Hassall, Arthur Hill The microscopic anatomy of the human body in health and disease MA H BMED '• . * • : *<*%1 THE MICROSCOPIC THE HUMAN BODY,/, HEALTH AND DISEASE. ILLUSTRATED WITH UPWARDS OF 400 DRAWINGS IN BY AKTHUK HILL HASSALL M,D. L AUTHOR OF A " HISTORY OF THE BRITISH FRESHWATER ALG-ffi ; LICENTIATE OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS OF LON FELLOW OF THE LINN^EAN SOCIETY; MEMBER OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF ENGLA ONE OF THE COUNCIL OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SOCIETY ALSO OF THE BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON ; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE DUBLIN NATURAL HISTORY PHYSICIAN TO THE UNITED KINGDOM LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY. IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. II. LONDON: TAYLOK, WALTON, AND MABERLY, UPPER GOWER STREET; AND IVY LANE, PATERNOSTER BOW. 1852. LONDON '. SPOTTJSWOOOES and SHAW, THOMAS WAKLEY, ESQ., M.P., CORONER, ETC. ETC. DEAR SIR, To you I dedicate the accompanying pages, devoted to the elucidation of a department of minute anatomy of daily increasing interest and importance. I thus dedicate this work to you on two grounds ; the one personal and private, the other public. On my mentioning the design of this work to you - and you were one of the first persons to whom it was mentioned — you were kind enough to express yourself in terms of approval and encouragement, and to proffer any assistance in your power in the furtherance of my undertaking. Of this conduct on A2 IV DEDICATION. your part I have ever entertained a pleasing and grateful remembrance ; and it is this which consti- tutes the private ground of my dedication. But I dedicate this work to you on a higher and more important ground. I have for many years seen in you the able and strenuous advocate — amidst much obloquy and misrepresentation — of the rights of that profession of which we are both members : on this high ground I conceive you to be entitled to the gratitude of your professional brethren ; and with this feeling on my mind of your conduct and services in a good cause, I beg to subscribe myself, Yours, very faithfully, THE AUTHOR. PREFACE. AFTER three years of more or less constant labour, the wel- come and often-wished-for period of the completion of this work has arrived, and the author is at liberty to address himself to his readers, and to explain the motives and the circumstances which have led to its production. The idea of this work presented itself to the author's mind several years since ; it was not, however, until about the period above referred to, that its actual execution was commenced. At the time when its design was first conceived, the powers of the microscope in developing organic structure were but beginning to be known and appreciated, and the importance of its application to physiology and pathology was but dimly perceived. At that period, also, but few complete works devoted to microscopic anatomy had appeared in any language, native or foreign ; more recently this deficiency, as respects France and Germany, has been well supplied by the appearance of several original works, as those of Donne, Mandl, Lebert, M tiller, Henle, Vogcl, Gerber, and Wagner; England, how- ever, has not as yet contributed her share of distinct and independent works on general anatomy : not that our ob- servers have been idle, or have neglected a field of inquiry so interesting and important, resting satisfied with mere translations : a whole host of intelligent and able microscopists have applied themselves to the investigation of the ultimate A3 VI PREFACE. structure of the several tissues and organs, and this with a pre-eminent degree of success. Amongst the more remark- able of these investigators the following may be enumerated : Gulliver, Martin Barry, Busk, Addison, Kiernan, Sharpey, Goodsir, Tomes, Toynbee, Johnson, Simon, Todd and Bow- man, Quekett, Erasmus Wilson, Hughes Bennett, Carpenter, Rainey, Handfield Jones, and Gairdner. The results of the labours of these observers have not as yet, however, been embodied in a separate work ; but some of them have been mixed up with works on descriptive anatomy and physiology, as in Sharpey's edition of Quain's Anatomy, in Carpenter's " Principles " and " Manual " of Physiology, and in Todd and Bowman's " Physiological Anatomy." The last is an admirable book, full of original research and im- portant facts. Now, one of the purposes, the accomplishment of which has been attempted in the following pages, has been the col- lecting together of the numerous communications on general anatomy to be found scattered through the pages of our different scientific periodicals, and their combination into a whole. The further objects which the author has had in view in the production of this work have been simplicity of descrip- tion, fidelity of representation, and the addition of such facts and particulars as have occurred to himself in the course of his own investigations ; and he may take this opportunity of observing, that in but few instances has he written upon a subject without previous investigation. That a work similar in character to the present was needed is proved by the foregoing details ; and that the objects above referred to have been, to some extent at least, accomplished, is shown by the favourable reception which has hitherto been accorded to this undertaking. The author considers it right, in justice to himself, that certain disadvantages under which the work has been pro- PREFACE. Vll duced should be mentioned: these were, constant engagement in general practice, much anxiety, and, though last not least, ill health. These would have been sufficient to have deterred many from the undertaking altogether. Although this has not been the effect upon the author, yet it cannot be questioned but that they have operated in some respects to the dis- advantage of the work ; and he begs that it may be taken neither as the measure of that of which the subject is capable, nor of the author's powers of observation and description exercised under more favourable circumstances of health, leisure, and feeling. The author makes these few remarks not in order to deprecate any fair criticism, but simply that the truth in reference to the production of this work may be known in justice both to the writer and the reader. Having said thus much in relation to the work itself, the author has now the pleasing task of returning his acknow- ledgments to those who have in any way assisted him in his laborious though most agreeable task ; these are particularly due to the following: Mr. Quekett, Dr. Handfield Jones, Pro- fessor Sharpey, Mr. Tomes, Mr. Bowman, Mr. Busk, Pro- fessor Owen, Mr. Canton, Dr. Carpenter, Dr. Letheby, Dr. Robert Barnes, Mr. Ransom, Mr. Pollock, and Mr. Gray, of St. George's Hospital, Mr. Hett, and Mr. Andrew Ross : they are also due to Mr. Drewry Ottley ; Dr. Radcliffe Hall ; Mr. Coppin, of Lincoln's Inn ; Messrs. Welch and Jones, of Dalston ; Mr. Berry, of James Street, Covent Garden ; Mr. Cowdry, of Great Torrington ; Dr. Jones, of Brighton ; Dr. Chambers, of Colchester ; Mr. Milner, of Wakefield ; Mr. Walker, of St. John's Street Road ; Mr. Ringrose, of Pot- ter's Bar ; Dr. Halpin, of Cavan ; and Mr. H. Hailey, of Birmingham. To Dr. Letheby I hope shortly to have a second oppor- tunity of rendering my thanks, in connection, viz., with the work on crystals, entitled " Human Crystallography," an A 4 Vlll PKEFACE. announcement of which appeared some months since, and towards the completion of which considerable materials have already been collected. To Mr. Hett my thanks are especially due for having, at considerable trouble and inconvenience, furnished me with very many of the injections required to illustrate Part XV. of the " Microscopic Anatomy ; " these, together with nu- merous other injected preparations of that gentleman which I have seen, have been of first-rate quality ; and the mi- croscopic anatomist has reason to hail the advent of such a man to the cause of general anatomy with the highest satisfaction. To Mr. Andrew Ross, on this, as on a former occasion, I have to express my obligations, Mr. R. having at all times furnished me with any information I might require, as well as provided me with any necessary apparatus. Thus much for friends. If in the inditing of this work I have made a single enemy I am sorry for it, and still more so if I have given any real occasion for offence. If in differing from other observers as to certain facts and conclusions I have expressed myself in such a manner as to wound their feelings, as in one or two instances I fear I may have done, I much regret it : the differences amongst men whose com- mon aim is the knowledge of truth as manifested in the works of creation should never be deep or lasting ; for this community of purpose should ever be a firm bond of union between such men, seekers after truth, and should displace from their minds the lesser and grosser feelings of rivalry and ill-will. Netting Hill, July 27th, 1849. CONTENTS. PART I. FLUIDS OF THE HUMAN BODY. ARTICLE I. The LYMPH and CHYLE. General description of Lymphatics and Lacteals, 1 . Characters and Structure of Lymph, 4. Ditto of Chyle, 5. Ditto of Fluid of Thoracic Duct, 7. Corpuscles of Thymus, 9. ARTICLE II. The BLOOD. Definition, 13. Coagulation of the Blood, without the Body, 14. Formation of the Clot, 15. Formation of the Buffy Coat of the Blood, 18. Cupping of the Clot, 20. Coagulation of the Blood in the Vessels after Death, 21. Signs of Death, 21. Globules of the Blood, 24. The Red Globules, 25. The White Globules, 39. Molecules of the Blood, 64. Blood Globules of Reptiles, Fishes, and Birds, 66. Capillary Circulation, 69. Circulation in the Embryo of the Chick, 74. Venous and Arterial Blood, 80. Modifications of the Blood Corpuscles the results of different external Agencies, 85. Modifications, the results of Decomposition occurring in Blood aban- doned to itself without the Body, 86. Modifications, the results of Decomposition occurring in Blood within the Body after Death, 87. Causes of Inflammation, 87. Pathology of the Blood, 89. Importance of a Microscopic Examination of the Blood in Criminal Cases, 116. ARTICLE III. Mucus, 122. General characters, 122. Mucous Corpuscles, 126. Nature of Mucous Corpuscles, 129. The Mucus of different Organs, 132. X CONTENTS. ARTICLE IV. Pus, 137. General characters, 137. Identity of the Pus and Mucous Corpuscle, 138. Distinctive characters of Mucus and Pus, 141. Dis- tinctions between certain forms of Mucus and Pus, 146. Detection of Pus in the Blood, 147. False Pus, 149. Metastatic Abscesses, 149 Venereal Vibrios, 150. ARTICLE V, MILK, 153. Serum of the Milk, 154. The Globules, 155. Colos- trum, 160. Pathological Alterations of the Milk, 163. The Milk of Unmarried Women, 167. The Milk of Women previous to Confine- ment, 167. The Milk of Women who have been delivered, but who have not nursed their Offspring, 169. Milk in the Breasts of Children, 169. Different kinds of Milk, 169. Good Milk, 171, Poor Milk, 174. Rich Milk, 175. Adulterations of Milk, 176. Formation of Butter, 177. Modifications of Milk abandoned to itself, and in which Putrefaction has commenced, 178. The Occurrence of Medicines, &c. in the Milk, 180. ARTICLE VI. The SEMEN, 181. Spermatozoa, Form, Size and Structure of, 182. Motions of the Spermatozoa, 189. Spermatophori, 193. Develop- ment of the Spermatozoa, 195. The Spermatozoa essential to Ferti- lity, 198. Pathology of the Seminal Fluid, 201. Application of a Microscopic Examination of the Semen to Legal Medicine, 204. ARTICLE VII. SALIVA. — BILE. — SWEAT. — URINE, 207. The Saliva, 208. The Bile, 210. The Sweat, 211. The Urine, 213. Pathology of the Urine, 215. PART II. SOLIDS OF THE HUMAN BODY. ARTICLE VIII. FAT, 222. Form, Size and Structure of the Fat Corpuscle, 222. Dis- tribution of Fat, 229. Disappearance of, 231. ARTICLE IX. EPITHELIUM, Distribution of, 233. Tessellated Epithelium, Structure of, 235. Conoidal Epithelium, naked and ciliated Structure of, 237. Development and Multiplication of Epithelium, 242. Nutrition of Epithelium, 243. Destruction and Renewal of Epithelium, 243. CONTENTS. XI ARTICLE X. EPIDERMIS, Distribution, Form, Structure, and Development of, 247. Epidermis of the White and Coloured Races, 250. Destruction and Renewal of Epidermis, 250. ARTICLE XL The NAILS, Structure of, 253. Development of, 255. ARTICLE XII. PIGMENT CELLS, Structure and Varieties of, 257. ARTICLE XIII. HAIR, Form of, 263. Size of, 264. Structure of, 264. Growth of, 271. Regeneration of, 272, Nutrition of, 273. Distribution of, 274. Colour of, 276. Properties of, 277. The Hair of different Ani- mals, 278. ARTICLE XIV. CARTILAGES, 281. True Cartilages, 281. Fibro-Cartilages, 285. Nu- trition of Cartilage, 287. Growth and Development of Cartilage, 289. ARTICLE XV. BONE, Structure of, 294. Growth and Development of, 303. Acci- dental Ossification, 313. ARTICLE XVI. TEETH, Structure of, 314. Development of, 319. Caries of, 325. Tartar on, 326. ARTICLE XVII. CELLULAR or FIBROUS TISSUE, 327. Inelastic or White Fibrous Tissue, 328. Elastic or Yellow Fibrous Tissue, 329. Development of Fibrous Tissue, 334. ARTICLE XVIII. MUSCLE, 336. Structure of Muscle, 337. Structure of the Unstriped Muscular Fibrilla, 337. Structure of the Striped Muscular Fibre, 339. Union of Muscle with Tendon, 346. Muscular Contraction, 346. Development of Muscle, 351. ARTICLE XIX. NERVES, 356. Structure of, 356. Cerelro- Spinal System. Secreting or Cellular Structure of, 356. Tubular Structure of, 359. Sympa- thetic System, 361. Gelatinous Nerve, Fibres of : 362. Structure of Xll CONTENTS. Ganglia, 365. Origin and Termination of Nerves, 366. Pacinian Bodies, 368. Development and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue, 371. Researches of M. Robin, 374. ARTICLE XX. ORGANS of RESPIRATION, 378. Aeriferous Apparatus. Bronchial Tubes, and Air Cells, 379. Vascular Apparatus, 381. Pathology, 383. ARTICLE XXI. GLANDS, 388. Classification of Glands, 391. A.. Follicles, 393. Stomach Tubes, 395. Fallopian and Uterine Tubes, 396. Solitary Glands, 397. Aggregated Glands, 398. B. Sebaceous Glands, 398. ; comprising the Meibomian Glands, 400. Glands of Hair Follicles, 401., the Carun- cula Lachry malis, 402. Glands of Nipple, 402., and Glands of Prepuce, 403. Mucous Glands, 403. ; including the Labial, Buccal, Lingual, Tonsilitic, Tracheal, and Bronchial Glands ; also the Glands of the Uvula, Brunners and Cowper's Glands, 403. Brunners Glands, 406. Cowper's Glands, 407. c. Salivary Glands, 407. Lachrymal Glands, 408. Mammary Glands, 408. Liver, Structure of, 409. Pathology of, 419. Prostate Gland, 422. D. Sudoriferous Glands, 424. Axillary Glands, 426. New Tubular Gland in Oxilla, Plate LVIL, fig. 4 b. Ceruminous Glands, 427. Kidneys, 427. Secreting Apparatus of, in- cluding Tubes, Malpighian Bodies, and Epithelial Cells, 428. Vas- cular Apparatus of, 431. Development of the Kidney, 436. Pa- thology of, 442. Testis, 475. E. Thymus Gland, 477. Thyroid Gland, 479. Supra-renal Capsules, 481 . Spleen, 483. r. Absorbent Glands, 486. Villi of the Intestines, 487. ARTICLE XXII. ORGANS of the SENSES, 491. TOUCH: Papillary Structure of the Skin, 491. TASTE: Papillary Structure of the Mucous Membrane of the Tongue, 494. SMELL : Structure of the Mucous Membrane of the Nose, 500. VISION : Structure of the Globe of the Eye, 505. Schlerotic, 505. Cornea, 506. Choroid, 511. Retina ; 516. Vitreous Body: 519. Crystalline Lens, 520. HEARING : Organ of, 522. External Ear, 522. Middle Ear, 523. Internal Ear, 525. APPENDIX. Pituitary Gland, 534. Pineal Gland, 535. Pia Mater, 537. Pacchionian Glands, 538. Development of the Fat Vesicle, 538. On the Structure and Formation of the Nails, 541. On the Ganglionic Character of the Arachnoid Membrane, 544. Structure of the Striped Muscular Fibrilla, 548. Structure of the Bidb of the Hair, 549. Synovial Fringes, 549. Structure of the Sudoriparous Glands, 549. INDEX OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS. THE WHOLE OF THE FOLLOWING ILLUSTRATIONS ARE ORIGINAL WITH BUT NINE EXCEPTIONS. BLOOD. CORPUSCLES of man, the red with the centres clear, 670 diam. - The same, the red with the centres dark, 670 diam. The same, seen in water, 670 diam. The same, the red united into rolls, 670 diam. - Tuberculated condition of the red corpuscles, 670 diam. White corpuscles of man, in water, 670 diam. - Corpuscles of frog, 670 diam. - The same, with the nucleus of the red visible, 670 diam. The same, in water, 670 diam. - The same, after prolonged action of water, 670 diam. Nuclei of red corpuscles of frog, 670 diam. Elongation of red corpuscles of ditto, 670 diam. Corpuscles of the dromedary, 670 diam. The same of the siren, 670 diam. The same of the alpaco, 670 diam. The same of the elephant, 670 diam. The same of the goat, 670 diam. Peculiar concentric corpuscles in blood, 670 diam. Coagulated fibrin, 670 diam. The same with granular corpuscles, 670 diam. - Corpuscles of earth-worm, 670 diam. Circulation in tongue of frog, 350 diam. The same in web of the foot of ditto, 350 diam. Corpuscles in vessels of the same, 670 diam. White corpuscles in vessels of the same, 900 diam. Glands of tongue of frog, 130 diam. Under surface of tongue of same, 500 diam. - Plate . Fig. 1 - — . — 2 . — . — 3 . — . — 4 — . — 5 . — . — 6 . — ii. — 1 . — ii. — 2 . — ii. — 3 . — n. — 4 . — n. — 5 . — ii. — 6 . — in. — 1 . — m. — 2 . — HI. — 3 . IV. 1 . IV. 2 . IV. — 3 . IV. 4 - IV. 5 - IV. — 6 - — v. — 1 . — v. — 2 - VI- 1 . — VI — 2 . — VII. — ] . — VII — 2 XIV INDEX OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS. Red corpuscles of embryo of fowl, 670 diam. - - Plate ix. Fig. 1 The same, in water, 670 diam. - - — ix. — 2 Red corpuscles of adult fowl, 670 diam. - — ix. — 3 The same of young frog, 670 diam. - - — ix. — 4 The same of the adult frog, 670 diam. - - - — ix. — 5 The same united into chains, 670 diam. - - — ix. — 6 DEVELOPMENT OF EMBRYO OF CHICK. The cicatricula prior to incubation - - - — x. — 1 The same at the end of first day of incubation - — x. — 2 The same at the thirty-sixth hour - - — x. — 3 The same at the close of the second day - - — x. — 4 The same at the end of the third day - - - — x. — 5 The embryo on the conclusion of the fourth day - — x. — 6 The same at the termination of the fifth day - - — x. — 7 The embryo of six days old - - - - — x — 8 The embryo of the ninth day of development - - — x. — 9 The same at the end of the seventh day, detached • — x. — 10 Ditto at the end of the ninth day, also detached • — x. — 11 MUCUS. Corpuscles of, in their ordinary condition, 670 diam. - — xi. — 1 The same collapsed, 670 diam. - - — xi. — 2 The same', showing the action of water, 670 diam. - — xi. — 3 The same acted on by dilute acetic acid, 670 diam. - — xi. — 4 The same after the action of undilute acetic acid, 670 diam. - - - - - - — xi. — 5 The same in process of development, 670 diam. - — xi. — 6 Vaginal mucus, 670 diam. - — xn. — 1 JEsophageal mucus, 670 diam. - - — xn. — 2 Bronchitic ditto, 670 diam. - - - - — xn. — 3 Vegetation in mucus, 670 diam. - - - — xn. — 4 Mucus of stomach, 670 diam. - - - - — xn. — 5 Vaginal tricho-monas - - - - — xn. — 6 PUS. Corpuscles of laudable pus, 670 diam. - - — xm. — 1 The same acted on by acetic acid, 670 diam. - - — xm. — 2 The same treated with water, 670 diam. - — xm. — 3 Epithelial scales from pustule, 670 diam. - — xm. — 4 Corpuscles from scrofulous abscess, 670 diam. - - — xm. — 5 Vibrios in venereal pus, 670 diam. - - — xm. — 6 INDEX OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS. XV MILK. Globes of healthy milk of woman, 670 diam. - Plate xiv. Fig. 1 The same of impoverished human milk, 670 diam. - — xiv. — 2 Colostrum, 670 diam. - - - — xiv. — 3 Ditto, with several corpuscles, 670 diam. - — xiv. — 4 Globules of large size, 670 diam. - - — xiv. — 5 Ditto, aggregated into masses, 670 diam. - - — xiv. — 6 Pus in the milk of woman, 670 diam. - - — xv. — 1 Blood corpuscles in human milk, 670 diam. - - — xv. — 2 Globules after treatment by ether, 670 diam. - — xv. — 3 The same after the application of acetic acid, 670 diam. — xv. — 4 Caseine globules, 670 diam. - - - - — xv. — 5 Milk of cow adulterated with flour, 670 diam. - — xv. — 6 SEMEN. Spermatozoa and spermatophori of man, 900 diam. - — xvi. — 1 Spermatozoa of Certhia familiaris - - - — xvi. — 2 FAT. The fat vesicles of a child, 130 diam. - — xvm. — 1 Ditto of an adult, 130 diam. - - — xvm. — 2 Ditto of the pig, with apparent nucleus, 130 diam. - — xix. — 1 Ditto of the same, ruptured, 130 diam. - - — xix. — 2 Ditto of marrow of the femur of a child, 130 diam. - — xix. — 3 Ditto, with the membranes of the vesicles ruptured, 130 diam. - - — xix. — 4 Crystals on human fat vesicles, 130 - - - — xix. — 5 Fat vesicles in melicerous tumour, 130 diam. - — xix. — 6 Ditto contained in parent cells, 1 20 diam. - - — LXIX. — 10 Ditto after the absorption of the parent cell-membrane, 120 diam. - - — LXIX. — 11 EPITHELIUM. Buccal epithelial cells, 670 diam. - - — xx. — 1 Cuneiform ditto from duodenum, 670 diam. - - — xx. — 2 Ciliary epithelium from trachea of frog, 670 diam. - — xxi. — 1 Human ciliary epithelium from lung, 670 diam. - — xxi. — 2 Ditto from trachea, 670 diam. - - - — xxi. — 3 Tesselated epithelium from tongue of frog, 670 diam. — xxi. — 4 Ditto from tongue of triton, 670 diam. - — xxi. — 5 Ditto from serous coat of liver, 670 diam. - - — xxn. — 1 Ditto from choroid plexus, 670 diam. - — xxn. — 2 Ditto from vena cava inferior, 670 diam. - - — xxn. — 3 XVI INDEX OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS. Ditto from arch of the aorta, 670 diam. - Plate xxu. Fig. 4 Ditto from surface of the uterus, 670 diam. - - — xxu. — 5 Ditto from the internal surface of the pericardium, 670 diam. - - - _ Xxn. — 6 Ditto of lateral ventricles of brain, 670 diam. - — xxvi. — 6 E Ditto of mouth of menobranchus lateralis, 670 diam. — xxvi. — 6D EPIDERMIS. Upper surface of epidermis, 130 diam. - — xxm. 1 Under surface of ditto, 130 diam. - — xxm. — 2 Epidermis of palm, viewed with a lens only - - — xxiv. — 1 Ditto, magnified 100 diam. - - — xxiv. — 2 Vertical section of ditto, 100 diain. - - — xxiv. — 3 Ditto of one of the ridges, 100 diam. - — xxiv. — 4 Epidermis from back of hand, viewed with a lens - — xxiv. — 5 A portion of same more highly magnified, 100 diam. — xxiv. — 6 Epidermis from back of hand, 100 diam. - - — xxvi. — 1 Ditto, viewed on its under surface, 100 diam. - — xxvi. — 2 Portion of ditto, with insertion of hairs, 100 diam. - — xxvi. — 3 Ditto from back of neck, 670 diam. - - - — xxvi. — 5 Detached cells of epidermis, 670 diam. - — xxvi. — 6 A. Cells of vernix caseosa, 130 diam. - - — xxvi. — 6s. Cells of ditto, 670 diam. - -xxvi. — 6c. NAILS. Longitudinal section of nail, 130 diam. - - — xxv. — 1 Ditto, showing unusual direction of striae, 130 diam. - — xxv. — 2 Ditto, with different distribution of striae, 130 diam. - — xxv. — 3 Transverse section of nail, 130 diam. - — xxv. — 4 Cells of which the layers are formed, 130 diam. and 670 diam. - - - - - - — xxv. — 5 Union of nail with true skin, 100 diam. - - — xxvi. — 4 PIGMENT CELLS. Cells of pigmentum nigrum (human), 760 diam. - — xxvn. — 1 Ditto of the same of the eye of a pig, 350 diam. - — xxvn. — 2 Stellate cells of lamina fusca, 100 diam. - - — xxvn. — 3 Ditto more highly magnified, 350 diam. - - — xxvn. — 4 A Cells of skin of negro, 670 diam. - — xxvn. — 4u Ditto from lung, 670 diam. - - - - — xxvn. — 4 c Cells in epidermis of negro, 350 diam. - - — xxvn. — 5 Ditto in areola of nipple, 350 diam. - - - — xxvn. — 6 Ditto of bulb of hair, 670 diam. - - - — xxvm. — 5 INDEX OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS. XVll HAIR. Bulb of hair, 130 diam. - Root of a grey hair, 130 diam. - Cells of outer sheath, 670 diam. - - Portion of inner sheath, 350 diam. - - Stem of grey hair of scalp, 350 diam. - Transverse section of hair of beard, 130 diam. Another section of the same, 130 diam. - Fibres of the stem of the hair, 670 diam. - Apex of hair of perineum, 350 diam. Ditto of scalp, terminating in fibres, 350 diam. Ditto of same with needle-like extremity, 350 diam. — Root of hair of scalp, 130 diam. - - Another form of same, 130 diam. - - Hair with two medullary canals, 130 diam. Insertion of hairs in follicles, 100 diam. - Disposition of hairs on back of hand CARTILAGE. Transverse section of cartilage of rib, 350 diam. Parent cells seen in section of ditto, 350 diam. Vertical section of articular cartilage, 130 diam. Ditto of intervertebral cartilage, 80 diam. - Cartilage of concha of ear, 350 diam. Cells of intervertebral cartilage, 350 diam. Section of cartilage and bone of rib, 130 diam. Ditto of one of the rings of the trachea, 350 diam. Ditto of thyroid cartilage with fibres, 130 diam. Cartilage of ossification, 100 diam. - Section of primary cancelli, 350 diam. Ditto of same, more advanced, 350 diam. - Cartilage of ossification, 350 diam. - Section of cartilaginous epiphysis, 30 diam.- Ditto of same, with bone, 30 diam. Ditto of same, more highly magnified, 330 diam. Section of cartilage and bone of rib, 130 diam. BONE. Transverse section of ulna, 60 diam. Cross section of Haversian canals, 220 diam. Ditto of same more highly magnified, 670 diam. Longitudinal section of long bone, 40 diam. Parietal bone of foetus, 30 diam. - Portion of same more highly magnified, 60 diam. - a - Plate xxvin. Fig. 1 - XXVIII. — 2 . XXVIII. — 3 _ XXVIII. • 4 _ XXIX. — 1 - XXIX. — 2 - XXIX. — 3 - XXIX. A . XXIX. — 5 . XXIX. — 6 n. XXIX. — 7 - XXIX. — 8 _ XXIX. -— 9 _ XXTX. — 10 - XXVI. — 3 ~ XXIV. — 5 XXX. 1 - XXX. — 2 - — XXX. — 3 - XXX. A - XXXI. — 1 - XXXI. — 2 - XXXI. — 3 - XXX J. — 4 - XXXI. — 5 - XXXIV. — 1 - XXXIV. — 2 - XXXIV. — 3 - XXXIV. 4 - XXXV. — 1 - XXXV. — 2 . XXXV. — 3 ~ XXXV. — 6 XXXII. — 1 - — xxxn. — 2 - XXXII. — 3 . — XXXII. 4 . — XXXIII. — 1 - — XXXIII. — 2 XV111 INDEX OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS. Plate xxxiu. Fig. 3 - — xxxni. — 4 - — xxxiu. — 5 6 Spiculse of bone of foetal humerus, 350 diam. Lamina of a long bone, 500 diam. Cancelli of long bone of foetus, 350 diam. - - — xxxiu. Section of femur of pigeon fed on madder* 220 diam. — xxxiu. Section of epiphysis and shaft of foetal femur, 100 diam. — xxxiv — 1 Transverse section of primary cancelli, 350 diam. — xxxiv. — 2 Section of cancelli more advanced, 350 diam. - — xxxiv. — 3 Ditto of epiphysis and shaft of foetal femur, 350 diam. — xxxiv. — 4 Ditto of cartilaginous epiphysis of humerus, 30 diam. — xxxv. — 1 Ditto of same with bone, 30 diam. - - - — xxxv. — 2 The same more highly magnified, 330 diam. - — xxxv. — 3 Blood-vessels and medullary cells - - - — xxxv — 4 Section of shaft of foetal long bone, 20 diam. - — xxxv. — 5 Ditto of bone and cartilage of rib, 130 diam. - — xxxv. — 6 TEETH. Vertical section of insisor tooth, seen with lens Tubes of dentine near their termination, 670 diam. A not unfrequent condition of same, 670 diam. Tubes of dentine near their commencement, 670 diam. Oblique section of tubes of dentine, 670 diam. Transverse section of ditto, 670 diam. Transition of tubes into bone cells, 670 diam. Dilatation of ditto into bone cells, 670 diam. Section of cementum, 670 diam. - Ditto of same traversed by tubes, 670 diam. Ditto of same showing angular cells, 670 diam. Fungus on section of dentine, 670 diam. Oil-like globules on section of same, 350 diam. Section of secondary dentine, 350 diam. Ditto of bicuspid tooth, seen with lens only Vertical section of enamel, 220 diam. Enamel cells, seen lengthways, 670 diam. - Cross section of cells of enamel, 670 diam. - FIBROUS TISSUE. Longitudinal section of tendon, 670 diam. - - — xxxix. — 1 Transverse section of same, 670 diam. - - — xxxix. — 2 White fibrous tissue, 670 diam. - - — xxxix. — 6 Mixed ditto, 670 diam. - - - — xxxix. — 7 Yellow fibrous tissue, 670 diam. - - - — XL. — 1 Different form of ditto, 670 diam. XL. — 2 Development of blood-vessels, 350 diam. - XL. — 3 Areolar form of mixed fibrous tissue, 330 diam. - — XL. — 4 Blood-vessels of pia mater, 350 diam. XL. — 5 XXXVI. — 1 XXXVI. — - 2 XXXVI. — 3 XXXVI. — 4 ZXXVI. — 5 XXXVI. — 6 XXXVI. — 7 XXXVI. — 8 XXXVII. — 1 XXXVII. — 2 XXXVII. — 3 XXXVII. — 4 XXXVII. — 5 XXXVII. — 6 XXXVII. — 7 XXXIX. — 3 XXXIX. — 4 XXXIX. — 5 INDEX OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS. XIX Development of white fibrous tissue, 670 diam. Portion of dartos, 670 diam. Section of corpora cavernosa, slightly magnified - Plate XLIII. Fig. 2 - XLIII. 3 - XLIII. 4 MUSCLE. Portion of striped muscle, 60 diam. - Fragment of unstriped ditto, 670 diam. Muscular fibrillse of the heart, 670 diam. Fragment of striped muscle of frog, 350 diam. Fibres and fibrillse of voluntary muscle, 350 diam. - Fibres acted on by acetic acid, 350 diam. Ditto in different degrees of contraction, 350 diam. - Union of muscle with tendon, 130 diam. Transverse section of muscular fibres, 350 diam. Fibres of voluntary muscle of foetus, 670 diam. Zigzag disposition of fibres, 350 diam. Striped muscular fibre and fibrillae, 670 diam. NERVES. Tubes of motor nerve, 670 diam. ... The same after the action of spirit, 670 diam. The same after the action of acetic acid, 670 diam. - Portion of Casserian ganglion, 350 diam. Nerve tubes of cerebellum, 670 diam. Ditto of cerebrum, with clear cells, 670 diam. Varicose condition of ditto, 670 diam. Filaments of great sympathetic, 670 diam. - Cells of grey matter of cerebellum, 670 diam. Ditto of same, inner stratum, 670 diam. Caudate ganglionary cells, 350 diam. (Spinal cord, Medulla oblongata, Cerebellum.) Ditto from locus niger of crus cerebelli, 350 diam. - Ditto from hippocampus major, 350 diam. - Ditto from locus niger of crus cerebri, 350 diam. Pacinian bodies, natural size Ditto, magnified 60 diam. .... A single Pacinian body, 100 diam. - An anomalous Pacinian body ... Two other anomalous Pacinian bodies Cells from corpus dentatura of cerebellum, 350 diam. XLI. 1 XLI. 2 XLI. — 3 XLI. — 4 XLII. — 1 XLII. — 2 XLII. — 3 XLII. — 4 XLII. — 5 XLIII. _ 1 XLIII. — 5 XLIII. — 6 XLIV. — 1 XLIV. — 2 XLIV. — 3 XLIV. ___ A XLIV. — 5 XLIV. — 6 XLIV. — 7 XLV. 1 XLV. 2 XLV. 3 XLV. — 4 XLV. — 5 XLV. — 6 XLV. — 7 XLVI. 1 XLVI. — 2 XLVI. — 3 XLVI. 4 XLVI. — 5 XLVI. — 6 a 2 XX INDEX OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS. LUNG. Pleural surface of lung, 30 diam. - Ditto, with vessels of first order, 30 diam. - Ditto, magnified 100 diam. Section of lung injected with tallow, 100 diam. Casts of air-cells, 350 diam. Section of lung injected with size, 100 diam. Pleural surface of lung, with vessels of second order, 100 diam. - Section of lung, with air-cells uninjected, 100 diam. Capillaries of lung, 100 diam. GLANDS. Follicles of stomach, with epithelium, 100 diam. Ditto of large intestine, in similar condition, 100 diam Ditto of same, without epithelium, 60 diam. Termination of follicles of large intestine, 60 diam. - Follicles of Lieburkuhn in duodenum, 60 diam. Vessels of ditto of appendix vermiformis, 100 diam. Ditto of same of stomach of cat, 100 diam. Stomach tubes, cross section of, 100 diam - Longitudinal view of stomach tubes, 220 diam. Ditto of the same, 100 diam. Villi of small intestine, with epithelium, 100 diam. Ditto, without epithelium, showing lacteals, 100 diam. Vessels of villi in duodenum, 60 diam. Ditto of same in jejunum, 60 diam. Ditto of same of foal, 60 diam. Solitary glands of small intestine, natural size Ditto of large intestine, slightly magnified Aggregated or Peyers glands, 20 diam. Side view of same, 20 diam. - Sebaceous glands in connection with hair, 33 diam. - Ditto from caruncula lachrymalis - An entire Meibomian gland, 27 diam. Illustrations of Mucous glands, 45 diam. Parotid gland of embryo of sheep, 8 diam. - Ditto of human subject, further developed, 40 diam. Mammary gland, portion of, slightly magnified Ditto of same, with milk globules, 90 diam. Ditto of same, more highly magnified, 198 diam. Liver, section of, showing the lobules, 35 diam. Surface of ditto, showing the intra-lobular veins, 15 diam. --__-_ Section of liver showing the hepatic venous plexus, 20 diam. - - - - - . Fig. 1 XLVII. — 2 XLVII. — 3 XLVIII. — 1 XLVIII. 2 XLVIII. — 3 XLIX. j XLIX. — 2 XLIX. — 3 L. — 1 L. 2 L. — 6 L. — 7 LII. O LI. — i LI. — 2 L. — 3 L. 4 L. — 5 LII. — 1 LII. — 2 LI. — 3 LI. — 4 LI. — 5 LXII. — 6 LI. — 6 LII. — 3 LII. — 4 Mil. — 3 Mil. 1 Mil. — 2 Mil. — 4 LIV. — 1 LIV. — 2 LIV. — 5 LIV. — 3 LIV. — 6 LIV. — 4 - LV. — INDEX OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS. XXI - — LV. — 5 Vessels of portal system, 20 diain. - - Plate LV. Fig. 3 Section of liver, showing interlobular vessels, 24 diam. — LV. — 4 Surface of liver, showing portal capillary system, 20 diam. - Ditto, showing both hepatic and portal venous systems, 20 diam. ------ Ditto, with both systems completely injected, 20 diam. Ditto, with portal vein and hepatic artery, 18 diam. - A terminal biliary duct, 378 diam. - Secreting cells of liver in healthy state, 378 diam. Ditto, gorged with bile, 378 diam. - Ditto, containing oil globules, 378 diam. Prostate gland, calculi of, 45 diam. - New tubular gland in axilla, 54 diam. Tubulus of ditto, 198 diam. - Ceruminous glands, portions of, 45 diam. Sudoriferous gland, tubulus of, 198 diam. Kidney, tubes of, with epithelium, 99 diam. - Cross section of elastic framework, 99 diam. - Ditto of framework and tubes, 99 diam. Section of vessels in tubular part of kidney, 33 diam. The same vessels seen lengthways, 33 diam. - Tubes with epithelium, 378 diam. Corpora Malpighiana of kidney, injected, 40 diam. - Uriniferous tubes of a bird, 40 diam. Corpora Malpighiana of the horse, 40 diam. - Intertubular vessels of surface of kidney, 90 diam. - Transverse section of injected kidney, 67 diam. Uninjected corpora Malpighiana - With capsule, 100 diam. Without ditto, 100 diam. Malpighian body, more highly magnified, 125 diam. Afferent and efferent vessels of Malpighian tuft, 45 diam Epithelial cells of the tubes, 378 diam. Testis, tubes of, 27 diam. - - Tubes of ditto, more highly magnified, 99 diam. Vessels of thyroid gland, injected, 18 diam. - Vesicles of ditto, viewed with a lens only Ditto of same, magnified 40 diam. Ditto of same, showing the structure of their walls, 67 diam. - - - - - Lobes and vesicles of same in their ordinary condition, 27 diam. - .... — LXI. — 5 Nuclei of vesicles of thyroid, 378 diam. - — LXI. — 6 Follicles of thymus, with vessels, 33 diam. - - LXI. — 7 Capsule of ditto, 54 diam. - - — LXI. — 8 LVI. — 3 LVI. — 4 LVI. — 2 LVII. — 1 LVII. — 2A LVII. — 2s LVII. — 2c LVII. — 3 LVII. — 4A LVII. — 4s LVII. — 5 LVII. — 4c LVIII. i LVIII. — 2 LVIII. — 3 LVIII. A LVIII. — 5 LVIII. — 6 LXIX. — 1 LIX. — 2 LIX. — 3 LIX. — 4 LIX. — 5 LX. — 2 . A . B LX. — 3 A LX. — SB LX. — 3c LX. — I LX. — 4 LXI. 1 LXI. — 2 LXI. — 3 - LXI. 4 XX11 INDEX OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS. Nuclei and simple cells of same, 378 diam. - - Plate LXI. Fig. 9 Compound or parent cells of ditto, 378 diam. - — LXI. — 10 Spleen, nuclei and vessels of, 378 diam. - — LXII. — 1 Supra-renal capsule, plexus on surface of, 54 diam. - — LXII. — 2 Tubes of ditto, 90 diam. - - - - — LXII. — 3a Nuclei, parent cells, and molecules of ditto, 378 diam. - - LXII. — 3b Vessels of supra-renal capsule, 90 diam. - - — LXII. — 5 Pineal gland, compound bodies of, 130 diam. - — LXIX. — 7 Pituitary gland, cells and fibrous tissue of, 350 diam. — LXIX. — 8 ANATOMY OF THE SENSE OF TOUCH. Epidermis of palm of hand, 40 diam. - - — LXIII. — 1 Ditto of back of hand, 40 diam. - - — LXIII. 2 Papillae of palm of hand, 54 diam. - — LXIII. — 3 Ditto of back of hand, 54 diam. - - - — LXIII. — 4 Epidermis of palm, under surface of, 54 diam. - — LXIII. — 5 Ditto of back of hand, under surface of, 54 diam. - — LXIII. — 6 Vessels of papillae of palm of hand, 54 diam. - — LXIII. — 7 Ditto of same of back of hand, 54 diam - - — LXIII. — 8 ANATOMY OF THE SENSE OF TASTE. Filiform papillae, with long epithelial appendages, 41 diam. - - — LXIV. — 1 Ditto, with shorter epithelial processes, 27 diam. - - LXIV. — 2 Ditto, without epithelium, near apex of tongue, 27 diam. — LXIV. — 3 Ditto, without epithelium, near centre of same, 31 diam. — LXIV. — 4 Filiform and fungiform papillae, without epithelium, 27 diam. - - LXIV. — 5 Peculiar form of compound papillae, 27 diam. - LXIV. — 6 Filiform papillae in different states, 27 diam. - — LXIV. — 7 Ditto, with epithelium partially removed, 27 diam. - — LXIV. — 8 Follicles of tongue, with epithelium, 27 diam. - — LXV. — 1 Ditto, without epithelium, 27 diam. - - — LXV. 2 Ditto, viewed as an opaque object, 27 diam. - - — LXV. — 3 Filiform papillae from point of tongue, 27 diam. - — LXV. — 4 Follicles and papillae from side of ditto, 20 diam. - - LXV. — 5 Simple papillae, with epithelium, 45 diam. - - — LXV. — 6 Filiform papillae, with ditto, 18 diam. - — LXV. — 7 The same, viewed with a lens only - - - — LXV. — 8 Side view of certain compound papillae, 20 diam. - — LXV. — 9 Simple papilla from under surface of tongue, 54 diam. — LXV. — 10 Compound and simple ditto from side of tongue, 23 diam. - - — LXV. — 11 INDEX OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS. XX111 A caliciform papilla, uninjected, 16 diam. - - Plate LXVI. Fig. 1 Ditto, with the vessels injected, 16 diam. - - — LXVI. 2 Filiform papillae near centre of tongue, injected, 27 diam. - - — LXvi. — 3 Ditto near tip of tongue, injected, 27 diam. - - — LXVI. 4 Simple papillae, injected, 27 diam. - - — LXVI. — 5 Fungiform ditto, injected, 27 diam. - - — LXVI. 6 ANATOMY OF THE GLOBE OF THE EYE. Vertical section of cornea, 54 diam. - A portion of retina, injected, 90 diam. Section of schlerotic and cornea, 54 diam. - Vessels of choroid, ciliary processes, and iris, 14 diam. Nuclei of granular layer of retina, 378 diam. Cells of the same, 378 diam. - Ditto of vesicular layer of retina, 378 diam. Caudate cells of retina, 378 - Cells of the membrana Jacobi, 378 diam. Fibres of the crystalline lens; a, 198 diam.; #, 378 diam. A condition of the posterior elastic lamina, 78 diam. Peculiar markings on same, 78 diam. Crystalline lens of sheep, slightly magnified Fibres of lens near its centre, 198 diam. Stellate pigment in eye of sheep, slightly magnified - Venae vorticosse of eye of sheep, injected Conjunctival epithelium, oblique view of, 378 diam. Ditto, front view of, 378 diam. - Ciliary muscle, fibres of, 198 diam. - Gelatinous nerve fibres of retina, 378 diam. Cellated structure of vitreous body, 70 diam. Fibres on posterior elastic lamina, 70 diam. Portion of the iris, 70 diam. Epithelium of crystalline lens, 198 diam. Ditto of the aqueous humour, 198 diam. Hexagonal pigment of the choroid, 378 diam. Stellate pigment of same, 378 diam. Irregular pigment of uvea, 378 diam. — LXVII. — 1 — LXVII. — 2 LXVII. 0 LXVII. — 4 LXVII. — — o LXVIT. — 6 LXVII. — 7 LXVII. — 8 LXVII. — 9 LXVII. — 10 LXVII. — 11 LXVII. — 12 LXVH. — 13 LXVII. — 14 LXVIII. — 1 LXVIII. — 2 LXVIII. — 3 LXVIII. — 5 LXVIII. — 4 — LXVIII. — 6 LXVIII. — 7 — LXVIII. — 8 LXVIII. — 9 LXVIII. — 10 LXVIH. - 11 LXVIII. — 12 LXVIII. — 13 LXVIII. — 14 ANATOMY OF THE NOSE. Mucous membrane of true nasal region, 80 diam. - Ditto of pitutiary region, injected, 80 diam. Capillaries of olfactory region of human foetus, 100 diam. ..... LXIX. — 1 LXIX. — 2 - — LXIX. — 12 XXIV INDEX OF THE ILLUSTKAT1ONS. ANATOMY OF THE EAR. Denticulate laminae of the osseous zone, 100 diam. - Plate LXIX. Fig. 3 Tympanic surface of lamina spiralis, 300 diam. - — LXIX. — 4 Inner view of cochlearis muscle of sheep - — LXIX. — 5 Plexiform arrangement of cochlear nerves in ditto, 30 diam. - - — LXIX. — 6 VILLL Villi of foetal placenta, injected, 54 diam. - - — LXII. — 4 Ditto of choroid plexus, 45 diam. - - — LXIX. — 9 Plates VIIL, XVII., and XXXVIII., have been entirely omitted, in order to make room for more important matter. Plate VIIL was to have illustrated the solid constituents of the chyle : of these the principal are the granular corpuscles so often figured in this work ; an entire plate was therefore scarcely necessary to illustrate this subject. Plate XVII. was to have exhibited the comparative anatomy of the spermatozoa : this plate also could be well dispensed with. Lastly, Plate XXXVIII. was to have shown the development of the dentinal tissues : this, although the most requisite of the three plates, could also be omitted without injury to the work. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. It is to be understood, that all the figures given in the following plates are magnified 670 times, unless when the contrary is stated. PLATE I. THE BLOOD OF MAN. Fig. 1. The hunian red blood corpuscle, showing its natural form and appearance when brought fully into focus, in which case the centre always appears light. Scattered over the field will be seen one or two white corpuscles. 2. The same, with the centre dark, in consequence of the object not being brought fully into focus. 3. The same in water, in which the red globules lose their flattened and discoidal form, becoming cir- cular, and presenting a smaller surface to view ; the white corpuscles at the same time, and under the influence of the same agent, are seen to have increased considerably in size. 4. The same, united into rolls, as of miniature money in appearance. 5. The same, showing the peculiar granulated and vesi- culated appearance which they so frequently pre- sent under such different circumstances. 6. The white corpuscles of the blood, in water, in which they enlarge considerably in dimensions, often appear nucleated, and after long immersion burst. • EXPLANATION OF THE PLATED. PLATE II. THE BLOOD OF THE FROG. Fig. 1. The blood corpuscle of the frog, both red and white, with the nucleus of the former seen indistinctly. 2. The same, with the nucleus distinctly visible, the difference arising from the greater length of time during which the latter has been removed from the system. 3. The same, in water, showing the change of form which the red blood corpuscle, as well as its con- tained nucleus, undergoes in that fluid, and also the enlargement of the white corpuscles. 4. The same, showing the effect of the prolonged action of water on the red corpuscles ; the nuclei are now not merely circular, but most of them have become eccentric, and certain of them have escaped alto- gether from the membranous capsular portion of the corpuscles, which and the nuclei are seen lying side by side as distinct structures. 5. The nuclei, separated from the capsule by the action of acetic acid. 6. Shows the extraordinary deformity and elongation of which the red blood corpuscles are susceptible when subject to any extending force, or even to lateral pressure. In the figure the extension has been exerted on the corpuscles by means of the filaments which fibrin in coagulating runs into, and a portion of one of which may be seen uniting the corpuscles. If. on oo 6. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE III. For the blood from which the figures contained in this plate were made, as well as some of those of the following plate, I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Ogilby, the Secretary of the Zoological Society, who, on my application to him, promptly and courteously forwarded to me the per- mission requisite to enable me to obtain it. Fig. 1. The red and white blood corpuscles of the drome- dary ; in water the former became perfectly sphe- rical. 2. The same, of the SIREN. 3. The same, of the Alpaco. : EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE IV. Fig. 1. Represents the blood corpuscles of the elephant, red and white, which are the largest hitherto discovered amongst the mammalia. 2. Exhibits the blood corpuscles of the goat, both red and white, which are amongst the smallest as yet made known in the class to which they belong. 3. Peculiar concentric corpuscles, taken twenty-four hours after death from a polypus contained in the heart of an old man. 4. A portion of fibrin, removed from a small cavity situated beneath the buffy coating formed on some blood which had been abstracted from a woman the subject of epileptic fits, and for which she was bled; it exhibits the granular and fibrous structure, which the spontaneously coagulable element of the blood invariably assumes in solidifying 5. A portion of fibrin, constituting the buify coat, and which formed a thick membrane on the surface of the blood abstracted from the woman already alluded to; it exhibits more clearly the fibrous construction of the fibrin, the fibres being rendered more appa- rent by. the action of corrosive sublimate, and also some of the white corpuscles which are found usually in such abundance in the so called inflamma- tory crust. All false membranes have a constitution precisely similar. 6. Blood corpuscles of the earth worm in various states; those contained in the lower half of the circle repre- present them as they appear in the liquor sanguinis, or plasma, in which most of the corpuscles speedily assume a stellate form, as do those of most of the invertebrate animals, and in which state they bear a close resemblance to the hispid pollen granules of EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. the order Composites ; the stellate form of the cor- puscles is speedily followed by their considerable enlargement, rupture, and disaggregation ; the cor- puscles represented in the upper half of the circle have been acted upon by water, in which they quickly lose their radiate aspect, swell, increase to two or three times their original dimensions, ex- hibit their contained molecules more clearly, and which may frequently be seen in a state of the greatest activity ; finally, the corpuscles become de- formed in shape and burst. It may here be remarked, that the blood of most of the Invertebrata is colourless, arising from the fact of their blood containing but one form of corpuscle, the colourless blood corpuscle. In the Annelida, indeed, the blood is red ; the colouring matter, however, is not contained in the corpuscle, but in the plasma. el Ufa \ EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE V. Fig. 1. Exhibits the circulation in a portion of the tongue of the frog, the larger vessel is seen to be accompanied by a nerve, as is usually the case, and in all the vessels are shown the red and white blood corpuscles, with their differences of form, size, structure, colour, and position ; the general direction and appearance of the muscular fibres, are likewise indicated. This figure is magnified 350 diameters. 2. Represents the distribution of the smallest capillaries in the web of the foot of the frog, in which it is seen that the blood corpuscles circulate only in single series, the pigment cells, cellular tissue of the paren- chyma, and the beautiful hexagonal and nucleated tessellate epidermis are likewise exhibited. This figure is magnified to the same extent as the last. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE VI. Fig. 1. Is a more highly magnified representation of the cir- culation in the capillaries of the web of the foot of the frog ; in it the white and red corpuscles as well as the epidermis are more clearly defined, two of the white corpuscles are seen to be of an oval form, re- sulting from compression between the red blood discs and the walls of the vessels. This figure is magnified 670 diameters. 2. Exhibits a portion of a larger vessel also taken from the web of the foot of the frog, in it the white cor- puscles are seen to have collected in considerable quantity, as they are frequently observed to do after long exposure of the web to the action of the air ; two cells or globules of a very peculiar structure are likewise figured, these open on the surface and possibly are mucous crypts. This representation is magnified 900 diameters. VL 'tcvrswd' & C? vrtfl EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE VII. Obs. It is scarcely necessary to observe, that the com- parative anatomy figures are introduced in this work for the purpose of illustrating in a more satisfactory manner than could be otherwise accomplished, certain points, especially the more obscure ones, connected with human anatomy. These figures should, therefore, by no means be regarded as taking the place of any of those which should illustrate human anatomy, and not one of which, deemed to be of im- portance, will on any account be omitted ; they should be deemed not as substitutes, but as additions to the original design of the work, and which cannot but enhance very con- siderably its value. Fig. 1. Represents a portion of the under surface of the tongue of the frog, magnified 130 diameters, and on which are seen, first, numerous glands, mostly spherical, and traversed by a tortuous vessel in which the blood corpuscles are tossed about as it were in a vortex; and, second, mucus crypts, the apertures of which are apparent. Donne has ob- served these bodies, but believes them to be formed by nervous loops, and appears to have overlooked the orifices alluded to : these I found to be figured in a drawing of the tongue of the frog, sent me by Dr. Waller, but unaccompanied by any explana- tion. Fig. 2. A portion of the same, magnified 500 diameters, shewing the incurrent and excurrent vessel of the gland, the mucus crypts, and the net-work formed by the epithelium. ' SiannaraL&C EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE IX. DEVELOPMENT AND DISSOLUTION OF THE RED BLOOD CORPUSCLE. Fig. 1. Represents the development of the red blood corpuscle of the embryo fowl, on the third day of its growth, obtained from one of the vessels of the area vascu- losa : this is seen to be of many different sizes, the smaller being scarcely a third the volume of the larger discs, and consisting of but little more than a nucleus and an envelope. Numerous molecules are likewise visible, scattered over the field. Fig. 2. The same in water. Fig. 3. The red blood corpuscles of the adult fowl, mostly in different stages of dissolution ; the larger and deeply coloured corpuscles, represent the fully developed discs ; the larger and pale ones, with the distinct nuclei, those the dissolution of which has just com- menced ; the smaller and colourless ones, red blood discs in advanced stages of dissolution, the sole remains of which at length is the nucleus, also represented in the figure. Fig. 4. The red blood corpuscle of the young frog in different stages of development. First, it is seen as a small and granular body of a circular form ; secondly, it assumes an oval shape, but still retains its granular constitution, and but little exceeds its former dimensions. In this its second stage of develop- ment it is still colourless : it soon however grows in size, and acquires a greater or less degree of colora- tion ; so that when it has attained one half or two thirds of its size, it is nearly as deeply coloured as the full-grown blood disc : the colourless granular nucleus and the coloured and perfectly smooth outer portion of each globule are not at first distinctly EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. separated from each other, the former being at its origin rather large and without any defined margin : it soon however shrinks in size, and assumes a regular oval shape. Crescentic bodies, occasionally met with in the blood of the frog, and probably of vegetable nature, are also represented in the figure. Fig. 5. The red blood corpuscle of the adult frog, in different stages of dissolution. In examining a drop of the blood of a full-grown frog, a much greater uniformity in the size of the red blood discs will be observed, than exists in that of the very young animal, fewer corpuscles being in process of development in the former than in the latter. Fig. 6. Blood corpuscles of the adult frog united into chains, an arrangement which appears to be intimately connected with the coagulation of the fibrin. •flute IX Stannard & C EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE X. DEVELOPMENT OF THE EMBRYO OF THE CHICK. Fig. 1. The appearance of the cicatricula in the yolk prior to incubation. Fig. 2 The same at the end of the first day of incubation ; the halones are now distinctly visible, as also the area pellucida, and nota primativa, or first rudiment of the young chick. Fig. 3. The same at the termination of the thirty-sixth hour of incubation ; the halones have become more marked and expanded, the nota primitiva larger, and traces of blood-vessels are now for the first time dis- tinctly visible in the germinal membrane. Fig. 4. The same at the close of the second day ; the pulsa- tion of the heart and the vessels of the area vasculosa are clearly visible ; within them the coloured cor- puscles may be seen circulating. Fig. 5. The same at end of the third day of development ; the area vasculosa has now extended itself to two or three times its former dimensions. Fig. 6. The embryo on the conclusion of the fourth day ; the head, the eye, and the budding of the allantois are now seen in addition to the parts previously noticed. Fig. 7. The embryo at the termination of the fifth day ; the wing and the foot have made their appearance; the limits of the area vasculosa cannot now be seen, it extending over two thirds of the surface of the egg ; after this and the following day, the periods of its complete development, the area suffers an arrest of growth, and the vessels contract and carry but little blood, until at length they are entirely obliterated. The allantois has on this day attained a considerable size, and its further growth proceeds with the utmost rapidity. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Fig. 8. The embryo six days old with the allantois separated from the area vasculosa and the yolk, &c. Fig. 9. The embryo of the ninth day of development, seen through the allantois, which now invests nearly the entire surface of the yolk, and beneath which the collapsed and faintly coloured vessels of the area vasculosa may still be discerned. The purpose fulfilled by the distribution of such innumerable vessels in the membrane of the area vasculosa, and, subsequently in the allantois, is but temporary, and is doubtless connected with respiration, the blood in these vessels being submitted to the influence of the oxygen of the air which enters the egg through the pores contained in its shell ; the vital fluid is thus regenerated and afterwards reconveyed to the embryo itself, from which it first proceeded. At the completion of the development of the chick, the allantois undergoes the same obliteration of its vessels which the area vasculosa previously suffered. Fig. 10. The embryo at the end of the seventh day of development removed from its membranes. Fig. 11. The same at the end of the ninth day, also separated from its membranes. Such is a brief sketch of the marvellous development of the embryo of the chick. fta,: EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. It is to be understood, that all the figures given in the following plates are magnified 670 times, unless when the contrary is stated. PLATE XL MUCUS. Fio-. 1. Mucus corpuscles of their ordinary size, form, and appearance. Fig. 2. The same collapsed, owing to the density of the fluid in which they are contained ; these corpuscles are capable of resuming the circular form by the addi- tion of water. Fig. 3. Represents the action of water on the mucus cor- puscles, in which they increase very considerably in dimension, the nucleus which is usually single becoming at the same time more distinct. Fig. 4. The same acted on by very dilute acetic acid, under the influence of which the originally single nucleus becomes divided into two parts, the portion of the corpuscle external to these remaining granular. Fig. 5. Exhibits the action of undilute acetic acid, under which the nucleus becomes divided into from two to five or even more parts, the enveloping portion of the corpuscle losing its granular texture, and appearing perfectly smooth and transparent. Fig. 6. Mucus corpuscles in process of development, ex- pressed from the cavity of a gland situated in the mucous membrane lining the upper portion of the rectum of a child who died of English cholera. 9 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XII. MUCUS. Fig. 1. Represents an example of vaginal mucus obtained during parturition, and containing blood corpuscles. Fig. 2. Is a representation of cesophageal mucus. Fig. 3. Exhibits the mucous corpuscles contained in some bronchitic mucus, and obtained from a patient labour- ing under chronic bronchitis. The mucus was ropy and tenacious, and many of the corpuscles were rendered of an oval form by the pressure exerted upon them by the filaments, of which the fluid por- tion of true mucus is constituted. Fig. 4. Vegetation contained in the same mucus as that from which the previous figure was made. Fig. 5. Mucus from the stomach. Fig. 6. Is a representation of the vaginal tricho-monas of Donne, copied from the atlas appended to the " Cours de Microscopic." It may here be observed that the above is the only instance of a copied figure being introduced into this work, and that in no case where it is pos- - .sible to procure subjects for original drawings will copied ones be admitted. xir. si. Kth 6 EXPLANATION OF THE PLAT!-.-. PLATE XIII. PUS. Fig. 1. Is a representation of an example of laudable pus formed on a granulating surface on the arm of a child, the consequence of a burn. In this figure, one or two oil globules are likewise introduced. Fig. 2. The same acted on by acetic acid, and showing the compound nuclei. Fii>. 3. Pus corpuscles treated with water, many of them exhibiting but a single nucleus. This example of pus was obtained from a pustule formed around the root of the nail, and induced by a prick received during dissection. Fig. 4. Epithelial scales remarkable for the great size of their nuclei, and obtained from a small pustule situated beneath the nail of one of the fingers, and which pustule was also the result of a prick received in dissecting. Fig. 5. An example of pus obtained from an old scrofulous abscess : the corpuscles in it are seen to be mostly broken up into the primary molecules of which they are constituted. Fig. 6. An example of venereal pus, showing the peculiar animalcules described by Donne. The whole of the figures contained in this and tin- two preceding plates illustrate human micro- scopic anatomy. flate , W, '•; et-Uth, EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. It is to be understood, that all the figures given in the following plates are magnified 670 times, unless when the contrary is stated. PLATE XIV. MILK. Fig. 1. The globules of the healthy milk of a woman. Fig. 2. The globules contained in impoverished human milk, which are seen to be smaller in size and fewer in number than in ordinary milk. Fig. 3. An example of colostrum, on the first day, obtained from a young woman aged 19, delivered of her first child, and showing the size and arrangement of the ordinary milk globules, as well as the structure and appearance of the peculiar colostrum corpuscles. Fig. 4. The same colostrum of the same age, containing a greater number of the colostrum corpuscles. Fig. 5. The same colostrum, on the same day, exhibiting the great size of the cream globules, which appear frequently to present rather the aspect of oil than that of true milk globules. Fig. 6. The milk globules aggregated into masses, as occurs in cases of engorgement of the breast. Flafc EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XV. MILK. Fig. 1. All example of pus in the milk of woman. Fig. 2. The same of the blood corpuscles in human milk. Fig. 3. The appearance of the milk after treatment by ether. Fig. 4. The same after the application of acetic acid. Fig. 5. Caseine precipitated from the filtered serum by acetic acid. Fig. 6. A specimen of the milk of the cow in which adulteration with starch was revealed by treatment with the iodide of potassium. For many of the examples of human milk upon which my observations were made, and from which several of the figures were prepared, I am indebted to the kindness of Dr. Robert Barnes, District Surgeon to the Queen Adelaide Lying-in Hospital. Slant EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XVI. SEMEN. Fig. 1. The spermatic animalcules and " seminal granules " contained in the human semen as ejaculated, mag- nified 900 diameters, and to which are added several spermatophori magnified to the same extent, and introduced to render the representation of the de- velopment of the spermatozoa of man more com- plete. The larger seminal granules mostly contained a single distinct nucleus, which renders it probable that they are spermatophori in progress of develop- ment. Fig. 2. Represents the several stages of evolution of the spermatic animalcules of certhia familiaris (common creeper) ; /, an adult spermatozoon taken from the orifice of the vas deferens ; a, seminal granule pro- cured from a very collapsed testicle in the winter season ; b to k, spermatophori in different stages of development taken from a testicle in summer, during turgescence. This figure is copied from Wagner's Elements of Special Physiology. k 2 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. The figures contained in this and the following plate are magnified 130 diameters. PLATE XVIII. FAT. Fig. 1. A portion of the great omentum of a child aged seven years. The fat cells are seen to be small, perfectly globular, and aggregated into clusters, which lie near to and in the course of the blood- vessels. Fig. 2. A portion of the fat of an adult taken from over the gluteus muscle. The fat cells in it are observed to be of larger size, and many of them are poly- hedral ; these cells are also seen to be held in union by an enclosing membrane of cellular tissue. TlaU tt iO-llt*; del et hth Stnnnnrd,JkC0 imp EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XIX. FAT. Fig. 1. Fat vesicles of the pig, in which the appearance of a nucleus was produced by moderate compression be- tween two plates of glass. Fig. 2. The fat vesicles of the pig ruptured by compression between two plates of glass : the contents of the cells are seen escaping from their enclosing mem- branes. Fig. 3. Fat cells, forming part of the marrow contained in the femur of a child aged about ten years ; in these a large nucleus-like body is visible, the formation of which probably depended upon a change in the condition of the contents of the cells induced by decomposition. Fig. 4. The same cells in a further stage of decomposition : the membranes of the cells have become ruptured, and are clearly seen broken and empty, lying beside their escaped contents, which either become broken up and assume the form of drops of oil of different sizes, or remain entire, in which case they fre- quently exhibit the crystalline appearance por- trayed in figure 5. Fig. 5. Human fat vesicles, on the surface of which crystals, supposed to be those of margaric acid, radiating from a centre, have appeared ; their presence is to be regarded as an indication that decomposition has begun to affect the contents of the cells. Fig. 6. Fat cells, contained in a small melicerous tumour removed from over the nasal bones, in all of which a nucleus-like body was clearly visible. The tumour from which the figure was taken O was kindly forwarded for examination by Mr. Ransom, of the University College Hospital. m FlattJUX. Z titter, del. (*(il/!,. imp. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. The figures in this plate are magnified to the same extent as those of most of the plates illustrating the work, viz. 670 diameters. PLATE XX. Fig. 1. Buccal epithelial cells in different stages of deve- lopment, from their earliest condition, in which they bear the form of mucous corpuscles, to their fully developed state. For a representation of the epithelial cells of the vagina and ossophagus, see Plate XII. Jigs. 1 and 2. 2. Cylindrical or cuneiform epithelial cells taken from the duodenum of a child seven days old : those of the adult are in every respect identical ; the group of angular cells at the inferior part of the figure represents the summits of the cuneiform epithe- lial cells. note. JCT U- Miller, diletlifh JtanardtCe. imp EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XXI. Fig. 1. Ciliary epithelium from the trachea of the frog ; it will be seen that the form of the cells is very dif- ferent from that of mammalia. Fig. 2. Human ciliary epithelium contained in the fluid ex- pressed from a portion of lung taken from its ex- treme periphery, and apparently consisting of air- cells alone. It is mixed up with cells of tesselated epithelium. Fig. 3. Human ciliary epithelium from the trachea ; both side and end views of the cells are given. Fig. 4. Tesselated epithelium from the tongue of the frog. Fig. 5. Tesselated epithelium from the tongue of the Triton : the nuclei are seen to be very large, their great size affording an illustration of the law which has already been announced, viz. that all the corpuscular ele- ments of the animal organisation, whether those of the epithelium, the glands, cartilages or muscles stand in relation with the dimensions of the blood discs ; where these are large, the other corpuscles are formed on a similar relative scale. It is probable that the law admits of extension, and that all the elements of the animal structure bear a relation in size to the red blood discs. Mr. John Quekett made the interesting observ- ation, some time since, that the relative size of the lacuna? of bone corresponded with that of the blood corpuscles, a further illustration of the accuracy of the law referred to. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, Wishing to test the truth of this law in as satis- factory and conclusive a manner as possible, I applied to Professor Owen for a specimen of the Siren or Proteus, animals remarkable for the dimen- sions of their blood discs, and that gentleman kindly placed at my disposal an example of the Meno- branchus lateralis, a member of the same peren- nibranchiate group, and the blood corpuscles of which " are rather larger than those of the Proteus, but not so large as those of the Siren." In this animal I found, as I had anticipated, that the soundness of the law was fully maintained. The law announced would doubtless be cited by those physiologists who entertain the idea that all the corpuscular elements of the animal fabric proceed from the red blood disc, as a proof of the truth of their theory, against which, however, I conceive that sound and conclusive arguments may be urged. itletlOk EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XXII. All the figures in this plate are human. Fig. 1. Tesselated epithelium from the serous coat of the liver ; from some of the cells the nuclei have escaped. Fig. 2. Ditto from the choroid plexus ; the spines described by Henle as proceeding from the angles of the cells must be of unusual occurrence, as I have never yet seen them. Fig. 3. Ditto from the vena cava inferior in different stages of development, from the white corpuscle of the blood upwards. Fig. 4. Ditto of the arch of the aorta ; some of the cells are seen to have lost their nuclei. Fig. 5. Ditto from the surface of the uterus of a woman who died suddenly during lactation. Fig. 6. Ditto from the internal surface of the pericardium. TMeJM EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XXIII. The figures in this plate are human, and are magnified 1 30 diameters. Fig. 1. Upper surface of epidermis, raised by means of a blister from over the region of the heart of a woman : it exhibits the cellular constitution of the epidermis, the papillae and apertures of the sebaceous and sudoriferous glands. Fig. 2. The under surface of the same, exhibiting the infun- dibuliform processes of the epidermis sent down to the sebaceous and sudoriferous glands. *r 2 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XXIV. STRUCTURE OF EPIDERMIS. Fig. 1. A portion of the epidermis of the palm of the hand, magnified with a simple lens, showing the direction of the ruga3 in that situation, and the arrangement of the apertures of the sudoriferous glands. Each of the ridges figured is made up of square compart- ments, the divisional lines of which run at right angles to the ridges, passing across the apertures referred to. These several compartments again are indented on their under surface with the papilla? of the sensitive skin. Fig. 2. A portion of the same magnified 100 diameters. Fig. 3. A transverse section of the ridges of the epidermis of the palm of the hand, showing a side view of the apertures of the sudoriferous glands, their spiral ducts, the thickness of the epidermis in the situa- tion mentioned, its composition of superimposed layers of cells, and its mode of connexion with the true skin. Fig. 4. A longitudinal section of one of the ridges magnified to the same extent as the previous figure, viz. 100 diameters : in this the composition of the thickened epidermis of adherent layers of cells is better seen, and the difference in the form of the superficial and deeper seated cells may also be observed. Fig. 5. A portion of the epidermis removed from the back and outer part of the hand, showing the, disposition of the folds in that situation, the arrangement of the papillae, the disposition of the hair follicles and EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. hairs, and the apertures of the sudoriferous and sebaceous glands. .Magnified with a simple lens. Fig. 6. A piece of the same magnified 100 diameters, show- ing that each line is a furrow or groove, a provision which allows of a very great extension of the epi- dermis. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XXV. STKUCTUKE OF NAILS. Fig. 1. A longitudinal section of the nail of the middle finger magnified 130 diameters, showing the direc- tion of the striae or laminae of cells of which the nail is composed, and which usually pass from above downwards and forwards. In the section shown in the figure, the obliquity of the striae is but slight ; the under surface of the nail is distin- guished from the upper by its smooth outline. Fig. 2. The same, in which the striae are disposed more ob- liquely, but in a contrary and unusual direction; viz. from above downwards and backwards. Fig. 3. Other longitudinal sections, in one of which the striae run, almost vertically. Fig. 4. A transverse section of nail magnified to the same extent as the former figures ; in it the striae are parallel to the surface, and are less strongly marked. Fig. 5. The detached cells of which the superimposed layers of nails are composed ; the smaller cells are mag- nified 130 diameters, the larger 670. Fig. 4. Plate XXVI. represents the peculiar and beautiful manner in which the nail and the papillary layer of the true skin are united. n 2 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Fig. 4. A transverse section of the nail of the middle toe of an adult magnified 100 diameters, showing its lamellated structure, and the mode of its connexion with the papillary layer of the dermis by mutually interlocking processes. This mode of union is ex- cessively firm, and is precisely that employed by carpenters, and known by the appellation of " dove- tailing." Fig. 5. A portion of epidermis removed from the back of the neck by means of a blister, and magnified 670 diameters. The younger cells are seen to be filled with a straw-coloured fluid, the serum extracted through the agency of the vesicant. Fig. 6. A. Some detached cells of epidermis, obtained by scraping the sole of the foot, magnified 670 diameters. Cells in a similar state exist beneath the nails, around the nipple, and on the surface of the body of new-born children where the creamy scum formed by them and intermingled with fatty matter poured out by the sebacious glands has been named Vernix caseosa. (See C.) — B. Cells of some mag- nified 130 diameters. — D. Cells of epithelium from the mouth of the Menobranchus lateralis : they are introduced for the purpose of showing the accuracy of the law of the relation in size of the several elements entering into the composition of the animal frame. — E. Two or three epithelial cells of the lateral ventricles of the brain. I have recently as- certained that the epithelium of the frontal sinuses is as stated, ciliated. I cannot help suspecting, however, that it is not in all cases so. No amount of care has succeeded in the detection of ciliary epithelium in the ventricles of the brain. The epi- dermis of tritons and frogs consists of hexagonal, translucent, and adherent cells, containing distinct granular nuclei. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XXVI. STRUCTURE OF EPIDERMIS, &C. Fig. 1. A portion of epidermis taken from the back and outer part of the hand, magnified 100 diameters, and viewed on its upper surface, showing the elevations by which it is marked, and which are produced by the papilla? of the true skin. Fig. 2. The same viewed on the under surface, showing the depressions occasioned by the papilla?. The number of apertures of the ducts of the sudoriferous and sebacious glands is, in reference to that of the papilla?, about one of the former to six or seven of the latter. Fig. 3. A portion of epidermis magnified 100 diameters, removed from over the pubis of a woman, and dis- playing the apertures of the hair follicles, and the manner in which the hairs issue from them. Some of the follicles contain but a single hair, others two or even three : it is probable that this last is the normal number of hairs enclosed in each follicle wherever situated, but which in the adult is not generally encountered in consequence of the con- tinual removal to which hairs are subject. It is about the apertures of the hair follicles that the scurf is formed, and concerning which a very erro- neous notion prevails, viz, that it is constituted of desquimated epidermis. Scurf does not in the least exhibit the structure of epidermis, but simply consists of the inspissated secretion of the sebacious glands, and many of which, opening into the hair follicles, account for its collection around their orifices. , • I '••£11 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XXVII. PIGMENT CELLS. Fig. 1. Pigment cells and granules taken from off the inner surface of the choroid membrane of the human eye, magnified 670 diameters. Fig. 2. The pigment cells of the inner surface of the choroid of the eye of the pig, magnified 350 diameters. Fig. 3. Displays the linear and branched disposition of the stelliform pigment cells of the lamina fusca of the eye of the pig. A similar disposition of these cells also exists in the human eye, but in light-coloured eyes is not strongly marked: the branches com- mence on the posterior part of the lamina, mis- called fusca, since in some instances it is jetty black, are at first thick and closely arranged ; as they ap- proach the anterior part of the eye, however, they diminish in size, and are separated by distinct in- tervals. This figure is magnified 100 diameters. Fig. 4. A. Human stelliform pigment cells of the eye, mag- nified 350 diameters. B. Pigment cells of the skin of the negro enlarged 670 diameters, c. Pig- ment cells from the lungs magnified to the same extent. Fig. 5. A portion of the epidermis of the negro magnified 350 diameters, and, viewed on its under surface, the pigment cells are seen to be collected prin- cipally in the furrows which exist between the papillae, the depressions produced by which are also represented in the figure. Fig. 6. A portion of the epidermis removed from the areola around the nipple of a woman recently delivered, and also viewed upon its under surface. It is seen EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. to differ solely from the epidermis of the negro in the smaller number of pigment cells contained in it. Ols. Pigment cells and granules frequently exist in the fibres of the external surface of the sclerotic of some ani- mals, as the. pig ; and it is probable that in some instances they may be found in those of the eye of man. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XXVIII. STRUCTURE OF HAIR. Fig. 1. shows the structure and depth of implantation of the entire root of a hair of the scalp, magnified 130 diameters : it displays the two sheaths which in- clude the stem, and its dilated extremity, the bulb, and which is seen to rest upon a distinct cellular vesicle ; the outer sheath completely surrounds the base of the hair, and cuts it off from all direct vascular supply ; the vessels, however, which nourish the hair are seen to ramify on the external surface of this sheath, which is also observed to be surrounded by fat vesicles, the root having passed through the thickness of the skin and imbedded itself in the subcutaneous and fatty cellular tissue. Fig. 2. The root of a grey hair forcibly removed from the scalp ; in this the outer sheath is seen to be broken off just above the place at which the stem begins to dilate into the bulb ; a similar rupture almost invariably occurs in the outer sheath of all hairs, whether coloured or uncoloured, which are forcibly uprooted. The contrast between the coloured and the uncoloured hair is striking. Fig. 3. The cells of which the outer sheath is composed : magnified 670 diameters. Fig. 4. A portion of the inner sheath seen on its inner sur- face, and magnified 350 diameters ; this is lined with a layer of elongated and nucleated cells ; the outer portion of this sheath is distinctly fibrous, the fibres being formed out of the cells, the nuclei of which become absorbed : the inner surface also ex- hibits transverse markings, the impressions of the scales of the stem of the hair. Fig. 5. Some of the pigment cells, of a multitude of which the bulb of the hair is composed : magnified 670 diameters. nm EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XXIX. STRUCTURE OF HAIR. Fig. 1. A portion of the stem of a grey hair of the scalp, magnified 350 diameters, showing the medullary canal, the fibres of the stem, and the outer imbri- cated scales. Figs. 2, 3. Transverse sections of hairs of the beard : mag- nified 130 diameters. Fig. 4. The fibres of the stem of a hair : magnified 670 dia- meters. It is most probable that these fibres originate in the same way as those of the inner sheath, viz. in nucleated cells. Figs. 5, 6, 7. Apices of hairs : figs. 6. and 7. represent, the points of two hairs of the scalp, magnified 350 dia- meters ; and fig. 5. that of one of the perineum. All hairs taken from this region, as well as those of the axilla, present similar obtuse extremities, which probably result from the constant friction to which they are subject in those situations. Figs. 8, 9. represent the roots of two hairs of the scalp removed with the comb ; the sheaths, vesicle, and lower portion of the bulb having remained behind. All hairs removed with the comb and brush pre- sent the same appearances, that of fig. 8. being by far the most common form: magnified 130 dia^ meters. Fig. 10. A hair from the whisker, magnified 130 diameters, and containing two medullary canals. a» HIX. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XXX. STRUCTURE OF CARTILAGE. Fig. 1. A transverse section of the cartilage of a rib, mag- nified 350 diameters, showing the perichondrium and the compressed cells of the margin of the cartilage. It is most probable that it is in the space between the perichondrium and the external surface of the rib that the chief development of new cells takes place. Fig. 2. A transverse section of the same, showing the parent cells, which are situated more deeply in the car- tilage of the rib. Fig. 3. A vertical section of the articular cartilage of the head of the first phalanx of the second finger, in- cluding also a portion of the bone, the cancelli of which contain numerous bone cells, and the spaces between which are filled with fat vesicles : magni- fied 130 diameters. Fig. 4. A vertical section of the outer part of an inter- vertebral cartilage, including a portion of the bone. But few corpuscles, and these for the most part calcified, occur in the outer part of these carti- lages : the medullary cells of the bone are seen to be filled with fat vesicles, granular nucleated cells, and effused blood corpuscles. It sometimes hap- pens that a layer of true articular cartilage is formed on the surface of the bone, and then the fibres of the fibro-cartilage take their origin from it, and not from the bone itself: 80 diameters. p I * \ EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XXXI. STRUCTURE OF CARTILAGE. Fig. 1. A thin transverse section of the cartilage of the concha of the ear : magnified 350 diameters. Fig. 2. The cells of the centre of an intervertebral car- tilage in the different stages of their develop- ment. Fig. 3. A longitudinal section of the cartilage and bone of the rib of an adult, showing the mode of union between* the two: magnified 130 diameters. Fig. 4. A transverse section of one of the rings of the trachea ; in these the cells are so closely aggre- gated that but little room is left between them for intercellular substance : 350 diameters. Fig. 5. A transverse section of the thyroid cartilage of a young man eighteen years of age, in which fibres analogous to those of the fibro-cartilages have made their appearance : 130 diameters. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XXXII. STRUCTURE OF BONE. Fig. 1. A transverse section of ulna, magnified 60 diameters, showing the Haversian canals, the difference in the size of those situated on the outer and inner por- tions of the section, the systems of the lamellae by which each canal is surrounded, and the bone cells placed between the lamellae. Fig. 2. Cross section of Haversian canals, magnified 220 diameters, showing the lamellae and the bone cells with their anastamosing canaliculi more distinctly. Fig. 3. The same, still more highly magnified, viz. 670 diameters. Fig. 4. Longitudinal section of long bone, magnified about 40 diameters, showing the Haversian canals, seen lengthways, the direction of the lamellae and the bone cells. /////>. ill// EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XXXIII. STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF BONE. Fig. 1. Parietal bone of human foetus, aged about two months, magnified 30 diameters. Fig. 2. A portion of same, magnified 60 diameters, showing . the bone cells in process of development, some of which are seen lying loose in the spaces between the speculae, and which were destined, eventually, to become included in the ossific deposition. Eig. 3. Speculae of bone of a foetal humerus, showing the gradual deposition of the bony matter in the meshes of fibrous tissue, and altogether independently of cartilage, magnified 350 diameters. Fig. 4. Lamina of a long bone, magnified 500 diameters, drawn from a preparation kindly placed at the author's disposal by Dr. Sharpey, by whom the structure figured was first described. Fig. 5. Cancelli of one of the long bones of a human foetus, magnified 350 diameters, showing the vast numbers of granular corpuscles which the medullary cells of bone of every age contain, but which are especially abundant in foetal bones ; the larger cells are mag- nified 750 diameters. Fig. 6. Cross section of the femur of a pigeon fed for 24 hours upon madder. This drawing was made from a beautiful preparation belonging to Mr. Tomes, and lent me by that gentleman. Magnified 220 diameters. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XXXIV. DEVELOPMENT OF BONE* Fig. 1. Longitudinal section of the epiphysis and a portion of the shaft of a foetal femur at the ninth month, magnified 100 diameters, and showing the colum- nar arrangement of the cartilage cells, together with the increased size of the lower cells, and the invading spiculae of the newly formed bone. Fig. 2. Transverse section of primary cancelli, magnified 350 diameters, showing the included nuclei of car- tilage cells contained in the medullary cells or spaces. Fig. 3. Transverse section of primary cancelli, magnified to the same extent as the last figure, in a more ad- vanced stage of their formation, many' of the first formed cancelli or septa having been absorbed as well as the cell wall of the cartilage corpuscles themselves. Fig. 4. Longitudinal section of the epiphysis and a portion of the shaft of a foetal femur at the ninth month, magnified 350 diameters. I v CF, f r.r u ^' ';'-;l- - EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XXXY. DEVELOPMENT OF BONE. Fig. 1. A transverse section of the cartilaginous epiphysis of the lower end of humerus, magnified 30 dia- meters, showing the apertures of the canals by which it is traversed. Fig. 2. The same in connection with the bone : in this figure it will be observed that there are fewer canals, that these are of larger calibre, and that the cartilage cells are disposed around them in a radiate manner in groups. Fig. 3. One of the apertures of the canal more highly mag- nified, 330 diameters, showing more clearly the arrangement of the cells around it, the contents of the canal being granular corpuscles and blood- vessels, as well as the fact that the intercellular spaces nearest to the opening are the last to be- come converted into bone : in most of the me- dullary spaces of the second tier the granular corpuscles have already made their appearance, the cartilage cells having been removed by absorption. Fig. 4. The blood-vessels of the medullary cells of a young bone near the epiphysis injected. For the speci- men from which this figure was drawn I am in- debted to the kindness of Mr. Quekett of the Royal College of Surgeons. Fig. ,"). Transverse section of the shaft of a foetal long bone, displaying the fact that in foetal bones there are no llaversian canals, such entirely consisting of me- dullary EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Fig. 6. Transverse section of the rib of an adult, magnified 130 diameters, passing obliquely through the junc- tion of the cartilage with the bone : in the upper part of the figure the cancelli are seen, including the terminal portions of the lowest tier of cartilage cells. - h,A< • • EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XXXVI, STRUCTURE OF TEETH. Fig. 1. Vertical section of incisor tooth magnified with a lens only, and showing the three constituents of which every human tooth is composed, viz., supe- riorly the enamel, inferiorly the cementum, and in the centre the dentine, traversed in the midst by the medullary cavity. 2. Tubes of the dentine, showing their ordinary mode of termination in connection with the cementum3 magnified 670 diameters. 3. A not unfrequent condition of the tubes of the den- tine, showing their repeated division, and their con- nection with bone cells near their termination. 670 diameters. 4. Tubes of the dentine near their commencement from the pulp cavity seen lengthways : one of the tubes may be observed to divide in a dichotomous man- ner. 670 diameters. 5. Oblique section of tubes of the dentine. 6. Transverse section of ditto. 7. Displays the breaking up of the tubes of the dentine into bone cells: this occurs principally near the terminations of those tubes which pass towards the cementum, and not of those which run towards the enamel: this condition does not present itself in every tooth. 670 diameters. 8. Tubes of the dentine midway between their origin and their termination, dilated into bone cells. 670 diameters. This figure is taken from a specimen kindly lent me by Mr. Tomes. .% ;« EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XXXYI1. STRUCTURE OF TEETH. Fig. 1. Section of cementum magnified 670 diameters; in- ternally, but really near the outer margin of the cementum, some imperfectly developed bone cells may be observed, each surrounded by a clear space, having some resemblance to a cell wall ; externally, and bordering upon the dentine, a closely aggre- gated layer of still more imperfectly formed bone cells are seen. 2. Section of same traversed by tubes, continuations of those of the dentine. 670 diameters. 3. Section of cementum, showing a number of small angular cells, and which may frequently be ob- served in that portion of the cementum which lies near to the dentine. 4. Oblique section of healthy dentine, over the surface of which a fungus has developed itself. It is no un- common circumstance to meet with sections thus completely invested with a similar fungus ; I have seen several such. 670 diameters. 5. Oblique section of dentine, in which numerous bright globules, having a resemblance to oil globules, are observed to be present. 350 diameters. 6. Section of secondary dentine, and which also contains haversian canals. This drawing was made from a preparation belonging to Mr. Tomes. 350 diameters. 7. Transverse section of bicuspid tooth, showing the presence of an haversian canal in the cementum, magnified with a leris only. This drawing has also been made from an interesting preparation, the pro- perty of Mr. Tomes. r 2 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XXXIX. STRUCTURE OF TENDONS, TEETH, AND FIBROUS TISSUE. Fig. 1. Longitudinal section of a tendon, showing the pre- sence in it of nucleated fibres of elastic tissue ; these are best seen after the application of acetic acid, but may be clearly recognised without the employ- ment of that re-agent. 670 diameters. 2. Transverse section of same, from which it becomes evident that the fibres are branched. 3. Vertical section of enamel, magnified 220 diameters. The enamel cells thus lowly magnified give the section a fibrous appearance. 4. A portion of enamel magnified 670 diameters, and showing the enamel cells still more clearly. 5. Transverse section of enamel, showing the hexagonal form of the enamel cells. 6. Inelastic fibrous tissue magnified 670 diameters. 7. Mixed fibrous tissue : the threads of the elastic fibrous tissue may be recognised by their tortuous course and more defined outline. r3 3 ' -t ikA=, •5 : " ' " -j • tew' . EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XL. STRUCTURE OF FIBROUS TISSUE. Fig. 1. Example of elastic fibrous tissue in its ordinary form, taken from the crico-thyroid membrane, and magnified 670 diameters. 2. Form of elastic tissue, constituting the elastic coat of many blood-vessels of medium calibre. 670 di- ameters. 3. This figure illustrates various stages in the develop- ment of blood vessels. At first a transparent and tubular membrane is surrounded by a single coil of elastic tissue, subsequently other coils and filaments appear, the filaments principally take a longitudinal direction on the tubular membrane, but some also pass circularly around this ; these threads- are nu- cleated, and belong to the second form of elastic tissue, and which is elsewhere encountered in the human organisation, as in tendons, the dartos, &c. 350 diameters. In h the threads are shown sepa- rately. 4. A peculiar areolar form of mixed fibrous tissue mag- nified 130 diameters, and principally encountered in the great omentum. 5. Blood vessels from the pia mater. All the smaller vessels present a similar structure, their coats being formed of nucleated filaments of elastic tissue. 350 diameters. r 4 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES! PLATE XLI. STRUCTURE OF MUSCLE. Fig. 1. A portion of the surface of a striped muscle mag- nified about 60 diameters, showing the distribution of the blood vessels and fat globules. 2. A fragment of unstriped muscle ; the fibres, with their nuclei, in one half of the figure are less dis- tinct than in the other, the filaments in the second half having been submitted to the action of acetic acid. 670 diameters. 3. Muscular fibrillse of the heart ; previous to the ac- tion of acetic acid they are observed to be trans- versely striped ; this re-agent however obliterates the stripes and reduces the fibrillae to the same condition as those of unstriped muscle. 670 dia- meters. 4. A fragment of a muscle of the frog, showing the distribution of the capillary vessels and nerves ; the tubules of these last are observed to terminate In ganglion-like bodies situated between the mus- cular fibrillae. 350 diameters. iith EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XLIL STRUCTURE OF MUSCLE. Fig. 1. Muscular fibres and fibrillae of a voluntary muscle; in one of the fibres the fibrillae have given way, thus allowing the sarcolemma to become apparent. This figure, as well as most of the remaining figures on this plate, are all magnified about 350 diameters. 2. Voluntary muscular fibres acted upon by acetic acid, which brings clearly into view a number of granular nuclei ; these nuclei are contained in the fibrilla?, many of which are unstriped, and two of which are represented in the figure separately. 3. This figure represents particulars in reference to muscular contraction ; in a, a fibre is shown which has been placed upon the stretch, the striae in it are observed to be somewhat distant, b represents the same fibre in a state of normal and ordinary contraction, the diameter of the fibre is seen to be much greater and the striae closer, c, the torn ex- tremity of a fibre immersed in water prior to the total extinction of its irritability, and which is ob- served to be very greatly contracted ; the difference of distance between the striae in the contracted and uncontracted portions of the fibre is very re- markable, d, a fibre which still retained its irrita- bility immersed in water ; this has caused the fibre to curl up, to become irregular and undulated ; the transverse strise have disappeared, the longitudinal markings at the same time being more apparent ; in e the extremity only of the fibre has been im- mersed in water. 4. Shows the great variety in the size of the fibres of a muscle, the form of the extremities of the fibres, and the mode of union between these and the tendon. 130 diameters. 5. Transverse section of muscular fibres and intervening capillaries. m *• ^ • I I EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. the ridges are marked out into quadrangular spaces, each of which corresponds with a division of the fibrillaa themselves. Now this form of the surface of a striped fibre is especially interesting from the fact of its enabling us to afford a satisfactory ex- planation of the nature of the stria3 themselves. The most recent explanation given of the formation of the striae of the voluntary muscular fibre, and which has been generally adopted, is, that it depends upon the circumstance that the lines on the fibrilke are placed so as exactly to correspond with each other, and that thus a number of smaller lines con- cur to form a larger one, the stria of the entire fibre. Such an exact arrangement of the lines on the fibrillae there is little doubt does really exist, but it is yet insufficient to explain all the characters presented by the muscular stria?. Thus, although the strias are usually strongly marked and broad, yet they have no certain characteristics, either as to position or appearance. In what way then is the muscular stria produced ? A careful examina- tion of a recent muscular fibre with an object glass of the one-eighth of an inch focus will satisfy the observer, that the muscular stria is not a thing of shape and substance itself, but a mere shadow, caused by the ridges into which the surface of the fibre is raised, and which sometimes falls on one side the ridge, sometimes on the other, and frequently in the groove which runs between the ridges, according to the direction of the light, and the focus in which the object is viewed. Of the correctness of this explanation it does not appear to me that there can be a shadow of doubt. — __ - \ '&& • 4* j (frfflE/ JH& EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XLIV. STRUCTURE OF NERVES. Fig. 1. Tubes of a motor nerve. The space between the two lines on each margin indicates the thickness of the white substance of Schwann. The waved tube represents the appearance presented by the nervous tubules, when separated from each other in water. 670 diameters. 2. The same in spirit, showing the nucleated threads of which the neurolemma is made up. 3. The same in acetic acid, which breaks up the semi- fluid contents of the tubes into globules resembling those of oil. 4. Portions of Casserian ganglia magnified 350 dia- meters* In one of the figures the ganglion cor- puscles are naked ; in the other they are invested with a nucleated capsule. 5. Nerve tubes of the white substance of the cerebellum mixed up with the clear cells described in the text as forming a considerable portion of the white sub- stance of the cerebrum, cerebellum, spinal marrow, and nerves of special sense. 6. Nerve tubes of the white substance of one of the hemispheres of the cerebrum, mixed up with the peculiar cells already referred to. 7. Tubes of the cerebrum in a varicose condition. ,1 /. /! - P 01 ip I IV. Slannard, imp. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. The majority of the figures in the following Plates were made with the assistance of the Camera Lucida, and the same instrument will be em- ployed in the delineation of all future figures wherever practicable. PLATE XLV. Fig. 1. Filaments of the Great Sympathetic magnified 670 diameters. Fig. 2. Cells of the grey matter of the Cerebellum, outer stratum. Fig. 3. Ditto, inner stratum. Fig. 4. Caudate ganglionary cells from the grey matter of the Spinal Cord, Medulla Oblongata, and Cerebellum, magnified 350 diameters. Those from the first locality are distinguished from the rest by their larger size ; those from the second situation by their smallness and elongated form, and the cells from the cerebellum by their intermediate size and flask shape. Fig. 5. Caudate ganglionary cells from the Locus Niger of the Cms Cerebelli, 350 diameters. Fig. 6. Minute caudate cells from the Hippocampus major, 350 diameters. Fig. 7. Ditto, from the Locus Niger of Crus Cerebri, 350 diameters. i G SWlemdrd hrh. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XL VI Fig. 1. Pacinian corpuscles attached to the cutaneous nerves of the palm of the hand. Natural size. After Todd and Bowman. Fig. 2. Pacinian corpuscles magnified 60 diameters. Fig. 3. A single Pacinian body more highly magnified, viz. 100 diameters. Fig. 4. An anomalous Pacinian body from the mesentery of the cat. After Todd and Bowman. Fig. 5. Two other anomalous Pacinian bodies from the same animal. The latter reduced from Henle and K6L- liker. Fig. 6. Ganglionary cells from the Corpus Dentatum of the Cerebellum, 350 diameters. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XL VII. Fig. 1. The pleural surface of a portion of Lung magnified 30 diameters. This figure conveys an accurate idea of the form and great abundance of the air cells. Fig. 2. Pleural surface of a section of Lung showing the dis- tribution of the vessels of the first of the three orders of sizes mentioned in the text. Fig. 3. Ditto of Lung magnified 100 diameters. The vessels in this are not injected, but are represented as they appeared in a section which had become slightly dried. : WLamt' Stu.nnas-d,t Cf imp EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XL VIII. Fig. 1 . A section of Lung from "beneath the pleural surface magnified 100 diameters, injected with tallow Fig. 2. Casts or models of the Air Cells magnified 350 dia- meters, representing the variety in size and form of these cells as well as the shape and number of the openings of communication. Fig. 3. Deep section of Lung injected with size : the majority of the cells are observed to be filled with the casts tipped with colouring matter : other cells may also be seen without casts : these have evidently been cut across, exposing to view the ciliated epithelium which lines them. nw 1 r / y Rfj5 ' ^ X ^ . ' / '" EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XLIX. Fig. 1. A portion of the pleural surface of the human lung, with the vessels of the second order injected. Magnified 100 diameters. Fig. 2. A section of the human lung, showing the natural appearance and form of the air cells as seen with- out injection, also exhibiting numerous particles of the conoidal ciliated epithelium which lines them. Fig. 3. Capillaries of the human lung. Magnified 100 dia- meters. The drawing was made from a very beau- tiful preparation injected by Mr. Quekett. iPf ¥ • EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE L. Fig. 1. Follicles of the stomach as they appear when lined with conoidal epithelium. 100 diameters. Fig. 2. Ditto of large intestine in a similar condition. Fig. 3. Cross section of stomach tubes, magnified 100 dia- meters. The tubes are parcelled uot into sets only when about to pierce the follicles into which they open ; and it is rare to get a good view of them thus disposed in bundles, each of which corresponds to the base of a follicle. Fig. 4. Longitudinal view of stomach tubes, magnified 220 diameters, showing the spheroidal or glandular epi- thelium with which they are lined, as well as the dilated extremities in which they terminate. Fig. 5. Ditto, magnified 100 diameters. Fig. 6. Follicles of the large intestine without epithelium, and cut off, so as to admit the passage of light through them — when not thus shortened, their apertures appear dark, in consequence of the non- transmission of the light. 60 diameters. Fig. 7. Terminations of the follicles of the large intestine. Magnified 60 diameters. *£? &$8y ^ &£<{£?/ ^ "••'*: if iO Vw ^ <•>-! r/A "Xjf ^ v -5°^ y fe- •. l A- '^>v nJ^^ '•' • ' . , & Co. umr<. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE LI. Fig. 1. Blood vessels of the follicles of the appendix vermi- f or mis injected. Magnified 100 diameters. Fig. 2. Blood vessels of the follicles of the stomach of a cat beautifully injected. The drawing was made from a preparation of Dr. Hanfield Jones. 100 diameters. Fig. 3. Villi of the upper part of the small intestine, mag- nified 60 diameters. Drawing made from a pre- paration of Dr. Jones. Fig. 4. Ditto, from the lower portion of the same. Fig. 5. Ditto of the foal, injected white and red, the arte- ries being red and the veins white. Magnified 60 diameters. Drawing made from a preparation pre- sented by Professor Hyrtle of Prague to the Lon- don Microscopical Society. Fig. 6. Solitary glands of the large intestine in a case of cholera in a child. Magnified with a lens only. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE LII. Fig. 1. Villi, showing the layer of epithelial cells with which they are generally covered, especially during the intervals of digestion. Magnified 100 diameters. Fig. 2. Ditto, uncovered by the layer of epithelium figured in the previous drawing, and showing the lacteals, as well as the granular cells, which the villi always contain, whether in an active or passive condition. Fig. 3. Peyer's Glands in the cat. Magnified 20 diameters. The vessels in the villi, between the glands, are in- jected ; but those of the glands themselves are not vso, and this accounts for their being uncoloured. Fig. 4. Vertical section of the mucous membrane of the ileum of the cat, showing the flask-like form of Peyer's Glands. No essential difference exists be- tween these glands, as they occur in most of the Mammalia, and in the human subject. This and the previous drawing were prepared from two very perfect preparations, kindly lent me by Mr. Quekett. Fig. 5. Follicles of Lieburkuhn in the duodenum. Magnified 60 diameters. Fig 6. Solitary glands of the small intestines uninjected, of their natural size, and as they occurred in a case of muco-enterite. PLATE LIII. Fig. 1. A sebaceous gland from the caruncula lachrymalis in the human subject ; the follicles, on closer exami- nation, I find to be provided with minute hairs, similar to those which are present in the sheep and some other animals. Fig. 2. An entire Meibomian gland. Fig. 3. Sebaceous glands in connection with a hair of the scalp. These glands are easily procured still at- tached to the hair follicle, provided the portion of integument from which they are to be obtained be permitted to undergo a slight degree of decom- position. Fig. 4. Illustrations of mucous glands. The centre figure represents a portion of a gland and several of the apertures by which the follicles in the larger mu- cous glands communicate with each other. TLdtlUl EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, PLATE LIV. Fig. 1. A portion of the parotid gland of an embryo of the sheep four inches long, showing it in the very earliest condition of its development in which it can be traced ; the follicles, although arranged in clusters, are yet separate and independent of each other. After Miiller. Magnified 8 diametres. Fig. 2. Shows a further development of the parotid gland in the human subject ; in this figure the follicles are closely aggregated in clusters, each cluster re- presenting a miniature lobule. Fig. 3. A portion of mammary gland filled with milk glo- bules. Fig. 4. A section of liver showing the form of the lobules and the arrangement of the secreting cells. The light spaces in the centre of the lobules indicate the position of the central hepatic veins. Fig. 5. A portion of mammary gland, but slightly magnified. Fig. 6. Ditto, more highly magnified, showing clearly both its small granular secreting cells and the milk glo- bules. - ,1 - '£ -> ^ o o a>>_x •;, -< 51 ij A ' . - o O ^ .-v r\ fV._ _-•: ' " ^ .-• /^f "MflH "« O'Oi _ ___ EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE LV. Fig. 1. A portion of the surface of the liver showing the lobules and the intra-lobular hepatic veins. The injection has filled only the larger vessels, and has scarcely penetrated to the capillaries. Fig. 2. Section of liver in which the hepatic venous system has been very completely injected, and the portal (in yellow) only slightly so. The communication between the vessels of different lobules is also well shown. Drawing made from a preparation of Dr. Hanfield Jones. Fig. 3. Would appear to be a portion of the portal system ; the injection was thrown in from the ductus com- munis choledochus. When introduced in this way, this system always becomes irregularly filled ; and the lobules are not circumscribed as when the in- jection enters directly by the portal vein. Fig. 4, A section of liver in which the interlobular portal vessels are shown. The injection in this case also fills only the principal vessels, and has not ex- tended to the capillaries. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE LVL Fig. 1. A portion of the surface of the liver, in which the portal capillary system has been injected. Fig. 2. Section of liver, in which both the portal vein and the hepatic artery have been injected, the red ves- sels indicating branches of the hepatic artery. The drawing was made from a very perfect in- jection kindly lent me for the purpose by Mr. Quekett. Fig. 3. A portion of the surface of the liver, in which both the hepatic and portal venous systems are well shown, each being distinct. Drawing made from a preparation of Dr, Hanfield Jones. Fig, 4. A section of liver, in which both the portal and he- patic venous systems have been completely injected from the portal vein. m •vslfo '^^mmm n ard fr Co EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE LVIL Fig. 1. A terminal biliary duct, copied from a drawing of Dr. H. Jones. Fig. 2. Secreting cells of the liver. The group lettered a represents the cells in the usual condition in which they are met, when submitted to observation : in b, the cells are gorged with bile, while in c, they con- tain numerous fat or oil globules. Fig. 3. Concretions or calculi from the prostate gland. Fig. 4. a represents an hitherto undescribed form of tubular gland occurring in the region of the human axilla in close connection with the large sudoriferous glands which are there met with. It differs from these last, however, in several particulars, but principally in the smaller calibre of the tubes, and the presence (clearly shown by the action of acetic acid) of innumerable nuclei in the walls of the tubes, and of which these would appear to be principally constituted. In b and c, the differences in the size and structure of the tubes in the two glands are shown. Fig. 5. Ceruminous glands. I cannot detect the slightest difference between these glands and ordinary sudo- riferous glands, with which, it would appear, they must be considered to be identical. I •t . EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, PLATE LVIII. Fig. 1. Tubes of the kidney, showing their general character, and but slightly magnified. Fig. 2. Cross section of the elastic framework in which both the secreting tubes and the Malpighian bodies are enclosed. Fig. 3. Cross section of both the elastic framework and the secreting tubes themselves. Fig. 4. Oblique section of the veins contained in the tubular part of the kidney, showing their arrangement in sets. Fig. 5. The same vessels seen lengthways. Fig. 6. Secreting tubes of the kidney, in different condi- tions : in one the cells are seen to form a regular pavement epithelium ; in a second the central canal, along which the urine, secreted by the Malpighian bodies and cells of the tubes, flows, is shown ; in a third the cells are irregularly disposed, and this is generally found to be the case in the tubes of the central part of the kidney, and when the kidney is not perfectly fresh; in a fourth there are no secreting cells, and the structureless basement membrane of the tubes alone remains. w£ EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE LIX. ^ Fig. 1. Longitudinal section of kidney, showing the corpora Malpighiana. Fig. 2. Uriniferous tubes of a bird (Gallus indicns), showing their pinnatifid arrangement. Drawing made from a preparation of Professor Hyrtl, in the possession of the Microscopical Society of London. Fig. 3. Corpora Malpighiana of the horse. Drawing made from an injected preparation by Professor Hyrtl. Fig. 4. Vessels of the surface of the kidney. The capil- laries are situated in the interstices between the tubes. Fig. 5. A transverse section of the kidney more highly mag- nified, showing the convoluted vessels of the cor- pora Malpighiana, as well as the capillaries which encircle the uriniferous tubes. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, PLATE LX. Fig. 1. Tubes of the testis slightly magnified, showing their general appearance and arrangement. Fig. 2. Uninjected corpora Malpighiana. a is enveloped in its own proper capsule, while in b this has been removed. Additional observations have convinced me that these complicated bodies are invested, in addition to the thick elastic covering spoken of in the text, with an inner and much thinner membrane : and that it is this which is to be regarded as the proper Malpighian capsule. This covering, I conceive, is conveyed to each Mal- pighian body by the afferent artery, from which it is reflected over the Malpighian dilatation and plexus of vessels ; and it may often be seen as a distinct structure partially separated from the other constituents of a Malpighian body. The frame- work of elastic tissue, which invests on every side the tubes and Malpighian bodies, is every- where continuous by its outer surface, that of one tube with that of the neighbouring tubes, and that of the Malpighian body is also continuous with that of the tubes which surround this Mal- pighian body. On the other hand, the proper and thin Malpighian capsule is smooth on its outer sur- face, and not connected by this surface with any other structure, save the afferent and efferent ves- sels along which it is continued. This general continuity of the elastic framework is well shown in Plate LVIII. fig. 2. Fig. 3. A9 a Malpighian body, more highly magnified, dis- playing innumerable small oval and granular cells. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. The majority of these, I am now disposed to think, are contained in the walls of the vessels constituting the Malpighian plexus. The figure b is after Bow- man, and shows the afferent artery and the efferent vein of the Malpighian tuft, also the connection of the tube with the Malpighian body itself; c, loose epithelial cells of the tubes. Fig. 4. Tube of the testis, more highly magnified, displaying the innumerable granular cells which fill the tube as well as the structure of the tube itself. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE LXL Fig. 1. Vessels of thyroid gland. 18 diameters. Fig. 2. Vesicles of slightly enlarged thyroid, viewed with a lens only. Fig. 3. Ditto of same, magnified 40 diameters. Fig. 4. Ditto of same, magnified 67 diameters, showing the fibrous structure of their walls, and their cellular and nuclear contents. Fig. 5. Lobes and vesicles of thyroid, magnified 27 dia- meters, as seen in a gland in its ordinary condi* tion. Fig. 6. Granular nuclei of vesicles of thyroid. Magnified 378 diameters. Fig. 7. Two follicles of thymus gland, magnified 33 dia- meters, showing the plexus of vessels which in- vests them. Fig. 8. A portion of the capsule of thymus, magnified 54 diameters, showing the ternary disposition of the vessels. Fig. 9. Granular nuclei and simple cells with fibrous tissue of thymus. Magnified 378 diameters. Fig. 10. Compound cells of thymus. Magnified 378 diame- ters. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE LXIL Fig. 1. Granular nuclei, blood-vessels, and fibro-elastic tissue of spleen. Magnified 378 diameters. Fig. 2. Plexus of vessels on the surface of supra-renal capsule. Magnified 54 diameters. Fig. 3. A. Tubes of supra-renal capsule. 90 diameters. B. Nuclei, parent cells, and molecules of the same. 378 diameters. Fig. 4. Vessels of the foetal portion of the placenta. Mag- nified 54 diameters. These are seen to terminate in the villi in loops. Fig. 5. Ditto of the supra-renal capsule, showing the plexus on the surface of the organ, the long intertubular vessels, and the central plexus. 90 diameters. r •/,*/,* I J '•'WiSSQS'P'b'' ' i EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE LXIII. Fig. 1. Epidermis of palm of hand, magnified 40 diameters, showing its disposition in ridges, and the apertures of the sudoriferous glands. Fig. 2. Epidermis of the back of the hand, magnified to the same extent, showing its furrows, hairs, and aper- tures of sudoriferous ducts. Fig. 3. Papillae of palm of hand. Magnified 54 diameters. Fig. 4. Ditto of back of hand. Magnified to the same extent. Fig. 5. Epidermis of palm of hand, seen upon its under sur- face, showing pits or depressions for the reception of the papillae, and the ducts of the sudoriferous glands. Magnified 54 diameters. Fig. 6. Epidermis of the back of hand, viewed upon its under surface as a transparent object, and showing de- pressions for the papilla3 and the ducts of the sudo- riferous glands. Magnified 54 diameters. Fig. 7. Blood-vessels of the papillae of the palm of the hand, a single loop corresponds to each papilla. Mag- nified 54 diameters. Fig. 8. Ditto of the back of the hand. Magnified 54 diame- ters. .*: 3 LIII. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE LXIV. Fig. 1. Filiform papillae of the tongue near its centre, with epithelial appendages attached. Magnified 41 dia- meters. Fig. 2. Ditto of same near its apex, with epithelial appendages attached ; these are seen to be much shorter than in the previous case. Magnified 27 diameters. Fig. 3. Ditto near the apex of the tongue, with the epithelium removed, showing their cupped form, and the ar- rangement and number of the secondary papillae around their edges. Magnified 27 diameters. Fig. 4. Ditto near the centre of the tongue, in which situa- tion the secondary papillae are seen to be much longer and more slender than in the previous figure, their apices falling together, and so ob- scuring the excavation in the centre of each filiform papilla. Magnified 31 diameters. Fig. 5. Filiform and fungiform papillae of the tongue, de- prived of their epithelium. The size, form, and structure of the fungiform papillae are well shown, as well as the simple papillae situated in the fossa around the base of one of the fungiform papillae. Magnified 27 diameters. Fig. 6. Filiform papillae ; some deprived of their epithelial processes, others still retaining them. In the centre of the figure two filiform papillae may be seen oc- cupying the position of a fungiform papilla, being situated in a fossa studded with simple papillae, 27 diameters. Fig. 7. The centre of this figure represents a peculiar form of compound papillae, occupying the position of a x 4 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. fungiform papilla, but intermediate in structure between it and a filiform papilla. 27 diameters. Fig. 8. Filiform papillae, showing their tubular form, with the epithelial processes partially removed, and ex- hibiting numerous simple papillae placed between the compound ones. 27 diameters. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE LXV. Fig. 1. Mucous follicles of tongue, from under surface, clothed with their epithelium. Magnified 27 diameters. Fig. 2. Ditto, with the epithelium removed, viewed as trans- parent objects. Magnified 27 diameters. Fig. 3. Ditto, with the epithelium removed, viewed as opaque objects. 27 diameters. Fig. 4. Filiform papillae, still invested with epithelium, from the apex of the tongue near the tip. In this situ- tion the filiform processes are almost entirely ab- sent, and the cupped form of the papillae is well seen. 27 diameters. Fig. 5. Mucous follicles and compound papillae, still invested with epithelium, from the side of the tongue. Mag- nified 20 diameters. These compound papillae ap- proach the fungiform in structure. Fig. 6. A side view of two simple papillae of the tongue par- tially invested with epithelium. 45 diameters. Fig. 7. Ditto of filiform papillae, with epithelium and epi- thelial processes still adherent. 18 diameters. Fig. 8. The same viewed with a lens only. Fig. 9. Side view of compound papillae situated at the sides of the tongue posteriorly to the caliciform papillae : the simple papillae of which they are made up are dilated at the extremities. 20 diameters. Fig. 10. Simple papillae from the under surface of the tongue. Magnified 54 diameters. Fig. 11. Compound and simple papillae from the side of the tongue, but posteriorly to the caliciform papillae. Magnified 23 diameters. Plate, LTI EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE LXVI. Fig. 1. A single caliciform papilla, with the epithelium removed, showing the numerous secondary papillas by which it is covered. 16 diameters. Fig. 2. Ditto, in a similar state, with the vessels of the pa- pillae injected. 16 diameters. Fig. 3. Filiform papilla near the centre of the tongue, with the vessels injected. 27 diameters. Fig. 4. Ditto near the tip of the tongue, also injected. 27 diameters. Fig. 5. Simple papillae, injected. 27 diameters. Fig. 6. A fungiform papilla, injected, surrounded by several filiform papilla, also injected. 27 diameters. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE LXVII. Fig. 1 . Vertical section of cornea, showing the conjunct! val epithelium, the cornea proper, posterior elastic la- mina, and epithelium of the aqueous humour. 54 diameters. Fig. 2. A portion of the vascular layer of the retina, in- jected. From a preparation belonging to Mr. Quekett. 60 diameters. Fig. 3. Section of schlerotic and cornea at the junction of the two parts. In the schlerotic, the spaces between the fibrous tissue are seen to be more or less rounded, while in the cornea they are elongated and tubular. 54 diameters. Fig. 4. Vessels of tunica Ruyschiana, ciliary processes, iris, and membrana pupillaris, injected. From a foetal preparation injected by Mr. Hett. 14 diameters. Fig. 5. Nuclei of the granular layer of the retina. 378 diameters. Fig. 6. Cells of the same. 378 diameters. Fig. 7. Transparent cells of the vesicular layer of the retina. Magnified 378 diameters. Fig. 8. Caudate cells of the retina. 378 diameters. Fig. 9. A portion of the membrana Jacobi. 378 diameters. Fig. 10. Fibres of the crystalline lens, a, magnified 198 dia- meters ; b9 magnified 378 diameters. Fig. 11. Tuberculated condition of the posterior elastic la- mina, as seen near its margin. 78 diameters. Fig. 12. Peculiar markings on posterior elastic lamina. Mag- nified 78 diameters. Fig. 13. Surface of crystalline lens of the sheep, slightly magnified, showing the three radii, and the course of the fibres. Fig. 14. Fibres of the lens near its centre, where they are much smaller than on the surface. 198 diameters. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE LXVIII. Fig. 1. Globe of the eye of the sheep, magnified 3 dia- meters. The schlerotic being removed, the choroid is seen, as well as the disposition of the stellate pigment cells, which lie in the intervals between the venae vorticosae, and which consequently follow a similar disposition. Fig. 2. The same, showing the venae vorticosae injected. Magnified 3 diameters. Fig. 3. Conjunctival epithelium, oblique view of, 378 dia- meters. Fig, 4. A portion of the ciliary muscle. 198 diameters. Fig. 5. Conjunctival epithelium, front view of. 379 dia- meters. Fig. 6. Gelatinous nerve fibres of retina. 378 diameters. Fig. 7. Cellated structure of the vitreous body. 70 dia- meters. Fig. 8. Elastic fibres lying on the anterior surface of the posterior elastic lamina. 70 diameters. Fig. 9. A portion of iris, showing its blood-vessels and muscular fibrillae. 70 diameters. Fig. 10. Epithelium of the crystalline lens. 198 diameters. Fig. 11. Ditto of the aqueous humour. 198 diameters. Fig. 12. Cells of the hexagonal epithelium of the choroid. Magnified 378 diameters. Fig. 13. Cells and fibres of the stellate pigment of the choroid. 378 diameters. Fig. 14. Irregular pigment cells of the uvea. 378 diameters. Pio^UJJU -ItM, EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE LXIX. Fig. 1. A portion of the mucous membrane of the olfactory region of the sheep, showing the apertures of the mucous follicles, and the pigment which covers its surface. 80 diameters. Fig. 2. Blood-vessels of the pituitary region, injected. From a preparation belonging to Mr. Quekett. 80 dia- meters. Fig. 3. Denticulate lamina of the osseous zone of the la- mina spiralis, seen on the vestibular surface. «, free edge of the teeth ; b, margin towards the axis of the cochlea ; c, granular cells lying upon the same. 100 diameters. Fig. 4. Tympanic surface of a portion of lamina spiralis of the cat. a, termination of the cochlear nerves at the border of the osseous zone, with capillaries ramify- ing over them ; b, inner clear belt of the mem- branous zone; c, marginal capillary on the tym- panic surface ; d, pectinate portion of the mem- branous zone ; e, outer clear belt of membranous zone, torn from the cochlearis muscle. 300 dia- meters. After Todd and Bowman. Fig. 5. Inner view of cochlearis muscle of the sheep. «, line of attachment of membranous zone of lamina spiralis, of which a portion, b, remains attached. The surface below this line is in the scala tym- pani ; the surface above, the scala vestibuli. c, projecting columns, with intervening recesses, in the vestibular part of the cochlearis muscle. After Todd and Bowman. Fig 6. Plexiform arrangement of the cochlear nerves, seen in the basal coil of the lamina spiralis, treated with hydrochloric acid. There are no ganglion globules y EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. in this plexus, which consists of tubular fibres, a, twig of cochlear nerve in the modiolus, its fibres diverging and reuniting in I, a band in the plexus taking a direction parallel to the zones. From this, other twigs radiate, and again and again branch and unite as far as the margin of the osseous zone, c, where they terminate. From the sheep. 30 dia- meters. After Todd and Bowman. Fig. 7. Compound cellular and calcareous bodies of the pineal gland. 130 diameters. Fig, 8. Granular cells and fibrous tissue of the pituitary gland. 350 diameters. Fig. 9. Villi of the choroid plexus, showing their epithelium and blood-vessels. 45 diameters. Figs. 10 and 11. Illustrations of the development of fat. a represents the vesicles contained in parent cells ; b the same after the absorption of the parent cell membranes. Magnified 45 diameters, Fig. 12. Dilated capillaries of olfactory region of human foetus. 1 00 diameters. From a preparation belong- ing to Mr. Quekett. PERIODS OF PUBLICATION. PAKT I. August 1846, ending page 38. Plate III. II. September 1846, 55 ,5 76. „ VI. m. October 1846, 55 ,5 114- „ X. IV. November 1846, 55 „ 151. 55 XIII. V. December 1846, 51 „ 190. 55 XVI. VI. January 1847, 55 ,5 228. 55 XX. VII. February 1847, 55 „ 262. 55 XXIII. VIII. March 1847, 55 „ 294. 55 XXVI. IX. May 1847, 55 „ 326. V XXXI. X. July 1847, 55 „ 362. 55 XXXV. XI. September 1847, 55 55 XLIV. XII. February 1848, 55 „ 398. 55 XL VIII. XIII. April 1848, „ „ 442. 55 Lit XIV. September 1848, „ 55 LX. XV. August 1849, 55 „ 570. 55 LXIX. ERRATA. Page 10. line 11. for " other" read " latter." 26. line 4. for " which" read " this." 75, 76. for " allantois " read " area vascidosa." 77. line 36. for " their " read " its." 83. line 27. omit the word " that." Plate IX. for "area" read "area." Page 146. line 18. for " tessilate" read " tesselate" 191. line 4. for " ciliae " read " cilia." 193. line 6. for " Strichnine" read " Strychnine." 200. line 19. for " Spallanzoni " read " Spallanzani. " 220. line 14. for "brinous" read " fibrinous." 290. line 22. for " proposition " read " conjecture." 475. line 29. before the word "contained " insert the article "the. 477. line 8. for " exist " read " exists." 494. for " chorion " read " chorium." 496. line 21. for " varies" read " vary." 535. line 3. for " grandular " read " granular. " "!,,i, /.All :-o', University of Toronto DO NOT REMOVE CARD FROM THIS POCKET Acme Libra^ card Pocket Under Pa,. Made by LIBRARY BUREAU