.

Ponds. Blossoms occasionally in June. Common.

454. WOLFFIA, Horkel.

1270. W. Columbiana, Karsten.

Abundant on Maple River, Clinton Co. ; ionia Co.; Detroit, — J. M. Bigelow.

1271. W. Brasiliensis, Weddell.

With the last. Nearly covering the surface of ponds and slow streams in July.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 145

CIY. ALISMACE^E. WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.

455. AL.ISMA, L. WATER-PLANTAIN.

*1272. A. Plaiitago, L. Th.

Shallow water. Common.

456. SAGITTARIA, L. ARROW HEAD.
*1273. S. variabilis, Engelm. Th.

Wet places. Occurs in many forms, the most marked of which are the following:

* 1274. var. obtusa, Engelm.
*1275. var. latifolia, Engelm.
*1276. var. angustifolia, Engelm.

*1277. S. heterophylla, Pursh. Th.

Elk Rapids,— Winch. Cat. ; Detroit,— D. H.Campbell; Alma,— Chas. A. Davis.
1278. var. rigida, Engelm.

Fruitport, — E. J. Hill, and in the Great Lakes.

*1279. S. graminea, Michx. . S.

Dr. A. B. Lyons; Park Lake, Clinton Co.,— Bailey.

457. ECHIXODORUS, Richard.

1280. E. parvulus, Engelm.
Dr. A. B. Lyons; Gray's Manual, 6th edition.

CV. NAIADACE^. PONDWEED FAMILY.

458. TRIGLOCHLNT, L. ARROW-GRASS.

1281. T. palustre, L. Th.

Marshes. Frequent.

1282. T. maritima, L.

Shores of Great Lakes; borders of deer licks in interior; Macomb Co.; 8. Mich., — Wright Cat.;
Hubbardston; Petoskey.

459. SCHEUCHZERIA, L.

1283. S. palustris, L.

Keweenaw Co.,— Farwell; S. W.,— Wright Cat.; Macomb Co.,— Cooley; Hnbbardston; Montcalm Co.
Infrequent.

46O. POTAMOGETON, Tourn. PONDWEED.
*128i. P. iiatans, L. Th.

Ponds. Frequent.

* 1285. var. prolixus, Koch.
Common in deep water of lakes and rivers.

1286. P. Pennsylvanicus, Cham. Th.
Ionia Co. ; Macomb Co.,— Dr. D. Cooley ; Fruitport,— E. J. Hill; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

1287. P. later alls, Morong.
Bear Lake, Van Buren Co.,— E. J. Hill. Rare.

1288. P. Spirillus, Tuckerman. U. P.
" Lake Superior,"— Gray's Manual; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

146 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

1289. P. liybridus, Michx.
Dr. A. B. Lyons.

1290. P. rufescens, Schrader. N. & U. P.
Mud Lake and Bear River; Petoskey, E. J. Hill ; Keweenaw Co..— F.

*1291. P. fluitans, Roth. L. P.

Hnbbardston; Macomb Co.; Detroit River, — D. H. Campbell; Portage Lake, Crawford Co.
Infrequent.

*1292. P. amplifolius, Tuckerman. Th.

Maple River; Macomb Co. ; Pere Marquette River at Ludington,— E. J. Hill.

*1293. P. heterophy Hits, Schreb. Th.

Woodward Lake, Ionia Co.; Flint; Macomb Co. ; and northward.

1294. var. graminifolius (Fries).

Bear Lake, Van Buren Co.,— E. J. Hill ; Black Lake, Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K'.

*1295. P. Zizii, Mert. & Koch.

Crystal Lake, near Frankfort, and Bear Lake, Manistee Co.,— E. J. Hill; Crystal Lake, Montcalm Co.,
and Woodward -Lake, Ionia Co.; Detroit River,— D. H. Campbell. Infrequent.

* 1296. P. lucens, K Th.

Mnskegon River, near H9ughton Lake; Flint; S. Mich.,— Wright. Cat; Detroit River,— D. H. Camp-
bell ; Lake Superior,— Agassiz.

'*1297. P. prseloiigus, Wulfen. Th.

Maple River; Pine Lake, Ingham Co.; Black Lake, Cheboygan Co. Common.

*1298. P. perfoliatus, L. Th.

Pine Lake, Ingham Co. and northward. Common.

1299. var. laiiceolatus, Robbins. Th.

Little Traverse Bay. etc. ; " Along the Great Lakes,"— Gray.

*1300. P. zostersefolius, Schum. Th.

Common.

1301. P. Hillii, MoroDg.
Marquette Co.,— E. J. Hill.

1302. P. obtusifolius, Mertens & Koch.
" Floating in Gratiot Lake, N. Mich.,"— Gray's Manual.

*1303. P. pauciflorus, Pursh. Th.

Hubbardston; Grand Rapids; Flint; Macomb Co., and northward. Typical forms occur at Manistee
and Frankfort,-E. J. Hill.

1304. var. Niagareusis, Gray.

In running water, Hubbardston ; Macomb Co., and along the Great Lakes.

1305. P. pusillus, L.

Manistee Lake,— E. J. Hill ; Detroit River,— D. H. Campbell.

* 1306. P. mucroiiatus, Schrad.

Crooked River, Cheboygan Co., and common at Manistee and Frankfort,— E. J. Hill; Oscoda; St.
Mary's River; Sault de Ste. Marie.

*1307. P. pectiiiatus, L. Th.

Frequent.

1303. P. mariims, L.

Crystal Lake, near Frankfort, Benzie Co.,— E. J. Hill.

*1309. P. Robbiiisii, Oakes.

N. shore Lake Superior; Pine lake, seven miles N. E. of the Agricultural College. 1891, the only station
known in the L. P.,— C. F. Wheeler.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 147

461. ZANNICHELLIA, Micheli. HORNED PONDWEED.

1310. Z. palustris, L.

Dr. A. B. Lyons ; W. Bay City. Rare.

462. NAIAS, L.

1311. N. marina, L. Naiad.
Flint,— Dr. D. Clark.

*1312. X. flexilis, Rostk. & Schmidt, Th.

Ponds. Frequent.

*1313. v var. robusta, Morong.

South Haven; Park lake, Clinton Co.,— Bailey.

CVI. EKIOCAULE^. PIPEWORT FAMILY.

463. ERIOCAULON, L.

13H. E. septangulare, With. Th.

Margin of Long lake, Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K.; S. W.,— Wright Cat.; Macomb Co.,— Cooley;
Escanaba,— E. J. Hill. Infrequent.

CYII. CYPEKACE^E. SEDGE FAMILY.

464. CYPERUS, Tourn. GALINGALE.

1315. C. iiavescens, L. S.

Grand Rapids,— Coleman Cat.; S. Mich.,— Wright Cat. Rare.

*1316. C. diandrus, Torr. C. & S.

Low grounds. Common.

*1317. var. castaiieus, Torr.

Frequent.

*1318. C. aristatus, Rottb.
Grand Rapids, — Coleman ; Ionia; banks of Cedar river, Agricultural College grounds. Not common

1319. C. Schweiiiitzii, Torr. S. W.
Lake Michigan shore at S. Haven, — Bailey; Kalamazoo, — Tuthill.

1320. C. Houghtoiiii, Torr.

Hilltops near Indian River,— Wheeler; Long Lake, Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K.

*1321. C. ffliculmis, Vahl. C. & S.

Sterile soil. Common.

*1322. C. erythrorhizos, Muhl. S.

Macomb Co.,— Dr. D. Cooley; near Agricultural College. Infrequent.

*1323. C. esculentus, L. L. P.

A troublesome weed on low grounds, spreading rapidly by means of its nut-like tubers. Hard to
eradicate. Muir ; Flint ; Grand Rapids ; north to Oscoda, Frequent.

*1324. C. strigosus, L. C. & S.

Low grounds. Common.

1325. C. speciosus, Vahl.

Low grounds. Hubbardston; Flint, etc.

*1326. C. Engelmaimi, Steud.
Frnitport,— E. J. Hill; shore of Park Lake, Clinton Co.,— C. F. Wheeler. Rare.

' 19

).,-C. F.Wl

148 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

465. KYLLINGA, Rott.

1327. K. pumila, Michx. S.

Dr. Lyons.

466. DULICHIUM, Pers.

*1328. D. spatliaceuin, Pers. Th.

Borders of swamps and ponds. Common.

467. ELEOCHARIS, R. Br. SPIKE-RUSH.

*1329. E. Itobbiiisii, Oakes.

Shallow water. Park Lake, Clinton Co. The only station known in the State,— C. F. Wheeler.

1330. E. equisetoides, Torr.

Wright Cat., Jackson Co., 1838.

* 1331. E. quadraiigulata, R. Br. C. & S.

8. Mich.,— Gray; Flint; borders of Crystal Lake, Montcalm Co; shores of Park Lake and Pine Lake
Infrequent.

* 1332. E. ovata, R. Br. Th.

Wet grounds. N. shore of L. Superior,— Agassiz; southward. Infrequent.

*1333. E. olivacea, Torr,

Shore of Park Lake, Clinton Co.,— Wheeler. Only station known in the State.

*1334. E. palustris, R. Br. Th.

Wet places. Common.

* 1335. var. glaucesceiis, Gray.

Frequent.

1336. var. calva, Gray.

Lake Antoine,— E. J. Hill.

* 1337. var. vigeiis, L. H. Bailey.

Indian river, Cheboygan Co.; along the Great Lakes,— Gray's Man.

1338. E. rostellata, Torr.

Marshes. Hubbardston; Macomb Co. ; Drummond's I.,— Winch. Cat. Rare.

*1339. E. intermedia, Schultes. L. P.

Macomb Co.,— Dr. D. Cooley; Grand Traverse Bay,— Winch. Cat.; Hubbardston. Low river banks.
1340. E. tenuis, Schultes. . Th.

Oscoda ; east coast of L. Superior,— Canadian Cat. ; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

*1341. E. acicularis, R. Br. Spike-rush. Th.

1342. E. pygmaea, Torr.

Salt marshes Hubbardston; Clinton Co.,— E. F. Smith.

468. FIMBRISTYLIS, Vahl.

*1343. F. autumn alis, R. & S.

S. Mich.,— Wright ; Pine lake, Ingham Co.

1344. F. capillaris, Gray.

S. Mich.,— Wright; Detroit. Rare.

[E. COMPRESSA, Sullivant.

Lake Superior at Thunder Bay,-ICanadian Catalogue. May be looked for within our limits.]

1. PAUCIFLORA, Link.
North shore of Lake Superior,— Canadian Cat. Probably to be found within the State.]

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 149

469. SCIKPUS, Tourn. BULRUSH OR CLUB-RUSH.
1345. S. csespitosus, L. U.P.

Dr. A. B. Lyons; Marquette,— E. J. Hill; north shore of Lake Superior.— Agassiz.

*1346. S. Clintoiiii, Gray. C.

Blaffs along Fish creek, Hubbardston; Bath,— L. H. Bailey. Rare.

*1347. S. subterminalis, Torr. Th.

Honghton Lake; Woodward Lake, Ionia Co.; Flint; Macomb Co.; S. Mich.,— Wr. Cat.; north of
Lake Superior.— Can. Cat. Infrequent .

*1348. S. puiigens, Vahl. Th.

Borders of ponds. Common.

*1349. S. Torreyi, Olney.
Border of Pine Lake, Ingham Co.,— Bailey.

1350. S. Olneyi, Gray.
Border of deer lick near Hubbardston,— Wheeler.

*]351. S. lacustris, L. Th.

In still water. Common.

*1352. S. clebilis, Pursh.

Macomb Co.,— Cooley ; Park Lake, Clinton Co.,— Wheeler. Rare.

*1353. S. Smithii, Gray.
Shore of Park Lake,— C. F. Wheeler, 1891. Only locality known in the State.

1354. S. maritimus, L.. Sea Club-Rush. S.
S. Mich.,— Wright Cat.

1355. S. fluviatilis, Gray. River Club-Rush. Th.

Margins of rivers, S. Mich.,— Winch. Cat. ; Macomb Co.; Hubbardston; abundant along Maple River ;
west of Lake Superior, — Macoun.

1356. S. sylvaticus, L., var. digynus, Boeckl.
Lake Nipigon, Ont.,— Macoun ; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

*1357. S. atrovirens, Muhl. Th.

Wet meadows. Common.

1358. S. polypliyllus, Vahl.

S. Mich.,— Wright Cat.

47O. ERIOPHORUM, L. COTTON-GRASS.

* 1359. E. lineatum, Benth. & Hook.
River banks, S. Mich.,— Winch. Cat. ; Flint; Macomb Co. ; Habbardston. Infrequent.

*1360. E. cyperinum, L.

Wet meadows. Common and variable.

1361. E. alpiimm, L. Th.

Mad Lake; Petoskey,— E. J. Hill ; Macomb Co.,— Cooley. Infrequent.

*1362. E. vaginatum, L. Th.

Sphagnous swamps. S. Mich.,— Winch. Cat.; Macomb Co.; Hubbardston, and northward. Rare.

*1363. E. Virginicum, L. Th.

Sphagnous swamps. Ann Arbor,— Ailmend. Cat.; Flint; Hubbardston; northward. Infrequent.

*1364. E. polystachyon, L. Th.

Swamps. Common.

1365. var. latifolium, Gray.

Cassopolis, — Wheeler.

150 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

1366. E. gracile, Koch. Th.

S. Mich.,— Wright Cat.; Flint; Hubbardston; Montcalm Co.; and northward; Kalamazoo,— Tathill.
Rare.

471. FUIRENA, Rottb. UMBRELLA-GRASS.

1367. F. squarrosa, Michx., var. pumila, Ton. C.
Macomb Co.,— Dr. D. Cooley. Rare.

472. HEMICAKPHA, Xees.

* 1368. H. subsquarrosa, Nees. C. & S.
S. W.,— Wright Cat. ; Pine lake, Ingham Co. Rare.

473. KHYNCHOSPOKA, Vahl. BEAK RUSH.

1369. K. fusca, R. & S.

Escanaba,— E. J. Hill.

1370. R. alba, Vahl. Th.

Bogs. Ann Arbor, — Allmend. Cat.; Macomb Co.; Hubbardston; N. E., — Winch. Cat.; Keweenaw Co., —
F.; Mackinaw City.-Wheeler.

1371. R. capillacea, Torr. Th.

Bogs and sandy lake shores. Hubbardston ; Flint; Macomb Co. ; Petoskey. Infrequent.

1372. var. leviseta, Hill.
Shore Grand Traverse Bay, near Torch lake,— E. J. Hill.

*1373. R. g-lomerata, Vahl.
8. MicL.,— Wright Cat.; Macomb Co., Hubbardston; Pine lake, Ingham Co.

474. CL.ADIUM, P. Browne. Twio-Rusn.
*1374. C. mariscoicles, Torr. L. P.

Bogs. S. Mich.,— Wright Cat.; Macomb Co. ; Flint ; Hubbardston; Cheboygan Co.,— B. & K.
475. SCLERIA, Berg. NuT-Rusn.

1375. S. triglomerata, Michx. S.
S. Mich.,— Wright Cat. ; Macomb Co. ; Flint. Rare.

1376. S. verticillata, Muhl. S.

Macomb Co.,— Dr. D. Cooley. Rare.

476. CAREX, Ruppius. SEDGE.
*1377. C. pauciflora, Lightfoot,

U. P.,— Dr. A. B. Lyons; Chocolate R., L. Superior,— Henry Gillman; Towar's swamp near Agricultural
College. Local.

1378. C. Michauxiana, Boeckl. U. P.
Keweenaw Co., — F. ; near Portage river, — Porter.

1379. C. folliculata, L. Th.

S. Mich.,— Wright Cat.; So. Haven; Flint; Macomb Co., to L. Superior. Rare.

*1380. C. iiitumescens, Rudge. Th.

Swamps. So. Haven and northward. Common.

*1381. C. Grayii, Carey.

Low grounds. Macomb Co. ; Flint; Hubbardston; Lenawee Co. Rare.

*1382. C. lupuliua, Muhl. Th.

Low grounds. Common.

*1383. var. pecluiiculata, Dew.

" With the species, but more common," Prof. Bailey in Gray's Man., 6th ed. Frequent at Lansing.

* 1384. C. LUPULINAXRETRORSA, Dudley.
Lansing,— Bailey.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 151

1335. C. oligosperma, Michx. Th.

Borders of swamps and lakes. Habbardston; Woodward Lake; Farwell; Houghton Lake; Craw-
ford Co.; Keweenaw Co., F.

*1386. C. utriculata, Boott. Th.

Swamps. Common.

*1387. var. minor, Boott.

With the species.

*1383. C. moiiile, Tuckerman. Th.

Mud Lake, Petoskey,— E. J. Hill; Keweenaw Co.,— F.; Colon,— Wheeler; Reform School marsh,
Lansing.

*1389. C. Tuckermani, Dewey.

Swamps. S. Mich., — Wright Cat. ; Habbardston; Flint; Macomb Co., and northward. Frequent.

*1390. C. retrorsa, Schwein. Th.

River banks. Frequent.

*1391. var. Hartii, Gray.

Hubbardston ; Agricultural College Farm.

1392. C. luricla, Wahl. Th.
Antrim Co. ; S. Mich.,— Wright Cat. ; So. Haven; Hubbardston ; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

1393. C. Scliweiiiitzii, Dew.

Near Frazer's, Crawford Co.,— Prof. L. H. Bailey. Only station known in the State.

*1394. C. hystriciiia, Muhl. Th.

Wet meadows. Common.

1395. var. Diulleyi, Bailey.
Owosso, — G. H. Hicks. The only locality known in the State.

1396. C. Pseuclo-Cyperus, L. Th.

Margins of streams. S. Mich.; — Wright Cat.; Macomb Co.; Hubbardston; northward. Infrequent.

*1397. var. Americana, Hochst.

Wet places, Common in the center and south.

* 1398. C. squarrosa, L.

8. Mich.,— Wright Cat.; Hubbardston; Lansing,— Bailey; Keweenaw Co.,— F. Rare.

* 1399. C. scabrata, Schwein.

Banks of steams. Flint; Grand Rapids,— Coleman Cat. ; Hubbardston to Lake Superior,— Whitney
Cat. Infrequent.

1400. C. Houghtoiiii, Torr. N. & U. P.

N. part of Clare Co. ; Keweenaw Co. ; Cheboygan Co.; Oscoda; northward.

*1401. C. nliformis, L. Th.

Bogs. S. Mich.,— Wright Cat.; Hubbardston; Macomb Co. ; Flint; common at Pine Lake, Ingham Co.;
Keweenaw Co., — F. ; Towar's swamp, Lansing.

*1402. var. latifolia, Boeckl.

River banks, S. E.,— Winch. Cat.; Macomb Co.; Flint; Hubbardston; northward. Frequent.

*1403. C. tricliocarpa, Muhl. C. & S.

S. Mich.,— Wright Cat.; Macomb Co. Infrequent.

*1404. var. aristata, Bailey.

Agricultural College grounds ; northward to Lake Superior.

*1405. C. riparia, W. Curtis. Th.

Wet places. Common.

1406. C. alpiua, Swartz. U. P.

Isle Royale,— Whitney Cat.

152 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

*1407. C. fusca, All. Th.

Bogs. S. E.,— Winch. Cat.; Macomb Co.; Hubbardston; northward to L. Superior,— Whitney Cat.
Infrequent.

*1408. C. stricta, Lam. Th.

Low grounds. Common.

1409. var. ang'ustata, Bailey.

Less common than the species. Hubbardston,— Wheeler; Keweenaw,— F.

1410. C. STRICTA XFILJFORMIS, Bailey.
Keweenaw Co.,— F.

*1411. C. aquatilis, Wahl. Th.

Margins of streams. S. Mich.,— WTright Cat.; Flint; Macomb Co.; Hubbardston; Sitting Rabbit,
— Winch. Cat. Infrequent.

1412. C. lenticularis, Michx. U. P.

" Upper Michigan,"— Gray; Laughing Fish R., L. Superior,— Henry Gillman.

1413. C. prasina, Wahl. S.
Wet meadows. Hubbardston; S. Mich.,— Winch. Cat.; Flint; Port Huron,— C. K. Dodge. Rare.

*1414. C. crinita, Lam. Th.

Low grounds. Common.

*1415. C. Magellanica, Lam. Th.

Sphagnous swamps. Local.

*1416. C. limosa, L. Th.

Bogs. Ann Arbor,— Allmend. Cat.; Macomb Co.; Hubbardston and northward. Infrequent.

1417. C. virescens, Muhl., var. costata, Dew. Th.

S. Mich.,— Winch. Cat.; Detroit; Constantine, Dundee,— Wheeler; So. Haven; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

1418. C. triceps, Michx., var. liirsuta, Bailey.

In an oak wood on the farm of Hon. N. B. Hayes, in North Plains township, Ionia Co. Not known
to occur elsewhere in the State.

*1419. C. longirostris, Torr.
Woods. Flint; Hubbardston and northward. Rare.

1420. C. castaiiea, Wahl. Th.

Woods. Mont calm Co.; Macomb Co. ; L. Superior,— Whitney Cat.; Alcona Co.; Port Huron,— Dodge,
Keweenaw Co.,— F.

1421. C. AKCTATAXCASTANEA, Bailey.
Keweenaw Co., — F.

1422. C. capillaris, L. K & U. P.

Point de Tour, Lake Michigan,— Gray ; Sturgeon Point, Alcona Co.; Mackinac,— G. H. Hicks.
Common in the Lake Superior region.

* 1423. C. arctata, Boott. Th.

W7oods. S. Mich.,— Winch. Cat.; Petoskey; near South Haven; Hubbardston; Grand Ledge; Van
Buren Co.,— Bailey.

1424. var. Faxoni, Bailey. .
Isle Royale,— Dr. Sandberg; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

1425. C. debilis, Michx., var. Budget, Bailey.

Bear lake, Van Buren Co.,— E. J. Hill; shores of Barren lake, Cass Co. ; Gaylord; Alcona Co.

*1426. C. gracilltma, Schwein. Th.

Wet meadows.

*1427. var. liumilis, Bailey.

Keweenaw Co.,— Fafwell.

*1428. C. formosa, Dewey.
Macomb Co. Rare.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 153

*1429. C. Davisii, Schwein. & Torr.
Keweenaw Co.,— Farwell. Rare.

*1430. C. grisea, Wahl. Th.

Moist woods. Variable.

*1431. C. granularis, Muhl. Th.

Low grounds. Common.

1432. C. Crawei, Dewey.
Macomb Co., — Cooley ; Keweenaw Co., — F. Rare.

1433. C. flava, L. Th.

Sphagnous swamps. Frequent.

1434. var. gramiiiis, Bailey.
Crawford Co.,— Bailey; Keweenaw Co.,— F. Rare.

1435. var. viridula, Bailey. Th.
Margins 6f lakes. Frequent.

1436. C. pallesceiis, L.

Dr. A. B. Lyons; Keweenaw Co.,— F.; Sault de Ste. Marie,— Macoun.

1437. C. coiioidea, Schk. C. & S.
8. E., -Wright Cat.; Flint. Infrequent.

1438. C. oligocarpa, Schk.

Flint; Macomb Co.,— Dr. D. Cooley; Cassopolis,— Wheeler; Detroit,— Dr. Lyons.

*1439. C. Hitclicockiaiia, Dewey. S.

Woods. Flint ; Hubbardston and southward.

*1440. C. laxiflora, Lam. Th.

Beech and maple woods. Exceedingly variable. Common.

* 1441. var. variaiis, Bailey. Th.

Keweenaw Co.,— F. ; southward. Common.

*1442. var. striatula, Carey. S.

Common.

*1443. var. latifolia, Boott. S.

Frequent.

*1444. var. patulifolia, Carey.

Frequent in center and south.

*1445. C. digitalis, Willd. S.

Macomb Co. ; Flint; Hubbardston. Frequent.

*1446. var. copulata, Bailey.

Hubbardston; southward.

1447. C. laxiculmis, Schwein.

Washington, Macomb Co.,— Dr. Cooley. Rare.

*1448. C. platypliylla, Carey. S.

Grand Rapids.— Coleman1 s Cat.; Hubbardston. Infrequent.

*1449. C. Careyaiia, Torr. S.

Rich woods. Macomb Co.; Flint; Hubbardston; southward. Rare.

*1450, C. plant agmea, Lam. Th.

Hillsides. Scarce.

1451. C. Saltuensis, Bailey. N. & U. P.

Keweenaw Co.,— F; Oscoda Co.,— L. H. Bailey,

154 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

*1452. C. tetanica, Schkuhr.

S. Mich.;— Winch. Cat.; Grand Ledge,— C. F. Wheeler; near Pine Lake, Ingham Co.,— L. H. Bailey;
Macomb Co.; Flint, and northward.

*1453. var. Woodii, Bailey.

Central part of the State. Infrequent.

*1454. var. Meadii, Bailey.

Sphagnous swamps. Macomb Co. ; Hubbardston; Constantino. Infrequent.

1455. C. livida, Willd, U. P.

Lake Superior,— Gray's Manual. Bare.

*1456. C. aurea, Nutt. Th.

Borders of cool springs. S. E.,— Wright Cat; Ann Arbor,— Allmend. Cat. ; Macomb Co.; Pine
Lake, Ingham Co.; Hubbardston; Petoskey and northward. Infrequent.

1457. C. eburiiea, Boott. Th.

Hillsdale; So. Haven on sand dunes and northward. Infrequent.

1458. C. Kicliardsoiiii, R. Br.

Barrens. Ionia Co.; Macomb Co.; Gaylord,— G. E. Hancorne. Scarce.

*1459. C. pedimculata, Muhl. Th,

Hillsides. Infrequent.

1460. C. seirpoidea, Michx.

N. E.,— Winch. Cat. ; Drummond's Island ; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

1461. C. deflexa, Hornem.
Keweenaw Co.,— F.

1462. var. Deanei, Bailey.
Keweenaw Co.,— F. Mackinac.— G. H. Hicks.

1463. var. meadia, Bailey.
Keweenaw Co., — F.

1464. C. varia, Muhl.

Barren Lake; New Buffalo; Monroe Co.; dunes, So. Haven,— Bailey; Oscoda Co.; Crawford Co.; Grand
Traverse,— Winch. Cat.; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

*1465. C. Pennsylvania, Lam. Th.

Dry woods. Our commonest sedge.

*1466. C. communis, Bailey. • Th.

With the last. Frequent.

*1467. var. Wheeleri, Bailey.

Hubbardston; Grand Ledge; Alcona Co.; Mackinac, — G. H. Hicks; Keweenaw Co., — F. Infrequent*

*1468. C. umbellata, Schk.
Grand Ledge,— Wheeler; Keweenaw Co.,— F. Bare.

1469. var. viciiia, Dewey.

Alcona Co.; Keweenaw Co.,— F. Not common.

*1470. C. pubescens, Muhl. Th.

S. Mich.,— Wright Cat.; Macomb Co.; Hubbardston to Lake Superior,- Whitney Cat. Frequent.

*1471. C. Jamesii, Schwein. Th.

Keweenaw Co. ,— F. ; Cassopolis ; Dundee. Infrequent.

1472. C. Willdenovii, Schk.
Bear Lake, Van Buren Co.,— E. J. Hill. Rare.

1473. C. Backii, Boott. N. & U. P.
Ontonagon River,— Whitney Cat.; West Harrisville, Alcona Co. Rare.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 155

*1474. C. polytrichoides, Muhl. Th.

Low grounds. Common.

*1475. C. chorclorhiza, Ehrh. Th.

Upland swamps. Macomb Co.; Hubbardston. Rare.

*1476. C. stipata, Muhl. Th.

Low grounds. Common.

*1477. C. crus-corvi, Shuttlew.

Valley of River Raisin near Dundee; Reform school marsh, Lansing,— C. F. Wheeler. The only local-
ities known in the State.

*1478. C. decomposita, Muhl.

Hnbbardston; Ann Arbor,— AUmendinger Cat.; 8. Mich.,— Wright Cat.; Lansing,— BaiJey. Very
rare.

*1479. C. teretiuscula, Good. Th.

Swamps. Common.

*1480. var. ramosa, Boott.

Frequent.

*1481. C. alopecoidea, Tuckerman.

Macomb Co. ; Gray's Man. ; Agricultural College grounds.

1482. var. sparsispicata, Dewey.

Flint,— Clark; Macomb Co.,-Cooley.

*1483. C. vulpiiioidea, Michx. Th.

Low meadows. Common.

*1484. C. Sartwellii, Dewey. Th.

S. Mich.,— Winch. Cat. ; Macomb Co. ; Flint ; Hubbardston and northward.

*1485. C. tenella, Schk.

Sphagnous swamps. Common.

* I486. C. rosea, Schk. S.

Moist woods. Frequent.

* 1487. var radiata, Dewey. Th.

Dry woods. Frequent. «•

1488. var. retroflexa, Torr. S.

Infrequent.

*1489. C. spargaiiioides, Muhl. C. & S.

Low, rich grounds. Infrequent.

*1490. C. Muhlenbergii, Schk. C. & S.

Fields. Hubbardston; Macomb Co.; south ward. Infrequent

*1491. C. ceplialoidea; Dewey. C. & S.

Fields. Macomb Co.,— Cooley; Ann Arbor,— Allmend. Cat. Rare.

*1492. C. cephalopliora, Muhl. C. & S.

Open woods. Common.

1493. C. gynocrates, Wormekiold.

. N. E. and N. W.,— Winch. Cat. ; Sturgeon Point, Alcona Co.; Mio, Oscoda Co.

1494. C. exilis, Dewey.

Keweenaw Peninsula,— F. The only station known in the State for this rare E. species.

1495. C. echinata, Murr., var. cephalantha, Bailey.

Keweenaw- Co., —F.

20

156 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

*1496. var. microstackys, Boeckl.

S. Mich.,— Winch. Cat. ; Hubbardston; Flint; Macomb Co.; and northward. Common.

*M97. C. canescens, L. Tb.

In swamps.

*1493. var. vulgaris, Bailey. Th.

Common.

1499. var. alpicola, Wahl.
Keweenaw Co., — F.

1500. var. polystackya, Boott.

Keweenaw Co.,— F. .

*1501. C. tenuiflora, Wahl. Th.

U. P.,— Whitney Cat. ; Oscoda Co.; Towar's swamp, near Lansing,— Wheeler, 1890.

*1502. C. trisperma, Dewey. Th.

Upland swamps. Constantine; Hubbardsto^; Flint; Macomb Co. Frequent.

* Ii03. C. Deweyaiia, Schwein. Th.

Woods. Frequent.

*1504. C. bromoides, Schk. Th.

Low grounds. Common.

*1505. C. siccata, Dewey.

Barrens. Macomb Co.; Flint; Hubbardston; near Park Lake ; northward to Lake Superior. Infre-
quent.

*1506. C. Muskiiig-umeiisis, Schwein. C. & S.

Hubbardston; Flint; near Owosso,— Hicks. Bare.

*1507. C. tribuloides, Wahl. Th.

•Swales. Frequent.

*1508. var. turbata, Bailey.

Hubbardston,— Wheeler. Rare.

1509. var. reducta, Bailey.

JKeweenaw Co.,— F.

*1510. var. Bebbii, Bailey. Th.

TTrequent.

*1511. var. cristata, Bailey. Th.

Common in swales.

*1512. C. scoparia, Schk. Th.

Low grounds, everywhere.

1513. var. minor, Boott.
Keweenaw Co.,— F.

1514. C. adusta, Boott.

Crawford Co.,— Bailey; Grayling.— G. H. Hicks. Rare.

1515. C. foenea, Willd.

Alger's Camp, Alcona Co. ; Potts; Oscoda Co.; Crawford Co. ; Isle Royale,— Dr. J. H. Sandberg.

*1516. C. straminea, Willd. Th.

Ann Arbor,— Allmendinger Cat.; Macomb Co. ; Flint; Hubbardston; So. Haven; northward to Kewee-
naw Co.,— F. Frequent.

*1517. var. mirabilis, Tuck. Th.

Hubbardston, and northward. Infrequent.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 157

*1518. var. brevior, Dewey. Th.

Common.

*1519. var, alata, Bailey.

Keweenaw Co. ,—F.; Crystal Lake, Montcalm Co.,— Wheeler; So. Haven;- Niles,— Dr. G. L. Ames, in
University Herb.

1520. €. syelmocephala, Carey.)

Crystal, Montcalm Co. Only station known in the State.l IColl. by C. F. Wheeler, Sept. 11, 1875.

CYIII. GBAMINE^J. GRASS FAMILY.
477. SPARTIXA, Schreb. CORD OR MARSH GRASS.

* 1521. S. cynosuroides, Willd. Fresh-water Cord-Grass. Th.

Banks of rivers, to N. shore L. Superior,— Agassiz. Frequent.

478. PANICUM, L. PANIC-G'RASS.

*1522. P. GLABRUM, Gaudtn.
Waste places. Common.!

*1523. P. SANGUINAL.E, L. Common Crab- or Finger-Grass.

Waste places, gardens, and fields. A bad weed, difficult to dig up or pull out; grows quickly and is
perhaps the worst weed we have in gardens, at least in some localities. P. glabrum grows in the same
situations but is smaller and easily eradicated.

* 1524. P. capillare, L. Old-witch Grass. Th.

Sandy soil, fields. The spreading panicle is easily broken off and blown about by the wind.
Common.

1525. P. agrostoides, Muhl.

Specimen in the College Herb., collected by Dr. D. Cooley, at Washington, Macomb Co. Only local-
ity known in the State.

*1526. P. virgatum, L. Th.

S. Mich.,— Wright Cat. ; Ionia; Flint. A tall coarse grass along rivers. Infrequent.

1527. P. xantliopliysum, Gray. N. & U. P.

Grand Traverse Co., Indian River and Black Lake, Cheboygan Co.,— C. F. Wheeler; northward to
Keweenaw Co., — F.

*1528. P. latifolium, L. L. P.

Rich woods. Northward to Oscoda Co. Common.

*1529. P. clandestinum, L.

Low grounds. Macomb Co.; Flint ; Hubbardston. Rare.

*1530. P. scoparium, Lam. Th.

Hubbardston. Along the R. R. between St. Johns and Mair, northward to Baldwin. Frequent in
light sandy soil.

1531. P. nitidum, Michx. (Lam. ?).
Washington, Macomb Co.,— Dr. Cooley; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

1532. P. microcarpoii, Muhl.
Washington, Macomb Co., — Dr. Cooley.

*1533. P. depauperatum, Muhl. Th.

Dry woods and barrens. Common.

*1534. P. dichotomum, L. Th.

Dry or low grounds. A very common and exceedingly variable grass. Some forms saem distinct
enough to be considered species- The most common forms are:

* 1535. var. commune, Wats.
*J536. var. fasciculatum, Wats.
*1537. var. g-racile, Wats.

158 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

* 1538. P. CRUS-GALLJ, L. Barnyard-Grass.
Low grounds. Variable. Common.

*1539. var. hispidum, Gray.

Low river bank near Hubbardston where it appears to be indigenous.

479. SETARIA, Beauv. BRISTLY FOXTAIL GRASS.

* 1540. S. VERTICILLATA, Beauv.
College grounds.

*1541. S. GLAUCA, Beauv. Foxtail. Pigeon-Grass.
Fields and gardens. Common.

* 1542. S. VIRIDIS, Beauv. Green Foxtail. Bottle-Grass.
Cultivated grounds. Common.

*1543. S. ITALICA, Kunth. Millet. Hungarian Grass.
Persisting after cultivation in places.

48O. cfttfCHRTJS, L. HEDGEHOG- OR BUR-GRASS.

*1544. C. tribuloides, L.

This bad weed has began to occupy the S. part of the State, as far north as Bay City. Not as yet
troublesome in fields, but likely to become so on sandy farms along the Great Lakes.

481. LEERSIA, Swartz. WHITE GRASS.

*1545. L. Virgiiiica, Willd. Th.

Wet woods. Northward to Keweenaw Co.,— F, Frequent.

*1546. L. oryzoides, Swartz, Rice Cut-grass. Th.

River banks. Frequent.

482. ZIZAXIA, Gronov. WATER OR INDIAN RICE.

*1547. Z. aquatica, L. Indian Rice. Water Oats. Th.

Borders of large streams and lakes. Yields an edible grain, gathered by the Indians, and greedily
eaten by wild ducks which haunt lakes and rivers during its ripening in innumerable numbers.

483. ANDROPOGON, Royen. BEARD-GRASS.

*1548. A. furcatus, Muhl. Th.

Light soil. Common.

*1549. A. scoparius, Michx. L. P.

Sterile soil. Frequent.

484. CRYSOPOGON, Trln.

*1550. C. nutans, Benth. Indian Grass. Wood-Grass. C, & S.

Dry banks and sandy fields. Variable. Infrequent.

485. PHALARIS, L. CANARY-GRASS.

1551. P. CANARIENSIS, L. Canary-Grass.
Occasionally found in waste places.

* 1552. P. arundiiiacea, L. Reed Canary- Grass. Th.

Borders of streams. " Var. picta, the leaves striped with white, is the familiar ribbon-grass of
the garden," -Gray's Manual. Ann Arbor,— Prof . M. W. Harrington; S. Mich.,— Winch. Cat.; Macomb
Co.; Flint; Hubbardston; northward to L. Superior,— Whitney Cat.

486. ANTHOXANTHUM, L. SWEET VERNAL-GRASS.

*1553. A. ODORATUM, L.
Ionia ; Grand Rapids,— Coleman Cat; well established on the College lawn. Bare.

487. HIEROCHLOE, Gmelin. HOLY GRASS.
1554. H. borealis, Roem. & Schultes. Vanilla or Seneca Grass. Th.

Not confined to the shores of the Great Lakes; rarely found in the central part of the State at Ionia ;
Hubbardston; Macomb Co. ; Flint; S. E.,— Winch. Cat., etc. More common northward.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 159

488. ARISTIDA, L. TRIPLE-AWNED GRASS.

1555. A. purpurascens, Poir. C. & S.
S. Mich.,— Winch. Cat.; Flint; Macomb Co. Infrequent.

489. STIPA, L. FEATHER-GRASS.

1556. S. avenacea, L. Black Oat-Grass. Th.

S. W.,— Wright Cat. ; South Haven,— Bailey; Baldwin; Dundee; Cass Co.; Point aux Pins,— Macoun,
€an. Cat. Infrequent.

* 1557. S. spartea, Trin. Porcupine Grass. Th.

Dry plains. S. Mich, — Wright Cat.; Macomb Co.; shore of Woodward Lake, Ionia Co.; hills along
Grand River near Ionia.

49O. ORYZOPSIS, Michx. MOUNTAIN RICE.

*1558. O. melanocarpa, Muhl. C. & S.

Woods. S. Mich.,— Wright Cat.; S. Haven; Macomb Co.; Flint; Hubbardston. Infrequent.

*J559. O. asperifolia, Michx.
Hillsides. Common .

1560. O. Canadeiisis, Torr. Th.

Sterile soil. 8. E.,— Wright Cat. ; Hubbardston; Montcalm Co; Macomb Co. ; common in Clare Co.;
frequent from Ionia northward.

491. ^MILJTJM, Tourn. MILLET-GRASS.

*1561. M. eftusum, L. Th.

Woods. Frequent.

492. MUHLENBERGIA, Schreber. DROP-SEED GRASS.

*1562. M. glomerata, Trin. Th.

Marshes. Infrequent.

*1563. M. Mexicana, Trin. Th.

Low grounds. Variable. Frequent.

* 1564. M. sylvatiea, Torr. & Gray. Th.

Hubbardston ; Flint; Lake Superior, — Agassiz. Frequent.

*1565. M. Willdenovii, Trin. C. & S.

Woods. Flint; Macomb Co.; S. Mich.,— Wright Cat. Rare.

*1566. M. diffusa, Schreber. Nimble Will. C. & S.

Open woods, becoming frequent around dwellings. S. Mich.,— Wright Cat.; So. Haven,— Bailey;
Flint; Hubbardston.

493. BRACHYELYTRUM, Beauv.

*I£67. B. aristatiim, Beauv. Th.

Woods. Frequent.

494. PHLEUM, L. CAT'S-TAIL GRASS.

*1568. P. PRATENSE, L. Timothy. Herd's-Grass.
Meadows everywhere.

1569. P. alpiuimi, L.

L. Superior,— Whitney Cat.

495. ALOPECURUS, L. FOXTAIL GRASS.

1570. A. PRATENSIS, L, Meadow Foxtail.
L. Superior,— Whitney Cat. Sparingly cultivated.

[S. RICHARDSONII, Link.
N. shore of L. Superior,— Macoun. May be looked for within our limits.]

160 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

1571. A. GENICULATUS, L. Floating Foxtail.
S. Mich.,— Wright Cat, ; Macomb Co.

*1572. var. aristulatus, Torr. Th.

In water. Frequent.

496. SPOKOBOLUS, R. Br. DROP-SEED GRASS. RUSH-GRASS.

1573. S. vagiiiseflorus, Vasey. C. & S.
Flint; Detroit,— Dr. A. B. Lyons. Rare.

1574. S. cryptaiiclrus, Gray. C. & S.

S. Mich.,— Winch. Cat. ; Point Edward, River St. Clair, Macoun; Bay City,— Dr. P. eal; shore of Gull
Lake, Augusta, Kalamazoo Co. Infrequent.

1575. S. serotiims, Gray.

Sandy wet places,— Gray's Manual; Keweenaw Co.,— F. Rare.

497. AGKOSTIS, L. [BENT-GRASS.

^1576. A. ALBA, L. Fiorin or White Bent-Grass. Red Top.
Naturalized from Europe. A common pasture and meadow grass.

* 1577. var. VULGARIS, Thurb. Red Top.
Naturalized from Europe.

*1578. A. pereimaiis, Tuckerman. Thin-Grass.
Swamps and damp woods. S. Mich.,— Wright ; Macomb Co.; Hubbaraston. Infrequent.

*1579. A. scabra, Willd. Hair-Grass. Th.

Sterile soil. Common. _

* 1580. A. caiiiiia, L. Brown Bent-Grass.
Ann Arbor.— Winch. Cat. ; Ronald, Ionia Co. Infrequent.

498. CENTNA, L. WOOD REED-GRASS.
*{1581. C. arimdiiiacea, L. Th.

Low grounds. Frequent.

1582. C. pemlula, Trin.

Wet woods throughout. N. shore of Lake Superior, — Agassiz.

499. APERA, A dans.

*1583. A. SPICA-VENTI, Beauv.
College lawn.

[5OO. CALAMAOROSTIS, Adans. REED BENT-GRASS.

*1584. C. Caiiadeiisis, Beauv. Blue-Joint.

This is a very valuable grass to the lake settlers (U. P.), rarely of many acres in extent. It is cut and
stacked in August, and in winter is hauled home by sled or dog-train. It is greedily eaten by cattle. If
cut early, the hay is of better quality. It grows shoulder-high, so that even a small meadow furnishes a
great store of hay,— Whitney Cat., in 1851.

1585. C. stricta, Trin. Th.
Flint,— Dr. D. Clark ; and northward to L. Superior,— Gray, Rare.

1586. C. Lapponica, Trin.
IslelRoyale, Lake Superior,— T. C. Porter.

1587. C. longifolia, Hook. Th.
Sand dunes along L. Michigan. S. Haven,— Bailey ; Petoskey; Point au Chene,— Winch. Cat.; Oscoda.

[S. HETEROLEPIS, Gray.

East side of La Cloche Island, Georgian Bay,— R. Bell,;Canadian Catalogue.]
[C. LANGSDORFFII, Trin.

Lake Superior,— Maconn.]

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 161

5O1. AMMOPHILA, Host. SEA SAND-REED.
1588. A. arimdinacea, Host. N. & U. P.

This is one of the few plants found both on the ocean and the shores of the Great Lakes. Petoskey ;
Point au Chene,— Winch. Cat. Infrequent.

5O2. ARRHENATHERUM, Beauv. OAT GRASS.
*1589. A. AVENACEUM, Beauv.

Macomb Co., etc. Escaped from cultivation.

503. DESCHAMPSIA, Beauv.

1590. E>. flexuosa, Trin. Common Hair-Grass.
Oscoda; Baldwin, to Lake Superior, — Macoun.

*1591. D. csespitosa, Beauv. Th..

In bogs. Frequent.

504. TRISETUM, Persoon.

1592. T. subspicatum, Beauv., var. molle, Gray. U. P.

Marquette,— E. J. Hill; Whitney's Cat. Common.

505. A VENA, Tourn. OAT.

*1593. A. striata, Michx. Oat-Grass. Th.

Woods. Infrequent.

1594. A. Smith!!, Porter. (Melica Smitliii, Vasey.)

Keweenaw Point ; Isle Royale,— Dr. Bobbins, in Gray's Man.; woods near Sault de Ste. Marie,— C. E.
Smith; shore of Crystal Lake, Benzie Co., — L. H. Dewey; Vanderbilt, Otsego Co.

5O6. DANTHONIA, DC. WILD OAT-GRASS.
*1595. D. spicata, Beauv. Th.

Sterile soil. Frequent.

1596. D. intermedia, Vasey.
Keweenaw Co.,— F.

5O7. BOUTELOUA, Lagasca. MUSKIT-GRASS.

1597. B. racemosa, Lag. Grama Grass.

Dry plains. S. Mich., -Wright Cat.; Macomb Co. Rare.

5O8. ELETJSINE, Gaertn. CRAB-GRASS. YARD-GRASS.

*1598. E. INDICA, Gaertn. Dog's-tail or Wire Grass. S. &*C.

Ionia Co.; South Haven,— Bailey ; S. Mich.,— Wright Cat. Infrequent.

5O9. TKIODIA, R. Br.

1599. T. cuprea, Jacq. Tall Red-top. S. E.

S. Mich.,— Wright's Cat.

51O. PHRAGMITES, Trin. REED.
*1600. P. communis, Trin. Th.

Swamps. Infrequent.

511. KCELERIA, Pers.

*1601. K. cristata, Pere. Th.

Dry hills. Frequent.

512. EATOXIA, Raf.
*1602. E. obtusata, Gray.

S. E.,— Wright Cat.; Flint; Hubbardston, northward. Bare.

162 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

*1603. E. Pennsylvania, Gray. Th.

Moist woods. Common.

*1604. E. Dudley!, Vasey.
Hubbardston,— Wheeler. Kare.

513. ERAGROSTIS, Beauv.

* 1605. E. reptaiis, Nees.

Gravelly borders of streams. Common.

*1606. E. MAJOR, Host.
Waste places and gardens,— a common weed.

1607. E. PILOSA, Beauv. S.

Grand Rapids,— Coleman's Cat. ; Macomb Co.

*1608. E. Frankii, Meyer. C. & S.

Roadsides in low ground. Hubbardston; Gratiot Co., etc.; Grand Rapids. Frequent.

1609. E. capillaris, Nees.

Coleman's Cat. ; S. Mich.,— Wright Cat. ; Ann Arbor,— M. WT. Harrington. Rare.

1610. E. pectinacea, Gray., var. speQtabilis, Gray. C. & S.

Dry sandy ground. S. Mich.,— Wright Cat. Reaches its northern limits at Howard City. Infrequent.

514. DIARRHENA, Raf.

16] 1. D. Americana, Beauv. S.

S. Mich.,— Wright Cat.; Flint ; Hnbbardston. Reaches its northern limits in Ionia Co."! Rare.

515. DACTYLIS, Ii. ORCHARD GRASS.

*1612. D. GLOMERATA, L.
A valuable grass for pasture and hay ; becoming naturalized.

516. POA, L. MEADOW-GRASS. SPEAR-GRASS.

*1613. P. ANNUA, L. Low Spear-Grass. Th.

Low grounds. Common.

* 1614. P. COMPRESSA, L. Wire-Grass. Blue-Grass. English Blue Grass.

Th.
Dry fields. Nutritious and would make good hay if it could be grown in quantity. Common.

1615. P. alpina, L. U. P.

Isle Royale,— C. G. Loring, Jr., in Gray's Manual; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

1616. P. iiemoralis, L. (Poa caesia, Smith and P. caesia, var.

strictior, Gray.)
Throughout N. Mich. Infrequent except in the Lake Superior region.

*1617. P. serotina, Ehrh. False Red-top. Fowl Meadow-Grass. Th.
Wet meadows, where it is a valuable grass— sometimes mistaken for Red-top, Agrostis vulgaris.

* 1618. P. pratensis, L. Kentucky Blue Grass. June Grass. Th.

Pastures and meadows. Our most valuable pasture grass; not of much value for hay. Blossoms in
June.

1619. P. TRIVIALIS, L. Roughish Meadow-Grass.
S. Mich.,— Wright Cat.; Flint. Sparingly in cultivation.

*1620. P. sylvestris, Gray. C. & S.

Low woods. S. Mich.,— Winch. Cat. ; Flint; Hubbardston. Rare.

*1621. P. clebilis, Torr. Th.

Hillsides. S. Mich,— Winch. Cat.; Macomb Co.; Hubbardston to N. shore of Lake Superior,—
Macouo. Infrequent.

FLORA OP MICHIGAN. 163

*1622. P. alsodes, Gray. L. R

Banks of brooks. Flowering early. Flint; Hubbardston; Inland, Grand Traverse Co. Infrequent.

1623. P. flexuosa, Muhl.

Swamps. Hubbardston; Constantino,— Wheeler; Flint,— Dr. Clark. Rare.

517. GKAPHEPHORUM, Desv.
*1624. G. melicoideum, Desv. Tb.

River banks. Macomb Co.; Flint; Hubbardston; Petoskey; Grand Detoar, Upper Michigan, — Prof.
Porter. Rare south. Abundant at Pic River, — Macoun.

1625. var. ma jus, Gray.

Swamps. Hnbbardston; Washington, Macomb Co.; Montcalm Co.

518. GLYCERIA, R. Br. MANNA-GRASS.

*1626. G. Canadeiisis, Trin. Rattlesnake-Grass. Th.

Borders of marshes. S. W.,— Winch. Cat.; Flint; Ionia Co. Infrequent.

* 1627. G. nervata, Trin. Th.
Vary variable. Woods and wet meadows.

*1628. G. pallicla, Trin. S.

Wet places. Constantino,— Wheeler; Keweenaw Co.,— F. Rare.

*1629. G. graiidis, Watson. Th.

Common.

*1630. G. fluitaiis, R. Br. Th.

Shallow water. Common.

519. FESTUCA, L. FESCUE-GRASS.
*1631. F. tenella, Willd. Th.

Dry grounds. Infrequent.

*1632. F. ovina, L. Sheep's Fescue. Th.

Dry grounds. Common.

1633. var. duriuscula, Koch. Th.

S. Mich.,— Wright Cat.; Petoskey; Keweenaw Co.,— Robbins; Isle Royale,— Gillman. Sparingly in
cultivation.

*1634. F. nut ans, Willd. L. P.

Woods. Frequent.

*1635. F. ELATIOR, L. Taller or Meadow Fescue.
Meadows. Not common.

* 1636. var. PRATENSIS, Gray. Meadow Fescue.

Kalamazoo,— Tnthill; Hnbbardston. Not common.

52O. BKOMUS, L. BROME-GRASS.

*1637, B. Kalmii, Gray. Wild Chess.

Dry open woods. S. E., — Wright's Cat.; Flint; Macomb Co.; Hubbardston ; northward to Quinnesec,
— E. J. Hill. Infrequent.

*1638. B. SECAMNUS, L. Cheat or Chess. Th.

Fields. Too common in wheat fields. There is a wide-spread notion, arnong farmets, that wheat
changes or degenerates into this grass. It is needless to say that it is wholly without foundation. Often
as many as thirty well-developed stalks grow from a single grain in rich soil, each stalk maturing a hun-
dred grains or more. It is perhaps the worat intruder in our wiieatfialds. Phis grass seldom troubles the
better class of farmers.

*1639. B. ciliatus, L, Th.

Moist woods. Very variable.

*1640. B. ASPER, L.
Gray's Manual.

21

164 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

1641. B. breviaristatus, Thurb.

First collected on low sand dunes near Bay View, in August, 1879, by C. F. Wheeler. In June, 1881,
Prof. V. M. Spalding also collected this species near Charlevoix. The farthest station east known for
this grass.

521. LOLIUM, L. DARNEL.

1642. IJ. PERENNE, L. Common Darnel. Ray-or Rye-Grass.
Macomb Co.,— Dr. Cooley; Ionia Co., etc. Scarcely naturalized.

164:-$. L. TEMULENTUM, L. Bearded Darnel.
Scarcely naturalized. Flint ; Macomb Co.; 8. Mich.,— Wright Cat.

522. AGROPYRUM, Gaertn.
*1644. A. repens, Beauv. Couch-Quitch-Quick-or Quack-Grass. Th.

Cultivated grounds. Varies greatly. Sometimes grows to the exclusion of everything else, and is
widespread enough to be considered a pest.

1645. A. dasystachyum, Vasey. N. & U. P.

Common at Petoskey; N. W., — Winch. Cat.; Oscoda and the sandy shores of the great lakes.

1646. A. violaceum, Lange.
Keweenaw Peninsula, — Farwell; Lake Superior, — Porter.

* 1647. A. caiiinum, R. & S. Awned Wheat-Grass. Th.

S. Mich.,— Winch. Cat. ; Macomb Co. ; Hubbardston ; northward.

523. HORDEUM, Tourn. BARLEY.

*1648. H. jubatum, L. Squirrel-tail Grass. Th.

Sands. N. shore of Lake Superior,— Agassiz ; Sault de Ste. Marie,— R. Bell ; Bay City. Infrequent.

524. ELYMUS, L. LYME-GRASS. WILD RYE.
*1649. E. Virginicus, L. Th.

River banks. A glaucous form occurs on the banks of Cedar River, college grounds. Common.

*1650. E. Caiiadeiisis, L. Th.

River banks. Common.

*1651. var. glaucifolius, Gray.

Ionia Co. ; Specimens from banks of Red Cedar River, Lansing, measured six feet, with leaves
one inch wide.

*1652. E. striatus, Willd. Th.

8. Mich.,— Wright Cat.; Flint; Hubbardston; northward to L. Superior.

var. villosus, Gray.
Flint,— D. Clark.

1653. E. Sibiricus, L., var. Americamis, Gray. U. P.
Marquette,— Porter in Gray's Manual; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

1654. E. mollis, Trin.

Shores of the Great Lakes,— Gray's Manual; north shore of Lake Superior,— Agassiz.

525. ASPRELLA, Willd.

*1655. A. Hystrix, Willd. Bottle-brush Grass. Th.

Moist woods. A variety of this grass is found in one locality near Hubbardston with smooth and very
glaucous culms, leaves rough, hairy.

CIX. CONIFERS. P!NE FAMILY.

526. PINUS, Tourn. PINE.

*1656. P. Strobus, L. White Pine. Tb.

Hamburgh. Livingston Co., in the center of the State and northward. Follows the shore of L.
Michigan to the Indiana line. Found in a swamp near Constantine. Usually 3 to 4 feet in diameter and
100 feet high, but often larger. Furnishes most of the pine lumber of commerce. The tallest white pine
we have measured was 134 feet, and the largest diameter, scant 6 feet. Much taller and larger specimens are
reported by lumbermen.

FLORA OF MICHIGAN. 165

1657. P. Baiiksiaiia, Lambert. Gray or Northern Scrub Pine. Jack Pine.

In the western part of the State, noticed as far south as Grand Haven. Occurs at south end of Lake
Michigan in Indiana; "Sand Pt., Saginaw Bay, and northward along the shore of L. Huron, not common,"
— Winch. Cat. In the central part of the State this pine is first seen in the northern part of Clare Co.,
where it is common in groves on sandy barrens. Trees sometimes grow 50 to 70 feet in height and rarely
have been measured with a diameter of two feet.

1658. P. resiiiosa, Ait. Red Pine. Norway Pine.

Dry woods. First noticed in Isabella Co., in center of the L. P. ; very abundant in Clare Co., and
northward. " Frequent on low, sandy plains in U. P., where it forms orchard-like groves,"— Whitney.
Usually 100-110 feet high. On the east side of the State extends southward to Port Huron,— C. K. Dodge.

527. PICE A, Link. SPRUCE.

*1659. P. nig-ra, Link. Black Spruce. Th.

Frequent northward, and occasional south,— a small tree in sphagnous swamps. The following species
is more common northward.

1660. P. alba, Link. White Spruce. N. & U. P.

From Ludington to Alcona Co.,— Dr. Beal ; Petoskey and northward. Common.

528. TSUGA, Carriere. HEMLOCK.

* 1661. T, Canacleiisis, Carriere. Th. except S. E.

Grand Ledge. Rarely seen south of latitude 43° except west, and scarce on the Huron shore, but com-
mon on the east shore of L. Michigan, and from the central part of the State northward. Very abundant
and of great size in Emmett Co. Bark an article of commerce, used for tanning.

529. ABIES, Link. FIR.
1662. A. balsamea, Miller. Balsam or Balm-of-Gilead Fir. N. C. & U. P.

Frequent in the northern part of Clare Co.; abundant at Petoskey, and northward.
53O. LAKIX, Tourn. LARCH.

*1663. L. Americana, Michx. American or Black Larch. Tamarack.
Hackmatack. Th.

Swamps. A slender tree southward, but sometimes reaching 100 feet in height northward, where
t is abundant.

531. THUYA, Tourn. ARBOR VITJE.
1664. T. occirteiitalis, L. Arbor Vitas. White Cedar. v Th.

Very common northward. Timber very durable, much used for fence posts, etc.

532. JUXIPERUS, L. JUNIPER.

* 1665. J". comnumis, L. Common Juniper. Th.

Occasional throughout, along the highest grounds.

1666. J. Safoiiia, L., var. procumbeus, Pursh. N. & U. P.

Abundant, trailing over low sand dunes at the head of Little Traverse Bay: Old Mission,— W. J. Beal,
and northward.

* 1667. J. Virginiana, L. Red Cedar. Savin. Th.

Bluffs and sterile soil. Throughout, but scarce.

533. TAXUS, Tourn. YEW.

*1668. T. Caiiacleiisis, Willd. American Yew. Ground Hemlock.

Moist woods in the shade of evergreens. Along the east shore of Lake Michigan as far south as S.
Haven,— Bailey; Macomb Co., where it is rarely found. Common northward.

CX. EQUISETACE^E. HORSETAIL FAMILY.

534. EQUISETUM, L. HORSETAIL. SCOURING RUSH.

*1669. E. arvense, L. Common Horsetail. Th.

Damp, sandy grounds. Common.

1670. var. campestre, Milde.

Keweenaw Co., — F.

166 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

*1671. E. prateiise, Ehrh. Th.

Macomb Co.; Flint ; to Pine Lake, Emmet Co.,— Winch. Cat. Rare.

*1672. E. sylvaticum, L. Th.

Ann Arbor, rare,— Allmend. Cat.; Clinton Co.; Montcalm Co.; Flint and northward where it is
common.

1673. E. palustre, L. U. P.

Lake Huron to the Arctic sea,— (Hook. Fl.)

1674. E. littorale, Kuhlewein.
New Buffalo; Oscoda; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

*1675. E. limosum, L. Th.

In shallow water. Common.

1676. var. polystaehyum, Bruckner.

Keweenaw Co.,— Farwell.

*1677. E. hyeinale, L. Scouring-Rush. Shave-Grass. Th.

Wet banks. Common.

1678. E. varieg-atum, Schleicher. Th.

8. E.,— Winch. Cat.; Hubbardston; Muir; Macomb Co.; Flint; sand dunes at the head of Little
Traverse Bay; Drnmmond's I., etc.; Port Huron, — C. K. Dodge. Infrequent.

1679. E. scirpoides, Michx. Th.
Macomb Co.; Flint; Hubbardston; Petoskey; to L. Superior,— Whitney Cat.

CXI. FILICES. FERNS.

535. POLYPODIUM, L. POLYPODY.

*1680. P. vulgare, L. Th.

Dry banks and rocks. Grand Ledge,— Dr. Seal; Hubbardston, etc. Rarely seen in L. P., but very
common in U. P.

536. ADIANTUM, L. MAIDENHAIR.

*1681. A. pedatum, L. Th.

Rich, moist woods. One of our most beautiful ferns. Common.

537. PTEKIS, L. BRAKE OR BRACKEN.

*1682. P. aquiliiia, L. Common Brake. Th.

Thickets. Common.

538. PELLJEA, Link. CLIFF-BRAKE.

1683. P. gracilis, Hook. U. P.
Louse Is.,— W^nch. Cat. ; Pictured Rocks,— G. H. Hicks.

1684. P. atropurpurea, Link.
Shaded limestone rocks. N. E.,— Winch. Cat.

539. CRYPTOGRAMME, R. Brown. ROCK-BRAKE.

1685. C. acrostichoides, R. Br. U. P.

Isle Royale,— Gray's Manual; Caribou Island,— Porter.

54O. WOODWARDIA. Smith. CHAIN^ERN.

*1686. W. Virgiiiica, Smith. Th.

Marshes. Marquette Co.,— Burt MS. Cat.; Westville, Montcalm Co.; Macomb Co.; Flint; So. Haven,—
Bailey; Hubbardston; Ann Arbor,— Allmend. Cat.

1687. AV. aiigustifolia, Smith,

The only known locality for this fern in Michigan is at South Haven, where it was detected in 1880 by
L. H Bailey, Jr.

FLQRA OF MICHIGAN. 167

541. ASPLENIUM, L. SPLEENWORT.

1688. A. Trichomaiies, L. N. & U. P.
N. E.,— Winch Cat. ; Keweenaw Point; Isle Royale,— Porter. Infrequent.

1689. A. ebeneum, Ait.

Allegan,— Miss Josie A. Williams. Only station known in the State.

1690. A. Ruta-muraria, L.

N. E.,— Winch. Cat. ; Keweenaw Co.,— V. Rare.

*1691. A. angustifolium, Michx. C. & S.

Rich woods. 8. W.,— Wright Cat.; Ann Arbor, rare,— Allmendinger Cat,; Flint; S. Haven,— Bailey,
Ionia Co. Infrequent.

*1692. A. thelypteroicles, Michx. Th.

Rich woods. Frequent.

*1693. A. Filix-foemiiia, Bernh. Th.

Moist woods. Exceedingly variable. Common.

542. CAMPTOSOKUS, Link. WALKING-LEAP.

1694. C. rhizophyllus, Link.

Keweenaw Co.,— F.; occurs in N. Ohio, and at Owen Sound, Ont. Reported from Alpena,— Prof . V.
M. Spalding.

543. PHEGOPTERIS, Fe"e. BEECH FERN.

*1695. P. polypodioicles, Fee. Th.

Isle Royale,— Dr. A. B. Lyons ; Keweenaw Co.,— F. ; Frankfort; Inland, Grand Traverse Co.; rocks,
Grand Ledge. Abundant northward.

*1696. P. hexag-oiioptera, Fee. Th.

Beech woods. Flint; Hubbardston; Ann Arbor,— Allmendinger Cat. ; Keweenaw Co.,— F. Frequent.

*1697. P. Dryopteris, Fee. Th.

Open woods. Frequent n. of lat. 43°, especially under pines.

544. ASPIDIUM, Swartz. SHIELD FERN.

*1698. A. Thelypteris, Swartz. Th.

Swamps. Frequent.

* 1699. A. Xoveboraceiise, Swartz. L. P.

Swamps. Ann Arbor,— Allmendinger Cat.; Macomb Co.; Hubbardston; Gore Bay, Manitoulin
Island,— J. Bell, Canadian Cat.

1700. A. fragraiis, Swartz. U. P.

Crevices of shaded cliffs. Isle Royale, and Keweenaw Peninsula,— Dr. Lyons.

*1701. A. spinulosum, Swartz. Th.

Shady woods. Flint; Hubbardston; L. Superior,— D. C. Eaton, Ferns of N. A.

* 1702. var. intermedium, D. C. Eaton. Th.
Woods. Common.

1703. var. clilatatum, Hook. Th.

Woods. Ann Arbor,— Allmendinger Cat.; Macomb Co.; Flint; Hubbardston; Petoskey, and
northward.

1704. A. Boottii, Tuckerman.

Alder thickets. Hubbardston ; Ann Arbor,— Winch. Cat. Rare.

*1705. A. cristatum, Swartz. Th.

Swamps. Frequent.

*1706. var. Clintonianum, Eaton. Th.

Ann Arbor,— Allmendinger Cat.; Hubbardston. Found at Lake Nipigon, Ont.,— Macoun. Infrequent.

168 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

* 1707. A. Goldiaiium, Hook. C. & S.

Moist woods. Flint; Hubbardston; Owosso,— G. H. Hicks. Rare.

' 1708. A. Filix-mas, Swartz. Male-Fern. U. P.

Rocky woods. Keweenaw Peninsula, Lake Superior,— Gray.

*1709. A. marginale, Swartz. Th.

Hillsides in rich woods. S. Haven, — Bailey; Flint ; Hubbardston and northward. Frequent.

* 1710. A. acrostichoides, Swartz. Christmas Fern. Th.
Shady hillsides. Fronds evergreen, used for decoration. Common.

1711. A. Loncliitis, Swartz. U. P.
Woods. Southern shore of Lake Superior,— Prof . Whitney.

1712. A. aculeatum, Swartz., var. Braunii, Koch. U. P.
Ontonagon Peninsula,— Eaton's Ferns of N. A. ; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

545. CYSTOPTEKIS, Bernh. BLADDER FERN.

*1713. C. bulbifera, Bernh. Th.

Moist shaded 'hillsides. Locally frequent.

*1714. C. fragilis, Bernh. Th.

Woods and river banks. Ann Arbor,— Allmend. Cat.; Flint; Hubbardston; northward to Lake
Superior,— Whitney.

546. ONOCLEA, L.

1715. O. seiisibilis, L. Sensitive Fern. Th.

Wet places. Abundant.

*1716. O. Struthiopteris, Hoff. Th.

Alluvial soil. Infrequent,

547. WOODSIA, R. Br.

1717. W. Ilveiisis, R. Br. N. & U. P.
N. E.,— Winch. Cat. ; Lake Superior,— Whitney Cat. ; Lower Falls of the Quinnesec, -E. J. Hill,

1718. W. hyperborea, R. Br. U. P.

Keweenaw Co.,— F.

1719. W. obtusa, Torr. U. P.
Rocky places. Not rare.

1720. W. Oregaiia, D. C. Eaton. U. P.
Crevices of rocks south shore of Lake Superior,— Dr. Bobbins in Gray's Manual.

548. DICKSONIA, L'Her.

1721. D. pilosiuscula, Willd. N. & U. P.

Petoskey, Emmet Co.,— Winch. Cat. ; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

549. OSMUND A, L. FLOWERING FERN.

*1722. O. reg-alis, L. Flowering Fern. Th.

Swamps. Common.

*1723. O. Claytoniana, L. Th.

Moist grounds. Common.

*1724. O. ciimamomea, L. Cinnamon Fern.

Swamps. Common.

[W. GL.ABELL.A, R. Br.

Occurs on the north shore of Lake Superior, and may be looked for in our district.]

FLORA OP MICHIGAN. 169

CXII. OPHIOGLOSSACEJ3. ADDER'S-TONGUE FAMILY.

55O. BOTRYCHIUM, Swartz. MOONWORT.

1725. B. Liuuaria, Swartz. N. & U. P.

" Lake Superior (Lesquerenx) and sparingly northward,'' — Eaton in Gray's Manual; collected in 1888
at Harrisville by Dr. W. J. Beal. Rare.

1726. B. simplex, Hitchcock. N. & U. P.

Hillsides. Westward to Lake Superior,— D. C. Eaton, Ferns of N. Am. ; near Oscoda in 1888— the only
station known in the lower peninsula. Rare.

1727. B. lanceolatum, Angstroem. U. P.

Damp, mossy places. Lake Superior, — H. Gillman.

1728. B. matricariaefolium, Braun. U. P.
Dark, wet woods. Lake Superior,— D. C. Eaton ; Keweenaw Co.,— F.

*1729. B. teruatum, Swartz, var. intermedium, D.C.Eaton.

Frequent.

*1730. var. obliquum, Milde.

Pastures and meadows. Fort Gratiot and S. Mich.,— Winch. Cat.; Flint; 8. Haven,— Bailey; Ann
Arbor,— Allmendinger Cat.; Gratiot Co. Infrequent.

1731. var. dissectimi, Milde.

South Haven,— Bailey; Detroit,— Foerste.

*1732. B. Virgiiiiauum, Swartz. Th.

Rich woods. Variable. Common.

551. OPHIOGLOSSUM, L. ADDER'S TONGUE.

1733. O. vulgatum, L. U. P.

Keweenaw Co.,— F. Rare.

»

CXIII. LYCOPODIACE^E. CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.

552. LYCOPOmUM, L. CLUB Moss.

1734. L. Selago, L. U. P.

Lake Superior,— Gray's Manual ; Keweenaw Co.,— F. Infrequent.

*1735. L. lueiclulum, Michx. Th.

Moist woods. Frequent.

1736. L. immdatum, L. Th.

Drummond's L, Willow river, Huron Co., Sugar Is.,— Winch. Cat.; Keweenaw Co.,*-F.

1737. Li. aiiiiotiiium, L. N. & U. P.

Woods. Petoskey to L. Superior. Common.

*1738. L. obscurum, L, Th.

Moist woods. Common.

1739. var. dendroideum, D. C. Eaton.

Macomb Co.,— Cooley; Keweenaw Co.,— F.; Oscoda.

*1740. L. clavatum, L. Common Club-Moss. Th.

Dry woods. Common.

*1741. L<. complaiiatum, L. Ground-Pine. Th.

Bangor, Van Buren Co.,— Bailey ; shore of Pine lake; Woodward lake, Ionia Co.; Flint; Macomb Co.
Stanton, and northward.

170 FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

1742. var. Cliamaecyparissus, D. C. Eaton.
Tp. of Arthur, Clare Co., May 15. 1849,— G. H. Cannon.

CXIV. SELAGINELLACE^E.

553. SELAGINELLA, Beauv.

1743. S. spiiiosa, Beauv. U. P.
Isle Royale,— Dr. A. B. Lyons.

*1744. S. rupestris, Spring. Th.

Flint; Woodward Lake ; rare in L. P., but common in U. P., Park Lake, Clinton Co.,— C. F. Wheeler;
Oscoda ; Grayling; Harrison,— Dr. Beal.

*1745. S. apus, Spring,
Ann Arbor,— Allmendinger Cat.; Hubbardston; Grand Ledge, 1891,— C. F. Wheeler. Infrequent.

554. ISOETES, L.

1746. I. echinospora, Dur., var. Braimii, Engelm.
Gray's Manual.

[I. LACUSTRIS, L. Quillwort.

River St. Marie at the head of the canal,— Macoun.]

INDEX TO THE FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

Page.

Abele.... 135

Abies 165

Abutilon 78

Acacia, Three-thorned 85

Acalypha -— 130

ACANTHACE^E -- 121

ACANTHUS FAMILY 121

Acer 80

Acerates 113

Achillea 105

Acnida ._ 125

Acorns ._ 144

Actsea.. 69

Actinomeris 104

Adam-and-Eve — 136

Adenocaulon 102

Adders-Mouth 135

Tongue 169

ADDER' s-ToNGUE FAMILY. . 169

Adder's-Tongue, Yellow .... 140

Adiantum 166

Adlumia 71

.Escuius 80

Agassiz, Louis, Catalogue of 7

Agrimonia 88

Agrilnony 88

Small-flowered ... 88

Agropyrum 164

Agrostis 160

Alder... 132

Black 79

Green or Mountain ... 182

Smooth 132

Speckled or Hoary .... 132

Aletris... 138

Alfalfa 83

Alisma 145

ALISMACKffi! 145

Allium 139

Allspice, Wild

Almendinger, Miss E. C.,

regarding flora 7

Alnns 132

Alopecurus 159

Alum-root 90

Alyssum 72

AMARANTAOE^: 125

Amaranth 125

AMARANTH FAMILY 125

Amarantus 125

AMARYLLIDAOE^ 138

AMARYLLIS FAMILY 138

Ambrosia 103

Amelanchier 89

Ammophila 161

Amorpha 83

Ampelopsis 80

Amphicarpaea 85

ANACARDIACE^E 81

Anagallis.. 112

Anaphalis 102

Andromeda 110

Andropogon 158

Anemone 67

Long-fruited 67

Wood 67

Anemonella 68

Angelica 93

22

Page.

Antennaria __________________ 102

Anthoxanthum ... ........ .. 158

Anychia ____________________ 125

Apera

160

...

Aphyllon ...... ______ ....... 120

Apios _____________ __________ 85

Aplectrum __________________ 136

APOCYNACE.S; _______________ 113

Apocynum ________ ......... . 113

Apple ______________________ 88

American Crab ________ 88

Cultivated _____________ 89

May _______ ........ .... 70

of Peru _____ ..... ______ 117

Thorn _________________ 117

April flowers

Aquatic plants 85

Aauiiegia 69

Arabis 72

ARAOE^E 144

Aralia 95

ARALIAOE^E 95

Arbor day 62

Vitte 165

Arbutus, Trailing 110

Arctium _ 106

Arctostaphylos 110

Arenaria — . 75

Arethusa 137

Arisaerna ... 144

Aristolochia.. 128

ARISTOLOCHIACE^;.

128

Aristida .. 159

Arnica 106

Arrhenatherum 161

Arrow-head 145

wood 96

Artemisia 105

, Artichoke, Jerusalem 104

128 I Arum, Arrow. 144

Dragon 144

ARUM FAMILY 144

Arum, Water... 144

Asarabacca 128

Asarum 128

ASCLEPIADACEJE 113

Asclepias 113

Ash 112

American Mountain 88

Black... 113

Blue ... ..... 112

Green 112

Northern Prickly ... 79

Prickly . 79

Red 112

White 112

Asparagus 140

Aspen 135

American 135

Large-toothed 135

Asphodel, False. 141

Aspidium 167

Asplenium 167

Aster 100

azureus 101

cordifolius 101

corymbosus 100

diffusus... 101

Page,
Aster— Continued.

dumosus 101

ericoides 101

junceus 101

leevis 101

Lindleyanus 101

macrophy llus 100

mnltiflorns... 101

Novee-Angliee 100

paniculatus 101

patens 100

ptarmicoides.. 101

puniceus 101

sagittifolius- — 101

salicifolius 101

sericeus 100

Tradescanti 101

umbellatus 101

undulatus 101

vimineus 101

Astragalus 83

Atriplex 126

Autumn flowers 38

foliage, brown 28

colors of .. 28

crimson... 29

green 28

orange 29

red.. 29

scarlet .... 29

yellow 29

Avena 161

Avens 87

Purple... 87

Water... 87

Bailey, L. H., jr., Carices of
Keweenaw Penin.

8

Bailey, L. H., jr., plants at

South Haven .............. 7,8

Balm, Horse ...... . ......... 122

Balsam ..................... 79

apple, Wild ......... 93

Baneberry ___________________ 89

Bed .............. 60

White ............ 69

Baptisia ......... . ........... 82

Barbarea .................... 73

Barberry .................... 70

BARBERRY FAMILY .......... 70

Barley ________ ............... 164

Barrels, timber for .......... 42

Bartonia .................... 114

Baskets, timber for ......... 42

Basswood ___________________ 78

Bayberry... ................. 181

Beal, W. J., as author of this

work _____ ..... _____ ....... 1

Beal, W. J., Flora of sandy

pine plains _____ ....... ... 8

Beal, W. J., List of trees and

shrubs.... ...............

Bean, Sacred _____

70

.....

Bearberry ................... 110

Beardslee, H. C., List of

Cheboygan plants ......... 9

Beard-tongue ................ 118

Beaver-Poison ............. 94

172

INDEX TO THE FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

Page.

Bedstraw.

Northern
Rough...

KOUtfD

Small.

Sweet-scented _____ 98

Bee-Balm _____ ......... 123

Beech ___________ ....... _____ 133

American _____ . . 133

Blue or Water... 132

Beech-drops, False ..... Ill

Beeplants _____________ ...... 48

Beggar's Lice ___________ . 115

Beggar-ticks, Common _____ 104

Swamp ___ . 104

BeUflower ........... ______ 109

Marsh... 109

Tall ..... _________ 109

Bellwort ______________ ..... 140

Benjamin-bush _____________ 128

BEBBEBIDAOE.E ____________ 70

Berberis _____________________ 70

Bergamot __________________ 123

Berry, Pigeon _______ ..... 126

Berula ______________________ 94

Betony, Wood _______________ 120

Betula _____________ ..... ____ 131

Bibliography... ______________ 7

Bidens... 104

Bilberry, Bog _______________ 109

Bindweed .. 116

Black ____________ 128

Hedge... 116

Birch ________________________ 131

Black ____________ ..... 131

Cherry ________________ 131

Dwarf ________ ....... . 132

Low ___________________ 132

Paper or Canoe 132

White _________________ 132

Yellow or Gray ..... 132

Bishop's Cap _________ 89

Bitter-nut _____________ 131

Bittersweet _________________ 117

Climbing or

Shrubby ______ 80

Bitter- weed ____ ..... 103

Birthroot ______ 141

Birthwort _____________ ..... 128

BIETHWOBT FAMILY ________ 128

Blackberry, Common or

High ______________________ 86

Blackberry, Low

' 86

Running Swamp 86

Bladder-nut ________________ 81

BLADDEKWOET FAMILY _____ 121

Bladderwort, Smaller 121

Blazing-Star... 141

Blephilia ..... 123

Elite, Strawberry ____ ....... 126

Blood-root __________________ 71

BLOODWOET FAMILY ..... ... 138

Blueberry . ____ 109

Dwarf ____________ 109

Low ______________ 109

Swamp ______ 109

Blue Bells ___________________ 115

Blue Grass, English _________ 162

Kentucky _______ 162

Blue-hearts ____ 119

Bluets _____ ..... . ...... ____ 97

Blue-weed ___________________ 116

Boats, timber for _ 42

Boehmeria __________________ 130

Bog plants.. ......... _______ 33

Boneset _______________ ...... 99

BOEAGE FAMILY ____________ 115

BOBBAGINACE;E._ ....... ____ 115

Botanic garden, how to

make one ___________ ...... 25

Botanic garden, lessons to

learnfrom ________ ....... 26

Botany in the school _______ 61

teaching.. ........ .. 63

Botrychium ________________ 169

Bouncing Bet _______ , _______ 75

Page.

Bouquets, plants for in win-
ter... 33

Bouteloua 161

Bowman's Root _. 86

Box-Elder 81

Boxes, timber for 42

Brachyelytrum 159

Bracken 166

Brake.. 166

Cliff 166

Rock 166

Bramble 86

Brasenia 70

Brassica 73

Brilliant twigs... 30

Brooms 163

Bronze-leaved evergreens 32

Brooklime, American 119

BEOOM-EAPE FAMILY 120

Broom-rape, Naked 120

Brook.weed . 112

Brunella 124

Buchnera 119

Buckbean 114

Buckeye, Ohio 80

Buckthorn _ 80

BUCKTHOEN F AMILY 80

BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 126

Buckwheat, Climbing, False 128

Bugbane 69

Bugle-weed 122

Bugloss, Viper's 116

Bug-seed 126

Bulrush 149

Bunch-berry .. 95

Burdock 106

Burnet, Canadian. 88

Burning-Bush 80

Burt, W. A., Catalogue of... 7

Bush, Strawberry 80

Bu tter and Eggs 118

Buttercup 68

Butterfly-weed 113

Butternut 151

Butter-weed 101

Butterwort.. 121

Button-bush 97

Buttonwood 131

Cabbage, Skunk 144

Cacalia... 106

CACTAOE-ffi! 93

CACTUS FAMILY 93

Cakile.. 6

Calamagrostis 160

Calamintha 123

Calamint 123

Calamus 144

Calla 144

Callitriche 91

Calopogon 137

Caltha... 69

Calypso 136

Camassia 139

Camass, Eastern 139

Camelina 72

Campanula 113

CAMPANULA FAMILY 109

CA.MPANULAOEJE 109

Campbell, D. H., Plants of

Detroit river 8

Campion, Starry 75

Camptosorus 167

Cancer-root, One-flowered.. 120

Cannabis 130

CAPEE FAMILY 74

CAPPABIDAOEJE 74

CAPBIFOLIAOKS; 96

Capsella 73

Caraway 94

Cardamine 71

Cardinal-flower. 108

Carex 150

adusta.. 156

alopecoidea 155

alpina.— 151

Page-
Carex— Continued.

aqnatilis 152

arctata 152

aurea.. 154

Backii 154

bromoides 156

canescens 156

capillaris... 152

Careyana 153

castanea 152

cephaloidea 155

cephalophora 155

chord orhiza 155

communis 154

conoidea 153

Crawei 153

crinita 152

Crus-corvi 155

Davisii 153

debilis 152

decomposita . 155

deflexa 154

Deweyana 156

digitalis 150

eburnea 154

echinata, Murr., var.

cephalantha 155

filiformis 151

flava 153

fcenea 156

folliculata 150

formosa 152

fusca 152

gracillima 152

grannlaris 153

Grayii 150

grisea... 153

gynocrates 155

Hitchcockiana 153

Houghtonii 151

hystricina ..... 151

intumescens ... 150

Jamesii 154

laxiculmis _ 153

laxiflora.. 153

lenticularis 152

limosa... 152

livida ..'..'.'.'. 154

longirostris 152

lupulina 150

lurida 151

Magellanica 152

Michauxiana 150

monile 151

Muhlenbergii 155

Muskingumensis 156

oligocarpa 153

oligosperma 151

pallescens 153

pauciflora.... 150

pedunculata 154

Pennsylvania 154

plantaginea 153

platyphylla 153

polytrichoides 155

prasina ... 152

Pseudo-Cyperus 151

pubescens 154

retrorsa 151

Richardsonii . 154

riparia 151

rosea 155

Saltuensis .. 153

Sartwellii 155

scabrata.... 151

Schweinitzii 151

scirpoidea 154

scoparia 156

siccata 156

sparganioides 155

squarrosa 151

stipata _ 155

straminea 156

stricta 152

sychnocephala 150

INDEX TO THE FLORA OF MICHIGAN.1

173

Page.
Carex — Continued.

tenella - 155

tenuiflora 156

teretiuscnla 155

tetanica 154

tribuloides 156

triceps 152

trichocarpa 151

trisperma 156

Tuckermani 151

umbellata 154

utriculata 151

varia 154

virescens 152

vulpinoidea . .. 155

Willdenovii 154

Carnation 75

Carpet-weed

Carpinus __ 132

Carp ponds, plants for 49

Carrion-Flower 139

Carrot 93

Carum 94

Carya 131

CARYOPHYLLACE.E 75

CASHEW FAMILY 81

Cassandra... 110

Cassia 85

Castanea 133

Castilleia „ 120

Cat-brier... 139

Catchfly 75

Night-flowering ... 75

Sweet-William 75

Sleepy 75

Catgut 83

Cat-Mint. - 123

Catnip 123

Cat-tail 143

CAT-TAIL FAMILY 143

Caulophyllum 70

Ceanothus .. 80

Cedar, Red 165

White 165

Celandine 71

CKLASTRACE;E__ 80

Celastrus.... 80

Celtis 130

Cenchrus 158

Centaury 113

Cephalanthus 97

Cerastium 76

CERATOPHYLL ACE.S: 135

Ceratophyllum 135

Cercis 85

Cheprophylium 94

Chamselirium 141

Chamomile, Wild 105

Charlock, English 73

Cheat 163

Chekme -... 118

Chelidonium 71

CHENOPODIACE.E 125

Chenopodium 125

Cherry, Black... 86

Choke 86

Dwarf 85

Ground... 117

Red .. 85

Sand 85

Chess, Wild 163

Chestnut 133

Chickweed... 76

Field 76

Forked.. 125

Indian 93

Larger Mouse-ear 76

Mouse-ear 76

Chicory ... 107

Chimaphila _ Ill

Chinquapin, Water... 70

Chiogenes 110

Choke-berry 88

Chrysanthemum 105

Chrysopogon 158

Chrysosplenium 90

Cichorium ._ 107

Page.

Cicuta.. 94

Cimicifuga 69

Cinque-foil 87

Common... 88

Shrubby... 87

Silvery 87

Three-toothed. .. 87

Cinna 160

Circsea 93

CISTACE^: 74

Cladium 150

Claytonia 77

Clearweed 130

Cleavers 98

Clematis 67

Climate 14

Climbing plants:

climbing by prickles 31

leaf climbers 31

root climbers 31

twiners 31

tendril climbers 31

Clintonia 140

Clotbur 103

Clover... 82

Alsike 82

Bush 84

Low Hop 82

Mammoth. 82

Rabbit-foot or Stone 82

Red 82

Running Buffalo 82

Sweet... 82

White 82

Yellow or Hop... 82

Zigzag 82

Club-Moss 169

CLTJB-MOSS FAMILY 169

Cnicus 106

Cockle ... 75

Cocklebur 103

Coffee-tree, Kentucky 85

Cohosh... 69

Black 69

Blue 70

Coleman, N., Catalogue of.. 7

Colic-root ..- -. --. 138

Collinsia 118

Collinsonia 122

Colors of autumn foliage ... 28

Coltsfoot 105

Sweet 106

Columbine 69

Columbo , American 114

Comandra 129

Comfrey 116

Wild 115

Commelina 142

COMMELINAOKffi: 142

Comparison of trees of
Michigan with those of

other countries. _. 17

Compass-Plant 102

COMPOSITE 98

found on pine

plains 20

COMPOSITE FAMILY 98

Cone-flower 103

Purple 103

CONIFERS 164

Conioselinum 93

Conium 94

Conopholis 120

Contents 5

CONVOLVULACE^E 116

Convolvulus 116

CONVOLVULUS FAMILY 116

Cooley, D., Catalogue of..., 7

Coptis ... 69

Coral-berry 97

Corallorhiza 136

Coral-root 136

Cockle, Corn 75

Cord-Grass, Fresh- water 157

Coreopsis .. 104

Tall 104

Corispermum 126

Page,

IIORNACEJE 95

Jornel 95

Dwarf 95

Panicled .. 96

Silky 95

Oorn Salad 98

3ornus 95

Corpse-plant 111

Corydalis 71

Golden. . 71

Pale 71

Corylus 132

Cotton-wood 135

Uowbane, Spotted 94

Cowberry 110

Cowslip 111

American 111

Virginian __ _. 115

Cow-Wheat . 120

Crab-grass 157

Cranberry 109

Large or American 110

Mountain 110

Small... 110

Cranberry-tree .

Cranesbill...

Wild

CRASSTJLACEjE

Cratspgus ...

Creeper, Virginian .

Cress, Bitter

Lake

Marsh ....

Rock

Small Bitter

True Water] ".
Water...

Winter ......

Crowfoot

CROWFOOT FAMILY

Crowfoot, Bristly ..

Common White

Water

Cursed

Early

Hooked...

Small-flowered
Stiff Water. ..
Yellow Water..

CROW BERRY FAMILY

Crowberry, Black ______

CRUOIFERJE

Cryptogrdmme ___ . ____

Cryptoteenia ... .......... .

Cuckoo Flower

Cucumber-root, Indian

CUCURBITACEJE

Cudweed

Low

Purplish
Culver's-root
Cup, Huntsman's _____ .
Plant

CUPULIFEHJK

Currant

Fetid

Indian

Red

Wild Black
Cuscuta ____________ .....

Cut-grass, Rice _________ .

Cycloloma _____ ..... .

Cynoglossum ____________

Cyperas
Cypripedium. _________ _

Cystopteris _______

Dactylis ____ .....

Daisy, Ox-eye

White .....

Dalibarda... .....

Dandelion

Dwarf

Fall __________ .

Danthonia ...

68

135

135

71

166

94

72

141

93

102

102

102

119

70,

103.

181

90

90

97

116
158
125
115
147
147
138
168
162
105
105
86
108
107
107
161

174

TO THE FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

Darnel .................. .....

Datura ......................

Dancus...' ___________________

Davis, C. A., Herbarium of .
Day-flower ...............

Decodon ____________________

Dentaria . ................. ..

Deschampsia ________________

Desmodium .................

Devil's-bit __ ................

Dewberry ............. _ ......

Dewey, L. H., list of
Tecnmseh plants. ........

Dianthera ..... _ .............

Dianthus ____________________

Diarrhena ...................

Dicentra ................... .

Dicksonia ......... . ....... _.

Dioscorea ___________________

DlOSOOREAORffl .......... ...

DlPSAOE-S... ................

Dipsacus ____ ............ ____

Dirca ______ ...... ______ ......

Distribution of plants ______

Dock. .................. _____

Bitter.. ...............

Curled ......... . ......

Narrow ....... _________

Pale... ......... _______

Patience ....... _______

Prairie ________________

Swamp ............. ...

Spatter ...... . .........

White .................

Dockmackie ..... ---- .......

Dodder ....... . ..............

Dodecatheon _____ ...........

Dodge, C. K., list of Port
Huron plants ..... --------

Dogbane ____________________

DOGBANE FAMILY ..... _____

DOGWOOD FAMILY __________

Dogwood, Flowering ________

Poison ...... ______

Round-leaved ...
Draba .............. _________

Dracocephalum . ...........

Dragon-head, False... ......

Dragon-root ........... _____

Drifting sand, plants to held
Drosera ...... ______ .........

DBOSEBAO-ffil ...... _ ..........

Duck's-meat .............. ..

Duckweed ...................

DUCKWEED FAMILY .........

Dnlichium __________________

Dutchman's Breeches .......

Eatonia .....................

Echinacea.. ........ . ........

Echinocystis ............ ----

Echinodorns __________ ......

Echinospermum ____________

Echium ......... ____ ........

Eglantine

Elder

Marsh..
Red-berried
Wild ..

Eleocharis
Elensine ...... .

Elm ...........

American.

Cork ......

Red _______

Rock .....

Slippery..
Elodea. .......

Elodes .........

Elymus

Empetrnm ____

Epigaea ....... .

Epilobium ____

Epiphegus ____

EQUISETAOK-E .

age.
164

Equisetnm

Page.
165

Flowers in May— Continued.

117

Eragrostis

162

shrubs noted for

93

Erechtites

106

summer and au-

8

EKIOAOE^:

109

tumn

142

Ericaceae, found on pine
plains .

20

trees noted for_.
Fcerste, A. F., Plants of Belle

71

Erigenia

95

Isle

Erigeron .

101

Fog-fruit .

S3

ERiooAULnaa

147

Foliage, Autumn

Eriocaulon

147

Green in autumn

86

Eriophorum

149

Forage plants

Erodium

79

Forget-me-not

9

Erynginm .

95

Foster, J. W., Catalogue of.

Eryngo .. .

91

Foxglove, Downy False

75

Erysimum .

73

Smooth False ...

Erythraea

113

Foxtail

71

Erythronium

140

Floating

168

Knonymus

80

Meadow

Eupatorium

99

Fragaria

189

Euphorbia

129

Frasera

98

EUPHORBIACE^C

129

Fraxinus...

98

Euphrasia

120

Fringed-Orchis, Ragged

T>9

European plants becoming

FROG'S BIT FAMILY

14

naturalized

57

Frost- weed

126

EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY
Evergreens, small

92
82

Fruit trees and shrubs noted
for beautiful _

V>6

Everlasting, Pearly

102

Fruits, wild

Eyebright

120

for improving.

126

Fagopyrum

128

Fuirena

126

Fagus

133

FUMARIACE^E ._ _

102

Families of plants not rep-

FUMITORY FAMILY

126

resented on the pine plains

20

Fumitory, Climbing

70

Farm implements, Timber

Fungi, parasitic

for

42

Furniture, best timber for_.

9«

Farwell, O. A., List of plants

Galeopsis

116

of

9

Gale, Sweet

111

Fennel-flo wer

69

Galingale

Fern

166

Galium

9

Beech

167

Garden and Forest on road-

Bladder

168

side planting

113

Chain .

166

Garden, Planting a wild one

Christmas

168

Garget...

qc

Cinnamon

168

Garlic

81

Flowering

168

Wild

95
T>

Ferns for cultivation, Lists
of

35

Garfield, Hon. C. W., On
cutting out the roadside

128

Male

168

trees . .

\'>^

Sensitive

168

Gaultheria

144

Shield

167

Gaura .

46

163

Gaylussacia

91

' Taller

163

GENTIANACETE

91

Sheep's

163

GENTIAN FAMILY

144

Festuca

163

Gentian

144

128

Closed

144

96

Fringed.

148

93

Horse

71

Fig, Indian .

93

Smaller Fringed. _.

161

FIGWORT FAMILY

118

Soapwort

108

118

Spurred

98

Filbert

132

GEBANIAOEJE

145

FlLIOES

166

Geranium

115

148

GERANIUM FAMILY

116

Finger-Grass

157

Geranium, Feather

88

Fir

165

Gerardia

129

Balm of Gilead

165

Purple

96

165

Slender .....

103

106

Germander

96

41

American

95

49

Geum

102

Five-Fincer

88

Gillenia.

118

Marsh

87

Gill-over-the-G round

161

Flag Blue

138

Ginger. Wild

130

' Cat-tail

143

GINSENG FAMILY

130

Sweet

144

Ginseng

180

Flax

78

Dwarf

130

False

72

Glaucous plants

130

FLAX FAMILY

78

Gleditschia

ion

102

Glyceria

135

Daisy

102

Gnaphalium

77

114

Goat' s-beard

164

79

Golden-rod

185

Goldthread .

145

21

Three-leaved ...

110

Flora of Pine Plains

19

Good-King-Henry.

92

138

Goodyera

120

36

Gooseberry ..

165

May...

38

Missouri

Page.
29

38
29

8

122
27
28
36
116
7

119
119
158
160
159
87
114
112
138
135
74

30
36
43
150
71
71
71
59
41
124
131
147
98

24
25
126
139
139

24

110

92

109

113

114

114

114

114

96

114

114

144

78

78

78

126

119

120

120

122

122

87

86

123

128

95

95

95

31

85

163

102

107

69
126
136
90
90

INDEX TO THE FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

175

Page.
Gooseberry— Continued.

Swamp 99

GOOSEFOOT FAMILY 125

Goosefoot 125

Maple-leaved 125

Oak-leaved 125

GOURD FAMILY 93

GRAMINEJE 157

Grand River Valley, north-
ern and southern plants in 22

Grape 80

Summer 80

Graphephorum 163

GRASS FAMILY 157

Grass, Arrow 145

Barnyard .. 158

Beard _-. 158

Bent 160

Black 142

Blue 162

Blue-eyed 138

Blue- Joint... 160

Bottle.. 158

Bottle-brush 164

Bristly-Foxtail 158

Brome . 168

Brown Bent 160

Bur ., 158

Canary 158

Cat's-tail 159

Cotton _ . 149

Couch ...L 164

Crab 161

Dog's tail 161

Drop-seed 160

Eel 135

English Blue... 162

Feather 159

Fescue 163

Fiorin 160

Fowl Meadow.. 162

Foxtail.... 159

Goose 98

Grama 161

Hair 161

Holy 158

Hungarian 158

Indian 158

June 162

Lyme 164

Manna 163

Marsh 157

Meadow.... 162

Millet 159

Muskit 161

Oat 161

Old-witch 157

Orchard 162

Panic 157

of Parnassus 90

Pigeon 158

Porcupine... 159

Quack 164

Quick . 164

Quitch 164

Rattlesnake 163

Ray 164

Red Top 160

Reed 160

Reed Canary 158

Rush 160

Rye 164

Sand-Reed... 161

Scorpion 116

Shave 166

Spear... 162

Squirrel-tail 164

Star ... 188

Tape 135

Thin 160

Triple-awned 159

Umbrella . . 150

White .... .... 158

Whitlow ... 72

Wire 162

Wood 162

Reed .. 160

Page

Grass, Yard 161

Yellow-eyed 142

Gratio]« 119

Gray, Dr. Asa, on causes for

distribution of trees 18

Gray, Dr. Asa, on improving

wild fruits and nuts 44

Greenbrier 139

Common 139

Gromwell 116

Corn... 116

False 116

Ground-nut 85

Groundsel 106

Grove , planting one 24

Gymnocladus 85

Habenaria 137

Hackberry 130

HjBMODORACEaC 138

Halenia 114

HALORAGKELS; 91

HAMAMELIDEJE 91

Hamamelis 91

Harbinger-of -Spring 95

Harebell . 109

Harrington, M. W., Herba-
rium of... 8

Haw, Black...".".: 96

Hawkbit... 107

Hawkweed 107

Long-bearded... 107

Hawthorn 89

Hazel-nut 132

Beaked.. 132

Wild... 132

Heal-all 124

Heart's-ease .. 75

HEATH FAMILY 109

Hedeoma 123

Hedgehog-grass 158

Helenium 105

Helianthemum . . . 74

Helianthus 103

Heliopsis. 103

Hemerocailis 139

Hemicarpha 150

Hemlock 165

Ground 165

Parsley 93

Poison 94

Water 94

Hemp. 130

Indian 113

Henbane... 117

Black

Hepatica 67

Heracleum 93

Herbaria consulted 8

Herbarium of Alma College,
made by O. J. Stilwell

and C. A. Davis 8

Herbarium of Geo. L. Ames. 8

W.J. Beai_... 9

Dr. D.Clark.. 8
Miss Mary H.

Clark 8

G. F. Corn-
stock 9

Dr. D. Cooley 8
C.A.Davis... 8
M. W. Har-
rington... 8
G. H. Hicks.. 8
Dr. D. Hough-
ton 8

Geo. D. Spnes 8
State Univer-
sity noticed 8
F. E. Wood.. 8

Herb Robert 78

Herd's-Grass 159

Hesperis 73

Heteranthera 141

Heuchera 90

Hyssop, Hedge 119

Hibiscus 78

Hicks, G. H., Herbarium of 8

Page.

Hickory . 131

Broom 131

Shag-bark 181

Swamp 131

White-heart 131

Hieracium 107

Hierochloe— 158

Highwater-shrub... 103

Hill, E. J., plants of

Menominee region 8
Hill, E. J., Flora of Lake

Superior region 8

Hillsides, plants to hold 48

Hippuris 91

Hog-weed 103

HOLLY FAMILY... 79

Holly 79

Mountain 79

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY 96

Honeysuckle 97

Fly 97

Honewort 94

Hop.. 130

Hop-Hornbean 132

American. .. 132

Hop-tree 79

Hordeum 164

Horehound 124

Water.. 122

Hornbean 132

American 132

HORNWORT FAMILY 185

Hornwort 135

Horse-brier 139

Horse-chestnut 80

Horse-Mint . 122

Horseradish 73

HORSETAIL FAMILY 165

Horsetail 165

Horseweed 101

Houghton, Dr. D., Herba-
rium of 8

Hound's Tongue 115

Houstonia 97

Huckleberry 109

Black 109

Hudsonia... 74
Hull, W. C., list of Albion

plants 9

Humulus 130

Hyacinth, Wild 139

Hydrastis 69

HYDROCHAKIDACE^; 135

Hydrocotyle 95

HYDROPHYLLACE^E 115

Hydrophyllum 115

HYPERICACEJE 77

Hypericum 77

Hypoxys 138

Hyssopus 122

Hyssop... 122

Giant 123

Hyoscyamus 117

Ilex 79

COINED; 79

ILLECEBRACE^... 125

Ilysanthes 119

Impatiens 79

Indian Physic 86

Indigo, False.. 82

Wild 82

Innocence 97

Introduction 7

Inula _ Ill 102

Ipomoea _ 116

DACEJE 138

Iris...

Lake Dwarf 138

IRIS FAMILY 188

Iron-weed 98

Iron-wood .. 132

Isoetes 170

Isopyrnm 69

Iva 103

Ivy, Poison... 81

Jamestown-Weed 117

Jeffersonia 70

176

INDEX TO THE FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

Page.

Jewel-weed... 79

Joe-Pye Weed... 99

Judas-tree 85

JUGLANDACE^E _ 131

Juglans 131

JUNOACE^E 142

Juncus 142

June-berry 89

Juniperus . 165

Juniper 165

Kalmia 110

King-nut. _ 131

Kinnikinnik... 95

Knawel... 125

Knotweed 127

KNOTWORT FAMILY 125

Kceleria... 161
Kofoid, C. A., list of Che-

boygan plants 9

Krigia 107

Kuhnia 99

Kyllinga .... 148

LABIATE 122

Lactuca .... . 108

Ladies' Tresses 136

Lady's Slipper 138

Larger Yel-
low 138

Showy.... 138
Smaller Yel-
low 138

Stemless ... 138

Small White. 138

Lady's Thumb 127

Lambkill 110

Lamb's- Quarters 125

Lamium 124

Laportea 130

Larch 165

American or Black 165

Larix 165

Lathyrus 84

LAURAOE^E 128

LAUREL FAMILY 128

Laurel, American 110

Ground ... 110

Pale 110

Sheep..-- 110

Laurestinus... 96

Leaf-Cup 102

Leather-Leaf 110

Leatherwood... 129

Lechea 74

Ledum... .... 110

Leek, Wild 139

Leersia 158

LEGUMINOS^E 82

LEMNACE.SE 144

Lemna 144

LENTIBULARIACE,E 121

Leontodon 107

Leonurus 124

Lepachys 103

Lepidium 73

Lespedeza 84

Lettuce.. 108

Lamb.. 98

Wild 108

Prickly 108

Lever-wood 132

Liatris 99

LILIACE^; 139

Lilium 140

LILY FAMILY 139

Lily.. 140

Day 139

Turk's Cap 140

Water Tuber-bearing.... 70

Wild Yellow 141

Yellow Pond .. 70

Wild Orange-red 140

Limnanthemum .. 114

Limosella 118

LINAGES... 78

Linaria 118

Linden 78

LINDEN FAMILY ... 78

Page.

Lindera 128

Linnsea 96

Linum 78

Liparis ... 136

Lippia. 122

Liquorice, Wild... 98

Liriodendron 69

Listera 136

Lithospermum 116

Live-for-ever 90

Liver-leaf 67

Lizard's-tail Iz8

LOBELIACKS: 108

LOBELIA FAMILY 108

Lobelia. Great 108

Water... 109

Local lists consulted 9

Locust, Clammy 83

False Acacia 83

Honey.. 85

Locust-tree 83

Lolium 164

Lonicera 97

Looking-glass. Venus's 109

LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY 92

Loosestrife 92

False 92

Swamp 92

Tufted. 112

Lophanthus. 123

Lopseed...." 122

Lousewort 120

Lucerne 83

Ludwigia 92

Lungwort 115

Lupine 82

Wild.. 82

Lupinus 82

Luzula 143

Lychnis 75

Evening 75

Lycium 117

LYCOPODIACEJE 169

Lycopus 122

Lycopodium 169

Lyons, A. B., medicinal

plants 7

Lysimachia 112

LYTHRAOEJE 92

Lythrum 92

Macoun, John, Catalogue of

Canadian plants 8

MADDER FAMILY 97

Maianthemum 140

Maidenhair 166

MAGNOLIAOEJE _ 69

MAGNOLIA FAMILY 69

Mallow 77

MALLOW FAMILY 77

Mallow, Common 77

Curled... 78

High 78

Indian... .... 78

Musk 78

Rose 78

Swamp Rose 78

MALVACEAE 77

Malva 77

Mandrake. . 70

Man-of-the-Earth 116

Maple 80

Ash-leaved 81

Black Sugar 81

Mountain _. 81

Red 81

Rock. 81

Striped 80

White or Silver .. 81

Mare's Tail 91

Marigold. Bur 104

Larger Bur 104

Marsh..... 69

Smaller Bur 104

Marrubium 124

Marsh plants 33

Matricaria 105

Matrimony- Vine 117

Mayflowers 38

Meadow-Grass, Roughish... 162

Meadow-Rue _ 68

Early.... 68

Purplish 68

Meadow-Sweet 86

Medeola 141

Medicago 83

Medicinal plants 63

Medick 83

Black.. 83

Melampyrum 120

Melilot 82

Yellow 82

White.. 82

Melilotus 82

MENISPERMACEJE 70

Menispermum 70

Menominee region, Plants of 8

Mentha 122

Menyanthes 114

Mercury, Three-seeded 130

Mermaid, False... 79

Mermaid-weed... 91

Mertensia.. 115

MEZEREUM FAMILY..... 129

Michigan, area, divisions,

etc..... 9

Microstylis 135

MILKWEED FAMILY 113

Milkweed 113

Green 113

Purple 113

Swamp ... 113

Milkwort 81

MILKWORT FAMILY 81

Milium 159

Millet 158

Mimulus 118

MINT FAMILY.. 122

Mint — 122

Wild... 122

Mist-flower 99

Mitchella 97

Mitchell, I. N., List of Mich-
igan plants. .. 9

Mitella 89

Mitre-wort... 89

False 89

Moccason-flower 138

Moker-nut 131

Mollugo... 93

Monarda 123

Moneses 111

Moneywort 112

Monkey-flower 118

Monotropa 111

MOONSEED FAMILY 70

Moonseed 70

Moonwort 169

Moosewood 129

Morning Glory 116

Morus 130

Moseley, E. H., plants of

Union City 9

Motherwort 124

Mountain-Saxifrage, Yellow 89

Mudwort 118

Mugwort 105

Muhlenbergia 159

Mulberry 130

Red 130

Mullein .. 118

Moth 118

Musquash Root 94

MUSTARD FAMILY 71

Mustard.. 73

Black 73

Hedge 73

Tansy 73

Tower 72

Treacle 73

White 73

Worm-seed 73

Myrica... 131

MYRICACE^: 131

Myriophyllum 91

INDEX TO THE FLORA OP MICHIGAN.

177

r

age.
116

Oryzopsis

Page.
159

NAIAD AOEJE

145

Osier

133

Naias

147

Basket

184

72

Osmorrhiza

94

Neckweed

119

Ostrya

132

81

Oxalis

79

70

Ox-eye

108

NemopantheB

79

Painted-Cup

120

123

Scarlet ..

120

NETTLE FAMILY

130

Palmer, Elmore, Catalogue

Nettle

130

of ..

7

Dead

124

Panicum

157

False

130

Pansy

75

Hedge

124

PAPAVEBACEJE

71

Hemp Common

124

Papaver

71

Hemp, Red

124

Paper pulp, woodfor

43

Wood

130

Pappoose-root

70

Nettle tree

130

Parasitic flowering plants..

60

Nicandra

117

Parasitic fungi

59

117

Parnassia

90

Nigella

69

Parsnip

94

Nightshade

117

Cow

93

Enchanter's

93

Water

94

NIGHTSHADE FAMILY

117

PARSLEY FAMILY

93

Nimble Will

159

Posts, trees best for

41

Nine-bark

86

Partridge-berry

97

Nonesuch

83

Pastinaca

94

Northern plants found on

Pear

88

the east side of the State

21

Prickly

93

Nuphar

70

Pea, Beach

84

Nuts, wild

46

Pea, Everlasting

84

for improving

43

Pea, Hoary

83

Nymphaea

70

Pea-nut, Hog

85

NYMPHJEAOE^E

70

Pearlwort . . .

76

Nyssa •

96

Pedicularis

120

OAK FAMILY

131

Pelhea.

166

Oak

132

Peltandra .

144

Black

133

Ptnnycress

73

Bur

132

Pennyroyal, American

123

Chestnut

132

Mock

123

Dwarf Chestnut

132

Pentstemon

118

Jerusalem

126

Pennywort, Water

95

Laurel

133

Penthorum

90

Over-cup or Mossy-cup

132

PEPPEB FAMILY ._

128

Pin

133

Peppergrass

73

Poison

81

Pepperidge

96

Red

132

Pepper-root

71

Scarlet

133

Peppermint

122

Shingle.

133

Pepper wort ...

73

Spanish

133

Petasites

106

Swamp White

132

Phacelia

115

White

132

Phalaris

158

Yellow

132

Phegopteris

167

Yellow-barked

133

Phleum

159

Oakesia

140

PHLOX FAMILY

115

Oat

161

Phlox

115

Oats, Water

158

Phragmites

161

Oat-grass

159

Phryma

122

(Enothera

92

Physalis

117

OLEAOE.S:

112

Physic, Culver's

119

OLEASTER FAMILY

129

Physocarpus _ .. __

86

OLIVE FAMILY

112

Physostegia ... . ...

124

ONAGBAOEJE

92

PHYTOL A cc A.CEX

126

Onion

139

Phytolacca

126

Wild

189

Picea

165

Onoclea

168

PlOKEREL-WEED FAMILY

141

Onopordon

107

Pickerel- weed

141

Onosmodium

116

Pig- weed ...

125

OPHIOGLOSSAOEJE

169

Winged

125

Ophioglossum .

169

Pilea...

130

Opuntia

93

Pimpernel

112

Orache

126

False

119

Orange-root

69

Water

112

OBCHIDACEvE

135

Pimpinella .

94

OBCHIS FAMILY

135

Pine-sap

111

Orchis

137

Pinguicula

121

Crane-fly

136

PINK FAMILY

75

Rein

137

Pink

75

Showy

137

Fire

75

White, Fringed

137

Ground or Moss .

115

Yellow Fringed

137

Maiden .

75

OBPINK FAMILY

90

Mullein

75

Orpine

90

PINE FAMILY

164

Garden

90

Pine

164

OBOBANOHACEJE

120

Ground ...

169

Orth, S. P., list of plants of

Jack

165

Imlay City ...

9

Norway ,„,

165

Page.
Pine — Continued.

Red 165

White 164

Pine drops Ill

Pine plains, Flora of 19

Pinus 164

Pinweed ... 74

Pipe, Indian .__.'. Ill

PIPEBAOE^; 128

PiPEWORT FAMILY. __ 147

Pipsissewa 111

PITOHEB PLANTS 70

PLANE-TEEE FAMILY... 131

PL ANT AGIN AOE.E 127

Plantago 124

PLANTAIN FAMILY... ..... 124

Plantain 124

English .. 125

Indian 106

Plant, Lead 83

Plantain, Mud 141

Pale Indian 106

Rattlesnake 136

Robin's 102

Tuberous Indian.. 106

Planting a grove 24

on the roadside 24

the roadside and

near the home... 23

what to select ... 25

Plants, climbing... 31

for bees 48

bogs, marshes,

ponds 33

carp ponds 49

forage 46

winter bouquets 33
from Europe becom-
ing naturalized... 57
fast disappearing

and how 56

glaucous 81

immigrated from

theN.E 22

immigrated from

the N. and W 22

light colored 31

overlapping in the

G. River Valley... 22

medicinal 63

poisonous... 61

rare or local 53

with white hairs 32

PLATANACE^E 131

Platanus 131

Pleurisy-root 113

Plum, Cherry 85

Wild 85

Yellow 85

Poa._ 162

Podophyllum 70

PODOSTEMACE.S; 128

Podostemon 128

Pogonia 137

Poisonous plants 61

Poke.. 126

Poke-milkweed 113

POKEWEED FAMILY 126

Pokeweed... ....125,126

Polanisia 74

POLEMONIACE.E 115

POLYGALAOE^; 81

Polygala 81

Fringed.. 81

POLYGONACE-ffi; 126

Polygonatum 139

Polygoneila 128

Polygonum 127

Polypodium 166

Polypody 166

Polymnia ... 102

Polytamia 94

Ponds, plants for 35

PONDWEED FAMILY 145

Pondweed 145

Pondweed, Horned 147

PONTEDERIAOE.® 141

'

178

INDEX TO THE FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

Pontederia... 141

Poplar 135

Balsam... 135

Necklace _. 135

White 135

POPPY FAMILY 71

Poppy 71

Celandine 71

Populus 135

Portulaca '77

PORTULACACE^E 77

Potomageton 145

Potato-vine, Wild.. _.. 116

PotentiJla 87

Poterium.. 88

Prairie plants 21

Preface 3

Prenanthes 108

PRIMROSE FAMILY 111

Primrose Ill

Bird's-eye 111

Evening 92

Primula 111

PRIMULACE^:... _ Ill

Prince's Feather 127

Prince's Pine..., Ill

Proserpinaca 91

Prunus 85

Ptelea... 79

Pteris 166

Pterospora 111

Puccoon 116

of the Indians 116

Yellow 69

Pulp, wood for paper 43

PULSE FAMILY 82

Purse, Shepherd's 73

PURSLANE FAMILY 77

Purslane ... 77

Water 92

Putty-root.. 136

Pyrola 111

One-flowered 113

Pyrus 88

Queen of the Prairie 86

Quercitron .. 133

Quercus 132

Quillwort 170

Rosaceee, found on pine

plains 20

Ragweed 103

Ragwort, Golden 106

Ram' s-head Lady's slipper.. 138

RANUNCULACE.E 67

Ranunculus 68

Rare plants 53

Raspberry, Black 86

Dwarf 86

Purple Flower-
ing 86

Wild Red 86

Rattlesnake-Master 95

root 108

weed 107

Reed 161

Bur 143

Red-bud 85

Red-osier. . 96

Red-root... .... 116

Red-top, False 162

Tall.-.- 161

Regions of Michigan _____ 10

Region, Eastern U. P 13

Keweenaw 14

Marquette 14

North-central 12

Northeastern Lit-
toral 13

Northwestern Lit-
toral 18

South-central . 11

Sagina w V alley 11

Southeastern Lit-
toral __ 10

Southwestern Lit-
toral... 10

RHAMNAOE^; ... 80

Page.

Rhamnus ............. _. ..... 80

Rheumatism-root __________ 70

Rhinanthus._. 120

Rhus _______________ ...... _.. 81

Rhynchospora ______________ 150

Ribes ________ .......... ______ 90

Ribgrass. ...... ________ ..... 125

Ribwort _____________________ 124

Rice, Indian ________________ 158

Mountain _. ....... 159

Water ....... _________ 158

Richweed _____ ...... ______ 130

Rich-weed ____ ...... _________ 122

Ripplegrass .. ____ __________ 125

RIVER-WEED FAMILY _______ 128

River-weed __________________ 128

Robinia _________ ..... . ......

Rocket ...

Yellow ______________

Rock-rose ___________________

ROCK-ROSE FAMILY _________

Rominger, C., Geology of
Lower Peninsula __________

Roadside planting...
Rosa ______________ ....... ...

ROSE FAMILY
Rose

Climbing. ..

Prairie ..... ____

Rosin-weed _________________ 102

RUBIAOE^E ____ ____ 97

Rubus . 86

Rudbeckia _____ .......... ... 103

RUE FAMILY.. .......... 79

Goat's... 83

Ruellia ...... . 121

Rumex ________ . ..... _________ 126

RUTACE^E _____ .... ......... .. 79

RUSH FAMILY ... _______ 142

Rush 142

Beak.. ........... _____ 150

Bog . 142

Club ___________________ 149

Club, River. 149

Nut ____________________ 150

Scouring . ____ 165, 166

Sea Club ________ ..... 149

Soft 142

Spike __________ ........ 148

Twig ____ .. 150

Wood _____ _____ 143

Rye, Wild 164

Sabbatia... ________ 114

Sage, Wood . ..122

Sagina ________ ..... _________ 76

Sagittaria ___________________ 145

SALICACE^: ... ..... ... ...... 133

Salix ______ ..... _____________ 133

Salmon-berry _______________ 86

Sambucus .......... ... 96

Samolus ____________ ...... __ 112

SANDALWOOD FAMILY ______ 129

Sandwort _______ ....... _____ 75

Thyme-leaved ____ 75

Sanguinaria ___________ ...... 71

Sanicle _____ ..... ___________ 95

Sanicula ____ ..... ___________ 95

SANTALACEJE ____ ____________ 129

SAPINDAO&ffi! . . ________ ...... 80

Saponaria ___________________ 75

Saprophytes ________________ 61

SARRACENIACE.E ____________ 70

Sarracenia __________________ 70

Sarsaparilla, Wild __________ 95

Bristly _______ 95

Sassafras ........ ____________ 128

Saururus... ______________ 128

Saxifraga _________ ...... ____ 89

SAXIFRAGACE^E _____________ 89

SAXIFRAGE FAMILY _________ 89

Saxifrage ___________________ 89

Early _____________ 89

Golden ........ _.. 90

Scabious, Sweet .......... .-. 102

Scheuchzeria _____ ........ ... 145

School, botany in ........... 61

Page.

Scirpue... _'. 149

Scleranthus 125

Scleria 150

Scoke 126

Screens, trees for 43

Scrub Pine, Gray or

Northern.. 165

SOROPHPLARIACE^E 118

Scrophularia _ . 118

Scutellaria... 123

Seal, Golden 69

Sea-Rocket 78

Sedge 150

SEDGE FAMILY 147

Sedum 90

Seed-box 92

SELAGINELLACEJE. 170

Selaginella 170

Self-heal 124

Senna . . 85

Wild....".."..."."."."""." 85

Senecio 106

Service-berry 89

Setaria 158

Shad-bush 89

Sheep-berry 96

Shell-bark 131

Shepherdia 129

Shin-leaf ill

Shooting-Star 111

Shrubs and trees, list of 49

noted for flowers 29

small ones 50

with beautiful fruit. 80

twigs 30

Sickle-pod 72

Sida 78

Side-saddle Flower ._ 70

Silkweed 113

Sills, trees best for . 41

Silene 75

Silphium 102

Silver-Weed 88

Sisymbrium 78

Sisyrinchium ._ 138

Sium 94

Skullcap 123

Mad-dog ... 123

Smartweed 127

Water 127

Smilacina 140

Smilax 139

Smith, E. F., catalogue,of . . 8
Smith, E. F., notes on cli-
mate 15

Smith, E. F., notes on dis-
tribution of plants 15

Snakeroot... 95

Black 69,95

Button 95,99

Seneca 82

Virginia ... 128

White 99

Snake-head 118

Sneeze-weed 105

Sneezewort 105

Snowberry, Creeping 110

SOAPBERRY FAMILY 80

Soapwort _.. _ _ . 75

Soil, quality indicated by

plants 89

Solanum 117

Solea 75

Solidago 99

bicolor 99

caesia 99

Canadensis..- 100

Houghtonii 100

humilis 99

juncea 100

lanceolata 100

latifolia 99

macrophylla 99

neglecta... 100

nemoralis _. 100

Ohioensis 100

patula 100

INDEX TO THE FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

179

Page.
Solidago— Continued .

Eiddeltii... 100

rigida 100

rugosa 100

serotina 100

speciosa 99

uliginosa... 99

ulmifolia 100

Virgaurea 99

SOLANACE^; „ 117

Solomon's Seal 189

False 139

Great 139

Smaller 139

Sonchus 108

Sones, G. D., Herbarium

of 8

Sorrel... 126

Dock 127

Sheep 127

Sour-Gum Tree ... 96

Southern plants found on

the west side of the State. 21
Spalding, V. M., medicinal

plants... 7

Sparganium 143

Spartina 151

Spearmint 122

Spearwort, Creeping 68

Water Plantain. 68

Specularia 109

Speedwell . 119

Corn 119

Field 119

Marsh 119

Purslane... 119

Thyme-leaved 119

Water 119

Spergula 76

Spice-bush 128

SPIDERWORT FAMILY 142

Spiderwort 142

Spikenard 95

False 140

Spindle-tree 80

Spiraea 86

Spiranthes 136

Spirodela 144

Spleenwort 167

Sporobolus 160

Spring-Beauty 77

Spruce 165

Black... 165

White 165

SPURGE FAMILY . 129

Spurge 129

Spurrey 76

Corn 76

Squaw-root 120

Squaw-weed.. 106

Squirrel Corn 71

Stachys 124

STAFF-TREE FAMILY 80

Staff-tree. 80

Staphylea 81

Star-flower 112

Star-grass 188

Starwort 76, 100

Steeple-Bush 86

Steironema 112

Stellaria 76

Stitchwort, Long-leaved 76

Long- stalked... 76

Stickeeed 115

Stick-tight 104

Stipa .... 159

St. John, C. E., list of plants

in Mason Co 9

ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY... 77

St. John's-wort . . . 77

Great... 77

Kalm's ... 77

Marsh 77

Shrubby.... 77

Stillwell,O. J., Herbarium of 8

Page.

Stone-crop... 90

Ditch 90

Mossy 90

Stone-root 122

StorksbiU 79

Stramonium, Common 117

Strawberry 87

Barren 87

Streptopus 140

Strophostyles 85

Stylophorum 71

Succory 107

Sugarberry 130

Sugar, trees for 48

Sumach, Dwarf... 81

Fragrant 81

Poison 81

Smooth 81

Staghorn 8.1

Summer flowers 38

SUNDEW FAMILY 91

Sundew, Hound-leaved 91

Slender 91

Sundrops _.. 92

Sunflower 103

Sweet Cicely 94

Sw BET-GALE FAMILY 131

Sweetbrier ... 88

Sycamore 131

Symphoricarpos 97

Symphytum 116

Symplocarpus 144

Synthyris 119

Tamarack 165

Tanacetum 105

Tansy 105

Taraxacum 108

Tare 84

Taxus 165

Tea, Labrador 110

Mexican 126

New Jersey 80

Tear-thumb, Arrow-leaved , . 127

Halberd-leaved 127

TEASEL EAMILY 98

Teasel . . 98

Wild 98

Tephrosia 88

Teucrium 122

Thalictrum 68

Thimbleberry 86

Thistle, Canada... 107

Field-Sow 108

Pasture 107

Plumed 106

Scotch... 107

Sow 108

Spiny-leaved Sow.. 108

Swamp. 106

Yellow 106

Thlaspi 73

Thorn, Cockspur 89

White 89

Thorn-Apple, Purple 117

Thoroughwort 99

Thuya 165

Thyme 122

Creeping 122

THYMEL^EAOE^E 129

Thymus 122

Tiarella ._ 89

Tickseed 104

Tiedemannia ... 93

Tilia 78

TlLIACEJE 78

Timber for boats 42

boxes, baskets,

barrels 42

farm implements 42

furniture 41

best for posts and

sills 41

best trees for... 40

Timothy 159

Tipularia 136

Page.

Toad-flax 118

Bastard 129

Tobacco. 117

Indian .... 109

Wild.... 117

Tofieldia 141

Toothache tree... 79

Toothwort 71

Topography 9

Touch-me-not, Pale 79

Tradescantia 142

Tragopogon 107

Tree planting 24

Trees and large shrubs, list

of ..... 49

Trees best for firewood 41

Trees, distribution of, ex-
plained by Dr. A. Gray 18

Trees for sugar 43

screens and wind-
breaks 43

timber 40

Trees noted for flowers 29

Trees of Michigan compared
with those of other coun-
tries 17

Trees of Michigan con-
trasted with those of

Great Britain 17

Trees, those of the Atlantic
contrasted with those of

the Pacific... 18

Trees, Why has Great Brit-

ainsofew?.. 18

Trees, Why has Michigan so

many?.... 18

Trees with beautiful fruit. .. 30

twigs.. 80

Trefoil... 82

Shrubby 79

Tick 83

Trientalis... 112

Triglochin 145

Trillium .. 141

Dwarf White 141

Painted ... 141

Triodia 161

Trios teum 96

Trisetum 161

Trifolium 82

Tsuga... 165

Tulip-tree.... 69

Tumble Weed 125

Tupelo 96

Tussilago 105

TuthiJl, F. H., notes by... 7

Turnip . 73

Indian,. 144

Turtle-head... 118

Tway blade .. 186

Twin-flower... 96

Twin-leaf.. .... 70

Twisted-stalk 140

Typha... 148

TYPHACEJE 143

Ulmus 130

Umbelliferee'Y.I.. ..."..""..." 93

Urtica .. 130

URTIOACBLE... .... 130

Utricularia 121

Uvularia.. 140

Vaccinium.. 109

Valerian 98

Valeriana 98

VALERIANAOK3E 98

Valerianella 98

VALERIAN FAMILY 98

Vallisneria 135

Velvet-leaf 78

Verbascum 118

Verbena 121

VERBENACK2E 121

Vernal-grass, Sweet 158

Vernonia 98

Veronica ... 119

180

INDEX TO THE FLORA OF MICHIGAN.

J

Page.

Vervain..

121

VERVAIN FAMILY .

121

Vervain, Blue ..

121

White

121

Vetch ...

84

Milk

83

Viburnum ...

96

Sweet

96

Vicia

84

Vincetoxicum

113

VINE FAMILY .

80

Viola

74

VIOLACEJE

74

VIOLET FAMILY

74

Violet, Arrow-leaved

• 74

Bird-foot

74

Canada

75

Common Blue .

74

Dame's. _.

73

Dog's-tooth

140

Downy Yellow

74

Great-spurred

74

Green

75

Lance-leaved

74

Long-spurred

75

Pale

75

Round-leaved ...

74

Sweet White

74

White Dog's-tooth..
rgin's-Bower.

140
67

PAC'^yTC

80

tis .. ..

80

w'aahoo

80

Waldsteinia. .

87

Walking-Leaf

167

Walnut

131

WALNUT FAMILY..

131

Walnut, Black

131

Wake Robin

141

Water-Dock, Great

126

Water-Pepper
Water-Plantain

127
145

WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.

145

Waterleaf

115

Page.

WATERLEAF FAMILY... 115

Water-Hemp 125

WATER-LILY FAMILY . . 70

Water-Lily 70

WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY... 91

Water-Milfoil 91

Water-Nymph 70

Water-Pepper 127

Water-Shield 70

Water-Star wort 91

Water-weed 135

Wayfaring-tree, American. 96

Wax-work 80

Wax-Myrtle 131

Weeds from Europe.. 52

native 53

and introduced 51

Wheat-Grass, Awned .. .... 164

Wheat-Thief ._ 116

Wheeler, C. F., Cyperaceee

of Central Michigan 8

Wheeler, C. F., as author of

this work 1

Wheeler, C. F., catalogue of 7

herbarium of 8

Whitney, W. D., catalogue of 7

Wicky 110

Wilder, Marshall P., on im-
proving fruits 44

WILLOW FAMILY... 133

Willow 133

Black 133

Dwarf Gray 133

Glaucous .. 133

Heart-leaved 134

Hoary... 134

Myrtle 134

Petioled... 134

Prairie 133

Shining... 133

Silky 134

Tomentose... 134

Water 121

White... 133

Page.

Willow-herb 92

Great 92

Winchell, Alex, climate,

notes on . 14

Winchell, N. H. catalogue of 7

Wind-breaks, trees for. 43

Wind-flower 67

Winter bouquets, plants for 33

Winterberry... 79

Wintergreen 111

Aromatic 110

Chickweed 112

Creeping 110

Flowering 81

Spotted 111

WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY 91

Witch-Hazel. . . 91

Withe-rod... 97

Wolfberry 97

Wolffia 144

Wood, F. E., Herbarium of . 8

Woodbine 97

Woodsia 168

Wood-Sorrel 79

Woodwardia 166

Wormwood 105

Wright, John, Catalogue of. 7

Xanthium 103

Xanthoxylum 79

XYRIDACE^: ... 142

Xyris 142

YAM FAMILY... .... 139

Yam 139

Yam-root, Wild... 139

Yarrow 105

YELLOW-EYED-GRASS FAMILY 142

Yellow-Rattle 120

Yew : 165

American 165

Zannichellia 147

Zizania 158

Zizia 94

Zygadenus. 141

€05171014^7

BERKJEL 'NI