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COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY,
AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

Hounded by private subscription, fn 1861.

DR. L.-p—E KONINCK’S LIBRARY.

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THE

MINERAL CONCHOLOGY

OF

GREAT BRITAIN;

OR

COLOURED FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS

OF THOSE

REMAINS OF TESTACEOUS ANIMALS

OR

Sphelis,

WHICH HAVE BEEN PRESERVED AT VARIGUS TIMES AND DEPTHS iN
THE EARTH.

By JAMES SOWERBY, F.L.8.G.S. W.S. &c.

AUTHOR OF BRITISH MINERALOGY, EXOTIC MINERALOGY, BRI--
TISH MISCELLANY, ENGLISH FUNGI, AND A BOTANICAL
DRAWING BOOK ;
PUBLISHER OF ENGLISH BOTANY, &c.

Many, O Lord my God, are thy wonderful works which thou hast done:
they cannot be reckoned up in order to thee: if I would declare and speak
of them, they are more than can be numbered.

Psat xl. 5.

=

LONDON:

PRINTED BY BENJAMIN MEREDITH, SILVER STREET, WOOD
STREET, CHEAPSIDE 5

And sold by the Author, J. Sowersy, No, 2, Mead Place, Lambeth;
Waite and Co, Fleet Street; SHERwoop and Co. Paternoster Row ;
And by all Booksellers in Town and Country.

MDCCCXIT.

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TO

_ JOHN BAKER, Esq. F. L. S. &c.

Whose long friendship and gentle manners, with a
constant attachment to useful pursuits, has long
pleasingly engaged my esteem and gratitude, I beg
permission to dedicate this part of my labours.
That he may partake of that happiness he con-
stantly deals to others, is the fervent hope of his
most humble and faithful Servant,

JAMES SOWERBY.

2, Mead Place, Lambeth,
May 25th, 1812.

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PREFACE.

Ewetisx Botany and British Mineralogy being now
nearly finished, it is the desire of many, that those
plants of ancient formation, which have been pre-
served in the rocks may be elucidated. I have long:
been attentive to the subject, and hope to indulge

my friends and myself in a short time.

At present the digging for the Archway at High-
gate, having led to many unexpected discoveries,
and causing a still louder call for the Elucidation of
the remains of Shells, I do not delay to publish them,
especially as they greatly help to form a catalogue
that includes many other habitats, even some foreign
ones, so that when this work is complete, very little
will remain to be done to include what are foreign,
as one place will identify another through the whole
known world.

V1 PREFACE.

The remains of Shells are sometimes so well pre-
served that many recent ones are not equal to them,
either in preservation or beauty, and it often happens
that the peculiar nature of their situation preserves
them in a manner that excels all our art in repre-
sentation. The pearly lustre is, in some, even
superior to that of the most recent Shells, and
the changes into Carbonate of Lime with the crystal-
lized structure, into Flint, Calcedony, &c. are
generally such as. to excite our admiration; . every
minutia being so well cast as to preserve the most
attenuated strie or elaborate markings; and even
the polish and colour are often admirably retained,
and additional splendour gained under ground, by
means of Sulphuret of Iron, giving a metallic
lustre which equals, if it does not surpass every

thing else.

It is thought that Generic names of Shells, with-
out the termination lites or ites, to signify the stony
substance of which they consist, as Nautilus,, not
Nautilites, are preferable, as it often happens that
the slight change Shells have undergone may not
warrant them, and the cast shewn may be. considered
quite inconsistent with such a term. ‘The description

will say in general what change a specimen may have

PREFACE. Vil

undergone, and the figures will be done in such a
way as to help the description as much as may be,
with the shining pearly stony or metallic brilliancy.
Many species of one genus may be included in a
plate, as it might be thought insignificant to figure
a single small Shell alone. I have long since pos-
sessed a tolerable collection of British Fossil Shells.
To the addition of a fine series from Highgate, by
favour of my indefatigable friend B. G. Snow, Esq.
may be attributed my more particular attention to
this branch of Natural History. I here beg leave
to thank him and other kind friends for the many
specimens received, and hope the present under-
taking will meet their approbation.
JAMES SOWERBY.

Gi ab wilt @
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ar tes

pp. are 910 Tq. esis

9

TAB. fi
NAUTILUS Imperialis.

Gen. Cuar. Shell univalve; divided into chambers
by numerous transverse septe, orapabia: by
a siphunculus or tube.

Spec. Cuar. Involute, umbilicate; aperture lunate;_
septz entire, concave, broadest in the middle,
truncated and ‘slightly recurved at their ends;
siphunculus nearest to the inside.

SS

Tue axis of this species measures about two thirds of its
greater diameter, and the septe are about one eighth of
their width distant from each other: the umbilicus is pro-
bably open, in which it differs from Nautilus Pompilius:
the external coat is striated in the younger Shells and often
of a light brown colour, under this the Shell is beautifully
pearly ; the inside also is pearly.

The upper figure shows a specimen’from the great Clay
stratum lately laid open at Highgate, and has some of the
brownish outer coat remaining. It is broken at the mouth,
which is closed by a pearly concave septa showing the
aperture of the siphunculus, the other parts of the remains
of the Shell are also pearly, and more or less iridescent.
The broad undulations of the septe are seen in one part
separated by shining brown Carbonate of Lime bearing a
slight resemblance to a Lobster’s tail; in another part the
chambers are opened, the first of which is lined with the
yellowish more waxy Carbonate of Lime and shows part of
the siphunculus. The other septe are more or less broken,
and show the chambers coated on the inside with brilliant
variously coloured crystals of Pyrites, chiefly very small

10

cubo-octaédrons. The left hand figure below is from a
continuation of the same Clay formation near Minster, on
the Isle of Sheepy, and is from the inside of one of the same
species, appearing more perfect; it has, however, none of
the epidermis, and the pearly lustre is almost lost in an
opaque whiteness; it serves well to shew the contour of the
Shell; the dotted outline underneath shows the form of a
septa, and the situation of the siphunculus: the middle
figure is part of the largest siphunculus I have ever met
with. This Shell is often found of a considerable size at
Sheepy, and, as Mr. Trimmer informs me, at Brentford;
at Highgate large portions have been found, and I met
with three pieces that nearly fit, and when put together
indicate a proportion larger, I believe, than usual for this
species, viz. 12 inches for the longest diameter, 73 inches
for the axis, and 8 inches for the shorter diameter, making
a fine specimen. The largest piece has retained most of
its epidermis, of a brownish buff colour, elegantly netted
with dull Pyrites formed in knots or drops; the rest of the
Shell is variegated and pearly ; and the last chamber, which
is generally understood to be the habitation of the animal,
is filled with marly Clay. I was about to give a folded
outline of this in the work, but was persuaded to publish
a full sized coloured figure, which I have done for the
convenience of those who wish for such a representation.

It may be understood, that, in general, while a Shell
retains a pearly lustre, there remains some of the animal
gluten. I ,,’e 1 specimen of this Nautilus from Brent-
ford, by fay ;;, of Dr. Sutton of Norwich, which has some
of the cutic , or filmy skin of one of the septa remaining
quite elastic. partly covered with Pyrites. A specimen
I have lately got from Highgate, besides Pyrites, contains
fine spicule of Sulphate of Lime.

It may not be amiss here to observe, that the Highgate

il

Clay, and that’ of Sheepy, and several other places, aré
considered ‘as detached portions of the highest known
stratum but one, which is Sand. As it lays not far above
the Chalk, it may be sought for in those districts which are
bounded by Chalk, but as Mr. Farey has observed to me,
in a valuable letter upon this subject, this “being the
uppermost stratum but one, it is mostly denudated and
gone; and, except in some particular tracts in and near
where the Sand upon it is found, this blue Highgate
Clay will be found only in particular hummocks or isolated
patches on the Clays and Sands beneath it (in which the
London wells are sunk).”” Mr. Farey has also favoured
me with a detail of the boundaries of the three great tracts
on which the strata covering the Chalk are found; the
Northernmost extending along the coast a considerable way
on each side of the mouth of the Humber; the middle
or greater tract covering the South of Norfolk, greater
part of Suffolk, Essex, Middlesex, parts of Berkshire, and
Wiltshire, the South of Hampshire, Surrey, and Kent;
the Southern tract extends from Brighton to Axminster in
Devonshire. It would be doing a service to Geology, if
persons resident in these tracts would search for and com-
pare the fossils with each other.

NAUTILUS centralis.—Left hand figure.

Spec. Cuar. Involute, umbilicate ; aperture bluntly
lunate, septe entire, concave, not recurved at
their ends; siphunculus central.

"Tuts Shell is about three-fourths of its diameter inthickness,
and the concavity of the septe is gentle and regular without
recurving; see the outline below it. The distances of the

12

septe are nearly the same as in the last, as I find from
separated specimens which I possess. It appears to be a
new species, and I have called it centralis because the
siphunculus is central.

The specimen is from a well dug in Richmond Park,
175 feet deep in the great Clay formation. It is filled up
with a dullish Pyrites, and the Shell is slightly pearly.

NAUTILUS ziczac.— Lowest figure.

Spec. Cuar. Involute, inner turns concealed, aper-
ture bluntly triangular, septe concave much
recurved at their ends with a deep indenture in
the edge on each side, siphunculus nearest to
the inside.

EE, De eens

{+ is about one third of its diameter in thickness, being a
flattish Shell. The remarkable zigzag appearance of the
septe and their broad edges distinguish this Shell pretty
readily from any I before knew, except a large one figured
by Mr. Parkinson in his Organic Remains, vol. 3, tab. 7,
fig. 15, and which may perhaps prove to be an older
specimen of the same Shell, but the great indentation in the
edge of each septe is contracted towards the middle so as
to become suddenly acute, and not turning regularly round
as in this, but it must be remembered that the specimen he
has figured is a cast, and not the Shell. My specimen is
from Highgate, and is the only one I have met with.

13
TAB. Il.

AVICULA media.

Ba Aika aR EE A

Gen. Cuar. A free Shell, a little gaping near the
beaks, fixing itself by a byssus, having valves
of unequal size, the hinge linear, without a
tooth, extended over the beaks into two wings.
The Cartilage of the hinge oblong, broadest
near the middle and marginal. Muscular
impressions two, contiguous.

Spec. Cuar. Ovate, depressed; wings large, un-
equal, one wing acute, valves nearly equal;
length of the Shell and hinge nearly equal ;
surface smooth.

C0

Ovr Shell agrees sufficiently with the recent species of this
genus to be ranked with them, and more correctly so than
with those of any other genus. Its valves, however, appear
to be nearly equal, and the hinge in the larger specimens
shows some signs of a depression and tooth near the short
wing, and a little elongated swelling on the opposite side,
like Mytilis Hirundo Linn. We think also that there is
some vestige of a constriction or fold around the short
wing; that is most apparent in the large pearl muscle,
Mytilus margaritiferus, Linn. Indeed it seems altogether
very nearly allied to both of these, but is nevertheless a
distinct species, the wings being shorter than in M.
Hirundo, and longer than in M. margaritiferus. I there-
fore consider it as a species which comes between the two,
and name it accordingly.

14

This species is from 3 to 4 an inch square, it has a
brownish smooth epidermis, marked with distant concentric
striz, and is pearly within.

Many masses of these Shells have been found, each as
big as a bushel or more, chiefly in a rotting state, in a
mixed darkish Clay in different parts of Highgate Hill,
but they are difficult to preserve.

The right hand lower figure shows a fine specimen on a
piece of Septarium of hardish brown Marle, with some
fragments more or less enveloped in it. The figure of the
inside near it is as distinct as I could make it with the help
of many specimens, which all have a pearly appearance
and lustre, both inside and out, when the epidermis is
decayed. The upper figure shows a specimen of the same
stone in a state of decay, full of smaller Shells; the outside
has become ochraceous, and the Shells more chalky; the
inside being less changed is darker, and the remains of
Shells more pearly. The two casts taken from within the
Shells of this specimen (see the left hand figures) seem to
show them to be nearly equivalved, but like the pectens,
the principal parts may be rather equal, while the wings of
each valve do not meet each other. I do not know that this
Shell has been discovered any where besides at Highgate.
J have to thank Mr. Snow for this, among his other
numerous fayours, so likely to become instructive to the
public. I haye specimens of Avicula Hirundo from
Marazion, found by Miss Elizabeth Pocock, and minute
specimens from Bantry: Bay in Ireland, by the friendship
of Mr. Drummond, but it is certainly another species, |
mention these here to show that we have still on our coasts
Some Shells nearly allied to the fossil ones, which have
frequently been considered. as related more immediately to
those. of the East Indies.

i5

TAB. Il.

SOLEN affinis.

Gen. Cuar. An equivalve, transversely elongated
bivalve, gaping on each side, the hinge teeth,
single in each valve or double in one valve.

Spec. Cuar. Shell linear subarcuate, rounded at
each extremity, hinge placed near one extremity,

surface smooth.
rr

"Tuts Shell is about five times as broad as it is long, but
slightly curved and very thin.

It has been found plentifully imbedded in Marle septarie
at Highgate. Its similarity to Solen pellucidus, which
has occasionally been found recent in several parts of
England, is so great that we at first considered it as the
same species, but in the fossil the extremity of each valve
farthest from the hinge is uniformly rounded, which is not
the case with the recent species, that being squarish at the
end; this is, moreover, a rather straighter Shell. The
teeth of the hinge could not be found in our specimens, but
we suppose from the analogy of the greater part of the
Shell, that they are like S. pellucidus. The sizes of both
Shells vary, I have either from less than half an inch in
breadth to above an inch, and of a proportionate length.
They are of a darker or lighter horn colour. The fossil
Shells are mostly placed in pairs.

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17

CYPRAA.

Gen. Cuar. Shell univalve, ovate, convex, margins
involute. Spire small, covered. Aperture longi-
tudinal, narrow, toothed on both sides.

CYPRALA oviformis,

TAB IV.

Spec. Cuar. Egg shaped, tumid, smooth, slightly
marginate; aperture widest at the lowest end,
left side of the aperture obscurely toothed ;
right lip involute, tumid.

NN

Tue shell is most gibbous at about one-third of its length
downwards, then tapering to a short beak, which forms a
broadish canal; the aperture vertical, narrowest where the
body of the shell is most gibbous, and much widest towards
the beak, dentated on both sides. The whole shell smooth
and shining, with the striz of growth generally delicately
marked in elegant curves round the beak; there are some
longitudinal angles, scarcely perceptible, surrounding the
most swelling parts; colour pale brown buff. It does not
appear that this shell was known any where before the
opening of the hill at Highgate, not even in Hampshire.
Some specimens are so well preserved as to retain entire
the external shining porcelain coat, which is so admirable
in some recent shells of this Genus, but not the transparent
epidermis, although it looks almost as if it were in some of
these preserved specimens; this china-like polished surface
seems to prevent parasitical shells or animals from adhering
to it. This coat is often more beautiful in consequence of

18

external marks, but the present species is sufficiently pre-
served to show if there had been any. The upper shell
has a little remains of the shining outside, the upper part
is a little broken, the lower part or beak is very entire,
and shows some of the teeth; it is filled with hardish
marle, so as to hide the remainder of the teeth, which,
however, are seen in the right hand figure of a smaller
shell, which is finely preserved with the polished coat
and a brown stain of [ron Pyrites, the beak is enveloped
in Pyrites. The left hand figure is the dorsal view of the
same shell. ‘The lower figure is more injured, showing
by the breaks in two or three places the dark Pyrites which
fills the shells, and adheres over the cracks. I am obliged
to the generous Mr. Weatherell, who discovered this shell
at Highgate, for the specimens figured.

It is to be observed that accidentally the plate of these -
shells has been reversed in the engraving, bringing the
mouths to the left instead of the right side.

19

N ATICA, Lamarcke.

wie Cuar. Univalve, nearly globose umbilicated
shell ; aperture entire, semi-orbicular ; columella
transverse, without teeth, externally callous,
callosity contracting, and sometimes even cover-
ing the umbilicus.

NATICA glaucinoides.

TAB. V.—Three upper figures.

Spec. Cuar. Nearly globose, spire rather elongated ;
umbilicus simple, partly covered ; upper part of
each whorle slightly depressed.

mm

Wouortes about five, the breadth of the lowest volution
three-fourths of the length of the shell, the upper part a
little flattened or even concave, the remainder gibbous.
Umbilicus large, sometimes with a little appendage from
the lip, projecting more or less conspicuously over it, and
forming either a transverse ridge dividing the umbilicus,
or a callous tooth. Shell externally glossy, of a light
brown colour with some indications of darker brown bands.

The remark, that fossil shells differ from the recent ones,
is here curiously verified. This shell in its general appear-
ance so much resembles Nerita glaucina, that without
comparison it was considered as the same species, but on
observing it with attention it will be found sufficiently
distinct, the spire in this will be found to be higher, nearly
in the proportion of one-fourth to one-fifth, than in N.
Glaucina. N. Canrena is yet shorter. I have seen twenty
or more specimens all alike. The inner or umbilical lip is

20

coarser, and more apt to pass into a callous tooth-like pro-
jection over the umbilicus. These are found abundantly in
the dark clay at Highgate, from the size of the upper figure
down to the size of a small pea, varying somewhat in the
spreading of the pillar lip, and having sometimes the lines
of growth more worn and distinct ; the outer lip being thinner
or thicker according to its state of maturity. The middle
figure shews the left lip more spread, thinner, and partly
worn away on the body of the shell, and the projection half
covering the umbilicus. I have named it as above, from its
resemblance to Nerita Glaucina. The cast is sometimes
found in clay, coated with dark Pyrites, or hollow, lined
with crystallized iridescent Pyrites.

NATICA similis.
TAB. V.

Spec. Cuar. Shell rather rhomboidal; spire short,
umbilicus divided by a spiral proj jeu mouth
slightly angular above.

Two middle figures.

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Spine small, of three or four nearly flat volutions, giving a
rhomboidal contour to the whole shell, the umbilicus double,
or divided by a transverse spiral projection, terminating at
the inner or left lip, forming an obtuse lobe, from which the
lip afterwards spreads on the shell, and terminates abruptly
against the curve of the upper part of the outer lip, a little
like Nerita pallidula. I could not help being very much
pleased with the extraordinary similitude of this specimen
and a specimen of a recent shell, bearing the name of Nerita
rufa, (see Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. tab. 30, p. 150) which it
agrees with, excepting in colour and size, being smaller,

21

and the lobe not continuing the upper part of the outer lip:
I have therefore designated it as a new and extraordinary
species. It was found towards the surface of the Highgate
clay stratum, where it is more or less mixed with the
greenish sand. This shell bears some relation to N. epi-
glottina of Lamarcke, but differs in the general form, as well
as in the form of the mouth and left lip, according to his
figure. There being only these little distinctions between
these species, I cali this Natica similis. I have a cast about
the size of the shell below, from Bognor, by tayour of W.
Borrer, Esq. that I judge indicates this species.

NATICA depressa.
TAB. V.—Lower figures.

Ampullaria depressa? Lamarcke, Ann. du
Mus. 4. 35 p, oat. Spl. OL. f. a.

Spec. Cuar. Nearly globose, subumbilicated ; upper
part and side of each whorle flattened, so as to
appear nearly square ; columella depressed be-
neath ; mouth angular at the upper part.

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Spirat volutions about six, flattened above; the large

lower whorle loses that flatness at the upper part of the

mouth; the right lip is undulated by the lateral depression,
which reaches to the middle of the lower volution, which
then becomes convex. The mouth is most acute at the
upper part; the inner or left lip spreading a little, nearly in

a straight line, gives it an almost lunate form. Umbilicus

oblong, not very deep.

I have this shell only by fayour of the Rey. P. Lathbury,
from Woodbridge, Suffolk. It is whitish and chalky,

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23

CASSIS, ZLamarcke.

Gen. Cuar. Shell univalve, ventricose, gibbous ;
aperture longitudinal subdentated, terminating
ina short reflected canal. Columella plicated
on the lower part, lip flattened and forming a
ridge on the body of the shell.

CASSIS carinata.
TAB VI.—Three upper figures.

Spec. Cuar. Shell pyriform; spire short; volutions
depressed, angular, with many longitudinal
strie,and three nodose ridges; beak recurved.

Syn. Buccinum nodosum, Soland. and Brand.
Hantoniens.

eS ee

Sprre short; rather acute; volutions six, angular, longi-
tudinally striated, striz rising, alternately large and small;
mostly decussated with the strie of growth. Three rows of
prominences on the more gibbous part of the shell, the one
at the edge of the depression most prominent, the other two
concealed by each succeeding volution. Mouth oblong, a
little contracted at the top by one or two tooth-like projec-
tions within the right lip, and two or three within the left
lip ; right lip reflected, broad, concave, retaining the strie
of the outside, joining the left lip at the top, which is
also broad, plicated, and passes from the gibbous part of
the shell over the umbilicus and the recurved beak.

This seems to be the shell figured in Brander’s frontispiece.
I received the specimens from Highgate, where several have
been found in fine preservation. It is said to be found in

24

Arragon, and in the sandy hills of Tuscany. Thus we have
something by which to make a comparison, as far as relates
to similarity of formation. It is found either in the dark
clay, or in the more sandy soil among it, at Highgate.
The upper figures show the front and dorsal view of the
shell. The middle figure is an internal cast, being yellowish
Carbonate of Lime, showing the polished inside of the shell,
which was filled with Indurated Clay and Pyrites; a little of
the shell remains in a chalky state on some parts. It is always
worth while attending to the casts of shells, as in some forma-
tions they only remain, and we may by practice learn to
what shell they belong, which may prove abundantly useful.
I have a small broken specimen, in which the inner lip is
much spread, and having only one distinct row of projections
on the edge of the more ventricose part, and the strie are
finer; perhaps it is a younger shell; it is filled with sandy
clay. Also from Highgate.

CASSIS striata.
TAB. ViI.—Four lower figures.

Spec. Cuar. Shell ovate; spire acute; volutions
oval, longitudinally striated, with one obscure
nodose ridge; beak nearly straight.

a

Spire short, rather acute, volutions about six, covered with
rising longitudinal striaw, which are all equal, except one
close to the upper edge, and one between that and the nodose
ridge, which are more prominent. Lines of growth indis-
tinct. Mouth oblong, right lip reflected, broad, flat, toothed
within; left lip broad, plicate, passing over the umbilicus

25

and part of the beak, which is straight in the young shells,
but slightly curved in the old ones.

This species, as well as the last, is found at Highgate,
and I do not know that it occurs elsewhere. It differs
from the last in being longer in proportion to its width, and
more regular in its form; it has but one row of little projec-
tions on a less angular ridge, below which the shell is most
gibbous. The striz are mostly simple. The lips are nearly
the same, but the right one is slighty toothed all along
the inner edge; see the front and back views, right and left
hand middle figures. The lower figures are from parts of
larger and more mature shells, one showing the outer lip
on the surface of the shell, which continues beyond it; thus
it appears that this animal, like other shelly animals, may,
after perfecting its shell, leave the former lip and continue
its growth; it has some of the top of the newest lip left,
joining the left lip, which is extravagantly spread over the
body of the shell. The other figure is an amber coloured
Carbonate of Lime cast of this species, -it is distinguished
from the cast of C. carinata by its regular surface wanting
the nodose ridges.

These shells vary somewhat, so that some approach more
than others to the last described. J am uncertain therefore
whether it be correct to consider them as distinct species,
and I am inclined to believe that Lamarcke supposes them
to be only varieties. Jn either case the figures may prove
useful.

Ne fy

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‘S ei Lan

if } ra he - “4 ha Bey
i Ei anes : mae
4 hi 4 *
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the va i i a Ro off met
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seven ee warp. ia ah toi whan it
£ r

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tees mh ne bemmdiaminen ‘
\ ‘nes rey Rothe 2. vedio ibis ts need ate,
lle nad lhe ia ee

srt aang des soachapehinainen pW UR riche

* ¢ has MYO ann wlan, ‘wed at pw the Gia
yd: Miasie fi vk RIE oman Ae bey mie ott ny oot
‘ RED np TO aren Lialded yy ii’ Ue

’

27

MYTILUS.

Gen. Cuar. Bivalve longitudinal shell with an
acute base; beaks straight, nearly acute, ter-
minal ; hinge mostly toothless.

MYTILUS amplus.
TAB. VII.

Spec. Cuar. Shell depressed, triangular, acute-
angled at the base; longitudinally striated, ex-
cepting over the posterior side; thin.

EE

Axwost twice as long as broad, depressed, triangular,
length of the two sides unequal, two of the angles rounded,
the third at the base acute. Valves acutely convex towards
the base, with a slight curve; striz impressed, arising from
the beaks, and proceeding with some undulations to the
extremity of the shell. Posterior side straight, a little
waved, free from strie. The shell very thin, and com-
posed of fibres perpendicular to its surface.

I am obliged to my kind friend, Thomas Meade, Esq.
for procuring me this specimen from the Limestone quarry
at Mitford. It is worthy of remark, that this shell at first
sight resembles a Pinna, it does not, however, appear even
to have been open at the extremity, or gaping at the upper
part, as the Pinna is.

an)

we AN

sone i ie

} | + by Ny
A‘ sa wes
Zee! an Seer e a
aes = i} iu > Ri ant -
io Di ALSEE é r ey, a
iw Pi i ik

29

MODIOLA.

Gen. Car. Bivalve nearly transverse, equilateral
shell; posterior side very short, beaks lying
towards the short side; hinge without teeth ;
a marginal linear groove to which the cartilage
is fixed ; only one muscular impression.

MODIOLA depressa.
TAB. VIUl.—Three upper figures.

Spec. Cuar. Much depressed, ovate, narrowing
towards the posterior side; surface smooth.

"Tus shell is about 2! times as broad as it is long, and
thin, the margin even and very regularly curved, it is
altogether very flat, but particularly so at the anterior side;
the beaks are very slightly prominent, and are rounded.
Lines of growth faint. External coat shining, pellucid,
internal pearly.

This is not very rare at Highgate in the nodules of
Septarium, at nearly the top of the great clay stratum, or
in the clay itself, but then difficult to preserve, being so
extremely tender, that, as the clay shrinks in drying, the
shells crack and scale off in pieces, else the appearance of
an epidermis is almost to be recognized. The pearly
iridescent lustre of the inner coat inspires the finder with
ecstacy, on account of the riches in his possession, which
are perhaps to be preserved only for a few hours. The
upper figure is from a specimen on a rather hard sandy piece
of a Septarium, on the under side of which are a pair of
Solen affinis. In the specimen below, taken out of the clay,
the outer coat is preserved. The small specimen in the
middie of the plate is from a Septarium found near Whitby,
it is much thickened by fibrous. Carbonate of Lime.

30

MODIOLA pallida.
TAB. VIUI.—Three right hand lower figures.

Spec. Cuar. Oblong, gibbous, smooth, inferior
margin straight, posterior side slightly swelled,
beaks obtuse.

Scene

Basanru above twice its length, bluntish at the beak, and
rounding .at the other end with an angular turn towards the
hinge; striz of growth distinct; shell a little glossy.

I am indebted to our indefatigable friend, A. B. Lambert,
Esq. for specimens of this in flinty Chert, found at Fonthill,
adjoining the Limestone quarries, where many shells are
partly dissolved as it were in Flint, Hornstone, or Calce-
dony. This shell, as well as most others, among which are
Ammonites, Tellens, &c. are rather Calcedony.

MODIOLA levis.
TAB. VIll—Left hand lower figure.

Spec. Cuar. Subtriangular, very smooth, convex,
inferior and posterior margins nearly straight,
united by a short curve ; beaks small.

a es

Breanprn rather less than twice its length, very smooth,
scarcely showing the lines of growth, inferior margin nearly
equal to the anterior margin, posterior side protuberating a
little, anterior side rather depressed.

A little congregation of these are on a piece of foetid
Limestone, or Swinestone, of some Authors, sent me by
Miss E. Hill, who gathered it the ruins of Cerphilly Castle,
Glamorganshire. With it I received this remark, that
‘‘ this Castle was built by Robert Fitz-hammon, in the year
1110, and the stones of Barry Island have the same shell in
much the same state, and consequently no visible change
has taken place in 702 years.”

31

MODIOLA parailella.
TAB. 1X.—Upper right hand figure.

Spec. Cuar. Shell transverse, anterior and posterior
sides parallel ; covered with transverse furrows.

Neanrty twice as broad as long; acutely convex; beaks
rather sharp; transverse furrows or stria few, diverging
from the beak; inferior margin straight, short, and almost
at right angles with the sides, which are nearly straight
and parallel.

I found this in a quarry near Maidstone; it is in a darkish
Limestone which may perhaps be compared to the Blue
Lyas of Bath; it is only the impression of the outside. I
have met with no other specimen of this species.

MODIOLA elegans.

TAB. IX.—Left hand upper figure, middle
figure, and lower figures.

Spec. Cuar. Oblong, gibbous, inferior margin
straight, dentated; anterior side covered with
transverse furrows; posterior side swelling,
smooth, with a few transverse furrows-near the
base.

Generatzy about twice as long as broad, moderately
convex, beak a little curved; strie neat, close, a little un-
dulating, passing from the beak over the most prominent
part of the shell, and diverging over the anterior side to the

32

base, and half way over the posterior side, when they be-
come obsolete, but appear again close to the beak; the
inferior edge is serrated so as to resemble an Arca.* The
superior margin is semicircular. The coat looks like an epi-
dermis; the inner coat is often richly pearly and iridescent.

Highgate has produced this species in great abundance,
in very large clusters much crowded and jumbled together,
from half an inch to two inches in breadth. They are very
apt to scale into laminz coat after coat, till the surface is
altogether pearly. I had a fine specimen found about 300
feet deep in the clay bed in Richmond Park, but the clay
which I dried very carefully, yet shrunk from the shell,
so that only the impression remains.

Bognor, in Sussex, affords this shell, I believe, but
rarely, the specimen figured at the bottom of the plate is
perhaps distorted by some accident; if not, it might be dis-
tinguished by its peculiar contour, as it is somewhat thicker
than wide, with the posterior side depressed, which gives it
a bow-like curvature. I had this specimen by favour of a
great friend to the science, W. Boys, Esq. F,L.S.

* In Mytilus Bidens, which this shell much resembles, the serratures on
the hinge are very prominent, and pass ail round the edge of the shell, and
are distinctly marked at the beak. Ours appears also to have hinge teeth
at the beak.

33

HELICINA, Lamarck.

Gen. Cuar. Shell subglobose, without an um-
bilicus; Aperture entire, semi-ovate; Colu-
mella callous, flattened at-the lower part.

HELICINA compressa.
TAB, X.—Three middle figures.

Spec Cuar. Spire flattish, an elevated thread sur-
rounding the upper part; Mouth a little angu-
lar above.

Diameter about half an inch, height about one-third of
an inch, shell very thick and strong. i

I was favoured with this specimen from Leicestershire,
by Mr. Milne, F.L.S. it is in a dark coloured Limestone,
and has the outside of the shell very perfect; the callous
columella taking place, as it were, of the umbilicus, is very
curious, and remarkably well preserved for a shell which
is so completely mineralized. I am not sure that this will
quite agree with Lamarck’s Genus Helicina, and indeed he
himself seems very doubtful whether the species he has
given, and calls dubia, really belongs to it.

34

HELIX.

Gen. Cuar. Shell globular or orbicular, with a
convex or conoidal spire; Aperture entire,
wider ‘than long, diminished in its upper part,

~ by the’ projection of the last turn but one of
the spire. A small spiral umbilicus runs nearly
through it.

HELIX carinatus.
TAB. X.—Upper and lower figures.

Spec. Cuar. Spire short, conoidal, of three or
four turns; a raised, flat, ribband-like projec-
tion passes from the lateral edge of the mouth
along the middle of the last turn, till it meets
the inner edge of the mouth, whence it con-
tinues between the volutions to the end. Um-
bilicus open.

EE

Greatest diameter nearly two inches, length about one
inch and an half. Upper part of the whorles, as well as
the ribband-like projection, transversely striated.

I was favoured with this specimen from near Settle in
Yorkshire, by Mr. Ducket ; it is in solid grey Limestone ;
the inside cast is distinct in some parts where the shell ap-
pears to have been broken. That part of the shell which
remains, is now neatly transparent Carbonate of Lime. I
expect this is not common, as I haye never seen it in any
other collection.

35
SOLARIUM.

Gen. Cuar. Shell univalve, depressed, conical,
nearly discoidal, umbilicated; Umbilicus
spreading, crenulated or denticulated at the
margin of the volutions: Aperture approach-
ing to quadrangular. Axis oblique.

SOLARIUM patulum.
TAB. XI.—The lower right hand figures.

Spec. Cuar. Depressed; whorles smoothish, mar-
gins keeled and crenulated ; Umbilicus spread-
ing ; margin of the umbilicus strongly den-
ticulated.

Lamarck Ann. du Mus. 4. 53. and 8. Tab. 35. f. 3.

Diameter from three-eighths to three-fourths of an inch.
Length nearly half its width. The umbilicus is curiously
and beautifully ornamented with a crenulated border, sur-
rounded by a row or two of small denticule. The flattish
disk-like surface swelling a little, has longitudinal striae
with more or less fine transyerse marks over it. ‘The outer
angle of the shell is sharpest, the upper surface of the edge
is milled, as it were, with oblique transverse stria causing
small oblong risings like the oblique milled edges of Gui-
neas. The shell is also longitudinally striated beneath.

Found rather abundantly in the dark clay stratum at
Highgate. It approaches very much to Brander’s tab. 1.
fig.’7 and 8. but is nevertheless distinct ; it may be considered
cotemporary with the Hampshire fessils.

TAB. XI.—Left hand lower figure.

"Tuts specimen is from Highgate. It appears to be an old
specimen of the last species, in which the crenulaiions of
the umbilicus, and the milling of the upper edge, are be-
come nearly obsolete. The slicll itself is in a very decayed
state, but in those parts of the umbilicus where any of the
shell remains, the crenulations have the appearance of rag-
ged transverse wrinkles, except at the inner part of the um-
bilicus, where they resemble those of the last.

TAB. XI.—Left hand upper figure.

Tits is also from Highgate, it appears to be the cast of the
inside of Solarium patulum, but is larger than usual, and
there is some doubt if it be not the inner cast of a new spe-
cies. It is however remarkable, and worthy of a figure,

56

being so very perfect and large ; besides it becomes instruc-
tive as it much resembles, and has been taken for a serpula.

SOLARIUM discoideum.
TAB. X1.—Upper right hand figures.

Srec. Cuar. Discoid, outer edge sharply carinated ;
edge of the umbilicus rounded, transversely
wrinkled ; aperture obliquely elliptical, pointed
at each end.

Ax first sight, the discoid appearance of this shell, when
the spire is downwards, is perhaps sufficient to distinguish
it. It is aremarkably neat shell. The outer margin on the
under side is remarkably plain and almost longitudinally
canaliculated. The outer edge is very acute. The upper
side has a broadish margin, rather irregularly and obliquely
striated transversely, and a little undulated, which is scarcely
continued up the spire. The spire has six or seven whorles,
and the whole though broadish is rather acuminated at the
apex. The mouth has a long rhomboidal appearance, the
outer edge being most acute.

This shell, which is remarkably well preserved, was found
in Barton Cliff, Hampshire, by the Rey. F. Iremonger,
by whom it was presented to me,

SOLARIUM conoideum.
TAB. XIl.—Three middle figures.

Spec. Cuar. Conical, smooth; Aperture quadran-
gular; Umbilicus deep, narrow.

Tuts has apparently an almost square aperture, it isa
higher cone than the former ones, and the middle of the
volutions are a little depressed, otherwise it is exceedingly
plain and smooth.

Sent me from Portland several years since by Mr. Bryer,
whose loss I always regret when his favours come to hand.
On account of its peculiar characters, I think it claims a
place here.

The shell is almost worn away, and is chalky ; the cast
of the umbilicus is figured at the bottom, which shows that
the inner spiral edges were crenated ; this also indicates the
height of the shell.

57

AMMONITES.

Gen. Cuan. Volute, chambered, siphuncled, septa
of the chambers undulated at their margins.

AMMONITES discus.
TAB. XII.

Spec. Cuar. Discoid, outer edge acuminated ;
Aperture sagittate, half the diameter of the
shell in length, and one sixth in breadth. Vo-
lutioris concealing each other.

ET

Sueur apparently smooth on the outer surface, very much
flattened and acuminated on the outer edge. Aperture
spear-head shaped. Septa of the chambers irregularly un-
dulated. About four inches in diameter, half an inch in
thickness.

This specimen is from the stone quarry near the house of
industry at Bedford ; it is in the cabinet of the Rey. T. O.
Marsh, who has favoured me with the loan of it. Itisa
rarity, and as far as I know, a new species. The umbili-
cus is probably covered, which seldom happens with an
Ammonites ; we see it on one side so nearly covered, al-
though on the other it is less so, that we conclude it would
be wholly covered in more perfect specimens. The septa
show on one side their waved margins at different corroded
depths in the shell, which is more than can be seen in more
perfect specimens, and it is agreeable to learn by what is lefi
us to distinguish species. A good Naturalist will know,
sometimes, by a part the nature of the whole, in subjects of

38

this kind. We may perchance meet with better and better
specimens, but often a mere memorandum is all that may be
found for ages, and such will frequently serve as a geologi-
cal identification of strata, which is often very convenient,
and it will be highly desirable that those who meet with
these or common subjects, will notice them wherever they
be, that the Author or others may be able to point out every
place of their occurrence.

39

NAUTILUS discus.
TAB. XIII.

Spec. Cuar. Depressed, edge flat, aperture oblong,
volutions not concealed by each other.

ree A

Asovr four inches in diameter ; greatest thickness oF
width of the aperture halfaninch. Turns of the spire about
five. Chambers very numerous. Septa distant from each
other about one eighth of aninch. Outer edge of the aper-
ture narrower than the inner one, notched, owing to a small
groove which runs round the outer edge of the shell. Si-
phunculus nearer to the inner edge of the septa.

This specimen was found in the dark Limestone formation
near Kendal, and was actually sent me as a petrified sheep’s
horn. Unfortunately the outer part of the shell, or as it
was called the horn, was lost. As I had not any specimen
resembling this in my collection, I considered it as rare.
In the early part of this work, we shall not be able to distin-
guish rarities or localities so well as might be expected :
that deficiency, however, now Geology is so much attended
to, will be supplied as we advance.

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Al
CARDIUM.

Gen. Cuar. Shell an equivalved bivalve, subcor-
date ; valves dentated on their inner margins ;
hinge with central and lateral teeth, the two
central ones oblique, approximating ; those in
each valve crucially receiving each other by
mutual insertion ; lateral ones remote and in-
serted.

CARDIUM Hillanum.
TAB. XIV.—Upper figure.

Srec. Cuar. Shell nearly circular, a little oblique,
covered with numerous concentric strie, an-
terior part straightish at the edge, longitudin-
ally furrowed.

—see

Tus species is rather wider than long, it is a little gibbous ;
the rising spaces between the striw are smooth, giving a
peculiar neatness to the shell: the longitudinal furrows
occupy about one fourth of its breadth.

A remarkably elegant species, with fine specimens, of
which I have been favoured by Miss E. Hill, of Tawstock,
a Lady well known for her great attention to Fuci, &c. who
desirous of seeing every thing figured from as good speci-
mens as possible, presented me with her very best. Find-
ing Mr. Parkinson at a loss for a name, and that the shell
was sufficiently distinct from Cardium discors of Lamarck,
T call it Hillanum thinking Miss Hill’s attention and assiduity
highly deseryes to be remembered. The shells are siliceous,
and are from the remarkable micaceous Sandstone stratum
at Blackdown, near Cullumpton, Devonshire, a place rich
in such curious productions, as will occasionally be shewn.

A2

CARDIUM Plumstedianum.
TAB. XIV.—Right and left hand upper figures.

nN II
Spec. Cuar. Subcordate, smooth; anterior part
longitudinally furrowed.

rm

Tr has so much of the outer contour of the shell above,
that it has been doubted whether they may not be the same
species, the outside, however, does not seem at any time to
have had the rising concentric lines, only the irregular and
less distinct stri# of growth; and the lateral longitudinal
pleated furrows cover but one fifth of the surface, and are
terminated at the edge of the shell by longer and sharper
serratures. The serratures round the other parts of the shell
are not seen from the outside.

This is a rare species, but I was so lucky some time since,
as to procure the specimens figured, and some smaller ones.
It is fortunate when the inside of the shell is understood
perfectly, on account of its preventing doubt as to the genus
to which it belongs. The specimens are found in a loose
mixture of sand, fragments of shells and gravel, above a
stratum of gravel and covered by several layers of different
sized gravel, one or two of which have such large pebbles,
that they must have been laying very quiet when they
were deposited, or they would have been inevitably crushed
to pieces. The texture of shells found in gravel or clay is
extremely delicate, and will scarcely allow the handling of
them, indeed the contrast of a warm hand has made some
specimens fall to pieces. Some of my friends soak them in
Linseed oil ‘to strengthen them, which protects them when
dry, but gives them a disagreeable odour. I should ima-
gine that to impregnate them witha little gum water would
in most instances be pleasanter.

43

TAB, XIV.—Middle figure

represents a Cardium, of which I have many specimens,
found in large masses of hard marle, near Bury St. Ed-
mund’s, which marle is replete with the Serpule with a
sharp quadrate shell and round aperture. — It resembles the
upper one, but the concentric prominent strie are wanting ;
and approaches nearer to the Plumstedianum, except in the
breadth of the space covered by longitudinal strie which
continues further in proportion.

-CARDIUM nitens.
TAB. XIV.—Lower right hand figure.

Spec. Cuar. Roundish, hinge end rather shoul-
dered; smooth, shining; marked all over
with faintish longitudinal punctated lines,
which are rather more distinct at the anterior
side.

LT ——

Generatry from one fourth to one half an inch in
length as well as breadth ; each shell nearly round, the end
at which the hinge is situated is rather square, owing toa
straightness of that end of the shell. Lines of growth indi-
stinct, sometimes rendered visible by marks of a darker
colour than the rest of the shells. It is most commonly
white, but is rather variable, sometimes plain, but generally
beautifully zoned with a dark bluish tinge.

This species is found abundantly at Highgate, and oc-
casionally the specimens are not difficult to detach from the
dark clay or marle which has envelloped them and presery-
ed them so perfectly, that they resemble recent shells.
They are conspicuous for their dark blue-grey concentric

44

strie of different widths, relieved by a more or less beautiful
nearly white china-like ground. The insides are all so
lined with marle or crystallized Carbonate of Lime, that the
teeth of the hinge cannot be seen.

TAB. XIV.—Left hand middle figure.

This much resembles the last, and is probably only a va-
riety of it, but it differs in being apparently quite smooth,
to the unassisted eye, it is however striated ; there are a few
broadish concentric lines of a light brown colour on the
shell, which is otherwise almost white ; it is rather a gib-
bous shell. The pair figured were found exposed on a
darkish brown marly piece of Septarium from the Highgate
Clay stratum.

TAB. XIV.—Right hand middle figure

much resembles the last, but is smoother on the most pro-
minent part of the shell, and does not shine so brightly: it
is rather flatter, and nearly of an uniform light brown co-
Jour. This is in a more sandy Septarium from Highgate.

TAB. XIV.—Left hand lower figure.

The only material difference between this and the three fore-
going, is its more rhomboidal appearance, though it is pro-
portionally rather longer. It is rather paler in colour than
the last.. Also from Highgate.

The four specimens last described are probably only
varieties of each other; I have, however, met with some
who consider them as distinct species.

TEREBRATULA,
ANOMIA Linn.

Gen. Cuar. Shell an eyual sided inequivalved bi-
valve: beak of the largest valve prominent,
perforated; a pair of curved surfaces on each
side the beak, and two shelly elongated append-

Wes fo "a 4hio hinae
ages TOrm tie Mins.

TEREBRATULA subrotunda.

TAB. XV.—F. 1 and 2.

Spec. Cyar. Circular, depressed, smooth; valves
regularly and equally convex ; beak short.

Soeemmmmmtieiimminness Tio

Lewern three-fourths of an inch, rather wider than long ;
slightly angular on each side the beak; the larger valve in
some specimens a little deeper than the other.
Found in the hardish Chalk about Hornisham in Wilt-
shire, where they are often preserved of a beautifully silky
lustre. The shells are scaly, and seem but little altered.
My friend Mr. Meade has sent me specimens an inch and a
quarter long from Cornbrach, inclining to a reddish colour,
seemingly but very little altered, which may be a variety of
this, but the perforated beak is more protruded, and the
contour rather inclining to squarish. They were found ina
soil partaking of Limestone with Ochraceous Iron. Dr.
Sutton has sent me specimens from Suffolk: Lady ‘Ayles-
ford kindly forwarded some to me from a Limestone quarry
near Warwick, with curious crystals of pellucid Carbonate
of Lime coyering the horn-like appendages of the hinge,
and lining the shell, sce f. 2. It is abundant in many
places.

A6

TEREBRATULA ovata.
TAB. XV.—F. 3.

Spec. Cuar. Ovate or oblong-ovate, depressed,
smooth; small valve flattish, slightly pentan-
gular.

Samu size as the last, but longer than wide; the beak
being protruded gives it an ovate form.

Chute, near Heytesbury, in Wiltshire,-to which place
I was conducted by the family of my late worthy friend,
Mr. Cunnington, affords a most curious variety of extrane-
ous fossils, mostly agatized, among which this shell is
found. Some parts of the shell are whiter than others,
owing to a little Carbonate of Lime. ‘The rings of Vermi-
cular shells are conspicuous, as is frequent with agatized or
siliceous shells found in green sand. The spot where these
shells are found is not above half an acre square, and after
plowing, it is astonishing what an abundance of organic
remains appear, as if some great Cabinet had been thrown
away there, with some perfect, some mutilated, and some
obscure subjects. I was so engaged an hour there, that I
used all the time I had to find what I could, promising to
notice the surrounding country another time. :

TEREBRATULA punctata.
TAB. XV.—F. 4.

Spec. Cuar. Oblong, depressed; valves equally
convex, edge straightened at the front: the
whole surface finely punctated.

Lenern one inch and a quarter; width one inch. The
very minute punctums are arranged in undulating lines,
these, although to be found in most of the smoother species
under the usual coat, are most conspicuous on the surface
in this.

Abundant in the same dark Limestone, sent me by Lady
Aylesford, with No. 2, at a place called Hornton stone
quarry ; they are sometimes sattiny, and white externally, .
and sometimes of a dusky brown, enclosed in Limestone of

47

the same colour ; within the shell is white pellucid Carbon-
ate of Lime, beautifully crystallized in primitive rhombs,
and several varieties with truncations, bevillings, &c. and
sometimes of a pretty pink colour, sometimes yellowish
with spots of Oxide of Iron and Manganese ; some round-
ing, not unlike B. M. Tab. 436 & 457, and these line the
shell and cover the corneous processes, very elegantly
pointing them out. Some Sulphuret of Zinc or Blende was
in the Limestone with them.

TEREBRATULA carnea.
TAB. XV.—F. 5 and 6.
Spec. Cuar. Depressed, smooth, obtusely five sided,

front edge short, valves equally convex, slight-
ly flattened along the middle.

Aw inch or more in length, and the same in width ; often
of a dull red colour, the margin is not undulated as in the
next species.

The soft Chalk of Trowse, near Norwich, affords the
most perfect specimens of this species, which seem so little
altered, that they look almost as if some one had contrived
to gather them fresh, and after taking out the animal, had
buried them in the soft Chalk, which had afterwards
hardened a little. They are remarkable for being of a fleshy
red colour. Being enabled to empty the shell, I have an
opportunity of showing the inside with the curious hinge
and appendages, f. 6. I have received similar shells from
the softish Chalk near Warminster, as well as from Devizes,
by favourof Mr.Salmon. Darker varieties were found about
Coteswold, Gloucestershire, by Mr. Richard Taylor, jun.

TEREBRATULA subundata,
TAB. XV.2-), f.

Serc. Cuan. Nearly circular, depressed, smooth,
valves equally gibbous, front margin straight
or slightly depressed in the middle, with one
undulation on each side of it..

Lexern about one inch, rather longer than wide, front
margin but slightly undulated; the surface more uniformly
convex than m the last.

48

These are found in the softish Chalk at Warminster, and
are sometimes of a fleshy red colour, like those found near
St. Giles’s Gates, Norwich, but differ in the roundness and
undulations ; perhaps among a great many specimens they
might be found passing into each other. I could, not get
any one to show the inside.

TEREBRATULA intermedia.
TAR XAG t"..8.

Spec. Cuar. Obscurely five sided, rather depressed
smooth, larger valve most convex, front mar-
gin undulated; three depressions in the smaller
valve, and two in the larger.

we r

Aw inch and half in diameter, the moderately deep undu-

lations extend half way along the shells, the remainder of

the valves are regularly convex.

This species, from Cornbrach, was sent me by Thos.
Meade, Esq. The circles of growth indicate a nearly
straight truncation in the front, when very young, but it is
distinctly undulated when full grown. It is commonly of
a reddish brown colour.

I have the same from Felmersham near Bedford, through
the kindness of the Rey. T. O. Marsh.

TEREBRATULA semiglobosa.
TAB. XV.—F. 9.

Spec. Cuar. Nearly circular, gibbous, smooth;
largest valve deepest and uniformly gibbous,
front margin “undulated, with two risings in
the smaller valve.

EE
Axour one inch long, width nearly as much. It is so
gibbous as to be sometimes as deep as long. The undula-
tion is remarkably conspicuous in a side or front view,
though scarcely perceptible if viewed from the top or under-
side, which the outline explains.

These shells are from the harder Chalk near Warminster.
They are generally filled or lined with very clear Quartz,
and sometimes the outer part or shell is partly Quartz, and
partly Chalk. Mr. Cunnington is the friend to whom I am
indebted for them.

AQ -

SCALARIA.

Gen. Cuan. An univalve turreted shell, with sharp
longitudinal raised ribs. Aperture nearly cir-
cular, with an uninterrupted bordered and re-
flected margin.

SCALARIA similis.
TAB. XVI.

Two upper figures.

Spec. Cuar. Whorles contiguous, spire with five
or six rounded transverse elevations, close to
each other, and somewhat decussated, the lowest
most prominent. Ribs distant, circular.

Lenern an inch and an half, greatest width about half an
inch. YVolutions about seven.

I received the first specimen of this shell from Bramerton,
near Norwich, a few years since; in 1812, Mrs. Cobbold
favoured me with the same species found by herself at
Holywells, near Ipswich. I do not know that more than
one or two, nearly perfect specimens, have been found,
neither have I learnt that it has been met with elsewhere.
It is so like the Turbo clathrus of Linneus (now Scalaria
of Lamarck), that we have but one strong character to
distinguish it by, the round transverse elevations. The
specimens are generally so brittle, that they are apt to fall
io pieces by being moved from a moderate temperature into
an hand a little warmer, when they usually separate at one
of the ribs, so neatly as not to spoil the contour of the shell,
as they only appear smaller in proportion to the number of
ribs separated. I call it similis from its resemblance to the
Linnzan species, and one figured in the Annales du museum,
which is there called Scalaria decussata, the mouth of which
is, however, drawn much smaller, though this may possibly
be some mistake of the draughtsman or engraver.

2/4 97 ; E
‘ div }\ A '

50

SCALARIA semicostata.
TAB. XVI.—Middle figure.

Spec. Cuar. Volutions contiguous, spire trang-
versely striated, ribs numerous, but slightly
raised, lower part of each volution smooth,

naked.

Levers half an inch, greatest width three-sixteenths.
‘The ribs scarcely cover two-thirds of each volution. Vo-
lutions about seven.

This pretty specimen was among some of the earth ac-
companying other shells from Barton Cliff, kindly sent me
by the Rev. W. Bingley. I have hitherto seen only this
one specimen. The transverse ribs terminate rather abruptly
a little above the mouth, nearly where there generally is a
prominent line in some of the species, especially in the next.

—

SCALARIA acuta.
TAB. XVI.—Two lower figures.

Spec. Cuar. Volutions rather distant; spire with
three slight transverse rising's, and a fourth very
prominent one, near the lower part of each turn.
Ribs recurved, expanded, and acutely angular
at their upper ends.

——— rr

Levetu eight-tenths of an inch, width four-tenths. Volu-
tions about seyen. The reflected margin of the mouth is
extended at the upper part into a kind of short flat spine;
the ribs unite the volutions to each other, and form a flattish
space on their upper part. I am glad to present another
extraordinary novelty and rarity, by favour of Miss E. Ben-
net, whom I have before mentioned. It is quite a new
Scalaria from Barton Cliff. That Nature is ever treating
us with variety and beauty is admirably exemplified in
this production. The ribs and lowest transverse risings
particularly distinguish it by their forms, giving a new
contour to the whole.

I have observed another larger specimen of this beautiful
and singular shell in Mr. Bullock’s Museum, and there is
a smaller one in Miss Bennet’s collection.

ol

AMMONITES acutus.
TAB. XVII.—Fig. 1.

Spec. Cuar, Involute, rather depressed, inner turns
half exposed, surface with straight projecting
radii extending over the interior half of each
whorle; margin crenated.. Aperture triangu-
larly cordate, two-fifths of the diameter of the
shell in length. Volutions three or four.

Sir about one inch in diameter, and one-third of an inch
thick, slightly carinated, flattish at the edge, with about
three crenatures to each of the radii.

This is from the cliff near Minster on the Isle of Sheepy,
it is a cast in blackish Pyrites, but after some years has
luckily not begun to decompose, and still looks neat and
elegant. On some parts the calcareous shell remains of a
dull brown colour. ‘The mouth is filled with little tuberose
accretions of Pyrites, giving it the appearance of the mouth
of a cornucopia.

AMMONITES cordatus.
TAB. XVII.—Figures 2 and 4.

Spec. Cuar. Involute, rather depressed, carinated,
inner turns half exposed ; surface with angular,
projecting, undulating radii, extending over the
inner half of each whorle, the remaining half
covered by diverging undulations terminating
in a crenated margin. Aperture cordate, two-
fifths of the diameter of the shell long. Volu-
tions four or five.

cere

F Rom one to two inches in diameter, and about one-third

of its. diameter in thickness; generally about five external

undulations to two radii; no depression upon the edge.
The specimen, figure 2, shows the exterior surface of the

shell; on it the radii are nearly equal in their thickness
throughout, the external undulations are very prominent at
. their commencement, and the keel projects but little, hence
the whole has a flatter aspect than No. 4. I gathered it
myself in the better light coloured Limestone of Shotover in
Oxfordshire, about the year 1805. It is often found larger,
but seldom so perfect.

No. 4 represents a cast of the interior, the radii terminate
with an acute prominence, from which they sometimes branch
into the external undulations, these are not so prominent as
in No. 2. ‘The margin or keel is also broader and thinner —
than that of No. 2, its general contour is more uneven, and its
sides appear more concave. I am much inclined to consider
it asa distinct species. The specimen is a fine and instructive
one, showing at the broad end the construction of the septa
in an handsome manner, with the undulating and branching
articulations which often give elegance to a specimen. This
specimen is covered on the external part by an ochraceous
iron: the inside is light coloured Carbonate of Lime crys-
tallized. It was sent me from Somersetshire by the late
Mr. Cunnington.

AMMONITES quadratus.
TAB. XVIL.—Fig. 3.

Spec. Cuar. Involute, rather depressed, carinated,
inner whorles half concealed ; surface with pro-
jectmg furcate undulatmg radii entending into
a crenated margin. Aperture obtusely square,
in length about one-third the diameter of the
shell. Volutions four or five.

Ay inch and an half in diameter, and less than half an inch
. thick, the radiating undulations are nearly regular in their
thickness, they are forked about the middle of the whorle,
where some short intermediate undulations commence with-
out any regularity: the margin is not flattened.

Robert Sparrow, Esq. of Worlingham Hall, Suffolk,
kindly lent me this specimen; it is an hollow chambered
cast in semitransparent Calcedony. It was found ina gravel
pit at Brandestone, near Framlingham, Suffolk, in 1781.

55
SCAPHITES.

Gen. Cuar. <A concamerated shell, commencing
with a depressed volution, the last turn of
which, after being enlarged and elongated, is
diminished and reflected imwards.

SCAPHITES equalis.
TAB. XVIUIL—Figures 1, 2, and 3.
Seec. Cuan. Invyolute, umbilicated, inner whorles
concealed, surface with projecting distant radii
extending all round the whorle; outer part
rounded with about two projecting striae be-
tween and equal to each of the radii; outer
whorle ventricose, the radii upon it much en-
larged, and abruptly terminated before they
reach the edge.

em

"Tus is an even shell, a little more than an inch long. On
account of the imperfection of the specimen, I am not sure
that the mouth is incurved.

I received this specimen some years ago, by favour of the
indefatigable and highly intelligent Dr. W. E. Leach,
from Yeovil. I place it under Mr. Parkinson’s new genus
Scaphites, not with the strictest propriety, but in the present
infant state of our knowledge, it may be convenient, as it
agrees so nearly with the next. Figure 1, is a side view.
Figure 2, shews the front with the volution central and a
flinty grain or two of sand. Figure 3, is a section through
one of the concamerations, exposing part of the undulations,
not always to be seen in such marly stone casts. The coat
or remaining part of the shell has a little of the pearly lustre.
It is from the green sand formation.

od

SCAPHITES obliquus.
TAB, XVUI.—Figures 4, 5, 6, and 7.

Spec. Cuar. Obliquely involute, umbilicated, inner
whorles concealed, covered by transverse striz,
dividing into two or three near the outer half
of the whorle, which is rather flattish and
broad, and uniting again on the other side.

nr

Tus obliquity of the curve of this shell, and the smallness
of those striz or radii that cover the last whorle, are the
characters that distinguish this from the last. The last
whorle is much incurved. Length nearly an inch, width
about three-fourths of an inch, greatest thickness half as
much. A specimen, or rather a cast, found in the hard
chalk near Warminster, in possession of Miss Bennet,
measures an inch and a quarter in length.

The specimens here figured are from Hamsey Marl pit
near Lewes, in Sussex. I was favoured with them by
G. A. Mantell, Esq. and I am happy to show that this
rarity is found in the marley stratum, as well as in the
chalk, in the neighbourhood of Brighton. I have given
two views, the one a profile, the other a more dorsal one,
to show that the transverse striae are narrower at the smaller
spire, and wider as they approach the returning spire,
where they are about twice as distant. The left hand
lower figure shows a front view and the obliquity of the
spire. The segment on the right hand was broken off
to show the concamerations, but very little of them are
perserved.

The contour of the shell should have been shown more
swelled in the middle of the figure.

ao

LINGULA.

Gen. Coir. An equiyalved equal-sided bivalve
shell, hinge none, the base or beak of the
valves pointed, and united into a tendinous
tube, serving for a ligament of attachment,
and which extends over the valves in a mem-
branous form, open at the front.

LINGULA mytilloides.
TAB. XIX.—Figures 1 and 2.

Spec. Cuar. Ovate, anterior end slightly truncated ;
beak indistinct.

Nearty an inch long, and three-fifths wide, the older
shells are flatted towards the front, with rather a straightish
edge. Shining and of a greyish blue colour.

These are mostly found in pairs at Wolsingham in the
county of Durham, in a dark coloured Limestone. I am
told they are sometimes larger than the figure. They are
preserved so well that they have the appearance of a recent
muscle.

LINGULA tenuis.
TAB. XIX.—Fig. 3.

Spec. Cuar. Elongated, lanceolate, anterior end
truncated.

Asout three-eights of an inch long, and not more than
one-third in width; flattish, with a bright shining surface,
the anterior edge short and straight: colour reddish brown.

This, although not unfrequent in the sandy stones which
are so commonly found at Bognor, with the Arca barbata
(now Pectunculus of Lam.) which is also found at the Isle
of Dogs (see tab. 15, B. M.) has, I believe, generally been

J0

overlooked, from its smallness. It is nevertheless very dis~
tinct and pretty when examined. I have only seen single
valyes, they are accompanied by some Anomizx, &c.

LINGULA ovalis.
TAB. XIX.—Fig. 4,
Spec. Coar. Depressed, oblong-oval, anterior edge
circular, beak very short.

Hane an inch long, a quarter of an inch wide. The
young shells of L. mytilloides, although they scarcely
show the truncated edge, are to be distinguished by their
being more elevated in the middle, and more acute at the
posterior edge.

I have only seen a cast of this species, it was found in a
lump of a hard white marley stone, among the sand, above
the Clay stratum near Pakefield in Suffolk, by Mr. John
Thurtell, who has favoured me with some curious shells
from that county, it is accompanied by some striated
Ammonites, Tellinw, &c.

This genus of shells does not appear to have been noticed
as fossil. It is very rare in the recent state, and I believe
but one species is known, which Linneus, having seen only
one valve, very naturally called Patellaunguis.* The speci-
men from which Cuyier’s figure in the Annales du Museum —
is taken, is one of those which were originally Seba’s.
Cuvier dissected it, and has given figures of all the parts of
the animal, from which it appears that the shell is covered
with a membrane, by the action of which alone it is enabled
to open its valves. The animal has two tentacula or arms,
with which it procures its food and conveys it to its mouth.
He found that it has two hearts.

* Mr. Sowerby has published a plate containing figures of the recent species

of this genus from good specimens in Mrs, Mawe’s collection; it may be had
separate.

ae
VENUS lineolata.

TAB. XX.—Upper Figure.

Spec. Cuan. Rather gibbous, ovato-subcordate ;
four-fifths of the surface covered with obscure
zigzag strie ; anterior side smooth ; edge entire.

Syn. Venus castrensis of Linn. Parkinson Org.
Rem. 3. p. 187.

rE

Lenern about one inch and three quarters, width about
two inches and an half; the beak is rather prominent, and
the thickness of the shell not remarkable; the cicatrix is
cordate, but not well defined.

This is the Venus from Blackdown, near Collumpton in
Devonshire, spoken of by Mr. Parkinson, and which I had
much wished to see, and my wishes were soon gratified, for
almost the same day a parcel arrived from Miss Hill, with
this extraordinary specimen, which, notwithstanding the
great change that has taken place in its substance which
is now siliceous approaching to Agate or Calcedony, has
the elegant zigzag lines yet distinct. It adheres by its inside
to agglutinated sand so strongly, that I could not attempt to
get at the hinge without danger of spoiling it; I therefore
have placed with it a shell which shows the hinge, and from
the outward contour appears to be of the same genus The
numerous greenish black particles of Chlorite in this sand
characterize the stratum.

This shell does not agree with Linnzus’s description of
Venus castrensis.

38

VENUS planus.
TAB. XX.—Lower Figures.

Spec. Cuar. Rather depressed, subcordate, slightly
angular towards the anterior side; surface

smooth; edge entire.

ne 8 FE

Asovr two inches and an eighth in length, and two inches
and three-eighths in width; a strong but not thick shell;
the cicatrix is lanceolate.

A dull corneus appearance, with a semitransparency and
plainness of form, have given rise to the name; it is also
from Blackdown, by favour of the same Lady as the above.

The black particles of sand seem to have decomposed into
a kind of ochre.

59

VENUS equalis.
TAB. XXI.

Spec. Cuar. Uniformly convex, obcordate or
nearly circular, covered with numerous trans-
verse concentric striw; thick, particularly in
the middle; margin acute, extended, entire.
Cicatrix obscure.

(Lenatu and breadth nearly equal; a shell of three or four
inches in diameter, is about half an inch thick; the anterior
side rather rugged; striw projecting, sharp. I received
specimens of these some years since, by favour of the Rey.
P. Lathbury, from Woodbridge in Suffolk; gathered in
the cragg-pits. Dawson Turner and William Hooker,
Esqs. have also favoured me with fragments. The two
upper figures are from one specimen from Elmset, by
favour of the first Gentleman; it is the most perfect I have
seen. The fragment below is part of a larger shell, and
shows the opposite hinge, and at the same time a wearing
at the cavity where the cartilage probably was fixed, by
which it is remarkably enlarged near the beak of the shell;
besides some wearing about the rest of the hinge part,
almost enough to make some think it another species. I
have received a fragment of this and another species of
similar proportions, much resembling Venus Islandica of
Linn. from Holywell near Ipswich, found in a cragg pit on
Mr. Cobbold’s estate. These shells are mostly the Carbo-
nate of Lime remaining from the recent shell, more or less
coloured by ochraceous oxide of Iron; they are generally
thick, particularly in the middle, and are of a thickly plated

60

structure. The hinge teeth, which are very thick and con-
spicuous, may be traced with attention to fit the other shell
very conveniently, showing how they lock one into another.

These shells seem nearly allied, if they are not the same
species as one figured in tab. 250 of British Mineralogy,
which is in flint from Teignmouth, Devonshire. They at
first sight resemble Venus [slandica, but they donot appear
to be the same as Mr. Parkinson mentions at p. 188 of the
third volume of Organic Remains, with which he was fa-
voured by Capt. Gardner. I have a more similar one in
sand, it is calcedonic, somewhat translucid with an opaque
coating, and was sent me by Miss Hill from Blackdown.
The hinge and contour are sufficiently preserved to show
that it is not V. Islandica, corresponding with the idea
that fossil shells do not accord with recent species.

61

MUREX.

Gen. Coan. Univalve, spiral, ovate-oblong; base
channelled, varicosely tumid; with rough, spi-
nous or fringed, longitudinal and projecting
sutures.

MUREX striatus.

TAB. XXII.

Spec. Cuar. Shell ventricose, with many transverse
rounded projections, and from three to five
parallel strie between each, crossed by other
strie or sutures. Volutions from three to six.
Beak nearly straight. Mouth oval.

Seeeentemeeeienimmmnnenens 2

Tue last whorle is much above half the length of the shell,
and not very suddenly contracted into the beak. The lon-
gitudinal sutures or lines of growth are scarcely rough: the
beak is rather wide. Grows to three or more inches in
length.

This species, at first sight, much resembles Buccinum
undatum of Linn. ; the projecting of the canula in our species
seems to be its distinguishing character. Some varieties
very nearly accord also with the recent Murex antiquus of
Linn. in shape, and their resemblance is greater or less
as they are more or less worn; both agree in having the
mouth on the right hand side. I have figured a full-sized

137:

62

specimen, though not the largest, of a dark ochre colour,
as found in the Essex and Suffolk craig pits, and peculiar
to them. The next figure in proportion is of a lighter
colour, and is from among many choice specimens with
which I was favoured by Mrs. Cobbold, from the pit on
the Holywell estate near Ipswich.. The small smooth shell at
the bottom of the plate is from the same place, and much
resembles the young recent shells in the irregular swellings
of the spire. This shell sometimes so nearly resembles
Murex contrarius, that it has frequently been considered as
a variety of that, having the mouth on the right, instead of
the left hand side, and is thought very rare. I have them
from the smallest to the largest size, selected in pairs, which
often renders it really doubtful. It is rather remarkable that
the mouths of the shells have a white almost chalky lining.

63

MUREX contrarius.

TAB. XXIll.

Spec. Cuar. Spire reversed, volutions five or six,
slightly expanded at the upper part, and con-
tracted towards the beak: surface with many
rounded projections or smooth. Mouth irregu-
larly ovate; beak rather short.

Gmel. Syst. Nat. Tome 1. p. 3564.
ee

Tue last whorle is half the length of the shell, which is
often very smooth, and three or four inches long. ‘The
spire is longer than in the last, and the volutions more
equal.

This has always a more striking resemblance to the recent
Murex antiquus of Linn. than the last, but the spire winds
the contrary way. It is very rare to meet with a reversed
recent shell of that species. The small specimen at the
bottom of the plate appears to be a young shell, but the
small shell figured in the upper part of the plate differs a
little, it is rather longer in proportion, and has alternating
larger and smaller strie; the mouth is reversed also, but
broader towards the top, and the canula is lengthened
a little. May it not be specifically distinct? if so, it might
perhaps be distinguished by its neatness, and called Murex
pulcher.

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65

AMMONITES serratus.

TAB. XXIV.

*

Srec. Cuar. Involute, depressed, carinated, inner
whorles two-thirds concealed; surface radiated

and undulated near the circumference; keel dis-
tinct, sharply crenated, containing the siphun-
culus; aperture narrow, five-angled, half the
diameter of the shell in length. Volutions five.

Ee 0

Diameter four inches, thickness one inch. The sides
of the whorles are rather concave near the keel, which is
nearly cylindrical, and from the sharpness of its crenatures,
may almost be called serrated or jointed. The septa are
‘ close, with many deep undulations on their margins.

I do not know that this species has ever been found
perfect. The upper specimen retains some of the shell
in one part very ‘perfectly; we see in it also part of one of
the divisions of the shell prettily spreading into the small
external sutures, and exposing the passage or hole of the
siphunculus belonging to the turn within it; where the
shell is lost, the various undulating ramifications, which
have a kind of foliage-form, more or less perfect, are
explained.

The under figure shows the frequent divisions, and that
there are about five rather distinct principal undulations,
whieh divide alternately, and lock into smaller sutures.

66

The centre whorles are very thin, and frequently lost, as in
this specimen.

The middle figure exhibits a cast of one of the chambers
formerly distinguished by the name of Spondylithes; it
shows the shape and principal undulations of the margin of
the septum, with the hole of the siphunculus through it,
and the protuberating undulations outside.

When we have learned by some experience, that better
are not to be obtained, imperfect specimens of organic
remains must be used; they serve well to instruct us, and
exhibit the internal organization, &c.

The specimens were a little larger than the figure, and
are filled with a brown stony marle; the shell being some-
what like hardened chalk and yellowish, some are more
decomposed, softer, and whiter or stained with ochre.
They are found in the parish of Worlingham near Beccles,
and are lent me by my friend, R. Sparrow, Esq. I have
inferior specimens from other parts of Suffolk.

67

CHAMA.

Gen. Cuar. An attached unequal bivalve with
unequal, incurved beaks; hinge with one thick
oblique and sometimes crenated tooth; two
muscular impressions. Often crenated around

* a great part of the inner margin of the shell.

CHAM A Haliatiden,
TAB. XXV.

Spec. Cuar. Flattish, oval, uneven, with one
longitudinal curved line outside, and a deep
curving hollow within the deepest valve, ex-
tending from the beak around one side; the
remainder very shallow, margin thin, broad,
slightly fringed, crenate within. Muscular
impression large.

ee

Asour an inch and an half long, and an inch broad;
beaks subinvolute; anterior side of the upper valve marked
with a long curved suture, and not fringed, whence it much
resembles an Haliotis. Under valve attached by nearly its
whole surface.

Figs. 1 and 3 represent the under valve; 2 and 4 the
upper valve; and fig. 5 the cast of the inside, showing the
crenated edge.

68

Miss E. Benett of Norton House favoured me with this,
specimen from the green sand formation in the parish of
St. Mary Donhead, Wiltshire. Miss B. remarks that the
upper valves are seldom found, although from Dinton,
near Salisbury, to Stourhead, the deeper or lower shells of
various Chame are predominant.

The shells are siliceous casts, and belong to the green
sand formation.

CHAMA canaliculata.

TAB. XXVI.—Fig. 1.

Spec. Cuar. Oblong-oval, flattish, plated; deeper
valve with a lateral canaliculated projection, or
wing.

a

Lenern an inch and a quarter; breadth, exclusive of the
beak, one inch. The beak of the deeper valve is much
curved towards the wing, but partly obliterated by the
surface of adhesion. The beak of the other valve is very
short, it has scarcely any wing; the margins of the dif-
ferent stages of growth cover the shells like deep folds of
drapery. The surface of adhesion is between the wing
and the beak of the deeper valve.

I could not separate the valves, so I judge from the
outside appearance alone, that this belongs to the Genus
Chama. It is siliceous, and accompanied by the green
sand; found in a field at Chute, Wiltshire.

69

CHAMA recurvata.

TAB, XXVI.—Fig. 1.

Spec. Cuar. Deep valve conical, curved; beak
subinvolute.

Tue hollow valve is a roundish deep shell, the surface is
smooth, and the beak turned to one side. Hinge indistinct.
I have not met with the other valve, but I suppose it to be
flatter. ;

This also is composed of Silex, and is impregnated with
a coarse ochraceous oxide of Iron. It is from Halldown,
near Exeter, by favour of T. J. L. Baker, Esq.

CHAMA conica.
“TAB. XXVI.—Fig. 3.

Spec. Cuar. Oblong, curved; larger valve deep,
with a blunt conical beak, and a small wing ;
lesser valve oval, flat, with a crenated margin
and wing.

EEE

Dexr valve much larger than the other, about an inch
long, and three-fourths wide. The hinge is peculiar,
somewhat resembling a ball’ and_ socket.

{9s;a Vf
, fie “Pe

d

70

I found this siliceous shell at Chute: its valves easily
separated from the cast of the inside, which is composed
of sandy’ marle, mixed with the green granular Talc
which characterizes the stratum in which it abounds, and
gives it the name of green sand.

CHAMA plicata.
TAB, XXVI.—Fig. 4.

Spec. Cuar. Transversely ovate; beak short; deeper
valve with a narrow channelled wing.

SE

Haxr an inch long, three-fourths wide; wing small, ear-
shaped, deeply folded at its commencement, flatter and
obtuse at its termination; hinge-tooth obscure or none:
margin of the shell crenated within the edge. Surface of
adhesion small. I have not seen the flatter valve of this.
T. J. L. Baker, Esq. presented me with this specimen from

Halldown: it is Silex coloured by oxide of Iron.

71
PECTUNCULUS, Lamarck.

Arca, Linn.

Gen. Cuar. A bivalve subequilateral shell, hinge
with many alternately inserted teeth placed in
a single arched row. Cartilage of the hinge
partly internal, attached to a flat triangular
striated surface.

PECTUNCULUS decussatus.
TAB. XXVIL—Fig. 1.

Spec. Cuar. Transversely obovate; sides rather
straight; surface covered with numerous lon-
gitudinal strie. Hinge teeth twenty-five to
thirty. Margin thick, plain.

AG

Generaxry about half an inch wide, slightly depressed ;
besides the lines of growth, and distinct longitudinal stria,
which give the shell a beautiful appearance, there are many
very close fine transverse striez, which can hardly be seen
without a lense.

Extremely common among the looser earth from the
upper part of the clay stratum, thrown out from the
excavation at Highgate, as alsa in the more dense py-
ritaceous depressed nodules or septaria, often surrounding
the edges in multitudes. The middle figure is from an
extraordinary specimen presented to me by the indefat-
igable friend to science, B. G. Snow, Esq. It was appa-
rently a ball of Pyrites covered with these shells, lying in
many directions, some filled with coloured Pyrites; but when
broken at one end, it was found to be a rather irregular
crust, containing within it a quantity of the new resinous
substance in a state approaching decomposition, as it had
lost its transparency, and is of an earthy aspect, looking
like light brown dry cracked clay, but is readily inflamed.
I am glad I had made a memorandum of it, as the Pyrites
was in so forward a state of decomposition, that its falling
to pieces could not be prevented, even under water.

72

PECTUNCULWUS costatus.
TAB. XXVII.—Fig. 2.

Spec. Cuar. Orbicular, depressed, with twenty-
five longitudinal sharp ridges, and a few trans-
verse strie; hinge of fourteen teeth; margin
serrated within.

TE

Suet thin, somewhat variable in form: some specimens
are rather oblique and angular; the ribs are not quite
regular, being in some more distant than in others, with
here and there a small intermediate one. The beak is not
prominent. A few specimens are found an inch or more
im diameter, the one figured is of a middling size.

Mrs. Tylee and the Rev. Mr. Bingley, have favoured
me with variety of this from Hordwell Cliff. I wonder
that Brander has not figured it, as it does not appear to

be rare.

PECTUNCULUS plumstediensis.
TAB. XXVII.—Fig. 3.

Spec. Cuan. Transversely obovate, slightly oblique,
with longitudinal obscure furrows and minute
transverse strie; margin serrated within.

TE rm

Beax rather prominent, obtuse; shell thin, nearly an inch
wide.

Found in the alluvial sandy gravel of a small hill which
contains many good shells, at Plumstead, near Woolwich.
I believe it is seldom found whole, being very brittle. I
have fragments larger than the one figured, and some
minute whole shells; this may occasionally be worth
noticing, as it may lead us to improvement in geological
science, and probably serve to shew in what cases the shells
‘remain in their original beds.

73%
PENTAMERUS.

Gen. Cuar. An equal-sided inequivalyed bivalve,
one valve divided by a longitudinal internal
septum into two parts, the other by two septa
into three parts or valves. Beaks incurved,
imperforate.

PENTAMERUS Knightii.
TAB. XXVIIL—Upper Figure.

Spec. Cuar. Circular, with many longitudinal
furrows; tripartite valve much depressed, with
a short slightly-incurved beak ; bipartite valve
conical, gradually produced into a leng in-
curved beak.

ne re BT ara a

Tue septa in the flat valve extend to its edge, they are
near each other\and parallel. The septum in the other
valye divides the beak; the divisions extending to the edge
of the shell, form a kind of double beak, much resembling
the horny part of the toes of a pig’s foot, and leave an
angular hollow within the curve; the stone that fills this
hollow commonly separates easily, and may at first sight be
taken for a third valve of a triangular carinated form.
The edge of the deep valve appears to extend over that
of the flatter one: the length of the curve from the apex
to the edge is often six inches.

About half a mile up the river Teme, near Downton
castle, the dell is bounded by two steep rocks approaching

973 YI.

14*

to each other, and the parts of the land above are level
and alluvial, as if a lake had been there before the present
chasm in the rock. On the southern rock (a dark grey
limestone) these extraordinary split shells are found, and
are situate about twenty feet above the level of the river.
T am greatly obliged to T. A. Knight Esq., of Downton,
for the first specimen of this shell in 1809; I have since
received specimens from A. Carlisle, Esq., which have
much assisted in illustrating its curious structure, collected
by him when on a visit to the gentleman abovementioned.
Arthur Aikin, Esq., had observed this formation and
the dividing of the under shells, and mentioned them to
me at a meeting of the Geological Society in February,
1812, and Mr. Farey was so kind as to send me several
specimens with the following interesting observations :
“¢ The divided shells which I sent to you were brought
from Croft-Ambrey Park Limeworks, Herefordshire, about
eight miles S.S.W. of Ludlow: the quarries are in a
sudden valley 3 m. N. of Croft Castle, where thirty feet
thick of the rock is opened, a dun grey shattery Limestone
with blue cores. A great many of the thin beds in this
quarry abound with the divided shells in a very perfect
state; and, with others, I also saw appearances of Entrochi
and Coralloids in this rock, which here dips to the S.E.
at the rate of about one in eight or ten, and it appeared to
me to be the upper of the three Limestone rocks that I was
hastily tracing in this neighbourhood in July, 1812, and
to underlie a local patch of Clearhills coal measures,
extending hence southward ; and though belonging to the
same limestone rock as Tinker’s, Cairbarn, &c. hills to the
N.E. and beyond the Teme, and in Hopton- Wafers, I do
not find that they now join, but are separated by the wide
excavated vale of the Teme, in the red marle and other
under measures to this rock.”

TZ

PENTAMERUS Aylesfordii.

TAB. XXIX.

Spec. Cuan. Nearly circular, with longitudinal
furrows; tripartite valve convex, with a pro-
minent incurved beak ; bipartite valve gibbous,
incurved, conical, with a much incurved beak.

| ae Ee

Neary resembles the last, differing only in the form of
the smaller valve, which is more hemispherical, and has
amore curved beak; the edges of the two valves meet in
this, which I suspect is not the case with P. Knightii.

I think it possible that this may be another species,
and may accord with some of Mr. Aikin’s specimens from
Yeo Edge. The largest is in the possession of Lady
Aylesford, and is the finest I have seen. It is almost ne-
cessary to break these specimens in order to see their
strongest characters, nor would Lady A ylesford’s have been
recognized but for the fracture at the apex, which displays
the division at the beak. The left hand outline of Tab.
28. is the sketch of a section exhibited by a specimen from
Amestry, ina coarse grey Limestone, among others in the
possession of G. B, Greenough, Esq., it is of a pink hue,
prettily relieved by the dark stone; it is filled with a
crystallized mass of a light colour. Mr. Farey has speci-
mens from Croft-Ambrey Park.

I cannot learn where Lady Aylesford’s specimen was
found; the one of which I have given two views below,
and which is rather a wider shell, though scarcely different
enough to be considered a distinct species, was picked up
by Mr. Ryan at Colebrook Dale. It is from analogy that

76*
\
I consider it to be of the same genus, for I do not consider
it right to run the risk of spoiling the only one I have seen
in search of internal evidence. _ 1 hope other specimens will
soon be found, now that notice is taken of the peculiar
structure of the genus, which will clear all doubts.

PENTAMERUS levis.

TAB. XXVIIL.—Right hand Figure.

Spec. CHAR. Smooth, triangular, front rounding,
beaks incurved.
rE Sa
Mucu less gibbous than either of the last; free from fur-
rows, but having slight depressions over the septa; length
generally less than an inch.

Not having found this in a perfect state, although I
have had stones including hundreds of specimens, 1 have
been doubtful whether I ought to admit it. The Rey. Dr.
Abbot, of Bedford, in May, 1812, was so kind as to bring
me pieces of rolled Limestone, with these small dividing
shells, from near Hopton Court, where he thought they
appeared to be left by the swell of the river Teme, and
formed a bank three feet or more high.

Sometimes I think there are two species in the stone, a
smooth and a furrowed one, but better chance than I have
had must determine this; at the same time the formation is
distinctly characterized.

The same stones contain the remains of Madrepores..
The specimen figured is from Bildwas, Shropshire, col-
lected by A. Aikin, Esq. In some of his specimens [|
perceived the imperfect remains of small Entrochi.

73

SERPULA, Linn.

Gen. Cuar. Univalve, adherent, tubular, variously
curved. Aperture round.

SERPULA crassa.
TAB. XXX.

Spec. Cuar. Shell acutely conical, round within,
three-sided externally, about four times as long
as the diameter of the end at the aperture.

Senne Sc CS

Asovr an inch long, and one-fifth diameter at the mouth,
the edges slightly waved, two of them attached to the sub-
stance the tube adheres to. Animal with a stellated bony
termination to the proboscis.

This Highgate specimen is peculiarly interesting and
important, inasmuch as it appears to be the first specimen
of the kind noticed or perhaps found, and as it leads to the
more attentive investigation of the recent species, the stel-
lated organ that terminates the proboscis being preserved,
and apparently serving as an occasional cover or operculum.
{ had not seen this stellated organ in the recent or living
species till about half a year after I possessed this specimen,
when upon a visit to Dr. Leach* (to whom the world is
likely to be greatly indebted for the learning and assiduity
he bestows upon particular departments of Natural History)

* Although this was the only specimen yet known to him or me,
Dr. Leach was so generous as to insist on my acceptance of it to elucidate
my Highgate specimen.

74

ke showed me an Eschara from Plymouth with a partly
upright more cylindrical Serpula with a rounded aperture,
with the edge of which the operculum is placed immediately
in contact. This organ may perhaps in future serve for
distinguishing the genus or species. The Serpula which
I have figured for S. triquetra in British Miscellany, tab.
31, has a bell-shaped proboscis, with the addition of a
peculiar tongue-like appendage, which gives some idea of
a difference in these organs, but my figure is not properly
triquetrous, but rather five-angled; and I conceive by the
specimens I possess and have seen, that the Serpule may be
divided much more than they have been. Ellis has a ver

distinct figure of this instrument, tab. 38, fig. 2.

I have since found in dry specimens of the recent Ser-
pulz these parts preserved, when the specimens appear not
to have been washed; and it may be recommended to those
who collect these extraordinary productions, to preserve
the animal in spirits, or if, when they protrude from the
shell, a piece of paper be put under them, they will often
remain very perfect. I preserved those figured in British

_ Miscellany in this manner, and they may be kept thus
many years.

The Serpulz figured in this plate are attached to a frag-
ment of the Strombus amplus of Brander, tab. 6, which is
a rare Hampshire shell, and not before known in any other
part of Great Britain.

75

VIVIPARA*, De Montfort.

Gen. Cuar. Univalve, ovate or oblong, with a
regularly elevated rounded spire. Aperture
entire, oblong, longitudinal, the two lips
united angularly above.

EE

Tue term Helix being by late Authors confined to those
shells only which resemble Helix promatia of Linn.,
we are willing to adopt the generic name Vivipara of
Montfort, for such as are like Helix Vivipara of Linn.,
although it may imply a character that, perhaps will not
be found in every shell otherwise not generically different.
The recent prototype of this genus, being a fresh water
shell, analogy would lead us to suppose the fossil shells
nearly resembling it to have been inhabitants of fresh water
also, which have long been supposed not to have been
preserved, but under such circumstances as may be ex-
plained, as Mr. Parkinson says, ‘‘ on the supposition of
their having been involved in the gradually accreting
tufaceous matter which is deposited by streams and rivers,
or in the stalactitical concretions forming the cavities of
Limestone rocks of comparatively modern formation.’
Org. Rem. v. 3, p. 86. Those in the tufaceous substance
might happen to be the remains of dead shells, even of the
current year, and are often of the same species as those living
in the rivers or lakes where the deposit has taken place. At

* We believe the shells here described belong to Lamarck’s genus Bu-
limus, but they do not exactly agree in several characters, and moreover the
exact. prototype of this genus is undoubtedly a fresh water, and not a land
shell, as Lamarck’s Bulimi are.

76

the bottoms of the lakes of Kinnairdy in Scotland, when
they were drained, there were found beds of a kind of
shelly tufa, varying in thickness from two to six feet,
covered by sulphureous peat from two to ten feet deep;
below this is sand, then clay, and frequently beneath the
clay is another thin layer of the shells. Specimens of these
were sent me by my good friend Charles Lyell, Esq.
in 1808. I found the shells to be the same species as those
which at present frequent such lakes. The masses are
three or four inches square, very friable, light and
delicately white, except here and there a brownish or
reddish stain; the shells are delicately preserved in a ©
similar way to those found near Paris, and which so much
resemble the Helix planorbis, Linn. The Isle of Wight
shells, which are somewhat similar, but as I shall hereafter
show, distinct, come next in the order of preservation; in
1807, the Rev. G. R. Leathes brought me specimens from
the Isle of Wight, in which, besides the Helices resembling
planorbis, are casts of shells of the present genus in a clayey
marle. In the Sussex marble also there are often casts of
the same genus, and the late General Davies, in 1806,
brought me similar ones, found two feet under clay, on the
road from Rathersden to Ashford in Kent. Mr. Smith
informs me that the clay there is beneath the chalk. From
these different localities of shells, apparently of the same
genus, we must conclude, either that analogy is not sufficient
to prove that these fossils are of fresh water origin, or else
that there are more fresh water formations than are generally
supposed.

77

VIVIPARA fluviorum.

TAB. XXXI.—Fig. 1.

Srpec. Cuar. Volutions four to six, convex. Shell
about twice the length of the aperture. Lines
of growth rather sharply conspicuous, giving
the shell a finely striated appearance.

Suevx not quite twice as long as broad. When full grown,
about an inch and an half long, and seven-eighths wide.

Of the three central figures above the slab, the upper two
are filled with a loose kind of marle, the shell being replaced
by a dark coloured imperfectly crystallized Carbonate of
Lime, in part bleached externally, so as to look like the sun
dried remains of the recent Vivipara fluviorum; the lower
figure is from a recent specimen, for comparison, from the
centre of a pond that has been dried up. The figures on
either side of these differ in the length of the spire, but I can
only consider them as varieties, for there are several inter-
mediate ones among the specimens from which the figures
are selected; the recent shells are subject to the same varia-
tions, the larger and longer ones being generally found
in the deepest water, as in the Thames and some deep
ponds at Hackney. These were presented to me, some by
Mr. R. Weeks, and others by the Rev. Mr. Fearon; they
are brought from Sussex *.

* T saw a large mass full of shells like these in the Bishop of Winchester’s
Park at Farnham; it had been picked up inthe neighbourhood. Wapping
_ Docks also afforded this shell while digging.

78

The square figure is from a piece of the Sussex marble
taken from the ruins of Lewes Priory, and given me by
G. A. Mantell, Esq.; it shows the more or less perfect sec-
tion or distorted outline of the dark coloured shelly remains,
filled with whiter confusedly crystallized Carbonate ef Lime :
in the grey or brown ground are an immense number of
minute bivalve shells, resembling those of bivalve Monoculi,*
but now very properly distinguished from the genus
Monoculus by Lamarck, under the name Cypris; the form
of the shell is much like that of Mya ovalis: in another
specimen I received some years ago from Mr. Weeks, there
are also many small Vivipare, probably the young progeny
of the larger shells suddenly arrested by fate. The four
figures by the sides of the slab exhibit fragments detached
from less compact pieces of the marble. 'The group below
is from near Ashford, as before mentioned, the specimens are
commonly only casts of the interior of the shel somewhat
distorted; on either side are detached varieties. I have
never seen the operculum of any fossil specimen.

VIVIPARA extensa.
TAB. XXXI.—Fig. 2.

Spec. Cuar. Volutions four or five, subconvex,
lower part rather angular, inner lip swelling a
little at the umbilical side, outer lip extended
outwards. Shell about twice the length of the

aperture.
C—O

Smoorn, three-eighths of an inch long, rather thin.
This little white specimen so much resembles Helix ten-
taculata of Linn. that I can hardly pronounce it to be a

* So common in stagnant water at the present day.

79

distinct species, but the extended outer lip appears to be a
distinguishing character. It is a siliceous cast which not
being quite smooth, seems unfinished ; it was sent me from
Blackdown by Miss Hill, where it occurred among shells
hitherto supposed to be of marine origin. It has however
somewhat the appearance of Turbo canalis of Montagu, and
may therefore possibly be a marine shell.

VIVIPARA lenta.
TAB. XXXI.—Fig. 3.

Helix lenta. Brand. f. 60.

Spec. Cuar. Smooth, volutions five or six, scarcely
angular. Lines of growth occasionally con-
spicuous. Aperture nearly round, entire.

a

Spine rather long : shell thickish, an inch long, not half an
inch wide.

This shell is found at Hordwell and Barton Cliffs; I am
indebted to the Rev. W. Bingley for the specimen figured.
The figure in Brander is from a specimen with a broken
mouth, the mouth is also engraved rather too round, giving
it too much the air of a Turbo, otherwise the engraving is
excellent.

80

VIVIPARA concinna.
TAB. XXXI.—Figs. 4 and 5.

Spec. Cuar. Shell rather conieal; volutigns four
or five; slightly convex; lower part rather
angular.

rE re a

Lives of growth indistinct, surface smooth; length three-
fourths of an inch.

This has the convex contour of the spire less distinct than
the last, and is rather angular in the lower part of the
whorles. The spire is also rather shorter and pointed, con-
sisting generally of about four whorles. I am favoured
with it from a somewhat sandy part of the strata of Barton
Cliff, by Mrs. Tylee.

VIVIPARA suboperta.
TAB. XXXI.—Fig. 6.

Spec. Cuar. Volutions five, convex, with a de-
pressed line along the upper part; a little
wrinkled, outer lip folding partly over the
upper part of the aperture. Shell about twice
the length of the aperture.

Sprre acute, surface flattish, smooth, three quarters of an
inch long.

This specimen ought perhaps to have been reserved for
another plate, as we are rather doubtful whether it belongs
to the genus Vivipara; it was sent me by Mrs. Cobbold,
from the estate called Holywells, near Ipswich.

8i

ELLIPSOLITHES.

Gen. Cuar. Shell univalve, elliptical, invelute,
chambered, all the volutions apparent. Aper-
ture lunulate on account of receiving in its
inner part the return of the volution.

ELLIPSOLITHES funatus.
TAB. XXXII.

/

Spec. Cuar. Shell with numerous transverse sim-
ple rounded risings, relieved by rather wider
grooves, at intervals a kind of constriction
distinguished by a small protuberance on the
inner part of the rising immediately beyond it.

er ET ee

Suri smooth; whorles three er four, half concealed ;
long diameter, three inches; short diameter two and a
quarter; thickness, one and an half.

The general appearance of this cerious production would
bespeak it a multilocular shell, and De Montfort describes
it as such; our specimen however does not expose such a
character so distinctly as might be desired, yet I believe
sufficiently in one part. Although in this respect hardly
satisfactory, I could not avoid treating my friends with a
knowledge of this curious rarity belonging to the Black-
rock range, S. E. of Cork, as discovered by my friend
Samuel Wright, Esq. in 1812. It is a fairly elliptical
species, and although the specimen is somewhat dis-
torted, the curve is sufficiently apparent to decide upon;
besides which there is at intervals a sort of constriction,

82

distinguished by a small protuberance that perhaps makes
it more perfect and certain than any before seen, if it be not
a specific difference. They are said to be found along
with the Turrilites, at Mount St. Catherine, near Rouen. It
is not a little remarkable that it is not found in Sussex or
Wiltshire with our Turrilites, for the shell figured by
Mr. Parkinson, plate 9, f. 6, which at first sight a little
resembles it, and which is found in the same stratum with
the Turrilites, is certainly oval or elliptical by distortion,
and is of a different species; when most perfect the speci-
mens have a round contour. I have specimens variously
distorted. JI do not know that any Turrilites have yet
been discovered in Ireland: there are however two or more
truly elliptical shells.

Those found at St. Catherine are said to be argillaceo-
calcareous, ours are a very foetid Limestone, which is very
apparent when scraped.

83
UNIO, Lamarck.
Mya, Linn.

Gen. Cuar. A transverse shell, having three mus-
cular impressions, two very distinct and the
third nearly united to the posterior one; an
irregular callous hinge tooth, prolonging itself
on the anterior side beneath the ligamental

slope, and articulating with that of the op-
posite valve.

EE

Severau species of this genus abound in the dron-stone
stratum of Derbyshire, called the Muscle Band, and else-
where, in the nodules found in what they call the Blue-
bind, or in Bituminous Shale above the Coal, as on Lord
Middleton’s estate at Woolaston in Nottinghamshire, 75
yards below the surface; they are sometimes partially
covered with Coaly matter, and often indicate Coal mea-
sures. They are occasionally called Dog’s-tooth marble.

. UNIO subconstrictus.
TAB. XXXIII.—Figs. 1, 2, and 3.

Spec. Cuar. About twice as broad as long, with
a constriction running from the front of the
shell towards the beak on the anterier side, the
end of which is subtruncated.

Senn —

Ratner shallow, generally rather more than an inch
broad, and half an inch long.

Not a rare species, it was sent me from Derbyshire by
Mr. Jonathan Salt; it is impressed upon a nodule of argil-
Jaceous Iron-stone that has become ochraceous upon the
exposed surface. ‘Such Iron-stone is found to contain from
25 to 30 per cent of Iron. There is a perforation in the
shell, seemingly made by some species of worm.

UNIO uniformis.
TAB. XXXIII.—Fig. 4.
Mya ovalis, Martyn Petref. Derb. tab. 27. 282
Spec. Cuar.' Subovate, beak near the middle of
the shell, anterior and posterior ends elliptical.

a

W wrs nearly twice as much as the length; rather deeper
than the last, and differs also in having the beak nearer the

84

middle of the shell, and in wanting the constriction and the
subtruncated anterior end

Martyn’s figures, tab 27 and 28, appear to be the same
species as this; they were then understood to be the same
species as Mya ovata of Linn. Trans. which was not
distinzuished from Mya ovatis, but it differs from that in
the outline, which is a regular uniform curve, without any
angles at the end, as in recent shells. ‘Those specimens
that have angles, are evidently distorted ones, and most of —
them appear to have slipped from the hinge a little. This
was found in marle at Felmersham in Bedfordshire, by my
very kind old friend the Rey. T.O. Marsh. The specimens
sometimes bear so much resemblance to the Derbyshire ones,
that they are taken for the same even when found in the
alluvial soil near Bedford. Tab. 99, British Mineralogy,
exhibits the inside of a pyritaceous cast resembling it, from

Bath.

UNIO acutus.
TAB. XXXIII.—Figs. 5, 6, and 7.

Spec. Cuar. Anterior side acute, twice as wide as
the other which is blunt or rounded. Width
two and an half times its length.

FCN

Posterior side deeper than the anterior, beak rather
angular, size the same as the two last.

Plentiful among argillaceous Iron-stone in the neigh-
bourhood of Bradford in Yorkshire. I am favoured with
the shorter variety by Samuel Hailstone, Esq. ‘The other
was sent me by Mr. Jonathan Salt; I believe it is from
Derbyshire. ‘The lowest figure is taken from one which I
suppose to be a cast of the inside.

In order to prove the identity of these shells with the
Genus Unio of Lamarck, which their external characters
led us to suspect, we have made a cast of the inside of a
recent species, upon a comparison of which with several
fossil casts we are enabled to give it as our decided opinion,
that these shells are undoubtedly of the same genus, conse-
quently we have several species of fresh water shells in‘one
of our Coal formations, and we have great reason to believe
that the Mytillus crassus figured in Brit. Min. tab. 386,
may also be considered as a fresh water shell, as it appears
to be an Anodonta of Lamarck.

73

EMARGINULA, Lamarck.

Gen. Cuar. Univalve, obliquely conical, vertex
inclined ; anterior or posterior margin with a
single deep notch or fissure.

EMARGINULA crassa.
TAB. XXXIUI.—Upper figures.

Spec. Cuar. Oval, obtusely conical, furrowed ;
with four or five strie between each furrow;

fissure wide.
SS EE

Tus shell is remarkably thick, and the lines of growth
are marked across the strie. The fissure is filled up for
half its length by a thinner continuation of the shell.

I conceive this to be a species hitherto undescribed; it
was found in the Crag near Ipswich, by Mrs. Cobbold,
whose zeal for science prompted her to send me the fine
specimen from which this figure is taken. I have not seen
another specimen, but consider this a full grown shell, for
towards the margin the lines of growth become very strong
and irregular, which from analogy may be supposed to
point out the usual size. There is besides an additional
piece round the edge, produced as it were by an extra
effort of growth, similar to that in many old shells. The
substance of the shell is about as hard as plaister of paris
cast, without any appearance of crystallization, but remains
of a glossy smoothness in some of the interior parts; the
outside looks like that of a dead, decaying, bleached shell;
it is a little stained by oxided Iron. Some animals have
formed holes in it, and there are the zigzag grooves of some
kind of Serpula remaining in it.

OO
/949 /}
‘Gf Vf

¥

74

EMARGINULA reticulata.
TAB. XXXIII.—Lower figures.

Spec. Cuar. Shell oval, reticulato-striated, vertex
rather acute, principal radii 24 or more.
Syn. Patella fissura. Linn. &c.

SEE ee

Iz is remarkable that this she!l is so strictly concordant in
every character with the recent Patella fissura of Linn. that
it cannot be separated as a distinct species, a circumstance
that may be adduced to strengthen the idea of a learned
gentleman and friend of mine, that many recent shells may
be the same species as the deeper or older fossils, but are
moré or less degenerated, or have from various causes even
assumed such new characters as not to be identified, being
more different than mules. The little we know of this
subject at present, makes it difficult to comprehend the
wisdom displayed on the globe, but as the field is open,
and the enquiry began, I hope it will be improved, as I
have no doubt of Almighty indulgence, since these relicts
are so miraculously preserved, not only for our times, but
for ages yet to come, especially as improvement in this
science has of late years been very rapid.

These specimens seem but little changed; they were sent
from Holywell field with the former, by Mrs. Cobbold in

1812. 7

@ 75

MUREX rugosus

TAB. XXXIV.—Upper figures.

Spec. Cuar. Spire acute, of about six whorls, rather
gibbose, with about ten longitudinal undula-
tions that intersect many deepish transverse
strie. Beak nearly straight, lip thick; canal
rather broad.

Syn. Murex rugosus. Parkins. Org. Rem. 3. p. 64.
€,.5..F, 1G:

"Tue mouth and beak together are about half the length of
the shell ; the surface is smooth between the striz ; it is a thick
rugged looking shell, about two inches long and nearly one
inch wide.

This shell is said to be one of the rarer productions of the
Essex cliff; it is also found in the Crag of Suffolk. My
assiduous friend Mrs. Cobbold sent me two specimens from
near Ipswich last year, and as they differ a little from each
other I figure them both: one is broader and shorter than
the other, and wants the left hand lip which in the other
spreads over the columella. They are both tender spe-
cimens, nearly white, with rather less of the ochry stain
than usual to most of the shelly remains of Suffolk and
Essex.

«

oP Pipe abion it veh d bevusiten 43 pnts er ny

ep abn les THIET Aa ed, Sabet he WT, fas A.

ne Me a eae ft 5 { Wis ae pith, Fans preys ;

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Vir kee ee ge ta:
teat .

i ay “hpi wid: + to. eeaa 4 | dita etl f en "7 ¥) telat
i i
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ft y

MUREX Bartonensis.
TAB. XXXIV.— Lower figures.

Spec. Cuar. Shell oval, contracted close to the
beak, strongly reticulated, whorls about four
or five, the last about two-thirds the length of
the shell. Mouth elongated, curved, acute at
both ends; right hand lip expanded, undulated,
toothed within; left hand lip smooth at the
edge, toothed within.

nn

Less than half an inch long; the mouth is twice as long
as wide, elegantly curved into a small beak; the outer lip
has a furrow at about the fourth tooth from the beak, almost
as much extended as the beak itself. The reticulation upon
the surface is very square and sharply projecting; it is
extended over the back of the lip, and forms its undulated
edge.

Two specimens given me some years ago by the Rey. .
Mr. Bingley differ a little in the undulations of the mouth;
I have given two magnified figures of one of them at the
bottom of the plate. ‘The small figure in the middle of the
plate is the natural size; it is from a specimen sent me by
_the discerning Miss Bennett; the furrows of the lip are
not so distant in this. Barton Cliff is the only place in
which we know this shell to have been found.

Murex Rana of Linn. a New Holland species, seems most
nearly related to this. I suppose it would be placed under
the genus Bufo by De Montfort.

” : ths cP de an i . 7
i soak snsiennt 'a a done MP panat Ares taal taht
een mh wiih 9 4 tie A oie Wer yiaagely

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Gr, ‘ yA fay ' . t ’ : \ am i

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2) IER Road RE met Fads: cca hh tata tke, aepsarh add. ved fide
‘ ayy : - Pty :

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af ie sgh a ‘hea diatu rou Ai sh ityt S writs, Y ahs rs |
alt in cog Beate ke cm iit Dohme iat, OM anit ove nuh: Ain
cat a “of BAYER 7? a yaar (Large 5) y, tats ib 2. red at:

| i, gi ontt” or Ode Pilate -
* : mg plato RAs + A - pint tf, fii tHE: task
? Dame eed ith vod MH
yi ‘ \ biivets i esianye f ante wor. ay lian ta unas
, (aD Divan ae § Sony Ne opoegere t ~ ahh at bh tel ,

: ee ae 44 ; yh
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. one i Ldn org

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vy ‘ -

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ks OM ie ony wu ‘eR akan og

79

MUREX corneus.
TAB. XXXV.—Three upper figures.

Spec. Cuar. Spire elongated, whorls rounded, rather
smooth, with numerous nearly obsolete striz ;
aperture angular behind.

Syn. Murex corneus. Linn. Trans. v. 8, &c.
a

"Tus is an elegantly formed rather slender shell, 2! inches
Jong, and about one-third as wide; the beak is often slightly
curved. Some of the transverse strie are more prominent
than the intermediate ones, but in old shells, and in fossil
specimens, they are generally worn away. ‘The mouth and
beak together are equal to half the length of the shell, and
are smooth within.

I have various recent specimens of this shell, with and
without the epidermis, the former are rather rare. Except-
ing those with the epidermis, the dredged and what are
commonly called good specimens, are scarcely better than
the fossil ones. I therefore need now only speak of these of
which I have figured three varieties. The middle fine one
is by favour of Mrs. Cobbold from Holywells. No. 2 is from
Walton; and No. 3 from Aldborough in Suffolk. The
first has eight whorls, also the pillar lip, which sometimes
does and sometimes does not exist in the recent shells, (it
can scarcely be made out in my most perfect recent speci-
_men, but in a bleached one it is so conspicuous as to be almost
detached at each end,) it therefore affords no distinction.
The right hand figure has no left lip, it is rather a broader
shell, and has seven volutions. The left hand figure is
nearly destitute of striae, and the canal is more reflected than
usual. It is remarkable that recent specimens of this shell
are occasionally found on our coast, much distorted in the
lip, widened and covered with the resemblance of an
epidermis, the work of a parasite.

80

MUREX trilineatus.
TAB. XXXV.—Fig. A, 5.

Spec. Car. Shell elongated, with many transverse
projecting narrow bands, each obscurely divided
into three threads. WVolutions five or six. Beak
straight, pointed. Aperture elongated ; several
folds within the outer lip.

EE Te

Tus shell is sometimes 12 inch long, the aperture being
about half the length. Its form is nearly the same as the
last, but it is more rugose, the transverse projections are
equal, and often very neat, they are each divided by two
obscure lines into three threads. ‘The outer or right lip has
nine or ten elongated plaits or teeth placed a little way from
its edge.

I am indebted to the Rey. Dr. Sutton for the group
figured, it was with pyritous wood imbedded in an argilla-
ceous-marl Septarium, from Brentford. The same species is
found in the Clay and attached to the Septaria at Highgate.
The figure below is from an Highgate specimen. I have
fragments of shells from thence, which, if perfect, would be
two inches or more in length.

MUREX latus.
TAB. XXXV.—TLeft hand lower figure.

Spec. Cuar. Shell slightly ventricose, smooth, co-
vered with alternately large and small transverse
linear projections. Spire of five volutions, up-
per part of each volution undulated; mouth
strongly striated within. Beak straight, ex-
panded, truncated.

Tus apex of this shell seems to be rather acute, the mouth
is oval, elongated into a wide and short canal: the internal
strie terminate at some distance from the edge of the outer
lip, which is entire. Length about three-fourths of an inch.

The Rey. H. Steinhauer brought me this new shell from
Plumsted, in August, 1812; I had found mutilated spe-
cimens in 1807.

81

TURRILITES.

Gen. Cuan. Shell spiral, turretted, chambered ;
the turns contiguous, all visible. Chambers
divided by sinuous septa, pierced in their
disks. Aperture round.

TURRILITES costatus.
TAB. XXXVI.

Spec. Cuar. Whorls of the spire beset with short
ribs, beneath which are two rows of small
tubercles.

Turrilites costatus. De Montfort Journ. de Phys.
mt eet: 1s fF. 1.

Parkinson Org. Rem. v. 3. t. 10. f. 12.

Someries six inches or more in length, and one and an
half inches or more wide.

I am much pleased that Great Britain contains even the
cast of this rare and beautiful shell. The larger figures are
from specimens found in Hamsey marl pit by my valuable
correspondent, G. A. Mantell, Esq. The other which
shows part of the septa, is from the green sand at Horn-
ingsham in Wiltshire. JI am favoured with it by the
intelligent Mr. William Smith. Time and attention to
the subject may discover finer specimens; but were I to
wait for such, I might be disappointed, or the subject
. might be forgotten. I have never seen any more than casts
of what I suppose to be the inside of the shell, and these
are generally pressed into a more or less oyal form.

SRO Sama

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8)
SS.)

ELLIPSOLITES ovatus.
TAB. XXXVII.

Spec. Cuar. Gibbose, umbilicated, edges rounded,
imer volutions nearly concealed by the outer ;
surface smooth ; aperture obtusely saggittate.

re

Ax first sight this has scarcely the appearance of an invo-
lute shell, the general form is so round, the inner volutions
so nearly concealed, and the aperture, from the narrowness
of its sides, so obscure; both sides of the shell are alike,
and the umbilicus equally deep in both. The greatest
diameter is about twice the thickness of the shell, and one-
third longer than the shortest diameter. I have not been
able to trace the septa. It is usually obliquely pressed.

I do not know that this has been described in any shape.
It is sufficiently remarkable to attract notice, especially
as it is one of the various productions of the Black-rock
near Cork; which, reasoning from the fossils it contains,
Geologists will hereafter distinguish as a particular forma-
tion; it is a very foetid Limestone. My thanks are due to
Samuel Wright, Esq. and Dr. Wood, for the only two
specimens I have seen.

84

ELLIPSOLITES compressus.
TAB. XXXVIII.

Spec. Cuar. Shell flat, smooth; margin broad,
flat, perpendicular to the sides; volutions four
or five, almost wholly exposed; aperture ob-
long, rectangular.

ne Te

Boru sides are alike, the greater diameter is about one-
fourth longer than the lesser; the thickness about one-fourth
of the shorter diameter.

This singular production is from the Black-rock range,
discovered nearly at the same time by the two gentlemen
who discovered that of tab. 32. The upper specimen
is partly composed of crystallized Carbonate of Lime,
commonly called Iceland Spar, see tab. 2, Brit. Min. with
the. diagonal striae mentioned at tab. 260, Brit. Min. The
regularity and order of the volutions are very apparent, but
the crystallization seems to have helped to obliterate the
chambers, if ever there were any: or rather the solution of
such parts has proceeded far before the mould was filled.
Some parts are rather rough, and a little ochraceous.

The under shell appears to be the same species, although
it is rather more elliptic. Both seem to have been included
in a very solid part of the rock, as appears from the frag-
ments which adhere to them.

85
MELANIA, Lamarcke.

Gen. Cuar. Univalve, turretted, aperture entire,
ovate or oblong; inner lip spread over the base
of the columella, which is smooth.

MELANIA sulcata.
TAB. XXXIX.—Middle figure.

Spec. Cuar. Spire more than five times the length
of its diameter, with spiral striae; a concave
sulcus or furrow between each whorl. Whorls
fourteen or more.

ee

A ratuer strong shell, about eight inches long; the
surface of each whorl regularly convex, with a margin
along the upper part; each one is separated from the next
by a narrow groove.

I am favoured with this shell by Mr. John Holloway of
Portsmouth, whose zeal in these researches has been useful
in many discoveries which he has enabled me to point out
from time to time. He found it at Stubbington Cliffs,
between Stokes Bay and Southampton water. This Cliff
is about twenty or thirty feet high, and is composed of sand
and gravel, more or less mixed with blue mud and frequent
irregular patches of sand, at the base of this is a stratum,
not more than two feet thick, of blue clay or mud, in which
the shells are found. He has a specimen five inches
long; but the figure is taken, the upper part from one spe-
cimen, and the lower part from another: it is remarkable
that these specimens seldom have either end perfect;
whereas some specimens of Turbines, &c. of Linn. are
remarkable for haying one end perfect and the other not.

316 Vil.

36

MELANIA Heddingtonensis.

TAB. XXXIX.—Right and left hand figures.

Spec. Cuar. About three times as long as the
diameter; whorls eight or more; surface of
each whorl concave near the middle, with an
obtuse angled rising near the upper part.

Seeennenninenmniet eo ~

A rntcK rugged shell, four or five inches long; the lines
of growth are deep. The upper part of the whorl is
angular.

I have received this from Heddington, near Calne in
Wiltshire, and have found specimens about Shotever hill
in. Oxfordshire, where I have also found the inside cast.
Casts of these and other spiral shells are commonly called
‘Screws, and are often found with little or no remains of the
shells in solid masses of stone, and sometimes have the
impression so perfect around them, that the outer pattern of
the shells is very distinct, and may therefore often be
convenient in a geological point of view to assist us to
recognize these casts, for in some places we very seldom
find any thing else. I think it desirable here to figure the
cast of this shell, as likely to be instructive; besides it
makes us acquainted with the particulars of the inside of
the shell, and is an assurance of its not being chambered as
a Turrilites; see Tab. 36. -

NAUTILUS undulatus.

TAB. XL. :

Spec. Cuar. Gibbose; surface largely undulated,
sides rather conical, edge flat; aperture obcor-
date, inner whorls concealed.

—

Tur septa are somewhat numerous, each one is crossed
obliquely by an undulation of the surface. The thickness
_ is half of the diameter, and the length of the mouth rather
more, with the siphunculus near the centre. A single line
runs along the middle of the flat part of the edge or back.*
This species is found in a marly sandstone, a little above.
the fullers earth at Nutfield in Surrey, it varies in size,
- being sometimes twelve inches in diameter, forming a very
heavy mass, being generally a mixture of Irony marle or
clay with sand. It would appear from some that the outer
chamber is very large, and therefore the older or larger
shells seem to have less of the undulations. I have not
seen any specimen resembling this from any other place,
wherefore I might have named it Nutfieldiensis, but although
it is characteristic of the place, I shall find that trivial name
better suited to some other shell which is also characteristic.

* We must be cautious of looking upon this as an indistinct siphunculus,
as in some cases it might seem to be.

. 88

NAUTILUS inequalis.
TAB. XL.—Lower figures.

Spec. Cuar. Spheroidal umbilicate; aperture
nearly round; septa distant in the inner whorls,
and approaching near together in the outer
whorls; siphunculus near the inner margin of
the septum.

(TT

Var aperture is obscurely three-lobed from its. partly em-
bracing the volution: it is about half the diameter of the shell
long, and the same in width. It is remarkable for the septa
being more distant as they approach the interior or first
formed whorls, where their distance from each other is
equal to their own length. The septa are but slightly
curved.

The specimen is from Folkstone, by favour of Mr. Gibbs;
its chambers are filled with an Irony clay, the remains of:
the shell being Carbonate of Lime.

89

"NAUTILUS lineatus.
TAB. XL.

Spec. Cuar. Flatted spheroidal, umbilicate, sur-
face obscurely striated, back flat, broad, with
a concave line in the interior (which appears
convex around the cast). Aperture rather
square, deeply indented by the preceding whorl ;
septa numerous.

Ee

Diameter about one-third longer than the thickness.
The septa are very concave, with three slight waves in
their margins. The siphunculus is near the middle of
each septa.

This specimen is from Comb-down near Bath, and is in
the possession of my kind friend Thomas Meade, Esq. whose
~ collection of Fossils is very valuable. I have it also from
the Bristol road. I ‘have seen but few specimens of this
species, which is so similar to others, that the line passing
around the interior of the shell, shown on the surface of the
cast, becomes an important distinction, and appears con-
stant. It is said to belong to what is called the inferior
Oolite; and from the division’ of the chambers, has, like
others which have been thus divided, been compared to a
lobster’s tail. I.bekieve it is often much larger. The
substance is not always favourable to the perfect division of ©
the septa. The lower figure is added to show the siphun-
culus; tis taken from a specimen I picked up between
Bath and Bristol.

he Bie:
Y agoatio a it he HUST. 8 mors ie
®, , Rist: panne ‘-
Pies yf y desi face nay a if ie Satie tas aes
aks
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it SUAS evel ‘aah ne ‘aii: ek owe
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rd 7 :

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: apa dors chs Bik isc, WA natn a
ra ab Dns etinth tase, bey Sato eyGrt at “poualoocpe aid’ ae
pars pea iebas Mt manent fret tod aa “Jor erotaesanory’ Sy |
| vga ond fi ernit we 1 iene eae oh alpen hy ek moialie r
Be 8 he! ‘mcoosto: ae elk al see ‘panel: 1 bag: istaiath's
ea ot itd tik Caagelap: 0] salina. Ge a, oid rics pigs
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“110% Se Diy, lio! eu b Ruattsoqath aig, BM
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~auspihcgia oath wnat of f ants ples AT et it

91

LUTRARIA, Lamarcke.
MACTRA, Linn.

Gen. Cuar. A transverse, inequilateral bivalve,
gaping at the extremities; two oblique and
diverging hinge teeth, one on each side of a
large pit for the cartilage. No lateral teeth.

MACTRA gibbosa.
TAB. XLII.

Spec. Cuar. Gibbose, anterior side much wider
than the posterior, recurved, truncated, gaping.

Leneru and depth about equal; breadth equal to twice
the length: the posterior side is rounding and about one-
third the breadth of the other; beaks much incuryed and
pointed.

This fine specimen is from the great Oolite Limestone
stratum, near Bath. I am favoured with it by the Rey.
H. Steinhaiier. The external characters when compared
with those of Mactra hians agree in every particular, but
that it has more gibbosity and a boldness of feature in the
curve and beak, conveying the idea of an extravagant
variety, yet too strongly marked to allow a doubt of its
being specifically different. This analogy gives a full
sanction to its being considered as an undoubted Mactra of

92

Linn. which I have ventured to consider it, though I have
not seen the hinge. Should any of our friends get pos-
session of a specimen showing that part, I shall be glad of
such information as will be decisive, and will give notice
accordingly. I have only seen casts. 1 believe there are
several species of this Genus found in a fossil state in this
country.

93

MYA, Linn. Lamarcke.

Gen. Cuar. A transverse bivalve, gaping at both
extremities; ligament internal: the left valve
with a compressed rounded hinge tooth, per-
pendicular to the valve, to which the cartilage
is attached.

MYA mandibula.
TAB. XLII.

Spec. Cuar. Gibbose, flattish in the middle, trans-
versely undulated ; anterior side square, gaping,
aperture oblong; posterior side straightish.

se

Tur depth is about two-thirds the length; breadth half
as much again as the length; the undulations are about
twenty-five, following the margin; the beaks are incurved
and pointed.

In cutting the Canal at Devizes in Wiltshire, a variety
of Micaceous Sandstone and Sand was found, in which
many species of shells and shelly remains were concealed,
and often only the forms of shells cast in the sand, cemented
strongly enough, by compression, as it were, to hold to-
gether, as here figured, the cast being distinct, and
apparently very accurate. ‘The species here figured is
very like the recent Mya truncata of Linn. but it gapes at

Jg/3 vi"

94

one end more extravagantly, so as to give the front view of
the opening end nearly a circular contour. The lower
figure shows the beaks.

The Micaceous sand, besides having these and other
casts, has siliceous and calcedonic ones. That the Silex
should replace the Lime of the shells is both curious and
beautiful, and the filling a mold, as it were, with almost
loose sand, and in looser sand, is not less curious and
admirable. Whether we shall ever sce these shells so as to
identify the hinge we cannot tell. The prominence and
appearance of the beak and parts around over the hinge of
the shell, looking something like the mandibule of a bird,
has caused its name.

95:

ARCA.

Gen. Coan. A transverse inequilateral bivalve,
the beaks distant, hinge with many teeth, dis-
posed in a straight line; the teeth lamellated,
close, and alternately inserted between each
other: a subrhomboidal smooth area between
the beaks, on which the cartilage is disposed.

~ ARCA subacuta.
TAB. XLIV.—Upper figure.
Spec. Cuar. Gibbose, margin an obtuse scalene

triangle deeply plaited; breadth grater than
the length, surface longitudinally striated. }

Tur hinge extends nearly the whole width of the shell,
forming the longest side of the triangular margin; the teeth
are sharp and numerous; the marginal plaits are rounded
and very deep, particularly at the anterior side, they are
‘elongated over the surface of the shell, at least I presume
so from the impression of the inside, which is all I have to
examine.

This happens to show the nature of the hinge teeth ex-
ternally, else it might have been considered as a Cucullea,
a division or genus of Lamarcke’s taken out of the Arca of
Linn. and on which the teeth are on a line parallel with the
hinge, and which I shall have an opportunity to show here-
after. It is little else than the chalky remains of the shell
covering a hardish Limestone Marle. From Sussex, by
favour of Mr. Mantell. -

96

ARCA carinata.
TAB. XLIV.—Lower figures.

Spec. Cuar. Very convex, parallellipipedal, anterior
side flattish, separated by an acute angle, trun-
cated at nearly a right angle; posterior side
rounded ; surface longitudinally ribbed.

eee

Axsove twice as wide as long; hinge straight; beaks
slightly incurved. The ribs or stria are chiefly alternately
one rather more prominent than the other ;\sometimes on the .
sloping sides there are two faint rising strie intervening.
The angles, of the usual form of those of Arca Noce Linn.
are very sharp, and the shell not so wide.

These are from the micaceous sand of the Devizes Canal.
They are remarkably neat impressions, shewing the direc-
tion of the hinge teeth, if I am not misled by the roughness
ofthe sand. Mrs. Gent was so obliging as to favour me
with these, and Thomas Meade, Esq. has assisted me with
fine specimens, from his cabinet.

97
EUOMPHALUS*.

Gen. Cuar. An involute compressed univalve, spire
depressed on the upper part; beneath concave or
largely umbilicate. Aperture mostly angular.

EUOMPHALUS pentangulatus.
TAB. XLV.—Fig. 1 and 2.

Spec. Cuar. A prominent central ridge or rising
angle on the upper side, the other side obtusely
angulated. Strie of growth hair-like. Volu-
tions almost whollyexposed. Aperture obscurely

- pentangular, rounded on the outer side. ¢

Ea

Tus is apparently a thin shell; the under and umbilicated
side is much deeper than the upper, which approaches to
flat; there are about six whorls; the aperture is about one-
seventh of the diameter of the shell. The strize of growth are
fine and rising. ‘The greatest diameter is from half an inch
to two inches.

From the Black Limestone near Dublin, by favour of
Mr. T. W. Moore. It is apparently one of the character-
istic shells of that rock, of which I shall have more to say
hereafter. The specimen figured is curiously waved with
a darker and lighter tinted Limestone; it emits a foetid
odour on being scraped with a knife. The aperture is not
quite filled up; rhomboidal crystals of nearly transparent
and whitish Carbonate of Lime form the innermost lining,
next is the darker Limestone, and then the shell seemingly
replaced by a mixture of the lighter and darker stone.
Sometimes the upper side of the shell is very black. I have
not seen a perfect mouth among a number of specimens,
although some are otherwise very neatly and finely preserved.
There may possibly be much larger specimens; | have some
very small, about half an inch in diameter. The left hand
upper figure shows the upper side is flatter than the opposite
side, which is represented in the right hand figure. Some-
times the specimens have a more oval form, apparently from
accident.

* From ev bene, and ou@aaos umbilicus. I conceive myself justified in
giving this Generic appellation, as the shells of which the Genus consists do
not agree with any Generic character before published.

PUG IK.

98

EUOMPHALUS catillus.
TAB. XLV.—Fig. 3 and 4.
Helix catillus*. Martin Petrif. Derb.

Spec. Cuan. One prominent ridge upon each side:
Volutions almost wholly exposed: Aperture a
triangle, two sides of which are much longer
than the third: umbilicate side an hollow cone.

>
ee

Prosasty as thin a shell as the last; its proportions are
about the same; the principal difference lies in the prominent
ridge on the under side, which gives the aperture a triangular
form.

It is now ten or twelve years since I received specimens
of this shell from Mr. Martin, the late intelligent Author of
‘¢ Peirificata Derbiensia ;” it is found at Tideswell, Winster,
Buxton, &c. in Derbyshire. He observes that the spe-
cimens are very much compressed in the shale which inter-
poses between the Limestone and Gritstone strata. Mr.
Parkinson has figured a similar, but perhaps plainer species
of this Genus as approaching the Delphinula, and rather
unfortunately quotes Brander’s Fossilia Hantoniensia, Tab.
10. F. 7 and 8 (which is a Solarium of Lam.) as an
example. Walcot has also a specimen, probably of this
Genus, as a Bath Petrifaction, Fig. 56, Both are probably
different species. I have not yet seen such from Bath.

Judging from a fragment I received from my kind friends
Mr. Winsor and Mr. Ducket, in Noy. 1810, I should guess
that a very similar species is found at Scalaber near Settle in
Yorkshire, which is four or five inches in diameter.

* Catillus signifying a little dish or porringer, which it may be consi-
dered as resembling when placed with the upper side downwards, The

next species might, however, with as much propriety, be designated by the
specific name Catinus, a large porringer.

99

EUOMPHALUS nodosus.
TAB. XLVI.

Spec. Cuan. Upper side having a nearly central
ridge, under side a row of rather large nodular
projections: Aperture nearly round.

EE

A mucu larger shell than the last, with the same number of
whorls, and an aperture above one-third the diameter of the
shell. 'There are about ten projections to each whorl; those
of the inner whorls being half concealed.

The late Mr. Martin also favoured me with this specimen
as a Derbyshire one; he has neither figured nor mentioned
it further as I know of, nor is it noticed by any other author.
It is sometimes a large shell, as, besides the specimen of
which I have here figured the upper and under side, I haye
a fragment with four nodular projections that fits on this at
about the fifth projection beyond the end, which would
make it much larger, at least twice as big, and give the
cavity a remarkable depth. The nodular or under side of
the shell is placed uppermost in the plate because most
characteristic. The lower figure or upper side of the shell
much resembles that of E. catillus, the ridge however is
nearer the middle. The whole is Limestone, the shell
rather thin and mostly crystallized or decomposing and
chalky.

sy

ut ate

. — Bis, hie be Be 4
« Apeble mabey A824)
| mers 3 anlage pu

Me ai. 2H ~ tt

101

MELANTIA striata.

TAB. XLVI.

Spec. Cuar. Length about 24 times as long as the
greatest diameter. Whorls six or more, with
about sixteen rounded or spreading carine,
nearly equal on the outer part of the whorls,

but widened in the concealed parts.

Turis shell appears sometimes to exceed eight inches in
length; the surface is smooth, with sixteen sharpisli lon-
gitudinal stria, and as many rounding projections.

The upper part of this figure is taken from a specimen
found at Lymington, Somersetshire, and sent me some years
since by my late Friend Mr. W. Cunnington; the lower
part from one found in what is called the Coral rag stratum at
Goat-acre, Wiltshire, by favour of the Rev. H. Steinhauer
in 1813. I have placed the two pieces together to show the
appearance and size of a more perfect whole ; they accord so
well that one might seem to have been broken from the other,
and the wearing of the specimens also accords, for the upper
part of the under specimen has almost lost the appearance
of striw, while the upper specimen is so worn that it would
have hardly been recognizable as the same species, were it
not for the agreement in the proportions and the striz on
the under side. Geologists will know whether they are

102

from strata of the same age, and perhaps where to find
larger and more perfect specimens, now that the age is so
much enlightened in these researches that we are continually
gaining more knowledge, and individuals do not so slightly
notice these things which promise so much instruction and
usefulness. ; :

103

OSTREA.

Gen. Cuar. A rugged inequivalved bivalve; hinge
without teeth; pit of the hinge transversely
striated*, increasing with age (or commonly
broader inwards) ; cartilage half internal. One
muscular impression in each valve.

OSTREA Marshii.
TAB. XLVIUI.

Spec. Cuar. Oblique, both valves deeply plaited in
seven or eight angular diverging undulations ;
edge thick, flatted.

SS

Tuis is a strong depressed shell very variable in form,
though generally longer than wide, and often furnished
with an obscure ear upon the posterior side. There is such
variety among the recent individuals of the Oyster tribe,
that it is one of the most difficult tasks in Conchology to
distinguish the species, much more so when we add the
fossil and otherwise antient remains, which, however, are
seldom replaced but by a siliceous infiltration between the
lamine becoming, Calcedony, &c.

The present species, nevertheless, from its first appear-
ance, seems to claim a place as perfectly distinct from the

* Tripartite, central division generally broadest, to which the cartilage
is attached.

104

conspicuous plaited or sharp zigzag undulations, but this
might be traced by an attentive selection of specimens by
degrees to the common oysters. This being the case, I may
perhaps err when I make this shiell distinct from O. diluviana
Linn. Our shell does not very clearly show the erect
acutangular teeth, but is rather more irregular, and the
many specimens [ have examined, have as many various —
figures, being rather oblique chiefly to the right, but often
to the left; wider than long; roundish, semi-lunate or
ovate; more or less imbricated, sometimes very deeply ;
the inside varying in depth, and the cicatrix or muscular
impression very variable. They are gregarious, parasitical,
or independent.

The upper specimen is bleached and weathered, as it
were, by exposure, differing but little probably in its sub-
stance from a recent dead oyster shell, that has been exposed
some time on the sea shore. The lower specimen is less
altered; the ins*Je of one valve is shown to. expose the
muscular impression, the other shows a concave furrow of
adhesion near the hinge, which is scarcely perceptible in
our specimens.

I name this after an assiduous investigator, the Rev.
T. O. Marsh of Felmersham, in whose neighbourhood it is
found abundantly in all its varieties, and to whom I am
obliged for specimens.

105

CARDIUM Parkinsoni.
TAB. XLIX.

Spec. Caar. Gibbose, rather oblique, posterior side
' straightish; surface slightly rugose, with nearly
forty longitudinal ribs, having slight transverse

rising'’s on each.

nr A

Tus elegant shell is larger and more delicately formed
than our Cardium edule, or any of its varieties; it is also
less angular or acute at the posterior side; the number of
strie is generally about thirty-six, with some differences in
their relief. The transverse ruge, which are most promi-
nent near the margin, are less numerous than in the common
Cockle. The inner marginal teeth are distinctly incurved.
I do not know of a similar Cockle in a recent state, although
it has but few distinguishing characters: it much resembles
Cardium maculatum, Lister 328, No. 165; from the bay
of Campechy, which has thirty-one ribs. —*

This very neat and perfect specimen was presented to me
by Mr. Parkinson, who, as a sort of Volunteer in the Natural
_ History of Organic Remains, has been so deserving of
remembrance, that I felt it a kind of duty to give it his so
respectable name.

The Craigs afford some other species, but I have only
received this from Mr. Parkinson, besides somewhat smaller

yp 7s 1
IY, / ! ¥

106 ©

specimens from Mr. D. Turner and Mr. Hooker, found
in Norfolk. Mrs. Cobbold has sent me a fragment of a
larger still from Holywell, but it seems to be a thicker shell,
and promises, from so much as I possess, to be another
species. So good a specimen as this may therefore prove
rather rare: it is from the Essex cliff at Harwich. The
shell is probably Carbonate of Lime, little changed except
by being stained by Iron ochre.

107

VENERICARDIA.

Gen. Cuar. An equivalved lateral bivalve, ribbed
longitudinally outside, with two thick hinge
teeth disposed obliquely and in the same direc-
tion; two strong muscular impressions.

VENERICARDIA planicosta.
TAB. L.

Spec. Cuar. Subcordate, very thick, smooth, ribs
broad and flat, about twenty, expanding into
each other towards the margin; a few large
teeth within the posterior edge.

Syn. Venericardia planicosta. Lamarcke, Ann. du
Mus. Vil. p. 55. IX. Tab. 31, Fig. 10.

-

Tue thickness of this shell is such as to leave but
little space for the animal; it is particularly heavy about
the hinge, which is large and very broad; the posterior
margin is deeply indented towards the incurved beaks, but
without a cordate mark. The length and breadth are nearly
equal, often reaching four or five inches.

I was some time since favoured with a fine small specimen
from the Geological Society to make a drawing of for this
work, but having since received this larger, although not
quite so perfect a specimen, from the same place, viz.
Bricklesom Bay in Hampshire, by favour of Mr. J. Hollo-
way, I have preferred it for representation. The species is

108

sometimes larger, when the hinge does not seem to occupy
so large a proportion of the shell as in the smaller ones.

Although I do not understand that there are any recent
shells of this species, yet the habitat might not be thought
very antient, as the shell is apparently but little changed
from its original substance or structure. The specimens -
are said to be very small in'the neighbourhood of Paris,
and large at Piedmont and Florence. My figure is a little
diminished from one about four inches and an half wide.
The old and larger shells seem worn on part of the hinge,
and the teeth at the edge are almost obliterated, their form
is short and broad; the ribs extend most on the shorter
side of the shell, and do not reach to the margin as in the
smaller ones: the laminated structure of the older shells
admits of the outer coat breaking off, so as to show the
space between the ribs nearly equal to the ribs and flat,
while the furrows in the,upper coating are niuch con-
tracted, ending acutely, when they meet the more pro-
minent transverse strie of growth near the margin. The’
whole js nearly smooth and greyish, stained with darker or
lighter ochraceous Iron, &c.

109
TURRITELLA, Lam.

Gen. Cuar. Shell univalve, turretted. Aperture
entire, rounded, and having the two lips sepa-
rated above. A sinus in the right lip.

TURRITELLA conoidea.
TAB. LI.—Figs. 1 and 4.

Spec. Cuar. Lower part of the whorl angular,
slightly projecting, longitudinal striz equally
distant, seven or more, with intermediate smaller
ones, all acutely crenulated.

ne

Whuorts about eighteen; the sides of the spire are
nearly straight with an angular spiral groove; the right
side of the mouth squarish.

This is from Barton Cliff, Hampshire, and very nearly
accords with Brander’s Tab. 3, F. 47, Turbo terebra,
which is probably intended for the same shell, the striz
varying somewhat, and the aperture, being mostly broken,
giving a sufficiently rounded appearance for the Turbo of
Limeus, in which Genus the modern division may be
useful in many respects to prevent difficulties in dis-
tinguishing species. I would not consider Brander, F. 49,
as the same species, it has too many differences; the volu-
tions being more oblique, &c. in which I believe it will
accord with a species hereafter to be considered.

Fig. 4 represents a specimen from Stubbington, where
such are found abundantly; it appears to be a worn speci-
men of this shell, it bears some resemblance to a screw,
whence the Generic name Haustator is taken, by some
authors, but perhaps unnecessarily. I have a very neatly
marked specimen from Highgate. I believe it was very
rarely found there.

Fig. 5 is a piece from the Craig at Holywell, with which
I am favoured by Mrs. Cobbold, showing the many coned
structure when worn away distinctly.

A,

/
4344

110

TURRITELLA elongata.
TAB. LI.—Fig. 2.

Spec. Cuar. Whorls flatted in the middle, lower
parts projecting, stria more distant near the
middle of the whorls, inconspicuously crenulated,
with some finer intervening: strie.

ee

Tus is longer in proportion to its width than the last, it is
also smoother and more irregularly striated. ‘The whorl may
be divided into three parts, viz. the upper part rounding,
the middle part flat, and the lower part rather angular and
overhanging, as it were, the upper part of the whorl below
it. Whorls about fifteen; length nearly two inches.

Turbo vagans of Brander, T. 3, f. 50, much resembles
this, but it can scarcely be determined by his fore-shortened.
figure. My specimens are from near Christchurch, Barton
Cliff, &c. in Hampshire.

TURRITELLA. brevis.
TAB. LI.—Fig. 3.

Spec. Cuar. Spire rather short, upper and lower
part of the whorls equally rounded, strie ten
or twelve, finely crenulated.

EE
A constwerasty shorter shell than the last, with scarcely

any appearance of the whorls overhanging each other,
whorls twelve; length an inch.

111

This is from a clay stratum at Barton, it was sent me by
my friend the Rev. F. Iremonger, it is a more delicate species
than the preceding, and the substance seems but little
altered ; it resembles ivory.

TURRITELLA incrassata.
TAB. LI.—Fig. 6.

Spec. Cuar. Whorls flattish, with the lower part
angular and three smooth longitudinal threads ;
outer lip thickened in the middle.

Lenetu two inches, whorls about fourteen; two of the
spiral threads are much more prominent than the third,
particularly the central one, opposite to which, in full
grown shells, there is an internal projection that gives
thickness to the outer lip; besides this it is altogether a
strong shell: the inner lip spreads over an umbilicus.

This is also from Holywell, it has a plain appearance,
perhaps from being worn.

TURRITELLA edita.
TAB. LI.—Fig. 7.

Spec. Cuar. Whorls rounded, slightly depressed
in the middle, lower parts rather prominent
with many obscure longitudinal striz.

Turbo editus. Brander, Tab. 3. Fig. 48.
EEE

A tone slender formed shell with about twenty whorls;
length three inches.

112

This varies a little, and is very often like Brander’s
excellent figure. It is generally very chalky, and seems as
if it had all the ornaments obliterated or worn, but is not so
much so as might be supposed, for my specimen had some
fine Flustra that appeared to be cotemporaneous with it,
which in a great measure indicates that although somewhat
worn, it never was very full of ornament, but always nearly
as represented.

Most of the species of this Genus are very abundant
wherever they occur, and every one is liable to vary,
which makes it difficult to distinguish the species; how
far I have divided them right can hardly be determined
till more figures, specimens, and experience gives the
necessary aid.

Fig. 7 may possibly be an older shell of the same species
as fig. 2.

aS

EUOMPHALUS.
TAB. LIL

I have placed the following under this new Genus,
as rather agreeing with it than with Delphinula,
where the penetrating Mr. Parkinson has doubted
the propriety of placing them.

EUOMPHALUS discors.
WT AB. LIL 2Bon 1,

Spec. Cuar. Above subimbricated with four spiral
projections, beneath nearly smooth.

Raruzr conical, with three or four volutions, the im-
brications are most prominent over the spiral projections,
one of which forms the margin of the whorl; the diameter is
about two inches, the length little more than three quarters:
aperture nearly circular.

The specimen was presented to me by Richard Duppa,
Esq. in 1810, it is a beautiful one from Colebrook Dale.
The lower figure shows the under side, which differs so
much from the upper as to constitute a peculiar character.
I have therefore called it discors.

EUOMPHALUS rugosus.
TAB. LIl.—Fig. 2.

Spec. Cuar. Above subimbricated, with four
spiral projections; beneath plaited, margin
rather acute.

$e

Tur general shape of this shell is much like the last; the

form of the mouth, which has two sharpish angles, and the

undulating plaits beneath, distinguish it well. In_ this
species one of the spiral projections forms the margin, and
the other the inner edge of the whorl.

I am favoured with this from Colebrook Dale by

Mr, Ryan.

i14

EUOMPHALUS angulosus.
TAB. LIL.—Fig. 3.

Sprc. Cuar. Above subimbricated, with three
spiral projections, beneath striated, with five |
obscurely plaited spiral projections. Aperture
obscurely octangular.

—— SEE

Tue upper surface is nearly asin the last. On the under
side the transverse plaits are partly obsolete in four lon-
gitudinal ranges, between the five ridges, forming three
sharpish angles to the upper, and five to the lower half of
the aperture. Diameter less than an inch. The ridges do
not always interrupt the inner contour of the aperture.

The specimen from which this drawing is taken, is in
the valuable collection of the great friend to this branch of
Natural History, Thomas Meade, Esq. It is altogether a
little disturbed, as if it had been in a soft state when it
became petrified, and is thus irregularly round.

These three species all partake of an appearance as if
from a similar Limestone stratum. I have seen one from
Benthall edge that looked as if it were from the same, but
not well enough preserved to enable me to determine to
which species it belongs; Mr. Parkinson’s Pl. 6, f. 7 and 8,
is nearly in the same predicament: is it not my Fig. 2, from
the appearance of the under side?

¥i5

AMMONITES striatus.
TAB. LIll.—Fig. 1.

Spec. Cnar. Discoid, gibbose, inner whorls con-
cealed, obscurely undulated, finely striated lon-
gitudinally; septa rather distant, with four
large angular folds.

a

"Tuickness rather more than half the diameter 3 striz
extremely numerous and very regular, the aperture is
semicircular with nearly parallel edges; siphunculus at
the outer margin of the septum, where it is slightly
notched. The shell is very thin.

This resembles the species in Sir Edward Hulse’s collec-
tion, that was Lethieulier’s, and is figured in three views in
Tab. 19 of his M.S. in that Gentleman’s valuable Library,
it is said to be found in Pools-hole in the Peak, Derbyshire.
it seems to be the less globular variety mentioned by
Mr. Martin in his description of Nautilus sphericus, our
next figure. I suppose our specimen to be from near
Buxton or Castleton in Derbyshire. I believe the shelly
remains are very seldom so perfect as in this specimen; and
it is somewhat conyenient that they did not quite cover it, as
the zigzag septa would then have been entirely hid. The
shell must have been beautifully delicate when in a recent
state, as the elegant transverse undulations pass in very fine
semicircular curvatures, with the sharp ends meeting in
points upwards (only to be seen with a magnifier), passing
into straighter lines by degrees to the sides. The zigzag
separations are very distinct without passing into the
foliated sutures that characterize most of the Ammonites.

116

AMMONITES sphericus.
TAB. LUI.—ig. 2.

Spec. Cuar. Orbicular, inner whorls concealed ;
septa with four broad angular folds. Aperture
narrow. :

Martin Petrif. Derb. Tab. 1, Figs. 3, 4, and 5.

ry Sg ae

Tue diameter and thickness are nearly equal; in other
respects the interior of this shell resembles the last.

I could not discover the shell of this, although I -had it
in the stone, and the specimen within was a loose part that
was enveloped by the remainder, which seemed as large
altogether as Fig. 1, but united by degrees with the dark
Limestone and lost its form. It is from Derbyshire.

AMMONITES minutus.
TAB. LII.—Fig. 3.

Spec. Cuar. Orbicular, inner whorls concealed
with many distant longitudinal strie. Aperture
lunate.

Se a

"Tuickness and diameter nearly equal. Stria about

twenty-four. Aperture rounded at the sides, It has a

small umbilicus. Diameter two or three lines.

Apparently a minute species of this Genus, but being a
cast in Pyrites it only exposes the pattern of the external
part of the shell and the aperture. From Folkstone in

Kent, by favour of Mr. Gibbs. The right hand figure is

the natural size, the other magnified. It looks at first

sight like a very young specimen of Ammonites sublevis,
tab. 54: that, however, was far from being so orbicular
when in a young state.

117

AMMONITES sublevis.
TAB. LIV.

Srec, Cuar. Orbicular (rather depressed when
young), inner whorls exposed within the um-
bilicus which is deep, undulated, and has an
angular edge. Septa numerous, with five
principal undulations which are repeatedly
divided into many lesser rounded ones.

Orbulites levis? Lamarcke, Anim. sans vertebr. 54.

Nautilites, &c. Luidii Lithoph. Brit. Tab. 6, F. 292.

ee

Wauey full grown about five inches in diameter with a
very deep conical umbilicus about one inch and a quarter
wide. The shell is smooth on the surface and free from
undulations, except within the umbilicus and on the young
shell. The margins of the septa traced upon the stone
resemble some pinnate leaves, such as those of curled
parsley. Aperture very wide, semicircular, truncated at
the sides. Siphunculus close to the outer margin.

From Christian Malford, it is undoubtedly the same as
the Kellaways rock Lyas shell, and is a fine example of
difference in proportion arising from age, getting rounder
as it has grown larger. The inner or younger part of this
specimen at about a quarter of an inch long is only half as
wide as long, and has very conspicuous rising transverse
ribs, although so small: these become less sharp or more
rounded as the shell advances in growth, being alternately
long and short, and some furcate, at about two and an half
inches or three inches long these striz begin to be indistinct,

118

and they are scarcely if at all to be seen at four or five
inches, the external measure of the original. I must observe
that some other shells become the reverse or narrower and
longer as they grow bigger, of which I shall hereafter show
good examples, that may guard us agaist mistakes in fu-
ture. A section through the middle is a curious geometrical
object, and expresses this part of the subject clearly, for
take any part of it as the younger shell it will show that it
is longer than wide in proportion as it is smaller*, see the
left hand figure. I have got a piece out of the inner part
of the large one agreeing with it. The sections in this way
often present beautiful specimens, of which I have one
three inches in diameter; besides showing the different form
of the infant shell, it shows the chambers becoming deeper
and squarer, giving a new contour. The middle figure
shows a front view of the septa in the young state, when
they are broader in the middle. The right hand figure
shows that the sides are become broader in the adult state,
while it shows also the inner undulations and spreading rami-
fications of the sutures, and the place of the siphunculus,
which is often difficult to discover. I have, however, a
specimen from Kellaways by favour of Mr. Salmon, where
it is rendered conspicuous by a stain of oxide of Iron. I
have marked the spot in the middle figure. The specimens
are sometimes very beautifully filled in a variety of ways
with crystallized Carbonate of Lime of various colours, and
sometimes with granular grey or other coloured Limestone.
The divisions of the chambers are sometimes distinct, and
sometimes quite obliterated for two or three turns. I have
called this species sublevis, as it is wrinkled with transverse
furcate costa when young, but otherwise smooth and shining.
Colonel Hardwicke has a fine specimen, said to be found in
a bed of sand in digging a well at Wisbech.

* More so than is generally the case with a volute.

119

AMMONITES Mantelli.
TAB. LV.

Spec. Cuar. Depressed, edge three-sided, broad,
and flattish ; sides flattish ; volutions undulated,
about two-thirds concealed, undulations alter-
nately reaching across the whorl.

rer

Tur aperture equals about two-fifths of the diameter,
which is often four inches, and the thickness about one.
The outer edges of the septa have five principal folds.
The shorter undulations of the surface reach about two-
thirds over the whorl. Aperture obscurely six-sided, one
side embracing the next whorl. Whorls three or four.

I am favoured by the indefatigable G. A. Mantell, Esq.
with numerous specimens of this species from Ringmer,
east of Lewes in Sussex. Good specimens seem to be
scarce, and as I had not seen such distinct ones before, I
indulge myself in laying before the public the older and
younger shell. I have also commemorated my friend in
the specific name. The substance is a coarse buff-coloured
marly limestone with a few ochraceous stains. I presume
the species may sometimes be much larger, and then
perhaps the characters may be more obliterated, as appears
to be the case in the larger of these. I-believe it sometimes
varies a little, and has more prominent or knotted joints
to the costa and somewhat diversified*. I suppose the
siphunculus to be in the outer edge of the septa.

* Of this variety I have lately received a very large specimen from
Hamsey near Lewes, by favour of the same Gentleman,

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121

PECTEN.

Gen. Cuar. A regular, eared, inequivalved bivalve,
with contiguous beaks. The hinge toothless ;
pit trigonal, receiving the internal ligament.
One muscular impression.

PECTEN quadricostata.
TAB. LVI.—Figs. 1 and 2.

Spec. Cuar. Triangular, nearly even, front semi-
circular, margin notched. Convex valve ribbed,
larger costa six*, three smaller between each.
Posterior auricle large.

a re

Tue length is somewhat greater than the width; surface
neatly smooth. There are regularly three small costa
between each of the larger, making five sets of four ribs
each: near the sides the cost are less regular and smaller.

This is by favour of T. J. L. Baker, Esq. from Halldown
near Exeter, out of the green sand. No. 2 is a fragmenf,
perhaps of the same species, from the green sand at Chuie
Farm, in the parish of Horningsham, near Longleat, Wilts.
They are both siliceous, the latter is much worn, as if rolled.
This is perhaps the same as the fine large shell from near
Stourhead, represented in British Mineralogy, tab. 183,
in which the shell itself is Carbonate of Lime, not siliceous.
The Rev. Thomas Rackett has found the same species at
Aynswell hill in Dorsetshire, in which the shell is siliceous.

* By some unaccountable accident, five only happen to be represented,
which somewhat disguises the figure, but may be understood as now mentioned.

122

PECTEN quinquecostata.
TAB. LVI.—Figs. 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8.

Spec. Cuar. Subtriangular, rather obligue, front
semicircular, toothed ; convex valves gibbous,
ribbed, principal costa six, with four lesser
ones between each: surface finely transversely
striated. Upper valve flat-toothed.

ee

Tue obliquity of this shell is slight, the length not muck
greater than the width; the lines of growth frequently
being deep and crossed by the ribs give the shell a fringed
or furbellowed aspect: the flat valve has diverging striz
and notches corresponding in number with the costa upon
the hollow valve. The whole surface is covered with
minute transverse striae, which in the chalk specimens are
often nearly obliterated. Figs. 4 and 5 are from the Sussex
Chalk near Lewes, by favour of G. A. Mantell, Esq. they
very much accord with those of the green sand from
Wiltshire, figured below, but appear to be longer, and to
have the transverse striz of growth very remarkable. The
shell represented at Fig. 5 is a curiosity, showing the inner
side of the flat valve, which is slightly convex within.
I gathered the small shell, Fig. 6, at Chute Farm, it is a
young deep undervalve, with the transverse striz of growth
neatly arching between the larger six coste. Figs. 7 and 8
show the upper and under valves of different specimens, they
are from the green sand at Chute, and are chiefly siliceous;
for the use of one I am indebted to Thomas Meade, Esq.

123

Such are said also to be found at Devizes and Blackdown,
with the upper valve. It is possible that these are different
species from those in the Chalk, the costz are less prominent,
and the striae more distinct; at present, however, I can
consider them only as varieties.

Tab. 56, Fig. 3 represents a specimen in ferruginous
Sandstone from Chute, which may possibly prove to be a
distinct species. Its length exceeds its breadth by one-
fifth, and on the sides of the larger cost are two lesser
ones, which are partly blended with them; the surface is
nearly smooth. I have only seen this specimen.

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125

VERMICULARIA, De Lamarcke.
Serpula, Linn.
Vermiculum, Mont. Test. Brit. 2. 517.

Gen. Cuar. Shell a free tube gradually enlarging
towards the mouth; spiral or involute at the
smaller end; aperture round, entire.

So a

Tue Generic Character of Serpula given by Linneus,
including only such shells as adhere laterally to other
bodies, and Vermiculum of Montague, (univalve, shape
various, not attached to other bodies) not being sufficiently
defined, I adopt De Lamarcke’s Genus Vermicularia for
such shells of the Linnzan Genus Serpula as are not fixed
to other bodies *. ;

VERMICULARIA coneava.
TAB. LVII.—Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.

Spec. Cuar. Discoid, invelute, concave on one
side; the last whorl but slightly attached.

Tus is almost wholly involute with but a small portion
of straight tube: the surface is nearly smooth and eyen;
the involute part is concave on one side only, the other
being flat. It seldom exceeds three-fourths of an inch in
diameter, with about four turns.

I should suppose the inhabitants of these shells to be
gregarious from the number included in the sand, but we
cannot determine such things with certainty in fossils,
which may, after they have passed from the living state,
have been variously disposed, yet there is some room for
presumption on this head when we find but little admixture.
As the specific character will not include the varieties of
this shell, I must observe that thé*younger shell probably
has no appearance of the latter whorl separating from the

* The Serpule of Linn. are arranged as Vermes by De Lamarcke, to
distinguish them from Mollusca or Shelly animals, but their having shelly

coverings we may probably include them as better completing the arrange
ment of shells,

JAsa Rd:

126

others, while the older shells have it more and more pro-
minent as they advance in age, besides some contortions,
suck as becoming elliptical, &c. Fig. 1 is a congeries
from the green sand at Dilton, near Westbury, by favour
of Lord Compton, who possesses the specimen. Fig. 2
shows the upper flat side of the shell. Fig. 3 the lower
or concave side. Fig. 4 a vermicular appearance which
some of the brown calcedonic parts put on in spots as if the
Silex had been dropped in, which spots often accompany
shells found in the green sand. Fig. 5 is a mass of hardened
marle with Chlorite sand, the same as Brit. Min. tab. 324.
which seems to include the same shell, as far as I can con-
jecture, in it the chain-like section appears. [tis probable that
this shell belongs to the green sand formation particularly.

VERMICULARIA umbonata.
TAB. LVU.—Figs. 6 and 7.

Srec. Cuan. Discoid, involute, umbonated above,
concave beneath, the smallest whorl concealed
in the umbo.,

SE

Tur concavity of this shell is but trifling, the last whorl,
at least in my specimens, is not separated from the others;
the central obtuse knob is peculiar. About three-fourths of
an inch in diameter, and the whorls two or three.

From the Hamsey marle pit near Lewes, by favour of G. A,
Mantell, Esq. Fig. 6 the convex or umbonated side; Fig. 7
the concave side. It is composed of Carbonate of Lime.

VERMICULARIA ovata.
TAB. LVII.—Fig. 8.

Sere. Cuar. Discoid, involute, rudely ovate,
rather the most concave beneath.

Tuene are about two or three whorls to this wormshell ;
the longest diameter is about half an inch.

I gathered it out of Limestone at Shotover hill near Oxford,
and figure it as adding but little to the plate, and yet useful for
comparison. I may hereafter meet with it in same variety.

127

ORTHOCERA.

Gun. Cuar. Shell straight or slightly bent, fusi-
form; chambered, siphunculed ; margins of the
septa even or with one or two gentle wavings.

TO, Ee

Is what manner the shells of this Genus terminate at either
end, is at present not well ascertained. The jointed alveoli
of some Belemnites, particularly in such specimens as ex-
hibit them continued beyond the more solid parts, very
nearly resemble some of the specimens of Orthocera, but as
yet I have seen none with a central siphunculus. I have
very lately been permitted by the kindness of Sir Joseph
Banks to sketch a large specimen, in which the chambered
part or Alveolus extends about seven inches beyond the
Belemnite, properly so called, and so nearly resembles my
Orthocera conica, that I suspect it to be the same species
larger*.

We know of many species of Orthocera to which we
have seen no Belemnite attached, and the proportions of
which will match no Belemnite we are acquainted with.
May it not be that the shell of some Orthocere is so
thin to the very point, as not to be recognized as a Belem-
nite, and that there is a series from these to such as have
the shell so thick and large as to be arranged as Belemnites
alone? The discovery of an Orthocera with a thin shell
perfect to the end, would go far towards answering this

query.

* JI hope to receive more information upon this head, when I shall be
lappy in presenting the figure to my readers.

128 ;

The following interesting Letter upon this subject I am indebted
to Mr. Farey for permission to insert.

“ Havine collected out and arranged my Notes and references
to Authors, as to British Belemnites, with or without the Alveolé
or series of cups belonging to their conical cavities, which Alveoli,
when hitherto found separate, have been generally called Orihoce-
ratites, by various Authors, (and are said by some recent Writers
to characterize the Transition Rocks of Werner?) I find them
referable to 20 different places in the British series of Strata; ex-
tending from (1st) the London Clay above the Chalk, to (20th)
the Limestone resting on Slate.

“It is the 13th of these Eras, in which Belemnites existed during
the deposition (and probably during the Creation also) of the
Strata that now rise to the surface cr basset in the British Islands,
that the very fine and perfect specimen lately found in Leicester-
shire and Northamptonshire, by Mr. Benj. Bevan, the Engineer
to the Grand Union Canal, of which specimens you lately shewed
me drawings, are referable.

“The Stratum to which I allude, is one of Blue Clay, situated
in the upper part of what I have called the ‘‘Lias Clay,’ in my
Derbyshire Report, vol. I, p. 114, or between the Northampton
Freestone and the Blue Lias Limestone ; in the range of which Clay
stratum across England, I have noted 9 localities of Belemnites, all
probably of one species; the two first and most northern of these
localities were known to Dr. Woodward, in the early part of the
last century, as appears from his ‘Catalogue of the Fossils of
England,” vol}. I, p. 108 and 110, and his specimens are yet pres
served at Cambridge, I believe.

“The 1st, from Ashby, E. N. E. of Market Harborough, North-
amptonshire, is described as having two of the cups or chambers
within the conic cavity of the Belemnite; the 2nd, from Great
Bowden, N. E. of Market Harborough in Leicestershire, is men-
tioned as having six cups within the Belemnite; 3rd, Mr. Bevan’s
specimen, sent to Sir Joseph Banks in Dec. 1813, from Husband
Bosworth Tunnel, N. W. of the village, in Leicestershire, at 12
feet deep in the 5th shaft; several middling sized ones, in a layer
in a lump of Clay, some of them crushed, and a large broken one
containing six or seven cups; 4th, his fine specimen sent to Sir
Joseph Banks in Feb. last, from 90 feet deep in Crick Tunnel, S.
of the village, in Northamptonshire, (51 m. N. of Daventry), which
you haye examined and drawn, and which is perhaps one of the most
perfect specimens of the Belemnite and its Alveoli, that is known.

“My 5th note relates to Belemnites found in this stratum near
Cheltenham Town, Gloucestershire, which were in the possession
of the late Fletcher Bullivant, Esq. of Stanton Ward in Derbyshire ;
the 6th, at Frocester Hill, W. of Stroud in Gloucestershire, of
which Mr. W. Smith has specimens; the 7th, near Lansdown, half
a mile S. of Tog-Hill, N. of Bath in Gloucestershire, described in
Mr. Walcott’s ‘‘ Petrifactions found near Bath,” p. 35, tab. 45,
fig. B; but possibly this may belong to my 12th situation in the
series? the 8th, E. of the town of Bath, according to Mr. Smith;
and the 9th, at 'Tucking-mill in Monkton-Comb, S. E. of Bath in
Somersetshire; large with their Alveoli, Mr. Smith.

“¢[ would beg to recommend it to the Readers of the ‘* Mineral
Conchology,”? and your Correspondents in general, to assist in
increasing our list of these important Extraneous Fossils, by send.
ing you as many perfect specimens as they can, out of Strata, whose
exact situation and nature they can describe, along with them.

JOHN FAREY, Sen.

129

ORTHOCERA striata.
TAB. LVIII.

ne

Spre. Cuar. Shell tapering very gradually, lon-
gitudinally striated, thin; aperture oval, about
one-third broader than wide; septa numerous,
deep.

Seeeeieatitensiania ai <:<>:. “nia‘oeteeetaeeeee

Tue stone filling the last chamber of this specimen, if
separated would form a cup about three inches and an half
in the longest diameter, and a little more than two in the
other, an inch deep, and about three-eighths thick in the
middle, with a very thin edge. The septa are extremely
thin, blending almost imperceptibly with the outer shell.
The siphunculus is about a quarter of an inch wide, and
the whole of the specimen I possess is eleven inches long.

This species is in a lightish coloured Limestone found
in the Black rock near Cork, and was sent me by
Dr. Wood and Mr. Wright, in 1812, who observe that
there are much larger in other parts of Ireland. I have
two cupped Limestone divisions of a species much related
to it from the Kendal Limestone, with Encrini and a small
Trilobite imbedded in them, with the siphuncle central,
but thicker in proportion to the diameter; they are five
inches by four in diameter, and taper so little that a series
would be fourteen or sixteen feet long ere they. would form
a pointed end. We hope this will inspire the curious in
these researches to trace these subjects in the rocks ere they
detach pieces.

— 130

ORTHOCERA undulata.
TAB, LIX.

Semmens <0 5.9 oo

Spec. Car. Shell oval, thin, smooth; septa
numerous, oblique, their edges rising, oval,
with a wave on each side. Siphuncle near the
upper edge.

ene ee ee Smee SEs

Tue septa are nearly parallel, and but slightly concave,
there are five or six to an inch, all equally distant: the
siphunculus, placed near the broad side at about one-sixth
part from the edge, is about one-tenth of an inch in diameter,
the shell diminishes about one inch in afoot. My fragment
is six inches long, and one inch three-fourths by one inch
and an half wide at the broadest end.

When the shelly part (which is replaced by Limestone
as well as the rest of the specimen), is separated, the divi-
sions of the chambers are shown by distinct transverse striz.
Fig. 1 shows the undulation opposite to the Siphuncle;
Fig. 2, the side view, shows the obliquity of the septa;
Fig. 3 one of the solid casts of the chambers, a little
concave and with an undulating margin interrupting the
more regular oval which it would have on looking directly
into it. The upper part of Figs. 1 and 2 was possibly
the terminal chamber, as the transverse septa are not to be
Seen; or it may be that the stone is more incorporated
with it. This is from near the water-force on Scaleber
near Settle, by favour of Mr. Ducket.

131

ORTHOCERA econica,
TAB. LX.—Figs. 1, 2, and 3.

Sprc. Cuar. Shell long-conical, aperture oval, a
hitle wider one way than the other, smooth,
chambers numerous, increasing in depth by
age; siphuncle nearly touching one of the
sides, small,

OST IG RE re

Tur septa have even margins and regularly concave sure
faces, they are very thin and twice as distant from each
other at the broadest end of the shell; the siphuncle is oval,
about half a line wide.

These figures exhibit specimens from the Alum Clay at
Whitby, presented to me by the Marchioness of Bath.
Fig. 1 is a dark Iron clay stone, the shell chiefly Carbonate
of Iron. ‘The edges of the septa have something like a
double margin, or a little sulcus, which is occasionally
apparent within the shell. Fig. 2 has the shell of a lighter
tint with some signs of Pyrites and the remains of the
pearly lustre in the division; it is also less conical, and I
should consider it as the narrow continuance of the same
species. Fig. 3 shows the convex side of one of the septa
with the siphuncle near the edge.

132

ORTHOCERA Steinhaueri.
TAB. LX.—Fig. 4.

Spec. Cnar. Shell transversely striated, very
gradually tapering; chambers very deep;
septa distant, even-edged, circular; siphuncle
close to one side.

a ee ne ae a

Tre depth of the chambers, the distance of the septa, and
the width of the shell, are equal to each other; the siphuncle
is large in proportion to the shell, being half a line where
the shell is half an inch. The striz on the surface are very
regular and even.

This neat specimen was found accompanying the Am-
monites Listeri, Brit. Min. t. 455, about two miles and an
half north of Halifax, on the road to Bradford, in lumps
of Limestone mixed with much Pyrites, by the Rev. H.
Steinhauer, whose merit in research deserves esteem and
remembrance.

‘ORTHOCERA Breynii? Mart. Pet. Dero.
TIS9OLO2.

TAB. LX.—Fig. 5.

Spec. Cuar. Shell plain, oval, gradually elongated
septa oblique, slightly concave, ovate, numerous;
siphuncle near the middle, small.

——

Tur siphuncle is placed in the focus of the broader end of

the oblique septa; the outer shell is very thin, plain, and

much incorporated witb the stone.

133

I have possessed this specimen some years, it is Lime-
stone from Derbyshire; it agrees in many respects with
Mr. Martin’s description; his is more rapidly acuminated
or conical, in his ‘the dissepiments are approximate,
concave, oblique, almost entire;’? but in this the slight
wave in the front which he speaks of is scarcely discern-
ible, the oblique divisions of the sides are like the line
fig. 5*, allowing it but little undulation. The siphuncle
placed between the centre and the edge agrees with ours.
This species is said to vary considerably in size; we hope
this figure will give occasion to enquiry whether they
are the same species or not, and as there is a furrowed
species, O. Gesneri, it would be advisable also to look for
that with the outer shell, Mr. Martin’s specimen being
destitute of it. His figure of O. Breynii is destitute of the
outer shell also.

ORTHOCERA circularis.
TAB. LX.—Figs. 6 and 7.

Spec. Cuar. Shell smooth? gradually tapering,
round; septa approximate, slightly concave
with even edges; siphuncle placed about half
way between the edge and the centre.

are TEE

Serra about three-sixteenths of an inch distant from each
other. Diameter of the largest end in my specimen about
an inch. .

134

A rude piece of Limestone from Dudley encloses this
fragment; it is without the external shell, but the position
of the siphunculus distinguishes it from all others that I
have seen. I should not have figured this imperfect shell,
had I not thought it convenient to particularize the differ-
ence of character in the shells belonging to certain rocks,
for the sake of Geology, and even the more or less perfect
preservation of the different subjects becomes of some conse-
quence in such enquiries. In some instances we are pleased
to find that such smal] remains have a specific difference.

135

HAMITES, Parkinson.
Baculiles, Faujas de St. Fond.

Gen. Cuar. Fusiform; hooked or bent into two
parallel limbs, chambered; septa undulated at
their margins with a siphuncle at their outer
edge.

"Tue surface has commonly annular undulations, and the

siphuncle is at the outer edge of the septum. The septa

have six large waves with plated margins, as in Ammonites.

The Genus Baculites appears to have been formerly
made from straight fragments of chambered shells; the bent
or hooked parts of which, having been since found, have
been termed Hamites by Parkinson. The siphuncle seems
to have been passed over by Faujas de St. Fond, who
describes the septa as imperforate; it is, however, visible in
several of my specimens, and particularly so in one from
Maestricht, the chambers of which are cast in sandstone
and detached from each other, which was lent me by Mr.
Parkinson. Some Authors, as De Montfort, speak of and
figure a central siphuncle, but we conceive that none of the
chambered shells of the same construction as those of the
present Genus ever have the siphuncle in the centre.

As far as I know, no whole shells of this peculiar Genus
have been found, or even cither of the terminations; from
hence it is, I presume, that many mistakes have arisen and
continually will arise in the division of the species. I have
taken up the subject as a means of drawing the attention of
Collectors to it, hoping they may do something to improve
our knowledge; besides it ad become necessary to make
figures, as some of the subjects are liable to decompose and
be lost, while most of them are considerably lessened in
beauty by the decay of their tender pearly shell. The
form and position of the undulations upon the surface, and

156

perhaps even the form of the tube itself, are liable to
variation; these are still further difficulties,

Hamites have been found in the Clay at Folkstone, as
most of the species here figured; in the Chalk at Hamsey
in Sussex, resembling H. intermedius; and also by Miss
Benett, in the Chalk at Horton.

HAMITES tenuis.
TAB. LXI.—Fig. 1.

Spec. Cuar. Slender, depressed, undulations obtuse,
slightly waved, disappearing on the back of

the limbs.
———

Tue compressed shape of this would give the aperture an
oval form about half as long again as wide. The undula-
tions are irregular, some reaching nearly to the back, others
only half way. ‘The fragment I have figured is straight,
and tapers more rapidly than others of the Genus.

I am indebted to the indefatigable James Gibbs for this
and most of the specimens figured in this and the following
plate. . They were picked up by him in the Clay of the
neighbourhood of Folkstone, among Ammonites and variqus
other Fossils.

HAMITES rotundus.
TAB, LXI.—Figs. 2 and 3.
Srrc. Cuar. Aperture round, undulations obtuse,

annular, numerous; the curve of the shell very

gradual.
ee

Tue regularity of the undulations and roundness of the
shell, are the distinguishing marks of this species, Fig. 2

137

exhibits two specimens, the largest appears to be distorted
laterally, for the septa at the lower end are turned to one
side. It is composed chiefly of Iron Pyrites covered with
the pearly remains of ihe shell; its small weight, and the
cavity at the upper end, lead me to think that the chambers
are left hollow; the other is quite regular. By an attentive
examination of the specimen the siphunculus may be traced.
Fig. 3 shows a compressed cast in Oxyde of Iron (probably
this was Pyrites once). I add it for the purpose of exhibit-
ing the gradual curvature, but with some hesitation, as the
specimen is too bad to ascertain with certainty that it belongs
to this species.

HAMITES attenuatus.
TAB. LXIl.—Figs. 4 and 5.

Serc. Cuar. Slightly compressed, suddenly attenu-
ated just below the curve; undulations obtuse,
numerous.

Se EL

Tur larger limb is suddenly contracted near where it turns
into the smaller, which’ consequently is more slender in
proportion, and is round; the undulations are obscure at
the back. The specimens here represented are excellent
for exhibiting the Generic character, in consequence of the
length of the lesser limbs, which are rarely found. —

Fig. 4 is cast in dark Iron Pyrites, with the pearly septa
remaining. In the engraving the undulations are not quite
near enough, particularly on the lesser limb. Fig. 5 is an
impression in Clay of a larger shell, perhaps of the same
species; it appears to haye been Pyrites, and dissolved.

158

HAMITES compressus.
TAB. LXL—Figs. 7 and 8.

ee ee

Spec. Cuar. Depressed, curved at right angles?
undulations sharp, slightly waved, most pro-
minent at the back.

ree EE pe IR

Or the oval end the shorter diameter is two-thirds the
length of the longer; the undulations are very regular,
bending towards the curve.

The lightest coloured of these specimens is marle, the
other Iron-stone; the septa are obliterated in both.

—

HAMITES maximus.
TAB. LXI,—fig. 1.

Spec. Cuar. Slightly depressed ; undulations eveu,
rounding, disappearing at the back ; curvature
gradual.

Syn. Parkinson Org. Rem, Ul. Tab. 10. F. 4.

re a ee

As the curved part of a shell of this nature, cannot be
increased by age, I conceive this to be a very large species.
Except the size, I do not know any very strong character
by which to distinguish it.

This specimen is exceedingly handsome; the beautiful
pearly shell covers a mixture of Pyrites and -indurated
marle, which serve to relieve it. Mr. Gibbs brought it
with those of the last plate from near Folkstone.

139

HAMITES intermedius.

TAB. LUXIl.—Figs. 2, 3, and 4, except the
right hand figure.

(eae es

Spec. Cuan. Depressed, undulations obtuse, an-
nular, waved, curvature rounding.

Syn. Parkinson Org. Rem. Ill. Tab. 10. F. 1. 3.
narrow end wppermost.

ee Ee

Tue undulations continue all around, but in some speci-
mens are obscure at the back; in size it is intermediate
between H. maximus and H. rotundus or H. attenuatus;
in form between H. maximus and H. gibbosus.

The three specimens at Fig. 2, and two at Fig. 4, are
d4ndurated marle; the smallest of these two last is harder and
darker coloured, it approaches Argillaceous Iron stone.
The Figs. 3 are Pyrites with a bright brassy surface, the
straightest of these shows the pearly septa and siphuncle
very distinctly. The undulations descend towards the front
when near the curve, as in three of the smaller fragments,
while further from it they are direct, and higher still they
ascend as in the larger representations; all these directions
are seen together in the longest piece of H. rotundus..

140

HAMITES gibbosus.
TAB. LXIL—Fig. 4, right hand figure.

Spec. Cuar. Gibbous, undulations acute, pro-
minent at the front, rather distant.

Very flat at the back, where the undulations rise but little:
the front is rounded, so that the end is an oval with the
shortest diagonal from back to front, and just the reverse of
all the others.

Indurated marle is the substance upon which the pearly
coat of this is preserved; the septa are so much blended as
to be nearly obliterated.

HAMITES adpressus.
TAB. LXI.—fFig. 6.

Spec. Cuan. Aperture round, lesser limb acute,
pressed close to the larger; no undulations ;
septa? distant, not waved.

Ee

Upon the surface, which is smooth and even, are circles
that I suppose to be the edges of the septa, they are equally
distant, notwithstanding the gradual diminution of the shell.

I can scarcely admit this as an Hamite, since it appears
to want one or two of the characters, but am unwilling to
make a new Genus without seeing more specimens with
similar characters. The only one I have seen is composed
of ochraceous Iron.

14]

FUSUS, De Lamarcke.
MUREX, Linn.

Gen. Cuar. Univalve spiral fusiform. Varicose
sutures none. Mouth oval, with a long chan-
nelled beak and entire outer lip.

FUSUS longevus.
TAB. LXIIl.

Spec. Cuar. Ventricose, smooth, spire turretted
with a few large knobs upon the upper part of
the latter whorls; beak as long as the spire,
slightly curved near the end.

Syn. Murex longevus. Brander Foss. Hant. p. 22.
f. 40. 70. and 93.

EE

Wauen young the knobs upon the latter whorls are
scarcely discernable; when full grown they are about half
an inch long, and about the same distance from each other ;
the length of the shell is eight inches, or even sometimes
more; the young shells show transverse strie upon the
upper whorls.

This is one of the handsomest shells found at Barton or
Hordwell Cliffs in Hampshire. I have figured an uncom-
monly perfect specimen from the cabinet of Miss Benett.
Most of the specimens found are only fragments, and those
approaching to perfection seldom have the beaks entire.

Vp)

142

An Ostrea adheres to it, which, although pretty perfect,
does not show its characters sufficiently to be figured other-
wise than as a companion to the Fusus.

Miss Codrington has a fine specimen from Muddiford,
in which the knobs are numerous and large; while I have
fragments of various sizes in which there are scarcely any
protuberances, thus constituting two varieties, which might
lead to error, did not some specimens exhibit both in one
shell.

There are shells from France, which often find a place in
English Cabinets, and are perhaps this species; they are
very delicately preserved, and show the strie of growth
in thready appearances, which are more or less decussated
by transverse rising ridges from the first even to the last
whorl. I do not know that this species, so frequent in
Hampshire, has been found in the Highgate Clay.

143

OSTREA gigantea.
TAB, LXIV.

Spec. Cuar. Depressed, longer than wide, pit of
the hinge large, tripartite, placed upon a
straight perpendicular eminence, its sides flat
striated ; sides near the edge obscurely crenu-
lated ; muscular impressions deep.

Syn. Ostrea gigantea. Brander, Foss. Hant. f. 88.

een. <i

Tue chief distinguishing mark of this oyster is the internal
end of the’ hinge, which is perpendicular to the surface
of the shell and straight not curved gradually into the
sides of the shell, as in other species. ‘The shell is thick
and irregular in form.

I was favoured with this rare specimen by Miss Benett,
who procured it from Hordwell or Barton Cliffs in 1813.
It is the finest specimen, I believe, yet known, and appears
to be the deeper valve. At the British Museum there is a
fragment which I think seems to be the shallow valve of a
size that may fit this, having about the same area and the
hinge being similar: pieces more or less perfect are not
unfrequent.

There are much larger oysters, recent and otherwise,
but I am unwilling to alter the name. I picked up one
brought to mend the road at Lambeth which weighed
three pounds and an half, possibly from Malta, where there
are oyster shells weighing much more; and I haye an
elongated one resembling Ostrea virginiana, Lister, Tab.
200, 201. Fig. 34 and 35, about one foot long.

It is worthy remark in this specimen that the colour of
the cicatrix is so conspicuous.

Me rine eae mere
Bm Paha, jean ere eos | ies ieae a ay’

Se eae eT eee a, argo ie
| Sinisa ng tate hit Ne straae padingnintb ;
‘godbea® otle? of yahoo itaeytieg al “idishve’ rabid ee
_edtiosi | ylinubseg boys om kab baw Mada
| bole di iio i 8 a se Yo bia.
“nin ai noloyorai Bite,
tngath aut Mi re astnbooga tet ehklt Wiw herowsi’ adw T
RUBE of RUD const w towhoH mot ui bauer oiler.
srtogge Lan .mvond log ovailsd. |. comiosdy teoaf old ai sl,
‘oat ora. spina deitinGl off} bA welire roqaoh. of. od,a3 '
#8 Yovsiter wollade olb.ed,08 amonaadaids | doidw sanengett
~ pdt hes sort osiee oli taocde pitived aidt 19. voor jedt onde
_ Jom on iaaiteg, weal 30 quot sd eralidiie riod aguid
Jesupaitins
acai. ‘fru teogat “gli eeu doom om orodT
ound Lotrig vtuigenn odt soli ‘os goilliway ais 1 ind
‘dedaiaw aide wdewck: de, Baw oul? bysat of itynoid
ered sxdw silat mont qdizaog didi an bos ebeavog salt
peered Lobos. ; toe deyer yaidgiow ,allode tayo ste
_ MAT, geotaed, sonia senna) guides 980 Letegaola
“Aagotes« wt ald oi i dining cdi ol AE
| | » SaOUDICqaiios a.

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4

145

VENUS angulata.
TAB. LXV.

ae er EE iere re

Spec. Cuar. Obtusely cordate, broader than long,
beak short, an angular rising on the anterior
side, which is slightly truncated, smooth;
margin entire; larger hinge-teeth placed at an
angle of about 60°.

a nn a ae

"Two inches and three-quarters long, three and a quarter
wide, rather slender. The two prominent teeth of the
hinge are placed at a curved* angle of about 60°. In the
posterior side of the hinge of the shell is a rather roundish
hollow to receive a tooth on the opposite valve.

This shell very much resembles the recent Venus Island-
ica, but the hinge-teeth are much narrower, and the angle
at the ridge is rather undulated and less conspicuous, and
spreads more externally, but is better seen internally. It
has some resemblance to Venus mercenaria, but that has a
serrated edge. It may be proper to observe that in Mr.
Pennant’s British shells+ this latter is mistaken for the
former.

Desirous of determining this Blackdown siliceous Fossil,
Mr. Parkinson kindly lent me a specimen much larger than
the figure, by which, with a smaller one by favor of Miss

* Tab. 20. V. planus, angle not so curved. + Edition 4,

146

Hill, I am gratified in settling it, as I had figured what
had, by some, been considered the same species.

I find, upon comparison, that there are two or three more
that have a general resemblance to each other, found at
Blackdown, which may be distinguished by the hinge, and
I shall pay attention to them, that when I have sufficient
specimens, they may not be forgotten.

147

PERNA, De Lamarcke, &c.

Gen, Cuar. Subequivalved oblique winged bi-
valve, hinge formed of many parallel linear
teeth, not articulating, and ranged upon a
straight, transverse, or oblique line. Ligament
attached between the teeth on each valve.

ra

Tue Genus Crenatula (Parkins. Org. Rem.) is somewhat
related in respect to the crenulated hinge, but is otherwise
yery distinct, These will require further attention.

PERNA aviculoides.
TAB. LXVI.

Spec. Cuar. Depressed, very oblique, ovato-
lanceolate, wings small, beak straight; lines of
growth fine, prominent, sharp.

Leneru equal to thrice its breadth, the posterior wing is
sharp; the hinge straight; anterior wing very obtuse, and
the front round; sometimes six inches long.

This species has been found frequently in various im-
perfect states of preservation, in which it has been difficult
to gain proper instruction as to where to place it syste-
matically, and although in its general construction it is
sufficiently distinct, and its peculiarities convenient, as far
as we know them, yet its generic and essential characters
are concealed.

148

Dr. Lister, tab. 519, fig. 74, seems to have figured this
shell in a mutilated state as a Solenites, and better specimens
at tab. 522, and 523, fig. 77 and 78, as Pinnites, and many
have called them in common Muscles. I do not know that
tab. 521, Lister, belongs to this Genus; there is a peculiar
accuracy in his figure from which I should doubt it, but
tab. 522 being in all probability a Perna, I have an idea
that they might have been placed on the same page as
somewhat related to each other. In some places 1 under
stand a similar, if not the same species, has been termed the
Laurel-leaf Muscle: in Oxfordshire, about Shotover Hill,
I have picked up a curved inside cast which I expect may
be of this Genus, and I feel an hope that it may be found
with sufficient of the shell to determine it; we shall then
know more accurately the form of the muscular impressions,
which are very large and apparently one in each valve,
besides a row of little lateral risings within the shell, near
the front, that seem peculiar to it. Such are found in
some of the Bedford Clay strata, but I have not seen very
perfect ones.

Until Miss Benett brought me specimens, I had not
much noticed the Genus, not having found any before
sufficiently fit for attention, but on discovering the rudely
crenated hinge, it shortly settled a distinction to search for,
and soon after the learned Woodwardian Professor my
very kind friend the Rey. John Hailstone, brought for my
inspection some of the strata of Filey promontory, White-
nab, near Scarborough, with similar shells, one of which
had the inner part of the hinge exposed, which was enough
to show to what it belonged, and the general outline of the
rest led me to Lister as above, tab. 519, fig. 74, from the
inscription upon which plate, as Mr. Hailstone observes,
*€e rupibus juxta Philo, agri Eboracensis,” we'may sup-
pose they came from the same place.

149

Figs. 1 and Z are from Osmington near Weymouth, they
were found ina mixed stratum with a muddy debris, and
the shells seem as if they had suffered but little change by
their general aspect, as if indeed they had only lain in mud
and dirt so as to begin to lose a fresl appearance, such as
might be expected in a few months, but as they are found
upon examination to be changed into crystallized Car-
bonate of Iron? they are certainly preserved under other
circumstances.

Fig. 3 shows part of an hinge from Whitenab. Fig. &
iS a specimen from the same place.

15]

CUCULL/AEA, De Lamarcke.

Gen. Cuar. Bivalve equivalved, inequilateral,
subtransverse, ventricose. Hinge rectilinear
furnished with a series of transverse interlock-
ing teeth, and terminated by two or three
parallel transverse plates. Cartilage external.

oe

"Tus is another Genus separated from the Linnzan Genus
Arca, and of which I presume we shall find many species.

CUCULLAA glabra.
TAB. LXVIL

Spec. Cuar. Rhomboidal, anterior angle obtuse,
posterior edge of the front rounded; surface
covered by fine longitudinal lines decussated
by the lines of growth: teeth of the hinge
deeply striated.

Syn. Cucullea glabra? Park. Org. Rem. 171.

EEE

Bor slightly ventricose, and without any very prominent
angle; about one-fourth wider than long; beaks rather
incurved; the surface to which the cartilage of the hinge
is attached is marked with four diverging cuts, and the
line of the hinge finely reticulated.

These Blackdown specimens, so much externally resem-
bling some Arca of Linnzus, help to caution us against

152

forming a judgment from external appearances only.
There are I find many species that might be taken for
yarieties, as they gradually pass through different degrees
of obliquity. This appears to be the species Mr. Parkinson
thinks might, if not otherwise designated, be called glabra;
I am afraid however that there are still more glabrous ones
to abtain the title. The line of the hinge is, as he observes,
finely crenulated, as well as three transverse teeth which
terminate the hinge at each end: so are some of the other
species of this Genus, and possibly it ought to form part of
the Generic Character, but may often be imperceptible
from being worn, as I have it tolerably distinct in that
Mr. P. thinks might be denominated C. decussata..

153
PRODUCTUS.

‘Gen. Cuar. An equilateral unequal-valved bivalve
with a reflexed, more or less cyli:drical, mar-
gin; hinge transverse, linear: beak imper-
forate*; one valve convex, the other flat or

concave externally.
——eEEE

No one not usually conversant with the subject, would
conceive the shells I have collected for this Genus could be
in any way related to the Genus Anomia of Linnzus, but
as yet there seemed no other place for them in the system,
nor do they agree with any of the Genera established by
later Authors. Martin has pointed out several divisions of
the Genus Anomia; one of them which he defines to be
“¢ imperforate, with one valve gibbous, the other flat or
concave, hinge on a straight line,” includes these shells and
I expect several others, as he considers the reflected margin
to be accidental. His Conch. Anomites productus is a good
type of the Genus, therefore, as the name Anomites must
be laid aside, I have adopted his specific name as the
Generic one, the character it expresses being also peculiar.
It is highly gratifying to me that I have the means of show-
ing so many new Species of such a curious Genus as this
from Scotland, by the help of the indefatigable, ingenious,
and zealous Friend to science, the Rev. John Fleming of
Flisk; every one must feel pleased at his generous desire
to facilitate knowledge by trusting such delicate specimens
so far, and further at his desire to commemorate the late
Mr. Martin, by naming this Genus after him, for his
superior talent in showing the divisions in the old Genus
Anomia, but as the name Productus appeared so applicable,
I was loth not to use it, so have been content to apply his
name to the species I have robbed of the Generic one.

* This term is used because it was formerly placed among Anomie,
which included perforate and imperforate.

Jf «

154

PRODUCTUS longispinus.
TAB. LXVIU.—fig. 1.

Spec. Cuar. Eared; convex valve indented in the
middle, broader than long, the other concave ;
hinge long, one very long and several smaller
spines near each side of the concave valve.

a

Tue ears are triangular, gradually extended from the sides
of the shell, and bounded at the back by the straight linear
hinge, which is about half as long again as the shell, and
equal to its width. All the spines are tubular, the two
principal ones are nearly straight and cylindrical, attached
to the sides of the convex valve, and extending in a line
parallel to the hinge, the other spines are placed between
these and the beak; in the only specimen I have examined
there are two small holes near the front edge, probably the
remains of spines which have been broken off. The reflexed
margin is entirely lost, but the great curve of the concave
valve and the blunt edge indicate it, Length half an inch.
I name this from its remarkable spines, of the extent of
which when perfect I am not certain; they diminish but
little in half an inch, so that to come to a point they would
be perhaps an inch and an half long; they are apparently
broken, which shows their tubular construction, and from
what I have seen in other species, I should guess that they
open into the shell for some purpose suited to the nature of
its inhabitant. ‘It is from the great Limestone stratum
which traverses in a northerly direction the county of
Linlithgow, and constitutes a part of the independent Coal
formation of the Lothians, Scotland;” Rev. J. Fleming.

155

PRODUCTUS Flemingii.
TAB, LXVIII.—Fig. 2.

Spec. Cuar. Ears small; shell nearly twice as
broad as long; the sides of the convex valve |
gibbous; the front indented, longitudinally
furrowed ; a few short spines on the sides.

EEE EE

Hiner straight, in length about two-thirds the width of

the shell; there are several concentric wrinkles extending

over the ears, which are not very prominent; no:lines of
growth visible. The spines are tubular, as in others of the

Genus, some are closed at their extremities, others open,

perhaps broken. Length half an inch.

From the same place and by the same favour as the last ;

a specimen of the deep valve only, with some ferruginous

earth in it, but which allows the inside of the shell to show

the perforations. I believe that the deep shell may be
enough to distinguish species by, but experience may
hereafter determine it better. I take upon me to honour it
with the name of the discoverer, whose merits and kindness
I shall be glad to hand down to posterity.

PRODUCTUS spinulosus.
TAB. LXVIII.—Fig. 3.

Spec. Cuar. Semicircular, flattish; hinge long
and straight; convex valve gibbous towards
the beak, with many small spines spread over
it; ears obscure; the other valve also spinous

and very concave.
Sa
Tue spines are short, numerous, and arranged in quincunx
order; besides these the surface is covered with longitudinal

156

striz; the line of the hinge is as long as the shell is wide,
forming the diameter of its semicircular edge.

From the same place and person as the last: this and
the two former are extremely britile; they are little else
than the earthy part of the shell remaining, coloured by
Tron Oxide.

PRODUCTUS aculeatus.
TAB. LXVIII.—Ig. 4.

Conchiliolithus (Anomites) aculeatus. Mart.
Petrif. Derb. T. 37. F. 9 and 10,

Spec. Cuar. Roundish, concave valve smooth; the
other with adpressed reflected spines; gibbous ;
front slightly indented ; hinge half the breadth
of the shell.

a

Tur spines are so adpressed to the convex valve, that
they appear as if they were forcing their way through it
and raising its surface, with their points towards the beak
or backwards, chiefly on the sides, about ten on each, in
nearly regular alternate order. Length rather less than
the breadth, which is seldom three-quarters of an inch.
On the convex valve are several obscure concentric
undulations.

I had this from Mr. Martin; it is rather smaller than his
figure, and is a cast in a light coloured Limestone with the
shelly remains very thin. He says it is found near Bake-
well and Buxton. The beaks, he observes, are often
broken, giving them the appearance of being perforated.
Mine is broken off, but I have represented it as if whole;
the allowance is easily made.

157

PRODUCTUS scabriculus,
TAB. LXIX.—Fig. 1.

Conchiliolithus (Anomites) scabriculus. Mart.
Petrif. Derb. Tab. 36. F. 5. —

Spec. Cuar. Nearly round, flat valve obscurely
punctato-striated, the other gibbous, marked
with longitudinal striz and prominent tuber-
cles ranged nearly in quincunx order; hinge
straight, equa! to the breadth of the shell.

omnia Se

Tue sides are straightish, giving the shell a rectangular
form, rather wider than long: the tubercles on the convex
valve are placed on the strie, elongated, and each has a fine
point at the end most distant from the beak. The flat valve
has indentations like the impressions of the imperfect spines
on the other valve, giving a concentrating reticulated ap-
pearance.

Mr. Martin sent me this shell many years ago from Buxton.
It has much the character of his Conch. (Anom.) productus,
and presuming on this general appearance, I expect most
of the Genus, although not always found with the produced
margin any more than his, have it when perfect.

PRODUCTUS spinosus.
TAB, LXIX.—Fig. 2.

Spec. Cuar. Roundish, very gibbous, convex
valve with many long spines, longitudinally
striated ; hinge small.

ee

Tue back of this shell is rounder than the front, which
is slightly indented in the middle; the_striz are pretty
numerous; the spines long, cylindrical, bent towards the
front; hinge apparently much shorter than the shell is
wide; length rather less than the width, which is not quite
aninch. The concave valve is destitute of spines.

158

This being a rarity in Scotland, the same part from
whence the Rev. J. Fleming sent me the former, I was
glad to gain for the science the information such a specimen
affords. Of its being a Productus I believe there can be
no doubt, and its similarity to Conch. (Anom.) productus
of Martin, Tab. 22. F. 1. upper part, which I wish to
call Productus Martini, makes me almost suspect it to be a
variety of it; the spines, however, being more prominent
and the hinge shorter, may prove it distinct; we must
avail ourselves of these characters until our knowledge is
ripened by experience, and we may hereafter show more
perfect specimens.

PRODUCTUS Scoticus.
TAB. LXIX.—Fig. 3.

Spec. Cuar. Semicircular, with fine longitudinal
striz and a few obsolete spines, gibbous towards
the beak; sides expanded into the line of the
hinge; hinge nearly twice the length of the shell.

a

‘Tue shallow valve has diverging striz, similar to those in
the other, but without spinous punctures; it is concave,
deepest in the two spaces between the middle and sides;
the sides wrinkled towards the hinge. The striz on the
convex valve are a little interrupted by obsolete spines or
punctums, and short intervening striz. The lines of growth
are fine and partial, causing irregular undulations, especially
towards the sides; the middle slightly depressed. Nearly
two inches wide.

I know this species from Scotland only, it was sent me
by the Rev. J. Fleming. It is in dark coloured foetid
Limestone, like most of the Derbyshire species, and it has
crystallized Carbonate of Lime of a lightish colour within it.

159
DENTALIUM, Linn.

Gen. Cuar. Shell univalve, tubular, tapering,
slightly bowed, open at both ends.
DENTALIUM unitens.
TAB. LXX.—Figs. 1 and 2.

Spec. Cuar. Nearly straight; surface even and
shining; aperture circular; mouth expanded.

Very gently tapering to the smaller end, at which the
shell is thickest. From half an inch to one inch and an
half long.

Found in the Clay at Highgate in 1811, chiefly in broken
pieces, with some smaller ones, apparently young of the
same; they were mostly filled with the Clay, and thin,
brittle, tender, remarkably smooth and shining. I do not
know that such have been found elsewhere in England.
I have received a species resembling it, but rather larger,
from Avignon, under the title Dentalium cylindricum, by
favour of my kind friend Mr. Gerville; it is highly polished,
but is distinguished by little oblong punctures.

DENTALIUM entalis?
TAB. LXX.—Fig. 3,

Spec. Cuar. Slightly arched, surface waved, nearly
smooth; edge of the mouth acute; apertures
smooth.

Syn. Dentalium entalis? Zinn. Syst. nat. ed. 13.
Tom. 1. p. 3736. .

ech ace Pov es Se

Aurnoven this shell is tolerably smooth, the strie of

growth are here and there more or less conspicuous.

160

I have received specimens of this among shells from the
Hordwell Cliffs; they do not vary much in size, and seem
but little changed, which makes me rather doubt whether _
they really be fossil.

DENTALIUM striatum.
TAB. LXX.—Fig. 4.

Spec. Cuar. Surface marked with ten or eleven
longitudinal acute prominent striz, and several
obsolete intervening ones; lines of growth fine,
numerous; aperture circular.

EE

Tue longitudinal stri# are very regular and prominent at
the smaller end of the shell, making it about ten-angled, but
they disappear towards the mouth; there are from one to
four intervening minute strie, which are most apparent
near the middle of the shell. The thickness is nearly equal
throughout, and the inside smooth; length about two inches.

I am rather doubtful whether this species, from its being
sometimes nearly covered with longitudinal strie, and
sometimes nearly destitute of them, has not been made into
two species, entalis and Elephantinus, by Brander; or it
may otherwise have been deceiving, as the outer ornamented
part is sometimes separated in a thin coat, leaving the other
inner part nearly smooth; the figure shows the outer coat
whiter, and the inner part smooth and not shining, otherwise
it might have been considered as the Highgate species, from
which it is however sufficiently distinct in other respects.
I have received these by favour of Mrs. Tylee and the
Rey. Mr. Bingley, from Hordwell and Barton Cliffs.

161

DENTALIUM decussatum.
TAB. LXX.—Fig. 5.

Spec. Cuar. Surface marked with twenty or more
longitudinal stria and several intervening ob-
scure ones; lines of growth numerous, distinct,
oblique; mouth elliptical.

ae

The longitudinal stria are much more numerous in this

than in the last, but not much more prominent, although

the shell is nearly twice the diameter; they are decussated
by the lines of growth, the obliquity of which seem to
indicate an elliptic mouth.

I received this specimen from the great Friend to Botany
and science, William Borrer, Esq. from Sussex.

DENTALIUM ellipticum.
TAB. LXX.—Figs. 6 and 7.

Spec. Cuar. Nearly straight, quickly tapering,
rather compressed, surface uneven, aperture
circular; external edge elliptical.

ee

Tue shell being thicker along two sides, gives the tube a

depressed form, and makes the outer margin of the mouth

elliptic; the lines of growth give the surface a rugged
aspect; internally it is beautifully polished: the diameter
of the mouth is sometimes nearly half an inch.

This is a large species, apparently not before noticed, for
want of better specimens; it is however the more aedewinie

162

of notice as it gives rise to beautifully polished oblong cones,
which frequently remain after the shell is decomposed, and
which have often puzzled Collectors, from the difficulty of
ascertaining what they belong to. They are from Folkstone
in Kent, by favour of Mr. Gibbs.

DENTALIUM costatum,
TAB. LXX.—Fig. 8.

Spec. Cuar. Surface marked with twelve or more
closely set ribs; lines of growth obscure;
aperture circular.

I

Tne ribs and sulci between them are nearly equal and
rounded.

I am greatly indebted to Mrs. Cobbold for sending me
this rarity from the Holywell Craig, which place has
afforded to ingenuity of enquiry and research such fine
and instructive specimens, of which many are yet to come.
It is but little changed, and seems like those shells that have
been softened by exposure to the weather, then rolled a
little, and afterwards preserved in Ochraceous Gravel.
It does not agree with any recent species I know of.

165

TURBO.

Gen. Cuar. Shell conoidal or slightly turretted ;
aperture round, not toothed ; margins disjoined
_ in the upper part; columella smooth at the base.

TURBO littoreus.
TAB. LXXI.—Fig. 1.

Spec. Cuar. Shell suboval, acute, striated ; colum-
nar margin flat.

Syn. Turbo littereus. Linn. Trans. VIII. p. 158.

EE

Warorts about five, with their upper part rather flat,
making the sides of the cone nearly straight; in the Fossil
specimens the striz are often worn away.

Bramerton Hill, near Norwich, affords these shells in
plenty, and remarkably well preserved, sometimes even so
as to vie with the recent ones in colour; there is some
variety in shape, number of coloured stripes, &c. The
upper figures are from a lengthened rather distorted spe-
cimen, such as I have often seen recent; the others are the
more usual form of the recent specimens, which are often
larger and vary much, as nice discrimination will discover.

164

TURBO rudis.
TAB. LXXI.—Fig. 2.

Spec. Cuar. Shell suboval, rather obtuse; whorls
ventricose.

Syn. Turborudis. Linn. Trans. VIII. p. 159.

ee a EP

Wrorts four or five, rather swelled in their upper parts,
undulating the sides of the cone; the lip generally thick;
there are often a few longitudinal furrows besides the striz,
which, with the irregular lines of growth, give the shell a
rugged appearance. .

From near Aldborough, by favour of my kind friend the
Rey. J. Lambert, of Trinity College, Cambridge.

Whether I am right in considering these shells as the
same species with the two recent ones I have named them
from, must be determined by experience. I cannot discover
any character to distinguish them by; the /toreus has the
same markings, and the rudis seems to be as destitute of
colour as the recent shells, a resemblance that is very
remarkable, and seems to indicate that these fossils, together
with others that accompany them, are not of very ancient
date, compared with those that are in more solid rocks, and
which also lie deeper in the strata.

165

AMPLEXUS.

Gen. Cuar. Shell nearly cylindrical, divided into
chambers by numerous transverse septa; septa
embracing each other with their reflexed margins.

AMPLEXUS coralloides.
TAB. LXXII.

Seec. Cuar. Tube irregularly bent, longitudinally
striated; margins of the septa deeply reflexed
and regularly plaited.

SEE

Tue folds on the margin of the septa correspond in width
to the longitudinal striz of the tube, and are so deep as to
form elongated cells opening into the chambers; the lines of
growth are close and rather unequal in depth. The diameter
and curvature of the tube are both irregular; the septa are
a fourth or a fifth part the diameter, distant from each other,
with the margins reflexed to the next septum. The diameter
is from half an inch to one inch and an half.

This extraordinary production, an example of the curious
structure of organic antediluvian remains, is from the Black
rock at Limerick. 1 have been favoured with specimens by
my ingenious friends Mr. Wright of Cork, and Mr. Moore
of Dublin. They seem a type of a peculiar formation or
era in that Limestone, which requires some penetrating
research. Its resemblance to a Coral or Madrepore has
probably caused it to be less noticed, as looking like ordinary
specimens of branches of some of that tribe. Upon examin-
ing it, however, its uncommon structure is developed, and
we are enabled to add another Genus to the multilocular
shells.

166

Fig. 1 shows the half of a cylinder with the divisions,
which are filled almost homogeneously, so as to appear a
mere piece of grey marble, the upper end exposing the
embracing margin of a division in oblong conyexities,
between the angles of which are small remains of the corres-
ponding folds of the next joints; at the bottom are the con-
cave sides of the folded margin, the lower corners of which
are generally left in the angles of the plaits below. Fig. 2
is turned the other way upwards, and shows its irregular
cylinder, strie, &c. Fig. 3a single joint of a larger spe-
cimen, with part of the shelly covering left; Fig. 4 two
joints of a smaller specimen broken from No. 5, which
exposes crystallized Carbonate of Lime in some of the
chambers.

167

AMMONITES planicosta.
TAB. LXXIIl.

Sprc. CHar. Depressed, volutions six or more, not
concealed; (diverging cost) or radii numerous,
obtuse, flatted at the front; mouth circular,
slightly indentated at the back by the preceding
whorl.

a .

Berween the rising striz of this shell are rounded furrows;
the coste are prominent on the sides and straight, as they
go round the front they widen, are flatted, and incline
towards the mouth. The siphunculus is only now and then
preserved so as to be discernible.

I have long desired to acknowledge the kindness of
John Rogers, Esq. of Yarlington in favouring me with
two beautiful drawings of this fossil, commonly known by
the name of Marston Stone. It is found at Marston magna
near IIchester; at Evershot in Somersetshire; in digging a
well in Lord Digby’s park at Sherborne; and also near
Yeovil in Somersetshire in moderate masses, occasionally
big enough to form tolerable sized sideboards; Dr. Lettsom
has a very fine one. It is formed of a dark marly Lime-
stone, including shells laying in great disorder, and much
variety is produced by the sections when cut and polished,
the white shelly remains passing into a buff colour, and
sometimes finely iridescent both inside and out. The di-
visions of the chambers lined or filled up with fine brown

168

crystallized Carbonate of Iron or Carbonate of Lime, adds
to its variety and beauty. The same species of shell is dis-
covered at other places under different circumstances. My
good friend, James Brodie, Esq. brought me specimens
from Craymouth in a more granular marly Limestone, in
which nearly the whole of the shelly part is more or less
replaced by a brown sparry crystallization exactly forming
the contour of the shell. They are also found loose and
very perfect, and sometimes in small masses or separate,
cast in Pyrites, as at Exmouth. There are seldom other
shells in this congeries besides the one now described, and
a keeled Ammonite generally of a larger size and sufficiently
characterized to form another Genus perhaps, hereafter to
be noticed.

169

TURRILITES tuberculata.
TAB. LXXIV.

ee

Spec. Cuan. Whorls of the spire beset with one
row of large obtusely-conical projections or
tubercles, and three rows of smaller tubercles
below them.

TREES ae lee See ene ees

Tue upper row of tubercles extends along the middle part
of each whorl; they are in number about eight or ten to
each whorl, and placed at distances nearly equal to their
diameter. The siphuncle (mention of which is omitted in
the Generic Character on page 81, on account of uncertainty)
is placed near the upper part of the whorls.

Who would have imagined, but a short time since, that
Great Britain could possibly have been favoured with such
a variety of natural productions as are now continually
discovered. The present specimen among others, in this
work only, is a proof of an increasing activity of research.
‘We have been able to pourtray this magnificent shell
through the kindness of the assiduous G. A. Mantell, Esq.
F.L.S. accompanied with the observations of locality at the
end of this description; it is not only valuable as a shell of
rare occurrence, but from its extraordinary size, for if per-
fect it must have measured more than two feet in length,
according in proportion with the gigantic species of Am-
monites, a Genus to which it is analogous in its chambered
structure.

X14

170

This specimen is decisive of the situation of the siphun-
culus in the Turrilites, which before was in a similar pre-
dicament with some of the Ammonites and the Hamites,
see p. 135. It is perhaps wonderful that the replacing of
the different parts of. the construction should be so partial,
that the siphuncle can be discovered only in a very few
instances: there are among Fossils: many other examples of
the same nature. The probable eonstruction of the septe
with the siphuncle is similar to that of Hamites, and from
my experience in this subject, I think Montfort’s figure
with a central siphuncle is incorrect, both in Turrilites and
Baculites. The specimen here figured isa little compressed,
being narrower one way. than. the other; it was found in
July, 1814, in the marle stratum at Middlesham, in the
Parish of Ringmer in Sussex,, situated about two feet below
the surface; the Turrilites occurring in general at the depth
of six or seven feet.

It.is worthy of remark that this is the only species found
at Ringmer and Stoneham, while at Hamsey, where’ the
costata, figured at Tab. 36, and the undulata, Tab. 75, are
met with, the tuberculata entirely disappears.

171

TURRILITES undulata.
TAB. LXXV.—Figs. 1, 2, and 3.

Spec. Cuar. Whorls decorated with many gently
undulated coste, mostly continuing from the
upper to the lower part of each.

== EE

Turre are sometimes indications of a row of tubercles
below the costz, and sometimes the costw themselves are
somewhat depressed near the middle, as if they were dividing
into knobs. Some persons doubt whether this be not a
variety of Turrilites costatus, Tab. 36, I, however, consider
it deserving of a distinct figure, and I have received, since
this plate was engraved, some specimens which serve in
some measure to confirm me in my opinion of these being
distinct species, as they agree on the whole with the larger
outline, Fig. 1, which shows they are sometimes of a con-
siderable size, and the more finished representation, Fig. 2
with very little depression in the coste. Fig. 3 shows a
variety somewhat approaching the costata, but even in this
there is but one row of tubercles, and that would be con- -
cealed by the next whorl.

This species is found at Hamsey with the .. iiss
while T. tuberculata seems only to belong to Ringmer. |
As it requires some time to be assured whether one I have
received from Stoneham is not another distinct species,
having one row of larger and two of smaller tubercles,
while T. tuberculata has one row of larger and three of

172

smaller tubercles (besides other differences), I have reserved
it for a future period, when other species may have been
discovered. These figures are from specimens with which
I am favoured by Mr. Mantell, who has examined the
Genus much.

‘ TURRILITES obliqua.
TAB, LXXV.—Fig. 4.

Spec. Cuar. Upper part of the whorls contracted ;
below the middle is placed a row of large
oblique tubercles.

mE ET ee ae

Tur spire of this turns to the right, whereas the other
Turrilites are reversed shells: the tubercles being placed
upon the more prominent part of the whorls give them an
angular aspect.

The morsel I have here figured is from the micaceous
Sandstone near Devizes: it was found in digging the Canal,
and presented to me by Mrs. Gent. It may hereafter prove
not to be a Turrilite: I figure it not knowing that better can
be got, and wishing to draw the attention of Collectors to it.
Its not being a reversed shell is peculiar, if it be a Turrilite,
as I believe other Turrilites always are so, a circumstance
which Mr. Parkinson’s Engraver has overlooked, and which
I ‘forgot to mention in my former description, though my
figures are right.

173

MYA intermedia
TAB. LXXVI.—Fig. I.

Serc. Cuar. Depressed, smooth, twice as wide as
long, sides rounded, anterior side expanded,
gaping a little; posterior side small; front

carly straight.
- i
ening of the gaping side is less extravagant than in
ost Mya; the general flatness of the shell, but particularly
»' the anterior side, distinguish this in its external appearance

(rom severai fresh-water shells of the Genus Mya of Linz. or

Unio of De Lamarcke and others. The specimens in general

are about two inches and an half wide. I was favoured

with some by Lady Wilson, as well as by Mr. Borrer from

Bognor. I venture to consider it a Mya, but I could not

see the hinge with so much certainty as I could wish,

although I had many specimens, as the valves are generally
closed and held strongly together by the tough sandy marle.

The shell is a little chalky, but breaks in some parts with
a brittle and angular fracture.

MYA plana. ;
TAB. LXXVI.—Fig. 2.

Spec. Cuar. Rather depressed, smooth, wider than
long, ovate, nearly equilateral; anterior side
rather elongated; front rounded.

en
Tus is a very delicate, slender shell; the anterior side
scarcely gapes, but is slightly truncated only: about three-
fourths of an inch wide.

174

I found this abundantly at Plumsted, near Woolwich in
Kent, in 1808, yet very rarely a moderate specimen, and
seldomer in pairs; they are placed in a stratum of shelly
earthy matter seldom more than a foot thick, betwixt sand
and flint pebbles, varying very much in size, and stratified
above and below them. The shells are more or less stained»
a little chalky, partly retaining their polish within, and
separating easily from the earthy substance about them.

MYA subangulata,
TAB. LXXVI.—Fig. 3.

Spec. Cuar. Rather depressed, smooth, wider than
long, nearly equilateral, oblong-ovate ; anterior
side angular above, acuminated ; front slightly
emarginate, .

Tue greater width in proportion to the length; the
straighter and slightly indented front, and angular appear-
ance of the anterior side, distinguish this shell from the last.

From Barton, by favour of Miss Tylee. I believe it is
very rarely found, yet the specimens are tolerably perfect,
being cleaner and whiter than the last, and retaining the
inside polish. I suspect this species gapes but little or not at
all, yet the hinge does not allow of its being separated from
the Mya, else the general construction might warrant it,
as in external character it differs from fig. 1, which is the
more common appearance of Mya.

175
PLAGIOSTOMA.,
PECTEN, Luid.

Gen, CHar. An oblique eared bivalve, hing’ des-
titute of teeth or internal pit; line of the hinge
straight in one valve, in the other gio cut
by an angular sinus.

Tue beak and parts about the beak of all the individuals
of this Genus I have met with, are very thin; the sinus at
the back forms when the valves are together a large trian-
gular aperture, probably for the passage for the attachment
of the animal to rocks, &c. There does not appear to be
any true hinge. The type of this Genus has been well
known from Luid’s time to the present day, and has had
many Generic titles, such as Pectinites, Venus, Cockle-
stones, &c. it is figured among the Trigonie in the Natural
History part of the French Encyclopedia; and Parkinson,
after he had taken much pains, thought he had found a
tooth in the hingé, and figured it asa Donax, Org. Rem. 3.
t. 13. f. 3.

Tt often happens that certain species of a-Genus aré pre
served in hard stone, or under circumstances that prevent
our getting at those parts which are required to establish’
Generic characters, while others are as easily examined:
this isexemplified in the shells of this Genus, the P. gigantea;
although too tender to resist the changes which the thick
valves of several of the Trigonia will withstand, is nevertlieless
generally well preserved, but-so firmly attached internally to-
hard stone that the inside isnot to be- got-at; whereas the
P. spinosa often oceursin soft'chalk whieh-can'be'picked out

176

easily; in this, however, the thinness of the beak is such,
that it is not often preserved entire. Plagiostoma (from
mrayios, oblique, and du, mouth) is the trivial name given
by Luid to my gigantea, from which it should appear that
he had not overlooked the external form of the back, with
the triangular opening for the cartilage of attachment.
The species of this Genus being apparently but little under-
stood, I have taken some pains to examine them, and the
tendemess of the beak or hinge end, which is extremely
thin and brittle, and commonly imperfect, rendering this
difficult, I am the more pleased that I have thus succeeded.

PLAGIOSTOMA gigantea.
TAB. LXXVU.

Spec. Cuar. Smooth, depressed, deltoid with the
posterior side rounded into the front; ears
small, anterior one longest, placed in a large
broad and straight furrow; beaks pointed ;
surface obscurely marked with diverging striz.

a

Aruoven this shell is marked with lines of growth and
diverging strie, yet its general aspect is smooth; often the
lines are very obscure, as if worn away, and the surface
appears polished: it is deepest towards the straight anterior
side; its width is about four-fifths of its length, and its
greatest depth about one-fifth. “

This species is found in great variety in the Bath Lyas
or Foetid Limestone, both the blue and white, the speci-
mens partake of the colour of the stone in which they are
imbedded. They are often of large dimensions: I haye
one nine inches in diameter, and another very large one

177

from Avignon, where they are said to be sometimes larger,

even ten inches or more. Probably they are as large in

England in places from whence I have received only -
smaller specimens, as Cardiff Castle, and Pickeridge Hill, in

South Wales, from which latter place I have received

abundance and variety by favour of Miss E. Hill, who

first noticed those interesting quarries, being conducted there

by an observing mind, upon seeing the stony fragments

brought to the road side from Boston House, and finding

upon enquiry that it was built of stone brought from that

place about 250 years since. Several new and curious

productions are found these deserving the attention of .
the Geologist, as to the strata, &c. Among them are a
variety of Gryphites and flattened Ammonites, in what the -
workmen called Blue and Grey Lyas; there are even
- fragments of Pentacrini, Echinus spines, &c. and it may be
worthy of remark that the striated Limestone, Brit. Min.
tab. 345, is found there much as at Shotover.

PLAGIOSTOMA spinosa.
TAB. LXXVIII.

Spec. Cuar. Obovate, longitudinally furrowed ;
sides nearly equal, straightish; one valve spi-
nous, spines half the length of the shell.

ore EE

Ove valve is more convex than the other, the flatter one
being spinous; both are deeply and regularly furrowed
both outside and within, the projections of the inside ter-
minate in angular teeth near the edge. The spines; in

(RLS, VAty

j iy
V5 Fe

178

number about twenty-five, are largest near the front of the
shell; at the sides they are smaller and lic closer together :
each spine has a dorsal ridge and a distinct furrow beneath.
Beaks projecting. ‘The whole surface of the shell is covered
with very fine transverse projecting striz ; the lines of growth
sometimes interrupt the regularity of the furrows, and the
spines are sometimes very short and adpressed, at others
they are irregularly bent, but their general position is at an
angle of about 45° with the shell. The breadth is rather
above two-thirds of the length. I can discover no muscular
impression within the shell, although I have specimens
perfectly cleared from the chalk.

_ This species is common both in the soft and hard Chalk,
and is often attached to Flints. I have received it in hard
Chalk from Mr. Mantell, found near Lewes; from Norton
Bevant, Heytesbury, &c. from Miss Benett. Inside casts
are common in gravel flints, these, of course, do not expose
the spines. Mrs. Morris sent me a specimen picked up at
Rickmansworth, and I have a cast in Calcedony, found
near Sidmouth, for the possession of which I am indebted to
the kindness of my friend Mr. Thomas. Its varieties are
almost, nay sometimes quite, destitute of spines; Mr. Man-
tell sent me a specimen from Lewes, in which some of the
spines are almost at right angles to the shell, and the others
laying in bas-relief, curving in elegant turns, as if too weak
to rise.

Fig, 1 represents the spinous side of a specimen said to be
from Brighton, the Chalk is cut from it as far as might be
to leave support to the spines; the beak of the plain side is
just visible. Fig. 2 gives the dorsal view of a specimen
from Northfleet, showing the triangular aperture: this
specimen had the remains of a Flustra on some parts of it.
Fig. 3 the inside of a detached spinous valve, having no
appearance of a muscular impression, as in Pecten.

179

DENTALIUM planum.
TAB, LXXIX.—Fig. 1.

Spec. Cuar. Gently tapering and curving, smooth ;
aperture round; lip a little thickened, sharp
edged.

a ie

Nearty an inch long, sharp at the smaller end.
Gregarious, found in moderate quantities in a greenish
sandy Limestone at Bognor, in masses of considerable size.
I have a piece about four inches broad, and uniformly filled
with them as the piece represented, by favour of Mr. Boys.

pe oe eae a

DENTALIUM cylindricum.
TAB. LXXIX.—Fig. 2.

Spec. Cuar. Cylindrical or scarcely tapering, nearly
straight, smooth; aperture round.

eh

Asovr three-fourths of an inch long, and almost a line in
diameter; the smaller end nearly as large as the other.

The ochraceous sandy Iron-stone stratum near Exmouth,
affords these in tolerable plenty, being casts of both the
outsides and insides of the shells, leaving the empty spaces
where the shells had been. The casts of the inside look

x i/
& ¥-

180

like perfect Dentalia, more especially when separated or
having fallen out, and may often be taken for the shells
themselves. I received these long since by favour of the
late Mr. Cunnington, and lately by the friendship of Mr.
Holloway.

Dr. Thompson, in his Annals of Philosophy, asks how
the Fluor was dissolved from the Quartz in some Mineral
veins; and may I not here ask what has become of the
Carbonate of Lime or shelly matter? What solvent would
take away the Lime and leave the cavities where the shells
were, so perfectly clean, and apparently having no avenue
for its escape? I have still more curious facts of this kind;
they serve fo enliven the imagination, and heighten our
admiration of Nature.

DENTALIUM. incrassatum.
TAB. LXXIX.—Figs. 3 and 4.

Spec. Cuar. Very taper, curved, smooth, swelled
near the aperture; aperture round; lip sharp.

Sonar in its proportions to D. planum, but much more
swelled near the lip, and more curved.

Found in single specimens, or in numbers clustered to-
gether, as fig. 3, in hardened Clay at Highgate. Fig. 4 is
a specimen of the same species with part of a small one at
the small end, giving it the character of a jointed species:
found in the dark Clay at Richmond, where the specimens
were generally scattered.

181

DENTALIUM medium,
TAB. LXXIX.—Fig. 5.

Spec. Cuar. Shell tapering; mouth round; lip
sharp; tube somewhat trumpet-formed within,
or broad at the mouth, and becoming suddenly
small; external transverse striz or lines of
growth conspicuous.

SERIE

Tus shell is rather thicker than most of the species, it is
gradually thinner near the mouth, the edge of which is
sharp, giving the inside a trumpet form, while the outside
__ ts not expanded.

I am obliged to the indefatigable Miss E. Hill for this,
among other curiosities peculiar to the green sand from
Blackdown; and as I believe it to be rare, I have placed it
here that it may be an hint to those who have opportunity
to search for better specimens; it is part of a cast in sand,
which is united together by a siliceous cement. Fig. 5
shows the cast of the inside; fig. 6 the cast of half the
outside broken from the other.

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ere okey Yo 8 ANN
3 Hl sy hdgthto met y,
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tt baciadey orod TF entan faa ‘

(| & sg Rptemenpo: amgailid 2 x ‘ ay eget = a

9d) a i sna fio te a igi
Pinte id i) d
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Wisc ot hal ie sm ‘

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‘, be ar’ , or saya “ :

a pasate Oy et me tg

he a Be

183

DIANCHORA.

Gen. Cuar. An attached inequivalved bivalve, the
attached ‘valve having an opening in place of a
beak, the other beaked and eared; hinge with-
out teeth. ;

SEIT

” Atrnoven I expect there are but few shells with these
characters, I think the attached valve of importance enough
to separate them as a distinct Genus from Plagiostoma,
which in other respects they closely resemble. This charac-
ter is the more remarkable, as it is united with an angular
aperture at the back of the shell, seemingly formed for the
passage of a ligament, by which the animal could fix itself
to rocks, &c. as in Plagiostoma. The beak and parts around
it are mostly very thin, the ears small, and the general
contour of the shell oblique.

DIANCHORA striata.
TAB. LXXX.—Fig. 1,

Spec. Cuar. Oblique, ovate-triangular, beak pro-
minent, free valve obscurely ribbed.
a —

Lenern and breadth nearly equal, and the form would be
ovate, were it not for the projecting beak, from which the
free valve is gradually flattened to a sharp edge, and: which

184

gives it a triangular aspect. The ears are small and con-
tinued along the sides.

I found this some years since at Chute Farm near War-
minster, in the green sand, a place that afforded me an
extraordinary variety on a small piece of land. ‘The spe-
cimens vary a little, and have more or less Carbonate of
Lime in them, filling up betwixt the calcedonic infiltration,
which looks like a little worm shell or Serpula, but on
inspection discovers a sort of stalagmitical form of the
calcedony in circles, rings, or drops.

DIANCHORA lata.
TAB. LXXX.—Fig. 2.

Spec. Cuar. Semicircular, beak rising; free valve
plain.

rr

Tus obliquity of this species is scarcely to be observed ;
the lines of growth being slightly marked, and the gentle
convexity of its form, added to the indistinctness of the few
stria upon its surface, and the sharpness of its edge, give it
a peculiar plainness of character.

This is from the Chalk near Lewes, by favour of Mr.
Mantell; it is but little known, I believe, at present in
Chalk, and it differs from any I have hitherto seen in other
strata or formations.

185

MYA lata.
TAB. LXXXI.

Spac. Cuar. Ovate, depressed; anterior side acu-
minated and truncated, slightly gaping.
ee ———$

Louxern about two-thirds the width; the beak is sharp,
but not very prominent; the hinge-tooth large.

This is a great curiosity at present, and is highly
satisfactory as determining the species to be different from
the recent Mya arenaria of Linnzus, which is readily seen
by comparison, at least from that understood to be Mya
arenaria in England. The craig shells of Norfolk and
Suffolk are remarkable for the little change they have
undergone, as well as their near resemblance to some of our
recent species; and although a few are not easily to be
distinguished from them, and others are mutilated, and
until seen in perfection cannot be distinguished, yet many
are not at all related to any recent species known or observed
in any other stratum. Thus it is pleasant to meet with
sufficient specimens. Jf the present be the same as those
from Bramerton near Norwich (of which we have only
seen small pieces which were generally considered as Mya
arenaria) they must be different species; Mya arenaria is
not truncated, and they differ sufficiently from Mya trun-
cata not to be that species, and as it is a broad shell, I have
called it lata. It seems to be between Mya arenaria and
truncata; but there are other truncated species among the
Fossils, and others might come between the same two, else
intermedia might have been a good name.

i? te mie iambic das halls Ge easier
aa ae rae ous a.nd bos srainige taag0r,
fae batelidaar or evailio Treen jared Biol Lnileirgnieily

| Bane a ge eas otedinsg, it nto RE,

> | ithe dose oot at ammiga ann
ee ay: oncame 9COY Bal, Asvcersige ih ie
| a¢hio aan per dete ey. agin! | sna aihraaiet8 ‘motl,”
Mees bap hicos Yowpan cenveulidaimediepittasnd mien
atieenst ABE ‘toslssegt anton Sar 0M Cwheeerin
efler peel Geo frien do,
3 anethet. aflcchy yoo 5 ai dima bow gpoianage sud od ob Yin chi cece
hee sites old nevis sO Obemsse IT otal 1 hea: a
“auth asodtte tiny pos nasi stadt hi ae pay

187

CARDIUM hibernicum.
TAB, LXXXII.—Figs. 1 and 2.

Spec. Cuar. Very broad and deep, longitudmally
striated ; posterior side deeply truncated, bound-
ed by a large circular ridge, concave, wth a
nearly central umbo; anterior side elongated.
Beaks incurved, small.

— ee

Tue length of this is nearly equal to the width, and the
depth but little less than the length. The size and sharp-
ness of the longitudinal ridge that bounds the concave poste-
rior side, is such as to give the shell a carinated form; it
arises from the beaks; the umbo in the centre of this side is
a kind of wing. The striz on the surface are rather distant,
and the spaces between them convex, but not enough sc to
be called ribs.

The Genus Cardium is so constant in its characters that
it can seldom be mistaken; its species may generally be
known by analogy, although the internal parts cannot be
seen; the present one, however, without a knowledge or
comparison with a recent species as unlike others of the
Genus as itself, might have remained unintelligible, but
with such an help we are enabled to be bold, and undoubt-
ing: the Venus’s heart Cockle, Cardium cardissa, has the
internal characters very decisive, and the remarkably curious
external form is nearly the same as that of the stony cast,
except that the sides or wings, if I may be allowed to call
them so, are not so much elongated. It is with much plea-
sure I thank my Friends, Dr. Wood and S. Wright, Esq.
of Cork, for specimens from the black marble rock in that
vicinity. Mr. J. Humphreys has materially assisted me
with specimens, and I have had one from Mr. W. Moore
of Cork, who considered it as the heart Cockle. They are
provincially called Asses’ hoofs, and I am told they are
sometimes so large as to answer to the appellation in respect
of their size. The Cardium found in the neighbourhood of
Paris, by Lamarcke, is quite distinct, and more like C. car-
dissa, ours not having the denticulated edges: may their

i858

existence depend on the neat preservation of the specimens,
being chiefly in a stratum of little else than clean fragments
and minute shells of their own texture, which preserve them
by defending them from the ruder fragments and change of
weather?

As the sides are usually broken off, I have had recourse
to several specimens to produce the upper figure, which I
hope exhibits the character tolerably correct. The shell
is soincorporated with the stone, that it is not possible to
detach it and expose the hinge: it is often partially filled
with, foliated Carbonate of Lime, exhibiting the diagonal
fracture. Fig. 2 gives two views of a specimen that appears
to have been distorted when the rock was in such a soft
state as to assimilate with the shell, and both were com-
pressed or bent together, a circumstance characteristic of
the Irish Black Rock.

CARDIUM elongatum.
TAB. LXXXII.—Fig. 3.

Sprc. Cuar. Ovate, ventricose, longitudinally and
obtusely plaited ; anterior side elongated, plain ;
posterior side produced.

Syn. Arcites rostratus. Mart. Petr. Derb. pl. 44.

Txcuupina the elongated sides, this shell is twice as wide
as long; the longer side is nearly cylindrical and free from
strie; the beaks are rounded.

This is from Derbyshire, and is the same species as
figured by our late friend Mr. Martyn as an Arca, which
it was generally thought to resemble. Its relation to the
Genus Cardium will not, however, now be doubted, having
seen the Cardium hibernicum. How near the rock con-
taining this in Derbyshire is related to the black rock of ©
Ireland, will by degrees be ascertained. Some of the
'Terebratulee which accompany them are very similar, if not
exactly alike in both rocks, agreeing with Anomia striata of
Martyn. This specimen was among others presented to me
by Mr. Martyn before he begun his work, and I presume it
is from the place where his specimen was found.

i89

'Terzsratuve of the plaited sort seem to form a division,
but in the great variety of species the passage from the
smooth to the plaited ones will be so gradual, that it will
be hardly possible to draw a line. I have put a few plaited
ones together here, and once thought. they might be named
numerically from the ridges, but I now expect that will
be equally difficult. { have taken such means as were
most conyenient for the present, hereafter perhaps we may
improve. The species here represented and those figured
in tab. 15, agree in many particulars: the perforation in
both is at the end ef the beak of the shallow valve, and
occasionally they have beth two oblique sulci or narrow
furrows, that would if imperfect imply a triangular foramen,
see fig. 8; the sides of the hinge are not straight in either.
Fig. 2* shows the cast of the triangular organization;
I shall explain this further when I figure species in which
I have seen the internal structure.

TEREBRATULA lateralis.
TAB, LXXXII.—Fig. 1.

Spec. Cuar. Oval, broader than long, gibbous;
middle of the front much elevated with three
deep but short plaits; sides with two plaits
each, much below the middle.

> i

Tue three plaits in the middle of the imperforated valve,
though not continued far.into the shell, produce three very

190

deep angular notches, which are filled by as many sharp
teeth on the edge of the other valve, which is not so much
plaited and is altogether flatter. The length of the edge
between the central plaits and the lateral ones is remarkable.

This is found in the Limestone rock near Dublin, and in
the Black rock near Cork. The stone is generally a com-
pact darkish marble, foetid when scraped. I have had
specimens from Messrs. Moore of Dublin, and Dr. Wood
and Mr. Wright of Cork. A similar species is found at
Aynhoe, Northamptonshire, in a marly stratum.

TEREBRATULA crumena.
TAB. LXXXIU.—Figs. 2, 2*, and 3.

Spec. Cuar. Deltoid, gibbous, plaited; middle of
the front elevated with three long plaits; sides
with four or more plaits below the middle;
beak prominent.

Syn. Anomites crumena. Martyn Petr. Derb.
Tab. 13. f. 4.

Tus species is distinguished from the last by its deltoid
form, and the plaits extending nearly to the beak.

Mr. Martyn long since sent me this from Winster, it is
composed of grey Limestone. I have also casts in ferru-
ginous Sandstone, of what I suppose to be the same species,
from the banks of the Tees, by favour of the Rev. Mr.
Harriman; they are represented, ff. 2and2*. Pickeridge
has afforded Miss E, Hill the same species.

i91

TEREBRATULA tetriaedra.
TAB. LXXXIII.—Fig. 4.

Spec. Cuar. Obtusely deltoid, gibbous, plaited ;
front elevated in the middle with four or five
sharp plaits; four or more sharp plaits on each
side; beak rather incurved.

SS,

Tue general form of this shell is a regular tetraedron, the
edges of which are rounded, fhe plaits are very neat and
continue to the beak. The distance between the central and
lateral plaits is about three-fourths the length of the shell.

This species is plentiful at Aynhoe and in some other
places, the shell remaining with a silky lustre and some-
what fibrous texture, like many of its congeners. It is also
abundant at Banbury in Oxfordshire.

TEREBRATULA media.
TAB. LXXXIII.—Fig. 5.

Spec. Cuar. Very obtusely deltoid, gibbous,
plaited; front rounded, with a rising in the
middle composed of six sharp plaits approach-
ing those in the middle; beak a little incurved.

SE

May be distinguished from the last species by its more
rounded form, the greater number of its plaits, and the less
sudden elevation of the middle.

Also from A ynhoe, and the neighbourhood of Bath.

192

TEREBRATULA coneinna.
Spec. Cuar. Nearly globose, acutely plaited, mid-

dle elevated by seven plaits; twelve or more
plaits on each side; beak projecting.

A very elegant shell, the plaits are very uniform and neat,
and continue sharp to the very beak: it is rather wider than
long; the length and depth are about equal.

The peculiar neatness of this shell has given it a name.
It is from Aynhoe.

TEREBRATULA obsoleta.
TAB. LXXXIUI.—Fig. 7.

Spec. Cuar. Nearly round, gibbous, plaited ; middle
of the front a little elevated by seven plaits;
sides having from seyen to eleven plaits: beak
projecting. |

$$

A rrarrer and less neat shell than the last, and the middle

of the front is less elevated. Depth about two-thirds the

length. .

This species was sent from Felmersham near Bedford, by
the Rev. T. O. Marsh, in 1813, it does not appear to be
common. I believe the same species is found in Wiltshire,
but the specimens are larger, and the seven ridges are not
always so perfectly distinguished from the seven lateral
plaits. I have received it also from Gunton near Yarmouth,
by favor of Mr. Downs.

193

BALANUS.

Gzwn. Cuar. Conical, composed of four or six valves
laterally articulated and fixed by a base, Mouth
at the top, having within two or four valves like
an operculum.

Tur operculum is seldom found in extraneous Fossils,
because in the recent specimens it is united only by a mem-
brane. Many of the species are gregarious, when the form
becomes prismatic instead of conical: the lateral valves are
generally composed of tubes.

BALANUS tesselatus.
TAB. LXXXIV.—Fig. lI.

Spec. Cuar. Obliquely conical, thin; valves six,
obscurely ribbed, smooth ; interstices finely tes-
sellated ; aperture oval.

———— a

Hercur rather less than the diameter of the base, the longest
diameter of the aperture about half as much.

This species, from Bramerton in Norfolk, has some
resemblance to recent species, yet I do not know that it can
be referred to any known one. It is thinner for its size
than most reliquia.

194

7 BALANUS ecrassus.
TAB. LXXXIV.—Fig. 2.

Spec. Cran. Oblique, thick; valves six, obscurely
ribbed, smooth; aperture triangular.

a

Nor so conical, thicker, and more irregular than the last;
the aperture is four-sided, but three of its angles are more
acute than the fourth: its height equals the diameter of
the base.

This specimen, from Holywell near Ipswich, by favour
of the kind friend to science, Mrs. Cobbold, is the best I
have seen. At the same place are found separate valves
and fragments, perhaps of the same species. Fig. 4 is rather
more ribbed. Fig. 3 is smooth and destitute of ribs; ap-
parently from being worn. The inside projections and
pores at the narrowish base are exposed in the lower figures
3 and 4; in one of them which is very thick, the bottom
pores are elongated. Perhaps it will become of use to
notice these parts as the progress of the yet infant knowledge
of organic remains will point out.

195

TRIGONIA.

Gen. Cuan. An equal-valved inequilateral trigonal
bivalve, hinge with two diverging elongated
compressed teeth, transversely grooved on each
side, and fitting into grooved cavities in the
opposite valve.

ae a

Tue trigonal form, although admitted as a Generic Cha-
racter, is often very obscure. The anterior side of the
shells of this Genus is generally separated from the rest by
a prominent ridge, and the whole surface is more or less
ornamented. In Trigonia margaritacea, of Lamarck, a
recent shell which led to the discovery of the nature of the
hinge of this Genus, it is said that there are two muscular
impressions, but in the fossil species 1 have not been able to
trace more than one: ought they not therefore to be con-
sidered as distinct Genera? ‘The difference is of conse-
quence to those who doubt the identity of recent with fossil
organization.

TRIGONIA costata.
TAB. LXXXy.

Spec. Cuar. ‘Triangular, with transverse smooth
ribs; anterior side marked with many small
and three large prominent longitudinal crenu-
lated ridges.

Syn. Curvirostra non rugosa, &c. Zuid. Lithoph.
p. 36. T.9. F. 714. |

Trigonia costata. Park. Org. Rem. 3.7.12. F. 4.

re Fn

\

Tar posterior angle is very obtuse; the anterior side large,
with an obtusely three-angled margin, corresponding to the
three larger longitudinal ribs, before the first of which the

KEUE MVE.

196

transverse ribs that cover the other part of the shell abruptly
terminate. Length and breadth nearly equal.

A frequent shell in Great Britain, particularly in the
inferior Odlite, as at Little Sudbury Wilts, and at Oxford.
I have received specimens from the Rey. H. Steinhauer
and Mr. Sheffield. Neither is it rare on the Continent.
The specimen figured shows the hinge very distinctly, and
also the single muscular impression. It is nearly a solid
gray Carbonate of Lime, and being found in an ochraceous
matrix, is more or less colored with ochre. — Little parasites
have formed holes, &c. in most of these shells; sometimes
they have vermiculi about them.

TRIGONIA spinosa.
TAB. LXXXVI.

Srec. Cuar. Roundish, depressed, many-ribbed ;
anterior side truncated ; ribs oblique, diverging
both ways from the ridge that separates the an-
terior side; set with short spines.

Syn. Park. Org. Rem. 3. T. 12. F.%.

"Tue ribs of this shell are composed of tiled plates, the
edges of which are twisted up into a sort of flat spines;
they are small at their commencement, but increase in
thickness as they descend obliquely from the ridge towards
the front; they are curved, and terminate very suddenly at
the edge. The disposition of these ribs, and the regularity
of their asperities, produces a considerable degree of noveliy
and elegance of feature.

This very curious species is from Blackdown: the casts
are siliceous; it conveys, even when magnified, a sort of
deception to the sight, and it has its name from that look,
which when thoroughly understood, does not appear accu-
rate, and may be the rather unfortunate, as it is likely
better to suit some other species hereafter, but the original
name must be retained. 1 am glad to show the hinge, by
favor of the Rey. H. Steinhauer. ‘This shell has been pene-
trated by some curious parasites.

197

TRIGONIA clavellata.
TAB. LXXXVII.—Upper figure.

Srec. Cuar. Triangular, rather wider than long,
with ten or more oblique rows of tubercles ;
anterior side straight, with three longitudinal
knotted ridges.

Syn. Curvirostra rugosa clavellata major. Zuid.
Lithoph. p. 36. T. 9. F. 700.

Trigonia clavellata. Park. Org. Rem.3.7. 12. F.3.

Tue posterior side and angle are rounded; anterior side
straight, slightly gaping near the hinge, and forming an
acute angle with the front: there are about ten rounded
tubercles perfectly distinct in each row.

I have figured this from a specimen sent me by the Rey.
S. Rackett from Radipole near Weymouth; such is also
found at Portland. The shell is preserved of much the
same texture as a recent oyster shell which has laid in a
blackening mud. ‘The same species has been found in
Oxfordshire by Mr. W. Walter, and I have a cast in
Sandstone, from Gunton in Suffolk, that appears to be the
same species, but its length and breadth are more equal,
and it is larger. I have also received, by favor of Alex-
ander M’Leay, Esq. numerous specimens of a species much
resembling this from Boulogne; they are from one to five
inches wide, much wider than long, and can hardly be
called triangular, the anterior side is drawn out to a greater
length, and the depth is also greater: they are much worn,
with oyster-shells sometimes adhering to them: the earth
about them is a marly clay,

The lower figures represent a shell which so nearly resem-
bles the larger one, that I can only consider it as a variety :
in it a few of the tubercles in each row are united, so as to
form interrupted ridges. I thought it a convenient addition
to the plate, although the specimen was not very perfect,
as it shows the hinge, which the compactness of the stone
in the upper specimen prevents the display of. This is
from the inferior Odlite at Little Sudbury, by fayor of the
Rey. H. Steinhauer. | .

198

TRIGONIA dedalea.
TAB. LXXXVIII.

re

Srec. Caar. Obtusely rhomboidal, with many ob-
lique rows of tubercles; anterior side angular,
with many scattered tubercles, and one longi-
tudinal row, bounded by a longitudinal ridge,
on which is another row of large tubercles.

Syn. Trigonia dedalea. Park. 3, T. 12. F. 6.
with smaller tubercles.

or ee

Neanrty half the surface is occupied by the flatter part,
which | call the anterior side; from the tuberculated ridge
which bounds it, the oblique rows of tubercles which cover
the rest of the shell descend towards the front, except near
the beak, towards which three or four rows incline; they
are gently recurved. The scattered tubercles upon the
flatter part are smaller than the others, and are arranged in
quincunx order; the length is rather greater than the width.
There is a variety with smaller and more numerous tuber-
cles referred to above.

I feel much pleasure in presenting so complete a speci-
men of this singular and rare species, through the kindness
of my friend T. J. L. Baker, Esq. Few specimens have
good hinges, but here happen to be the two opposite valves
showing the hinge, which Mr. Baker with much pains
cleared from the earthy agglutinated particles which ad-
hered to it, so that it is likely to be the most perfect speci-
men of the species known. It is siliceous or agatized, and
semitransparent. I find, by comparing the opposite valves
and imperfect specimens, that the series of stud-like pro-
tuberances is sometimes more or less interrupted in regular-
ity. On the broader side, however, a peculiar arrangement
is very constant; this may be plainly observed on the left
hand side of the valve I have pictured. It is that two of
the rows a little below the apex diverge from each other,
and form an angle, the space within which is filled up by
angular sets of tubercles, each like a letter V, placed one
within another. The irregular size of the tubercles upon
the other half, and their sometimes passing into each other,
make the order appear confused. A few single shells have
been found orderly and distinct, but there will be no doubt
as to the species. It will be seen that the form of the hinge
in this Genus is necessarily connected with a thick shell,
very unlike the Genus Plagiostoma, with which only
(1 believe) it has been confounded.

199

CARDITA.

Gen. Cuar. An inequilateral equalvalved bivalve,
with recurved beaks; hinge teeth two, unequal,
the shortest beneath the beaks; the lateral one
longitudinal, beneath the insertion of the car-
tilage.

CARDITA striata.
TAB. LXXXIX.—Fig. 1. .

Spec. Cuar. Quadrangular,. gibbous; the beaks
placed at one of the angles; obliquely striated
from the beaks to the edge, —

er

Nearry right-angled; the anterior side rounded; the
length greater than the width: the strie are curvilinear.

This is from Swanswick in Somersetshire, by favor of the
Rey. H. Steinhauer; it is in ochraceous Limestone with a
sandy aspect. It appears to be the cast from the mould of
the outside of the shells. Walcot’s (Bath Fossils) Fig. 11,
probably belongs to this species; he observes, ‘‘ at one of
the angles are the beaks which are hooked, their points
curved outwards; striated from the beaks to the margin.
Free stone.”

200

CARDITA abrupta.
TAB. LXXXIX.—Fig. 2.

—— ee

Spec. Cuar. Triangular, gibbous; beaks project-
ing near one angle; obliquely striated, anterior
side longitudinally striated; five or six trans-
verse reflected ridges along the front.

eS, Ll

Some of the oblique strig meet the longitudinal upon the
anterior side at an acute angle, the remainder abruptly ter-
minate at the first transverse ridge. The anterior side is
nearly straight, forming the shortest side of the triangle:
the strie are curvilinear.

From the same place and by the same favor as the fast.
The thin shelly remains cover the greater part of the spe-
cimen.

Not having seen the hinge of either of these, I cannot
pronounce with certainty that I have placed them under the
right Genus. I am desirous of seeing more specimens,
therefore I make these public, that by thus recommending
research, we may learn whether these are mere varieties,
and perhaps make further discoveries. There are, probably,
many species which may agree with them in Generic cha-
racter, and which at present want places in the system.

201

TEREBRATULA biplicata.
TAB. XC.

Serre. Cuar. Oblong, gibbous; beak prominent;
sides rounded; front straightish, when full
grown, elevated with two distant large plaits.
Fic. 1.

G. sides rather angular, straightish towards
the front, smaller and broader than 2. Figs. 2,
3, 4, and 5.

a ——

Or the two varieties of this shell, the larger one is longer
in proportion to its width, and more gibbous: the younger
shells of either seem scarcely to be plaited, and are rather flat.

I was favored with some of the shells, &c. found in dig-
ging in the Castle Hill, Cambridge, by Dr. Clarke and
H. Warburton, Esq. about ten years since; among the.
parcel from the latter gentleman was the middle specimen
here figured; it was among the marly goult with the green
and irony sand, &c. see Brit. Min. tab. 184. Its resem-
blance to those surrounding it made me place it here, as
I think they ought to be identified. It is, however, larger,
and the shell not much more altered than recent shells
sometimes are. I possess the same variety from Limerick,
but more mutilated, the sheli not more changed, but having
become a shelter for small worms: also another specimen
not infected with worms: they appear to be of the same
age and size. Hunstanton Cliff in Norfolk affords the

202

same in a red ferruginous stone, with specimens of which
G. B. Greenough, Esq. has kindly supplied me.

Figures 2, 3, 4, and 5, show the growth of the smaller
variety, of which the youngest is not at all plaited: as they
advance they also become more gibbous. ‘They are found
in immense numbers in the green sand of Warminster, and
the neighborhood of Longleat, Chute Farm, &c.: they
have lost more of the recent shell-like appearance than the
above, and are occasionally silicified, the green sand stick-
ing about them.

These seem to join the T. intermedia, which is found in
the same neighborhood; see Tab. 15, Fig. 8.

203

ROSTELLARIA, De Lamarck.
Strombus, Linn, &c.

Gen. Cuar. A fusiform or subturretted univalve,
with the base drawn out into a sharp canali-
culated beak; the lip expanded by age, either
entire or toothed, with a smus close to the
beak, and an elongation upon the spire.

I

Axrnoveu there are many recent species of this Genus,

we are acquainted with but few fossil ones. It is one of

the Genera made by De Lamarck out of the Linnean Genus

Strombus, its principal character being the indentation of

the lip close to the beak. In some species the upper edge

of the lip is extended in a canal nearly the whole length
of the spire.

ROSTELLARIA? lucida.
TAB. XCI.—Figs. 1, 2, and 3.

Spec. Cuar. Fusiform, longitudinally ribbed, trans-
versely striated ; lip thick with an obscure sinus
at the inferior edge, and a very short channel at
the superior; beak straight, short?

a
Tue surface of this species is glossy and covered equally
with fine rising obtuse striz, the ribs numerous and rounded,
the whorls about eight, in the young shell the lip is not
thickened; when the last whorl is about half-formed its
growth is stopped, and the edge of the lip is:inflected; it
afterwards grows to its full size, and the lip thickens,

leaving the inflected part of the former lip in the form of a

large rib about half a whorl from the end. The beak is not

;

204

perfect in any of the specimens I have seen that appear
full grown.

Highgate Hill is the only part of the London Clay stratum
that has furnished me with this new shell*, which was found
in the attempt to form a Tunnel through it. The shell is
usually of a yellowish brown color with a shining fresh
appearance, but generally mutilated and rather brittle.
The form of the spire so much resembles the young shells
of Brander’s Murex rimosus, figured in this plate, that
without comparison it has often been confounded with it;
when compared they are readily distinguished by the
obtuseness of the cost, the gloss of the surface, and the
flatness of each whorl in the Highgate shell. The R. rimosa
has never been found at Highgate, although many of the
other Hampshire shells have, nor does it appear that
R, lucida has been found in Hampshire.

ROSTELLARIA rimosa.
TAB. XCI.—Figs. 4, 5, and 6.

Spec. Cuar. Fusiform, whorls slightly convex,
longitudinally ribbed, transversely striated ; lip
reflected, with a sinus at the inferior edge
below an expansion of the margin, and a canal
at the superior edge extending nearly the length
of the spire; beak straight.

Syn. Murex rimosus. Brander Fossil. Hant. F. 29.

Is general the surface is glaucous, the stria upon it are
more distant and stronger near the beak; the ribs are
* Mutilated specimens have been since found, though rarely, in sinking

the shaft near White Conduit House, Islington, accompanied by subjects
not found at Highgate,

205

numerous and rather sharp. Whorls about eight. The
extension of the lip upon the spire is wanting in very
young specimens, but even in them the lip is often thick-
ened; when about half grown the extension reaches across
one or two whorls, and when full grown it approaches
almost to the apex finishing with a curve. The back is
straight with the axis of the spire.

I do not know that this species is found any where but in
the Clay at Barton Cliff, where it is abundant. There is a
French fossil very nearly resembling this, called Strombus
fissurella by Linn. and Rostellaria fissurella by De Lamarck,
but in that the ribs are less numerous, the striz only at the
base, and the axis arched, the whole giving a peculiar
character immediately perceptible upon comparison. The
French shells are found abundantly at Grignon near Paris ;
they are more delicately preserved, of a whiter color, and
are very brittle. The English shell has a more recent
appearance, with an horn-like transparency, and darker
color. Brander’s figure is from a larger specimen than
I have been lucky enough to meet with,

Linneus’s recent Strombus fissurella should be carefully
compared with these fossil species, it may possibly prove
distinct. I was favored with some as if gathered before they
had been exposed to bleach or change, consequently more
like recent ones than usual, by the attention of Miss Pratt.

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207

AMMONITES jugosus.
TAB. XCIl.—Fig. 1.

+

Spec. Cuar. Involute, depressed, keeled; inner
whorls half concealed; radii large, obtuse;
straight, equal to the space between them,
disappearing on the front; keel small, distinct ;
aperture ovate, narrowest at the front.

——

"Tur radii have much the form of undulations, but they
are straight and very regular, like some kinds of furrows
in a Gardener’s ground: the keel which is sharp on the
outside of the shell is almost lost in the cast. The septa
are not very numerous; their margins are moderately plaited.
Volutions four or more. Aperture two-fifths the diameter of
the shell, and one-fifth wide. The shell thin and tender. -

This pretty specimen is from Mr. Strangewayes, a warm
enquirer after the information the study of Fossils affords ;.
it was broken out of Limestone at White Lackington Park
near Ilminster, and shows the distant septe, as well as the
crystals of Carbonate of Lime lining the chambers; the
shell itself is attached to the stone, it is very thin.

208

AMMONITES triplicatus.
TAB. XCII.—Fig. 2.

Srec. Cuar. Involute, inner whorls exposed ; radii
twice curved, alternately one long and three
short; a smooth line along the front; aperture
obovate.

a

I cout only describe a cast of this, the shorter radii

extend rather more than half-way from the front towards

the centre, there are commonly three, but sometimes only
two between a pair of long ones; the long ones are rarely
forked. Volutions about four. Aperture about half the
diameter long, and one-third wide; septa rather distant.

This came from Portland Island, it is a cast in pyrites
with Carbonate of Lime in the chambers. I was fayored
with it by the late Mr. Bryer of Weymouth.

AMMONITES binus.
TAB. XCIL—Fig. 3.

Spec. Cuar. Involute, depressed, keeled; inner
turns two-thirds exposed; radii diverging in
pairs from rourd tubercles, swelling and then
turned up towards the front and disappearing ;
keel small, entire; aperture oblong rectangular,
angles rounded.

a

Voxurions about four; aperture one-third the diameter
long, and rather more than one-sixth wide; there are some-

209

times single radii between the pairs; the tubercles are
placed near the inner part of each whorl.
A pyritaceous cast from Bramerton in Norfolk.

AMMONITES ellipticus.
TAB. XCII.—Fig. 4.

Ee

Spec. Cuar. Involute, depressed, carinated ; inner
volutions two-thirds exposed; radii broad,
slightly curved, few, obscure near the margin ;
aperture acutely elliptical; keel sharp.

ee

-

Tue regular elliptical form of the aperture is a strong
‘character of this shell; the obtuse radii are distant and
correspond with the septa in number.

My esteemed Friend, James Brodie, Esq. brought me
this pyritaceous cast of an Ammonite, with other curiosities,
from Charmouth: It was found among the marley clay of
that place, so celebrated for various and numerous produc-
tions; I myself saw an imperfect impression of an Ammonite
there, some years since, which was above a yard in diameter
in a stone on the shore, but I do not remember the species.
The remains of Crocodiles (as they have been commonly
thought) consisting of teeth, jaws, vertebra, &c. show the
place to have been an extraordinary deposit continually
discovered by becoming again a prey to the sea, which
seems once to have formed it, although no such things are
now found in a recent state.

210

AMMONITES nodosus.
TAB. XCIl.—Fig. 5.

Spec. Cuar. Involute, depressed, keeled ; volutions
but little concealed ; radii straight for two-thirds
of their length, then rising into a small knob,
from which they extend towards the keel, cury-
ing upwards, rather distant, with a gentle con-
cave between them; keel broad, obscure.

a

Tue aperture is oblong, broadest towards the front, which
is rounded; it is one-third the diameter long, and rather
more than one-sixth wide: the keel, which is plain ex-
ternally, is crenulated internally or on the cast. ,

From Scarborough, by favor of Mr. Strangewayes; it is
in a dark brown clay. I think it undoubtedly belongs to
the keeled division of Ammonites, as it agrees with them
in general character, although the front is broad, and the
keel obtuse.

211

AMMONITES stellaris.
TAB. XCIII.

ee ee

Spec. Cuar. Involute, rather depressed with «
rounded sulcus on each side of an obtuse keel ;
inner turns about two-thirds exposed ; volutions
about four with their sides flattish; radii nu-
merous, straight: aperture quadrangular, with
the interior angles rounded.

ee

Tue sinuous margin of each septum is crossed by two
radii, the septa are placed at each fourth radius. The
siphuncle is contained in the keel, as in most of the cari-
nated species. The aperture is rather longer than wide;
its length is two-fifths the diameter of the shell. Surface of
the shell marked with obscure rather distant decussating stria.
Found rather abundantly at Lyme in Dorsetshire; Mr.
Strangewayes has forwarded it tome. I broke one speci-
men to find the siphuncle, and thus separated three or four
joints by the septa, so as to hold together like a chain, being
moveable like the dissepiments of some other species,
without falling apart, the sutures fitting in a sort of dovetail
manner. ‘This specimen is remarkable for the more central
yolutions having a pentagonal figure. When the shell
covers the cast the sutures of course are covered, and in
some species the external form is different from the internal,
but a part of the shell which remains towards the front at
the bottom shows that in this they do not probably differ.

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abi med wrgcol void i ttnutioge MR 2, ainuga, trae

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pe or oe

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ak bes Jbwvod arn ative Yo emnkwe eds tess ails etowian.
pfaervsdssi aif} godt iayviRib a esol fawsatza out toes:
_\ ge noi odt alrawod Golsmtor Msittw Moda oils wind
i ne nema a maa ee mtd a

213

AMMONITES elegans.

TAB. XCIV.—Upper Figure.

-uar. Involute, much depressed, acutely
keeled: volutions about three, inner ones about
two-thirds concealed; radii twice curved, nu-
merous, equal; keel distinct, entire; aperture

acutely triangular; internal angles truncate.

A penicate species with a thin shell; thickness about
one-sixth of the largest diameter; it gradually lessens
towards the edge, which is rather obtuse with a sharp keel
placed upon it. The septa are tolerably close with their
sinuous margins much plaited; the siphuncle slender within
the keel.

This species was gathered between Ilminster and Yeovil
by Mr. Strangewayes, who possesses this beautiful speci-
men; I have a fragment of a larger one which was given
me as British. The plaited margins of the septa are somes
times beautifully conspicuous; a few of the chambers being
occasionally filled, as it is partially here, by spar of a
darker tint; at other times it is more regular all over,
pointing out the septa conspicuously, where otherwise they
would not be discernible, as is particularly the case with
some other species.

214

AMMONITES concavus.

TAB. XCIV.— Lower figure.

Spec. Cuar. Involute depressed, keeled, umbilicate ;
umbilicus a large hemtspherical depression ;
volutions four, concave near the centre; radii
numerous, curved, unequal in length, obsolete
near the centre; keel sharp, entire; aperture
acutely triangular; external angle rounded ;
internal angles obliquely truncate.

EE, ee

Aperture half the diameter of the shell, with the sides
rounded, approaching to parallel; the radii, which are
very conspicuous over half the whorl, are alternately long
and short, the longer ones often continue, but obscurely, to
the centre, the others sometimes join into them. The thick-
ness is one-sixth of the diameter. The shell not very thin.

This general form and undulating character of the costa
is not very rare, but the peculiarity of a regularly concave
centre is a convenient distinction at present. ‘This is not a
rare species in the neighborhood of Ilminster, and I have
had some larger ones long since by favor of the Rev. Dr.
Sutton of Norwich. Specimens generally consist of nearly
transparent Carbonate of Lime, more or less covered with
an ochraceous marle; the one I have figured is filled with
granular Limestone.

215

AMMONITES armatus.
TAB. XCV.

Spec. Cuar. Involute, volutions exposed, with
many annular undulations armed with two rows
of large short furrowed spines.

ee eee

Voxvtrons six or seven, pressed against each other, the
undulations continue upon the spines, and after meeting on
the point pass on to the other side: there are about five
undulations upon each spine, and one between each. The
aperture is obscurely four-sided, the inner side being
smallest and concave. When the shell is broken off the
cast the spines are succeeded by an ovate flat disk, over
which the margins of the septa are beautifully delineated.
The siphuncle is visible, as in most of the Genus, near the
front. The young shell is plain and without the spines.
Numerous varieties of this species are found in the great
Alum-clay formation at Whitby, where this large-sized speci-
men was gathered by Mr. Strangewayes, by whose favor! have
thus been enabled to draw a larger specimen than I possessed.
We have here also the advantage of many specimens, the
middle being a small plain one of which many are occasion-
ally found, which indeed might have been considered a dif-
ferent species; the next circle might by the same rule form
a second species with larger radii, and again the third with
the flat disks and fewer striz than the outer circles. I have
separate specimens of most of these different sizes; they are
liable to be destitute of the inner volutions. It is worthy of

216

remark that the spines have the appearance of having beer
stuck on, probably owing to their being attached to part of
the outer shell which is worn away at their bases, the spines
sometimes being gone also. These shells or casts being
chiefly pyrites decompose easily, exuding the flowers of
Sulphur if in a dry place, or Sulphate of Iron if wet, when
they have the sulphurous odour and occasionally fall to
pieces, which may be the case with this large shell, the
odour and sulphur exuding from its sides being signs of it.
In such when the subjects are sufficiently desirable they
may be kept under water in stopped bottles. The little
outline at the bottom shows the contour of one of the septa
and the siphuncle.

217

TEREBRATULA digona.
TAB. XCVI.

Spec. Cuar. ‘Triangular, oblong, gibbous; beak
prominent; sides rounded; front either convex
or concave; when oid, bounded by two pro-
minent anges alike in each valve.

a ee

Tus shell is very variable in its form, being sometimes
almost globose, at others acutely triangular and rather
depressed, the two angles of the front are continued a little
way along each valve, and look as if they were produced
by pinching the edges between the fingers ; the front between
the angles is in some shells concave, in others straight or of
different degrees of convexity. The surface when mag-
nified is found to be minutely punctured.

This is very common in the neighborhood of Bath; it is
mentioned by Woodward, Walcot, &c. but we cannot be
certain of synoayms at present, as there are so many varieties,
and it may hereafter be found that in some soils they are
more constantly of one particular form and color than of
another. Walcot’s fig. 26 seems related to it, and he quotes
W oodward, vol. 1, part 2, page 46, fig. 215, 216, and says
specimens are ‘‘scarce; Woodward found them at Toghill,
and he met with one or two nearer Bath.”’ I have expressed,
figs. 1, 2, and 3, three varieties from among a parcel found
in Clay above the great Oolite at Bradford and Pickwick,

218

by favor of the Rev. H. Steinhauer; they resemble some
sent me by Thomas Meade, Esq. from the Cornbrash stratum
near Chatley, of which they are said to be characteristic ;
they are mostly rounder, but with the same kind of points.
The Rey. T. O. Marsh has sent me specimens from Fel-
mersham, one of which I have given two views at fig. 4
and 5. These are more gibbous than those from Bradford,
but less so than the Chatley ones, some of which are almost
globose.

219

INFUNDIBULUM, De Monéfort, 2. 166.

Part of the Genus Catyptrma, Delamarck,
Syst. des animaux sans vériebres, 1. 70.
Environs de Paris, 16.

Gen. Cuar. Univalve, obconical, hollow beneath,
spirally twisted; with a central spiral colu-
mella and a spirally decurrent plate or valve
within: mouth round, expanded; lip entire,

sharp.
Sere

Tue edge of the internal plate generally diverges obliquely
from the centre towards the edge, near which it bends so as
to enter it at a very sharp angle; the lines of growth are
nearly circular, but placed obliquely.

If we consider this shell, with De Mentfort, as regularly
spiral, it will be found to consist of a triangular inyolute
tube, the inner side of which is wanted to make it complete,
the outer lip of the aperture forming the whole of the con-
cave base; the inner lip extending only to the centre in one
direction, and not always to the margin in the other. It
appears most natural to view it as Delamarck and others
have done, in its relation to Patella and Crepidula, in con-
formity with which I have formed the Generic Character.
Although, in many instances, De Montfort has multiplied
Genera beyond their natural limits, in separating this from
Delamarck’s Calyptrea, he has done an acceptable service
to the student in Conchology, but he has surely gone too
far on the same road with older authors in removing it to a
place so near the Trochus.

220

INFUNDIBULUM rectum.
TAB. XCVII.—Fig. 3.

Spec. Cuar. Conical, concentrically striated ; apex
eentral, acute, turns of the spire obsolete ;
valve rectangular ; columella slender.

a

Tue valve within this takes scarcely more than one turn;

in the place at which it approaches the edge that forms the

columella, it is expanded so as to have an angular form, and
it has no part reflected, as in other species, like an um-
bilicus. The striae of growth are very conspicuous.

This has more the external character of Patella than most
of the species of this Genus. It is from Holywells, near

Ipswich, by favour of the scientific Mrs. Cobbold.

INFUNDIBULUM obliquum.
_ TAB. XCVII.—Fig. 1.

Spec. Cuar. Flattish, smooth; apex curved, ad-
pressed, oblique; internal plate two thirds the
diameter -of the mouth.

Sane ci oe

Tus edge of the internal valve is reflected near the colu-

mella, so as to resemble in some measure an umbilicus, as is

the case also in several other species; the upper surface is
regularly conical and very smooth, but the apex is bent
towards one side.

A perfect but small specimen from Brakenhurst, in Sus-
sex, is represented ; the species is found much larger in the
Cliff, at Barton, from which place the Rey. W. Bingley
has kindly sent me specimens.

22}

INFUNDIBULUM tuberculatum.
TAB. XCVII.—Figs. 4, and 5.

Spec. Cuan. Gibbous, conical, oblique, rugosely
tuberculate.

Syn. Trochus apertus. Brand. Foss. Hanton.
Tab. 1. figs. 1 and 2.

rE gE

Turns of the spire three or four; the latter one inflated,
eoyered by rows of rugged projections.

Brander’s name, apertus, is applicable to all the species
of Infundibulum, and is therefore objectionable, but while
the shell was considered a Trochus, is exhibited a remark-
able character. Brander has been wrongly quoted by
Delamarck, who makes Brandev’s T. apertus and opercu-
Jaris the same as his Calyptraa trochiformis and my Infun-
dibulum spinulosum.

INFUNDIBULUM echinulatum.
TAB. XCVII.—Fig. 2.

Spec. Cuar. Gibbous, depressed, conical, oblique;
apex acute, smooth, last turn obscurely echi-
nulated.

nnn
Sprrav turns three or four, the last being much the
largest, the others are well defined, and often rather ventri-
cose. The short spines are most prominent near the edge,
but even there they are in many specimens worn away, as in
the one figured. The internal plate resembles that of the
last in form. Diameter sometimes three-fourths of an inch.

222

Found with Cardium plumstediense, and nuniecrous
others, in a bed of shells, mostly in fragments, which lies
between two beds of rounded pebbles, at Plumsted. In the
upper bed the pebbles are much larger than in the lower,
and stratified with a little Clay and Carbonate of Lime.

~INFUNDIBULUM spinulosum.
TAB. XCVII.—Fig. 6.

Spec. Cuar. Conical, apex acute, nearly central ;
whorls obscure, surface covered with numerous
short hollow spines or small tubercles.

Syn. Calyptrea trochiformis «? Delamarck, Poss.
des env. de Paris, V7. excl. Syn. Brand.

<> EEE ne =
Wuonrts three or four, those about the apex a little in-
flated, but obscure. The spines are extremely short, and
rather reflected. Nearly an inch and half in diameter. The
indistinctness of the turns, and their want of gibbosity at
once distinguish this from I. echinulatum. The want of
specimens from France makes me uncertain respecting De-
lamarck’s synonym, as his description will suit either,
although it will not include the two rugose species of

Brander’s work.

The size and rarity of this specimen render it a desirable
addition to our catalogue. Although a fine specimen, we
have reason to wish it were less crushed, which must plead
for our imperfect figure. It was found at Barton, and is
in possession of the indefatigable collector, Miss Benett,
whose desire to assist science and give information, will ever
be respected.

223
TROCHUS, Linn. &c.

Gen. Cuar. Univalve, spiral, conical; base flat
or concave; aperture transversely depressed,
subquadrangular; axis oblique.

Serene ts 4:0 So, eee

W aorts more or less carinated, the keel of the last form-
ing the margin of the base. Some species are umbilicate
when young, the umbilicus being covered in old shells; in
other species the umbilicus is permanent, and some have a
solid columella. The Phorus of Montfort may, perhaps,
hereafter prove a good Genus, but the variable umbilicus
and the agglutinating practice of the animal are too uncertain
for generic distinctions. The other characters are found to
be gradually shaded off when we examine many species.

TROCHUS agglutinans?
TAB. XCVUI.—Smaller figures.

Spec. Cuar. Depressed, conical, smooth; base
expanded, with a broad waved margin; whorls
externally deformed; umbilicus plicate; aper-
ture oblong.

Syn. Trochus agglutinans? Delamarck, Foss. des
environs de Paris, p. 102. ;

T. umbilicaris. Brander, Foss. Hant. figs. 4 &5.
Phorus aggiutinans. De Montfort, 2. 158.
A A eee EERE eee
Mocu irregularity in the upper surface and margin of this
is produced by the shells and fragments of other substances
that become attached to it, which has procured it from
some the appellation of ‘‘ the Conchologist,” from others,
that of ‘¢ the Builder,” ‘the Carrier,” &c. The smooth,
uninterrupted part of the surface is only marked by striz of

224

growth, which are particularly strong over the base, run-
ning into the large umbilicus in plails. External lip obtuse,
internal sharp, about half extended over the base of the
spire. The undulated margin seems the part mostly de-
signed for collecting shells, &c.

This is one of those few fossils which agree so well with
analogous recent shells, that they can with difficulty be
distinguished as varieties. ‘The American shell commonly
styled ‘‘ the Carrier,” is so nearly allied, that Delamarck
says he could not distinguish it. Our specimens are from
Barton.

TROCHUS Benettiz.
TAB. XCVIII.— Larger figures.

Spec. Cuar. Depressed, conical; upper surface
obliquely wrinkled ; base expanded with a broad
waved margin; whorls, externally irregular ;
umbilicus plicate, partly covered; aperture
narrow.

SBM eas RR ted

The obliquely striated or wrinkled surface, which bears
some resemblance to the rippling of shallow water, marks
this as decidedly distinct from the last; in other respects,
what has been said of that will apply correctly to this. The
umbilicus being partly covered by the lip is the eect of
age. The spire is less irregular than usual.

This elegant specimen is in possession of Miss Benett,
who has been so fortunate in meeting with many rarities.
It would have been a great satisfaction to have met with it
without the aperture being crushed in, which makes it
more difficult to comprehend. This is, however, sufliciently
distinct to be recognized as a species, and perhaps we may
never see such another: I have therefore named it in honour
of its possessor.

225

ANCILLA, Delamarck.

Voluta, Linn.
ee —

Gen. Cuar. Univalve, spiral, oblong, subeylin-
drical; spire short, without a canal; aperture
longitudinal, expanded, slightly emarginate at
the base; a tumid appendage, or varix, round
the base of the columella.

EEE EE EE
"Due last whorl is much larger than the others, whence the

aperture is often equal in length to half the shell. The
varix is frequently plaited, and the inner lip is, in several
species, continued farther over the spire than the outer ; in
some it even reaches oyer the line of separation of the whorl
before it.

After the Genus Oliva had been defined to have a canal
between the whorl on the spire, it became necessary to se-
parate such analogous shells as were destitute of that mark,
into another Genus, but I fear there are intermediate ones,
which will render that character ambiguous, such as my
Ancilla turritella, which, although it has no canal, has a
concave space approaching one.

4

ANCILLA aveniformis.
TAB. XCIX.—Middle figures.

Spec. Cuar. Oval, elongated, smooth; spire long,
acute, varix with two plaits; extension of the
imer lip short. Aperture little more than half
the length of the shell; inner lip extended over
about one-third of the exposed part of eacli
whorl; surface shining.

———eee
Orxz of the few shells from Barton not figured by Brander;
it differs from Delamarck’s A. buccinoides, in having a

226

longer spire, a less expanded base, and smaller extension of
the inner lip. It may be Voluta anglica of Pilkington in
Linn. Trans. 7. 116, t. 11, f. 1, but that is described as
** oblique striata.”

ANCILLA turritella.
TAB. XCIX.—Larger figures.

Spec. Cuar. Subcylindrical, with an acute sub-
turreted spire, minutely and transversely stri-
ated; upper part of each whorl! shining, middle
minutely decussated ; an obscure spiral sulcus
near the varix; columella with three plaits, and
one deep sulcus.

Died vasrcr Sotee ae nen

Last whorl nearly cylindrical, with a large sinus at the

base; the aperture is above two-thirds the length of the

shell, expanded, and having a small tooth at the edge; the
sulcus in the varix of the collumella is nearly longitudinal,
commencing near the base. The interior lip extends over
two-thirds of each of the volutions.

Two fine specimens of this species, found in the Cliff at

Barton, which had escaped the keen eye of Brander, have

come into Miss Benett’s collection.

227

TEREBRATULA ovoides.
TAB. C.—Upper figure.

Spec. Cuar. Ovate, elongated; beak prominent ;
larger valve gibbous subcarinated ; lesser valve
convex.

"Vue sides have an obtuse angle or shoulder at about one-
third the length from the beak ; more or less prominent in
different specimens. Length almost twice the width; the
front rounded, undefined.

Found in blocks of Sandstone containing green Sand, in
alluvial deposits of Gravel, fragments of Chalk, &c. in some
parts of Suffolk, by my friend, Charles Wilkinson, Esq.

TEREBRATULA lata.
TAB. C.—Lower figure.

Spec. Cuar. Orbicular, depressed; beak promi-
‘nent; larger valve subcarinated at the back.

Tue length and breadth of the smaller valve are equal.
There is no perceptible difference between this and ovoides,
excepting in the length. ‘

Found in blocks of Sandstone in the same situation as the
last, at Gisleham, near Lowestoft, in Suffolk, by Mr. John
Thurtell: the stone often contains grains of an argillaceous
Iron ore.

TEREBRATULA ornithocephala.

TAB. Cl.—Figs. 1, 2, and 4.

Spec. Cuar. Ovato-rhomboidal; depressed when
young; elongated and gibbous when old; front
straight, bounded by two obtuse lateral de-
pressions, similar in each valve.

i

"Tue aperture in the elongated beak is large. Breadth of the
shell equal to four-fifths of its length: the sides being rather

228

depressed, produce an obtuse angular projection on the
front.

I have specimens of this from the Cornbrash Limestone,
at Chatley, from Thomas Meade, Esq. and. others picked
out of the Blue Lias (Marle), at Pickeridge, by favour of
Miss Hill. The left-hand upper figure is from a Cornbrash
Limestone specimen, and figure 4 is a young depressed
shell, from Pickeridge.

TEREBRATULA lampas.
TAB. Cl.—Fig. 3.

Spec. Cuar. Ovato-rhomboidal gibbous; front
straight, produced, lesser valve depressed.

Crosriy resembling the last, but the sides are not concave,
the sides of the larger valve being only slightly so; the
flatness of the other valve gives the whole much of the
contour of an antique earthen lamp.

My figure is from a cast in ferruginous Sandstone, from
near Lyme, Dorsetshire, where I believe they are com-
mon in this state.

TEREBRATULA obovata.
TAB. Cl.—Fig. 5.

Spec. Cuar. Obovate, transverse, gibbous, flattish ;
beak prominent; front straightish, bounded by
two obsolete plaits.

SE

A very short shell, with rounded sides and a_ flattish

margin; the length, excluding the beaks, is rather less than

the width; the plaits which bound the front are sharp, but
small, and only marginal.

A specimen from Mr. Meade’s garden, at Chatley. It
differs from the Chatley variety of Terebratula digona,
tab. 96. in being much shorter, and in the points or plaits
at the front being very obscure.

229

TEREDO, Linn. &c.

Gen. Cusr. Bivalve, gaping; back and posterior
side closed by membrane or shelly valves ter-
minating an accessory shelly tube. Hinge with
one tooth in the right valve. <A long free
process arising from the beaks contained in
each valve.

Ee

Tue principal valves are longer than broad, striated,
gaping at -both sides and at the back; in the posterior side
of each is a deep rectangular sinus; in the anterior side is
a corresponding small rounded sinus; the front is lanceo-
Jate, with an internal tubercle at the extremity; one of
the accessory valves lies over the beaks and is lobed;
another is trapezoidal, covering the sinus at the posterior
side, it has a line down the middle where there may pos-
sibly be an opening, or it may indicate two valves. The
membrane which covers the shell is extended over the
anterior side, forming a taper tube many times longer than’
the proper shell, and strongly impregnated at a little dis-
tance from the valves with shelly matter; in the extremity
of this lie two spatulate valves, attached by muscles to the
animal, and capable of closing the aperture, in which is
placed a longitudinal septum ; this tube is slightly attached
to a tortuous passage bored in wood by the animal, and is
elongated and gradually increased in diameter as the
animal recedes further into the wood.

The resemblance between this Genus and several species
of Pholas is remarkably strong; the species of Pholas nearest
related to it are those which have one lobed accessory
valve covering the beaks; these have also a tooth in the
hinge close to the beak, so that there remains nothing ex-
cept the greater proportional breadth (which makes the

230

Pholas a transverse shell) and the want of the shelly tube,
to distinguish them. The form of the animal is very dif-
ferent, that of the Teredo extending far beyond its proper
shell, and having at its extremity two spatulate valves;
whereas the animal of the Pholas is confined to its shell, and
has not these additional valves. They both bore into
wood, and apparently by a similar process; that is, by
repeated semi-circular turns backwards and forwards while
the valves are partly opened, cutting the wood with the
striated or rough posterior part of their margins, which as
they wear blunt, are succeeded by fresh additions at their
edges; the cutting part may be compared to a series of files,
bent so as exactly to fit the size of the holes they are re-
quired to make; now, as the animal grows older, he re-
quires a larger hole to live in, and the files being renewed
along the edge of the shell, are increased exactly in the
same proportion as he grows, and the degree of their aspe-
rity is proportioned to the substance they are to bore, so
that each one may cut a sufficient space for itself to turn
round in before it is worn away: consequently, in the
Teredo, which only bores wood, the striz on the posterior
part of the shell are very fine, and cut into minute teeth ;
while in those species of Pholas which bore into stone, there
are rows of prominent angular reflected teeth, presenting
strong sharp points to the surface they are to act upon.
The motion of the Teredo is probably confined to a smaller
part of a circle than that of the Pholas, in consequence of
the shelly part of its tube being fixed.

These observations are made upon examining the only
two species of the Genus Teredo with which I am ac-
quainted, 'T. navalis, Linn. and the fossil one. Among
the specimens of the first that have fallen under my inspec-
tion, I have met with none which show any of the accessory
valves, except the tube and the two spatulate valves attached
to the animal, nor even the membrane that is preserved in

231

the fossil one covering the proper shells, and attaching”
them to the outside of the tube. I hope persons resident
near the sea will make search to ascertain whether they
exist, and whether the posterior side is guarded only by
a membrane. Hitherto naturalists appear to be as much
in the dark respecting these animals as the animals them-
selves are in their obscure retreats ; and it is only the fortu-
nate circumstance of a specimen of petrified wood, in which
many of them had been trapped, decaying away from them
and leaving their outer surfaces perfect, that has permitted
me to see so much of their nature.

TEREDO antenaute.
TAB. Cll.

Spec. Cuar. Valves transversely striated ; strie on
the anterior side numerous, smooth; dorsal and
posterior accessory valves shelly.

Syn. Fistulana personata, Delamarck, Foss. des
env. de Paris, 160. Park. Org. Rem. 3 p. 200.
fia. J.o. 10.

Tue strie follow the zigzag edge of the shell, those over
the posterior side are very fine and regular, and under a
lens appear minutely toothed; on the other side they are
stronger but less regular and smooth. The dorsal accessory
valve, called by Delamarck and Parkinson, the rotula, is
thick, four-lobed, with rounded edges, the two posterior
lobes are the smallest. ‘The valve that closes the posterior
sinus is marked with lines of growth parallel to the edges
of the shell and is very thin; the tube near the valves
retains, in the large specimens, a wrinkled form, and some
of the smaller ones are inflated in parts, showing their
original membranous texture. See figs.4 and 5. Ata dis-

232

tance from the valves the tube is of a firm, shelly texture,
smooth and shining. The animal seems to haye been ca-
pable of separating itself from this tube, which is not
attached to any sensible part of it, and of returning towards
the place where it first entered; in this case it forms a sep-
tum behind it across the tube, contracting its dwelling toa
size experience has taught it is suflicicat.
The Teredo nayalis may be distinguished by the follow-
ing—
Spec. Cnar. Valves transversely striated on the posterior
side; anterior side smooth, with only a few lines of

growth.
The dreadful ravages committed upon timber by this

destructive borer, seems to have commenced as soon as
timber was immersed in sea-water, and long before ships
were invented ; whence I have named the Fossil species,
antenautee, and would retain Linné’s name for the com-
mon recent one that has been so formidable ever since the
Europeans visited India. Whether it penetrates the wood
for food or only for shelter, is doubtful; if it work for
shelter only, why does it penetrate to such a distance from
the surface? and if it feeds upon the wood, would not its
mouth first enter, instead of its boring with its posterior
part? The position of its mouth and the analogy of other
testaceous animals, rather show that it feeds upon such
small molusca as may chance to enter the narrow porch of
its winding habitation, and be surprized by a gigantic
enemy lurking in secret.*

Delamarck must have had a very imperfect specimen,
or he would not have hesitated to have placed this as a
Teredo (for he has observed its resemblance to that Genus
and to Pholas), instead of confounding it with several other
boring shells, which (independent of a calcareous covering
attached to their external surfaces, and which, in a few

* The Pholas, &c. appear often to recede toa distance from the externat
parts of their holes.

233

instances, they secm to form for themselves), have all the
characters of Modiola: even with respect to these, he is
sometimes mistaken, for in several of the Fossil species he
has described, what he calls the tube is no more thana
solid mass of marley Stone, filling the hole in which the
shell lies, enveloping it and preserving its form, while the
Coral or substance the shell has bored into, has decayed
away. I have specimens in several stages of decay, both
foreign and English, with the impressions of the Coral
upon their surfaces. Parkinson has figured similar ones,
Vol. 11. t. 12. f. land 2, and in Vol. III. ¢. 14. f. 6 and
12, and I have figured others in British Mineralogy, tab.
$23, under the name Mytilus tunicatus. Delamarck seems
to have had a right conception of the recent ones, such as
Modiola curvirostra, Brit. Min. Vol. 3. p. 182, Mytilus
lithophagus var. Linn. Trans. VIII. p. 270, ¢. 6, f. 2,
and would perhaps have left them with the Modiola, had
he not been misled by the Fossils.

Figs. 1, 2, and 4, are from specimens selected from a
large decaying mass of fossil wood, the hollows of which
were filled with Marle; masses of wood thus preserved were
found in great abundance in the Highgate Clay, towards the
part on the southern side of the hill, where the Sand com-
menced, and on exposure the wood became powdery,
while the shells became more or less chalky, and were
easily separated. Some few specimens in the medium state
were obtained : the wood formed a sort of cylinder, and the
animal’s broader ends were all around its centre, pushing,
as it were, for the greatest share, the largest forwardest, and
so on in succession, to those not so big as a barley-corn
filling the interstices, the intervening ones often having two
or three protuberances, like rollers or cushions of defence,
(fig. 4) to keep them from the larger ones, and sometimes
the larger ones seemed to have impressions in their sides
corresponding with them, as if obliged to give way; the

234

tube commences from a very small point outwards at the
bottom or sides of the wood; the embryos were deposited
in abundance externally very near each other, they all
started to pursue their way into the wood in courses more
or less parallel, and when any one got before another,
it seemed to have roamed across the grain, its com-
petitor being interrupted and apparently stinted by that
manceuvre. They sometimes curve and even double and
have partitions (see fig. 8), but are more frequently without
any partitions. I have not detected the spatulate valves.
The connection of the valves witlr the tube is curious; the
dorsal valye is more independent and is rather rare, as it is
easily detached, and then the beaks of the hinge seem
perfect, so that it might not be expected by those who had
not by chance seen it. Fig. 3 is taken from a specimen of
an uncommon size, the dorsal valve is broken in a way to
make it irregularly five-lobed, which is too strongly ex-
pressed inthe figure. I have tubes that appear to correspond
with it from Highgate, they may, perhaps, have been two
feet long. I have alsosome parts of tubes from Southend, in
Essex, and Sheppey, in Kent, full as large in diameter.
Figs. 5 and 6 show tubes as they appear in the more solid
masses of Marle when broken. Fig. 6 presents a series of
undulations not unfrequent and often more extensive. Fig.7
exhibits the septum or the lodgments of the two spatulate
valyes at the aperture of the tube, a part very rarely found
fossil. Fig. 8 has a transverse septum in the wide part
of the tube. See Park. Org. Rem. Vol. 111. p. 205.

The whole extent of the London Clay stratum and the
other Clay strata above the Chalk, furnish masses of rotten
wood perforated by Teredines and impregnated with argil-
laceous Marle, and Pyrites. The tubes of the Teredines
are mostly lined with brown and resin-like Carbonate of
Iron in spicula, &¢&.

‘

INDEX TO VOL. I.

ema 22 eed
A Tab. Page. Tah. Page.
MMONITES armatus 95 215 | Evomphalus angulatus 527.3 114

acutus iti ty ee catillus . . 45f.3&4 98
binus - 92Ff.3 208 discors . .52f.1 113
cencavus . 94 214 nodosus . . 46 99
cordatus . 17f.2&4 51 pentangulatus 45f.1&2 97
ibe aa ae rugosus . . 52f.2 113
elegans . 9
elliptieti 19274 209 Pu longevus . . 63 141
jugosus .92f.1 207| Hamitesadpressus .61f.6 140
Mantelli 55 119 attenuatus . 61f.4&5 137
minutus .53f.3 116 compressus . 617.7&8 138
nodosus . 92/.5 210 gibbosus . . 62/.4 140
planicosta 73 167 intermedius . 627.2,3 139
quadratus. 17 f.3 52 & 43
serratus 94 65 maximus . . 62): Ll 13s
sphericus 53/f.2 116 rotundus . . 61f/.2&3 136
stellaris 93 S11 ] tenuis. . . 61 f.1 136
striatus 537.1115 Helicina compressa . 10 33
sublevis . 54 117 | Helix carinatus ..2..2,10 34
triplicatus 927.2 208 i in

Amplexus coralloides 727 165 prea yoy a : 97 f.2 22h

Ancilla aveniformis . 99 225 obliquum . 97 f.1 220
turritella . . 99 226 rectum . . 977.3 219

Arca carinata . . . 44 96 spinulosum . 97 f.6 220

_ Subacuta . 44 95 tuberculatum 97/,4&5 221

ee '3 | Lingula mytilloid 19f1&2 55

Balanus crassus 84 f.2 194 : Rect 4 i : iF 4 56
tesselatus. . 84 f,1 193 tenuis : Z 4 19'f, 3 webs

Cardita abrupta . . 89 f.2 200] Lutraria gibbosa . . 42 91
striata Sof; 1 199) Welani incton-

Cardium elongatum . 72 f.2 188 ai Fee é 39 86
hibernicum T2f.1&3 187 striata. . . 47 101
Hillanum 14 Al sulcata. . . 39 85
nitens 14 43 | Modiola depressa . . 8 29
Parkinsoni 49 105 elecans 9 31
plumstediense 14 AQ levis <. 8 30

Cassis carinata. . . 6 23 pallida i nag 30

striata - 6 24 parallella 9 31

Chama canaliculata . 26f.1 68] \furex Bartonensis . 34 TT
haliotoidea 25 67 contrarius . . 23 63
plicata . 26f.4 70 corneus . . . 35 79
reeurvata 207. 2° 69 latus.. 8, om 80

Cucullea glabra . . 67 151 rurosus . 94 15

Cyprxa oviformis 4 7 striatus . . . 22 61

Dentalium costatum . 70 f.8 162 trilineatus . . 35f.4&5 80

cylindricum 79 f.2 178| Myaintermedia. . . 16f.1 173
decussatum 707.5 16) Lata eigeg (ss Ok 185
ellipticum . 707.6&7 161 mandibula . . 43 93

entalis? atadUeee 109 Plande se Ogn> Lis
incrassatum 79f,3&4 180 subangulata . . 767.3 174
medium. . 79 f.5 181) Mytilusamplus . . 7 27

nitens . . TOf1&2 159) Natica depressa . . 5 2]

planum . . 79 f.1 179 elancibaiitts a 19

3 striatum . 70 f. 4 160 Similis: ict) cab en 45 20
Dianchora lata . . 80f.2 184) Nautilus centrales . 1 11
striata . .S0f.1 183 Gincust ot. eae 39
Ellipsolithes compressus 38 84 imperialis . 1 9
funatus . 32 81 inequalis . 40 85

ovatus . 37 83 lineatus . . Ai 89
Emarginula reticulata 33 73 undulatus . 40 87
crassa, 33 ziczac oy 12

74

INDEX TO VOL. I.

Tab. Page.
Orthocera Breynii . 60 f.5 132
circularis , 60f.6&7 133

conica , . 60/.1,2,2
aly

Steinhaueri 60f.4 132

striata. . 58 129

undulata . 59 130

Ostrea gigantea . . 64 143
Marshii. . . 48 103
Pecten quadricostata 56f.1&2 121
quinquecostata 56 122
Pectunculus costatus . 27 f.2 72
decussatus. .27f.1 Tl
Plumstediensis 27,3 12
Pentamerus Aylesfordii 29 75*
Knightii . 28 T3*

levis . . 28 716*

Perna aviculoides . . 66 147
Plagiostoma gigantea 7 176
spinosa . 718 117

Productus aculeatus . 68/.4 156
Flemingii . 68/.2 155
longispinus 68f.1 154
scabriculus 69f.1 157
Scoticus. . 69/3 158

spinosus .69f2 157
spinulosus . 68f,3 155

Rostellaria lucida. . 91 f-1,2
& 35 203

rimosa . 91f.4,5,
63 204

Scalaria acuta . . . 16 50

semicostata . 16 50

similis: 5. a6 49

Scaphites equalis. . sich ae: 53
&3

obliquus . I18f.4—T7 54

Serpula crassa , . 30 73

Solarium conoideum . J1f.3 36

discoideum . 11 f.2 36

patulum. . Il 35

Solenaffinis. . . . 3 15

Terebratula biplicata 90 201

carnea . 15f.5&6 47

concinna. 83.6 192

crumena 83/.2&3 190

digona . 96 217

lata 100 227

intermedia 15 f.8 48

lampas . 101 f.3 228

Tab. Page.
Terebratula lateralis . 83 f.1 189
media, . . . 83f,5 19}
obovata. . . 101 f. 5 228
obsoleta - 83 f.7% 192
ornithocephala 101 f. ie ; 997
ovate: vier lo fos 46
ovoides . . 100 22T
punctata -15f.4 46
semiglobosa .15/.9 48
subrotunda . . 15f.1&2 45
subundata . .15f.7 AT
tetraédra . . 83f,4 191
Teredo antenaute . 102 231
navalis . . 232
Trigonia clavellata . 87 197
costata - 85 195
dzedalea . . 88 198
spinosa - 86 196
Trochus agglutinans . 98 223
Benettie . . 98 224
Turbo littoreus. . . 81 f.1 163
TUGIS 8, peak Tekh oO stone tude
Turrilites costata . 36 81
obliqua. . 75 f.4 172
tuberculata 74 169
undulata, ENE val
Turritella brevis , . 51f.3 110
conoidea , 51f.1&4 109
edita yin s g jemet Gen Hi |
elongata . 51 f.2 110
incrassata . 517.6 111
Venericardia planicosta 50 107
Venus angulata . - 65 145
equalis . .-. 21 59
lineolata .- . 20 57
plana) -« jreiaise we! 58
Vermicularia concava 57f.1—5 125
ovata. . 57 f.8 126
unbonata 57f.6&7 126
Vivipara concinna . 31f.4&5 80
extensa . .31f.2 18
fluviorun . 31f,1 TT
lenta . ¢ Si fx Biik9
suboperta . 31f.6 80

Unio acutus - 33f.5,6,
& 75 84

subconstrictus . fe ak
& 3

uniformis =

337.4

i
CORRIGENDA.
Page 42, line 22, for ‘‘ they” read the shells.
42, 1. 1, for ‘* plumstedianum”’ read plumstediense.

43, 1. 7, ditto.

58, 1. 1, for ‘* planus’’ read plana.
69, 1. 2, for ‘‘ fig. 1” read fig. 2.
176, 1. 3, for ** doua’’ read soua.
177, 1. 12, for ‘‘ these”’ read there.
187, 1. 2, for ** Figs. land 2” read Figs. 1 and 3.
188, 1, 18, for ‘* Fig. 3” read Fig. 2.
191, 1. 6 from the bottom, after *‘ plaits” read lateral plaits.

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A SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX TO VOL. I.

Arranging the Shells described therein accord-
ing to the several Strata in which they are
found imbedded, from the newest towards
the oldest in the British Series.

—

Tue completion of my first volume of Minera Concu-
oLoGy, the publication of Mr. William Smith’s very long
expected Map of the Strata of England, Wales, &c.
and its accompanying Memoir, and the publication of Mr.
Aaron Arrowsmith’s very large and minutely detailed Map
of England and Wales, having all happened about the same
time, have given the means and increased the facility of ar-
ranging the 212 species of Shells contained in the preceding
Index, according to their respective places in the Series of
strata; that is, according to the eras in which these shell-fish
respectively lived, beginning with the most recent.

For this Supplementary Index I am indebted to my inde-
fatigable friend, Mr. John Farey sen. author of the Mine-
ral Report on Derbyshire, and many geological papers in
the Philosophical Magazine, &c., who desires it may not
be received as a perfectly correct arrangement, for which
the Jocalities mentioned were not always sufficiently minute
and particular, nor is the order of the strata in every in-
stance settled beyond controversy, but is submitted for the
revisal and free correction of my readers and correspondents,
either in their letters to me, or to Mr. Tilloch, the Editor
of the Philosophical Magazine; in which useful work Mr.
F, proposes to publish an Alphabetical List of all the places
herein mentioned, with their szzations and strata, and a
List of the genera and species of Shells found in each place ;
referring to the tab. and fig. in my plates wherein they have
been delineated.

I will take this opportunity of requesting the increased
attention of all the kind correspondents and contributors of
Shells for this Work, to the giving of the name and precise
situation of the place (by bearings and distances from one or
more adjacent towns) whence their specimens were taken,
that have already, or may hereafter be sent to me, and the
kind of stratum in which they were imbedded: and from
such as are possessed of Mr. Simith’s Map, I should be glad
to receive the mention of the name of the stratum to which
each Shell belongs, that I may be enabled to publish the
same with its description, and to mention its cotemporary
Shells in my future numbers.

SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX TO VOL. Tf.

An arranged List of Strata, Shells, and Places, by Mr. Farey-

oT

¢

- Graver and alluvial Clay, Sand, &c.; which extraneous rubbish is peculiar
to no particular substrata.
Ammonites quadratus, tab. 17, f. 3, Brandestone
Terebratula Jata, tab. 100, lo. Gisleham
ovoides, tab. 100, u. ditto
Unio uniformis ? tab. 33, f. 4, Felmersham
Vivipara fluviorum ? tab. 31, f. 1, Wapping (London Dock)

Bagshot-Heath Sand, supposed to be the highest of the regular British
strata. Perhaps the Crag-marle may be in tuis situation.
(None of its Shells yet described herein),

London Clay, upper part, blue, with imbedded Septaria, &c. (dun blue,
in Mr, Smith’s map.) (See some account of the limits of thie
_ stratum in p. 11).
Ammonites acutus, tab. 17, f. 1, Minster Cliff
Ancilla aveniformis, tab, 99, m, Barton Cliff
turritella, tab. 99, la. ditto
Avicula media, tab. 2, Highgate Archway
Cardium nitens, tab. 14, lo r. le. r. lo le. ditto
Cassis carinata, tab. 6, u. ditto
striata, tab. 6, lo. ditto
Cyprvea oviformis, tab. 4, ditto
Dentalium entalis, tab 70, f. 3, Hordle Cliff
incrassatum, tab 79, f. 3and 4, Highgate A. Richmond
nitens, tab. 70, f. Land 2, Highgate Archway
. Planum, tab. 79, f. 1, Bognor
striatum, tab. 70, f.4, Barton Cliff; Hordle Cliff
Fusus longzevus, tab. 63, ditto, ditto, Muddyford
infundibulum obliquum, tab. 97, f. 1, ditto, Brockenhurst
spinulosum, tab. 97, f. 6, ditto
tuberculatum, tab. 97, f. 4 and 5, ditto
Lingula tenuis, tab. 19, f. 3, Bognor
Melania sulcata, tab. 39, m. Stubbington Cliff
Modiola depressa, tab. 8, u. Highgate Archway
elegans, tab. 9. le u. m. lo. Bognor, Highgate Arch-
[way, Richmond-Park Wel ®
Murex Bartonensis, tab. 34, lo. Barton Cliff
trilineatus, tab. 35, f. 4 and 5, Brentford, Highgate A.
Mya intermedia, tab. 76, f. 1, Bognor
subangulata, tab. 76, f.3, Barton Cliff
Natica glaucinoides, tab, 5, un. Highgate Archway
similis, tab. 5, m. Bognor, Highgate Archway
Nautilus centralis, tab. 1, le. Richmond-Park Well
imperialis, tab. ], u. Brentford, Highgate A. Minster ©.
ziczac, tab. 1. lo. Highgate Archway
Ostrea gigantea, tab. 64, Barton Cliff, or Hordle Cliff
Pectunculus costatus, fab. 27, f. 2, Hordle Cliff
decussatus, tab. 27, f. 1, Highgate Archway
Rostellaria lucida, tab. 91, f+ 1,2, and 3, ditto, Islington Tunne}
rimosa, tab. 91, f. 4, 5, and 6, Barton Cliff
Scalaria acuta, tab. 16, lo. ditto
semicostata, tab. 16, m. ditte
ferpula crassa, tab. 30, Barton Cliff, Highgate Archway
Solarium discoideum, tab. 1], u. r. Barton Cliff
patulum, tab. I], lo. r. le. Highgate Archway

SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX TO VOL. I.

London Clay, &c.
Solen affinis, tab. 3, Highgate Archway
Strombus amplus, tab. 30, Barton Cliff, Highgate Archway
Teredo antenaute, tab. 102, Highgate "A. Minster C. Southend
Trochus agglutinans, tab. 98, sm. Barton Cliff
Benettiz, tab. 98, la. ditto
Turritella brevis, tab. 51, e ay ditto
conoidea, tab. 51, f. 1 and 4, Barton Cliff, Highgate
[ Archway, Stubbington Cliff
edita, tab. 51, f. 7, Barton Cliff
elongata, tab. 51, f. 2, Barton Cliff, Christchurch
Venericardia planicosta, tab. 50, Bracklesham Bay
Vivipara coneinna, tab. 31, f. 4 "and 5, Barton Cliff
lenta, tab. 31, f. 3, ditto, Hordle Cliff

Crag Marl, or soft Limestone, sometimes mixed with Gravel on the surface.
Ammonites binus, tab. 92, f. 3, Bramerton. Qu. London Clay
{or Alluvial?
serratus, tab. 24, Worlingham ,
Balanus crassus, tab. 84, f. 2, Holywell
tesselatus, tab. 84, f. 1. Bramerton
Cardium Parkinsoni, tab. 49, Harwich, Norfolk
Dentalium costatum, tab. 70, f. 8, Holywell
Emarginula crassa, tab. 33, u. ditto
reticulata, tab. 33, 1, ditto
Infundibulum rectum, tab 97, f. 3, ditto
Lingula ovalis, tab. 19, f. 4, Pakefield
Murex contrarius, tab. 23, Holywell
corneus, tab. 35, u. Aldborough, Holywell, Walton-Nase
rugosus, tab. 34, Harwich, Holywell, Walton-Nase
striatus, tab. 22, Holywell
Mya lata. tab, 81, Bramerton
Natica depressa, tab. 5, Woodbridge
Scalaria similis, tab. 16, u. Bramerton, Holywell
Terebratula obsoleta? tab. 83, ft. Gunton
Trigonia clavellata? tab, 57, ditto
Turbo littoreus, tab. 71, f. i, Bramerton
rudis, tab. 71, f. 2, Aldborough
Turritella conoidea? tab. 51, f. 5, Holywell
incrassata, tab. 51, f. 6, ditto
Venus equalis, tab. 21, Elmsett, "Holywell, Woodbridge
Vivipara suboperta, tab, ab; f26 . Holywell

London Clay, lower part, red, red and white, mottled and white,—Potter’s
and Pipe Clay, and Brick Earth (brown).

Woolwich Loam and green Sand, &c., with layers of chert nodules.
Cardium Plumstediense, tab. 14, r. and 1. Plumstead
? tab. 14, m. Bury St. Edmunds

Infundibulum echinulatum, tab. 97, f. 2, Plumstead
Murex latus, tab. 35, le. lo. ditto

Mya plana, tab. 76, f. 2, ditto
Pectunculus Plumstediense, tab. 27, f. 3, ditto

Serpula ; tab. 14, m. Bury St. Edmunds

Black-Heath Sand, white, yellow (light brown).

Ghalk, upper, soft, with layers of Flints (No. 1, green).
’Plagiostoma spinosa, tab. 78, f. 1 and 2, Brighton, Northfleet, Rick-
[mansworth

SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX TO VOL. I.

Chalk, &c.

Terebratula carnea, tab. 15, f. 5and 6, N. E. of Devizes, Trowse,

(N. E. of Warminster _
subundata, tab. 15, f. land 2, N. E. of Warminster

Chalk, lower, hard, without Flints, (No. 1, deep green).
Dianchora lata, tab. 8, f. 2, Lewes
Pecten quinquecostata? tab. 56, f. 3to 8, ditto
Plagiostoma spinosa? tab. 78, Heytesbury, Lewes, N. E. of Norton-
{ Bavant, E. of Sidmouth
Scaphites obliquus? tab, 18, f.4 to 7, E. of Brighton, E. of War-
{minster
Terebratula semiglobosa, tab. 15, f. 9, E. of Warminster
subrotunda, tab. 15, f. 1 and 2, S. E. of Horningsham,
{N. W. part of Suffolk

Fire-Stone of Riegate, Totternhoe, Reche, &c.

Chalk-Marle, with tayers of Clunch or whitish Chalk-like Stone, redCawk, &c.
Ammonites Mantelli, tab. 55, Hamsey, Ringmer
minutus, tab. 53, f. 3, Folkstone
planicosta? tab. 73, Evershot
Arca subacuta, tab. 44, u. Hamsey
Dentalium decussatum, tab. 70, f. 5, Sussex
ellipticum, tab. 70, f. 6 and 7, Folkstone
Hamites adpressus, tab. 61, f. 6, ditto
attenuatus, tab. 61, f.4 and 5, ditto
compressus, tab. 61, f. 7and 8 ditto
gibbosus, tab. 62, f. 4, r. ditto
intermedius, tab, 62, f. 2, 3, and 4, Hamsey, Folkstone,
{South Horton
maximus, tab. 62, f. 1, Folkstone
rotundus, tab. 61, f. 2 and 3, ditto
tenuis, tab. 61, f. 1, ditto
Nautilus inequalis, tab. 40, lo. ditto
Scaphites ebliquus, tab. 18, f. 4to 7, Hamsey
Terebratula biplicata? tab. 90, Cambridge (Castle-hill), ar
i
Turrilites costata, tab. 36, Hamsey, St. Catherine’s Mount, near
Rouen
tuberculata, tab. 74, Middlesham, Ringmer, Stoneham, ditto
undulata, tab, 75, f. 1, 2, and 3, Hamsey
Vermicularia umbonata, tab, 57, f. 6 and 7. ditto

Green Sand, chloritic and micaceous Sand, yellow. brown, or red, in some
places (No. 2, white), including the Surry Fuller’s Earth.
Arca carinata, tab. 44, lo. Devizes Canal
Cardium Hillanum, tab. 14. u. Black-Down ( Whetstene-Pits)
Chama canaliculata, tab. 26. f. 1. Chute Farm
conica, tab. 26, f. 3. Chute Farm
haliotoidea, tab. 25, Dinton, Donhead St. Mary, Stourhead
plicata, tab. 26, f. 4. Haldon-Hill
recurvata, tab. 26, f. 2. ditto
Cucullza glabra, t. 67, Black-down
Dentalium medium, tab. 79, f. 5. ditto
Dianchora striata, tab. 80, f. 1. Chute Farm
Modiola pallida, tab. 8, r. le. Fonthill
Mya mandibula, tab. 43. Devizes Canal
Nautilus undulatus, tab. 40. Nutfield

SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX TO VOL. I.

Bedford Limestone, the rubble on its surface called Cornbrash soil (yellow
brown).

' Ammonites discus, tab. 12. N. E. of Bedford

Ostrea Marshii, tab. 48. Felmersham

Terebratula digona, tab. 96. Chatley, Felmersham
intermedia, tab, 15.f.8. Chatley, Felmersham
obovata, tab. 101, f.5. Chatley
obsoleta, tab. 83, f. 7. Felmersham, Wiltshire
ornithocephala, tab. 101, f. 1,2, and 4. Chatley
subrotunda? tab. 15, f.l and 2. Ditto

Clay under the Cornbrash of the Bedford Limestone (No. 5, white).
Terebratula digona? tab. 96, f.1,2,and 3. Bradford Lo. Pickwick

Barnach, or Coral Rag, durable free Limestone, numerous small and
broken Shells.

Collyweston Limestone and Grey Slate, or Whichwood Forrest Marble, with
Bones, &c. (No. 6, light blue).

Sand,
White free Limestone.

Great Oolite Limestone, or Bath Freestone (No. 7, yellow).

Ammonites concavus, tab. 94, 1. Ilminster

elegans, tab. 94, u. E. of ditto

jugosus, tab. 92, f. 1. White Lackington
Cardita abrupta, tab. 89, f.2. Swanswick

striata, tab. 89, f. 1. Ditto

Mactra gibbosa, tab. 42. Near Bath
Mytilus amplus, tab. 7. Midford.
Terebratula carnea? tab. 15. Cotswould-Hills

Coral-rag, under the Bath Oolite.
Melania striata? tab. 47, 1. Goatsacre

Clay, Fuller’s-earth, and Marl, lead-colour and purple, in some places ;
(No. 8,9, and 10, white).
Terebratula concinna, tab. 83, f.6. Aynhoe
lateralis? tab. 83, f. 1. Ditto
media, tab. 83, f.5. Ditto, and near Bath
tetrdedra, tab. 83, f.4. Aynhoe, Banbury

Under Oolite, lower or inferior Oolite, yellow and brown Freestone.
(No. 12. orange).

Nautilus lineatus, tab. 41. W. ef Bath, Comb-Down
Terebratula digona? tab. 96. Near Bath, Tog-Hill
Trigonia clavellata? tab, 87. Little Sedbury

costata, tab. 85. Ditto, and N. W. of Oxford

Northampton yellow and brown Sandstone and Sand (No. 13, orange).

Blue Marl, whitish upper Lias Clay, producing Mineral Springs, Bones,
(No. 14, Wie blue). Nine places of Belemnites herein are men-
tioned, 128.
Ammonites alliubious: tab. 92, f. 4. Charmouth Chiff
planicosta? tab. 13. Craymouth, Exmouth
stellaris, tab. 93. Lyme-Regis
Dentalium cylindricum, tab. 79, f. 2. Exmouth
Terebratula ornithocephala? tab. 101, f.4. Pickeridge-Hill

Marston “or Melbury Marble, and ferruginous Marble, Green Sand, &c,
(No. 14, faint blue).
Ammonites planicosta, tab. 73. Marston-Magna, Sherborn-Park
( Weil, and N. E. of Yeovil
Scaphites equalis, tab. 18. f. 1, 2, and 3.. N. E. of Yeovil
Terebratula crumena? tab. 83, f. 2 and 3. Pickeridge-Hill
lampas, tab. i01, f, 3. Near Lyme Regis

SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX TO VOL. I.

Green Sand, &c,
Pecten quadricostata, tab. 56, f. 1 and 2. Armswell-Hill, Chute
(Farm, Halden-Hill, Stourhead
quinquecostata, tab. 56, f. 3 to 8. Black-Down, Chute
{ Farm. Devizes
Terebratula biplicata, tab. 90, Chute Farm, Longleat, Warminster
intermedia? tab. 15,f.S. ditto, ditto, ditto
ovata, tab. 15, f. 3. ditto
Trigonia dedalea, tab. 88. Haldon-Hill
spinosa, tab. 86. Black-Down
Turrilites costata? tab. 36. Horningsham
obliqua, tab. 75, f.4. Devizes Canal
Venus anguiata, tab. 65. Biack-Down
equalis? tab. 31. Ditto, N. W. of Little Teignmouth (east)
lineolata, tab.20, u. HKlack-Down
plana, tab. 20, 1. Ditto
Vermicularia concava, tab. 57, f. lto 5. Dilton
Vivipara extensa, tab. 31, f. 2. Black-Down

Blue-Marl, or Oak-tree Clay (No. 3, blue green).
Perna aviculoides, tab. 66. Filley-Bridge, Osmington, Shotover-
(Hill, White-Nab

Aylesbury, Purbeck, &c. Limestone, superior or upper Oolite, Kentish
Rag, &c. (bright blue).
Ammonites cordatus, tab. 17, f.2 and 4. Shotover-Hill
triplicatus, tab. 92, f. 2. Portland Isle
Melania Heddingtonensis, tab. 39, r. le. Heddington, Shotover-H.
Modiola parallella, tab. 9,u. r. Maidstone
Solarium conoideum, tab. 11,m, Portland
Trigonia clavellata, tab. 87, u. Boulogne, E. of Oxford, Portland
[Isle, Radipole
Vermicularia ovata, tab. 57, f. 8 “Shotover-Hill

Blue Clay of Thame, &c., under the upper Oolite.
; Ammonites nedosus, tab. 92, f.5, Scarborough

Clay, imbedding the Sussex Marble.
Vivipara fluvioram, tab, 31f.1. Bethersden, Farnham, S. E.

Woburn Sand, upper stratum, sometimes loamy Brick-Earth (No. 4,
dun brown).

Clay.
Woburn middle Sand, or férruginous Car-Stone,
Fuller’s-Earth near Woburn, &c.

Woburn lower Sand, with petrified wood, green in some places (No. 4. dua
brown).

Clunch Clay, containing beds of Clunch Stone near its top (dun purple).

Alum Shale, of Whitby, imbedding Cement-balls, Jet, &¢.
Ammonites armatus, tab. 95. Whithy
Modiola depressa? tab. 8,m. Ditto
Orthocera conica, tab. 60, f. land 2. Ditto
Perna aviculoides? tab. 66. §. E. of Bedford

Kellaway Limestone, Straiths? York, North Riding, &c.
Ammonites sublevis, tab. 54, Christian Malford, Kellaway-Bridge,
[ Wisbeach Weld

Brick Clay, with Bituminated Wood; perforated by numerous swallow
holes. P

SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX TO VOL. I.

Hive Lias Limestone, water-setting, with blue Clay intervening, Bones,
Fish, &c. (No. 15, dun blue),

‘Helicina compressa, tab. 10, m. Leicestershire

Melania striata, tab. 47, u. Lymington

Modiola levis, tab. 8, le.lo. Barry Isle and near Caerphilly Castle

Plagiostoma gigantea, tab. 77. Near Bath, Cardiff Castle, Pick-
feridge-Hill

Terebratuia erumena? tab. 83, f. 2and 3. Pickeridge-Hill
‘punctata, tab. 15, f.4. Hornton Quarry
subrotunda? tab. 15, f, 1 and 2. Ditto

White Lias Limestone and Marl, (No.16, dun blue).
Plagiostoma gigantea? tab. 77. Near Bath

Sand, or soft Sandstone, of Balderton.

Red Marl, upper or marly red, with greenish blue streaks, blue Marl-
stoue, white Sand, soft red Sandstone, or Sand, Gypsum, Salt, &c.
(No. 18, rose colour). Without organic remains ?

Upper Yellow or Magnesian Limestone, light straw-celoured Freestone,
deep yellow in some places (deep blue).

Middle red Marl, with Gypsum, sulphate of Strontian, tufaceous-or con-
glomerate Limestone, coarse or Millstone grit, &c. (No. 19).

Lower yellow, or buff, Magnesian Limestone, with blue (mild) Limestone
beds near its bottom (deep blue).

Sand, orsoft Sandstone, brown or salmon-coloured.

The strata below this, are found in many parts of the middle and
west of England, to lie unconformably, having their edges covered by the
strata last mentioned. See the Phil. Mag. Vol. XLV. p. 167. Of these
more ancient strata only such will be mentioned as contain Shells described
in this Volume.

12th Coal-shale? of the Berbyshire Series. See Report, Vol. I. p. 161.
(No. 20 to 23, Indian ink).
Unio subconetrictus, tab. 33, f. 1,2, and 3. Derbyshire, Wollaton

9th Coal-shale, with muscle-band or dog-tooth Irenstone.
Lingula mytilloides, tab. 19, f. 1 and 2. Walsingham
Mytilus crassus, p. 84, Brit. Min. tab. 386. Wigan
Unio acutus, tab. 33, f. 5, 6, and 7. ©. ef Bradford Lo. and in Der-
[byshire
uniformis, tab, 33, f.4. W. of Bath, Stavely, Tupton

rd Coal-shale, with Crowstone and Fire-clay, Limestene and Pyritic
Balls, &c.

Ammonites Listeri (p. 132, Brit. Min, tab. 455). Alton, N. of Halifax,

(Cathrine-slack ?)

Orthocera Sieinhaueri, tab. 60, f. 4. N.of Halifax, (Cathrine-slack)

Ist Coal-shale, containing beds of Gritstone and of Limestone in some places
Terebratula crumena? tab, 82, f. 2 and 3. Tees River, upper part

Limestone-shale, or great Shale, imbedding micaceous Gritstone, and blue
and black Limestone, or Marble, in some places.
Euomphalus catillus? tab. 45, f. 3and 4. N. of Buxton
Orthocera Breynii, tab, 60, f. 5. Ashford

SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX TO VOL. I.

ist or upper grey Limestone Rock, of the Derbyshire series (purple blue).

Cardium elongatum. tab. 82, f. 2. Bakewell

Euomphalus catillus, tab. 45, f. 3and 4. Scalebar, N. E. of Tides-
{well, Winster

Helix carinatus, tab. 10, u. lo. N. of Settle

Orthocera undulata, tab. 59. Sealebar

Productus aculeatus, tab. 68, f.4. Bakewell

Terebratula crumena, tab. 83, f.2and 3. Winster

$rd Limestone Rock, black and white in different places.
Ammonites sphericus, tab. 53, f. 2. Mill-Dale, S. W. of Castleton,
(8. E. of Buxton
Productus aculeatus? tab. 68.f.4. Ditto
scabriculus, tab. 69, f. 1. Ditto, W. of Tideswell

4th, or lowest thick Limestone Rock.
Ammonites striatus, tab. 53, f. 1. Pool’s-Hole, Buxton, Castleton

Derbyshire-Peak, or Mountain Limestone Rocks (not distinguished as
above), under lying ceal-measures, and upon coarse Slate; very
variable in entire thickness, and the nature of its intervening
beds, grey, black, red, &c. in different places (purple blue).

Amplexus coralloides, tab. 72. (Black-rock), Limerick
Cardium Hibernicum, tab. 82, f.1l and 3, (Ditto), S. E. of Cork

Ellipsolithes compressus, tab. 38. Ditto
funatus, tab. 32. Ditto
ovatus, tab. 37. Ditto

Euomphalus angulosus, tab. 52, f.3. Benthal-edge
discors, tab. 52, f. 1. Colebrook-Dale
nodosus, tab. 46. Derbyshire
pentangulatus, tab. 45, f. land 2. Near Dublix
rugosus, tab. 52. Colebrook-Dale
Nautilus discus, tab. 13. Near Kendal
Orthocera circularis, tab. 60, f. 6 and 7. N. of Dudley
striata, tab. 58. Black-Reck, S. E. of Cork
Pentamerus, Aylesfordii, tab. 29. Amestry, Colebrook-Dale, Croft-
(Ambery Park, Yeo-Edge
Knightii, tab. 28, u. Croft-Ambery Park, Downton
levis, tab. 28.r. Buildwas, Hopton- Wafers Court
Productus Flemingii, tab. 68, f. 2. (Livingstone ?), Linlithgowshire

longispinus, tab. 68, f. 1. Ditto, Kilbride
Scoticus, tab. 69, f. 3. Ditto
spinosus, tab, 69, f.2 Ditto
spinulosus, tab. 68, f. 3. Ditto

Terebratula biplicata? tab. 90. (Black-Rock ?) Limerick
lateralis, tab. 83, f. 1. Near Dublin, (Black-Rock)
[S.-E. of Cork.

{<> Some errata having escaped correction in the former Index to this
volume, the same will be found corrected herein, viz. Solarium discoideum,
Turbo littoreus and rudis, Chama conica (omitted in the Index), Pecten
quinquecostata, and Euomphalus angulosus; my readers are requested to
correct these with the pen. And in No. VII. pages 73 to 84, two stars
(713**, TA**, &c.) should be added, to distinguish the unfortunate repetition
of pages, which there occur. é

When figures of references have been omitted, in several of the plates of
this volume, the letters referring to the place in the plate are added in this
Supplementary Index; and several localities of Shells, before omitted, are
here supplied.

The colours of strata herein mentioned refer to Smith’s Map.