Hibtary of the

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OF

COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY,

AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

Pounded by private subscription, ir 1861.

DR. L. bE KONINCK’S LIBRARY.

No. 7623.

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MINERAL CONCHOLOGY
GREAT BRITAIN

COLOURED FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS

OF TFEOSE

REMAINS OF TESTACEOUS ANIAZALS

a xy =
Sheils,
WHICH HAVE BEEN PRESERVED AT VARIOUS TIMES 4ND DEPTE< in
THE Es®TH.

_

By JAMES SOWERBY, F.L.S. GS. W.S.

HONORARY MEMBER OF THE PHYSICAL SOCIETY OF GOTT INGEN, OF

THE SC@CIETY OF JENA, &c.

AUTHOR OF BRITISH MINERALOGY, EXOTIC MINERALOGY. ERI-
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Psat x
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WOL. iy.
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ZONDON:
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LonGMAN and Co, and SHERWwoop and Co. Pate
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2.5 2.

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AMMONITES Parkinsoni.
TAB. CCCVII.

Spec. Cuar. Discoid, with numerous highly ele-
vated radii; whorls numerous, the inner ones
exposed ; radii slightly arched, bifid near the
front which is very narrow and plain,

ee

VY opotions numerous, with slightly convex sides and
narrow edges: the arched radii are bent forward at
their outer ends, and nearly meet at an acute angle
upon the front, but do not pass over it: the edge of the
shell is nearly flat, in the cast it is hollow in conse-
quence of the removal of the siphuncle ; the aperture is
oblong, narrowest towards the front.

This is the Ammonite so frequently split, earner
and sold at Bath: its outer surface is also often ground
and polished, shewing ramifying, sinuated, or simply
undulated edges to the septa, according to the depth to
which it has been worked. Misled by worked specimens
that had lost the flat space in the middle of the edge,
I have erroneously referred this species to the Am. gi-
ganteus, at page 55 of Vol. I. while speaking of such
as are found near Keynsham, and those fine specimens
given me by Dr, Lettsom, all of which are flatter than
even the variety a of the giganteus, and have more
whorls. The species before us occurs chiefly in Lyas,
a stratum not known to contain any silicicus deposit ;
it is consequently never imbedded in Chert or Flint,
like the A. giganteus 6. I suspect it also may be found

Vou. LV.

Lba yf 1})

2

in the lower beds of the Ironshot Oolite, as the specimen
now figured is from near Yeovil, and contains vestiges
of ferruginous grains. I am indebted to the kind atten-
tion of Dr. W. E. Leach for preserving it from the
gothic hands of the mason, who is often as destructive
of the essential characters of fossils, as some dealers
still continue to be of the natural forms of recent shells,
and who rob them without mercy of venerable coats that
had resisted with various success the combined efforts of
numerous sea-born enemies, whose ravages even, leave
marks more worthy of contemplation than the formal
beauty betrayed by the file or polishing brush.

Fig. 2 shews a cast of the margin; it is from a part
of an outer whorl found at Shotover Hill, near Oxford:

A section, shewing the chambers filled partially with
crystallized Carbonate of Lyme, is given at tab. 12 of
British Mineralogy. It often extends to 18 inches or
more in diameter, and when cut thin and viewed by
transmitted light, offers a specious excuse for the
unscientific mason.

}

AMMONITES dentatus.
TAB. CCCVITL.

Spec, Cuar. Discoid, umbilicate, radiated; front
square* ; radil prominent and forked near
their commencement, terminating upon the
edges of the front.

Syn, Am. serratus. Parkinson in Trans. Geol.

Soc. V. 57.

Arnoven this shell may be described as umbilicated,
the inner whorls are in part exposed: the radii are
slightly curved; they are most prominent at a short
distance from their commencement, where also they are
forked; each branch is slightly enlarged and bent
forward upon the edge of the tront, where it ends: thus
the front has two serrated edges, the intermediate space
being plain: the aperture occupies about two-fifths of
the diameter of the shell in length, and is one-fourth

in width.
This appears to be A. serratus of Parkinson; but as

it is totally different from the Ammonite, to which that
name had been previously given at tab. 24 of this work,
it has become necessary to change it.

AMMONITES lautus.
TAB. CCCIX.,

Spee. Cuar. Discoid, radiated ; inner whorls half
concealed ;_ front narrow, slightly concave =
principal radii slender, varicose, or tubercu-
lated near their commencement ; shorter radii
alternating, united in pairs to form compressed
tubercles upon the edges of the front.

Syn. Am. lautus. Parkinson in Trans. Geol.
Soc. V. 58.

var. a, radii long, elegantly arched, and regular.
var. 6, radii short, irregular, with strong tuber-
cles near their commencement.

Tur inner whorls are more exposed in this than in the
fast, and the sides of the whorls generally more convex,
especially in a: in var. 6 the lesser radii are often joined
at the tubercles to the larger ones; the form of the
aperture approaches to elliptical.

Figures 1 and 2 are from var. a, and fig. 6 var. 6;

* The siphuncle ig sometimes decomposed away, and leaves a hollow
that may deceive,

4

the others are intermediate ; fig. 3 shewing long radii
with large tubereles ; and figures 4 and 5 irregular radii
with undefined tubercles.

AMMONITES tuberculatus.

TAB. CCCX.—Figs. 1, 2, and 3.
Spec. Cuar. Depressed, radiated; volutions gib-

bose, half concealed, front rather flat; radii

arising in threes from large round tubercles

and uniting in pairs to form large compressed

tubercles upon each edge of the front; aper-

ture suborbicular.

"Dur. sides of the whorls are very convex especially in
young shells which have the aperture transverse, the
round tubercles are placed near the middle of the side of
the whorl; the radii after uniting to form the flat tuber-
cles upon each edge of the front, bend forward and
continue over it as far as the siphuncle, which they meet
at an acute angle ; the length of the mouth is about two-
fifths the diameter of the last whorl, its width variable
with age.

AMMONITI'TES proboscideus.
TAB. CCCX.— Figs. 4 and 5.

Spec. Cuar. Depressed, tuberculated ; volutions ven-
tri¢ose, partly concealed ; front concave ; tubercles
upon the sides of the last whorl and both edges of
the front, subcylindrical ; aperture orbicular.

var. a, tubercles connected by very irregular and short
radii.—var. 8, destitute of radii.

Tae orbicular aperture, and elongated nearly cylindrical
tubercles, distinguish this species: there are about eight sets
of tubercles only upon each whorl, in the preceding species
there are 12 or more: the front is broad but not well defined,
and the siphuncle very large. The aperture is about one-
third the diameter of the shell wide.

The four species of Ammonites above described are all from
a stratum of Marle below the Chalk at Folkstone ; they are also
found in a similar stratum at Cambridge and other places. It
is difficult to divide the species, as there appears to be a regular
series from that without tubercles (A. dentatus) to one with
large flat tubercles upon the margin (A. auritus, M. C. t. 134,)
and to another with cylindrical tubercles at each end of the
rays, (A. proboscideus) ; the extremes are, however, so dis-
tinct, that it is difficult to refuse them the rank of species.
They are all splendidly pearly shells, but are very apt te be
destroyed by the decomposition of the Pyrites, with which they
are commonly more or less completely filled; those parts that

are not pyritous are in the Folkstone specimens filled with black
indurated Marle.

Gr

AMMONTITES Gulielmii.
TAB. CCCXI.

Spec. Cuar. Lenticular, with a narrow front,
radiated ; volutions exposed ; radii dissimilar,
terminating in small tubercles, principal radit
furnished with two tubercles near their com-
mencement.

eT

A very flat shell, bordered by two rows of tubercles
that terminate the radii upon the edges of a flat front:
the longer radii have each a tubercle at the commence-
ment and another at about one-third their length, where
they divide and alternate with shorter radii: they are all
arched and rather acute ; the aperture is elliptical, rather
more than one-third as wide as long.

A very elegantly marked Ammonite; the specimen
retains part of its pearly shell with the coat over it:
some of its volutions are filled with Carbonate of Lime,
others with Iron Pyrites. Dr. W. EH. Leach kindly pre-
sented it to me some years ago: I suspect it was found
in the clay above the Kelloways Rock.

This elegant shell I have named after one of my oldest
Oxford friends, Dr. George Williams, Regius Professor
of Botany, an assiduous lover of science and every
good, a commemoration which will, I have no doubt,
gratify many, who, when thinking of him, will feel as I

do a reviving pleasure and esteem.

4 Jase iol

&

) Bre. ral i

TEREBRATULA coarctata.
TAB. CCCXII.— Figs. 1 to 4.

Spec. Cuar. Subheptagonal, gibbose, hispid, and
decussated ; lesser valve convex, subtrilobated ;
larger valve biplicated, with a deep angular
sulcus between the plaits.

Syn. Terebratulites coarctatus. Parkinson Org.
Rem, III. 229.

Terebratula reticulata. Smeth Strat. Syst.
83, Strata identified. 30. fig, 10.

EEE

Prennars it would be more correct to describe this shell
as five than as seven-sided, two of the sides being gene-
rally very small and convex: the length is rendered
greater than the width by the projecting beak: the two
plaits or ridges upon the larger valve appear as if pinched
up, whence the name: the minute bristles that render the
surface hispid, are short, often tubular, and are situated
upon the angles of intersection of the two sets of lines,
of which the longitudinal are elevated and cut by the
transverse.

This is characteristic of the clay upon the Great or
Bath Oolite; I have received it from C. W. Loscombe,
Esq. and other friends from Hinton, near Bath, &e.
Supposing this to be T. coarctatus of Parkinson, I have
retained that name for it, and applied Smith’s name
reticulata to the following, which he either did not know,
or did not think to be a distinct species. It is figured by
Walcott in his Petrefactions found near Bath, No. 28 ;
his specimens are from Hampton Down.

S

THEREBRATULA reticulata.
TAB. CCCXIT.— Figs. 5 and 6.

Spec. Cuar. Obovate, gibbose, subhispid, decus-
sated; front obscurely 3-sided ; lesser valve
convex ; larger valve obtusely biplicated, with
a shallow channel between the ridges.

Terebratula reticulata? Smith.

ee

Tue general form of this is much rounder than of the
last : the ridges are not much elevated, and the spines
hardly rise above the surface, but appear as if pressed
into it ; it is also a larger species.

- Found in stone excavated for the alteration and im-
provement of the Road between Nunney and Frome,
by my kind Friend the Rey. John Ireland who first
pointed it out as distinct,

9
PINNA. Linn.

Spec. Cuar. A longitudinal, equalvalved, cu-
neiform, bivalve, open at the larger end;
hinge lateral, without teeth, with a margi-
nal, partly internal, linear cartilage. Ani-
mal attached by a byssus. Muscular im- .
pression nearly central.

As there is no danger of confounding any other genus
with Pinna, no difficulty will occur on that head, but
the distinction of the species is by no means easy, they
so nearly resemble each other in form. It is one of
those perfectly natural and insulated Linnean genera
in which it has been found needless to form any division.
‘The general form is an acute isoceles triangle, with the
shorter side rounded and gaping, and the acute angle
sometimes truncated: it is described by Linneus as
subbivalvis in consequence of the close connexion of the
valves by the linear cartilage, a connexion rendered so
close often by being on the hollow side, as to prevent
all motion of the valves, which in one species even
(P. saccata) sometimes grow together at the opposite
edges. The fibrous structure of the outer coat, which
extends far beyond the inner pearly one, has become in
a manner proverbial ; but the outer coat of other shells,
even univalves, is generally composed of perpendicular
fibres, although not often of so coarse or loose a texture,
and seldom extending far beyond the inner laminated
compact or pearly coats. In the genus Perna, however,
this structure is more remarkable from the length of the

fibres.

PINNA tetragona.
TAR. CC AU. Fig. le
Spec. Cuar. Narrow, smooth, or obscurely
ribbed, prismatic; valves longitudinally
carinated with a suture in the middle.
Syn. Pinna tetragona. Brocchi, £7. 589.
P. subquadrivalvis? Lam. Hist. Nat.

VI. 184.

A nour twice as long as wide, with many slightly cie-
vated ridges chiefly placed above the suture; section
nearly square, but variable.

The unperfections in the specimens described by

J

10

Brocchi and Lamarck (manifested by the remains being
wholly pearly,) are still more extensive in the one
before us, which is only an imperfect cast in sand
mixed with a small portion of Mica, the carinated form
of the valves may arise from pressure, since recent spe-
cimens are very apt to break in that direction, and
almost every fossil Pinna has more or less of that form :
hence the doubts that exist respecting the identity of
the two species above quoted, neither of which is
figured. ‘Fhe subject of my figure was sent me from
Devizes by Mrs. Gent. I have another cast in sand
probably of the same Pinna, from Sandfoot Castle, on
the Isle of Wight, upon which some of the shell re-
mains. I am indebted to Miss Benett for it.

PINNA afiinis.
TAB. CCCXIITT.— Fig. 2.

Spec. Cuar. Cuneiform, ventricose, straight,
longitudinally ribbed, rather thick, smooth.

Weanty related to P. ingens, but shorter, smoother, .
and thicker: the ribs are small, but slightly elevated,
and disappear near the edge opposed to the hinge: the
jength is not much greater than the width: a consider-
able portion of the shell is pearly.

Very abundant in the sandstone of the Bognor Rocks,
where it is accompanied by an Anomia, similar to one
commonly attached to the recent Pinna ingens. It has
also been found at tlighgate in Septaria composed of
sandy Marle. ! suspect Lamarck’s P. margaritacea
thay be the same species deprived of its fibrous coat.

PINNA arcuata. |
TAB. CCCXUL— Fig. 3.

Spec. Cuar. Nearly equilateral, ventricose,
finely ribbed, arched.

Neanry as deep as long; the hinge line is gently
curved ; the opposite edge much arched ; in other res-
pects this strongly resembles the last.

Having several specimens of this arched Pinna from
Highgate exactly alike, as well in curvature as size,
f cannot but consider if a distinct species : it appears to
be guite different from P. incurva of Linke: it oecurs in
Septaria.

rl

AXINUS.

Grex. Cuar. A free equalvalved, transverse,
bivalve ; anterior side very short ; posterior
side produced, truncated, with a lunette
near the beaks: hinge with a long oblique
ligament placed in a furrow.

Tur regular lunette, and the extremely short anterior
side, with the hinge cartilage extended along almost
the whole of its edge, seem to point out this as a
distinct genus, and it is much to be regretted that there
is very little probability of discovering the interior struc-
ture of the hinge, but I suspect it has no teeth. The
shell appears to be thin, but I can trace neither the
cicatrices of the muscles, nor cf the edge of the mantle
in the angulatus, which I consider the type of the genus.

The name,* and indeed the genus itsel!, cannot be
considered as well established, until more is known
respecting the shells included under it: a bad name is
however better than none.

AXINUS angulatus.
TAB. CCCXV.

Spec. Cuar. Obovate, subhexangular; pos-
teriorly cuneiform, surface subbicarinated 5
beaks smali, recurved.

A. pepressep shell, whose greatest length is nearly
perpendicular to the hinge cartilage; the base (front)
rounded terminated at each end by an angle from which
two obtuse keels run up to the beaks ; the anterior keel
is sharpest, near to and almost parallel with the hinge: the
posterior keel is very obtuse, from it to near the lunette
the surface is almost flat, but just upon its border the
shell rounds with an obtuse angle upon its edge: the
lunette is impressed, ovate, peinted, and curved.

Found in the London Clay, near the White Conduit
House at Islington ; and by Mr. Gibbs in clay brought
up from a well in the road from Vauxhall to Wands-
worth, generally filled with Pyrites.

* Taken from the hatchet-like fera: of the posterior side,

12

AXINUS obseurus.
TAB. CCCXIV.

Spec. CHar, Obovate, posteriorly cuneiform ;
anteriorly rounded; surface convex, with
one obtuse keel ; beaks large.

a

Somewsar resembling the last in form, but not so wide,
and having no angles upon the anterior end; as the
specimens are all casts the lunette is not observable,
but the impressions of the muscles and the edge of the
mantle are strongly marked ; the latter is entire.

This uncommon shell was brought to me by Mr.
Farey, from Garforth Clif quarry, near Leeds, where
it ‘was discovered by Wm. Smithson, Esq. and also
from Selby, eight miles distant, supposed to be out of
the Magnesian Limestone, a rock but sparingly sup-
plied with fossil shells. ‘The cast enclosed in the mass
of stone (see the lowest figure,) may possibly be another
species, but it is too imperfect to decide upon. Mr.
Farey found it by the road-side one mile N. W. of
Pontefract, in a stratum 6 or 8 inches thick, probably —
similar to another at Wesibridge Hill; it has part of
the shell remaining upon it.

ASTARTE rugatus,
TAB. CCCXVI.

Spec. Cuar. Obovate, anteriorly subtruncated,
when young transversely costated, after-
wards slightly wrinkled; edge internally
crentlated; lunette concave, obovate,
pointed.

AL raruer gibbose shell, with a regularly concave
short lunette ; the coste extend only a little beyond the
beaks, and are often entirely lost by erosion, although
the animal probably inhabited ancient seas, if we may
judge from its analogy to A. Scotica, Danmoniensis,
&e. to the latter it bears so strong a resemblance that
it might easily be taken for it, were it not more gibbose
and smoother, or rather, not regularly costated. Fig. 1
represents a young individual, the edge of which is not
crenated, neither are there any crenulations upon the
edges of those given at figures 2 and 3, but as they are
chipped all round, it is possible that they may have
been crenulated when perfect: the entire edge is the
only character that distinguishes A. Scotica from Dan-
moniensis: I have doubts respecting its sufficiency, and
in the present case am not inclined to admit the young
shell with an entire edge to the rank of a species, since
it exactly agrees with the marks upon the umbones of
the larger shells.

Found at Highgate when the Archway was digging
through the hill.

15

PRODUCTUS Martini.
TAB. CCCXVIT.—Figs. 2, 3, and 4.

Spec. Coar. Semicylindrical, convex above,
with a flattened front, deeply striated, spi-
nous ; lesser valve nearly flat, deeply in-
serted ; hinge line equal to the width of the
shell.

Syn. Anomites productus. Martin Pet. Derb.

tab. 22. f. 1, 2, and 3.

"Pars is the Productus spoken of at p. 158 of the first
Vol. of this work ; it is distinguished from every other
by the width of its hinge, the neatness of its rather
distant striz, and the great length of its produced
front: the ridges between the strie are often furcated
upon the front, where also all vestiges of spines in
general disappear: very seldom are spines found in
connexion with any part, but the casts shew the roots
of spines scattered over the convex surface, and dis-
posed in two rows upon each ear: the few spines I have
met with are long and pointed.

Not uncommon in the Derbyshire Limestone. Fig. 4
represents a cast in ochracious sandstone, from the river
Barn, in Yorkshire; favoured by Mr. Danby some years
ago.

Fig. 3 is froma large, very concave, specimen, some-
what corrugated, and thus intermediate between P
Martini and the following.

°

PRODUCTUS antiquatus.
TAB, CCCXVIT.—Frgs. 1, 5 and 6.

Spec. Cuar. Semicylindrical, short, very con-
vex above, longitudinally sulcated and trans-
versely corrugated, spinous; lesser valve
nearly flat; hinge-line shorter than the
width of the shell.

Syn. Annomites semistriatus? Martin Pet.

Derb. tab. 32 and 33. f, 1, 2, 8, and 4.

Disrincvuisuen from the last by its less regular striz,
and in being corrugated ; the sides near the hinge are
particularly rugged ; it is in general also a larger and
shorter shell.

16

The specimen fig. 5. is from Cloghran in the county
of Dublin, and was given me by “Mr. Joseph Hum-
phreys. Fig. 6 is from Derbyshire, through the kind-
ness of the late Mr. Salt; it is by no means an uncom-
mon shell in the Mountain Limestone. I have quoted
Martin’s figures with a doubt, because my specimens
are not enough reticulated to agree with them, though
they are probably only varieties of his semireticulatus.

PRODUCTUS concinnus.
TAB. CCCXVIUT— Fig. 1.

Spec. Coar. Semicylindrical, convex above,
with a concave front and narrow back,
neatly striated and spinous; lesser valve
fiat, deeply inserted.

A POLISHED, thin, evenly made shell, much resem-

bling P. Martini, but smaller and smoother.

Found in very dark brown Limestone in Derbyshire
and near Richmond in Yorkshire. ‘The fiat space
around the edge of the lower valve occurs also in P.
Martini, as Mr. Martin’s excellent figure shews, but it
does not appear to be constant.

PRODUCTUS lobatus.
TAB. CCCXVIIL—Figs. 2 to 6.
Spec. Cuar. Bilobed, very convex, furrowed,
and spinous ; spines few.

Tx general form much like P. Martini, but divided
into two lobes by a deep cavity along the front ex-
tending to the beak: the sulci or deep stria are few,
and the hinge as long as the shell is wide, which is
seldom three-quarters ‘of av inch.

Fig. 2 exhibits two views of a specimen, in which
the shell is almost rotten: it is from the same locality
as the following.

Figs. 3 and 4 are remarkably elongated: they are
from a kind of Marle, probably dec ‘composed Limestone,
that occurs in Well Houses farm, belonging to the Rt,
Hon. and Rev.. Lord Charles Annesly, at his seat
called Little Park Tower, in Northumberland, and are
accompanied by P. Concinnus.

He 5 is in Limestone; it was collected by Dr.
W. E. Leach on the Island of Arran.

ig. G is from a cast in Sandstone, and shews the
bases of four spines very regularly placed : it is from
Cumberland.

I have this species also frog: Derbyshire.

17

PRODUCTUS bhorridus.
TAB. CCCXIX.— Fig. 1.

Spec. CHar. Quadrangular, with a large fur-
row along the middle, eared, thorny; ears
prominent, subcylindrical ; beak much in-
curved, large.

Ene spines are scattered all over the surface upon ob-
scure ridges, are large and rather numerous, those upon
the ears are placed in rows and are particularly strong :
the surface of the larger valve is so much curved, that
the ears appear to project from the middle of the sides ;
they are rather large, convex above and concave beneath ;
both sides have spines ; the lesser valve is very concave.

Not very rare in Derbyshire, communicated by Mr.
White Watson, from the seventh bed of his first Lime-
stone, probably Magnesian, as it is above the Coal

series.

PRODUCTUS sulcatus.
TAB. CCCXIX.— Fig. 2.

Spec. Cuar. Semicylindrical, short, convex
above, with a concave space along the
middle; spinose? coarsely sulcated ; hinge
line as long as the shell is wide.

Tue concave space along the middle, and the distance
of the furrows from each other, distinguish this from

MAY)
f ! .

a>

Es)
P. antiquatus,* tab. 317 : the remains of spines are so
obscure that, exeept upon the ears, their existence is
doubtful.
The only individual IT have met with of this species.
was given me by the late Mr. Jonathan Salt: it is from
}erbyshire.

* By some mistake the reference to Martin’s Synonym is given
“ semistriatus” instead of “ semireticulatus.”

19

PRODUCTUS giganteus.
TAB. CCCXX.

Spec. Car. Transversely oblong, with dilated
sides, and rugose irregular strie, longitu-
dinally undulated ; larger valve gibbose.

Syn. Conch. Anomites giganteus. Martin

Pet. Derb. tab. 15.

eT

Mleasurine from the edge to the highest part of the
gibbose valve the length is equal to the width, but from
the front to the hinge it is much less: the expanded
sides do not form distinct ears, but are rather pointed :
there is in general a more prominent elevation near the
front, otherways the undulations are very irregular, and
often branched : the striz are extremely irregular, much
branched, and inosculated: they are numerous. The
cast of the interior is very remarkable, but not so striking
as that exhibited in the next plate, which it somewhat
resembles.

Two views of a Derbyshire specimen given me by
Mr, Martin are represented upon this plate; it is ac-
companied by P. Martini. 1 have the same species

from Yorkshire,

20

PRODUCTUS personatus.
TAB. CCC2AL.

Spec. Cuar. Hemispherical, irregularly stri-
ated, beneath very concave; within the
larger valve are three deep cavities, one

connected with the beak, and two remote.

From the impressions of the cavities, which become
protuberances, the cast of the larger valve has the ap-
pearance of a bird’s head ; the remote ones are not very
prominent, but are large ; that about the beak is divided
into three lobes, of which the lateral ones are striated,
and the central one is connected with the remote protu-
berances by aridge. The surface was probably covered
with small spines, but this is not well ascertained.

Such is the resemblance of this shell to a face, that
the name personatus was thought apposite; when less
completely deprived of the shell than the specimen
figured, there remain numerous small elevations which
are probably the bases of spines, these have been taken
for the roots of feathers, and so strong a resemblance was
then found to an owl’s head, that the owner of a large
specimen, which he brought to shew me, would hardly be
persuaded that it could be any thing else. This speci-
men was found in Derbyshire: the figure is taken from
ohe picked up near Kendal.

PRODUCTUS humerosus.
TAB. CCCXXIH.

Spec. CHar. Oblong, squareish, depressed,
striated, spinose? or hispid? hinge line less
than the width of the valve; in the larger
valve are two very deep cavities near the
beak, and a third connected with the beak ;
front flattish.

As no other indications of this Species than casts re-
main, the existence of spines and stria upon it, can
only be inferred from the punctums which are arranged
in irregular rows upon the cast of the larger valve: the
protuberances that correspond to those cavities which
are distant from the beak, are blunt cones ; while that
which filled the beak is obscurely divided into four lobes,
and bears a slight resemblance to a head between two
high shoulders, as the name implies. The length rather
exceeds the width.

From Breden, near Derby, by favour of the lamented
S. Tennant, Esq.; the same specimen is figured in my
British Mineralogy, tab. 217, as an example of Maene-
sian Limestone in which it occurs.

i)
hm

PRODUCTUS punctatus.
TAB. CCCOXXHLI.

Spec. CHAr. Transversely obovate, gibbose,
depressed in the middle, hispid ; surface
composed of concentric imbricated lamine ;
lesser valve nearly flat.

Syn. Conch. Anomites punctatus. Martin
Pet. Derb. tab. 37. f. 6, 7, and 8.

A. snort hinge line, and a beak not very prominent,
give this Productus a regularly obovate outline. The
cast appears transversely striated and minutely punc-
tated: the striz are above a line apart, and are very
regular: the punctums are impressed except when a
portion of the shell remains, and then they are elevated :
it is only when the whole thickness of the shell exists,
that the real nature of it can be ascertained: it is then
found to consist of lamine placed at regular distances,
and pressed close upon each other : the surface ts hispid.
but the bristles appear to be very short.

This is found in the Mountain Limestone of Derby-
shire, and often contains Bitumen, crystals of Carbo-
nate of Lime, &c. My good friend, S. Wright, Esq.
of Cork, has sent me specimens from the Black Rock
in his county, where they are in common with other
fossils much distorted, as if they had been, along with
the stone, reduced to a soft state and then bent about :
in this rock, too, the shells are more incorporated with
the stone, and their small parts less distinct.

bo
e.
we

TERBEBRATULA acuminata.

TAB. CCCXXIV.— Fig. 1.

Spec.CHar. Heartshaped, front much elevated,
with a deep acute-angular sinus in the mar-
gin; surface finely striated.

Syn. Conch. Anomites acuminatus. Martin
Pet. Derb. tab. 32 and 33. f. 5, 6, 7, and 8.

A. rater gibbose shell ; the front is so much elevated,
that the upper valve is nearly divided into two distinct
ovate lobes: the beaks are very small, and the numerous
stria inconspicuous.

Found on Scaliber, near Settle in Yorkshire, in Der-
byshire, and in the Black Rock near Cork, from which
latter place 8. Wright, Esq. has favoured me with spe-
cimens. [t strongly resembles the Terebratula, fig. 1,
in plate 246, of the Encyclopédie Methodique, but is
not so strongly striated. This is named T. spirifera by
Lamarck in his Hist. Nat. des Animaux sans Vertéebres,
VI. p. 257. but I suspect he bas confounded it with

Spirifer cuspidatus.

24

TEREBRATULA affinis.
TAB. CCOCXXIV.—Fig. 2.

Spec. Cuar. Orbicular, strongly striated ; up-
per valve gibbose, with an elevated sinus

in the front, lower valve nearly flat.

Hbpwer line rather straight, almost equal to the width of
the shell in length: the sinus in the front is obtuse,
filled with a tongue-shaped elevation of the lower valve :
the striz are deep and very regular.

The strong resemblance this bears to the recent Tere-
bratula dorsata of Lamarck, &e. (Anomia dorsata Auct.)
makes it at first sight to be taken for it, especially if
figures alone are consulted ; but the great inequality of
the valves is a sufficient distinction.

The specimens are from near Horncastle, and appear
to be from decomposing Mountain Limestone; they were
given to me by Mr. G. Weir.

Smaller ones have also been sent me from the Malvern
Hills by Miss Molesworth, and from Dudley by Mr.
Ryan.

25

TEREBRATULA resupinata.
TAB. CCCXXV.

Spec. Cuar. Transversely ovate, longitudi-
nally striated ; striae minute, numerous, and
equal ; imperforate valve most convex.

Syn. Conch. Anomites resupinatus. Martin
Pet. Derb. tab. 49. f. 13 and 14.

ee Ee

Lienetn about two-thirds the width: the hinge line is
not very long, but it is straight, and accompanied by
two nearly flat surfaces, perpendicular to each other,
between it and the beaks ; that beneath the prominent
beak of the flatter valve has a triangular foramen in the
middle of it. The little ridges between the strie are
often interrupted by punctums that appear to be the
bases of slender depressed spines: the middle of the
more convex valve is slightly concave.

I have met with several hollow specimens of this shell,
but have seen no vestige of a spiral cartilage in any ;
nor does it appear that either of the beaks has a circular
perforation. The form of the hinge strongly resembles
that of the genus Spirifer, but is not incompatible with
that of Terebratula, with which at present this species
must remain.

Not very rare in the Mountain Limestone of Derby-
shire.

w
i

se eee he
ey ye

tec
a

27

TEREBRATULA Fimbria.
TAB. CCCXXVI.

Spec. Cuar. Orbicular, gibbose ; margin un-
dulato-plicated.

Fut grown shells of this species are more orbicular
than young ones, which are rather quadrangular, and
not so gibbose: the plaited margin or frill occupies
- about a fifth part of the diameter of the shell, and is
partially separated from the remaining smooth part by a
sudden elevation.

Found in fine grained Limestone, at Charlton Kings,
in Glostershire, and at Cleeve Hill, near Cheltenham ;
from the former locality it was sent me by Mr. Richard

‘Taylor, and from the latter by Miss E. Warne.

aad oe i

he
suid
-

29

LUTRARIA angustata.
TAB. CCCXXVII.

Spec. Cuar. Transversely elongated, costated,
gibbose, anteriorly rather compressed ; cos-
te oblique, numerous, acute.

Cost about twelve; carina-formed ; the surface is
rendered rugged by rather deep irregular transverse
strie, and intermediate ridges : it does not appear that
‘either side is gaping ; the posterior one is rounded, and
extends a very little way from the beaks: the substance
of the shell is thin, so that the carine are as conspicuous
within it as outside.

From the cabinet of the Rev. John Ireland: found at

Nunney, near Frome, in a calcarious gritstone: the

shell still adheres to several parts of the specimen.

Ph
A

©

31

PRODUCTUS hemisphericus.
TAB. CCCXXVIII.

Spec. Cuar. Hemispherical, longitudinally
striated ; striae fine ; lower valve very con-
cave.

"T'uis Productus appears to be quite free from spines :
st is much wider than long, and has a straight back as
long nearly as the shell is wide: there is but a small
space between the valves for the animal, because the
- lower one is very concave : the sides are slightly corru-
gated, otherways the general contour is characteristically
regular.

The larger specimen is from some part of Wales, by
favour of my kind friend Dr. Williams, Reg. Prof. and
the others from Mynidd Careg, near Kidwelly, in Car-
marthenshire, through the kindness of Mr. Richard
Taylor. They are both from Mountain Limestone, as I
believe the whole genus is.

PRODUCTUS comoides.
TAB. CCCXX IX.

Spec. Cuar. Semicircular, gibbose, very finely
striated ; disk inflated; back staight, ex-
tending the whole width of the shell.

Tue fineness of the strie, and form of this shell toge-
ther, give it the contour of a smoothly combed head of

32

hair. The back is remarkable for a flat space between
the beaks, not generally observable in this genus. ‘The
surface has several large longitudinal furrows, without
regularity, and excepting the fine close stria, is smooth.
The shell is very thick, and rough within.

Collected by Mr. Farey, in the Wayboards between
the Limestone, under the Coal, at Llangaveni in Angle-
sea: it is accompanied by small ‘Trilobites imbedded in
a kind of Shale.

PRODUCTUS latissimus.
TAB. CCCXXX.

Spec. Coar. ‘Transversely oblong, depressed,
coarsely striated; beak much incurved ;
hinge line very long.

f Lae long hinge line, partly concealed by the beak, and

the coarse pattern upon the surface, distinguish this from

the last: the shell also appears to be thinner, and the
space between the beaks is much narro wer.

Found in a Cherty Limestone, at Tyddmawr Farm in
Anglesea, by Mr. Farey. The shell is in many parts
gone, and its place supplied by Silex in numerous small
drops, each surrounded by several irregular rings of the
same material, a form of Silex not rare among fossil
remains of shells composed of laminz strongly impreg-
nated with gluten, as Ostrea Pectens, &c. in the green
sand and other formations, and lately met with, forming
hollow tuberose masses that fall out of decomposing
Limestone in Devonshire.

The upper figure is from a neat little specimen brought
from Puffin’s Island, N. of Anglesea, by Samuel Hawkes
jun. Esq. The shell upon it is entire.

PYRULA: Lamarck.

Gey. Cuar. A pyriform univalve; beak an
elongated canal; spire short without vari-
ciform sutures ; columella plain, lip entire.

AN extremely short spire, almost enveloped in a ven-
tricose body, the lower part of which is produced,
characterizes this genus, and distinguishes it from
Fusus. From those species of Turbinellus that resem-
ble Pyrula in form, it is distinguished by the plain
columella and adpressed inner lip.

Shell collectors and dealers, a class of amateurs who
_ often perceive natural affinities, are in the habit of
classing several species of this genus under the common

appellation of Figs.
The recent species are inhabitants of the seain warm

climates.

PYRULA nexilis.
TAB. CCCXXXI.

Spec. Cuar. Obovate, clavate, with decussating
elevated stric; transverse strie uniform,
most prominent ; spire slightly produced.

Syn. Murex nexilis. Drander, 55.

Pyrula nexilis. Lamarek Env. de Paris
67.
Aursoven strongly resembling the Bulla Ficus of

Linnaeus, it is readily distinguished by the prominent

4 ) abe
/3 Ye OV:

34

spire, as Solander has well observed in Brander’s
Hampshire Fossils : the strie are also much less nume-
yous, and bear a stronger resemblance to a net enclosing
the shell ; and the aperture rather more suddenly con-
tracted into the beak.

A well known, and when perfect, much prized shell
found at Barton, and also at Grignon. I am indebted
to Miss Teed, Miss Beminster, and other friends, for
examples.

MELANOPSIS. Lamarck.

Gen. Cuar. Univalve, subfusiform or turrited }
mouth oval, pointed above, emarginate be-
low; outer lip sharp edged, entire, upper
part pressed against the spire; inner lip
thick, tumid above; columella plain, acute,
curved ; operculum coriacious.

A Genus of Fresh water shells lately established, and
of which there are several recent species ; the lower part
of the mouth in some of them is produced into a very
short beak, and in allit is more or less dilated ; the epi-
dermis is rather thick smooth, and generally of a black-
ish green colour, as in most fresh water genera; the
animal closes the mouth of its shell with a coriacious
operculum, that increases from a point situated near the
lower part of its inner edge ; it is rather partial to tem~

perate climates.

MELANOPSIS fusiformis.
TAB. CCOXXXIi.

Spec. Coar. Fusiform, in the middle subcylin-
drical, smooth ; mouth half the length of the

Figs. 1 to 7.

shell.

Tis species is liable to considerable variation in length,
some specimens being much elongated, others ovate
and pointed. The shorter ones have most of the subcy-
lindrical form of Ancilla, and also a slight sinus towards
the upper part of the outer lip, where it is applied to the
opposed callus, which is largest in such individuals.
Siuce there is a series of these forms found in the same
place, and as the mouth is coastantly half as long as the

36

shell, they cannot be considered two species. It differs
from M. buecinoides in the form of the mouth which is
narrower in the lower part, being equally elongated with
the spire, and in the subcylindrical form of the middle
portion. The strie of growth are more or less conspicu-
ous, but in Seale they are obscure, and the surface
highly polished with much of the aspect of an internal
marine shell.

Foreign Collectors have confounded this with Mela-
nopsis buccinoides, a shell that lives in therivers between
Tyre and Sidon, and isindeed very similar. The shell
mentioned by Mr. Webster in the Second Volume of the
Transactions of the Geological Society, as occurring in
the upper marine formation on the Isle of Wight, and at
Woolwich, and called by Mr. Parkinson, Ancilla buecin-
oides, appears to be the one before us: imperfect
specimens of it might easily be mistaken for Ancilla, to
which the spire and even the callus in the mouth bear a
strong resemblance; and more especially at a time when
the Genus Melanopsis had not been pointed out. It was
moreover found in the vicinity of Marine shells, even of
Ancilla subulata. The Melanopsis fusiformis is one of
those presumed fresh water shelis that occur in the up-
per Marine formation only, and have produced a variety

of opinions respecting it.

Figs. land 2 represent the extremes of form selected from the Isle
of Wieht specimens collected by Prof. Sedgwick and Mr. G. B. Sowerby.
—Fig. 3 was found at New Charlton by H. Goodhall Esq.—Fig. 4 is from
Woolwich, picked up by.the Rev. H. Steinhauer. —Fig. 5 represents one
from New Cross near Deptford.—Figs. 6 and 7 are from Hordwell
specimens, one of which is truncated in a way common to some land
shells, but very extravagantly.

MELANOBSIS subulatus.
TAB. CCCXXXIE—Fig. 8.
Spec. Cuar. Conical subulate, smooth; mouth
ovate, one third the length of the shell.

"Ene mouth of this species is remarkably short, and ex-
tends buta little way up the spire, which has about sever
whorls, and is above three times us long as wide, and
much more produced than the base.

Found along with the last on the Isle of Wight, Ihave
seen but one individual.

ANCILLA subulata.

TAB. CCCXXXITIT.

Spec. CaHar. Subulate, smooth, and shining ;
spire and base polished; spire elongated,
acute; the varix at the base of the columella
striated.

Syn. Ancilla subulata. Lam. env. de Paris. 24.

An elongated, ovate, pointed shell, whose spire and
base are wrapped (as in others of the Genus) ina shining:
case constructed like, and partly proceeding from the
inner lip, the space between is faintly striated, the aper-
ture is not remarkably open, the notch at its base is
rather deep.

So nearly do A. buccinoides and subulata resemble
each other, that it is sometimes difficult to decide to
which species a certain individual may belong ; in the
specimens before us the spire is shorter than in most of
the Grignon specimens of A. subulata, but it is lounger
and the last whorl is less ventricose than in the bucci-
noides, now as some of them appear to be shortened by
Wear, it seems right to refer them to the subulata.

[n certain beds of the stratum of clay filled with fossil
shells, commonly called the upper Marine stratum, in the
Isle of Wight, are many shells by some supposed to have
been inbabitants of fresh water, while in others are
Oysters, Volutes, and numerous marine shells, amongst
them is the Ancillahere described ; italso occursin perhaps

38

a part of the same stratum upon the opposite coast.
The specimens figured Land 2 are from Bramble’s Chine
on the Isle of Wight, collected by Prof. Sedgwick of
Cambridge. Fig. 3 is from one given me by Miss Be-
minster from near Christchurch. For fig. 4 1 am in-
debted to Charles Lyell Esq. jun. the son of my Botanical
Friend often mentioned in English Botany, who ob-
tained it from a Brickiln at Lyndhurst in Hampshire.
It is a scarce British shell.

3

TEREBRATULA? lineata.

TAB. CCCXXXIV.—Frgs. 1 and 2.

Spec. Cuar. Transversely oval, gibbose ; mi-
nutely striated longitudinally, and trans-
versely sulcated; sulci distant; no sinus in
the front.

Syn. Conch. Anomites lineatus, Martin Pet,
Derb. t. 36, f. 3.

Sete nearly twice as wide as long, with ineurved beaks
neither of which is perforated, but in the confined space
eccupied by the hinge, there is an angular sinus. The
longitudinal stria are extremely minute and close, but
the concentric furrows are conspicuous and rather remote.
Until the internal structure of this and the following
shell is disclosed by some happily preserved specimens,
we must remain uncertain of the proper genus top place
them under; it is, however, clear that they are not true
‘Terebratula : they are, very probably, Spirifers.

From the Metailiferous Limestone of Derbyshire.

40
TEREBRATULA ? imbricata.

TAB. CCCXXXIV.— Figs. 3 and 4.

Spec. Cuar. ‘Transversely oval, gibbose, im-
bricated; longitudinally sulcated; front
slightly elevated ; sulci obsolete.

Rrarner longer than the last; the surface is composed

of about 12 sulcated lamin lying close upon each other,

with remote edges; the beaks are prominent incurved ;
the hinge line short, and the front very slightly sinuated.

Fig. 3 is taken from a Derbyshire Limestone specimen,
and fig. 4 from one found at Settle in Yorkshire. This
species has probably been confounded with the pre-

ceding by Martin.

Al

SPH ERA.

Gen. Coar. A globose, eared, bivalve; with
one central and two? remote teeth about

the hinge.

Fars obtuse, short, incurved ; the line of the hinge is
long, slightly curved, and terminated at one, perhaps
at both ends, by a flat obscure tooth beneath the com-
- mencement of the ear; in the centre of it, is a large
irregular tooth, transversely flattened and turned to-
wards the incurved beak ; the shell is thick and very gib-
bose.

Of this newly discovered Genus only one species has
been found, and of that only one valve, therefore it is not
known whether it be equalvalved or not: neither has the
situation of the ligament, or impressions of the muscles
been ascertained, the shell is so strongly cemented to the
stone ; it is thought convenient, however, to publish it
for the purpose of inducing further research, and of sup-
plying Geologists with a name for it, as it is a fossil
characteristic of a stratum where shells are rare.

SPHA:RA corrugata.

TAB. CCCXXXV.

Spec. CHAR. .....

A very gibbose heavy shell, with a coarsely corrugated
surface, ruge transverse obtuse, largest about the sides,
and extended over the ears, nearly lost in the middle.
Lately discovered by Professor Sedgwick in the Iron
Sand formaticn, on the eastern side of Sanddown Bay, on

the Isle of Wight, where the beds are inclined.

43

GRYPHAA sinuata.

TAB. CCCXXXVI.

Spec. Cuar. Suborbicular; one side cunei-
form; beaks very small, laterally incurved ;
one valve convex, subcarinated; the other
nearly flat, with a sinus above the angle of
the cuneiform side; hinge pit marginal,
long, narrow and curved.

Ene bilobate form of the deeper valve, marks this shell
as a Gryphea, while its incurved, although small beaks,
help to distinguish it further from Ostrea. The sinus
between the beaks, and the angle of the cuneiform side is
not very deep, andin the adult shell is nearly obliterated
in the margin, but it is easily recognized by the lines of
growth upon the surface near the beaks; when the spe-
cimen is not in a state to exhibit this character, the form
of the hinge may help to discover the species.

This gigantic Gryphite grows half as long again as the
figure. It seems to be peculiar to the Tron Sand Form-
ation; itis found near Ashford, and upon the high range
of hills bounding Romney Marsh, five miles from Hythe
in Kent, as I learn by specimens sent me by A. Power,
and H. Walker, Esqrs. of that County. T have also a
large rather elongated specimen with remarkable bilobed

4

or furcated plicated Oysters adhering to it, from near
Folkstone ; and lately it has been discovered by Professor
Sedgwick, in various stages of growth, in regular beds
throughout the Iron Sand on the Isle of Wight, the best
specimens were obtained in the Black Gang Chine, and
Shanklin Chine about midway of the Cliff, associated
with a furcate Cockseomb or plicated Oyster resembling
that from Folkstone.

45

BULIMUS. Scopoli, Lamarck, Se.

Gren. Coar. An univalved, subturreted, ovate
or oblong shell; aperture longitudinal, en-
tire, longer than wide, with the edge of the
outer lip reflected when old; columella
smooth, neither truncated nor expanded at

the base ; no operculum.

A cenvs of shells belonging to land animals, very
closely allied to those of the genus Helix, and equally
destitute of opercula; it is well distinguished by the
longitudinal position of its entire aperture, the inner Hp
of which is closely applied to the columella, and the edge
of the outer one, when fully formed, reflected ; the want
of an operculum is also of importance, but is not gene-
rally useful, because it is a negative character not easily
proved.

The species are numerous, the warm climates supply-
ing many large kinds, but the temperate chiefly small
and even minute ones: there are several fossil species
described by Lamarck as found near Paris.

the Bulimus roseus, a species 4 inches long, is said
by Montfort to be excellent food.

46

BULMIMUS ellipticus.

TAB. CCCXXXVII.

Spec. Cuar. Elliptical, elongated, rather ob-
tuse, longitudinally ribbed; ribs numerous,
very small, straight; aperture small, twice

as long as wide, upon the left side.

Remarxaste for the exact similarity in form of the two
ends, and for the left-handed spire. It is three times as
long as wide, rather obtuse at both ends, and perhaps
umbilicated ; the upper angle of the mouth is acute, the
base rounded ; the columella seems to be a little curved.
Length sometimes nearly four inches ; the ribs are but
slightly elevated, and the space between them is concave.

From the fresh water formation at Schalcomb on the
Isle of Wight, by favour of Js. Holloway and Prof.
Sedgwick.

AV
POTAMIDES. Brogniart.

Gen, Cuar. A turreted, univalved shell ; aper-
ture nearly semicircular, without a canal im
the upper angle, contracted at the base into
a short slightly truncated beak; outer lip
dilated ; operculum corneous.

——

A anus so nearly allied to Cerithium that it is very
difficult to distinguish it, nevertheless it is desirable so
to do, since the shells composing it are inhabitants of
fresh water, and have probably a structure suitable to
the necessary difference in their economy. ‘The principal
differences hitherto noticed between the Genera are the
following : Potamides has a corneous epidermis, and is
frequently decollated or eroded ; Cerithium has an ex-
tremely thin epidermis, if any, and is generally perfect ;
Potamides has a very short, not recurved beak, and has
no well defined, reflected canal at the upper angle of the
mouth, but sometimes a groove in the lip in place of it ;
Cerithium has a recurved beak. and often a distinct canal
at the upper angle of the mouth, and generally the form
of the aperture in Potamides is proportionally shorter
than in Cerithium.

Although this genus was separated from Cerithium by
Brogniart so long ago as in 1810, we were unwilling
to adopt it for fossil species, until we came to examine
Buccinum rigidum of Brander, when we were so much
struck by its similarity to Potamides ater of Brogniart,
that we were constrained to admit his genus. Could
we with certainty determine fresh water or marsh shells
among fossils, by inference from their association, we

48

night with less hesitation point out which of those at
present called Cerites ought to be removed to Potamides,
but the two genera are as likely to be mixed as the
Oysters, Cyclades, Malanopses, Ancille, &c. that ac-
company them, in beds, between the two fresh water
strata, on the Isle of Wight, or above the white Sand
at Charlton, &c.

If the characters above mentioned could be relied
upon, which we fear is not strictly the case as far as
concerns the form of the mouth, the following species,
published at tab. 147, should be arranged as Potamides,
Cer. funiculatum, Cer. intermedium, Cer. dubium, and
Cer. Melanioides ; the two last have the best claim to
removal ; perhaps Cer. funatum, tab. 127, ought also to
be removed ; it appears to have a small groove or canal
at the junction of the right lip with the spire, although
hardly enough to be considered of importance ; indeed

such a groove is observable in some of the recent Po-
tamides.

POTAMIDES rigidus.
TAB. CCCXXXVIII.

Spec. Cuar. Subulato-conical, nearly smooth ;
lower whorls surrounded by a keel near
their upper parts.

Syn. Buccinum rigidum. Brander, 43.

Some obscure furrows indicating the lines of growth are

observable regularly covering the otherways smooth sur-
face of this shell : from the curvature of these lines, and

49

of others where the growth has been interrupted, we
infer that a slight sinus exists in the lip at the part where
the keel is formed in the two last whorls: the mouth
appears to be oval with an extremely short beak, or
rather, only a sinus in its lower angle, and an expanded
outer lip: the keel is placed about one-third down the
whorl, itis large and rises rather suddenly; above it
the grooves before mentioned are sometimes decussated ;
a small portion of the dark epidermis is remaining upon
one specimen.

IT am indebted to Lady Burgoine and Miss Beminster
for the specimens figured of this rare Barton fossil; T
consider it to be a fresh water shell, from some one of
the mixed beds above the London Clay of the Hamp-
shire coast.

The decussated grooves had escaped observation
until [ saw them strongly marked in a specimen kindly
lent me by the Viscount Fitzharris. The apex is com-
monly destroyed, and holes corroded in various parts of
its surface, by the action probably of some acid devel-
loped during the fermentation of vegetable matters, in
the marsh or at the bottom of the river where the animal
anciently lived, a circumstance that is not so likely to
arise in salt water, and has therefore been used to dis-
tinguish fresh water shells by.

Figures 1 to 4 represent P. rigidus in different stages
of growth: figs. 5 and 6 are outlines of the mouth of
P. ater ; they shew the lip more enlarged than usual in

the genus, and not reflected or expanded, as in some
species.

POTAMIDES -concavus.

TAB. CCCXXXIX.— Figs. 1 and 2.

Spec. Cuar. Subulato-conical, transversely striated ;
volutions rather concave towards the upper patt,
costated ; coste obscure, arched, with a slight emi-
nence above the middle of each; base with one or
two granulated carine, convex ; lip enlarged below,
with a small groove in its upper angle.

"Par concavity near the upper edges of the volutions
crossed by the irregular cost is the distinguishing mark
of this shell: the columella is smooth with a produced
and somewhat recurved base; the aperture is nearly
round, notched at the base, which forms a short beak ;
the transverse striz are not very deep, so that in worn
individuals they are wanting.

I first received this from the Rev. Mr. Iremonger,
who collected it on Barton Cliff, see fig. 1; it has since
been met with in what is called the upper marine forma-
tion at Headon Hill on the Isle of Wight, by my son
G. B. Sowerby ; a specimen brought by him is given at
fig. 2. This species differs from small worn specimens
of P. Melanicides, with which it might easily be con-
founded, in the length and curvature of its beak, as well
as the concave surface of its whorls. Fig. 3 represents a
small variety of P. Melanioides from Plumstead Heath
for comparison.

ol

POTAMIDES? margaritaceus.
TAB. CCCXXXIX.— Fig. 4.

Svec. Cuar. Conical, turreted; five close rows of
bead-like granules surround each whorl, the first
and fourth row minute, and the fifth larger than the
other two; lip expanded, plicated ; columella re-
curved, obtusely carinated.

Syn. Murex margaritaceus. Brocehi 447, t.9. f. 4.

War Sranulated surface has a very rough aspect ; the
spire is rather shorter in proportion than many of the
genus ; the largest row of granules is placed near the
upper edge of each whorl, but is not sufficiently distinct
to merit the title of a corona; the lip is thickened and a
little expanded, it has two or three furrows within its
upper part, and resembles much that of the recent
P. muricatus.

Brought from the upper marine formation of the Isle
of Wight by Professor Sedgwick. It is unquestionably
the shell described by Brocchi.

POTAMIDES? cinctus.
TAB. CCCXL.— Fig. c

Spec. Cuar. Subulato-conical, with three rows of
nearly equal granules upon each whorl, and two
carine near the edge of the base ; suture subcana-
liculated ; columella with one plait.

Syn. Cerithium cinctum. Lamarck Env. de Paris 84.

A. once shell than the last, and not so rigid in its
aspect; it has a flatish base, and a thin but enlarged

52

lip: the plait upon the columella is independant of the
inner edge of the beak, which is obtuse. It differs from
P. Lamarckii of Brochant in having a longer beak, and
this plait upon the columella.

From the same formation as the last; collected by
Mr. G. B. Sowerby at Headon Hill.

POTAMIDES? plicatus.
TAB. CCCXL.— fig. 2.

Sere. Cuar. Subulato-conical, or subcylindrical; whorls
longitudinally plaited, transversely sulcated and
striated ; sulci 3 or 4; base convex; lip crenulated.

Syn. Cerithium plicatum. Lamarck Env. de Paris, 84.

Tue crossing of the sulci over the plaits form arched
rows of obtuse tubercles ; the plaits are deepest upon the
upper part of each whorl, so that the base appears less
regularly tuberculated ; the beak is rather contracted,
and there is moreover a small canal at the upper angle
of the otherways round aperture.

Found in the upper marine formation, upon the Isle
of Wight, by Prof. Sedgwick.

POTAMIDES duplex.
TAB. CCCXL.— fig. 3.

Spec. Cuan. Subulato-conical, with two rows of tuber-
cles upon the upper,and three upon the lower whorls ;
upper rows of tubercles largest ; sides of the whoris
flat ; base flat, with two carine near its edge ; beak
short, inner edge rising upon the columella.

"Tuts differs from P. cinctus in having only two rows of
granules upon the upper whorls, and in their being so

03

disposed as to give that part of the spire nine sides: the
turns are not easily distinguished from each other, except
by the larger row of tubercles.

Gut of the upper marine stratum at Headon Hill,
where it is abundant: it resembles Murex turbinatus of
Brocchi, p. 443, but is evidently distinct.

POTAMIDES ventricosus.
TAB. CCCXLI.— Ms. 1.

Spec. Cuar. Conical, turreted; whorls ventricase,
costated, transversely striated ; stria two or three
upon each whorl, most elevated upon the coste ;
aperture orbicular, with an extremely short beak.

_A smart well circumscribed species; the strie that
cross the cost upon the spire almost divide each of
them into three tubercles: there are two more strie upon
the base which is convex ; the orbicular aperture appears
to have no furrow even within its upper part; the colu-
mella is smooth, and the beak obscure.

This gregarious shell is very abundant in some parts
of the so called upper marine formation of the Isle of
Wieht, accompanied with hardly any other shell except
ihe last species. Ihave received it also from France,

bet without a name.

POTAMIDES acutus.
TAB. CCCXLI.— Mg. 2.

Spec. Cnar. Conical, turreted ; whorls convex, bica-
rinated ; carine acute; base convex, bistriated ;
aperture orbicular, with a narrow short beak.

A. pour half an inch long ; an elegant, smooth, sharply
carinated species.
Discovered in a thin bed belonging-to the lower fresh

D4

water formation on the Isle of Wight, by Prof. Sedg-
wick ; it is accompanied with Melanez fasciata and
costata t. 241, Lymnez, and other shells.

Should the genus Potamides, to which the above
species are referred, continue to bereceived by Concho-
logists, it is likely that many, if not the greater part of
Lamarck’s 60 fossil Cerites will be referred to it ; for as
there are very few in the London Clay in England, it
is probable that most of the species he has described
belong either to the acknowledged fresh water formations,
or to the doubtful or mixed strata known by the name of
Plastic Clay, or upper marine formations, such as those

of Woolwich, Newhaven, the Isle of Wight, the neigh-
bourhood of Paris, &c.

XN
1

°
ey
=

PSAMMOBIA. Auctorum.

Gen. Cuar. A transverse, elliptical, or ovato-
oblong, bivalve ; depressed, slightly gaping
at the sides; beaks not incurved; hinge
furnished with two teeth in the right valve,
and one in the other.

AL cexus nearly related to Tellina, but distinguished by
the absence of lateral teeth in the hinge: some species
have a general curvature of the valves to one side, but
not the irregular twist in the margin peculiar to Tellina ;
many of the species are prettily marked, and most of
_ them are furnished with an epidermis. There are three
internal impressions from the attachment of muscles, one
of them irregular and small is placed near the beak ; there
is also a deep sinus in the line to which the mantle was
attached ; one tooth in each valve is commonly bifid.
‘The recent species are inhabitants of the sea in various
latitudes.

PSAMMOBIA solida.
TAB. CCCXLII.

Spec. Cuar. Transversely elongated, depressed,
tumid, nearly smooth, slightly curved; an
obtuse carina marks the anterior side.

N carry twice as wide as long: a thick bluntly shaped
shell, with a slight oblique truncation upon the anterior
extremity ; it is more gibbose or tumid, although upon
the whole not deeper than P. Ferroénsis, which it some-

a6

what resembles; it is also smoother, and in many respects
sufficiently different never to be confounded with that
species.

Lately discovered by Mr. G. B. Sowerby in the upper
marine formation at Hleadon Hill: fragments have also
been found in other parts of the same formation upon
the Isle of Wight, by Prof. Sedgwick.

on
st

LIMNEA longiscata.
TAB. CCCXLIII.

Spec. Cuar. Elongated, smooth; aperture o-
vate, elongated, two-fifths the length of the
shell; plait upon the columella obscure.

Syn. Limneus longiscatus? Brongniart Me-
moire sur des Terrains formés sous U eau douce,
p. 16. #.1. f. 9. Annales du Mus. tom. 15.
¢,22, f. 9.

AV suet rendered conspicuous by the length of its
spire, and the broad obtuse edge of the columella which
hardly rises in the form of a plait. The volutions are
not inflated in general, but in many specimens the upper
ones are a little so at their lower parts, so as to project
over the following turns ; the aperture is nearly twice as
long as wide, its inner lip is a little relieved ; the sur-
face is regular and shining, with the lines of growth
finely marked.

This seems to have a wider and shorter aperture than
the figure given by Brongniart of his Limneus longiscatus,
but as it is liable to some variation I have ventured to
refer it to that species, although I have not seen authen-
tie specimens for comparison ; should a difference really
exist, it may distinguish the species of the upper from
the lower fresh water formations: Brongniart found his
shell only in the lower; the one figured is from the up-
per ; it was collected by Mr. G. B. Sowerby upon Headon
Kill Jast year.

puss

>t

a

39

MUREX argutus.
TAB. CCCXLIV.

Spec. CHar. Ovate, pointed, costated, trans-
versely striated ; coste knotted; strie many,
elevated, several of them large ; varices few ;
whorls inflated beyond each varix ; aperture
toothed ; beak ascending.

Syn. Murex argutus. Brander, 13.
eee ee

Some of the strie upon this shell are elevated into
carine, especially two or three near the middle of each
whorl: the same striz form the knots upon the slightly
elevated coste, and have deep hollows between them at
the backs of the varices ; the aperture is nearly round,
- with about six obtuse teeth within the right lip, and se-
veral irregular varicose elevations upon the left lip,
which is but a little relieved from the columella.

Solander has compared this with Murex pileare of
Linneus, about which Gmelin has made much confusion :
Murex distortus of Brocchi (p. 399. t. 9. f..8.) also re-
sembles it, but in that the volutions are more carinaform,
a character which is pointed out by Brocchi to distin-
guish it from M. pileare, which he gives as a fossil
species closely resembling the recent analogue from the
Mediterranean sea: it is, however, probable, that they
are distinct, and that the fossil one is the same as Bran-
der’s M. argutus, although Brocchi has not quoted it,
I cannot be certain, for I have not seen authentic spe-
cimens, so could not place M. pileare of Brocchi among
the synonima.

This is not a rare species in the Barton Cliff, but
seldom exceeds an inch and a half in length; I have
specimens of that size from several friends. The larger
figure is taken from a magnificent individual in the pos-
session of the Viscount Fitzharris.

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61

CRASSATELLA. Lamarck.

GEN. CHar. Shell equalvalved, inequilateral,
transverse ; hinge with two strong teeth in
one valve, receiving one tooth from the other
valve, ligament internal, inserted into a pit
in each valve; lateral teeth none or obso-
lete; sides closed; attachment of the man-
tle entire.

Crassater® are commonly strong shells, although
some of the fossil species are not remarkably so, whilst
others are extremely thick and weighty: the valves are
depressed, often ovate, and sometimes approaching or-
bicular : the pits for the attachment of the hinge liga-
ment are placed on the anterior side of the teeth; there
does not appear to be any true lateral tooth, but in the
right valve there is often a pit, bounded by a short
process, that receives the edge of the other valve: since
this may be considered as the rudiment of lateral teeth,
the strongest character to distinguish this genus from
Mactra by, will be the entire marginal line of attachment
for the mantle, which in Mactra is deeply sinuated ante-
riorly, this character is more valuable because it must
be immediately connected with the structure and habits
of the animal, and also with the open or closed sides of
the valves.

For further particulars of this genus see Genera of
recent and fossil Shells, by G. B. Sowerby.

62
CRASSATELLA sulcata.
TAB. CCCXLV.—fg. 1.

Spec. Cuar. Ovato-elongated, transversely
sulcated ; anterior side produced, obliquely
truncated, defined by a ridge; edge toothed
within.

var. 8, sulci broad, lost upon the anterior side.
Syn. Tellina sulcata. Brander, 89.

"Tas may be considered either as sulcated or costated,
for the sulci are deep and rounded, equal to, and precisely
the reverse of the spaces between them, that is in var. @ ;
in 6 they are broader and shallower, and the spaces be-
tween them assume the form of small and but slightly
elevated ribs, that are lost as they pass over the ridge
bounding the anterior side, while in § they are reflected
at an acute angle, and pass over that ridge: the var. 6 is
also a wider, more depressed and delicately formed shell :
the teeth of the hinge are perpendicularly striated in
both, and the anterior side pointed.

This is quite a distinct shell from Peron’s and La-
marck’s recent C. sulcata from New Holland, although
possibly the latter author may consider it a variety, but
he does not quote Brander, whose shell is. entitled. by
priority to the name sulcata, so that Lamarck’s requires
a new one. ‘The one before us is a common shill at
Barton, nor does it appear that one variety is more
cummon than the other.

reas
CRASSATELLA plicata.
TAB. CCCXLV.— Fig. 2.

Spec. CHar. Oblongo-ovate, concentrically
and minutely plicated ; plice reflected ; an-
terior side defined by an obtuse ridge, ob-
scurely trancated ; margin toothed within.

AL. very neat and I believe new species ; the anterior

side is less produced and not so strongly defined as in

sulcata ; its truncation is also longitudinal, not oblique ;
the teeth are similarly striated.

Found in a bed of clay eleven feet thick and twenty-
one from the surface, in a well dug at Bartley Lodge,
Stone Cross, near’ Southampton, and presented to me
by the Son of the worthy proprietor of that seat, Charles
Lyell, Kisq.

63

CARDIUM turgidum.
TAB. CCCXLVI.

Spec. Cuar. Obovate, transverse, smooth, gib-
bose; anterior side longitudinally striated ;
edge minutely toothed.

Syn. Cardium turgidum. Brander, 96.

Fig. 1.

——

An elegant almost orbicular shell, whose surface is in
part very even and smooth, but marked with fine lines
concealed beneath it, and which are rather hollow near
the margin: the anterior side has 20 or 30 furrows cut
longitudinally into it, so close together as to leave only
sharp highly elevated lines between them: the teeth upon
the edge are blunt, they are largest at the ends of the
above mentioned furrows ; the width exceeds the length
a trifle, and the anterior side is slightly truncated.

This seems to be one of the few shells belonging to
the London Clay, only described by Brander ; it pro-
bably with several others is not found near Paris. May
not the several formations that lie in strata, or coats,
over the nucleus of the earth, have successive zones
replete with the fossil remains of the animals, &e. pecu-
liar to them, besides such as are universally distributed
through them, which zones might be discovered by a
diligent comparison of the fossils of different countries,
and indicate the probable position of the poles previously
to the destruction of life in those strata, for the order
and perfection of many of the remains seem to indicate
that they are not far removed from their original sites.

The shell before us has been presented to me by Miss
Beminster, and several other friends, who have picked
it up at Barton.

64
CARDIUM porulosum.
TAB. CCCXLVI.— Fig. 2.

Spec. Caxar. Orbicular, anteriorly obscurely
truncated, longitudinally suleated, with a
row of erect, approximate spines, united
near their points, alternating with each sul-
cus; sulci terminated by hgulate teeth;
hinge line straight.

var. 8, with spines united through their whole
length by a membrane; and their bases sunk
beneath the edges of the sulci.

Syn. Cardium porulosum. Brander, 99. La-
mark env. de Paris, 207. Hist. Nat. des
Anim. sans Vert. VI. 18.

SS rricriy speaking, the smooth spaces between the
deep and decussated sulci; can hardly be called
coste, they are so flat, or rather, especially in var. 6,
concave along the middle ; upon these spaces are placed
rows of erect almost cylindrical spines at very small
distances from each other, and these spines are united
for a great part of their length by a thin expansion of
their sides, leaving their bases and extreme points free,
forming little arches, a construction that is as elegant as
it is remarkable ; the long, canaliculate, marginal teeth,
whose parallel sides render them quite unlike the teeth
of a saw, are largest, and the series of united spines
are highest upon the posterior side of the shell. The
var. £ is, if possible, more elegant than the @ ; it is cer-
tainly much neater, although the pores between the teeth
are filled up: the edges of the deep narrow sulci that
characterise this variety are considerably elevated, very
even, and sharp; this var. has frequently more trans-
parency, anda deeper colour (resembling what is tech-
nically called green ivory) than the other. Both varieties
in the young state, or what is the same thing, near the
umbo, are furnished with granules only in place of the
united spines.

Found at Barton, but not very commonly, and very
rarely approaching perfection: in the neighbourhood of
Paris it occurs abundantly, and in a good state of pre-
servation, yet I have not met with one so large as this
figure from an individual kindly presented to me by Miss.
Beminster: Miss Dent has the finest specimen I have
seen, but not quite so large.

The var. 6 is unknown at Barton.

PINNA granulata.

TAB. CCCXLVIL.

Sprc. Cuar. Broad, nearly equilateral, convex,
obscurely decussated, with a small elevation
in the centre of each division ; anterior side

rounded.

A sroap shell, particularly thick about the anterior
side and edge ; there is a rounded longitudinal elevation
towards the posterior side which makes some fragments
resemble those of a Mytilus ; the length of the specimen
figured is 84 inches, the width 6.

Some time ago I was shewn fragments of this shell
from the Kimmeridge Clay, near Weymouth, and mis-
took them for parts of Mytilus amplus, (M. Con. t. 27.)
which by the bye is surely a Pinna, by Prof. Sedgwick.
The specimen figured being much more perfect has set
me right I trust: it is in the cabinet of Mr, De la Beche,
who obtained it at Weymouth.

4 Bi
Peter 7
ey Funk ta)

67

CHAMA squamosa.
TAB. CCCXLVIIL

Sprc. Cuar. Attached by the right valve ;
nearly orbicular, subglobose, imbricated ;
lamelle undivided, somewhat erect, ante-
riorly produced, and adpressed ; posterior
part of the right valve cbsoletely costated ;
left valve rather convex ; smooth within.

Syn. Chama squamosa. Brander, 86 and 87.

Disrineuisnasie from Chama lamellosa of Lamarck,
who has referred to Brander for his shell, by its undi-
vided and not even lobed lamella.

In the section to which this species belongs the right
valve is the largest and the one attached to foreign sub-
stances: by considering this the two sections of the
genus made by Lamarck will be as readily recognised,
as by observing whether the beaks turn to the right or
the left hand, and the definition become more intelligible.

Extremely common at Barton, where perfect pairs are
often found: it seldom exceeds in size the specimens
figured; it is consequently a smaller shell than C. lamel-
losa: [have small individuals from some part of France ;
I think the neighbourhood of Paris ; it is however rare

in that country.

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69
ROSTELLARIA Parkinsoni.
TAB. CCCXLIX.—Figs. 1 to 5.

Spec. Cuar. Turreted, costated, transversely
striated ; last whorl tricarimated; aperture
expanded, with a one-angled entire lip; su-
perior canal short.

Syn. Strombus Pes Pelicani. Brocchi, 17. 385.

Rostellaria, having only one spur-like
process Parkinson, Vol. £14. G3.
R. Parkinsoni, Manteli Geol. Sussex,

p. 72 and 108.

A. suett strongly resembling Sirombus Pes Pelicani,
but well distinguished by the shortness of the superior
canal of the aperture ; and as Parkinson observes, by
there being only one process from the wing-like lip; in
Pes Pelicani the upper canal has a process besides the
three that proceed from the lip; the strie, costz, and
general form are the same in both.

The fossil Strombus Pes Pelicani of Brocchi is pre-
sumed to be the same as the one before us; but whether
the green sand species mentioned by Parkinson, see his
tab. 5, fig. 11, and by Mr. Mantell, be also the same,
until we have more perfect specimens for comparison
than have hitherto been met with, is very doubtful.

The present species occurs in the London Clay, and
in the sandstones beneath it, but above the Chalk.

Fig. 1 exhibits the natural cast of the inside in a
ferruginous sandstone, and the artificial cast of the outer
surface from the opposite impression in the same stone,
from Maidenhead, between Bray and Windsor; given
me by Mr. Walter ; it is accompanied by several other
fossil shells known in the London Clay, in some of which
the shelly matter still remains, especially of Dentalia.

70

Fig. 2 is from a cast also in ferruginous sandstone,
from the low Cliff under Reculvers Church, in Kent.

Fig. 3; the shell remaining in the sandstone of
Bognor Rocks.

Fig. 4; two views of a Highgate specimen. And
Fig. 5, a similar one from Folkstone. Specimens re-
sembling those from Maidenhead are also found in
Gunter’s-hill Sand-pits, near Emsworth, Hants, as I am
informed by my good Friend Js. Holloway, Esq.

ROSTELLARIA calcarata.
TAB. CCCXLIX.— Figs. 6 and 7.

Spec. Cuar. Turreted, costated, transversely
striated ; coste linear, curved; last whorl
carinated ; outer lip furnished with a large
oblong process, the upper angle of which is
formed into a long curved spine; beak
pointed ; superior canal obtuse.

Parkinson, Vol. ILI. p. 63, tab. 5, f. 2.

[ue last whorl of this elegant shell has several carinze
besides the principal one, but they are very little ele-
vated: the spire has no carine, but is costated, and has
some varicose sutures remaining upon it, which do not
occur in the preceding species. ‘The squarish wing-like
process upon the outer lip is somewhat variable in form,
its angles being more or Jess conspicuous: the spine
from its upper angle is an elongation of the carina upon
the whorl: the inner lip is entire, with a rounded edge.

This shel] was first noticed by Parkinson : it is by no
means rare in the whetstone-pits of Blackdown. The
Jargest individual I have seen belongs to Mr. De la
Beche ; it is given at fig. 6. ‘The specimens are all sili-
cious casts,

71

AMMONITES Davee.
TAB. CCCL.

Spec. Cuar, Depressed; sides nearly flat; vo-
lutions exposed, ornamented with numerous
transverse sulci, and a few distant, obtuse
tubercles; aperture nearly orbicular.

T+ is of little importance whether this shell be called
sulcated or ribbed, the sulci and spaces between them
are so nearly equal. When one coat of the shell is re-
moved these spaces are flat, as happens in Ammonites
annulatus, tab. 222, which this much resembles, the
distant tubercles being the distinguishing mark ; it has
also fewer whorls ; each tubercle covers, and as it were
attracts together about four of the sulci.

_ Found in the blue Lias of Lyme Regis, in Dorset-
shire, and preserved by Mr. De la Beche. Ihave named
it to commemorate the present intelligent President of
the Royal Society, as I had formerly done the late
President.

AMMONITES Brodicei.
TAB. CCCLI.

Spec. Cuar. Largely umbilicate, gibbose, cos-
tated ; cost radiating, large and numerous,
terminated upon the sides of the whorls by
obtuse tubercles, front rounded, plicated ;
aperture transversely oblong, curved.

S omewnart resembling Ammonites Brocchii, tab. 202,
but less gibbose and more strongly marked. ‘The radi-
ating ribs are slightly curved: from each of the tubercles

72

that terminates them proceed about four plaits or lesser
ribs, that pass around the front, and meet the tubercles
upon the opposite side: this part of the inner volutions
is concealed.

This shell was given me a long while ago, as found
on Portland Island, but with some doubt, by my kind
and worthy friend, Js. Brodie, Esq. whose name I wish
to perpetuate: from the appearance of the stone I should
rather suspect it to have come from the under or Iron-
shot Oolite. | |

AMMONITES perarmatus.
TAB. CCCLIL.

Spec. Cuar. Depressed, armed with two con-
centric rows of large pointed tubercles ; vo-
lutions exposed, few; front rounded ; aper-
ture nearly orbicular.

"Mur tubercles are joined transversely by obtuse ridges
into 18 or 20 pairs upon each whorl ; the remaining por-
tion of the shell is even: it is rather remarkable that the
tubercles are as sharp nearly in the cast of the inside as
the outside of the shell: there are about four whorls :
the aperture is in length about one-third of the diameter
of the shell, and is rather longer than wide.

A very conspicuous Ammonite; found in the Pisolite
at Malton, and given me by Mr. Alexander Crawford,
of Scarborough. Besides other characters which distin-
guish it from A. Birchii, tab. 267, the acute cast of the
spines is a conspicuous one; the size of these spines will
distinguish it from a somewhat similar Ammonite not yet

figured, found near Oxford.

73

ASTARTE obovata.

TAB. CCCLIIL.

Spec. Cuar. Obovate, uniformly convex, cor-
rugated ; lunette impressed ; anterior margin

subtruncated, interior edge crenulated.

"Tue transverse ruge are most conspicuous upon the
anterior part of the surface, where they are also some-
what waved. From A. excavata, tab. 233, it may be
distinguished by the anterior side not forming a separate
lobe, and by being less elongated transversely.

Found by Prof. Sedgwick in the inclined beds of the
ferruginous Sandstone, beneath the green Sand, on the
eastern side of Sandown-bay, on the Isle of Wight; and
mentioned by him in his paper on the Geology of the
Isle of Wight, in the third Vol. new series of the Annals

of Philosophy, p. 335, No. 5.

75

PECTEN papyraceus.

TAB. CCCLIV.

Spec. Cuar. Depressed, obliquely oval, with
large unequal, rectangular ears, striated,

very thin.

Nomerous elevated strie, that are decussated, upon
the larger ear especially, by lines of growth, cover this
very thin flat shell: there is no sinus between the ears
and the rest of the shell, so that it is not easy to say
where they begin: the length exceeds the width about
one-fourth : the two valves are very nearly equal.

Preserved in the Woodwardian cabinet at Cambridge
by the late Prof. Hailstone, who obtained it in the schale
of North Ouram Coal-pits, near Bradford. It is a
curious circumstance that a marine shell should be
found so near the remains of land vegetables common in
the Coal formation, a formation in which shells of any
kind are very rare, and where hitherto only fresh-water
ones had been found. Casts of Pecten are very abun-
dant in the Schale filled with decomposing Iron Pyrites ;
no other shells accompany them except rarely an indis-
tinct species of Anomia. ‘The specimens are decaying
very rapidly.

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77

NAUTILUS regalis.
TAB. CCCLY.

Speo. Cuar. Gibbose, plain, not umbilicate ;
front flattish ; sides convex ; aperture rather
wider than long.

Se ;

Tue volutions of this Ammonite increase rather more
rapidly in’ size than those of N. imperialis, which is near
akin to it, and from which it is further distinguished by
the solid columella or axis, by the convex, not straight,
sides of the aperture or section, in the young shells, and
the expanded sides and straight front of the aperture in
the adult.

It is remarkable that the prevailing species of Nau-
tilus, found at the depth of about 60 feet, in the Regent’s
Canal, near the White Conduit House at Islington, in
1815, and also in Hyde Park, should prove different
from that found at- Highgate, and upon the Isle of
Sheepy, yet numerous specimens prove that fact.

I have named it regalis, as it seems little inferior in
splendor to the fmperialis, and nearly equals it in size,
though it appears from two or three specimens I have
with small remains of the thickened edge of the aperture
near the axis, that it is full grown when about nine
inches in diameter and five in thickness. I believe no
Author has noticed it. It probably belongs to the lower
part of the London Clay stratum, and is accompanied by
vertebral columns of Pentacrinites subbasaitiformis.*

* Miller’s Natural History of-Crinoidea, p, 140.

ay ?

78

NAUTILUS radiatus.

TAB. CCCLVI.

Spec. Cuar. Gibbose, umbilicated ; surface
marked with curved, radiating undulations ;
sides and front rounded ; aperture orbicular,
deeply indented.

A. srectes intermediate between N. elegans and undu-
latus. It is more regularly convex, and has more un-;
dulations than the latter, as many as four or five to each
septum, but not near so many as occur in the former.
The length and breadth of the aperture are nearly equal
and exceed half the diameter of the shell. I am not
acquainted with the situation of the siphunculus. The
waves upon the surface are most elevated, and meet
from the sides upon the front at an obtuse angle.

Lately found in the neighbourhood of Maltor, proba-
bly in the lower part of the Green Sand formation. I
have received but one specimen, a cast in Marly Lime-
stone, mixed with grains of Silex and of blackish Green-
earth. The umbilicus is so open as to shew the inner
whorls and the edges of the septa very beautifully. It
is possible that if the shel! had remained, the umbilicus
would have been filled, but in that case the shell must.
have been very thick, so I have ventured to describe it
as open.

79

-AMMONITES peramplus.
TAB. CCCLVII.

Sprc. Cuar. Discoid, with a few large obtuse
radii; whorls ventricose, the inner ones
half exposed ; front rounded, plain ; aper-
ture transversely obovate.

Syn. A. peramplus. Mantel, Fossiis of the
South Downs, p. 200.

—————— ee

V oxvtions four or five, almost half concealed and ra-
pidly increasing in size, so that the last occupies one-
third of the diameter of the shell: the aperture is but a
little wider than long, but pressure has so much influ-
ence upon this proportion, that it is not easy to determine
the original form, some specimens perhaps being pressed
in the opposite direction to others. The radii are most
prominent at the inner part of each whorl, and are lost
before they reach the front : there are about 14 upon the
specimen before me: the erisped and deeply sinuated
edges of the septa form an elegant ornament upon some
parts of the surface of the specimen.

Two or three large fragments and nearly perfect spe-
cimens of this Ammonite, have been at various times
presented to me by Gideon Mantell, Esq. who had ob-
tained them in the neighbourhood of Lewes. The
largest mass, as observed in a note to his description,
p. 201, is part of a shell that was probably three feet in
diameter. When this Ammonite is laterally compressed

it approaches to the following.

SO

AMMONITES Lewesiensis.
TAB. CCCLYVIII.

Spec. Cuar. Discoid, obscurely radiated, radii
large and obtuse; whorls depressed, inner
ones half exposed; front narrow, rounded,
plain; aperture sagittate.

Syn. A. Lewesiensis. MMantell, Fossils of the
South Downs, p. 199, tab. 22, f. 2.

So rapidly do the volutions of this shell increase in size,
that it has the appearance of being umbilicated, although
about half of the inner whorls is visible. The breadth of
the last whorl, or what is the same thing, the length of
the aperture, seldom, as far as I have had an opportu-
nity of observing, equals half of the diameter, although
one of the three proportions given in Mr. Mantell’s de-
scription, makes it equal to 9-l4ths, possibly pressure
may make as much irregularity in the proportions as are
observable in different parts of that description, evidently
taken from several individuals. The radii are broad,
very little elevated, and often entirely obliterated, in
which latter case the edges of the septa become beauti-
fully develloped.

Several varieties of this gigantic Ammonite have been
sent me from Lewes, by Gideon Mantell, Esq. whose
zeal for science has not been checked by the weight of
the masses that have fallen in his way, or the difficulty
of their removal. I have given a diminished figure of a
specimen fifteen inches in diameter and four inches thick,
which has lost, almost entirely, the obtuse radii, a cir-

81

cumstance that renders it more distinct from A. peramplus
than otherwise it would appear. I have an intermediate
specimen from Dover, by favour of Mr. Sankey, the
aperture of which is elliptical; and a small one from
Lewes, between the two; both these have the radii
distinct, especially the small one, in which they extend
nearly to the front : these specimens lead me to suspect
the A. Lewesiensis is only a compressed variety of the
peramplus. Mr. Phillips has observed in his paper on
the Chalk Cliffs near Dover, (Trans. Geol. Soc. V.
p- 30 and 33), that the Ammonites lie horizontally in the
Chalk: this may account for their being so frequently
compressed : but as Mr. Mantell has had numerous
opportunities of observing them, I have followed him in
describing them as two species. I have seen one on the
beach near Dover that measured full three feet across,
but it is so long ago that I do not know which species to
refer it to.

82

AMMONITES Plicomphalus.

TAB. CCCLIX.

Spec. CHar. Discoid, umbilicate; umbilicus
large, with 8 or 10 diverging, rather sharp,
protuberances around it; front rounded,

plain.

Aperture ovate ; about 3-7ths the diameter of the last
whorl long ; narrowest towards the front; the emi-
nences about the inner edges of the volutions are wide,
and extend over a part of the sides: the umbilicus is
large, equalling half the length of the mouth.
Presented to me by Mr. Weir, who found it in a
very mutilated state in the harder part of the Sand-

stone stratum, at Bolingbroke, Lincolnshire.

83
CANCELLARIA.

Gen. Cuar. Oval, subturrited ; last whorl more
or less ventricose; aperture almost entire,
lower angle either slightly canaliculated or
produced into a short recurved beak ; outer
lip sulcated within; inner lip expanded ;
columella plaited.

Bor few of the species of this genus are much elon-
gated, the form of the last whorl generally giving them
an ovate contour. The decussated ridges upon the
surface have given an apt name to the genus, although
in some species the transverse ridges are not sufficiently
prominent to give the appearance of lattice work ; while
the longitudinal costa are strong and sharp : in a few
species varicose sutures are formed at different periods
of growth by the inflated oueer lip; such species ap-
proach to Murices, but are well distinguished by the
folds upon the columella ; these folds are few, very
* prominent, and compressed ; they are sometimes accom-
panied by two or three irregular protuberances. ‘Some
species are elegantly colored ; they all belong to marine
animals.

Auricula simulata of tab. 163 is a species of this genus,
with only one proper plait upon the columella.

CANCELLARIA quadrata.
TAB. CCCLX.

Spec. Cuar. Ovate, elongated, cancellated,
without either varices or beak; two obtuse
plaits upon the columella, besides the spiral
edge; outer lip sharp, entire, striated
within.

Ayn elegant shell, a little resembling Cancellaria (Auri-
cula) simulata, but more pointed and very differently
marked ; it has also another fold upon the columella :
the surface is covered by small hollow squares formed by
a number of elevated lines that cross each other with
much regularity, of which however the transverse are
rather the strongest: all the whorls are convex ; the last
occupies nearly two-thirds the length of the shell.

This species may be arranged in the last of the four
sections Mr. G. B. Sowerby has divided the genus Can-

{-O «

i, )

B4

cellaria into, although it does not precisely agree with
some other species belonging to that section, but it would
probably be better to form another section.

The size varies considerably ; the extremes are shewn
in the plate. Tam indebted to Miss Salisbury, and other
friends, for specimens found at Barton.

CANCELLARIA leviuscula.
TAB. CCCLXL—Fig. 1.

Spec. Cuar. Short, ovate, pointed, furnished
with varicose sutures and coste, crossed by
numerous obtuse elevated lines; columella
biplicated ; aperture scarcely canaliculated.

Neary allied to Cancellaria costulata of Lamarck, but
shorter and more strongly decussated; it has one or two
sutures upon each whori, with several rather curved
costa: the columella has two folds besides its spiral
rather sharp edge: the outer lip is thickened near the
edge, and inter nally ribbed.

Hound at Highgate by G. B. Snow, Esq. at Barton
by the Rev. Mr. Bingley, and at Lyndhurst by C. Lyell
Ksq. jun. Itis rare. [ have been favoured with the
same species by Mr. De Gerville, found in Normandy.

eer Tetel
CANCELLARIA evulsa.
TAB. CCCLXI.—Figs. 2, 3, and 4.

Syn. Buecinum evulsum. Brander, 14.

Spec. Cuar. Short, ovate, pointed, furnished
with varicose sutures and coste, crossed by
several acute carine, most elevated upon
the coste ; columella biplicated, aperture
scarcely canaliculated.

ERY nearly like C. leviuscula, but large, and distin-~
guished by the small number and elevation of the carine
that cross the coste, and give it a rngged aspect and
feel: they have intermediate rather elevated sirie that
are very obscure.

‘These both belong to the second of Mr. G. B. Sow-
erby’s sections of this genus, although they do not alte-
gether agree with the definition.

Plentiful at Barton : it was also found at Lyndhurst by

©. Lyell, Esg. jun.: and it occurs in the neighbourhood
of Paris.

a)
CORBULA nitida.
TAB. CCCLXIL—Figs. 1, 2, and 3.

Spec. Cuar. Ovate, subtrigonal, equilateral,
gibbose, anteriorly truncated, smocth ; valves

nearly equal.

A rms shell, most gibbose towards the beaks, which
are somewhat produced; the young individuals are
rather pointed on the sides ; the old ones oval, with a
smal truncature anteriorly ; the surface is smooth, often
shining, and the valves very nearly equal: length rather
more than half the width.

Very small, not exceeding three-tenths of an inch in
width : the almost perfect equality of the valves is re-
markable, but the form of the hinge is exactly that of the
genus Corbula, from which it cannot conveniently be
separated.

First observed with the following, by Professor Sedg-
wick, in several parts of the Isle of Wight, below the
upper fresh-water formation.

Figs. 2 and 3 are magnified representations.

CORBULA cuspidata.
TAB. CCCLXII.— Figs. 4, 5, and 6.
Spec. CHAR. ‘Transversely oblong, tumid, m-
equivalved, subequilateral; anteriorly ca-
rinated and cuspidated ; lower margin of the
left valve expanded and inflected.

AL rack blunt-edged shell, whese anterior side is
obliquely truncated, and defined by a ridge that ends in
a projecting point on the margin; the lip-formed edge ef

36

the left valve bends over the margin of the other, and
encloses about half of its base: the disk is rather rugged
when full grown.

This occurs along with the last in what is called the
upper marine formation in Colwell and Whitecliff Bays,
on the Isle of Wight. They have both been introduced
to notice by Professor Sedgwick.

Figs. 5 and 6 are enlarged to three times the natural
length.

CORBULA complanata.
TAB. CCCLXII.— Figs. 7 and 8.

Spec. Cuar. Transversely oval, elongated, de-
pressed, and sulcated; sulci few; anterior
side smallest, subtruncated, and defined by
an obtuse ridge; left valve enclosing the
other.

"Bae posterior part of the right valve is peculiarly flat-
tened and thickened : the surface is smooth between the
six or eight furrows that appear to be formed by periodical
interruptions of growth: the left valve is most convex ;
the lower edge of it encloses that of the other valve.
Length about half the width.

Newly discovered by the Rev. G. R. Leathes in the
Crag at Roydon. Itis rare. The outer coat is gene- |
rally corroded, so as to give it a costated appearance,
a circumstance common in Crag fossils.

37
MYA? gregarea.
TAB. CCCLXIIT.

Spec. Cuar. Obovate, convex, subdeltoid,
smooth; anterior side truncated; lower
margin of the left valve produced.

—EE

Tue anterior side of the right valve is rather cuneiform
aud truncated; the left valve is only truncated ; it is
larger all round than the right, so that it receives the
upper edges of that valve upon the thickened parts on
each side of the hinge: on the posterior side it has a
remote tooth, that with its accompanying hollow forms a
secure lodgment for the corresponding edge of the right
valve : within the anterior edge it has only a slight fur-
row: the outer surface is nearly smooth, except a few
lines of growth and the eroded beaks. The line upon
the inner surface to which the mantle of the animal was
united, has a small sinus equal only to the quarter of a
circle, placed close to the anterior muscular impression.

It is highly probable that this shell will become the
foundation of a new genus, to which will be associated
Mye labiata (Linn. Trans. Vol. X. p. 326, t. PLE We a
and 3,) plana and subangulata (Min. Conch. t. 76, figs.
2and 3.) The former of these is a fresh-water shell,
inhabiting the Rio de la Plata, a circumstance strongly
confirmatory of the fresh-water origin of the stratum
near the top of Headon Hill, in which immense numbers
of the species now before us are closely grouped together
unmixed with other shells. The remote tooth, the small
sinus in the manile, and the inequality of the valves, are
among the characters that distinguish it from Mya; the
imequality of the valves, however, upon which much

bate

stress has been laid, is too variable, as we have just seem
in the genus Corbula at tab. 362, to be relied upon ; and
an examination ef the recent species is still wanting te
establish the two other poimts: the erosion of the um-
bones does not occur in the other fossil species.

First observed by Mr. Webster (Trans. Soc. Geol. VIE.
p- 227), and again by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, who has com-
pared it to Mya labiata (Annals of Phil. new series, Vol.
II. p. 220). They found it near the top of Headon Hill :
Prof. Sedgwick has since found it at Calbourne; and it
probably occurs near the top of the upper fresh-water
formation en other parts of the Isle of Wight.

ee

MYA arenaria.
TAB. CCCLXIV.

Spec. Cuar. Ovate, anteriorly rater pointed,
posteriorly rounded; hinge tooth large.
with a lateral appendage.

Myo arenaria. Linn. et Auctorum.

So perfectly does this resemble the recent Mya arenaria,
that we can find no distinguishing mark. In all proba-
bility this is one of the few shells belonging to genuine
diluvian deposits, and accidentally mixed with the older
fossils. Itis frequently found, but rarely perfect, in the
Crag pits of Norfolk and Suffolk. I first received it
from Mrs. Cobbold of Ipswich. The figures are taken
from specimens in the possession of the Rev. G. R.
Leathes.

29

MSTREA ecarinata.

TAB. CCCLXYV.

Syn. O.carinata. Lamarck Hist. Nat. VI. 216.
Spre. Cuar. Elongated, pointed at both ends,
arched, plaited; sides flattened; middle
longitudinally cariniformed ; plaits numer-
ous, angular, and regular ; ears two, variable.

ee

Wan pointed ends, the depth of the valves, and regu-
larity of the plaits, are characters hy which this Oyster
may generally be known: the curvature and ears are
variable, the anterior or exterior ear being oftca obselete
in old shells.

A sevies of specimens of various ages have been selected
for the illustration of this species: it will be seen that the
curvature varies considerably. Fig. 1 is the most elon-
gated variety: it is from the grey Mar] below the Chalk
at Folkstone in Kent: the remainder are silicious: they
are from the green Sand of Chute Farm near Longleat
Park. An extremely elegant French specimen, nearly
double the size of any here figured, was some time ago
given to me by Mr. de Gerville, with intentions that
render his friendship more dear to me than even his nu-
merous presents do: it is from the Chalk Marl, and
is so much curved as to form three-quarters of a ring:
the outer ear is obscure, but the inner is very large. A
figure of this specimen is given in Mr. G. B. Sowerby’s
work upon the Genera of Shells. The Rev. Mr. White
in his Natural History of Selburne, has figured a similar
specimen: and the same species probably is given by

90

Faujas St. Ford, (Hist. Nat. de Maestricht, t. 24, f. 1)
asa Gryphite. It appears to be a species common to the
green Sand and the strata between it and the Chalk,
and will serve to identify that range ; while the O. gre-
garea, which is a less curved and much more irregular
shell, distinguishes the Pisolite.

39

BULIMUS costellatus.
TAB. CCCLXVI.

Spec. Cuar. Ovate, rather acute, longitudinally
costated ; coste small, numerous ; aperture
elongated, acute above.

—— ee

Asour an inch and a quarter long, and rather more
than an inch wide ; the aperture occupies half the length
of the shell. The ribs are very thin and numerous, rather
sharp, and nearly straight; there are no stria between
them.

A considerable resemblance may be observed between
this shell and Bulimus ellipticus (tab. 337.) but they
differ in general form; the aperture and last whorl are
proportionally much larger in B. costellatus, than in B ellip-
ticus, and it is alsoa right handed shell, which the latter
never appears to be. I am indebted to J. Holloways, Esq.
for the use of what appears to be a unique specimen,
from the freshwater formation of the Isle of Wight.
It was found along with B. ellipticus, in a pit on the
North of the road at Schaleomb, where J have in vain
sought for another. It is possible that if a perfect
specimen were examined, some characters might be dis-
covered that would remove it from the genus Bulimus,
and also from among the land shells.

| ir a. afi . wr

91
TROCHUS monilifer.
TAB. CCCLXVII.

Spec. CHAr. Conical, transversely striated ;
volutions rather convex with three rows of
tubercles and crenated edges ; base slightly
convex bearing six rows of granules; aper-
ture quadrangular; columella curved along
one edge of the aperture, truncated.

Syn. Trochus nodulosus. Brander, f. 6.
T. monilifer? Lamarck env. de Paris, p.99.

AQ necutarty conical shell whose base is equal in diameter
tothe height. The aperture is placed obliquely, it has an
entire waved edge. The tubercles upon the spire are
placed upon transverse elevations, that give the volutions
a convex appearance; the centre of the base is smooth
but not umbilicated ; the inside is pearly.

For excellent specimens of this long known elegant
Trochus, we are indebted to Miss Teed, who sent them
from Hordwell. It is probable that the T. monilifer of
De Lamark is a distinct species, although nearly related
to the Hampshire Trochus nedulosus, for the only
specimen I have from France has rather concave whorls,
a flat base, with the columella projecting, and eight
rows of granules, agreeing with Lamark’s description
and besides, the surface shews no transverse striz,
but it is not perfect, itis certainly a distinct species ; but
that it be Lamarck’s, I have no proof, and Lamarck re-
fers to Brander’s nodulosus, which is quite distinct from
the recent species of that name.

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93

GRYPHAEA bullata.
TAB? CCCLXVIIt.

Spec. CHar. Transversely obovate, irregular,
smooth, thin, depressed, beaks small; upper
valve concave; lateral lobe obscure when

old.

EE

Weer full grown this Gryphite is often wider than long,
and the very small beaks, although incurved, have not
the great degree of curvature common to other species
of the genus. In the young state the beaks are more
prominent, and the lateral lobe, although small, is distinct
and very different from the spurious ear sometimes ob-
servablein Oysters ; the surface is smooth and undulated,
not imbricated ; the substance uniformly thin, and the
point of attachment generally minute.

Although much resembling an Oyster in general form,
there is a something in the aspect that distinguishes this
shell from that Genus, and the two genera from each
other ; the existence of a lobe in the young state confirms
this a Gryphite ; the uniform rounding of the convex
valve, and the want of imbricated lamina, assist in the
discrimination.

A handsome series of this species has been liberally
afforded me by Mr. Weir, who obtained it in the Clunch
Clay, at Bracken Wood End, near Horncastle in Lin-
colnshire ; the thickness of the shell joined to its con-
vexity, has given rise to the name of bullata.

GRYPH/EA vessiculosa.
TAB. CCCLXIX.

Spec. Cuar. Subrhomboidal, oblong, deep;
iesser valve concave, small, thin; larger
valve curved, composed of several distant
coats.

Lowerr than wide, with pointed beaks, and a small
hinge; the depth and width are equal; both less than

94

the length; the lobe is distinct, but not sharply defined ;
the surface is smooth, and nearly free from laminz.

Casts in Silex, supplying the place of the shell itself,
are very abundantly collected in masses, in loose green
sand stained by iron, occurring near Warminster, and
generally unassociated with other fossils. I am obliged
to Miss Benett for the specimens figured.

95

PECTEN asper.
TAB. CCCLXX.—Fig. 1.

Spec. Cuar. Nearly orbicular, convex on
both sides, bearing about 17 sets of rays
roughened by subtubular imbricated scales ;
margin internally fimbriato-crenated; ears
distinct, nearly equal.

Syn. Pecten asper. Lamarck Hist. Nat. VI.
180. Lister Conch. t. 470. f. 28. -

Tue rays are from 5 to 7 in a set, depending upon the

age of the shell; the centre of cach set has the largest

scales, and is much elevated; the contour is oblique,
much resembling that of the common P. opercularis.

The inside is plain with a furbelowed margin.

Very abundant in the Green Sand, especially at Horn-
ingsham near Frome. Lamark describes P. asper as
having 20 to 22 rays; this is not the case in the English
specimens.

PECTEN obliquus.
TAB. CCCLXX.— Fig. 2.

Spec. Cuar. Obliquely oval, convex on both
sides; radii very numerous, roughened by
semicircular imbricated scales; ears large,
distinct. .

Kvery third ray is larger than the two intermediate

ones, they are all close together, the larger amount to

about 20. The two valves are not equally convex, but
otherways they are similar; the breadth it about two-
thirds the length.

Drawn many years ago from a specimen in green
sand belonging to my lamented friend Mr. Cunnington.

96 ;
PECTEN cinctus.
TAB. CCCLXXI.

Spec Cuar. Orbicular, gibbose, longitudinally
striated, imbricated ; edges of the lamine,
thin, erect 5 ears small; edge entire.

— EEE

Remarkable for concentric, erect amine, that are very
numerous, especially towards the edge ; but from their
being thin, they are commonly worn off. ‘Fhe ears are
strongly marked with close ridges: the valves are thick,
especially towards the hinge, and of nearly equal convex-
ity. The striz are sunk and rather irregular.

Dawson Turner, Esq. of Yarmouth, celebrated for his
botanical knowledge, was the first Friend who sent me
this interesting shell. It was found in the alluvial clay
of Suffolk. ‘The specimen figared was sent me from the
neighbourhood of Horncastle by Mr. Wier, both are
remarkable for having grains of iron ore, arranged in
one, two, or three regular rows between the concentric
laminez, according to the distance of those laminz, the
grains being uniform in size. It is probable that they
both belong to the inferior or [ronshot Oolite, although
the first is filled with indurated marl.

97

AMPULLARIA Ambulacrum.
TAB. CCCLXXII.

Spec. Cuar. Globose, with a canal around an
acute spire; umbilicus plain within.

Swronaty resembling Ampullaria acuta (tab. 284.) but
well distinguished by the deep spiral canal around the
upper edge of the whorls: this canal is flat at the bottom
with nearly upright sides, resembling a trench cut round
ahill. It is distinguished from A. canaliculata of La-
marck, by the form of the canal, by the roundness of its
sides, and by the umbilicus not having a spiral groove
within it ; it also grows much larger.

This species has been frequently sent me from Hord-
well, by Lady Burgoine, Miss 'Teed, Miss Dent, and
other kind Friends to the Science; it has also been
found at Muddiford, whence the upper figure, by Lady
Burgoine, and at Stubbington by Mr. Holloway ; but I
have never met with a French specimen.

The probability of this and the other shells from the
London clay stratum, classed under the Genus Ampul-
laria, being the exuvie of marine animals, is so great,
that it does not seem correct to arrange them with the
recent species ; they ought, as Lamarck has observed, to
form a distinct Genus, which it is to be hoped will soon
be defined, unless it ought to be included in Natica.

ty)
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gud
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20

PUREE Tare LaMar tn OL
agcir Hf pode

99

NATICA patula.
TAB. CCCLXXIII.

Three lower figures.

Spec. Cuar. Hemispheroidal, smooth, spire
small, depressed; umbilicus open containing
a spiral ridge.

"Tue last whorl is very large and expanded, soas to give
the entire shell the form of half a flatted spheroid cut
along its axis. The surface is smooth, or so obscurely
striated that it is difficult to persuade oneself that the
striae are worn away, I speak of concentric strie ; the
lines of growth are visible enough. The umbilicus is
large, and not quite half filled by a large callus, that
does not spread over it, and is accompanied by a smaller
one, which forms a spiral ridge. The spire occupies less
than a fifth of the shell, and is barely relieved from the
general surface of the last whorl. |

Found in the Suffolk Crag at Ipswich, by Mrs. Cob-
bold, generally about an inch wide, but sometimes, as
specimens lent me by the Rev. G. R. Leathes prove,
an inch and a half; the lower figures exhibit these.

specimens.

NATICA striata.
TAB. CCCLXXAIII.

Two upper figures.

Spec. Cuar. Subhemispheerical, smooth ; spire
small, depressed umbilicus open; base con-
centrically striated.

Grreatty resembling the last, but not so much expan-

ded; the spire is rather more prominent, the coucentric
striz are impressed, but as they are liable to be lost by

100

wear, they cannot be relied upon for discrimination ; the
want of the spiral ridge in the umbilicus, is the most con-
spicuous character, and is constant.

Lent me from Barton by Miss Dent. It occurs also
in France, but I do not know that it has been described.
Were it not for the constant absence of the lesser spiral
ridge in this, and its regular appearance in all the speci-
mens of the Crag species, they might have been con-
sidered as varieties, but this character is so closely con-
nected with that of the Genus, that it must surely be of
importance enough to distinguish a species.

(101

ACTEON. Montfort—Leach,

Tornatella Lamarck.

Grey. Cuar. A convoluted, elongated, uni-
valve, with a projecting spire; aperture ob-
long, entire, with a sharp edged lip; colu-
mella furnished with a spiral callus or thick
plait at its base; operculum oblong, cor-
neous.

Mosr of the species of Acteon are similar in form, but
differing in proportion ; they are also generally striated
transversely, and often elegantly colored ; the aperture
is perfectly longitudinal, and above two thirds the length
of the shell, acute-angular above, and rounded below,
the edge thickening, and uniting with the base of the
columella forms the callus or what is commonly called
the single plait upon it; other plaits sometimes occur
upon the colummella ; the inner lip is very thin, and ap-
plied close to the shell. Voluta tornatilis the type of the
Genus is a British marine shell, the inhabitant of which
forms deep furrows when traversing the sandy shores
it loves to frequent.

ACTEON Noe.
TAB. CCCLXXIV.
Spec. Cuar. Oval, transversely striated, with
one plait at the base of the columella ; strive

equidistant, numerous, impressed, obscurely
decussated, lip sulcated within.

yqy °
Hue only character except the want of color, by which
this fossil can be distinguished from the recent Acteon

102

flammeus (Voluta of Linn.) is the suleated lip, and this
may possibly be only a sign of adolescence, and not be
found when the lip acquires its greatest thickness.

A rare Crag fossil, found by the Rev. G. R. Leathes
at Walton in Essex ; it is extremely fragile.

103

BUCCINUM junceum.
TAB. CCCLXXV, f. 1.

Spec. Cuar. Subturrited, reticulated; whorls
rather swelled; base produced ; aperture
lanceolate, with a striated lip.

Syn. Murex junceus, Brander, 26.

Six or seven whorls with rounded reticulated surfaces
compose the elongated spire of this Buccinum; the
stria are elevated, sharp and uniform, except near the
upper edges of the whorls, where, being more distant,
they leave a small furrow; the aperture is long and
narrow, acute angular above, notched, and from the pro-
duced form of the base, almost beaked below: the outer
lip is sharp edged, with many deep strize within it.

A well known common shell at Barton. It has also
been found at Highgate, but I believe not near Paris.

Ee

BUCCINUM $sulcatum.
TAB. CCCLXXV, f. 2.

Spec. Cuar. Turrited, acute, transversely fur-
rowed; whorls ventricose; aperture ovate;
lip toothed within, thickened by age.

‘W nonzs seven or eight, ventricose, each bearing about

seven linear furrows ; the base is rather prominent, and

slightly recurved, the lip is thickened in the last stage
of growth, but not previously, so that no varices are
formed upon the spire, its edge is sharp, and a little way

within are about a dozen elongated teeth. The general
surface is smooth.

From the Crag of Ramsholt, by favour of the Rey.
G. R. Leathes.

Se

BUCCINUM Mitrula.
TAB. CCCLXAXV, / 3.

Spec. CHar. Turrited, acute, costated; aper-
ture elongated, obtuse above, lip sharp
edged with a small rounded sinus in the
upper part.

HE coste 10 or 12 in number, are rather most promi-

nent at the upper part of each whorl; the base is even,
not much produced ; the columella is straight ; the lip is

104

nearly straight edged, except a small rounded sinus near
its junction with the body of the shell, below this sinus
there is internally a slight protuberance, the aperture is
oblong, equally obtuse at each end.

In general form this so much resembles B. juncius,
that one is induced to place them in the same Genus,
although there is a sinus in the lip of this; but in other
respects and in the straight form of the lip it differs from
Pleurotoma, to which it might perhaps otherways be re-
fered.

A pretty Crag fossil picked up by my communicative
Friend, the Rey. G, R. Leathes.

The unhappy termination of Mr. Sowerby’s long illness, prevented the
appearance of the 66th number of Mineral Conchology, at the appointed
time. It is to be hoped that the materials left in the hands of his Sons
J. D. C. Sowerby, and C. E. Sowerby, will enable them to carry it on

regularly in future.

No, 2, Mead Place, November, 1822.

eRe Rees
ee RSON ad

Me

; puke al. yes

105

SPLRLILEFER ambiguus.
TAB. CCCLXXVI.

Spec. CHAR. Subpentanguiar, eibbose, smooth,
with the middle elevated towards the front;
beak produced, perforated ; hinge line very
short.

"Puc produced beak and three-sided front give this shell
a five-angled contour, although the sides are rounded.

In general appearance it does not agree with mostof the
species of the Genus Spirifer, but approaches nearer to
the smooth Terebratule ; its having a perforated beak,
and little or no hinge line, still further distinguish it ;
but the actual existence of spiral appendages seems to
confirm it a Spirifer, unless its combining the characters
of both Genera should render it adviseable to construct
a new Genus of it. But as the appendages within the
Terebratule are very variable, it will be well to wait un-
- 4il more of them are known.

Obtained from decomposed Mountain Limestone,
(Rotten-stone) found near Bakewell, and kindly pre-
sented to me some years ago, by Mr. White Watson.
The shell is replaced by Silex, which has retained the
form of it, although the stone is completely decomposed
and reduced to a brewn powder ; the spiral appendages
are extremely fragile.

SPIRIFER minimus. *
TAB. CCCLXXVII.— Fg. I.
Spec. CHAR. "Transversely oblong, gibbose,
with 15 longitudinal ridges, the three central
ones elevated.

Raruer rhombeoidal with rounded angles, the ridges are
rounded, close together, and smooth; the three elevated
ones are less distinct from each other than the others ;
the long line of the hinge, the flat space, and triangular
foramen between the pointed beaks are very conspicuous,
hut the appendages characteristic of the Genus Spirifer,

106

are not in the specimens, although they are hollow, and
to all appearance perfect.

Found with the last in decomposed Limestone, from
the general wreck of which they have escaped by being
composed of silex.

SPIRIFER Walcotti.
TAB. CCCLXXVII.— Fig. 2.
Spec. Cuar. Suborbicular, gibbose with one
large, rounded, elevated fold in the middle,
and four smaller ones on each side.

Beak pointed, incurved, the hinge line is shorter than
the width of the shell; both valves are equally gibbose
and sinooth, the smaller one is shorter than wide; the
area between the beaks is rather rounded, but furnished
with a triangular foramen.

Found many years ago by Walcott, at Camerton,
about six miles and a half from Bath, on the road to
Wells, and represented by him in his work upon the
Petrifactions found near Bath, figs. 33. Walcott observes
of similar shells, “ that those found on the upper Bristol
road near Bath, are smaller; their shell thin; white ;
a triangular hole between the beak of the lower valve,
and the hinge; and have the body fig. 33. A. B. within
them; it consists of two hollow cones joined to each
other by part of their base and to one of the valves, but
not so close as to prevent the animal, or part of it, from
retreating into them: the surfaces of them are beautifully _
covered with circular rows of small pyramids of spar.”
Thus it appears that he was the discoverer of the spiral
appendages long before they were used as a generic
character, although he did not clearly see their spiral
form: he also observed the triangular foramen, and it is
much to be regretted that he did not figure the shells as
well as their contents, as they probably were a different
species from the one before us.

‘The 3 upper figures are from a specimen in M. de la
Beche’s cabinet found in the Lias of Keynsham ; the
other two were given me by the Rev. Robert Plumtree,
who collected them at Pyrton Passage, near Berkley,
Gloucestershire ; they are rather compressed.

107

CYPRAEA coccinelioides.
TAB. CCCLXXVIII.— Fig. 1.

Spec. CHar. Ovate, spheroidal, transversely
striated ; stria numerous, acute, not interrup-
ted ; aperture slightly arched, not contracted
in the middle.

Srronety resembling Cyprea Coccinella, (Lamarck

Hist. Nat. VII. p. 404. C. Europea Leach. C. Pedicu-

lus Linn.) but rounder, and distinguished by the lip

which is more uniformly convex, and does not contract
the middle part of the aperture: like that recent species,
it is smooth when young ; its size is that of a pea.

CYPRAEA retusa.
TAB. CCCLXXVIII.—Ffig. 2.

Spec. Cuar. Obovate, spheroidal, transversely
striated ; strie elevated, uninterrupted, few,
remote; aperture a little curved at the
narrowest end.

Reanmy distinguished at first sight from the last, and

indeed every other analogous species by the paucity of

its striae, which are seldom more than eight, assisted by
its short, almost gibbose form: it is of the same size as

C. coccinelloides.

CYPRAA Avellana.
TAB. CCCLXXVIII.— Fig. 3.

Spec. Cuar. Obovate, spheroidal, transversely
striated ; striz numerous, remote, elevated,
interrupted by a longitudinal sulcus; aper-
ture a little curved at the narrowest end.

ConsipEraBty larger than either of the preceding, being

as big as a hazel nut; the thickened lip forms a slightly

projecting margin; the striz that cross it are rather

d y)
/%@Eé Pan

108

sharp elevations, with flat spaces between them, many of
them terminate before they reach the inner edge of the
lip. There is a variety, if it be not a distinct species,
about three-fourths the length, with blunter and closer
elevations.

The Rev. G. R. Leathes has taken much pains to
collect and distinguish the species of striated Cypree,
that are to be found in the Suffolk Crag, and the plate
before us contains some of the fruits of his labours : there
may still exist two more species not clearly defined.

109
AURICULA pyramidalis.
TAB. CCCLXXIX.

Spec. Cuar. Ovate, pointed, smooth; spire
pyramidal; volutions rounded above, the
last subcylindrical short; aperture half the
length of the shell, with a sharp outer lip,

and two plaits upon the columella.

A rutcx rather clumsy formed shell, with a prominent
base and small umbilicus ; the plaits upon the columella
do not project much, they are near together, the inner
lip is rather thickened, the outer one not at all.

As the Genus Auricula is supposed to contain only
land shells, it may be questioned whether the subject of
this plate be properly arranged among them; but it
agrees well with Lamarck’s second division, formerly
called by him Conovulus; and it is not unlikely that a
formation of so late a date as the Crag appears to be,
should contain land shells, since it is found to hold
several marine species precisely like those of the present
day, although land shells have not been hitherto suspec-
ted in it. The Auricula incrassata, and A. turgida, tab.
163. found in the Green Sand, ought in all probability,
to be removed to another, perhaps a new, Genus. We
first received this species from Mrs. Cobbold of Ipswich,
so long ago as in 1812. (sce fig. 2.) but could not be

110

satisfied with any place in the system for it; and even
now we are not certain of the propriety of placing it
among land shells, for the specimen (fig. 1.) has a hole
in its side, such as is frequently bored by some marine
animal ; this is in the Rev. Mr. Leathe’s collection.

Should Lamarck’s second division contain princi-
pally marine shells, as some persons suppose, and not
land ones as he states, his genus Conovulus should be
again received, and the fossil before us referred to it:
a change that will remove the difficulties above alluded
to.

Jil

PLAGIOSTOMA Hoperi.
TAB. CCCLXXX.

Spec. Cuar. Transversely ovate, oblique;
valves convex, obscurely punctato-striated 5
strie diverging, deepest upon the sides ; an-
terior slope straight, concave.

Syn. Plagiostoma Hoperi, Mantell Geol. of
Sussex, 204, tab. 26, f. 2, 3, f. 15.

Nearty smooth between the longitudinal strie, which
are very commonly so obscure as not to be traced, except
close upon the sides, or near the edge: they are marked
with punctums in the same manner as P. punctata; the
ears are unequal, not very prominent, they are striated.

Sent me long ago by G. A. Mantell Fsq. from Lewes ;
:t occurs also at Northfleet, and other parts of the Chalk
range not rarely.

I fear that a single valve of this very distinct shell,
although similar in form, has been confounded with
Dianchora lata, tab. 80. and given rise to its being
described as plain, instead of striated, which the figure
shews it to be; the striz indeed are deep, but close and
regular, so that the surface has a smooth aspect.

PLAGIOSTOMA rusticum.
TAB. CCCLXXXI.

Spec. Cuar. Transversely oblong, oblique,
longitudinally sulcated; valves convex ;
sulci deep; ears obscure; anterior slope
straight, convex along the middle.

Axovr25 deep irregularly disposed, and often curved
furrows, give the surface of this shell an unfinished
clumsy appearance ; the spaces between the furrows are
more or less flattened or convex, and are smooth ; they
are irregular in width, some specimens having them
widest in the middle, others at the sides of the valves ;
the ears, especially those upon the anterior slope, are
very short, and confounded with the edge of the shell ;
the beaks are slightly prominent, the length is about two
thirds the width.

Found in clay mixed with sand, consisting of large
green grains, upon Shotover Hill, near Oxford. :

112
PLAGIOSTOMA leviusculum.

TAB. CCCLXXXIIJ.

Spec. Cuar. Transversely obovate, oblique,
convex, longitudinally ribbed; ribs close,
broad, irregular, very little elevated, con-
vex; anterior slope straight, hollow; ears

small, unequal.

A smooth even formed shell, distinguished by the
slight elevation of its ribs, if the radiating risings can be
allowed the name of ribs, and the total absence of any
strie between them; the lines of growth are numerous,
but very slightly marked; the shell is thin so that the
edge is undulated.

Not uncommon in the Pisolite of Malton; it is one of
the many very distinct species so improperly confounded
with P. rigidum by the Authors of a Geological Survey
of the Yorkshire Coast, who have besides indulged them-
selves in changing names, and several other liberties too

palpably induced by error to merit particular notice.

113

GRYPHAA_ Columba.
TAB. CCCLXXXIiI.— Fig. 1 and 2.
Spec. CHar. Ovate rounded, expanded pos-
teriorly, smooth; beak attenuated, incurved,
oblique.
Syn. Gryphea columba, Lam. Hist. Mat. VI.
pl. 1. 198. Knorr petr. Vol. ILI. tab. D.
IT. c¢.

Prsnars this is the smoothest species of Gryphea
known ; except towards the margin, there is hardly a
single sharp projecting line of growth to be found ; the
anterior lobe is small, but well defined; the left or
upper valve is more or less square in form, and largely
' waved, its posterior edge is very thick, flattened, and
striated near the hinge, every where else the edge is thin
and sharp; the depth of the attached valve is about half
its width; it is obtusely keelformed; the stirface of
attachment is very minute, at the point of the involute
beak.

If we may judge by the characters of the stone this
shell is preserved in, it belongs to some part of the Green-
sand formation contiguous to the Chalk: the only
British specimen that I have ever seen, was given me
many years ago by my lamented Friend Mr. Cunnington,
who obtained it from Northamptonshire ; it is represented
in the lower figure. The upper figure is taken from a
French specimen from Mans ; it is in a much better state
of preservation than the English one.

Fig. 2. is the variety b of Lamarck, with a striated
beak, it is also from Mans ; I have added it to shew the
hinge which approaches that of Chama in appearance,
since it has the rudiments of a tooth, and the hinge pit
very much curved.

114

~GRYPHAA nana.
TAB. CCCLXXXIIl.— Fig. 3.

Spec. Cuar. Oblong ovate, rugged, gibbose,
beak oblique, incurved; upper valve pointed,
thick.

—— EE

Nor much exceeding in size a common hazel nut; it is
very variable in form, but always curved and longer than
wide ; its surface of attachment is sometimes very large,
the hinge pit is narrow and much curved, as in the last
species.

Very abundant in some parts of the Clay at Shotover,
near Oxford, accompanied by Ostrea Delta, a Trigonia,
and many other shells; it is probably characteristic of

the stratum.

115

SIGARETUS, Lamarck.

Gen. Cuar. Shell univalved, internal, ear
shaped, suborbicular; aperture dilated, en-
tire, rounded, oblong, margin divided, inner
lip thin; columella spirally curved.

pe ee

A smau imperfect almost immersed spire, and a large
expanded aperture, are common to Stomatella, Hal iotis,
and several other genera, frem which Sigaretus is dis-
tinguished by the form of its thin inner lip applied close
upon the spire, leaving a more or less conspicuous um-
bilicus ina slender columella, that is so united to the
thick edge of the lip as to appear a continuation of it;
a considerable portion of the spire is also visible within
the aperture. The surface is often striated or reticu-
lated, but has a smooth aspect indicative of its being
covered by the animal. Only one fossil species appears
to be known, while there are several recent ones.

SIGARETUS canaliculatus.
TAB. CCCLXXXIV.

Spec. Cuar. Obovate, convex, longitudinally
striated; spire pointed, its turns distinguish-
ed by a canal; umbilicus large.

Srronety resembling S. concavus of Lamarck, but

much smaller, and distinguished besides by its umbili-

cus. The stia upon its surface are elevated, often un-
dulated, and even decussated by the lines of growth:
it is small and pointed.

116

An elegant, and I believe nondescript shell; Miss
Salisbury first sent it from Hordwellin 1815; since that
time I have received specimens from Miss Beminster,
and especially the large one represented at the bottom of
the plate; the same species also occurs in the neigh-
bourhood of Paris and Bourdeaux.

117

NERITINA. Lamarck.
Clithon, Velates and Theodoxis. Montfort.

Gen. Cuar. A slender, semiglobose or oval
shell, flat beneath, not umbilicate; aperture
semicircular; columella lip flattened, with
a sharp straightish edge; outer lip neither
toothed, nor crenulated within; operculum
furnished with a lateral process.

"T'se Genus Nerita as established by Linneus, contains
many shells whose animals live in fresh water, besides
such as inhabit the sea, and it has been discovered that
teeth or small plaits inside their outer lips, are possessed
exclusively by the latter; a circumstance that will serve,
as well in fossil as in recent shells, to distinguish them
by; the fresh water species are now classed under a dis-
tinct Genus, of which two fossil! species are before us.

Neritina differs from Nerita very little in the general
form of the shell; both genera have a peculiarly formed
inner lip, that gives the aperture a semicircular form ;
and the operculum opens against it as a door upona
hinge. The Neritinz havea distinct coriaceous epidermis,
and are often ornamented with black stripes spots or bands
beneath it; the spire is very variable, sometimes being
conspicuous and even very prominent; at others very
small, and even concealed. ‘The inner lip* of the aper-
ture is often toothed; it is placed obliquely upon the
base of the columella or axis of the spire. This axis,
together with the inner part of the spire, and even a part
of the lip is removed by the animal in proportion as it
proceeds in the enlargement of its shell, whence it ap-
pears to have no columella. Like many fresh water shells,
some of the species are liable to erosion, particularly at
their apices, which are providently thickened to pre-
vent injury to theanimal. ‘The recent species are very
numerous, the fossil ones all occur in the formations
above the London Clay.

* Sometimes called the columelia by Lamarck, although he denies a
columella to the Neritacea.

J1i8

NERITINA concava.
TAB. CCCLXXXV.— Figs. 1 to 8.
Spec. Coar. Obovate, with a prominent obtuse:

spire; upper part of each whorl concave,
aperture semicircular ; lip entire.

fs surface of this Neritina is elegantly marked with
fine zizag lines of a dark colour, that undulate so deeply
as to touch each other at their angles, and thus form the
resemblance of a net; the aperture is smaller, and the
columella lip less flattened and blunter than in N. fluvia-
tilis, the common recent English species, which it has
often been taken for;* its markings are also generally
much more minute.

A very abundant shell in some parts of the so called
upper Marine Stratum of the Isle of Wight; it also oc-
curs at Muddiford, whence the variety fig. 2. was sent
me by Miss Beminster. Fig. 5. represents a mutilated
specimen found at Highgate, and fig. 8. is remarkable
for shewing two kinds of marking upon the same shell.

This species also occurs at Charlton, with the follow-

ing, but rarely, and always in a bad state of preservation.
The operculum is not known.

NERITINA uniplicata.
TAB. CCCLXXXV.— Figs. 9 and 10.
Spee. Cuar. Subglobose, with a concealed

spire, and one plait upon the rather convex
columella lip.

ae

No variety of colour decorates this plain looking shell;
the apex of the spire is indicated, in specimens that are
not worn, only by a suuk point, from which a single curve
runs to the aperture: worn individuals shew the turns of
the spire; portions of the epidermis remain sometimes
of an olive green colour.

Found abundantly in the uppermost stratum of gravel
hoiding shells, above the bed of sand, between Charlton
and Woolwich, accompanied by Melanopsides, Cyclades
Ostree, &c. being a mixture of marine and freshwater
shells: it is also to be met with at Flumstead, and near

New Cross, on the banks of the Canal above the London
Clay.

-7-—_-e. OS
* This species has a kind of chamber in it disceverable by removing

the end of the spire, that does noi occur in the fossil, or any other recent
one that I have opened.

119
PLEUROTOMA priscus.

TAB. CCCLXXXVI.

Spec. CHar. Fusiform, turreted, smooth ; base
transversely sulcated ; margins of the whorls
striated ; lip wing-shaped.

Syn. Murex priscus, Brander, 25 et 44. Pleu-

~ rotoma clavicularis, Lam. env. de Paris, 69;
Hist. Nat. des Ann. sans vert. 7, 98.

"Tine whorls are slightly convex and smooth, excepting |
two or three hollow lines, which are most conspicuous
in young shells near their upper edges; the base is
drawn out almost into a beak; it is blunt and strongly
striated, the lip below the sinus is nearly semicircular.

Brander’s figure of tiis shell is far from good, and that
in the Encyclopédie Méthodique is worse. The former
appears to have been overlooked by Lamarck, or he would
not perhaps have changed the name. °

Common at Hordwell, and near Paris.

PLEUROTOMA fusiformis.
TAB, CCCLXXXVII.—Fig. 1.

Spec. Cuar. Fusiform elongated, rough, with
deep transverse striz, and obscure longi-
tudinal coste ; whorls subcarinated, with a
striated band upon their upper parts ; aper-
ture lanceolate.

Tue deep striz leave between them ridges that are
roughened, but not regularly crenulated by the lines of
growth; the band near the top of each whorl is nearly
smooth, but it has arched striz upon it, following the
sinus in the upper part of the lip.

Found at Highgate, but rarely ; I have never seen it
perfect.

120

PLEUROTOMA brevirostrum.
TAB. CCCLXXXVII.—Fig. 2.

Srec. Cuar. Turreted, acute, costated, trans-
versely striated; aperture obovate, with a
defined beak of equal length; whorls ven-
tricose.

AX sharp elegant shell, well distinguished by the short-
ness of the aperture and beak together compared with
the length of thespire; the striz are strongest upon the
middle of each whorl ; the beak is slightly curved.
Picked up at Muddiford by Lady Burgoine, to whose
kindness I am indebted for the specimen figured.

PLEUROTOMA levigata.
TAB. CCCLXXXVII.—Fig. 3.

spec. Cuar. Turreted, nearly smooth; spire
subcostated; whorls ventricose, concave
above ; aperture elongated; beak produced.

Eixcerrive a few obscure transverse striae and the lines
of growth, this shell is smooth, the last whorl has no
coste ; the length of the aperture and beak nearly equals
that of the spire.

Highgate Hill has produced this species, but the in-
dividuals figured, were found along with the last at
Muddiford, by Lady Burgoine.

121

OSTREA Bellovacina.
TAB. CCCLXXXVIIL—Fig. 1 and 2.
Spec. Cuar. Thick, oblong, wedge-shaped,
front rounded; lower valve convex, com-
posed of undulating lamine, the other flat
and plain.
Syn. QO. Bellovacina, ‘Lam. Annales du Mus.
VIIT. p. 159. XIV. t. 20. f. 1. Hist. Nat.
VI. pt. 1, 218.

As usual with irregular shells; there are hardly two
specimens of this Oyster of the same form ; it varies
from nearly orbicular to wedgeshaped ; generally how-
ever, having the beak produced with a straight line on
each side of it; the depth of the hollow valve is seldom
considerable, both valves are thick and strong, but not
remarkably so for the size of the shell ; and it appears to
be of quick growth; the area to which the hinge ligament
was attached, is somewhat elevated above the surface of
the shell; in the hollow valve it is curved and pointed,
and has a deep canal in the middle; the length is about
5 inches.

Many single valves of this Oyster are to be found
scattered through the uppermost beds that contain fossil
shells, in the Great Sandpit between Charlton and
Woolwich, they are among gravel accompanied by
Cyclades, Potamides, Neritz, and Melanopsides in
abundance and rarely by Mytiliand Arca. It does not
appear to me to be the same species as the Oyster found
close to the Chalk at Reading, as some Geologists have
supposed ; neither am I aware that the same species is
found in the upper Marine stratum on the Isle of Wight,
to which the accompanying shells would seem rather to
refer the stratum in which it occurs at Woolwich. There
is avery peculiar circumstance to be observed in such
specimens as have been in contaet with pebbles; there
are hollows worn deep in their substance, in which the

ebbles are imbedded, frequently without cracking the
shells, although sometimes the shell is cracked and bent
over a large pebble, as if the mass of gravel had been at

122

some period subjected to a great degree of intestine mo-
tion while under so much confinement that the pebbles
could not move from their situations, and thus protected
the smaller shells that fell into the hollows between
them, while they were wearing away such as-came in
contact with them. Some of the older shells are worm-
eaten, but no Serpula or Coraline has been found attach-
ed to them.

OSTREA edulina?
TAB. CCCLXXXVIII.— Figs. 3 and 4.

Srec. Cuar. Suborbicular or obovate; lower
valve rather concave, composed of undula
ting lamine; the: other smooth and flat;
beak pointed, curved.

Ostrea edulina? Lam. Hist. Nat. 6. pt. 1. 218.

A. smaller and much lighter shell than the last, although
often approaching it in form; the great smoothness of
the flat valve and the want of straight lines on the sides
of the beaks will serve as distinguishing marks; when
several are grouped together, they are apt to be much
elongated, and then come very near to O. tener, Min. Con.
252, of which however both valves are free from undula-
tions.

Very abundant in beds and layers alternating with
fresh water shells, among dark coloured clay, forming a
thick stratum free from pebbles immediately below that
in which the last species occurs in the Sand-pit near
Woolwich.

It is very probable that several species are included un-
der the name edulina by Lamarck of which this may be
one ; but it isdoubtful and it willever be difficult to ascer-
tain the point, the shells themselves are so variable.

{25

PATELLA striata.
TAB. CCCLXXXIX,

Spec. Cuar. Oblong, irregularly conical, with

numerous acute radii; umbo forward, sharp.

Remarxanre for depth and a slight obliquity of form, the
radiiare slender, numerous, irreguiarlylargeandsmall, and
interrupted by the lines of growth; the sides of the shell
are often bent inwards, as if by pressure between the
sides of a hole or crack in stone; in which case the
length is double the width; young shells are nearly flat,
they grow high as they encrease in size ; and that some-
times without growing either longer or wider, thus ac-
quiring acolumnar form: the inside at the same time, is
filled up towards the umbo. ‘The apex is sharp, bent a
little towards the front.

A single, but uncommonly large specimen of this
Patella was foundin 1819, at Stubbington, by Jas. Hol-
loway Esq. in the same clay that produced the Cerithium
Cornucopia. It is very abundant at Hauteville, in
Normandy, but generally only half as large. I have

received many specimens through the kindness of Mons.

124

de Gerville from thence : some of them are so distorted
that their openings are less in circumference than other
parts. The specific name striatus, was given by M. de
France, in a catalogue he returned to M. de Gerville
of the shells sent him from the neighbourhood of Va-

lognes.

125

SCALARIA subulata.
TAB. CCCXC.—fig. 1.

Spec. CHar. Turrited, subulate; volutions
contiguous; coste many, thick, reflected,
the spaces between them smooth.

"Ten or twelve thick, well defined coste, that are broad-

est at their upper parts, decorate each of the otherways

unornamented whorls of this Scalaria; these whorls are
close together, although not positively united ; there is
no umbilicus nor cord around the base.

SCALARIA foliacea.
TAB. CCCXC.—/ig. 2.

Spec. Cuar. Turrited; volutions separate:
coste rather distant, slender, broad, leaf-
like, reflected.

Syn. Sc. foliacea, G. B. Sowerby, Genera of
Shells, No. 11.

So nearly does this resemble one of the recent species of
Scalaria, that it requires to be closely examined to dis-
cover the difference, the ribs are then found to be thin,
sharp-edged, and only bent back in the middle, not
regularly reflected along their whole length; it has no
cord around the base, as in some recent species, which
resemble it in having thin coste ; neither has it an um-
bilicus.

SCALARIA minuta:
TAB. CCCXC.— figs. 3 and 4.

Spec. Cuar. Turrited; whorls contiguous; cos-
te, about 20 to each whorl, thin, obtuse,
slightly elevated.

nis is less than half an inch long, with smooth whorls,

a narrow lip to the aperture and no umbilicus, it strong-

ly resembles Sc. Clathratulus, but the costee in that

species are more numerous and sharp.
Fig. 4 is a magnified representation.

126

These three species of Sealaria, were found ina dis-
tinct bed of Crag at Ramsholt by the Rev. G. R.
Leathes ; the S. foliacea, was also found at Woodhall
in Suffolk, by the same Gentleman. ‘The great resem-
blance they bear to recent species is remarkable, but is a
character possessed by many of the Fossils found in the
Crag ; many also agree with those found in, the London
Clay, amongst them is Sc. semicostata,* (M. C. tab. 16)
fragments of which have been met with, accompanying
the shells before us.

* Probably Sc. decusstata of Lamarck.

127

GRYPHAEA gigantea.
TAB. CCCXCI.
Spec. Cuar. Orbicular, rather smooth; upper
valve thin, concave; lower valve convex
with a small, sharp, incurved beak; hinge
small.

A. large, regularly formed shell; the edges of the im-
bricated laminze of the lesser valve, are but little eleva-
ted; they are even, and placed at regular intervals. The
small hinge pit distinguishes this species from G. dilata-
ta, tab. 149. ‘The anterior lobe, is separated from the
rest of the shell, by a small sinus in the edge of each of
the lamine: ‘The length and breadth are nearly equal,
the depth is about one fifth of the length.

In the description of G. dilatata, tab. 149, this shell
has. been unfortunately confounded with that species,
owing to the want of such specimens as possessed the
specific distinctions; it appears that the one before us,
is confined to the inferior, or Iren shot Oolite, while
variety « of the dilatata belongs to the Clunch Clay and
others to the Kelloways Rock.

GRYPHAA gtobosa.
TAB. CCCXCIL.

Spec. Cuar. Subglobose, oblique, smooth,
thin; beak largely truncated ; upper valve
immersed, concave.

Syn. Ostrea vessicularis, Lam. Hist. Nat.
VI. pt. 1. p. 218. Cuvier and Brogniat,
env. de Paris, ed. 1822, 383, tab. 3. fig. 5.

Podopsis grypheoides, Lam. Hist. Nat. VI.
pt. 1, 195.

de large surface by which this shell is generally
attached entirely destroys the curved form of the beak,
usually met with ina Gryphite ; thefree portion rises from
the substance to which it is attached in a very bold curve
almost forming a cup with a concave, immersed lid, but

128

with much obliquity and the anterior lobe strongly
marked ; the sides of the straight hinge frequently have
teeth, or crenulations, similar to those that often occur
in common Oysters ;_ besides the prineipal muscular im-
pression in each valve, there is a smaller one near the
hinge, which is much more conspicuous than in any
Oyster I have observed it in: this has not escaped
the notice of the Artist who drew the excellent figures
for Cuvier and Brogniart’s Geology of the environs of
Paris.

Found in Chalk wherever it occurs, and not confined
to the upper beds. It is also met with in the Chalk
Marl. Lamarck’s unfortunate repetition of this species,
under two genera has made it adviseable to give it an
entirely new name; the specific name vessicularis, too
nearly resembles vessiculosus, whichhas been used else-
where (see tab. 369) rather inadvertently, but it is
to be hoped appropriately.. Brogniart’s quotation of
G. dilatata, M. C. 149, it is hardly necessary to observe
is quite erroneous, that species never occurs in Chalk.

Our specimens are mostly from Norwich, through the
kindness of the Rev. G. R. Leathes; this is the same
place that furnished Smith with the specimens figured
in his work upon Strata identified by Fossils.

The Genus Podopsis, to which Lamarck has referred
this shell, was established by De France, and ap-
pears to include the same shells with Dianchora of Min.
Conchology; in fact his Podopsis striata, is the Dian-
chora lata of Min. Conch. tab. 80. which being taken
from an inferior specimen, was probably overlooked ; the
characters of the two Genera are of course the same: the
shell before us having no opening in the beak cannot be
a Podopsis.

129

PECTEN sulcatus.
TAB. CCCXCIHI.—Fig. 1.

Spec. Cuar. Obliquely orbicular, with 20
obscurely tripartite rays, the intermediate
spaces longitudinally striated, the whole
rough with minute scales; internally sul-
cated; ears nearly equal.

V aves nearly equal, convex, shorter than wide, with 20
rounding rays ; each ray is composed of about three scaly
ridges, and between each ray are several lesser, but
equally rough ridges, within are 20 furrows correspond-
ing to the external rays; the margin is toothed.

A common Crag Fossil, generally known by the name
of P. opercularis, although sufficiently distinct from the
recent species so called ; the internal furrows are a con-
spicuous character, besides which the striz upon the ribs
are sufficient to distinguish them. ‘There is a species
from New South Wales more nearly allied, but in it the
spaces between the rays are flat, and transversely
striated, but not scaly.

Very abundant in the loose Crag at Aldborough, but
rather scarce in the more compact Crag of Sudbourn,
and other parts of Suffolk.

PECTEN gracilis.
TAB. CCCXCII.—fg. 2.

Spec. CuHar. Orbicular, thin, convex, with
many small, longitudinal ridges ; concentri-
cally striated ; strie close, elevated, sharp;
ears unequal; margin entire.

Looncer than wide, every fourth ridge is rather more
elevated than the rest, andhas an opposed grove within
the valve, that is much more conspicuous than those,
which, on account of the thinness of the shell, are
formed by the other ridges ; the striz are pretty uniform
over the surface, and not divided into scales, they are
however strongest near the margin.
Two specimens, but of the same valve found in the
Crag near Ipswich, were formerly added to my cabinet
of Fossils by Mrs. Cobbold, they are extremely fragile.

130

PECTEN striatus.

TAB. CCCXCIV.— figs. 2, 3 and 4.
Sprc. CuHar. Oval, convex; valves nearly

equal; with numerous smooth or scaly

ridges; within plain; margin entire; ears

unequal, rather large.

Tue width is five sixths of the length; the ridges are
irregular, but nearly equal, In some specimens they
have rather distant obtuse crenulations, or scales upon
them; in others they are wholly smooth, perhaps from
wear: the shell is rather thick and shews within it but
slight signs of the ridges.

Found in the Crag at Holywells, by Mrs. Cobbold, and
at Woodbridge by the Rev. Mr. Leathes: the speci-
mens with scales upon the ridges, differ in no other
respect from the smooth ones, and both are found of
various sizes; it is possible the latter may have been
worn before they were changed into Crag.

PECTEN nitidus.
TAB. CCCXCIV.—jig. 1.

Sprc. Cuar. Obovate, one valve nearly flat,
with numerous, nearly smooth ridges, the
interstices minutely striated transversely,
the other valve convex with as many crenu-
lated ridges; margin entire; ears nearly
equal.

Syn. Pecten nitida, Mantell Geol. Sussex, p.
202. tab. 26. f. 4 and 9.

Pecten cretosus, and P. arachnoides, De

France, Brogniart and Cuvier Geo. de Paris
383 and 384. tab. 3. f. 7 and 8. ed. 1822.
A rather broader shell than the last, much resembling
it, but well distinguished by the fineness of its concentric
striz, the flatness of one valve, and thinness of both
valves; the ridges upon the convex valve are decidedly
crenulated or granulated, while those of the other are
mostly smooth, a circumstance that has apparently led

Mr. De France to make two species of them.

By no means a rare Shell in Chalk, but so excessively
thin that it is seldom found perfect; the dissimilarity
of the two valves is proved by specimens in which they
still remain applied together, probably M. de France
never met with a pair, or he would have observed this ;
the flatter valve is sometimes nearly as convex as the
other.

151

TURBO moniliferus.
TAB. CCCXCV.—fig. 1.
Srec. Car. Short, conical, transversely
striated, umbilicated; whorls separated
above by a canal, their edges granulated ;

umbiticus large, wrinkled.
a

Pu length and breadth of this shell, are nearly equal ;
the base is rather conical; the striz are prominent,
simple upon the base, but granulated and less numerous
upon the spire ; the umbilicus is granulated within, the
edge of it is undulated.

The large umbilicus would induce us to place this
species under the Genus Delphinula, were the lips of
the aperture separated from the preceding whorl: it is
found replaced by Calcedony, in the Greensand of

Blackdown in Wiltshire.

132

TURBO sculptus.
TAB. CCCXCV.—fg. 2.

Spec. CHar. Conical, with minute longitudi-
nal strie and deep transverse sulci; whorls
rounded, separated above by a canal; um-
bilicus small; aperture sulcated within.

Syn. Turbo sulcatus, Pilkington, Linn. Trans.
VII. p. 118. tab. 11. fig. 9.

VY ery similar in form to Cyclostoma elegans : the aper-
ture is obovate rather than round, thus it is not strictly
a Turbo; ithas not the reflected margin of a Cyclostoma,
but has a small slightly recurved expansion near the um-
bilicus, similar to that part of the lip in Scalaria. The
upper part of the aperture has an angle corresponding
with the upper edges of the whorls; the length is greater
than the width.

Not rare at Barton; T have received good specimens
from several kind Friends. It has been necessary to
change the specific name given by Mr. Pilkington, for
it has already been twice used in the same Genus by
Gmelin, &c.

The two shells before us do not, it must be owned,
agree precisely with the characters of the Genus Turbo,
as they are given by Lamarck, but the discrepancy is
not sufficiently great to warrant the placing them in any
other, they form a passage towards Delphinula, from
which however the sculptus is quite distinct, and they
are so nearly allied to each other, that it would be doing
a violence to nature to separate them.

133

VOLUTA Athleta.
TAB. CCCXCV1.—Jigs. 1, 2, and 3.

Spec. Cuar. Rhomboidal, ventricose, acute,
crowned with large spreading spines ; base
obscurely sulcated; columella with 3° un-
equal folds; lip plain within.

Syn. Strombus Athleta, Brander 66.

A snorrer and smoother shell than V. Luctator, from
which it may also be distinguished in all ages by its
large spreading spines, smooth and rather ventricose
body, with irregular coste ; when full grown it is small-
er than Luctator, but thicker in proportion ; the edges
of the whorls in young shells, have a few imperfect spines,
besides those upon their upper parts. Middling sized
specimens of this Volute are common at Barton; large
ones like fig. 3. are scarce; Lam indebted to the Rev.
T. Cooke for the one there represented. {t does not ap-
pear to be known in France.

VOLUTA depauperata.
TAB. CCCXUV1!.—/ig. 4.

Spec. CHAR. Ovato-rhomboidal, acute, cos-
tated, crowned with one series of erect
spines ; base suleated; columella with one
fold; lip smooth within.

Syn. Strombus Luctator, Brander 67.

Qrronuty resembling V. spinosa, but furnished with
only one row of spines around each whorl, and they are
a little flattened; it has a few yellowish stripes across it,
like the French specimens of V. spinosa.

First distinguished by Miss Beminster, to whom I am
indebted for the specimen : it was found at Barton. We
have but little doubt of the above Synomina being cor-
rect.

VOLUTA Luctator jun.
TAB. CCCXCVHL.

Spec. Cuar. Ovato-elongated, acute, costated,
crowned with one row of large and another
of small, short, acute, spines, transversely
sulcated; columella with three or more
folds ; lip often plaited within, its edge cre-
nulated. |

Syn. Strombusdubius, Brander 68. V. Luctator
Min. Conch. 115, f. 1.

A. uanpsome regularly formed shell, covered uniformly
below the spines, with broadish flat furrows and minute
longitudinal striz, or lines of growth; the superior row
of spines consists of small and irregular ones; the last
whorl is not ventricose.

Very abundant at Barton: the only actual difference
between the Voluta dubia, and the Luctator fig. 64. of
Brander, appears to consist in the plaits within the lip ;
a series of specimens from the figures before us, to figure
1 of table 115. and even larger is easily obtained, in
which most of the small and middle sized ones will be
found to have plaited lips, while in the large ones the
lips are smooth and thin, but even in these there are
sometimes indications of plaits, especially at some dis-
tance within the edge, leaving the only character very
equivocal. Athough Lamarck quotes Brander’s S. Luc-
tator, his V. musicalis is a longer and quite different
shell, a circumstance we were not aware of, when we
figured the former. Brander himself, or Solander, has
confounded V. spinosa, which Lamarck has properly
separated, and V. depauperata, above described, with
iuctator, although they are both more ventricose, and
have no furrows upon the upper parts of their whorls;
for the contrary reason the V. spinosa 6. of. Min. Conch.
tab. 115. fig. 3. ought perhaps to be considered a species
rather than a variety; there occur however intermediate
forms.

135

VOLUTA ambigua.*
TAB. CCCXCIX.— fg. 1}.

Spec. Cuar. Ovato-elongated, acute, costated,
transversely sulcated , coste angular,
above; spire rough; columella with three
plaits ; lip plaited within, its edge granu-
lated, aperture narrow above.

Syn. Strombus ambiguus, Brander 69.

Raruer longer shaped than the young of V. Luctator,
in consequence of the narrowness of the aperture at the
upper part; the spire is made rough by a row of small
imperfect spines upon the upper edges of the whorls
and the angles upon the tops of the coste.

A distinct and easily recognized shell, although very
likethe last. Itaboundsinthe Cliffat Barton. Brander’s
most exeellent figure is from a younger individual than
the one purposely chosen for the present table, and has
consequently the parts sharper defined. It is not suf-
ficiently clear that Lamarck’s V. bicorona is the same

“species ; [have never met with the true V. ambigua from
France.

VOLUTA nodosa.
TAB. CCCXOIX.-fig, 2,

Spec. Cuar. Ovate pointed, obscurely cos-
tated, transversely sulcated ; spire with two
rows of nodiform spines; columella with
three folds ; lip striated within.

Tne very blunt short spines, deep and numerous sulci,

and oval form at once distinguish this Volute.

Discovered above a twelvemonth ago, by Miss Be-
minster in the Barton Clif; the specimen figured enrich-
es the cabinet of the Rev. T. Cooke ; one sent by Miss

Beminster is not quite so ventricose ; in its young state

the knobs are more conspicuous, particularly the row of

smaller ones upon the edges of the whorls.

ieee Mite een By G pe dilte SCOOES SS fh, ee eee
* Voluta ambigua Min. Conch. t. 115, 5. is Murex suspensus of Brander,
see its Sp. Char, p.-187.

136

VOLUTA geminata.
TAB. CCCXCVIII.—/fig. 1.

Spec. CuHar. Ovate, ventricose, pointed, cos-
tated ; coste terminated by two obtuse con-
nected spines; columella with one large
and several small plaits, curved.

Remarxasty ventricose, with very prominent ribs ; it
aiffers from Voluta Cithara of Lamarck, in general form
and size, but particularly in its foetal state, in which it is
very minute and pointed, as may be seen upon the apex
of the spire.

Discovered by Charles Lyell, jun. Esq. in Clay pits
at Lyndhurst, Hants. It also occurs in the neighbour-—
hood of Paris, but does not appear to have been des-
cribed.

VOLUTA Lima.
TAB. CCCXCVIII.—feg. 2.

Spec. Cuar. Ovato elongated, acute, costated,

| and transversely striated ; costze numerous,
dentato-crenated; upper edges of the
whorls toothed ; columella with three un-
equal folds; lip smooth within, its edge
crenulated.

Syn. Buccinum scabriculum, Brander, 71.

Berween the teeth upon the edges of the whorls and
the upper ends of the costz is generally a broadish, flat,
or concave, space, and around the spire is a canal which
separates the edges of the whorls,

137

Voluta crenulata of Lamarck isa much larger shell,
and has no canal round the spire, in other respects it so
nearly resembles this, that it is strange Lamarck should
refer to Brander’s Murex suspensus, rather than to his
Buccinum scabriculum, as synonimous with it.

Au extremely common shell at Barton. We are
obliged to change Brander’s name, not only because he
has used the same for another shell, but because also
they both differ from that to which Linneus applied the
name, and to which Brander refers.

VOLUTA suspensa.
Vol. 2—TAB. CXV.— Fig. 5.

Spec. Cuar. Ovate, pointed, obscurely cos-
tated, transversely striated; spire with a
broad canal around it bounded by an erect,
flat, dentated crown ; base produced.

Syn. Murex suspensus, Brander, 70.

"Due strie around the base are sharply elevated, the
rest more distant and sunk except the one, at the top
of the ribs which rises in minute sharp spines.

We are indebted to the Rev. T. Cooke, for a speci-
men of this rare Barton shell, that proves what we for-
merly called a monstrosity of Voluta ambigua, to be the
Murex suspensus of Brander, but his figure is so small,
that its characters are obscure. The above description
was therefore necessary to complete the account of the
Genus Voluta, and must consequently supply the place
of that before given with the figure.

139

FUSUS errans.
TAB. CCCC.

Seec. Cuar. Obiong-ovate, conical at both
ends, transversely striated; whorls bicarina-
ted ; upper carina largest.

Syvx. Strombus errans, Brander, 42.

ee

Besrpes the principal carine, there are several lesser
intermediate ones that do not materially interfere with
the general outline; the transverse strie are elegantly
decussated by minute lines of growth, especially above
the largest carina; the aperture is oblong, angular
towards its upper part; the columella nearly straight ;
some specimens are less ventricose than others, but allof
them have more than one keel, by which, and its size
this species differs from I’. bifaciatus (M. C. t. 228.

Nota very common production of Barton or Hordweli
Citls; Miss Beminster has however liberally supplied
us with a series.

J. Holloway Esq. has also found it at Stubbington,
and sent me several individuals filled with Pyrites,

It appears to be unknown in France,

on Pr eee
RLY ae

baa
YD Nae
Oa es -
Wisk

141
Mitra, Lamarck.

Gen. Cuar. A_ turreted = subfusiform uni-
valved shell, with an acute spire, a notched
but not chancelled base; and _ parrallel
plaits, of which the lowest are smallest,
upon the columella; inner lip of the aper-.
ture this, connected with the columella.

———$

Tas Genus is composed of shells, long ago recognized
by Collectors as different from Volutes, and appears to
be a very natural one, distinguished by the elongated
subfusiform contour of its members. The plaits upon
the columella form the essential character; but the
pointed apex, upon which so much stress is laid by
Lamarck, can hardly be admitted as a distinguishing
mark, since we find it very serviceable as a specific
distinction between Volutes, otherways very nearly re-~
lated together, and wholly unlike Mitres (see V. gemi-
nata, t. 398.)

Tie recent species are often very elegantly colored,
and variously ornamented with striae, tubercles, &c. they
have a thin epidermis.

Fossil species are numerous abroad, but only one
English species has been described ; even that if we
were willing to muliply Genera, might perhaps form
with M. monodonta, a new Genus.

142)
MITRA scabra.
TAB, G€ECCE

Spec. Cuar. Ovyato-fusiform, rough with de-
cussating striae; lip. thickened, with one
obtuse tooth upon its margin.

Syx. Buccinum scabriculum Brander, f. 20.

re

Sua rp, elevated, transverse strie, crossing maby irregu-
larly elevated undulations and lines of growth, render
this arough shell; the principal folds upon the colu-
mella are four, not very unequal ia size; above them are
two slender ones, which however are often wanting :
the thick lip is remarkable, especially as it is so irregu-
larly thickened, that the part opposite the two smallest
plaits, is thinner than any other; and immediately below
it is so thick as to form a kind of blunt tooth: in this
it agrees with Mitra monodonta of Lamarck, a very si-
milar but smooth fossil: the apex of the spire consists
of two smooth whorls, and is nearly globular, being the
form of the sheli ia the egg; M. monodonta has the
same conformation. When young the lip is thin. |
A common shell at Barton; the Rev. T. Cooke
favored me with the use of a particularly perfect speci-
men, from which the larger figures are taken. It is
very-different from tie Voluta (Mitra) scabriculum of
Gmelin, to which Brander has referred.

145

TELLINA Brandert.
TAB. CCCCIL.—A/g. 1.
Spec. Cuar. Obovate, depressed, smooth, with
a small sinus on the anterior margin; beak
rather prominent.

Syn. Tellina bimaculata, Brander, f. 102.

Not quite equilateral, the posterior side is longest,
and also most regularly rounded; the marginal. fold
forms a slight sinus; it differs from the recent T. bima-
eulata in the form of the anterior side, which is rounded,
not truncated, and in several particulars ebservable on
comparison.

As Thave only met with a single valve of this shell,
E suppose it is rare. The Rey. G. Cocke, kindly sent it
from Barton.

ae omar
TELLINA filosa.
TAB. CCCCIH.—/fg. 2.

Spec. Cuar. Obovate, depressed, transversely
striated ; anterior side angular; posterior
rounded ; strie elevated, acute, numerous,
enlarged anteriorly. :

AL strxper Tellen covered with concentric siriz re-
sembling very fine threads; the marginal fold forms a
slight elevation that ascends to the beak, and as the
stri pass over this elevation, they are thickened, curved,
and compressed ; there isa slight truncation of the edge
near the fold, but no sinus. This appears to be a
species between T
Found in the sandy Clay at Barton, by the Rev. T.

. patellaris, and scalaroides of Lamarck,

Cooke, by ne meaas common.

144
TELLINA ambigua.
DAB» CCCUNT:

Spec. CHAR. Ova!l-elongated convex, obscurely
sulcated ; right valve thickest, curved, and
with only one hinge tooth.

ee

Neaaty twice as wide as long, rather unequalvalyed ;
the right valve is more convex, and thicker than the
other ; both extremities are equally rounded, and the
beaks are not prominent ; the remote teeth are obscure
in the right valve, but very prominent in the other: the
marginal fold is very obscure, it may however, be traced
in the left valve; the sulci are always deepest about the
sides, but are sometimes almost obliterated.

In its general aspect, this much resembles a Psam-
mobia, (tab. 342.) but the lateral teeth and sinus in the
impression, distinguish it from that Genus ; whether it
bea genuine Tellina, may remain a doubt: Brander’s
fig. 93, may possibly be meant for it, but as it differs
much in form, I would not venture to refer to it. .

Sent by several Friends from Barton Cliff, where it
must be common: it appears to be gregareous, and is
mixed with an abundance of Mya plana, (tab. 76) Pro-

fessor Sedgwick also found it in Colwell Bay, on the
Isle of Wight.

145

AMMONITES Plicomphalus.
TAB. CCCCIV.

"Pars figure represents the young state, or what
amounts to the same thing, the inner whorls of an Am-
monite formerly given at tab. 359, but has so different
an appearance, that it would not be suspected to be the
same, were they not found united in one specimen, which
has been proved by breaking the one first figured; and
shews the necessity of adding to the specifie character
that the front is, in the young state transversely fur-
rowed. ‘This specimen is also trom Bolingbroke.

a
AMMONITES mutabilis.
TAB. CCCCV.

Spee. Cuar. Depressed; outer whorls com-
pressed, plain and smooth; inner whorls
two thirds exposed, tuberculated, plicated ;
plice interrupted over the front; aperture
ovato-sagittate.

qn the young state, the front of this Ammonite, has a
narrow, flattened space around it, from which numerous
very neat plice: spread half way over the sides ; next to
these, a single row of compressed tubercles is placed,
the inner margin of the whorl is smooth: when the shell
is about two inches in diameter, the tubercles cease to be
formed ; but the plicae continue until it is six inches
over, When they also gradually disappear, the front be-
comes rounder, and the sides quite plain, and com-
pressed rather obliquely towards the front, so as to give.
the aperture a blunted sagittate form; the septa are
rather close, and sharply sinuated ; the shell pearly ;
there are at distant intervals contractions in the whorls,
that have been probably formed by an inflected or thick-
ened lip, at successive periods of growth.

The figures represent a small individual shewing the
ornamental part of the shell, and a portion of a large
specimen, measuring ten inches in diameter, and of
which the greatest thickness is an inch and an half; I
am indebted to George Wier, isq. for them, they were
produced by the Clunch Clay near Horncastie.

There appears to be no regular rule amongst Am-
monites for their change of form, some becoming more

146

globose, and others more compressed by age ; but they
generally lose some of the ornaments from their last
whorls, and in their infant state are also smooth, or free
from tubercles, bearing some analogy to the higher
orders of the animal creation, whose middle ages are
generally the most beautiful. No species perhaps un-
dergoes a greater change than the one before us, where-
fore it is named mutabilis:

AMMONITES subarmatus.
TAB. CCCCVII.—fg. 1.

Spec. Cuar. Depressed, concave, ribed, in-
ner whorls almost wholly exposed; | ribs
curved, often united in pairs by smooth
spines; aperture transversely oblong,
arched.

Syn. Ammonites subarmatus, Young and Bird,
Geol. of Yorks.* p. 250. t. 13, f. 3.

1 pow the last formed whorls of this shell, the spines dis-
appear, and the ribs which in the former whorls are gene-
raliy split before they pass over the front, are not so
often divided ; the spines continue nearly to the centre,
thev are hollow, and leave when the shell is removed, a
blunt east, but not a truncated tubercle as in the A. fibu-
tatus ; the whorls have convex sides and encrease rather
rapidly ; they are contracted in some parts, in the same
manner as the last.

ft is probable that there are several species allied to
this, but it will require numerous specimens of each to
prove that they are not varieties: the A. perarmatust of
Young and Bird, is one thus doubtfully situated, but
most probably it iso variety of the subarmatus.

Found at Whitby.

* it is hoped that the late Mr. Sowerby’s veracity and credit, need no
defence against the attacks and false surmises of the arrogant, the Au-
thors of the Geoiogica! Survey of the Yorkshire Coast, had not been
farther noticed, but that, when names are given to shells, their Publishers
mnst be quoted, and where any merit exists,it shonid not be overlooked.

+We had not seen the Geol. of the Yorkshire coast, when A. perarma-
tus, fab. $52 was published,

147

AMMONITVES fibulatus.
TAB. COCEVIL=fz. 2.

Spec. Cuar. Depressed, ribed; inner whorls
almost wholly exposed ; sides ef the whorls
flattened, their inner margins plain; mbs
numerous, united in pairs by smooth spines ;

_aperture oblong.

Syn. Ammonites armatus? Young and Bird,

Geol. of Yorkshire, p. 250, t. 18, f. 9.

Pus remarkable flatness of this shell, is encreased by
the spines filling up at intervals, the concave space around
ihe whorls ; there are now and then, ribs that pass over
ike front without uniting with spines, these ribs are
more Numerous in the latter whorls, and even alternate
with the spines; each rib when it leaves the spine is -
found divided into two, so that there are a greater num-
ber passing over the front, than exist upon the sides.
Found at Whitby, where it is not of very rare eccur-
rence. ‘The smooth spines distinguish it well from A.
armatus of Min. Conch. tab. 95. but like it they are com-
posed of solid shell, and when broken off, leave a flat-
ended tubercle, compared, together with the ribs, by
Young and Bird, to a button and loop, whence its name.

148
AMMONITES Smithi.
TAB. CCCCVI.

Spec. Cuar. Depressed, ribed, and keeled ;
inner whorls few, almost wholly exposed ;
ribs slightly curved; keel obtuse; sides
flattened ; aperture oblong.

+ ii

A seautirut pearly species that seldom acquires a di-
ameter of two inches ; the flatness of its last whorls,
distinguish it, independently of size, from others simi-
larly figured ; in its infancy, (see fig. 1.) it is wholly
plain and almost globose, with an umbilicus; as it
grows, its ribs appear gradually in short risings near the
umbilicus ; the keel is next formed, and at length the
whorls assume their flat shape, and the ribs their full ex-
tent; figs. 2,3 and 4.

Occurs sparingly dispersed through the same stone
as A. planicostatus* (tab. 73,) and is mentioned at p.
168 of Vol. I.

Yhis is named in honor of Mr. W. Smith, the Author
ef a Geological map of England, &c. whose discovery of
the regular succession of the strata, and the means of
distinguishing them by their organized contents, has
Jaid the foundation for all our Geological knowledge of
England.

have taken this opportunity of adding a portion of
the outer whorl of an old shell of A. planicostatus, (see
fig. 6.) to shew that by age it acquires spines upon the
sides of the flattened portion of each rib, a circumstance
that ought to be noticed in the specific character.

Figs. 5, 6, and 7, are several states of A. planicostatue.

me es a

* So the name should have been spelt.

INDEX TO VOL, IV.

Tab. Page.
Acteon Now ....0- 374 101
Ammonites Brodici 341 71
Daveei...... vee 300 71
dentatus ...... 308 3
fibulatus ...... 407 f.2. 147
Gulielmii ..... 314 5
lautus .....- see 309 3
Lewesiensis 358 80
mutabilis...... 405 145
Parkinsoni ... 307 1
peramplus ... 357 79
perarmatus... 352 72
Plicomphalus 359 145
proboscideus 310 f.4&5 4
Smithi........: 406 148
subarmatus .. 407 f.1 146
tubers 310 f.1—3 4
Ampuwilaria Am-2? 5
ibalneram , ke Lys
Ancilla subulata...... 333 37
Astarte obovata...... 333 73
rugata ....... . 316 13
Auricula pyramidalis 379 109
Axicus angulatus ... 315 il
obscurus .....- 314 12
Buccinum junceum 375 f.1 103
Mitrula ...... 375 f. 3 103
suleatum...... 875 f. 2 103
Bulimus costellatus 366 89
ellipticus.....- e387 46
Cancellaria evulsa 361 f. 2--4 84
leviuscula 361 f.1 84
quadrata...... 360 33
simulata V-2. 163
Cardium porulosum 3467.2, 64
turgidum ... 346 f. 1 63
Chama squamosa... 345 67
Corbula complanata 362 f.7&8 86
cuspidata ... 362f.4i06 85
nitida....--<- 362 f.1t03 85
Crassatella plicata 345 f. 2 62
sulcata ....... 345 f.1 62
Cypraa Avellana... S78f.3 107
eoccinelloides 878 f. 1 107
TEtUSA’ sso-<ace- 8738 f.2 107
Fusus errans ...... 400 ‘ 139
Gryphea bullata ... 663 83
Columba .... 383f.1&2 113
gigantea...... 391 127
giobosa ...... 392 127
DANA casseees ,383f.3 114

Tab. Page

sinuata ...... 336 43
vesiculosa .... 569 93
Limnea longiscata 343 57
Lutraria angustata 327 29
Melanopsis fas | gaz f.1to? 85
subulatus .... 332f.8 36

Mitra scabra .....- 401 142
Murex argutus ...... 344 5D
Mya arenaria ...... 364 68
? gregarea... 363 87
Natica patula ...... 373 99
striata...... 373 99
Nautiius radiatus ... 356 78
TegGalis....00.+: 355 TF

Neritina concava... 385 f.1f08 118
uniplicata ... 385 f.9&10 158
Ostrea Bellovacina 288 f.1&2 121

carinata...... 365 89
edulina?.....- 388 7.384 122
Patellarstriata...... 389 123
Pecten asper .....- 370 f. 1 58
cinctus .....- 371 96
gracilis .....- 393 f.2 129
nitidus ...... 394 f. 1 130
obliquus ... 370 f.2 95
papytaceus 354 78
striatus.....- 394 f. 2t04 130
sulcatus...... 3937.1 129
Pinna affinis ...... 313 f.2 19
arcuata .... 313 f.3 10
granulata ... 347 65
tetragona.. 313 f.1 9
Plagiostoma Ho-

S neh } 380 111
levinsculum 382 112
rusticum =... 381 11h

Pleurotoma bre- r] 387 f.2 120
virostrum §
fusiformis ... 387 f. 1 119
levigata 387 f.3. 120
TISCA .-..cc0ee 386 119
Potamides acutus 341f. 2 53
? CINCLUS...... 340 f. 1 51
coneavus ... 3389 f.1&2 50
duplex ...... 3407.3 52
? margaritaceus 339 f.4 151
? plicatus ... 340f.2 52
politus 339f.3 59
rigidus ..... . 938 48
ventricosus 341f.1 53

INDEX TO VOL. IV.

Tab. Page. Tab. Page
Pyrula nexilis ...... 331 33 Walcotti...... 377 f.2 106
Productus an- Sphera corrugata... 335 A2
tiquatus i 817 F-1,5,6 15 Tellina ambigua...... 403 144
comoides ... 329 31 Branderi......402f.1 143
concinnus ... 318 f.1. 16 filosa ......... 402 f.2 143
giganteus ... 320 19 | Terebratula acu- *5
hemi- 3] minata Baty a
spheericus } 328 affinis..........324f.2 24>
horridus ... 319-f. 1 17 coarctata ...312f.lto4 7
hnmerosts... 322 21 Fimbria ...... 326 27
latissimus ... 330 32 imbricata ... 334 /.3&4 40
lobatus. ...... 318 f.2to6 16 lineata......... 384 f.1&2 39
Martini ...... 371 f.2to4 15 resupinata ... 325 25
personatus... 321 20 reticulata ... 312/5&6 8
punctatus ... 323 22 | Trochus monilifer.., 367 Ot
sulcatus ..... 319 f.2 i7 | Turbo moniliferus... 395 f. 1 . 131
Psammobia solida... 342 55 sculptus .,.... 395 f.2 132

Rostellaria calcarata 349 f.6&7 70 | Voluta ambigua ... 399f.1 135

Parkinsoni,.. 349 f.1to5 69 Athleta...... 396f.1t03 133
Scalaria foliacea. ... 390 f. 2° 125 depauperata 296/.4 133
minuta......... 390f.3&4 125 |. geminata......398f.1 136
subulata ...... 390 f.1 125 hima ......... 398 /.2 136
igaretus canali- . Luctator jun. 397 134
culatus t 384 Le nodosa sures 399.f. 2° 135
Spirifer ambiguus... 376 105 suspensa — 137
minimus ...... 377 f.1 106 Vol. IE1I5S, 5-

CORRIGENDA.

We are indebted to Mr. Farey,. for pointing out to us that several
names given in the course of this Work, had been used before by other
Authors ; we therefore are ebliged to alter them, which we propose to.

do as follows.

Cerithium Melanioides tab. 147 to be: Potamides politus.

Trochus concavus tab. 181 —— T..angulatus.
granulatus tab. 220 ——~ TT. arenosus.
Suleatus tab, 220 —— TT’. prominens,
bicarinatus tab. 221 —— Y. Tiara.
ormatus tab, 221 —— T. Pallium.
concavus. tab. 272 —— T. Sedgwicki.

-Fusus acuminatus, tab. 274 fig. 1 to 3, should be F, aciculaius, and
Lamarck Env. de Paris, 57, added to the Synonyma.

CORRIGENDA.

Page I, line 11, after flat, add (fig. 4.) and after hollow, add (fig. 3.)
1, line 8, from the bottom, “ Vol. I.” read ‘‘ Vol. IE.”
2, line 5, from the bottom, “ Lyme” read “ Line.”
9, line 2,‘ Spec.” read “ Gen.
10, line 12, *‘ on the Isle of Wight” read “ near Weymouth.”
13, line, 1, “rugatus» read “rugata.”

>

15, line 6, from the bottom, “ Annomites semistriatus” read ** Ane-
mites semireticulatus.”
15, line 17, for “* connexion” read “ connection.”
21, line 4, from the bottom, “ Breden near Derby” read “ Breedon
Leicestershire.”
39, line 4, from the bottom, “ top” read “ to.”
AG, line 1, “ BULMIMUS” read “* BULIMUS.”
46, last line but one, after “ Jas. Holloway” add “ Esq.”
48, line 13, “¢ Melanioides” read “ politum.”
50, lines 2 and 5, from bottom, “ Melanioides” read “ politus.”
63, line 4, from the bottom, add “ :”
§5, line 5, from the bottom, “ 27” read ‘* 7.”
72, line 10, “ the outside” read “ on the outside.”
77, line 6, “ Ammonites” read “ Nautilus.”
78, line 16, “ Maltor” read ‘* Malton.”
93, line 8, from the bottom, “ vessiculosa” read “ vesiculosa. ”
400, line 4, “ Lent” read “ Sent.”
104, line 5, “ juncius” read “ junceum.”
115, line 3, from the bottom, “ stiz” read “ stria.”
119, line 1, “ priscus” read “ prisca.”
126, last line, “ decustata” read “ decnssata.”
127, line 10 from the bottom, “ vessicularis» read “ vesicularis.
127, line 9, from the bottom “218” read “ 219,”
128, line 16, “‘ vessiculosus” read *‘ vesiculosa.”
To the description of GrypH#a gigantea, p. 127, tab. 391, the
following paragraph should be added:

Good specimens of this large Gryphite have latcly
been furnished me, and have served for the figure before
us, by our esteemed Friend, James Clealand, Esq. who
obtained them from Gharch-dowi Hill Quarry, Glouces-
ter; it varies in size from 2 to 10 inches in width, but
constantly maintains its characteristic form: Belemnites
and enormous individuals of Pecten equivalvis, tab. 136,
are abundant with it.

Additional localities are inserted in Mr. Farey’s Supplementary In-
dex; where also several corrections of the names of Places will be found.

155

A
SUPPLEMENTARY,
OR STRATIGRAPHICAL INDEX
TO VOL. IV.

Arranging the SHELLS described therein, according to the
several STRATA in which they were found imbedded, from
the newest towards the oldest in the British Series.

SSE
Howland Street, April 21st, 1823.
GENTLEMEN,

ON presenting to you acontinuation of those Stratigraphical Indexcs to
the Volumes of ‘* Mineral Conchology,” which I have been used to pre-
pare for my highly valued and lamented Friend, your late Father, I
cannot avoid expressing the great satisfaction I feel at seeing, how well
the indefatigable and able Instructions of my departed Friend, and the
large collection of Specimens and materials which he has left in your
possession, is enabling you to continue, to support with credit and
increasing usefulness, the important work in aid of British Geology,
which Mr. Sowerby set on foot, more than ten years before his decease.

In your youthful energy and love of the subject, and in the zeal and
abilities of your many kind Contributors, Isee with pleasure an assurance,
that ‘* Mineral Conchology” will continue its progress, until at length, it
embraces every species of Sheil, which can in the meantime be found im-
bedded, in each one of the Strata of Britain ;—when this shall be accomplish-
ed.and the rich stores of British Fossil Shells, thus classified, recorded and
rendered comparable, shail have been compared by the Geologists of other
countries, with the shells which the Strata thereof may entomb, then, I
ain of opinion, will Geological truth appear, and the last remains of
visionary and wild Theories on the subject, entirely vanish; by which
Theories, until Mr. Smith (in 1792) commenced his practical investiga-
tions, and mapping of the English Strata, the subject was obscured, and by
which, unfortunately, many parts of it are yet disfigured, and the truths
of nature concealed.

Asan instance, I will beg to advert here, to the mannerin which Writers
still cling to the unfounded dogma of an age gone by, which asserted, that
“our coui-measures exhibit only fresh-water and land productions!” in
despite of the evidence, which Shells recorded in your pages, of the
several Genera Ammonites, Anomia, Cardita, Conularia, Euomphalus,
Lingulu, Mytilus, Orthocera, Pecten, and Terebratula furnish, to the con-
trary of such assertion; which I know to be an unfounded one, from
having seen fossil Shells, of probably four times as many Genera, esteemed
marine ones, as are mentioned above, and very numerous Species of
many of these, the individuals of which are innumerably scattered
through the coal series, in particular districts, in the east of Sutherland
and of Dumfries Counties, in particular: and I believe that such shells
are in few Coal-districts wanting, if industriously sought after.

More than four years ago, on considering the Maps by M. Halloy, and
by Messrs. Cuvier and Grongniart, of the environs of Paris, it occurred to
me, that the gypseous and other anomalous Strata, producing Bones of
Quadrapeds, alleged fresh-water Shells, &c. in the vicinity, and south-
ward of Paris, are referable to unconformable patches of Strata, of a very
modern era, compared with the strata analogous to the London Clay and
Deep-Weill series, and the upper and lower Chalk, ail of whose southern
edges these anomalous strata locally cover. On considering also, soon afiei-
wards, the Map and Sections of the Isle of Wight by Alr. Webster, I
clearly perceived there, the same unconformableness (and have often
since mentioned the same to my Friends:) and so with regard to the
patch of strata, since alleged to contain fresh-water Shells, on and to

the northward of Hordwell-cliff,

154 SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX TO VOL. IV.

From what Mr. James D. C. Sowerby, has lately stated to me, ! see
reason also to think, that a small unconformable patch of these anomalous
Strata (which I shall continue to call the Cowes Rock, because there, my |
departed Friend Mr. Sowerby first noticed and enriched his Cabinet,
with the peculiar Shells of these strata) rests upon the edges of the London
Deep-Well Strata, in the vicinity of Charlton near Woolwich: also, since
compiling the stratigraphical Index to your third Volume, I have perceived,
that the patch or patches of Crag-Marl in Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk, by
lying upon the edges of the London Clay, and of its deep-well Strata,
shews, that the Crag must be referred to comparatively modern, uncon-
formable strata; but whether of the same, or a more antient or more
recent era, than those of Paris, and the Isle of Wight &c. above men-
tioned, I pretend not to say, but for the present shall continue to dis-
tinguish them, and place the Crag the lowest. \

I have been much pleased to see Messrs. Conybeare and Phillips*
introducing a set of Terms, for denominating the Orvers or greater
Divisions of the British Strata, five in number, which, if generally
adopted, would free us from the use of those mischievously theoretic
terms and distinctions, Primary, Transition, Flotz, independant Coal, Flotz-
trap, Secondary, &c. and rid us of the many futile disputes, to which tiey
have given rise, and which they seem calculated to perpetuate in Geological
writings: the Orders of Mr. Conybeare are accordingly introduced in
the following Index. i

As far as I could, I have availed myself of the excellent and cheap
County Geological Maps of Mr, Smith (which are publishing by Mr. Cary,
and sold separate) and of his Geological Table and Sections, and his other
Publications, in ascertaining the stratigraphical places, from the Geo-
graphical places, of the several Shells described in this Volume; and have
little attended to, many corrections which have, as appears to me, been
rashly offered, and continue to be repeated or varied, almost monthly,
us to the super-position or succession, and the Names, of some of tiie
English Strata, and as to their courses across, or their detached appear-
ances, in different parts of the country.

The number of Species of Shells named in the present Volume is 148,
besides 4 varieties distinguished by Mr. Sowerby by 6, but which never-
theless belong, to the sume strata as their relative Shelis marked a; in
addition to which, I have been induced to propose the separation of 12
other varieties, partly on account of their belonging to different Strata;
making thus 160 Species (or- varieties) belonging as I believe to dis-
tinct Strata, described in the present Volume.

In the 46th, 52nd and 59th Volumes of the “ Philosophical Magazine,”
Dr. ‘Tilloch has done me the favor to insert geographical Indexes, to the
three former Velumes of your Min. Conch. and in a few days I intend
to forward to him, a similar Index for the present Volume; which will
describe the local situation and the place in the Strata, of each Shell
figured herein.

I beg to add
A continuation of, and additions to the TABLES in pages 243 of Vol. IF.
and 188 of Vol. Lil; particularizing such species of SHELLS, as are in
the four Volumes of this Work, andin Mr, Smith’s two unfinished Works
on Fossil Shells, referred to more than one STRATUM; In the Index
which follows, these multistratular SHLELLS are distinguished by the

Greek Letters « and , unless otherwise mentioned below.

Genera. Species. No. of Species, Vol. Page.
or Strat. Var.

Ammonites Grencughi ............ Deere. II 71
JUPOSAW tes ssetdenesect: eae anes I. 207
Parkinson, a, B & Y 3 .....00. IV 182

Dentalium cyliadricum ............ Zikesentense I 178

“Tn the “ Outlines of the Geology of England and Wales,” p. vi. &c.

SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX TO VOL. Iv. 155

Genera. Species. No. of Species, Voi. Page.
or Strat. Var.

Gryphea columba .....-........-. Dis vancccene IV 113
incurva, }, ¢, o7& &N (ices scot ed ened.

Lima gibbosa ......... Y SavesOivesc escent RPL EEL ZO
Neritina COnCaVa .....-.cscereceeeener 7 este oe Tv 118
INuCcilaSimilisutecs.cc.cceseces scsese= De cae ae Lens
Patella lavis...%.-....-. eavesenceetehas Aint bh Il 86
SELACA Ecotec see ssessseterte ss PSA SSO IV 123

Pinna tetragona >...... 02. o-ser..+ Deer sc IV9&10
Planorhis hemistoma .......-...2.05 OES AER et OF
Potamides politus °:...........2.2--... 2IL109& IV 50
Productus lobatus'..2.:.2.-5-- hse. -s: Di sets cic IV 16
MAvtINIG coca cscs Seer Dy ene TV, 15

Rostellaria Parkinsoni, 7, 6,7&9 4 00... IV6S&70
Terebratula intermedia, ¢ & & Pree O ne eee I 48

9°

’ resupinata,,, SpeotnS oeesese
Trochus Anglicus, z 6 & y seeber Saicasosnsts Tie 95
Unio Listeri.. Sain py 7s ipl ies II 123

I remain, Gentlemen, your obedient humble Servant,

JOHN FAREY.
‘To Messrs. James D. C. and Charles E. Sowerby.

Se EE

SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX TO VOL. IV.

A Stratigraphical List of SrRATA, SHELLS and PLActs ;
BY MR. JOHN FAREY.

I. SUPERIOR ORDER of Strata, according to Mr. Conybeare.
DILUVIA, or ancient water-moved ruins of Strata: Ante-Human Gravel;
in low situations it is frequently covered by, and superficially
mixed with BLA or morerecent Gravel.

Tab.
AXinUS ODSCUTUS..........cec000- 314, 3 up. Selby (in a Yellow Lime
Bolder ?)
Pectenicinctus ek iers es. s BW setcesetens: Horncastle, and Suffolk,
(in under Oolite?)
Terebratula affinis ............... 324, f..2. Horncastle, (in Derb. P,
Lime?)

Cowes Rock; unconformable Strata, containing alledged fresh-water
Shells: Headen Hill, top of Hordwell Cliff, &c.

Bulimus costellatus ............ 366, Shalcombe.
Olipticusrsesstscseenes 337, Shalcombe.
Corbula cuspidata ............... 362, f. 4 to 6. Colwel i Bay, and White-
Cliff Bay.
MUA) cc nssecsnnsanes asus 362, f. 1 to 3. Colweli Bay, and White-
Cliff Bay.
Limnea longiscata ............... 343, Headen-Hill, & near Paris.
My ae enevareay cascade scecescene 363, Ca!bourn, & Headen-Hiil.
Potamides acutus ............... 341, f.2 Isle of Wight.
PUCINCLUS, oc. cee < ores 340, f.1 Headen-Hill, & near Paris.
duplexiiscccare ssese- 340, f. 3 Headen- Hill.
? margaritaceus ...... 339, f. 4 Isie of Wight.
f plicatus............... 340, f. 2 near Paris, & Isle of Wight.
~, ventricosus, ..:.:.... 341: f. 1: near Paris, & Is!e of Wight.
Psammobia solida ............... 342, Hieaden- HW, & Isle of W.

Crac Mant; soft, irregular, unconformable Limestone; in E. parts

of Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk: superficially mixed with diluvial
gravel.

156

Acteon Now.......+++ seccssenee bs OTA,

Auricula pyramidalis............

Buecinum mitrula .............65 Sioa

sulcatum\...-.:-.2..- 375, f. 2.

Corbula complanata ..... S000 362, f.7 and8.

Cyprea avellana............0c0 .. 378, f. 3.
coccinelloides ......... 378, f.1
FEtuUsa —~...503 eaceeesiers 378, f. 2.

Mya arenaria ..... eoseseswicces ese 364,

Natica patula ........cseceecsease 373, 3 lo

Pecten gracilis ............0+000 393, f. 2.
Striatus sce. ss. --0< soe. 394, f.2 to 4.
sulcatus eo... Sacer OG, ted.

Scalaria foliacea...........:ee000 390, f. 2.
MINUGA’ 2.2 sc0cewensectas. 390, f. 3 and4
subulata’ s..-.s-..ess See CUS SEE

Lonpon Ciay, upper, blue or Septarian Clay:
and mostly red and white mottled:

Barnet, &c.

SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX TO VOL.

1¥.
Walton-le-Soken.

379, f. land 2 Holywells and Suffolk:

Geological Table, numbered 1 and 2.)

Ramshalt.

Ramshalt.
Roydon-Green.

Suffolk.

Suffolk.

Suffolk.

Holywells, and Norfolk.
Holywells.

Holywells.

Holywells.

Aldborough and Sudbourn.
Ramshalt and Woodhall.
Ramshalt.

Ramshalt.

the lower beds plastic,

Billericay, Maiden, Harwich,
(on Mr. Smith's Maps, coloured, dun-blue, and in his

Hordwell, Muddyford and
Stubbington.

Brambles- Chine, Christ:
church, Grignon, Lynd-
hurst, and Isle of Wight.

Highgate.

White-conduit Ho. Tunnel,
and Vauxhall Road.

Barton and Highgate.

Barton, Lyndhurst, and
near Paris. ;

Barton, Highgate, Lynd-
hurst, & Normandy, N.E.

Barton.

Barton, and near Paris.

Barton.

Barton, near Paris.

Bartley-Lodge.

Barton.

Barton, Hordwel! and
Stubbington.

Barton.

Barton.

Barton, and France.

Hyde-park and White-
conduit-Ho. Tunnels.

Highgate, and Muddyford.

Stubbington.

Bognor Rocks, & Highgate.

Highgate.

Muddyford.

Highgate.

Highgate and Muddyford.

Hordwell, & near Paris.

Barton.

Barton, and Grignon.

349, f. 3 and4. Bognor-Rocks, Harwich,

Ampullaria ambulacrum .,.... 372,
Ancilla subulata......sssccceeeeus 333,
Astarte rugatus .c..c..c.csesesnee 316,
Axinus angulatus ............... 315,
Buccinum junceum.........seese Sid feels
Cancellaria evulsa ...........2.65 361, f. 2 to 4,
Teeviuscula cc... 361, f. 1.
quadrata..........4. 360,
Cardium poralosum ............ 346, f. 2
; turgidum ss. .cte2-30 1 346, f. 1
Chama squamosa .......60.0.00. 348,
Crassatella plicata............... 345, f. 2
Sulcatamiccrere:s+-<- 345, f. 1
Fusus errans ... 4060,
Mitraiscabrage.ssccss.sersescs-e ee 401,
MVUREX ATSUTUS! scece-sqss es tee: 344,
iNatica Striatal.c....-ssscecssee ses 373, 2 w
Nautilus regalis ...... SoC: onan BOD'5
Neritina concava © ....cse0000 385, f.8
Patella striata@ ........ nencaes 389,
(Paring afhinis ssezss. ccc seck secdens Sits ahcee
ANCUALAMe Cec to ese was esses SIIB 1G oh,
Pleurotoma brevirostrum...... 387, f. 2
fusiformis ......... S87euile
lpvigatare: saccc.5: 387, f.3
PIISCAeccr ices -o-es 386,
Potamides rigidus ............... 338, f. 1 to4
Pyrola nexilist:.+s.sc.e-<-cee tee 331,
Rostellaria Parkinsoni @ ......
: 3 mid.
Sigaretus canaliculatus......... 384,
Tellina ambigua ..... aenehecesiecse 403,

and Highgate.
Bourdeaux, Hordwell, &
near Paris.
Barton, Colwell-Bay
(Beach).

SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX TO VOL. IV. 157
Tellina Branderi............... €5402,9f. 1: Barton.
TOSA), Goo. ceence senses oescee 402, f. 2. Barton.
Trochus monilifer ........... esc BOs Bae Hordwell, & near
: ‘aris.
Turbo sculptus toc. scctesee sons 395, f. 2 Barton.
Voluta ambigua*............ 397, f. 1. Barton.
Ath eta. 2.8 ies ccens 396, f.1 to 3. Barton.
depauperata ..... Recta 396, f. 4. Barton.
geminata ie ee cersesces 398, f. 1. Lyndhurst, & near Paris,
lima eee ected cass ses 398, f. 2. Barton.
TLuetator jun... 2.2.5... - 397, Barton.
NOOSA see eewactecess 50130957 F528 Barton.
SUSPENSA* 2. se sc.cesesh es (115, f.5 and 3.) Barton.

Lonpon Deep-WELL Strata; Loams, Sands and Nodules, mostly of
Chert : Woolwich, Newbury, Ridge-Hill, &c. (light brown, No. 3&4.)
Melanopsis fusiformis ...... ... 332, f. 1 to7, Charlton (new), Courtag-

non, Grignon, Hordwell
(beach), New-Cross, Isle
of Wight, and Woolwich
Ss. W.

subulatuss:csss-.<c0 332; f.8. Esle of Wight.
Neritina concava (G .......s000. 385, f. 1 fo07. Charlton, and Isle of W,
uniplicata — ......60... 335, f.9 & 10. Charlton N. E., Neweross,
; and Plumstead.
Ostrea bellovacina ......:.... ... 388, f. 1 and 2. Charlton N. E., and Wool-
wich.
edulina? .

wosereseeee cress 388, f, 3 and 4, Charlton,& Woolwich, SW.

Potamides CONCAVUS .....0--++-- 339, f. 1 and2. Barton-Cliff (beach), and

Headen-Hill.
PO]ItUS % cresrererere 339, f. 3and5, p,, 3
and 147, Pies nade Plumstead-Heath.
.. 349, f.1land2. Bray, S. E., Faversham,

3 first. Gunters-hill, & Reculvers.
II. SUPERMEDIAL ORDER OF STRATA.

CHALK, upper, soft, flinty ; Chiltern Hills, South aud North Downs,

Rostellavia Parkinsoni,

Dunstable S.E. 8, & S.W. &c. (mostly light green, No. 5.)

Ammonites peramplus ......... 357,

SERRE ECEH » ? (IT. p. 57 & TV.'81.)
Gryphiea globosa ........e.cee0s 392,
BZECLEMMILIAUS! cecatescasesscess . 394; f.-4.
Plagiostoma Hoperi ......... wee 380,

Eastbourne, and Lewes E,

Dover, N.E.

St. Giles’s Gate, & Meudon.

Brighton, near Lewes, and
near Paris.

Lewes E. and Northfleet.

CHALK, lower, hard, grey, ilintless; Hurlock, White Cawkstone, Fire-
stone; Dunstable N.W, N. & N.E. &c. (Deep green, No. 5.)

Ammonites Lewesiensis ...... 358,

Dover S. W. and Lewes,

CHALK-MARL, Malm, or Blue Marl, earthy or coloured Chalk, red Cawk-

stone, Clunch, Firestone, &c. Hockliffe S. Homesdale

No. 6.

Ammonites dentatus ..... pebeses 308,

IAUEUS t22pStee css. OD;
proboscideus

tuberculatus
Rostellaria Parkinsoni, Y...... 349, f. 5.

and p. 137.

» &e. (white,

Cambridge, Folkstone, and
St. Pot.

Cambridge, Folkstone, and
St. Pot.

BScces 310, f. 4, & 5. Cambridge, and Folkstone.
Foe) 310, f. 1 to 3.

Cambridge, and Folkstone.

Folkstone, Hamsey, Mid-
dieham, Ranscomb, and
Southbourne.

peice Se CAR hE ee LL ae ed Ba a ES alice
*The V. ambigua t. 115, f. 5, is now V. suspensa, see p- 135, Note,

158 SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX TO VOL. IV.

GREEN SAND, or Sandstone, chloritic? often micaceous Sand; Fullers’:
Earth; Leith-Hill, Nutfield, ‘Blackdown, Haldon, &c. . (very light
blue or white, No. a )

Gryphzacolumba, a ..... t. 383, f.1 & 2. Mans W.
vesiculosa «::......... 369, Warminster.
Ostrea carinata .....5........066- 365, Chute-farm, Folkstone

Town, France, Maestricht,
and Selbourn E,

Pecten asper «..:...:.... vescosser 370, f. 1. Horningsham,

Obliquus..............0006 370, f. 2. Warminster.
Pinna tetragona @ ...........6 313, f. 1. Devizes N.
Rostellaria calcarata............ 349, f. 6and7 2 Blackdown.

5low. §
Parkinsoni 6 ...... 349, f.5. d Blackdown, and Parham.
3rd in 2ndrank, § Park.

Turbo moniliferus ............. 395, hf. 1: Blackdown.

PortLanD Rock, or 4th Oolite, partly oolitic, in Sand and Marl ; Kentish
Rag Limestone ; Aylesbury, Wardour, Swindon, Purbeck, &e. (Sand
brownish red, Nos. 8 and 10, Limestone blue, No. 9.)

Ammonites Brodicei ....c.....+ Sods Portland-Isle.
Parkinsoniy ...... 307, f. 2. Shotover-hill.
Astarte obovata............c0000 353, Sandown-Bay.
Gryphea sinuata ............... 336; Adlington-Hills, Ashford,

Black-gang Chine, Fotk-
stone, S. W. & Shanklin-

Chine.

Nautilus radiatus ........... wees 356, New-Malton E.

Plagiostoma rusticum ......... 381, Shotover-hill.

Sphera corrugata ......... vroee BBD, Sandown-Bay.

OAKTREE Cray, blue, with nodules of stony Marl, Selenite, pyritic Extr.
Fos. bituminous Marl............... and Kimeridge Coal: Thame, Stan-
ford, &c. (greenish blue, No. 11.)

Gryphwa nana ..........6... eo. 383, f. 3. Shotover-Hill

Pinna granulata ..............2608 347, near Weymouth.

Corat Rag, and Pisolite, or 3rd Oolite; localin Woburn Sand; Wooton-
Basset, Hedington, Pickering, &ce (orange, No. 12.)

Ammonites perarmatus......... 352, New-Malton.

Plagiostoma leviusculum...... 382, New-Malton.

WoBURN SAND, ferruginous Car-Stone, Fuller’s-Earth, siliceous Wood
often in Green-Sand: Wavendon and Aspley Heaths, Little-Brick

hill, &c. (brownish red, No. 13.)
Ammonites plicomphalus 359 & 404, Bolingbroke N. E.
Ciuncn Cray, or Fen Clay; Blackmoor, Otmoor, &¢....... beds of Clunch

_or dogger-stone ? Wavendon, Fenny-Stratford, Oxford, ec...
light purple, No. 14.

Ammonites mutabilis...... sevace 405%, Braken-wood End.

Gryphza bullata.................. 368, Braken-wood End.

Pinna tetragona £6 «......-.-..... 313, f.1. near Parma, and Sandfoot

Castle.

Arum SHALE, with Cement Balls, or Septaria (wrongly called Lias, ) Jet,
Selenite, Bones &c. Whitby, Titherton, Lyme-Regis E. §c.............
(dun purple, No. 15.

Ammonites Daveei......... 300008 350, Lyme-Regis.
fibulatus............ 407, f. 2. Stowbrow, and nr. Whitby.
subarmatus. ...... 407, f.1. near Whitby.

KELLoways SronE; in Canals S. E. of South-cerney, S. of Chippenham,

and N.W. of Trowbridge, at Staiths, §c............ (dun purple, No. 15.)

Ammonites Gulielmii............ 311, Kelloways-Bridge.

CLAY ON UPPER OotiTE; stone-beds, corals §c: Sand E. of Bath, Farley,
Bradford, (Wilts.) &c. (very light yellow, No. 19.)

SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX TO VOL. IV. 159

Terebratula coarctata ......¢. 312, f.1 to 4. Bath E., Bradford (Wilts.),
Charterhouse- Hinton,

Farley, Hampton-down,

Kings-down, Pickwick

W., Stoford, & Winsley.

Futrer’s Earta STRATA, grey, lead-coloured and purple Clay; slippy

Banks of Knolls Nand 8 of Bath; Northleach, Northampton, N. of

Stamford, Se (very light orange, No. 21.)

Gryphaa columba €......+-.-- 333, lo. Northamptonshire.
Lutraria angustata ........+.6 327, Nunney.
Terebratula reticulata ......... 312, f.5 and 6. Frome S. W.

Unper Oorte, inferior, lower, bastard, or Ist Oolite: N. E. aud §. of
Bath, Dundry and Churchdown Hummocks, lower Costwold and
Edge Hills, Uppingham, ec. (reddish orange, No. 22.

Ammonites Parkinsoni g ... 370, f.1,354. Yeovil N. ' e

Gryphwa gigantea .........-.066 391, Cherington (Carrington:),

Churchdown-hill, Farley-
Wick, and near Ilminster.
Pecten cinctus ... ......0000-2+ 371, (Horncastle § Sufiolk. Dil.)

Maristone, Ovenstone, Marl, Mineral Springs, Sc. Glastonbury, Chel-
tenham E., Banbury, Gakham, Belvoir Castle, BC. ceeeee seen eeeeer ene ees
(very light blue,* No. 24.)
Ammonites Smithi.........c.e ss : ae) ie Marston-Magna(or Broad?)
is . . . [x
Ferebratula fimbria ............ 323, Charlton-F.ings, and Cleeve.
Buve Lias; beddy, water-setting or Hydraulic Limestone; Watchet,
Aberthaw, Southam, Barrow, §C. ....:..eee sees eee (dit blue, No. 26.)
Ammonites Parkinsoni, 3...... 307, (Brit. Min. t.12) Keynsham.
Spiriler Walcotti ...... 0... Biri 7 Bath W., Camerton, Keyn-
sham, & Parton-Passage.

YELLow Limestone, buff, red-land, or Magnesian Limestone: popplestone,

cornstone: Aberford, Ferry Hill, Sunderland, §¢. ......606 eeeees seen
(greenish blue, No. 29.)
AININUS/ODSCULUS a-secesasednacens 314, 3 up. Garford Cliff, (Selby, Dilu.)
Productus horridus ...........- 319, f.1. Derbyshire.
humerosus..........+- 322, Breedon.

Ponrerracr Rock, Sandstone, often soft, and Icose Sand; Hardwick-
Hall S W. Hooton-Roberts, Collingham, | Se. (greenish blue, } No, 29.)
ASINUSeseccsccc scence sccig 3 mewiee 214, lo. Kingsville-House, and
Wentbridge N Hill. |
Ill. MEDIAL ORDER of STRATA,
Cosr-Mgasurges, carboniferous Strata: Sandstoues, Crowstones, Canks
(or limestones), Shales, Binds, fire Clays, Coals, Iron stones, §c.

Derbyshire, ¥ orkshire, Newcastle &6.....0000-+.- (Indian Ink, No. 30.
AMNOMIdereccen ese Pee een oiae (Vol. TV. p. 75.) Northowram.
Pecten papyraceus........-...-... 304, Denholme-Gate, Elland,

Tdle S., Moor-Town, and
Northowram,

ss cate crrcitiemysaedes (Vol. TV. p. 75.) Northowran.
Productus lobatus 6 «..........- S85 jie 6: Cumberland.
Terebratula resupinata f ...... 323, Alton(see Brit. Min. t. 458 ,)

i EEE

*On Mr. Smith’s Rutland and Leicester county Geological Maps (sold
singly by Cary) he has distinguished the stoney parts of this assemblage
of Strata, by a reddish brown colour,

+See Annals of Philosophy, 2nd series Vol. V. p. 275.

+On Mr, Smith’s Yorkshire Geological Map, he has distinguished this
Rock by a purplish red colour, and marked it a,

/

169 SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX TO VOL. IV.

Limestone SHALE, or great Shale, locally imbedding Gritstone and Shale
Limestone, and thin Coals. (Derby Report I. p. 227.)

Productus concinnus......... ¢..318, f. 1. Derbyshire, Richmond
(York), and Weil-heuses
Farm.
Jobatus 2 ...sceoee 318, f.2to5. Arran-Isle, Derbyshire,
: and Well-houses Farm.
Martini 6.........04. 317, f. 4. _ Barney-River.

Dereysuire-Peax Limestone; Under-coal, Metaliferous, Basaltic, or
Mountain® limestone: Bristol, Much-Wenlock, Halkin, Aldstone,
Kendal, Sc. (purple blue No. 31.)

-Productus antiquatus ........ 317, f.1586, Cloghran, Derbyshire, and
Monyash.

COMOIACS .... --eee- 329, Llangefni S.

giganteus......see . 320, Bakewell, W. Buxton W
(ist), and Yorkshire.

hemisphwricus ... 328, Mynydd-careg Wales.

latissimus.......-..-- 330, Puitin-Isle, and Tyddyn-
mawr Farm.

Martini “a&-s........ 317, f. 2and 3. Ashford (shale), Bakewell,

(ist), Croom-bill (4th),
King’s-county, Limerick
county, and Sutton.

PCFSONAUUS ...eeeee 321, _ Derbyshire, and Kendal.
punctatus... . 323, Black-Rock Cork, Buxton,
and Chelmerton E. (3rd.)
sulcatus ...-.-+-+0+ 819, f. 2. Derbyshire.
Spirifer ambiguus ....-..-++++++- 376, Bakewell (shale) 1 5 m. W.
MINIMUS ....c eee eeee es Byte Gla Bakewell, do.
Terebratula acuminata .......6 $24, -f. 1. Bakewell (1st), Blackrock

Cork, Brassington (3rd),

Buxton, Scalebar, and

Thorpe, (4th).
ALANIS sees. vasevevee B24, Fo 2. Dudley N., and Malvern

Hills, W.(Horncastle dilu.) :

? imbricata... 334, f.3& 4. Castleton, and Settle. - > -
? jineatias A. .0.0-.-- 334, f.1§ 2. Castleton, and Hope.
resupinata, @ ... 329, Dove-dale (4th), Hucklow

(1st), Stoney-Middle-
ton (ist), and Tide-
swell (3rd).
O.p-nED SANDsTONE, occurring rarely.
Tv. SUBMEDIAL Order of StRATA.
COARSE-SLATE, STEASCHIST, RoorinG-SLATEs, slaty LIMESTONE, &€c,
Wo. INFERIOR Order of Strata. a
Mica-SLave, Gnueiss, GRANITE, §c. mie
UNKNOWN StRava, of vastly greater specifie gravity than Granite.
Nove; [have been unable to place in the above List, Patella striata, fe}
t. 389, for want of stratigraphical information: the same happened
in previous volumes, as to Shelis from Colomby, Golleville, and
Valognes, all probably situated on the same strata as Hauteville, in
the Medial order of Strata? ;

*'This Rock would, with propriety be denominated the Valley Lime-
stone of the Irish Bog-Districts ; it sometimes forms Hills, but rarely if
ever, is found in Meuntains.

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