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Minnesota Trees and Shrubs

An Illustrated Manual of the Native and
Cultivated Woody Plants of the State

FREDERIC E. CLEMENTS

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY AND STATE BOTANIST

C. OTTO ROSENDAHL

PROFESSOR OF BOTANY

FREDERIC K. BUTTERS

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF BOTANY

Report of the Botanical Survey
IX

THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA

MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA

1912

PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY

OF THE

REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY

FOR THE

PEOPLE OF MINNESOTA

AUGUST 15. 1912

EDITION 3000

THE INDEX PRESS

Preface

The present book is the third of a series intended to render more
familiar and usable the plants of the important or interesting groups
found in the State. It is less technical than "Minnesota Algae",
though more technical than "Minnesota Mushrooms", but it is hoped
that the abundant illustrations will made the book as useful to the
layman as to teachers and students of botany, to foresters and others.
All of the native woody species known with certainty to occur within
the State have been included, while a few hitherto reported have been
'Omitted owing to the lack of specimens or other authentic evidence
'of their occurrence. In the desire to make the book as helpful as
possible, a few herbaceous species which resemble shrubs closely have
also been included. It has naturally been impossible to take into
:account all of the rare exotic trees and shrubs grown in the State.
Some effort has been made to discover which of these occur in at
least three places, and all such cultivated species have been described.

The descriptions have been drawn largely, and in some groups
wholly, from Minnesota material contained in the Herbarium of the
University. In addition, fresh material has also been used in certain
groups, particularly for the drawings. The latter have likewise been
made chiefly from Minnesota specimens, though a few have neces-
sarily been borrowed from Sargent's "Silva", Britton and Brown's
"Illustrated Flora" and Bailey's "Cyclopaedia of Horticulture". The
drawings have been made to scale and, except where indicated, they
are natural size. A number of drawings were made by Professors
Rosendahl and Butters, and a few by Miss Misz and Miss Jensen of
the departmental staff. The majority of the drawings were made by
advanced students in botany under the supervision of the respective
authors. The half tones have been made from photographs taken by
various members of the Botanical Survey from time to time. The
Minnesota ranges of the species have been taken from the compre-
hensive unpublished catalogue of the flora of the State, prepared
several years ago by the botanical staff from many sources, Upham's
■"Catalogue", MacMillan's "Metaspermae", etc. The continental

iv MINNESOTA TREES AND SHRUBS

ranges have been, drawn chiefly from Sargent's "Silva" and "Alanual"
for the trees, and from Britton and Brown's "Illustrated Flora" and
Gray's "JMamial" for the shrubs. The information in regard to the
properties and uses of the wood of the various species has been ob-
tained almost wholly from Sargent's "Silva". The illustrations of leaf
forms have been drawn from Gray's "Lessons in Botany," and the
authors are under obligation to the publishers, the American Book
Company, and to the holders of the copyright of the bopk for kind
permission to use them.

Questions of nomenclature, of synonyms and of English names
have been largely determined by each writer for his own portion,
though it is hoped that the results are fairly consistent. In a some-
what popular manual, it has seemed chiefly important that the reader
should be able to refer readily and certainly to the standard manuals
and to Sargent's "Silva". The sequence of families followed in the
text is that of the "Besseyan System", the Monocotyledons being
placed after the other phyla, partly because of. their supposedly hter
origin, as well as to avoid separating the Ranales from the other
Dicotyledons. Of the descriptive text, Professor Rosendahl has writ-
ten about half, comprising Ranales, Rosales, Celastrales, Sapindales,
Umbellales, Rubiales and Asterales, with the exception of a few
genera. Professor Butters litis written somewhat more than a fourth,
comprising the Gymnosperms, the Heaths, and the genera, Rosa,
Quercus, Lonicera and Diervilla. In addition, he has written the part
of the introduction dealing with the distribution of the woody vegeta-
tion, and has prepared the map showing the forest regions.

The text deals with loo genera, represented by 274 species and
about 25 varieties. All the genera are illustrated, with the e.xception
of one not certainly known to occur in jMinnesota. Of the 274 species,
15 are not represented by figures. The total number of illustrations
is 118, of which 103 are line drawings, and 15 half-tones.

The botanical publications of the Geological and Natural History
Survey constitute, with the present book, nine volumes, under the
general heading, "Botanical Series''. Four of these volumes belong
to the subseries, "^Minnesota Botanical Studies", the fourth volume
of which is current. Botanical publication in the Survev was sus-
pended from 1904 to 1908, and on resuming publication, it seemed
wise to make the first number of the "Botanical Studies" part one of
volume four. A'olume three thus contains but three parts, the title
page and index to which are found in part two of volume four. In
addition, a popular series, entitled "Minnesota Plant Studies" was

PREFACE

begun in 1908. A complete list of the publications of the Botanical
Survey follows :

I. REPORTS OF THE SURVEY.

Minnesota jMetaspermae 1892 : Conway IMac^Iillan.
INIinnesota Botanical Studies, volume i, parts 1-12, 1894-98.
Minnesota Plant Life 1899: Conway MacAIillan.
Minnesota Botanical Studies, volume 2, parts 1-6, 1898- 1902.
Minnesota Plant Diseases 1905 : Edward M. Freeman.
Minnesota Botanical Studies, volume 3, parts 1-3, 1903-04.
Minnesota Botanical Studies, volume 4, parts i, 2, 1909-
jMinnesota Algae 1910: Josephine Tilden.
Minnesota Trees and Shrubs 1912:

II. MINNESOTA PLANT STUDIES.

1. Guide to the Spring Flowers; F. E. Clements, C. O. Rosen-

dahl, F. K. Butters. First edition, ^larch 1908; second
edition, April, 1910.

2. Guide to the Trees and Shrubs : F. E. Clements, C. O.

Rosendahl, F. K. Butters. First edition, October, 1908 ;
second edition, September, 1910.

3. Guide to the Ferns and Fern Allies, July, 1909 : C. O.

Rosendahl. F. K. Butters.

4. Minnesota Mushrooms, September, 1910: F. E. Clements.
The Guide to Autumn Flowers has been printed in key form and

used with classes for the past two years, but it has not been published
for distribution. The above publications of the Survey are sent upon
request to residents of Minnesota, and to the schools and colleges of the
State. Thev are also sent free to working botanists and botanical de-
partments and institutions upon the exchange list of the Survey. To
all others, the publications are for sale at the following prices :
Minnesota Plant Diseases (edition nearly exhausted), $2; Minne-
sota Algae, $1 ; Minnesota Trees and Shrubs, $1 ; Guides to Spring
Flowers, Trees and Shrubs, and Ferns, loc. each; Minnesota Mush-
rooms, paper 50c., cloth $1. Minnesota ^letaspermae and the first
three volumes of Minnesota Botanical Studies are sent for the cost of
transportation to those who can use these technical works. The edition
of Minnesota Plant Life is entirely out of print, but copies can still
be obtained from the New York dealers in second hand books.

Frederic E. Clements,
Minnehaha-on-Ruxton, Head of the Department of

Manitou, Colorado, Botany and State Botanist.

July 31, 191 2.

Contents

Introduction —

How to Use the Keys - - - - - - - ix

The Names of Plants ------- xiv

Pronunciation - ____--- xv

A'erification and Determination of Specimens - - - xv

Explanation of the Chart ------- xv

Chart of Evolution and Relationship - - - _ xvii
\'egetation Regions ------- xviii

\'egetation Map -------- xx

Key to the Genera - - - - - - - -ii

Flower Key to the Families ------ i6

GyMNOSPERMS --------- ip

Pine Order --------- ig

Ginkgo Order --------- ^^

Angiosperms --------- 44

Buttercup Order --------44

Pink Order --------- 51

]\Iallow Order --------- yo

Geranium Order -------- go

Heath Order --------- 84

Phlox Order --------- 106

Gentian Order --------- 107

Snapdragon Order - - - - - - - -116

Rose Order - - - - - - - - -118

Bittersweet Order -------- 194

]\Iaple Order - - - - - - - - -215

Carrot Order --------- 270

]\Iadder Order --------- 275

Aster Order --------- 297

Lily Order ---------- 298

Glossary ---------- ^03

Index ----------- ^509

Introduction

HOW TO USE THE KEYS.

Since all the genera, e. g., elm, oak, willow, pine, etc., and nearly
all the species, e. g., red elm, cork elm, red oak, white oak, bur oak,
etc., are illustrated, it will often be possible to find the name of a
tiee or shrub by turning directly to the illustration. This is especially
true when the plant is known to belong or thought to belong to a
]:articular family or genus. For the be'gmner, however, this method
would usually prove long and tedious, as well as uncertain in its re-
sults. Much the better method is to make use of the two keys found
{jn pages ii and i6. The first key is based chiefly upon the leaves
and twigs, and is for use from the time the leaves unfold until' they
drop in the fall. The second key is based primarily upon the structure
of the flower, and hence can be used only with flowering specimens.
It is especially helpful in the spring for the large number of deciduous
trees in which the flowers appear before the leaves, as well as for
many woody plants in which the leaf characters are similar. While
it is possible to determine the names of trees and shrubs in their winter
condition, it is so difficult for anyone who does not already possess
considerable knowledge of them, that such a key has been omitted.
The best plan for the beginner to follow is to become acquainted
with individual trees and shrubs during the summer, and then learn
the habits and appearance of these same individuals during the winter.

Both keys are made after the same plan, namely, of- making a
choice for the most part between two alternatives. For example, if
one wishes to find the name of the common upland oak by means of
a leaf twig, he would turn to the "Key to the Genera" on page ii.
Here the first choice must be made between "I. Leaves needle-like or
scale-like", and "II. Leaves not needle-like or scale-like." The former
are the leaves of pines, spruces and tamaracks, the latter of the broad-
leaved woody plants, such as elms, oaks, willows, lilacs, etc. LInder
"II", the oak clearly belongs in "i. Trees", and not in "2. Shrubs or
vines" (page 13). Again, under "i", choice must be made between

X INTRODUCTION

"a. Leaves simple" (figs. I and II) and "b. Leaves compound" (fig.
VI). After the former, the lobed leaf of the oak brings one to
"(2). Leaves lobed" (page 15), and under this the choice goes to

I. Outlines of Simple Leaves.

12 3 6 7 8
4 5
1. Rounded. 2. Cordate (heart-shaped). 3, 4. Reniform (kidney-shaped). 5. Peltate (shield-
shaped). 6. Sagittate (arrow-shaped). 7. Auriculate (eared). 8. Hastate (halberd-shaped).

"(b) Leaves alternate or fascicled". Lender the latter, the oak agrees
with "y. Leaves neither fan-shaped nor fascicled", and then with
"(y) Leaves more than two-ranked". After the latter, the choice falls
upon "n. Leaves less lobed; bark not white", and then upon "(n)
Leaf-margin entire". This brings one to the oak genus, O u e r c u s,
which is described on page 257. Here the first step is to read care-

II. Outlines and Bases of Simple Leaves.

123 4 5 6 789 10

1. Linear. 2. Lanceolate (lance-.=haped). 3. Oblong. 4. Elliptic. 5. Oval. 6. Ovate
(egg-shaped). 7. Oblanceolate. 8. Spatulate (spatula-like). 9. Obovate (reversed ovate).

10. Cuneate (wedge-shaped).

fully the description of the genus to make sure that one has reached
the right place. The second step is to turn to the key to the species
on page 258, and to find the species by making choice between "i" and
"2", "a" and "b", etc. The bur oak with the deep rounded blunt lobes
of the leaf falls under "2", and then under "a". Here the leaves, but
especially the acorn cup, guide one to "(2) Quercus macro-

HOW TO USE KEYS xi

carp a". This determination is then checked by turning to pages
264 and 265, where the description and iUustration of the species are
found.

If the pine is taken for determination, the choice first falls upon
"i. Leaves needle-like or scale-like". The pine with its needles in

III. Leaf Edges.

12 3 4 5 6

1. Serrate (saw-toothed). 2. Dentate (tooth-
ed). 3. Crenate (scalloped). 4. Undulate
(wavy). 5. Sinuate (bayed). 6. Incised
(jagged).

groups of 2-5 then goes in "i. Leaves alternate or fascicled", and
beneath this, not in "a", but in "b. Leaves or some of them fascicled".
Under this, the few evergreen leaves in a fascicle lead one to "(2)
Leaves persistent, 2-5 in each fascicle" . . . Pinus : pine". On
page 30 is found the description of the pine genus, and below this the
key to the various pines. The five needles of the white pine at once
determine this to be Pinus S t r o b u s, while the pines with two
needles in a fascicle may be sought in the general key on page 32, or
in the key based upon leaf-sections, page 31.

IV. Leaf Tips.

12 3 4 5 6

1. Acuminate. 2. Acute. 3. Obtuse,

tuse. 6. Emarginate. 7. Obcordate.

cronate.

4. Truncate. 5. Re-

8. Cuspidate. 9. Mu-

Tn the case of flowering twigs, the method of finding the name is
essentially similar. The lilac, for example, in the "Flower Key to
the Families", falls under 'T. Petals present", the alternative choice,

INTRODUCTION

"II. Petals absent", being impossible. The next choice is "i. Flowers
single or in clusters", not "2. Flowers in heads", as in the dandelion
or the clover. The united petals lead one past ''a. Petals separate"
to "b. Petals united", and then one goes successively to *'(i) Ovary
superior", "(a) Flowers regular", and "x. Stamens 2". The family
is consequently the olive family, O 1 e a c e a e, to be found on page

V. LoBED Simple Leaves.

Pinnately: 1. Lobed. 3. Cleft. 5. Parted. 7. Divided
Palmately: 2. Lobed. 4. Cleft. 6. Parted. 8. Divided.

107. Here the family description should first be checked over, and
then the genus of the lilac is sought in the "Key to the Genera". The
choice between "i" and "2" falls readily upon the latter and beneath
"2", first upon "a", and then upon "(i) Flowers purple .
Syringa". After checking over the description of the latter upon
page III, the common lilac is found to be Syringa vulgaris by
means of the "Key to the Species". It is described on page 112 and
figured on page 114.

In the case of the cottonwood, the small flowers of the hanging
catkins, which are of two kinds, reddish brown on one tree and green-
ish on the cotton-bearing tree, are seen to lack both petals and sepals.
Hence, under "11. Petals absent", the choice is "2. Sepals absent,
or occasionally very minute". The next choice is "b. Leaves not
scale-like or needle-like, deciduous", and after this, "(i) Leaves
simple". Under this, the ovate leaves lead to "(b)" and the cottonv
seeds to "(x) . . . Salicaceae", or willow^ family, page 53. Here

HOW TO USE THE KEYS xiii

the genus is found to be P o p u 1 u s. and the species, by means of
the key on page 54. to be d e 1 1 o i d e s.

The many differences of leaves and flowers make it impossible
to describe plants or construct keys without the aid of scientific terms

1. Odd-pinnate. 2. Tendril-pinnate. 3. Even-pinnate.

4. Palmate or digitate

VI. Compound Leaves.

5. Twice-pinnate

xiv INTRODUCTION

to give definiteness and accuracy. The beginner's greatest difficulty
is to decide just how much of a quality, such as lobing, hairiness, etc.,
corresponds to a particular term. It is evident that practice alone can
give readiness and certainty in finding the names of plants, but the
constant use of the cuts, figures I-VI, and of the glossary, page 302,
will greatly reduce the practice necessary. The first plants determined
will inevitably take much time and patience, but the student who makes
sure of his facts before deciding upon each step of the key will be
rewarded by rapidly increasing facility in using the keys. The tend-
ency to guess at points of structure or at the meaning of terms must
be avoided at all times, if satisfactory results are to be secured. As a
further precaution, both of the alternative choices at each step in the
key must be considered, since one often throws light upon the other.
Finally, much time, patience and eye-sight will be saved by the use
of a good hand lens, magnifying 10-15 diameters and costing from
one to three dollars. Such lenses can be obtained from the H. W. Wil-
son Company, or the Minnesota Co-operative Store in Minneapolis,
from the Spencer Lens Company, Bufifalo, or the Bausch & Lomb
Company, Rochester, N. Y.

THE NAMES OF PLANTS.

The name of a plant consists as a rule of two parts or words, for
example, Piniis Strohus, Ulmiis americana, Acer saccharum, etc. The
first word indicates the genus, and is always capitalized. The second
word indicates the species, or kind, and is rarely capitalized. The
meaning of the terms genus (plural, genera) and species (plural,
species) may be clearly illustrated by the pines and maples. The white
pine, jack pine and Norway pine are different kinds, or species, of
the genus of pines, Pin us, each one designated by a species name,
Strobus, divaricata and resinosa, respectively. The hard maple, soft
maple, red maple and the boxelder are different species of the maple
genus, Acer; they are designated by the respective species names,
saccharum, saccharinuni, rubrum and negundo. Genera which are relat-
ed to each other are placed in the same family, for example, the pines,
spruces, firs and larches in the pine family, Pinaceae, the roses, apples,
plums, cherries, hawthorns, etc. in the rose family, Rosaceae. The end-
mg, -aceae, which is always used to denote a family, is the feminine
plural of the Latin suffix, -aceus, meaning like or related to. The family
name, Rosaceae, is really an adjective agreeing with plantae, plants,
and mcanmg "plants related to the rose." Related families are them-
selves grouped into orders, which also bear a distinctive ending, e. g.,

PRONUNCIATION xv

Pinalcs, Rosalcs. This ending is likewise in the feminine phiral, and
the meaning of the name is "plant families related to the pine family,"
et'c. Orders are further arranged into larger groups, such as Mono-
cotyledons, flowering plants with a single seed leaf, scattered bundles
in the stem, parallel-veined leaves, and a flower plan of 3, and Di-
cotyledons, with two seed leaves, ringed bundles, netted-veined leaves
and a flower plan of 5 or 4. These two groups form the Angiospernis,
with closed pistils and usually with sepals and petals, which are con-
trasted with the Gyninospernis, with open pistils and no sepals or petals.

PRONUNCIATION.

The simplest and most usable pronunciation of the names of
plants is probably that in which the consonants are pronounced as in
English, and the vowels and diphthongs as in Latin. This makes
possible a uniform and phonetic pronunciation of botanical names,
such as is greatly to be desired. The sounds of the vowels may be in-
dicated as follows : o as ah ; ^ as ay ; i as ee; 0 as oh ; u as 00 ; Greek
3; much like the German ii. The diphthongs are as follows : ae as
aye; au as ow in how; oe as oy ; ei as ay; en as eoo; ni as ooee.

VERIFICATION AND DETERMINATION OF SPECIMENS.

The beginner will necessarily find occasional plants which he is
luiable to name. Even the student of more experience will now and
then find very puzzling forms. In such cases, it is necessary to refer
the question to a good herbarium if one is accessible, or to the botanist.
The department of botany will be glad to have fresh or dried plants
sent to it for verification or determination at any time. This applies
to mushrooms and other lower forms as well as to flowering plants.
Fresh specimens can be sent readily through the mails by wrapping
them in moist paper and placing them in a pasteboard box. The de-
partment will also be glad to verify the dried specimens in the herbaria
of high schools or of individual students.

EXPLANATION OF THE CHART.

The chart on page xvii is designed to show the general lines of
descent of flowering plants from the ancestral ferns, and to indicate
the relationships of the various orders. It is based primarily upon the
development of the flower as a special organ for pollination and seed-
production. In consequence, the trees and shrubs appear in it at
various places, since the woody habit may develop in almost any order,
quite irrespective of its flower structure. Some families consist wholly

^,■1 INTRODUCTION

of woody plants, as in the beech, birch, ehii, pahn and willow families.
Others, such as the rose and pea families, contain a large number of
trees and shrubs, while many, such as grasses, orchids, mustards,
pinks, primroses, etc., contain only an occasional woody genus or are
entirely herbaceous.

Families with the simplest flowers, that is, those with the flowers
least changed from the fruiting organs of the ferns, are placed at the
bottom of the chart. Such families are found in the gymnosperms
and in the buttercup order. The flowers of the former are wind-
pollinated, and lack both calyx and corolla. The flowers of most
buttercups, on the other hand, are pollinated by insects, and possess
both calyx and corolla, or a showy calyx. These are regarded as the
primitive or earliest type of flower of the angiosperms. From the
specialization of these, in response to insect and wind pollination, have
been derived the orders and families of the three lines of evolution
shown in the chart. In detail, the primitive flower shows a large
number of separate stamens and separate pistils, the petals are alike
and separate, and there is no union between any of the four parts,
sepals, petals, stamens and pistils. In the increasing adaptation of a
flower to its work of pollination and seed production, this primitive
form has given rise to the higher or more specialized forms char-
acteristic of the various orders of the chart. The chief steps by which
this has been brought about are only four, namely, reduction in num-
ber of parts, union, change in shape, and change in position of the
corolla, or elevation, but these changes have not appeared in the same
sequence in all three lines. Reduction in number to a flower plan of
3, 4 or 5 has been almost universal in the groups just above the butter-
cups, though flowers occasionally occur witli number plans of 6, 7,
8 and even 9. In flower structure, the arrowheads are essentially
buttercups with parts in threes, while the lilies are arrowheads with
the stamens and pistils reduced in number, and the latter united to
form a compound pistil. In the irises, the colored perianth of sepals
and petals is upon or above the ovary, and in the orchids, the corolla
is strikingly irregular, one petal usually taking the form of a lip or
sack.

In the roses, the buttercup type is modified by the gradual grow-
ing together of the calyx and receptacle, and finally of the ovary also,
with the result that the corolla and stamens are above the calyx and
ovary. In the lower roses, the number of stamens and usually of
pistils also, is large, and the pistils are separate. In the higher fam-
ilies, the pistils are united into a compound pistil. In the madders and

Carvopl

vIl

les

/'■Pin

■^^,^^^

/Tanur

' Popla
«ilk

st

Gutliferalfs
•Teas'
\

Salibu

he

\

Malvales
•■MalloMs'

Lindens

ElriK

Mulberries

Cymnoiptmu

CHART OP EVOLUTION AND RELATIONSHIP

xviii INTRODUCTION

honeysuckles, the petals have become united, and finally, in most of
the asters, some or all of the flowers of the characteristic heads be-
come irregular as to their petals. In the mustards, pinks and gerani-
ums, the flower parts are regularly reduced to the number plan of
4 or 5, and the pistils are united. In the primroses, the petals become
united, and in the snapdragons and mints, the corolla as a rule is highly
irregular.

Many trees and shrubs have the flowers typical of the family
to which they belong. The locust and redbud are readily seen to be-
long to the pea family, the apple, cherry and plum to the rose family,
the bamboo to the grass family and the matrimony vine to the potato
family. On the other hand, the flowers of the lilac and the ash seem
wholly unlike, though they are placed in the same family. The maple
and the boxelder appear to be very different, though they are usually
put in the same genus, while the flowers of willows and cottonwoods
seem to have nothing in common with the pinks and tamarisks from
which they have descended. In a sense however, these striking differ-
ences are superficial, and are due to the excessive reduction or com-
plete loss of calyx and corolla in consequence of lack of use in wind
pollination. The absence of a corolla renders many of our tree
flowers inconspicuous, especially those that bloom before the leaves
appear, and has led to the popular impression that many trees do not
have flowers. Trees, like all flowering plants, produce flowers every
year as a rule, and it is possible to determine their real relationships
even when the flowers are reduced to stamens or pistils alone. The
simple appearance of the flowers of many trees and shrubs has fre-
quently led to their being regarded as the lowest of flowering plants.
A comparison of the flowers of maples, elms, oaks, ashes, etc., with
those of the pine, spruce and fir will readily prove that this is not the
case, and that the majority of our tree flowers belong fairly high in the
scale of evolution.

VEGETATION REGIONS.

From the standpoint of vegetation, Minnesota may be divided
into three great regions, occupied originally by the evergreen forest,
the deciduous forest, and the prairies, respectively. Each of these
regions has its characteristic plants, while comparatively few of the
tiees and shrubs of the state are equally at home in all three of them.
The general outline of these regions is indicated in the map on page

XX.

The evergreen forest originally covered the northeastern one-third
of the state, extending south to a line about half wav between Duluth

VEGETATION REGIONS xix

and Alinneapolis, and west nearly to the Red River valley. These
evergreen forests are continuous with those of Ontario on the north-
east, and with those of northern Wisconsin and upper Michigan on
the east. The characteristic trees of this region .are the three native
pines, white spruce and balsam fir in mature upland forests, black
spruce, tamarack and white cedar in the swamps. Throughout this
region deciduous trees are either minor or temporary factors in the
vegetation. Thus although the hard maple, basswood, red oak and
white elm occur throughout the regions they do not occupy such great
areas as they hold farther south, and the abundant growth of aspen,
balsam, poplars and birches which usually follows the destruction of
the conifers by cutting or burning, is itself followed by evergreens,
if not further disturbed.

The shrubs as well as the trees of the evergreen forests are, many
of them, characteristic. Here are found the white-flowered thimble-
berry, the mountain maple, dwarf birches, alders, sweet-fern, several
kinds of bush honeysuckle, high-bush cranberry, and, most character-
istic of all, numerous heaths, such as trailing arbutus, wintergreen,
dwarf Kalmia, the numerous blueberries and huckleberries.

The deciduous forest occupied a strip extending across the state
from southeast to northwest and forming an almost complete barrier
between the evergreen forests and the prairies. Throughout this
region the number of species of trees diminishes steadily from south-
east to northwest. The most characteristic trees on heavy rich subsoil
are hard maple, basswood, elm and red oak. The finest strip of hard-
v.'ood timber in the state, known to the early settlers as the "Big
Woods," consists very largely of these trees. Lying about fifteen
miles west of Minneapolis, it originally extended about fifty miles
east and west and nearly a hundred north and south. In the south-
eastern corner of the state, the dominant trees are black oak, black
walnut, and shellbark hickory in addition to those species which occur
farther north. Throughout the southern half of the state, somewhat
sour clay subsoils are apt to be covered with a nearly pure growth
of white oak. On drier and less fertile subsoils are usually open for-
ests of bur oak, scarlet oak and northern pin oak, which pass into
mere thickets where the soil is very light and porous.

Throughout this region of deciduous forest, there are almost
none of the conifers which are so abundant in the northeastern part
of the state. The tamarack alone occurs to any extent. It occupies
many bogs and swamps as far south as the Minnesota river. These
tamarack swamps are, as it were, little pieces of the northern forest

MAI' OF AllXXKSOTA, SHOWING THE NATURAL DISTRI-
BUTION OF FOREST AND PRAIRIE. ADAPTED FROM
UPHAM'S FLORA OF MINNESOTA.

VEGETATION REGIONS xxi

existing in the midst of the entirely different flora of tlie deciduous
forest.

The most abundant shrubs of the deciduous forest are the dog-
woods, especially Cornus paniculata, sumacs, thorn apples, black haw,
Rosa blanda and in somewhat sterile soil, the common hazel.

The prairies occupy the southwestern quarter of the state, ex-
tending thence eastward almost to the Mississippi, and northward
through the Red River valley into Manitoba. It is notable that the
line between the prairies and the hardwood forests is much sharper
north of the Minnesota river than south of that stream, a fact prob-
ably due to the grouping of the numerous lakes in the former region
and their scarcity in the latter. Throughout the prairie region of the
state, trees occurred naturally only along river valleys and in groves
about lakes. The commonest trees are the cottonwood, box-elder and
white elm, though numerous others occur, especially in the south. The
bur oak is the only oak which extends far into the prairie parts of the
state, and there it is often scarcely more than a bush.

The most characteristic shrubs of the prairie district are the
Amorphas, roses, especially Rosa arkansana, hazel, and in the extreme
western part of the state, the buffalo berry, Shepherdia argentea.

Key to the Genera

I. Leaves needle-like or scale-like
1. Leaves alternate or fascicled

a. Leaves all alternate and scattered

(1) Trees with fragrant leaves

(a) Leaves square, inserted on prominent bases Plcca : spruce 25

(b) Leaves flat

X. Leaves bright green, bract scales trifid,

projecting Pseudotsuga; Douglas spruce 23

y. Leaves dark and glossy above, whitish be-
low, bract scales rounded, included
(x) Cones large (5-10 cm.)> erect, scales

deciduous Abies: fir 20

(y) Cones small (1.2-3cm.), pendent,

scales persistent Tsuga : hemlock 24

(2) Shrubs, leaves not fragrant

(a) Leaves minute and scale-like, less than 2 mm.

long Tamarix : tamarisk 52

(b) Leaves more than 2 mm. long, not scale-like

X. Leaves turned in at the edge, blunt Empetrum : crowberry 105

y. Leaves flat, sharp-pointed 7'axtis : yew 41

b. Leaves or some of them fascicled

(1) Leaves deciduous, many in each fascicle Larix: larch ' 28

(2) Leaves persistent, 2-5 in each fascicle Pinus: pine 30
2. Leaves opposite or in whorls of three

a. Leaves in whorls of three, needle-like, jointed at

base Juniperus : juniper 40

b. Leaves opposite, scale-like, appressed on mature

branches

(1) Twigs flattened; pairs of leaves of two kinds

alternating Thuja: arbor vi/ae 35

(2) Twigs not flattened; leaves all alike on the

same twigs Sabina: red cedar 38

IL Leaves not needle-like or scale-like
\. Trees

a. Leaves simple

(1) Leaves not lobed

(a) Leaves ovate or round, broad
X. Leaves entire, mostly very large

(x) Leaves opposite, mostly cordate at base Calalpa: caialpa 116

(y) Leaves alternate, rounded or narrowed

at base Magnolia : magnolia 45

y. Leaves serrate to dentate

(x) Twigs very tough ; fruit round, per-
sistent, stalk winged Tilia : basszuood 70
(y) Twigs ibrittle; fruit disappearing in

spring Populus : cottonwood 53

MINNESOTA TREES AND SHRUBS

(b) Leaves somewhat oblong, much longer than
broad
X. Leaves opposite ]'ibunium : black Jiazv 280

y. Leaves both opposite and alternate, per-
sistent in autumn Khaminis: buckthorn 197
z. Leaves alternate

(x) Leaves two-ranked, or apparently so
m. Sap milky; small trees Moms: mulberry _ 79

n. Sap not milky

(m) Leaves with one distinct mid vein
r. Bark smooth, except when very old,

splotched Carpinus : hornbeam 243

s. Bark rough

(r) Leaves very oblique at base;

bark coarsely furrowed Ulmiis: elm 73

(s) Leaf base not oblique; bark

finely furrowed Ostrya : ironwood 245

(n) Leaves with three large veins at

base ; bark ridged Cellis : hackberry 77

(y) Leaves not two-ranked
m. Bark with long conspicuous lenticels Bclula : birch 246

n. Bark without conspicuous lenticels
(m) Leaves doubly serrate or toothed
r. Stems and twigs more or less thorny Crataegus: haivthorn 154

s. Stems and twigs without thorns Malus: apple 159

(n) Leaf margin with a single row of
teeth
r. Buds small, scales overlapping,

many; fruit fleshy Prunus: plum, cherry 163

s. Buds larger, covered by a single

scale ; fruit dry Salix : willow 59

(2) Leaves lobed

(a) Leaves opposite Acer: maple 219

(b) Leaves alternate or fascicled

X. Leaves fan-shaped, many of them fascicled Ginkgo : maiden-hair tree 43

y. Leaves neither fan-shaped nor fascicled

(x) Leaves two-ranked Morus: mulberry 79

(y) Leaves more than two-ranked
m. Leaves deeply cut-lobed ; bark white
(m) Leaves small, bark separating into

papery layers Bclula : birch 246

(n) Leaves silvery beneath, bark not

papery Popuhis : poplar 53

n. Leaves less lobed ; bark not white
(m) Leaf margin toothed

r. Stems and twigs thorny Crataegus: hawthorn 154

s. Stems and twigs not thorny Malus: apple 159

(n) Leaf margin entire Quercus: oak 257

Leaves compound

(1) Leaves palmate

(a) Leaflets 3 Ptelea: hoptree 82

(b) Leaflets many Aesculus: horse chestnut 216

(2) Leaves pinnate

(a) Leaves even-pinnate

x. Leaves twice-compound

(x) Leaves 3-9 dm. long; leaflets ovate Gymnocladus: coffee tree 172

(y) Leaves 1-2^ dm. long; leaflets oblong Gleditsia: honey locust 173

y. Leaves once-compound Caragana: pea-tree 179

(b) Leaves odd-pinnate
X. Leaves opposite

(x) Leaflets entire or finely serrate Fraxinus: ash 107

KEY TO THE GENERA 13

(y) Leaflets lobed or doubly serrate Acer: boxelJer 219

y. Leaves alternate
(x) Leaflets entire

m. Leaflets elliptic, small; thorny Kobinia : locust 175

n. Leaflets ovate, large; thornless Ailaiitlms: trce-of-heaven 83

(y) Leaflets at least finely serrate
m. Large tree; fruit a nut
' (m) Pith in plates; leaflets 11-23 Juglans: 7c>ahint, butternut 232

(n) Pith solid; leaflets 5-11 Cary<2 : hickory 238

n. Small trees ; fruit fleshy, bright red

(m) Sap milky Rhus: sutnac 111

(n) Sap not milky Sorbus: mountuiii ash 147

2. Shrubs or vines

a. Leaves evergreen and leathery

(1) Creeping or prostrate shrubs

(a) Leaves narrowly linear, thick, edges folded

back Einpctrum : crowberry 105

(b) Leaves lanceolate to rounded, rarely linear
X. Leaves less than 12 mm. long

(x) Leaves much longer than wide Vacciiiitim: cranberry 97

(y) Leaves broadly ovate Chiogenes: suozvberry 95

y. Leaves regularly more than 12 mm. long

(x) Leaves serrate, fragrant Gaulthcria : u-intergreen 93

(y) Leaves entire, not fragrant
m. Leaves narrowed at base

(m) Leaves scarcely 12 mm. long, pale

and resinous below J^acciiiiu/n : niouiiiaiii cranberry 102

(n) Leaves 12-25 mm. long, green and

veined below Arctosiaphylos: bearberry 94

n. Leaf base not narrowed; leaf broadly

elliptic Eplgaca : trailing arbutus 90

(2) Erect shrubs

(a) Leaves entire, with revolute margins

X. Leaves woolly below Ledum : Labrador tea 87

y. Leaves smooth and white below

(x) Leaves opposite or in threes Kalmia : swamp laurel 89

(y) Leaves alternate Andromeda: moorivort 92

(b) Leaves toothed

X. Plant distinctly woody, leaves finely toothed Chamacdaphne : leatherleaf 91

y. Plant semiherbaceous, leaves coarsely toothed Chimaphila : pipsissewa 86

b. Leaves deciduous
(1) Leaves simple

(a) Leaves not lobed on mature twigs
X. Leaves opposite or in whorls
(x) Leaves entire
m. Leaves silvery-scurfy Shephcrdia: buffalo berry 211

n. Leaves green

(m) Stipules present, leaves often in

threes Cephalanthus : button-bush 276

(n) Stipules absent, leaves in pairs
r. Leaf-scars running together to form
a ring
(r) Stems hollow
h. Low shrub, 0.3-1 m. high Symphoricarpus: ivolf-berry 284

i. Tall shrubs or vines, over 1 m.

high Lonicera : honeysuckle 286

(s) Stems solid

h. Flowers and fruit axillary, in
pairs, leaves very short peti-

oled Lonicera: honeysucJde 286

i. Flowers and fruit in terminal

,4 MINNESOTA TREES AND SHRUBS

clusters, leaves mostly long-

petioled Cornus: dogwood 270

s. Leaf-scars distinct

(r) Leaf-scars very small and flat,

petioles short Ligustrum: privet 115

(s) Leaf-scars round
h. Leaves smooth, flower- and

fruit-clusters terminal Syringa: lilac 111

i. Leaves hairy or pimply beneath,
flower- and fruit-clusters lat-
eral Chionanthtis: fringe-tree 115
(y) Leaves toothed
m. Leaves mostly in whorls of three Hydrangea : hydrangea 183
n. Leaves in twos, strictly opposite

(m) Buds hidden by the petiole Philadelphus : syringa 181

(n) Buds not hidden
r. Leaves coarsely toothed Viburnum : viburnum 280

s. Leaves finely serrate

(r) Bark ridged, roots white Euonymus: burning bush 195

(s) Shrubs .7-1.3 m. high; bark not
ridged
h. Leaf-scars running together to

form a ring Diervilla : bush-honeysuckle 294

i. Leaf-scars round, distinct Forsythia 113

(t) Shrubs 2-5 m. high, petioles

wide and glandular Viburnum : black haw 280

y. Leaves alternate or fascicled

(x) Thorny shrubs with fascicled leaves Berberis: barberry 48

(y) Shrubs or vines with alternate leaves
m. Leaves entire

(m) Leaves silvery Elaeagnus: silverberry 209

(n) Leaves not silvery
r. Thorny vines

(r) Leaves oblong, pinnate veined Lycium : matrimony vine 106

(s) Leaves cordate, more or less

parallel veined Smilax: smilax 300

s. Smooth shrubs

(r) Tall shrub; leaves crowded at

tips of twigs Cornus: dogivood 270

(s) Low shrubs
h. Bark very tough Dirca: lealherwood 208

i. Bark not especially tough

(h) Leaves resinous below Gaylussacia : huckleberry 95

(i) Leaves not resinous Vaccinium : huckleberry 97

n. Leaves toothed or serrate

(m) Twining vine Celastrns: bittersweet 195

(n) Shrubs

r. Leaves with three distinct veins Ceanothns: redroot 199

s. Leaves pinnately veined

(r) Leaves unequal at base Hamamclis: witch hazel 193

(s) Leaf bases equal
h. Shrubs with spines or thorns
(h) Spiny shrubs, about 1 m.,
leaves smooth and glossy

t\\ Ti,!!'°''^ 1, u . „ , Cydonia: Japanese qtiince 146

(i) Thorny shrubs, taller, leaves

154

(h) Leaves blunt to rounded at
tip
p. Leaves fragrant Myrica: sweet gale 268

cu ^"°^E^os^y Crataegus: hawthorn

bhrubs without thorns

KEY TO THE GENERA 15

q. Leaves not fragrant

(p) Leaves crowded at the

tips of twigs Mcnzicsia 89

(q) Leaves not crowded at
the tips of twigs

e. Cultivated shrubs Spiraea: spiraea 128

f. Native shrubs

(e) Tall shrub, leaves

over 5 cm. long Ahius: alder 254

(f) Low shrub, leaves

less than S cm.
v. Swamp shrub Betula: birch 246

w. Shrubs of dry

ground Amelanchier : juneberry 150

(i) Leaves acute to long-point-
ed at tip
p. Leaves long-pointed

(p) Leaves broadly ovate Corylus: hazel-nut 241

(q) Leaves lanceolate to

linear Salix : willow 59

q. Leaves acute but not long-
pointed
(p) Fruit fleshy

e. Fruit with a single stone -f''"'"'-f : /"'«<'«, cherry 163

f. Fruit several-seeded

(e) Fruits solitary or
1-3 in a cluster
v. Fruit red Ilex: ivinierberry 213

w. Fruit black, some
leaves often op-

posite

Rhanunus : buckthorn 197

&•

(f) Fruits several 6r
many in a loose
cluster
V. Fruit ripening in

mid-summer Amelanchier: jtmeberry 150

w. Fruit ripening in

the fall Aronia: chokeberry 153

Fruit many-seeded Vacciniiim: huckleberry 97

(q) Fruit dry

e. Fruits in catkins ; seeds

cottony Salix : ivillotu 59

f. Fruits in branched

clusters Spiraea: spiraea 128

(b) Leaves lobed
X. Leaves opposite

(x) Petioles usually with stipules and glands Viburnum : viburnum 280

(y) Petioles without stipules or glands
m. Leaves sharply and deeply lobed Acer: maple 219

n. Leaves crenately lobed Symphoricarpus: snowberry 284

y. Leaves alternate

(x) Leaf margin entire
m. Vines with broad palmately veined

leaves Menispermum : moonseed 50

n. Low aromatic shrub with linear leaves Comptonia : sweet fern 269

o. Low densely silky shrubs ; leaves with

3-9 linear lobes Artemisia : wormwood 297

(y) Leaf margin toothed
m. High-climbing vines

(m) Tendrils coiling, without disks Vitis: grape 202

(n) Tendrils attached by disks Parthenocissus: Boston try 203

,6 MINNESOTA TREES AND SHRUBS

n. "Shrubs

(m) Bark many-layered, splitting into

shreds Physocarpus : niuebark 127

(n) Bark firm

r. Tall shrub with thorns Crataegus: lia'wihorn 154

s. Bushes, sometimes prickly

(r) Leaves 1-2^ dm. broad Rubits: raspberry 121

.(s) Leaves 1-10 cm. broad

h. Leaves broad, deeply lobed Ribes: currant, gooseberry 185

i. Leaves longer than broad,

slightly lobed Spiraea : spiraea 128

(2) Leaves compound

(a) Leaves pinnate
X. Leaves opposite

(x) Vines Clematis: clematis 46

(y) Shrubs Sambucus: elderberry 278

y. Leaves alternate

(x) Leaf margin entire
m. Leaves odd-i)innate

(m) Tall spiny shrub with aromatic

leaves Xaiithoxylum : prickly ash SO

(n) Low bristly shrub; leaves not aro-

niatic Robinia: rose acacia 175

(o) Neither spiny nor aroriiatic
r. Leaflets over 5 cm. long Rhus: poison sumac 227

s Leaflets 5 cm. or less

(r) Leaflets 5-7 Potentilla: potentilla 119

(s) Leaflets 11-49 Amorpha: amorpha 177

n. Leaves even-pinnate Caragana: pea tree 179

(y) Leaf margin toothed
m. Leaflets 3-5

(m) Low small shrub or tall vine ; leaf-
lets obscurely toothed or some-

times lobed Rhus: poison ivy 227

(n) Spiny bushes; leaflets coarsely

toothed Rubus: raspberry, blackberry 121

(o) Smooth shrubs; leaves finely serrate Staphvlea: bladder nut ' ^15

n. I^eaflets 5-many

(m) Bushes or vines, usually prickly Rosa: rose 134
(n) Shrubs

r. Sap milky j.j,^^^. ^,^,^,^^
s. Sap clear

(r) Tall native shrub Sorbus: mountain ash 147

(s) Low cultivated shrub s^,.-/,,,.;, • ^./. / j j.- \\-,

(b) Leaves palmate ^So,t>a,,a. ash-leaved sp.raea 132

X. Vines with tendrils p,,.,;

r)„^.„„ J <J'-thenocissus: -woodbine 203

A nous: blackberry 121

Flower Key to Families

1. Petals present

1. Flowers single or in clusters
a. Petals separate

(1) Petals 3, sepals 3, stamens and pistils in diiTer-

ent flowers e .,

(2) Petals 4 -'^mtlacaceae 298

(a) Petals strap-shaped

X. Petals yellow, stamens 4, fstaminodi-i 4^ // /j

-r, (.suiminocua 4; J' itutainelidaceae 193

FLOWER KEY TO FAMILIES 17

y. Petals white, stamens 2 Oleaccae 107

(b) Petals not strap-shaped
X. Stamens 4-5

(x) Thorns present, leaves compound Ruiaceae 80

{y) Thorns absent, leaves simple
m. Leaves evergreen, very small Ericaceae 84

n. Leaves not evergreen, opposite

(m) Ovary superior Celastraceae 194

(n) Ovary inferior Cornaccae 270

y. Stamens 8-many. Saxifragaccae 181

(3) Petals 5 or more
(a) Flowers regular
X. Pistil simple, 1-many
(x) Pistils few-many
m. Twining vines

(m) Flowers small, dioecious Mcuispa maccae 50

(n) Flowers large and showy, perfect Raiiunculaccae 4b

n. Trees or shrubs

(m) Stamens inserted on the calyx, re-
ceptacle flat or hollow Rosaccae 118
(n) Stamens free from the calyx, re-

ceptable cone-shaped Magnoliaceae 44

(y) Pistil 1
m. Stamens 5-12

(m) Spiny shrubs, leaves simple or once

pinnate Berbcridaccae 48

(n) Trees, often thorny, leaves mostly

twice pinnate Leguminosae 171

n. Stamens many Pruniis in Rosaceae 163

y. Pistil compound
(x) Vines

m. Vines with tendrils, stamens opposite

the petals Vitaceae 201

n. Vines without tendrils, stamens alter-
nate with the petals
(m) Leaves simple Celastraceae 194

(n) Leaves compound Anacardiaceae 227

(y) Trees or shrubs
m. Leaves simple

(m) Leaves scale-like Tamaricaccae 51

(n) Leaves not scale-like
r. Style 1

(r) Trees, stigma 5-lobed Tiliaceae 70

(s) Shrubs
p. Stamens 5, opposite the petals Rhamnaccae 197

q. Stamens 5, alternate with the
petals, or more than 5
(p) Ovary superior
h. Evergreen shrubs Ericaceae 84

i. Deciduous shrubs

(h) Leaves alternate Ilicaccae 213

(i) Leaves opposite Celastraceae 194

(q) Ovary inferior, stigmas 2 Ribes in Saxifragaccae 185

s. Styles 2-5
(r) Styles 2
p. Leaves opposite, ovary superior Accraccac ' 219

q. Leaves alternate, ovary inferior Ribcs in Saxifragaccae 185

(s) Styles 3 5, ovary inferior
p. Leaves alternate Rosaccae 118

q. Leaves opposite Saxifragaccae 181

.1. Leaves compound
(m) Leaflets always 3
r. Flowers white Staph ylcaceae 215

MINNESOTA TREES AND SHRUBS

s.
(n)

(b)

Flowers greenish
Leaflets usually more than 3
Thorny shrubs
s. Thornless shrubs or trees
(r) Flowers white
(s) Flowers greenish
Flowers irregular
Stamens 7, separate
y. Stamens 10, 9 of them united
b. Petals united

(1) Ovary superior

(a) Flowers regular
X. Stamens 2

y. Stamens 4-10

(x) Ovary 2-celled
(y) Ovary 4-10-celled

(b) Flower irregular

(2) Ovary inferior

(a) Stamens 5

(b) Stamens 8-10
2. Flowers in heads

a. Stamens united, style 2-cleft

b. Stamens separate, style not cleft
II. Petals absent

1. Sepals present, rarely very minute

a. Climbing vines

(1) Stamens and pistils many, sepals large

(2) Stamens S, pistil 1, sepals minute (petals

present but falling quickly)

b. Shrubs or trees

(1) Flowers in catkins, at least the staminate

(a) Pistillate flowers in catkins, sap milky

(b) Pistillate flowers solitary, sap not milky

(2) No catkins present
(a) Style 1

X. Stigma 1 or slightly 2-cleft

(x) Trees with compound leaves
(y) Low shrubs with simple leaves
m. Leaves green, glabrous
n. Leaves silvery or scurfy
Stigma with 6-9 radiate divisions
Styles or long sessile stigmas 2
Leaves deeply cut or compound
Leaves simple, not deeply cut
Pistils 2-5, thorny shrub
Sepals absent, or occasionally very minute

a. Leaves scale-like or needle-like, usually evergreen

(1) Leaves resinous, fragrant when bruised; fruit
a cone or several-seeded blue berry

(2) Leaves not resinous nor fragrant; fruit a one-
seeded red berry

b. Leaves not scale-like or needle-like, deciduous
(1) Leaves simple

(a) Leaves fan-shaped with forking veins
Leaves from ovate to linear, net veined
:. Fruit with many hairy seeds, flowers dioe-
cious
'. Fruit one-seeded, flowers usually monoecious
(x) Low shrubs with very fragrant leaves
(y) Trees, rarely shrubs; leaves not fragrant
Leaves compound
X. Leaves alternate, staminate flowers in catkins
y. Leaves opposite, flowers in clusters

Anacardiaceae

Rutaceae

Rosaccae
Simaruhaceae

Sapindaceae
Legtiminosae

Oleaceae

Solanaceae

Ericaceae

Bignoniaceae

CaprifoUaceae
Ericaceae

Compositae
Rubiaceae

Clematis in Ranuiiculaceae
Vitaceae

Moraceae
Fagaceae

y-

(b)

X.

y-

(c)

(b)

(2)

Oleaceae

Thymelaeacea
Elaeagiiaceae
Empetraceae

Aceraceae
Ulmaceae
Rutaceae

Pinaceae
Taxaceae

Ginkgoaceae

Salicaceae

Myricaceae
Betulaceae

Juglandaceae
Oleaceae

in

80

118

83

216
171

107

106

84

116

277
84

297
275

46
201

77
256

107

207
209
105

219
73
80

19
41

43

268
240

232
107

Gymnospermae

Seed-bearing plants without closed pistils, ovules and seeds exposed,
or protected by the separate but overlapping scales on which they are
borne; pollen grains entering the micropyle of the ovule and germinating
within the developing seed; the body of the seed formed by the female
gametophyte, developed previous to the fertilization of the egg and the
development of the embryo.

Coniferales Pine Order
Pinaceae Pine Family

Trees or rarely shrubs ; leaves needle- or scale-like, usually evergreen ;
flowers monoecious or dioecious, cone-like, the staminate consisting of a
more or less elongated axis which bears nimierous usually scale-like
stamens, each of which bears 2-40 pollen sacs or sporangia, the pistillate
more complex in structure, varying in the several tribes (see below), the
ovules and seeds not in a closed ovary but sheltered and concealed be-
tween the scales of the pistillate cone.

Leaves, bark and wood containing much oleoresin which is often of
commercial importance.

An ancient family of trees, at one time forming the dominant vegeta-
tion of the earth, and still forming great forests in the temperate regions
of both the northern and the southern hemispheres.

KEY TO THE TRIBES

1. Leaves linear, needle-like, alternate or in fas-

cicles Abietineae

2. Leaves often scale-like, opposite or in whorls Cupressineae

Abietineae Fir Tribe

Leaves and cone-scales primarily alternate — the foliage leaves may be
in dense clusters or fascicles which are however always arranged on the
branches in an alternate spiral fashion, foliage leaves linear, needle-like
or flattened, never scale-like ; stamens with two pollen sacs, pistillate cones
with two distinct kinds of scales, the bracts or sterile scales and the seed-
bearing scales, one of which is borne in the axil of each bract, each
seed-bearing scale bearing two inverted seeds on its upper side.

1.

PINE FAMILY

KEY TO THE GENERA

Foliage leaves all scattered, alternate

a. Leaves flat linear, more or less twisted into

two ranks

( 1 ) Buds small round resinous, cones up-

right with decidous scales Abies

(2) Buds scaly not resinous, cones pendent

with persistent scales

(a) Leaves about 2 cm. long, their scars

scarcely raised ; bracts of cone long Pseudotsuga

(b) Leaves about 1 cm. long, their scars

raised on woody projections ; bracts

of cone short Tsuga

b. Leaves four-sided in section, not at all two

ranked, their scars raised on woody pro-
jections Picea
2. Foliage leaves or some of them in fascicles

a. Leaves deciduous, some scattered, others in

large fascicles Larix

b. Leaves evergreen, in fascicles of 2-5 Pinus

Cupressineae Cypress Tribe

Leaves and cone-scales opposite or in whorls, leaves needle-like or
reduced to small flattened scales which adhere to the twigs, stamens often
with more than two pollen sacs, pistillate cones without distinct "bracts,"
seeds erect, 1-40 upon each seed-bearing scale.
KEY TO THE GENEKA

1. Cones woody, twigs and spray flat, leaves scale-

like, of two alternating types Thuja

2. Mature cones fleshy, twigs and spray not flat-

tened

a. Leaves usually opposite, scale-like on ma-

ture twigs Sabina

b. Leaves in whorls of three, all needle-like Juniperus

Abies J u s s i e ti 1789 Fir

(L. and Gr. a b i e s, fir tree.)

Evergreen trees, sometimes shrubby at higli altitudes, trunk straight,

running to the top of the tree, branches irregular or whorled, horizontal ;

leaves needle-like but usually flat and blunt, sessile, scattered and borne

tinufi i'_Oar?h^iapa

Abietineae. Species illustrated : Abies balsamea, Pseudotsuga taxifolia.
Tsuga canadensis, Picea mariana, Larix laricina, Pinus Strobus and Pinu ;
Banksiana. Twigs with cones x^, leaves and cone-scales natural size;
b bract, s seed-bearing scale.

22 PINE FAMILY

in many rows, but often twisted into an apparently two-ranked arrange-
ment, remaining on the twigs for many years and when they fall leaving
the bark nearly smooth with round scars ; buds usually round and cov-
ered with resin ; flowers in spring, monoecious, the staminate in the axils
of last year's leaves, very small, consisting of an axis bare at the base
and covered above with the numerous stamens, stamens with a spur- or
knob-like tip, pollen sacs opening transversely, jjoUen winged as in jnne ;
pistillate cones erect, on the sides of the uppermost branches, the young
cone with long and conspicuous bracts, which may later be hidden by
the developing seed-bearing scales, cones ripening in the autumn of the
first year, at maturity falling to pieces leaving their bare axes standing
upon the branches ; seeds winged, resinous.

I'rees of the cooler parts of the north temperate zone and of the
adjacent mountainous parts of the trojncs ; about 23 species, over one
half of which occur in the lands bordering the North Pacific. One other
ppecies occurs in eastern North America, eight in western North America.

Abies balsamea (Linne) ?^I i 11 e r 176S Balsam Fir Balsam

Evergreen tree. 7-18 m. (23-60 ft.) high; bark smooth, grayish,
covered with numerous blisters containing resin ; leaves resinous, very
fragrant, flat, blunt. 1-3 cm. long, except on the uppermost branches
twisted into an apparently two-ranked arrangement ; buds small globular
covered with a varnish-like resin; young pistillate cones purple, mature
cones bluish green, cylindrical, 6-10 cm. long, the bracts concealed by
the longer seed-bearing scales, ripening in autumn when the scales fall
away leaving the bare axes standing upon tht- branches : balsa m e a, re-
ferring to the abundance of balsam in the bark.

Evergreen forests from Labrador and Newfoundland to Minnesota,
south to Virginia and northern Iowa. In Minnesota common in the
northeastern and northern parts of the state, not occurring beyond the
region of evergreen forests except in a few scattered localities in the
southeast corner of the state. Flowers in April or May, cones ripe in the
autumn of the same year.

Seldom cultivated in Minnesota. Balsam fir in cultivation is very
beautiful for a few years, but soon becomes thin and straggling.

Wood light brown, soft, weak, weight 24 lb. seldom used except for
paper pulp; the oleoresin from the blisters in the bark is "Canada
Balsam" ; the fragrant dry twigs are often used to stuff sofa-pillows and
similar articles.

PSEUDOTSUGA 23

Abies concolor L i n d 1 e y and Gordon 1850

A west American species with stout bluish leaves 50-75 mm. long and
about 2 mm. wide is sometimes planted in Minnesota, but at least in the
vicinity of Minneapolis it is not hardy and the upper branches are often
killed back in severe winters, keeping it in the form of a low bush.

Pseudotsuga C a r r i e r e 1867 Douglas Fir
(Gr. p s e u d e s, false, Japanese, t s ti g" a. hemlock.)

Evergreen trees, trunk straight, running to the top of the tree,
branches horizontal, irregularly whorled ; leaves needle-like but flat and
blunt, soft, sessile or slightly stalked, scattered, borne in many rows, re-
maining on the tree for several years and when they fall leaving the bark
almost smooth or with slightly raised oval scars; buds scaly not resinous;
flowers in spring monoecious, the staminate borne in the axils of last
year's leaves, consisting of an axis, bare at the base and covered above
with the numerous stamens, stamens with a spur-like tip, pollen sacs
opening obliquely ; pistillate cones terminal or axillary, pendent at ma-
turity, the bracts long, conspicuous, cleft at the sunmiit into three lobes,
cones ripening in the autumn of the first year, opening to discharge the
seeds and finally falling entire from the tree ; seed winged, not resinous.

Only 3 species, one native of southern California, one of Japan, and
the following species widelv distributed through western North America.

Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Lambert) Britten 1889 Douglas Fir,

Douglas Spruce.

Ps. mucronata (Ratinescjue) Sud worth 1895

Ps. Douglasii ( Lindley) Carriere 1867

In Minnesota seldom exceeding 12 m. (40 ft.) in height (on the
Pacific coast sometimes 80 m. high), trunk straight, running to the crown
of the tree, branches horizontal, bark in young trees grayish, smooth,
often with a few resin blisters resembling that of the balsam fir, in
older trees becoming rough and brown and in old trees in their native
habitat very thick, deeply fissured and falling ofi" in large scales; buds
brown, sharp pointed, not resinous, covered witli numerous papery scales;
leaves fragrant, flat, blunt and soft, arranged all about the twigs, or
twisted into an apparently two-ranked arrangement ; cones oval-cylindri-
cal, pendulous, when ripe woody. 4-8 cm. long : taxifolia, yew-
leaved.

24 PINE FAMILY

Cultivated : native to the forests of the Rocky Mountains and the
Pacific Coast region from British Columbia south to Texas, Mexico, and
central California. Only the trees from the Rocky Mountain region are
hardy in Minnesota where the Douglas Fir is often planted as an orna-
mental tree. It is very hardy but has a tendency to grow thin in foliage.
It has proved a successful plant for evergreen hedges, stands clipping
well, and will endure dry weather better than most conifers.

In its natural habitat, particularly in the vicinity of the Pacific Coast,
this is one of the finest of North American trees, reaching a height of
over two hundred feet, and a trunk diameter of fifteen feet. It is the
most valuable timber tree of British Columbia, ^^'ashington. and Oregon ;
wocd light brown, coarse grained, very strong, weight 32 lb.

Tsuga Carrierc 1855 Hemlock
(T s ti g a — Japanese name for hemlock.)

Evergreen trees, trunk straight reaching to the top of the tree,
branches irregular, spreading or often drooping, twigs slender ; leaves
linear, flat and blunt, short petioled. scattered and borne in manv rows
but usually twisted into an apparently two-ranked arrangement, remain-
ing on the twigs for two or three years but rapidly falling if the twig is
dried, when they fall leaving the twigs roughened by woodv raised pro-
jections on top of which are the leaf scars; buds scaly, not resinous;
flowers in spring monoecious, the staminate in the axils of last year's
leaves, very small, with a bare stalk and an almost globular bunch of
stamens, stamens with a spur- or knob-like tip, pollen .?acs opening trans-
versely, pollen grains not winged ; pistillate cones terminal, drooping,
with inconspicuous bracts, cones ripening the first autumn, opening at
maturity and discharging the seeds after which the whole cone falls from
the trees ; seeds winged, slightly resinous.

Trees of North America and eastern Asia ; 7 species ; one other
occurs in eastern United States, and two in northwestern North America.
One of the latter departs in several respects from the usual characters of
the genus.

Tsuga canadensis (Linnc) Car ri ere 1S55 Hemlock

A tall tree over 15m. (50 ft.) in height; trunk straight, upright, ex-
tending to the summit, branches spreading, nearly horizontal, the leading
shoot in young trees usually more or less pendulous; twigs slender.

PICEA 25

leaves flat, 8-13 mm. long, short petioled, scattered, but twisted so as to
appear two-ranked, dark green above, white beneath ; pistillate cones
small, ovoid, 1.5 to 2.5 cm. long: canadensis, Canadian.

Coniferous forests, usually in acid soil containing considerable or-
ganic matter, from Nova Scotia to Delaware and southward along the
Alleghanies, westward through northern Michigan and Wisconsin in
w'hich State it is abundant. The hemlock barely reaches Minnesota,
occurring native just southwest of the head of Lake Superior.

Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree or as an evergreen hedge ;
neither the dry autumns nor the prevailing limestone soils of Minnesota
suit the hemlock and it is apt to die out after a few years. In Upper
Michigan and Wisconsin it is a valuable timber tree much used for coarse
lumber, piles, etc. Wood light reddish brown, soft, coarse, brittle and
splintering, weight 26 lb. The bark is extensively used in tanning leather.

Picea Link 1827 Spruce
(L. picea spruce or fir tree, from p i x, pitch.)

Trees with straight trunks running to the top of the crown, and
abundant, horizontal, drooping or slightly ascending branches ; smaller
twigs clothed with closely set evergreen needle-like leaves arranged in a
close spiral ; leaves usually four-sided, sharp pointed, spreading in all
directions from the twig, borne upon small woody projections Avhich
render the twags rough when the leaves fall (spruce and hemlock leaves
fall quickly when a twig is dried, fir and Douglas fir leaves are apt to
remain attached to the dried twig); buds scaly, not resinous; flowers
monoecious, the staminate solitary, lateral, consisting of an axis bearing the
numerous overlapping, scale-like stamens, each of wdiich bears two pollen
sacs which open longitudinally; pollen winged as in pine; pistillate cones
usually borne laterally on the twigs with very short peduncles, drooping,
ripening the same year, dry and woody or membranous when ripe ; the seed-
bearing scales entirely concealing the small bracts ; seeds winged, not
resinous, discharged from the ripe cones which often remain on the tree
for some time after the fall of the seeds, and finally fall off entire.

A genus of about 14 species of the far northern and the mountainous
parts of the northern hemisphere. It includes the most boreal conifers in
the world. Besides the following there are in North America one eastern
and three western species.

26 PINE FAMILY

Key to the Species

1. Twigs spreading horizontally, cones less than

8 cm. long.

(a) Twigs smooth, cone-scales flexible

(1) Leaves very stiflf and blue, 25-30 mm.

long; cultivated P- pungeus

(2) Leaves slender, 10-25 mm. long; native P. canadcjisis

(b) Twigs minutely hairy, leaves 5-15 mm.

long, cone-scales stiff; native P- manaiia

2. Twigs drooping, cones 10-20 cm. long; culti-

vated P- Abies

Picea pungens Engelmann 1879 Colorado Blue Spruce
I'icea Parryana Sargent 1898
Abies Menziesii var. Parryana Andre 1876

A tree, in its native regions sometimes 30 m. (100 ft.) tall, here in
cultivation much smaller ; branches and branchlets stiffly horizontal and
in layers; bark grayish brown, scaly, twigs brown, smooth; leaves 25-30
mm. long, four-sided, thick, stiff and sharp-pointed, pale bluish green,
particularly in young specimens; cones cylindrical, 6-10 cm. long, their
scales pale grayish brown, longer than broad, very thin and flexible, irreg-
ular at the outer end ; pungens, pricking, referring to the sharply
pointed leaves.

Cultivated : native to the Rocky Mountain regions of Colorado,
'\^'yoming, and Utah. Much planted as an ornamental tree on account
of its striking blue color. It is hardy, but tends with age to become
somewhat straggling and to take on a darker green color. Different
specimens vary much in the intensity of the blue color and the best are
sometimes propagated l)v grafting.

Wood white to light brown, soft, weak, close-grained, weiglit 23 11). ;
the wood is occasionally used locally in the mountains.

Picea canadensis (Miller) B r i 1 1 o n, Sterns and P o g g e n-
b e r g 1888 White Spruce
P. alba (Aiton) Link 1831

A large tree up to about 30 m. (100 ft.) tall; trunk upright, straight;
branches long, ascending or horizontal ; bark slightly roughened, red-
dish or grayish brown, finally somewhat scaly, twigs light brown, smooth ;
leaves four-sided, 10-25 mm. long, pale bluish green, unpleasant smelling

PICEA

27

when bruised; cones small, cylindrical, 3.3-6 cm. long, falling after the
seeds are discharged, cone scales thin, flexible, usually entire: canaden-
sis, Canadian.

Usually in dry soil with pines, etc., reaching the northern limit of
tree growth, Newfoundland and Labrador to the vicinity of Bering Sea,
southward to northern New England, New York, the upper (Ireat Lakes,
the Black Hills, and the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia. In
Minnesota nearly confined to the evergreen forests of the northern and
northeastern' parts of the state, but straggling southward along the val-
ley of the St. Croix river, at least as far as the vicinity of Osceola, Wis-
consin. Flowers in May, cones ripe in the autumn of the same year.
Ornamental and doing well in cultivation in the more moist parts of the
state.

Wood light yellow, soft, weak, straight-grained, weight 25 lb., used
in eastern Canada for lumber, and extensively for paper pulp, for which
purpose it is more employed than any other wood.

Ficea mariana (]\Iiller) B r i 1 1 o n. Sterns and P o g g e n-
b e r g 1888 Black Spruce

P. nigra (Aiton) Link i8.y

A small tree with an upright, straight trunk, and short usually droop-
ing branches; bark scaly; leaves bluish green, four-sided, 5-15 mm. long,
twigs brown, under the lens appearing more or less hairy; cones small,
oval, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, borne on sharply recurved stalks, and remaining
long on the tree, scales stiff, thin, usually with toothed margins.

Usually in cold swamps, often accompanied by tamarack ; Labrador
and Newfoundland to the valley of the Yukon, southward to northern
British Columbia, Minnesota and New Jersey. In Minnesota confined io
the evergreen forests of the northeastern and northern parts of the state,
and to cold bogs within a few miles of these evergreen forests. It does
not extend as far south as the tamarack. Seldom cultivated as it has
little beauty to commend it.

\\'ood pale yellow, or nearly white, soft, weak, weight 28 lbs. ; seldom
used for anything except jjaper pulp. The resinous exudation from the
trunk is "spruce gum" and the leaves are boiled to produce the flavor of
"spruce beer."

28 PINE FAMILY

Picea Abies (Linnej Karsten 1881 Norway Spruce
P. excelsa (Lamarck) Link 1841

Large tree reaching in its native regions a height of 40 m. (135 ft.),
trunk straight, branches of moderate length, spreading, branchlets op-
posite, at first horizontal, but soon becoming drooping; bark scaly, red-
dish brown ; twigs brown, smooth or hairy ; leaves light green, four-sided,
15-25 cm., long; cones very long (12-15 cm.) and cylindrical, their
scales thin, firm, broad and usually with an irregular margin : a b i e s the
Latin name of the spruce or fir.

Cultivated : a native of Europe where it grows from the extreme
north to the alpine regions of the Alps and Pyrenees. Flowering in
April, cones ripe the same autumn.

More commonly planted for ornament than any other spruce, it is
hardy and grows rapidly, but is apt to be injured by hot dry summers,
and loses its beauty after thirty or forty years, by the dying of the lower
branches.

Wood reddish or yellowish, soft, fine-grained, much used in Europe
for lumber for floors, boxes, cheap furniture, scaffolds, masts, spars, etc.
The oleoresin from this tree. "Burgundy pitch," is used medicinally; the
bark is used in tannina; leather.

Larix A d a n s o n 1763 Larch, Tamarack
(L. larix, larch tree.)

Trees with a straight u^n-ight trunk, extending to the toj) of the tree,
and indistinctly wdiorled, spreading or ascending branches ; leaves needle-
like, bright green, turning yellow and falling in autumn, upon the new-
twigs borne singly in a close spiral, like the leaves of spruce, but upon
the older branches and the trunk borne in tassel-like tufts, "dwarf shoots,"
which produce twenty to thirty leaves each year for many years ; flowers
monoecious, staniinate cones solitary, borne without accompanving leaves
on the sides of twigs and branches, globose or nearly so, the stamens two-
celled, opening longitudinally, pollen wingless ; pistillate cones appearing
Avith the leaves in early spring, red or greenish, the ovule-bearing scales
shorter than the bract-scales, cones small, ripening and opening the first
autumn, but remaining on the tree throughout the winter, the seed bearing
scales in our species concealing the short bract-scales. Our only deciduous
conifers. Besides the following two there are six other species native
of western North America, Siberia and Japan.

LARIX 29

Key to the Species

1. Native tree; mature cones 1-1.5 cm. long L. laricina

2. Cultivated tree; mature cones 2.5-3.5 cm. long /,. deciJna

Larix laricina (Du Roi ) Koch 1873 Tamarack, American Larch

L. americana ]\Iichaux 1803

A tree about 12-18 m. (40-60 ft.) high and 3-5 dm. in diameter at
the base; bark rough, scaly; leaves triangular in section, 15-30 mm. long,
bright green turning golden yellow in the fall, very soft and flexible ;
young cones red or greenish; cones with 10-20 scales, oval, not over 2 cm.
in length : laricina, larch-like.

A tree usually inhabiting cold swampy ground, but occasionally found
in drier situations and then reaching its largest size ; northern North
America from Labrador and Newfoundland to the Yukon valley, south-
ward to New Jersey, Minnesota, and northeastern British Columbia.
Abundant in Minnesota in the northeastern coniferous forest, where it
usually grows with black spruce, and southward in sour swamps scattered
throughout the hardwood region of eastern Minnesota, as far south as
Minneapolis and the region around Lake Minnetonka. It does not occur
native south of the Minnesota river. Flowers in April or early May,
cones ripe in the autumn of the same year.

In cultivation the tamarack grows well in soil much drier than that
which it naturally inhabits. It is not however as handsome or graceful a
tree as the European larch.

Wood light brown, hard, coarse, resinous, very strong and durable,
weight 39 pounds ; much used for fence posts and fuel.

Larix decidua Miller 1768 Larch
L. europaea De Candolle 1805
L. Larix (Linne) Karsten 1882

A tree about 12 m. (40 ft.) high and 5 dm. in diameter at the base;
branches spreading, young twigs somewhat drooping; bark rough and
scaly; leaves 20-25 mm. long, bright green, soft and flexible, turning
yellow in autumn ; young cones scarlet, cones with 40 or more scales, ob-
long or conical, 2.5-4 cm. long.

Cultivated: a tree from the mountainous parts of Europe, growing
well in dry soil. It is planted as an ornamental tree and does well in
situations too dry for any of the evergreen conifers except the red cedar.

30 PINE FAMILY

Pinus L i n n e 1753 Pine
(L. p i n 11 s, the pine tree)

Trees or sometimes shrubs with variously branched trunks ; foliage
leaves evergreen, needle-like, in fascicles of two to five''', the young twigs
at first without foliage leaves and clothed only with scattered spirally
arranged scales, the fascicles of foliage leaves appearing in the axils of
these scales, each fascicle at first surrounded by a sheath of similar scales
which may later fall away, or may be permanent, the whole fascicle even-
tually falling away from the branch at the end of several years' time ;
tiowers monoecious, usually on separate branches, the staminate clustered
near the ends of the twigs, surrounding the base of a shoot of the cur-
rent season, consisting of an axis bearing numerous overlapping scale-like
stamens, each of which bears two pollen-sacs which open longitudinally;
tip of stamen knob-like, or with a small scale-like appendage, pollen
grains winged, the round grain bearing two air bladders which are about
equal in size to the grain proper ; pistillate cones solitary or in small
groups, lateral or sub-terminal, the ovule-bearing scales of the young cones
longer than the bracts; cones ripening in two or three years, woodv, the
seed-bearing scales often much thickened at the outer end ; cones open-
ing at maturity to scatter tlie seeds, or in some species remaining closed
for many years ; seeds usually winged, not resinous.

About 70 species of the north temperate zone and the mountainous
parts of the northern tropics, most abundant in the warm temperate
regions. Among the most valuable forest trees for timber and for their
various resinous products, turpentine, rosin, pitch, tar, etc.

Key to the Species

Two sub-genera are recognized.

1. Strobus : The exposed portions of the cone scales but slightly
thickened, stamens nearly crestless, leaves in fascicles of five, the scaly
sheath usually quickly deciduous, wood soft.

One species in Minnesota. P. Strobus

2. Pinaster : The exposed portions of the cone scales much thick-
ened, stamens bearing a crest-like scale, , leaves in fascicles of 1-5 (2 in
all of our species), the scaly shcatli usually persistent around the base
of the fascicle, wood often hard.

Key to species of Pinaster growing in Minnesota, based on leaf struc-
ture. Leaves in all of our si)ecies semi-circular or crescentic in cross
section, and with two vascular bundles.

'In a peculiar species of the southwestern United States there is only one
foliage leaf in each fascicle.

PINUS

31

1. Resin ducts numerous, close to the surface;

strengthening cells epidermal.

a. Leaves over 1 dm. long, bundles close to-

gether

b. Leaves less than 1 dm. long, bundles widely

separated

( 1 ) Bundles embedded in sclerenchyma, epi-

dermal cells nearly square

(2) Bundles not surrounded by scleren-

chyma, epidermal cells radially
elongated

2. Resin ducts 2, in the midst of parenchyma;

strengthening cells l)eneat]-i the epidermis.

a. Leaves over 1 dm. long,

b. Leaves under 5 cm. long,

P. rcsiiiosa

P. silvcstris

P. iiiontana

P. Laricio aiistriaca
P. Banksiana

"PLanK^iana

monTana

blUeifn?!

Cross-sections of leaves of species of Pinus; diagrams x20, detail
of epidermis and the layers immediately beneath it .\150. In the diagrams
the sclerenchyma layer is heavily shaded.

32 PINE FAMILY

Key to species of Pinaster growing in Minnesota, based upon general
features —

1. Leaves more tluin 1 dm. long

a. Leaves thin, tiexible, bark reddish, native P. rcsinosa

b. Leaves thick, stiff, bark gray, cultivated P. Laricio aitstriaca
2 Leaves less than 1 dm. long

a. Trees usually 4-20 m. high. [ \

(1) Leaves flexible, bluegreen, 2.5-7 cm.

long, cones reflcxed, cultivated P. silvL'sfn's

(2) Leaves stiff, yellow green, 2.3 to 5.5

cm. long, cones pointing forward, na-
tive P. Banksiana

b. Low branching shrub, 1-4 m. high, leaves

4-7 cm. long P. in on tana

Pinus Strobus L i n n e 1753 White Pine

Large forest tree with a straight trunk up to 40 m. ( 130 ft.) high, and
up to 1 meter in diameter at the base ; young trees with regular whorled
horizontal branches, the older ones with strong irregular ascending
branches forming an open irregular crown ; bark of young tree smooth,
greenish gray, very resinous, becoming very thick gray and roughly fis-
sured ; leaves in fascicles of five, the needles surrounded at first with num-
erous scales wdiich soon fall off, leaving them without a scaly sheath,
fascicles usually falling at the end of the second year, leaves slender,
soft, 7-10 cm. long, triangular in section, minutely serrate; cones w-oody,
cylindrical, stalked, ripening at the end of the second season, 10-15 cm.
long, about 3 cm. wide when open, cone scales woody, thin, dark brown
when ripe, the exposed parts glossy, seeds winged escaping from the ripe
cone : strobus, L. name of some tree.

In rich often calcareous soil, forming large forests or mixed with de-
ciduous trees from Newfoundland and eastern Manitoba south to Iowa,
Pennsylvania, and in the mountains to Georgia. In Minnesota through-
out the northern and northeastern coniferous forests, also in scattered
isolated groves in eastern Minnesota, usually on river bluffs or in sheltered
ravines, along the valleys of the St. Croix and Mississippi rivers, and for
some distance up some of the tributary valleys. Flowers in May, cones
ripe a year from the following September.

The most valuable timber tree in the state ; Avood light brown or red-
dish, soft, fine grained, not strong, weight 24 lb. ; used for building con-
struction, siding, doors, sash, etc. In cultivation the white pine is orna-

PINUS ^^

mental and does well in parts of the State where the late summers and
autimms are not too dry. It flourishes in the soil of our hard wood
regions better than any other pine.

Pinus resinosa A i t o n 1789 Red Pine, Norway Pine

A forest tree 24-30 m. (80-100 ft.) high, with a straight trunk 3-5 ft.
in diameter, which extends to the crown of the tree; branches of young
trees nearly horizontal, whorled, in old trees forming a rounded crown;
bark reddish brown, thin, on the older branches and trunk forming broad
flat scales; leaves in pairs, each pair surrounded at the base by a persis-
tent scaly sheath, leaves slender, soft, 8-15 cm. long, semicircular ia
section, minutely serrate; cones rounded, about 5 cm. long, and when
open nearly as broad, standing straight out from the stem, cone scales
wood}', thickened at the tips, the exposed part diamond-shaped with a
scar in the center ; seeds dark, winged, escaping from the ripe cone :
resinosa, resinous, not particularly appropriate to this pine.

Usually in sandy soil, avoiding rich calcareous soils, Newfoundland
to western Ontario, south to Pennsylvania, Michigan and Minnesota. In
Minnesota found only in the coniferous forests of the northern and
northeastern parts of the state, where it originally formed almost pure
forests over large areas. Flowers in May, cones ripening the second
autumn.

Much used for timber though not considered as valuable as the white
pine. Wood pale reddish, hard, fine grained, not strong, weight 30 lb.

1-inus silvestris L i n n e 1753 Scotch Fine, Scotch Fir

A tree up to 30 m. (100 ft.) high, with a straight trunk, but in this
state seldom over 10 m. or 15 m. and often irregular, straggling and
somewhat shrubby; branches irregular, bark reddish brown and smooth
above, becoming grayish and scaly on the older trunks ; leaves in clusters
of two, bluish green, 3-8 cm. long, with a basal sheath 5-8 mm. long,
wrinkled transversely and rough ; cones small, 5-8 cm. long, yellow
brown, usually in clusters of two or three, nearly sessile, horizontal or
bent backward along the branch, cone-scales thin, woody, ending in a
four-sided boss which in young cones bears a short weak spine in the
middle. This may persist in the mature cone but often disappears:
silvestris, relating to the forest.

Cultivated, native of Europe and of western Asia. Occasionally
planted for ornament ; it is entirely hardy but seldom in this region forms
anything but a small straggling tree with very little beauty.

34 PINE FAMILY

Wood reddisli brown, soft, easily split. Much used in Europe for
building construction, taking the same position there that white pine does
in our northeastern states.

Pinus montana ]\I i 1 1 e r 17O8 Mountain Pine, Mugho Pine
P. Muo'hus Scopoli 1772

Shrub or small tree, seldom over 3 or 4 m. (10-13 ft.) high, branches
flexible, twigs short, bark brown, roughened with small conical projec-
tions; leaves in clusters of two, 4-7 cm. long, pointed, thick, dark green
with a basal sheath, 5-6 mm. long, dark brown, papery and with torn
edges ; cones small, 3-4 cm. long, in groups of two or three, horizontal or
oblique, subsessile, persistent, cone-scales rounded at the top, furnished
with a rhomboid boss which bears at its depressed center a large sharp-
pointed spine : m 0 n t a n a, of the mountains.

Cultivated, native of the mountains of central and western Europe.
A hardy, ornamental evergreen shrub used for covering rockv slopes, or
combining with other and larger conifers. Several unimportant varieties
are distinguished by the shape of the cones.

Pinus Laricio var. austriaca E n d li c h e r 1847 Austrian Pine

Tree up to 25 m. (80 ft.) with a somewhat irregular trunk and long
horizontal branches, in whorls, giving the young tree a thick conical
form, and the adult a broad rounded head ; bark grayish brown ; leaves
in clusters of two, 10-15 cm. long, stifif, dark green, with a basal sheath
12 mm. long, gray, wrinkled; cones small, sessile, reddish, about 5 cm.
long, projecting at right angles to the branches, solitary or in groups of
2 or 3, falling after they open, cone-scales thickened and with a rounded
boss at the end, often with a dull spine arising from the center of the
boss : laricio, from 1 a r i x, larch.

Cultivated. Pinus Laricio is a native of southern Europe and Asia
.Minor, only the northern variety, native of Austria, is hardy here. It
is much planted as an ornamental tree, and is successful west and south
of the natural range of our native pines.

Wood soft, resinous, durable.

Pinus Laricio with its varieties is the most valuable forest tree of
southern Europe. It is used both for lumber and for the production of
turpentine.

THUJA 3-

Pinus Banksiana L a m Ij e r t 1803 Jack Pine
P. divaricata, of authors.

Usually a small tree 9-12 m. (30-40 ft.) high, hut occasionally taller,
with a trunk ahout a foot in diameter, liead pyramidal, hark dark hrown,
irregularly divided into small scales ; leaves in pairs, each pair sur-
rounded at the hase hy a short persistent scaly sheath, leaves flat, rigid,
2-5.5 cm. long, minutely serrate ; cones ahout 3 cm. long, curved, conical,
sessile, pointing toward the ends of the hranches, often failing to oi)en
at maturity and persisting on the tree many years, cone-scales woody,
thickened at the tips, spineless ; seeds blackish, winged.

In very sterile sandy soil ; Nova Scotia to the MacKenzie valley,
southwards to northern New England, the region about the southern end
of Lake Michigan and Minnesota. The most northern of our Ameri-
can pines — in Minnesota confined to the coniferous forests of the north-
ern and northeastern parts of the state, where it covers large tracts of tlie
most sterile soils.

Wood pale brown, soft, coarse grained, weak, weight 27 pounds; used
for fire wood and for posts and raihvav ties, but the least valuable of
our native pines.

Cupressineae Cypress Tribe

Thuja Linne 1753 White Cedar

(Gr. t h y i a, the arbor-vitae.)

Trees with fibrous bark, fragrant wood and flat fragrant spray clothed
Avith the small overlapping scale-like leaves which adhere to tlie twigs
bv their inner faces; leaves opposite, of two kinds in alternating ])airs.
tliose on the face of the twig flat, those on the side of the twigs doubled
over the edge ; flowers monoecious, the staminate consisting of an axis
bearing two or three pairs of peltate stamens, each with 2-4 pollen sacs,
pistillate with 4-6 pairs of thin oval scales, the uppermost and lower
scales usually sterile, the middle ones each bearing 2-4 erect ovules, cone
small, woody; seeds with lateral wings, borne usually two on each fertile
scale.

Four species, the others occurring in northwestern North America,
Japan, and China.

Thuja occidentaHs Linne 1753 White Cedar Arbor vitae

Evergreen tree with straight or forked trunk, 15-20 m. (50-70 ft.)
high, and 5-10 dm. in diameter, the short horizontal hranches forming a
narrow conical head; bark of branches reddish brown, on old trunks
forming loose scales ; spray much branched, flat, leaves except on leading

36

PINE FAMILY

shoots about 3 mm. long, scale-like ; flowers in spring, cones ripening the
same autumn, usually with two pairs of fertile scales; seeds with winged
margins, two on each fertile scale : occidentalis, western.

Growing usually in swampy ground where it often forms very dense
pure stands, occasionally in dryer stony ground or on bare rocks; Nova
Scotia to Lake Winnipeg, south to Minnesota and the south end of Lake
Michigan, New England and in the mountains of Virginia. In Min-
nesota abundant in the northern and northeastern portions in the belt
of coniferous forests. Often cultivated as an ornamental tree or shrub
and much used for hedges as it bears clipping well. In the southern
part of the state it often "winter kills" badly from lack of moisture
following a dry fall.

Cupressineae : Juniperus communis, Sabina virginiana, fruiting twig,
and twig from young tree, Thuja occidentalis.

Sabina vir'dniana

38 PINE FAMILY

\\'ood light brown, coarse, brittle, weak, durable, weight 20 pounds,
the lightest wood of the northeastern states ; much used for posts,
telegrapli poles, and shingles.

Sabina A n t o i n e 1857 Savin, Red Cedar
(From classic L. h e r b a s a b i n a. the Sabine plant.)

Trees or shrubs witli fibrous bark and fragrant wood ; leaves opposite
or in whorls of three, scale-like and adhering to the twigs on mature
branches, often needle-like on voung plants or fast growing shoots ;
flowers dioecious, terminal on short leaf-bearing shoots. tlie staminate
with several pairs (or whorls) of peltate stamens, each bearing 2-6 pollen
sacs ; pistillate flowers terminating short branches, consisting of several
|)airs (or whorls) of minute scales, bearing the paired ovules in their
axils: fruit fleshy. ft)rmed of several concrescent pairs (or wlK)rls) of
scales.

About 20 species of the northern temijerate regions, about one third
of which are nati\"es of the western United States. A genus fretjuently
united with Juniperus with which it agrees in the berry-like character
of the cone, l)ut from which it differs both in the intimate structure of
the ccne and in vegetative characters.

Sabina virginiana (Uinne) Antoinc 1857 Red Cedar, Savin
Juniperns \irtiiniana Linne 1753

Tree, in this state rarely over thirty feet high, when well grown with
a straight trunk, and a broad conical head, often distorted or even a
straggling irregular upright shrub: mature twigs covered with scale-like
opposite triangular leaves. 1-2 mm. long, but on voung trees, rapidly
growing shoots, or occasionally on whole trees the leaves spreading, awl-
shaped, 8 mm. long, opposite or sometimes in whorls of three, decurrent
and not jointed at the base: fruit subglobose, borne cm a straight scaly
stalk, maturing the first season, dark l)lue and fleshv and much eaten by
birds which distrii)ute their seeds : v i r g i n i a n a. Virginian, applied at
an early date to many American plants.

Dry, gravelly, usually calcareous soil. Nova Scotia to eastern Dakota,
south to (Georgia and Te.xas. In Minnesota throughout the state except
the northeast corner, most abundant in the south and east along the river
bluffs. Flowers in May. fruit ripe the autumn of the same year.

SABINA

39

\\'(M)d red, line-grained, soft, weak, fragrant, and very durable, weiglit
31 lbs. The wood is much used for chests, pails, posts, sills of build-
ings, etc. It seldom reaches commercial size in Minnesota. The tree is
often planted as a small ornamental tree and does well even in dry situa-
tions where other evergreens will not grow. It is sometimes planted to
form windbreaks, but this use is objectionable in connection with apple
orchards as it harbors various species of the fungus, (ivnmosporangium,
which produce leaf rust of apple.

k:.

Sabina horizontalis, foreground, and Juniperus communis, middle ot
plate; in southeastern Minnesota.

40 PINE FAMILY

Sabina horizontalis (Monch) Dwarf Savin
Sabina prostrata (Persoon) Antoine 1857
Juniperus Sabina var. i)rocumbens Pursh 1814

Prostrate evergreen shrub often spreading over a considerable area ;
foliage strong smelling, leaves bluish-green, scale-like, triangular, or on
young, strong growing shoots, awl-shaped; fruit on a short, recurved,
scaly stalls, oval or irregular, dark blue, fleshy, ripening during the
second summer : horizontalis, horizontal.

Dry rocky slopes, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to New
England, New York, the south end of Lake Michigan, Minnesota, and in
the mountains to Colorado ; also in Asia. In Minnesota abundant in the
extreme north, less common southward, rare and local in the southeast
corner of the state. Flowers in May, fruit ripe in midsummer of the
following year.

This form has been confused with the savin in Europe (Sabina offic-
inalis Garcke, Juniperus Sabina L.), which is distinguished by its more
erect habit and by blunter, more closely appressed leaves. The twigs of
the European form are used medicinally on account of the irritating
volatile oil they contain. The American form contains the same oil and
has p)resvmiably the same medical action.

Juniperus L i n n e 1753 Juniper

(Juniperus, the classical Latin name)

Evergreen trees or shrubs with fibrous bark; leaves in whorls of 3,
needle- or awl-like, spreading; flowers dioecious, the staminate with
several whorls of peltate stamens each bearing three to four pollen sacs,
pistillate axillary, consisting of several whorls of scales with a single
whorl of terminal ovules alternating with the uppermost scales ; fruit
fleshy, formed of the concrescent scales of the uppermost whorl.

A genus of about 10 species, mostly of the Old World; often con-
sidered to embrace also the genus Sabina.

Juniperus communis L i n n e 1753 Common Juniper

A small tree, or in this state, an erect struggling shrub, or more fre-
quently a depressed shrub with long prostrate branches turning up at the
end to form a thick, dense mat ; bark thin, brown, forming papery scales ;
leaves in threes, needle- or awl-like, 10-20 mm. long, jointed at the base;
flowers in the axils of the younger leaves, opening in the spring ; fruit
blue, spherical, about 10 mm. in diameter, fleshy and sweet, ripening in

JUNIPERUS— TAXUS 41

the autumn of the third year; seeds 1-3, with distinct resin vesicles:
communis, L. common.

Throughout the cooler parts of the north temperate regions, growing
as far south as Pennsylvania, Nebraska, Arizona, the Himalayas and the
Mediterranean region. The most widely distributed of the conifers and
the most widely distributed tree of the temperate zone. In Minnesota
it occurs more or less throughout the state, most abundantly in the north
and east.

Wood similar to red cedar, but not of sufBcient size in this state to
be of any value. The nearly ripe berries are used medicinally as a diur-
etic, and are employed in the manufacture of gin.

This species passes into the northern and alpine form,

Juniperus communis var. sibirica (Burgsdorf) R y d b e r g- 1896
J. sibirica Burgsdorf 1787
J. nana W'illdenow 1796

A prostrate shrub with broader curved leaves often less than 10 mm.
long.

Taxaceae Yew Family

Trees or shrubs with evergreen leaves of various types ; flowers mo-
noecious or dioecious, the staminate consisting of a more or less elongated
axis which bears the variously formed stamens, the pistillate various but
seldom cone-like, the ovules naked, usually not concealed, the seed usually
exposed at maturity, furnished with a fleshy outer coat.

Taxus I. i n n e 1753 Yew
(L. taxus, yew tree, probably from Gr. t 0 x 0 n, a bow.)
Non-resinous trees or shrubs; leaves evergreen, flattened, linear, bit-
ter, borne alternately in a close spiral, but twisted so as to appear two-
ranked ; staminate flowers consisting of 4-12 peltate stamens borne at
the top of a short naked axis, pistillate flower of a single naked erect
ovule borne at the top of a short scaly axis ; seed exposed, surrounded by
a fleshy, bag-like aril which becomes scarlet at maturity.

Taxus canadensis .Marshall 1785 American Yew
T. baccata var. minor IMichaux 1796

A low green shrub about 1 m. high with the characters of the genus ;
leaves linear, acute and sharply mucronate, bitter and not at all resinous:
canadensis, Canadian.

X2

Taxus Canadensis

GINKGO 43

In woods, Newfoundland and Manitoba, soutli to Virginia and Iowa.
In Minnesota abundant in the northern i)art of the state, extending a
little beyond the limits of the coniferous forests; local in several places
in the southeast corner of the state.

Ginkgoales Ginkgo Order
Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo Family

A family consisting of only the following genus. Flowers dioecious,
the staminate cone-like, consisting of an axis bearing numerous stamens ;
stamens stalked, furnished with two pendent pollen sacs ; pistillate flowers
consisting of a naked stalk bearing at its summit a pair of ovules,

44 GINKGO FAMILY— MAGNOLIA FAMILY

each surrounded at its base with a collar-like growth ; seeds drupe-like,
the integuments consisting of an outer fleshy coat, a iirm stony coat, and
a thin inner papery layer.

Ginkgo L i n n e 1771

(Chinese name of the tree.)

The only genus of the family, containing the following species :

Ginkgo biloba L i n n e 1771 Maiden-hair Tree
Salisburia adiantifolia Smith 1797

Deciduous tree reaching in old age a height of 20 m. (65 ft.) ; trunk
straight, extending to the top of the tree ; branches long, ascending,
twigs not numerous, covered with many short spurs, or dwarf twigs ;
bark at first smooth, the epidermis separating as a shredded papery
layer, later roughened and seamed longitudinally, gray ; leaves borne
scattered on the long twigs and in dense clusters on the spur shoots,
l^etioled, smooth, fan-shaped, usually two-lobed, veins forking repeatedly
and running free to the margin; leaves 3-5 cm. long, 4-7 cm. wide,
petioles 3-5 cm. long; flowers as described under the family; seeds plum-
like, scarlet, ill-smelling, about 2 cm. in diameter: biloba. two-lobed,
referring to the leaves.

Cultivated : Native to China and Japan, widely cultivated in those
countries and in Europe and North America. Planted to some extent
in the -vicinity of Minneapolis and St. Paul where it is entirely hardy.
A handsome tree with very ornamental foliage ; the staminate tree is
preferable, as the seeds of the pistillate tree have a verv offensive odor.

Angiospermae

Seed-bearing plants with closed pistils ; the ovules and seeds develop-
ing within a closed ovary ; pollen grains received by, and germinating upon
a stigma; body of the seed (endosperm) not the female gametophyte, de-
veloping after the fertilization of the egg, and during the development
of the embryo.

Ranales Buttercup Order

Magnoliaceae Magnolia Family

Trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate, entire or lobed, marked with trans-
parent dots ; leaf buds covered with membranous stipules ; bark bitter
and aromatic ; flowers large and solitary ; sepals and petals colored alike.

MAGNOLIA

45

arranged in 3's, mostly imbricated in the bud, hypogynous and deciduous;
stamens numerous, large, anthers adnate ; pistils many, on an elongated
or cone-shaped receptacle, free or cohering Avith each other and in the
fruit, forming a sort of fleshy cone ; seeds one or two in each pistil.

A family of about 10 genera of wide geographic distribution. The
following is represented by one cultivated species in Minnesota.

Magnolia Linne 1753 Magnolia
(Named for the French botanist, Magnol.)

Trees or shrubs with large usually thick, entire leaves ; leaf buds
covered with sheathing stipules ; flowers large, fragrant, borne singly at
the ends of branches, appearing before or with the leaves; sepals 3,
petal-like ; petals 6-9, in whorls of 3 ; stamens imbricated, with short
filaments and large anthers ; carpels on a cone-shaped receptacle, coher-
ing and forming at maturity an aggregate, cone-like fruit with dry or
fleshy follicles that dehisce and let out by slender threads, one or two,
usually red seeds.

A genus of about 15 species, natives of eastern North America,
eastern Asia and the Himalaya mountains.

Some species with large white flowers that open before the leaves
appear are handsome ornamental trees.

The following species is planted to some extent in Minnesota.

Magnolia acuminata Clematis verticillaris

Magnolia acuminata Linne 1753 Cucumber Tree

A tree about 15-20 meters high, attaining a maximum height farther
south of 30 meters (90 ft.) leaf buds silvery gray and silky pubescent;
leaves oblong or ovate, acuminate at apex, pinnately veined, margin entire,
glabrous above, more or less pubescent beneath, 13-24 cm. long, 7-13
cm. wide; flowers somewhat narrowly campanulate, greenish yellow.

46 BUTTERCUP FAMILY

glaucous, orange-colored within, 4-7 cm. long; fruit-cone about 4-7 cm.
long; acuminata, pointed, in reference to the leaf.

Cultivated. Distributed from western N. Y. to 111., south to Ken., N.
C. and Ala., west to Ark.

The wood is soft, yellowish brown, and weighs 29 lbs. per cubic foot.

Ranunculaceae Buttercup Family

Herbs or sometimes woody plants, with acrid usually colorless sap ;
leaves alternate (opposite in Clematis), simple or compound, petioles
dilated at the base, sometimes with stipule-like appendages ; flowers
regular or irregular, polypetalous or apetalous, with sepals often colored
like petals; stamens numerous (or rarely few) ; pistils many, or rarely
solitary, 1 -celled; ovules 1-many, anatropous ; fruit achenes, follicles, or
a berry.

Clematis L i n n e 1753 Virgin's Bower
(dr. clematis, a climbing plant.)

Climbing vines or erect or ascending perennial herbs, sometimes
woody; climbing by bending or twining of the leaf-stalks; leaves
opposite, pinnately compound, lobed or in some species entire ; flowers
solitary or in panicles ; sepals 4 or rarely 5, petaloid ; petals 0, or as
many as the sepals; pistils many; styles long, plumose, silky or naked,
persistent; fruit 1 -seeded achenes.

A genus of over 100 species of wide geographical distribution. The
greatest number of species occur in the temperate regions. Besides the
following, sc^ne 20 others occur in tlie sou'Iiern and western parts of
North America.

Key to the Species

1. Flowers large, solitary on the old branches;

sepals i)ur]de . C. vi-rticillaris

2. Flowers smaller, numerous, on the years

growth ; sepals white

a. Leaflets toothed ; flowering in summer C. virginiana

b. Leaflets entire ; flowering in autumn C. paniculata

Clematis verticillaris De Candolle 1818 Purple Virgin's Bower
Atra.s^ene americana Sims i8o5

A trailing or climbing vine with smooth angular stems and large
nodes; leaves trifoliate, leaflets ovate, rounded or cordate at the base,
acute at the apex, coarsely and evenly serrate, thin, glabrous, 3-6 cm.

CLEMATIS

47

long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, petioles 2-3 cm. long; flowers axillary, purple, 5-7
cm. broad when expanded; sepals 3-4.5 cm. long, thin and prominently
veined, silky hairy along the margin, petals spatulate, 1.2-1.8 cm. long,
persistent, styles persistent, becoming plumose and 5-6 cm. long in fruit :
V e r t i c 1 1 1 a r i s. in a whirl, possibly in allusion to the climbing hai)it.

Infrequent in rocky woods in the eastern part of the state from the
northern boundary to the southern. Distributed from eastern Quebec to
Hudson's Bay and Lake Winnepeg, south to Del., W. Va., Mich., and
Minn.

Flowers in May and June, fruits in July and August.

Clematis virginiana

Clematis paniculata

Clematis virginiana Linne 1753 Virginia Virgin's Bower

A long vine, climbing freely over shrubs, fences, etc. ; stems furrowed ;
leaves opposite, trifoliate, petioles straight and deflexed, or bent and
acting as tendrils, leaflets ovate, rounded' or cordate at the base, acute
or acuminate at the apex, coarsely toothed or sometimes slightly 3-lobed,
bright green and glabrous above, paler and sometimes slightly pubescent
beneath, 4-9 cm. long, 2-6 cm. broad; flowers in leafy panicles, white,
15-20 mm. broad; styles persistent, forming long, whitish, feathery plumes
to the achenes, 4-5 cm. long : vi r g i n i a n a, Virginian.

In woods, on river banks etc., occurring throughout the state, com-
mon eastward. Distributed from Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south tc
Ga. and Kan.

Flowers in June and July, fruits in Aug. and Sept.

48 BARBERRY FAMILY

Clematis paniculata T h u n b erg- 1 794 Clematis

A vigorous climbing vine, cHmbing over fences, trellises, porches, etc. ;
leaves 3-5-foliate (the iirst pair of leaves of a shoot usually entire and
cordate) leaflets ovate, rounded or mostly cordate at the base, acuminate
at the apex, glabrous on both sides, young leaves with blotches of white
along the veins, 2.5-5 cm. long, 1.8-3 cm. wide, the widened bases of the
petioles connate; flowers in axillary and terminal panicles, white, fra-
grant, 2.5-3 cm. broad; fruit with persistent, plumose styles: panicu-
lata, in a panicle.

Extensively cultivated as an arbor and trellis plant. Native of Japan.
Flowers and fruits in autumn (Sept. -Oct.)

Berberidaceae Barberry Family

Shrubs or herbs with alternate or basal simple or compound leaves,
with or without stipules; flowers in racemes or solitary; sepals and
petals imbricated in the bud, mostly in 2 whorls of 3 each, occasionally
2 or 4 in the whorl ; stamens as many as the petals and in front of them,
or more numerous ; anthers usually opening by two valves ; carpel 1 ;
style short ; ovules 2 -many, fruit a berry or a capsule.

The following genus is represented in Minnesota by two cultivated
species.

Berberis L i n n e 1753 Barberry

Shrubs with yellow wood and inner bark, usually spiny; leaves mostly
in fascicles, simple or compound ; flowers yellow, in drooping racemes or
singly from each fascicle; sepals 6, oblong, with 2-6 acutish, sepal-
like bracts on the outside; petals 6, obovate, with two glands at the
base; stamens 6, with sensitive filaments, closing up around the style
Avhen touched; anthers opening by valves; pistil 1, stigma shield-shaped;
fruit a 1-few seeded berry.

A genus of about 75 species, natives of North America, Europe
northern Asia and South America. About 12 species occur in N. Am.

Key to the Species

1. Leaves serrate; flowers and fruits in racemes B. vulgaris

2. Leaves entire, flowers mostly 1 to each leaf-

cluster B. Thunbergii

BERBERIS 49

Berberis vulgaris Liniie 1753 European Barberry

(Latin form of the Arabic name.)

A spiny shrub, 2-3 meters (6-8 ft.) high, with arched branches,
glabrous throughout ; leaves alternate or fascicled, obovate or spatulate,
obtuse at the apex, cuneate at the base, bristly serrate, glabrous on both
sides, prominently reticulate-veined beneath, 2.5-7 cm. long, .8-2 cm.
wide, 1-3-pronged spines (modified leaves) below the fascicles; racemes
pendulous, terminating the short shoots bearing the leaves, 4-8 cm. long,
many-flowered, flowers yellow, about 8 mm. broad, ill-smelling ; petals
entire ; fruit an oblong berry, scarlet when ripe, acid, persistent through
the winter.

Frequently planted as a hedge and ornamental shrub. Introduced
and naturalized from Europe. In the eastern and middle states, it has
become wild, growing in thickets and waste ground.

Flowers in April and May, fruits in autumn.

50 MOONSEED FAMILY

Numerous forms and varieties have been developed through cultiva-
tion, among which the following is the most commonly planted within
the state.

Var. atropurpurea Kegel.

\\ith jmrple-colored leaves, otherwise like the species.

Berberis Thunbergii De Candolle 1818

Low very dense shrub, .5-1 meter (1.5-3 ft.) high; branches spread-
ing and slightly curved, twigs brown, grooved ; leaves in dense fascicles,
spatulate rounded or sometimes mucronate-tipped at the apex, glabrous
thruout, glaucescent beneath, entire, .5-4 cm. long, .2-1 cm. wide, fascicle
subtended by simple spines; flowers 1-3 (mostly 1) terminating the short
.shoots, yellow with pinkish bracts, 6-8 mm. broad, pedicels 8-10 mm. long;
fruit elliptic or ovoid, bright red when ripe, about 8 mm. long; named
for the botanist Thunberg.

Planted extensively as an ornamental shrub on account of its dense
spreading growth, its dark red berries, as well as the handsome autumn
coloring of the foliage. It is especially well adapted for borders of
walks and drives and is perfectly hardy in our climate. Native of Japan.

Menispermaceae Moonseed Family

Climbing or twining, woody or herbaceous vines ; leaves alternate,
palmate or jjeltate, entire or lobed, stipules lacking; flowers in panicles,
racemes or cymes, small, dioecious; sepals 4-12; petals 6, in two whorls
of 3 each, sometimes fewer or none, imbricated in the bud ; stamens
about the same number as petals; carpels 3 to many (mostlv 6), ovule
one ; fruit a drupe, ovary often curving in developing into a fruit, caus-
ing the seed to be bent into a crescent.

The family is chiefly tropical and is represented in the Minnesota
flora bv the following genus onlv.

'f5 t>^

Menispermum L i n n e 1753 Moonseed
(Gr. m e n e. crescent, s p e r m a, seed.)

Climbing vines with large peltate or cordate. lol)ed or alternate leaves;
flowers in panicles, small, dioecious; sepals 4-8, in two series or whorls;
petals 6-8, shorter than the sepals; stamens 12-24; pistils in the fertile
flowers 2-4, on a raised receptacle, staminodia usually present ; stigma broad
and flat ; fruit a flattened drupe ; seed bent into a crescent, hence the name.

MENISPERMUM

51

A genus of about three species, one in eastern North America the
others in eastern Asia.

Menispermum canadense Linne 1753 Moonseed

A vine climbing over bushes or fences. 2-4 meters (6-12 ft.) in
length ; stems slightly pubescent ; leaves on long slender petioles, cordate
iind entire or variously 3-7 lobed or angled, mostly peltate near the mar-
gin, glabrate above, pubescent beneath, 6-17 cm. long, 7-29 cm. broad;
flowers in loose panicles, greenish white; drupe oblong, bluish black;
seed crescent-shaped : canadense, Canadian.

In woods and along hillsides and streams. Rather common thruout
the state, especially southward. Distributed from western Quebec and
western New England to Manitoba and south to Ga. and Ark.

(The long slender bitter yellow root is used by the Sioux as medicine.
being called Pejuta zizi : and from this the name of Pejuta Zizi, or
yellow medicine river. T. M. Young.)

Flowers in June and |ulv. fruits in autumn.

Caryophyllales Pink Order

Tamaricaceae Tamarisk Family

Trees or shrubs with alternate scale-like leaves; flowers regular, per-
fect, in catkins; sepals 4-5, petals separate, 4-5, stamens 4-5. or many;
fruit a capsule with many small hairy seeds.

52

TAMARISK FAMILY

A family of 5 genera, natives of the northern hemisphere and of South
Africa.

Tamarix L i n n e 1753 Tamarisk
(The Latin name)

Shrubs or small trees, with tiny, scale-like, clasping leaves in four
rows, buds of several rows of tiny scales, shading into leaves ; flowers
perfect, regular, pink, in dense spikes or catkins, petals and sepals distinct,

Tamarix tallica

and below the ovary, sepals persistent, stamens free or slightly united,
ovary beaked, with 3-4 short styles; fruit an awl-shaped capsule with 3-+
valves.

A genus of about 25 species, natives of tropical and subtropical regions.

TAMARIX— POPULUS 53

Tamarix gallica L i 11 11 e 1753 Common Tamarisk

Bushy shrub or small tree, 5-iO ft. high, with numerous feathery
branches; leaves tiny, scale-like, ovate to lanceolate, entire, the margin
papery, sharp-pointed, broadly clasping at base, smooth, lyz-S mm. long;
tlower spikes in racemes at the ends of branches, often 1 ft. long; spikes
oblong, 2-5 cm. long, 1/4-1 cm. wide; flowers tiny, pink, short-pedicelled.
13/2-3 mm., capsules awl-shaped, smooth, shining, splitting usually into
three elongate valves, 5-6 mm. long; gallica, of Gaul, referring to its
home.

Occasionally cultivated, but not perfectly hardy. In the East and
Middle ^\'est, it is highly valued for its beautiful, feathery appearance
and masses of delicate flowers, and for its wide range of adaptability.

Salicaceae Willow Family

Trees or shrubs with alternate simple leaves ; flowers dioecious, both
kinds in catkins; sepals 0, petals 0, stamens 1-60, ovary 1-celled, stigmas
2. often 2-4-cleft ; fruit a small capsule, splitting into 2-4 parts; seeds
tiny, covered with long white or whitish hairs.

A family containing but the two following genera, represented by
about 200 species, chiefly native to the north temperate and arctic zones.

KEY TO THE GEXEK.V

1. Buds with several scales; bracts of the catkin

fringed or cut ; stamens usually many in

each flower Populus

2. Buds with one scale; bracts entire; stamens

1-10, usually 2 " Salix

Populus L i n n e 1753

(I,, populus. poplar, probably from the root ='^pal, to shake)

Trees ; leaves alternate in five rows, simple, with prominent midrib ;
buds resinous, covered with several scales; flowers dioecious, rarely
monoecious, appearing before the leaves in hanging catkins with cut-
fringed scales; sepals and petals lacking, but the disk often cup-like
stamens 6-60, ovary 1-celled, ovate-conical, with 2-3 or rarely 4 rows
of .seeds, stigmas 2-4, entire or lobed ; fruit a capsule with 2-4 valves,
smooth or hairy; seeds enclosed in a tuft of hairs.

Propagated readily from seeds, cuttings and suckers.

A genus of 25 species, natives of the northern hemisphere; five other
species occur in western North America.

54 WILLOW FAMILY

Key to the Species

1. Leaves with iiuuh Hattencd petioles

a. Petiole and lower leaf surface white or

wooll}-; leaves lobed P. alba

b. Petioles and mature leaves smooth

( 1 ) Leaves coarsely wavy-toothed, densely

woolly at first P- gramiidcntaia

(2) Leaves more finely crenate-toothed,

smooth

(a) Leaves round or ovate, short-pointed P. ircmtiloidcs

(b) Leaves truncate at base, long-pointed

X. Branches spreading ; crown broad P. dcUoi.ics

y. Branches erect ; crown long and nar-
row P- nigra italic a

2. Leaves with round or channeled petioles,

a. Leaves 1-3 cm. wide, more or less lanceolate;

petioles smooth P. angiistifolia

b. Leaves 4-10 cm. wide, ovate; petioles hairy

(1) I-eaves smooth on both sides, not heart-

shaped at the base P. balsaniifcra

(2) Leaves hairy below, heart-shaped at

liase P- l>- caii.iicans

Fopulus alba L i n n e White Poplar, Silver Leaf

Tall tree, 5()-l()() ft. high. 2-4 ft. diam. ; bark smooth, bright, gray
or yellow-green ; leaves ovate or broadly wedge-shaped, tip blunt or
rounded, base more or less truncate, densely white-woolly when young,
the upjjer surface becoming smooth and green at maturity, 4-6 cm. long,
3-4 cm. wide, petioles densely white-woolly, 3-4 cm. long; staminate
catkins 3-3 cm. long, fruiting catkins 5-6 cm. long, capsules small, 3-4
mm. long; alba, wlhte, referring to leaves and bark.

Cultivated and thenr.' spreading siiontaneously l)y means of root
sprouts; nativi' of I'hirasia. Flowering in Marcli or April, the cottony
seeds flying in June. ( )ur commonest variety is P. a. n i v e a, often called
the "silver-leaf mai)k'," with snowy lower leaf surface and larger lobes.
Propagated by cuttings and suckers.

^^'ood white to yellowish, soft, weak, splitting with ditHiculty, weight
38 lbs.; used for boxes, flooring, interior iinishi-ng, rollers; of little value

56 WILLOW FAMILY

Populus grandidentata M i c h a u x 1803 Toothed Aspen

Tree of medium size, 30-50 ft. high, 1-2 ft. diam. ; bark smooth,
green-gray or yellowish; leaves ovate or round in outline with 6-12 large
usually blunt teeth on each side, tip also rather blunt, base tapering,
truncate or somewhat rounded, densely wdiite woolly when young, the
wool persisting for a long time on the lower surface, but both surfaces
finally smooth, more or less three-nerved at base, the lateral veins 6-12.
6-15 cm. long, 4-12 cm. wide, petioles flattened, long, 5-8 cm., densely
white woolly, then smooth; bracts 5-6-cleft and silky, stamens 6-12 in
each flower, the catkins 4-10 cm. long, pistillate catkins 6-15 cm., the
capsules 2-valved, finely w^arted, 5-7 mm. long; flowering in March or
April, the seeds flying in May : grandidentata, large-toothed, re-
ferring to the leaf margin.

Throughout the state, except the southw-est ; NS-NC-Tenn-Minn.

Wood brownish, soft, weak, close-grained, weight 29 lbs. ; used for
excelsior, paper, woodcnware. and in turnery.

Populus tremuloides AI i c h a 11 x Aspen, Quaking Asp

A'ariable, but usually a small tree, and often a shrub, 20-50 ft. high,
3^-l/<2 ft. diam.; bark smooth, bright gray-green or yellow-green; leaves
broadly ovate to rounded, the margin finely toothed or wavy, and sparsely
hairy, abruptly tipped, the tip sharp, 3^ cm. long, base truncate or
rounded, smooth above and below% lateral veins 6-12, petioles strongly
flattened, slender, 3-5 cm. long; bracts deeply 3-5-cleft and long-hairy,
.stamens 6-12 in each flower, the catkins 3-6 cm. long; pistillate catkins
5-7 cm. long, the capsules two-valved, 6 mm.; flowering in March and
April, fruit maturing in May and June.

Common throughout the state, but especially in the north; Lab-Nfd-
Ky-Mex-Cal-Ala.

Propagated by root sprouts and cuttings, readily grown from seed.

^^■ood brownish, soft, weak, weight 20 lbs. ; used for excelsior, paper
boxes, flooring and turnery. The young inner bark is used for food
by the northern Indian.

Populus deltoides M a r s hall 1785 Cottonwood

Large tree cSO-120 ft. higli, 2-6 ft. diam.; bark smooth and gray-green
for a number of years, deeply ridged w^hen old ; leaves broadly ovate or
rounded, edge coarsely wavy-toothed, tip long-pointed, base truncate or
shallowly cordate, smooth and shining, 5-10 cm. long and wide, petioles

POPULUS 57

smooth, 6-12 cm. long; staminate catkins 6-10 cm. lung. 1-2 cm. wide,
stamens 30-60, bracts cut and fringed; fruiting catkins 10-20 cm. long,
capsules ovate, finely wartecl, 10-14 mm.; d e 1 r o i d e s, delta-like, in
reference to the leaves.

Common throughout the southern half of the state, often forming
extensive woods on flooded lowlands, rarer northward; Quebec-Fla-NM-
Colo-Alberta. One of tlie commonest of cultivated trees in America, and
widelv grown in Europe ; its rapid growth antl massive habit make it
desirable for planting in newly settled regions, but it is less satisfactory
in cities. The staminate tree is especially attractive on account of its
red-brown catkins, and should alone be planted in cities, in order to
avoid the shower of cottony seeds produced by the pistillate tree.

\\''ood dark brown, light, soft, weak, close-grained, weight 24 lbs. ;
extensively used during the development of the Middle West, but now-
used only for fuel, packing boxes, and wood pulp, or locally for lumber.

Populus nigra italica Du Roi 1771 Lombardy Poplar

Tall pvramidal tree, 50-100 ft. high. 2-4 ft. diam. ; bark yellowish,
then gray to brown, deeply furrowed; branches upright, appearing on all
parts of the trunk; leaves broadly wedge-shaped, often much broader
than long, margin wavy-toothed, short to very long-pointed, base trian-
gular to truncate, smooth on both surfaces, 5-10 cm. long, 5-10 cm. wide,
petioles flattened, 4-6 cm. long ; staminate catkins 3-6 cm. long, stamens
20-25, fruiting catkins 5-10 cm. long, capsules ovoid, blunt; italica,
Italian, in reference to its home in Lombardy.

Frequently cultivated throughout the state except in the north, rarely
spontaneous. A short-lived tree, especially liable to winter-killing and
not desirable for planting in dry or cold northern climates.

The wood is of little value.

Populus angustifolia J a m e s 1823 Narrowleaf Cottonwood

Medium tree, 30-60 ft. high, 6-8 in. diam. ; bark smooth and yellow-
ish ; leaves narrowly ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, or nearly linear, edge
minutely wavy-toothed, tip rounded or tapering, usually blunt, base usu-
ally tapering, rarely rounded, smooth, 5-15 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide.
petioles smooth, 1-4 cm. long; staminate catkins 4-6 cm. long, bracts
deeply cut into many fine lobes; fruiting catkins 5-7 cm. long, capsules
2-valved, ovate, wrinkled ; angustifolia, narrow-leaved.

Rarely planted in parks: Assiniboia-Nebr-NM-Nev.

SALIX _VJ

Wood light brown, soft, weak, weight 24 lbs. ; used in tlic West for
boxes, fencing, fuel, etc.

Populus balsamifera L i n n e 1753 Balsam, Balsam Poplar

Tall tree, 50-100 ft. high. 2-5 ft. diani. ; bark grayisli or greenisli.
smooth, somewhat ridged on t)ld trunks; leaves narrowly to broadly ovate,
the edge closelv and fiiK-lv wavy-toothed, tip rather Iniiij;, acute, rounded,
rarely slightlv cordate at base, smooth, dark green, and shining above,
the lower surface pale and resinous, often splashed with red. somewhat
3-nerved at base, 7-12 cm. long. 4-6 cm. wide, petioles round, hairy.
4-6 cm. long; staminate catkins 5-10 cm. long, bracts usually coarsely
fringed, sometimes lobed or divided, stamens 20-30 ; fruiting catkin;.
12-15 cm. long, capsules ovate, rugose, 8-10 mm. long : b a 1 s a m i f e r a,
balsam-bearing, referring to the resinous buds and leaves.

The varietv c a n d i c a n s differs in its broadly ovate leaves with heart-
shaped bases, 10-12 cm. long. 8-10 cm. wide, and in the hairy petiole.s
and veins.

Along streams and edges of swamps, common throughout the north-
ern half of the state but rare or lacking in the south; Nfd-NY-Mich-
Nebr-Colo-Saskatchewan- Alaska.

Wood light brown, soft, weak, close-grained, weight 22 lbs., used for
boxes, pails, packing cases, wood-pulp and net floats.

Salix Lin n e 1753
(L. s a li X. Avilldw or sallow, the archaic name of willow in Enqiish)

Trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate in 5 rows, simple, pinnately veined :
buds not resinous, with a single scale ; flowers dioecious, though excep-
tionally monoecious, appearing before the leaves or with them, in catkmi^.
with entire usually hairy scales, each flower with a nectar-bearing disk,
fragrant; stamens 1-10, usually 2, in each flower, ovary 1 -celled, conical
to beaked, with twt) rows of ovules, stigmas 2, capsule 2-valved. smooth
or hairy, seeds enclosed in a tuft of hairs. Flowering in Aj.ril or May.

Propagated by seeds or cuttings.

A genus of 170 species, widely distributed through the north temperate
and arctic zones, about 80 species occur in North America.

6o WILLOW FAMILY

Key to the Species

1. Leaves smooth, or nearly so, on both sides when
mature.

a. Leaves linear, linear-oblong, or linear-lance-

olate S. jliiviatilis

b. Leaves broader, lanceolate to ovate

(1) Branches drooping .V. hahyloiiica

(2) Branches more or less ascending, not

drooping
(a) Shrubs or low trees, less than 20 ft.
high
X. Twigs purplish, leaves oblanceolate

or spatulate S.' purpurea

y. Twigs brownish or yellowish ; leaves
lanceolate to ovate
(x) Petioles and stipules glandular ,S'. liiciJa
(y) Petioles and stipules not glandu-
lar
m. Leaves entire, elliptic: 1-3 ft.

l^igli ..S". inyrtilloidcs

n. Leaves more or less toothed
(m) Leaves green on both sides,
at least not glaucous be-

1"^^' S. cord at a

(n) Leaves glaucous or white
below
■ r. Leaves elliptic to ovate, the

fine teeth glandular S. balsamifera

s. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-
lanceolate
(r) Young leaves densely

silky S. scricca

(s) Young leaves only slight-
ly silky or hairy
h. Leaves lanceolate, acu-

"■••"ate S. pciiolaris

i. Leaves oblong-lanceo-

l^^te acute s. discolor

(b) Trees, 20-70 ft. hitrh

SALIX 6i

X. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, short-

petioled .V. . nigra

y. Leaves broadly lancLH)latc or lance-
ovate; slender-petioled. S. amygiialoidcs
2. Leaves persistently hairy, at least beneath

a. Cultivated trees

( 1 ) Leaves serrulate S. alba

(2) Leaves entire .S. viminalis

b. Native shrubs

(1) Low shrubs, 1-6 ft. high

(a) Leaves 2-5 cm. long; shrub 1-2 ft. high S. frisfis

(b) Leaves 5-10 cm. long; shrub 2-6 ft.

high
X. Leaves and young twigs white-hairv

beneath .S'. canJida

y. Leaves gray-hairy beneath S. Juiiuilis

(2) Tall shrubs, 5-12 ft. high

(a) Leaves lanceolate, silky shining below .S'. scricca

(b) Leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate,

densely white-hairy below S. rostrata

Salix fluviatilis X u t t a 1 1 1842 Sandbar Willov^, Longleaf

Willow

S. longifolia Muhlenberg 1803, not Lamarck 1778

Low branching shrub, 3-10 ft. high, or rarely a low slender tree;
bark smooth, grav. yellow or brown ; leaves linear, rarely oblong, with
10-20 minute spiny teeth on each edge, tip very long-pointed, long taper-
ing toward the base, white-silky on both sides when young, becoming
smooth when mature, or in one form persistently silky below, midrib
prominent, lateral veins indistinct, 6-15 cm. long, 2-12 mm. wide, petioles
very short, 1-2 mm. long; staminate catkins 2-4 cm. long, 3^-1 cm.
wide, stamens 2. with distinct hairy filaments, pistillate catkins 2-5 cm.
long. \y2 cm. wide in fruit, capsule ovate, beaked, rugose or somewhat
hairv : f 1 u v i a t i 1 i s, from f 1 u v i u s, stream, in reference to the habitat.

Abundant throughout the state along streams, on sandbars and sandy
shores: Quebec-Va-Ky-NM-Athabasca. Flowering in May or June. Val-
uable for binding sandy banks and shores, and in reclaiming lowlands.

Wood soft, reddish brown, weight 31 lbs., of no value except for
charcoal.

^.rnvrTilloides

U.S.

SALIX 63

Salix babylonica 1. i n n e 1753

Tall tree, 50-70 ft. high, 2-6 ft. diam. ; bark gray, rougli ; twigs very
long and drooping; leaves linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, with 30-50
minute ^harp teeth on each edge, very long-pointed, tapering toward the
base, smooth on both sides when mature, green above, glaucous beneatli,
8-12 cm. long, 1-1><^ cm. wide, petioles usually twisted, somewhat hairy,
1-1^ cm. long; stamens 2 with distinct hairy filaments, pistillate catkins
2-3 cm. long, ^4 cm. wide, capsule ovate, beaked; babylonica, of
Babylonia, referring to its original home.

Occasionally cultivated ; native of Asia.

Salix purpurea Linne 1753 Purple Willow

Shrub, 6-12 ft. high, with somewhat purplish tlexible twigs; leaves
oblanceolate to spatulate, rarely oblong, entire or finely and sharply
toothed, tip acute, tapering from above the middle to the base, smooth,
paler below, veiny. 5-8 cm. long, 1-1^2 cm. wide, petioles 3-6 mm. long;
staminate catkins 3-5 cm. long, 7-8 mm. wide, stamens 2, filaments hairy,
united, pistillate catkins 2-3 cm. long, 5 mm. wide, capsule ovoid, blunt,
densely hairy, scales minute, hairy ; p u r p u r e a, purjile, perhaps in ref-
erence to the purple twigs.

Occasionally cultivated; native of Europe.

Salix lucida M tt h 1 e n b e r g 1803 Glossy Willow

Tall shrub or low tree, 6-20 ft. high, 4-8 in. diam. ; bark smooth
brown, twigs yellow-brown, shining; leaves broadly lanceolate to ovate-
lanceolate or ovate, finely and closely toothed, tip very long, pointed,
often 3-4 cm. long, base tapering or rounded, smooth, shining above.,
paler below, veiny, glandular at base, 7-15 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, petioles
Yz-l cm., staminate catkins 2-3 cm. long, 1-1^2 cm. wide, stamens 5, fila-
ments hairy at base, pi.stillate catkins 3-4 cm. long. 1-1 >^ cm. wide in fruit,
capsules ovoid, beaked, minutely rugose; 1 u c i d u s. shining, in reference
to twigs and leaves.

Common throughout tlie whole state along banks of streams and on
lake shores; Nfd-NV-Ky-Nebr-Athabasca. Flowering in April or May.
Used for ornament by reason of its shining leaves and large bright yellow
staminate catkins. The wood is not used and its qualities have not been
determined.

64 WILLOW FAMILY

Salix myrtilloides L i n n e 1753 Bog Willow

Low slirub, 1-3 ft. liigh. with grayish or brcnvnish twigs; leaves elliptic
to oblanceolate or spatulate, or more rarely oblong, margin entire, revo-
lute, tip rounded or acute, base rounded to tapering, smooth, green above,
glaucous beneath, 2-4 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, or 2-5 cm. long, jA-l
cm. wide in the narrow forms, petioles 2-5 mm. long; staminate catkins
2-3 cm. long, stamens 2, filaments smooth, pistillate catkins short, 1^-3
cm. long, 1^/2 cm. wide, capsules ovoid, beaked, smooth, red-brown;
myrtilloides, myrtle-like. The variety p e d i c e 1 1 a r i s differs
only in the narrow oblong or oblong-linear leaves mentioned above.

Frequent in bogs and wet meadows in the north, rarer southward, and
lacking in the southwest; Quebec-NY-Ia-B.C.

Salix cordata ]\I u h 1 e n b e r g- 1803 Cordate Willow

Shrub, 4-12 ft. high, the twigs often minutely hairy; leaves lanceolate
to oblanceolate, finely and usually closely toothed on the margin, tip
acute or somewhat pointed, tapering toward the base, somewhat white-
hairy when very young, smooth when mature, paler beneath, 4-8 cm. long,
8-15 mm. wide, petioles 3-6 mm. long; staminate catkins 3-4 cm. long,
stamens 2, filaments smooth, pistillate catkins 4-5 cm. long, I'jA cm. wide in
fruit, capsules ovoid, beaked, smooth ; cordata, heart-shaped, referring
perhaps to the large heart-shaped stipules, which are often lacking. In the
variety angustata, the leaves are linear-lanceolate.

Frequent throughout the state along river banks and in marshes ;
Nebr-Ga-Mo-Colo-Cal-B.C.

Salix balsamifera B a r r a 1 1 1839 Balsam Willow

Shrub, 3-10 ft. high, with dark shining twigs; leaves elliptic, ovate-
lanceolate or ovate, finely toothed or more closely wavy-toothed, the teeth
glandular, tip pointed, base rounded or slightly heart-shaped, somewhat
hairy when young, smooth when mature, green above, very glaucous be-
low, veins j^rominent, 4-9 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, petioles 1^-2 cm.
long; staminate catkins 2^/^-3 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, stamens 2, filaments
smooth; pistillate catkins 3-4 cm. long, 1-1^ cm. wide, capsules ovoid,
beaked, smooth : balsamifera, balsam-bearing, in reference to the
glandular leaves.

Rare — chiefly in the Red River Valley: Labrador-IMe-Ont-Minn-Man-
itoba.

5aliX

66 WILLOW FAMILY

Salix sericea AI a r s h a 1 1 1785 Silky Willow

Shrub, 5-12 ft. high, often with finely hairy twigs, leaves lanceolate,
pointed, ta])ering toward the base, the margin cdusely wavy-toothed, when
young sparsely hairy above and densely white-woolly below, smooth and
green above when mature, usually silky shining below, rarely less shiny
but a[>parently always hairy, 6- 10 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, petioles 1 cm.
long; staminate catkins 1^/^-2 cm. long, 7-8 mm. wide, stamens 2, fila-
ments smooth, pistillate catkins 2-3 cm. long, 1 cm. wide in fruit, capsules
ovate-conic, densely gray-hairy ; sericea, silky referring to the leaves.

Not yet reported from a definite locality in Minnesota; Me-Va-Mich.

Salix petiolaris J. E. S m i t h 1802 Slender Willow

vShrub, 4-12 ft. high; leaves linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, margin
finely toothed, or wavy-toothed, sharp-pointed, tapering toward the base,
silky-hairy when young, smooth or somewhat hairy above when mature,
very glaucous beh)w, 3-8 cm. long, Yi-lYi cm. wide, petioles usually
hairy, }^-l cm. long; staminate catkins 2-3 cm. long, stamens 2, filaments
.smooth, pistillate catkins 2-3 cm. long, capsules long-beaked, finelv hairy;
petiolaris, petioled. In the variety gracilis, the leaves are linear-
lanceolate, and the pedicel nearly as long as the capsule.

Along stream banks and wet meadows, rare northward; NB-Va-Minn-
Mont-B.C.

Salix discolor ]\I u h 1 e n ]) e r g 1833 Pussy Willow

.Shrub or low tree, 6-20 ft. high, 4-8 in. diam. ; bark brownish, scaly;
leaves oblong or elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, coarselv wavy-toothed,
acute or sharp-})ointed at tij). more or less rounded at the base, nearly
or entirely smooth when mature, green above, verv glaucous below, prom-
inently veined, 8-15 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, j^etioles usuallv hairv, 2-3
cm. long; staminate catkins 3-4 cm. long, ly^ cm. wide, stamens 2, fila-
ments smooth, i)istillate catkins densely hairy, 5-6 cm. long, Ij/j cm. wide,
capsules large, long-beaked, hairy: discolor, referring to the cinitrast
between the two leaf surfaces.

Common along streams and in wet places throughout the state: NS-
NC-Mo-Minn.

\\'ood brownish, soft, close-grained, weight 26 lbs.

SALIX 67

Salix nigra Marshall 1785 Black Willow

Tree, 40-80 ft. high. 1-3 ft. diam. ; bark dark brown, more or less
deeply ridged, and separating in plates; leaves narrowlv lanceolate, usu-
ally tapering gradually to a very long point, tapering or slight Iv rounded
toward the base, margin closely set with fine sharp teeth, usually smooth,
slightly paler below, 6-12 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, petioles often hairv,
5-10 mm. long; staminate catkins 5-10 cm. long. 7-U) mm. wide, stamens
3-7, filaments hairy, pistillate catkins 4-6 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, capsules
ovate, abruptlv jxiinted, rugose ; nigra, black, referring perhaps to the
bark.

Frequent throughout the state, common in the south; NB-Fla-Tex-
Cal-Manitoba.

^^'ood light reddish brown, soft, weak, weight 28 lbs.

Salix amygdaloides Anderson 1858 Almond Willow

Tree, 40-60 ft. high, 1-2 ft. diam.; bark brown, ridged and more or
less scalv ; leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, margin finely and sharply
toothed, tip long-pomted, base tapering, rounded or rarely slightly cor-
date, smooth when mature, more or less glaucous beneath. 6-12 cm. long.
lYi-^Yi cm. wide, petioles smooth or hairy, 1-2 cm. long; staminate
catkins 3-6 cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide, stamens 5-9. filaments somewhat hairy
below, pistillate catkins 4-6 cm. long, lYi cm. wide in fruit, capsules
ovate, smooth : a m y g d a 1 o i d e s. almond-like, referring to the leaves.

Frequent along streams and in wet soils throughout the state ; ()uebec-
NV-Mo-NM-BC-Saskatchewan.

\\'ood light brown, soft, weak, weight 28 lbs.

Salix alba L i n n e 1753 White Willow, Huntingdon Willow

Large tree, 50-80 ft. high, 3-6 ft. diam. ; bark gray, ridged ; leaves
lanceolate or somewhat oblanceolate, margin finely and closely toothed,
teeth glandular, tip usually long-pointed, tapering toward the base, sparse-
ly silky above, white and shining silky below, 5-10 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide,
petioles hairy, 2-5 mm. long; staminate catkins 3-5 cm. long, 7-8 mm.
wide, stamens 2, filaments hairy, pistillate catkins 5-7 cm. long, 6-8 mm.
wide, hi fruit, capsule ovoid, rugose, smooth; alba, white, referring
to the leaves.

Occasionallv cultivated, especially the golden osier, the variety v i t e 1-

68 WILLOW FAMILY

1 i n a, with leaves smooth above and yellowish twigs ; hardy and hence
valuable for wind-breaks and for live fences.
Wood soft, light, tough and flexible.

Salix viminalis L i n u e 1753 Osier Willow

Shrub or low tree, 10-25 ft. high; leaves very long, linear-lanceolate
or lanceolate, or sometimes oblanceolate, margin usually entire and revolute,
tip long-pointed, base tapering, dark green and nearly smooth above,
densely white silky below, 5-15 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, petioles more or
less hairy, 2-5 mm. long; staminate catkins 3-4 cm. long, 1 cm. wide,
stamens 2, filaments smooth, pistillate catkins 4-6 cm. long, 1 cm. wide
in fruit, capsules ovate-conic, densely white silky : viminalis, vimen,
a pliant twig, referring to its use in wicker work.

Occasionally cultivated, native of Eurasia ; used for wicker ware.

Salix tristis A i t o n 1789 Dwarf "Willow

Low branched shrub, 1-3 ft. high, with dark hairy twigs; leaves spatu-
late or oblanceolate, sometimes oblong, margin entire or very slightly
wavy, revolute, tip pointed or obtuse, base tapering, green and more or
less hairy above when mature, densely gray-woolly below, 2-6 cm. long,
y2-\y2 cm. wide, petioles densely hairy, 1-3 mm. long; staminate catkins-
I-I34 cm. long, y2 cm. wide, stamens 2, filaments smooth; pistillate
catkins 2-i cm. long, I3/2 cm. wide in fruit, capsules very long, beaked,
gray hairy : tristis, sad, referring to the gray color.

liifrecjuent ; occasional in the southern part of the state; Me-NY-Ga-
Mo-Nel)r-Mir.n.

Salix Candida 1' 1 u e li, <; e 1806 Hoary Willow

Low shrub, 2-6 ft. high, the young twigs densely white wot)lly; leaves-
linear, oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, margin entire and revolute.
tip pointed or blunt, base long-tapering, more or less sparsely long-
woolly above, densely white-woolly below, veiny above, 4-8 cm. long
3/2- 1}4 cm. wide, petioles densely woolly, 1-5 mm. long; staminate cat-
kins 1-2 cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide, stamens 2, filaments smooth, pistillate
catkins 3-4 cm. long, 1-1^/2 cm. wide in fruit, capsules ovoid-conic, densely
woolly: Candida, shining, in reference to the white leaves.

In wet places throughout the state except in the south; Labrador-NY-
Colo-Saskatchewan.

70 WILLOW FAMILY

Salix humilis Marshall 1785 Prairie Willow

I.ow shrub, 2-6 ft. tall, with densely hairy twigs; leaves oblong-lanceo-
late to oblanceolate or spatulate, margin entire or slightly wavy toward
the tip, revolute, tip rounded or acute, base tapering or rounded, smooth
or slightly hairy above when mature, densely or rarely sparsely white-
woolly below, 2-8 cm. long, 1-2^2 cm. wide, petioles densely woolly, 3-15
mm. long; staminate catkins 1-2 cm. long, 7-8 mm. wide, stamens 2,
filaments smooth, pistillate catkins 2-4 cm. long, l-lj/j cm. wide, capsules
ovoid, long-beaked, white-silky; humilis, on the ground, alluding to
the low habit.

Probably throughout the state; NS-NC-Nebr-Minn.

Salix rostrata R i c h a r d .s o n 1823 Beak Willow
Salix bebbiana Sargent 1895

Shrub, 6-15 ft. high; bark gray, slightly ridged and somewhat scaly;
leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, margin entire or slightlv waw, tip acute
or blunt, base more or less wedge-shaped, somewhat hairy above, more
or less densely long white-hairy below, or sometimes nearly smooth in
old age, 3-6 cm. long, 15^-25^ cm. wide, petioles densely hairy, 8-10 mm.
long; staminate catkins 3-4 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, stamens 2, filaments
smooth, pistillate catkins 5-7 cm. long, 1^ cm. wide in fruit, capsules
long-beaked, liairy : rostrata, beaked, in allusicm to the long-beaked
capsules.

Throughout the state; Quebec-N V-Nebr-Ariz-Athabasca.

Malvales Mallow Order
Tiliaceae Linden Family

Trees with alternate simple leaves ; flowers perfect in open clusters ;
sepals 5, petals 5, stamens many, in several groups; ovary 2-10-celled;
fruit 1-10-celk^d, drupe-like or berry-like.

A family of about 25 genera, found chiefly in tropical and subtropical
regions, a few occurring in temperate climates.

Tilia L i n n e 1753 Basswood, Linden
( L. tilia, linden or lime tree)

Trees with rounded heart-shaped oblique leaves, and cream-colored
or yellowish flowers in axillary or terminal clusters, the stalk grown
together with a leaf-like bract ; sepals 5, petals 5, narrow and spatulate,
often with small basal scales, stamens many, united by the filaments or

-2 LINDEN FAMILY

with the petal scales in 5 groups; ovary 5-celled, with 2 ovules in each
cell, style simple, stigma 5-toothed ; fruit dry, indehiscent, 1-2-seeded,
drupe-like, more or less globose.

Propagated from stratified seed, though these often fail to germinate
until the second year; also from cuttings grown in a solar pit.

A genus of 12 species, all native to the north temperate zone.

Key to the Species

1. Petioles smooth; leaA'es 8-10 cm. and more

lone J- aiucricana

o

2. Petioles hairv, especially at the blade; leaves

5-8 cm. long T. ciiropaca

Tilia americana L i n n e 1753 Basswood, American Linden,

Bee Tree

Medium or tall tree. 30-75 ft. high, 1-3 ft. diam. ; bark smooth for a
long time, reddish grey, and with shallow ridges; leaves broadly ovate, or
rounded, deeply and sharply toothed, tip abruptly sharp-pointed, base
irregular, one side 2-5 cm. longer than the other, smooth above and be-
low, prominently veined, 8-25 cm. long, 6-15 cm. wide, petioles smooth,
4-8 cm. long; flower bract oblong, vehiy, 6-15 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide,
clusters 8-20-flowered, flowers 1 cm. wide, fragrant, nectar-bearing;
petals creamy or yellowish, oblong, narrow, longer than the lanceolate
hairy sepals ; fruit globose, hairy, 6-8 mm. diam., often persisting all
winter ; americana, American, referring to its native home.

In rich soil, common through the central and southern portions,
especially dominant in the "Big ^^'oods,■' rare northward; New Bruns-
wick-Oa-Tex-Nebr- Manitoba.

^^'(H!d light brown, soft, weight 28 pounds per cubic foot ; used fur
carriages, furniture, panels, inner soles of shoes, paper pulp, wooden
ware, and the tough bark for mat fiber, cordage, etc.

Tilia europaea L i n 11 e 1753 Lime Tree, European Linden

Tall tree, 40-80 ft. high. 1-3 ft. diam.; bark dark, ridged, leaves
obliquely and broadly ovate or rounded, finely and sharplv toothed,
abruptly pointed, very oblique and irregular at the base, smooth above,
more or less hairy below, especially on the veins and at the angles, and
usually with a characteristic weft of hairs at the base, 5-8 cm. long,

ULMUS ~,

5-7 cm. wide, petioles hairy. 3-5 cm. long; flower bracts oblong, 6-8
cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide; clusters 6-12-flowered, tlowers 7-8 mm. wide,
without a scale at base; fruit ovoid, hairy, with 5 prominent angles;
europaea, European.

Rarely cultivated, nati^•e of Europe.

Ulmaceae Elm Family

Trees with alternate, simple, serrate leaves; tiowers monnccious. rarely
perfect, clustered or rarely single; sepals 3-9, petals 0, stamens 3-9. ovary
1-celled, stigmas 2; fruit a winged achene (samara), nut, or drupe.

A family of about 13 genera found throughout temperate and troiiiral
regions.

KEY TO THE GENEU.V

1. Fruits winged, in clusters; bark with flattened

ridges Clnnis

2. Fruits berry-like, single, persistent ; bark with

deep corky ridges C\itis

Ulmus Linne 1753 Elm
(L. u 1 m u s, elm, the two words cognate)

Trees ; leaves alternate in two rows, simple, serrate, the mid-rib
giving rise to many regular veins ; flowers monoecious or perfect, in
clusters, on last year's twigs, appearing before the leaves ; sepals 4-9.
united, petals lacking, ovary 1-celled, styles 2; fruit a round or oval
samara, broadly winged.

Propagation : species grown from seed which should be sown as they
fall: varieties by budding and grafting; seeds of the red elm are ke])t
stratified until the following spring.

.V genus of 16 species, natives of the northern hemisphere; 5 native
species are found in the United States.

Key to the Species

1. Bud scales densely brown-hairy; leaves very

rough above ; samaras smooth, f ■ ////ra

2. Bud-scales smooth; leaves nearly smooth

above ; samaras ciliate at edge
a. Some twigs with corky lines; sides of fruit

hairv ; flowers in racemes ^' • rijciuosa

74 ELM FAMILY

b. No twigs with corky lines; sides of fruit
smooth ; flowers in dense clusters

1. Edges of fruit densely hairy; leaves ■

rough above, hairy below U. amcricana

2. Edges of fruit smooth ; leaves soft above,

hairy below U. campestris

Ulmus fulva M i c h a u x 1803 Slippery Elm, Red Elm

Tree of medium size, 30-50 ft. high, 1^2-2 ft. diam. ; bark gray,
rough, the inner layers very mucilaginous ; leaves more or less ovate,
doubly toothed, tip 1-2 cm. long, saw-toothed, base oblique on one side,
rounded on the other, midrib prominent with 20-30 nearly parallel lateral
veins, verv rough above, hairy below, or sometimes nearly smooth, 8-15
cm. long, 4-7 cm. wide, petioles densely hairy, .short, ^-1 cm. long, stip-
ules paperv, deciduous, 1 cm. long; flowers 10-25 in dense umbel-like
clusters, mostly perfect, jjedicels 3-5 mm. long, sepals brown-hairy; fruits
rounded, wing smooth, but densely brown-hairy over seed, veiny, edge
not ciliate, 15-20 mm. long; liowering in March or April, fruit falling a
few weeks later : fulva, red brown, referring to wood and liuds.

In woods especially along streams, frequent throughout the state,
excei)t in the north : Quebec-Fla-Tex-N. D.

^^'cod dark brown or reddish, hard, compact, coarse-grained, splitting
easily, durable, weight 43 lbs. per cubic foot ; much used for agricultural
implements, boat-ribs, heelstocks, ox-yokes, posts, runners, sills, sleighs
and tires. The mucilaginous inner bark is used in medicine as a demul-
cent ; it has also st)me nutritive value.

Ulmus racemosa T h o m a s 1831 Cork Elm, Rock Elm

Tree of medium size, 40-75 ft. high, 1-2 ft. diam.; bark moderately
rough, ridges flat on the trunk, ])rominent and corky on the twigs; leaves
elliptic to ovate, doubly toothed, tip Vj-l cm. long, base oblique and
rounded, midrib prominent, lateral veins 30-40, smooth above or nearly
so, slightly velvety beneath, 7-12 cm. long, 4-6 cm. wide, petioles hairy
or finally smooth, shorr, 4-10 mill, long, sti])ules papery, deciduous; flowers
6-12 in a raceme, 2-4 cm. long, pedicels prominently jointed, 2-6 mm. long;
fruit unecjually oval or rounded, hairy on the faces, the edges densely
hairy : racemosa, referring to the flower cluster.

Somewhat common on lowlands in the southwest, but becoming in-
frequent westward and lacking northward ; (^ueb-c-N. T--Tenn-Mo-Nebr-
Minn.

;6 ELM FAMILY

Wood close-grained, comijact. hard, dural)le, splitting with difficulty,
weight 45 lbs. to the cubic ft. ; drier and more valuable than that of the
white elm; used for agricultural implements, mowers, plows, reapers,
threshers, for beams, bicycle rims, boat-building, bridge timbers, chairs,
coach-building, hubs, piles, sills, ties and wheels ; superior to hickory for
ax handles; used wherever toughness, solidity, flexibility, and durability
are required.

Ulmus americana L i n n e 1753 American Elm, White Elm

Large tree, 40-75 ft. high, 1-4 ft. diam. ; bark moderately rough,
with broad flattened ridges on the trunk, often separating in scales ;
leaves elliptic to ovate, doubly toothed, tip 1-2 cm. long, base very oblique
on one side, rounded on the other, rough above, more or less short-hairy
beneath, veins prominent, laterals 25-35, 7-12 cm. long, 4-6 cm. wide,
petioles hairy to smooth, 1 cm. long; flowers in clusters of 10-12; fruit
elliptical to oval or almost round, tips curved together, smooth and
veiny on the surfaces, densely hairy at the edge, 1-1^^ cm. long.

Common on lowlands and along banks of streams, throughout the
state, especially abundant in the "Big Woods" ; Newfoundland-Fla-Tex-
Dak-Saskatchewan.

Wood rather coarse-grained, compact, hard, tough, strong, splitting
with difficulty, weight 40.5 lbs.; used for agricultural implements, boat
and ship-building, cooperage, flooring, flumes, hubs, saddle trees and tool
handles ; bark used by the Indians for canoes and houses ; inner bark
formerly used for ropes.

Ulmus campestris L i n n e 1753 English Elm

Tall tree, 40-75 ft. high, 1-3 ft. diam.; bark dark and ridged, divided
into irregular squares ; leaves oblong-ovate to ovate, the margin doubly
toothed, tip 1-2 cm. long, coarsely saw-toothed, base oblique, soft and
somewhat hairy above, smooth beneath, 6-12 cm. long, 4-6 cm. wide,
petioles hairy, short, 3^2-1 cm. long; fruit elliptic to rounded, smooth
throughout, somewhat veiny, l^j to 2 cm. long; campestris, of a
field, in allusion to the habitat.

Rarely cultivated ; native of Europe.

Wood fine-grained, hard, heavy, durable under water ; used for hubs,
piles, pumps, ship-blocks, and water pipes.

CELTIS 77

Celtis L i n n c 1753
(L. c e 1 1 i s, lotus tree)

Trees ; leaves alternate in 2 rows, serrate or entire, the lateral veins
few and sharply oblitiue ; flowers mostly monoecious, on the new shoots,
staniinate in clusters, pistillate usually solitary, appearing soon after the
leaves on slender drooping pedicels ; sepals 4-6, more or less united, petals
0, stamens 4-6, ovary 1-celled, styles 2; fruit a round drupe.

A genus of 60 species, natives of temperate and troincal regions:
5 native species occur in the United States.

Celtis occidentalis L i n n e 1753 Hackberry

Large tree, 40-80 ft. high, 1-4 ft. diam. ; bark rough, the ridges
prominent and projecting, characteristically corky and curly or sinuous;
leaves ovate-lanceolate to ovate, edge singly toothed, tapering gradually
to an acute tip, base more or less unequal, but usually rounded on both
sides and frequently cordate, midrib fairly prominent, the lateral veins
5-15, basal two prominent, often giving the leaf a 3-nerved appearance,
more or less rough-hairy above, nearly smooth beneath, except on the
veins, 8-15 cm. long, 4-7 cm. wide, petioles short, hairy, 1-2 cm. long;
flowers small, greenish, clustered or solitary; fruit a globose drupe,
pointed at tip, purple or orange, 1 cm. diam. on a slender pedicel, 2-3 cm.
long, often persisting through the winter : occidentalis. western.

Frequent in woodlands and along streams in the southern part of the
state, rarer northward; Quebec-Ga-La-NM-Wash. One of the most im-
portant shade trees in the Middle West. Flowering in May and fruit
ripening in September and October. Readily grown from seed, sown
when ripe, or stratified; easily transplanted, and a rapid grower.

Wood soft, weak, coarse-grained, heavy, weight 45 lbs. ; sometimes
used as a substitute for elm, in fencing, furniture or wheel-making.

Moraceae Mulberry Family

Trees, shrubs or herbs with single alternate leaves and oft<Mi with
milky juice; flowers monoecious or dioecious, often in spikes; sepals 4-5,
petals 0. stamens 4-5, ovary 1-celled; fruit often multiple and fleshy.

A family of 55 genera, natives of temperate and tropical regions; more
than 600 species are known for the genus Ficus, the fig.

n.alba.

MORUS 79

Morus L i n n e 1753 Mulberry

(L. ni e) r u s. dv. moron, mulberry, probably from (Ir. mores

insipid, referring- to the taste ; mulberry was orii;inally mur-

berry. from the same root ; cfr. (ler. m a u 1 b c e r e.)

Trees or shrubs with milkv juice ; leaves alternate in 2 rows, simple,
often lobed, 3-nerved ; flowers monoecious, in catkins ; sepals 4. petals 0,
stamens 4. ovary 1 -celled, stigmas 2; fruit a mass of tiny drupes.

Propagation by seeds or cuttings.

A genus of 10 species, natives of the northern hemisphere; a third
s])ecies occurs in the southwestern United States.

Key to the Species

( 1 ) Leaves rough above, hairy below ; fruit long,

red to black .1/. ni/>ra

(2) Leaves smooth or slightly hairy below; fruit

elliptic, white or pink M. alba

Morus rubra L i n n e 1753 Red Mulberry

Tree of medium height, 20-60 ft. high, 1-3 ft. diam. ; bark yellowish-
brown, moderatelv rough; leaves ovate or rounded, usually deeply 3-lobed,
often with 2-3 smaller lobes at the base, sometimes entire, margin dentate,
tip pointed, 1-2 cm. long, base truncate or heart-shaped, strongly 3-nerved,
slightly rough above with scattered hairs, hairy beneath, 10-25 cm. long.
8-20 cm. wide, petioles short, rather stout, 2-4 cm. long ; staminate spikes
manv-flowered, cylindric, drooping, 4-5 cm. long. 1 cm. wide, pistillate
spikes spreading, usually hanging when ripe, on a slender stalk, 2-3 cm.
long. 1-1.5 cm. wide, deep red, then red-black, edible; flowering in May,
fruit ripening in June or July: rubra, red, in reference to the fruit.

In deciduous woods in southeastern Minnesota and along the Missis-
sijjpi ; Ont-Fla-Tex-S.I).

^\■ood yellow or orange, coarse-grained, compact, soft, weak, tough,
durable, weight 37 lbs.; used in boat-l)uilding, cooperage and fencing.
The fibers of the inner bark were used by the Indians in making a coarse
cloth. An ornamental tree but scarcely hardy, except in southern Minne-
sota.

8o RUE FAMILY

Morus alba L i n n e 1753 White or Russian Mulberry

Low tree, 20-40 ft. high, 3/-2 ft. diam. ; bark light yellowish-gray,
more or less deeply furrowed ; leaves ovate to nearly round, often 3-5-
lobed. edge coarsely serrate, tip rounded or pointed, base usually heart-
shaped, smooth and somewhat shining on both faces, 8-12 cm. long, 7-10
cm. wide, petioles sparsely hairy, 2-4 cm. long; staminate catkins 1-2 cm.
long, pistillate catkins elliptic to globose, 1 cm. long ; fruit oblong to
elliptic, white to pink, 1^-2 cm. long: alba, white, in reference to the
fruit.

Cultivated ; introduced from Europe for feeding silkworms. The
fruit is much more insipid than in the red mulberry, and the tree is
hardly desirable because of the litter of fallen berries. It is of some
value in cherry orchards in drawing birds from the cherries, but it is
scarcely hardy.

Geraniales Geranium Order
Rutaceae Rue Family

Trees or shrubs, with alternate or opposite compound leaves, glan-
dular-dotted, and odorous ; flowers usually diclinic, rarely perfect, in clus-
ters ; sepals 0-5, petals 4-5, stamens 4-5, pistils 1-5, 1-2-celled; fruit a pod
or samara.

A family of about 110 genera found mostly in Soutli America and
Australia.

Xanthoxylum L i n n e 1753
(Gr. X a n t h o s,. yellow, x y 1 o n, wood)

Small trees or shrubs, with alternate odd-pinnate leaves, prickly on
twigs and leaves ; flowers in axillary or terminal cymes, dioecious or polvg-
amous, greenish, small, petals and sepals 4-5. distinct, or the latter lack-
ing; staminate flowers with 4-5 stamens, pistillate flowers with 2-5 separate
pistils, occasionally with a few stamens ; pods somewhat fleshv. pungent
and aromatic, 2-valved, 1-2-seeded.

Propagated from seed and perhaps from cuttings also.

A genus of 110 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions; in
addition to the following, 3 others occur in the southern United States.

XANTHOXYLUM

81

Xanthoxylum americanum jNI i 1 1 e r 1768 Prickly Ash
Toothache Tree

Small tree or shrub, 10-25 ft. high, 2-6 m. diam. ; leaves odd-pinnate,
of 7-11 leaflets, 10-20 cm. long, the axis with scattered sharp prickles on
the lower side, leaflets elliptic, ovate, or obovate, margin minutely glan-
dular-indented, tip blunt, base rounded, sparsely hairy on both faces, 3-6
cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, petioles usually brown-hairy, prickly with two
large stipule-like prickles at base, 2-5 cm. long; flowers appearing before
the leaves, small, greenish in axillary clusters, usually dioecious, calyx
lacking, capsules dark brown or blackish when mature, ellipsoid or ovoid,
rugose, 5-6 mm. long, 3 mm. wide ; seeds black ; a m e r i c a n u m, re-
ferring to its home.

Frequent along streams and the edges of woodlands; Quebec-Va-Mo-
Nebr-Minn-Ont.

82 RUE FAMILY

Wood light brown, soft, weight 35 lbs., of little value; the bark yields
a yellow dye and a bitter resin. The latter is a stimulant and tonic, and
is used for toothache and sometimes in the treatment of rheumatism.

Ftelea L i n n e 1753
(Gr. p t e 1 e a, elm, probably in allusion to the winged fruit)

Small trees or shrubs with alternate 3-5-foliolate leaves, and without
prickles; flowers in panicles, polygamous, whitish, sepals and petals 4-5,
distinct, stamens 4-5, the anthers often tiny or wanting in the pistillate
flowers, ovarv 2-celled, flattened; fruit a broadly winged, round samara.

A genus of 6 species, natives of the United States and Mexico.

Ftelea trifoliata L i n n e 1753 Hop-tree, Shrubby Trefoil

AILANTHUS 83

Small tree or shrub, 10-25 i"t. high, 2-6 in. diani. ; leaves of 3 leaflets,
6-15 cm. long and wide, leaflets ovoid to obovate, margin finely wavy,
pointed, with more or less wedge-shaped base, smooth above when mature,
sparsely hairy below, petioles 3-10 cm. long; flowers ap[)earing after the
leaves, whitish, 8-10 mm. wide; fruit a round yellowish samara with a
broad veiny wdng, 2-2]/ cm. diam. ; t r i f o 1 i a t a, three-leaved.

Occasionally cultivated; not known to occur in the state as a native:
LI-Fla-Tex-Colo-Ont.

Wood yellow-brown, hard, close-grained, weight 52 lbs.; the bitter
bark is used to yield a tonic. Readily grown from seed if the latter are
planted as soon as they are ripe.

Simarubaceae Ailanthus Family

Trees or shrubs with alternate [linnate leaves, not glandular-dotted,
and bitter bark; flowers dioecious or polygamous, in axillarv panicles or
racemes, sepals 3-5, more or less united, petals 3-5, stamens 2-10, ovaries
2-5, separate, or more or less united, styles 1-5 ; seeds usually solitary.

A family of about 2 7 genera, found in tropical and subtropical regions.

Ailanthus Desfontaines 1786 Tree-of-Heaven, Ailanthus

(The Chinese name in classical form)

Trees, or shrubs in northern climates, with alternate odd-pinnate
leaves; flowers in terminal panicles, polygamous, greenish; sepals 5, unit-
ed, petals 5, stamens 10 in staminate, 2-3 in pistillate flowers, pistils 2-5,
partly united; fruit elongate, wdnged, 1-seeded, 1-5 in each flower.

A genus of 3 species, native to China and the East Indes.

Ailanthus glandulosa Desfontaines 1786

Tree, 20-50 ft. high, 6-18 in. diam., or a shrub with long club-
shaped twigs, 5-12 ft. high; leaves odd-pinnate, of 11-41 leaflets, 3-10
dcm. long, leaflets ovoid to lanceolate, margin entire or slightly wavy and
often with one or more blunt teeth at the base, long-pointed, rounded or
somewhat heart-shaped and oblique at the base, smooth or slightly hairy
above, 8-15 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide, petioles sparsely hairy, 7-15 cm. long;
panicles appearing soon after the leaves, 15-20 cm. long; flowers greenish,
ill-scented, 3-5 cm. wide; samara oblong, fusoid, or spatulate, yellow-
brown, with netted veins over the central seed, 4-6 cm. long. 1-1 j/j cm.
wide : glandulosa, glandular, possibly in reference to the odor.

84

HEATH FAMILY

Rarely cultivated in Minnesota owing to the readiness with which it
is killed back by winter; native of China; grown from suckers or from
seed.

Ericales Heath Order

Ericaceae Heath Family

Shj-ubs or rarelv herbs or trees, often evergreen ; sepals 4-5. free or
more or less united, petals 4-5 rarely free, usually united more or less
cc)mpletely. stamens usually 8 or 10, but sometimes the same in number
as the petals, inserted with the petals, and free from them ; anthers often
appcndaged, usually opening by pores, disk often present between the
stamens and the pistil; ovary superior or inferior, 3-10 celled, style 1,

CHIMAPHILA

8S

stigma 1 ; fruit a capsule, cither septicidal or loculicidal, a berry, or a
drupe with a compound stone ; seeds small.

A large family of about 90 genera and 1400 species, several of the
tribes of which are often segregated as families, notably those with in-
ferior ovary as "V a c c i n i a c e a e", and the herbaceous forms with
separate petals as "P y r o 1 a c e a e."

KEY TO THE GEXEUA

1. C'vary superior

a. Corolla composed of separate petals

( 1 ) Evergreen undershrub, scarcely woody,

leaves smooth, flowers pink Chimaphila

(2) Low bushy evergreen, leaves very woollv

beneath, flowers white Ledum

b. Corolla composed of plainly united petals

( 1 ) Leaves deciduous, corolla bell-sliaped Menziesia

( 2 ) Leaves evergreen

(a) Corolla with a flat or spreading limb

stamens awnlcss
X. Corolla wheel-shaped, stamens ojien-

ing by pores
y. Corolla salver-shaped, very fragrant.

stamen opening by slits

(b) Corolla bell-shaped or jug-shaped
X. Anthers awnless
y. Anthers awned

(x) Leaves not aromatic, fruit a cap-
sule
(y) Fruit fleshy
m. Leaves aromatic, sepals plainly
united at base, calyx tube be--
coming fleshy in fruit
n. Leaves not aromatic, sepals im-
bricated and little connected,
fruit a drupe
2. Ovary more or less inferior, fruit fleshy
a. Ovary half inferior, foliage aromatic, ever-
green
x. Berry red — here might be sought fruiting

specimens of Gaultheria

Kalmia

Epigaea

Chamaedaphne

Andromeda

Gaultheria
Arctostaphylos

86 HEATH FAMILY

y. Berry white, antliers awnless, opening by

slits Chiogenes

1). Ovary wholly inferior, foliage not aromatic

X. Ovary with ten ovules, fruit drupe-like Gaylussacia

y. Ovary with many ovules, fruit a many-
seeded berry Vaccinium

Chimaphila P u r s h 1814

(Gr. c h i m a winter, j) h i 1 a loving", referring- to its evergreen

habit)

Low semi-herbaceous under-shrubs ; stems upright from a woody creep-
ing root-stock; leaves evergreen, leathery, flowers small in a terminal
cluster, sepals 5, persistent in fruit, petals 5, separate, stamens 10, the
anthers opening by pores which are basal in the bud but become inverted
in the flower, pistil 5-parted, ovary globular, 5-celled, superior, style very
short, stigma disk-shaped ; fruit a loculicidal capsule splitting from the
top downward ; seeds dust-like, very minute.

Six species of the northern hemisphere. Two others occur in the
United States, one eastern, the other far western.

Chimaphila umbellata (Linne) X 11 1 1 a 1 1 1818 Pipsissewa

Low semi-herbac-eous shrub, stems 1-3 dm. high; leaves alternate but
crowded toward the top of each year's growth, leathery, evergreen, nar-
rowly wedge-shaped, sharply serrate, dark green and glossy above, paler
beneath, 2-6 cm. long, 8 mm. -2 cm. wide, petit)les 3-6 mm. long, tip
broadly wedge-shai)e(l or rounded, base narrowly wedge-shaped; flowers
in a 2-8 flowered corymb; peduncles bare, 6-10 cm. high, bracts very small,
soon deciduous, pedicels about 1 cm. long, flowers bell-shaped, sepals very
small, united, petals round, pink, 6-8 mm. long, stamens purplish:
u m b e 1 1 a t a, having umbels.

Dry woods, widelv distributed throughout the cooler parts of the
northern lieniisj^here ; in North America occurring across the continent
from Nova Scotia to British Columbia, southwards to (Jeorgia, Iowa, and
the mountains of Mexico. In Minnesota thrt)ughout the forest districts
of the northern and eastern parts, most abundant in the evergreen forests
of the north ; rare southward, usually in white oak forest. Flowers in
]ulv. fruit ripe in late autumn or winter.

Tlie leaves are used medicinallv.

LEDUM

87

The eastern Chimaphila in a c u 1 a t a (Linne) P u r s h, with
lanceolate spotted leaves is reported from eastern and central Minnesota.
There are no specimens in the ITniversity herbarium and it probably does
not reach this state.

Chimaphila umbellata

Ledum L i n n e 1753
(Gr. name of an t)riental shrub)

Erect evergreen shrubs; leaves alternate, resinous, entire: buds scaly;
flowers in dense terminal clusters; sepals 5, very small, united, petals 5,
free, stamens 5-10. exserted, anthers opening by terminal pores, pistd ,->-

88 HEATH FAMILY

parted, ovary superior, style thread-like, stigma small, capitate; fruit a
septicidal 5 -celled capsule, splitting up from the base.

A genus of three species. All occur in northern North America, one
occurs also in northern Europe and Asia.

Ledum groenlandicum Oeder 1771 Labrador Tea

Shrub, 3 dm.-l m. high, stems slender, brittle; bark gray, young twigs
brown woolly; leaves evergreen, lanceolate, entire, the edges rolled back-
wards, green and finely rugose above, the midrib depressed and finely
hairy, other veins scarcely evident, completely covered with long tawny
wool beneath, 2-8 cm. long, 5-16 mm. wide, petiole about 2 mm. long,
tip rounded, base rounded wedge-shaped ; flowers white, borne in a termi-
nal umbel-like coryml), enclosed during the previous winter in a large
scaly terminal bud ; axis of the cluster and pedicels hairy and glandular,
pedicels thread-like, 1.5-2 cm. long, sepals .3 mm. long, petals narrowly
ovate, about 5 mm. long, stamens 5-7 ; capsule slender, pointed, about
5 mm. long, the style persistent ; seeds thread-like : g r 0 e n 1 a n d i c u m.
of Greenland.

Greenland to Alaska, south to New Jersey, the region of the Great

Ledum

halmia.

Lakes, and the State of Washington. In Minnesota common in bogs in
the northern and northeastern parts of the state, extending very little

MENZIESIA— KALMIA 89

beyond the limits of the coniferous forests. Flowers usuallv in June, fruit
ripe in August.

The leaves are said to have been used as tea by the Indians.

Menziesia J. E. S m i t h 1791
(Named for Archibald Menzies)

Shrubs, leaves thin, entire, deciduous; buds very scaly; flowers small,
in terminal clusters opening with the leaves, calyx small, of four united
sepals, corolla bell-shaped of four united petals, stamens 8 included,
anthers appendaged opening by terminal pores, pistil compound, 4-parted,
style thread-like, stigma 4-lobed ; fruit a 4-celled capsule, septicidal, many
seeded.

A small genus of about seven species of North America and Japan.

Menziesia glabella A. G r a y 1878

Bark grayish brown, shreddy; leaves obovate. petioled, entire, light
green above, pale and glaucous below, finely and sparsely rough hairy,
tips obtuse wedge-shaped, very slightly bristle tipped, base narrowly
wedge-shaped. 3-7 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, flowers in a terminal sessile
umbel, pedicels thread-like, about 3 cm. long, flowers about 7 mm. long,
calyx barely lobed, ciliate, corolla brownish ; seeds thread-like ; foliage with
a skunk-like odor : glabella, somewhat smooth.

British Columbia to Oregon and Montana. Reported from Minnesota
Point, Duluth. It possibly occurs in the northeastern corner of Minne-
sota but there are no specimens in the herbarium of the University. Flow-
ers in Mav.

Kalmia Linne 1753 American Laurel
(Named for Peter Kalm )

Erect shrubs, sometimes very dwarf, leaves entire, leathery, evergreen;
buds naked; sepals 5, united at base, corolla flat, wheel-shaped, of five
united petals furnished with ten small pouches in which the anthers are
situated in the bud and in the newly-opened flower, stamens 10, anthers
without appendages opening by terminal pores, pistil 5-parted, ovary
superior, style thread-like, stigma slightly enlarged; fruit a five-celled
capsule, septicidal, many-seeded : seeds small, round.

A genus of six species of North America and Cuba. None of the
other species reach as far west as Minnesota.

90

HEATH FAMILY

Kalmia polifolia W a n g e n h c i m 1788 Swamp Laurel

Kalmia giauca Aiton 1789

I-ow shrub 1-6 dm. high; twigs with ridges running down from the
bases of the leaves; leaves opposite, sessile, ovate, lanceolate or linear,
evergreen, leathery, dark green and glossy above, white beneath, margins
entire and rolled backwards, midrib prominent beneath, tip blunt pointed,
base tapering, 1-3 cm. long, 2-10 mm. wide; flowers in terminal umbel-like
clusters, pedicels thread-like, erect, about 15 cm. long, sepals ovate, per-
sistent, corolla pink-purple about 1.5 cm. across; capsule globose, about
5 mm. in diameter.

Newfoundland and Labrador to Alaska, southward to New Jersey,
Michigan. Colorado, and California. In Minnesota in bogs, most abun-
dant in the northeastern jjart of the state, ai)parently not reaching beyond
the region of coniferous forests. Flowers in June, fruit ripe about

AuLTUSt 1.

X2,

Epigaea L i n n e 1753
(Gr. c p i upon, i;- a e a the grotind)
Prostrate semi-herbaceous undershrubs; leaves evergreen, alternate,

EPIGAEA— CHAMAEDAPHNE

91

or crowded and nearly oi)positc ; Mowers in terminal clusters from scaly
buds, sepals 5. larye, persistent, petals 3, united to i'orni a salver-shaped
corolla, stamens 10, not exserted, o\ary 5-lol)Ltl, S-celled, style columnar,
stigma 5-lol)ed; fruit a tleshy capsule, finally loculicidal ; seeds oval.
Two species, the other Japanese.

Epigaea repens Linne 1753 Trailing Arbutus

Leaves peti^ded, elliptical, rough hairy, tip round, base round or heart-
shaped, 3-6 cm. long, 2-4 cm. witle ; flowers pink, very fragrant, sepals
lanceolate. alH)Ut 7 mm. long, corolla 1 cm. across, corolla-tube about 1
cm. long ; rep e n s, creeping.

Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, south to Florida, Kentucky, the
region of the (ireat Lakes, and Minnesota. In Minnesota common in the
northeastern and northern parts in sandy evergreen forest, extending as
far southwest as the head waters of the Mississippi. Flowers opening
in earliest spring.

Chamaedaphne M o e n c h 1794
(Gr. c h a m a e tipoii the i^round, d a p h n e a kind of shrnl) )

An erect shrub, branches slender, stiff; buds scaly; leaves alternate,
petioled, leatherv, scurfy, evergreen, flowers in leafy racemes ; flowers with
two small bractlets just below the calyx, sepals 5, separate, corolla cylindric
of 5 united petals, stamens 10, included in the corolla, anthers not

awned, the sacs elongated above into long tubes with terminal i)ores.
pistil of five united carj^els, ovary sui)erior, 5-celled, style straight, stigma

9^

HEATH FAMILY

uulobcd ; fruit a globose capsule surrounded by the persistent calyx,
loculicidal, the inner layer of the pericarp separating from the outer layer
and splitting into 10 valves; seeds small, numerous.
One species,

Chamae daphne calyculata (Linne) Moench 1794

3 dm.-l m. liigh ; leaves with scurfy scale-like hairs, apex pointed, base
rounded, 5 mm. -4 cm. long, 2-15 mm. wide, those of the inflorescence
smallest ; flowers white, about 5 mm. long : calyculata, cup-like.

Bogs ; Newfoundland to Alaska, Siberia and Scandinavia, south to
Georgia, Illinois, Minnesota, and British Columbia. In Minnesota most
abundant in the northern part of the state, occuring southward in the
edge of tamarack swamps to the region about Minneapolis and more
rarely in open peaty swamps further south. Flowers in May.

Andromeda Linne 1753
(Named for the mythological character Andromeda)

Small upright shrubs (some of the sub-genus P i e r i s, tree-like) ; buds
very small, scaly; leaves evergreen, alternate, flowers in terminal clusters,
sepals 5, pointed, united at the base, petals 5, almost completely united
to form a jug-shaped corolla, stamens 10, included, anthers awned, open-
ing by terminal pores, ovary 5-celled, superior, style short, straight,
columnar, stigma terminal, unlobed ; fruit a sub-globose capsule, loculicidal,
many seeded, seeds small, flat, oval.

A genus of two closely related species, one Arctic the other of north-
eastern North America, with which are often included the twelve species
of P i e r i s of eastern Asia and eastern North America.

Andromeda glaucophylla Link 1821

Shrubs 5 cm. -4 dm. high, from a creeping base; bark of young shoots
brown, of older shoots gray; leaves linear, leathery, nearly sessile, margins
rolled back, dark green above, white and finely hairy beneath, tip acute,
base wedge-shaped, midrib prominent, 2-5 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; flow-
ers in small terminal umbel-like clusters, pedicels 3-5 mm. long, curved,
glaucous ; flowers white, about 4 mm. long ; capsule depressed, globular,
indented on top ; glaucophylla, Gr. glaucous leaved.

Labrador to Manitoba, south to New Jersey and Minnesota. In Min-
nesota common in bogs in the northern and eastern parts of the state,

GAULTHERIA

93

most abundant in the region of coniferous forests, but extending south as
far as Minneapolis. Tins species has been much confused with the more
northern A. p o 1 i f o 1 i a L i n n e. Flowers in June, fruit ripe about

August 1.

Gaultheria L i n n e 1753
(Named for Dr. Gaultier)

Shrubs, stems creeping or erect; leaves leathery, evergreen, usually
alternate; flowers solitary or clustered, sepals 5, more or less united, the
<-alyx surrounded by a few small scale-like bracts, corolla narrowly bell-
shaped, composed of five united petals, stamens 10 included in the corolla,
filaments somewhat thickened, anthers opening by terminal pores, awned,
pistil 5-parted, ovary superior, 5-celled, style somewhat thick, straight,
stigma entire ; fruit a more or less fleshy capsule, surrounded by the thick
and fleshy calyx; seeds minute.

1

Rndromeda flrcto.laphylc. Gaullhena

About lUU species of wide geographical distril)ution, most abundant in
the cooler parts of the southern hemisphere, especially in the Andes, three
species in western North America, one in Japan, ten in southeastern Asia.

Gaultheria procumbens L

1 n n e i

/DO

Wintergreen, Checkerberry

Low, creeping, almost herbaceous aromatic shrub, about 1 dm. high ;
leaves petioled, evergreen, alternate, crow^ded near the tops of the branches,
smooth, upper sides dark glossy green, lower sides paler, margins obscurely

94 HEATH FAMILY

strrate with bristle tipped teeth, tip rounded or obtusely wedge-shaped,
base wedge-shaped, leaves 2-5 cm. lung, 1-2.5 cm. wide; tlowers white or
pale pink, axillary, solitary; peduncles about 5 mm. U»ng, bracteoles 2 or
3, close under the calyx, calyx wheel-shaped, 5-pointed, corolla jug-shaped,
5-8 mm. long, the tips of the petals triangular, anthers with four terminal
awns; fruit scarlet, round, 5-lU mm. in diameter, composed chiefly of the
fleshy calyx, surrounding a nearly dry capsule, style persistent ; p r o-
c u m b e n s, creeping.

Newfoundland to Manitoba, st)uth to (Georgia, Michigan and Minne-
sota. In Minnesota very abundant as an underslirub in dry evergreen
woods of the northern and northeastern parts of the state. Flowers in
August, fruit ripening the next summer.

All ])arts of the plant, but especially the leaves and fruit contain the
fragrant oil of wintergreen ; commercially, however, this oil is most fre-
quently obtained from the twigs of the black birch.

Arctostaphylos A dans o n 1763 Bearberry
( dr. a r c t o s a bear, s t a p h 3' 1 e a grape )

Shrubs or small trees; leaves alternate, petioled, leathery, evergreen;
flowers in terminal clusters, sepals 4-5, corolla bell-shaped or jug-shaped
of 4-5 united })etals, stamens 8 or 10 included in the corolla, anthers
awned on the back, opening by terminal pores, pistil 4-5-parted, ovary
superior, 4-5 or 8- or 10-celled with one ovule in each cavity, style slender,
stigma terminal ; fruit a drupe, with 4-10 coherent stones, the calvx per-
sisting unchanged in the fruit.

About twenty species. The following occurs in all the northern parts
of the northern hemisphere, the others in western North America, where
they are commonly called ".Manzanita."

Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi (Linne) S ]) r e n g- e 1 1825 Bearberry

Trailing shrub, the branches often a meter or more long, but rising
scarcely 1 dm. from the ground; bark gray and scaly, becoming finally
smooth and red-brown ; leaves alternate, petioled, leathery, evergreen,
dark green, glossy, and finely reticulate above, rough and for a tinie hairy
" beneath, tip round, base narrowly wedge-shaped, leaves 1-1.5 cm. long.
5-7 mm. wide, petioles about 2 mm. long; flowers in small terminal clus-
ters, peduncles about 2 mm. long, recurved, flowers pale pink, corolla
narrowly jug-shaped, about 4-7 mm. long; drup'e globose, 5-10 mm. in
diameter, scarlet, rather dry and scarcely edible, the stone composed usu-
ally of 5 coherent nutlets : u v a u r s i, bear-berrv.

CHIOGENES— GAYLUSSACIA 95

Greenland to Norway, south to New Jersey, the region of the Great
Lakes, Nebraska, California, central Asia, and central Europe, usually
in dry sandy or rocky soil, often calcareous. In Minnesota abundant in
the northern and -northeastern parts of the state extending considerably
beyond the region of the coniferous forests, rare in the southeastern parts
of the state. Flowers in May, fruit ripe in August.

The dried leaves are used in medicine.

Chiogenes Salisbury 1815
(Gr. c h i o n snow, i^' e n e s born, in allusion to the white l)erries)

Creeping evergreen semi-herbaceous aromatic shrubs ; leaves small,
thin, leathery, alternate ; flow^ers solitary, axillary, furnished with two
bractlets close under the calyx, sepals 4, united, and fused with the lower
part of the ovary, corolla bell-shaped, composed of four united petals,
stamens 8, included in the corolla, anthers not awned, opening by short
slits, pistil of four united carpels, ovary partly inferior, 4-celled, style
straight, short, stigma terminal ; fruit a fleshy berry, the ovary becoming
entirely inferior ; seeds numerous, small.

One or two species of North America and Japan.

Chiogenes hispidula (Linne) Torrey & Gray 1843 Creeping

Snowberry

Stems and lower sides and margins of leaves brown, strigose ; leaves
elliptical, linely rugose above, leaf margin revolute, U\) obtuse with a
short projecting point, base wedge-shaped, leaves 5-9 mm. long, 4-7 mm.
wide, petioles 1 mm. long ; flowers about 4 mm. long ; berry white, about
8 mm. in diameter : hispidula, somewhat bristly.

In cold wet woods, bogs, tamarack swamps, etc. Labrador to British
Columbia, south to North Carolina, Michigan and Minnesota. In Minne-
sota common in wet coniferous forests of the northern and northeastern
parts of the state, extending south in tamarack swamps as far as Minne-
apolis.

Gaylussacia H 11 m b o 1 d t, B o n p 1 a n d a n d K n nth i8r8
(Named for the chemist Gay-Lussac)

Shrubs : leaves alternate ; flowers in racemes ; sepals 5, united at the
base and fused with the ovary, corolla urn-shaped or bell-shaped, com-
posed of five fused petals, stamens 10 usually included in the corolla;

96

HEATH FAMILY

anthers without awns, jjrulonged upward into 2 tubes and opening by
apical pores ; pistil of 5 united parts, ovary inferior, 10-celled through
the development of false partitions, each cell with one ovule, style straight,
thread-like, stigma terminal, scarcely lobed; fruit a berry-like drupe with
ten stones wliich are more or less solidly grown together.

About 40 species, all American and for the most part South Ameri-
can, about 5 occur in eastern North America.

Gaylussacia baccata (Wangenheim) L. K o c h 1872 Huckleberry

Gaylussacia resinosa (Aiton) Torrey^ and Gray 1843

Branching shrub, 3 dm.-l m. high; stems stiif, gray, young twigs
hairv ; leaves alternate, ovate or ovate lanceolate, tough and somewhat
leathery, resinous dotted, smooth except for slight hairiness on the margin
and along the larger veins, green on both sides, somewhat pale below,
margin entire, tip acute or rounded, base wedge-shaped, leaves 2-4 cm,
long, 1-1.7 cm. wide, petioles about 1 mm. long; flowers in small lateral
racemes from scaly winter buds; peduncles and pedicels resinous dotted,
pedicels about 6 mm. long, calyx tube hemispherical, free tips of sepals
broaflly triangular, corolla tubular bell-shaped, 5-sided, reddish, 3-4 mm,
long, about 2 mm. wide, stamens included, filaments short, hairy; fruit
black, about 6 mm. in diameter, edible : baccata, having berries.

Dry sandy soil, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Geofgia and
Kentucky. In Minnesota apparently very rare, barely entering the eastern
border of the state; there are specimens in the herbarium of the University
of Minnesota from near Winona, and from Washington County, east of

VACCINIUM 97

St. Paul, it is also reported near Duluth. Flowers in May and June, fruit
ripe in late summer.

Vaccinium L i n n e 1753
(V a c c i n i u m, L. name for blueberry)

Shrubs, sometimes semi-herbaceous ; leaves alternate, deciduous or
evergreen, in the latter case leathery; flowers solitary in the axils of the
leaves or in the terminal or lateral racemes, sepals 5 (or 4) united at the
base and fused with the ovary, corolla of 5 (or 4) united petals variously
shaped, stamens 10 (or 8), anthers with or without awns, prolonged up-
ward into two tubes and opening by apical pores, pistil of 5 (or 4)
united parts, ovary inferior 5- (or 4-) celled, or by false partitions
10- (or 8-) celled, each cell with several ovules, style straight, stigma
small ; fruit a many-seeded berry.

A genus of over a hundred species distributed throughout the boreal
regions and thence southward into the warm temperate regions and the
mountainous parts of the tropics. Several of the subgenera are often
regarded as genera.

Kev to Sections of genus Vaccinium

1. Leaves deciduous, corolla cylindrical, bell-

shaped, jug-shaped, or globular

a. Anthers awned, berry 4- or 5-celled Eti-vaccimuin

b. Anthers not awned, berry 8- or 10-celled Cyanococcus

2. Leaves leathery and evergreen

a. Corolla bell-shaped, petals plainly united \'itis-Idai-a

b. Corolla consisting of reflexed, nearly sepa-

rate petals O.xycoccits

Key to the Species

Eu-vaccinium Billberries

Free limb of calyx collar-like, often with scarcely any lobes, corolla
bell-shaped, or globular, stamens included, anthers awned, berry 4- or
5-celled, blue, black, or red, leaves deciduous.

(1) Parts of the flower mostly in fours, leaves

entire, thick ^'• I'/igino.uim

(2) Parts of the flower in fives, leaves serrate,

tl^ii^ V. caespitosiim

98

HEATH FAMILY

Cyanococcus Blueberries

Free limb of calyx deeply lobed, corolla bell-shaped to cylindrical,
stamens included, anthers not awned, berry more or less completely 10-
celled (rarely 8-celled), blue, black, or sometimes whitish: leaves decidu-
ous.

(1) Leaves finely serrate, nearly smooth, twigs

warty, nearly glabrous J'. pi'iinsylvanicKm

(2) Leaves entire, twigs and leaves densely

hairy V. canadcnsc

Vitis-Idaea Mountain Cranberry

Free limb of calyx deeply lobed, corolla bell-shaped, stamens included,
anthers not awned. berry 4-celled, red ; leaves evergreen.

]' . I'iiis-Idai'a.

Oxycoccus Cranberries

Free limb of calyx deeply lobed, corolla retlexed. deejjlv cleft or of
almost or quite se}>arate petals, stamens exserted. not awned, l)erry 4-
celled, red ; our species, prostrate evergreen shrubs with verv small leaves.

( 1 ) Leaves ovate, acute, fruit less than 1 cm.

in diameter /-'. oxycoccus

(2) Leaves elliptical, obtuse, fruit more than 1

cm. in diameter /'. iiiacrocarf>iim

A'accinium uliuinosuni \'acciniuni cacspitosum

VACCINIUM 99

Vaccinium uliginosum L i n n e 1753 Billberry

Low much brancluxl bush, stems upright, 2-60 cm. higli. 1-3 mm. in
diameter, stiff, smooth. rt)und, dark purplish-gray after the shedding of thu
thin whitish epidermis ; leaves deciduous, somewhat thick and firm, obovate
or nearly round, veiny, upper side dull green, smooth, lower side paler,
slightlv hairv. margin slightlv revolute. entire, U\) rounded, indented,
or broadly wedge-shaped, base wedge-shaped, 9-15 mm. long, 2.5-10 mm.
wide, sometimes nearly double this size in the far north ; petioles 1 mm.
long or wanting, flowers solitary or in groups of 2-4 from special scaly
Avinter-buds, sepals 4 (rarely 5) their free tips broadly triangular and
verv obtuse, corolla globular, bell-shaped, pink, composed of 4 (rarely 5)
petals which are fused about two thirds of their length,* stamens 8 (rare-
ly 10) included, filaments smooth, anthers each bearing two long awns on
the back, the sacs tapering upward into short tubes with terminal pores,
style shorter than the corolla, berry 4-celled (rarely 5-celled), bluish
l)lack with a bloom, sweet and edible : u 1 i g i n o s u m. full of moisture.
i. e., growing in moist places.

Moorland, heaths and rocks, Arctic regions of the old and new
world, south to northern New England, Lake Superior. Washington, the
Alps and England. In Minnesota it occurs only in fhe extreme north-
east corner along the shore of Lake Superior. Flowers al)out July \.

Vaccinium caespitosum M i c h a u x 1803 Dwarf Billberry.

L^warf tufted shrubs, stems upright, branched, 5-30 cm. liigh. ..■>-3
mm. in diameter: stiff, round, finely pubescent, grayish brown: leaves
deciduous, thin, obovate, or spatulate, veiny, smooth and green on both
sides, margin finely serrate, tip rounded or abruptly wedge-shaped, base
narrowlv wedge-shaped, 10-20 mm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, rarely consider-
ably larger, petioles 1 mm. long or wanting : flowers solitary from tlie
axils of the lower leaves of the new growth, peduncles 2-3 mm. long,
drooping; sepals 5. almost completely united, their upper portion form-
in- a free collar-like projection which is very slightly and obtusely 5-
lobed. corolla bright pink or red, jug-shaped, about 5 mm. long, com-
posed of 5 petals which are united almost to the tip, stamens o, mcluded
in the corolla, filaments smooth, anthers each l)earing two long awns on
the back, their sacs tapering upward into rather long tubes with termmal
pores, stvle straight, about as long as the corolla: berry 5-celled, blue-
black, wi'th a bloom, sweet and edible : c a e s p i t o s u s, sod-like. .

100 HEATH FAMILY

Gravelly woods, shores, mountain slopes, etc. Labrador to Alaska,
south to northern New luigland, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Colorado and
California. In Minnesota apparently uncommon, occurring only in the
northern part of the state, reaching as far west as the head waters of the
Mississippi.

'• .^

■m^ >

jf#

^^

Vaccinium pennsylvanicum L a m a r c k 1783 Blueberry

Low upright shrub; stems 2-6 dm. high, green, finely warty, smooth
except for 2 narrow lines of fine hairs running down from each node;
leaves deciduous, thin, lanceolate, bright green, smooth above, smooth

VACCINIUM

lOI

below, or hairy along the midrib, margin finely serrulate the teeth bristle
tipped (rarely nearly entire), tip acute, base wedge-shaped, leaves 13-35
mm. long, 5-15 mm. wide, petioles about 1 mm. long; flowers in terminal
or lateral racemes or panicles from scaly winter buds, appearing with the
leaves, bracts broadly oval, reddish, pedicels about 1 mm. long, sepals 5
their free tips triangular, somewhat acute, about 1 mm. long, corolla of
5 petals united nearly to their tips, white or pale pink, narrowly bell-
shaped or almost spherical, tube 4-5 mm. long, free tips of the petals
about 1 mm. long, scarcely spreading, stamens 10, included in the corolla,
filaments slightly hairy, usually a little shorter than the anthers, anthers
without awns, the sacs prolonged upwards into tubes with terminal pores,
style straight, slightly exserted; berry 10-celled, blue with a bloom, sweet
and edible : p e n n s y 1 v a n i c u m, Pennsylvanian.

Dry sandy soil, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, southwards to Vir-
ginia, Illinois, and Minnesota. In Minnesota abundant in the northern
part of the state and in the eastern part as far south as Minneapolis,

reported from the vicinity of Lake Pepin. Flowers in May or June, fruit
ripe in July.

The most abundant blueberrv in Minnesota and the earliest to ripen.

102 HEATH FAMILY

Vaccinium pennsylvanicum \ ar. nigrum Wood 1873

Differs from the species in having thicker leaves, glaucous below, and
black berries.

The same general range as the species, but not extending so far north
and west. In Minnesota less abundant than the typical form of the
species, more abundant northwards.

Vaccinium canadense K a 1 m 1823 Blueberry

Low upright shrub ; stems 2-6 dm. high, greenish brown, finely warty
and densely woolly pubescent; leaves deciduous, thin, lanceolate or ovate,
bright green, hairy below and along the veins above, margin entire, tip
acute to rounded, base broadly wedge-shaped or rounded, leaves 15-35
mm. long, 7-15 mm. wide, petioles about 1 mm. long; flowers in terminal
or lateral few-flowered racemes from scaly winter buds, opening with
the leaves; bracts lanceolate, early deciduous, pedicels 2-5 mm. long,
sepals 5, their free tips triangular, acute, about 1.5 mm. long, corolla of
5 petals, united nearly to the tips, white streaked with pink, narrow bell-
shaped, or somewhat constricted at the throat, about 4 mm. long, free
tips of the petals about 1 mm. long, not spreading, stamens 10, included
in the corolla, filaments hairy, about as long as the anthers, anthers without
awns, the sacs prolonged upwards into tubes with terminal pores, style not
exserted ; berry 10-celled, blue with a bloom, sweet and edible:
canadense, Canadian.

Dry sandy soil or more moist soil, often in oak woods ; Labrador to
Manitoba, south to Pennsylvania, Illinois and Minnesota. In Minnesota
in the northern part of the state and in the eastern part as far south as
Minneapolis, less abundant than V. p e n n s y 1 v a n i c u m. Flowers in
May and June, fruit ripe in August.

Vaccinium Vitis-idaea Linne 1753 var. minus L o d d i g- e s,
Mountain Cranberry

Dwarf matted shrub, stems creeping, upright branches stiff", 2-15 cm.
high, about 1 mm. in diameter ; leaves evergreen, leathery, broad elliptical,
upper side dark green, glossy, lower pale and with more or less black
bristly dots, margin entire or finely crenate, revolute, tip rounded or
indented, base wedge-shaped, leaves 5-18 mm. long, 3-9 mm. wide, petioles
about 2 mm. long ; flowers in terminal racemes from scaly winter buds,
bracts thin, ovate, about 3 mm. long, green or reddish, pedicels about

VACCINIUM 103

2 mm. long, furnished with two bractlets resembling the bracts, sepals 4,
their free tips triangular, acute, glandular along the margin, about 1 mm.
long, corolla pink, bell-shaped, about 5 mm. long, composed of 4 petals
united about half their length, stamens 8, included, filaments hairy, short,
anthers without awns, their sacs elongated upward into tubes with
terminal pores, style curved, slightly exserted ; berry dark red, 4-celled,
acid and scarcely edible unless cooked : v i t i s - i d a e a, probably "vine
of the wood," in reference to its habitat.

Dry granitic rocks and sphagnum swamps. Arctic regions of America
and Asia, south to Massachusetts, Lake Superior and British Columbia.
The large typical form occurs in northern Europe. In Minnesota locally
abundant in the northeastern part of the state. Flowers in late June,
berries ripe in the autumn.

The berries "Preiselbeere n," "T y 1 1 e b a e r," are much used
for cooking in parts of northern Europe. There seems to be no reason whv
they should not be similarly employed here.

Vaccinium Oxycoccus Linne 1753 Small Cranberry

Oxycoccus palustris Persoon 1805
Oxycoccus Oxycoccus MacMillan 1892

Creeping prostrate shrub, stems very slender, about .5 mm. in diameter;
leaves leathery, evergreen, ovate lanceolate, upper side dark green, glossy,
under side nearly white, margin with a few small teeth, strongly revolute,
tip wedge-shaped, acute, base truncate or slightly heart-shaped, 4-12 mm.
long, 2.5-3.5 mm. wide, petioles slender, about 1.5 mm. long; flowers in
small terminal racemes of 1-5, the axis of the raceme usually very short
(2-5 mm.), but occasionally prolonged upwards into a leafy shoot and
then the flower-bearing part often 1 cm. long, bracts about 1.5 mm. long,
broadly elliptical, obtuse, pedicels thread-like, red, 2-4 cm. long, bearing
2 minute reddish bractlets; sepals 4, their free tips broadly triangular,
obtuse, petals 4, lanceolate, 5-8 mm. long, separate almost to the base,
spreading or reflexed, pink, stamens 8, exserted, filaments hairy, anthers
without awns, the anther-sacs prolonged upward into long tubes with
terminal pores, style straight, slightly longer than the stamens; fruit red,
less than 1 cm. in diameter, sour and nearly inedible when raw, pleasant
when cooked : oxycoccus, Gr. sour berry.

Sphagum bogs, tundra and wet sour soil, generally; Arctic regions,
southward to North Carolina, Michigan, Minnesota, British Columbia.
Japan and central Europe. In Minnesota it occurs in sphagnum bogs of

104

HEATH FAMILY

the northern part of the state, extending in tamarack swamps slightly
beyond the region of evergreen forests. Flowers in June, fruit ripe in
late fall.

uaccinium

\/iTiii - idaea

Vaccinium Oxycoccus l/accinium^ macrocarpurn

Vaccinium macrocarpum Alton 1789 Large Cranberry

Oxycoccus macrocaiptis Persoon 1815

Creeping prostrate shrub, stems slender, often a meter long, about 1-
1.5 mm. in diameter, flowering branches more or less erect; leaves leathery,
evergreen, elliptical, upper side dark green, glossy, under side paler,
glaucous, margin entire, slightly revolute, tip rounded, base rounded,
6-15 mm. long, 2.5-5 mm. wide, petioles slender about 1.5 mm. long;
flowers in raceme-like clusters of 1-10, the axis of the raceme 1-3 cm.
long, and prolonged upward into a leafy shoot, bracts 2-4 mm. long, ovate,
pedicels thread-like, red, 2-4 cm. long, bearing two small green leaf-
like bractlets above the middle ; sepals 4, their free tips broadly triangular,
obtuse, petals 4, lanceolate. 6-10 mm. long, separate almost to the base,
spreading or reflexed. pink, stamens 8, exserted, filaments hairy, very
short, anthers without awns, the anther sacs prolonged upward into long
tubes with terminal pores, style straight, slightly longer than the stamens ;
fruit red, 1-2 cm. in diameter, sour and nearly inedible when raw, pleasant
when cooked : m a c r 0 c a r p u m, Gr. large-fruited.

EMPETRUM

105

Bogs, wet sandy soil and other situations whicli combine a sour soil
with an abundance of moisture; Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to
North Carolina, central Ohio and Indiana. In Minnesota common in
the edges of tamarack swamps and sour bogs in the eastern part of the
state, extending south across the Minnesota river and northwest as far as
Lake Itasca, less common northward than V. o x y c o c c u s. Flowers
in June, fruit ripe in the fall.

The common cranberry of commerce, much cultivated in Wisconsin,
less frequently in Minnesota. It should do well in bogs in the region
north of Minneapolis and east of the Mississippi river.

Empetraceae Crowberry Family

Low, evergreen, heath-like shrubs; leaves small, narrow, sessile, chan-
neled on the lower side ; flowers small, dioecious, or rarely polygamous,
axillary or in terminal heads, sepals 3, petals 2, 3, or 0, staminate flowers
with 2-4 stamens, filaments slender, sometimes with a rudimentary pistil ;
pistillate flowers with 2-several-celled ovary, styles 2-several; fruit a
berry-like drupe containing 2-several 1 -seeded nutlets.

A family of three genera and five species, of Europe and America.

Empetrum L i n n e 1753 Crowberry

Low spreading freely branching shrub with the aspect of a heath;
flowers polygamous, purplish, scattered and solitary in the axils of the
leaves, scaly bracted, inconspicuous, calyx of 3 somewhat petal-like
spreading sepals, stamens 3 exserted, styles short, stigma 6-9-lobed ; fruit
a berry-like drupe, black or red, with 6-9 seed-like nutlets.

A genus of two species, the following and one in southern South
America.

Empetrum nigrum Linne 1753 Crowberry

Much branched, branches diffusely spreading, gla-
brous or puberulous, 6-25 cm. long; leaves crowded,
•linear oblong, thick, glabrous or slightly puberulent,
margin revolute. tip obtuse, 4-7 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm.
wide; fruit black, 4-6 mm. in diameter: nigrum.
black.

In rocky places, Greenland to Alaska, south to coast
of Maine, the mountains of northern New England and
New York, Isle Royale, and the coast of Oregon, Asia
and Europe. There are no Minnesota specimens in the
herbarium of the University of Minnesota but it has been

io6

POTATO FAMILY

collected on Isle Royale and is almost sure to occur on the north shore of
Lake Superior.

Polemoniales Phlox Order
Solanaceae Potato Family

Herbs, shrubs, or vines, with typically alternate simple often lobed
leaves; flowers perfect and regular, solitary, or in clusters; sepals 5,
united, petals 5, united, stamens 5, on the corolla tube and alternate with
its lobes ; ovary 2-celled, superior, fruit a berry or capsule with many
seeds.

A familv of about 70 genera, of world-wide distribution, liut most
abundant in the tropics.

Lycium L i n n e 1/53
(Named from the cotintr}- Lycia )

Vines or shrubs, often with thorns, with alternate entire leaves ; flowers
solitary or clustered, axillary or terminal, greenish to purple, calyx 3-5
lobed, persistent, corolla 5-lobed, more or less funnelform, stamens 5.
ovary 2-celled, becoming a globose to oblong berry.

A genus of about 75 species, widely distributed in temperate and
tropical regions; 17 native species occur in western North America.

Lycium vulgare D n n a 1 1852 Matrimony Vine

Bushy vine with slender trailing or hanging stems, 5-20 ft. long, the
lateral branches often reduced to thorns ; leaves lanceolate to spatulate or
ovoid, margin entire, tip blunt or acute, base tapering into the petiole,

FRAXINUS 107

smooth on both sides, 3-5 cm. long, 3/2-13^ cm. wide, petioles J/^-l cm.
long; flowers solitary or 2-5 in the axils, on slender peduncles, ^-1>4
cm. long, funnelform, purple to greenish-purple, 10-15 mm. wide, corolla
lobes oblong to ovate, 5-6 mm. long; berry oblong to ovoid, red or orange-
red : V u 1 g a r e, common.

Frequent in waste places, originally an escape from gardens : Ont-Va-
Kan-Colo-Minn ; native of Europe. Of great value in covering eroding
slopes and banks, and waste places; especially ornamental as a trailer on
stone walls. (Jrown readily from cuttings, suckers, or seeds.

Gentianales Gentian Order
Oleaceae Olive Family

Trees or shrubs, with typically opposite simple or compound leaves;
flowers perfect, polygamous or dioecious, sepals united, 2-4, or lacking,
petals united, 2-4, or lacking, stamens on the corolla tube, 2-4, ovary
2-celled, superior; fruit a capsule, berry, drupe or samara, 1 -few-seeded.

A family of about 21 genera, widely distributed in temperate and
tropical regions.

KEY TO THE GENERA

1. Trees with pinnate leaves, dioecious flowers and

winged fruit Fra.xiims

2. Shrubs with entire leaves and perfect flowers

a. Flowers purple or yellow, rarely white ; fruit

a capsule

( 1 ) Flowers purple Syringa

(2) Flowers yellow Forsythia

b. Flowers white ; fruit a drupe or berry

( 1 ) Petals thread-like, separate ; fruit a

drupe Chionaiithiis

(2) Petals united; fruit a berry Ligiistriim

Fraxinus L i n n e 1753
(L. fraxinus, the ash-tree)

Trees with opposite odd-pinnate leaves; flowers in clusters, usually
appearing before the leaves, polygamous or dioecious; sepals 0-4, united,
petals 0-4, more or less united, stamens typically 2, ovary 2-celled ; fruit
a 1 -seeded samara.

Propagated by seed sown in autumn or stratified for spring sowing.

io8 OLIVE FAMILY

A genus of about forty species, 12 of which are natives of the United
States.

Key to the Species

1. Lateral leaflets stalked

a. Twigs round

(1) Twigs and leaves velvety-hairy J'- pctuisilTauica

(2) Twigs and leaves smooth, at least above

(a) Leaves pale below; wing of fruit

terminal /''■ amcricana

(b) Leaves green below; wing extending

along the sides F. hviccolata

b. Twigs square or 4-angled F. quadrangiilata

2. Lateral leaflets not stalked F. nigra

Fraxinus pennsilvanica M a r s h a 1 1 1785 Red Ash

Tree, 30-60 ft. high, 1-2 ft. diam. ; bark brown with shallow furrows,
the ridges somewhat scaly, twigs hairy ; leaves velvety-hairy or woolly,
of 5-9 leaflets, 2-5 dcm. long, leaflets ovate-lanceolate to ovate, somewhat
coarsely and sharply toothed, tip pointed, base more or less rounded,
sparsely hairy or smooth above, coarsely hairy, woolly or velvety beneath,
6-12 cm. long. 2-5 cm. wide, petioles coarsely hairy, 3-6 cm. long; flowers
dioecious, the small calyx of the pistillate flower persisting at the base
of the fruit; fruit nblong-spatulate, paddle-shaped, the wing running
down the sides, 21/2-^/2 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide; the specific name refers
to the original locality.

Frequent throughout the wooded i^ortions of the state; NB-Fla-Mo-
Nebr- Minn-Saskatchewan.

^\'ood brown, coarse-grained, strong, brittle, hard, weight 39 lbs. ;
used chiefly as a substitute for white ash in agricultural implements, car-
riage-building, furniture, interior finishing, oars and tool handles. An
excellent tree for general planting in the northwest, though less used
than the closelv related green ash.

Fraxinus americana L i n ne 1753 White Ash

Large tree, 40-100 ft. high, 1-5 ft. diam.; bark brown or gray-brown,
moderately ridged, twigs smooth; leaves smooth, of 5-9, usually 7, leaflets,
2-4 dcm. long, leaflets oblong, ovate-lanceolate or ovate, margin sharply
toothed, tip pointed, base rounded, smooth and green above, pale green

no OLIVE FAMILY

or slightly hairy below, 6-12 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, petioles slightly
hairy, 5-7 cm. long; flowers dioecious, calyx persistent in the pistillate
flower; fruit paddle-shaped, the wing almost wholly terminal, 3-4 cm.
long, 6-7 mm. wide; a m e r i c a n a, American, native to this continent.

Somewhat common throughout the state, except westward and far
northward ; NS-Fla-Tex-Minn.

Wood brown, coarse-grained, strong, tough, hard, weight 41 lbs.;
used in large quantities in agricultural implements, carriage-building,
furniture, interiors, oars, and tool handles. The inner bark has some
use in medicine. An excellent ornamental but less valuable than green
ash for the Northwest.

Fraxinus lanceolata B o r c k h a n s e n i8oo Green Ash
F. viridis Michaux 1813
F. pennsilvanica lanceolata Sargent 1894

Medium tree, 30-50 ft. high, ^-2 ft. diam. ; bark gray or yellow-brown
with shallow furrows; leaves smooth or nearly so, of 5-9 leaflets, 2-3 dcm.
long, leaflets ovate-lanceolate to ovoid or obovoid, margin with coarse,
usually shallow teeth, tip long-pointed, base more or less rounded, smooth
and green on both sides, slightly paler below, 6-12 cm. long, 2-5 cm.
wide, petioles slightly hairy, 4-6 cm. long ; flowers dioecious, calyx per-
sistent; fruit winged down the sides, 4-5 cm. long, 6-7 mm. wide;
lanceolata, lance-shaped, probably in reference to the leaves.

Common throughout the state; Vt-Fla-Tex-Ariz-Saskatchewan.

^^'ood essentially as in the red ash, Fraxinus pennsilvanica.

Fraxinus quadrangulata j\I i c h a u x 1803 Blue Ash

Large tree, 30-80 ft. high, 1-3 ft. diam.; bark gray, scaly; twigs
four-sided, winged, and more or less velvety when young ; leaves smooth,
or with white tufts of hairs on the veins below, of 7-11, usually 9,
leaflets, 2-3 dcm. long, leaflets lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, more or
less wavy-toothed, tip very long-pointed, base rounded, smooth on both
sides or slightly hairy or hairy tufted below, 6-12 cm. long, 2^.^-5 cm.
wide, petioles smooth, 5-8 cm. long; flowers dioecious, calyx usually dis-
appearing in fruiting ; fruit oblong or oblong-wedge-shaped, the wing
extending completely around, 23/2-3 cm. long, 1 cm. wide; quadran-
gulata, four-angled, referring to the twigs.

Rarely cultivated; not known to occur native in the state; Mich-Ala-
Mo-Ia.

FRAXINUS— SYRINGA m

Wood brownish-yellow, coarse-grained, hard, brittle, weight 45 lbs.;
used for carriage building and flooring, and probably not distinguished
in use from white ash. A blue dye is made from the inner bark.

Fraxinus nigra Marshall 1785 Water Ash, Black Ash

Large tree, 40-80 ft. high, 1-3 ft. diam. ; bark gray, with irregular
plates separating into thin scales; leaves smooth, of 7-11 leaflets, 2-4
dcm. long, leaflets lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, margin wavy-toothed,
tip very long-pointed, base tapering or rounded, smooth above, slightly
hairy below, especially along the midrib, 7-15 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide,
petioles smooth, 4-6 cm. long; flowers dioecious, calyx lacking; fruit
oblong or oblong-spatulate, wing extending around, 2y^-3 cm. long, 7-8
mm. wide ; nigra, black, probably in reference to the color of the wood.

Frequent or even plentiful throughout the state, except to the south-
west ; Newfoundland-Del-Va-Ark-Minn-Manitoba.

Wood dark brown, coarse-grained, soft, weak, tough, durable in the
soil, weight 39 lbs. ; used for baskets, cabinet-making, fences, hoops and
interiors.

Syringa L i n n e 1753 Lilac
(Gr. s y r i n x, tube, of doubtful application)

Shrubs, with opposite simple entire leaves ; flowers in terminal panicles
or thyrses, appearing after the leaves, perfect ; sepals 4, united, persistent,
petals 4, united into a cylindric salverform tube, stamens 4, on the throat
of the corolla; ovary 2-celled, stigma 2-cleft; fruit a 2-valved capsule.

Propagation by seed sown in the spring, by suckers and division,
grafting and hardwood cuttings, and in the rarer sorts by greenwood
cuttings. Pruning should be done shortly after blooming is over.

A genus of about 12 species, natives of Asia and eastern Europe.

Key to the Species

1. Corolla much longer than calyx

a. Flower clusters from lateral buds; terminal

bud abortive

( 1 ) Leaves cordate or truncate at base S. vulgaris

(2) Leaves narrowed toward the base .S'. pcrsica

b. Flower clusters usually on terminal leafy

branches '">• '''1^^^^

2. Corolla little longer than calyx S- ainurcusis

112 OLIVE FAMILY

Syringa vulgaris Linne 1753 Common Lilac

Shrub, 6-20 ft. high ; leaves ovate, marghi entire, tip acute or pointed,
base truncate, rounded or cordate, often oblique, smooth and green on
both sides, 5-8 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, petioles l^-2i/2 cm. long; flowers
in large apparently terminal thyrses 8-20 cm. long, lilac to white, 10-12
mm. long, on short glandular pedicels; capsule oblong, 15-25 mm. long,
4 mm. wide ; vulgaris, common.

Cultivated throughout the state, and sometimes an escape ; native of
Europe. The best and most reliable of the several cultivated species,
especially desirable for ornamental hedges.

Syringa persica L i n n e 1753 Persian Lilac

Shrub, 6-12 ft. high; leaves lanceolate or ov^ate-lanceolate, margin
entire, tip pointed, base tapering, smooth and green on both sides, 3-7
cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide; flowers in loose, apparently terminal panicles.
7-12 cm. long, pale lilac to white; capsule oblong, 15-20 mm. long;
p e r s i c u s, Persian, from its home.

The species rarely cultivated in Minnesota, and rather inferior in
most respects to the common lilac; native of Asia, Caucasus to Afghan-
istan. The hybrid between the common lilac and the Persian lilac,
S. c h i n e n s i s, is common.

Syringa villosa V a h 1 1805 Hairy Lilac

Shrub, 5-8 ft. high; leaves broadly elliptic to oblong, margin ciliate,
acute at tip and base, bright green and smooth above, somewhat hairy
below on the midrib, 6-15 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide; flowers in terminal
leafy panicles, 7-16 cm. long, lilac, pinkish or white; villosa, hairy,
in reference to the hairy leaves.

Occasionally cultivated ; native of Asia.

Syringa amurensis R u p r e c h t 1857 Siberian Lilac

Shrub, 8-12 ft. high; leaves ovate or round-ovate, margin entire, tip
acute, base rounded, smooth on both sides, bright green above, pale be-
neath, 5-15 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide; flowers in large loose panicles 8-20
cm. long, yellowish white, the stamens projecting from the corolla tube :
amurensis, of the river Amur, in reference to the original locality.

Rare in cultivation; native of Manchuria and Siberia.

FORSYTHIA

1 1.^

Forsythia V a h 1 1805
(Named for William Forsyth, an English horticulturist)

Shrubs, -with opposite simple or ternate serrate leaves ; flowers single
or in groups of 2-3 along the branches, appearing before the leaves, per-
fect; sepals 4, united, petals 4, united toward the base, stamens 2, in-
cluded; fruit a 2-celled capsule with winged seeds.

Propagated by seeds, and readily groAvn from both hardwood and
greenwood cuttings.

A genus of 3 species, 2 native of China, and 1 of southeastern Europe.

Key to the Species

1. Corolla golden yellow, with orange yellow

stripes within ; leaves more or less ovate F. suspensa

2. Corolla rather greenish yellow, not striped

within ; leaves lanceolate F. viridissiiua

Forsythia suspensa A" a h 1 1805

Shrub, 2-8 ft. high, the slender branches often bent to the ground
and rooting ; leaves oblong-ovate to broadly ovate, margin toothed, tip
acute, base tapering, smooth, 6-12 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, petioles 2 cm.
long; flowers 1-3, golden yellow, with orange yellow stripes in the corolla
tube. 2-3 cm. long, calyx about the length of the corolla tube; capsule
ovate, 2-3 cm. long: suspensa, suspended, probably in reference to
the rooting branches.

Occasionally cultivated, though not entirely hardy; in protected situ-
ations it is one of the most attractive of the early flowering shrubs; native
of China. The variety fortune! is more upright with leaves often of
three leaflets.

Forsythia viridissima L i n d 1 e y 1846

Shrub, 3-10 ft. high; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, or some-
what spatulate, margin toothed above the middle, tip acute or rounded,
base tapering, smooth and dark green, 6-15 cm. long, petioles 2-3 cm
long; flowers 1-3, bright yellow or greenish yellow, 2-3 cm. long, calyx
about half as long as corolla tube ; capsule 2-3 cm. long : v i r i d i s s i m a,
very green, in reference to the leaves.

Rarely cultivated; less desirable than the preceding; native of China.

Chionan'uvus

-!iyrir?6a.
uul6aris

CHIONANTHUS— LIGUSTRUM 115

Chionanthus L i 11 n e 1753

(Gr. c h i o n, snow, a n t h u s, flower, in reference to the
inflorescence)

Small trees or shrubs, with opposite simple entire leaves; flowers in
panicles, appearing soon after the leaves, perfect; sepals 4, united, petals
4, slightly united at the base, stamens 2 on the base of tlie corolla, ovary
2-celled; fruit a 1 -seeded drupe.

Propagation by seeds planted in the fall, by layering, or by greenwood
cuttings under glass.

A genus of 3 species, two of them natives of China.

Chionanthus virginica L i n n e 1753 Fringe Tree

Shrub or small tree, 8-20 ft. high, with more or less finely hairy
twigs ; leaves ellipsoid to obovoid, thickish, tip acute or blunt, base taper-
ing, smooth, long white-hairy below, 6-15 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, petioles
more or less white-hairy, 1-2 cm. long; flowers in open drooping panicles
1-2 dcm. long, on slender pedicels, petals strap-shaped, white, 2-3 cm.
long, 1-2 mm. wide; fruit a more or less oblong black drupe, 10-14 mm
long : virginica, Virginian, referring to the original locality.

Occasionally cultivated ; Pa-Fla-Ark-Tex.

Wood light brown, close-grained, hard, weight 40 lbs. ; the bark it
tonic and sometimes used in medicine.

Ligustrum L i n n e 1753
(The ancient Latin name)

Shrubs or small trees, with opposite simple entire leaves; flowers in
terminal panicles or thyrses, perfect; sepals 4, united, petals 4, united,
stamens 2 on the corolla tube, ovary 2-celled; fruit a 1-3 seeded berry.

Propagation by seeds sown in the fall, or stratified, the germination
often delayed, and by hardwood cuttings.

A genus of about 35 species, natives of Eurasia.

Ligustrum vulgare L i n n e 1753 Privet, Prim

Shrub, 4-10 ft. high, with slender branches; leaves firm and some-
what persistent, elliptic, oblong, lanceolate or spatulate, entire, tip acute
or rounded, base tapering, smooth, 2-3 cm. long, l^-lYz cm. wide, petioles
2-5 mm. long; flowers in erect dense panicles 3-?> cm. long, white, 5-6
mm. wide; fruit a round black berry, 5-6 mm. diam. ; vulgaris, com-
mon.

ii6 CATALPA FAMILY

Occasionally cultivated, especially as a hedge plant; native of Eurasia,
but escaped from cultivation; Ont-NV-NC-Ill.

Scrophulariales Snapdragon Order
Bignoniaceae Catalpa Family

Trees, shrubs, or woody vines, with opposite simple or compound
leaves; flowers perfect, sepals 5, united, petals 5, united, and more or less
irregular, stamens 2-5 on the corolla tube, ovary 2-celled, stigma 2-lobed;
fruit a 2-valved capsule, seeds flat, winged.

A family of about 60 genera, widely distributed in the tropics.

Catalpa S c o p o 1 i 1771
• (The name given by the Indians)

Trees, with large opposite simple entire leaves ; flowers in terminal
panicles or corymbs, appearing after the leaves, perfect, large, white, mot-
tled; sepals 5, united, usually 2-lipped, petals 5, united into a 2-lipped
bell-shaped corolla ; anther-bearing stamens 2, antherless stamens 3, ovary
2-celled, ovules in 2-several rows ; fruit a long linear capsule, with flat
winged seeds.

Propagation by seeds.

Key to the Species

1. Corolla 4-5 cm. long; capsule 10 mm. wide C. catalpa

2. Corolla 6-7 cm. long; capsule 12-20 mm. wide C. spcciosa

Catalpa catalpa (Linne) Karsten 1880 Catalpa, Indian Bean
Bignonia catalpa Linne 1753
Catalpa bignonioides Walter 1788

Tree, 25-60 ft. high, y^-Z ft. diam. ; with a thin smooth bark, separat-
ing in flakes ; leaves very large, broadly ovate, entire or somewhat 3-lobed,
tip long-pointed, base truncate to heart-shaped, smooth above, hairy below,
12-25 cm. long, 10-25 cm. wide, petioles 10-15 cm. long; flowers many
in large panicles 20-30 cm. long, bell-shaped, 2-lipped, white, spotted with
yellow and purple, 4-5 cm. long; capsules 15-40 cm. long, 1 cm. wide,
the winged seeds 4-5 cm. long, 5-6 mm. wide.

Rarely cultivated in Minnesota as it is less hardy than the following;
Ga-Fla-Miss.

ii8 ROSE FAMILY

Wood brown, coarse-graintd. lii^'ht. soft, weak, durable in the ground,
weight 28 ll)s. ; much used for fence posts and rails.

Catalpa speciosa W aide r 1880 Hardy Catalpa

Tree, 30-80 ft. high, y'j-S ft. diam. ; bark gray-brown, with shallow
furrows; leaves very large, broadly ovate, entire, rarely 3-lobed, tip long-
pointed, base truncate to heart-shaped, smooth above, hairy below, 15-25
cm. long, 10-25 cm. wide, petioles 10-20 cm. long; flowers few in large
panicles 12-20 cm. long, white, spotted w^ith yellow- and purple, 6-7 cm.
long; capsules 15-40 cm. long, 12-20 mm. wide, the winged seeds 4-5
cm. long, 5-6 mm. wide : speciosa, beautiful, in reference to the habit
and flowers.

Frequently cultivated but scarcely hardy north of Minneapolis; Ind-
l'enn-Ark-Mo-111. ; a rapidly growing tree, much planted for railway ties,
and also of much charm as an ornamental, owing to its flowers.

Wood light brown, coarse-grained, light, soft, weight 26 lbs. : much
used for fence posts, rails, railway ties, and occasionally for furniture and
interiors.

Resales Rose Order

Rosaceae Rose Family

Herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate, simple or compound leaves,
stipules commonly present ; flowers perfect or sometimes polygamo-dioeci-
ous; sepals 5, often with 5 bractlets alternating with them; petals 5, or
rarely none; stamens mostly numerous, inserted on the edge of a disk;
pistils 1-many, simple and free or united below^ into a 2-10 celled, com-
pound ovary; styles terminal or lateral; ovules 1-2 or several; fruit
various, achenes, follicles, pomes or drupes.

KEY TO THE fiEXEUA

1. Leaves compound

a. Pistils numerous, more than 5, fruit achenes.
drupelets, or nutlets

(1) Flowers yellow, fruit ripening into dry,

hairy achenes ; smooth shrub Potentilla

(2) Flowers white or pink, fruit drupelets or

nutlets ; spiny or prickly shrubs
(a) Pistils on a raised or conical re-
ceptacle, fruit an aggregate of
drupelets Rubus

POTENTILLA

119

(b) Pistils in a ticshy urn-shaped recep-
tacle, which encloses the nutlets
b. Pistils few, (5 or less), free or united with
the receptacle, fruit follicles or a pome

(1) Flowers in Hat corymbs, fruit a pome

(2) Flowers in ample panicles, fruit follicles
Leaves simple

a. Pistils more than one, 3-5 or manv

( 1 ) Pistils on a conical receptacle, fruit an

aggregation of drupelets

(2) Pistils in a concave or hollow receptacle,

free or united with it

(a) Flowers perigynous, fruit dry, 2-5

follicles
X. P'ollicles inflated, splitting on both

sides, seeds shiny
V. Follicles not inflated, splitting on one

side, seeds dull

(b) Flowers epigynous, fruit a fleshy \>om^
X. Carpels cartilaginous or leathery when

mature, imbedded in the axis
(x) Cavities of the compound ovary
as many as styles
m. Ovules and seeds 1-2 in each
cavity
o. Trees ; flowers in cymes
p. Low shrubs ; flowers in ct)m-
pound cymes
n. Ovules and seeds numerous in
each cavity
(y) Cavities of the ovary becoming
twice as many as the styles
y. Carpels hard and Iiony when ripe,
distinct or cohering in fruit

b. Pistil one, fruit a drupe

Rosa

Sorbus
Sorbaria

Rubus

Physocarpus
Spiraea

Malus

Aronia

Cydonia

Amelanchier

Crataegus
Prunus

Potentilla Linue 1753 Cinquefoil Fivefinger
(L. p o t e n s, powerful, with a diminutive suffix, referring to the medical

properties)

Herbs, or rarely shrubs; leaves alternate, compound and stipulate;
flowers mostlv velhnv. cvmose or solitary; calyx tube flat or hemispheric.

120 ROSE FAMILY

sepals 5, persistent, with 5 bracts alternating with them; petals 5, obovate
or orbicular; stamens mostly numerous; carpels many, on a dry usually
hairy receptacle; fruit a collection of achenes.

A genus of about 150 species, nearly all of them natives of the north
temperate zone. Some 24 species occur in eastern North America and
about 30 others in the western and northwestern parts of the continent.
The great majority of the species are herbaceous; the following one is
strictly shrubby.

X/o

Potentilla fruticosa L i n n e 1753 Shrubby Cinquefoil.
Dasiphora fiuticosa (Linne) Rydberg 1898

Stem more or less erect, shrubby, 2-8 dm. (8-32 inches) high, much
branched, bark shreddy; leaves pinnate, 1-3 cm. long, leaflets oblong-
lanceolate, entire, silky pubescent, margins revolute, 10-15 mm. long. 2-4
mm. wide; petals bright yellow, orbicular, achenes long-hairy: fruti-
cosa, shrubby.

Frequent in dry and rocky situations, along the north shore of Lake
Superior and in the northern part of the state; occurs scattered south-
ward and westward. Distributed from Labrador to Alaska, south to

RUBUS ij[

N. J., Pa., the Great Lake region, northern Iowa, Ariz., Cal. and Eurasia.
Flowers and fruits from June to Sept.

Rubus L i n ne 1753 Bramble, Blackberry, Raspberry

(L. rubus, bramble, akin to ruber, red)

Erect or procumbent shrubs or trailing vines, frequently prickly, with
alternate simple, lobed, or 3-7-foliate leaves; tlowers white (sometimes
pink or purple); calyx flat, 5-parted, persistent; petals 5, deciduous;
stamens numerous ; carpels usually many, borne on a spongy or succulent

•.:• receptacle, ripening into drupelets and forming an aggregate fruit, edible.

•; A genus of about 250 species, of wide geographical distribution, but
most abundant in the north temperate zone. About 20 species in addition
to the following occur in North America.

Key to the Species.

'.: 1. Leaves simple, palmately lobed; stems unarmed R. parviflonis
■' 2. Leaves compound, 3-7-foliate; stems prickly or
bristly

a. Fruit falling off whole from the dryish re-

ceptacle when ripe Raspberries

(1) Stems upright, beset with straight, stiff

bristles ; fruit red

(a) Calyx bristly-hispid, with slender

prickles; native A', sfrigosus

'■U (b) Calyx not bristly-hispid, woolly-

pubescent; cultivated R- idaeiis

(2) Stems recurved, rooting at the tips,
., armed with hooked prickles; fruit

'■ purple-black R- Occident alis

b. Fruit not separating from the juicy receptacle

when ripe Blackberries

(1) Stems trailing or at least prostrate to-

wards the ends; fruiting branches iip-

-[■ynWi R- villosus

(2) Stems erect or arched ascending

^- (a) Old stems unarmed or nearly so; leaf-

lets glabrous on both sides R- caiuulensts

(b) Old stems purplish and armed with

stout prickles R- allegheniensis

122 ROSE FAMILY

Rubus parviflorus Xuttall 1818 Salmonberry Thimbleberry

R. Xutkanus ]\Iocino 1825

A more or less erect-growing, branched shrub. 1-2 meters (3-6 ft.)
high ; young branches glandular but hardly bristly, old stems with gray,
shreddy bark; leaves large, simple, 3-5-lobed, cordate at the base, coarsely

Rubus parviflorus.

RUBUS . 123

toothed, 10-25 cm. broad; intiorescenccs cymose, tcnninal, few-Howcred,
flowers 2.5-6 cm. broad, white, calyx lobes tipped with a long slender aj)-
peudage, petals oval, 1-2.5 cm. long; receptacle large; fruit flattened-
hemispheric, edible but rather dry and tasteless : p a r v i f 1 o r u s, small-
flowered.

In rocky woods, banks of streams etc. in the northern and northeastern
part of the state. Distributed from Michigan, Minn., western Ontario
to Alaska and south to California, and in the Rocky mountains to Utah
and Colorado.

Rubus strigosus M i c h a ti x 1803 Wild Red Raspberry
R. idaeus var. aculeatissimtis (C. A. jNIeyer) Rei^el & Tiling- 1877

A branching shrub, 1-2 meters (3-6 ft.) high, biennial, usually densely
covered with weak bristles (glandular when young), or the older stems
with weak hooked prickles, often glaucous; leaves petioled, 3-5-foliate,
pinnate, leaflets ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed or acuminate, sharply ser-
rate or sometimes sharply lobed, whitish pubescent beneath, 2.5-7.5 cm.
long ; petioles glandular-hairy and prickly, 2-8 cm. long ; inflorescence
terminal and axillary, racemose, few-flowered, pedicels slender, curving
in fruit; flowers 8-12 mm. broad, petals white, ascending, 5-6 mm. long,
sepals bristly hispid 10-12 mm. long; fruit elongated-hemispheric, bright
red : strigosus, hairy, in reference to the bristly stem.

Very common in thickets, on hillsides etc. throughout the state. Dis-
tributed from Labrador to British Columbia south to N. J., Pa., and the
Great Lake region and along the Alleghanies to N. C, in the Rocky
mountains to N. Mex. Flowers from May to July. Fruit rijjc July-Sept.

Rubus idaeus Linne 1753 Red Raspberry

A shrub, resembling the preceding very closely, differs mainly in the
less bristly stem, and in having the calyx only woolly-pubescent instead
of bristly-hispid : idaeus Gr. of the woods.

Very extensively cultivated and probably escaping from cultivation.
Introduced from Europe.

Rubus occidentalis Linn e 1753 Black Raspberry

A shrub with recurved stems, sometimes 3-4 meters (9-12 tt.) long,
rooting at the tips, glaucous all over and armed with hooked prickles.

124

ROSE FAMILY

not bristly; leaves mostly 3-foliate, ovate, rounded at the base, pointed
at the apex, coarsely and doubly serrate, white pubescent beneath, 3-S cm.
long, 2-5 cm. wide; inflorescence corymbose, several-flowered, usually only
terminal, flower 8-10 mm. broad; sepals longer than petals, 5-7 mm.
long; pedicels short, ascending or erect in fruit; fruit hemispheric, black-
purple : occidentalis, western.

Common in copses, fence-corners, along roadsides, etc., throughout the
southern and eastern part of the state. Distributed from New Bruns-
wick to Quebec south to Ga. and westward to Oregon and British Co-
lumbia.

Several cultivated forms have been derived from it, such as the Gregg,
Hilborn, etc. Flowers in June, fruit ripe in July.

Rubus villosus A i t o n 1789 Dewberry
R. procumbens ^Muhlenberg 1813
R. canadensis of Authors

A prostrate or trailing shrub, sometimes 2 meters (6 ft.) long, stems
subterete, rather woody, sometimes armed with retrorse prickles, fruiting
branches upright, 10-30 cm. high; leaves petioled, with 3-7 leaflets.

126 ROSE FAMILY

leaflets ovate, oval or ovate-lanceolate, rounded or narrowed towards the
base, acute at the apex, doubly serrate, thin, smooth or slightly villous
beneath, 3-7 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide,, terminal leaflet petioled ; flowers
1-15, in shortened, leafy racemes, 2-3 cm. broad; sepals 4-6 mm. long,
not foliaceous; petals obovate, 12-15 mm. long; fruit black, subglobose
short-cylindric, wath few to many large, juicy delicious drupelets : v i 1 -
1 o s u s, shaggy, referring to the leaves.

In dry open places, common in the eastern part of the state. Dis-
tributed from Newfoundland to Lake Superior, south to Va., La., and
Oklahoma. Flowers in May, fruit ripe June-July.

Rubus canadensis L i n n e 1753 Blackberry
Not R. canadensis of Authors.
Rtibtis amabilis Blanchard 1906

Shrub with erect or recurving canes, often stout, old canes glabrous,
unarmed or with occasional prickles; leaves 3-5-foliate, terminal leaflet
petioled, long-acuminate, 6-10 cm. long, lateral leaflets 4-7 cm. long,
sessile, all glabrous on both sides, finely, evenly and sharply serrate ;
racemes cylindric, 10-15 cm. long, leafy bracted at the base, pedicels
tomentose, not glandular; flowers 2.5-4 cm. broad, petals obovate, 12-15
mm. long; fruit subglobose to short cylindric, drupelets large and juicy:
canadensis, Canadian, from the original locality.

In rocky soil and thickets, and along roadsides, common (?) in the
southeastern part of the state. Distributed from Newfoundland to Lake
Superior, southward to N. C. Flowers in June, fruit ripe in July-August.

Rubus allegheniensis Porter 1896 Blackberry

R. villosus of Gray's Manual Ed. 6. in large part, not R. villosus of

Aiton.

R. nigrobacctis Bailey 1898.

A branched shrub, 1-2 meters (3-6 ft.) high, old stems purplish or
reddish, with stout, straight prickles ; branchlets and pedicels glandular-
pubescent ; leaves 3-5 foliate, leaflets ovate to ovate-lanceolate, rounded
or narrowed at the base, acuminate at the ape.x, mostly doubly serrate,

PHYSOCARPUS

127

villous above, velvety beneath, 3-10 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. wide; tlowers
in racemes, lowermost ones leafy-bracted, 2.5-3.5 cm. broad, petals narrow-
ly obovate, 4-12 mm. long; fruit mostly subcylindric, 1-2 cm. long, drupe-
lets numerous, rather small : allegheniensis, referring to the Al-
legheny mountains.

In dry open thickets, roadsides etc., common throughout the state ex-
cept southwest and extreme northeast. Distributed from New England
to Fla., west to Minn, and Ark. Flowers in June, fruit ripe in July-Aug.

Various garden blackberries have been derived from this species.

Physocarpus M a x i m o w i c z 1879 Ninebark

(Gr. p h y s a, bladder, c a r p o s, fruit, referring to the swollen

carpels)

Shrubs with shreddy bark and alternate, simple, palmately lobed
leaves; flowers white, numerous, in umbel-like corymbs; calyx bell-
shaped, 5-lobed, 5-6 mm. long; petals 5, rounded, inserted on the throat
of the calyx, 4-5 mm. long; stamens numerous; carpels 1-5. short-
stalked; fruit 1-5 inflated follicles.

A genus of about 5 species; one occurs in eastern North America, 3 in
the Rocky mountains, one on the Pacific Coast, and one in Manchuria.

Physocarpus opulifolius (Linne) M a x i m o w i c z 1879 Ninebark
Spiraea opulifolia Linne 1753
Opulaster opulifolitis Knntze 1893

A shrub. 1-2 meters (3-6 ft.) high, with long, more or less recurved
branches ; old bark peeling off in numerous layers or strips ; leaves round-
ed, somewhat 3-lobed, cordate or truncate at the base, 2.5-5 cm. long, or
larger on young shoots; follicles glabrate, purplish, membranous, showy:
opulifolius, leaves as in Viburnum (Jpulus, the snowball or guelder
rose.

Banks of streams and edges of woods, apparently rare ; collected from
the north shore of Lake Superior. Distributed from Quebec to Fla. west
to 111. and Manitoba.

i_,8 ROSE FAMILY

A'ar. i n t e r m e d i u s (Rydbero) Robinson 1908

Follicles permanently pubescent, otherwise like the species. Growing
in similar situations; the common form throughout the state, and some-
times planted as an ornamental shrub. Distributed from Mich, to S. Dak.,
Ark. and Ala.

Spiraea L i n n e 1753 Spiraea

(Gr. spiraea, meadowsweet, perhaps originally from the twisted

pods)

Shrubs with alternate, simple, toothed or lobed leaves ; flowers small,
white to rose or pink, in corymbs or panicles ; calyx 5-cleft, persistent,
bell-shaped; petals 5, borne on the calyx-tube; stamens 20-50, also in-
serted on the calyx-tube; carpels 5-8, in fruit forming follicles, with
few to several seeds.

SPIRAEA 129

A genus of about 60 species, natives of the north temperate zone; four
occur in the eastern and two in the western part of North America; two
are native to Minnesota. Many of the cultivated Spiraeas are introduced
species, while many others are of garden origin.

Key to the Species

1. Flowers white, in numerous, small umbels or

corymbs, on the upper side of arched branch-
es ; cultivated shrubs

a. Corymbs terminating short, leafy shoots;

leaves lobed S. I'an Iloitttei

b. Umbels sessile, subtended by a few small

leaves ; leaves not lobed S'. argida

2. Flowers white or pink, in panicles or terminal

corymbs, branches not arched ; cultivated and
native shrubs

a. Flowers pink to rose-color, in compound

corymbs, cultivated 5. Uuinalda

b. Flowers in dense terminal panicles, white or

rose-color ; native

( 1 ) Leaves smooth, scarcely paler beneath S. salici folia

(2) Leaves green above, densely tomentose

and white or tawny beneath S. toiiicntosa

Spiraea Van Houttei Z a b e I 1884 Bridal Wreath

A shrub 1-2 meters (3-6 ft.) high with arching branches, bark on
young branches smooth, yellowish brown, on older parts gray, and some-
what shreddy; leaves rhombic ovate, cut-serrate or obscurely lobed, nar-
rowed at the base, dark green above, pale bluish green beneath, 1.5-4 cm.
long; flowers in numerous many-flowered umbels, white, 5-7 mm. broad,
sepals upright or spreading in fruit, petals twice as long as the stamens.

Very extensively cultivated as an ornamental shrub. A very hand-
some early flowering spiraea, of garden origin, a hybrid between S.
cantoniensis and S. triloba.

Flowers in May and June; quite hardy and endures the Minnesota
W'inter climate without injury.

130

ROSE FAMILY

Spiraea arguta Zabel 1884 Spiraea

A shrub 1-1.5 meters (3-5 ft.) high, with arched branches, ends of
branches very slender, beset with prominent buds which remain unopened
on account of the twigs dying back 5-15 cm. each year; leaves oblanceo-
late, narrowed towards the base, acutish at the apex, serrate above the
middle, glabrous on both sides, 1.5-3 cm. long, .5-1 cm. wide; umbels
very numerous, each with a few scale-like leaves at its base, flowers 2-5
in each umbel, white, flat, 8-11 mm. broad, pedicels smooth, 1.2-1.5 cm.
long ; follicles smooth : arguta, bright.

Of garden origin, being a hybrid between S. T h u n b e r g i i and S,
m u 1 1 i f 1 0 r a. It blossoms a few days earlier than S. Van H o u 1 1 e i,
and before the foliage is much developed. The umbels are very closely
crowded so that in full bloom the branches are one mass of flowers.

Spiraea Bumalda B u r v e n i c h 1868?

A more or less erect shrub, about .5 meter (1-2 ft.) high; bark brown,
striped ; young shoots with small ridges running from the base of the
petiole ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, sharply and mostly doubly serrate, nar-
rowed towards the base, acute at the apex, dark green above, paler beneath,
glabrous on both sides, 2-8 cm. long, 1.2-2 cm. wide; flowers numerous,
in corymbs, whitish to pink; follicles diverging when ripe.

Of garden origin, a hybrid between S. j a p o n i c a and S. a 1 b i f 1 o r a.
Numerous forms or varieties are cultivated, among which the following is
probably the most commonly planted within the state.

vS p i r a e a B u ni a 1 d a ^•ar. A n t h o n y W" a t e r e r

Low compact shrub, flowers pink-purple, very numerous in compound
cymes. Most of the branches kill back almost to the ground in the winter,
but it renews itself very rapidly from the basal parts and bears the fliiwers
on the season's growth. Flowers in July and Aug.

Spiraea salicifolia L i 11 n e 1753 Meadow Sweet

Erect shrub .3-1.2 meters (1-4 ft.) high, bark of branches smooth,
yellowish brown or grayish, peeling slightly on main stems ; leaves
oblanceolate to obovate, rounded or sharp-pointed at the apex, tapering
towards the base, finely serrate, glabrous on both sides, sometimes a few
scattered hairs on the veins beneath, 4-7 cm. long, 7-20 mm. wide (on
young shoots much larger) petioles 3-5 mm. long; inflorescence a terminal

^.Kar? HoutTei

±ipirada. ^ ^. f^alicitolia.

1 3-'

ROSE FAMILY

panicle 10-20 cm. long, 5-9 cm. in diameter, flowers numerous, white,
6-7 mm. wide, petals orbicular 2.5 mm. in diameter, stamens numerous:
s a 1 i c i f 0 1 i a, leaves as in Salix, the willow.

Mostly in low moist ground throughout the state. Distributed from
N. Y. to N. C, Mo. and northwestward; also in Asia.

Flowers in July, fruits in Sept.

Spiraea tomentosa L i n n e 1753 Hardback, Steeple Bush

Erect shrub, .5-1.2 meters (1.5-4 ft.) high, twigs covered with woolly
pubescence ; leaves obovate to oblong, tapering towards the base, coarsely
serrate or toothed, glabrous above, densely white-woolly beneath, or some-
times rusty along the veins, 3-6 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, short petioled or
almost sessile ; flowers in racemes, crowded into a dense panicle, pink or
rose color, rarely white ; follicles 5, woolly, 2-2.5 mm. long : tomentosa,
hairy, referring to the twigs and leaves.

In moist meadows, swamps and low grounds ; frequent in the eastern
part of the state from the Twin Cities northward towards Duluth.

Distributed from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia to the mountains
of Ga., west to Minn, and Kan.

Blossoms in July and August, fruits in Sept.

Sorbaria A. B r a u n 1864

(From Sorbus, the mountain ash, in allusion to the similar leaves)
Shrubs, more or less branched ; leaves alternate, compound, odd-pin-
nate, leaflets oblong-lanceolate, sessile, sharply serrate ; flowers white,
small, in large panicles, calyx 5-lobed, petals 5, spreading; stamens
numerous; carpels 5, opposite the calyx lobes.

Shrubs of the aspect of Spiraea. A genus of 5 species, four in Asia
and one in North America.

Sorbaria sorbifolia A. B r a u n 1864
Spiraea sorbifolia Linne 1753
Basilima sorbifolia Rafinesque 1836

Erect shrub, 1-2 meters (3-6 ft.) high, (sometimes almost herbaceous),
with gray bark, leaves 10-40 cm. long, leaflets 13-21, lanceolate, with
many straight veins running from the mid-vein, narrowed at the base,
acuminate at the apex, stellate pubescent beneath when young, 7-10 cm.

134 ROSE FAMILY

long; panicles terminal, large, pyramidal, 15-30 cm. long; flowers white,
7-8 mm. broad : s o r b i f o 1 i a, with leaves like sorbus.

Frequently cultivated and occasionally growing wild. Native of
northern Asia, extending from the Ural mountains to Japan.

Rosa L i n n e 1753 Rose
(Rosa, classical L. name for the rose)

Bushes sometimes with very long canes which take a semi-climbing
or vine-like habit ; stems usually armed with prickles, often with a pair
of unusually large ones just below each node (infrastipular prickles) ;
buds scaly; leaves deciduous or in warm climates sometimes evergreen,
pinnately compound with 3-11 leaflets (simple in one Asiatic species),
stipules persistent, large, adherent to the petiole with short free auricles
at the top ; flowers perfect, receptacle deeply cup-shaped, sepals 5, petals 5,
stamens many, pistils many, the ovaries free, becoming achenes in fruit,
the styles sometimes united, sepals, petals and stamens borne on the upper
edge of the receptacle cup, ovaries borne on its inner surface completely
concealed by the cup, fruit a "hip" formed by the fleshy receptacle con-
taining the numerous bony achenes ; seed solitary, with endosperm.

A very large genus of the northern hemisphere. The limits of the
species are exceedingly difiicult to define owing to the variability of the
species themselves, and the hybridizing of different species whenever they
occur together. These two characteristics of rose species have served as
a foundation for the great and ever increasing number of cultivated forms
of roses. Our native roses need much further study especially in the
living state. In collecting roses for study it is well to have all parts
of the plant, flowering branches, fruit, and young non-flowering shoots.
Roses which have been cut down at or before the usual flowering time
often flower late in the season on new rapidly grown shoots, which dift'er
greatly in appearance from the normal type of the species.

Key to the Species

1. Vines; styles united to form an exscrted
column; flowers Avhite, pink, or red; culti-
vated

a. Stipules nearly entire; leaves with 3-5 leaflets R. sctigcra

b. Stipules fringed; leaves with about 9 leaflets R. inultiflora

ROSA

2. Upright shrubs : styles free, not prutriuling

a. Native species aiul introtluced species which

have become established; tlowers pink;
"wild roses"

(1) Detinite infrastipular prickles wantin;^.

prickles needle-like

(a) Flowering branches nearly unarmed;

leaflets usually seven R. hlanda

(b) Stems densely prickly

X. Semi-herbaceous; leaflets usually 9;

flowers in clusters A', arkausaua

y. Bushy; leaflets 3-7; flowers usually

solitary R. acicularis

(2) Infrastipular prickles well developed,

prickles enlarged at the base ; leaflets

7-11, small R. Woodsii

b. Cultivated species, occasionally persisting in

the vicinity of old gardens

(1) Leaflets 1-2 cm. long

(a) Foliage glandular

X. Stems green, stout infrastipular

prickles; flowers pink R. nihiginosa

y. Stems brown, no infrastipular prick-
les ; flowers yellow R. foctida

(b) Foliage glabrous, stems brown, prick-

les bristle-like ; flowers white, yel-
lowish or pinkish R. sf'inosissiiua

(2) Leaflets 2-5 cm. long

(a) Leaflets downy beneath, not glandular,

or very slightly so

X. Twigs red, leaflets thin, flowers pink A', cuuiaiiioiiwa

y. Twigs grayish brown, leafl.^ts thick.
leathery and wrinkled ; flowers red
or white R- ri/gosa

(b) Leaflets nearly or (piite smooth be-

neath, more or less glandular, thick,,

and leathery ; flowers pink, white or

red
X. Prickles slender ; leaflets obtuse,

rugose A', gallica

y. Prickles stout, hooked; leaflets usual-

Iv acute A'. ccntijoUa

135

136 ROSE FAMILY

Rosa setigera, M i c h a u x 1803 Prairie Rose

Vines with canes 2-6 m. long, armed with stout, hooked, infra-stipular
prickles, 6-8 mm. long, about the same width at the base; leaves with
three large leaflets, often with an additional much smaller basal pair,
leaflets ovate, sharply double serrate to the base, smooth, glossy, dark
green above, paler and smooth or soft pubescent beneath, tip acute, base
rounded, upper leaflets 4-7 cm. long, 2.5-4 cm. wide, petiole and rachis
prickly, glandular, stipules narrow with sharply acute auricles the pair
only about 3 mm. wide, entire except for a row of small glands along
the margin ; flowers borne in many-flowered corymbs with narrow lanceo-
late bracts, pedicels, receptacles and calyx glandular, sepals 1-1.7 cm. long,
the outer ones usually with narrow linear lateral lobes, petals deep pink,
changing to nearly white, styles long, cohering in a projecting column,
flowers 3-5 cm. across, nearly scentless, calyx deciduous after flowering,
fruit globular, about 1 cm. in diameter, achenes pale, angular about 4 mm.
long : setigera, prickle bearing.

Native of the eastern United States, from the gulf states north to
Nebraska, Wisconsin, and southern Ontario. Not native of Minnesota.
Cultivated occasionally in its typical form and in the double flowered
form "Prairie Queen." The canes winter kill in the vicinity of Minne-
apolis unless laid on the ground and given a light protection of straw.
Flowers in July.

Rosa multiflora T h u n b e r g 1784 Rambler Rose

Vine with canes up to 3 m. in length, armed with stout curved, infra-
stipular prickles about 5 mm. long; leaves with 7-9 leaflets, leaflets lance-
olate, simple and sharply serrate, bright green and smooth above, paler
and soft pubescent beneath, tip acute, wedge-shaped, base wedge-shaped,
upper leaflets 2.5-3 cm. long, about 1.5 wide, rachis and petiole prickly
and soft pubescent, stipules narrow, glandular, conspicuously and strongly
fringed ; flowers in many-flowered corymbs with lanceolate fringed bracts,
the pedicels glandular, receptacle nearly or quite smooth, sepals 5-7 mm.
long, glandular, the outer with narrow lateral lobes, petals white or pale
pink, styles long and cohering in a column, flowers about 2 cm. across,
nearly scentless ; sepals deciduous in fruit, fruit globose about 5 mm. in
diameter, achenes pale, angular, about 3.5 mm. long: multiflora,
many flowered.

Native of China and Japan. Several double-flowered hybrids of this
species are commonly cultivated, the commonest being the "Crimson

"Pi.blanda

/N)^^!!/^ species of ~Ro^a

I3S ROSE FAMILY

Rambk-r," a Japanese hybrid of unknown origin. 'Jlie canes are not
entirely liardy in Min.nesota unless taken down and covered with straw.

Rosa blanda Alton 1789 Smooth Wild Rose

Shrub 1 dm.- 12 dm. high, spreading widely by creeping rhizomes,
woody twigs usually dark purplish red, first year shoots from the rhizome
usually covered with many weak bristle-like prickles, shoots on old wood
with a few scattered prickles, or often entirely smooth; leaves with 5-7
leaflets, very rarely with more, leaflets ovate to lanceolate, usually with
stalks about 1 mm. long, sharply and usually simply serrate down to the
middle or a little lower, upper side dull, nearly smooth, lower side pale,
finely woolly pubescent, the midrib prominent, ridged, principal veins
distinct l)ut not ridged, tip rounded, obtuse or acute, base wedge-sha}ie(l.
upper leaflets 2.1-4 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, lower leaflets one-half or two-
thirds as large, petiole and rachis with fine woolly pubescence, very rarely
glandular ; stipules simple, entire or with the free auricles finely serrate,
thin, veiny, usually smooth except along the margin, wide expanded,
especially those of the upper leaves, the pair often 1 cm. wide ; flowering
shoots borne on the old wood, flowers solitary or in loose clusters of 2-8.
bracts of the inflorescence leaf-like, or with the blade reduced or lacking
and the stipules forming broad round-ovate bracts, })edicel of flower out-
side of receptacle smooth, sepals usually simple, slightly broadened at the
tip, 1.5-2 cm. long, glandular on the outside, or rarely smooth, finely
woolly pubescent within, petals bright pink or sometimes pale, flower 3.5
cm. across; calyx persistent, in fruit more or less erect, fruit scarlet.
round or somewhat elongated; achenes slender about 4 mm. long, light
brown : b 1 a n d a, smooth.

Copses, edge of woods, prairies, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan,
south to New Jersey and Illinois — throughout the state except in the
far northeast, most common in the woodland portion.

A form with glandular pubescent foliage, doubly serrate leaves and
usually solitary flowers occurs about the Twin Cities, and in several places
in the Minnesota valley.

Rosa arkansana Porter 1874 Prairie Wild Rose
R. pratincola (ireene

Low shrub about 3-5 dm. high, or almost herbaceous from the wide-
spreading woody rhizome, and sometimes scarcely 1 dm. high, woody twigs
purplish red or reddish green, twigs usually covered with fine bristle-like

ROSA I3Q

prickles about 3 mm. lung, the prickles sometimes larger in the vicinity
uf the nodes but nut f urming distinct pairs uf inl'rastipular prickles ; leaves
with 7-11, mostly 9, leaflets, leaflets broadly obovate or oblanceulate with
stalks about 1 mm. long or sessile, thick, sharply and usually simply ser-
rate down to the middle or a little below, upper side dull, nearly smooth,
lower side scarcely paler, finely woolly pubescent, the midrib and princi-
l)al veins prominently ridged, tip occasionally rounded but usually broadly
or acutely wedge-shaped, base rounded or wedge-shaped, upper leaflets
2-4 cm. long, 1.2-2.5 cm. wide, lower leaflets smaller; petiole and rachis
with line woolly pubescence, sometimes intermixed with a few glandular
hairs ; stipules simple, entire or serrate, rather narrow, the pair of stipules
rarely exceeding 8 mm. in width, thick, usually covered beneath with fine
wt)olly pubescence, showing one prominent vein close to the upper side
of the auricle, other veins small ; flowering shoots borne on the old wood
or often arising directly from the underground parts of the stem, flowers
solitary or more frequently in dense clusters of 2-10, bracts of the
inflorescence lanceolate, acute ; pedicel of flower and outside of receptacle
smooth, sepals usually simple, more or less broadened at the tip, 2-2.5
cm. long, smooth or glandular pubescent on the outside, densely fine
woolly pubescent within, petals bright pink, often of a salmon tone, flower
4-6 cm. across ; calyx persistent in fruit, somewhat spreading ; fruit round
or somewhat elongated; achenes stout, light brown, about 5 mm. long:
a r k a n s a n a. Arkansan, the species being originally described from the
vallev of the Arkansas river in Colorado.

Prairies, Wisconsin to Manitoba, Montana and C-\)lorado. Through-
out the prairie regions of Minnesota. It intergrades with Rosa blanda.
intermediate forms are especially common in the region about Minneapolis
where prairie and woodland forms are often much intermixed.

A rose probably of this species occurs in southeastern Minnesota with
few spines, fruit narrow and top-shaped, stipules with prominent auricles,
very long sepals (sometimes over 3 cm. long).

Rosa acicularis L i n d 1 e y 1820

R. Sayi Schweinitz 1824

R. Engelmanni S. \\atsoii 1889

Shrub 3 dm.-l m. high, stems reddish or greenish, thickly beset witli
slender straight prickles, 3-6 mm. long, those by the nodes often longer
and stouter than the others, but scarcely forming definite infrastipular
spines; leaves with 5-7 leaflets, leaflets elliptical or ovate, short-stalked
(about 1 mm.) or often entirely sessile, thin, rather coarsely serrate, the

140 ROSE FAMILY

teeth minutely serrulate, upper side dull, smooth, lower side paler, some-
what silky and resinous, glandular, usually wedge-shaped, broadly acute,
base wedge-shaped or more often rounded, or cordate, upper leaflets 2-5
cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, lower leaflets one-third to two-thirds as
large; petiole and rachis glandular, with or without long silky hairs;
stipules simple, usually widely dilated, a pair of stipules often 1.5 cm.
broad, occasionally narrow, thin, veiny, glandular, and sometimes also
woolly pubescent, the margin roughened by glands but usually otherwise
entire; flowering shoots borne on the old wood, flowers solitary or rarely
in clusters of 2-3, pedicel of the flower and outside of receptacle smooth
or rarely glandular, sepals usually simple, somewhat broadened at the
tip, 2-3 cm. long, glandular on the outside and sometimes finely pubescent
within, petals bright pink, flower 5-7 cm. across; calyx persistent in fruit,
sepals erect, fruit elongated, tapering at the base, about 1.5 cm. in
diameter ; achenes thick, very light colored, about 4 mm. long : a c i c u -
1 a r i s, furnished with needles.

In the variety R. acicularis Bourgeauiana Crepin the
fruit is round and the leaves are usually soft pubescent as well as glan-
dular.

Thickets and woods, Anticosti to Alaska, south to Vermont, the region
about the Great Lakes and Colorado ; in Siberia growing within 300 miles
of the Arctic Ocean. In iSIinnesota occurring in the northern and north-
eastern parts of the state, chiefly in the region of evergreen forests.

Forms apparently intermediate between this rose and R. a r k a n s a n a
occur in the northern Red River Valley.

Rosa Woodsii L i n d 1 e y 1820
R. Fendleri Crepin 1876

Stems 2-9 dm. high, young woody twigs reddish brown or purple red,
older twigs becoming grayish with the peeling of the epidermis, prickles
straight or slightly bent at the base, 2-12 mm. long, infrastipular prickles
well developed, often the only ones present on flowering branches, young
shoots from the rhizome often with numerous other prickles, some of them
as large as the infrastipular ones; leaves with 5-9 leaflets, leaflets elliptical,
with stalks 1-2.5 mm. long, thin, sharply and simply serrate except at the
base, upper side dull, lower side whitish, downy pubescent, the midrib
and principal veins somewhat prominent beneath, tip rounded, base
rounded or somewhat wedge-shaped, upper leaflets 1-3 cm. long, 6-18 mm.
wide, lower leaflets somewhat smaller, petiole and rachis finely woolly
pubescent and often bearing a few slender prickles, stipules entire or

ROSA i^i

slightly glandular serrate, the pair about 4-7 mm. wide, veiny, slightly
woolly pubescent beneath; flowering shoots borne on old Avood, flowers
solitary or in clusters of 2-8, lower bracts leafy, upper much reduced,
lanceolate, pedicels and outside of receptacle smooth, sepals slightly broad-
ened at the tip, simple, or the outer ones slightly lobed, about 1.5 cm.
long, slightly pubescent and often a little glandular on the outside, finely
cobwebby within, petals pink, flowers about 3 cm. across ; calyx persistent
in fruit erect or somewhat spreading, fruit globose or nearly so, about
8 mm. in diameter, wall thin; achenes dark-colored, hairy along one angle,
not exceeding 4 mm. in length : named for the botanist, Joseph Woods.

Mostly prairies or exposed dry slopes, Minnesota to Alberta, south to
Nebraska and New Mexico. In Minnesota native Rosa Woodsii
is rare, occurring in typical form along the western border of the state in
the vicinity of Bigstone Lake. An excessively prickly form of this rose,
apparently the "Rosa M a c o u n i i" of Greene has become established
along railroad tracks in the vicinity of Minneapolis, probably introduced
from Montana or the Canadian plains. In the northern and northwestern
parts of the state occur forms more or less intermediate between this rose
and Rosa bland a. Their proper disposition is still in doubt.

Rosa cinnamomea L i n n e 1753 Cinnamon Rose

Tall bush, 2 m. in height, stems reddish, armed with somewhat hooked
broad-based infrastipular prickles about 5 mm. in length, often with other
smaller scattering prickles; leaves with 5-7 leaflets, leaflets narrowly ellipti-
cal, finely, sharply and simply serrate almost to the base, dull green, puber-
ulent above, paler and soft pubescent below, upper leaflets 2-3.5 cm. long,
1.2-1.8 cm. wide, rachis and petiole soft pubescent and sometimes slightly
glandular, stipules narrow or more or less widely dilated on flowering
twigs, the pair sometimes 12 mm. wide, veiny, more or less pubescent and
glandular; flowering shoots borne on the old wood, flowers usually soli-
tary, fragrant, pedicels and receptacles nearly smooth, sepals up to 3 cm.
long, woolly pubescent, enlarged at the tips, the outer usually with
prominent lateral lobes, petals dull pink, flower about 4 cm. in diameter ;
sepals persistent and erect in fruit; hips elongated, tapering upwards,
12-15 mm. long, red : cinnamomea, cinnamon-like, probably from the
fragrance of the flowers.

Native of northern Europe and northwestern Asia. The double flow-
ered form, Rosa cinnamomea var. f o e c u n d i s s i sm a, with
flat very double pink flowers is often planted in old-fashioned gardens. It

M-'

ROSE FAMILY

is perfectly hardy and sometimes persists for some time without cultivation
and spreads by suckers.

Rosa rugosa T h u n b e r g- 1784

vShrubs 6 dm. to 2 m. high; stems stout, grayish brown or black,
pubescent, armed with many crowded bristles and strong pubescent needle-
like prickles; infrastipular prickles not obvious; leaves with 5-9 leaflets,
leaflets elliptical or ovate-lanceolate, iinely blunt-serrate or crenate to the
base, thick and firm, rugose, glossy and dark green above, paler and soft
pubescent beneath, tip rounded or pointed, base cordate or rounded, ui^jter
leaflets 2.5-4 cm. long, 1.5-2.75 cm. wide, lower ones somewhat smaller,
petioles soft pubescent and prickly, stipules dilated, finely crenate, the
pair often 15 mm. wide; flowers in small clusters borne on all the shoots
throughout the season, pedicels pubescent or prickly, receptacle smooth,
sepals pubescent, pointed, usually simple, 1.5-2 cm. long, petals deep rose
or white, flower 6-8 cm. across; sepals persistent in fruit, hip globular,
scarlet, 2 cm. or more in diameter: rugosa, rugose, referring h) the
leaves.

A very variable rose, native of Japan, Siberia and eastern luirope.
The forms from Russia and Siberia are perfectly hardy in Minnesota
without protection in winter. It is much planted in shrubberies and
hedges and is valuable on account of its fine foliage, large flowers borne
throughout the summer, and handsome scarlet fruit. Double flowered
forms are in cultivation and also several hybrids of this species with va-
rious garden roses. They are uot all as hardy as the original species.

Rosa rubiginosa L i n n e 1771 Sweetbrier

Shrub 6 dm. to 2 m. high, stems greenish or brown, armed with stout
hooked infrastipular prickles, 6-12 mm. long, often also with similar
scattering prickles; leaves with 5-7 leaflets, fragrant; leaflets broadly
elliptical or obovate, sharply doubly serrate almost to the base, bright
green, finely pubescent on the upper side, slightly pale and densely
glandular pubescent below, tip broadly wedge-shaped or rounded, base
usually rounded, upper leaflets 1-2 cm. long, 8 mm. -1.8 cm. wide, lower
about one-half as large, rachis and petiole soft pubescent, glandular and
prickly, stipules widely dilated, veiny, glandular along the margin and
on the under side; flowering shoots liorne on the old wood, flowers soli-
tary or in few-flowered clusters mostly wath leafy bracts, pedicels and
often receptacles prickly and glandular, sepals 1.5-2 cm. long, very glan-

B.foeTida R^pir?osi5iima

CulfiuaTed ^pecie^ ot "Roiaa

144 ROSE FAMILY

dular, the outer ones with well developed lateral lobes, petals pink, flower
about 2-3.5 cm. in diameter; sepals deciduous in fruit, hip obovate,
scarlet, about 12-15 mm. in diameter: rubiginosa, rusty.

Native of Europe, widely naturalized in the eastern United States and
on the Pacific Coast. Occasionally planted for its fragrant foliage. It
is hardy without protection in the vicinity of Minneapolis, but the longer
canes are apt to kill back and it seldom flowers.

Rosa foetida H e r r m a n 1762 Austrian Brier

R. eglanteria of Atithors (?Linne 1753)

Shrub 6-12 dm. high, stems dark reddish brown, armed with very
numerous straight, strong, needle-like prickles, the longest about 1 cm.
long; leaves with 5-7 leaflets, fragrant, leaflets oblong, doubly serrate,
glabrous above, hairy and somewhat glandular beneath, tip usually broadly
wedge-shaped, base rounded or wedge-shaped, upper leaflets about 1.5 cm.
long, 1 cm. wide, petioles hairy and prickly, stipules glandular, small,
narrow, with acute triangular auricles; flowering shoots borne on the old
wood, flowers usually solitary, pedicels smooth or prickly; receptacle
smooth or hispid, sepals entire, glandular pubescent, petals golden yellow,
flower 4'- 5 cm. across, fruit globose: foetida, bad smelling.

Eastern Europe and western Asia. The only form commonly culti-
vated in Minnesota is the semi-double "Harrison's Yellow" rose, a variety
of American origin, possibly a hybrid with Rosa s p i n 0 s i s s i m a,
and the only yellow garden rose commonly grown in this state. It is
perfectly hardy without protection and ripens a large amount of seed
so that it would not be surprising to find it growing spontaneously in the
vicinity of old gardens. Flowers in early June, fruit dark reddish purple,
ripe in September.

Other forms of Austrian briers Avould probably prove hardy licre and
would be useful garden shrubs.

Rosa spinosissima L i n n e 1753 Scotch Rose

Shrub 6 dm.-l m. high, branches grayish, armed with numerous
bristles and strong needle-like prickles; leaves with 7-11 leaflets, leaflets
broadly elliptical, doubly or simply sharply serrate, glabrous, and bright
green above, similar or slightly glandular beneath, 8 mm. -1.8 cm. long,
b mm. -1.5 cm. wide, stipules very small; flowering shoots borne on the
old wood; flowers solitary, very fragrant, pedicels smooth or somewhat
glandular, sepals entire, smooth, petals white, or in some forms yellowish

ROSA

145

or pinkish, flower 3-4 cm. across ; sepals persistent and erect in fruit, hip
globular, black : spinosissima, most spiny.

Native of northern Eurasia, from Iceland to China. The typical form
is cultivated as a flowering shrub and a semidouble white-flowered form is
much grown in Minnesota. It is perfectly hardy, blooming in late May
and June.

Rosa gallica L i n a e 1753 Rose

Low bush with stems 1 m. or less high, prickles unequal, scattered,
slender, straight; leaves with 3-7 leaflets, leaflets thick, somewhat rugose,
simply serrate, dull green and smooth above, paler, smooth or somewhat
pubescent beneath, tip usually rounded, base rounded, the upper leaflets
1.5-4 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, petioles hairy and somewhat glandular,
stipules somewhat dilated, thin; flowers solitary or in small clusters,
pedicels glandular, receptacles somewhat prickly, sepals 2-3 cm. long,
glandular, the outer ones with lateral lobes, petals red or pinkish, flower
5 cm. or more across ; sepals inflexed and fmally deciduous in fruit, hip
dark red, almost globose : gallica, French, from its native country.

Native of southwestern Europe, established in the eastern United
States. This rose is the parent of many garden varieties, some of which
like the pale pink "blush rose" are the only large-flowered garden roses
Avhich are truly hardy in Minnesota.

Rosa centifolia L i n n e 1753 Cabbage Rose

Bush, 5 dm. -1.5 cm. high, stems green, prickles unequal, stout, hooked;
leaves with 5-7 leaflets, leaflets thick and sharply serrate, nearly smooth
on both faces, tip usually pointed, base rounded, upper leaflets 4-5 cm.
long, 2.5-3 cm. wide; petioles glandular; stipules somewhat dilated,
glandular; flowers solitary or in small clusters, fragrant, pedicels glan-
dular, receptacles smooth or somewhat prickly, sepals 2.5 cm. long,
glandular, the tips expanded and leafy with many lateral lobes, petals
very numerous, pink, flower 8 cm. across; fruit seldom formed, sub-
globose, orange red : centifolia, hundred-leaved.

Rosa centifolia L. var muscosa Seringe 1818, Moss Rose,
whole plant more prickly and glandular. The glandular pubescence is
particularly noticeable on the pedicels, receptacles, and large sepals.

The cabbage rose is a double pink rose of ancient and unknown origin,
sometimes regarded as a variety of Rosa gallica L., sometimes as
a distinct species. The type and the moss varieties of various colors are

146 ROSE FAMILY

often grown as garden roses in Minnesota but are not quite hardy without
protection. During severe winters the canes often kill back to the level
of the snow unless covered with straw.

Garden Roses

The large Howered garden roses are mainly varieties of Rosa g a 1 -
1 i c a L. and Rosa c e n t i f o 1 i a L. and hybrids of these and other
species. These species have been crossed with Rosa d a m a s c e n a
Mill, the Damask rose of southwestern Asia and especially with Rosa
c h i n e n s i s Jacq. of eastern Asia. Many of the garden roses have most
complicated pedigrees, the above mentioned species being crossed and re-
crossed with one another, sometimes with the introduction of vet other
species.

The hardiest garden roses are the varieties of Rosa gallica and
Rosa c e n t i f 0 1 i a, but they flower but once each year. Rosa
c h i n e n s i s, the jiarent of most of our hothouse roses blooms contin-
uously but is tender. The hybrids of this species with Rosa gallica
and Rosa centifolia show varying degrees of hardiness, but all need
good protection in Minnesota in winter. In general the freedom of bloom
after the first blossoming season in June is inverselv proportional to the
liardiness of the rose.

Cydonia (Totirnefort) AI i 1 1 e r 1752 Quince
(L. c \" d o n i a, quince, from Cydonia, a town of Crete)

Shrubs or small trees, sometimes spiny, with alternate, stipulate, serrate
■or entire leaves ; flowers large, scarlet or white, short-stalked, appearing
before or with the leaves; calyx tubular-campanulate, sepals 5, petals 5.
stamens 20 or more, carpels 5 with numerous ovules, styles united at the
base; fruit a large 5-celled pome, firm when ripe, and fragrant.

A genus of three or four species and several subspecies, natives of
warm temperate Asia and southern Europe. The cultivated quince be-
longs to this genus.

Cydonia japonica P e r s o o n 1807 Scarlet Quince

Small, more or less spiny shrub, 1-2 meters (3-6 ft.) high; leaves
ovate, serrate, glossy above, 3.5-7.5 cm. long; flowers on the old twigs in
2-6 flowered clusters, appearing before or with the leaves, typicallv scarlet-
red, 3.5-5 cm. wide, sometimes onlv staminate ; fruit globular or ovoid.

SORBUS

147

fltonia nijr^

Cy A a n\ d. j dpanica

3.5-5 cm. in diameter, yellowish green, fragrant: j a p 0 n i c a, Japanese.
Native of Japan. Used as an ornamental shrub in parks and gardens.
Adapted for borders or shrubberies, and low oriiamental hedges. Flowers
in April and May.

Sorbus L i n n e 1753 Mountain Ash

(L. s o r b It s, the service-tree)

Shrubs or trees with alternate, simple or compound leaves, stipules
deciduous; flowers white, in terminal compound cymes; calyx 5-lobed,
tube urn-shaped; petals 5, spreading, short-clawed; stamens numerous;
ovary inferior; styles usually 3, di.stinct ; ovules 2 in each cell: fruit a
small berry-like pome, red.

A genus of about 7 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Three
species occur in North America. The genus is hardly .separable from
Pyrus and should probably only be regarded as a section of the latter.

J48 ROSE FAMILY

Key to the Species.

1. Leaflets acuminate, smooth on both sides; fruit

4-6 mm. long S. aincricaua

2. Leaflets more or less obtuse, thicker; fruit 6-12

mm. long

a. Leaflets pubescent below, especially along the

veins; native S. sainbiicifolia

b. Leaflets always more or less pubescent or

tomentose on both sides; cultivated S. aucuparia

Sorbus americana Marshall 1785 American Mountain Ash

Pyrus americana De Candolle 1825

Small tree, 6-7 meters (18-21 ft.) high; bark smooth, light gray, with
small plate-like scales; winter buds acute, 8-18 mm. long, scales dark red,
pilose with gummy secretion; leaves 15-20 cm. long, petiole green or red,
leaflets 13-17, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, rounded at base, acuminate at
apex, sharply serrate, glabrous on both sides, bright green above, paler be-
neath, 5-8 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide; inflorescence flat, 10-15 cm. broad,
flowers cream-white, 4-6 mm. broad, calyx obconic ; petals contracted
below into a short claw; fruit sub-globose, 4-6 mm. in diameter, bright
red, flesh thin, sour : americana, American.

In woods of the northern part of the state. Distributed from Labrador
to Manitoba, south into northern N. E., N. Y., and the Great Lakes region,
extending south in the mountains to N. C.

Flowers in May and June, fruits in Sept. and Oct. Sometimes planted
as an ornamental tree. The wood close grained, light, soft and weak,
pale brown, weight 34 lbs.

Sorbus sambucifolia (C. & S.) R o e m e r 1847 Western Mountain

Ash

Pyrus sitchensis (Roemer) Piper 1906
Pyrus sambucifolia C. & S. 1827

Small tree, 6-10 meters (18-30 ft.) high; bark gray and smooth with
small scales; wdnter buds 18-20 mm. long, acute, scales dark red and
slightly hairy; leaves 10-15 cm. long, petioles usually bright red or green,
leaflets 7-15, oblong to lance-ovate, base rounded and unequal, apex obtuse
or abruptly pointed, sharply and sometimes doubly serrate, Avith spreading
teeth, dark green and glabrous above at maturity, paler beneath and

^orhuiiX^

^aucuparia

150 ROSE FAMILY

pubescent, at least along the veins, 5-7 cni. long, 1.8-2.5 cm. wide; in-
florescence composed of several fiat cymes, 5-7 cm. broad; flowers cream-
white, 8-12 mm. broad; calyx glabrous or puberulous; petals ovate,
clawed; fruit subglobose, bright scarlet, 8-10 mm. in diameter:
sambucifolia, leaves as in the elderberry, Sambucus.

Common on river banks and woods of the northern part of the state ;
rare southeastward, where it occurs along the bluffs of the Mississippi.

Distributed from Labrador to central Maine, westward and northward
to Alaska, Kamchatka and Japan.

Wood close grained, soft, weak, light brown, weight 37 lbs.

Sorbus aucuparia Linne 1753 Rowan Tree
Pyrus aucuparia (Linne) Ehrhart 1787-92

Small tree, 7-80 meters (20-30 ft.) high, bark grayish, smooth; winter
buds acute, 10-12 mm. long, vinous red, slightly white tomentose; leaves
with reddish petioles, grooved on the upper side, 10-20 cm. long, leaflets
9-15, oblong to lance-oblong, sharply serrate, usually rounded at the base,
pointed at the apex, midrib furrowed, permanently more or less tomentose,
especially on the lower surface, 3-7 cm. long, 10-18 mm. wide; in-
florescence somewhat flattened, 8-12 cm. broad, tomentose, flowers numer-
ous, cream-colored, 8-10 mm. broad, calyx obconic, tomentose; petals
nearly orbicular, clawed ; fruit subglobose, 5-8 mm. in diameter, red,
sour ; a u c u p a r i a, bird catching.

Extensively planted" as a shade and ornamental tree and now and then
escaping from cultivation, especially in the southeastern part of the state.

Flowers in June and July, fruits in August.

The characters of the wood are about the same as that of the native
species.

Amelanchier M e d i c u s 1789 Juneberry Service-berry
(Name of uncertain origin)

Small trees and shrubs with alternate, simple, serrate or dentate leaves ;
flowers white, in racemes; calyx 5-cleft, the tube bell-shaped, petals 5,
ovate to oblong or rarely linear, stamens numerous, carpels 5, ovary be-
coming 10-celled in fruit, styles united at the base and becoming hairy;
fruit a small berry-like pome, sweet and edible.

A genus of about 12 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Be-
sides the following, some three others occur in western North America
and one in Mexico.

AMELANCHIER 151

Key to the Species.

1. Petals narrowly oblong, 14-25 mm. in length;

leaves finely and sharply serrate A. (.•luuit/i'/isis

2. Petals oblong to obovate, 4-12 mm. in length

a. Flowers in racemes, 5 -many flowered ; leaves

obtuse or cordate at base

( 1 ) Leaves oblong, finely serrate ; blossom-

ing April 10-May 15, fruits June-July A. ohlongifoUa

(2) Leaves oval or sub-orbicular, coarsely

dentate; blossoming May 15-25, fruit

ripe Aug. -Sept. A. spicata

b. Flowers 1-4 in terminal clusters; leaves acute

or somewhat wedge-shaped at base .-/. oligocarpa

Amelanchier canadensis (L.) J\I e d i c ti s 1793 Shadbush June-
berry Service-berry

A tall shrub or sometimes a small tree 3-12 meters (10-40 ft.) high;
bark smooth or nearly so ; buds 6-8 mm. long, scales chestnut-brown,
imbricated, slightly pubescent ; leaves ovate or oval, acute or acuminate
at the apex, somewhat cordate at the base, finely and sharply serrate, when
young folded lengthwise and brownish purple, somewhat pubescent at
first but soon glabrate, bracts and stipules long-silky hairy, flowers in
drooping racemes, white, large, petals narrowly oblong, 14-25 mm. long,
3-4 times as long as the calyx; fruit a globose pome, red or pur^jk-.
about 6 mm. in diameter : canadensis, Canadian.

Along banks of streams, river bluffs, shores of lakes, etc., common
throughout the state. Distributed from Newfoundland to Minnesota, south
to Florida and Louisiana.

Flowers in April and May, fruit ripe in June and July, ^\'ood very
hard, brown, weight 49 lbs.

Amelanchier oblongifolia (Torrey & Gray) R o e m e r 1847
A. spicata of Authors.

A shrub or small tree, 2-6 meters (6-20 ft.) high, bark as in preced-
ing species; leaves oblong, usually rounded at each end, sometimes
mucronate at the tip, finely and sharply serrate, densely white tomentose
when young, becoming glabrate, usually pale green, especially beneath,
4-6 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide; flowers in rather dense white tomentose

Pi. fepicata

AMELANCHIER— ARONIA 153

racemes, small petals obovate or short-oblong 7-10 mm. long ; fruit about
5-6 mm. in diameter, red or purple, juicy : o b 1 0 n g i f 0 1 i a, witli oblong
leaves.

Common on edges of river bluffs, rocky uplands etc. throughout the
state. Distributed from New Brunswick to Virginia, Missouri and Minn.
Flowers early, from April 15 to May 15, fruit ripe in June and Julv.

Amelanchier spicata (Linne) C. Koch
Amelanchier rotundifolia Roemer 1847
Amelanchier alnifolia of some Authors

A shrub 1-3 meters (3-10 ft.) high; bark smooth; buds 6-7 mm. long,
scales brown, imbricated, pilose or smooth ; leaves oval or orbicular, coarse-
ly dentate towards the end or sometimes nearly to the base, veins numerous
and straight, while young the lower surface at least covered with a dense
yellowish white tomentum, becoming glabrous with age, 3-8 cm. long,
2.3-5.5 cm. wide; flowers in short racemes, rather dense, white, petals
6-12 mm. long; fruit dark purple, 6-8 mm. in diameter: spicata, in a
spike, referring to the short dense racemes.

Woods, thickets, and banks of streams, infrequent throughout the state.
Distributed from eastern Quebec to central Manitoba, south to central
Mass., w^estward as far as Minn. Flowers from May 20 to June 25, fruit
ripe in August and September.

Amelanchier oligocarpa (Michaux) Roemer 1847

A shrub 1-3 meters (3-19 ft.) high, with smooth bark; leaves narrowly
oblong or oval, usually acute at the base, finely serrate, early glabrate or
nearly so, 3-5 cm. long; flowers solitary and terminal or in terminal 2-4-
flowered racemes, petals obovate or oblanceolate, 6-8 mm. long; fruit
pear-shaped or sub-globose, 6-8 mm. long, dark purple with dense bloom :
oligocarpa, of few fruits.

In cold swamps and wet rocky places, northern and northeastern part
of the state. Distributed from Labrador to New England, westward to
Minn. Blossoms in May. fruits in Autumn.

Aronia P e r s o o n 1807 Chokeberry
(L. aronia, formed from aria, the beam-tree)

Low shrubs, with alternate simple finely serrate leaves; flowers small,
white or pink, in terminal, compound cymes; calyx 5-lobed, urn-shaped;

154 ROSE FAMILY

petals 5, spreading; styles 3-5, united at the base; ovary woolly, pome
small, berry-like.

A North American genus of two species, probably not to be separated
from the genus P y r u s. Besides the following species, another occurs in
the eastern part of the United States.

Aronia nigra (Willdenow) B r i 1 1 o n 1894 Black Chokeberry
Pyrus nigra Sargent 1890

A branching shrub 1-1.5 meters (3-5 ft.) high, bark smooth grayish;
leaves from broadly oblong and acuminate to spatulate-oblanceolate,
finely glandular serrate, narrowed at the base, acute or mucronate at the
apex, glabrous or nearly so on both surfaces, 2-7 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide,
petiole 5-6 mm. long; corymbs 3-5 cm. long, several-flowered, flowers
white, 10-12 mm. broad; calyx and pedicels slightly tomentose or soon
becoming glabrous; petals ovate, 4-5 mm. long; fruit a globose pome,
6-8 miB. in diameter, black or purplish : nigra, black, from the color of
the fruit. (See Fig. page 147.)

In swamps and moist ground, occurring in the eastern part of the
state from Olmsted county northward. Distributed from Nova Scotia to
western Ontario, south to Florida and Minnesota. Flowers in May and
June, fruits in August.

Crataegus L i n n e 1753

(Gr. krataigos, the hawthorn tree, from k r a 1 0 s, strength, re-
ferring to the wood)

Thorny shrubs or small trees, with alternate, simple, usually lobed
leaves ; buds small obtuse, 3-4 mm. long, scales imbricated ; flowers in
corymbs ; calyx tube cup-shaped or campanulate, adnate to the carpels,
5-cleft or divided; petals 5, rounded, white or rose color; stamens 5-25,
in 1-3 rows, anthers oblong, yellow or red; ovary inferior, consisting of
1-5 carpels, styles distinct; fruit a small pome, yellow or red, flesh dry or
mealy, nutlets 1-5, each usually 1 -seeded.

A large genus, widely distributed throughout the temperate regions
of the northern hemisphere. The genus offers great taxonomic difficulties
and it is impossible at present to say how many species the genus includes.
Of late years numerous species have been segregated and described, but
it is very likely that when the group is thoroughlv monographed a large
proportion of these will have to be withdrawn.

CRATAEGUS

1 55

No critical work has as j'et been done on Minnesota Crataegi and for
that reason it has been thought advisable to adhere only to the broader
concept of species in this work. It is therefore to be expected that after
more extensive collection and careful systematic work several more species
will be credited to the state.

2.

Key to the Species.

Leaves ovate, elliptic-ovate or nearly orbicular
in outline, mostly lobed, more than 4 cm. wide

a. Leaves cordate to truncate at the base, densely

tomentose below, fruit pubescent C. mollis

b. Leaves cuneate at the base, glabrous or

pubescent, fruit glabrous

(1) Leaves ovate-orbicular, coarsely serrate,

glabrous on both sides C. I'otundifoHa

(2) Leaves rhombic-elliptic, pubescent, at

least on the veins beneath coarsely
serrate

(a) Leaves coriaceous, dark green and shin-

ing above C. macracantha

(b) Leaves thin, dull green, pubescent and

with impressed veins above C. tomentosa

Leaves obovate, oblanceolate. or spatulate,
slightly or not at all lobed, mostly 2-4 cm.
wide

a. Leaves dull, gray-green, pubescent C. punctata

b. Leaves bright green, glabrous and shining C. crus-galli

Crataegus mollis (Torrey and Gray) Scheele 1845 Red-fruited

Thorn

A shrub or small tree 2-7 meters (6-21 ft.) high; branches armed with
thorns 3-6 cm. long, lustrous, or at last grayish ; bark of trunk ashy gray ;
leaves broadly ovate, cordate to truncate at the base, acutish at the apex,
lobed, shari)ly and rather coarsely serrate, rough above, densely tomentose
below, 4-13 cm. long, 4-10 cm. wdde ; corymbs several- to many-flowered;
flowers white, about 2 cm. broad, pedicels and calyx densely tomentose,
stamens about 20; fruit sub-globose, scarlet, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter,
pubescent when young, flesh yellow, nutlets usually 5, 7-8 nnu. long, drop-
ping off as soon as ripe : mollis, soft, referring to the leaves.

CRATAEGUS 157

Perhaps common from the region of Minneapolis southward and west-
ward. Distributed from southern Ontario to eastern S. Dak., eastern Kan.,
and south to Mo. and Ky. This species is said to be the largest and
handsomest of the scarlet hawthorns of North America. The wood is
light brown or red, close grained and hard and weighs 49 lbs. Blossoms
in May, fruits in September.

Crataegus rotundifolia Moench 1794 Glandular Thorn

A shrub or small tree, 3-5 meters (9-15 ft.) high; bark smooth, green-
ish gray; branches spiny, spines 3-5 cm. long; leaves ovate, orbicular or
obovate, broadly cuneate at the base, acute at the apex, 3-4 pairs of lobes,
doubly serrate, entirely glabrous, 3-6 cm. long, 3-6 cm. Avide ; corymbs
glabrous or slightly pubescent; flowers white, about 1.5 cm. broad, calyx
lobes lanceolate, glandular serrate, slightly villous inside, about 5 mm.
long; stamens 5-lU, styles 2-4; fruit 1 cm. long, red, flesh yellow, sweet:
rotundifolia, round leaved.

Common throughout the state. Occurs from Nova Scotia to southern
Minn, and northern 111., in the Alleghenics, south to Va. Flowers in May,
fruit ripe in September.

Crataegus macracantha L o d d i g e s 1854 Long-spined Thorn

A bushy tree, 3-6 meters (10-20 ft.) high; bark ashy gray or light
brown; thorns on the straggling branches 5-10 cm. long, bent, chestnut
brown, on the main stem 7-20 cm. long and branched; leaves rhombic-
ovate to obovate, wedge-shaped and contracted below into the wide petiole,
acute at the apex, sharply lobed, doubly and sharply serrate, coriaceous
and shiny above, slightly hairy on the veins beneath, 2-8 cm. long, 2.5-6
cm. wide; corymbs slightly villous; flowers 1.5-2 cm. broad; sepals glan-
dular, about 4 mm. long; stamens 10; styles 3-4; fruit sub-globose, 8-10
mm. in diameter; nutlets 3-4, 5-7 mm. long: macracantha, with
long thorns.

Common throughout the eastern and southeastern parts of the state.
Distributed from Novia Scotia to Manitoba, southward in the mountains
to Virginia.

The wood is brown and tinged with red, hard and close grained. Flow-
ers in Ma}^, fruit ripe in Sept.

Var. s u c c u 1 e n t a (Schradcr) Eggleston 1908
A variety with somewhat larger fruit and about 20 stamens. Occurs
with the species.

158

ROSE FAMILY

Crataegus tomentosa Linne 1753 Pear-thorn, Pear Haw

C. Chapmani (Beadle) Ashe Var. Plukenetii Eggleston Gray's New

Manual 1908

A small tree or shrub, 2-5 meters (6-15 ft.) high; bark of main stem
gray or fissured; branches spiny, spines 3-5 cm. long, clothed with
tomentum when young; leaves rhombic-ovate, narrowed below into broad
petioles, acute or acuminate at the apex, mostly incisely lobed, sharply
serrate, pubescent on both sides, becoming scabrate, dull green, 4-11 cm.
long, 3-8 cm. wide, petioles pubescent ; corymbs white tomentose ; flowers
1-1.5 cm. broad; stamens 10-20; styles 2-4; fruit upright, pyriform to
ellipsoid, 1-1.5 cm. long, orange red, flesh yellow, nutlets 2-3, about 5-7
mm. long, strongly ridged on the back : tomentosa, woolly.

Probably throughout the state. Distributed from southern Ontario to
N. J., westward to Minn, and eastern Kan., and in the mountains to Ga.

Flowers in May, fruit ripe in Sept.

CraTae6u5»

Crataegus punctata J a c cj u i n 1770 Large-fruited Thorn

A flat or round-topped tree, 3-9 meters (9-28 ft.) high; branches
spreading at right angles with the spiny stem. 9-16 cm. in diameter; bark

CRATAEGUS— MALUS 159

rough, dark gray or brown; leaves wedge-obovate or spatulate, wedge-
shaped at the base, rounded or acute at the apex, doubly serrate, sometimes
lobed, dull gray-green, becoming orange or scarlet in autumn, scattered
pubescent and impressed-veined above, strongly pubescent on the veins
below, 2-8 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide; corymbs flat, tomentose; flowers 1-2
cm. broad, calyx tube obconic, pubescent, stamens about 20, anthers white
to pink, styles 2-5; fruit pyriform or subglobose, 1.2-1.5 cm. in diameter,
yellow or red, flesh thin, dry, nutlets 3-4, 8 mm. long : punctata, dotted.

Common throughout the southeastern part of the state and in the Big
Woods country. This is the largest and commonest of our native species
of Crataegus. Distributed from Quebec to Minn., through western New
England to Pa., 111., and Iowa, along the mountains to Ga.

The wood is bright red in color, close grained, hard and heavy, weigh-
ing about 49 lbs. Flowers in May and June, fruits in Aug. and Sept.
Fruit drops off when ripe.

Crataegus crus-galli L i n n e 1753 Newcastle Thorn, Cockspur

Thorn

A shrub or a small tree, 2-6 meters (6-20 ft.) high, with spreading
branches and gray bark, thorns numerous, slender and nearly straight,
4-8 cm. long ; leaves obovate or oblanceolate, sometimes nearly spatulate.
very much narrowed at the base, obtuse or abruptly acuminate at the
apex, sharply serrate except at the base, leathery and shining above, duller
beneath, glabrous on both sides, 3-6 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide, petioles short,
passing gradually into the blade; corymbs many-flowered, glabrous, 4-6 cm.
broad; flowers 1.2-1.5 cm. broad, calyx lobes narrowly lanceolate, glabrous
or slightly pubescent, about 3 mm. long, stamens 10, styles 1-3; fruit
ovoid or sub-globose, about 1 cm. long, greenish to dull red, firm; crus-
galli, cock's spur.

Occasionally planted but not native to the state. Occurring in thickets
from western Quebec and Ontario to southern Michigan, southeastern
Kansas and south to Georgia.

Malus J u s s i e ti 1789
( M a 1 u s, classical L. name of the apple-tree)

Trees or shrubs with alternate, toothed or lobed, simple leaves ; flowers
in corymbs or umbel-like cymes, white or pink, showy and fragrant ; calyx
tube bell-shaped or urn-shaped ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, rounded or obovate ;

lOO

ROSE FAMILY

stamens numerous; carpels 2-5, papery or leathery; styles united at the
base; fruit usually a large fleshy pome, sometimes small and berry-like.

A genus of about 15 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Be-
sides the following, one occurs in eastern and one in western North
America.

Key to the Species.

1. Leaves and outer surface of sepals glabrate, cul-

tivated trees or shrubs

a. Leaves thick, flowers very numerous, fruit

1-1.2 cm. or less, red .1/. floribunda

b. Leaves thin, flowers less numerous, fruit 1.5-

2.5 cm., yellow M. haccata

2. Leaves and outer surface of sepals persistently

tomentose, native or cultivated

a. Leaves rounded or cordate at the base, pome

5-10 cm. in diameter, cultivated M. silvestris

b. Leaves mostly narrow at the base, pome 2.5-

3.5 cm. in diameter, native M. ioensis

Malus floribunda S i e b o 1 d 1835-44 Flowering Crab
Pyrus floribunda Nicholson.

A shrub or sometimes a small tree, often spiny, young branches smooth
or soon becoming so ; leaves ovate, acuminate at the apex, finely and sharp-
ly serrate, smooth and shining above, glabrous below, at least in age.
thickish, 4-7 cm. long; petioles thick and reddish, about 2.5 cm. long;
flowers in umbels, appearing with the leaves and very numerous, white and
showy, carmine in bud ; fruit 1-1.2 cm. in diameter, red : floribunda,
many flowers.

Planted in gardens and parks as an ornamental tree or shrub. Native
of Japan.

Malus baccata (Linne) M o e n c h 1794 Siberian Crab
Pyrus baccata Linne 1753

A small tree with spreading branches; leaves ovate-oblong, finely and
evenly serrate but not lobed, acuminate at the apex, thin and glabrous on
both sides, at length becoming subcoriaceous, 4-8 cm. long ; petioles slender
2-3 cm. long; flowers appearing with the leaves, fascicled, petals narrowly
oblong, with narrowed, elongated base, pedicels green, 5-7 cm. long; fruit
on long hard stems, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter, yellow with a reddish cheek,

r\alu^

i62 ROSE FAMILY

firm and often translucent in texture, never becoming mellow, calyx falls
off before maturity : b a c c a t a, having berries.

Introduced from Europe and Asia. Native of Siberia. Manchuria and
the Himalaya region.

Malus silvestris Miller 1768 Apple
Malus Malus (Linne) Britton 1897
Pyrtis Malus Linne 1753

A cultivated tree with spreading branches, sometimes reaching a height
of 10-15 meters (30-45 ft.) ; bark on mature trunks rough and gray; leaves
broadly ovate or rounded or cordate at the base, acute at the apex, dentate
or nearly entire, sometimes slightly lobed, glabrous or nearly so above,
pubescent and often woolly beneath, especially when young; flowers in
umbel-like corymbs, white or pink, 3.5-7 cm. broad; calyx tomentose;
pedicels stout, woolly, 2-3 cm. long; fruit 5-10 cm. in diameter: sil-
vestris, of the forest.

Common fruit tree, sometimes escaped from cultivation. Numerous
varities or races have been developed from this species through cultivation.

Malus ioensis (Wood) Britton 1897 Wild Crab Apple

Pyrus ioensis (Wood) Bailey 1891

A small tree, sometimes a shrub 2-6 meters (6-12 ft.) high; branchlets
sometimes hardened and thorn-like ; leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, usually
narrowed at the base, doubly serrate or pinnately several-lobed, glabrate,
dull green and somewhat rugose above, pale and densely tomentose be-
neath, 2.5-5 cm. long; petioles w^oolly; flowers in corymbs, rose colored,
2.5-4 cm. broad, pedicels slender, tomentose, becoming 2.5-3.5 cm. long
in fruit; calyx lobes persistent; fruit green or yellowish green, 2-4 cm.
in diameter: ioensis, named from the original locality.

Along edges of woods and thickets, common in the southeastern part
of the state, comparatively rare as far north as the Twin Cities. Dis-
tributed from 111. and Wis. to Minn., Kan. and ( )klah()ma. P'lowers in
May. fruit rijje in ( )ctober.

Malus Soulardi ( Bailey) Britton Soulard's Crab Apple

A hybrid between Malus s i 1 \' e s t r i s and Malus ioensis,
reported to occur in a wild state from Minnesota southward. May pos-
sibly occur in the extreme southeastern part of the state.

PRUNUS

163

Prunus L i n n e 1753
(Classical L. name of the plum-tree)

Trees or shrubs, sometimes spiny; leaves alternate, simple and serrate;
flowers variously clustered, white or pink; calyx tube campanulate or
obconic, sepals 5, petals 5, spreading; stamens 15-20, distinct, filaments
slender; pistil 1, in the hollow cup-shaped calyx tube, style terminal;
ovule 1 ; fruit a drupe, stone smooth or a little roughened, globose or oval,
or oblong and flattened.

A genus of 90 species, natives of the north temperate zone, tropical
America and Asia. In addition to the following about 25 species occur
in North America.

Key to the Species.

1. Flowers single Cherries and Plums

a. Large shrubs or trees

( 1 ) Flowers in racemes, terminating the sea-

son's growth

(a) Small tree, or large shrub, leaves

broadly ovate

(b) Large tree, leaves narrowly ovate or

lanceolate

(2) Flowers in scaly umbels or cor\-mbs, ex-

panding with or before the leaves

(a) Branches usually thorny or armed,

fruit sub-globose, borne singly

Plums
X. Teeth of leaves obtuse, gland-tipped,

stone of fruit flat
y. Teeth of leaves acute, bristle-tipped,

stone round

(b) Branches not thorny or armed, fruit

globose or sub-globose Cherries
X. Flowers in corymbs, small, petals 4-6

mm. long, fruit 3-6 mm.
y. Flowers in umbels, large, petals 8-12

mm. long, fruit 8-15 mm.

b. Dwarf shrubs, (1-4 ft.), with narrow leaves

(1) Shrub with wand-like branches, leaves

thin

(2) Bushy shrub, leaves thick

P. virginiana
P. serotina

P. nigra

P. am eric ana

P. pennsylvanica
P. cerasus

P. piimila
P. Besseyi

i64 ROSE FAMILY

2. Flowers double Flowering almonds and plums

a. Leaves lanceolate, flowers 2-3 cm. broad P. japonica

b. Leaves ovate, mostly 3-lobed, flowers 3-5 cm.

broad P. triloba

Prunus virginiana L i n n e 1753 Choke Cherry

A tall shrub or a small tree 1-3 meters (3-10 ft.) high, with grayish-
brown bark, the inner layers of which have strong, disagreeable odor ;
leaves oval, oblong, or obovate, rounded at the base, abruptly acute or
acuminate at the apex, sharply serrate with slender teeth, glabrous or
slightly pubescent along the veins beneath, thin, 4-8 cm. long, 2-4.5 cm.
wide; petiole 1-1.5 cm. long, with 1 or 2 glands; racemes erect or spread-
ing, terminating the leafy shoots of the season, 5-12 cm. long, many-
flowered, flowers white, strong scented, 0.8-1 cm. broad; pedicels 4-6 mm.
long; fruit red or nearly black, 8-10 mm. in diameter, very astringent,
stone globular : virginiana, Virginian.

Common throughout the state. Distributed from Newfoundland to
Ga. and westward to Minn, and British Columbia.

The fruit is sometimes used for making wine and preserves ; it was
formerly an important article of food among the North American Indians.
The wood is heavy, hard and close grained, light brown in color and
weighs 40 lbs. per cubic foot. Flowers in May, fruit ripe July and August.

Prunus serotina Ehrhart 1788 Wild Black Cherry, Cabinet or

Rum Cherry

A large forest tree, 12-25 meters (36-75 ft.) high and 2-5 dm. (7-22
inches) in diameter, (in more southern localities reaching much greater
dimensions) ; bark dark brown, very rough and peeling off in flakes,
branches reddish brown, inner bark fragrant ; leaves oblong or lanceolate-
oblong, round or narrowed at the base, long pointed at the apex, shining
above, glabrous or pubescent along the veins beneath, serrate with ap-
pressed callous teeth, 4-12 cm. long, 2.5-3.5 cm. wide; petioles 2-3 cm.
long; racemes at the ends of leafy shoots, spreading or drooping, flowers
numerous, white, 8-10 mm. broad; fruit rounded, 8-10 mm. in diameter,
dark purple or black, slightly astringent, but with sweetish taste :
serotina, late ripe.

Rather common throughout the hardwood region of the state. Dis-
tributed from Nova Scotia to Fla., west to Dakota, Arizona, and along
the mountains of Mexico, Central America and Peru.

i60 ROSE FAMILY

The fruit is used to flavor alcoholic liquors and sometimes fermented
and made into a licjuor. The wood is close grained, hard, strong, reddish
brown in color, a cubic foot weighs 36 lbs. It is used in cabinet making
and is capable of a very high j^olish. Flowers in May, fruit ripe Aug.-Sept.

Prunus nigra A i t o n 1789 Canada Plum Wild Plum

A shrub or small tree 2-7 meters (6-21 ft.) high, armed with thorns;
bark brownish gray, exfoliating in plates ; leaves oval to broadly ovate,
obtuse or slightly cordate at the base, long acuminate at the apex, crenate-
serrate, the teeth usually gland-tipped, pubescent when young, 7-13 cm.
long, 3-7 cm. wide; petioles 1-1.5 cm. long, with 1 or 2 red glands near
the base; flowers in lateral umbels, opening before the leaves, 2.5-3 cm.
broad ; calyx lobes glandular serrate, glabrous within ; petals white, pink-
ish tinged towards the base, broadly obovate, 1.2-1.4 cm. long; stamens
pinkish tinged ; fruit orange, pink or yellow, sub-globose or compressed
ovoid, with little or no bloom, 2.5 cm. long, stone oval, compressed or
flattened : nigra, black.

River banks and thickets. In the eastern part of the state from
north to south, infrequent. Distributed from Newfoundland and New
England westward to the Great Lakes, Lake Winnepeg and south to Iowa.

The fruit is very delicious, rather firm fleshed, used for jellies and
preserves. The wood close grained, hard and heavy, reddish brown in
color and weighs 43 lbs. Flowers in May, fruits in August.

Prunus americana Marshall 1785 Wild Plum

A shrub or a small tree, 3-10 meters (9-30 ft.) high; branches more
or less thorny; bark tliick and rough, exfoliating in irregular plates;
leaves ovate or obovate rounded at the base, long acuminate at the apex,
sharply and doubly serrate, the teeth bristle-tipped, not glandular,
pubescent when young, glabrous or nearly so when mature, 4-10 cm. long,
2-5 cm. wide; petioles with or without glands, about 1 cm. long; flowers
in sessile, lateral uml)els, opening before the leaves, white, 1.5-2.5 cm.
broad, pedicels 1.5-2.5 cm. long; calyx lobes entire, hairy on the inner
surface ; petals narrowly obovate, about 1 cm. long ; fruit subglobose, red
or yellow, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter, bloom light or none: americana,
American.

Common in thickets, along roadsides, riverbanks, etc., throughout the
state. Distributed from Conn, to Fla., west to Tex., New Mexico, north-
ern Mexico, northward to Colorado and Montana.

ai7?encar?a.

nufi

i68 ROSE FAMILY

The fruit is used for making jellies and preserves or eaten raw. The
wood is close grained, heavy and hard, it is dark brown in color, tinged
with red, and weighs 47 lbs. Flowers in April and May, fruit ripens in
August and September,

Prunus pennsylvanica Linne filius 1781 Pin Cherry Wild

Red Cherry

A tall shrub or a small tree, 5-10 meters (15-30 ft.) high; bark light
reddish-brown, bitter and aromatic, on the trunk it separates horizontally
into broad, papery plates ; leaves oblong lanceolate, rounded at the base,
acute or acuminate at the apex, finely and sharply serrate, serrations not
equal, shining, green and glabrous on both sides, 4-8 cm. long, 1-3 cm.
wide, petiole 1-2 cm. long; flowers numerous, in umbel-like clusters, white,
appearing with the leaves, 1-1.2 cm. broad, sepals 2 mm. long glabrous,
petals ovate, 5 mm. long, pedicels 1.5-2.5 cm. long; fruit globose, light
red, 4-6 mm. in diameter, without bloom, its flesh thin and sour, stone
globular : pennsylvanica, named from the original locality.

Woods, thickets, and clearings, throughout the state except southwest-
ward. Distributed from Labrador to British Columbia and Col., south
to Pa., central Iowa, and the mountains of North Carolina.

The fruit is sometimes used domestically and in preparation of medi-
cines. The wood is soft, light and close grained, light brown in color and
weighs 31 lbs. Flowers in April and May, fruit ripe in August.

Prunus Cerasus Linne 1753 Sour, Pie, or Morello Cherry

A small tree 2-4 meters (6-12 ft.) high, with a round crown; bark
gray; leaves ovate to obovate, rounded at the base, abruptly short pointed
at the apex, serrate, firm in texture and more or less glossy above, 4-8
cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide; flowers in small clusters, from lateral buds, ap-
pearing mostly before the leaves, large, 3-4 cm. broad, petals 1.2-1.5 cm.
long; fruit depressed-globose, 8-12 mm. in diameter: Cerasus, Or.
cherry tree, from the town Cerasus in Pontus, where the cherry is native.

Commonly cultivated in the southeastern part of the state. Introduced
from southern Europe, probably native of Asia Minor. Flowers in May.
fruit ripe in July.

Prunus pumila Linne 1753 Sand Cherry, Dwarf Plum

A low, much branched shrub, 0.2-1.5 meters (1-5 ft.) high, strict,
branches Avand-like; bark brown or grayish, shiny lenticels numerous;
leaves mostly oblanceolate or spatulate, narrowed towards the base,

170 ROSE FAMILY

acute (ir acutish at the apex, toothed or serrate above the middle, deep
green above, paler beneath, glabrous or nearly so on both sides when
mature, 3-7 cm. long, 0.6-1.8 cm. wide; flowers 2-5, in fascicles, appearing
with the leaves, white, 0.8-1 cm. broad, pedicels 0.6-1.2 cm. long; fruit
globose, pendulous, dark red or nearly black, 0.8-1.2 cm. in diameter,
without bloom, flesh thin, acid : {) u m i 1 a, dwarfish, in reference to the
small size.

In sandv and rocky soil, common throughout the northern part of the
state, rare southward. Distributed from eastern Quebec to Pa., northern
Ind.. \\'is., Minn, and Manitoba. Blossoms May and June, fruit ripe June
and July.

Prunus Besseyi B a i 1 e y 1 894

A low shrub, 0.3-1.2 meters (1-4 ft.) high, the branches dift'use or
spreading, not strict ; bark gray ; leaves elliptic, oblong or oval, narrowed
towards the base, acutish at the apex, teeth appressed, thick, glabrous. 3-6
cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide; flowers in sessile umbels, expanding with the
leaves, 0.8-1.2 cm. broad, fruit on short, stout pedicels, 1-1.5 cm. in
diameter, black or sometimes yellowish, bitter and astringent : Besseyi,
named for C. E. Bessey.

On prairies, southern and southwestern part of the state. Distributed
from Manitoba and Minn., Kan. and Utah. P'lowers in April-May, fruit
ripe July.

Prunus japonica T h ti n b e r g 1784 Flowering Almond

A shrub about 1 meter (3 ft.) high, branches slender, erect or ascend-
ing, young shoots reddish ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, narrowed towards the
base, acute or acuminate at the apex, doubly but finely serrate, serrations
gland-tipped, glabrous above, a few scattered hairs along the veins be-
neath, veins and reticulations prominent on the lower surface, 4-8 cm.
long, 1.4-2.5 cm. wide, petiole 3-4 mm. long, stipules lance-linear, entire
or remote glandular-serrate, 5-6 mm. long ; flowers appearing with the
leaves in lateral, few-flowered umbels, 2-3 cm. broad, at first light, later
turning a deep pink, petals very numerous, stamens much reduced or lack-
ing, the filled flowers usually produce no fruit, in fertile flowers the ripe
fruit is globular or short oblong, about 1.2 cm. in diameter, smooth shin-
ing and red : j a p o n i c a, named from the place where it is native.

A very beautiful ornamental shrub, flowers in April or early May.
It is reasonably hardy but does best with a slight protection in winter.

Native of China and Japan.

PRUNUS

i/i

IrunuSk

Prunus triloba L i n d 1 e y 1857 Flowering Plum

An erect shrub, 1-3 meters (3-9 ft.) high, with spreading or ascending
branches ; bark brownish, young shoots reddish, puberuh)us or glabrous ;
leaves obovate, cuneate at the base, 3-lobed and abruptly pointed at the
apex, sometimes merely obtuse or acute, coarsely and doubly serrate, rough
with a few bristly hairs and impressed-veined on the upper surface,
prominently veined and with scattered hairs beneath, 3-6 cm. long. 2-4 cm.
wide, petiole 1-1.5 cm. long, pubescent along the upper side; flowers soli-
tary, appearing before the leaves, 3-4 cm. broad, petals numerous, light
pink ; pistil hairy, the fruit usually does not set from the filled flowers,
from fertile flowers the fruit is small, red and shining when ripe : t r i -
1 o b a, three-lobed. in reference to the leaf.

A very desirable ornamental bush as it is entirely hardy in our climate.
It is not quite as showy as the preceding species.

Native of China.

Leguminosae Pulse or Pea Family

Herbs, shrubs, vines, or trees ; leaves alternate, mostly compound, with
stipules ; flowers perfect, monoecious, dioecious, or polygamous, in spikes,
heads, racemes, or panicles, apopetalous, hypogynous, or perigynous and

1/2

PEA FAMILY

regular or irregular, sepals 3-5, more or less united, petals 5, rarely fewer,
stamens 10, more or less united by their filaments or distinct; pistil 1,
simple, 1 -many-seeded, becoming a pod or legume in fruit. The typical
flower of this family, e. g. the pea, has the sepals united into an irregular
cup; the petals are of three forms, an upper odd petal (standard), two
lateral, spreading petals, (the wings), and two lower ones, the keel, more
or less united and inclosing the stamens and pistil. The stamens are
usually united by their filaments into a group of nine, the tenth stamen
being free. *

KEY TO THE GENERA

1. Flowers regular or nearly so, imperfect, monoe-

cious or dioecious, large trees

a. Tree without thorns, leaves twice pinnate,

stamens 10 Gymnocladus

b. Tree with thorns, leaves once and twice pin-

nate, stamens less than 10 Gleditsia

2. Flowers irregular, papilionaceous (sometimes

with only 1 petal), perfect, trees or shrubs

a. Flowers numerous, in spikes or racemes, not

yellow

(1) Flowers small, in dense spikes, 1 -pet-

ailed, pods less than 2 cm. long Amorpha

(2) Flowers large, in drooping racemes, pods

over 2 cm. long Robinia

b. Flowers solitary or in few-flowered racemes,

yellow Caragana

Gymnocladus L a m a r c k 1783

(Gr. g" y m n o s, naked, c 1 a d o s, branch, in allusion to the stout,

naked branches.)

Trees with rough bark and stout branchlets ; leaves large and bi-pin-
nate; flowers showy, in terminal racemes, monoecious or dioecious, calyx
tubular, 5-lobed, lobes narrow, petals 5, oblong, equal, inserted at the top
of the calyx-tube, stamens 10, distinct, short, pistil rudimentary or lack-
ing in the staminate flowers, sessile and many-ovuled in the pistillate and
polygamous ones; fruit an oblong pod, flat, hard, pulpy inside, seeds
numerous.

A monotypic genus of eastern North America.

GYMNOCLADUS— GLEDITSIA

173

Gymnocladus dioica (Linne) Koch 1869 Kentucky Coffee-tree

Tree attaining a height of 15-30 meters (45-90 ft.) and a trunk di-
ameter of 1.5-8 dm; bark gray, deep-fissured and roughened by persistent
scales ; buds small, in hairy cavities, 2 in the axil of each leaf, one above
the other, the lower sterile ; leaves large, 6-9 dm. long, bi-pinnate, the
pinnae with 7-15 leaflets each, leaflets stalked, ovate, rounded at the base,
acute or acuminate at the apex, sometimes pubescent on the veins beneath,
2-10 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide; racemes many-flowered, 10-18 cm. long,
flowers 15-18 mm. long, calyx-tube campanulate, 1 cm. long; pod 12-25
cm. long, 4-5 cm. wide: dioica, dioecious.

In the southeastern part of the state as far north as St. Paul and
westward in the Minnesota River valley to New Ulm. Common in the
Mississippi River Valley and westward along some of the tributaries.
Distributed from N. Y. and Pa. to Minn., Neb. and Kan., southward be-
tween the mountains to the middle of Tenn.

The wood is heavy but not very hard, strong and coarse grained and
very durable in contact with the soil. It is light brown in color and takes
a good polish, weight 48 lbs. Frequently planted as a park tree but not
very ornamental. Flowers in June.

Gleditsia Linne 1753

(Named for J. G. Gleditsch, a German botanist who lived at the
same time as Linne.)

Thorny trees with evenly, once or twice pinnate leaves ; thorns branched
or simple, situated above the axils of the leaves, often very large ; flowers
small, greenish, in axillary spikes; calyx short, 3-5-cleft, petals equal,

1/4

PEA FAMILY

(lleditsia triacanthos

the two lower sometimes united, stamens 3-10, distinct, pistil rudimentary
or none in the staminate flowers, in the pistillate ones elongated or ovoid,
ovules 2-many; pods flat, nearly straight at lirst, twisted at maturity,
pulpy between the seeds.

GLEDITSIA— ROBINIA ,;5

A genus of S si)ecies. natives of eastern North America and Asia; in
addition to the foHowing one other species occurs in the southeastern part
of the U. S.

Gleditsia triacanthos Linne 1753 Honey Locust

Tree attaining a height of 15-20 meters (45-60 ft.) within our range,
and a trunk diameter of 15-40 cm.; bark dark brown, fissured; thorns
large and numerous, simple or branched ; branches slender, spreading or
somewhat pendulous, with numerous lenticels; buds minute, several to-
gethtjr and superposed, upper ones with scurfy scales, the others liidden by
the base of the petiole; leaves 1-2-pinnate, 10-20 cm. long, leaflets short-
stalked, oblong-lanceolate, somewhat crenulate, 2-3 cm. long, 6-10 mm.
wide; inflorescence 5-10 cm. long, the staminate ones more slender than
the pistillate; calyx obconic; pods 15-45 cm. long, bent or twisted, pulp
sweetish, edible : triacanthos, three-spined.

On the Mississippi River bottom lands of Houston Countv. Distrib-
uted from the Allegheny mountains of Pa. through southern Ontario to
Minn., Neb., Kan., south to Tex.. Ala., and Miss.

The wood is red or light reddish brown in color, it is coarse grained,
hard, strong and durable in contact with the soil, weight 42 lbs. It is
used for fence posts, rails, for hubs of wheels, etc. Frecjuently planted
as a park tree.

Robinia Linne 1753

(Named for John and X'espasian Robin, the latter l)ein|^" the first
who ctiltivated the Locust-tree in Europe.)

Small to medium sized trees or shrubs, with rough and furrowed bark
and spiny stipules or in the shrubby forms bristly; leaves alternate, com-
pound, odd-pinnate ; leaflets oblong or ovate, short-stalked ; flowers showy,
white or deep rose color, in hanging axillary racemes, calyx 5-toothed, the
two upper teeth slightly united, upper petal or standard rounded, reflexed,
wings oblong, curved, blunt, stamens diadelphous. pistil stalked, ovules
numerous ; fruit a flat, linear pod. several-seeded.

A genus of 6 species natives of the southern United States and Mexico.

Key to the Species

Tree with glabrous twigs, petioles and pods R. fscud-acacia

Shrub with bristly twigs, petioles and pods K. hispuia

1/6

PEA FAMILY

l^obIr?ia bispida

T\obir?id pi^euid- acacia

Robinia pseud-acacia L i n n e 1753 Common Locust False Acacia

A tree 6-20 meters (20-60 ft.) high and a trunk diameter of 20-40
tm. ; bark nearly black,, rough and deeply furrowed ; twigs glabrous, with
opines in pairs (stipules) ; leaves 12-25cm. long, leaflets 11-15, ovate to
oblong, 2-6 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, glabrous, margin entire, petioles short;
racemes slender, 9-20 cm. long, loose, flowers white, fragrant, about 2 cm.
long; pod smooth, 6-12 cm. long, flat, brown, 1.2 cm. wide: pscud-
acacia, false acacia.

Along the mountains from Pa. to Ga. and in the Ozark mountains of
Mo., also in Ark. and Oklahoma. Extensively planted as an ornamental

ROBINIA— AMORPHA x-j-j

tree and becoming more or less naturalized. Often spreading by means
of miderground stems and forming thickets of small trees. Perfectly-
hardy in Minnesota, but suffering greatly from the attacks of borers, and
as a result short-lived.

The wood is brown or light green in color, close grained, very hard and
heavy and is very durable in contact with the soil, and used to some extent
as fence posts, weight about 45 lbs. Flowers in late May or June.

Robinia hispida L i n n e 1767 Rose Acacia Bristly Locust

A much-branched shrub, 1-3 meters (3-9 ft.) high; branches, twigs
and petioles bristly; leaves 10-20 cm. long, leaflets 9-15, ovate or orbicular,
2-5 cm. long, 2-3.5 cm. wide, rounded at the base, blunt at the apex and
mucronate-tipped, glabrous above, pubescent on the veins beneath;
racemes drooping, 6-10 cm. long, flowers large, deep rose color or
purple, not fragrant, 2-3 cm. long; pod linear, bristly hispid, constricted
between the seeds, 4-6 cm. long brown : hispida, prickly.

Native of the mountains of Va. to Ga. Cultivated to some extent
as an ornamental shrub in parks. Flowers in June, fruit ripe in Sept.

Amorpha L i n n e 1753
(Gr. a, without, m o r p h e, form, referring to the four lost petals)

Branching shrubs with odd-pinnate, compound leaves, leaflets marked
with minute dots or glands; flowers violet or purple, in dense terminal
spikes; calyx-teeth 5, nearly equal, only one petal, the standard present,
wrapped around the stamens and style; stamens 10, united at the base,
pistil 2-celled; fruit an oblong pod, exceeding the calyx, 1-2-seeded,
tardily splitting.

A genus of about 10 species, natives of North America and Mexico.

Key to the Species

1. Tall shrub, 1-3 meters, leaflets 2-5 cm. long A. fruticosa

2. Low shrubs, 3-14 dm. high, leaflets 6-12 mm.

long

a. Densely silky-hairy all over, 3-14 dm. high A. canescens

b. Smooth or nearly so throughout, 3 dm. or less A. nana

PEA FAMILY

fl.car?e2>cen&

Rmorpha

fl. fruticosa

Amorpha fruticosa L i n n e 1753 False Indigo

Tall shrub. 1-3 meters (3-9 ft.) high; leaves 15-30 cm. long, leaflets
9-25, short-stalked, oblong or broadly elliptic, rounded and mucronate at
the tip, rounded or slightly narrowed at the base, 2-3.5 cm. long, 1.2 cm.
wide; spikes clustered. 7-15 cm. long, clustered or solitary, flowers very
numerous, purple, 7-10 mm. long, stamens exserted, with bright orange
anthers; pod 5-10 mm. long, with numerous dark glands, thick-stalked:
fruticosa, shrubby.

Common throughout the state except northeast. Along banks of rivers,
streams and lakes. Distributed from Ohio to Manitoba, south to Fla.,
Colo, and Chihuahua. Flowers in June and July, fruit ripe in August.

AMORPHA— CARAGANA 179

Amorpha canescens Pursli 18 14 Lead-plant Shoe-strings

A bushy shrub, 3-14 dm. (1-4 ft.) high, densely white-canesceut all
over; stems longitudinally ridged or furrowed; leaves 5-10 cm. long, leaf-
lets 21-49, crowded, oblong-elliptic, short-stalked, rounded at the base,
obtuse or acutish and mucronate at the apex, less hairy on the upper than
on the lower side, 8-14 mm. long, 4-9 mm. wide; si)ikes densely clustered
at the summit of the stems, 5-18 cm. long; Howers deep-purple, stamens
orange yellow; pods 1-seeded, slightly exceeding the calyx in length:
canescens, hoary.

Common on hills and prairies throughout the state except northeast.
Distributed from Ind. to Manitoba, south to La. and Tex.

Flowers in June and July, fruit ripe in August and September.

Amorpha nana X u 1 1 a 11 18 13 Fragrant False Indigo
Amorpha microphylla Piirsh 1814

A low bushy shrub, 2-3 dm. (8-13 in.) high, branches glabrous or
nearly so throughout; leaves 3-8 cm. long, leaflets 13-19, oval or oblong,
rounded at the base, blunt and mucronate at the tip, glabrous or nearly
so with glistening glands or dots, rather ridged ; spikes usually only one
to a branch 4-7 cm. long, flowers fragrant, dark purple; pods 1-seeded,
gland-dotted, about 3 mm. long : nana, dwarf.

Common on prairies throughout the western part of the state from
south to north. Distributed from Minn, to Manitoba and Kan. Flowers
in May, fruit ripe in July.

Caragana Lamarck 1783
(Tartar name of the original species)

Branching shrubs or small trees, with alternate, compound, even-pin-
nate, often fascicled leaves ; stipules sometimes spiny and persistent ; flow-
ers yellow in long-stalked, few-flowered racemes, or solitary, clustered at
the base of the young twigs or at the nodes of older twigs ; calyx tubular,
the two upper sepals smaller, standard with reflexed sides and long-
clawed, wings oblique, elongated, keel short, blunt, pistil nearly sessile,
ovules many, style straight or slightly bent; fruit a sessile, linear, at
length cylindrical pod, about 4-5 cm. long, pointed, seeds oblong or nearly
spherical.

A genus of 20 species, distributed from southern Russia to China.

i8o

PEA FAMILY
Key to the Species

1. Small tree, leaflets 8-18

2. Shrub, leaflets 4, almost palmate

C. arborescens
C. digitata

6iTaTa

Caragana arborescens Lamarck 1783 Siberian Pea Tree

Shrub or small tree, 2-6m. (6-18 ft.) high; bark gray; leaves 5-10 cm.
long with 8-12 leaflets, obovate or oblong, rounded at the base, mucronate
at the tip, sparsely pubescent beneath or at length glabrous, 1-3 cm. long,
5-10 cm. wide; flowers 2-4, pale or bright yellow, 1.5 cm. long, pedicels
usually longer than the flower ; fruit a linear pod : arborescens, tree-
like.

Native of Siberia and Manchuria. Frequently cultivated in Minn,
and perfectly hardy. Flowers in May.

Several varieties, of which variety p e n d u 1 a, with pendulous branch-
es, is the most remarkable.

CARAGANA— PHILADELPHUS i8i

Caragana digitata Lamarck 1783

A shrub 2-3.5 mm. high; leaves with 4 leaflets which are nearly
digitately arranged, cuneate, obovate or oblong, rounded or emarginate
at the apex, glabrous, 1-2.5 cm. long; flowers solitary, 1.5-2.5 cm. long,
yellow : digitata, like the fingers of the hand.

Distributed from southern Russia to China.

Var. grandiflora, with large flowers and usually large and broad
leaflets.

Saxifragaceae Saxifrage Family

Herbs, shrubs, vines, or sometimes trees; leaves alternate or opposite
or whorled or basal ; flowers mostly perfect and regular, sometimes poly-
gamo-dioecious, racemose, cymose, or paniculate or sometimes solitary, calyx
mostly 5-lobed, sometimes 4-12 lobed, united below and adnate to the
concave or cup-shaped axis, petals mostly 5, sometimes 4 or all are lack-
ing, perigynous or epigynous, stamens mostly 5 or 10, or sometimes nu-
merous, disk usually present; carpels mostly 2, or 1 -several, united,
(sometimes only towards the base), styles as many as carpels or united into
one ; fruit a capsule or a berry, seeds small and numerous.

KEY TO THE GENERA

1. Leaves opposite or whorled, not lobed, stamens

more than 5

a. Stamens more than 10, flowers white and

showy, leaves opposite Philadelphus

b. Stamens 3-10, flowers greenish, outer ones

often sterile, leaves mostly in whorls of 3 Hydrangea

2. Leaves alternate, lobed, stamens 4-5 Ribes '

Philadelphus Linne 1753 Syringa Mock Orange
(Gr. P h i 1 a d e 1 p h o n, a sweet flowering shrub)

Shrubs with opposite, simple, toothed or entire leaves; flowers large
white or cream colored, terminal or axillary, in cymes, racemes or solitary,
calyx top-shaped, sepals 4-5, persistent, petals 4-5, rounded or obovate,
stamens 20-40, styles free united below, ovary 3-5-celled ; fruit a 3-5-celled
capsule, seeds numerous.

A genus of about 1 5 species, natives of North America, Asia and Cen-
tral Europe. In addition to the following 6 other species occur in the
southern and western parts of North America.

SAXIFRAGE FAMILY

P. 6f*ar?ditlora5

Philadelpbub

Key to the Species

1. Flowers solitary or few, not odorous, leaves 8-

12 cm. long P. grandiflorus

2. Flowers racemose, odorous, leaves 12-20 cm.

long P. coronarius

Philadelphus grandiflorus W i 1 1 d e n o w 1809 Large-flowered

Syringa

A shrub 2-3 m. (6-9 ft.) high, with reddish twigs, bark on the older
branches grayish, buds covered by the base of the petioles; leaves ovate
to ovate-lanceolate, narrowed towards the base, acuminate at the apex,
3 nerved, teeth or serrations distant, small, glabrous or nearly so, 6-10 cm.
long, 3-6 cm. broad, petiole less than 1 cm. long; flowers 1-3 borne at the

PHILADELPHUS— HYDRANGEA

183

ends of branches or axillary, white and scentless, 3-5 cm. broad, calyx-
lobes lanceolate, about 1 cm. long, petals ovate 1.5-2 cm. long; fruit a
top-shaped capsule, 9-12 mm. long : grandiflorus, large-flowered.

Distributed from Va. to Tenn. and Fla.

Grown in parks and yards as an ornamental shrub and entirely hardy.
Flowers in June, fruit ripe in August.

Philadelphus coronarius L i n n e 1753 Mock Orange Garden

Syringa

A shrub 2-3 meters (6-9 ft.) high, with smooth grayish bark, young
twigs reddish, glabrous; leaves oval or elliptic, rounded at the base,
acuminate at the apex, margin with sharp and distant teeth, mostly 5-
veined, glabrous above, mostly pubescent below, 4-7 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide,
short petioled ; flowers in racemes at the ends of branches, cream-colored,
3-4 cm. broad, calyx-lobes lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, petals ovate, 12-16
mm. long; fruit a top-shaped capsule, 7-10 mm. long; coronarius,
crown-like.

Frequently cultivated as an ornamental shrub, and quite hardy, escaped
from gardens in Va. to 111. Native of central Europe. Blossoms in June,
fruit ripe in August and September.

Hydrangea L i n n e 1753

(Gr. h y d r o, water, a n g e i o n, vessel, referring- to the shape of

the fruit)

Shrubs with opposite or whorled, simple leaves ; flowers white or tinged
with pink, in terminal, compound cymes, the marginal ones usually sterile
and consisting of a large, membranous, flat, colored calyx, fertile flowers
small, caly^x-tube hemispherical, adnate to the ovary, 5-lobed, petals 4-5,
ovate, stamens 8-10, ovary 2-4 celled, styles 2-4, distinct; fruit a many-
ribbed, many-seeded capsule, opening between the styles.

A genus of about 35 species, natives of eastern North America, east-
ern Asia and the Himalayas, and South America. Three species occur in
the southeastern states.

Key to the Species

1. Leaves ovate, mostly cordate at base, flower

cluster nearly flat-topped H. arboresccns

2. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, flower cluster pyrami-

dal, large ^- paniculata

i84

SAXIFRAGE FAMILY

H.a.rhoteseens

HydrdnSee

H-panlculata

Hydrangea arborescens Linne 1753 Wild Hydrangea

A shrub 1-3 m. high (in our climate only about 5-9 dm., dying back
in winter to within 2-3 dm. of the ground), young twigs pubescent; leaves
ovate, cordate at the base, acute at the apex, serrate, scattered rough hairs
on upper surface, pubescent along the veins beneath, thin and with promi-
nent veins beneath, 6-9 cm. long, 4.5 cm. wide, petioles 1-2 cm. long;
cyme compound, flattened, 5-10 cm. broad, sterile marginal flowers few
or quite nimierous (in the cultivated forms often constituting the entire
flower cluster) , white and showy ; fruit a two-beaked capsule : arbores-
cens, tree-like.

Common on rocky banks and river banks, from southern N. Y. and
N. J., south to Florida and west to Iowa and Mo. Not native of Minn.
The following variety is frequently cultivated within the state.

Va:r. s t e r i 1 i s Torrey and Gray.

This variety has almost all the flowers sterile. It is sometimes called
"Hills of Snow."

HYDRANGEA— RIBES 185

Hydrangea paniculata Siebold & Zuccarini 1835-44

Hydrangea

A shrub or small tree 1-9 m. high; leaves opposite or mostly in whorls
of 3, elliptic or ovate, narrowed at the base, acuminate at the apex, serrate,
pubescent with stiff, scattered hairs above, more densely and finely
pubescent on the veins beneath, 5-12 cm. long, 4-6 cm. wide, petioles less
than 1 cm. long; cymes terminal, 9-30 cm. long, flowers whitish, the
sterile ones later changing to purplish, styles 3, fruit a 3-beaked capsule,
about 4 mm. long : paniculata, in a panicle.

Native of Japan.

The following variety is perfectly , hardy and is the one commonly
grown in Minnesota.

Var. grandiflora of gardeners.

Almost all the flowers are sterile. The panicles are very large and
showy. Blossoms in August and September.

Ribes L i n n e 1753
(Ribes, the Arabic name)

Low shrubs, often with spines or prickles; leaves alternate, palmately-
lobed, often fascicled ; flowers small, white, yellowish-green, yellow or
purplish, borne with the leaves or from separate lateral buds, calyx 5-
lobed, the tube adherent to the ovary, petals 5, inserted in the throat of
the calyx, stamens 5, alternate with the petals, ovary 1 -celled, with 2
styles ; fruit a berry, crowned with the remains of the calyx, mostly edible.

A genus of about 60 species, natives of the north temperate zone and
the Andes of South America. In addition to the following about 40 others
occur in the western parts of North America.

Key to the Species

1. Stems with spines or prickles or both
a. Flowers 1-4, rarely 5 (Gooseberries)

( 1 ) Cultivated shrub, sometimes escaped

from gardens, spines stout, usually in

3'g R. Grossularia

(2) Native shrubs, spines mostly slender

(a) Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube, ber-

ries mostly bristly R- Cynoshati

(b) Calyx-lobes as long or longer than the

tube, berries smooth

186

SAXIFRAGE FAMILY

X. Calyx 9-12 mm. long, stamens long-

exserted
y. Calyx 5-7 mm. long, stamens not ex-
ceeding the calyx
b. Flowers in elongated racemes, mostly numer-
ous, stems densely prickly
Stems smooth, without spines or prickles, flow-
ers in racemes (Currants)

a. Calyx flat or saucer-shaped

( 1 ) Ovary and berries glandular bristly

(2) Ovary and berries smooth

X. Calyx purplish, shrubs decumbent
y. Calyx greenish-yellow, shrubs erect, cul-
tivated

b. Calyx campanulate to long-tubular

( 1 ) Racemes erect or ascending, calyx white

(2) Racemes drooping

X. Calyx greenish white
y. Calyx bright yellow

R.

R.

R.

R.

R.

R.

R.

R.
R.

gracile

oxyacanthoides

lacustre

prostratum

triste

vulgare

hudsonianiivi

floridtim
aureum

Ribes Grossularia L i n n e 1753 European Gooseberry

Ribes uva-crispa Linne 1753

Cultivated shrub 0.5-1 m. high; spines stout, 1-1.5 cm. long, usually
together in 3's; leaves cordate to truncate at the base, widening upwards,
rather short petioled, 3-5 lobed, pubescent at least when young, Idbes
obtuse or crenate-dentate, 2-3.5 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide; petiole 1-3 cm.
long ; peduncles very short, 1 or rarely 2 flowered ; flowers green, about
6 mm. long, calyx hirsute, sepals oblong, 3-4 mm. long, fruit globose-
ovoid, smooth, 1-2 cm. long ; grossularia, like a small unripe fig.

The ordinary garden gooseberry, sometimes escaped from cultivation,
locally established in Quebec, New England and the Middle States. In-
troduced from Europe.

Ribes cynosbati Linne 1753 Prickly Gooseberry Dogberry

Low spiny shrub; spines slender, 5-10 mm. long; prickles of the
branches few or weak or none; leaves round-ovate, 3-5 lobed, rounded or
subcordate at the base, soft-pubescent, 2-5 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide,
jietiole 1-2 cm. long, pubescent; racemes loose, 2.5-6 cm. long, few-flow-
ered, flowers 7-10 mm. long; stamens and united styles not longer than

"R. Cvnosbafi

i88 SAXIFRAGE FAMILY

the bell-shaped calyx; sepals reflexed; petals yellowish-white; berries
large, with long prickles, or sometimes smooth : c y n o s b a t i, resembling
the wild-briar.

Rocky woods, throughout the wooded part of the state. Distributed
from western Maine to the mountains of N. C, west to Manitoba and Mo.

Distributed from western Me. to the mountains of N. C, west to
Manitoba and Mo.

Fruit edible but not much used on account of the sharp prickles.
Blossoms in May, fruit ripe in July.

Ribes gracile M i c h a u x 1803 Missouri Gooseberry
Ribes missouriensis Nuttall 1814

A bushy, much branched shrub 1-2 m. high, spines mostly solitary,
7-17 mm. long, reddish, bark grayish, peeling off; leaves slender-petioled
round or broader than long, 3-5 lobed, lobes blunt and dentate, pubescent
when young, 2-3.5 cm. broad; racemes several-flowered, pedicels of the
flowers very slender, 8-12 mm. long, flowers white or whitish, drooping,
12-18 mm. long, calyx tube narrow, shorter than the lobes, lobes 5-6 mm.
long, petals 2 mm. long, stamens with slender filaments 10-15 mm. long,
projecting beyond the sepals; berry reddish-purple, 10-12 mm. long:
gracile, slender.

Common on river bottoms and in rocky soil throughout the state.
Distributed from Ct. to S. D. and southward. Blossoms in May, fruit
ripe in July and August.

Ribes oxyacanthoides L i n n e 1753 Smooth Gooseberry Northern

Gooseberry

Branching shrub, 0.5-1.5 m. high, bark grayish to dark, spines generally
solitary, 5-10 mm. long, light-colored, sometimes with scattered prickles;
leaves round, 3-5 lobed, truncate to broadly cuneate at base, thin but leath-
ery, thinly pubescent along the margins and on the veins beneath. 1.5-3 cm.
wide, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, petioles pubescent, 1-2 cm. long, often with naked
glands among the hairs ; racemes 1-3 flowered, their peduncles about 12 mm.
long, flowers short pediceled, greenish-yellow to dull purple, 6-8 mm.
long, stamens about the same length as the oblong calyx lobes, calyx
lobes 3 mm. long, about as long as the tube, erectly spreading ; berry
glabrous, 8-12 mm. in diameter, reddish-purple when ripe; oxyacan-
thoides, with sharp spines.

In moist woods and low grounds, common throughout the northern
half of the state, rare as far south as Minneapolis. Distributed from

"R.fnsfe

n.bud5ornar?ij»m

190 SAXIFRAGE FAMILY

Newfoundland to Pa., west to N. D. and Manitoba. Blossoms in June,
fruit ripe in August.

Ribes lacustre (Persoon) Poiret 1811 Swamp Gooseberry

Low shrub, 4-6 dm. high, young stems and branches covered with
bristly prickles and weak slender spines; leaves heart-shaped, deeply 3-5
lobed or parted, 3-6 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm. wide, pubescent along the veins
beneath and on the petioles ; racemes loosely spreading or drooping gland-
ular-bristly, 2-5 cm. long, pedicels about 4 mm. long, flowers greenish,
about 4 mm. long, calyx-tube very short and broad, stamens and styles
not longer than the petals; fruit bristly, purplish-black, 4 mm. long:
lacustre, of the lake shore.

In cool woods and swamps in the northern and northeastern part of
the state. Distributed from Newfoundland to Vancouver island, south
to northern New England, Michigan, Minnesota, Colorado and northern
California, in the mountains to Pennsylvaia.

Blossoms in June, fruit ripe in August.

Ribes prostratum L"H e r i t i e r 1784 Fetid Currant

Low shrub with reclined or decumbent branches, Avithout prickles or
thorns, bark grayish or brown; leaves deeply heart-shaped, 5-7 lobed, the
lobes ovate-acute, doubly serrate, smooth, 2.5-7.5 cm. wide, petioles
slender, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, glabrous; racemes erect, appearing from the
same buds as the leaves, flowers about 5 mm. broad, pedicels glandular,
4-5 mm. long, calyx broadly campanulate, sepals spreading, about 2 mm.
long, petals minute, purplish, stamens short ; fruit red, glandular-bristly,
about 4 mm. in diameter : prostratum, prostrate.

Common in damp woods, northern part of the state. Distributed from
Labrador to Athabasca south to northern New England, Mich., Minn.,
and along the mountains to North Carolina. Blossoms in May and June,
fruits in August.

Ribes triste Pallas 1797 Swamp Red Currant
Ribes rubrum Linne 1753

Low straggling or reclining shrub, 2-5 dm. high, the branches often
rooting freely, the bark of last year's shoots brownish, often peeling off
in strips; leaves somewhat cordate when mature, the lobes mostly broadly

RIBES

191

deltoid, white-tomentose on the lower surface, 5-10 cm. wide, petioles 2-5
cm. long; racemes drooping, 3.5-9 cm. long, borne on the old wood, mostly
below fascicles of leaves, pedicels mostly glandular, flowers 5-6 mm. broad,
calyx mostly purplish, its lobes broadly triangular, about as broad as. long,
petals broadly wedge-shaped, disk conspicuous; fruits small and hard,
4-6 mm. in diameter, dark red : t r i s t e, dark.

In cool woods and swamps, from Minneapolis northward and north-
eastward. Distributed from Newfoundland, to x\laska, south to Me., Vt.,
Mich, and Minn. Blossoms in May, fruit ripe in July.

This species has been confused with the common red currant of the
garden.

Ribes vulgare Lamarck 1786 Red Currant
Ribes rubrum Linne 1753

Cultivated shrub, 0.5-1.5 m. high, unarmed, bark gray or brownish;
leaves mostly cordate, slightly pubescent beneath, or glabrate, broadened
upward, 3-5 lobed, the lobes mostly short-ovate and coarsely dentate, 3.5-
6.5 cm. wide, 3-6 cm. long, petioles 2-5 cm. long, pubescent; racemes 3-7
cm. long, mostly drooping, borne among the leafy shoots, pedicels mostly
glandular, flowers flat, 6-9 mm. broad, calyx yellowish-green, the lobes
oval and narrowed below the middle, 1-2 mm. long, petals narrowly
wedge-shaped, style cleft partly down ; fruit a red juicy berry : vulgare,
common.

The common cultivated currant, sometimes escaping from cultivation.
Native of Europe and naturalised from thence. Blossoms in May and
June, fruit ripe in July.

Ribes hudsonianum Richardson 1823 Northern Black Currant

Shrub with erect, unarmed branches, bark grayish, peeling off in thin
layers; leaves broader than long, 3-5 lobed, the lobes obtuse or acute, more
or less pubescent and resinous dotted beneath, 2.5-10 cm. wide, petioles 1-7
cm. long; racemes short, upright or spreading, from the same buds as the
leaves, 3-10 cm. long, about 2 cm. in diameter, flowers numerous, white,
5-6 mm. long, calyx broadly campanulate, its lobes 2 mm. long, tube less
than 2 mm. long, stamens short, not exserted ; fruit smooth and black, 4-6
mm. in diameter : hudsonianum, found about Hudson's Bay.

In swamps, northern and northeastern part of the state. Distributed
from Hudson's Bay westward and northward. Blossoms in June, fruit
ripe in August.

19^

SAXIFRAGE FAMILY
Ribes floridum L'H e r i t i e r 1784 Wild Black Currant

Shrub with erect, unarmed branches, bark gray or grayish ; leaves some-
what heart-shaped, 3-5 lobed, the lobes acutish, doubly serrate, glabrous
above, somewhat pubescent below, 2.5-7 cm. wide, petioles 2-4 cm. long;
racemes appearing from the same buds as the leaves, pubescent, 3-8 cm.
long, the elongated bracts persistent, flowers yellow and whitish, calyx
tubular-campanulate, 8-10 mm. long, smooth, sepals spreading, longer than
the petals ; fruit black, smooth, 6 mm. in diameter : floridum, flowery.

I^.aureurr?

Tlibe^s lacufifre

In rich woods, thickets and banks, throughout the wooded part of the
state. Distributed from New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, south to Va.,
Ky., la. and Neb. Blossoms in May, fruit ripe in August.

Ribes aureum Piirsh 1814 Golden Currant Buffalo Currant

Tall unarmed shrub, 1-2 m. high; bark gray or brown, peeling off on
the old branches; leaves broadly wedge-shaped or truncate at the base,
3-5 lobed, pubescent and ciliate or at length glabrous, thick, convolute

HAMAMELIS 193

in buds, 2-5 cm. long, petioles 1-3 cm. long, puberulent ; racemes 3-5 cm.
long, leafy-bracted, few-flowered, flowers golden yellow, spicy scented, 12-
24 mm. long, calyx-tube cylindric, 3-4 times as long as the spreading or
reflexed lobes, petals pink, erect, 2-2.5 mm. long, stamens short, slightly
exserted ; berries black or yellow : a u r e u m, golden.

Along banks of streams, probably native in the southwestern part of
the state. Extensively cultivated as an ornamental shrub and occasionally
escaped. Distributed from Minn. ( ?) through Mo. and Ark. westward
to Saskatchewan, eastern Washington and Oregon. Blossoms in May,
fruit ripe in July and August.

Hamamelidaceae Witch-Hazel Family

Shrubs or trees with alternate simple leaves and deciduous stipules,
flowers in heads or spikes, often polygamous or monoecious, calyx adher-
ing to the base of the pistil, 4-5 parted or lobed, petals 4-many or none,
long and narrow, stamens 4-many, distinct, pistil compound, carpels 2,
united at base; fruit a two-beaked, two-celled, woody capsule, opening at
the summit, with 1 -several bony seeds in each cell.

Hamamelis L i n n e 1753 Witch-Hazel
(Greek name for some tree)

Tall shrubs or small trees, with alternate, toothed, straight-veined
leaves ; flowers in small axillary clusters, bright yellow, surrounded by
a scale-like 3-leaved involucre, appearing in late summer or autumn, calyx
4-parted, persistent, adnate to the base of the ovary, petals 4, narrow,
strap shaped, stamens 8, short, the 4 opposite the petals imperfect and
scale like, pistil 2-celled, styles 2, short; fruit a woody capsule, opening
by two valves at the top.

A genus of 3 species, one native of eastern North America, the others
of Japan.

Hamamelis virginiana L i n n e 1753 Witch-Hazel

A branching shrub 2-4 meters (6-12 feet) high, twigs with slightly
scurfy or smooth bark ; leaves short petioled, obovate or oval, wavy toothed
and stellate pubescent at least when young, 6-15 cm. long, 4-10 cm. wide;
flowers appear in autumn when the leaves are falling and while previous
fruit remains ; seeds mature the summer after the flowering : v i r g i n i -
a n a, Virginian.

194

WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY

In damp woods in the extreme southeastern corner of the state. Dis-
tributed from Nova Scotia to Florida, west to eastern Minn, and Texas.
Blossoms in September and October, fruits the following summer.

Wood is hard, light brown and streaked with red, weighs 43 lbs.
The bark is astringent and is used in the form of fluid extracts and
decoctions, but is not known to have any essential properties.

Celastrales Bittersweet Order
Celastraceae Bittersweet Family

Shrubs or twining woody vines with simple alternate or opposite
leaves; flowers small, regular, in cymes or racemes, sepals 4-5, more or

EUONYMUS— CELASTRUS 195

less united, petals 4-5, stamens 4-5 alternate with the petals, borne on
a fleshy disk which fills the bottom of the calyx, ovary 3-5 celled; fruit
fleshy, dehiscent, seeds arilled, remaining on till late in the winter.

KEY TO THE GENEUA

1. Shrub with opposite leaves, flowers in cymes,

fruit lobed Euonymus

2. Twining vine, leaves alternate, flowers in

racemes Celastrus

Euonymus L i n n e 1753
(Gr. e u, good, o n o m a, name, of doubtful application)

Shrubs with opposite, simple, petioled, serrate leaves; branchlets four-
sided ; cjones axillary, several-flowered, 4-6 cm. long, borne on the season's
growth, flowers flat, 7-10 mm. wide, sepals 4-5, united at the base, petals
4-5, rounded, spreading, about 3 mm. long, stamens 4-5, usually borne on
the top of a flat disk which adheres to the calyx, ovary 3-5 celled; fruit
3-5 lobed, loculicidal, seeds 1-3 in each cell.

A genus of 65 species, of the north temperate zone, besides the follow-
ing, two occur in Eastern North America and two in California.

Euonymus atropurpureus J a c q u i n 1772 Burning Bush, Wahoo

A shrub, sometimes tree-like, 3-4 m. high, bark greenish-gray ; leaves
oval, oblong, tapering at the base, long acuminate at the apex, finely ser-
rate, glabrous above, puberulent beneath, 5-14 cm. long, 2.5-5.5 cm. wide,
petioles 1-1.5 cm. long; flowers in cymes, purplish, inconspicuous; fruit
3-5 lobed, pinkish, dehiscent, seeds with crimson aril: atropurpure-
u s, deep purple.

Common throughout the southern part of the state and reported as
far north as Clay county in the Red River Valley. Distributed from New
York to Minnesota, Nebraska, southward and westward. Frequently
planted as an ornamental shrub on account of the brilliant scarlet fruits
which remain on the tree for several months during the fall and winter.

Celastrus L i n n e 1753
(Greek name of some evergreen)

Shrubs, mostly climbing ; leaves alternate, thin, deciduous ; flowers in
terminal or axillary racemes, or paniculate, inconspicuous, dioecious or
polygamo-dioecious, calyx 5-lobed, petals 5, inserted below or along the

196

BITTERSWEET FAMILY

£.uor?yr?7usj afropurpureus CelaSiTrufi ^carrdens*

margin of the disk, stamens in the staminate flowers 5, in the sinuses of
the disk, ovary 2-4 lobed and 2-4 celled, two ovules in each cell; capsule
2-4 celled, dehiscejit into as many valves, 1-2 seeds in each cell, each with
a scarlet aril.

A genus of about 30 species, one of which occurs in North America,
the others are found in Asia, Australia and Madagascar.

Celastrus scandens L i n n e 1753 Shrubby or Climbing Bittersweet

A twining woody vine climbing up trees to a height of 8-10 m., some-
times trailing on the ground, bark gray or brownish, smooth; leaves alter-
nate, appearing 2-ranked by the twisting of the stem, ovate to obovate, or
ovate-lanceolate, narrowed or rounded at the base, acuminate at the apex,
crenulate-serrate, thin, glabrous on both sides, 5-10 cm. long, 3-5 cm.

RHAMNUS 197

wide, petioles 1-2 cm. long; flowers in terminal racemes or panicles, yel-
lowish-green, 8-9 mm. broad, sepals short, triangular, petals 3-4 mm. long,
crenulate ; fruit a yellow, globular capsule, about 1 cm. in diameter, seeds
with scarlet aril : scandens, climbing.

In woods, common throughout the southern half of the state, less fre-
quent northward. Distributed from Quebec to North Carolina, especial-
ly along the mountains, west to Manitoba, Kan., Okla. and New Mexico.
Often planted as a climber on trellises, porches, etc. Sometimes it is
troublesome among young trees as it encircles and strangles them. Blos-
soms in June, fruit ripe in September and persisting through the winter.

Rhamnaceae Buckthorn Family

Erect or climbing shrubs or small trees, often thorny; leaves mostly
alternate, simple, stipulate, often prominently 3-5 nerved; flowers in
axillary or terminal cymes or racemes, small and regular, perfect or polyg-
amous, calyx-tube obconic or cylindric, sepals 4 or 5, small, petals 4-5,
inserted on the calyx-tube or lacking, stamens 4-5, in front of the
petals, disk fleshy; ovary free from or immersed in the disk, 3-5 (mostly
3) celled, one ovule in each cell; fruit a drupe or capsule, mostly 3-
celled, seeds solitary in each cell.

KEY TO THE GENERA

1. Calyx and disk free from the ovary, fruit a

drupe Rhamnus

2. Calyx and disk adherent to base of ovary, fruit

a dry capsule Ceanothus

Rhamnus Linne 1753 Buckthorn
(Gr. r h a m n o s, buckthorn)

Shrubs or small trees with alternate or sometimes opposite, simple,
pinnately-veined leaves; flowers in axillary racemes, panicles or cymes,
perfect or polygamous, greenish, calyx-tube campanulate, lined with a
disk, 4-5 toothed, petals 4-5, small, short-clawed, notched at the end and
hooded or globose, sometimes lacking, disk free from the ovary, stamens
4-5, in front of the petals, short, ovary 3-4 celled, style 3-4 cleft; fruit a
berry-like drupe, oblong or globose, containing 3-4 nutlet-like seeds.

A genus of about 75 species, native of temperate and warm regions.
Five of these occur in eastern and six in the western parts of North
America.

198

BUCKTHORN FAMILY
Key to the Species

1. Flower parts in 4's, petals present, large shrub

or tree

2. Flower parts in 5's, petals lacking, low shrub

R. cathartic a
R. a! ni folia

Rhamnus cathartica L i n n e 1753 Buckthorn

A shrub or small tree 2-6 m. high; bark brown, twigs often ending
in stout thorns; leaves alternate or sometimes opposite, ovate or elliptic,
rounded or narrowed at the base, obtuse or acuminate at the apex, mi-
nutely serrate, glabrous, 3-6 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, petioles 1-2 cm.
long ; flowers clustered in the axils of the leaves, dioecious, greenish, about
4 mm. broad, sepals 4, spreading or reflex, lanceolate, 2 mm. long, petals
4, minute, erect, about the same length as the stamens, pedicels 5-8 mm.
long, slender; fruit a globose drupe about 8 mm. in diameter, with 3-4
grooved nutlets : cathartica, purgative.

"Rhai^nus calharTica

Frequently planted for hedges. Introduced from Europe and native
of that continent and Asia. Flowers in May and June, fruits ripe in
August and September. The leaves remain green and are retained on
the shrubs until very late in the autumn.

RHAMNUS— CEANOTHUS 199

Rhamnus alnifolia L'H e r i t i e r 1788 Dwarf Alder

A small shrub 3-6 dm. high, thornless ; bark gray or dark on the old
branches, young twigs puberulent ; leaves alternate, ovate to elliptic,
rounded or narrowed at the base, acute or obtuse at the apex, crenate-ser-
rate, glabrous above, puberulent along the veins beneath, 4-10 cm. long, 2-
5 cm. wide, veins nearly straight, in 4-6 pairs, petioles 4-10 mm. long;
flowers 1-3 in the axils of the leaves and appearing with them, green,
small, 2-3 mm. broad, mostly dioecious, sepals 5, about 1 mm. long, petals
lacking, pedicels slender, 4-5 mm. long, fruit a black ovoid or globose
drupe, about 6 mm. in diameter, nutlets 3 : alnifolia, leaves as in
Alnus, the alder.

Mostly in tamarack swamps throughout the northern half of the
state and as far south as Minneapolis. Distributed from Newfoundland
to British Columbia, south to New Jersey, Pa., 111., Neb., Wyo., etc.
Blossoms in May and June, fruit ripe in July and August.

Ceanothus Linne 1753
(Ancient Greek name for some plant)

Low bushes or shrubs with alternate, simple, petioled leaves ; flowers
white, blue or yellow, in small umbel-like clusters forming dense panicles
or corymbs at the summit of naked flower branches, calyx-tube top-
shaped, sepals 5, incurved, petals 5, hooded, spreading with slender claw,
longer than the calyx lobes, attached under the disk, stamens 5, filaments
elongated, ovary sunk in the disk, 3-celled, styles 3, short ; fruit a dry
capsule, 3-lobed, splitting lengthwise at maturity into 3 nutlets.

A genus of 35 species, natives of North America and Mexico, only
the two following within our range.

Key to the Species

1. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, pubescent C. aincricanus

2. Leaves oblong or narrowly oval, or elliptic-

lanceolate, nearly smooth C. ovafiis

Ceanothus americanus Linne 1753 New Jersey Tea

Branching shrub, 3-9 dm. high, several branches from a deep reddish
root, lower branches dark brown, upper ones densely puberulent or rusty-
colored ; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse or cordate at the base,
acute at the apex, finely serrate, pubescent on both sides especially along

200

BUCKTHORN FAMILY

Cear7othu5i

C.ar7?ericar?uSi

the veins, with three principal nerves, 3-10 cm. long, 2.5-5.5 cm. broad,
petioles 6-12 mm. long; peduncles several, axillary and terminal, naked
or with one or two leaves just below the flowers, 10-15 cm. long; flowers
very numerous, white, small, about 2 mm. broad, pedicels 7-8 mm. long,
petals long and narrow clawed ; fruit globose, depressed, faintly 3-lobed,
splitting into 3 valves : a m e r i c a n u s, American.

CEANOTHUS 2or

Common throughout the state, except far northward. Distributed
from central Maine to Ontario and Manitoba, south to Florida and Texas.
The leaves were used for tea during the American revolution. This small
shrub has a thick, gnarled root, often 15-20 cm. in diameter. Flowers in
July, fruit ripe in September.

Ceanothus ovatus Desfontaines 1809 Smaller Red-root

A shrub 3-6 dm. high, much branched, nearly glabrous throughout ;
leaves narrowly oval or elliptic-lanceolate, narrowed or rounded at the
base, obtuse at the apex, finely and sharply glandular-serrate, glabrous
or slightly pubescent along the principal veins, 2-5 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm.
wide, petioles about 5 mm. long ; peduncles short, nearly always terminal ;
flowers in dense, umbel-like clusters, white, about 5 mm. broad, pedicels
10-15 mm. long; fruit globose, slightly flattened at the top, faintly 3-
lobed : ovatus, egg-shaped.

Probably throughout the state but less common than the preceding.
Distributed from Vt. and eastern Mass. to Manitoba, Minn., 111. and
south to Texas. Blossoms in June, fruit ripe in September.

Var. pubescens Torrey and Gray 1878.

This variety has leaves permanently sordid-tomentose, it occurs in the
southern part of the state.

Vitaceae Grape Family

Climbing or erect shrubs with watery acid juice; leaves alternate,
simple, palmately veined or lobed, or compound ; tendrils and flower-clus-.
ters opposite the leaves; flowers in panicles, racemes or cymes, small,
regular, greenish, perfect or polygamo-dioecious ; calyx entire or 4-5
lobed, petals 4-5, separate or coherent, valvate, often falling off when
flowers open, stamens 4-5, opposite the petals, filaments short, disk present
or sometimes lacking, ovary 2-celled, generally immersed in the disk,
ovules 1-2 in each cavity; fruit a 2-celled berry, seeds usually 4, seed-
coat bony.

KEY TO THE GENERA

1. Hypogynous disk present, petals deciduous as

they open Vitis

2. Hypogynous disk lacking, petals not deciduous

as they open Parthenocissus

202

GRAPE FAMILY

Vitis L i n n e 1753
(The classical Latin name of the Vine)

Climbing or trailing woody vines, rarely shrubby, mostly with tendrils ;
leaves simple, (in our species), usually palmately lobed or dentate; flow-
ers in a compound thyrse, very fragrant, mostly dioecious or polygamo-
dioecious, calyx very short, usually with a nearly entire border or none
at all, petals 5, separating only at the base and falling without expanding,
hypogynous disk of 5 nectar-bearing glands, alternate with the stamens;
fruit a globose or ovoid berry, few-seeded and pulpy, seeds with a beak-
like base.

A genus of about 40 species, natives of warm and temperate regions.
In addition to the following some other species occur in the southern and
Avestern parts of the United States.

\|.labrus>ca.

Key to the Species

1. Lower leaf surface velvety or woolly, berries

large, cultivated V. Labriisca

2. Lower leaf surface nearly smooth, berries small, V . vulpina

native.

VITIS 203

Vitis Labrusca L i n 11 e 1753 Northern Fox-grape

Climbing or twining vines, often ascending tall trees, stems sometimes
becoming 6-12 cm. in diameter, bark loose and separating into strips,
twigs rusty-pubescent, especially when young ; leaves opposite the tendrils,
cordate, dentate or deeply lobed, with rounded sinuses, upper surface
glabrous or nearly so when mature, tawny or rusty-pubescent beneath, 4-12
cm. long, 5-14 cm. wide, petioles 5-10 cm. long, rusty-pubescent; fertile
flowers in compact panicles, 6-10 cm. long, staminate inflorescence looser,
flowers yellowish-green, fragrant ; berries black or brownish-purple, with
a bloom, 10-15 mm. in diameter, borne in compact bunches, strongly
musky : Labrusca, the wild grapevine.

Occurs in moist or dry thickets, from New England to the Allegheny
Mountains, south to Georgia, also in northwestern Indiana.

This species has given rise, through cultivation, to the Isabella, Ca-
tawba, Concord and other varieties of grapes. Flowers in May or early
June, fruit ripe in September.

Vitis vulpina L i n n e 1753 River bank or Frost Grape

Climbing or trailing vine, ascending high, into tall trees, stems 2-10
cm. in diameter, with loose, fissured bark ; leaves alternate, the upper
ones opposite tendrils or inflorescences, cordate, mostly 3-7 lobed, with
broad sinuses, coarsely toothed, glabrous or with scattered hairs along the
veins beneath, 6-20 cm. long, 5-15 cm. broad, petioles 5-10 cm. long;
inflorescences paniculate, rather loose, 8-12 cm. long, flowers small, green-
ish, petals falling as flower opens, very fragrant; fruit a bluish-black
berry, with bloom, 6-10 mm. in diameter, very juicy and sour : vulpina,
pertaining to a fox.

Common throughout the state. Distributed from New Brunswick to
W. Va., westward to North Dakota and Kan. The wild grape vine is
sometimes grown as a climber on porches, pergolas, etc. The fruit is used
in making wine and preserves. Blossoms in May and June, fruit ripens
from September to November.

Parthenocissus P 1 a n c h o n 1887 Virgin's Bower Woodbine
(Gr. p a r t h e n o s, virgin, c i s s o s, ivy)

Climbing or trailing woody vines with alternate, digitately compound
or simple lobed leaves, tendrils tipped with adhesive expansions or disks,
or sometimes only' coiling; inflorescence a compound cyme or panicle,

\\'oodbine, on elm trees, in Houston County

PARTHENOCISSUS 205

flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious, calyx slightly 5-lobed, petals thick
and concave, expanding before dropping off, disk obsolete or wanting in
our species, stamens 5, ovary 2-celled, ovules 2 in each cavity; fruit a
globose, 1-4 seeded berry, flesh thin, inedible.

A genus of about 10 species natives of eastern North America and
. Asia.

Key to the Species

1. Leaves simple and lobed or some 3-foliate P. triciispidata

2. Leaves all palmately compound 5-7-foliate

a. Tendrils with 5-12 branches, mostly with ad-

hesive disks, leaflets much paler beneath P. quinquefolia

b. Tendrils with 2-5 branches, mostly without

adhesive disks, leaflets not much paler be-
neath. P. vitacca

Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Siebold tSc Zuccarini) P 1 a n c h o n

1887 Boston Ivy

A high climbing vine, when growing on walls very closely appressed,
young shoots and foliage pinkish, with scattered granules of wax, tendrils
short and much-branched, adhesive disks large and numerous ; leaves
mostly simple, 3-lobed and palmately veined, more rarely 3-foliate, very
coarsely toothed, the teeth mucronate-tipped and bristly-ciliate, both sur-
faces with a few scattered short, stiff hairs, the simple leaves cordate at
the base, acute at the apex, 5-9 cm. long, 5-8 cm. wide, leaflets of the
compound leaves 5-7 cm. long, the two lateral ones oblique at the base,
petioles stout, 4-8 cm. long ; flowers in short-stalked racemes ; fruit a blue-
black berry : tricuspidata, three-toothed.

This species is not entirely hardy in Minnesota and is able to endure
our winters without injury only when growing in well protected situations.
Very extensively cultivated in the cities of the eastern states. Native of
China and Japan.

Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Linne) Planchon 1887 Virginia

Creeper Woodbine

Ampelopsis quinquefolia Michaux 1803

Psedera quinquefolia (Linne) Greene 1906

A high climbing or trailing woody vine, stem sometimes 2>-6 cm. in
diameter, tendrils opposite the leaves, 5-12-branched, mostly ending in ad-
hesive disks; leaves petioled, 5-7-foliate, leaflets stalked, oval-elliptic or

"P u'ltacea

ParTbeaociiSiua

PARTHENOCISSUS 207

oblong lanceolate, coarsely serrate, dull green above, much paler beneath,
glabrous throughout, 4-12 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide; inflorescence panicu-
late, 6-12 cm. long, rather loose, its main branches unequal, flowers small,
greenish, about 6 mm. broad, calyx forming a shallow cup, petals spread-
ing or reflexed, about 2.5 mm. long, stamens erect, slightly shorter than
the petals; fruit a blue-black berry, not very fleshy, 6-7 mm. in diameter:
quinquefolia, five-leaved.

In woods and thickets throughout the state. Distributed from N. H.
to Quebec and Manitoba, south to Fla., Tex. and Mexico. Blossoms in
June, fruit ripe in September.

Extensively planted as a climber on porches, fences, walls, etc. Called
Parthenocissus or Ampelopsis Engelmannii by horticul-
turists.

Var. Saint Paulii Rehder 1905

Somewhat pubescent upon the younger leaves and shoots, aerial roots
numerous, leaflets cuneate to a sessile or scarcely petiolulate base, cymules
somewhat racemosely arranged.

Occurs in the southeastern part of the state and probably as far north
as St. Paul. Distributed from 111. to Iowa and southwestward.

Parthenocissus vitacea Hitchcock 1894

A high climbing or trailing vine, tendrils with 2-5 long twining branch-
es, these only very rarely ending in adhesive disks, no aerial rootlets ;
leaves petioled, digitately compound, leaflets 5-7, ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
cuneate or slightly rounded at the base, acute at the apex, coarsely dentate,
deep green, thin, somewhat shining above, scarcely paler beneath, glabrous
or slightly pubescent, 4-13 cm. long, 2-8 cm. wide, petioles 5-10 mm. long;
inflorescences regularly dichotomous, flat-topped, peduncles 4-8 cm. long,
the first branches nearly equal, flowers greenish, about 5 mm. in diameter,
calyx entire, shallow petals spreading or reflexed; fruit obovoid, bluish
black, 6-10 mm. in diameter, somewhat fleshy, at least more so than in
the preceding : vitacea. like the grape-vine.

Common throughout the state. Distributed from Me. to Assiniboia
and south to Tex. Planted to some extent, the leaves turn a brilliant scar-
let in the fall becoming very showy.

Thymelaeaceae Leatherwood Family

Shrubs or trees with very tough, acrid inner bark; leaves alternate,
simple and entire ; flowers in racemes or capitate clusters or borne singly.

2o8 LEATHERWOOD FAMILY

regular and mostly perfect, calyx tubular, colored and corolla-like, petals
none (in our genera), stamens usually twice as many as the calyx-lobes
or fewer, inserted on the calyx-tube and longer than its lobes, ovary 1-
celled, ovule 1, style short or elongated; fruit a berry-like drupe.
The family is represented by only one genus within the state.

Dirca L i n n e 1753 Leatherwood Moosewood

(D i r c a, perhaps from the name of a region in Thebes)

Branching shrubs with tough, fibrous bark, branchlets jointed; leaves
alternate, thin, short-petioled ; flowers 2-4 in a cluster, appearing before
the leaves, subtended by an involucre of hairy bud scales, calyx corolla-
like, tubular-funnel-shaped, obscurely 4-lobed, petals lacking, stamens in-
serted on the calyx-tube about the middle, twice as many as the lobes, the
alternate ones longer, filaments very slender, disk lacking, ovary nearly
sessile, 1 -celled, style filiform, long-exserted ; fruit a red, oval-oblong
drupe.

A genus of 2 species, one in the southeastern United States, the other
in California.

Dirca palustris L i n n e 1753 Leatherwood

A branching shrub, 0.5-2 m. high, bark on stem brownish, the twigs
yellowish-green, jointed, wood white and brittle, inner bark unusually
tough, bud scales hairy, becoming very large when flowers and leaves un-
fold; leaves alternate, oval or oblong, rounded at the base, blunt at the
apex, entire, glabrous in age, pubescent when young, 3-8 cm. long, 1.5-5

ELAEAGNUS 209

cm. wide, petioles about 2 nim. long ; flowers appearing in clusters of
2-5 before the leaves, nearly sessile, the yellowish calyx about 1 cm. long;
drupe oval-oblong, red, 10-12 mm. long: p a 1 u s t r i s, marshy.

Common in the northeastern part of the state and westward as far as
the White Earth Indian Reservation and Lake of the Woods, infrequent
throughout the wooded area southward. Distributed from New Bruns-
wick to Minn., southward to Va. and Mo. Blossoms in April and May,
fruit ripe in August. The bark was used by the Indians for making
thongs ; it produces violent vomiting if taken internally and is an irritant
to the skin if applied externally.

Elaeagnaceae Oleaster Family

Shrubs or trees, mostly silvery scaly or stellate pubescent ; leaves en-
tire, opposite or alternate ; flowers in clusters or rarely solitary, in the axils
of the leaves or at the nodes of twigs of the preceding season, calyx of the
perfect or pistillate flowers urn-shaped, 4-lobed or cleft, upper part decidu-
ous, stamens 4 or 8, those of the perfect flowers inserted on the throat of
the calyx, filaments short, disk round or lobed, ovary 1 -celled, ovule 1,
erect, style slender; fruit drupe-like, the lower part of the calyx becom-
ing fleshy and enclosing the achene.

KEY TO THE GENERA

1. Flowers perfect, stamens 4, leaves alternate Elaeagnus

2. Flowers dioecious, stamens 8, leaves opposite Shepherdia

Elaeagnus L i n n e 1753
(Gr. e 1 a e a, olive, a g n o s, chaste-tree)

Shrubs or trees with silvery-scaly branches and foliage; leaves simple,
alternate and petioled; flowers borne singly or in clusters of 2-4 in the
axils of the leaves, short-stalked, perfect, or staminate and pistillate,
calyx tubular, slightly constricted just above the ovary, campanulate and
4-lobed, deciduous, stamens 4, inserted on the upper part of the calyx-
tube ; fruit drupe-like, fleshy or mealy, inclosing the ellipsoid achene.

A genus of about 20 species, natives of Europe, Asia, North America
and Australia.

Key to the Species

1. Twigs with brown scales, thornless, native shrub E. argentea

2. Twigs without brown scales, often thorny, cul-

tivated tree E. angnstifolia

£la.edL(5nu.s atden-tTecL

ELAEAGNUS— SHEPHERDIA 2ii

Elaeagnus argentea P u r s h 1814 Silver-berry

A much branched, unarmed shrub, 1-4 m. high, stoloniferous, branches
covered with ferruginous scales, becoming silvery; leaves oblong-ovate or
oval-lanceolate, rounded at the base, blunt or acute at the apex, densely
silvery-scurfy on both sides, 3-7 cm. long, 1-3.5 cm. wide, petioles 3-5 mm.
long; flowers fragrant, silvery on the outside, yellow on the inside, 10-14
mm. long, lobes of the calyx triangular, about 3 mm. long ; fruit 1 cm.
long, the achene 8-striate : argentea, silvery.

Native in the northwestern part of the state. Distributed from Quebec
to Hudson's Bay and British Columbia, south to Minn., South Dakota and
Utah. Blossoms from May to July, fruit ripe July to August.

Elaeagnus angustifolia L i n n e 1753 Russian Olive

A tall shrub or more often a small tree, sometimes attaining a height
of 10-16 m. (30-50 feet) often spiny, the bark on last year's twigs smooth
and olive-colored, young shoots silvery gray and densely covered with stel-
late hairs ; leaves alternate, entire, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, slightly
narrowed at the base, obtuse or acutish at the apex, grayish-green with
scattered peltate-stellate hairs on the upper surface, silvery gray beneath,
2.5-8 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide, petioles about 1 cm. long; flowers axillary,
solitary or in groups of 2-3, calyx tubular-campanulate, about 1 cm. long,
8-9 mm. broad, 4-lobed, silvery gray on the outside, lemon-colored within,
very fragrant, petals lacking, stamens very short, inserted near the throat
of the calyx, pedicels 2-3 mm. long ; fruit oblong-ovoid : angustifolia,
narrow-leaved.

Entirely hardy and extensively planted as an ornamental shrub or
tree on account of the silvery gray foliage and fragrant flowers. Native
of Europe. Blossoms in June, fruit ripe in September.

Shepherdia N u 1 1 a 1 1 1818
(Named for John Shepherd, an English Botanist)

Shrubs or small trees, twigs brown, or silvery-scurfy or stellate-pubes-
cent ; leaves opposite, petioled ; flowers small, dioecious or sometimes polyg-
amous, in fascicles or short spikes, at the nodes of the shoots of the pre-
ceding season, or axillary; calyx of pistillate flowers urn-shaped, 4-lobed,
inclosing the ovary and becoming berry-like in fruit, disk 8-lobed, calyx
of staminate flower 4-parted, valvate in bud, stamens 8, disk many-lobed,

212

OLEASTER FAMILY

style slender, stigma one-sided ; fruit berry-like, the fleshy calyx inclosing
an achene or nutlet.

A genus of three known species two of which occur within the state,
the other western.

Key to the Species

1. Leaves ovate or oval, green above, silvery be-

neath, thornless shrub. S. caiiadensis

2. Leaves oblong, silvery on both sides, mostly

thorny shrub, S. argentea

S.a£ge.ritea || Shephecdid-.x^ S.ccinadeRSis

Shepherdia canadensis (Linne) Nuttall i8i8 Canadian Buffalo-
berry

Lepargyraea canadensis (Linne) Greene 1890

A spreading shrub 1-3 m. high, thornless, bark gray, young shoots
brown-scurfy; leaves ovate or oval, rounded at the base, blunt at apex,
green and nearly smooth above, silvery beneath but with rusty scales, 2-6
cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, petioles 4-6 mm. long; flowers in short spikes
at the nodes of the twigs, yellowish, about 5 mm. wide, buds formed in
the summer with the leaves, expanding before or with the leaves next
spring, brown, about 1.5 mm. in diameter: fruit a yellowish berry, very
insipid or nauseous, about 4-6 mm. long : canadensis, Canadian.

This species occurs around Lake of the Woods and probably eastward
along the International Boundary. Distributed from Newfoundland to

SHEPHERDIA— ILEX 213

Alaska, south to Nova Scotia, Me., western N. Y., Mich., Wis. and
Minn. Blossoms April-June, fruit ripe July- August.

Shepherdia argentea N u 1 1 a 1 1 1818 Buffalo-berry
Lepargyraea argentea Greene 1890

Shrubs or small trees 1-6 m. high, more or less thorny, with gray bark
and brown or silvery-scurfy twigs ; leaves opposite, oblong-lanceolate or
cuneate-oblong, rounded at the base, obtuse at the apex, densely silvery-
scurfy on both sides, 2.5 cm. long, 6-15 mm. wide, petioles 5-10 mm. long;
liowers in clusters at the nodes of the twigs, yellowish ; fruit ovoid, red,
acid and edible, 4-6 mm. long : argentea, silvery.

Occurs in the wiestern and probably in the extreme northern part of
the state. Distributed from Manitoba and Minn, to Kansas and west-
ward. Planted to a considerable extent as an ornamental shrub or small
tree. Blossoms in May and June, fruit ripe July to August.

Ilicaceae Holly Family

Trees or shrubs with watery sap ; leaves simple, alternate, petioled,
often leathery in texture ; flowers in axillary clusters or borne singly, small,
regular, white or greenish, mostly polygamo-dioecious ; calyx 3-6 parted,
generally persistent, petals 4-6 or sometimes more, separate or slightly
united at the base, deciduous, stamens hypogynous, as many as the petals
or more, anthers cordate, disk lacking, ovary superior, 3-several celled,,
style short or none, ovules 1-2 in each cavity of the ovary; fruit a small
berry-like drupe enclosing several nutlets. «

Ilex L i n n e 1753
(Classial Latin name of the holly oak)

Shrubs or trees ; leaves alternate, entire or dentate or spiny-toothed,
sometimes leathery, stipules minute; flowers axillary, cymose or solitary,
perfect or polygamous, calyx small, 4-6 toothed, petals 4-6, separate or
united only at the base, oval or obovate, spreading, stamens as many as
the petals and attached to their base ; fruit a berry-like drupe containing
4-6 nutlets.

214

HOLLY FAMILY

A genus of about 160 species, mostly natives of America, some in Asia,
Africa and Australia. In addition to the following about 12 species occur
in the eastern and southeastern parts of the U. S.

Ilex verticillata (Linne) A. Gray 1856 Virginia Winter-berry

Black Alder

A shrub .5-6 m. high, with a smooth grayish bark, twigs glabrous or
slightly pubescent ; leaves oval, obovate, or oblong-lanceolate, acute at
the base, acute or acuminate at the apex, serrate, dark green and nearly
glabrous above, pubescent at least on the veins beneath, 4-11 cm. long,
1.5-4 cm. wide, petioles 8-12 mm. long; flowers mostly crowded, pedicels
about 3 mm. long, sepals ciliate on the margins, petals spreading or re-
flexed ; fruit a bright red drupe, 6-7 mm. in diameter : verticillata,
in wiiorls.

Common in swamps throughout the northern and northeastern parts
of the state, and occasionally as far south as Lake Pepin. Distributed
from Nova Scotia to Florida, west to western Ontario, Minn, and Mo.
Blossoms in June, fruit ripe in September.

STAPHYLEA 215

Sapindales Maple Order
Staphyleaceae Bladder-nut Family

Shrubs or trees with mostly opposite, odd-pinnate or 3-foliate leaves
with stipules; flowers perfect, in terminal or axillary clusters, sepals 5,
petals 5, stamens 5, alternate with the petals, inserted along the edge of
the conspicuous disk; fruit a bladdery capsule (in our species), seeds soli-
tary or few in each cavity of the ovary.

Staphylea Linne 1753 Bladdernut
(Gr. s t a p h y 1 e, cluster)

Shrubs with opposite 3-foliate or pinnate leaves ; flowers whitish,
in drooping terminal racemes or panicles; calyx deeply 5-parted. the lobes

2i6 SOAPBERRY FAMILY

erect, petals 5, erect, spatulate, pistil consisting of from 3-several carpels,
styles slightly cohering; fruit a 3-lobed, inflated capsule, dehiscent at the
summit, seeds hard and globose.

A genus of about six species of the north temperate zone. One other
species besides the following occurs in California.

Staphylea trifolia L i n n e 1753 American Bladdernut

A shrub 1-3 m. high, with grayish bark, branches greenish and striped;
leaves long-petioled, trifoliate, leaflets ovate to obovate, narrowed at the
base, acuminate at the apex, finely serrate, smooth above, pubescent at
least along the veins beneath, 4-10 cm. long, 2-6 cm. broad, the terminal
leaflet slightly larger than the two lateral ones; racemes 3-6 cm. long.
flowers 8-10 mm. long; fruit an inflated capsule, 3-6 cm. long, 2-3 cm. in
diameter : trifolia, three-leaved.

Frequent in moist thickets and ravines in the southern part of the
state, as far north as White Bear Lake and west as far as New Ulm. Dis-
tributed from western Quebec and western New England, west to Minn,
and south to South Carolina and Mo. Blossoms in May, fruit ripe July-
Aug.

Sapindaceae Soapberry Family

Trees or shrubs, rarely herbaceous plants, with watery sap ; leaves al-
ternate, or more rarely opposite, pinnately or palmately compound, with-
out stipules ; flowers polygamo-dioecious, regular or more commonly irreg-
ular, calyx-lobes 4-5, imbricated, petals 3-5, disk fleshy, stamens 5-10.
rarely more numerous, usually inserted on the disk, ovary 2-4-celled,
ovules 1 or more in each cavity; fruit various.

A large family of mostly tropical species.

Afcsculus L i n n e 1753 Horse-chestnut Buckeye

Trees or shrubs with opposite, digitately compound leaves, leaflets ser-
rate and straight-veined ; flowers in a terminal panicle, often polygamous,
most of them with imperfect pistils, calyx tubular, 5-lobed often gibbous
at the base, petals 4-5, unequal, stamens 8-10, (mostly 7), unequal in
length, ovary 3-celled, style 1, ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary, fruit
a leathery capsule, 3-valved, 3-seeded, or frequently only 1 -seeded, seeds
very large with thick shining coat and a large scar, cotyledons verv
thick and fleshy.

A genus of about 15 .spjecies natives of America and Asia.

AESCULUS

Key to the Species

1. Flowers white, spotted with yellow and pur-

ple, leaflets abruptly acuminate

2. Flowers vellow. leaves acuminate, bark fetid

2\-j

Ac. Hippocastamim
Ac. glabra

Aesculus Hippocastanum L i n n e 1753 Horse-chestnut

A medium-sized to large tree, 10-20 meters (30-65 feet) high, bark
brown, fissured into irregular, plate-like scales; leaves long-petioled, leaf-

fle^culufiHippocafiTanurr?

lets 5-7 (sometimes 3), obovate, narrowed towards the base, abruptlv acum-
inate at the apex, irregularly crenate-serrate, pubescent when young, gla-
brate when mature, 8-20 cm. long. 2.5-6 cm. wide, petioles 10-15 cm.
long; flowers numerous in large panicles, white, blotched with yellow,

2l8

SOAPBERRY FAMILY

showy, 12-15 mm. long, stamens exserted ; fruit globose, covered with
spines, seeds with a large, conspicuous scar : Hippocastanum, horse-
chestnut.

This species is cultivated to a slight extent in parks and yards, espe-
cially in the southeastern part of the state. Introduced from Asia via
Europe. It is grown very extensively farther south and east and occa-
sional! v found escaped from cultivation.

The wood is whitish slightly tinged with yellow, light, soft and very
close grained. Blossoms in May and June, fruit ripe in August and Sep.-
tember.

AESCULUS— ACER 219

Aesculus glabra W i 1 1 d e n o w 1809 Ohio Buckeye Fetid

Buckeye

A tree reaching a maximum height of about 16 m. (50 feet), bark of
trunk dark and furrowed, exhaling a fetid odor ; leaves opposite, long-
petioled, leaflets 5-7, oval, oblong or lanceolate, narrowed at the base,
acuminate at the apex, finely and sharply serrate, glabrous above, pubes-
cent in the axils of the veins beneath, 8-15 cm. long, 2.5-6 cm. wide,
petioles 7-15 cm. long; inflorescence a terminal panicle, 10-15 cm. long,
about 5 cm. in diameter, flowers numerous, pale yellow, about 15 mm.
long, calyx campanulate, petals 4, slightly unequal, stamens curved, ex-
serted ; fruit 2.5-3.5 cm. in diameter, very prickly when young, becoming
smoothish at maturity : glabra, smooth.

Frequently planted. Distributed in woods from the Alleghenies of
Pa. to Alabama, west to Mich, and Ind. The w-ood is soft and white, the
sap wood slightly darker, weighing 28 lbs. The timber is used for arti-
ficial limbs and several kinds of woodenware articles. Blossoms in April
and May. Fruit ripe in August and September.

Aceraceae Maple Family

Trees or shrubs with watery often sugary sap ; leaves opposite, simple
and palmately lobed or more rarely palmately or pinnately divided ; flow-
ers in axillary or terminal cymes, clusters or racemes, polygamous or dioe-
cious, regular, calyx mostly 5-parted, petals 5 or none, disk thick, round
or lobed, sometimes wanting, stamens 4-12, mostly 8, ovary 2-celled, 2-
lobed, styles 2, from between the lobes; fruit 2 long- winged samaras
united at the base, each 1 -seeded, cotyledons rolled up in the seed.

The family consists of two genera, Acer and Dipteronia. The lat-
ter differs frolrr Acer in the samara being winged all around. The genus
Acer contains a little over one hundred species, natives of the north tem-
perate zone.

Acer L i n n e 1753 Maple
( L. a c e r, maple tree)

Key to the Species

1. Leaves simple

a. Shrubs, flowers in racemes, or narrow pan-
icles, native .1. spicatiini

2_'o MAPLE FAMILY

b. Trees, flowers in panicles, corymbs or umbel-
like clusters, native and cultivated

( 1 ) Leaves pinnately-veined, irregularly ser-

rate, flowers in terminal panicles A. tataricuin

(2) Leaves palmately lobed, lobes coarsely

dentate-serrate or cut, or almost entire,
flowers in corymbs or umbel-like clus-
ters

(a) Flowers greenisb, appearing with the

leaves
X. Flowers in erect, flat-topped panicles,

wings of fruit long, spreading A. platanoides

y. Flowers in pendant, umbel-like clus-
ters, long-pedicelled, wings of fruit
short, not spreading
(x) Leaves with shallow lobing, sinus

at the base closed, petioles and ■

veins beneath pubescent A. nigniiii

(y) Leaves with deeper lobing, sinus
at the base shallow or none,
petioles glabrous A. sacchantm

(b) Flowers red or yellowish-red, appear-

ing from separate buds before the
leaves
X. Flowers yellowish-red, leaves deeply

5-lobed, lobes narrow at the base A. saccharinum

y. Flowers brilliant red, leaves about 3- . \

lobed, lobes not narrow at the base A. ruhriim
2. Leaves compound, flowers strictly dioecious A. negundo

Acer spicatum Lamarck 1786 Mountain Maple

A shrub 2-4 m. high, very rarely a small tree, bark green or greenish;
leaves mostly 3- (rarely 5-) lobed, coarsely^ serrate, cordate at the Lase,
lobes acute or taper-pointed, glabrate above, pubescent beneath. 6-12 cm.
long, 5-10 cm. wide, petioles 3-10 cm. long, inflorescence a raceme or nar-
row panicle, 7-10 cm. long, flowers greenish-yellow, 6-8 mm. broad; sam-
aras 2-2.5 cm. long, wings slightly divergent, 7-8 mm. wide : s p i c a t u m,
in spikes.

Moist or damp rocky woods, abundant in the northern and northeast-
ern part of the state, infrequent or local farther southward, collected at

Acer spicatum Mountain Maple.

222 MAPLE FAMILY

Winona, Brownsville, and other scattered localities in the southeastern
part of the state. Distributed from Newfoundland and Labrador to Hud-
son's Bay and Manitoba, south to New England, N. Y. the Great Lakes,
northeastern la. and the mountains of Georgia. The Avood is soft, light
reddish-brown and weighs 33 lbs. Blossoms in May and June, fruit ripe
in August and September.

Acer tataricum L i n n e 1753 Tatarian Maple

A small tree, 6-8 m. (18-24 feet) high; leaves ovate, slightly cordate
at the base, acute or acuminate at the apex, doubly and irregularly serrate
or sometimes obscurely lobed, glabrous above, sometimes pubescent along
the veins beneath, 5-8 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide; panicles narrow, erect or
ascending, 6-8 cm. long, flowers whitish, 6-7 mm. broad; samaras slightly
spreading, 3.5-4.5 cm. long, wings 10-12 mm. wide: tataricum, of
Tartary.

Frequently cultivated as an ornamental tree and perfectly hardy, native
of southeastern Europe. Blossoms in May, fruit ripe in August and
September.

Acer platanoides L i n n e 1753 Norway Maple

A large tree with spreading branches, sometimes attaining a height of
32 m. (100 feet),, leaves 5- rarely 7-lobed, slightly cordate at the base,
lobes coarsely toothed and acute-pointed, glabrous above, pubescent in the
angles of the veins beneath, 8-20 cm. wide, 7-15 cm. long, petioles 8-10
cm. long; inflorescence a corjTub, appearing with the leaves, 6-7 cm. broad,
glabrous; flowers yellowish-green, 10-12 mm. broad; samaras widely
spreading, 3-5 cm. long, wings 8-10 mm. wide; platanoides, like
the plane tree.

Grown in parks and along boulevards, sometimes escaping from culti-
vation in the East. Native of middle Europe and Asia Minor. Blossoms
in May, fruit ripe in autumn.

Several garden forms are recognized and are frequently planted in this
state.

Forma g 1 o b o s u m. Forming a globose head.

Forma Reitenbachi. Greenish-red when unfolding, turning dark
blood-red in late summer.

Forma S c h w e d 1 e r i. Leaves bright red when young, later turning
to dark green.

fleer X%

224 MAPLE FAMILY

Acer saccharum Marshall 1785 Sugar Maple Hard Maple

A large handsome tree, attaining a height of 30-40 m. (95-120 feet),
and a trunk diameter of 6-12 dm., bark of trunk furrowed and rough,
grayish-brown, separating into scales, the bark of branches and young
trees is smooth and pale gray, sometimes with whitish blotches; leaves
3-5 lobed, cordate, truncate or cuneate at the base, with rounded sinuses
and pointed, sparingly sinuate-toothed lobes, glabrous and dark green
above, brighter beneath and slightly hairy in the axils of the veins, 5-16
cm. long, 6-20 cm. broad, petioles 4-10 cm. long; flowers in imibellate,
drooping clusters, from terminal, leaf-bearing and lateral leafless buds,
pedicels long and very slender, hairy, calyx campanulate, greenish-yellow,
sepals hairy at the apex, about 4 mm. long, petals none, stamens in the
staminate flowers twice as long as the calyx, in the pistillate flower shorter
than the calyx; samaras slightly spreading, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, wings 8 mm.
wide : saccharum, sugar.

In rich woods common and in places abundant throughout the state,
except the extreme west. Distributed from southern Newfoundland
southward along the mountains to northern Georgia and western Florida,
westward to Lake of the Woods, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas and
Texas. Often planted as a shade tree. The wood is heavy and close-
grained, hard, tough, and takes a good polish. It has a high fuel value
and is much used as firewood. Forms w-ith the grain curled or contorted
are known as "curled" or "birdseye maple" and are much valued in cab-
inet making. The sap is the main source of "maple sugar." The Chip-
pewa Indians of the northern part of the state still make considerable
sugar from the sap. Blossoms in x-lpril and May, fruit ripe in July and
August.

Acer nigrum IM i c h a u x filius 18 10 Black Sugar Maple

A tree nearly as large as the preceding species, bark somewhat darker ;
leaves green and scarcely paler beneath, usually pubescent on the und'er
side and along the petiole, but not always so, lobes wider and usually
shorter than in the preceding species, not toothed, sinus at the base com-
monly closed, making the leaf appear peltate, stipules often conspicuous,
in all other respects like the sugar maple: nigrum, black.

In rich woods, common in southeastern corner of the state where it
seems to be quite distinct. Farther north it seems to grade into the
preceding species. The wood is essentially the same as in the sugar
maple and the sap is employed in the same wav.

ACER 225

Acer saccharinum Linne 1753 Soft Maple Silver Maple

A large tree attaining a height of 33 m. (100 feet), and a trunk di-
ameter of 10-14 dm., usually branched into 3-4 secondary stems, bark
furrowed, the surface separating into scales, reddish-brown, bark of sec-
ondary stems and large branches smooth and gray, leaves deeply 5-lobed
with narrow^ sinuses, lobes remotely and irregularly serrate, truncate or
slightly heart-shaped at the base, upper surface green and glabrous, lower
surface silvery white and more or less pubescent at least when young, 7-16
cm. long, 6-14 cm. wide, petioles 5-12 cm. long; flowers yellowish-red, in
nearly sessile, lateral clusters, appearing many days before the leaves, the
staminate and pistillate in separate clusters, sometimes on the same tree,
sometimes on different ones, calyx slightly 5-lobed, petals lacking, stamens
5-7, exceeding the calyx in the staminate flowers; samaras spreading,
pubescent when yoimg, about 5 cm. long, wings 12-14 mm. wide: sac-
c h a r i n u m, sugary.

Along streams and riverbanks, common southward and occurring scat-
tered northward to the upper Mississippi, Vermillion Lake, etc. Dis-
tributed from New Brunswick to Florida, west to Dakota, Nebraska and
Oklahoma. Very extensively planted as a shade and ornamental tree.
The wood is light brown in color, close-grained, strong and hard, weigh-
ing 33 lbs. It is easily worked and is used for furniture and for floors.
Sugar is made to a §light extent from the sap. Blossoms in March and
April, fruit ripe in June.

Acer rubrum Linne 1753 Red Maple Sv/amp Maple

A medium-sized, slender tree, 6-20 meters (18-65 feet) high and a
trunk diameter of 1-4 dm., bark of the stem gray, separating into flaky
ridges, twigs dark red and lustrous, leaves sharply 3-5 lobed, cordate or
truncate at the base, lobes acuminate, irregularly serrate or toothed,
green and glabrous above, paler and tomentose at least along the veins
beneath, 5-12 cm. long, 6-12 cm. wide, petioles 3-8 cm. long: flowers
monoecious or dioecious, crimson or yellowish, in lateral sessile clusters,
appearing long before the leaves, petals present, linear-oblong, stamens
3-7. in the pistillate flowers much reduced; fruits on drooping pedicels,
glabrous, samaras slightlv spreading, about 3 cm. long, 8-9 mm. wide :
rubrum, red.

In swamps and moist woods, abundant in the eastern part of the
state from the north as far south as Winona, west to the ^Vhite Earth
Indian Reservation and Redwood Falls. The wood is light brown in

ACER— RHUS 227

color, close-grained, heavy but not strong, weighing 39 lbs. It is used
in the manufacture of furniture. The bark is sometimes used in dyeing.
Blossoms in March and April, fruit ripe in June.

Acer negundo L i n n e 1753 Box Elder

A tree 12-20 m. (36-60 feet) high, usually dividing into a number of
stout, spreading branches, bark on trunk dark gray or brown, deeply
divided into broad, rounded ridges, leaves 3-5 foliate, with slender petioles,
leaflets ovate or oval, rounded or wedge-shaped at the base, acute or
acuminate at the apex, coarsely and irregularly serrate, sometimes 3-lobed.
glabrous or slightly pubescent, bright green above, paler beneath, 4-10
cm. long, 2-7 cm. broad; flowers dioecious, appearing with the leaves, the
staminate borne in umbel-like clusters from non-leafy shoots, the pistil-
late in terminal racemes on leafy shoots, small, greenish, the staminate
on long, hairy pedicels ; fruit in racemes, samaras slightly spreading, wings
4-5 cm. long, 10-14 mm. wide, greenish-yellow, falling in autumn or
persisting into the winter : negundo, of uncertain derivation.

Along banks of streams and lakes and along fences, edges of thickets,
etc. Common throughout the state especially southward and westward,
less frequent northeast. Distributed from Vt. to Manitoba, south to Fla.,
Tex., New Mexico and Mexico. Extensively planted as a shade tree
and wind break, especially in the prairie regions of the state. Reproduces
very easily from seed. The wood is creamy white in color, close-grained,
light, soft and not strong, used for fence posts, fire wood, and to a small
extent manufactured into furniture. The sap is used in some localities
for making maple sugar. Blossoms in April, fruit ripe in autumn.

Anacardiaceae Sumac Family

Trees or shrubs with acrid, resinous or milky sap ; leaves alternate,
rarely opposite; flowers small, regular, perfect or polygamous, calyx 3-5
cleft, petals 3-7, imbricated in the bud, sometimes lacking, stamens as
many or twice as many as the petals, inserted along the edge of a rounded
disc, ovary 1-5 celled, styles 1-3, ovule one in each cavity; fruit mostly a
small drupe, seed-coat crustaceous or bony.

Rhus L i n n e 1753 Sumac
(Gr. r h o u s, sumac)

Shrubs or trees with alternate, compound or simple leaves, stipules
none ; flowers in axillary or terminal panicles, greenish-white or yellow,

228 SUMAC FAMILY

small, polygamous, calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted, petals 5, spreading, stamens
5, inserted between the lobes of the disk, ovary 1-celled, 1 ovule, styles 3;
fruit a kind of dry drupe, small, 1 -seeded.

A genus of about 120 species, natives of warm and temperate regions.
The greatest number of species occur in South Africa. In addition to'the
following about 12 more species occur in the eastern, southern and west-
ern parts of the United States.

Key to the Species

1. Erect shrubs or trees, leaflets more than 3

a. Leaflets serrate, toothed or deeply lobed or

cut

( 1 ) Twigs and petioles hairy

(a) Leaflets serrate R. typhina

(b) Leaflets deeply cut or lobed R. typhina var.

laciniata

(2) Twigs and petioles smooth and glaucous

(a) Leaflets serrate R. glabra

(b) Leaflets deeply cut or lobed R. glabra var.

laciniata

b. Leaflets entire, fruit white R. Vernix

2. Vines or low shrubs, leaflets 3 R. toxicoilcndron

Rhus typhina L i n n e 1760 Staghorn Sumac
Rhus hirta Sudworth 1892

A shrub or sometimes a small tree reaching a height of 10 m., more
commonly 3-4 m., bark smooth and gray, twigs densely velvety-hairy;
leaves odd-pinnate, petioles pubescent, 15-30 cm. long, leaflets 11-31, ob-
long-lanceolate, rounded at the base, acuminate at the apex, sharply and
sometimes coarsely serrate, dark green and nearly glabrous above, paler
and pubescent beneath, sessile, 4-14 cm. long, 1.5-4.5 cm. broad; panicles
terminal, dense-flowered, 9-12 cm. long, flowers yellowish-green, polyg-
amous, 5-6 mm. broad ; drupe globose, about 4 mm. in diameter, thickly
covered with bright crimson, straight hairs : typhina, smoky.

In dry rocky soil. Occurs in the eastern part of the state from the
southern boundary northward to the Canadian border, extending west in-
to the Big Woods and to Martin County. Common in Pine County and
westward to Mille Lacs and Cass County. Distributed from eastern
.Quebec to southern Georgia, west to Minnesota, Mo. and Miss. The
w-ood is soft, greenish-yellow, weighing 27 lbs. The bark is rich in tannin.

RXaxiCode.nd.tan

Rhus X %

230 SUMAC FAMILY

Var. laciniata (Wood) R e h d e r Cut-leaf Sumac

With leaflets and bracts more or less deeply laciniately cut or toothed,
frequently planted as an ornamental shrub.

Rhus glabra L i n n e 1753 Scarlet Sumac Upland Sumac

A shrub or very rarely a small tree, 0.5-6 m. high, bark smooth and
grayish, twigs glabrous and somewhat glaucous, petioles often purplish,
glabrous; leaflets 11-31, oblong-lanceolate, rounded and slightly oblique
at the base, acuminate at the apex, sharply serrate, dark green and often
shining above, paler beneath, glabrous throughout, 4-10 cm. long, 1.5-3
cm. wide; panicles many-flowered, about 8-10 cm. long, puberulent when
young, flowers small, greenish, about 5 mm. broad; drupe globose, 3-4
mm. in diameter, covered with short, reddish acid hairs : glabra,
smooth.

In dry soil, common throughout the state except north of Lake Su-
perior where it is rare. Distributed from central Me. to British Columbia,
south to Fla., Miss, and Ariz. The leaves are sometimes used for tanning.
This species, like the preceding, often has the whole or a part of the
inflorescence changed into clusters of small leaves.

Var. laciniata (Carriere) Robinson

With leaves that are laciniately bipinnatifid to bipinnate, planted as an
ornamental shrub.

Rhus Vernix Linne 1753 Poison Sumac Poison Oak

A shrub or small tree sometimes reaching a height of 8 m., more com-
monly 2-4 m. high, bark gray, twigs greenish; leaves petioled, pinnate,
15-36 cm. long, leaflets 7-13, obovate or oval, or the lowermost ovate,
narrowed or rounded at the base, acute or acuminate at the apex, entire,
green on both sides, glabrous or slightly puberulent, 4-14 cm. long, 1.5-6
cm. wide; panicles axillary, numerous, long-peduncled, 10-17 cm. long,
flowers green, very small, about 2 mm. broad ; fruit yellowish-green,
smooth and shining, about 4 mm. in diameter : vernix, varnish.

Infrequent in swamps, reported from Houston and Winona counties,
occurs in Hennepin and Anoka counties and along the upper Mississippi.
Distributed from western Me. to western Ontario and Minn., south to
Fla.. Miss, and La.

RHUS

231

This species is said to be much more poisonous than the Poison Ivy
and should be avoided. Blossoms in May, fruit ripe in August.

Rhus toxicodendron L i n n e 1753 Poison Ivy Poison Oak
Rhus radicans Linne 1753

A low erect or suberect shrub, 0.3-1 m. high, bark gray with numerous
lenticels, twigs slightly pubescent; leaves pinnately trifoliate, petioles
5-25 cm. long, leaflets ovate to rhombic, mostly rounded at the base,
acuminate at the apex or sometimes blunt, margin entire, crenulate or ir-
regularly and coarsely few-toothed, mostly glabrous above, paler and
pubescent beneath, 7-14 cm. long, 4-10 cm. broad, petioles of lateral leaf-
lets about 5 mm. long; panicle rather loose, 6-12 cm. long, flowers green-
ish, small, about 4 mm. broad; fruit globose, greenish-yellow or whitish,
about 5 mm. in diameter, glabrous and shining, persistent through the
winter and in age becoming grooved : toxicodendron, poison-tree.

Abundant in thickets, woods, roadsides, hedgerows, etc. Common
throughout the state. Distributed from Nova Scotia to British Columbia
south to Florida, Ark. and Utah.

232 WALNUT FAMILY

The plant is very poisonous to the touch and causes serious inflamma-
tion of the skin. The irritation is caused by a non-volatile oil secreted
by the leaves and bark and found in all parts of the plant. The effect of
the oil can be neutralized by applications of sugar of lead dissolved in
alcohol. Blossoms in May and June, fruit ripe in autumn.

Rhus toxicodendron var. radicans (Linne) Torrey

Distinguished from the preceding by the climbing habit, sometimes
ascending high into trees by means of roots that attach themselves to the
bark. The stem sometimes attains a diameter of 3-6 cm.

In woods, thickets and along roadsides, in the southeastern part of
the state.

Juglandaceae Walnut Family

Trees with alternate, pinnately-compound leaves, stipules lacking ;
flowers monoecious, the staminate in catkins, the pistillate solitary, or 2-3
together in a cluster or spike, the staminate flowers consisting of 3-many
stamens and an irregular perianth, adnate to the bract, pistillate flower
with a 3-5 lobed regular perianth, adherent to the ovary, pistil consisting
of 2 carpels, ovule 1, basal, styles 2; fruit a kind of drupe with dehiscent
or indehiscent exocarp inclosing the bony endocarp (nut shell), nut in-
completely 2-4 celled, 1 seed, 2-4 lobed, cotyledons very much corrugated.

KEY TO THE GENERA

1. Husk indehiscent, nut rugose, pith of twigs chambered Juglans

2. Husk splitting into segments, nut smooth or angled, pith not cham-

bered Carya

Juglans Linne 1753
(L. Jo vis g 1 a n s, nut of Jupiter)

Trees with spreading branches, bark fragrant, buds superposed, twigs
with dark, chambered pith, leaves compound, odd-pinnate; staminate flow-
ers in drooping, cylindrical catkins, borne on the twigs of the previous
year, stamens 12-40, subtended by a bract and a 3-6 parted perianth, pistil-
late flowers borne singly or in clusters at the ends of the shoots produced
in the spring, calyx 4-parted, petals 4, in the sinuses of the calyx, adnate
to the ovary, styles 2, short, stigmas 2, large and fringed; drupe large,
globose or ovoid, the exocarp somewhat fleshy, iibrous and indehiscent,

JUGLANS

'-33

endocarp bony, rough or rugose, nut indehiscent or separating into two
valves in decaying.

A genus of about 8 species, natives of the north temperate zone, one in
the West Indies and one or two in the Andes of South America.

Staminate and pistillate flowers of Juglans cinerea

Key to the Species

1. Bark gray, fruit oblong, twigs and foliage

viscid-hairy /• cinerea

2. Bark dark brown, fruit globose, twigs and

foliage not viscid-hairy /• nigra

Juglans cinerea Curcernut

JUGLANS 235

Juglans cinerea Linne 1753 Butternut, White Walnut

A tree 15-30 meters (45-90 feet) high, with wide spreading branches,
bark of trunk divided into ridges, light brown or gray, young twigs glan-
dular-pubescent, leaves with glandular-pubescent petioles, 20-50 cm. long,
leaflets 11-17, oblong-lanceolate, round or cordate at the base, usually
unequal, acuminate at the apex, finely serrate except at the base, very
pubescent when young, permanently downy-pubescent beneath, 5-12 cm.
long, 2-5 cm. wide; staminate flowers in thick catkins, 5-8 cm. long, pistil-
late in 2-6 flowered spikes, flowers about 1 cm. long, stigma red, large and
fringed, 5-7 mm. long; fruit ovate-oblong, clammy, obscurely 2-4 ridged,
pointed, 4-6 cm. long ; nut deeply sculptured and rough with sharp ridges,
2 -celled at the base, seeds very oily and sweet : cinerea, ash-colored.

In rich woods and hillsides, common southward and southeastward,
not found southwest. Extends northward to the Snake River in Pine and
Kanabec Counties and to the north boundary of Aitken County along the
Mississippi River. Distributed from New Brunswick to the mountains of
Georgia, west to Ontario, eastern Kansas and Arkansas.

The wood is coarse-grained and not strong, light brown becoming
darker with exposure. It is used in cabinet making and in interior finish-
ing of houses, weighing 25 lbs. Sugar is sometimes made from the sap
and the green husks of the fruits are used for dyeing cloth yellow and
orange-colored. Blossoms in April and May, fruit ripe in October and
November.

Juglans nigra Linne 1753 Black Walnut

A large, handsome tree, 20-40 m. (60-125 feet) high, and a trunk
diameter of 4-8 dm., branches wide spreading, bark rough and dark
brown; leaves with pubescent petioles, 25-50 cm. long, leaflets 11-17,
ovate-lanceolate, rounded and often unequal at the base, acuminate at
the apex, sharply serrate, glabrous above, soft-pubescent at least along the
midrib beneath, 4-12 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide; staminate flowers in stout
puberulous catkins, 6-12 cm. long, pistillate flowers in 3-5 flowered spikes,
flower about 4 mm. long, stigmas yellowish-green, tinged with red, 1-1.5
cm. long ; fruit solitary or in pairs, globose, light yellowish-green, slightly
roughened, 4-5 cm. in diameter, nut oval or oblong, slightly flattened, 3-4
cm. in diameter, dark brown, irregularly ridged or corrugated, 4-celled
at the base, slightly 2-celled at the apex : nigra, black.

In rich woods, frequent in the southeastern part of the state, e.xtending
north to Nininger, Dakota County, and into southern Scott and Carver

■4"i - N*^'

Juglans nigra, Black Walnut

238 WALNUT FAMILY

Counties and to Walnut Grove in the south edge of Redwood County,
westward as far as Nobles County. Distributed from western Mass. to
Fla., west to Ontario, Minn, and Tex.

The wood is heavy, hard, strong, rather coarse-grained, rich, dark
brown and very durable, weighing 38 lbs. Largely used in furniture
and cabinet-making, for interior finishing of houses, for gun stocks, etc.
Flowers in May, fruit ripe in October and November.

CaryaNuttall i8i8 Hickory

Hicoria Rafinescjue 1808

(Gr. c a r y a, nut, walnut)

Trees with compound, odd-pinnate leaves, bark close and smooth, or
shaggy, wood very tough and hard ; staminate flowers in slender pendulous
catkins, borne in 3's on a common peduncle at the base of the shoots of
the season, calyx adnate to the bract, 2-3 cleft, pistillate flowers sessile in
2-6 flowered spikes, with a calyx-like involucre, usually 4-lobed, styles
2 or 4, short, papillose or fimbriate; fruit subglobose, oblong or obovoid,
the husk separating more or less completely into 4 valves, nut bony,
smooth or angled, incompletely 2-4 celled, seed sweet and delicious or very
bitter and astringent.

A genus of about 10 species, natives of eastern North America. One
occurs in Mexico.

Key to the Species

1. Bark shaggy, leaves white-tufted along the margin C. ovata

2. Bark not shaggy, mature leaves almost smooth C. cordifonuis

Carya ovata (Miller) K. Koch 1876 Shag-bark Hickory Shell-
bark Hickory

Hicoria ovata (Miller) Britton i<

A large tree 16-30 m. (50-90 feet) high, bark of trunk shaggy,
separating into narrow plates that are sometimes 25 cm. long, light gray,
hard and tough, young twigs puberulent, leaves with petioles 15-30 cm.
long, glabrous or pubescent, leaflets 5, rarely 7, the three upper obovate-
lanceolate, the lower pair smaller and oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at the
base, acuminate at the apex, serrate, glabrous in age, except the points of
the serrations which have tufts of hairs, upper leaflets 12-16 cm. long,
6-8 cm. wide ; staminate catkins in 3's, 6-8 cm. long, slender ; fruits sub-

240 BIRCH FAMILY

globose or depressed, 4-6 cm. long, nut white, slightly flattened and
angled, mucronate-tipped, 4-celled at the base, shell hard : o v a t a, ovate.

In rich woods, common in Houston Count}-, extends north as far as
Weaver and Kellogg in Wabasha County, near Chatfield in Olmstead
County, and occurs infrequently as far west as Moscow and Freeborn
County. Distributed from New England and western Quebec to Minn..
Tex. and Fla.

The hickory nut of commerce is obtained mainly from this tree. The
wood is light brown in color, heavy, very hard and strong, close-grained
and flexible. It is used very extensively in the manufacture of carriages,
wagons and agricultural machinery, also for axe-handles, baskets, etc. It
is the heaviest and strongest of our native woods, weighing 52 lbs. Blos-
soms in May, fruit ripe in September and October.

Carya cordiformis (Wangenheim) K. Koch 1876 Bitter-nut

Swamp Hickory

Hicoria minima (Marshall) Britton 1888

A rather slender tree, 12-25 m. (36-75 feet) high, bark of trunk
smooth or rough, but not peeling oft" in such large loose plates as in the
preceding species, leaves 12-25 cm. long, with slender, pubescent petioles,
leaflets 5-9 lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed or slightly rounded
at the base, sessile, acuminate at the apex, sharply serrate, puberulent
when young, becoming glabrous in age, the three upper leaflets 9-12 cm.
long, 2.5-4 cm. wide; staminate catkins in 3's, slender, 8-12 cm. long;
fruit subglobose, narrowly 6-ridged, 2.5-4 cm. long, husk thin, irregularly
4-valved ; nuts slightly compressed, short pointed with persistent stigmas,
1.5-2.5 cm. long, thin-shelled, seed very bitter: cordiformis, heart-
shaped, not very appropriate.

In rich woods, common southward and extending through the Big
Woods north to Mille Lacs, infrequently to the upper Mississippi and to
the tributaries of the St. Louis river. Distributed from New England and
western Quebec, to Lake Huron, Minn, and eastern Neb., south to Va. and
Texas.

The wood is light brown, close-grained, very hard, heavy, strong and
tough, weighing 47 lbs. It is largely used for hoop poles for flour bar-
rels, ox yokes, fuel, etc. Blossoms in May, fruit ripe in Sept. and Oct.

Betulaceae Birch Family

Trees or shrubs with sweet, watery sap ; leaves alternate, petioled,
simple and pinnately veined, stipules deciduous ; staminate flowers in pen-

CORYLUS

241

dulous catkins, 1-3 together in the axil of each bract, 2-10 stamens, with
or without a perianth, the pistillate in erect, spreading or drooping catkins
or in clusters or spikes, pistillate flowers with or without a calyx, adnate to
the 1-2-celled ovary, ovules 1-2 in each cavity of the ovary, style 2-cleft
or divided; fruit a small, flattened or ovoid samara, mostly 1 -celled and
1 -seeded, seed coat membranous, endosperm none.

KEY TO THE GENERA

1. Pistillate flowers clustered, not in a spike or

catkin, fruit an acorn-like nut Corylus

2. Pistillate flowers in a spike or catkin, fruit not

acorn-like

a. Pistillate catkin small, terminal, loose and

few-flowered, fruit subtended by a 3-cleft
wing or enclosed by a sack

(1) Fruiting bract leaf-like, 3-lobed, bark

smooth Carpinus

(2) Fruiting bract closed, sack-like Ostrya

b. Pistillate catkin compact, many-flowered

(1) Pistillate bract 3-lobed, 3-flowered,

bracts and catkins deciduous Betula

(2) Pistillate bracts 5-lobed, 2-flowered,

bracts and catkins persistent Alnus

Corylus L i n n e 1753

(Gr. classical name of the hazel, perhaps from Gr. c o r y s, a hel-
met, in allusion to the involucre)

Shrubs or small trees with alternate, broad, serrate or slightly lobed
or incised leaves; staminate catkins 1-3 at the ends of twigs of the previous
season, expanding long before the leaves, the flowers solitary in the axil
of each bract, stamens 4, each filament 2-cleft or forked and each branch
bearing an anther sack (making apparently 8 stamens), pistillate flowers
several, from scaly buds, terminating early leafy shoots, ovary inferior,
crowned with a small adherent perianth, stigmas 2, long and slender; nut
ovoid or sub-globose, inclosed in a leafy involucre or husk, consisting of
two more or less united and enlarged bracts.

Key to the Species

1. Involucre or husk consisting of 2 broad, fringed bracts C. amcricana

2. Involucre bracts united and prolonged into a tubular bristly beak

C. rostrata

242

BIRCH FAMILY
Corylus americana W alter 1788 Hazel-nut

A shrub, 1-2.5 m. high, bark gray and smooth, young twigs and peti-
oles hispid-pubescent or glandular-bristly; leaves ovate or broadly oval,
obtuse or cordate at the base, acuminate at the apex, serrate all around.

sometimes slightly lobed, glabrous or nearly so above, finely tomentose
especially along the veins beneath, 6-16 cm. long, 4-12 cm. wide, petioles
5-20 mm. long; staminate catkins 4-8 cm. long; involucre of the nut
composed of 2 leaf -like bracts, free down to the nut, serrate or cut along

CORYLUS— CARPINUS 243

the margins, finely pubescent and with scattered glandular bristles ; nut
compressed, light brown and mostly striate, 1-1.5 cm. long: ameri-
c a n a, American.

In thickets, on hillsides etc., common and in places abundant through-
out the state. Distributed from Maine and Ontario to Manitoba, south to
Fla. and Kan. Flowers in March and April, fruit ripe in July and Sept.

Corylus rostrata Alton 1789 Beaked Hazel-nut

A shrub, 2-4 m. high, stems 2-5 cm. in diameter, bark gray, with
scattered lenticels, leaves ovate or oval, cordate or obtuse at the base,
acuminate at the apex, sharply and somewhat irregularly serrate, or
slightly lobed, glabrous above, or with a few scattered hairs, pubescent at
least along the veins beneath, 5-13 cm. long, 3.5-8 cm. wide, occasionally
larger, petiole about 1 cm. long; involucral bracts united into a beak,
lacerate at the end, 3-4 cm. long beyond the nut, bristly hairy ; nut ovoid,
slightly compressed and striate, 10-12 mm. long: rostrata, furnished
with beak like the prow of a vessel.

In woods and thickets, common northward, especially north of Lake
Superior, where the bushes reach a height of 4-5 m., rare and local south-
ward, extending southwest to Douglas County, and southeast to Houston
County. Distributed from Quebec to British Columbia, south to Del.,
Ga., Mich., Mo. and westward. Blossoms in April and May, fruit ripe
in August and September.

Carpinus L i n n e 1 753 Hornbeam
(Latin name for the hornbeam)

Trees and shrubs with smooth gray bark, stems ridged; leaves with-
straight veins, ending in the primary teeth; flowers in catkins, staminate
catkins from lateral, short branches, cylindric, about 4-6 cm. long, one
staminate flower to each bract, stamens 3-12; pistillate flowers in short
terminal catkins, 2 flowers to each bract, each subtended by a bractlet
which is persistent, enlarges and becomes a 3-lobed wing at maturity,
stigmas 2, awl-shaped; fruit a nut, ovoid, several-nerved, situated at the
base of the bractlet.

A genus of about 12 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, only
one species is native to America.

244

BIRCH FAMILY

Carpinus caroliniana Walter 1788 American Hornbeam Blue

Beech

A small tree, 6-10 m. (18-30 ft.) high, stem ridged, with gray bark,
sometimes with lighter blotches; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, rounded
at the base, acuminate at the apex, sharply and doubly serrate, veins

Carpinus caroliniana

Ostrva virLriniana

nearly straight and parallel, glabrous above, pubescent in the axils of the
veins beneath, 4-8 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, petioles slender about 1 cm.
long; staminate catkins 3-5 cm. long, scales brown, triangular, veiny and

OSTRYA

245

pubescent along the margin; anthers hairy at the tips; pistillate catkins
terminating leafy shoots, very pubescent, bractlets in fruit 3-lobed, and
prominently veined, about 25 mm. long, nutlets ovate, veined, 5 mm. long:
c a r 0 1 i n i a n a, Carolinian.

In moist woods, especially along streams, common throughout the
south half of the state, extending north into Pine County and the \\'hite
Earth reservation. Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minn., south to Fla.
and Texas.

Wood light brown, close grained, very hard and durable, weight 45
lbs. Used for wedges, levers and for fuel. Blossoms in April and May,
fruit ripe in August.

Ostrya (Micheli) Scopoli 1760
(Gr. ostrya, a tree with hard wood)

Small to medium-sized trees, bark brown and furrowed, foliage re-
sembling that of the birch ; leaves with slightly bent veins ; staminate
catkins 1-3 together, from scaly buds at the tips of the branches of the
previous year, flowers solitary in the axil of each bract, stamens 2-10;
pistillate catkins solitary, at the ends of short leafy branches of the sea-
son, 2 flowers to each bract, each flower subtended by a bract let which
enlarges and becomes sack-like in fruit, pistil incompletely 2-celled, tipped

Plowering twigs of Ostrya virginiana

246 BIRCH FAMILY

with 2 long stigmas, ovules 2 ; nut ovoid or oblong, smooth and shiny, at
the bottom of an inflated sack, the mature pistillate catkin hop-like.

A genus of 4 species. Beside the following another occurs in the
southwestern part of the U. S., one in Europe and Asia, and one in Japan.

Ostrya virginiana (Miller) K. Koch 1876 Hop Hornbeam

Ironwood

A tree 7-13 m. (22-42 ft.) high, bark brown, finely furrowed and
scaly, twigs of the season pubescent ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, round-
ed or slightly cordate at the base, often oblique, acuminate at the apex,
sharply and mostly doubly serrate, slightly pubescent especially along
the veins, 5-11 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm. broad, petioles 3-10 mm. long pubes-
cent ; staminate catkins 2-3 cm. long, bracts triangular, acute, anthers with
a tuft of hairs at the apex, bractlet of each pistillate flower forming
a sack in fruit, 12-14 mm. long, veined, bristly-haired at the base, nuts
compressed, shining, 5 mm. long, the ripe hop-like catkin erect or spread-
ing : virginiana, Virginian.

Mostly in rich woods, throughout the state, in some localities abundant,
does not occur close to the shores of Lake of the Woods. Distributed
from Nova Scotia to Manitoba, Minn., Neb. and southwestward. Blos-
soms in April and May, fruit ripe in July and August.

Wood light brown, close grained, hard, durable and heavy. Next
to the shell-bark hickory our hardest and heaviest wood, weight 51 lljs.
Used for wedges, levers, etc., and for fuel.

Betula L i II n e 1753 Birch
(Latin name of the birch)

Trees and shrubs with mostly^ aromatic twigs and smooth resinous
bark which frequently separates into thin papery plates and peels off
transversely, becoming thick, scaly, and deeply furrowed at the base.
lenticels elongated transversely; flowers in catkins, appearing before or
with the leaves, staminate flowers 3 to each shield-shaped scale of the
catkin, subtended by 2 bractlets, flower consisting of 2 2 -cleft stamens
(each division bearing a half anther) and a perianth of 2 unequal parts;
pistillate flowers 3 or 2 to each 3-lobed scale, perianth lacking, pistil 2-
celled, stigmas 2, elongated, mostly persistent ; fruit a flattened or lenticu-
lar, winged nut or samara, at maturity deciduous together with the scales
of the catkin.

BETULA 247

A genus of about 40 species, natives of the arctic and north temperate
zone.

Key to the Species

1. Trees, with white bark

a. Leaves serrate or toothed, not deeply cut

( 1 ) Bark peeling in papery layers, leaves

ovate, native B. papyrifcra

(2) Bark peeling slightly above, dark and

furrowed at the base, leaves triangular B. verrucosa

b. Leaves deeply cut

( 1 ) Leaves with long slender points B. populiiolia

laciniata

(2) Leaves cut. but not very long-pointed B. verrucosa lobata

2. Trees or shrubs with gray, yellow, or dark liark

a. Trees

( 1 ) Twigs fragrant, bark very ragged, yel-

lowish gray B. lutca

(2) Twigs not fragrant, bark reddish brown,

trunk scaly B. nigra

b. Shrubs

( 1 ) Tall shrubs, 4-8 m. high, leaves ovate B. Sandbergii

(2) Shrubs, 1-2 m. high, leaves obovate to

orbicular B. pumila

Betula papyrifera Marshall 1785 Paper Birch Canoe Birch

Betula alba var papyrifera (Marshall) Spach

A large tree, reaching a maximum height of 25 m. (78 ft.), and a
trunk diameter of 2-5 dm. ; bark white (except on young trees where it
is brownish red) and peeling off in papery layers, twigs slender with pale
lenticels ; leaves ovate, obtuse, truncate or sub-cordate at the base, acu-
minate at the apex, usually doubly and often irregularly serrate, dark
green and glabrous above, pubescent abong the veins beneath and glandu-
lar or resin-dotted, 5-8 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide: staminate catkins 5-10
cm. long ; pistillate catkins slender, erect, at the ends of short leafy shoots
2-3 cm. long, fruiting catkin drooping, 3-5 cm. long, 7-10 mm. in di-
ameter, fruiting bracts about 4 mm. long puberulent, nut oval : p a p y r i -
f e r a, paper bearing.

Common and in places very abundant throughout the state except
southwestward. Distributed from Newfoundland and Labrador to Hud-

BETULA 249

sou Bay and Alaska, south to N. Y., Pa., Ind., northern Iowa, Neb., Wyo.
and Wash. Blossoms in April and May, fruits in August and September.
Wood light brown, close-grained, strong and tough, weight 37 lbs. It
is used for making spools, shoe lasts and pegs, for wood pulp and fuel.
The Indians use the wood for making snow-shoe frames, sledges and
paddles, the bark in making canoes, receptacles for gathering maple sap,
drinking cups, and for covering tepees, the sap sometimes as a drink and
boiled down as a syrup.

Betula verrucosa Ehrhart 1791 European White Birch

Betula alba Linne 1753 in part

A small to medium-sized tree, 6-13 m. (20-40 ft.) high, bark white,
peeling slightly into papery layers except at the base where it is more
or less rough and furrowed and dark gray in color, branches slender and
more or less drooping, those of the year reddish and glandular-dotted ;,
leaves rhombic-ovate, broadly wedge-shaped or truncate at the base,
acuminate at the apex, doubly and usually unequally serrate, bright green
and glabrous on both sides, sometimes wdth glandular dots, ciliate along
the margins, 4-7 cm. long, 2.5-4 cm. wide, petiole glabrous, reddish, with
few, mostly dark glands, 2-3 cm. long; pistillate catkins on short, lateral
bi-foliate shoots, in fruit 2-3 cm. long, 7 mm. in diameter, pointing
towards the tip of the branch on which they^ are borne, peduncles 10-18
mm. long, the 3-parted bracts 5-6 mm. long, lateral lobes recurved, samara
5-6 mm. wide, wings much wider than the nutlet : verrucosa, warted.

Introduced from Europe, frequently planted as a park tree, and passing
under the name of Betula alba Linne. It seems that Linne described
two different kinds of trees under the name of Betula alba, viz. the
preceding and B. p u b e s c e n s. The two were separated by Ehrhart in
1791, and it seems advisable to retain the nomenclature which he proposed.
Blossoms in April-May, fruits Aug.-Sept.

There are several cut leaf forms of B. verrucosa, such as var.
1 o b a t a and var. i n c i s a. "Betula elegantissima pendula" or "Betula
alba pendula elegans" is a form of Betula verrucosa with slender
drooping branches, commonly known as AVeeping Birch.

Betula populifolia AI a r s h a II 1785 var. laciniata Cut Leaf Birch

A small tree, with deeply cut, long-pointed leaves, bark white, peeling
slightlv on the branches; twigs very slender; leaves ovate, deeply cut. and
lobed, long-pointed at the apex, broadly wedge-shaped at the base, gla-

250 BIRCH FAMILY

brous or slightly glandular, length 3-4 cm., width 1.5-3 cm., petioles very
slender, 2.5-4 cm. long; staminate catkins usually solitary, drooping, 6-8
cm. long; pistillate catkins on slender peduncles, 1-2 cm. long, the fruiting
catkins 2-3 cm. long, about 1 cm. wide, fruiting scales with the lateral
lobes broad and slightly recurved, nutlet broad winged : populifolia,
poplar leaved, 1 a c i n i a t a, deeply cut.

A handsome but short-lived tree, often planted in parks and lawns,
B. populifolia is native of northeastern U. S.

Betula lutea M i c h a ti x f i li u s 1812 Yellow Birch

A large tree, sometimes attaining a height of 25-30 m. (80-90 ft.)
and a trunk diameter of 1 m., bark of the trunk gray or yellowish gray,
peeling off into thin ])apery layers, causing a ragged appearance, twigs
gray or brownish witli light lenticels, aromatic, with the flavor of winter-
green ; leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, rounded or sub-cordate and mostly
unequal at the base, acute at the apex, sharply and sometimes doubly ser-
rate, dark green and dull above, paler beneath and pubescent along the
veins, 5-11 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide, petioles 1-1.5 cm. long, pubescent,
staminate catkins 2-4 together, 4-8 cm. long; pistillate catkins sessile,
about 1 cm. long; fruiting catkin oblong-ovate to sub-globose, 15-25 mm.
long, 12-16 mm. thick, scales 3-lobed to the middle, 6-8 mm. long, ciliate,
lateral lobes ascending, about 3 mm. wide, nutlet wider than its wing ;
lutea, yellow.

In rich, moist woods, common throughout the north half of the state,
rare southward. Distributed from Newfoundland, Manitoba, south to
Ind., 111., and Minn. Flowers in May, fruit ripe in Aug. and Sept.

This birch is one of the most valuable timber trees of eastern North
America. Wood light brown, close grained, hard and heavy, taking a
beautiful polish, weight 40 lbs. It is largely used in the manufacture of
furniture, inside finish, and for fuel. Most imitation mahogany is made
from this wood.

Betula nigra L i n n e 1753 Red Birch River Birch

A tall, usually slender tree, sometimes attaining a height of 30 m. •
(100 ft.), bark at the base of old trunks dark brown, deeply furrowed,
higher up on large branches lustrous reddish brown and peeling more or
less freely, twigs reddish, young shoots pubescent; leaves triangular-
ovate, broadly wedge-shaped or truncate at the base, apex obtuse or acute,
irregularly-serrate or somewhat pinnately-lobed, dark green and glabrous

BETULA

251

above when mature, paler and glabrous or somewhat tomentose beneath,
3.5-8 cm. long, 2.5-6 cm. wide, petioles 8-15 mm. long; staminate catkins
2-3 together, 6-10 cm. long, pistillate catkins oblong-cylindric, 1-1.5 cm.
long, about 4 mm. in diameter; fruiting catkins spreading, pedicelled,

252 BIRCH FAMILY

15-25 mm. long, 11-14 m.m. in diameter, scales deeply 3-lobed, tomentose,
6-8 mm. long, lateral lobes ascending, samaras 6-7 mm. wide, nutlet twice
as wide as the wings : nigra, black.

Along the bottom lands of streams and rivers, common along the
Mississippi bottoms as far as Wabasha County, also reported from near
Mankato. Distributed frcm Mass. to Minn., south to Fla., Tex. and Kan.
Blossoms in April and May, fruit ripe in autumn.

The wood is light brown, close grained, hard, and strong, weight 36
lbs. It is used in manufacture of furniture, for staves and fuel.

Betula Sandbergii B r i 1 1 o n 1904

A tall shrub, 4-8 m. high, stems several from one root, ascending, 3-7
cm. in diameter, bark dark brown, not peeling, twigs dark gray or brown-
ish, with a few obscure lenticels, leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, rounded or
narrowed at the base, acutish at the apex, serrate, glabrous above, pubes-
cent beneath, at least along the veins, length 3-5 cm., width 1.5-3.5 cm.,
petioles 6-10 mm. long, pubescent; leaves on sterile twigs more broadly
ovate, larger, (7 cm. long, 5 cm. wide), coarsely serrate and more
pubescent; staminate catkins 1-2, at the ends of branches, 3-4 cm. long;
pistillate catkins pedicelled, cylindric, 12-15 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. in di-
ameter; fruiting catkins ascending or erect, 15-20 mm. long, 6-7 mm. in
diameter, pedicels 8-12 mm. long, sometimes bearing a small leaf, scales
about 3.5-4 m.m. long, margins ciliate, lateral lobes at right angles; samara
3 mm. wide, nutlet ovoid, about the width of the wing: Sandbergii,
named for J. H. Sandberg.

In tamarack swanips, Hennepin County. This species has not been
collected in any other part of the state but probably occurs in tamarack
swamps in the northern part of the state. It is possible that it has been
confused with young trees of Betula papyrifera. Flowers in
May, fruits in September.

Betula pumila L i n n e 1767 Dwarf Birch

A shrub, 0.5-4 m. high, erect or ascending, twigs brown with liglit
dots, young shoots mostly soft-pubescent but not glandular, leaves obovate,
oval or nearly orbicular, wedge-shaped, narrowed or rounded at the base,
obtuse or rounded at the apex, somewhat coarsely serrate, dull green and
glabrous above in age, paler beneath, tomentose when young, becoming
glabrous in age, prominently reticulate-veined on both sides, 1-3.5 cm.
long, 8-20 mm. wide (larger on sterile shoots) ; staminate catkins borne

BETULA

253

singly, erect, oblong, about 1 cm. long ; pistillate catkins ending short
leafy shoots, 5-8 mm. long ; fruiting catkins oblong-cylindric, erect,
pedicelled, 8-25 mm. long, 6-8 mm. in diameter, scales about 4 mm. long,
lateral lobes spreading, slightly shorter than the middle one, puberulent
or ciliolate ; samara cordate, 2.5-3 mm. broad, nutlet slightly broader
than its wings : p u m i 1 a, dwarf.

254 BIRCH FAMILY

In bogs and tamarack swamps, common throughout the north half
of the state, and as far south as Minneapolis and St. Paul, rare and local
farther south, in Goodhue, Olmstead and Houston counties. Distributed
from Newfoundland to western Ontario, south to N. J., 111., and Minn.,
also Europe and Asia. Flowers in May, fruit ripe in July and August.

Betula pumila var. glandulifera R e g e 1 1865

Diifers from the species in that the young branchlets and leaves are
resiniferous or glandular-dotted.

Northwestern part of the state. Distributed from Ontario and Mich.
to Minn, and Saskatchewan.

Alnus Gaertner 1791 Alder
(Latin name of the alder)

Shrubs or trees with dentate or serrate leaves and few-scaled buds;
flowers in catkins, appearing the preceding season and expanding before
or with the leaves, staminate flowers 3 or 6 in the axil of each bract,
perianth of four parts, stamens 4, the 2 outer flowers subtended by 1-2
bractlets each, pistillate flowers 2 or 3 in the axil of each bract, perianth
lacking, 2 small bractlets subtending each flower, ovary 2-celled, styles 2,
in fruit the bracts become woody and 5-toothed or pointed and together
form a cone-like structure, nutlet flattened, with or without wings.

A genus of about 14 species, natives of the northern hemisphere and
the Andes Mountains of South America. In addition to the following,
some 6 or 7 species occur in North America.

Key to the Species

1. Leaves finely serrate, resinous beneath when

young, nutlets with a membranous wing ,7. crispa

2. Leaves coarsely serrate, not resinous, nutlet

acute-margined, wingless A. iiicaua

Alnus crispa (Aiton) Pursh 1814 Green or Mountain Alder

Alnus alnobetula (Ehrhart) K. Koch 1872

A shrub 0.6-3 m. high, bark gray or brownish, young shoots brownish,
more or less pubescent and glutinous; leaves ovate or oval, rounded at
the base, obtuse or acute at the apex, finely, sharply and often irregularly
serrulate or incised-serrate. dark green and glabrous above, lighter green

ALNUS

255

■•v-<^A

fl.incaim

and ui-ually pubescent beneath along the veins, (young foliage glutinous
and more or less pubescent), 4-8 cm. long, 3.5-5 cm. wide, petioles 8-10
mm. long; catkins expanding with the leaves, the staminate 2-3 together,
slender, 6-10 cm. long, the pistillate in a loose raceme, fruiting catkin
15-18 mm. long, 7-9 mm. thick, persistent scales firm and woody, irregu-

256 BEECH FAMILY

larly 5-lobed, about 4 mm. long, samaras 2-2.5 mm. wide, nutlet ovoid,
olightly broader than the wing : c r i s p a, curled.

Cool shores and banks, common in the northern part of the state,
especially north of Lake Superior, distributed from Newfoundland and
New Brunswick to Alaska, south to Mass., N. Y., Mich., and British Co-
lumbia, in the mountains to Virginia and North Carolina. Flowers in
June, fruit ripe in September.

This species in Winkler's Monograph of the Betulaceae is given as
var. c r i s p a of A. a 1 n o b e t u 1 a. It seems better to regard it as a
distinct species.

Alnus incana (L i n n e) W i 1 1 d e n o w 1805 Speckled or Hoary

Alder

A tall shrub or occasionally a small tree, 2-8 m. high, stems erect or
ascending, bark dark brown, young twigs reddish-brown ; leaves oval
or ovate, rounded or narrowed at the base, obtuse or acuminate at the
apex, serrate or dentate, with serrulate teeth, dark green and glabrous
above, paler and glaucous beneath and pubescent at least along the veins,
5-9 cm. long, 4-6 cm. wide, petioles 1.5-2 cm. long; staminate catkins 3-4,
in short racemes, 6-10 cm. long, in winter purplish-brown; pistillate cat-
kins exposed through the winter, 3-4 together, borne below the staminate,
expanding before the leaves, fruiting catkin 1-1.5 cm. long, 6-10 mm.
thick, scales woody and 5-toothed, about 4 mm. long: samara orbicular
or slightly ovoid, without wings but with thin margins : incana. very
gray.

In wet soil, usually along shores of lakes or banks of streams, com-
mon throughout the northern half of the state and southeastward as far
as Minneapolis and St. Paul, infrequent southward to Houston county.
From Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, south to N. Y., Pa. and Neb.,
also in Europe and Asia. Flowers in April and May, fruit ripe in autumn.

Fagaceae Beech Family

Trees or shrubs, with alternate, simple, often deeplv lobsd or cleft
leaves; flowers small, monoecious; the staminate in pendulous or erect
catkins, the pistillate solitary or several together, subtended by an in-
volucre of united bracts, which becomes a bur or cup in fruit ; staminate
flowers with 4-7 sepals, stamens 4-20, petals 0, pistillate flowers with 4-8,
early disappearing sepals, petals 0, ovary 3-7-celled, inferior, ovules 1-2
in each cavity; fruit a 1 -seeded nut.

Only the following genus occurs in Minnesota.

QUERCUS 257

Quercus L i n n e 1753 Oak
(L. quercus the oak-tree)

Trees or sometimes shrubs; leaves deciduous, withering persistent, or,
in some species of warm climates, evergreen, alternate, 5-ranked, simple,
pinnately veined, variously shaped, often lobed, furnished with small

Staminate and pistillate flowers of Quercus macrocarpa

deciduous stipules ; buds covered A\ith numerous scales ; flowers monoecious,
apetalous. in all our species appearing with the leaves in spring, the
staminate in catkins clustered from scaly buds of the past year's growth
and also from the lower nodes of the new growth, sepals 4-7, petals 0,
stamens 4-12, pistil 0. the pistillate solitary or in small clusters in the
axils of the leaves of the new growth, sepals 6, united, petals 0, stamens 0,
pistil 3-parted. ovary inferior, nearly 3-celled. ovules usually 6, stigmas 3 ;
each pistillate flower surrounded by a cup-like involucre of many small
concrescent scales, fruit (acorn) a nut surrounded at the base by a cup-
like involucre : seed solitary, without endosperm, the large embryo with

258 BEECH FAMILY

thick elliptical cotyledons which remain within the nut during germina-
tion.

A genus of about three hundred species native of the warm parts
of the north temperate zone and of the adjacent tropical mountains.
About fifty species occur in the United States, twenty-two of which occur
in the eastern half of the country. Many oaks are valuable for their
hard strong wood, the astringent bark of several species is used in tannnig
leather and the outer bark of two species from southwestern Europe and
northern Africa furnishes the cork of commerce.

In cultivation oaks are raised from seed. After cutting they renew
themselves by the growth of shoots from the stumps.

1. Leaves lobed, the lobes acute, bristle pointed, acorn ripening the

second autumn — Black Oaks
a. Leaves dull green, their lobes cut about half

way to the midrib, acorn cup shallow Q. rubra

h. Leaves glossy, their lobes separated about

three fourths of the way to the midrib,

acorn cup about one-half as long as acorn

(1) Scales of cup loose, pubescent Q. vchttina

(2) Scales of cup appressed, smooth

(a) Acorn elongated, autumn foliage

brown Q. cllipsoiJalis

(b) Acorn nearly round, autumn foliage

scarlet Q. coccinca

2. Leaves with rounded lobes or crenate or toothed, lobes of teeth not

bristle-tipped, acorns ripening the first autumn — White Oaks

a. Leaves deeply round lobed

(1) Leaves dull, smooth, acorn cu}) not

fringed Q. alba

( 2 ) Leaves glossy above, hairy below, acorn

cup fringed Q. ma era car pa

b. Leaves crenate or dentate, not deeply lobed

( 1 ) Tree, leaves broadly rhombic, acorns

long peduncled Q. bicolor

(2) Shrub or small tree, leaves more than

twice as long as broad, acorn short

peduncled Q. prinoidcs

Quercus rubra L i n n e 1753 Red Oak

Large tree, 12-24 m. (40-80 ft.) high, 3 dm.-l m. in diameter, (ex-
ceptionally in the eastern states, 45 m. high and 2 m. in diameter), trunk

QUERCUS

259

straight, limbs spreading not gnarled, bark of limbs and small trunks
smooth, gray, of large trunks fissured and with broad tlat-toitped ridges,
grayish brown ; buds thick, pointed at the top, narrowed at the base, 5 mm.
long, 3 mm. wide, smooth except at the top ; leaves lobed about half way
to the midrib into several broad triangular acute, bristle-pointed lobes,
each lobe having usually two or three narrow bristle-tipped teeth near its
outer end, leaf widest about the middle, tip acute, bristle pointed, base
rounded or broadly wedge-shaped; leaves covered with a light down when

Quercusl rubra

Quercufi i/eluTina

young, smooth at maturity or Avith small tufts of brownish hairs in the
axils of the large veins beneath, dull dark green above, paler beneath,
turning red in autumn, 10-18 cm. long, 7-16 cm. wdde, petioles 2-4 cm.
long; flowers opening when the leaves are about half grown; staminate
catkins slender, almost smooth, 4-10 cm. long, flowers scattered, about
3 mm. in diameter ; acorns ripening the second year, borne on stalks about
5 mm. long; acorn broad-based, 2-3 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. wide, dark brown,
downy, seed very astringent ; acorn cup flat, saucer-shaped, covering

26o BEECH FAMILY

only the base of the acorn, scales of cup closely appressed and adherent,
slightly puberulent : rubra, red.

In various well-drained soils, Nova Scotia and Quebec to Minnesota,
Nebraska, Tennessee and northern Georgia. In Minnesota throughout
the forest regions even to the extreme northeastern corner of the state,
most abundant and largest in the rich soils of the central portion of the
state where it occurs with hard maple, white elm and basswood. Flowers
in late April and May, acorns ripe a year from the next September.

Wood light reddish brown, hard, strong, coarse, weight 41 lbs., used
for construction and linish of houses, cheap furniture and for fuel. On
account of its coarse grain and liability to crack in drying the wood of
the red and black oaks is much less valuable than that of the white oaks.

Cultivated as an ornamental tree both in this country and Europe.
The black and red oaks can be easily transplanted as they have com-
paratively shallow and fibrous roots. In pastures their shallow roots are
often injured by the trampling of cattle which has led to the notion that
they do not do well in cultivation.

Quercus velutina L a m a r c k 1783 Black Oak
O. tinctoria ]\Iichaux 180I.

Large tree 12-24 m. (40-80 ft.) high, 6 dm. -1.2 m. in diameter (occa-
sionally much larger in the Ohio valley) ; bark dark brown or nearly
l)lack, ridged, scaly, inner bark orange; buds rounded or slightly pointed,
liairy, in Minnesota specimens 3-5 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, in more
typical eastern specimens 6-10 mm. long; leaves thick, variable in shape,
deeply divided into five or seven lobes, widest about the middle, the
lobes again somewhat deeply lobed or merely toothed, all the ultimate
divisions very .acute and bristle-pointed, tip acute, bristle-pointed, base
truncate or very broadly wedge-shaped, leaves dark green and glossy above,
])aler yellowish or brownish below, crimson when they appear in the
spring, silvery and woolly when half grown, smooth, or the lower side
more or less hairy when mature, turning brown in the autumn, 8-17 cm.
long, 10-15 cm. wide, petiole 3.5-6 cm. long; flowers opening when the
leaves are half grown, staminate catkins 8-18 cm. long, hairy, flowers
about 4 mm. in diameter, reddish, pistillate flowers short stalked or
nearly sessile; acorns ripening the second season, round, 12-18 mm. long,
11-17 mm. wide, dark brown, covered with whitish down, cup top-shaped
about 2 cm. broad, covering one-third to one-half of the acorn, covered
with a fine satiny pubescence, scales loose, thin, their tips free and
spreading : velutina, velvety, referring probablv to the acorn cups.

QUERCUS

261

Dry soil. Maine to Minnesota, Nebraska, Mississippi and Florida. In
Minnesota very abundant with shell-bark hickory on dry hills in the
southeast corner of the State, not known in the vicinity of Minneapolis
nor from the central and northern parts of the state.

\\'ood reddish brown, hard, strong, not tough, coarse, weight 44 lbs. ;
little used except for fuel. Bark used for tanning, as a yellow dye. and
medicinally as an astringent.

Quercus ellipsoidalis E. J- Hill 1899 Northern Pin Oak

"JBlack Oak"

Tree. 10-20 m. (33-65 ft.) high, 3-6 dm. or rarely 1 m. in diameter, or
low and almost shrub-like ; bark at first smooth, later roughened and
divided bv shallow fissures into large plates, dark brown or blackish,
branches dark gray, inner bark light yellow, buds rounded or pointed,
nearlv smooth. 1-3 mm. long, .75-1.5 mm. wide; leaves oval in outline.

Quercus coccir?ea Quercu!i ellip^oidaliii

very deeply cut into about five lobes, widest about the middle, the lobes
deeply cut or toothed, the ultimate divisions all acute and bristle-tipped,
tip of leaf bristle pointed, base broadly wedge-shaped, bright glossy green
above, somewhat paler below, downy and reddish wh^-n they first appear,

262 BEECH FAMILY

soon becoming green and smooth except for little tufts of hair in the
axils of the larger veins beneath, turning brown in autumn and persisting
throughout the winter, 7-14 cm. long, 7-12 cm. wide, petioles 2.5-4 cm.
long ; flowers appearing with the leaves, opening when they are about half
grown; staminate catkins pubescent, 3.5-4.5 cm. long, flowers rather
crowded, about 2.5 mm. in diameter, pistillate flowers short peduncled ;
acorns ripening the second season, solitary or in pairs, borne on peduncles,
1 cm. or less in length ; acorn brown, usually striped with darker lines,
slightly downy or smooth, 13-20 mm. long, about 10 mm. wide, cup top-
shaped, narrowed at the base, 13-15 mm. wide, covering one-third to
one-half of the accrn, its scales slightly pubescent, closely appressed :
ellipsoidalis, ellipsoidal, referring to the shape of the acorns.

Sterile soil, southern Michigan, and Illinois, to Manitoba and Iowa.
In Minnesota apparently throughout the whole state except the north-
eastern corner, but reports have so confused this species with the next
that it is difficult to limit its distribution. In the east central part of
the state it covers large areas of sterile sandy soil with a copse-like
growth. In prairie districts, it appears sometimes as a low shrub 1-3 m.
high. The common "black oak" of the region around the Twin Cities.

Wood light brown, strong, coarse, heavy, used only for fuel.

Quercus coccinea AI u e n c h h a u s e n 1770 Scarlet Oak

Tree 10-20 m. (33-65 ft.) high, 3-6 dm. in diameter, occasionally
larger ; bark ratlvjr smooth, divided by shallow fissures into irregular
ridges and plates, dark brown or grayish, inner bark reddish ; buds oval,
acute, 3-5 mm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, slightly hairy towards the top;
leaves oval in outline, deeply cut into five or seven lobes, broadest about
the middle, the lobes again lobed or toothed, all the ultimate divisions
acute and bristle-pointed, tip of leaf acute, bristle-pointed, base truncate
or broadly wedge-shaped, bright glossy green above, somewhat paler be-
low, slightly downy when young, but soon becoming smooth except for
a few tufts of small hairs in the axils of the large veins beneath, turning
bright scarlet in autumn and persisting throughout the winter, 8-12 cm.
long, 7-11 cm. wide, petioles 2.5-4 cm. long; flowers appearing with the
leaves opening when they are about half grown, staminate catkins slender,
smooth or nearly so, about 8 cm. long, flowers scattered, about 2.5 cm.
in diameter, pistillate flowers short stalked ; acorns ripening the second
season, solitary or in pairs, sessile or borne on peduncles 12 mm. long,
or less; acorn oval, round, or somewhat elongated, 15-18 mm. long, about
13 mm. wide, light brown, often slightly downy, seed pale yellow, bitter,

QUERCUS 263

cup top-shaped, narrowed at the base, about 18 mm. wide, covering one-
third to one-half the acorn, its scales appressed, slightly puberulent ;
coccinea, scarlet, referring to the autumn foliage.

Dry sandy soil, Maine to Minnesota, Nebraska, Illinois and North
Carolina. In Minnesota its distribution is uncertain owing to confusion
with the previous species, it is known to occur in the southeastern part of
the state and in the vicinity of Minneapolis, .where however it is not
abundant. Flowers in late April and May, fruit ripe a year from the
following September.

Easily grown from seed and transplanted. A useful ornamental
tree en account of its beautiful autumn foliage.

Wood reddish brown, hard, strong, coarse, weight 42 lbs., used for
construction, cheap furniture, etc., little used except for fuel.

Quercus alba L i n n e 1753 White Oak

Large tree 15-20 m. (50-65 ft.) high, 1-1.5 m. in diameter, (in the
Ohio valley sometimes 30 m. high, and 2-3.5 m. in diameter) ; bark pale
gray, scaly but not deeply cracked ; buds ovate, blunt, slightly hairy,
about 3 mm. long ; leaves crowded towards the ends of the twigs, lobed
more than half way to the midrib into about seven nearly regular rounded
lobes, tip rounded, base wedge-shaped, when young densely downy, at
maturity smooth, upper surface light green, usually dull, lower surface
pale, veiny, leaves turning purplish red in autumn, and usually remain-
ing on the tree all winter, 7-16 cm. long, 3.5-12 cm. wide, petioles 1-2 cm.
long ; flowers opening when the young leaves are about half grown ;
staminate catkins 7-8 cm. long, ver\^ slender, flowers scattered, about 2.S
mm. in diameter, pistillate flowers in clusters of two or three on a peduncle
about 5 mm. long, or nearly sessile ; acorns ripening the first season,
sessile or on slender peduncles 1-3 cm. long, acorn 22-30 mm. long, 14-20
mm. wide, pale brown, glossy, seed sweet and edible ; acorn cup finely
downy, one-third to one-fourth as long as the acorn, its scales firm and
broad, the lower ones much thickened, the upper thin, not forming a
fringe : a 1 b a, white, referring to the pale leaves and bark.

Heavy, well-drained, but usually acid soils, Maine to Minnesota, south
to Florida and Te.xas. In Minnesota abundant in the southeastern part
and as far north as the Twin Cities, often forming considerable wood-
lands almost to the exclusion of other trees, northern limit unknown but
it appears to be absent from the northern part of the state. Flowers in
May, acorns ripe in September.

Grown from seed, the acorns germinate within a few weeks of their

264

BEECH FAMILY

ripening and produce a long tap-root before winter. The white oak is
very deep-rooted and is very diflficult to transplant after it reaches any
considerable size.

Wood light brown, hard, durable, weight 46 lbs. ; one of our most
useful woods for heavy construction, ship building, railway ties, interior
finish of houses, furniture, etc., also much used for fuel. The "white oak"
lumber of commerce is obtained indiscriminately from this and the two
following species ; bark astringent, used for tanning and in medicine.

Quercu!i

Quercus macrocarpa M i c h a u x 1801 Bur Oak

Large tree 10-25 m. (33-82 ft.) high, 3 dm.-1.5 m. in diameter (in
the Ohio valley sometimes twice this size) or under unfavorable situations
stunted and sometimes barely 2 m. high, branches very strong and gnarled,

QUERCUS

26s

producing in open grown trees an irregular and widely spreading crown, in
dense forest often with a tall straight trunk and short branches; bark dark
grayish brown, rough, heavily ridged and fissured, the twigs and smaller
branches often with prominent corky wings ; buds rounded, pubescent,
about 2-3 mm. long ; leaves crowded at the extremities of the twigs, very
variable in shape, irregularly round lobed, usually most deeply lobed about
the middle, broadest and much less deeply lobed above the middle, on
seme trees very slightly lobed, on others cut almost to the midrib, tip
rounded, base wedge-shaped ; when young densely woolly, at maturity

Quercui macrocarpa

smooth, glossy, dark green above, paler below and pubescent with stellate
hairs, turning brown in autumn and promptly deciduous, 7-18 cm. long,
4-12 cm. wide, petioles 5 mm. -2 cm. long; flowers appearing with the
leaves, opening when the latter are about one-fourth grown, staminate
catkins 4-6 cm. long, hairy, flowers about 1.5 mm. in diameter, pistillate
flowers usually in pairs, sessile or short peduncled ; acorns rii)ening the
first season, sessile or borne on stout peduncles seldom over 1 cm. long in
Minnesota specimens, acorn round or oval, 12-25 mm. long, pale brown,
slightly downy above, cup deep, sometimes nearly covering the acorn,
pubescent, its scales closely appressed. but the upper ones ending in fine

266 BEECH FAMILY

thread-like ends which form a fringe about the acorn, seed somewhat
bitter; a very variable tree both in foliage and in fruit characters, in the
southern part of its range occur forms with very large acorns as much as
5 cm. long borne on peduncles over 5 cm. in length : m a c r o c a r p a,
large fruited, named from some of its forms with very large acorns.

Dry soils. Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Tennessee and Texas,
west to Montana, western Nebraska and Kansas. Throughout Minne-
sota except in the extreme northeast corner. In the central part of the
state it forms extensive open woodlands on light calcareous soils, it also
occurs on the richest and heaviest soils of the state in company with hard
maple, white elm, bass wood, and red oak, and much reduced in size,
forms small groves in the prairie region. Flowers open in Minnesota in
May or late April, about a week earlier than those of white oak, acorns
ripe in September.

Grown from the acorns which germinate very freely. Its slow growth
during its early years in our climate and the difficulty of transplanting
saplings of any considerable size have prevented this tree from being
planted to any considerable extent. It was naturally the most abundant
tree in the vicinity of Minneapolis, and care should be taken to raise
young trees to take the place of the old native specimens when they die,
as it is one of our linest ornamental trees.

Wood light brown, hard, very strong and tough, durable, weight 46.5
lbs. ; it is somewhat stronger than white oak, has the same uses as the latter
and is not distinguished from it commercially. One of our most valuable
timber trees.

Quercus bicolor W i 11 d e n o w i8oi Swamp White Oak

(^uercus platinoides Sudworth 1892

Tree 10-20 m. (33-66 ft.) high, 6 dm.-l m. in diameter (sometimes
considerably larger in New York, Ohio, and other parts of the east) ; bark
of trunk grayish brown, ridged and furrowed, bark of twigs ragged, and
irregularly peeling ; buds rounded, 2 mm. long, nearly smooth ; leaves
often crowded at the extremities of the twigs, rhombic in outline, broadest
a little above the middle, coarsely crenate, dentate, or with shallow some-
what acute lobes, leaves of exposed branches thick, dark green above,
densely white hairy below with short stellate hairs, leaves of low-er shaded
branches much thinner, pak green on both sides, sparingly pubescent
below, leaves turning brown in autumn and deciduous, 7-18 cm. long.
3.5-11.5 cm. wide, petioles 5 mm. -1.5 cm. long; flowers opening Avhen
the leaves are about one-third grown; staminate catkins about 6 cm. long.

QUERCUS 267

slender, flowers scattered, about 2.5 mm. in diameter; pistillate flowers
in few-flowered long peduncled clusters ; acorns ripening the first season,
solitary, paired, or in clusters of three, borne on slender peduncles, 3-7
cm. long, acorn 20-30 mm. long, 15-20 mm. wide, light brown, slightly
downy above, cup cup-shaped, one-third to one-half as long as the acorn,
pubescent, its lower scales thickened, upper ones loose and some of them
often with thread-like tips forming a fringe about the acorn, but never
so prominently as in bur oak : b i c o 1 o r, two colored, referring to thq
dark green and white of the leaves.

Moist soil, Maine to Minnesota, Georgia and Arkansas. In Minne-
sota it is common in the river bottoms of the extreme southeastern corner
of the state and occurs, though rarely, as far north as St. Paul. Reports
of this species from north of the Twin Cities are probably erroneous.

Wood light brown, hard, strong and tough, durable, weight 47.5 lbs.,
with the same uses and properties as white oak and bur oak, this wood
is not distinguished from them commercially.

Quercus prinoides \V i 1 1 d e n o w i8oi Chinquapin Oak

Shrub or small tree 2-5 m. (6-16 ft.) high, up to 1 dm. in diameter;
bark light brown, scaly; buds rounded, slightly hairy, 2-3 mm. long;
leaves lanceolate, broadest above the middle, sharply and coarsely toothed,
tip acuminate, base wedge-shaped, upper side light green and glossy, with
a few scattered stellate hairs, lower side pale, densely hairy, 4-12 cm.
long, 2-5 cm. wide, petioles 5 mm. -2 cm. long; staminate catkins about
4 cm. long, pistillate flowers sessile or short peduncled ; acorns ripening
the first season, sessile or borne on peduncles about 1 cm. long, elliptical,
1.5-2 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide, light brown, downy towards the top, cups
pubescent, about one-third as long as the acorn, the basal scales thickened
and prominent ; prinoides, p r i n o s, referring to the chestnut leaved
oak, Quercus prinos, and ides, like.

Dry limestone ridges, Maine to Nebraska, North Carolina and Texas.
In Minnesota it is known to occur only on bluft's in the extreme south-
east corner of the state. Specimens in the herbarium of the University
have leaves somewhat intermediate in character between this species and
(Quercus M u h 1 e n b e r g i i E n g e 1 m a n n ( Q. a c u m i n a t a Sar-
gent) with 8-10 teeth on each side of the leaf, the lower side of the
leaves silvery white, the unripe acorns with peduncles about 1 cm. long.
Reports of the presence of Quercus M u h 1 e n b e r g i i in the stata
appear to be based on this form. More study is needed of the western
forms of this species.

268 BAYBERRY FAMILY

Wood light brown, hard, and heavy, too small to use for anything but
fuel.

Myricaceae Bayberry Family

Shrubs or trees, leaves simple, alternate, generally coriaceous, resin-
dotted and aromatic ; flowers monoecious or dioecious, in short scaly cat-
kins, solitary in the axil of the bract, calyx and corolla lacking, staminate
flower with 2-16 stamens, filaments short, free or more or less united,
anthers 2-celled, pistillate flowers consisting of a solitary 1 -celled ovary,
subtended by 2-8 bracts, ovule 1, style short, stigmas 2, linear; fruit
a drupe-like nut.

The family includes the two following genera.

KEY TO niE (JEXEUA

1. Leaves entire or slightly serrate, without stipules Myrica

2. Leaves deeply pinnatifid or cut, stipulate Comptonia

Myrica L i n n e 1753
(Ancient Greek name of a shrub, perhaps from the fragrance.)

Shrubs or small trees, leaves entire, serrate or dentate, mostly resin-
dotted, monoecious or dioecious; staminate catkins oblong or cylindric,
stamens 4-8, filaments slightly united below, pistillate catkins ovoid or
globular, pistil subtended by 2-4 deciduous or persistent bractlets ; fruit
tmall, globular or short-cylindric, dry, coated with resinous granules or
Avax.

A genus of 34 species of wide geographical distribution, besides the
following, 3 occur in the eastern and southern parts of the United States
and 2 on the Pacific coast.

Myrica Gale L i n n e 1753 Sweet Gale

A branching shrub 0.5-1.5 m. high, branches dark brown, with pale
lenticels, young shoots slightly pubescent ; leaves oblanceolate, cuneate
at the base, obtuse and dentate at the apex, dark green and glabrous
above, pale and pubescent or glabrous beneath, mostly resin-dotted on both
sides and aromatic, 3-6 cm. long, 8-18 mm. wide, petioles about 2 mm.
long; staminate catkins oblong-cylindrical, 10-15 mm. long, loose-bracted,
pistillate catkins ovoid-oblong, about 5 mm. long, stigma very prominent ;
fruiting catkin 7-10 mm. long, drupe resinous-waxy, inclosed by 2 thick,
persistent bractlets, 2-3 mm. long: Gale, an aromatic plant.

In swamps and along lakes and streams, along the International

COMPTONIA

269

Boundary and the north shore of Lake Superior, south to Carleton county.
Distributed from Labrador to New England and along the Great Lakes
to Minn., south in the mountains to Va., also in Europe and Asia. Flow-
ers in May and June, fruit ripe in August.

Comptonia Banks 1791
(Named for Bishop Compton of Oxford)

A low branching shrub ; leaves narrowed, deeply pinnatitid, with
stipules, young foliage pubescent ; flowers in catkins, monoecious or dioe-
cious, staminate catkins cylindric, stamens 4-8 in the axils of the bracts ;
pistillate catkins ovoid or globose, borne below the staminate catkins in

Comptonia peregrina

Mvrica Gale

270 DOGWOOD FAMILY

monoecious plants, pistil subtended by 8 persistent, narrow bracts which
form a bristly involucre in the ripe fruit ; fruit a bony oblong nut.
A monotypic genus of eastern North America.

Comptonia peregrina ( Linne) Coulter 1894
Myrica asplenifolia Linne 1753

A shrub 3-6 dm. high ; leaves linear-lanceolate, pinnatifid and fern-
like, sweet-scented, acute or rounded at the apex, lobes rounded or pointed,
entire or acute, sparingly pubescent, 6-12 cm. long, 10-15 mm. wide,
petioles about 5 mm. long, stipules half-cordate, usually deciduous; stam-
inate catkins clustered at the ends of branches, 3-4 cm. long; pistillate
catkins becoming bur-like in fruit, about 1 cm. in diameter : p e r e g-r i n a,
wandering. In dry, sandy soil, frequent northeastward, occuring scattered
farther south to Pine county and southwest to Cass Lake. Also reported
from near Excelsior, Hennepin County, but it is doubtful if it occurs,
there. From Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to North Carolina. Lid.
and j\Lch. Blossoms in April and Mav, fruits in autumn.

Umbellales Carrot Order
Cornaceae Dogwood Family

Shrubs or small trees, rarely herbs ; leaves simple, opposite, verticil-
late or alternate, usually entire ; flowers perfect, polygamous or dioecious,
in cymes or heads, calyx 4-5 parted or toothed, adnata to the top of the
ovary, petals 4-5, valvate or imbricated, inserted at the edge of the disk,
stamens as many as the petals, and alternating with them, or more
numerous, ovary inferior, 1-2 celled, style 1, ovule 1 in each cell; fruit a
1-2 celled, 1-2 seeded drupe.

Only two genera of the family occur in North America, one of which
is represented in the ^Lnnesota flora.

Cornus Linne 1753
(L. C o r n ti s, cornel, perhaps from corn u, horn)

Shrubs or trees (occasionally herbs) ; leaves simple, mostly entire,
opposite, verticillate or sometimes alternate ; flowers small, white or green-
ish, in cymes or heads, (Avhen'in heads subtended by large, white, petal-
like bracts in our species), calyx-tube campanulate, 4-toothed, petals 4,
spreading, stamens 4, ovary 2-celled, 1 ovule in each cell, stigma truncate
or capitate; fruit an ovoid or globular drupe, stone 2-celled and 2-seeded.

CORNUS 271

A genus of about 25 species, natives of the North Temperate zone,
Mexico and Peru. In addition to the following 11 others occur in North
America.

Key to the Species

1. Leaves opposite

a. Fruit light blue, leaves downy pubescent be-

neath at least when young

( 1 ) Twigs green, leaves broadly ovate or

orbicular, C. circinata

(2) Young twigs silky-downy, leaves ovate

or elliptical C. Amomuiu

b. Fruit white, leaves glabrous or pubescent

( 1 ) Twigs gray, leaves ovate-lanceolate C. paniculafa

( 2 ) Branches bright red, purple or brownish

(a) Branches brownish, spreading — pubes-

cent leaves spreading — pubescent be-
neath C. Biiilcyi

(b) Branches bright red-purple, smooth,

minute-pubescent on both sides C. siolonifera

2. Leaves alternate, clustered at the ends of the

flowering shoots ' C. altcrnifolia

Cornus circinata L'H e r i t i e r 1/38 Round-leaved Dogwood

A shrub 1-3 m. high, branches green, warty-dotted; leaves broadly
ovate or orbicular, rounded at the base, abruptly pointed at the apex, with
scattered pubescence above, paler and woolly-pubescent beneath, 8-14 cm.
long, 6-13 cm. wide, petioles 1.5-2 cm. long; flowers in many-flowered
cymes, wdiite, 5-7 mm. broad, petals oblong, pedicels pubi'scent ; fruit
globose, light blue, about 5 mm. in diameter, stone subglobose, slightly
ridged : circinata, rolled into a coil.

In i-andy or rocky soil, in woods and thickets, frequent and occasion-
ally common throughout the state. From Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south
to Va., 111. and la. Flowers in June, fruit ripe in August.

Cornus Amomum Miller 1768 Silky Cornel Kinnikinnik

A shrub 1-3 m. high, twigs brownish or purplish, the younger ones
silky-downy ; leaves ovate, oval or ovate-lanceolate, narrowed or rounded
at the base, acuminate at the apex, glabrous or thinly appressed-pubescent
above, finely pubescent, usually wath brownish hairs beneath, 4-8 cm. long,
2.5-4.5 cm. wide; flowers in flat, many-flowered cymes, white, 8-9 mm.

C.alternijoUa.

Cocnus ^h.

CORNUS

273

broad, pedicels and ovaries pubescent, styles 2-3 mm. long, stigma capitate
or club-shaped; fruit globose, light blue, 6-7 mm. in diameter, stones
somewhat irregular or oblique in shape, slightly ridged and narrowed at
the base : A m o m u m, an aromatic shrub.

In low rich woods and along streams, frequent throughout the state,
except far northward. From Newfoundland to North Dakota, south to
Fla. and La. Blossoms in June, fruit ripe in August.

The inner bark is used by the Indians, under the name of Kinnikinnik,
to mix with their tobacco for smoking.

Cornus paniculata L'H e r i t i e r 1788 Dogwood

A shrub 2-5 m. high, bark gray and smooth, young twigs mostly
glabrous ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, narrowed at the base,
long-acuminate at the apex, light green above, much paler beneath, with
scattered appressed-pubescence on both sides, 4-10 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm.
wide, petioles about 1 cm. long, cymes paniculate, loosely flowered, flowers
white, petals lance-oblong, 2-3 mm. long, calyx-tube with appressed white
pubescence ; fruit white, globose or nearly so, about 6 mm. in diameter,
stone subglobose, thicker than long, ridged : paniculata, panicled.

In rich soil, thickets, woods, etc. Common throughout the south half
of the state and in the Valley of the Red River. In the Big Woods it
is the most abundant species ; not reported from the northeastern part of
the state. From Me. to Minn, and Ontario, south to North Carolina and
Nebraska. Flowers in June, fruit ripe in August and September.

Cornus Baileyi C o ti 1 1 e r and Evans 1890 Bailey's Dogwood

A shrub 1-4 m. high, branches brown or reddish-brown, covered with
spreading pubescence ; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, rounded or nar-
rowed at the base, acuminate at the apex, appressed pubescent above,
spreading or woolly-pubescent beneath, 3-8 cm. long. 1.5-3.5 cm. wide;
c\Tiies rather dense, the branches and pedicels pubescent ; flowers white,
6-7 mm. broad, petals lanceolate; fruit Avhite, subglobose, about 6 mm. in
diameter, stone flattened and slightly oblique, considerably broader than
long : Baileyi, named for L. H. Bailey.

Along the sandy shores of lakes and in moist ground, common in the
northern part of the state. Distributed from Pa. to Saskatchewan, south
to Wyo. and Neb.

This species resembles the following somewhat closely and has gen-
erally been confused With if. It differs iiiflie pubescent twigs and more
woolly pubescent leaves. Blossoms in June, fruit ripe in Aug. and Sept.

274

DOGWOOD FAMILY

Cornus stolonifera M ic h a u x 1803 Red-osier Dogwood Kin-

nikinnik

A shrub 1-4 m. high, generally stoloniferous, branches smooth, bright
reddish-purple, young shoots mostly finely appressed-pubescent, leaves
oval, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, rounded or sometimes narrowed at the
base, acute or abruptly pointed at the apex, bright green and thinly ap-
pressed-pubescent above, whitish and sparingly pubescent beneath or some-

Cornus stolonifera

CORNUS 275

times glabrous throughout, 4-10 cm. long, 2.5-5.5 cm. wide, petioles
slender, 18-25 mm. long; cymes flat-topped, 3-5 cm. broad, flowers white,
5-6 mm. broad, petals ovate-lanceolate, calyx and pedicels with thhi, ap-
pressed pubescence, styles about 1.5 mm. long; fruit white or whitish,
globose, 6-8 mm. in diameter : stolonifera, bearing stolons.

In moist or wet places, abundant throughout the north half of the
state and common southward to Winona, Blue Earth, Mower and Houston
Counties. Distributed from New Brunswick to British Columbia south to
the District of Columbia, the Great Lakes region, Iowa, Neb. and New
Mexico. Begins blossoming in June and continues through July and Aug.,
fruit ripens July-Sept.

Cornus alternifolia Linne filius 1781 Dogwood

A shrub or small tree, 2-6 m. high, bark smooth, dark or brownish
on the main stem, branches greenish, streaked with white, leaves alternate,
usually clustered at the ends of branches, oval or ovate, narrowed or some-
times rounded at the base, acuminate or abruptly pointed at the apex,
glabrous and with the veins distinctly marked on the upper side, whitish
and thinly pubescent beneath, 5-10 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, petioles
slender, 1-2 cm. long; cviiies rather loose-flowered, 4-6 cm. broad, flowers
white, petals oblong, reflexed, 3 mm. long, calyx finely appressed-
pubescent ; fruit globose, deep blue, on reddish pedicels, about 8 mm. in
diameter, stones slightly flattened and channeled : alternifolia, with
alternate leaves.

In rich soil, in woods, copses, etc., frequent and occasionally common
throughout the state, except far northward. Distributed from eastern
Quebec to western Ontario, Minn, and la., south to Georgia and Alabama.
Blossoms in May and June, fruit ripe in August and September.

Rubiale? Madder Order
Rubiaceae Madder Family

Herbs, shrubs or trees, leaves simple, opposite, or verticillate, mostly
with stipules; flowers perfect but often dimorphous, regular, calyx-tube
adherent to the ovary, its limb variously lobed, corolla sympetalous,
campanulate, funnel-shaped or rotate, 4-5-lobed, frequently hairy within,
stamens 4-5, borne on the corolla alternate with its lobes, ovary 1-10-
celled, inferior, ovules l-several in each cavity of the ovary; style short
or elongated ; fruit a capsule, a berry or a drupe.

2;6 MADDER FAMILY

A very large family of plants, the greater number of species of which
are found in tropical regions. Only one genus of woody plants of this
family occurs within the state.

Cephalanthus Linne 1753
(Gr. k e p h a 1 e, head, a n t h o s, a flower)

Shrubs or small trees, leaves opposite or verticillate, short-petioled
and entire ; flowers in axillary or terminal heads, small, white or yellow,
subtended by bracts, calyx-tube short, its limb 4-lobed, corolla tubular,
with 4 slightly spreading lobes, stamens 4, inserted on the corolla-tube.

with very short filaments, ovary 2-celled, 1-2 ovules in each cavity, style
slender, long-exserted, stigma capitate ; fruit splitting into 2-4 achene-like
parts.

A genus of 6 species, natives of North America and Asia. The fol-
lowing species is the only one occurring in the U. S.

CEPHALANTHUS 277

Cephalanthus occidentalis L i n n e 1753 Buttonbush

A shrub, 1-3 m. high; branches ghibruus ; leaves opposite or verticillate,
entire, petioled, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, mostly narrowed at the base,
acuminate at the apex, glabrous above, glabrous or very sparingly
pubescent beneath, 7-14 cm. long, 4-6 cm. wide; petioles 1-2 cm. long;
peduncles axillary and terminal, 6-10 cm. long, heads globose, 2-4 cm.
in diameter, flowers white, sessile and closely crowded, 8-12 mm. long,
styles slender, about twice as long as the corolla, calyx-tube surmounting
the ovary, persistent; fruit narrowly-obconic, 5-6 mm. long: occiden-
talis, western.

In swamps and low grounds, infrequent in the southeastern part of
the state, reported as far north as Taylors Falls. Distributed from New
Brunswick to western Ontario and California, south to Fla., Tex. and Ariz.
Blossoms in June, fruit ripe in September.

Caprifoliaceae Honeysuckle Family

Shrubs, trees or vines, or perennial herbs ; leaves opposite, simple or
pinnately compound ; flowers perfect, regular or irregular, cymose, calyx-
tube adherent to the ovary, 2-5-toothed or lobed at the top, petals united
into a sympetalous, tubular, campanulate, or rotate corolla, 5 -lobed above,
frequently wdth a sack-like enlargement at the base; stamens 5 (rarely 4),
borne on the tube of the corolla and alternating with the lobes, anthers
oblong or narrow and elongated, filaments inserted on the corolla, ovary
inferior, 2-5-celled, style slender, stigma enlarged or capitate, 2-5-lobed,
ovules 1 -several in each cell, fruit a 1 -several-seeded berry, drupe or cap-
sule, seeds oblong or globose, with small embryo, and fleshy endosperm.

KEY TO THE GENERA

1. Leaves compound, flowers small, white, in com-

pound cpiies Sambucus

2. Leaves simple

a. Flowers in compound cymes, corolla rotate,

small; fruit a 1 -seeded drupe Viburnum

b. Flowers in pairs, or few-flowered racemes or

c\'mes, corolla campanulate or tubular,
fruit a berry or a capsule
{ 1 ) Fruit a few-seeded berry

(a) Corolla short-campanulate, regular.

margin of leaves entire Symphoncarpus

278 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

(b) Corulla tubular or long-canipanulate,

more or less irregular Lonicera

(2) Fruit a 2-relled capsule, leaves serrate Diervilla

Sambucus L i n n e 1753 Elder
(Classical name of tbe elderberry)

Shrubs, trees or perennial herbs ; leaves opposite, pinnately compound,
leaflets serrate, or sometimes laciniately cut or dissected ; flowers small,
white, very numerous in compound cymes, calyx-lobes or teeth 3-5, minute
or almost lacking, corolla 3-5 lobed, regular, rotate, stamens 5, attached
to the base of the corolla, filaments short, ovary 3-5-celled, one ovule in
each cavity, style short, 3-lobed ; fruit a berry-like drupe, containing 3-5
1 -seeded stones.

A genus of about 20 species, of wide geographical distribution, 3 other
species besides the following occur in the western part of North America.

Key to the Species

1. Stems woody, })ith brown, fruit bright red S. racciiiosa

2. Stems hardly woody, pith white, fruit black-purple S. caiuiih-iisis

Sambucus racemosa L i n n e 1753 Red-berried Elder

Sambucus pubens Michaux 1803

A shrub, 1-4 m. high, bark gray and warty, young shoots commonly
pubescent, with large brown pith; leaflets 5-7, ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
narrowed and mostly unequal at the base, sessile or short-stalked, long-
acuminate at the apex, sharply serrate, finely pubescent beneath, 4-13 cm.
long, 2-4 cm. wide, occasionally much larger; flowers in a pyramidal
cluster of compound cymes, white, turning brown in drying, 3-4 mm.
broad, petals reflexed, stamens very short; fruit a bright red drupe, 4-5
mm. in diameter : racemosa, with racemes, not particularlv appropriate.

On rocky banks, in ravines, woods, etc., common throughout the state.
Distributed from New Brunswick to British Columbia, south to (ia.,
Colo., and Calif. Blossoms in April and May, fruit ripe in June and July.

\'ar. 1 a c i n i a t a Koch, a cut-leaved form of this species, is com-
monly cultivated, and occasionally spontaneous. S a m b u c u s nigra
var. laciniata (Miller) DeCandolle, the corresponding form of a
similar European species, is occasionally cultivated.

■ SAMBUCUS 279

Sambucus canadensis L i n n e 1753 Common Elder

A shrub, 1-3 m. high, stems scarcely woody, young twigs with large
white pith; leaflets 5-11, mostly 7, ovate to ovate-oblong or lanceolate,
rounded and slightly unecjual at the base, sessile or nearly so, long-

^.-imbucus, x^

28o HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

acuminate at the apex, sharply serrate, glabrous above, sometimes slightly
pubescent on the veins beneath, 7-15 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide; inflorescence
very ample, 10-20 cm. broad, 6-10 cm. high; flowers white, 5-6 mm.
broad; fruit a dark purple to black drupe, 5-6 mm. in diameter, edible,
stones roughened : canadensis, Canadian.

In moist or rich soil, common throughout the south half of the state,
rare northwestward. New Brunswick and Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south
to Fla., Tex. and Ariz. Blossoms in late June and July, fruit ripe in
August and September.

A cut-leaf form is occasionally cultivated.

Viburnum L i n n e 1753
(Classical name of the wayfaring tree)

Shrubs or trees; leaves entire, serrate, dentate, or lobed, stipules
sometimes present, leaf buds naked or with a pair of scales ; flowers white,
or rarely pink, numerous, in flat, compound cymes, sometimes the margin-
al flowers of the cyme larger and sterile, calyx ovoid or turbinate, 5 -toothed,
corolla rotate or spreading, regular, 5-lobed, stamens 5, borne on the
tube of the corolla, ovary inferior, 1-3 -celled, ovule 1 in each cavity of the
ovary, style short, 3-lobed or 3-cleft; fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded, ovoid or
globose drupe, stone somewhat flattened and ridged, seed compressed.

A genus of about 100 species, of wide geographical distribution. In
addition to the following about 15 other species occur in different parts
of North America.

Key to the Species

1. Leaves 3-lobed, palmately veined

a. Flowers all perfect and alike, lobes of leaves

sliallow, not coarsely dentate V. pauciflonim

b. Some or all of the flowers sterile, leaves

more deeply 3-lobed, coarsely and irregu-
larly dentate

( 1 ) Marginal flowers large and sterile,

central ones perfect, clusters flat-
topped, native V. amcricanum

(2) All the flowers sterile, clusters spherical,

cultivated V . opuliis sterUis

2. Leaves not lobed, pinnately veined, dentate or

serrate
a. Leaves finely serrate, veins not very prom-
inent

VIRBURNUM

281

( 1 ) Leaves and inflorescence densely pubes-

cent, winter buds naked, cultivated V. Lantana

(2) Leaves and inflorescence glabrous, winter

buds scaly V. Lciitago

b. Leaves coarsely dentate, veins prominent V. pubcsccns

liiburnurr? X^

282 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

Viburnum pauciflorum R a f i n e s q n e 1838 Squashberry

A low straggling shrub, 0.7-2 m. high, bark grayish, young shoots red-
dish brown and ridged ; leaves broadly oval or obovate, narrowed, truncate
or cordate at the base, mostly with three shallow lobes, dentate, glabrous
above, more or less pubescent on the veins beneath, 5-9 cm. long, 4.5-9.5
cm. wide, petioles 1-2 cm. long; cymes few flow-ered, 3-4 cm. long,
about 2 cm. broad, flowers all perfect, 5-6 mm. broad, stamens shorter
than the corolla; drupe globose to ovoid, light red, acid, 8-10 mm. long,
stone ovate, pointed: pauciflorum, few flowered.

In cold woods north of Lake Superior. Distributed from Newfound-
land to Alaska, south to Maine, N. H., Vt., Pa. and in the Rocky moun-
tains to Colorado. Blossoms in June, fruit ripe in August and September.

Viburnum americanum ]\r i 11 e r 1768 Highbush Cranberry

Fembina

A shrub, 1-3 m. high, branches nearly erect, smooth and grayish;
leaves deeply 3-lobe(l, cuneate or rounded at the base, lobes taper-pointed,
coarsely and irregularly dentate or sometimes almost entire, glabrous above,
with a few scattered hairs along the veins beneath, 5-13 cm. long, 4.5-12
cm. broad, petioles 1.5-3 cm. long with 1-3 glands below the blade,
cymes flat-topped, 5-10 cm. in diameter, the outer flowers large and sterile,
]-2 cm. broad, the fertile ones very small, 2-3 mm. broad; fruit an ovoid
drupe, about 1 cm. long, stone round, flattened : a m e r i c a n u m, Ameri-
can.

In swamjis and low ground, connnon throughout the northern half
of the state and in the Big Woods, less frequent southward to Houston
county. Distributed from Newfoundland and (Quebec to British Co-
lumbia, south to New Jersey, Pa., Midi, and northeastern Iowa.

This species seems sufficiently distinct from the European V. o p u 1 u s
with which it has usually been identified.

The fruit is used for m.aking sauve and preserves, "Pembina, born,'
first by a river, and then given to the town and county is stated by Keating
to be frt)m the Chippewa word for this fruit, a n e p e m b i n a n, wliicli
name has been shortened and corruoted into Pembina" (Narrative of
Long's Expedition) .

Viburnum Opulus Linne var. sterilis DeCandolle 1830

Guelder Rose

A shrub 2-3 m. higli, with smooth grayish branches; leaves broadly
ovate, 3-l()bed, lobes shorter tlian in the preceding species, coarselv and

VIBURNUM

283

irregularly serrate, truncate t)r slightly cordate at the hase, with scattered
hairs above, pubescent beneath when young, 3.5-10 cm. long, 4-11 cm.
wide, petioles 2-3 cm. long, with several glands below the blade; flowers
all sterile, in dense globose clusters 5-10 cm. in diameter, at first greenish,
later becoming white : O p u 1 u s, Latin name of a tree, s t e r i 1 i s, sterile.
Extensivelv planted as an ornamental shrub, perfectly hardy; the
leaves are likely to be badly infested with aphis causing them to curl and
shrivel very badly. Blossoms in June.

Viburnum Lantana L i n n e 1753 Wayfaring Tree

A shrub or sometimes a small tree, 1-3 m. high, branches brown,
young shoots ashv pubescent, winter buds naked ; leaves ovate to ovate-
oblong, mostly cordate at the base, blunt or acutish at the apex, finely
and sharply serrate, densely stellate pubescent on both sides, petioles

1-2 cm. long pubescent; cvmes short-peduncled, the whole cluster about
6-8 cm. broad, flowers all perfect and alike, 7-10 mm. broad, stamens 6-7
mm. long: fruit oblong-ovoid, flattened, about 1 cm. long; Lantana,
a genus name of mythological origin.

Frequentlv cultivated and perfectly hardy. Introduced from Eurasia.
Blossoms in May, fruit ripe in August.

284 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

Viburnum Lentago L i n u e 1753 Black Haw

A tall shrub or sometimes a small tree, 3-6 m. high, bark smooth and
gray or brownish, winter buds scaly, acuminate, young shoots glabrous;
leaves oval or ovate, rounded at the base, acuminate at the apex, finely
and sharply serrate, glabrous on both sides or sometimes slightly puberu-
lent beneath, 4-11 cm. long, 2.5-5.5 cm. wide, petioles about 2 cm. long,
often widened and wavy-margined below the middle; inflorescence con-
sisting of 4-6 sessile cymes, the cluster hemispherical, 6-10 cm. broad;
flowers wdiite, 6-7 mm. broad, stamens about 3 mm. long; drupe oval, blu-
ish-black, 10-12 mm. long, slightly flattened, edible, stone oval: Lenta-
g o, Latin name of a shrub.

In rich woods, frequently along banks of streams, common throughout
the south half of the state, less frequent northward. Distributed from
Quebec to Manitoba, south to N. J., Ga., Ind. and Mo. Blossoms in May
and June, fruit ripe in August.

Viburnum pubescens (Aiton ) P u r s h 1814 Arrowwood

A branching shrub, 6-14 dm. high, bark gray, on young shoots reddish
brown ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, rounded or slightly cordate at the
base, acute or acuminate at the apex, coarsely dentate, veins few and very
prominent on the upper side, glabrous or with scattered hairs above, soft
downy beneath at least when young, 4-7 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, petioles
8 cm. or less long, pubescent ; cymes peduncled, the cluster 3-4 cm.
broad, flowers 4 mm. broad, stamens about 3 mm. long ; drupe oval, dark
purple, about 8 mm. long; stone 2-grooved, on each face : pubescens,
hairy.

In rocky woods, common throughout the state. Distributed from
western Quebec and Vermont to Manitoba, south to Ga., 111., Iowa and
Wyo. Blossoms in May, fruit ripe in August.

Symphoricarpus J ti s s i e u 1789 Snowberry Wolf berry
(Gr. s y m p h o r a, borne in clusters, c a r p 0 s. fruit)

Low, upright, branching shrub ; leaves opposite and simple ; flowers
pink or white, small, perfect, in axillary or terminal clusters, calyx-tube
short, 5-toothed, regular, corolla campanulate, 4-5-lobed, sometimes hairy
on the inside, occasionally gibbous at the base, stamens 4-5, borne on the
corolla-tube, ovary inferior, 4-celled, 2 of the cells containing abortive

SYMPHORICARPUS 285

ovules, the others with a single ovule in each, style slender, stigma capitate
or 2-lobed ; fruit a 2-seeclecl berry, seeds bony.

A genus of about 10 species, natives of North America.

Key to the Species

1. Flowers in dense, axillary and terminal spikes, stamens and styles pro-

truded S. occidcntalis

2. Flowers in few-flowered, interrupted spikes, at the ends of the branch-

es, stamens and styles not protruded S. raccinosiis

Symphoricarpus occidentalis H o o k e r 1833 Wolfberry

A low, erect shrub, 0.3-1 m. high, sometimes considerably branched,
bark gray and shreddy on the older branches ; leaves ovate, rounded, or
narrowed at the base, blunt or acute at the apex, entire or undulate-

crenate or sometimes lobed, glabrous above, thinly pubescent at least
along the veins beneath, 2-7 cm. long, 1.5-4.5 cm. wide, or occasionally
much larger, petioles 4-10 mm. long, often pubescent; flowers in dense
axillary and terminal spikes, corolla pinkish, short funnel-form, 6-9 mm.
long, very hairy within, stamens and style protruding beyond the end of
the corolla; fruit a nearly globular berry, white, 7-10 mm. in diameter:
occidentalis, western.

In dry or rocky soil, common and often abundant except northeast-
ward. Distributed from northern Mich, and 111. to Kan. and west to

286 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

the Rocky mountains. Blossoms in June and July, fruit ripe in Septem-
ber, often persistent throughout the winter.

This species is very variable in the size and form of leaf.

Symphoricarpus racemosus M i c h a u x 1803 Snowberry

An erect branching shrub, 0.3-1 m. high, bark on older branches gray
and shreddy, young shoots slender, yellowish brown; leaves oval, elliptic-
oblong or nearly orbicular, narrowed or rounded at the base, obtuse at
the apex, glabrous above, pilose beneath, margin entire or crenate, length
2-5 cm., width 1-3 cm., petioles 2-3 mm. long; flowers 1-2 or several in
interrupted spikes, at the ends of the branches, corolla pink or white,
campanulate, 4-5 mm. long and about as broad, hairy within, stamens and
style not protruded beyond the corolla ; fruit a snow-white berry, globose,
5-10 mm. in diameter : racemosus, racemed.

In rocky and dry soil, throughout the state. Distributed from north-
eastern Quebec to Alaska, south to western Mass., Pa., Mich., Mont, and
California. Blossoms in June and July, fruit ripe in Aug. and Sept.

Symphoricarpus racemosus var. pauciflorus Robbins 1867
Symphoricarpjus pauciflorus (Robbins) Britton 1894

A dwarf shrub, differing from the species in having uniformly smaller
leaves which are much paler beneath and more pubescent.

Common in the northern part of the state, infrequent farther south.

Symphoricarpus racemosus \ar. levigatus F e r n a 1 d Cultivated

Snowberry

Erect shrub, 1-1.5 m. high, leaves larger than in the species, glabrous
on both sides ; flowers often numerous, in intermitted spikes.
Freiiuently cultivated in gardens and occasionally escaping.

Lcnicera L i n n e 1753 Honeysuckle
(Named for Adam Lonitzer)

Erect shrubs or woody twining vines ; leaves opposite, entire ; flowers
in terminal heads or spikes, or in pairs on axillary peduncles, calyx ad-
herent to the ovary, its limb usually minute, 5-toothed or nearly entire,
petals 5, united into a more or less irregular corolla, corolla trumpet-, fun-
nel-, or bell-shaped, the tube often gibbous at the base and honey bearing,
the limb 5-cleft or 2-lipped, the ui)per lip consisting of 4 petals, the lower
of 1, stamens 5, borne on the corolla-tube, alternate with the petals, pistil

LONICERA 287

1, cuniimund, 2-3-partecl, ovary inferior, i-3-cellL'(,l (rari-ly l-celled),

style 1, stigma 1, capitate or 2-3-lobed ; fruit a berry, usually 2-3-celled,

few-seeded, in species with Howers in pairs, the two berries sometimes
coalescent.

A genus of about 100 species, chieflx' of the north temperate zone.

Key to the Species

1. Flowers terminal, in dense clusters or inter-

rupted spikes, upper leaves of tiowering-
shoots connate-perfoliate. usually vines :
sub-genus C a p r i f o 1 i u m

a. Flowers long trumpet-shaped, cultivated L. scmpcrr'vcns

b. Flowers with a short tube and spreading 2-

lipped limb, native

(1) Margin of leaves parchment-like, not

ciliate

(a) Leaves ncarlv or quite glabrous ■ L. dioica

(b) Leaves pubescent beneath L. dioica

glauccsccns

(2) Margin of leaves green-, ciliate L. hirsiita

2. Flowers in pairs, on axillary' peduncles, none

of the leaves connate-perfoliate. mostly up-
right shrubs : sub-genus X y 1 o s t e u m

a. Peduncles long and slender, over 1 cm. long
( 1 ) Leaves pubescent, native shrubs

(a) Leaves thick, woolly, corolla 2-lipped L. o'-lougifolia

(b) Leaves thin, bristly, corolla nearly

regular L. canadensis

(2) Leaves glabrous, corolla not 2-lipped.

cultivated L. tatarica

b. Peduncles mostly under 1 cm. long, leaves

thick and veiny

( 1 ) (Ivaries united, berry blue-black, native L. co-rulca

(2) Ovaries separate, berries red. cultivated L. Morroui

Lonicera sempervirens L i n n e 1753 Trumpet Honeysuckle

Tall twining vine, bark pale brown, shredded, twigs glabrous; leaves
broad-oval, ovate, or the lower ones lanceolate, the uppermost pair on
flowering shoots connate-perfoliate forming usually a broad elliptical disk,
upper side dark green, smooth, lower side glaucous, smooth or somewhat

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

L.dio'ica.

onicera

*

hairy, margin smooth and parchment-like, tip retuse, rounded, or slightly
acute, base of lower leaves narrowed, sessile or short petioled, length 4.7
cm., width 1-5.5 cm.; flower in interrupted, terminal spikes, limb of calyx-
minute, 5-lobed, corolla scarlet, often with more or less yellow, trumpet-
shape, nearly regular, its tube 4-5 cm. long, about 6 mm. wide at the

LONICERA 289

throat, its limb scarcely spreading, about 5 mm. long ; berries scarlet :
s e m p e r V i r e n s, evergreen, a character which it has in the southern
states but not in Minnesota.

Cultivated; native, Maine to Nebraska and southwards. A hardy and
handsome climber, often grown upon porches, etc. Its conspicuous scarlet
flowers are in bloom for a long period in summer.

Lonicera dioica L i n n e 1767
Lonicera glauca Hill 1769
Lonicera parviflora Lamarck 1783

Twining vine or shrubby, 1-3 m. high; bark grayish, peeling on old
stems, twigs glaucous and glabrous ; leaves oblong or elliptical, the upper-
most 2-4 pairs on flowering stems connate-perfoliate, the uppermost pair
forming a rhomboid or elliptic usually obtusely angled disk, upper side
of leaves bright green, glabrous, lower side very glaucous, entirely-
glabrous or with a few scattered hairs, m.argin parchment-like and with-
out hairs, tip obtuse to rounded, base when not connate, sessile and clasp-
ing; flow'ers in dense terminal clusters, calyx-limb barely 1 mm. long,
obscurely 5 -toothed, corolla yellowish, or more frequently dull-maroon,
with a yellowish tube, its tube 7-10 mm. long, gibbous at the base and
expanding to a width of about 3 mm. at the throat, its limb 2-lipped, cleft
into 5, somewhat unequal linear petals, 5-10 mm. long, corolla smooth
without, hairy within, stamens exserted, filaments hairy, style hairy,
stigma capitate ; berries red : dioica, dioecious which this plant is not,

Maine to Manitoba, south to North Carolina, Ohio and Missouri. In
its typical form occurring somewhat rarely in copses and rocky woods in
eastern and southern Minnesota. Flow^ers in May and June.

Lonicera dioica var. glaucescens (R y d b e r g)
Lonicera glaucescens Rydberg 1897

Leaves ovate to obovate, often only one pair connate-perfoliate, the
lower ones narrowed at the base and sometimes short-petioled, glabrous
on the upper side and margin but the lower side more or less hairy, often
densely so ; flowers more frequently pale yellow, tube of corolla hairy on
the outside, 10-15 mm. long, somewhat more slender than in the type.

Ontario and Michigan to Saskatchewan, south to Virginia, Nebraska
and A\'yoming. Rocky woods, copses, bluffs, etc., throughout the wooded
part of Minnesota. Much more abundant than the type.

290 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

This form has been described as a distinct species but in Minnesota
it intergrades completely with L. d i o i c a. Only two of the Minnesota
specimens of that species in the LIniversity herbarium are completely
glabrous. Several others, agreeing in all other respects with typical L.
dioica have a few scattered hairs on the lower side of the leaf: the
form and number of the perfoliate disks often varies greatly in the same
individual, and out of 20 flowering specimens showing the foliage char-
acters of the variety glaucescens five have the floral characters of
typical L. dioica. Very pubescent specimens of this variety are some-
times confused with L. h i r s u t a but can be readily distinguished from
that species by their smooth and parchment-like leaf margin.

Lonicera hirsuta Eaton 1818

Twining vine, bark grayish and peeling, twigs usually pubescent
aliove ; leaves broadly ovate to orbicular, the upper 1-2 pairs on flowering
branches connate-perfoliate, the upjjermost disk orbicular or rhombic,
upper side dark green slightly hairy% lower side whitish and densely hairy,
margin ciliate and not at all parchment-like, tip of leaf obtuse or short-
acuminate, base, when not connate, rounded, sessile or short-petioled,
length 6-11 cm., width 4-7 cm.; flowers in dense terminal clusters, often
with either sessile or stalked clusters in the axils of the lower perfoliate
disk, calyx-limb scarcely 1 mm. long, obscurely 5-lobed, corolla yellow,
its tube 10-18 mm. long, gibbous at the base, expanding gradually into
the 2-lipped. 5-petaled limb of about the same length, corolla-tube hairy
and glandular on the outside, hairy within, stamens and style exserted, the
filaments and style somewhat hairy below : hirsuta, hairy, bearded.

Vermont, Ontario and Manitoba, south to Pa., Mich, and Minn. In
Minnesota common in the region of coniferous forest in the northern
and northeastern parts of the state, not occurring elsewhere. Flowers in
June and July.

Lonicera oblongifolia (Goldie) Hooker 1833

Shrub, 5-15 dm. high, bark grayish, twigs puberulent ; leaves ovate-
lanceolate to oblong, thick, dark green above, pale beneath, finely-woolly
pubescent, especially beneath, margin thickened, woolly but not ciliate,
tip acute or obtuse, base tapering, length 2.5-10 cm., width 1-3.5 cm.,
petioles 2 mm. long or wanting ; flowers in pairs in the axils of the lower
leaves, peduncles slender, 1-3 cm. long, bracts at base of ovaries very
minute or deciduous, before the flowers open, ovaries more or less fused.

LONICERA

291

limb of the calyx nearly wanting, having 5 minute, triangular teeth, less
than 0.5 mm. li)ng, rtirolla yellow, often streaked with purple, the tube
about 5 mm. long, gibbous just above the base, more or less hairy within
and without, limb 2-lipped, spreading, about 1 cm. across, the upper lip
slightly 4-cleft, the lower consisting of a single i)etal, stamens exserted,

L.coecuka.

L.Ta.ta.cica.
Lonicera, x^

L.Morvowi

the filaments hairy ; fruit red or purplish, the two berries nearly distinct
or more or less completely united : o b 1 o n g i f o 1 i a, oblong-leaved.

Swamps. New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to northern New Eng-
land, Pa.. Mich., and Minn. In Minnesota confined to the region of

292 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

evergreen forest, in the northern and northeastern parts of the state.
Flowers in June, fruit ripe in late July.

Lonicera canadensis ]\I a r s h a 11 1785
Lonicera ciliata Muhlenberg" 1813

Irregular shrub, 1-1.5 m. high, bark grayish, twigs glabrous; leaves
ovate or lance-ovate, thin, bright green, upper side glabrous, lower side
slightly hairy, margin ciliate, tip acute or somewhat obtuse, base acute
rounded or cordate, length 2-9 cm., width 1.5-4 cm., petioles 5-8 mm.
long; flowers in pairs, in the axils of the lower leaves, peduncles slender,
about 1 cm. long, bracts at base of ovaries small, the longest lanceolate,
about 2 mm. long, the others about 0.5 mm. long, ovaries separate, limb of
calyx obscurely lobed, about 1 mm. long, corolla greenish yellow, funnel-
shaped, the tube gibbous at the base, 1.5 cm. long, expanding gradually
into a nearly equally 5-lobed limb about 5 mm. long, slightly hairy within,
stamens included ; berries separate, red . canadensis, Canadian.

Moist woods. Quebec and Nova Scotia to Saskatchewan, south to
Pa., Mich., and Minn. In Minn, occurring throughout the region of ever-
green forest in the northern and northeastern parts of the state. Flowers
in May, fruit rijie in July.

Lonicera tatarica L i n n e 1753 Tartarian Honeysuckle Twin

Honeysuckle

Upright shrub, 1.5-3 ni. high, bark light gray, twigs glabrous, green
or reddish; leaves ovate, glabrous, rather thin, upper side dark green,
lower paler but not glaucous, margin smooth or with a very few sparse
hairs, tip acute or sometimes obtuse, base heart-shaped, length 3-7 cm.
width 1.7-4 cm., petioles about 5 mm. long; flowers in pairs, from the
axils of the upper leaves, peduncles slender, 1-2 cm. long, bracts at the
base of ovaries partly awl-shaped, about 5 mm. long, partly ovate, less
than 1 mm. long, ovaries distinct, glabrous, limb of calyx Avith 5 lanceo-
late sepals, about 1 mm. long, corolla pink or whitish, the tube gibbous
at the base, about 5 mm. long, hairy within, the limb irregularly cleft
into 5 linear or lanceolate lobes, about 1 cm. long, stamens somewhat
exserted, filaments hairy ; berries separate, red : t a t a r i c a, Tartarian, re-
ferring to its native land.

Cultivated, native of southeastern Russia to central Asia.

A hardy shrub, much planted, ornamental both in flower and in fruit.

LONICERA 293

Besides the typical form with pink flowers there are forms with white
flowers and with various shades of pink flowers, some with considerably
larger leaves and flowers than the type. Flowers in May.

Lonicera coerulea L i n n e 1753

Erect shrub, 3 dm. to 1 m. high, bark light brown, much shredded,
twigs pubescent ; leaves oval, narrows-oblong or obovate, thick, upper side
hairy, or smooth, lower side pale, coarsely hairy, margin ciliate, tip round
or obtuse, base rounded or narrowed, length 2-4 cm., width 8-20 mm.,
petioles about 1 mm. long ; flowers in pairs from the axils of the lower
leaves, peduncle 2-8 mm. long, bracts at base of ovaries awl-shaped, 3-5
mm. long, hirsute, ovaries of the two flowers completely united, glabrous,
limb of calyx very minute, scarcely lobed, glabrous, corolla pale yellow,
glArous in Minnesota specimens, the tube slightly gibbous at the base,
about 7 mm. long, the lobes nearly equal, about 5 mm. long, stamens
exserted ; fruit an oval bluish-black berry, bearing the scars of two flowers
close together near the summit, edible : coerulea, blue, from the color
of the fruit.

Wet woods and bogs. Labrador to Alaska, south to Pa., Mich. Yel-
lowstone Park and Oregon, also occurs in Scandinavia and Switzerland.
In Minnesota confined to the northeast corner of the state. Flowers in
May and June, fruit ripe about August 1.

The American specimens of this species are assigned to the variety
villosa (Michaux) Torrey & Gray. Minnesota and Wisconsin specimens,
as well as those of the western U. S. have thinner and less veiny leaves
than those from Europe and eastern North America.

Lonicera Morrowi A. G r a 3^ 1856

Spreading shrub, about 2 m. high,, bark grayish broAvn, twigs finely
pubescent ; leaves oblong, thick and veiny, dark green above, paler be-
neath, upper side finely and sparsely hairy, lower side hairy, margin
ciliate, tip obtuse or rounded, base cordate, length 2.5-5 cm., width 1.5-2.5
cm., petioles about 3 mm. long; flowers in pairs, axillary, peduncles 7-10
mm. long, bracts small, pubescent and ciliate, the two longest linear, 3-5
mm. long, the others ovate, about 2 mm. long, ovaries separate, limb of
calyx with 5 obtuse, triangular, ciliate teeth, corolla white, yellow or
fading, pubescent, the tube 7-10 mm. long, the limb with 5 slightly ir-

294 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

regular lobes, 8-12 mm. long, stamens exserted, the filaments hairy; ber-
ries separate, bright red : M o r r o w i, named for Dr. James Morrow.

Cultivated. Native of Japan.

A very handsome and hardy shrub, ornamental both in flower and
fruit and covered with foliage from earliest spring until hard freezing in
the fall. A very useful plant for untrimmed hedges where there is plenty
of space. This plant grows readily from seed : it is distributed extensively
by birds and is apt to appear spontaneously in the vicinity of cultivated
plants. Flowers in May and June, fruits from August to late autumn.

Diervilla M o e n c h 1794
(Named for Dr. Dierville)

Upright shrubs ; leaves opposite, serrate ; flowers axillary and terminal,
c>Tnose or solitary, calyx-tube slender and elongated, narrowed below the
5 persistent sepals, corolla tubular, or funnel-shaped, the tube slightly
gibbous at the base, 5-lobed, stamens 5, borne on the tube of the corolla,
anthers linear, ovary 2-celled, inferior, ovules numerous in each cavity,
style long and slender, stigma capitate; fruit a capsule, oblong, slender-
beaked or pointed, 2-valved.

A genus of about 8 species, two of eastern North America, the others
of eastern Asia.

Key to the Species

1. Native, flowers less than 2 cm. long, yellow D. Loniccra

2. Cultivated, flowers more than 2 cm. long, rose-pink or whitish

D. florid a

Diervilla Lonicera M i 1 1 e r 1768

Low upright shrub, 1 m. or less high, bark grayish brown, twigs
smooth except for two narrow hispid lines, leaves ovate or ovate-lanceo-
late, smooth, except a little rough hairy along the veins, margins finely
serrate, tip long-acuminate, base wedge-shaped to rounded, 6-13 cm. long,
2-7 cm. wide, petioles 5-10 mm. long; flowers terminal or axillary, in
clusters of 2-6, sepals bristle-like, about 5 mm. long, corolla funnel-
shaped, about 1.5 cm. long, 1.5 cm. in diameter, the free portion of the
petals linear, corolla pale 3'ellow, growing darker : Lonicera, the
generic name of the honeysuckle.

Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to North Carolina, Indiana and
Minnesota. In Minnesota throughout the wooded part of the state.
Flowers in June.

Diervilla Lonicera

296 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

Diervilla florida Siebold & Zuccarini 1835 Weigela
Weigela rosea Lindley

Shrub, 1-2 m. high, bark grayish-brown, twigs hairy in two lines;
leaves ovate to obovate, upper side smooth, lower side rough-hairy along
the veins, margin finely serrate, tip acuminate, base wedge-shaped or
rounded, 4-7 cm. long, 2.5-3.5 cm. wide, petioles about 2 mm. long; flow-
ers axillary or terminal, in clusters of 1-4, sepals narrow-lanceolate, about
1 cm. long, united for one-third to one-half of their length, corolla broad-
funnel-shaped, nearly regular, about 3 cm. long, 3.5 cm. in diameter, the
free part of the petals broadly triangular, rose-pink or whitish in some
varieties, stigma 2-lobed : florida, flowering.

Cultivated. Native of northern China.

A very ornamental bush, much cultivated under the name of Weigela
and apparently quite hardy in the vicinity of Minneapolis where it

XS.-florid^.

D.Lonicara.

blooms in early June. There arc numerous hybrids between this and
other related Asiatic species. They appear to be less hardy than D.
florida.

ARTEMISIA 297

Asterales Aster Order
Compositae Composite Family

Herbs, rarely shrubs or trees; flowers in dense heads, surrounded by a
calyx-like involucre, the receptacle naked (i. e. bearing only flowers) or
bearing scales among the flowers, flowers perfect, monoecious, polygamous
or dioecious, calyx adherent to the ovary, the free limb (pappus) variously
modified as scales, spines, bristles, plumes, etc., or entirely wanting, petals
5, rarely 0, united, corolla either regular, tubular or bell-shaped, or ir-
regular, 2-lipped or flat and ligulate, the marginal flowers of the head
often different in form, from the central ones, stamens 5 or 0, usually
united by their anthers, pistil 1, compound, ovary inferior, 1-celled, 1-
seeded, style 1, 2-cleft above, stigmas 2, fruit an achene.

An immense family, the largest of flowering plants, containing about
12,000 species. Herbaceous species of this family are very abundant in
our flora especially in prairie regions, comprising such Avell known plants
as sunflowers, asters, goldenrods, daisies, thistles, dandelions, etc. Woody
plants of this family are rare and are largely confined to warmer climates.
Our only shrubby genus is the following.

Artemisia L i n n e 1753 Wormwood Sage-Brush
(Named for Artemisia, wife of IMausolus)

Herbs or shrubby plants, bitter and aromatic, often canescent or
tomentose; leaves alternate; heads few to many-flowered, pendulous or
nodding, in panicles, racemes, or spikes, flowers all tubular, greenish or
yellowish, involucre ovoid, oblong or hemispherical, its bracts imbricated
in several series, the outer ones shorter, receptacle flat or convex, naked
or pubescent, not chaffy, central flowers perfect, sometimes sterile, margin-
al flowers usually pistillate and fertile, their corolla 2-3-toothed, in some
species the flowers all perfect and fertile; achenes obovoid or oblong, 2-
ribbed or striate, with a small rounded summit, and no pappus.

A genus of about 200 species, natives of the northern hemisphere and
southern South America. The following species is the only shrubby one
within the state.

Artemisia frigida W i 1 1 d e n o w 1804 Mountain Sage

A low tufted perennial, 3-6 dm. high, woody at the base, densely silky-
canescent throughout, aromatic; leaves 1-3 cm. long, pinnately parted
and 3-5-cleft, the divisions linear, the leaves towards the base of the

298

SMILAX FAMILY

stems with shorter and slightly broader lobes, the upper ones sessile and
less divided; heads globose, mostly numerous, in racemes, or sometimes
paniculate, short-peduncled, about 5 mm. long and 4 mm. broad, involucre
hemispheric, bracts oblong, canescent, receptacle villous-pubescent, central
flowers fertile ; achenes ovate, about 1 mm. long : f r i g i d a, frosty.

On dry prairies and in dry rocky soil, common in the western and
northwestern parts of the state as far southeast as Minneapolis, less fre-
quent and local farther south. Distributed from Minn, to British Co-
lumbia, south to Tex., New Mexico and Oregon; Asia. Blossoms in
August and September. The leaves appear in early April.

Liliales Lily Order

Smilacaceae Smilax Family

Woody or herbaceous vines, usually with prickles, climbing by means-
of tendrils; leaves alternate, simple, usually entire, netted between the

300 SMILAX FAMILY

parallel veins; flowers dioecious, in axillary umbels; sepals 3, petals 3^
separate, stamens 6, stigmas 1-3, ovary 3-celled; fruit a 1-6-seeded
globose berry.

A family of 3 genera, found in warm and temperate regions.

Smilax L i n n e 1753
(Greek name of a woody climber)

Vines, with tendril-like appendages at the base of tlie petals ; leaves
alternate, simple, entire, or sometimes lobed, the lower ones reduced to
scales, veins 3-7; flowers small, greenish, in axillary 6-80-flowered umbels;
sepals and petals similar, separate, 3 each ; stamens 6, on the bases of the
sepals and petals, staminate flowers without a pistil, pistillate flowers
with 1-6 imperfect stamens, ovary 3-celled; berry globose, black or bluish
black.

Propagation by seeds.

A genus of about 195 species, widely distributed, but especially abun-
dant in tropical America and Asia; 16 species occur in the United States.

Key to the Species

1. Stem not prickly, annual and herbaceous S. hcrbacea

2. Stem prickly, perennial and woody,

(a) Stem very prickly, leaves mostly 7-nerved S. hispida

(b) Stem with few j^rickles, leaves mostly

5-nerved S. rotiiudifolia

Smilax herbacea Linne 1753 Carrion-flower

S. ptilverulenta Michaux 1803

Stem 2-8 ft. high, annual but more or less Avoody, arising from short
thick tubers ; leaves ovate-oblong to ovate or round, the margin entire or
minutely toothed, tip abruptly sharp-pointed, base heart-shaped, smooth
and green above, gray-downy or flaky below, thin, veins 5-9, 5-15 cm.
long, 4-12 cm. wide, petioles 3-8 cm. long, with two or more tendrils at
the base; umbels 15-80-flowered on peduncles 2-20 cm. long, flowers
greenish, ill-smelling, 6-8 mm. wide, on pedicels 1-2 cm. long; berries
bluish black, 2-4-seeded, 6-8 mm. diameter; herbacea, herb-like, re-
ferring to the annual habit.

Frequent throughout the state, especially in woodlands ; New Bruns-
wick-Fla-Tex-Nebr-Saskatchewan.

The variety e c i r r h a t a, which lacks tendrils, is found in the south-
eastern part of the state.

SMILAX 301

Smilax hispida M u h 1 e n b e r g 1843 Prickly Greenbriar

Stem high-climbing, perennial and woody, thickly armed as a rule
with long slender bristles; leaves ovate-lanceolate to ovate or rounded,
margin usually fringed with minute teeth, or entire, tip pointed, base
rounded or cordate, smooth above and below, thin, veins 7-9, 5-15 cm.
long, 3-12 cm. wide, petioles 1-2 cm. long; umbels 6-20-flowered on
peduncles 3-4 cm. long, flowers greenish, 5 mm. wide, on pedicels 5-10
mm. long; berries bluish black, 5-6 mm. diam. ; hispida, prickly, re-
ferring to the stem.

Occasional in thickets and the edges of woods in the southern half
of the state ; Ontario-Va-Tex-Nebr-Minn.

Smilax rotundifolia L i n n e 1753 Greenbriar, Catbriar

Stem high-climbing, perennial and woody, sparsely armed Avith stout
prickles, arising from somewhat tuberous rootstocks ; leaves ovate to
nearly round, margin entire or nearly so, tip abruptly short-pointed, base
rounded or cordate, smooth and shining above, smooth below, thick, veins
5-7, 4-8 cm. long, 3-8 cm. wide, petioles about 1 cm. long, tendrils usually
2-3; umbels 2-10-flowered, on peduncles 1-2 cm. long, flowers greenish,
4-5 mm. wide, on pedicels 1 cm. long; berries bluish black, 1-3-seeded,
5-6 mm. diam. ; rotundifolia, round-leaved.

In woods along streams throughout the forest district; Ontario-Ga-
Tex-Colo-Minn.

Glossary

Achene A dry one-seeded fruit

Acrid Sharp, sour, unpleasant to the
taste

Acuminate Tapering into a long-
point

Acute Sharp-pointed

Adherent More or less grown to-
gether

Adnate Grown together

Aerial Growing in the air

Aggregate Grouped together

Alternate With a single leaf at each
point of attachment

Anatropous Turned back or down-
ward

Annual Lasting only one growing
season

Anther The upper part of the sta-
men containing the pollen

Apetalous Without petals

Apex Tip or upper end

Apocarpous Having or consisting
of separate carpels or pistils

Apopetalous Having or consisting
of separate petals

Appendaged With an addition or
projection

Appressed Lying close to or against
another part

Aquatic Growing in the water

Aril The fleshy often bright-colored
outer coat of some seeds

Arilled With a fleshy outer coat

Aromatic Spicy, fragrant

Ascending Growing obliquely up-
ward

Astringent Drawing together, hence
puckering

Auricle An appendage more or less
ear-like in shape

Awl-shaped More or less spine-like

Awn A slender bristle-like structure

Awn-pointed Tipped with an awn

Axil The angle between leaf and
stem

Axillary Borne in the axil of a leaf

Axis The part of a stem or branch
which bears leaves, flowers, or flow-
er parts

Barbed Curved like a fish-hook

Basal At the base or arising from it

Beak An elongated tapering struc-
ture

Beaked Bearing a beak

Bearded With hairs restricted more
or less to a definite area

Berry A fleshy fruit with a thin skin
or soft rind, the seeds embedded in
pulp

Bifoliate Consisting of two leaflets

Bipinnate With two sets of leaflets,
primary and secondary

Bipinnatifid Pinnately lobed, with
the lobes again divided

Biternate With three divisions, each
subdivided into three leaflets

Blade The flat part of a leaf

Boreal Northern

Boss A raised knob or disk

Bract The leaf found below a flow-
er or flower cluster

Bracteole, bractlet A small leaf or
scale on the pedicel below the flow-
er

Bulb A short stem with fleshy scales,
usually below ground

Bulblet A small bulb, often above
ground

Bulbous Like a bulb; bearing bulbs

Calcareous Containing much lime
Calyx The cup- or saucer-shaped

outer part of the flower, usually

green
Campanulate Bell-shaped
Cane The elongated new shoot of

bushes and shrubs
Canescent Gray and hoary
Capitate Head-like
Capsule A dry fruit consisting of

two or more carpels or pistils

304

MINNESOTA TREES AND SHRUBS

Carpel A simple pistil, or the unit
part of a compound pistil

Cartilaginous Firm and tough, like
cartilage

Catkin A long hanging cluster of
flowers

Cell The cavity or chamber of an
ovary

Chaffy Applied to a head with scales
between the flowers, as in the sun-
flower head

Ciliate Margined with hairs

Claw The narrowed lower part of a
petal

Cleft Cut about halfway to the mid-
dle

Coherent United, or clinging to-
gether

Compound Consisting of two or
more similar parts united

Compound leaf Consisting of two or
more leaflets

Concrescent Grown together

Cone An elongated axis bearing sta-
mens or ovule-bearing scales, as in
the pine

Conifer Cone-bearer, as in the pine,
spruce and fir

Connate Grown together or united

Constricted Narrowed or pinched

Convolute Rolled up lengthwise

Cordate Heart-shaped

Coriaceous Leathery in texture

Corm A solid bulb-like organ, as in
the crocus

Corolla The brightly colored part of
most flowers, just within the green
calyx

Corymb A flat-topped or convex
flower cluster, blooming first at the
edge

Corymbose Corymb-like; arranged
as in a corymb

Cotyledon A seed leaf

Creeping Growing along the ground

Crenate Scalloped; with rounded
shallow teeth

Crenulate Finelj^ crenate

Cuneate Wedge-shaped

Cyme A flower cluster blooming
from the apex or middle first, usu-
ally somewhat flat

Cymose In a cyme; cyme-like

Cymule A small cyme

Deciduous Falling off, usually at the

close of the season
Declined Bent down
Decumbent The lower part of the

stem flat on the ground

Decurrent Running down the stem,
as the bases of some leaves

Defiexed Bent down

Dehisce To split open

Dehiscent Splitting open, used of
pods, etc.

Deltoid Delta-like, triangular

Dentate Toothed

Denticulate With small teeth

Depressed Flattened from above

Dichotomous Two-forked

Digitate Resembling the fingers of
a hand

Dilated Broadened

Dimorphous Of two forms

Dioecious Bear'ing pistils and sta-
mens on different plants

Disk The base of a flower to which
the parts are attached; the center
of a head

Dissected Cut or divided into nu-
merous parts

Divided Lobed nearly or quite to
the base

Drupe A fleshy fruit with a pit or
stone such as the plum

Drupelet A small drupe

Elongated Long, drawn out

Emarginate Indented at the tip

Embryo The young plant in a seed

Endocarp The inner wall of a fruit,
as the stone of a plum

Endosperm The food supply stored
about the plantlet in many seeds

Entire Without teeth, lobes or divi-
sions

Epidermal The outer layer, the skin
of plants

Epigynous Applied to a flower with
the parts upon the ovary

Even-pinnate With all the leaflets
paired

Exfoliated Split off, usually in scales

Exocarp The outer part or wall of
a fruit

Exserted Projecting beyond the sur-
rounding parts

Exudation Sap, resin or milk that
has oozed out, usually dried

Fascicle A cluster, usually dense
Fascicled Borne in dense clusters
Ferruginous Rusty or rust-colored
Fertile Bearing fruit; bearing pollen
Fertilization The process by which

pollen changes the ovule into a

seed
Fetid Ill-smelling
Fibrous Consisting of fibers; woven

in texture

GLOSSARY

305

Filament The stalk bearing the an-
ther
Filiform Thread-like
Fimbriate Fringed
Flexible Bending readilj^
Flower An axis bearing stamens or

pistils or both, and usually also

sepals and petals
Foliaceous More or less green and

leaf-like
Follicle A dry fruit of one carpel,

splitting on one side only
Fruit A developing or ripened ovary;

often also the axis containing the

real fruits
Fungus A colorless plant, such as a

mold or mushroom

Gametophyte The structure which
produces gametes or sex cells

Genus A group of related species,
as the elm genus, the lilac genus

Gibbous Sv^ollen

Glabrate, glabrous Without hairs

Gland x\ surface or structure vv^hich
produces nectar, resin, oil, etc,; of-
ten a small appendage or projec-
tion

Glandular Bearing glands, or gland-
like

Glaucescent Somewhat bluish or
whitish

Glaucous Covered with a bloom, a
bluish or whitish wax coating

Globose Ball-like or nearly so

Globular Ball-like

Glume The small scales at the base
of grass or sedge flower

Glutinous Sticky, glue-like

Grafting The artificial union of two
twigs of different kinds

Habitat The home of a plant
Hastate Arrow-shaped, but with the

basal lobes diverging
Head A dense cluster, of sessile

flowers such as that of the aster

and sunflower
Herb A non-woody plant, which

dies annually, at least down to the

ground
Herbaceous Herb-like, soft
Hip The fleshy ripened receptacle

of a rose, containing the bony

fruits
Hirsute With somewhat coarse stiff

hairs
Hispid With stiff bristly hairs
Hybrid A cross between two dif-
ferent but related plants

Hypogynous Applied to a flower
with the other parts attached be-
low the ovary

Imbricated Overlapping like the
shingles of a roof

Incised Cut

Included Not projecting beyond the
other parts

Indehiscent Applied to fruits that
do not split to let out the seeds

Inferior Applied to an organ situated
below another one, especially to the
ovary when below the other flow-
er parts

Inflorescence A flower cluster

Infrastipular Below the stipules at
the base of a leaf

Integument A protective layer 'or
coat, as the covering of an ovule
or seed

Internode The part of a stem be-
tween two joints, often itself called
a "joint"

Involucre The group of leaves or
scales just below a head of flowers,
as in the sunflower, or sometimes
below a single flower or cluster

Involucral Pertaining to the in-
volucre

Irregular Applied to a flower in
which the petals are unlike

Keel The two fused lower petals of
the flower of the pea family

Keeled Ridged, like the keel of a
boat

Lacerate Torn

Laciniate Torn or cut into a fringe

Lanceolate Shaped like a lance

Leaflet The division of a compound
leaf

Leaf-scar The scar left by the fall-
ing of the leaf

Legume A dry fruit of one carpel,
splitting on two sides, as in pea
and bean pods

Lenticel A corky projection on the
bark

Ligule A ribbon-shaped corolla, as
in the rays of a sunflower head

Ligulate Strap- or ribbon-shaped

Linear Line-like, long and narrow,
with the sides nearly parallel

Lip The upper and lower halves of
an irregular corolla or calyx, as in
the snap-dragon; the irregular pet-
al of an orchid

Lobe A division of a simple leaf

3o5

MINNESOTA TREES AND SHRUBS

Lobed With the margin more or less

cut or divided
Loculicidal Applied to a dry fruit

which splits between the cross

walls
Lustrous Shining

Membranous Membrane-like, papery

Micropyle The opening through
which the pollen tube enters the
ovule

Monoecious Bearing stamens and
pistils in different flowers of the
same plant

Monotypic Used of a genus contain-
ing a single species

Mucronate With a sharp point

Nerve One of the lines or ridges
running through a leaf

Net-veined With veins running in
various directions and connecting
with each other

Nodding Hanging on a bent pedicel

Node The part of the stem which
normally bears a leaf

Nut A dry, one-seeded, indehiscent
fruit with a stony shell or cover-
ing

Nutlet A diminutive nut

Ob- A prefix meaning reversed or
inverted

Obcordate Reverse heart-shaped, the
tip of the heart downward

Oblanceolate Reversed lance-shaped,
the tip downward

Oblique Slanting, uneven

Oblong About twice as long as
broad, the sides nearly parallel

Oblong-lanceolate Broadly lance-
shaped

Obovate Reversed egg-shaped, the
tip downward

Obtuse Blunt

Odd-pinnate With an odd or un-
paired leaflet at the tip of a com-
pound leaf

Opposite Of leaves, directly across
from each other; of flower parts, in
front of

Ovate, ovoid Egg-shaped

Ovule The young unfertilized seed,
as found in the flower

Palmate Like the fingers of the

hands
Panicle A compound flower cluster,

the lower branches longer and

blooming first

Paniculate In a panicle

Papilionaceous Butterfly-like, as the
flowers of the pea family

Papillose With tiny projections

Pappus The bristles, hairs, awns,
etc., found on the tips of fruits of
dandelions, aster, sunflowers, etc.

Parasitic Growing upon and getting
its nourishment from some other
plant

Parted Deeply cut

Pedicel The stalk of a single flower

Peduncle The stalk of a flower clus-
ter or of a solitary flower

Peltate Shield-like, the stalk attach-
ed in the middle below

Pendent Hanging

Pendulous Hanging

Perennial Lasting from year to year

Perfect A flower having both sta-
mens and pistils

Perfoliate Applied to leaves which
are united around the stem

Perianth The term applied to the
calyx and corolla when they are
similar

Pericarp The ripened ovary; the
wall of the fruit

Perigynium The sack enclosing the
ovary or fruit in the sedges

Perigynous Applied to a flower in
which the parts form a cup around
the ovary

Persistent Remaining after bloom-
ing or fruiting

Petal The term applied to the parts
of the corolla

Petaloid Petal-like, brightly colored

Petiole The stalk of a leaf

Petiolule The stalk of a leaflet

Pinna A division or leaflet of a pin-
nate leaf

Pinnate With leaflets on both sides
of a common stalk

Pinnatifid Pinnately cleft to the
middle or beyond

Pistil The central part of the flow-
er containing the j^oung seeds

Pistillate With pistils but without
stamens

Plumose Plume-like or feathery

Pod A dry fruit of one carpel, split-
ting along two lines

Pollen The dust-like matter found
in the anther

Polygamous With both perfect and
imperfect, staminate or pistillate,
flowers

Polygamo-dioecious The perfect and
imperfect flowers on different plants

GLOSSARY

307

Polypetalous With separate petals

Pome A fleshy fruit with a core, as
the apple

Prickle A sharp needle-like out-
growth of the bark

Primary Of the hrst rank

Propagation The process by which
new individuals arise or are pro-
duced without the use of seed

Puberulent, puberulous Finely hairy

Pubescent Hairy

Pungent Sharp

Pyriform Pear-shaped

Raceme A somewhat elongated axis
bearing flowers with about equal
pedicels

Racemose In a raceme

Rachis The axis of a spike or of a
compound leaf

Radiate Like the spokes of a wheel

Ray One of the ribbon-like flowers
of the composites

Receptacle The end of a flower stalk
bearing the flower parts, or in the
composites bearing the flowers

Recurved Bent back

Refiexed Bend down or back

Regular Having the members of
each part alike in size and shape

Reniform Kidney-shaped

Resinous, resiniferous Bearing resin

Reticulate Net-like

Reticulation A net-like marking or
roughening

Retrorse Turned downward or back-
ward

Revolute With the margin rolled
back

Rhizome An underground root-like
stem

Rhomboid More or less diamond-
shaped

Rootstock An underground stein

Rostrate Beaked

Rotate Flat and circular in outline;
wheel-shaped

Rudimentary Imperfect; beginning

Rugose Wrinkled, roughened

Salver-form, salver-shaped With a
slender tube, abrupt))' widened into
a flat top

Samara A winged fruit, as in the
maple and elm

Scabrate, scabrous Rough

Scale A minute leaf

Scape A leafless flower-bearing stalk
arising from the ground

Sclerenchyma Hard stone-like tis-
sue

Scurfy With bran-like scales
Segment A part or division
Segregated Separated from
Semiherbaceous Partly herbaceous
Sepal One of the outer circle of

flower parts, usually green, a divi-
sion of the calyx
Septicidal Splitting through or along

the septa or cross partitions of the

fruit
Serrate With teeth as in a saw
Serrulate Finely saw-toothed
Serration A tooth
Sessile Not stalked; seated
Sheath The part of a leaf or leaf

base which clasps or encloses the

stem
Shrub A woody plant, usually less

than 20 feet tall
Simple Consisting of one part, not

compound
Sinuate With wavy margin
Sinuous Wavy, twisted
Sinus A notch or bay
Spadix A fleshy axis bearing sessile

flowers
Spathe A leaf-like structure more or

less enclosing a flower cluster
Spatulate Spoon-shaped, shaped like

a spatula
Species A group of like individuals,

as white pine, bur oak, etc.
Spherical Ball-shaped
Spike An elongated axis bearing ses-
sile flowers
Spikelet A small few-flowered spike,

the flower cluster of grasses and

sedges
Spine A sharp woody outgrowth of

the stem, a reduced leaf
Sporangium A spore-bearing sack

or structure
Spray A feathery branch
Spur A hollow projection from a

sepal or petal
Stamen The part of the flower which

bears the pollen
Staminate With stamens but with-
out pistils
Staminoid A stamen which no long-
er produces pollen
Standard The large upper petal of

the flower of the pea family
Stellate Star-shaped
Sterile Not producing seed; without

pollen
Stigma The tip of the pistil which

receives the pollen
Stipule A leaf-like part at the base

of the stalk of the leaf

3o8

MINNESOTA TREES AND SHRUBS

Stipulate With stipules
Strap-shaped Long and narrow in

outline
Stratified Used of seeds germinated

artificially in layers
Striate Marked with parallel lines
Stoloniferous With runners, or with

runner-like branches
Style The pin-like extension of the

pistil, bearing the stigma at its tip
Stylopodium A disk-like expansion

at the base of the style, as in the

carrot family
Subcordate Somewhat heart-shaped
Submerged Under water
Subsessile Nearly sessile
Subtend To stand below on the axis
Sucker A shoot arising from an un-
derground bud
Superior Applied to a part placed

above another part
Sympetalous Having or consisting

of united petals
Syncarpous With united carpels

Teeth The regular projections along
the leaf margin

Tendril A slender coiling holdfast

Ternate Of three leaflets

Terrestrial On the ground, not
water-dwelling

Thorn A reduced sharp-pointed
branch

Thyrse A dense much-branched flow-
er cluster

Tomentum A dense layer of hairs

Tomentose With a dense mat of
hairs

Trailing Creeping along the ground

Tribe A group of genera within the
family

Trifoliate With three leaflets
Truncate Cut of? squarely
Tuberous With a tuber or with large

swollen roots
Tubular Like a tube
Tundra An arctic meadow or marsh
Twice-compound With two sets or

ranks of leaflets
Twining Winding spirally about a

support
Two-ranked In two rows

Umbel A flower-cluster with all the
pedicels arising from the same point
Umbellate Borne in umbels
Unarmed Without spines, thorns, or
prickles

Valve One of the portions into
which some dry fruits split; a
trapdoor-like opening in the pollen
chambers of some anthers

Verticillate Three or more in a circle

Vestigial Reduced almost to disap-
pearence

Villous With long soft hairs not
matted together

Webby With a tuft of slender, curly

hairs
Weft A tuft of hair
Whorl A group of three or more

similar organs, as leaves, radiating

from the place of attachment
Whorled Borne in a whorl
Wing One of the two lateral petals

of the Pea family

Zygomorphic Applied to a flower
with petals of different form

Index

The lirst number is regularly the page of the description, the second number the
page of the illustration. Synonyms are in italics.

Abies, 20, 21

balsamea, 22, 21
concolor, 23
Menziesii var. Parry-
ana, 26

Abietineae, 19, 21

Acer, 219, 223, 226
negundo, 227, 226
nigrum, 224, 223
platanoides, 222, 223
rubrum, 225, 226
saccharinum, 225, 226
saccharum, 224, 226
spicatum, 220, 221,
223
tataricum, 222, 223

Aceraceae, 219

Aesculus, 216

glabra, 219, 218
Hippocastanum, 217

Ailanthus, 83

glandulosa, 83, 84

Ailanthus Family, 83

Alder, 254

Alnus, 254, 255

alnobettda, 254
crispa, 254, 255
incana, 256, 255

Almond Willow, 67

Amelanchier, 150, 152
alnifolia, 153
canadensis, 151, 152
oblongifolia, 151, 152
oligocarpa, 153, 152
rotiiiidifolia, 153
spicata, 153, 152
spicata, 151

American Bladdernut, 216
Elm, 76
Hornbeam, 244
Larch, 29
Laurel, 89
Linden, 72
Mountain Ash, 148
Yew, 41

Amorpha, 177, 178
fruticosa, 178

canescens, 179, 178

microphylla, 179

nana, 179, 178
Ampelopsis Engelmanii,

207

quiiiqiiefolia. 205
Anacardiaceae, 227
Andromeda, 92, 93

glaucophylla, 92
Angiospermae, 44
Apple, 162
Arctostaphylos, 94, 93

Uva-ursi, 94
Arbor vitae, 35
Aronia, 153

nigra, 154, 147
Arrowwood, 284
Artemisia, 297

frigida, 297-298
Aspen, 56
Asterales, 297
Aster Order, 297
Airagene americana, 46
Austrian Brier, 144

Pine, 34

Bailey's Dogwood, 273
Balsam, 22, 59
Balsam Fir, 22

Poplar, 59

Willow, 64
Barberry, 48
Barberry Family, 48
Basilima sorbifolia, 132
Basswood, 70, 72
Bayberry Family, 268
Beak Willow, 70
Beaked Hazel-nut, 243
Bearberry, 94
Bee Tree, 72
Beech Family, 256
Berberidaceae, 48
Berberis, 48

Thunbergii, 50, 49

vulgaris, 49
Betula, 246, 248, 251, 253

alba, 249

var. papyrifera, 247

lutea, 250, 251
nigra, 250, 251

papyrifera, 247, 248

pumila, 252, 253

var. glandulifera, 254

populifolia var. la-

ciniata, 249

Sandbergii, 252, 253

verrucosa, 249, 248
Betulaceae, 240
Bignonia caialpa, 116
Bignoniaceae, 116
Bilberry, 99
Birch, 246
Birch Family, 240
Bitternut, 240
Bittersweet Family, 194
Bittersweet Order, 194
Black Alder, 214

Ash, 111
Blackberry, 121, 126
Black Chokeberry, 154

Haw, 284

Oak, 260, 261

Raspberry, 123

Spruce, 27

Sugar Maple, 224

Walnut, 235

Willow, 67
Bladdernut, 215
Bladdernut Family, 215
Blue Ash, 110
Blue Beech, 244
Blueberry, 100, 102
Bog Wil'low, 64
Boston Ivy, 205
Box Elder, 227
Bramble, 121
Bridal Wreath, 129
Bristly Locust, 177
Buckeye, 216
Buckthorn, 197, 198
Buckthorn Family, 197
Buffalo-berry, 213
Buffalo Currant, 192
Burning Bush, 195

310

MINNESOTA TREES AND SHRUBS

Bur Oak, 264
Buttercup Family, 46
Buttercup Order, 44
Butternut, 235
Buttonbush, 277

Cabbage Rose, 145
Cabinet Cherry, 164
Canada Plum, 166
Canadian Buffalo Berry,

212
Canoe Birch, 247
Caprifoliaceae, 277
Caragana, 179, 180
arborescens, 180
digitata, 181, 180
Carrion-flower, 300
Carrot Order, 270
Carpinus, 243

caroliniana, 244
Carya, 238, 239

cordiformis, 240, 239
ovata, 238, 239
Caryophyllales, 51
Catalpa, 116, 117

bignonioides, 116
catalpa, 116, 117
speciosa, 118, 117
Catalpa Family, 116
Catbriar, 301
Ceanothus, 199

americanus, 199, 200
ovatus, 201, 200
Celastraceae, 194
Celastrales, 194
Celastrus, 195

scandens, 196
Celtis, 77

occidentalis, 77, 78
Cephalanthus, 276

occidentalis, 277, 276
Chamaedaphne, 91
calyculata, 92
Checkerberry, 93
Chimaphila, 86
maculata, 87
umbellata, 86, 87
Chinquapin Oak, 267
Chiogenes, 95, 96
hispidula, 95
Chionanthus, 115, 114

virginica, 115
Chokeberry, 153
Choke Cherry, 164
Cinnamon Rose, 141
Cinquefoil, 119
Clematis, 46, 48

paniculata, 48, 47
verticillaris, 46, 45
virginiana, 47

Climbing Bittersweet, 196

Cockspur Thorn, 159

Colorado Blue Spruce, 26

Common Elder, 279
Juniper, 40
Lilac, 112
Locust, 176
Tamarisk, 53

Compositae, 297

Composite Family, 297

Comptonia, 269

peregrina, 270, 269

Coniferales, 19

Cordate Willow, 64

Cork Elm, 74

Cornaceae, 270

Cornus, 270, 272

alternifolia, 275, 272
Amomum, 271, 272
Baileyi, 273, 272
circinata, 271, 272
paniculata, 273, 272
stolonifera, 274

Corylus, 241, 242
americana, 242
rostrata, 243, 242

Cottonwood, 56

Crataegus, 154, 156, 158
Chapmani var. Pln-
heneiii, 158
Crus-Galli, 159, 156
macracantha, 157, 156
var. succulenta, 157
mollis, 155, 156
punctata, 158
rotundifolia, 157, 156
tomentosa, 158

Creeping Snowberry, 95

Crowberry, 105

Crowberry Family, 195

Cultivated Snowberry, 286

Cupressineae, 35, 20, 36

Cut Leaf Birch, 249
Sumac, 230

Cucumber Tree, 45

Cydonia, 146

japonica, 146, 147

Cypress Tribe, 35, 20

Dasiphora jruticosa, 120
Dewberry, 124
DierviUa, 294, 296

florida, 296

Lonicera, 294, 295,

296
Dirca, 208

palustris, 208
Dogberry, 186
Dogwood, 273, 275
Dogwood Family, 270

Douglas P^ir, 23

Spruce, 23
Dwarf Alder, 199

Bilberrv, 99

Birch, 252

Plum, 168

Savin, 40

Willow, 68

Elaeagnaceae, 209
Elaeagnus, 209

angustifolia, 211, 210

argentea, 211, 210
Elder, 278
Elm, 73

Elm Family, 73
Empetraceae, 105
Empetrum, 105

nigrum, 105
English Elm, 76
Epigaea, 90

repens, 91
Ericaceae, 84
Ericales, 84
Euonymus, 195

atropurpureus, 195,

196
European Barberry, 49

Gooseberry, 186

Linden, 72

White Birch, 249

Fagaceae, 256
False Acacia, 176

Indigo, 178
Fetid Buckeye, 219

Currant, 190
Fir, 20

Fir Tribe, 19
Fivefinger, 119
Flowering Almond, 170

Crab, 160

Plum, 171
Forsythia, 113

suspensa, 113, 114

viridissima, 113, 114
Fragrant False Indigo,

179
Frost Grape, 203
Fraxinus, 107, 109

amei;icana, 108, 109

lanceolata, 110, 109

nigra. 111, 109

pennsilvanica, 108,

109

lanceolata, 110

quadrangulata, 110,

109

viridis, 110
Fringe Tree, 115

INDEX

311

Garden Roses, 146
Garden Syringa, 183
CJaultheria, 93

procumbens, 93
Gaylussacia, 95, 96

baccata, 96
Gentianales, 107
Gentian Order, 107
Geraniales, 80
Geranium Order, SO
Ginkgo, 44, 43

biloba, 44
Ginkgoaceae, 43
Ginkgoales, 43
Ginkgo Family, 43
Ginkgo Order, 43
Glandular Thorn, 157
Gleditsia, 173

triacanthos, 175, 174
Glossy Willow, 63
Golden Currant, 192
Grape Family, 201
Green Alder, 254

Ash, 110

Briar, 301
Guelder Rose, 282
Gymnocladus, 172

dioica, 173
Gymnospermae, 19

Hackberry, 77

Hairy Lilac, 112

Hamamelidaceae, 193

Hamamelis, 193

virginiana, 193, 194

Hardback, 132

Hard Maple, 224

Hardy Catalpa, 118

Hazelnut, 242

Heath Family, 84

Heath Order, 84

Hemlock, 24

Hickory, 238
Hicoria, 238

minima, 240
ovata, 238
Highbush Cranberry, 282
Hoary Alder, 256

Willow, 68
Holly Family, 213
Honey Locust, 175
Honeysuckle, 286
Honeysuckle Family, 277
Hop Hornbeam, 246
Hop-tree, 82
Hornbeam, 243
Horse Chestnut, 216, 217
Huckleberry, 96
Huntingdon Willow, 67

Hydrangea, 183, 184, 185
arborescens, 184
paniculata, 185, 184

Ilex, 213

verticillata, 214
Ilicaceae, 213
Indian Bean, 116
Iron wood, 246

Jack Pine, 35

Juglandaceae, 232

Juglans, 232

cinerea, 235, 233, 234
nigra, 235, 236, 237

June-berry, 150

Juniper, 40

Juniperus, 40, 36

communis, 40, 36, 39
sibirica, 41
nana, 41

sabina var. procum-
bens, 40
•virginiana, 3?>

Kalmia, 89, 88

polifolia, 90
Kentucky Coffee-tree, 173
Kinnikinnik, 271, 274

Labrador tea, 88
Larch, 28, 29
Large Cranberry, 104
Large-flowered Syringa,

182
Large-fruited Thorn, 158
Larix, 28, 21

americana, 29

decidua, 29

eiiropaea, 29

laricina, 29, 21

Larix, 29
Lead-plant, 179
Leatherwood, 208
Leatherwood Family, 207
Ledum, 87, 88

groenlandicum, 88
Leguminosae, 171
Lepargyraca argentca 213

canadensis, 212
Ligustrum, 115, 114

vulgare, 115
Lilac, 111
Liliales, 298
Lily Order, 298
Lime Tree, 72
Linden, 70
Linden Family, 70
Lombardy Poplar, 57
Longleaf Willow, 61

Long-spined Thorn, 157
Lonicera, 286, 288, 291
canadensis, 292, 291
ciliata, 292
coerulea, 293, 291
dioica, 289, 288
glaiica, 289
glaucescens, 289
glauccscens, 289
hirsuta, 290, 288
Morrowi, 293, 291
oblongifolia, 290, 291
parviflora, 289
sempervirens, 287, 288
tatarica, 292, 291
Lycium, 106

vulgare, 106

Madder Family, 275
Madder Order, 275
Magnolia, 45

acuminata, 45
Magnoliaceae, 44
Magnolia Family, 44
Maiden-hair Tree, 44
Mallow Order, 70
Malus, 159, 161

baccata, 160, 161
floribunda, 160
ioensis, 162, 161
Malus, 162
silvestris, 162, 161
Soulardi, 162
Malvales, 70
Maple, 219
Maple Family, 219
Maple Order, 215
Matrimony Vine, 106
Meadow Sweet, 130
Menispennaceae, 50
Menispermum, 50
canadense, 51
Menziesia, 89

glabella, 89
Missouri Goosberry, ISS
Mock Orange, 181, 183
Moonseed, 50, 51
Moonseed Family, 50
Moosewood, 208
Moraceae, 77
Morello Cherry, 168
2\Iorus, 79, 78
alba, 80, 78
rubra, 79, 78
Mountain Alder, 254
Ash, 147
Cranberry, 102
Maple, 220, 221
Pine, 34
Sage, 297

31-

MINNESOTA TREES AND SHRUBS

Mugho Pine, 34
Mulberry, 79
Mulberry Family, 77
Myrica, 268

asplenifolia, 270

Gale, 268, 269
Myricaceae, 268

Narrow-leaf Cottonwood,

57
Newcastle Thorn, 159
New Jersey Tea, 199
Ninebark, 127
Northern Black Currant,

191

Fox-grape, 203

Gooseberry, 188

Pin-oak, 261
Norway Maple, 222

Pine, ZZ

Spruce, 28

Oak, 257

Ohio Buckeye, 279
Oleaceae, 107
Oleaster Family, 209
Olive Family, 107
Opulasier opiiUfolins, 127
Osier Willow, 68
Ostrya, 245

virginiana, 246, 244,

245
Oxycoccus macrocarpits,

104

Oxycoccus, 103

palustris, 103

Paper Birch, 247

Parthenocissus, 203, 206
Engelmannii, 207
quinquefolia, 205, 206
Saint Paulii, 207
tricuspidata, 205, 206
vitacea, 207, 206

Pea Family, 171

Pear Haw, 15S

Pear-thorn, 158

Pembina, 282

Persian Lilac, 112

Philadelphus, 181, 182
coronarius, 183, 182
grandiflorus, 182

Phlox Order, 106

Physocarpus, 127

opulifolius, 127, 128
intermedins, 128

Picea, 25, 21
Abies, 28
alba, 26
canadensis, 26

excelsa, 28
mariana, 27, 21
nigra, 27
Parryana, 26
pungens, 26

Pin Cherry, 168

Pinaceae, 19

Pine, 30

Pine Family, 19

Pine Order, 19

Pink Order, 51

Pinus, 30, 31

banksiana, 35, 21, 31
divaricaia, 35
Laricio, 34

austriaca, 34, 31
montana, 34, 31
Mughus, 34
resinosa, 33, 31
silvestris, 33, 31
Strobus, 32, 21, 31

Pipsissewa, 86

Poison Ivy, 231
Oak, 230, 231
Sumac, 230

Polemoniales, 106

Populus, S3, 55, 58
alba, 54, 55
angustifolia, 5'/, 58
balsamifera, 59, 58

candicans, 58
deltoides, 56, 55
grandidentata, 56, 55
nigra italica, 57, 58
tremuloides, 56, 55

Potato Family, 106

Potentilla, 119
fruticosa, 120

Prairie Rose, 136
Wild Rose, 138
Willow, 70

Prickly Ash, 81

Gooseberry, 186
Greenbriar, 301

Prim, 115

Privet, 115

Prunus, 163, 165, 167,
169, 171

americana, 166, 167
Besseyi, 170, 167
Cerasus, 168, 169
japonic a, 170, 171
serotina, 164, 165
nigra, 166, 169
pennsylvanica 168,

169

pumila, 168, 167
triloba, 171
virginiana, 164, 165

Pscdera quinquefolia, 205

I'seudotsuga, 23, 21

Douglasii, 23

f)i7icronata, 23

taxifolia, 23, 21
Ptelea, 82

trifoliata, 82
Pulse Family, 171
Purple Virgin's Bower, 46
Purple Willow, 63
Pussy Willow, 66
Pyrus americana, 148

aucuparia, 1 50

haccata, 160

ioensis, 162

nigra, 154

floribunda, 160 .

Malus, 162

sambucifolia, 148

sitchcjisis, 148

Quaking Asp, 56

Quercus, 257, 264
alba, 263, 264
bicolor, 266, 264
coccinea, 262, 261
ellipsoidalis, 261
macrocarpa, 264, 257,
265

platanoides, 266
prinoides, 267, 264
rubra, 258, 259
tincioria, 260
velutina, 260, 259

Quince, 146

Rambler Rose, 136
Ranales, 44
Ranunculaceae, 46
Raspberry, 121
Red Ash, 108
Red-berried Elder, 278
Red Birch, 250

Cedar, 38

Currant, 191

Elm, 74
Red-fruited Thorn, 155

Maple, 225

Mulberrv, 79

Oak, 258
Red-osier Dogwood, 274

Pine, 2,7>

Raspberry, 123
Rhamnaceae, 197
Rhamnus, 197

alnifolia, 199, 198

cathartica, 198
Rhus, 227, 229

glabra, 230, 229
laciniata, 230

hirta, 228

INDEX

313

radicans, 231
toxicodendron, 231,
229

radicans, 232
typhina, 228, 229
laciniata, 230
vernix, 230, 231
Ribes, 185, 187, 189
aureum, 192
Cynosbati, 186, 187
floridum, 192, 187
gracile, 188, 187
grossularia, 186, 187
hudsonianum, 191,

189

lacustre, 190, 192
inissouricnse, 188
oxyacanthoides, 188,
187

prostratum, 190, 189
rubrum, 190, 191
triste, 190, 189
uva-crispa, 186
vulgare, 191, 189
River-bank Grape, 203

Birch, 250
Robinia, 175

hispida, 177, 176
pseud-acacia, 176
Rock Elm, 74
Rosa, 134

acicularis, 137, 139
arkansana, 138, 137
blanda, 138, 137
centifolia, 145
cinnamomea, 141
eglanteria, 144
Engelmanni, 139
Fendleri, 140
foetida, 144, 143
gallica, 145, 143
multiflora, 136, 143
pratincola, 138
rubiginosa, 142, 143
rugosa, 142, 143
Sayi, 139
setigera, 136, 143
spinosissima, 144, 143
Woodsii, 140, 137
Rosaceae, 118
Resales, 118
Rose, 134, 145
Rose Acacia, 177
Rose Family, 118
Rose Order, 118
Round-leaved Dogwood,

271
Rowan Tree, 150
Rubiaceae, 275
Rubiales, 275

Rubus, 121, 124, 125

allegheniensis, 126,
124

amabilis, 126
canadensis, 126, 124
canadensis, 124
idaeus, 123

aculeatissimus,
123
nigrobaccus, 126
nutkantis, 122
occidentalis, 123, 125
parviflorus, 122
prociunbens, 124
strigosus, 123, 125
villosus, 124, 125
villosus, 126

Rue Family, 80

Russian Mulberry, 80

Rum Cherry, 164

Russian Olive, 211

Rutaceae, 80

Sabina, 38, 36

horizontalis, 40, 39
prostraia, 40
virginiana, 38, 36, 37
Sage-brush, 297
Salicaceae, 53
Salisburia adianiifoUa, 44
Salix, 59, 62, 65, 69
alba, 67, 69
amygdaloides, 67, 65
babylonica, 63, 62
balsamifera, 64, 65
bebbiana, 70
Candida, 68, 69
cordata, 64, 62
discolor, 66, 65
fluviatilis, 61, 62
humilis, 70, 69
longifolia, 61
lucida, 63, 62
myrtilloides, 64, 62
nigra, 67, 65
petiolaris, 66, 65
purpurea, 63, 62
rostrata, 70, 69
sericea, 66, 65
tristis, 68, 69
viminalis, 68, 69

Salmon Berry, 122

Sambucus, 278, 279
canadensis, 279
pubens, 278
racemosa, 278, 279

Sandbar Willow, 61

Sand Cherry, 168

Sapindaceae, 216

Sapindales, 215

Savin, 38
Saxifragaceae, 181
Saxifrage Family, 181
Scarlet Oak, 262
Quince, 146
Sumac, 230
Scotch Fir, ZZ
Pine, ZZ
Rose, 144
Scrophulariales, 116
Service-berry, 150, 151
Shadbush, 151
Shagbark Hickory, 238
Shellbark Hickory, 238
Shepherdia, 211, 212
argentea, 213, 212
canadensis, 212
Shrubby Bittersweet, 196
Cinquefoil, 120
Trefoil, 82
Shoestrings, 179
Siberian Crab, 160
Lilac, 112
Pea-tree, ISO
Silkv Cornel, 271

Willow, 66
Silver-berrv, 211
Leaf, 54
Maple, 225
Simarubaceae, 83
Slender Willow, 66
Slippery Elm, 74
Small Cranberry, 103
Smaller Redroot, 201
Smilacaceae, 298
Smilax, 300, 299

herbacea, 300, 299
hispida, 301, 299
pidverulcnta, 300
rotundifolia, 301, 299
Smilax Family, 298
Smooth Gooseberry, 188

Wild Rose, 138
Snapdragon Order, 116
Snowberry, 284, 286
Soapberry Family, 216
Soft Maple, 225
Solanaceae, 106
Sorbaria, 132

sorbifolia, 132, 133
Sorbus, 147

americana, 148, 149
aucuparia, 150, 149
sambucifolia, 148, 149
Soulard's Crab Apple, 162
Sour Cherrv, 168
Speckled Alder, 256
Spiraea, 130, 131

arguta, 130, 133
Bumalda, 130, 131

314

MINNESOTA TREES AND SHRUBS

Anthony Water-
er, 130
opuli folia, 127
salicifolia, 130, 121
sorbijoUa, 132
tomentosa, 132, 131
Van Houttei, 129, 131

Spruce, 25

Squash Berry, 282

Staghorn Sumac, 228

Staphvlea, 215

trifolia, 216, 215

Staphyleaceae, 215

Steeple Bush, 132

Sugar Maple, 224

Sumac, 227

Sumac Family, 227

Swamp Hickory, 240
Maple, 225
Gooseberry, 190
Laurel, 90,
White Oak, 266

Symphoricarpus, 284, 285
occidentalis, 285
racemosus, 286, 285
levigatus, 286
pauciflorus, 286

Syringa, 111, 181
amurensis, 112
persica, 112
villosa, 112
vulgaris, 112, 114

Tamarack, 28, 29
Tamaricaceae, 51
Tamarisk, 52
Tamarisk Family, 51
Tamarix, 52

gallica, S3, 52
Tatarian honeysuckle, 292

Maple, 222
Taxaceae, 41
Taxus, 41

baccala var. minor, 41

canadensis, 41, 42
Thimble Berry, 122

Thuja, 35, 36

occidentalis, 35, 36
Thymelaeaceae, 207
Tilia, 70

americana, 72, 71

europaea, 72, 71
Tiliaceae, 70
Toothache Tree, 81
Toothed Aspen, 56
Trailing Arbutus, 91
Tree-of-Heaven, 83
Trumpet Honeysuckle, 287
Tsuga, 24, 21

canadensis, 24, 21
Twin Honeysuckle, 292

Ulmaceae, 73

Ulmus, 73, 75

americana, 76, 75
campestris, 76, 75
fulva, 74, 75
racemosa, 74, 75

Umbellales, 270

Upland Sumac, 230

Vaccinium, 97

caespitosum, 99, 98
canadense, 102, 101
macrocarpum, 104
Oxycoccus, 103, 104
pennsylvanicum, 100,
101

nigrum, 102
uliginosum, 99, 98
Vitis-idaea, var. mi-
nus, 102

Viburnum, 280

americanum, 282, 281

Lantana, 283

Lentago, 284, 281

Opulus var. sterilis,

282

pauciflorum, 282, 281

pubescens, 284, 283

"\'irginia Creeper, 205
Virgin's Bower, 47
Winter-berrj', 214

Virgin's Bower, 46, 203

Mtaceae, 201

Vitis, 202

Labrusca, 203, 202
vulpina, 203, 202

Wahoo, 195
Walnut Family, 232
Water Ash, 111
Wayfaring Tree, 283
Weigela, 296

rosea, 296
Western Mountain Ash,

148
White Ash, 108

Cedar, 35

Elm, 76

Mulberrv, 80

Oak, 263

Pine, 32

Poplar, 54

Spruce, 26

Walnut, 235

Willow, 67
Wild Black Cherry, 164

Currant, 192

Crabapple, 162

Hydrangea, 184

Plum, 166

Red Cherry, 168
Raspberry, 123
Willow Family, 53
Wintergreen, 93
Witch-hazel, 193
Witch-hazel Family, 193
Wolfberry, 285
Woodbine, 203, 204, 205
^Vormwood, 297

Xanthoxylum, 80
americanum, 81

Vellow Birch, 250

Yew, 41

Yew Family, 41