I QHins A3 no. 4 abr 9. H. HtU a'ibrari} North CEarnltna l^tatr llninrrBili^ QH105 M5 A3 no .4 HKISS THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE DATE INDICATED BELOW AND IS SUB- JECT TO AN OVERDUE FINE AS POSTED AT THE CIRCULATION DESK. 1 r\r\kA c 70 3[ICHTOA\ (JKOLOGICAT. AND BIOLOGICAL SUKYFA'. Publication 2<). Bioloiflfal Series 4. MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON THE ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF ALEXANDER G. RUTHVEN CHIEF NATURALIST ,^ywvv( PUBLISHED AS A PART OF THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR 101. -> LANSINi;, MICHIGAN WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO., STATE PRINTERS 1916 BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOCUCAL SURVEY, 1915. EX OFFICIO : The Governor of the St^'ate, HON. WOODBHIDGE N. FERRIS. The Superintendent of Public Instruction, HON. FRED L. KEELER. The President of the State Board of Education, HON. THOMAS AV. NADAL. DIRECTOR. R. C. ALLEN. scientific advisors. Geologists. — Dr. L. L. Hul^bard, Houghton; Prof. W. H. Hobl)S, Ann Arbor; Prof. W. H. Shcrzer, Ypsilanti. Botanists. — Prof. E. A. Bessey, East Lansing; Prof. F. C. Newcombe, Ann Arbor. Zoologists. — Prof. W. B. Barrows, East Lansing; Prof. J. Rcighard, Ann Arbor; Dr. Bryant Walker, Detroit. 79694 LETTERS OF TRANS:\IITTAL. To tJif Honorable the Board of Geological and Biologicid Survey of the State of Michigan: Gov. Woodbridge N. Ferris. Hon. Fred L. Keeler. Hon. Thomas W. Nadal. Gentlemen: — I have the honor to transmit herewith some mis- cellaneous papers on the zoology of ]\Iichigan, prepared under the direction of Dr. Alexander G. Ruthven, Chief Naturalist, with the recommendation that they be printed and bound as Publication 20, Biological Series 4. Very respectfully, R. C. ALLEN, Director. Sir: — I present herewith for publication six papers on the zoology of Michigan, h\ Thomas Hankinson, Roy J. Colbert, Arthur T. Evans, Crystal Thompson, and Arthur W. Andrew's. The investigations upon which these papers are based are a part of or sui)]ilenient the biological work of the Surve}-, and the data which they contain material- ly increases our knowledge of the fauna of the State. Respectfully, ALEXANDER G. RUTHVEN, R. C. Allen, Director, Chief Naturalist. Michigan Geological and Biological Survey. CONTENTS. Page bservations on the Fishes of Houghton County, Michigan, by Thomas L. Hankinson 11 Local Distribution of Fish l."j Stoniiigton Lake i;j Soutli Twin Lake 14 North Twin Lake , 10 Kratt Lake 20 Bear Lake 20 Conclusion 21 List of Species 22 n Ecological Study of the Fisli Fauna of the Donf,'Ias Lake Region, Michigan, with Special Reference to the Mortality of the Species, by Roy J. Colbert .... 2-j Tagonflies ot the Douglas Lake Region, Michigan, by Arthur T. Evans .37 Topography of the Region 30 Taxonomy 41 Discussion and Summary .5.5 Bibliography 57 he Reptiles and Amphibians of Monroe County, Michigan, by Crystal Thompson. . 59 List of Species 62 esults of the Mer.shon Expedition to Charity Islands, Lake Huron: Coleoptera, by A. W. Andrews 65 Habitat Distribution of Coleoptera 67 List of Species 71 esults of the Sliiras Expeditions to Whitefish Point, Michigan: Fishes, by T. L. Hankinson 100 General Description of Whitefish Point Region 112 Topography 112 Vegetation 114 Invertebrates 116 Vertebrajtes other than Fish 1 IS Climatic Features 119 Methods and Acknowledgements 121 Fish Habitats 122 Lake Superior Shoal ". 123 Beach Ponds 1 24 Marsh Lakes and Streams 127 Shelldrake Lake 1.36 Shelldrake River 137 List of Species 130 Hypothetical List of Species 152 Summary and Conclusions . . 156 BiDiiography . ... 150 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Plate' I. Plate II. Plate III. Plate IV. Plate V. Plate Vr. Plate VII. Plate VIII. F.ate TX. Plate X; Plate Xr. Plate XII. Plate XIII. Plate XVIII. Plate XIX. B. B. Plate XIV. A. B. Plate XV. A. B. Plate XVI. A. B. Plate XVII. A. B. A. B. A. B. Page General view of east shore of South Twin Lake, looking south' from Station 1 32 South Twin Lake, looicing northwest, showing broad shoal with a scant rush growth and the zones of shore vegetal ion. ... 32 South Twin Lake, Station 3, looking northwest, showing the region fished as far as the rushes extend 32 South Twill Lake, looking north, showing an unusually broad beach but with many encroachments of the smail shrub zone 32 South Twin Lake, Station 13, looking north 32 South Twin Lake, Station 7, looking east. Floating Sparganium leaves not shown on account of waves 32 South Twi.i LaKC, Station 46, looking northwest 32 South Twin Lake, Station 40, looking west. Mouth of Misery Creek 32 Figure A, a.dult ot He.taerina amerUana (Faoncius) 58 Figure B, adult of Aurion aequabile (Say) .• 58 Figure C, nymph of Mncromii illinoiensis WaiSh 58 Figure D, aduit of Agrion maculalum Beauvais 58 Figure E, adult ot Anax Junius (Drury) 58 Figure F, nymph of Hagerius brevistylus Selys 58 Figure A, labium of a nymph of Macromia illinoiensis Walsh. . 58 Figure B, tiglire of Ilagenius breiistiilus Selys 58 Figure C, figure of the labium of Agrion aequabile (Say) 58 Figure D, side view of the abdomen of Hagenius breiislylus Selys 58 Figures E and F, fore and hind wings of Anax Junius (Drury) . . 58 Map of the Whitefish Poiit region, Chippewa Cou.ity, Michigan 160 Lake Superior beach at Vermilion. I'pper and lower beach shown; the latter with Ammophila arenaria zone, shown chiefly in the foreground • 160 Lake Superior beach with sand ridge crossed by Cranberry Creek, just east of Vermilion 160 Lake Superior beach, looking east toward Vermilion during a storm. Showing formation of temporary pools by waves. . 160 Small portion of Lake Superior beach showing pebble zone and small temporary pond 160 Lake Superior beach with dunes of the first sand ridge 160 Cranberry Creek (Station 30), looking north and down stream, showing a part of the beach pool formed by it (Station 31) . . 160 Pond on Lake Superior beach (Station 31) formed by Cranberry Creek 160 Beaver dam and i)oud on Mason's Creek (Station 171) 160 Beach pond in the course of Mason's Creek 160 Marsh bordering Mason's Creek (Station 172) on Lake Superior beach 160 Looking southwest from high sand dune near Station 101, show- ing marsh and sand ridges with upland in distant back- ground 160 Marsh Lakes, looking southeast from the high dune near Station 101 160 Channel east from Beaver Lake (Station 90) 160 Channel of Vermilion Lake (Station 25) 160 Marsh bay of Beaver Lake (Station 55), looking southwest (lake- ward) 160 The same, looking south 160 U) LIST OF I IJA'STlt Allows. Pac* Plate XX. A. MarMli bay of UrtiViT Lake (Statinn .'2i. lookliii; iiortheaiit. . . ' lAU B. Northwest shore of Heaver La mi 5g>, looking northeast 160 Plate XXI. A. Spruce Lak< ' ' ' -t.iuon 71) 160 B. Station M4 ~ ist. Moating mats o( Btooe- 160 Plate XXII. A. Stat ooking south ^ruii.« th>' ea.st end of the lake 16« U. Murahy north shore of Vermilion Lake 160 Plate XXI II. A. Small lake ami wooi|e; 160 B. VemiilioD (.'reek at Vermilion Cireat Blue Heron feeding. 160 Plate XXV. A. • i 160 B. •-, looking northeast (Htation 14.i) . . ... ". 160 I''iit<' W\'I \. Shrl'i'^r.iV.i' l(i\i'r .ilnl iMiriiiiii nf u>if .•'tt'jfti T- (n f.akf Hotirhtrt.t county. Mirhlgun l.'i Figiirr ;• .»• .^1 Figure J. hi..: , .;..,. . -rmllkm '< OBSERVATIONS ON THE FISHES OF HOUGHTON COUNTY MICHIGAN. THOMAS L. HANKINSON, STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, CHARLESTON, ILLINOIS. OBSERVATIONS ON THE FISHES OF HOUGHTON COUNTY, MICHIGAN. THOMAS L. HANKINSON. During the latter half of August, 1905, the writer made a study of the fish in a number of small lakes in Houghton Count}', ^Michigan, for the ^Michigan Geological and Biological Survey. Most of the Avork was (lone on lakes lying along the Copper Range Railroad between Stonington and Winona, two small stations nearly ten miles apart and in general between seventeen and one-half and twenty-seven and one- half miles southwest of Houghton by rail. Only two lakes at any distance from this ten-mile stretch of railroad were examined — Kratt Lake, about two miles southeast of Winona, and Bear Lake, about seven and one-half miles north of Houghton in the sand dune region of Lake Superior. As it was impossible in the time devoted to the work to make a detailed study of all of the fish environments in each lake, attention was principally confined to one kind of habitat — the shallow Avater, three feet or less in depth, about the shores and islands. Each habitat Avas seined A\-ith a six foot "common sense" seine, and in addition to observations on abundance, notes were made on the ecological dis* tribution. A complete series of the fish taken in each place has been deposited in the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. The AATiter is indebted to A. C. Lane, former State Geologist, for helpful suggestions in the course of the AA'ork, to A. G. Ruthven for assistance in the preparation of this paper for publication, and to the following persons for aid in identifying material: C. A. Da\ns, seed plants: A. G. Ruthven, reptiles and amphibians; S. E. ]\Ieek, three species of minnows; EdAvin Linton and H. B. Ward, fish parasites; F. S. Collins, algae; J. P. Moore, leeches; N. A. Harvej^ sponges. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION OF FISH. Stonington Lakes. Three small lakes close to the station of Stoning- ton on the Copper Range Railroad are called the Stonington Lakes in this paper. Each of these lakes is surrounded by thick forest except Avliere they come close to the railroad embankment. They are in general oblong in shape, and the largest is perhaps a quarter of a mile D. H. HILL LIBRARY North Carolina State College 14 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. in length. As in all of the lakes of this densely forested region south of Houghton, the water has an umber color, and the bottom material of the shoals is similar to that found in the shallow water of the other lakes — a firm sand tinged with the color of the water. The lakes were examined and a number of collections made on August 25. No detailed study of the vegetation was attempted, but the fol- lowing plants of special interest were noted: Marchantia polymorpha L. — Growing in abundance on beaches. Drosera rotundifolia L. — Abundant on the shore and extending out on partly floating logs. Equisetum fiuviataU L. — Growing in patches, and in places forming distinct zones along the water's edge. Ericaulon articulatum (Huds). — Forming patches on the bottom in shallow water. Myrioyhyllum Farwellii Morong. — On submerged portions of logs. Potomogeton sp.? — In patches in deeper water. Brasenia Shreheri Gmel. — In patches. Gloiotrichia Pisum (Ag.) Thuret. — An alga forming gelatinous colonies in shallow water. Conspicuous aquatic invertebrates noted were : Spo7igiUa lacustris (Linn.). — On brush and other submerged objects near shore. Macrohdella decora (Say). — Apparently the common leech of the northern lakes about Houghton. Caddice worms.- — Common on the bottom of shoals. Their cases were made of sticks. Two amphibians occurred in some numbers around the shores, Raria septentrionalis Baird and Rana pipiens Schreber. The fish observed were : Chrosomus erythrogaster. — Abundant in schools in both lakes. Pimephales promelas. — Abundant in large schools in both lakes. Couesius plumheus. — One taken in the south lake. Catostomus commersonii. — One caught in the south lake. Pygosteus pungitus. — Eight taken in the middle lake. Eucalia inconstans. — Two found in the middle lake. South Twin Lake. This lake is located about three miles northeast of Winona, on the Copper Range Railroad. It is somewhat over a mile long and a half mile wide, and receives several small streams. The outlet (Plate VIII) is Misery Creek, which flows to the west into Lake Superiol- (Fig. 1). The lake is completely surrounded by the forest except for a small clearing about the single building on its shore (Pl^te II). A well-marked beach, continuous ^\dtll a broad shoal of compact FISHES OP' HOUGHTON COUNTY. Outline Hap of South Twin Lake in Sec. 32, T 53 N.R. 36 Vf. Scale 1 in. 800 ft. Reducei from C.R.R.R. Map. Nunber3 locate stations where t'.e observations nere :r.av?e . Figure 1. sand or gravel, is present in most places. The water and bottom are tinged with umber. South Twin lake received the most attention of the two. Stations were located in typical habitats and rather detailed studies were made at these places. Here again, the work was principally con- fined to the shallow water. Upon the beaches were sedges, rushes, and many other plants, forming in most places a thin grou-th of veg- etation. A distinct zone of low shrubs, chiefly Myrica Gale (L.) and Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench, almost completely surrounds the lake just outside the beach region. Outside this is a zone of high bushes, and then comes the timber region, which is mainly composed of hardwoods but also includes many conifers, conspicuous among which are some large white pines. The i)lants noted on the shoal were : Bulrushes. — Formed a scant groAvth over many shoals. Thick patches were unusual. 16 PAPERS OX ZOOLOGY OP MICHIGAN. Sparganium sp? — Often formed a thick growth in shallow water. Ericaulon articulatum (Huds). — A rather conspicuous growth in places where there were but a few inches of water. Lobelia Dortmanna L. — Found growing with the Ericaulon. Potomogeton. — Several species grew on the shoal, principally on the outer part. Brasenia jjurpurea Casp. — Patches were often present on deeper shoals. Haliitat Distribution of Fish in South Twin Lake. Station 1. This is the shoal and adjacent shore at the extreme north end of the lake. The shallow water area is comparatively ex- tensive with a bottom of hard sand. Over this is a scant growth of rushes, which form the only conspicuous vegetation. The shore zones of plants are distinct, but the low bush or heath zone practically covers the beach (Plate II). Fishing with the hand seine was done on the morning of August 28 in water that was mostly between one and two feet in depth. The water temperature was 70° F. Fish were few and were not moving on the shoal: those taken were found resting beneath objects such as overhanging bushes, an old row boat and pieces of water-logged bark. The following species were collected: Rhinichthys atronasus lunatus. — Several taken. Semotilus atromaculatus.- — Several small specimens taken. Microptenis sahnoides. — One small specimen 4.2 cm. long was caught. Station 3. This is a shoal which differs from that of Station 1 in being much narrower, a depth of three feet being reached about thirty or forty feet out from the shore. The shore features are similar to those of Station 1, and this is also true of the bottom which is composed of a similar hard, reddish sand with little vegetation (a few rushes and other plants). Many logs (Plate III) were floating near the shore. Collecting w^as done with the six-foot minnow seine in water three feet or more in depth and there was no difficulty in getting a representative collection of fishes for they showed little fear of the net. The invertebrates found were : Macrohdella decora. — This large leech was common. Dragon-fly nymphs and eggs of Tetragoneiiria sp. — The latter were in long strings of jelly-like substance. Caddice worms. The fish taken were : Semotilus atromaculatus. — Small specimens found in water less than a foot deep. FISHES OF HOUGHTON COUxNTY. 17 Chrosomus erythrogaster. —^lany m shallow water near shore. A large, compact sclwol was seen in three feet of water. Rhinichihys atronasus lunaius. — ^^C'hiefly in the shallow water near shore. Couesius plumheus. — Three small siiecimens. Leudscu.'< ncogcus. — One taken. Caiosto)nus catosto^nus. — About a dozen small ones were taken and one comparatively large specimen, nearly a foot long, Avas found sucking on the submerged part of a floating log en the wood freshly bared ])y the stripping oE of a portion of the bark. Eucalia inconstans. — One taken. Micropterus salmoides. — Small specimens under four inches in length were common in a few inches of water near shore. Perca flavescens. — Small specimens under three inches in length were common. They were confined to the deeper part of the shoal in two or three feet of water and were found in compact schools. The first three species of fish mentioned in this list were closely associated and tended to school together. Station 16. A stretch of shore different from that of any other ])art of the lake is found at this station (Plate IV). The beach is unusually l)road with low bushes scattered over it, and the shoal is also peculiar in that the bottom is covered with large pebbles over which no fish were found. The only place where fish were seen was in a shallow beach pool which was connected with the lake by a short, narrow channel. This little bay is scarcely more than a square yard in area and only an inch or so in depth. Many small fish were observed, and as the writer approached, they began to hasten through the little channel to the lake. A collection of these fish contained representatives of Semotihis at- romaculatus, Rhinichthys atronasus lunatus, Couesius plumheus, Eucalia inconstans and Lepomis cyanellus. All were small individuals of their species, and the Semotihis was most abundant, only one of each of the last four species l)eing taken. Station 13. As shown on the map, this station is at the enil of a little bay. There is a diversity of conditions, but the whole region is a shoal with more aquatic vegetation than any of the stations yet described. In places the water reaches a depth of about four feet. The bottom is mostly hard and sandy, but close to the south end of the bay there is a thin layer of humus over the sand. Plate V shows a part of the eastern portion of the bay. Rushes were abundant, and there was a good sized ]xitch of Brasenia Shreberi. The following inxcrtebrates were found in this habitat: SpongiUa lacustris (Linn.) and Spongilla fragilis, Leitiy. — These two 3 18 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. formed a conspicuous green growth on the submerged branches of a tree that had fallen into the water. This tree can be seen in Plate V. Macrobdella decora. — A few were seen and collected. Two species of fish were found, Catostonius catostomus (one small specimen) and Micropterus salmoides (small specimens, less than two inches long), the latter being common. Station 7. Sparganium (Plate VI), growing in patches in one to two feet of water, covered much of the bottom of the shoal called Station 7. Except for many long slender leaves floating on the surface, the plants were submerged at the time studied. Beyond this growth, to- ward deep water, was a zone of pond weeds {Potomogeton NuttalUi and perhaps other species of the genus), followed Ijy a zone of water lilies, which occupied the deepest part of the shoal and extended out to the beginning of deep water. A small, sandy delta at the mouth of a little creek entering the lake at this point broke the Sparganium zone. The follosving fish were caught on the shoal, but a representative collection could not be made on account of the denseness of the vegeta- tion: Se?notilus atromaculatus, Rhinichthys atronasus lunatus, Lepomis cyanellus, Micropterus salmoides. Only a few small specimens of each of the listed species were taken. Ten of the small Semotilus caught were infested with a protozoan parasite, Mijxoholus. Many small fishes were seen. Station ^6. The shoal with the greatest amount of plant life of am' visited is on the west side of the lake and just north of a small point of land. This is called Station 46. No attempt will be made to describe the complex association of plants found in this habitat, but an idea of its general character may be had from Plate VII. The water is mostly three or four feet deep and the sand is covered by several inches of humus. As at Station 7, the abundance of vegetation did not permit careful seining. Many fish, including some large Semotilus atromaculatus 100- 120 mm. long, were seen, showing that this was a favorite fish habitat, and even from the small amount of data obtained it was evidently the type most favored b}' shoal fish. A noteworthy feature was the great abundance of red-bellied leeches, Macrobdella decora, which, while found at other stations in some numbers, were nowhere so abundant as on this shoal. The following fish were found at this station: Semotilus atromaculatus. — Many seen, none taken. Leuciscus neogeus. — Three small specimens collected. Micropterus salmoides. — Many small bass were seen l)ut none Avere FISHES OF HOUGHTON COUNTY. 10 captured. The habitat undoubtedly represented an important feeding- ground for them. Perca flavescens. — One small specimen taken. Deep Water Region. — As previously stated, the deep water region, by which is meant all of that extensive portion of the lake sur- rounded by the relatively narrow shoals, was scarcely examined in any of the lakes, but in this lake, a little hook and lino fishing, done just off the shoal called Station 1, yielded seven Perca flavescens (130- 160 mm. long); and just off the lily zone of Station 7, in deep water, two rather large Lepomis cyanellus (150-180 mm. long) and a Micropter- tis salmoides (265 mm. long) were taken. Stream at Station 7. The stream already referred to as entering the lake at this station is a very small one, and fish were found only close to its mouth, in a deep pool (as deep as four feet in places). Sat- isfactory collecting could not be done with a net, but a number of good sized Seniotihis atromaculatus (10-15 cm. long) were caught there with a hook and line baited with worms. Station 40. This is the area about the head of Misery Creek, the principal and perhaps the only outlet of the lake. The general character of the region is shown in Plate VIII. The water is very deep at the source of the creek, but about a bridge and for a considerable distance below it, the stream is shallow enough to permit fishing with the small seine. In the center of the stream the depth averages perhaps thr(H> feet. The bottom is of hard sand covered in places with considerable brush and other forest debris. Fish tended to keep under the ])ridge, where they were abundant ; few Avere found in the other part of the creek visited. The following species were noted and collected: Chrosomus erythrogaster . — Abundant; many large specimens, 60-70 mm. long were taken. Semotilus atromaculatus. — Abundant; many large specimens, 120 or more mm. long, were taken. As many as two dozen of these large chubs were caught at a haul with the six-foot seine. Rhinichthys atronasus lunatus. — Abundant; many large s))(>cimen some 100 mm. long, were collected. Leuciscus neogeus. — Two Avere taken, each about 70 nnn. long. Couesius plumbeus. — ('ommon. They were mostly about 50 mm long. Perca flavescens. — Five were taken, 50-70 mm. in length. Micropterus salmoides. — One taken, about 40 nun. long. North Twin Lake. This lake Hes to the north and east of South Twin Lake and is considerably the larger of the two. Very little work was s. 20 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF ^iIICHIGAN. done there, only about an hour l3eing spent in collecting along the south end. It appeared to be surrounded by unbroken forest except at the south end where lumbering was going on. The bottom and vegetation seemed to be like those of South Lake. Many fish were observed in the shallow water area, and the following five species were taken: Chrosomus erythrogaster, Semotilus atromaadatus, Rhinichihys atronasus lunatus, Catostomus catostomus, Lepmnis cyanellus. With the exception of Rhiyiichfhys atronasus lunatus, which was very com- mon, only a few specimens of each species were caught. Kratt Lake. Kratt Lake is located about two miles southeast of Winona, mostly south of Sections 33 and 34, Township 52. It is sur- rounded by dense forest except for the clearing about an inhabited house. It is smaller but similar to South Twin Lake in the character of the bottom and vegetation; and the shoal, as far as observed, i& narrower. The same brown-stained water and bottom sand was found as in the other forest lakes visited. The sand beach is more or less obscured by the zone of low bushes, outside of which is a zone cf high bushes and beyond this the timber region. The small shrubs bordering the beach, and in places covering it, seemed to be entirely of two species — Myrica Gale and Chamaedaphne calyculata. The following strictly aquatic plants were found: Sparganium sp? (forming large, dense, submerged patches in places), Potamogeton natans L., Fonlinalis antipyretica L., Myriophyllum Farwellii, Utri- cularia vulgaris L., Tolypothrix tenuis Kutz, Batrachospermum sp? Sponges were abundant but none were collected. Only the follo-\ving two species of fish were found: Lepomis cyanellus. — This species was very abundant, and took a baited hook greedily. In fact, the great abundance and voracity of this sunfish was a pr.ominent characteristic of this lake. In a short time, seventy individuals around 15 cm. in length were caught. They seemed to be most abundant in the deep water just off the shoal. In the shallow water a few small specimens (20-30 mm. in length) were taken, but no other species were found in this shoal region. Perca flavesceris. — One small specimen, about 100 mm. long, was taken by hook. All of the fish taken in Kratt Lake were very dark in color ^^^th a decided umber tinge like that of the water. Bear Lake. Bear Lake is out of the region of the other lakes studied and alreadv considered. It is in the brush-covered sand dune area FISHES OF HOUGHTON COUNTY. 21 about a half mile from I^ake Superior and al)out seven and a half miles directly north of Houghton. The lake is nearly a mile long with an average width of perhaps a (quarter of a mile and presents conditions very different from those in the lakes in the forest south of Houghton. The water is clear and the sand unstained. The shoal is variable in extent; in some i)laces it is narrow and in others one can wade out a hundred feet or so from shore. Bulrushes were more or less abundant in different parts of the shallow water region, and formed dense and extensive patches. There was also a growth of stoneworts on the bottom, associated with some gelatin- ous and filamentous green algae whicii appeared to be chiefly Zyg- nema and Spirogyra. Two small crayfish, Camharus sp?, were taken here, the only place in the county where they were found. Only the shoal was fished, on August 23, but an attempt was made to get a representative collection. The following species were obtained : Pimephales notaius. — Rather common. Ahramis cJiryaoleucas. — One small specimen (30 mm. long) taken. Notropis caynga. — This species was common and occurred in large schools. The specimens were. mostly from 60-70 mm. long. Perca flavescens. — Small specimens about 40 mm. long w^ere common in shallow water. Eiheostoma iowae. — A number w^ere found on the sandy bottom. The fish found in Bear Lake were of normal coloration and not umber-tinged as were all of those found in the umber-colored water of the forest lakes. CONCLUSION. As has already been stated, the work upon which this paper is based ivas only a reconnaissance made for the purpose of obtaining a general knowledge of the fishes and fish environments in the lakes of the region. Study was centered on the shoals since in that habitat more species, and thus a better representation of the fauna, could be obtained in the time that could be given to the work. The main value of the report must then be the additional data on the distril)ution of the species in the state and the general information on the fish faunas of the lakes cf this region which it contains. Five general conclusions may be drawn from the ecological data given above and that contained in the list of species which follows. (1). The forest lakes examined, which have apparently very similar conditions, have quite different fish faunas. (2). All of the fishes from the stained waters of the forest lakes are very dark in color, their bodies being tinged with the same color as the water. 22 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. (3). In August the shoal fishes are generally most abundant where there is most aquatic vegetation. (4). Fish enemies in the form of parasites appear to be very frequent in the lakes examined. (5). South Twin Lake is one of the northern lakes that may be advantageously studied to determine its suitability as an environment for the black bass. The young evidently thrive there, and one of size was caught which was in very good condition. The many minnows in the lake might furnish a large quantity of available food for the bass. LIST OF SPECIES. The following list comprises only the species actually secured or ob- served by the writer, and, as has been said, is principally confined to the shoal species. ■ It is of course incomplete, but it contains additional data on the distribution of the species. The nomenclature and the order of consideration are, with a few modifications, those used in Jordan and Evermann's Fishes of North and Middle America. The millimeter numbers given refer to the length of the fish, which was taken from the tip of the snout to the posterior end of the caudal fin. 1. Catostomus catostomus (Forster). Long-nosed Sucker. — Found only in Twin Lakes, where it appeared to be common. 2. Catostomus commersonii (Lacepede). Common Sucker. — A single small specimen (36 mm.) taken from South Stonington Lake. 3. Chrosomus erythrogaster Rafinesque. Red-bellied Dace. — Com- mon in both Twin Lakes and in each of the two Stonington Lakes ex- amined. In the latter, it was found schooling with Pimephales promelas. The specimens collected measured 21-63 mm. One fish with bright red under-parts was found. 4. Pimephales promelas Rafinesque. Fat-head Minnow. — Taken only at Stonington, where it was abundant in both of the lakes studied. Two hundred and four specimens (22-60 mm.) were collected. Three were found with cestodes (probably Ligula) filling their body-cavities and greatly distending their abdomens. 5. Pimephales notatus (Rafinesque). Blunt-nosed Minnow. — Found only at Bear Lake, where thirteen were taken (24-35 mm.). 6. Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitchill). Horned Dace. — The horned dace was only observed in Twin Lakes where it was abundant. Only small specimens, 60-70 mm. long, were found on shoals, but large ones (100-155 mm.) were in streams close to the lake. The fish were much infested with a protozoan parasite, Myxobolus, which produced whitish swellings of the skin and often made the fish conspicuous. Of the two hundred and thirteen specimens preserved, thirty-five were diseased FISHES OF HOUGHTON COrXTY. 2:J with this purasit(>. They are ])arasitize(l internally as well as ex- ternally, for fourteen parasitic worms, Echinorynehus, were found in their alimentary eanals. A superficial examination was made of the digestive tracts of ten large dace (103-143 mm.) and the contents ob- served were as follows: elytra and other i)arts of l^eetles, pieces of dragon-fly and May-fly nymphs, sn)all spid(>rs, winged ants, a small amphipod, some pieces of wood, and the vertebral columns of two frogs. The two hundred and thirteen specimens preserved measured 27-1")') nun. 7. Lcucii^cus neogeun (Cope). — Eight (44-7U mm.) were taken from South Twin Lake. 8. Ahramis chrysoleucas (Mitchill). Golden Shiner. — Only one very small specimen (31 mm.) was observed. This was found in Bear Lake. 9. Notropis cayuga, Meek. — Common at Bear Lake but none w^ere found elsewhere in the region. Twenty-four specimens (61-66 mm.) were taken. 10. Rhinichthys atronasus lunatus (Cope). Black-nosed Dace. — Noted only in Twin Lakes, where it was present in considerable numbers. The fifty-five specimens preserved measured 25-98 mm. 11. Couesi'us plumbeus (Agassiz). — Found in some numbers in South Twin Lake. Fort,y-two w^ere taken, the measurements of which were 40-50 mm. 12. Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill). Brook Trout. — A common fish in the streams. None were found in lakes, but the writer was told that they frequent the shoals in the spring, retiring into the deep water in summer, when they rarely take a hook. A few small specimens were taken by hook in a small l)ranch of Sleepy Creek, at Winona. On three small specimens (46-84 mm.) four large copepod parasites (probably Lernaepoda) Avere found. 13. Esox lucius L. Common Pike. — The writer saw fish of this species that had been taken in a small lake located some seven miles southeast of Winona. This lake is said to contain so many of these fish that it is called "Pike Lake." 14. Eucalia' incotistans (Kirtland). Brook Stickleback. — Six s))eci- mens of this stickleback were collected at Stonington and South TAvin Lake. They measured from 32-53 mm. 15. Pygosteus piingitus (Linnaeus). Nine-spined Stickleback. — Found only at Middle Stonington Lake where eight were taken from a single school. Thej- measured 42-49 mm. 16. Lepomis cyanellus Rafinesque. Blue-spotted Sunfish.^Found in small numl)ers at TavIu Lakes and very abundant at Kratt Lake. Those collected measured 20-160 mm. An examination of the digestive tracts of ten specimens, averaging about 120 mm. in length, showed 24 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. the fish in Kratt Lake to be feeding on animal and plant material. The stomach contents were as follows: insect fragments (heads of hemip- terous insects and parts of beetles), pieces of wood, alga fragments, leaves of Sparganium or Ericaulon, and water lily seeds. 17. Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede). Large-mouth Black Bass. — Small specimens were very abundant on shoals of South Twin Lake, but none were noticed elsewhere. Those caught measured 34-78 mm. in length. In the stomachs examined were fish bones, teeth of a minnow^, entomostracans, and Chironomus larvae. (3ne comparatively large specimen (265 mm.) was caught with hook and line in South Twin Lake.- 18. Perca flavescens (Mitchill). Yellow Perch. — Found at South Twin Lake, Bear Lake and Kratt Lake. Small specimens were generally distributed on shoals in South Twin Lake. Some of those taken were 43-70 mm. long. None were found on the shoals of Kratt Lake or Stonington Lakes. Larger perch (133-185 mm.) were taken from deep w'ater off the shoals in South Twin Lake, Bear Lake and Kratt Lake. 19. Etheostoma iowae, Jordan and Meek. — Found only in Bear Lake, where four were taken in shallow water on a sandj^ bottom. These were 37-45 mm. in length. AN ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE FISH FAUNA OF THE DOUGLAS LAKE REGION (MICHIGAN) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE MORTALITY OF THE SPECIES. ROY J. COLBERT THE UNIVERSITY OF TOLEDO. D. H. HILL U'lTPARY North Carolina bt-te College AN ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE FISH FAUNA OF THE DOUGLAS LAKE REGION (AIK/HIGAN) WITH SPECIAL KEFERENCE TO THE MORTALITY OF THE SPECIES. KOV J. COLBERT. In this study of the fish fauna of the Douglas Lake (Michigan) region special attention was given to the mortality of the various si:)ecies found and it is thought that the data collected in this connection have a direct bearing on the general ecology of the species involved. In order that the data on the mortality might be more easily understood, records of species frequency were taken for several typical habitats and a general survey of the intra-lake distribution of the .species made. The collection of fishes from which the data were gathered includes several hundred specimens taken during the summer sessions of 1913 and 1914 at the University of Michigan Biological Station at Douglas Lake. Opportunities for procuring data on these i)articular problems were especially favorable. Douglas Lake affords an ample variety of aquatic habitats which are easily accessible for study. The shores of the lake are covered with their natural growth of vegetation and timber, and as yet neither the inlets nor the outlet, Maple River, have been dredged or changed to any large extent. The lake and its adjacent waters may be divided into the following units for the purpose of this study: North Lake, that part of Douglas Lake west of Fairy Island and Robert's Point; North Fishtail Bay; Bessey Creek region together with the other small inlets of the lake; and Maple River (See map, Fig. 2). Each of these regions has a condition or set of conditions distinguishing it from the others and encouraging the predominance of certain species of fish. The prevailing winds of the region bloAv from th(> west and north- west, hence North Lake, the part of Douglas Lake west of Fairy Island and Robert's Point, is seldom disturbed by heavy Avinds and waves, and the aquatic vegetation, especially MyrioplniUum and Pototnoijeton, has a better chance to grow. This is particularly true immediately west of Fairy Island. In this region the pike-pickerel, Esox luciiis, and the rock bass, AniblopUtes rupestris, are very common, and along the marshy shallows of the west shore the cat fish, Amieurus melas, nest and are found in great abundance. North Fishtail Bay affords two somewhat tlifferent habitats. The north portion is a quiet bay surrounded l)y a thick pine and cedar 28 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. forest. The water increases in depth very gradually from the shoals along the shore. The bottom here is covered with a thin layer of de- cayed vegetation and the yellow water lihes, Nymphaea americana, Potomogeton, and Mijriophyllum are very abundant. This particular habitat was studied from two standpoints: (1) to ascertain the relative frequency of the various species belonging in this habitat, breeding and feeding there, and (2) to learn what fishes come into the habitat to feed. Several nests of the catfish, Amieurus melas, and the pumpkin seed, Eupomotis gibbosus, were found both summers early in July with the adults still guarding them. Several schools of small catfish were seen all through the summer in the very shallow water near the bank. The frequency study of this habitat was made by placing a fyke net in the bay, about 100 feet from the shore, with, the wings extending almost to the shore on either side and with the open mouth of the trap toward the shore. The trap in this position collected the fishes belong- ing to the habitat,, and breeding and feeding there. The following table gives the results of six days typical collecting. TABLE NO. 1. Species. Number. Average size. Frequency. 1. Pumpkin seed, Eupomotis gibbosus. 2. Blue gill, Lepomis pallidiis 3. Sucker, Catostomus commersonii . . . . 4. Cat fish, Amieurus melas 63 24 14 7 100 mm. 108 m.ni. 276 m.m. 177 m.m. .583 .223 .130 .064 During the two summer's work, in addition to the species listed in the table, two specimens of the yellow perch, Perca flavescens, and one trout perch. Percopsis guttatus, were taken in the net. Both of these species are from deeper water and were in this habitat presumably by accident. To determine what species enter the habitat to feed, a gill net was set across the bay just outside the fyke net. Particular care was taken to note in what direction each fish entered the net, i. e., whether it was coming in from the lake or going out into deep water. The following table gives the results of six days collecting with the gill net: TABLE NO . 2. Species. Number of individuals. Direction. Average size. In. Out. 1 Sun fish, Eupomotis gibbosus 18 14 6 3 0 i 18 4 9 6 0 0 3 121 m.m. 2. Sucker, Catostomus commersonii . 294 m.m. 3 Pickerel pike, Esox lucius 360 m m 4 Blue gill, Lepomis pallidus 126 m m. FISH FAUNA OF DOUGLAS LAKE REGION. 29 It will !)(> seen from Table No. 2 that all Eupomotis gihbosus and Lepomis pallidus were inside the enclosed area and were caught going out. Catosiomus commersonii, however, were taken on both sides of the net and near the bottom where they feed. The frequency of this particular species all over the lake, except in very deep water, is prac- tically the same, and as expected it occurs in l)oth shallow and deep water. Esox lucius, however, belongs in a different habitat in deeper water. Since none were taken in either the fyke net or on the inside of the gill net, it is quite evident they visit the habitat for feeding. The nets were emptied every morning and evening, and about as many of the various species were taken at one time as another, except Esox lucius, which in every instance was gilled at night during the usual time of feeding. The coml)ined frequency of all species collected in this habitat, in- cluding visitors, as show^n by the combined collections, is as follows: TABLE NO. 3. Species. Average size. Frequency. Ill m.m. ..534 117 m.m. .180 285 m.m. .180 177 m.m. .047 llOm.m. .006 120 m.m. .007 360 m.m. .039 700 m.m. .007 1. Pumpkin seed, Etipomotis gibbosus 2. Blue gill, Lepomis pallidus 3. Sucker, Catosiomus com.mersonii . . . 4. Catfish, Ameiurus melas 5. Trout perch, Percopsis guttatus . . . . 6. Yellow perch, Perca ftavescens 7. Pickerel-pike, Esox lucius 8. Bowfin, Amia calva The south bay of North Fishtail Bay presents a situation more nearly like that of the lake proper. It gets about the same amount of wind and wave action; its bottom is sandy and drops abruptly from a narrow, shallow shoal to a depth of 40 feet. It has, however, along the edge of the step-off and in the shallows of the south side, where the wind and waves have less sweep, a considerable patch of yellow water lilies, Nymphaea americana and Potomogeton. The fyke net was placed in this situation for a period of ten days with the open mouth of the trap toward the shore. The catch, therefore, while it represents the relative frequency of the species in the habitat, was not large. The result of the collections is as follows: TABLE NO. 4. Species. 1. Pumpkin seed, Eupomotis g'bhosus 2. Large-mouthed black bass, Microplerus sahnoides 3. Small-mouthed black bass, Micropterus dolomieu. 4. Sucker, Catostom.us commersonii .5. Catfish, Am/ietirus melas • 6. Blue gill, Lepomis pallidus. .• 7. Rock bass, Amblopliles rupestris 8. Yellow perch, Perca flavescens Number. Average size. 148 m.m. 173 m.m. 210 m.m. 332 m.m. 200 m.m. 116 m.m. 131 m.m. 145 m.m. Frequency. .217 .131 .043 .173 .087 .131 .131 .087 30 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OP MICHIGAN. The fish taken from this habitat were larger than those of the same species taken from the north bay. The presence of both the large- mouth black bass, Micropterus salmoides, and the small-mouth black bass, Micropterus dolomieu, in the ratio of three to one, is a character- istic feature of this habitat. The lake proper has four types of habitats, each of which must be dealt with separately: (1) the shallows and shoals; (2) the deep water near the step-off; (3) the mid-lake portion not exceeding 20 feet in depth ; and (4) the deep cold water below the 20 foot line which includes most of South Fishtail Bay. (See map, Fig. 2). In the shoals and shallows of South Fishtail Bay schools of young perch, Perca flavescens, shiners, Notropis hudsonius, N. cayiiga, and N. cornutus, young suckers, Catostomus commersonii , blunt-nosed minnows, Pimephales notatus, and an occasional individual of the Johnny darter, Boleosoma nigrum, are found. Each of these species, however, is very abundant on the more rocky shoals between Grapevine and Bogardus Points, on the east side of Fairy Island, and along the northeast side of the lake (See map, Fig. 2). The relative frequency of these various species is seen in the following table, the combined results of seven different long-shore seinings made at various times during the sessions of 1913 and 1914: TABLE NO. 5. Species. Number. Average size. Frequency. 1. Yellow perch, Perca flavescens 642 360 344 285 34 11 5 1 40-60 m.m. 30 m.m. 20-60 m.m. 20-40 m.m. 20-60 mm. 30 m.m. 30 m.m. 10m. m. .381 2. Sucker, Catostomus commersonii .214 .204 4. Johnny darter, Boleosoma nigrum, *. .169 5. Common shiner, \otropis cornutus . .020 6. Blunt-nosed minnow, Pimephales notatus 7. Cayuga shiner, Notropis cayuga 8. Pumpkin seed, Eupomotis gibbosus .008 .003 .0006 Practically all of the records included in Table 5 were adults of the species, excepting the perch, suckers, and pumpkin seeds. The adults of these three species frequent the deeper water of the lake, but lay their eggs in the shallows where the 3'oung remain until they are large enough to avoid the enemies commonly found in the deeper waters. Since the young suckers and perch are so abundant they form a very important part of the life of this habitat. Just over the step-off, in water ranging from 10 to 20 feet deep in situations where the aquatic vegetation is more or less abundant, the trout perch, Percopsis guttatus, and yellow perch, Perca flavescens, are very abundant. Here also the schools of the log perch, Percina caprodes, are found, but the last species is by no means as abundant as the. other two. The largest schools of the log perch were found FISH FAUNA OF DOUGLAS LAKE REGION. 31 Figure 2. near the east shore of South Fishtail Bay, where during the first two weeks of July they were seen spawning in the shallow water. Adult minnows are also fairly frequent in this habitat. As will be seen later, the great majority of adult yellow i)erch thrown upon the beach b>' the waves were stranded while feeding on the trout i)erch in this habitat, practically every individual having a half-swallowed trout perch in its mouth. Over the submerged sand bar and on either side of it, where the reeds, Scirpus spp., grow, also between Grapevine Point and Fairy Island, where the various water plants grow to within four to six feet •of the surface, the habitat is slightly different. Here the bass, both M. dolomieu and M. solmoides, the pickerel-pike, Esox lucius, and the rock bass, A7nbIoplites rupestris, are abundant. A trammel net i^slaced with one end barely on the sand-bar, i. e. in about 10 feet of water, and the other end extending into water forty feet deep gave the following results during both sessions: TABLE NO. fi. Sp('(ie.s. .\verage size. Depth of water. Xuuiher. Freciiieiicy. 1. Rock ba.s.'5, A mhloplilts rupestris.. I.'?5 mm. 2. Sucker, ('(iln.-itomu.s comnn'rsonii . . HlOm.m. .'1. I'umpkiu seed, Eupomoti.^i tjibbusus llOm.m. 4. I'ickercl-pike, Esojr lurius 440 iii.m. .5. C'atfisli, Aniieuru.'i mc/a.s 320 m.m 6. Hmall-mouthert black bass, Mic- ropteru!! .salmoiilifi 380 m.lTl. 7. Yellow perch, Perm Jlarescens. . . . 160 m.m. 5. LarKe-iiioutlied black l)ass, Mic- ropteriis sal rn aides . . 390 m.m. I ()-!.-> ft. .M all(leptli.>< 7-10 ft. L'()-t() ft. At allilepth.s 2(1- !() ft. 10-20 ft. 20-40 ft. 52 3S 28 21 17 10 3 2 .305 ,222 .164 .123 . 09«> .058 .017 .012 32 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OP MICHIGAN. Aside from the fishes taken in the trammel net at a depth exceeding 20 feet, and Usted in Table No. 6, the lake whitefish, Argyrosomus- artedi cisco and the ling, Lota maculosa, are knoA\Ti to occur in very deep water. During the summers of 1913 and 1914, dead lake whitefish were found, Each had an injury on the ventral side of the body, near the caudal fin. This injury resembled the scar made by the lake lamprey. Many other species ,of fish were taken, as will be seen later, with the same type of injury. At the close of the 1914 session of the Biological Station a large specimen of the ling, Lota maculosa, was found almost dead under a beached boat near the Station dock after a heavy wind storm. This species belongs to the deep water near the thermocline, at a depth varying from 35 to 40 feet or more. In addition to the lake itself, Bessey Creek, the other smaller inlets and the outlet, Maple River, are important habitats for fishes. Bessey Creek is a sluggish stream varying from one to eight feet in depth. The bottom is covered with a deep layer of loose decayed vegetable matter and ooze. A considerable amount of high grass, rushes, Scirpus americanus, and white water lilies, Castalia odoratum, grow in the shallow water near the bank, and in many places in mid-stream. The banks are well wooded and shady. By frequent observations and seining it was found that the mud minnow. Umbra limi, is the dominant species of this habitat. The creek was seined several times and the combined data of the seinings are given below: TABLE NO. 7. Species. Number Average size. Fre- Quency. Place in stream. 1. 2. 3. 4. Mud minnow, Umbra limi . . . . Yellow perch, Perca flavescens. UluegiW, Lepomis pallidus . . . . Pumpkin seed, Eupomotis gib- bosus . . 190 30 18 17 13 12 8 8 4 1 1 85 m.m. (adults) 100 m.m. (young) 60 m.m. (young) 62 m.m. 25 m,m. 102 m. 142 m.m. 145 m.m. (young) 30 m.m. (young) 48 m.m. 14 m.m. .626 .099 .060 .057 .043 .040 .026 .026 .014 .004 .004 Distributed over bottom. Near surface, mid-stream. Mid-stream. Mid-stream. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Cayuga shiner, Notropis cayiiga Rocli bass, Ambloplites rupes- tris. Catfish, Amierus rnelas Pickerel-pike, Esox lucius. . . . Large-mouthed black bass, Micropterus salmoides Sculpin, Cottus ictalops Iowa darter, Etheostoma iowae . Mid-stream. Mid-stream. At bottom of mid-stream. Under grass along bank. Mid-stream., Mid-stream. Mid-stream. As shown by the table JJmhra limi is by far the most frequent species in this habitat. Maple River and the small streams coming into the lake, other than Bessey Creek, have been placed in the same group as regards type of habitat because they are more or less swift and clear, and offer about Michigan Geological and Biological Survey. Piitilicatioii 2it: Hiolotry 4. I'lal.- I CENKKAT. \n:\\ ( H |;AS1 SllOKK OK SOITH lUlX SOUTH KHOM STATION 1 l.\l\l,. l.(i(iKi\<; Micliigiiii CieoloKiciil ami Biological Survey. l^iililiialiuii 20: Hioloiry I. I'luli- II SOUTH TWIN LAKE. LOOKING NORTHWEST, SHOWING BROAD SHOAL WITH A SCANT lU'SlI f;i{()\\ TH AM) ITIK ZONKS OF SHoin-: XKGKTATION. Miftiijiaii Geological ami Biological Survey. PiiblicaliDii JO: Hiolotry i. I'hil.- I 1 i ^ori'H TWIN LAKE, STATION :i. LOOKING XOin'HWKST, SHOW IXG IHE REGION' FISHED AS KAH AS THE RUSHES EXTEND. JMicliiKHii CJeoloKifal ami Biological Survey. Public at ion liO: Hiology 4. Plate IV. SOUTH TWIN LAKE. LOOKIXC XOKIH. SHOWIXCi .\X TXISI AIT.V BROAD BEACH lu I- Willi .MAX^■ i:x( ' lioAcii .M i:xis ()i- iiii-: sm ai.i. siiuru y.itSK. Michigan (Jeologiciil ami Biological Survey. I'liliiicatioii 20; Biolojjy 4. Plate V. iOUTll i\\l.\ LAKE. STAIION i:-!. I,(»()KI\(; NolMll. Alichigaii Geological and Biological Survey. Publication 20; Biology 4. Plate VI. SOUTH 'IWIX LAKK, STATION 7, LOCJKIXf; 1:AST. II.oAI'IXC SPA K( ; A M IM LEAVES XOT SHOWN' O.X ACCOUNT OT WAVES. Michif,';ni (JeoloKiciil ami Hi()l(>t;ical Survey. Publication 20; Biology 4. I'lal.- \ II SOI 111 TWIN I.AKK. STATION Iti. I.ooKINC NoH T II W I ;ST. Michigan Geological ami Biological Survey. Piiltlication 20: Hiology 4. Plat*' \III. .^Oiril I W I \ I.AKK. SlAl'IOX 40. LOOKIXC! Wi;.-^!- (■i{Ki:k. Mor III ol MlSliin FISH FAUNA OF DOUGLAS LAKE REGION. 33 the same sort of conditions. These stream l)e(ls are gravel or clear sand, and if a mucky l)ottom exists at all, it is near the banks or in holes and bayous along the stream. Tn these places the Uuibra limi and small AmieuDis melas are abundant. Aside from these situations, however, Maple River and the small clear streams afford a group of species different from those found in any other habitat of the region. The brook trout, Salvelinus Jontinalis, is abundant along the small inlets and in Maple River five miles doAvn stream from the lake. Besides Salvelinus fontinalis, several other species, which did not occur in the other habitats, were found in Maple River in al)undance. Etheodoma iowae, Notropis lohipplii, Semotilus atromaculatus, and Rhinichthys atronasus were taken in numbers. Cottus icfalops is also more al)undant in Maple River than in Bessey Creek. From the foregoing studies of the several habitats the hsh fauna of Douglas Lake and connecting streams ma}' be seen to include the following 26 species, of which 23 (marked *) occur in the lake proper: TABLE NO. 8. 1. Bowfin, Amia calva* 2. Coiiiiiioii sucker, Catostomus commersonii.* .3. Catfish, A mieurus melas.* 4. Hudson River shiner, Notropis hudsonius* 5. Common shiner, Notropis cornutus.* 6. Cayuga shiner, Notropis cayuqa.* 7. Bhie shiner, Notropis whipplii. 8. Horned dace, Semotilus atromaculatus. 9. Blaclv-nosed dace, Rhinichthys atronasus. 10. Blunt-nosed minnow, Pimephales notatus.* 11. Picl^: ^m ,__ C-. ^--cr. >--:c:^ — — — — o t- "C OCI- oc IM m H 3 i ^J2 M — ac L-: 3-- X ~ I- C:t^ iC CO C OC 1.- (M C-l cc »- CO t-t- 1-^ 0) 0^ ■c 2 C-) c<; 02 ^ ^ M •T3 t^ <— 1 OC 0) 0} ?p .c-= c: ?^2^ -.I-~;<: — — M •— •— -CC^— 1 (N u ■* Oj-O x; a. es z-£ «^ o^ 5 5 = = 5 = 5 5 £ = £ E E E E g G = = d d d s = s c g c P g j^ZT-I^JTrZ^^Z^^^^-^ 5oCt~5?~c£5'OC:SxX? ^-'^"^ E.S K Oi £E£=£££E=£EESEE OO^CL-tOi-TOSOCSOi/IO X -M c-i o ^t M o I- :>) :c>.-t — oc tc c^ ^ C^ ^ — Tf-M M — M — rCM --"^ £ £ £ E £ £ E E 5 £ E £ £ E E ^ p;d«z";:,::^^c^^;::;:r i-tOOwC — OOCwO — o»cc ^3 E T'i re re ^t t- w '-t x ci X O -^ X ;C C' Uj 1 . a- I i _^ -a. fc ■ z j ^ '. ? ■ V . c ** • t . '-^ ^ ■ ^ . "^ • J. • <;. ^ ai V ^L '^ -* i. 0 'S Oj >» r- w T. K s ;^ E X ^ wJ J Oh ►-: - ■> ^" TtiC^C r-« 'cr c zt > Tj »r FISH FAUNA OF DOUGLAS LAKE REGION. 35 In lookino; for tho causes of death of the (ish listed in Table 9, the following are at least to be considered: (1) mechanical injury, (2) injury through attacks of other species, (3) the beaching of in- dividuals while pursuing or swallowing prey, (4) accidental beaching while attempting to escape enemies, (5) disease and parasites. The total number of intlividuals of all species showing definite ex- ternal injuries was low, something less than one-tenth of one per cent, and as may be seen in Table 9 these were distributed rather evenl>' among the several species in proportion to the total number beached. Many apparently normal fish, free from parasites and without any sign of injury, were beached which may have been killed by wave action either well out in the lake or at the edge of the shoal water where the high waves break. Few if any specimens showed unmistakable injuries due to the at- tacks of other species. A few suckers bore circular wounds resembling lamprey marks but these wounds were of such a nature that they might have been due to any of several other causes. In the "beached while feeding" column only those individuals were listed which were found with prey in the mouth. Perca flavescens was the heaviest loser in this w^ay. Seventy-one beached specimens of this species had half-swallowed individuals of Percopsis guttatus in their mouths, and the Percopsidae in almost every case were adults. In addition to the specimens taken with prey in the mouth undoubtedly other individuals are beached while pursuing prey. Catostomus com- mersonii, a bottom feeder, is known to come into shallow water at night while feeding and individuals of this species might easily \)o beached ))>• a sudden storm. The beaching of small fishes while attempting to escape larger jnir- suing fishes was on more than one occasion observed. The young suckers, Notropi, and other young fishes are constantly preyed upon by the larger carnivorous species and schools of tiie small fish are often forced to the shore" line by the pursuers. Here an incoming wa\-e completes the beaching. Parasites certainly play an important part in the death of a large number of the individuals reaching the l)each. With very few ex- ceptions all of the Cenlmrchidae l)eached, i. e. Ainbloplites nipestr.is, Lepomis pallidus and Eupowoti)^ yibbosus were infected in the gill chambers with parasitic Copepods. Often this infection was very heavy although some specimens bore but a few of the gill patasites. Many suckers and Cyprinids contained worm cysts in the body wall and in the skin. The parasitic worms were not examined, but Or. La Rue (see report of the Director of the Biological Station for 1912) reports a variety of forms and a hca\"\' infi'ction of s(>veral sp(>cies ot f sh. 36 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. It is understood that Table No. 9 does not give complete data on the death rate of the species of the lake but it is considered suggestive. In spite of the fact that many dead fish are eaten by water birds before reaching shore and that the fish successfully caught and eaten by other species can not be estimated, the data in Table 9 indicate a critical size in the life of several species of fishes. Those fishes about two-thirds grown (see table for length of majority of individuals) were most often, beached. Again, as might be expected, the species most abundant in the lake proper were represented on the beach by the largest number of individuals. On the other hand those species found in the more re- stricted habitats were represented by fewer individuals, and those con- fined to streams by none. In order that these data might be verified a trip was made covering the entire shore line of the lake of 15 miles in a single day. On this trip all beached fishes were measured, examined and identified. The data collected are given in Table 10. TABLE NO. 10. Including a study of the shores about the whole lake (Aug. 3, 1913). Species. Average size Number. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Smail-mouthed black bass, M. dolomieu Large-mouthed black bass, M. salmoides Yellow perch, Perca flavescens Pumpkin seed, Eupomotis gibbosus Notropus cayuga ' Hudson River shiner, Notropus hudsonius Common shiner, Notropus cornutus Cat fish, Arnieurtis melas Common yellow sucker, Catostomus commersonii. Rock bass, Ambloplites rupestris Log perch, Percopsus guttatus Pike-pickerel, Esox luchis Blue gill, Lepomis pallidus Lake whitefish, .4. a. cisco 240 3.50 103 103 110 78 107 204 290 132 97 537 98 140 m.m. m.m. m.m. m.m. m.m. m.m. m.m. m.m. m.m. m.m. m.m. m.m. m.m. m.m. 1 1 551 1 2 10 7 11 177 31 72 5 IQ 2 Total . 881 Note: — Several dead specimens of "Johnny darter" (Boleosoma nigrum) were observed lying among the pebbles in the shallows about Grape-vine Point and Fairy Island. Because of their lack of an air-bladder they are not thrown upon the beach as are the other species of dead fish but they remain i i their habitat and are for the most part eaten by the crayfish. The figures in Table 10 show the same relations of species as those in Table 9, the true lake forms being the ones most often beached. In conclusion it may be said that Perca flavescens, Percopsis guttatus, Catostomus commersonii and Notropis cayuga were the forms most often beached. The writer wishes to thank Dr. Max M. Ellis for suggestions and help in this work. DRAGONFLIES OF THE DOUGLAS LAKE- REGION, MICHIGAN. ARTHUR T. EVANS ]3KA(50NFLIE8 OF THE DOUGLAS LAKE REGION, MICHIGAN ^ ARTHUR T. EVANS A partial list of the Odonata of the Douglas Lake Region (Gheboygan County, Michigan) was prepared by Miss Abigail O'Brien in 1910'-. This report includes twenty-three species. An oiiportunity of listing the Odonata of this region more fully was affortled the writer during the summer of 1914 while at the University of Michigan Biological Station on Douglas Lake. The collections date from July 2 to August 21. During the course of the collecting as many individuals of each species were taken as possible. Forty-three species were secured. The writer wishes to thank Professor Max M. Ellis for suggestions in the preparation of this report; Professor Frank Smith for specimens and records from Indian River; Professor T. D. A. Cockerell for the loan of several reprints; and also the many students at the Biological Station who were kind enough to furnish material foi' identification. TOPOGRAPHY OF THE REGION. The Douglas Lake Region with its small streams, lakes, marshes, and stagnant bogs, together with its forested, burned over, and ()i)en areas presents varied and suitable habitats for a number of species of Odonata. Specimens were taken from many habitats, both adults and nymjihs being collected. Efforts were made to capture a numlier of adults which appeared new to the region. These efforts were unsuccessful in several cases, but the aquatic collections yielded nymphs of several species new to the region so that in all a fairly representative series of the Odonata species w^as secured. Collections were made from the following habitats. Bessey Creek, one of the small streams flowing into Douglas Lake, forms a very desirable habitat for a number of species. This stream is of uniform wadth, averaging about fifteen feet. It has an average depth of about two and one-half f(H>t, with a maximum depth of about five feet anil a minimum dei)tli of about one foot. For the most i)art the stream flows through a thickly wooded area with trees overhanging in many places while here and there are ojxmi areas. In many ])laces 'Contribution No. 2.'S from the liiiversitv of Michigan Biological Station. 2Rept. Mich. Acad. Sci., I'.Ul, ]>\^. 114-145. 40 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. vegetation is common in the stream. The bottom is of decayed vege- table matter with a thick cover of plant debris. The stream flows into the lake through a broad embayment which is well overgrown with reeds and flags. Maple River, the only outlet to Douglas Lake, is in many ways very different from Bessey Creek. This stream does not flow through a wooded area but through a more open burned-over area. The stream is about twenty feet wide in its widest part and is on an average about two feet deep. Its current is swift but as it flows through a sandy country the water is very quiet. The bottom of this stream is of marl with some vegetation. About two miles from the lake, down the river, collections were made in a situation quite different from the river. The stream at this second station flows through an area from which the trees have been cut or burned as at its source, but the water is swifter and the bed of the stream is of coarse gravel and small rocks. Bryant's Bog is a relic bog which has been cut off from the lake bj- the throwing up of. a sand-bar. Although the whole bog occupies about ten acres only about one-half an acre is covered by open water. The water is about 18 feet in the shallowest part. The bog has no known outlet, although there is undoubtedly more or less loss of water through the very sandy, porous soil which surrounds it. The small size and great depth of this bog together with its location in a more or less sheltered place makes the water quiet. The dominant plant about the bog is Chamaedaphne calyculata (Linnaeus) the so-called "leather leaf." On account of its depth few plants grow from the bottom of the pool although the Chamaedaphne grows out into the water about the edge of the bog for several feet. This vegetation in the water makes an ex- cellent habitat for a number of species which are abundant upon the submerged portions. Such species as Tramea lacerata Hagen and Anax Junius Drury were found in numbers in this situation. The low shrub- bery and a few large trees near this habitat supply a very desirable foraging ground for a number of the imagos. Smith's Bog, located about two miles south of the Station, is another situation from which a number of specimens were obtained. The marshy area, although called a bog, is quite different from Bryant's Bog. It is located in an open area of about forty acres, the water covering about ten acres. In the water and about the edge of the bog for about one hundred feet is a thick growth of rushes of several species. There are a few trees standing, and over the whole area are old logs lying in or near the water. The depth of the water is probably not more than four or five feet in the deepest parts. Nymphs were found to be abundant in the water while the adults were also common. DRAGONFLIES OF DOUGLAS LAKE REGION. 41 Burt Lake, about one and one-half miles south of Douglas Lake, constitutes another of the habitats from which collections were made. On the north shore of this lake is Reese's Bog which is densely wooded and occupies an area of several hundred acres. This bog has no area completely inundated but the whole is more or less wet and there are several small outlet streams. The tamarack growth over the whole area is very dense with here and there narrow roads passing through it. Collections were made along the shore of the lake as well as along the roads leading through the bog. North Fishtail Bay. a quiet and shallow little bay on the north shore of Douglas Lake, together with the pools and open areas in the ad- joining woods, formed another of the situations collected from. A large number of both nymphs and adults were collected from tins habitat. From the shallow waters along the shore of the lake near camp and about the docks a numl^er of species were secured which wer(» not foinid elsew^here. Also the aspens near the Station were foimd to contain adults, some of which were seen nearly a mile from the water. TAXONOMY. Keys have been made for all species collected and all previously reported from the region, except those included in the difficult genus Enallagma Charpentier. Where a genus includes more than one species in the Douglas Lake Region, a key for the various species collected and previoush' reported is offered. Under the species head short dis- cussions of the habitats, time of appearance, and abundance are given when the data were obtained. The nomenclature offered by Muttkow- ski^ is followed. Free use has been matle of certain other ])ul)lished reports on Odonata (see bibliography) to which the writer wishes to acknowledge his obligations. KEY TO THE SUBORDERS AXD FAMILIES OF THE ODOXATA OF THE DOUGLAS LAKE REGION (MICHIGAN). Imagos. A. Front iiiid hind wings similar iii outline, spatulate and distinctly narrowed at the base, not held horizontally when at rest; head much wider tha.i long; whole insect of a more or less trail appearance. * Suborder ZYGOPTER.\ B. Wings rich black or dusky brown, or if hyaline w.tli blight red or l)r(iwn areas at the bases. Family Agrionidae BB . Wingd hyaline — t)luish or transparent. Family Coeiiagrionidae 'Bull. Public Mus. Milwaukee, I, 101 0-1 911. pp. 1-208. 42 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. AA. Front and liind wings dissimilar, held horizontally when at rest. Suborder AXISOPTERA C. Triangles ot the iroat and hind wings similar, first and second series ot anti- cubitals not coirciding, except the first and another thick one. Family Aeshnidae CC. Triangles ot the front wmgs, with the long axis of the triangle at right angles to the long axis of the ivings; triangles ot the hind wings with the long axis, coinciaing with the axis of the wing. Family Lihellulidae Nyinp)i!i. A. Last abdominal segment with terminal, ieaf-like gills. Suborder ZYGOPTERA B. Basal segment ot the antennae much elongated. Family Agrionidae BB . Basal segment of the antennae short. Family Coenagrionidae AA. Last abdominal segment ending m five, short, spine-like appendages. Subordei AXISOPTERA C . Labium flat, not concealing the front of the head. Family Aeshnidae CC. Labium spoon-shaped, covering most of the front part of the head. Family Libellulidae FAMILY AGRIONIDAE. KEY TO THE GENERA OF AGRIOXIDAE. Imagos. A. Imagos with wingj ot a rich black or dusky brown color; basal spaces in all of the wings without cross veins. Agrion AA. Imagos with large red or brown areas at the bases of the wings, if the wings are hyaline,, basal spaces with cross veins. Hetaerina Nymphs. A. Median clett of the median labial lobe extending far below the base of the lateral labial lobes. Agrion AA. Median cleft of the median labial lobe not extending below the base of the lateral labial iooes. Hetaerina GENUS AGRION FABRICIUS. J magos. A. Apical third ot the hind wings black or cloudy. ^4. aequabile AA. Wings uniformly black or smoky brown. A. maculatum Nymphs. A. Basal segments or the antennae one-third longer than the head is wide. A. aequabile AA. Basal segment of the antennae equal to or less than the width of the head. A. maculatum URAGONFLIES OF DOUGLAS LAKE REGION. 43 Agrion aequabile (Say). PI. IX, Fig. B.— Adults ami iiymj)h.s of tlii.s species were taken on Bessey Creek, and at the station on Maple River, about two miles down stream from the source. Although a number of both adults and nymphs were taken in both situations the adults were rather uncommon on Maple River. The nymphs in general were found clinging to the vegetation in the stream, seeming to pref(>r the swifter parts. Agrion maculaium Beauvois. PI. IX, Fig. 1). — This species was taken in both the adult and nymph stages in the same situations as Agrion aequabile. The adult with its handsome black or smoky wings is easily distinguished when once seen, while the nymph with its sprawl- ing legs is easily recognized. GENUS HETAERINA HAGEN. Hetaerina americana Fabricius. PI. IX, Fig. A. — None of the nymphs of this beautiful dragonfly were collected but adults were taken by Ur. Max M. Ellis at the station some distance down Maple River. The brilliant red at the bases of the wings of the males and the i)ale brown at the bases of the uangs of the females will distinguish this species at once. FAMILY COENAGRIONIDAE. KEY TO THE SUBFAMILIES OF COENAGRIONIDAE. Imagos. A. Vein M3 arising from vein Mi and 2 nearer the arculus than the aodus. Subfamily Lestinae A.A. Vein \U arising from vein Mi and 2 nearer the nodus than the arculus. Subfamily Coenagrioninae Nymphs. A. Lateral labial lobes trifid at the distal end, movable hook of the labium bearing raptorial setae. Subfamily Lestinae AA. Lateral labial lobes bifid at the distal end, movable hooks of the labium without raptorial setae. Subfamily Coenagrioninae SUBFAMILY LESTINAE. A single genus, Testes, is known from the subfamily Lestinae at Douglas Lake. Since the females of the genus are so ver}- much alike no key has been made to distinguish them, the following k(\v being onl>- for the determination of the males. Also no key has l)een made for the determination of the nymphs as their great similarity makers itlentifica- 44 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. tion very difficult. It might be well to state that L. forcipata and L. rectangular is have either five or six raptorial setae while L. unguiculata and L. uncata normally have seven setae. There seems to be no very definite way to distinguish between each of the two species which have been thus separated. The nymph of L. disjuncta, the only other species of Lestes known from Douglas Lake, is unknown. GENUS LESTES LEACH. Imagos. A. Males metallic green. B . Inferior appendages of the male viewed from above exhibiting a sigmoid curve. L. unguiculatus BB . Inferior appendages of the male viewed from above strongly dilated at the ape.K. L. uncatus AA. Males blacki.sh brown. C . Apex of the inferior appendages of the male declined. L. rectangularis CC. Apex of the inferior appendages not declined. D. Inferior appendages of the male viewed from above slightly widened at the tip; proximal tooth on the inner edge of the superior appendage larger than the other. L. forcipatus DD. Inferior appendages of the male not widened at the tip; the two teeth on the superior appendage about equal. L. (Hsjunctus Lestes rectangularis Say. — A number of adults of this species were taken both from the beach pool, which is located west of North Fishtail Bay, and from Smith's Bog. Nymphs taken from the same habitat as the adults were identified as L. rectangularis although they are very similar to L. forcipata Rambur. Lestes forcipatus Rambur. — This species was taken by Miss Abigail O'Brien during the summer of 1910. She reports that a number of adults were taken on August 19 but does not state the locality from which they were secured. No adults were taken in the collections upon which the present report is based, and since the nymphs of this species are so much like those of L. rectangularis they were not determined. Lestes unguiculatus Hagen.^One adult of this species and a number of nymphs were taken on Maple River. The nymphs of this species are very similar to those of L. uncatus Kirby. Lestes uncatus Kirl^y. — Neither adults nor n^nnphs were referred to this species although it is possible that some of the nymphs identified as L. unguiculatus may be L. uncatus. A number of adults were collected by Miss O'Brien in 1910. Lestes disjuhctus Selys. — This species was not taken at Douglas Lake in 1914 but were reported as common in 1910. DRAGONFLIES OF DOUGLAS LAKE REGION. 45 SUBFAMILY COENAGRIONINAE KEY TO rilE GENERA OF CEONAGRIOXI XAE. Imagos. A. No postocular spots; dorsum bronzy green. Nehalennia AA. Light, round or ovoid, postocular spots. B . Sexes unlike in color, female with the orange oi the abdomen covering less than the three basai segments of the abdomen; males chiefly black or green with a bifid process on the apical margin of the 10th abdominal segment; pterostigma rhomboidal. Ischnura BB. Color of the males and females similar, females somewhat lighter; no upturned bifid process on the apical margin of the 10th abdominal segment. Enallagma Nymphs. A. Labium with one mental setae and a rudimentary second one; antennae six jointed. Nehalennia AA. Labium with three to five mental setae; antennae seven jointed. B . Labium with four to six lateral setae; usually three mental setae on each side. Enallagma BB . Labium with five or six lateral setae; four mental setae. Ischnura GENUS NEHALENNIA SELYS. Nehalennia irene Hagen. — This species was not taken in any of the collections at Douglas Lake during the summer of 1914 but was re- ported as common during July and August, 1910. GENUS ENALLAGMA CHARPENTIER. Two Species of this genus, the males of which may be tlistinguished by the following key, are known from the Douglas Lake region. Imaoos. A. Dorsum of segment two blue with an apical black spot. E. carunculatum AA. Dorsum of segment two black. E. exulaiis Enallagma carunculatum Morse. — This species was reportetl to be common in the region throughout the summer of 1910. No habitat data were given. Enallagma exulans Hagen. — Specimens of these nymphs were taken on Maple River. They were found clinging to the vegetation near shore in very little water. The species has also been found in the water of North Fishtail Bay. 46 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. GENUS ISCHNURA CHARPENTIER. Imagos. A. Segments eight and nine of the abdomen blue with a black stripe on each side. I. verlicalis AA. Segments eight and nine of the abdomen black. I. posita Nymphs. A. Labium with six lateral setae on each side. I. verlicalis AA. Labium with five lateral setae on each side. /. posita Ischnura verticalis (Say). — This species was taken from the swifter water of the station about two miles down Maple River. Ischnura posita (Hagen). — This species was taken from the same habitat as /. verticalis. FAMILY AESHNIDAE. This family is represented in the Douglas Lake region by two sub- families. Imagos. A. Eyes distinctly separated above on the middle of the head. Subfamily Gomphinae AA. Eyes meeting above in the middle line of the heaa. Subfamily Aeshninae Nymphs. A. Antennae four jointed, broad and flat; superior appendage not notched at the ape.x. Subfamily Gomphinae AA. Antennae six or seven jointed; superior appendage notched at the apex. Subfa'mily Aeshninae SUBFAMILY GOMPHINAE. Imagos. A. Both triangles with a cross vein. Gomphoides A.^. Both triangles without a cross vein, (except the discoidal triangle in Hagenius). B. First and second anal veins angulated toward each other at the cross vein of the anal loop, which contains from three to five cells. C. Discoidal triangle without cross veins; anal loop three celled. Ophiogomphus CO. Discoidal triangle four sided, with cross veins: anal loop three to five, usually four celled. Hagenius BB. First and second anal veins nearly parallel; anal loop one or two celled. D. Hind femora with five to seven long spines in addition to the usuai short ones. D romogomphus DD. Hind femora with the usual short spines but with no long ones. Gomphus DRAGONFLIES OF DOUGLAS LAKE REGION. 47 Xymplis. A. Middle legs closer together at the base than the fore ones; inner wiiit; oases strongly divergent. Gomphoides AA. Middle legs as far apart as the fore ones. B. Inner wing eases stro.igly divergent. Ophiogoinphus BB Inner wing oases parade.. C. Third antennai joint flat, snhcylindrical or broadly oval; body broad and Hat. Hageniiis CC . Third a.iteiina: joint suhojlindrioal, more than twioe as long as thick. D. Dorsal hooks short but with acute spiny tips. Dromogomphiis DD. Dorsal hooks sometimes present, but obtusely pointed, usually absent excepting a median tooth on the ninth segment. Gomphus GENUS GOMPHOIDES SELYS. Gomphoides ohscurus (Rambur). — The nymphs of this species were taken at the station on Maple River about two miles below the source. They seem to prefer the swifter parts of the stream, clinging to and craAvling over the vegetation and rocks. GENUS HAGENIUS SELYS. Hagenius hrevidylus Selys. PI. IX, Fig. F.; PI. X, Figs. B. D.— Nymphs of this queerly designed species were taken many times during the summer. They were found in ]\Iaple River, Bessey Creek and in the beach pool near North Fishtail. The nymphs were taken from the first layers of ooze along the bottom. No adults were taken. GENUS OPHWOUMPHUS SELYS. Ophiogomphus carohis Needham. — Nymphs of this species were found only in Maple River. Like those of Gomphoirles ohscurus they were found in the relatively swift water on submerged veg(>tation, logs and rocks. N^o adults were taken. GENUS GOMPHUS LE.\C1I. Imayog. A. Face entirely yellow. B . Tibia yellow externally; posterior abdominal segments not dilated. G. spictitus BB . Tibia black externally. C . Posterior emi of the abdomen dilated. G. vi'iitricosus CC. Posterior end ot the abiiomeii not diluted. G. ileitcri plus 48 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. AA. Face transversely banded with black. D. Yellow ot the thoracic dorsum reduced to two narrow, oblique, isolated, yellow stripes. G. scudderi DD. Yellow stripes cf the thoracic dorsum broader; anterior face of the hind femora yellow. G. vastus Xymphs. In the following key Gomphus rentricosus is iiot included since the nymph of that species is unknown. A. Four pairs of lateral spines. B . Dorsal hooks more or less apparent on segments two or three to nine. G. descriptus BB. Dorsal hooks represented only by teeth on the posterior margins of eight and nine. CC . Lateral spines on nine about as long as the tenth segment. G. vastus CC . Lateral spines on the ninth segment about half as long as segment ten. G. scudderi AA. Three pairs of lateral spines, the first pair very small. G. spicatus Gomphus spicatus Hagen. — Nymphs of this species were taken in Maple River near its source. Their habitat is probably the stream vegetation. No adults were taken. Gomphus ventricosus Walsh. — This species was reported from the region in 1910 but did not occur in any of the 1914 collections. Gomphus descriptus Banks. — Only the nymphs of this species were taken at one station on Maple River, Gomphus scudderi Selys. — This species was not taken in 1914 al- though adults were reported from the region in 1910. Gomphus vastus Walsh. — Nymphs of this species were taken in Bessey Creek where they seemed to prefer the bottom of the stream and the lower pa^rts of the vegetation. SUBFAMILY AESHNINAE. Large numbers of nymphs representing six of the eight species of this subfamily found in the Douglas Lake region were collected, but the adults of only four species were taken. These species Epiaeschna heros (Fabricius), Basiaeschna janata (Say), Aeshna constricta Say and Anax Junius Drury were very common. Imagos. A. Upper part of the arculus equal to or longer than the lower part; anal loop five to seven: sided. B . Radial sector forked. C . Radial sector forked near the middle. Epiaeschna CC. Radial sector forked beyond, i. e. apicad to the middle. Aeshna DRAGONFLIES OF DOUGLAS LAKE REGION. 4'.) BR. R.idial sector not forked. D. Space between the arculii.'^ anil the base of the wing crossed by from two to six cross veins; anal triaiiKle. In the male, three to five celled. Hoyeria I)D. Space between the arculus anil the base of the wing free or crossed by but a single cross vein. Basiaeschna AA. Upper part of the arculus shorter than the lower; the upper sector rising about midway between the lower sector and the median vem above. .\na.\ Xymphs. A. Five pairs ot lateral spines. B. Antennae SIX jointed. Epiaeschna BB . Antennae seven jointed. C. Lateral lal)ial lobes scarcely tapering, subtruncate at the tij). Boyeria CC. Lateral labial lobes tapering to an incurved tooth. Basiae.schna AA. Three or four pairs of lateral spines, D. Four pairs of lateral spines, the anterior pair small. Aeshna DD. Three pairs of well developed spi.ies. Anax GENUS EPIAESCHXA HAGEN. Epiaeschna heros (Fabricius). — Adults of this large species were common throughout the summer in various haliitats. These dragon- flies were found along iVIaple River and Bessey Creek, about the bogs, over the lake, about a mile from shore, and back in the aspens a mile or more from water. One specimen was taken about seven-thirty p. M., in the late twilight, as it was flying s\viftly about one of the roads through Reese's Bog. Adults of this species were especially abundant in the vicinity of Smith's Bog. GENUS BOYERIA MACLACHLAN. Boyeria vinosa (Say). — The nj-mphs of this species were taken in numbers from the submerged vegetation at Bryant's Bog. No adults were captured. GENUS BASIAESCHNA SELYS. Basiaeschna Janata (Say). — The nymphs of this dragonfly were finiiul on vegetation in Bessey Creek and the adults were caught along both Maple River and Bessey Creek. GENUS ,4£:S//.V.4 FABRICIUS. Imagos A. Anal triangle of the hind .viiig of the male usually consisting of three cells; genital valve of the female strongly elevated at the apex. ,1 . rimstrirtn 7 50 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. AA. Anal triangle of the hind ving of the male usually consisting of two cells; genital valve ot the female not strongly elevated at the apex. B . A black line on the fronto-nasal suture; hamular processes short and broad. A. interrupta BB . No blaciv- liiie on the fronto-nasal suture. A. canidensi') Nymphs. A. Mentum of the labium distinctly more than half as broad at the base as at the apex. B. Lateral labial lobes squarely truncate, the outer apical angle scarcely rounded. A. interrupta BB . Lateral labial lobes not truncate, but curving to a prominent, apical hook. A canadensis A A. Mentum of the labiimi not, or scarcely, half as broad at the base as at the apex. A. constricia Aeshna constricta Say. — Nymphs of this species were taken in Bessey Creek and Bryant's Bog. Prof. Frank Smith also collected several specimens in Indian River, the outlet, at the extreme southern end of Burt Lake about nine miles from my Burt Lake station. Aeshna interrupta Walker. — -This species was reported from Douglas Lake in 1910, one specimen being taken on August 18. Aeshna canadensis Walker. — This species was reported common to the region during the summer of 1910. Neither nymphs or adults were taken during the summer of 1910. GENUS AX AX LEACH. Anan Junius (Drury). PI. IX, Fig. E.; PI. X, Figs. E, F. — ^Both adults and nymphs of this dragonfly were common all summer. Nymphs were taken from the submerged vegetation at Smith's Bog, Bryant's Bog and the beach pool near North Fishtail Bay, usually in water which was relatively quiet. The adults of the species were taken in various situations about the water as well as in the aspens near the lake. GENUS DROMOGOMPHUS SELYS. Dromogomphus spinosiis Selys. — One specimen of this species, undergoing exuviation, was taken on the dock near camp. FAMILY LIBELLULIDAE. KEY TO THE SUBFAMILIES OF LIBELLULIDAE. Imagos. A. Sectors of the arculus distinctly separated. Subfamily Cordulinae AA. Sectors of the arculus in close proximity or completely fused for a short distance from the arcuLus. Subfamily Libellulinae DRAGONFLIES OF DOUGLAS LAKE REGION. ol Nymphs. A. Lateral abdominal appendages more than half as long as the inferiors; hind femora longer than the head is wide. Subfamily Cordulinae AA. Lateral abdominal appendages less than lialt the length of tlie inferiors; hind femora ge lerally as long as the head is wide. Subfamily Libellulinae Subfamily Corduliinae. KEY TO THE GENERA OF CORDULINAE. Imagos. A. Triangle of the hind wing placed considerably beyond tlie arculus. Macromia AA. Triangle of the hind wi.ig retracted to the level of the arculus or even passing it. B . Triangle of the liind wing with a cross vein. Epicordulia BB . Triangle of the hind wing without a cross vein. C . Wingo with black basal markings. Tetragoneuria CC . Wings clear. Cordulia Nymphs. A. Head with a prominent, pyramidal horn. Macromia AA. Head without a prominent, pyramidal horn. B . Lateral setae four or five. Epicordulia BB . Lateral setae seven. C . Abdomen with large dorsal hooks. Tetragoneuria CC . Abdomen without dorsal hooks. Cordulia GENUS MACROMIA RAMBUR. Macromia illinoiensis Walsh. PI. IX, Fig. C; PI. X, Fig. A.— This spider-Hke njTnph was onl}- taken twice, once on ]\Iaple Kiver and once in the shallow water along the lake shore near camp. The nymphs taken on Maple River were from vegetation along the shore but the specimens taken at camp (these may have been wave- washed in- dividuals) were found on the piles of the dock. No adults were taken. GENUS EPICORDULIA SELYS. Epicordulia princeps (Hagen). — This species was found to be rather rare, only a few nymphs occurring in the collections from Maple River. GENUS TETRAGONEURIA HAGEN. Tetragoneuria spinoso (Hagen). — Nymphs of this species were taken in Maple River, Biyant's Bog, and the beach pool west of North Fish- 52 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN tail Bay. They were found among the submerged vegetation in fairly deep water. No adults were secured. The eggs of this species, which are laid in strings, were found attached to aquatic vegetation both in North Fishtail Bay and at the mouth of Bessey Creek. GENUS CORD U LI A LEACH. Cordulia shurtleffi Scudder. — Nymphs of this species were taken in Bessey Creek although they appear to be rather uncommon, judging from the number appearing in the collections. These nymphs were found along the shore in debris of various sorts. Subfamily Libellulinae. KEY TO THE GENERA OF LIBELLULINAE. Imagos. A. Triangle oi the fore mng not placed distinctly beyond the level of the apex of the triangle of the hind wing; ends of pterostigma not distinctly divergent. B . Sectors of the arculus, veins Mi to 3 and Mi, in the fore wing more oc less com- pletely fused for a short distance beyond the arculus; triangle of the fore wing not greatly produced posteriorly, normally containing bur a single cross-vein. C . Vein Cui of the hind wing departing from the triangle at the hind angle. D. Sectors of the arculus contiguous but incompletely fused for a distance beyond the. arculus; wings generally spotted with yellow or reddish brown. Celithemis DD. Sectors of the hind wing distinctly fused for a distance beyond the arculus. Sympetrum CC. Vein Cui of the hind wing migrating a litile way up the outer side of the triangle. Pachydiplax BB . Sectors of the arculus of the fore wing contiguous but not completely fused be- yond the point of their departure from the arculus. Libellula AA. Triangle of the fore wing placed distinctly beyond the level of the apex of the triangle of the hind wing. Tramea Nymphs. A. Basal segment of the nind tarsus more than hail as long as the second segment. B . No dorsal hooks. Pachydiplax BB . With dorsal hooks at least on the middle abdominal segments. C. Abdomen ovate. D. Lateral spines long and straight. Celithemis DD. Lateral spines short and more or less incurved. Sympetrum CC. Abdomen lancolate; five to ten lateral setae. Libellula AA. Basal segment of the hind tarsus only hair as long as the second segment; lateral setae ten or more. Tramea DRAGONFLIES OF DOUGLAS LAKE REGION. 53 GENUS CELITUEMIS HAGEN. Celithemis e'ponina (Drury). — Nymphs of tliis species were collected in the aquatic vegetation in Bessey Creek. Their frequent appearance in collections from Bessey Creek marks the species as a rather common form. No adults were taken. GENT'S SYMPETRlWr XKWMAX. I mou')"- A. Superloi appendages ol the male with a prominent, inferior, median tooth; vulvar lamina 01 the female divided by a median cleft into two lobes. B . Wings with the basal half flavescent. S. assimilaluni BB. Wings flavescent only at the extreme nase, or at least not beyond the nodus. C. Branches of the geiutal haniules of the male enclosing an oval notch, outer branch twice as -stout as the inner, both equally curvf d. D. Median inferior tooth ot tlie superior male appendages bearing two or three minute teeth and preceded by lour large coarse teeth; inferior appendage of the male with a terminal recurvetl hook. .S. scoticum DD. Median jiiierior tooth of the superior male appendages simple, and preceded by three coarse teeth; terminal hcoK of the inferior appendage not recurverl. S. rubtcundulum CC . Branches of the genital hamules oi the male enclosing ,i short rounded notch, the inner branch more sharply mcurved, the outer branch about four times as thicl< as the inner. S. obtrusum AA. Superior appendages of the male without a prominciit, inferior, median tooth, but w»th several small, inferior, subequal. pointed denticles, wings flavescent only at the base. S. costiferu m Nymphs. A. Dorsal hooks of abdominal segments six to eight long and sharp, about as long as their respective segments; lateral spines straight. S. cosliferum AA. Dorsal hook of abdominal segments six to eight shorter than the segments bearing them and less pointed than in the preceeding species. S. assimilatum S. ruhiciniduhim S. obtrusum Owing to the incompleteness of the knowledge of the nymphs in this genus the above key gives the diagnostic characters of but one species. No description of the nympli of .S. scoticum (Donovan) was found. Sympetrum assimilatum (Uhler). — Reported from the region in 1010, a male and female being taken in coiiu, as well as a number of other specimens. Sympetrum ruhiundulum (Sa30- — This species was common near North Fishtail Bay and at Smith's Bog. Adults were al)untlant in a little relic bog near North Fishtail. Nymphs were taken in numbers from Bessey Creek, the North Fishtail beach pool and at Smith's Bog. 54 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. Syynpetrum scoticiwi (Donovan). — Reported on August 11, 1910. No habitat data given. Symyetrum dbsirusum (Hagen). — This species was reported as com- mon in the region from July 23 to August 20, 1910. No habitat data were given. It was not included in the 1914 collections. Sympetrum costiferum (Hagen). — Reported in 1910. GENUS PACHYDIPLAX BR~AUER. Pachydiplax longipennis (Burmeister) .^ — One nymph of this species was collected about two miles down stream from the lake in Maple River, where it was found among trash and vegetation along the shore. GENUS LIBELLULA LINNE. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF LIBELLULA. Images. A. Wings with no nodal spots. L. cyanea AA. Wings with large nodal spots. L. pulchella Nymphs. A. Dorsal hooks on the seventh and eight abdominal segments long and sharp; lateral setae six. L. cyanea AA. Dorsal hooka on the seventh and eighth abdominal segments rudimentary; lateral setae eight or nine. L. pulchella Lihellula cyanea Fabricius. — The nymphs of this species were col- lected at the station on Maple River about two miles down from the lake. They were taken among trash along shore. Lihellula pulchella Drury. — This species was taken in both the nymph and the adult stages. They were found common about North Fishtail Bay as well as on Maple River. The nymphs were taken in trashy situations along the shore; the adults flying about near the shore. GENUS TRAM E A HAGEN. Tramea lacerata Hagen. — Nymphs of this species were among the most common forms collected. A single "dip of the net through the submerged vegetation in Bryant's Bog would usuallj^ yield twenty or more of the nymphs. The nymphs were also found in both Smith's and Reese's Bogs. Although large numbers of nymphs were collected no adults were obtained. DRAGONFLIES OF DOUGLAS LAKE REGION. 55 DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY. The siibonlcr Anisopfera, which contains some of the largest and most handsom(> (h'agonfiies, inchules the majority of s))ecies of Odonata at present known from the Douglas Lake Kegion. (See Table 1;. Of the forty-three species which have been collected in the region thirty are Anisoptera. The nymphs of the Anisoptera occupy every type of habitat suitable for Odonata from the stagnant l)og to the swiftly flowing streams, and adults of this grouji were found Hying about through the aspens a mile or more from water as well as some distance from the shore over the lake. In general the adults of Anisoptera are ver}' alert and so active on the wing that their cai)ture in many cases is almost impossil)le. On the otlier hand, hoAvever, in certain places which were infrequently visited, as Smith's Bog, the adults seemed less shy and were easily captured as they hovered before one. TABLE 1.— SUMMARY OF SPECIES. Suborder ZYGOPTERA 13 5 I . Agrionidae 1 . Agrion 2 2. Hetaerina 1 II. Ceonagrionidae 10 3. Lestes . . . .... 6 4, Nehalennin 1 5, Ischnura 2 2 Suborder ANISOPTERA. . . . 30 16 Ill Aeschnidae 8. Hagenius 9. Ophiogomphus 11. Epiaeschna 13. Basiaeschna 14. Aeshna ' o 15. Anax . . . . 16. Dromogomphus IV. Libellulidae . . 14 17. MacTotnia . . 18. Epicordulia . . 20. Cordulia. . . 21. Celithemis ■ . 23. Pachyiliplax . . . .... 24. Libellula 25. Tramea • Total 43 In connection with the above table it is interesting to note that the forty-three species listed represent a rather rich Odonata fauna for the region studied, since Williamson^ records but eighty-three species (forty-three Zygoptera and forty Anisoptera) from the entire state of conditions favored the concentration of beetles on this shore. The wind blew steadily for twelve out of fourteen days from the northeast, and the waves washed up specimens of various species and a considerable amount of food that attracted carnivorous s])ecies. Other sjiecies were obtained by beating the bushes and trees, on the toj) and under boards ' The writer is indebted to John D, Sherman, Jr., Brooklyn, X. V., for the determination of many species of Caral)idae and Dytiscidae; to A. B. Woleott of the Fiel- 17. 18. Scariies suhterraneus Fab. Two specimens found in cells formed in the (hmip sand under a ])oard, on the northeast shore, June 25. 19. Clivina impressifrons Lee. Found in numbers running on the sand of the nortlieast shore, June 20-22. \ ery common. 20. Bemhidium littomle Oliv. One specimen found under the debris, on the soutliAvest beach near the lighthou.se, July 17. 21. Bemhidium americanum Dej. One specimen found under the debris near the water on the northeast shore, July 17. 22. Bemhidium nigrum Say. One specimcMi found under boards, on the northeast beach, June 20. 2o. Bemhidium scopulinum Kirby. Four specimens taken. It was observed running on the wet mud and rocks of the northeast shore, Jul\' 17. Fairly common. 24. Bemhidium versicolor Lee. One specimen, found under dei^ris, on the northeast beach, June 22. 25. Bemhidium assimile Gjdl. One specimen found under log, on the northeast beach, June 20. 26. Patrohus longicornis Say. Six specimens found under the washed up rushes on the southwest shore, July 17. Two found under the debris on the northeast shore, July 17. 27. Pterostichus coracinus Newm. Four specimens running on beach and under boards and debris, on the northeast beach, June 19. 28. Pterostichus reUctus NewTn. Two specimens found under debris, on the northeast beach, June 28. 29. Pterostichus permundus Say. One .specimen found under the debris on the northeast beach, July 17. 30. Pterostichus sayi Bruelle. Five specimens found under boards, on the northeast beach, June 19. One found under a board near the water on the northeast beach, July 17. 31. Pterostichus lucuhlandus Say. Two specimens found under a board, on the northeast beach, June 20. 32. Pterostichus caudicalis Say. Six specimens found under board.-^ and debris, on the northeast beach, June 19 and July 17. 33. Pterostichus luctuosus Dej. Two specimens found under iioards, on the .northea.st beach, June 20. 34. Pterostichus corvinus Dej. Four specimens found under debris, on the northeast beach, June 19. 35. Pterostichus scrutator Lee. Two specimens found under a board, on the nortlieast l)each, June 20. 36. Pterostichus mutus Say. Two specimens found under a lionrd, on the northeast beach, June 22. 74 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. 37. Pterostichus yennsylvanicus Lee. One specimen found under a board, on the northeast beach, June 26. 38. Pterostichus erythropus Dej. Two specimens found under a log, on southwest beach, June 19.- One found under a board, on the northeast beach, June 22. 39. Amara avida Say. Two specimens found under a board, on the northeast beach, July 17. 40. Amara exarata Dej. Two specimens found under a board, on the northeast beach, June 23. One specimen found under a board, on the northeast beach, July 17. 41. Amara latior Kirby. Two specimens found under boards, on the northeast beach, July 17. 42. Amara angustata Say. One specimen found running on a log, on the northeast beach, June 24. One found under a board, on the northeast beach, July 17. 43. Amara impuncticoUis Say. Two specimens found under debris, on the northeast beach, June 20. 44. Amara crassispina Lee. One specimen found under debris, on the northeast beach, June 22. 45. Amara cupreoJata Putz. Three specimens found under a board, - on the northeast beach, July 17. 46. Amara fallax Lee. One specimen found hunting on the sand, on the northeast beach, June 21. 47. Amara protensa Putz. Two specimens found hunting on damp sand, on the northeast beach, June 21. 48. Amara polita Lee. One specimen found under debris, on the northeast beach, July 17. 49. Amara erratica Sturm. Four specimens found running on the sand, on the northeast beach, June 20. Two found under flat stones, on the northeast beach, June 20. 50. Amai^a inter stitialis Dej. One specimen found under a flat stone, on the northeast beach, June 20. 51. Amara ohesa Say. Two specimens found under logs, on the northeast beach, June 20. Two found under boards, on the northeast beach, June 23. Six found under boards and debris, on the northeast shore, July 17. 52. Amara remotestriata Dej. One specimen found under a board, on the northeast beach, June 22. Three found under boards, on the northeast beach, July 17. 53. Amara riihica Hald. One specimen found under debris, on the northeast shore, July 17. 54. Amara gibba Lee. Three specimens found under debris, near the northeast shore, July 17. MERSHON EXPEDITION TO CHARITY ISLANDS. . 75 55. Amara suhaenea Lee. Five specimens found inulcr hoards, on the northeast beach, June 20. One found under debri.-;, on the northeast beach, July 17. Very active. 56. Amara musculus Say. One specimen found on the sand near a log, on the northeast beach, Jun(^ 21. Three found under the tlebris, on the northeast beach, June 22. Two found under boards, on the northeast beach, June 23. 57. A)nara species near chalcea. Two specimens found under de- bris, near the northeast shore, July 17. 58. Diplochila laticollis Lee. Three specimens found under logs, on the southwest shore, June 20. Three found under a log, on the northeast beach, June 23. 59. Diplochila laticoUif^ var. major Lee. Three specimens found under boards and one dead in the water, on the northeast shore, June 19. Four found under debris, on the northeast -;horo, July 17. 60. Diplochila impressicollis Dej. Four specimens found in cells made in the sand, under boards, on the northeast beach, June 22. Three found under a log. on the northeast beach, June 23. One found under a board, near northeast beach, July 17. 61. Diplochila impressicollis var. alternans Casey. This species was found under boards and debris, on the northeast shore, June 19 and July 17. Fairly common. 62. Diplochila obtusa Lee. Three specimens found under boards, on the northeast shore, June 22. One found under a board, on the northeast shore, Ju'y 17. 63. Dicaelus purpuratus Bon. One specimen found under a board, on the northeast beach, June 22. 64. Badister pulchellus Lee. One specimen found under debris, on the northeast beach, June 25. 65. Calathus gregarius Say. One specimen found under debris near the water on the northeast beach, July 17. 66. Plaiynus hypolithus Say. One specimen found under a tiat stone, on the northeast beach, June 21. 67. Plaiynus decens Say. One specimen found under a l)oard, on the northeast beach, June 22. 68. Plaiynus siimaius Dej. Two specimens found under debris, on the northeast shore, July 17. 69. Plal]/nus opacvlus Lee. Tavo specimens found inidor a board, on the northeast beach, June 22. 70. Plaiinus tenuicollis Lee. Two specimens found under chips, on the northeast beach, June 23. Two found under debris, on the northeast beach, July 17. 76 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. 71. Platynus cincticoUis Say. Two specimens found under a log on the northeast beach, June 20. 72. Platynus parmarginatus Hamilton. Two specimens found under boards, on the northeast beach, June 20. 73. Platynus reflexus Lee. Six specimens found under boards, on the northeast beach, June 20. 74. Platynus extensicollis Say. Four specimens under debris, on the southwest shore, June 22. One found under debris, on the northeast shore, July 17. 75. Platynus extensicollis var. viridis Lee. Two specimens found under a board, on the northeast shore near the lighthouse, July 17. 76. Platynus errans Say. Two specimens found under debris, on the northeast shore, July 17. 77. Platynus errans var. suhcordatus Lee. One specimen found under debris, on the northeast beach, July 17. 78. Platynus moerens Dej. Two specimens found under debris, on the northeast beach, June 20. One found under debris, on the northeast beach, July 17. 79. Platynus tenuis Lee. Three specimens found under washed up debris, on the northeast beach, June 20. One found under washed up debris, on the northeast shore, July 17. 80. Platynus atratus Lee. Two specimens found under boards on the debris on the northeast beach, June 19. One found under a log, on the southwest beach, July 17. One found under a board, on the northeast beach, July 17. 81. Platynus malanarius Dej. Two specimens found under a log, on the northeast beach, July 17. 82. Platynus cupripennis Say. Ten specimens found under boards on damp sand, on the northeast beach, June 17. 83. Platynus excavatus Dej. One specimen found under debris, on the northeast beach, June 17. One found under debris, on the northeast shore, July 17. 84. Platynus ferreus Hald. Two specimens found under loose bark of water-soaked log, on the northeast shore, July 17. Two found running on wet mud on the rocks of the northeast shore, July 17; very active. 85. Platijnus bogemanni Gyll. One specimen found on the wet sand, on the northeast shore, June 19. Two found under debris, on the northeast beach, July 17; very active. 86. Platynus quadripunctatus DeG. Three specimens found under debris, on the northeast beach, July 17; very active. 87. Platynus linibatus Say. Two specimens found under damp de- bris, near the northeast beach, July 17. MERSHON EXPEDITION TO CHARITY ISLANDS. 77 88. Platynus crenistriatus Lee. Four specimens found under debris, near the northeast beacli, .July 17. 89. Platynus ruhripes Zimm. Tliree specimens found on a .stone, on the northeast shore, June 22. 90. Platynus punctiformis Say. One speciniou found un(h'r a board, on the northeast beach, July 17. 91. Platynus picipennis Kirby. Two .specimens fountl in a ccli in sand under a Ijoard, also running on the sand of the northeast beach, June 21. One found under a board, on the northeast beach, July 17. 92. Platynus lutulentus Lee. Two specimens found running on the sand, on the northeast beach. One found under a board, on the northea.st beach, June 23. 93. Olisthropus parmatus Say. One specimen found under a board, on the northeast beach, July 17. 94. Casnonia pennsylvanica Linn. Two s])eeimen.s found crawling on the lighthouse walk, June 24. 95. Galerita janus Fab. Two specimens found under rotten log, near the southwest shore, June 24. One found under a board, on the northeast beach, July 17. 96. Lebia grandis Hentz. Two specimens found running on the northeast beach, June 22. 97. Lebia atriventris Say. One specimen found under a board, on the northeast beach, June 24. 98. Lebia tricolor Say. One specimen found on the sand, on the northeast beach, June 22. 99. Lebia fuscota Dej. One specimen taken by beating willows, near the southwest shore, June 22. One taken on a rotten log, near southwest shore, June 22. 100. Lebia scapularis Dej. One specimen found under a board, on the northeast beach, June 25. 101. Lebia ornata Saj". Two specimens found und(M" boards, on the southwest beach near the lighthouse, July 17. 102. Callida punctata Lee. One specimen found under the debris, on the northeast beach, June 20. 103. Callida purpurea Say. Two specimens under the lioards, on the southwest beach near the lighthouse, July 17. 104. Pinacodera limbata Dej. Four specimens found under a log. on the northeast shore, June 19. 105. Pinacodera platicoUis Say. Two specimens ftnnid under boards, near the northea.st shore, .July 17. 106. Brachynus perplexus Dej. One specimen found under (lcl)ris at water's edge, on the southwest shore, July 17. 78 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. 107. Brachynus medius Harr. Two specimens found under debris, on the northeast beach, July 25. 108. Brachynus quadripennis Dej. One specimen taken in a lantern trap in the woods, near the lighthouse, June 26. 109. Brachynus cyanipennis Say. Three specimens found under the debris, on the northeast beach, June 25. 110. Brachynus alternans Dej. One specimen found under a board, on the northeast beach, June 19. 111. Brachynus cordicoUis Dej. One specimen found under debris, on the northeast beach, June 25. 112. Brachynus ballistarius Lee. One specimen found under a stone, on the northeast beach, June 20. 113. Brachynus gracilis Blatchley. Two specimens found under boards, near the northeast shore, July 17. 114. Chlaeniics erythropus Germ. Six specimens found running, on the northeast beach, June 25. 115. Chlaenius sericeus Forst. Four specimens found under the boards and debris, on the northeast beach, June 19-22. Fairh' common. 116. Chlaenius diffinis Chand. Eight specimens found running under loose debris at the edge of the water, on the northeast beach, June 17. 117. Chlaenius solitarius Say. Two specimens found under a board, on the northeast l^each, June 20. 118. Chlaenius impunctifrons Saj'. Two specimens found under boards, on the south shore, June 23. 119. Chlaenius tricolor Dej. One specimen found under a board, on the northeast shore, June 20. 120. Chlaenius nemoralis Say. Two specimens taken under flat stones, on the northeast shore, June 20. 121. Chlaenius pennsylvanicus S&y. Six specimens taken under de- bris, on the northeast shore, June 20. 122. Chlaenius niger Rand. Two dead specimens found under a board, on the northeast beach, June 21. One found under a board, on the northeast beach, July 17. 123. Chlaenius tomentosus Say. Four specimens found under boards, on the northeast beach, July 17. 124. Brachylohus lithophilus Say. Three specimens found under a board on the sand, on the northeast beach, June 20. Two found running under debris at the edge of the water, on the northeast beach, July 17. 125. Lachnocrepis paraUelus Say. Six specimens found under boards, on the northeast beach, June 23. MERSHON EXPEDITION TO CHARITY ISLANDS. 70 126. Oodes amaroides Dcj. One specimen found under debris, on the northeast bcaeh, .lunc 23. 127. Oodes americanux Dcj. One specimen found under a board, on the northeast beach, July 17. One found under debris, on the northeast beacli. .luly 17. 128. Oodeii fluvinlhs Lee. Two specimens found under a board, on the northeast beach, July 17. \ ■ . . . . 129. Oeopinus incrassatus Dej. Si.x s})eciniens fcnuid under boards and debris, on the northeast beach, June 19-22. 130. Agonoderus palUpes Fab. Eight specimens were found, some under boards, some hunting on damji sand, and others digging into the moist sand under logs and boards, on the northeast beach, July 21. 131. Gynandropu.'; hylacis Say. One specimen found alive in rock l^ool, on the northeast shore, June 21. 132. Harpalus autumnal is Say. One specimen found under decaying plank, near the northeast shore, July 17. 133. Harpalus erraticus Say. One specimen found under a board, on the northeast beach, June 25. Four making cells in damp sand underneath boards, on the northeast shore, Jul}' 17. Very common. 134. Harpalus caliginosus Fab. Four specimens found under the boards and debris, on the northeast shore, June 16-25. Common. 135. Harpalus pe7}nsylvanicus Dej. Four specimens found under a decaying plank, near the soutliwest shore, July 17. 136. Harpalus pennsylvanicua var. erythropus Dej. Two sjx'cimens found under a decaying plank, near the southwest shore, July 17. 137. Harpalus herhivagus Say. One specimen found under a board, on the northeast beach, June 29. 138. Harpalus laticeps Lee. Two specimens found under a log, on the southwest shore, July 17. 139. Harpalus viduus Lee. One specimen found undcT a log. on the southwest beach, June 22. 140. Selenophoru.s opalitius Lee. One specimen found running under debris, on the northeast beach, June 22. One found under a board, on the northeast l)ea('h. July 17. 141. i^tenolopfnis dissimili.s Dej. i)nv .specimen found on a flat stone, on the northeast beach, June 2L 142. Stenolophus ochropezus Say. One specimen found on a flat rock, on the northeast shore, June 26. 143. Stenolophus fulginosus Dej. One specimen found under a board. on the northeast beach, Julv 17. 80 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. 144. Selenophorus sp. One specimen found under a board, on the northeast beach, June 22. 145. Anisodadylus harrisii Lee. One specimen found under a board, on the northeast shore, June 24. 146. Anisodadylus rusticus Dej. Three specimens found under some boards, and one under a stone, on the northeast beach, June 19-23. One under a board, on the northeast beach, July 17. 147. Anisodadylus interpundahis Kirby. One specimen found under debris, on the northeast beach, June 23. 148. Anisodadylus nigerrimus Dej. Three specimens found under boards, on the northeast beach, June 19. Six running under boards and debris, on the northeast beach, July 17. One under a board, on the northeast beach, July 17. 149. Anisodadylus discoideus Dej. Six specimens found hunting on the sand near logs, on the northeast beach, June 21. 150. Anisodadylus haUiniorensis Say. Two specimens found under a log, on the northeast shore, June 19. One found under a board at the water edge, southwest beach, June 20. 151. Anisodadylus sericeus Harr. One specimen found under a board, on the northeast beach, July 17. 152. Anisodadylus verticalis Lee. One specimen found under debris,, on the sand of the northeast beach, June 21. 153. Anisodadylus inter stitialis Say. Two specimens found under a log, on the northeast beach, Jun* 20. Dytiscidae. 154. Laccophilus maculosus Germ. Five specimens found in the rock pools, on the northeast shore, July 16. 155. Coelambus inaequalis Fab. Six specimens found in the mud of the pond, near the southwest shore, July 17. 156. Coelambus impresso-pundatus Sch. Two specimens found crawl- ing on the wet rocks, on the northeast shore, June 21. Six taken, by dredging pond, July 17. 157. Coelambus iurbidus Lee. One specimen taken by dredging pond,. July 17. 158. Deronedes griseostriatus DeG. One specimen found swimming in rock pool, on the northeast shore, June 23. 159. Hydroporus laccophilinus Lee. One specimen found in a rock pool, on the northeast side shore, July 17. 160. Hydroporus undulatus Say. Fifteen specimens taken by dredging pond, July 17. 161. Hydroporus tristis Vayk. One specimen taken bj^ dredging mud at edge of pond, July 17. MERSHON EXPEDITION TO CHARITY ISLANDS. 81 162. Hydroporus dichrous Melsh. Two specimens found in the nnul of the pond, July 17. 163. Hydroporus modestus Aube. Two specimens found swinuning in rock pool, on tiie northeast shore, July 17. 164. Hybius ignarus Lee. Two specimens found in a i)ool, on the northeast shore, June 21. 165. Ilybius confusus Aube. Four specimens found swimming in a rock pool, on the northeast shore, .luly 17. 166. Coptotomus interrogatus Fab. Eight specimens found in rock pools, on the northeast shore, June 25. Seven taken by dredging pond, July 17. 167. Matus bicarinatus Say. Ten specimens found in the rock pools, on the northeast shore, ,lune 23. One found by dredging pond, July 17. Six taken in rock pools, on the northeast shore, July 17. 168. Agobetes acududus Harr. Two specimens taken in the rock pools, on the northeast shore, July 17. 169. Hybiosoma bifarius Kirby. One specimen found swimming in rock pool, on the northeast shore, June 21. 170. Agabus obiusatus Say. One specimen found in a rock pool, on the northeast shore, July 17. 171. Agabus subfuscatus Sharp. Five specimens taken in the rock pools, on the northeast shore, June 23-24. Two taken by dredg- ing pond, Juh' 17. 172. Rhantus binotatus Harr. Two specimens were taken in the water of the bay, near some rocks, on the northeast shore, June 21. 173. Rhnntus bistriatus Bergst. Three specimens found l)y dredging pond, July 17. 174. Colymbetes sculptilis Harr. Ten specimens taken in rock pools, on the northeast shore, June 21. Three taken in rock pools, on the northeast shore, July 19. 175. Hydaticus piceus Lee. One sjiecimen found in the rock j)ools, on the northeast shore, June 23. One found in the rock pools, on the northeast shore, July 16. 176. Hydaticus stagnaUs Fab. One .specimen found sw^imming in rock pool, on the northeast shore, June 22. 177. Dyiiscus fasciventris Say. Two specimens found in the rock pools, on the northeast shore. June 23. Three taken in the rock pools, on the northeast shore, July 16. 178. Dytiscus verticalis Say. One sj)ecimen taken in the rock jiools. on the northeast shore, July 16. 179. Dytiscus subliuibatus Lee. Six specimens foinul crawling in wet sand near the water edge, on the northea.st shore, Ju\v 16. II 82 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. 180. Dytiscus marginalis Linn. Two specimens found swimming in the water of the bay, on the northeast shore, July 16. 181. Dytiscus hyhridus Aube. One specimen found swimming in rock pool, on the northeast shore, June 25. Six specimens found crawling in wet sand at the edge of the water, on the northeast shore, July 16. 182. Dytiscus harristi Kirby. Two specimens found swimming in rock pool, on the northeast shore, June 21. 183. Acilius semisulcatus Aube. Two specimens taken in the rock pools, on the northeast shore, June 21-22. Five found by dredg- ing pond, July 17. 184. Acilius fraternus Harr. Three specimens taken by dredging in the pond, July 17. 185. Graphoderus liberus Say. Ten specimens taken by dredging pond, July 17. 186. Ctjhister fimhriolatus Say. Two specimens found in the rock pools, on the northeast shore, June 23. Gyrinidae. 187. Gyriuus aeneolus Lee. One specimen found in a rock pool, on the northeast shore, July 17. 188. Gyrinus lugens Lee. Nine specimens found under boards and debris at the edge of the water, on the northeast shore, Jul,y 17. 189. Dineutes emarginatus Say. Six specimens found swimming on the surface of the pond, July 17. Common. 190. Dineutes hornii Roberts. Two specimens found in the rock pools, on the northeast shore, June 23. 191. Dineutes nigrior Roberts. Two specimens found swimming in a rock pool, on the northeast shore, July 17. Hydrophilidae. 192. Helophorus lacustris Lee. Three specimens found crawling under wet debris near the edge of the water, on the northeast shore, July 17. 193. Helophorus lineatus Say. Two specimens taken on the wet sand and two on a log, on the northeast shore, June 21-25. 194. Helophorus tubercidatus Gyll. One specimen taken under de- bris, on the northeast shore, July 17. 195. Hydrochus excavatus Lee. One specimen found crawling on wet rocks, on the northeast shore, June 21. 196. Hydrophilus triangularis Say. One specimen taken in a rock pool, on the northeast shore, July 17. MERSHON EXPEDITION TO CHARITY ISLANDS. 83 Tropisternus nimbatus Sa\'. One specimen found hy (Iredjiinfr pond, July 17. One found swimming in a rock \)(H)\, on llic northeast shore, July 17. Tropisternus mixtus Lee. Ten specimens taken by drcHlging among roots of the water plants in the pond, July 17. Tropisternus glaber Hbst. One specimen found swimming in the rock pools, on the northeast shore, June 23. One in a rock pool, July 17. Tropisternus sublaevis Lee. One specimen taken in a rock pool, on the northeast shore, June 21. Hijdrocharis obtusatiis Say. Two specimens found in the water of the ba}', near the northeast shore, June 21. Three crawUng up from the Avater, July 16. One swimming in a rock pool, July 17. Berosus striatus Say. One specimen found under a board on tlie wet sand, on the northeast shore, June 24. Berosus infuscatus Lee. One specimen found on the wet rocks, on the northeast shore, June 21. Two found in rock pools, June 23. Four found in rock pools, July 17. Cymbiodijta blanchardi Horn. Two specimens taken by dredging the pond, July 17. Philhydrus bifidus Lee. Five specimens found in the rock pools, on the northeast shore, June 23. Fifteen found in the rock pools, on the northeast shore, July 17. Helochares maculicoUis Muls. Three specimens taken by dredg- ing at edge of pond, July 17. Philhydrus ochraceus Mels. One specimen taken on wet rocks, on the northeast shore, June 26. One found swimming in rock pools, on the northeast shore, July 17. One found by dredging the pond, July 17 Philhydrus cinctus Say. One specimen found on a stone, on the northeast beach, June 17. Philhydrus hamiltoni Horn. Four specimens taken by dredging the mud of the small pond, near southwest shore, July 17. Hydrobius tessellatus Ziegl. Three specimens taken on the sand, on the northeast shore, June 20. Hydrobius fuscipes Linn. Three specimens fouiul swinuning in the rock pools, on the northeast beach, June 21. Seven found in the rock pools, on the northeast beach, July 17. Creniphilus subcupreus Say. One specimen taken in rock pool, on the northeast shore, June 26. ( )ne in pool on rocks, on north- east shore, July 17. 84 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. 213. Cercyon nigriceps ]Marsh. One specimen found by dredging on edge of pond, July 17. Silphidae. 214. Necrophorus sayi Lap. Two specimens found under a dead fish, on the northeast shore, June 23. 215. Necrophorus americanus OUv. One specimen found beside a dead fish, on the south shore of Little Charity, June 23. 216. Necrophorus pustidatus Hersch. One specimen found under a dead fish, on the northeast beach, June 22. 217. Necrophorus vespilloides Hbst. One specimen found under a dead fish, on the southwest shore, July 17. 218. Necrophorus tormentosus Web. One specimen found under a dead fish, on the southwest shore, July 17. 219. Silpha surinamensis Fab. Two specimens found under a dead fish, on the southwest shore, July 17. 220. Silpha noveboracensis Forst. One specimen found under a dead fish, on the northeast shore, July 17. 221. Silpha americana Linn. One specimen taken in decaying fungi on a log, on the southwest shore, June 26. Staphylinidae. 222. Creophilus villosus Grav. Two specimens taken in a decayed pickerel, on the northeast shore, June 20. One found under a dead fish on the sand, on the northeast shore, July 17. 223. Staphylinus hadipes Lee. One specimen found under a board, on the northeast shore, June 26. 224. Staphylinus tomentosus Grav. Two specimens taken under damp debris, near the northeast shore, June 26. Three taken under damp debris, near the northeast shore, July 17 225. Philonthus sericinus Horn. Two specimens found crawling on a log, on the northeast beach, June 25. 226. Philonthus umbrinus Grav. One specimen fomid crawling on the beach, near the lighthouse, June 26. 227. Philonthus cyanipennis Fab. Two specimens taken in fungi growing on a log, near the southwest shore, June 26. 228. Xantholinus emmesus Grav. Two specimens found running under bark, on the northeast shore, June 24. 229. Cryptohium bicolor Grav. Two specimens taken under debris on the rocks, on the northeast shore, June 22. 230. Cryptohium pusillum Lee. One specimen found under a board, on the northeast shore, June 25. MERSHON EXPEDITION TO CHARITY ISLANDS. 85 231. Crypiohiian sellatum Lee. One spcfiincn found under debris, on the northeast shore. June 22. 232. Stilicus tristis Melsh. Three si)eeimens found running on damp sand near logs, on the northeast beach, June 22. Six found running under deliris, on the northeast ])each, July 17. 233. Boletobius pijgnmeus Fal). Five specimens taken in fungi, near the center of the island, June 26. 234. Acidota crenata Fab. Four specimens found under cut and dried milk-weed, on the northeast shore near the lighthouse, July 17. Coccinellidae. 235. Megilla maculata DeG. Two specimens taken on leaves of willow, near the northeast shore, June 26. Four found crawling on rocks, logs, and milkweed near the northeast shore, Jul}' 17. 236. Hippodamia o-signata Kirby. Five specimens found on large stones, on northeast shore, June 20. One found crawling on a log, on the northeast shore, June 24. Two found crawling on a log, on the northeast shore, July 17. 237. Hippodamia convergens Guer. One specimen found on willow, on the northeast shore, June 20. 238. Hippodamia 13-punctata Linn. Two specimens taken on leaves of birch, on the northeast shore, June 20. Thousands craM'ling on rocks and logs in a,bout 100 feet in length of beach, hundretls mating, July 17. 239. Hippodamia parenthesis Say. Seven specimens taken on leaves of basswood, on the northeast, shore, June 20. One taken on leaves of willow, on the northeast shore, June 21. Thousands were observed in- a small area on logs and rocks, on the northeast shore, July 17. 240. CoccineUa trifasciata Linn. One specimen taken on willow, on the northeast shore, June 21. One found crawling on a log, on the northeast beach, July 17. 241. CoccineUa 9-notata Hbst. Three specimens taken on logs, on the northeast shore, June 20. 242. CoccineUa tricuspis Kirby. One specimen taken b\' beating willow, near the southwest shore, June 24. 243. CoccineUa sanguina Linn. One specimen taken on a stone, on the northeast beach, June 20. Six taken on logs, rocks, and milkweeds, on the northeast shore, July 17. Common. 244. Adalia bipunctata Linn. Two specimens taken on milkweed, near the lighthouse, July 17. 245. Harmonia picta Rand. One male and one female specimen taken 86 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. on the flowers of Jersey tea, along the path near the hghthouse^ July 17. 246. Anatis lo-punctatus Oliv. Five specimens (dark form) found . crawling on logs, on the northeast beach, June 20. Six specimens (light form) taken from larger rocks, on the northeast beach, July 17. 247. Anatis lo-punctatus var. niali Oliv. Five specimens found crawling on logs and boards, on the northeast beach, June 25. Nine found crawling on the rocks, on the northeast beach, July 17. 248. Psyllobora 20-maculata Say. Five specimens taken on l)lossoms of red-stemmed dogwood, near the northeast shore, June 24. 249. Chilocorus hivulnerus Muls. Six specimens taken on leaves of wallow, on the northeast shore, June 20. 250. Brachyacantha ursina Fab. Ten specimens taken by beating the foliage of willows, on the southwest shore, June 23. 251. Brachyacantha 10-pustulata Melsh. One specimen taken on the flowers of dogwood, on the northeast shore, June 24. Erotylidae. 252. Dacne i-maculata Say. Ten specimens found in fungi on trunk of tree, near southwest shore, June 21. 253. Megalodacne fasciata Fab. Two specimens found in fungi in the woods, near the southwest shore, July 17. 254. Megalodacne heros Say. One specimen taken in fungi on a log, near the southwest shore, June 24. 255. Ischyrus quadrijyunctatus Oliv. One specimen found in fungi in the woods, near the southwest shore, June 21. 256. Tritoma thoracica Say. Five specimens taken in fungi on logs, on the northeast beach, June 23. 257. Tritoma flavicollis Lee. Two specimens found in dry fungi on a log, near the southwest shore, June 22. Cucujidae. 258. Brontes duhius Fab. Three specimens taken under the bark of an oak log, on the northeast shore, June 26. Cryptophagidae. 259. Tisactia suhglahra Casey. One specimen taken on a wUow, Jiear the northeast shore, June 21. MERSHON EXPEDITION TO CHARITY ISLANDS. 87 Mycetophagidae. 260. Mi/cetopJwgus Jlcxuofms Say. Two specimcn.s taken in fungi, near tlic .southwest shore, June 21. Seven taken in fungi on an ash tree, near the southwest shore, June 26. 261. Mycetophagus bipmtulatus Melsh. Five speeimens found in fungi on a dead tree, near the southwest shore, June 20. 262. Mycetophagus pluripunctatus Lee. Four speeimens taken in fungi, near the southwest shore, June 26. One found mider a log, on northeast shore, June 27. 263. Litargus tetraspilotus Lee. One specimen fomid wmWv debris, on the southwest shore, June 22. Dermestidae. 264. Dermestes caninus Germ. One specimen found under a dead fish, on the northeast beach, June 26. 265. Dermestes lardarius Linn. One specimen taken on the floor of the lighthouse, June 22. One taken in the lighthouse, July 17. 266. Anthrenus castaneae Melsh. Three specimens taken on l^lossoms of red stemmed dogwood near northeast shore, June 26. Histeridae. 267. Hololepta fossularis Saj'. One specimen taken on a willow, near the southwest shore, June 22. 268. Hisler foedatus Lee. Three specimens taken in decayed fungi on a paper birch, near the southwest shore, June 23. 269. Hister depurator Sa}'. One specimen found under a log, on the southwest beach, June 21. 270. Hister sedecimstriatus Say. One specimen taken in decayed fungi, near the southwest shore, July 17. 271. Hister nuhilus Lee. Two specimens found under a board on the sand, on the northeast beach, June 21. 272. Saprinus lugens Erichs. One specimen found under debris, on the northeast shore, July 17. 273. Saprinus fraternus Say. One specimen taken in fungi, near the southwest shore, July 17. 274. Saprinus fitchii Mars. One specimen found in dried fungi, near the southwest shore, June 22. One found in fungi, on the south- west shore, July 17. 275. Saprinus patruelis Lee. One specimen found under a board, on the northeast beach, July 17. 88 PAPERS OX ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. Xitidulidae. 276. Epuraea corticina Erichs. One specimen found under debris, near the northeast beach, July 17. 277 Phenolia grossa Fab. One specimen taken in fungi, near the southwest shore, June 21. 278. Ips quadrigiittatus Fab. A dark variety found feeding at sap of a sugar maple, near the northeast shore, June 2.3. Two speci- mens taken feeding at sap of a maple, near the lighthouse. July 17. 279. Ips sanguinolentus OHv. Three specimens taken in decaying fungi on logs, on the southwest shore. June 21. Lathridiidae. 280. Enicmus mi nidus Linn. Two specimens found under cut and dried milkweed, near the southwest shore. June 19. 281. Enicmus consimilis Mann. Two specimens taken under debris, on the northeast beach, June 24. Byrrhidae. 282. Cytilus sericeus Forst. One found under a log, on the northeast shore, June 25. 283 Cytilus trivittatus Alelsh. Two specimens taken on a log. on the northeast beach, June 20. 284. Byrrhus americanus Lee. Four specimens taken on the sand, on the northeast beach. June 25. 285. Byrrhus kirbyi Lee. One specimen found under a board, on the northeast beach, June 22. Heteroceridae. 286. Heterocerus brunneus Melsh. One specimen found under a board, on the northeast beach, Jime 25. Dascylhdae. 287. Eucinetus testaceus Lee. One specimen foimd in decayed fungi, near southwest shore, June 26. 288. Prionocyphon discoideus Say. One specimen taken in a pool on the rocks, on the northeast shore. July 17. 289. Cyphon variabilis Thunb. One specimen taken in fungi, near southwest shore, June 23. Elateridae. 290. Fornax orchesides Newm. Two specimens found under the bark of a dead ash. near the southwest shore. Julv 17. MERSHON EXPEDITION TO CHARITY ISLANDS. 89 Adcloccra di-scoidcu Web. Oiu- sjjcciincn fouiul l)\' licatiiifi, the willows, near the northeast shore, June 26. Adelocera brevicornis Lee. Two speeimens found 1)\- heating the willows, near the northeast shore, June 20. Alans ocidatus Linn. Two speeimens taken on a log. near the northeast shore at lighthouse, June 23. Alaus n}yops Fab. (^ne specimen caught flying near the light- house, June 23. Cardiophorus conrexus 8ay. One specimen found on wild grape. near the lighthouse, June 20. Another, taken at sugar lure on tree, near the lighthouse, the night of June 20. .296. Cardiophorus card! see Say. One specimen taken, on the north- east beach, June 20. One found by beating a Avillow, near the southwest shore, June 23. 297. Cardiophorus convexulus Lee. One specimen taken on the flowers of red-stemmed dogwood, near the northeast shore, June 23. One found under the bai'k of a dead oak, near the southwest shore, July 17. 298. Cardiophorus gagates Erichs. One si)ecimen taken on leaves of a red oak, near the northeast shore, June 23. 299. Cardiophorus laevicollis Er. Two specimens taken by beating red-stemmed dogwood, near the northeast beach, July 17. 300. Cardiophorus robustus Lee. One specimen taken l)y beating branches of Norway pine, near southwest shore, June 23. One on pine, near southwest shore, July 17. 301. Cryptohypnus abbreviatus 8ay. One specimen found floating in rock pool, on northeast shore, June 26. 302. Monocepidiiis suturalis Lee. One specimen taken on the leaves of a wiUoAv, on the northeast shore, June 20. 303. Dicrepidius corvinus (Cand.). Three specimens found under the bark of a dead oak, near the southwest shore, July 17. 304. Elater hepaticus Melsh. Two specimens taken on an oak, near the southwest shore, July 17. 305. Elater pedalis Germ. Five specimens taken under the bark of a dead oak branch, near the southwest shore. ,Iuly 17. Fairly common. 306. Elater snbtilis Lee. One specimen found on flowers of red- stemmed dogwood, near the northeast shore, June 21. One taken by beating the branches of a white pine, near the southwest shore, June 23. 307. Elater luduosus Lee. One specimen taken on flowers of Jersey tea, near the northeast shore, July 17. 90 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. 308. Elaier rubricus Say One specimen taken by beating the leaves of basswood, on the northeast shore, July 17. Seven taken on the oaks, near the southwest shore, July 17. 309. Elater areolatus Say Four specimens taken on the leaves and flowers of red-stemmed dogwood, on the northeast shore, June 20. Three found by beating branches of birch, near northeast shore, July 17. 310. Drasterius elegans Fab. Eight specimens taken on the logs, on the northeast beach, June 20. 311. Ludius attenuatus Say. Two specimens found by beating- branches of willows, near southwest shore, June 26. One taken by beating the branches of basswood, near the northeast shore, July 17. 312. Agriotes stabilis Lee. Five specimens taken on the branches of white pine, near the northeast shore, June 20. Seven found on the leaves and branches of the white pine, near the southwest shore, June 21-23. 313. Agriotes fucosus Lee. Two 'specimens taken by beating the leaves of willows, near the southwest shore, June 26. 314. Agriotes puhescens Melsh. Two specimens taken on leaves on a Norway pine, near the south west, shore, June 24. 315. Agriotes limosus Lee. Five specimens taken by beating the branches of a Norway pine, near the southwest shore, June 23. 316. Agriotes avulsus Lee. One specimen taken on a dead branch of a yellow oak, near the southwest shore, June 22. 317. Dolopius lateralis Esch. Four specimens found on flowers of red-stemmed dogwood, on the northeast shore, June 20. 318. Melanotus corticinus Say. Two specimens found by beating foliage of yellow oak, near northeast shore, June 20. 319. Melanotus decumanus Erichs. Two specimens taken by beating the branches of a birch, near the northeast shore, July 17. 320. Melanotus canadensis Cand. One specimen taken on a branch of an oak, near the southwest shore, July 17. 321. Melanotus glandicolor Melsh. One specimen taken by beating willows, near the southwest shore, July 17. 322. Melanotus communis Gyll. Two specimens found under bark of dead oak, near center of island, June 26. 323. Melanotus castanips Payk. One specimen taken on a branch of a yellow oak, near the northeast shore, June 20. One found by beating a red oak, near the southwest shore, June 25. 324. Melanotus fissilis Say. One specimen found on an oak leaf, near the southwest shore, June 20. Two taken under the bark of a dead oak, near the southwest shore, July 17. MERSHON EXPEDITION TO CHARITY ISLANDS. 91 325. Melanolus panunpundala^i Alelsh. Two spccimcn.s lakcu l)y boating the branches of a yellow oak, near the soutlnve.^t .^iiorc, June 23. 320. Limonius aurifer Lee. Two specimens taken on the leaves of a willow, near southwest shore, Juub 21. 327. Pityohius anguinus Lee. One specimen found crawling on a log, on the northeast beach, June 23. One male specimen found crawling on a log and one female specimen found, on the north- east beach, June 25. Several specimens picked up on the north- east beach in August by Captain jNIcDonald. 328. Sericosomus viridanus Say. Two specimens taken on a birch, near the lighthouse shore, July 17. 329. Sericosomus silaceus Say. One specimen taken by beating the birch, near the northeast shore, June 23. Four taken on the flowers of dogwood, on the northeast shore, July 17. 330. Athoiis stahilis Lee. Two specimens taken by beating the branches of a red oak, near southwest shore, June 23. Tavo taken by beating a June-berry bush, near the southwest shore, July 17. 331. Corymhites sulcicollis Say. One specimen taken at a sugar lure, on a tree in woods near the lighthouse, night of June 26. 332. Corymhites propola Lee. One specimen taken on mullein, near the southwest shore, July 17. 333. Corymhites hieroghjphicus S&y. Two specimens taken by beating the branches of a white pine, near the southwest shore, June 23. 334. Corymhites tesselatus Linn. One specimen found at sap running from sugar maple, near the northeast shore, June 23. 335. Corymhites pyrrhos Hbst. One specimen taken by beating the branches of a white pine, near the southwest shore, June 23. 336. Asaphes decoloratus Say. One specimen taken in a lantern trap, in the woods near the lighthouse, June 26. 337. Asaphes memnonius Hbst. One specimen found under a board, on the northeast shore, Jul}^ 17. Buprestidae. 338. Dicerca divaricata Say. One specimen fountl on a deatl branch of a yellow oak, near the lighthouse, June 20. 339. Poecilonota cydnipes Say. One specimen found crawling on an oak log, near the northeast beach, July 17. 340. Buprestis nuttalli Kirby. Two specimens taken on a log, on the northeast beach, July 17. 341. Buprestis macidiventris Say. One specimen taken on a log. on the northeast beach, June 23. 92 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. 342. Buptestis fasciata Fab. Two specimens found crawling -on a board, on the northeast beach, July 17. 343. Biiprestis fasciata var. langii Mann. Two specimens taken under a log, on the northeast beach, June 25. 344. Melanophila longipes Say. Four specimens taken on a log, on the northeast beach, June 20. Seven found crawling on logs, boards and rocks, on the northeast shore, July 17. 345. Melanophila fulvoguttata Harr. Three specimens taken on a pine log, on the northeast shore, June 20. Five found crawling on logs and rocks, on the northeast shore, July 17. 346. Agrilus otiosus Say. Two speciinens taken on a willow, near the northeast ])each, June 23. 347. Agrilus acutipennis Mann. One specimen found on the leaves of an oak, near the northeast shore, June 23. 348. Agrihis anxius Gory. Two specimens taken by beating the willows, near the southwest shore, July 17. 349. Agrilus politus Say. Four specimens taken by beating the willows, near the southwest shore, June 23. 350. Brachys ovata Web. Two specimens taken by beating the branches of Norway pine, near the southwest shore, June 23. 351. Brachys aeruginosa Gory. Two specimens found crawling on logs under debris, on the northeast beach, June 22. Lampyridae. 352. Eros trilineatus Melsh. One specimen taken by beating the .willows, near the southwest shore, July 17. 353. Lucidota atra Fab. One specimen taken by Ideating the birch, near the northeast shore, July 17. 354. Ellychnia corrusca Linn. One specimen found by beating the willows, near the southwest shore, July 17. 355. Photinus pyralis Linn. Three specimens taken by beating the willows, near the southwest shore, July 17. 356. Photinu-s marginellus Lee. Two specimens taken by beating the willows, near the southwest shore, June 25. 357. Phofuris pennsylvanica DeG. One specimen taken b}- beating the willows, near the southwest shore, July 17. 358. Telephorus dentiger Lee. Three specimens found on a small birch, near the southwest shore, June 22. 359. Telephorus carolinus Fab. Three specimens found by beating small birch, near the northeast shore, June 22. 360. Telephorus scitulus Say. One specimen taken on the blossoms of red-stemmed dogwood, near the northeast shore, June 23. MERSHON EXPEDITION TO CHARITY ISLANDS. 9:^ 361. Telephorus tuberculatus Lee. Two .sj^eeimons taken in llu- blos- soms of wild rose, near the pond, July 17. Malachiidae. 362. CoUops quadrimaculatus Fab. One specimen found under cut and dried milkweetl, on the northeast shore, near the lighthouse, July 17. 363. CoUops vittatus Sa\'. Five specimens taken on a mullein, near the southwest shore. Two found under dried milkweed, near lighthouse, July 17. 364. Anthoconius flavilabn's Say. One specimen taken on the flowers of dogwood, near the southwest shore, June 22. Cleridae. 365. Trichodes nuttalli Kirby. Eight specimens taken on the blossoms of wild rose, near the southwest shore, June 22. Three taken on milkweed blossoms, in clearing at lighthouse, June 23. 366. Clerus analis Lee. One specimen taken on a log, near the north- east shore, July 17. 367. Clerus quadriguttatus Oliv. One specimen captured flying, near the lighthouse, June 22. 368. Thaneroderus sanguineus Say. Two specimens taken on the trunk of a dead oak, near the southwest shore, July 17. 369. Hydnocera pedalis Lee. Five specimens taken on flowers of dog- wood, on the southwest shore, June 21. One taken on flowers of dogwood, on the northeast shore, June 23. 370. EUipotoma laticornis Say. One specimen taken in the flowers of a wild ro.se, on the northeast shore, June 21. One taken on the blossoms of red-stemmed dogwood, near the northeast shore, June 26. Ptinidae. 371. Xyletinus peltatus Harr. Two specimens taken by beating the willows, near the northeast shore, June 23. 372. Ptilinus ruficornis Say. Four specimens found breeding and boring in the bark of a dead oak, near the northeast shore, June 26. Bostrichidae. 373. Bostrichus hicornis Web. Two specimens found under a l)oar(l. on the northeast shore, July 17. 374. Bostrichus armiger Lee. One specimen found on a board, on tiu^ northeast shore, June 22. 94 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. 375. Bostrichus truncaticollis Lee. One specimen found crawling on a log, near the northeast shore. Cioidae. 37G. Cis fuscipes Mellie. One specimen taken on the willow, on the northeast shore, June 21. Lucanidae. 377. Lucanus dama Thunb. Two female specimens found on a log, near the southwest beach, June 21. Two, a male and a female, taken on the sand near a log, on the southeast beach, July 17. 378. Lucanus placidus Say. Three specimens found on the south beach of Little Charity, June 25. Three (two males and a fe- male) taken on a log, near the lighthouse, the night of June 21. 379. Dorcus yarallelus Say. Two specimens caught near the light- house, night of June 23. 380. Platycerus quercus Web. One specimen taken on a log, on the northeast shore, June 23. 381. Platycerus depressus Lee. Two specimens found crawling on logs, near the northeast beach, June 25. 382. Passalus cornutus Fab. A dead specimen picked up from the washup on the northeast beach, by Captain McDonald, in August. Scarabaeidae. 383. Canthon ^nigricornis Say. Two specimens found near the pig- pen, June 25. 384. Canthon laevis Drury. One specimen taken under a board, near the northeast beach, July 17. 385. Copris anaglypticus Say. Three specimens found crawling on the sand, on the northeast beach, June 24. 386. Ataenius cognatus Lee. Six specimens found in fungi, near the southwest shore, June 22. One taken on the steps of the light- house, July 17. 387. Aphodi'us fossor Limi. One specimen found crawhng on the ground, near the pig-pen, June 25. 388. Aphodius hamatus Say. One specimen found on the sand, on the northeast shore, June 20. One found under a board, on the northeast shore, July 17. 389. Aphodius fimetarius Linn. Three specimens taken under a board, at the pig-pen, July 17. 390. Aphodius ruricola Melsh. One specimen found on the sand, on MERSHON EXPEDl'l'lON TO CHARITY ISLANDS. 95 the northeast shore, June 20. One found crawling; on the sand, on the northeast shore, Jul.\' 17. 391. Aphodius foetidus Fab. One specimen taken on the saml, on the northeast beach, June 21. 392. Aphodius inquinatus Hl)st. One specimen found on the ground, near the pig-pen, June 22. 393. Ochodaeus niuxculus Say. One specimen taken on the sand, on the northeast beach, June 23. 394. Bolboceras lazarus Oliv. One specimen taken under tlie d(?bris, on the northeast shore, .Jul>- 17. Hoplia (rifasciata Say. Two females and one male specimens taken in the blossoms of Avild rose, near southwest shore, June 25. Dichclonycho subvittota Lee. Eight specimens found on the leaves of basswoocl and birch, near the northeast shore, June 20. Common. Dichelonydm (dbicollis Burni. Six specimens taken on leaves of white and Norway pine, near the lighthouse, June 20. Four taken by beating a pine, near the southwest shore, July 17. Four taken on a pine, on the southwest shore, July 24. \'ery common. Serica vespertina Gyll. Two specimens found on a log, on the northeast beach, June 23. Serica iricolor Say. Two specimens found in cells formed in damp' sand under a board, on the northeast beach. Jinie 25. Two picked up, on the path to the lighthouse, July 17. Serica tristis Lee. Two specimens taken, on the beach of the northeast shore, June 20. Serica sericea 111. Four specimens founil on the santl, on the northeast beach, June 21. Serica intermixta Blatchly. Four specimens found on the sand, on the northeast beach, June 21. Ten found on a log, on the northeast beach, June 23. Two found in cells in danij) sand, under a board, on the northeast shore, July 17. Serica carinata Blatchly. Two specimens found under a board, on the northeast beach, July 17. Macrodactylus suhspinosus Fab. Four specimens fountl on ^ild grap(> and wild r(js(> blossoms, on the northeast shore, .June 20. Very common. Diplotaxis sordida Say. One specimen found in a <'ell in the damp sand under a l)oard, on the northeast shore. June 25. Three taken in a lantern trap, in the woods, near the lighthouse, Julv 22. 96 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. 406. Lachnosterna nova Smith. .Two specimens taken in a lantern trap, in the woods, near the Hghthouse, June 26. 407. Lachnosterns gracilis Burm. Four specimens found on the leaves of basswood, on the northeast shore, July 22. 408. Lachnosterna fusca Froh. Three specimens found on willows, near the northeast shore, June 22. 409. Lachnosterna rugosa Melsh. Two specimens taken on the willows, on the northeast shore, June 22. One taken in a lantern trap, in the woods, near the lighthouse, June 26. 410. Lachnosterna alhina Burm. Four specimens found crawling, on the northeast beach, near the lighthouse. Three found dead in a washup, on the northeast beach, June 23. 411. Anomala pubesens Blatchh'. One specimen found in the blossom of a wild rose, near the southwest shore, June 26. 412. Strigoderma arhoricola Fab. Sixteen specimens taken while flying in a patch of reeds, growing in the damp sand, near the southwest shore. They were fairly common on the blossoms of the meadow rose, near the southwest shore, June 23. 413. Pelidnota punctata Linn. Three specimens taken on a wild* grape vine, along the path near the lighthouse, July 17. 414. Cotalpa lanigera Linn. Two specimens found crawling on the sand, of the northeast beach; two on willows, near the northeast beach, and four dead in a washup, on the northeast beach, June 22. 415. Ligyrus gibbosus DeG. One specimen taken while flying over dry land, near the northeast beach, and one found on the ground, near the pig-pen, July 17. 416. Ligyrus relictus Say. Six specimens found crawling on the sand,, near the northeast beach, June 22. Two taken in cells made in damp sand under boards, on the northeast beach, June 25. Two taken on the wing, near the lighthouse, night of June 26. Four- found crawling on the sand, on the northeast beach, July 17. 417. Aphonus tridentatus Say. One specimen taken while fl^dng over the sand, on the northeast shore, July 17. 418. Xyloryctes satyrus Fab. One male specimen found crawling on the dead leaves on the ground, in rather open woods chiefly paper birch, many of them dead and decaying, near center of the island, June 25. Three male specimens found crawling on the ground near the bank, on the northeast shore, July 17. No females were found. 419. Euphoria, fulgida Fab. Two specimens found on the branches of a willow, near the northeast shore, July 17. 420. Euphoria inda Linn. One dead specimen picked up on the sand. MERSHON EXPEDITION TO CHARITY ISLANDS. 97 near the water's edge, northeast shore, June 21. One taken on the sand, of the northeast beach, June 22. 421. Trichus affinis Gory. Six specimens tal-cen in tlic l)lossoms of the meadow rose, near the southwest shore, June 24. 422. Trichus viridulus. Two specimens found in the blossoms of a meadow rose, near the northeast shore, June 20. 423. Parandm brunnea Fab. Four specimens found working in dead wood of a hollow oak tree, near the southwest shore, July 17. Cerambycidae. 424. Orthosoma hrunneum Forst. Two specimens taken in a lantern trap in the woods, near the lighthouse, July 17. Several taken in a washup, on the northeast shore, Juh' 17. One taken on tlic I screen at the Ughthouse, July 21. 425. Prionus laticoUis Drury. One specimen found crawling up from the edge of the water, on the northeast beach, July 17. 426. Tragosoma harrissi Lee. Two specimens found on a pine log, on the northeast beach, June 22. Two taken on a pine log, near the northeast beach, July 17. 427. Asemum moestum Hald. One specimen taken on a log, near the northeast beach, July 17. 428. Criocephalus agrestis Kirby. One specimen found crawUng on a log, near the northeast beach, June 25. 429. Criocephalus obsoletus Rand. Two specimens taken, on the walk at the lighthouse, night of June 24. One taken in a lantern trap in the woods, near the lighthouse, June 26. 430. Physocnemum hrevilineum Say. One specimen found running on a log, near the northeast shore, June 26. 431. Chion cinctus Drury. One specimen taken, on the Avail of the lighthouse, June 24. 432. Chion cinctus var. garganicus Fab. One specimen taken in the l)lossoms of a swamp rose, on the edge of the pond, Jul}' 17. 433. Elaphidion villosum Fab. One specimen taken by beating the branches of a red oak, near the southwest shore, June 26 434. Elaphidion unicolor Rand. One specimen taken on d dead l^ranch of a red oak, near the southwest shore, June 26. 435. Elaphidion parallelum Neu-m. One specimen found on an oak, near the lighthouse, July 17. 436. Alolorchus biniacula'us Say. Six specimens found on the blossoms of red-stemmed dogwood, near the northeast shore, June 26. 437. Purpuricenus humeralis Fab. One specimen taken by beating a yellow oak, near the southwest shore, June 23. 13 98 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. 438. Calloides iiohilus Harris. One specimen taken by beating a small oak, near the northeast shore, June 23. One found under debris, near the edge of the water, on the northeast beach, July 17. 439. Arhopalus fulminans Fab. Three specimens found on an oak, near the lighthouse, June 20. 440. Xylotrechus sagittatus Germ. One specimen taken, on the out- side wall of the lighthouse, July 17. 441. Xy'otrechus undulatus Say. One specimen taken on an oak, near the lighthouse, June 20. 442. Clytanthus rnricola Oliv. Two specimens found in the blossoms of the meadow rose, near the northeast shore, June 21. 443. Cyrtojihorus verrucosus Oliv. Two specimens taken on the blossoms of red-stemmed dogwood, near the northeast shore, June 26. 444. Cyrtophorus insinuans Casey. Two specimens found in the blossoms of red-stemmed dogwood, on the northeast shore, June 23. Four found in the flowers of Jersey tea, in the woods, near the northeast shore, Juty 17. 445. Acmaeops hivittata var. nigripennis Lee. One specimen taken on the flowers of red-stemmed dogwood, on the northeast shore, June 23. 446. Acmaeops proteus Kirby. Three specimens taken on a log, within a foot of space and the only specimens found on the island, on the northeast shore, June 24. 447. Acmaeops pratensis Laich. One specimen found on a A\dndow- screen," attracted by the light in the lighthouse, June 23. 448. Ballamira scalaris Say. One specimen found crawling on a log, on the northeast beach, June 24. 449. Gaurotes cyanipennis Say. One specimen found on a log, on the southwest shore, June 22. 450. Strangalia luteicornis Fab. Four specimens taken on the flowers of red-stemmed dogwood, near the northeast shore, June 26. 451. Typocerus velutmus Oliv. Four specimens taken on the flowers of Jersey tea, near the path to the lighthouse, July 17. 452. Leptura exigiia Newm. One specimen taken on the flowers of red-stemmed dogwood, on the northeast shore, June 23. 453. Leptura suhargentata Kirby. One specimen taken on the flowers of red-stemmed dogwood, on the northeast shore, June 21. 454. Leptura canadensis Oliv. One specimen taken by beating branches of pine, near the northeast shore, June 22. 455. Leptura vagans Oliv. One specimen taken on the flowers of Jersey tea, near the path to the lighthouse, July 17. MBRSHON EXPEDITION TO CHARITY ISLANDS. 99 450. Leptuni vittiitd Oliv. One specimen taken on the flowers of red- stemmed dogwood, near the northeast shore, June 20. 457. Leptura pubera Say. Five specimens taken on the flowers of red-stemmed dogwood, near the northeast shore, Jmie 2(3. 458. Psenocerus supernotatus Say. Fom* specimens taken on the flowers of red-stemmed dogwood, near the northeast shore, June 26. 459. Monohammus tilillalor Fab. One si)ecim('n taken on a pine log, on the southwest shore, June 22. 460. Monohanimus titilhdor var. carolinensis Oliv. One specimen found on the trunk of a pine, near the southwest shore, July 17. 461. Monohanimus scuteUatus Say. One specimen taken on the trunk of a pine, near the southwest shore, June 22. Common on the mainland. 462. Monohammus confiisor Kirl)y. One specimen found crawling on a log, on the northeast shore, June 23. 463. Leptostj/lus )nacula Say. One specimen taken on the outside wall, of the lighthouse, July 17. 464. Liopus fascicularis Harr. Two specimens found by Ideating a dead branch of a yellow oak, near the southwest shore, June 24. One found on a branch of a dead oak, near the southwest shore, July 17. 465. Liopus cinereus Lee. Three specimens taken by beating the dead branch of an oak, near the southwest shore, June 24. 466. Vrographis fasciatus DeG. One specimen found on a window- screen, attracted by the light from the lighthouse, June 20. 467. Lepturges querci Fitch. One specimen found on a log, near the northeast shore, July 17. 468. Hyperplahjs aspersus Say. One specimen taken on a branch of basswood, on the path to the lighthouse, June 26. 469. Hyper platys maculatus Hald. Two specimens taken l)y beating a dead branch of basswood, near the southwest shore, June 24. 470. Acanthocinus ohsoletus Oliv. One specimen found by beating a red oak, near the southwest shore, July 17. 471. Saperda calcarata 'Say. One specinKni taken on the trunk of a poplar, near the path to the lighthouse, July 19. 472. Saperda calcarata var. adspersa Lee. One specimen taken on the trunk of a po])lar, near the path to the lighthouse, July 19. 473. Saperda mutica Say. Eight specimens taken by beating the willows, near the southwest shore, June 23. 474. Saperda moesta Lee. Four specimens found by beating balsam poplar, near the southwest shore, June 25. 100 ' PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. 475. Oberea tripundata Swed. One specimen taken by beating willows, near the southwest shore, June 26. 476. Tetraopes tetraophthalmus Forst. Four specimens taken on milk- weeds, near the lighthouse, July 17. ChrysomeUdae. 477. Donncia harrisii Lee. One specimen found on sedges, near the southwest shore. Eight specimens taken on the sedges, near the southwest shore, July 17. 478. Donacia palmata Oliv. Four specimens taken on the leaves of water lihes in the pond, near the southwest shore, June 24. 479. Donacia distinda Lee. Two specimens found on sedges near the southwest shore, June 25. 480. Donacia suhtilis Kunze. Five specimens taken on sedges, near shore. Snake Point, July 17. 481. Donacia cindicornis Newm. Two specimens taken on the leaves of water lillies, in the pond, near the southwest shore, July 17. 482. Donacia pusilla Say. Two specimens taken on arrow-head, near the southwest shore, June 21. 483. Haemonia nigricornis Kirby. One specimen found under a board, on the southwest beach, June 24. 484. Bahia 4-9uttata Oliv. One specimen taken by beating willows near Snake Point, southwest shore, July 17. 485. Pachyhrachys elegans Blatchly. One specimen found by beating willow, near the northeast shore, June 23. 486. Xanthoma viUosula Melsh. One specimen taken by beating an oak, near the southwest shore, June 24. 487. Adoxus vitis Linn. Six specimens found on flowers of red- stemmed dogwood, near the northeast shore, June 21. 488. Chrysochus auratus Fab. Two specimens found on leaves of milkweed, near the lighthouse, June 22. 489. Metachroma angustida Crotch. One specimen found on the sand beneath a willow near the southwest shore. One found in lantern trap in woods, near the lighthouse, June 25. 490. Metachroma interrupta Say. Four specimens taken on willow leaves, near the southwest shore, June 22. 491. Metachroma pallida Say. Two specimens taken on willows, near southwest shore, June 22. 492. Lahidomera clivicolUs Kirby. Two specimens taken on milk- weed, near the southwest shore, June 26. 493. Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say. Two specimens taken on the foliage of the night-shade. Solatium dulcamara. Fifteen or more MERSHON EXPEDITION TO CHARITY ISLANDS. 101 of the larvae were feeding on the plant, near the northeast shore, June 21. Several picked up dead on the beach. 494. CaUigrapha elegans Oliv. Tavo specimens taken l)}'^ beating willows, near the southwest shore, July 17. 495. CaUigrapha lunata Fal). Two specimens taken on the wing, near the lighthouse, June 22. 496. CaUigrapha scalaris Lee. One specimen taken on the under side of a board, on the northeast beach, June 24. (3ne by beating willow, near the southwest shore, June 26. Two by beating birch, near the northeast shore, July 17. 497. CaUigrapha multipunctata Say. Three specimens taken by beat- ing branches of willows, near the southwest shore, July 17. 498. CaUigrapha muUipunctata var. bigsbijana Kirby. Four specimens taken on the leaves of willow, near the southwest shore, June 20. 499. Gastroidea polijgoni Linn. Two specimens taken on larger blue- flag, /r/.s versicolor, near the southwest shore, Juh' 17. 500. PhyUobrotica decorata Say. One specimen taken b}' beating the willows, at the pond, June 23. 501. PhyUobrotica limbata Fab. One specimen found by beating the willows, at the pond, June 23. 502. Diabrotica viUata Fabr. Five specimens taken by beating the willows, near the southwest shore, June 24. Three by beating a thorn-tree, Crataegus, near the lighthouse, July 17. 503. Galeruca margineUa Kirby. One specimen taken by beating the willows, near the southwest shore, July 17. 504. Oedionychis vians 111. Three specimens taken b}- beating the willows, near the southwest shore, June 25. 505. Disonycha pennsylvanica 111. One specimen taken by beating the willows, near the southwest shore, June 26. 506. Disonycha triangularis Say. One specimen found by beating the willows, near the northeast shore, July 17. 507. Disonycha xanthomelaena Dalm. One specimen found feeding on pig-weed, Chenopodium album, near the southwest shore, June 24. 508. Haltica bimarginata Say. Tavo specimens taken on wild grape leaves, near the southwest shore, June 21. One found by beating willows, near the southwest shore, July 17. 509. Haltica ignita 111. Ten specimens taken b}- beating wild grape vines, near the northeast shore, June 23. One on wild grape June 24. 510. Haltica aenescens Blatchly. Four specimens taken on wild grape vine, near the lighthouse, July 17. 102 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. 511. Chalepus rubra Weber. Two specimens taken by beating the Avillows, near the southwest shore, June 23 512. Chalepus nervosa Panz. One specimen taken on the flowers of red-stemmed dogwood, near the northeast shore, June 23. 513. Chelymorpha argus Hbst. One specimen found on a milkweed, near the southwest shore, July 17. 514. Bruchus nigrmus Horn. Two specimens found under cured and dried milkweed, near the lighthouse, July 17. Tenebrionidae. 515. Nyctohates pennsylvanica DeG. Two specimens found under the bark of a dead oak, near the south shore, June 23. Three taken under the bark of a dead oak, near the northeast shore, July 17. 516. Nyctohates harhata Knoch. One specimen taken mider the bark of a dead oak, near the center of the island, June 26. 517. Iphthimus opacus Lee. Five specimens taken on logs, on the northeast shore, and a few dead ones washed up on the beach, June 21. Four taken on a log, near the northeast shore, July 17. 518. Upis ceramhoides Linn. One specimen taken on the bark of a pine log, on the northeast beach, June 21. Four taken in the fungi on a log, near the southwest shore, June 25. One on a log, near the lighthouse. Julv 17. 519. Haplandrus coficolor Lee. Three specimens found under the bark of a dead oak, near the southwest shore, June 22. Four found on the shaded sides of timber, on the southwest shore, June 26. 520. Xylopinus saperdioides Oliv. One specimen found under the bark of a dead oak, on the northeast shore, June 21. One taken under the bark of a dead oak, on the southwest shore, June 26. One taken under the bark of a dead oak, near the southwest shore, July 17. 521. Tenehrio ohscurus Fab. Three specimens found crawling on logs, on the northeast beach, June 22. One taken under the bark of a dead oak, near the northeast shore, June 26. 522. Tenehrio molitor Linn. One specimen found under the bark of an oak log, washed up by the waves, on the southwest shore, July 17. One under bark of dead oak, near the southwest shore, July 17. 523. Tenehrio castaneus Knock. Three specimens found under the bark of a dead oak, near the southwest shore, June 22. One found under boards, on the northeast beach. MERSHON EXPEDITION TO CliAUlTY ISLANDS. 10;> 524. Tenebrio ienebrioides^ Beauv. Two specimens found under the bark of a dead oak, near llie southwest shore, June 22. Two livmg and a dead one found under the bark of an oak, near the center of the island, June 2(1. ( )ne found under llie bark of a log^. washed up in the southw^est sliore, July 17. 525. Blapstimis interruptus Say. One specimen found under a board, on the northeast beach, July 17. 526. Diaperis maculata Oliv. Six specimens found in fungi on a log', near the southwest shore, June 26. 527. Arrhenoplita bicornis Oliv. Two specimens found in di'ied fungi on a dead trunk of a tree, near the northeast shore, June 23. 528. PJatijdcma flavipes Fab. One specimen taken at sugar lure, on a tree in the woods, near the lighthouse, June 26. 529. Platydema americanum La)). Ono sj^iecimen taken at a sugar lure, on a tree at the path, near the lighthouse, night of Jul}^ 19. 530. Platydema laevipes Ha!d. Two specimens taken on the trunk of a red oak, near the lighthouse, June 22. 531. Hypophloeus parallelus Melsh. One specimen taken in gallery of bark beetle in a pine tree, near the southwest shore, July 17. 532. Boletotherus bifurcus Fab. Three specimens taken in dried bracket fungi, near the southwest shore, June 24. Several found in bracket fungi, near the northeast shore, July 17. 533. Boletophagus corticola Say. One specimen taken in a lantern trap, in the "woods near the lighthouse, Jvme 25. Two taken under the bark of a pine, near the path to the lighthouse, July 17.. 534. Boletophagus depressus Rand. One specimen found under a log,, near the. northeast beach, June 25. 535. Meracantha contracta Beauv. One specimen found on the trunk of a tree, near the lighthouse, night of June 26. Cistelidae. 536. Allecula punclulata Melsh. Tw^o s]:)ecimens taken at a sugar lure on trees near the lighthouse, night of July 17. One found under a board, on the northeast shore, July 17. 537. • Alleada atra Say. Four specimens taken on flowers of red- stemmed dogwood, near the northeast shore, June 21. 538. Hymenorus pilosus Melsh. One specimen fountl in fungi, on trunk of tree, near the southwest shore, June 23. 539. Hymenorus obscunis Say. Two specimens taken on the flowers of Jersey tea, near the path running to the lighthouse, July 17. 540. Hymenorus densus Lee. One specimen found in fungi, growing on a tree near the pond, southwest shore, July 17. 104 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. 541. Isomira sericea Say. Three specimens found crawling on a log, on the northeast beach, June 23. One taken on the blossoms of red-stemmed dogwood, near the northeast shore, July 17. 542. Isomira quadristriata Coup. One specimen taken on a Ijoard, near the northeast shore, July 17. Three taken on the willows, near the southwest shore, June 21. 543. Isomira similis Blatchly. One specimen found under a board, on the northeast shore, July 17. Melandryidae. 544. Pisenus humeralis Kirby. One specimen found under the bark of a dead oak, near the center of the island, June 26. One taken in fungi on a log, near the southwest shore, July 17. 545. Penthe ohliqiiata Fab. One specimen found crawling on a log, near the southwest shore, July 16. 546. Synchroa punctata Newm. One specimen found on the blossoms of red-stemmed dogwood, near the northeast shore, June 21. 547. Eusirophus confinis Lee. One specimen found in fungi. growing on a log, near the southwest shore, June 25. 548. Melandrya striata Say. One specimen taken by beating the dead branches of basswood, near the southwest shore, June 24. 549. Enchodes sericea Hald. One specimen taken on a log, on the northeast shore, June 20. One taken by beating the blossoms of dogwood, near the northeast shore, June 26. 550. Serropalpus harhatiis Schall. Two specimens taken on logs, on the northwest shore, June 20. 551. Hallomenus debilis Lee. Two specimens found under a log, on the northeast beach, June 21. 552. Mycterus scaher Hald. Two specimens taken under cut and dried milkweed, on the northeast shore, near the lighthouse, July 17. Pythidae. 553. Salpingiis virescens Lee. Two specimens taken under debris, on the southwest shore, July 17. Mordellidae. 554. Anaspis rufa Say. Four specimens found in flowers of red- stemmed dogwood, near the northeast shore, June 26. Three taken under cut milkweed, on the northeast shore, near the lighthouse, July 17. 555. MordeUistena hiplagiata Helm. Six specimens taken on the flowers of dogwood, near the northeast shore, June 23. MERSHON EXPEDITION TO CHARITY ISLANDS. 105 Autliicitlae. 556. Anthicus cervinus Laf. One specimen found under a board, on the northeast beaoli, June 28. Pyrochroidac. 557. Dendroides hicolor Newni. One speeimen found under the bark of a dead oak along the path, near the center of the i.sland, June 20. Meloidae. 558. Macrohasis unicolor Kirby. One specimen taken on a grass stem, near the northeast shore, June 20. One taken on a willow, near the southwest shore, July 17. 559. Epicauta cinerea Forst. One specimen taken by beating the willows, on the northeast shore, July 17. 560. Epicauta ferruginea Say. Two specimens found l)y beating willow.s, near the northeast shore, July 17. 561. Epicauta marginata Fab. Two specimens taken by beating willows, near the southwest shore, July 17. Otiorhy nchidae . 562. Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fab. One specimen taken on the willows, near the southwest shore, July 17. 563. Otiorhynchus ovatus Linn. Three specimens taken on the willoAvs, near the southwest shore, June 22. 564. Pandeletejus hilaris Hbst. One specimen taken on a branch of an oak, at the north end of the island, June 20. One taken on a branch of an oak, near southwest shore, July 17. Curculionidae. 565. Phytonomus punctatus Fab. Two specimens found under boards, near the northeast shore, June 22. One taken on a board, near the northeast beach, July 17. 566. Lepyrus geminatus Say. Three specimens taken on branches of willows, on the northeast shore, June 20. Four taken on the balm of Gilead and willows, on the southwest shore, June 20. Four taken on the balm of Gilead and willows, on the southwest shore, June 23. They are killing willows, etc., by the larvae boring near the roots. 567. iListronotus sordidus Gyll. Two specimens found on the untler side of a board, on the northeast shore July 17. 568. Listronotus tuberosus Lee. One specimen taken by beating the branches of white pine, near the southwest shore, June 26. 106 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. 569. Listrotiokis squamiger Say. One specimen found crawling on a log, on the northeast shore, June 25. 570. Listronotus caUosus Lee. Two specimens taken on a log, on the southwest shore, June 22. Four taken by Ideating willows, on the southwest shore, June 23. 571. Listronotus inaequaUyennis Boh. Three specimens found crawl- ing on logs, on the northeast shore, July 17. 572. Listronotus caudatus Say. Sixteen specimens found on the undersides of boards, on the northeast beach, July 17. 573. Listronotus nebulosus Lee. Two specimens found on a haw- thorn tree, near the lighthouse, July 17. 574. Listronotus frontalis Lee. One specimen found crawling on a board, on the northeast shore, July 17. 575. Hyperodas {Macrops) fparsus Say. Three specimens found crawling on a log, on the northeast beach, July 17. 576. Pachylohius picivorus Germ. One specimen found under a board, on the northeast beach, July 17. 577. Pissodes strohi Peck. One specimen found on a pine log, near the northeast shore, July 17. 578. Hylohius pales Hbst. One specimen taken on a log, on the northeast shore, June 23. One found crawling on the rocks^ near the northeast shore, July 17. 579. Hylohius confusus Kirby. Eight specimens found on pine logs and boards, on the northeast shore, June 21. 580. Stephanocleonus plumheus Lee. One specimen found on a willow, near the northeast shore, June 21. 581. Dorytomus laticollis Lee. Ten specimens found crawling on logs and boards on the northeast shore, June 21. 582. Dorytomus laticollis Lee. var. One specimen found crawling on a rock, on the northeast shore, June 23. 583. Dorytomus hrevicollis Lee. Six specimens found on logs and boards, on the northeast beach, July 17. 584. Grypidius equiseti Fab. One specimen found on a stone, near the northeast shore, June 23. 585. Erycus puncticollis Lee. Two specimens found crawling on rocks, on the northeast shore, July 17. Four taken on rocks, underside of boards. 586. Simcronyx griseus Lee. One specimen taken on the flowers of red-stemmed dogwood, near the northeast shore, July 17. 587. Smicronyx corniculatus Fab. One specimen found near the water edge, on the northeast shore, July 17. 588. Lissorhoptrus siinplex Say. One specimen taken on a log, near the southwest shore, July 17. aiERSHON EXPEDITION TO CHARITY ISLANDS. 107 BiUjouH iiKUjisiar Lee. One specimen taken by Ijeating Avillows, near the j^outhwest shore, July 17. Magdalis olyra Hbst. One specimen taken on a log on the northeast beach, June 21. Tachyptcrufi qiiadrigibhufi Say. One specimen taken on a log, near the northeast beach, July 17. Gymnetron teter Fab. One specimen found by beating a birch, near the northeast shore, Jul}' 17. Nanus uniformis Boh. One specimen found crawling on a rock, on the northeast shore, June 25. Conotrachelus posticatus Boh One specimen found on a board, near the northeast beach, .hil>' 17. One found on a board, near the southwest beach, July 17. Conotrachelus nenuphar Hbst. One specimen taken on a willow, near the southAvest shore June 22. Conotrachelus anaglypticus Say. One specimen taken on the blossoms of red-stemmed dogwood, near the northeast shore, June 24. One taken on a willow, near the southwest shore, July 17. Pseiulomus truncatus Lee. One specimen taken bj' beating the -willows, near the northeast shore, June 24. Pseudomus inflatus Lee. Two specimens found l^y beating the Mnllows, near the northeast shore, June 23. Tyloderma aereinn Say. One specimen taken l)y beating birch, near the northeast shore, June 19. Cryptorhynchus bisignatus Say. One specimen taken on a willow, near the northeast shore, June 21. Three found on the under side of a board, on the northeast shore, June 24. Five found on a board, near the northeast beach, Ju'y 17. Cryptorhynchus fallax Lee. Two specimens found on the under side of a board, on the northeast beach, July 17. One taken on a wild grape, northeast shore, near the lighthouse. Cryptorhynchus lapathi Linn. Two specimens found on stones, near the northeast beach, June 25. Acoptus suiuralis Lee. One specimen taken b}' Ijcating willows, near the northeast shore, June 24. Coeliodes acephalus Say. One specimen taken on milkweed leaves, near the northeast shore, July 17. Centrinus prolixus Lee. One specimen taken on wild grape, near the northeast shore July 17. Balaninus uniformis Lee. Three specimens found on a log, near the northeast shore, July 17. Balaninus nasicus Say. One specimen found crawling on a rock, on the northeast shore, July 19. 108 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. Brenthidae. 608. Eupsalis minuta Drury. One specimen found under the bark of a dead oak, near the southwest shore, June 20. One found under the bark of a dead oak, near the center of the island, June 26. Calandridae 609. Sphenophoi'us striatipemiis Chilt. Two specimens found on boards, on the northeast beach, June 24. 610. Sphenophorus aequalis Syll. One specimen found under a board, on the northeast beach, June 22. 611. Sphenophorus zeae Walsh. Two specimens found crawling on rocks, on the northeast beach, June 24. 612. Sphenophorus venatus Say. Ten specimens found on rocks, undersides of boards and logs, along the northeast beach, July 17. 613. Sphenophorus ochreus Lee. One specimen taken on the side of a log, on the northeast beach, June 20. Two taken on the under- side of a board, June 24. One taken on a rock, on the northeast shore, July 16. 614. Spenophorus peftinax Oliv. Six specimens found crawling on rocks, boards and logs, on the northeast shore, July 16. 615. Sphenophorus 7'obustus Horn. One specimen found crawling on a stone, on the northeast beach, June 24. 616. Sphenophorus costipennis Horn. Six specimens found on logs, boards, also on sedges, on the northeast beach, June 21. 617. Sphenophorus cariosus Oliv. Two specimens found on the under- side of boards, on the northeast beach, July 17. 618. Sphenophorus sculptilis Uhler. Three specimens found on the underside of boards, on the northeast shore, July 17. 619. Sphenophorus viUosiventris Chitt. Two specimens found under a board, on the northeast beach, June 21. 620. Sphenophorus cultellatus Horn. Four specimens taken on pine logs, on the northeast shore, June 22. 621. Cosso7ius concinnus Boh. Two specimens found crawling on a pipe log, on the northeast shore, June 21. Scolytidae. 622. Monartkrum mali Fitch. One specimen found in a lantern trap, in the woods near the lighthouse, June 25. • - Anthribidae. 623. Cratoparis lunatus Fab. Two specimens taken on a pine trunk, near the northeast shore, June 21. RESULTS OF THE SHIRAS EXPEDITIONS TO WHITEFISH POINT, MICHIGAN: FISHES. T. L. HANKINSON. RESULTS OF THE SHIRAS EXPEDITIONS TO WHITEFISH POINT, MICHIGAN: FISHES. T. L. HANKINSON. The fish of the Whitefish Point region, Chippewa County, Michigan, and the organisms ecologically related to them were studied in the field between July 29, 1913, and August 31, 1913, by the writer who was sent there for this purpose by the Museum of Zoology of the University of Michigan. The investigations form a part of the biological survey of the region which is being made by the Museum and the ^lichigan Geological and Biological Surve}' with the support of Hon. George Shiras 3cl. As it is believed that the animal life of any area cannot be under- stood without a knowledge of the environmental conditions and the interrelations of the faunas and the habitat conditions, an attempt was made to consider the fish of the Whitefish Point region from this eco- logical standpoint. No studies have heretofore been made of the fish of this part of Michigan, and very few notes relating to them can be found in literature. Lists of ])lantings at Whitefish Point, statistics, and notes chiefly of commercial interest on the fish there, are given in the pul)lications of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, especially in those entitled, "Distribution of Fish and Eggs," and also in the Reports of the Michi- gan Fish Commissioners. These show that the Lake Superior fishery at Whitefish Point is an old and important one. IMilner (1872) says that this is one of the principal fisheries on Lake Superior. G. BroA\Ti Goode (1887) discusses the importance of the Whitefish Point Fishery and informs us that it first attained magnitude in 1870. Smith and Snell (1887) state that in 186G fishermen from Sackett's Harbor, New York, caught fish, chiefly Avhitefish, there, which thej^ salted and sent to Cleveland and Detroit. C. H. Moore (1893) says, "Located at Whitefish Point, are the most productive whitefish grounds anywhere to be found in Lake Superior," and again (1895) he states that the most important fishery upon Lake Superior is Whitefish Point, and "from this point, large and comjilete outfits of pound and gill nets are fished, and the catch is mainly Avhitcfish and trout. alx)ut one-half of each variet}'." 112 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE WHITEFISH POINT REGION. ^ The Whitefish Point Region is considered bj' this survey to include that part of Chippewa County which hes north of the Shelldrake River and east of a Hne drawn from this to the Chippewa-Luce County hne at Lake Superior (Plate XI). It lies between 46° 40' and 46° 46^ north latitude and between 84° 7' and 85° 15' west longitude. In the short time spent in the field at Whitefish Point all of its bodies of water could not be visited so special attention was given to the fish near Vermilion, this place being headquarters for the work. This limited region, fortunately, was very diversified and appeared to have, wthin a radius of two miles, fish habitats typical of the whole area (Fig. 3). Topography. Country of two distinct kinds exists in the Whitefish Point Region: (1) forested upland with sandy soil, recently burnt over almost ever,y- where, (2) lowland Avith tree-covered sand ridges running in general parallel with the Lake Superior shore and separating large areas of low and level open marsh and wooded swamp land containing a number of small lakes. The upland and lowland areas are sharply demarcated by a steep slope or bluff. This is about seventy-five feet high near Vermilion where it runs in a general east and west direction and is located nearly a mile back from Lake Superior. Some distance east of Vermilion it is much farther from the lake than this; and west of this place, it approaches \vithin a few hundred feet of the lake. The bluff represents the shore line of the old Lake Nipissing. The lowland about Vermilion was thus once covered by the water of Lake Nipissing, so it is newer than that of the more remotely submerged upland. Along Lake Superior lies a broad, sandy beach with scant vegetation and much drift strcAvn upon it and with a pebble zone several feet wide close to the water's edge (Plates XII, XIII and XIV). The shoal is here broad with a firm sandy bottom, without evident plants, and with a sub- merged pebble zone in the shallowest part. The small lakes of the belt of marsh land (called marsh lakes in this paper) are surrounded by sedge marshes and wooded swamps; they lie with their long axes general- ly parallel with the shore of Lake Superior and the sand ridges. They are all shallow, probabty nowhere over seven feet and in most places less than three feet (Plate XVII and Fig. 3). The Shelldrake River cuts through the upland some two miles south of Vermilion, expanding into a lake, called Shelldrake Lake (Plate XI, XXV and Fig. 3). Con- ditions about this lake, except a few marked vegetal differences, are quite similar to those about the marsh lakes. SHIRAS EXPEDITIONS TO WHITEFISH POINT. li:i 15 114 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. Vegetation. The Whitefish Point region has a rich and varied vegetation. This has been little interfered with on the lowland, but much of the upland has been burned over, and the forests have been cut off, so that the plant life retains little of its primitive character. One small area of several acres near Vermilion still has a thick, untouched growth of large pines (Piniis strohus and Pi'yius resinosa) and is an isolated relic of the great pine forest that once covered this region as well as much of the rest of northern Michigan. In other places, the upland has only small trees, prominent among which are spruces (Picea sp.), jack pines {Pinus Bariksiana), birches {Betula sp.), alders (Alnus sp.), aspens (Populus tremuloides and Populus grandidentata) , red oaks {Quercus rubra), maples {Acer sp.), all forming scattered growths or in a few places small forests or coppices. Tall pines exist here and there over the burned area, but their charred stubs are more numerous. Everywhere on this upland, there is an undergrowth, composed chiefly of oak ferns {Phe- gopterus dryopterus), blueberry {Vaccinium sp.), wintergreen (Gaul- theria sp.), bearberrj^ {ArdostaphyJos uva-ursi), sarsaparilla {Aralia sp.), trailing arli)utus (Epigaea repens), pearly everlasting {Anaphalis) and a number of other plants including many grasses and sedges. Reindeer moss (CJadonia sp.) and other lichens were abundant and very generally distributed. The belt of lowland along Lake Superior, where marsh conditions are' prevalent, has a vegetation very different from that of the upland just described, l^ut the dry sand ridges have associations of plants very similar to those of the upland. Both the upland and the sand ridges support birches, aspens, alders, maples, red pines, and white pines as their most noticeable trees; and blueberries, huckleberries, winter- greens, and oak ferns form the chief undergrowth on the high ground as well as on the low ground. There are some plants, however, that while common on the sand ridges appear to be scarce or absent on the upland. These are: Balsam fir, (A5/es'6aZ6umea), willows, {Salix sp.), service berry, {Amalanchier canadensis), wild cherry, (Prunus sp.), red osier dogwood, {Cornus stolonifera) , raspberry, {Rubus sp.), low juniper, {Juniperus communis depressa), Labrador tea, (Ledum sp.), bunch berry {Cornus canadensis), dogbane {Apocynum sp.), pigeon berry, {Phytolacca decandra), beach pea {Lathyrus maritimus), skull cap {Scutellaria sp.), rattle snake plantain {Epipactis sp.), St. John's wort {Hypericum sp.), spotted touch-me-not {Impatiens biflora), squaw berry {Vaccinium sp.), and sand cherry {Primus pumila). A number of other common plants were not determined ; and there are many species on these ridges represented by but a few individuals in each case. One SHIRAS EXPEDITIONS TO WHlTEFISli I'OINT. 115 of these is the red cedar [Junipenis virginiana). Many mosses and Uchens were present here; the latter including some long pendant forms that made festoons among dead tree branches. The low ground l)etween the sand ridges has a large variety of plants, which are chiefly hydrophytic. In the small lakes, extensive carpets of stonewort (Characeae) are found in some ])laces; in others, Avater weeds {Elodea canadensis) grew in patches on the bottom. Pond- weeds thrived in the deeper parts of the lakes. Of these there are the oblong-leaved forms {Po'.amogeton lucens and /-*. natans) and the narrow, linear-leaved, grass-lik(> pondweeds {Potamogeton rutilis and /'*. hetero- phyllus), commonly pioducing grayish green tufts up from the bottom. In places there are also many water milfoils (Alyriophyllum sp.) and bladderworts {Utricidaria intermedia and U. vulgaris americana). Yellow water lilies {Nymphaea americana) form patches of varying ex- tent. Distinct zonal arrangements of pondweeds and water lilies are not present in these "lakes, the plants occurring in irregular patches; indeed, waten- plants are not a conspicuous feature of these bodies of water, for, in most places, rooted plants are absent and the bottom is composed of loose muck or hard sand, neither of which appears favor- able for rooted acjuatic plants. Considerable algae were found in a number of places, but like the seed plants, were not generally dis- tributed. They mostly form gelatinous masses {Nostoc sp., Anabaena sp., and Rivularia sp.) or green, floating scums, with filaments of several species intermixed, but with those of Spirogyra fluviatilis and Zygnema sp. predominating. Green tufts of Vaucheria filaments grew on the bottom at some stations. Extensive sedge growths bo/der the marsh lakes almost everywhere. In places the plants are in clumps so it is impossible to find a line sepa- rating lake and marsh (Plate XIX). Some plants taken from a typical shore growth proved to be Carex lanuginosa, Dulichium arundinaceimi, and Eleocharis sp. Much moss, including Sphagnum, grows about the ba,ses of the sedges in the wet marshes, as well as pitcher plants (Sar- racenia purpurea) and cranberry (Vaccinium Oxycoccus). The latter is proi:)agated in the Whitefish Point region and forms a very i)rofitable industry there. A low shrub {Myrica (rale) thrives in large numl)ers in zones and patches about the edges of the lakes as well as in other parts of the marsh region. This i)lant is shown in Plates XVIII, XX and XXI. No attemj^t was made to identiify all the marsh plants, and only a few other conspicuous ones will be mentioned. These are: cat-tails {Typlia latifolia), blue flags (Iris versicolor), arrows head {Sagittaria sp.), bulrush {Scirpus validus), Cassandra {Chamaedaphne sp.), smart weed (Polygonum Muhlenbcrgii), bur-reed [Sparganium eurycarpum), marsh bluebell {Campanula aparinoides), marsh five- 116 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. finger {PoteniiUa palusti-is), rosemary {Andromeda sp.), cotton grass {Eriojphorum virginicum) , and high huckleberry (Gaylussacia sp.). Willows formed patches and borders. Tamaracks {Larix laricina) with spruces formed thick swamps and also grew singly over themarsh. Many of these tamaracks were dead (Plate XVIII). Where the marsh lakes touch tamarack or spruce-cedar swamps, their shores are wooded (Plate XXIIA). The oldest, thickest swamps and those with largest trees are near the Nipissing bluff. These are quite extensive near Vermilion and contain besides spruces many white cedars, Avith birches, maples, mountain ashes, and many tamaracks forming marginal growths. These swamps have wet, soggy floors or small pools or streams with hummocks, exposed roots, fallen trees or limbs. Sphagnum sp. and other mosses thrive here with many pitcher plants, ferns orchids and other forms. About the edges of these swamps, thick undergrowth is commonly present with such plants as high huckleberry, cotton grass, willows, sweet gale and rosemary con- spicuous. Invertebrates. As with the plants, only those invertebrates most closely related to the fish life in an ecological way were given particular attention ; these, of course, are those which are aquatic or have aquatic stages. Insects were observed in largest numbers. Some very noticeable ones are biting flies, about the size and general appearance of house flies, which are exceedingly numerous, much more so near Lake Superior. In ap- pearance and behavior, they are like stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans); and it is possible that they are this insect,- since a specimen of the species was found in a small collection of insects made along the lake shore. Mosquitoes are very numerous, and they were most in evidence about the lowland marshes, toward evening. A few specimens collected proved to be Culex sylvestris, Culex suhcantans, and Anopheles quad- rimaculatus. A number of kinds of dragon-flies and damsel-flies, swarms of gnats, small, annoying tabanide, and many moths, and butterflies, were the most conspicuous of the aerial insects. On the water surface were gyrinids, water striders, and other insects with some spiders. On floating water lilies were seen leaf-eating beetles {Donacea sp.) and frequently large, slender, naked caterpillars (Bellura sp.), that eat the channels in these leaves and mine their petioles (Welch, 1914). Tiger beetles are common .on Lake Superior beach. Some caught there are Cicindella hirticoUis. Beneath the surface in the marsh lakes and in the beach ponds were found many insect larvae and some adults. A list of those collected is here given: May-fiies: Heptagenia. SHIRAS EXPEDITIONS TO WHITEFISH POINT. 117 Dragon-flies: Aeschna sp., Gomphus sp., Tetragoneura sp., Sotna- tochlora sp., Leucorhinia intacla Hag., Sympetnim sp., Ladonia exusta Say, Libellula pulchella Drury, Plathemis lydia Drury, and Enallagma sp. Aquatic Hemiptera: Xotonecta undidata Say, Corixa sp., Ardo- corisa nitida Lieb., Arctocorisa interrupta Say, Lethocerus sp., Gerris remiges Say, Gerris rufoscutellatus Latr., Gerris marginatus Say. Alder flies: Sialis sp. Aquatic Diptera: Chironomus sp., Ceratopodon sp. Aquatic Colcoptera: Dytiscus sp., Gyrinus ventralis Kirby, Gyrinus canadensis Regim])art, Dineutes nigrior IXoh. Crustaceans were not found in noticeable numbers anywhere, yet en- tomostracans formed a prominent part of the food of small whitefish, herrings, suckers, sticklebacks, and j^erch that gathered in large numbers during calms on the Lake Superior shoal. The compact masses of entomostracans in the fish stomachs and intestines are of an orange color and frequenth^ are evident through the body wall of an undis- sected fish. Analyses of the material revealed three genera and three species in the stomachs of the little fish examined; these are: Bosmina longirostris, Diaptomus ashlandi, and Cyclops viridis hrevispinosus. Droppings of the fish were numerous on the shore at the water's edge, where thej- formed minute windrows, like orange-colored strings, thrown up by the gentle waves. The distribution of these small crus- taceans was not studied, but they appeared verj^ scarce in shallow water; none could be seen in water dipped up in a pail or bottle. The marginal shoal may not be the main feeding ground for the fish, which may be there for other reasons such as higher water temperature, or excess of oxygen. Entomostracans were also found in the stomachs of fish taken in bodies of water other than Lake Superior. CraN'fish were occasionally caught in the marsh lakes and were quite common in their outlet streams. Cambarus virilis was the only species found here, but of the two specimens taken in Shelldrake River, one was Camharus virilis and the other C. propinqiius. Amphipods .could be picked from masses of aquatic plants draAvn in by a net. Those taken were all Hyalella knickerbockeri (Bate) and Eucrongonyx gracilis (Smith). The former appear the most common and more generally distributed. Amphipods also were in Lake Sui:)erior for they were taken from the stomachs of Menominee whitefish. A feAv isopods, Mancasellus tanax (Smith), were found on i)lant debris from the marsh lakes. Mollusks were found in numljers by the writer only in certain phices. In a small, marsh-bordered bay of Beaver Lake (Station 55), many small bivalves could be taken b\^ drawing the net through the thick 118 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. muck on the bottom. These were Sjyhaerium rhomboideum Say. -They were taken in other parts of the marsh lakes, l3ut nowhere were they found in such numbers as they were at Station 55. Sphaerium simile Say, was found in a collection from the marsh "lakes. Three univalve mollusks, Physa heterostropha Say, Planorbis antrosus striatus Baker, and Physa gyrina Say, were incidentally collected with fish. Physa gyrina was found only in the Shelldrake River, and the others in marsh lakes and beach ponds west of Vermilion. The margins of the shallow marsh lakes are favorable places for leeches. These creatures are ravenous, and much difficulty is ex- perienced in keeping them from one's body while wading. The following leeches were taken by the writer in the region: Placohdella rugosa (Verrill), Haemopsis marmoratus (Say), Macrobdella decora (Say) Verrill, Glossiphonia complanaia (Linn.) Johnston, Erohdella punctata (Leidy), and Dina fervida (Verrill). Sponges, bright green in color, often formed extensive growths on submerged brush, roots, logs, and other objects. The following were collected: SpongiUa lacustris (Linn.), SpongUla fragilis Leidy, and Myenia fluviatilis astrosperma Potts. These three forms appeared to be closely associated. Near the surface of one of the beach ponds, the water was a bright green due to an abundance of ciliated protozoans {Stentor igneus Ehr.). Another conspicuous protozoan in one of the marsh lakes produced large, jelly-like colonies It appeared to be Ophrydium sp., which the writer has found abundant in Walnut Lake, Oakland County, Michigan (Hankinson, 1908). Vertebrates Other Than Fish. The amphibians and reptiles of the Whitefish Point region have been studied and a paper published on them (Thompson and Thompson, 1913). A number of species were taken in the course of the field work on fish, which were, Rana jjipiens Shr., Rana septentrional is Baird, Ra7ia clamitans Latreille, Biifo americanus LeConte, Tharnnophis sirtalis (Linn.), and Chrysemys belli Gray. Tadpoles were found in some num- bers in quiet sunny shoals of Shelldrake River and Shelldrake Lake and in shallow, quiet tributaries of Vermilion Creek. Many birds were present in the region during the time of the field work, but like other terrestrial animals, they were given little attention. A detailed report on the birds and mammals of the region has been published by N. A. Wood (Annual Report of the Michigan Academy of Science, Vol. XVI, pages 55-73). Since these forms have been treated by Mr. Wood, only notes on the beaver, Castor canadensis michiga- SHIRAS EXPEDITIONS TO WIIITEFISH F'OIXT. 110 ne7isis (Bailey) will be a;ivt'u in this paper, for this species is related to the nsh life of the marsh Uikes in an especially important ecologi- cal way. The work of h(>avers was very manifest almost everywhere about tlie marsh pools. These were in the form of lodges (Ruthven, 1914), submerged piles of sticks gathered for food, felled trees, dams (Plate XVB), and networks of channels through the marshes. The dam on Mason's Creek was a new one, and above it a large pond had been re- cently formed; this had many dead trees standing in the water, as well as dying ones with wilting leaves. Forest conditions are rapidly chang- ing to pond conditions here; and thus a new dwelling place for fish will in all probal)ility be formed. The marsh lakes appear to be very good habitats for l)eavers. Both the marsh and lake region are readily accessible one from the other by the animals, and bj- means of channels they can easily get to wooded areas where there is an abundance of food in the way of young trees. Climatic Features. The climate of the Whitefish Point region is probably that of north- ern Michigan generally with, a little more than the usual rainfall due to its proximity to Lake Superior. According to data given by Leverett (1911), the mean annual temperature of the Northern Peninsula is near 40° F, with a few^ days when it exceeds 90° F, and a few when it is below 20° F. In August, the average temperature is near 60° F. The rain- fall is near 34 inches each year; at Whitefish Point it varied from 'ess than 25 inches to near 30 inches from 1906 to 1910, inclusive. There is considerable snow, and winter conditions last usually from early November to late April. The small lakes are frozen over during this time. The Avarm season is, therefore, short, with spring, summer, and autumn conditions from May to October. There is an abundance of sunshine, and the periods of daylight are from 3 A. M. to 9 P. M., a length of time favorable for plant growth. In August, 1913, when most of the fish Avork was done, the weather was, for the most part, pleasant with days mostly warm and sunny and nights cool and clear. There was a rainy day or two and a few showers of short duration. The season was called by residents a wet one. From July 15, 1913, to Augu.st 28, 1913, the range of temperature readings at the Life Saving Station on Lake Superior beach were from 38° F. to 89° F. With the permission of the U. S. Lif(> Saving v^ervice, these readings are published here: 120 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. Midnight. 6 A. M. Noon. 6 P. M. Wind. " July 15 47 46 55 54 W-N. E. 16 52 63 72 63 S-SE. 17 60 56 60 52 SE.-N-W. . 18 52 56 55 56 N. W. S-W. 19 57 55 61 58 W. S. W. 20 52 53 54 56 N-N. W. 21 50 54 63 70 N. E. S. 22 64 62 76 67 S. S. W. E. 23 60 61 56 55 S-N-W. 24 48 52 54 52 W. 25 50 54 65 65 N. S. W. N. E. 26 61 62 73 71 S-S. E. 27 68 70 75 70 S. N. E. W. 28 54 56 58 60 N-W. 29 48 52 64 60 S-N-W. 30 55 60 80 72 W-S. E. 31 77 76 68 61 S-N-W. Aug. 1 60 62 62 60 w. 2 55 63 60 60 S-W-N. 3 63 53 59 58 N-W\ 4 52 52 62 60 N-W-E. 5 60 58 62 60 S-N. E. S. 6 61 57 62 60 N-N. W. 7 59 60 75 70 N. E.-SE. 8 64 64 75 64 S. SE. W-E. 9 62 64 67 66 S-N. S. W. 10 59 58 56 52 W-N. NW. 11 54 54 67 63 SE. SE. 12 60 58 7\ 70 SE. NE. N. 13 58 62 76 73 S. E. N. E. E. 14 65 66 82 80 S. E. 15 68 68 89 82 SE.-S. 16 77 67 74 72 S. N. NW-N. 17 67 64 66 62 w-s-w. 18 62 64 68 66 NW. E. N. 19 65 62 73 70 E-SE. 20 56 60 77 70 SE. 21 64 63 66 62 S. E. SW. E. 22 62 54 60 57 W. SW. NW. ■23 52 53 59 58 N. NE. N. W. NE. 24 55 49 48 46 N. W-N-NW. US 38 40 71 62 26 59 60 63 60 27 55 56 55. 60 28 58 60 68 60 The wind as shoA\ii in the above table varied much as to direction in the late summer of 1913. It also varied in intensity, but only a few times was it strong enough to produce a very rough sea on the lake. Water temperatures were taken with each fish collection. A list is here given with accompanying air temperatures taken at the same times. The latter are given in parentheses. Lake Superior Shoal; water under two feet deep: 65 (60), 65 (70), 66 (67), 55 (68), 66, 64. Beach Ponds: 65 (79), 80 (82), 70 (63), 69. Marsh Lakes: 71 (69), 73 (68), 73 (77), 76 (72), 73, 72 (72), 70 (70), 62 (60), 69 (60), 68 (58), 75 (62), 64 (60), 70 (68), 75 (70), 74 (68), 75 (64), 67, 69 (60) 65 (64). Outlet Streams of the Marsh Lakes: 68 (62), 69, 74 (68), 65. Shelldrake Lake 68 (59), 65 (68). Shelldrake River: 63 (70). SHIRAS EXPEDITIONS TO WHITEFISII POIXT. 121 Methofis and Acknowledgments. In the study of -the fish of the Whitefish Point region, extensive collections were made and each was studied in detail before another was taken up. An attempt was made to get a complete collection of the fish inhabiting the region, but not to such an extent as to interfere with the study of the habits of the species in their respective habitats. A convenient laboratory was fitted up, and the fish were studied in an aquarium. In this way it was possible to become well enough ac- quainted with the different species so that they could easily be recog- nized under favorable circumstances in the water afield. For watching fish binocular field glasses and a water-glass were found very helpful. In Lake Superior a large, fiftj'-foot minnow seine and smaller "common sense" seines were hauled on the marginal shoal. Fish from the deeper shoal were obtained from fishermen, who xory willingly permitted the Avriter to examine their "catches," and to retain desirable specimens. In the marsh lakes and beach ponds a six-foot, "common sense" seine was used almost everywhere. This can readily be handled by one person while wading or from a row boat. In the marsh, in narrow beaver channels, and for scooping under banks of streams, under gale growths, and about sedge clumps, a large minnow dip net (1 1-2 x 3 ft.), was successfully used. A minnow trap on the \)\an of a fyke-net was kept set much of the time, and some interesting specimens were taken with it. IVIany photographs of the fish and their environments were taken to supplement the field notes, negatives and prints of which are filed in the Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor, Michigan. The field work was nearly all done by the writer unassisted, but at times help and suggestions were given by the following named residents of Vermilion: John Clarke, Will Clarke, Fred Wetherhog, and Captain J. A. Carpenter of the Life-Saving Station. Special mention should be made. of the ser- vices given by Mr. John Clarke, whose lamented death in May, 1914, removed a good friend, advisor, and efficient assistant to the members of the several field ])arties. Mr. Robert Carlson, lightkeeper at White- fish Point, furnished information concerning the fisheries at that i)lace. Mrs. Hankinson prepared and identified plants and contriljuted in other ways to the progress of the work. Mr. Seymour BoAver, Super- intendent of the ^Michigan Fish Commission, made the investigations possil)le by procuring a permit to collect specimens of fish. Tlie Avork was done under the direction of A. G. Kuthven, Director of the Museum of Zoology and Chief Naturalist of the Michigan Geological and Bio- logical Survey. Mr. N. A. Wood of the Museum of Zoology at Ann Arbor gave the writer some useful suggestions and directions and col- 122 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. lected some fish for him in the region. The foUowing si^eciahsts named material collected: E. N. Transeau, Charleston, Illinois, Algae and some seed plants, Philip Dowell, Port Richmond, New York, Club-mosses, C. K. Dodge, Port Huron, Michigan, Seed Plants, G. N. Calkins, New York, New York, Protozoans, N. A. Harvey, Ypsilanti, Michigan, Sponges, J. P. Moore, Philadelphia, Pa., Leeches, Bryant Walker, Detroit, Michigan, Mollusks. J. G. Needham, Ithaca, New York, Dragon-flies, J. R. De la Torre Bueno, White Plains, New York, Hemiptera, C. Betten, Lake Forest, Illinois, Caddice-flies, Chas. A. Hart, Urbana, Illinois, Water beetles, V. E. Shelford, Urbana, Illinois, Tiger beetles, 0. A. Johannsen, Ithaca, New York, Aquatic Diptera, Chancey Juday, Madison, Wisconsin, Entomostracans, Miss Ada Weckel, Oak Park, Illinois, Amphipods, Miss Harriet Richardson, Washington, D. C, Isopods, A. E. Ortmann, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, Craj^fish, A. G. Ruthven, Ann Arl3or, ^lichigan. Amphibians and Reptiles. FISH HABITATS. Fish are the most abundantly represented of all the vertebrates of the Whitefish Point region, but they do not inhabit all of the bodies of water or all parts of any one of them. Descriptions of the more im- portant places where fish are found will be given for the purpose of enabling one to understand better the conditions under which the different species live in the region. Data on the relations of the fish to the environmental factors in their habitats will be included, although little information of this kind was revealed in the necessarily brief time that could be spent in the field. The portions of 'the bodies of water examined are called stations and are designated by numbers; those near Vermilion are indicated on the sketch map (Fig. 3). They may be classified as follows: Lake Swperior Shoal Deeper Shoal Marginal Shoal Beach Ponds Lower Beach Ponds Upper Beach Ponds Open Pond Marsh Beaver Dam Pool SHIRAS EXPEDITIONS TO WIIITEFISH POINT. 123 Mdrsli L(tk^s Deeper water Areas Shallow water Areas Marsh bordered Shoal Wooded Shore Outlet streams SheUdrake Lake Shelldrake River Lake Superior Shoal. Deeper Shoal. Station 2. At the cud of Clark's pier, at Vermilion, the Avater is about six feet deep. The zone having this or a little greater depth out to about t(>n feet is called the deeper shoal, and the part of it examined, about the end of the pier, is Station 2. Plate XIIB shows the region in the background. The following conditions maintained at Station 2 during August, 1913: depth. 6-10 feet; water clear, cold, and commonly disturbed, even to the bottom; bottom of clear, yellow sand; and visible plants absent. The species of fish, found in the order of their apparent abundance, were: lake herring, common sucker, brook trout, long-nosed sucker, Menominee whitefish, common white- fish, rainbow trout, and tullibee. The fish caught were all fair-sized examples of their species, since they were caught by fishermen for the table. Direct observations are easily made of all parts of this station from the pier end. At times, many fish were seen which could not be positively identified, but it is evident that the station is visited by these larger fish periodically, and they do not permanentl.y inhabit the place. SmaU fish also frequent this region, but according to the writer's observations, only on their way to or from shallower or deeper water. Immense numbers of little fish w'ere seen about sunset after an unusually warm and quiet day moving in a stead}^, direct, purposive way from the shallower water near shore close to the water surface and going out to some depth beyond. None were seen lingering at this station. ^Marginal Shoal. The zone of shallow water close to the shore, out as far as collections could l^e ol)tained by wading, is called the marginal shoal. The conditions here are as foUoAvs: depth three feet or less; Avater usually' clear, only clouded by sand or debris close to shore Avlien breakers are present; Avater cold; bottom of hard, clear, yelloAvish sand or with pebbles, the latter forming a discontinuous, marginal zone; no visibh^ l)lants except some Uhthrix zonata on sub- merged parts of piles and other objects; aquatic animals other than fish inconspicuous. Gnats and caddicc-flies {M ystacides sepidchralis) AA-ere seen at tmes over tlu^ Avater surface; a kingfisher, at one time. Avas 124 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. seen to dash in where' small fish were schooling near the shore. In four places, there are unusual conditions, near the mouths of the three streams draining the marsh and where there is a broad sand flat free of pebbles and debris, a short distance west of Vermilion (Station 5). Here a person can wade out several hundred feet before reaching water waist deep. The mouths of streams appeared to have no special at- traction for shoal fish except that of Vermilion Creek, which is probably due to kitchen wastes thrown in it a short distance up stream from its mouth The shoal here is called Station 1 . Many small fish were ob- served at times about the entering water. The following species were collected at this station: *nine-spined stickleback, lake herring, common sucker, common perch, common sculpin, common whitefish, brook trout, spot-tail minnow, long-nosed dace, and brook stickleback. The little herring were in large, compact schools, and the whitefish were associated with them. The common suckers and the nine-spined sticklebacks were both numerous, and each species schooled by itself with a few individuals of one often in large schools of the other. The perch associated little with other species but were solitary or in little companies. The sculpins lived on the bottom among the pebbles, and there were probably many more of them at Station 1 than the col- lections revealed since it was difficult to catch them with a seine. Small burbots were apparently for the same reason poorly represented in col- lections. The brook sticklebacks and spot-tailed minnows and long- nosed dace were all very scarce. Over the large submerged sand flat, Station 5, thousands of young herring and nine-spined sticklebacks schooled. A few young whitefish, suckers, and perch were also here ; the first closely associated with young herring and the other two were chiefly by themselves. Pebble-covered shoals appeared to be avoided by all the shoal fish except the bottom forms — sculpins and burbots. Often immense schools of sticklebacks were seen just off the pebble zone and not moving over it. The main food of these little shoal fish appears to be entomostracans, chironomid larvae, and adults of various insects that fall into the water, and filamentous algae {Ulothrix zonata). Beach Ponds. Upon the Lake Superior shore, there are a number of small bodies of water, some only temporary, and formed in depressions (Plate XIII) by the waves during storms and some larger and formed by the damming of the small streams. The latter are the only ones of interest here *In the lists of fish given in this habitat discussion, the species are named, as far as possible, in the order of apparent abundance, the best represented one first. SHIRAS EXPEDITIONS TO WHITEFISH POINT. 125 for tlioy alone contained fish. The lieaeh ])()nds l)eIonging to creek systems are of two kinds: (1) those of the lower beach, whicli are close to Lake Superior and freel\' connected with it and (2) those of the older, u])per. or fossil beach several hundred feet ])ack from the lake and with scarcely any water connection with the lake except during s])ring; floods. Lower Beach Ponds. Two of these were fountl in the region near ^'er- milion, one at the mouth of Cranberry Creek (Station 31, Plate XVA) and one a mile or so farther east on Wetherhog Creek (Station 121). Fish might readily enter these ponds fioni Lake Superior, but there is no evidence that they often do this. No fish were found on the lake shoals anywhere near the mouths of these two streams, and the fauna of these ponds is very different from that of Lake Superior. Each of these ponds is long and narrow, extending several hundred feet making a small angle with the lake margin. The water is stained brown but free from sediment and has a variable temperature, usually' about that of the air. They are shallow, under two feet in depth and the bottom is of hard, yellow sand with conspicuous "ripple marks." No vegetation except some diatom scum and filamentous green algae Mas evident in the water and the shore was practically barren of veg- etation. There were no noticeable water invertebrates, except a few insects. Some aquatic beetles {Coptotomus intcrrogahis) were caught. The following fish, given as near as possible in the order of their al)un- dance, were found in these pools: common sucker, red-bellied dace, Leuciscus neogacus, Cayuga minnow, silvery minnoAv, common perch, horned dace, brook stickleback, Iowa darter, and brook trout. All of the fish taken in these pools are small examples of their species, and none were represented in any numbers except the suckers, which were only in a depression about two feet deep around a partly sub- merged stump at Station 31. Here were a great man}^ little suckers with very small examples of the other species listed, except the trout. Only one trout was found and this was beneath a water-logged i)iece of wreckage. Very few fish were moving out in the ojjen water of the pond, but all staj'ed about objects which afforded some concealment. Upper Beach Ponds. The ponds of the upper beach are about two miles west of Vermilion and are much larger than those just considered and possess a larger biota. They are fed by Mason's Creek, and a little, shallow, narrow outlet winds over the beach to Lake Superior. The series of several ponds are not distinct from each other but are expansions of one system. Two of. these are much larger than the others and are about five hundred b\' seventy-five feet. Much vegeta- tion is in and about these Ijodies of water, and this approaches in char- acter that of the marsh lakes farther back from Lake Superior. At the 126 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. upper end of the series plants are especially numerous and form a small marsh (Station 172, Plate XVIB). A short distance above this a beaver dam is across the creek near where it emerges from the Avoods (Plate XVB). The dam is a new one and has .caused the creek to flood a large wooded area recently. Below the dam is a pool (Station 171, Plate XVB). Much invertebrate life was in evidence about these pools and m^arshes. The following aquatic forms were taken in the net Avith fish collections : dragon-fl}^ larvae (Aeschna, Somatochlora , Goynyhus), water striders {Gerris remiges), and leeches (Macrobdella decora, Haemopsis mar- moratus, and Placobdella rugosa). Attached to inany submerged ob- jects were sponges (SpongiUa frag His). A protozoan {Stentor igneus) swarmed near the water surface, giving a considerable area of it a bright green color. The noticeable vertebrates were frogs, tadpoles and a number of birds. In general four types of fish habitats are present: (1) the deeper, open water areas; with water about three feet deep and a hard sand bottom, over which there is little debris or humus; water plants are absent, except a few small patches of stoneworts or bladderworts, (2) the marsh region, with a thick growth of partly submerged sedges, rushes, flags, sweet gale, and a number of others and also much green algae on the surface and much stonewort beneath it, (3) marginal areas of very shallow water, two or three inches deep, and unusually warm, and well exposed to sunlight owing to a scarcity of seed plants, and (4) the pool beneath the beaver dam (Station 171, Plate XVB), which is about twenty by thirty feet with a depth of about three feet down to the sand bottom, over which there is a foot or more of dead leaves, sticks, and other litter, and growths of stonewort; the water was cold (65° F.) and stagnant, since the pool is supplied by percola- tions through the beaver dam. In the open deep areas (No. 1, above), the following fish were taken: black-head minnow, Cayuga minnow, horned dace, Leuciscus neogaeus, black-nosed dace, and brook stickleback. None of these were abundant or generally distributed in this tj^pe of region. The Cayuga minnows were chiefly in a few large schools in the deepest water; and those observed were large examples of their species, while all the other fish taken were much undersized. In the marsh area (No. 2, above), chiefly in the more open places, the following fish were caught: red-bellied dace, silvery minnow, black- head minnow, horned dace, Leuciscus neogaeus, Cayuga minnow, black- nosed dace, mud minnow, and brook stickleback. Most of these fish were small, under an inch in length, and each species, except Cayuga minnows, L. neogaeus, and mud minnows, was SHIRAS EXPEDITIONS TO WHITEFISH POINT. 127 abundantly represented. This marsh is the only place in the White- fish Point region where horned dace were found in any num])ers. The marsh appears to ])e an im])ortant feeding ground for the smaller fish. The marginal shoals (No. 3, above) M^ere visited by many small fish, but a representative collection of them was not made; one species, the barred killifish, seemed to be confined to these places and was tolerably common. The i)()()l Ix^low the beaver dam (No. 4, above) was frequented by brook sticklebacks, red-bellied dace, Lnicisciis neogaeus, black-nosed dace, and mud minnows. The stickk^backs were numerous, and ai)peared to thri\e better than in any habitat examined in the Whit(>fish Point region. Some of them were large, being nearly, three inches long. A few opened had been eating insects and algae. The other fish were all small and present only in small numbers. Marsh Lakes and Streams. The small lakes among the sand ridges on the strip of lowland along Lake Superior with their outlet streams, channels, pools, l)eaver runs, and other bodies of water connected with them, contain many small fish and some large ones. They are, moreover, everything considered, the most productive places for studying and collecting acjuatic organisms in the Whitefish Point region. The lakes given particular attention are close to Vermilion and are shown on the sketch map. The names used for these were for the most part invented by the writer. According to Leverett (1911), regions below the Nipissing shore line, including the lowland about Vermilion, are very young geologicall}", perhaps not older than three thousand years. When the waters of the Great Lakes descended to their present level, sand ridges, produced probably by both waves and ice, were formed with the intervening de- ])ressions. Marsh plants began to grow and thrive here till they cap- tured the shallower parts of the flooded low ground. In places, the beavers made dams to retain and elevate the Avater, which on rising drowned out portions of the marsh or otherwise changed its features. These animals thus helped to preserve the small lakes, and in this and other ways they have been a dynamic factor in determining th(^ char- acter of the fish habitats. Man has also affected the region in a similar way by damming the water to facihtate cranberry culture. No inlets were found leading to these lakes, except short streamlets from springs near the base of the Nipissing l)luff. They ai^pear to be fed chiefiy by seepage from the higher ground. The bottom of the.se lakes is at foundation a hard, yellow sand, but over this in many places, there is 128 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. a thick stratum of loose, buoyant muck, barren of visible growing vegetation. Where this deposit is absent, the clean yellow sand sup- ports few plants; but where a little humus is present, there is often a growth of submerged aquatic plants, principally stoneworts, pond- weeds, bladderworts, water weeds, and water lilies. The marshy shores have, as a rule, either sedge growths (Plate XXIIB) or partly submerged patches of sweet gale (XXI A). Cat-tails, bulrushes, smart- weeds, and some other plants characterize the open marsh region. In a number of places, the wooded swamps extend to the lake margin (Plate XXIIA). The water of these marsh lakes is without evident turbidity, but is slightly browTi stained. In temperature it was found commonly to be about that of the air, and the readings made were not far from 70° F. Although fish are numerous in these lakes they are not found in all of them or in all parts of any one of them. They have a marked tendency to dwell near the shore, although bottom and water conditions in mid- lake are very similar to those about the margin, except for those pro- duced by the shore features. Muck bottoms are evidentty much pre- ferred to the sandy ones. On account of these restrictions in dis- tribution, very definite fish habitats could be found. A consideration of the important types of these ^vill now be made. It is very difficult and apparently impossible to work out these habitats in a successional way, on account of complications in their history, brought about by dams, channels, and other structures built by beavers and man and by the removal of beaver dams by man, when their presence interfered with cranberry culture and other interests, but in general the habitats have developed as follows. When the water receded from the Nipissing to the Lake Superior level and the sand ridges were formed, the inter- vening depressions were capable of containing water in sufficient amounts in some cases to form small lakes. Wind and water borne sand and accumulating humus tended to make these lakes shallower. Beavers, however, converted parts of their shoals into deep water areas by digging channels. Similar work may have been done by water currents. Marshes followed the shoals by the encroachment of plants on them, ])ut in places there is a reversion to lake conditions by the formation of channels and pools in marshes by beavers and sometimes this occurs temporarily when the marshes are flooded by man to pro- tect or harvest cranberries. These operations appear to be the chief source of the muck deposits over the sand bottom in these lakes. A considerable amount of this light black soil could be transferred by beavers from the marshes while making their channels or while using them as runways, and when the lakes are lowered by opening the sluices in dams for flooding cranberry marshes, currents might be set SHIRAS EXPEDITIONS TO WHITEFISH POINT. 129 up in these channels that would Avash much of this material into the lake. A rapid accumulation of muck over a plant association would obliterate it, and the looseness of the soil would prevent plants again taking root. Thus regions like Stations 52 and 55 could be produced. In more open parts of the lakes, this light muck may be carried and very generally distributed by wind-made water currents. Beaver Lake and Spruce Lake hav(^ muck practically over their entire bottoms. It is possible that currents sweep this away completely in some cases, thus returning the shoals to a primitive type, that is, with sandy bottoms and no plants, but a continued accumulation of organic debris in these lakes must in time bring about a firm substratum, peaty in nature, that will support plants readily. The marsh, then, can rapidly encroach on the lake, and the last stage as a fish environment would thus be reached. Beaver channels and pools Avill finally give way to the marsh if man destroys these animals, as he is rapidly doing at present. Spruce swamps encroach on the open marsh and, in places, they have reached, the edges of the lake producing conditions for fish life which are different from those of other parts of the lake (Plate XXII A). The probable developmental relation of these fish habitats to each other is showi in the diagram below. "to'^ Wooded Swamp I Sedge Maroh 1 I Muck covered Bottom Areas without Plants quatio Plant Associations Deep areas without Plants -^ > Shoala wi-'uhout Plants Diagram showing probable developmental relation of fish habitats near Vermilion, Michigan. A classification of the fish habitats in the marsh lakes may be made as follows : Deep Water Areas; five to seven feet. Natural depressions, deep channels, beaver excavations, etc. With few or no visible plants With stonewort association With pond weed association With water-lily association 17 130 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. Shallow Water Areas; about three feet and under Without higher plants (barren shoal) With stonewort association With water-weed (JElodea) association With pondweed association With dense gro^\i:h of submerged aquatic plants, a number of kinds forming a complex association With thick deposit of muck over a sandy bed; no higher plants With sweet gale (Myrica) association With water-lily (Nyjiiphaea) association Marsh Area, sedge, gale association With shallow water about plant bases With beaver channels and pools Wooded Shore. Outlet Streams. Examples of the above-listed types of fish habitats in the marsh lakes, so far as they were examined, are here described in detail. Deep Water Areas without Vegetation. This type of fish habitat is poorh' represented in the small lakes, for most of the water is less than four feet deep. Where it is considerably more than this, from about five to seven feet, it is called deep water. The channel of Vermilion Lake (Station 25, Plate XXIIIB) is in vaany places of this depth with the bottom of hard sand. No collections were made in the channel, but from the boat only a few large perch were seen. Apparently there were no minnows or other small fish. It is likely that these are poor feeding places and used by fish chiefly as highways. Fish lingering here would be much exposed to the attacks of pikes, which undoubtedly^ frequent regions of this tj^pe; some huge ones were seen in this channel and other deep parts of the marsh lakes. A large sculpin was caught in a place of this character by N. A. Wood. Deep Water Areas ^^^th much Vegetation. Some deeper parts of the channel of Vermilion Lake (Plate XXIIIA) had man}' water lilies forming patches. Scarcel}^ any fish, except a few very small ones, about an inch in length, and a few large perch were seen about these. At the east end of this channel. Station 24, there is a region where the water is five or six feet deep and where much fine-leaved pondweed grows. The area is roughly circular and about a hundred feet in diameter with gale and sedge-formed shores and an island of gale near its center. A nearly submerged pile of beaver-cut wood lies against this. The bottom is of hard, yellow sand. This depression was undoubtedly dug out by beavers. Large perch frequented this place; and they were easily caught with a hook baited with leeches. On one occasion a huge pike, SHIRAS EXPEDITIONS TO WHITEFISH POINT. 131 two or more feet long, was seen to move away from here on the approach of the boat. Some small fish were seen here, but they were uncommon. Shoal Areas without evident Plants. These have a hard, sandy bottom with very few or no rooted aquatic plants. A strip of region of this type examined lay "along the dam at the west end of Vermilion Lake (Station 28) . Fish were uncommon here as at other places of the type and with many hauls of the seine only a few examples of Leuciscus neogaeus, brook sticklebacks, and Iowa darters were caught. There is an extensive shoal of this type at the north end of Little Lake but almost no fish were -found over it. At Station HI, of Hay Meadow Lake, barren shoal is also prevalent with the usual scarcity of fish. Shoals with Stonewort Association. Shallow water a few inches •deep with thick bottom mats of stonewort plants is found in a number of bays near the east end of Vermilion Lake. One of these (Station 53) was given particular attention. This extends some three hundred feet into the marsh and is from about twenty to eighty feet wide. Only very small fish, an inch or so long, including many little brook stickle- backs, were found over this growth. Others caught were red-bellied dace, Leuciscus neogaeus, black-head minnow, and Iowa darter. Cray- fish dwelt in the stonewort masses. In the westward prolongation of Spruce Lake (Station 84) stoneworts covered a very thick muck deposit almost everywhere. Large mats of these plants often became detached ^nd came to the surface and floated as shoAvn in (Plate XXIB.) Only a few very small fish were found here as elsewhere where stoneworts -covered the bottom. Shoals with Water Weed Association. Water weeds (Elodea cana- densis) grow in dense patches on a hard sand}" bottom in Hay Meadow Lake (Station 111), where the depth is about two feet. Many Iowa darters were found among these plants, but no other fish were found Avith them. Shoals with man}" Aquatic Plants formii^g a dense, complex Associa- tion. In a few, shallow, sheltered places, submerged plants are num- erous, filling the water. One of these is at the west end of a small lake (Station 101) where pondweeds, stoneworts, bladderworts, green algae, with partly submerged rushes, sedges, sweet gale, and other plants form a complex association that nearly fills the water leaving little swimming space for water animals (Plate XXIIIB). The entire lake is char- acterized by an abundance of vegetation (Plate XXIIIA). At Station 101 mud minnows are common, and this is a typical habitat of the species. A great many small Leuciscus neogaeus were caught along the margin in different parts of the lake. These were about an inch in length. A few small Iowa darters were also caught in this lake. A small pike was noted. The following aquatic invertebrates were 132 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. common about the water plants: Sponges {Syongilla sp.), leeches {PlacohdeUa rugosa and Haeniopsis niarmoratus) , snails {Physa hetero- stropha), and insects {Lihellula pulchella, Somatachlora sp., Leucorhi- nia intacta, Aeschna sp., Arciocorisa nitida, and Dytiscus sp.). Muck Bottom Shoals without Plants. The shoals, with deposits of loose muck forming layers from a few inches to five or more feet thick over hard, sandj' substrata were along much of the shore region of these small lakes, but the layer is thickest in wind sheltered places such as small bays. A good example of one of these is Station 55, which is a bay running into the marsh on the northeast shore of Beaver Lake. Here the muck is two or three feet thick with two feet or less of water over it. The sand foundation is not down so far but that wading and hence collecting can be easily done; and the muck is scarcely more resistant than the water to a person going through it. The bay is irregular in form and some seventy-five by a hundred feet in diameter. It opens into the lake by a mouth about fifty feet wide. The sedges of the marsh about it are nearly three feet high and form marginal clumps (Plate XIX). The water is slightly bro^vn stained but free from sediment and was found usually to have a temperature of 70° F. This station has the largest and most constant fish population for its size of any station studied in the Whitefish Point region, and it is evident from general observations about the marsh lakes that the conditions in this bay are those most attractive to the fish of these small lakes. The following species were found here: red-bellied dace, Cayuga minnow, black-head minnow, silvery minnow, Leiiciscus 7ieogaeus, Iowa darter, brook stickleback, common perch, homed dace, white sucker, mud minnow, and common pike. The first five species listed associate closely with each other, forming- dense, compact schools that tend to gather in peripheral depressions, getting as near the marsh as possible but apparently not entering it. They were probably finding food especia'ly abundant near it. Dis- sections showed that diatoms, alga filaments, and insects were being eaten. Sticklebacks were abundant and very generally distributed in this bay; they were not in company with other fish or noticeably with each other. They rest, apparently motionless, off the bottom, and when the muck is disturbed they quickly gather about the cloud so made, evidently looking for food. Only one mud minnow was caught and this in the minnow trap placed on the bottom near the middle and deepest part of the bay. This species may be abundant in this bay, but because of the habit of hiding in the mud (Gill, 1904), few could be captured with nets. The Iowa darters could be seen "creeping" over the surface of the muck SHIRAS EXPEDITIONS TO WIIITEFISH POINT. 133 bottom, leaving little trails behind them. A few ])ike.s were noted in and about this bay. A few dragon fly larvae {Somaiochlora sp.) and many small Sphacri- ums (Sphaeriwn rhomhoideum) and a few snails (Physa heterostropha, and PIano)-bis antrosus striatus) were the aquatic invertebrates found at this station in making fish collections. Some tadpoles and a turtle were noted. A solitary sandpiper w^as flushed, and a kingfisher re^ mained about the station, and now and then its splash could l^e heard as it struck the Avater, or it could be seen to dash from a dead tamarack to the place where fish were schooling. Recently used channels and other evidences made it appear that beavers were frequenting this bay at the time the field work was being done. These animals certainly constitute a dynamic feature in the aquatic life of this bay. Another bay (Station 52) with similar conditions to that of Station 55 is a short cfistance east of Station 55 and connected with the bay called Station 53 (Plate XXA). It is oval in surface form and some fifty by eighty feet in diameter, A deposit of muck some six or seven feet thick exists here. In all probability the bay w^as dug out by beavers. Hundreds of fish were seen here on every visit. They were similar in relative numbers and manner of association to those of Station 55. The following were collected: red-bellied minnow, Cayuga minnow, black-head minnow, silvery minnow, Leuciscus neogaeiis, Iowa darter, brook stickleback, and common sucker. Shrub-bordered Shoal. In a number of places small shrubs (Myrica Gale) form fringes about the edges of these lakes. Fish find seclusion near and among the submerged bases of these plants. Station 59 (Plate XXB) and Station 71 (Plate XXII A) are the examples of this type studied. Pikes w^ere frequently seen here, apparently in ambush. Red-bellied dace, Cayuga minnows, black-head minnows, and brook' sticklebacks were also often found and schools of large common suckers stayed about the gale fringe of Station 59. Many of the suckers Avere a foot or a little more in length, and dozens of them were seen at every visit to the place, although none were noted elsewhere in the marsh lakes except for a few at Station 55. This may have been due to the unusually deep water, about three feet, along this shore. Sponges were abundant on submerged gale ]>ranches. Those col- lected were Spongilla lacustris. Ami)hii)ods {Hyaklla knickerhockeri), dragon-fly larvae {Tetragoneura sp.) and dipterous larvae {Chironomus sp. and Ceratopogon sp.) were also noted. Water Lily Association in Shallow Water. A place of this kind is Station IIG (Plate XXIVA). A large school of small perch, about an inch and a half long, and also many little minnows, an inch or less in length, were found in this habitat. 134 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. Marsh Areas. The water in the sedge marsh close to the lake is frequented by mud minnows and a good many small examples of other species common in the lakes. The latter was composed of black-head minnows, brook sticklebacks, Iowa darters, Leuciscus neogaeus, and silvery minnows. These were mostly about an inch in length and were caught chiefly in the marsh near Station 55 and at Station 115. When the marshes are artificially flooded, the small fish of the lakes are said to go over them in large numbers. The marshes are undoubt- edly used as breeding grounds for pike in the spring, and people living at Vermilion tell of their coming into these places at that time. Some water insects and other invertebrates were taken in the marsh. Mosquitoes were very numerous. A few specimens belonging to the species, Anopheles quadrimaculatus, were caught. About the bases of the sedge plants some dragon fly larvae (Plathemis lydia and Somata- chlora) were taken, also a few snails {Planorbis anirosus striatus and Physa heterostropha) . Beaver Channels and Pools in the Marsh. These are narrow passages through the marsh dug by beavers. Some of them are quite deep and extensive as at Station 51. These lead to houses, a number of which are on the island in the east part of Beaver Lake. The passages are from about two to seven feet in width and three or four feet deep, and have a great deal of the soft muck on their bottoms. Five radiating from the house and one connecting the channel system with the lake are present at this station. Many small fish frequented them, but no collections of them were made. To what extent beavers are a factor in forming little bays like Station 52 and 55, is an interesting problem. It can readily be seen how a group of radial channels like those of Sta- tion 51 could start one of these bays by being widened till the marsh between them is obliterated. Wooded Lake Border. Stations 85 and 110 are of this type. Trees here prodiice much shade, which is the chief characteristic of this type of habitat. Much submerged brush is present, which furnishes hiding places for small fish. On the shore with trees are many shrubs, logs, fallen limbs, and much herbage, including sedge growths. The lake margin is cut up by little bays or channels that are numerous on the swamp floor. The following species were caught along wooded shores: black-head minnow, red-bellied dace, Leuciscus neogaeus, Cayuga minnow, brook stickleback, and common pike. Pikes find many retreats in the shore indentations. Black-head minnows were numerous at Station 85, and hundreds of them crowded up into the little bays and channels. Brook sticklebacks also fre- quented these places in some numbers. Attached to the submerged SHIRAS EXPEDITIONS TO WHITEFISH TOINT. 135 brush were many sponges (Myenia fluviatilis ostrosperma) as well as dragon-fly larvae, leeches, snails and other invertebrates. The marsh lakes have three small outlet streams in the Vermilion region, called by the writer, Vermilion Creek, Cranberry Creek, and Wetherhog Creek (Fig. 3). Vermilion Creek flows from a pool at the junction of three channels (Station 24, Fig. 3), the largest of which extends southward to I3eaver Lake. It is, for the most part, an artificially dredged ditch with a board dam, which has a controllable spillway so the water may be made to rise in the several ditches of the cranberry marshes to flood them. According to many observations th(^ creek above the dam has a fish fauna like that of the marsh lakes. Below the dam, the stream is irregular in width and depth, perhaps six or seven feet on the average and shallow except for a few "holes" where the water is still and nearly two feet deep with mud bottom and growths of pondweeds, filamentous algae, and other aquatic plants. These are favorite places for brook sticklebacks. AVhere the creek cuts under the bank small brook trout find hiding places from which they are easily captured with a dip net. Fish were seldom seen out in the open stream, but stayed in deep places. Their absence here may have been clue to blue herons which feed along this creek (Plate XXIVB). The following fish were taken in this part of the stream (Station 22) : brook stickleback, brook trout, silvery minnow, common sucker, and Leucisciis neogaeus. A number of other animals were taken in the few net collections made at Station 22. Among these were: two kinds of leeches {Eroydella punctata and JIaemopsis marmoratus) , crayfish {Camharus virilis), dragon-fly larvae {Somatochlorasp., Gomphus sp., and Aeschna sp.)^ water bugs {Lithocerus sp.), water beetles, and snails {Physa hetero- stropha). Tadpoles were abundant in shallow tributaries of this creek and a number of frogs were seen about it. . At Vermilion the creek is covered with a tramwaj^ made of heavy timbers and driven piles. It extends out into Lake Superior about a hundred and fifty feet as a strong pier (Plate XIIB, background). The separated overhead cross timbers of this structure put the creek in heavy shade like a woodland stream. No leafy plants develop from its sandy bottom or shore. It is a few feet wide, rather swift, and but a few inches deep, except in a few restricted areas where it is two feet or so deep. 'The following fish were caught under this tramAvay (Sta- tion 21) : brook trout, common sucker, long-nosed sucker, red-bellied dace, common perch, burbot, and common sculpin. The trout here are small, but one nearly a foot long was seen. They were all found beneath submerged objects in the deeper parts of the creek. Schools of little suckers wandered into the creek short dis- 136 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. tances from the Lake Superior shoal. Twelve large examples of long- nosed dace, a little over three inches in length, were caught in a de- pression of the creek bottom, where the water is about two feet deep, just above the stream mouth. This very small and restricted region is the only place in the whole area studied, where any but very small long-nosed dace were taken. These large ones from Station 21 were eating black-fly larvae, which made up all of the material in the in- testines of four of the dace opened. The other species from this station, listed above, were scarce. The burbot was caught in the small fyke net set across the creek just above its mouth so as to catch entering fish. It is possible that burbots visit the creek at night for food. Cranberry Creek is a short stream which cuts through the sand ridge along the Lake Superior beach a short distance east of Vermilion (Plate XI VB). On the beach it spreads out into a long, shallow pond (Station 31, Plate XVA). The part of the creek through the sand ridge (Station 30) was the only part examined. Here it runs some two hundred feet below a small road bridge, winding about making pools and narrows ; the former are as deep as three feet and as wide as fifteen feet, while at the narrows the creek is constricted to two or three feet •and is but a few inches deep. The water is clear but slightly stained brown; it is swift, and moderate in temperature (68° F. at times when the principal collections were made). The bottom is of clean dune :sand except in pools where much organic debris has collected. The banks are high, with scant vegetation, and are well-lighted. The following species of fish were taken in Cranberry Creek: brook trout, iblack-nosed dace, Leuciscus neogaeus, horned dace, common sucker, and iDrook stickleback. The small, deep pools with overhanging banks harbored a number of small brook trout, but this was the only species well represented; only a few of each of the others listed being found. Wetherhog Creek is a short stream running from below a dam at the €nd of Wetherhog Lake and expanding in a beach pond. The creek is wide and very shallow and concealed by bushes for much of its course. Fish were scarce in it, and few little perch and some Iowa darters were the only ones taken in many hauls. Shelldrake Lake. The lake that lies in the course of the Shelldrake River some two miles southeast of Vermilion (map Fig. 3 and Plate XXV A) is in general similar to the larger of the marsh lakes just described. It is perhaps a little over a half mile in length by a quarter of a mile in ^^ddth. An extensive shoal is present and apparenth^ a large deep water SHIRAS EXPEDITIONS TO WHITEFISH POINT. 137 area, but this coukl not be examined. The l)ottom of the shoal is of hard sand with a tliin layer of humus over it in many places and much vegetation occurs in this shallow water, although irregularly distributed. Partly submerged bulrushes, yellow water lilies, scouring rushes {Equi- ■setiim) form large and conspicuous patches; and along the marshy shore at the west end are rank growths of Sagittaria, cat-tails, and sweet gale, as well as sedges, grasses, and other plants. Under the water are pontl-weeds, bladderworts, tape grass, and water milfoil. Sponges produce conspicuous tufts and incrustation on submerged brush and other objects; some collected were Myenia fluviatilis and Spongilla fragilis. Leeches were common, and two forms were taken, Haemopsis marmoraius and Placobdella rugosa. Some isopods {Man- caseUus tenax) were found. Larvae of May-flies (Heptagenia), some water bugs (Corixa), and a few whirl-i-gig beetles {Gyrinus canadensis) , were the aquatic insects taken. The more detailed observations on the fish were made at Station 142 (Plate XXVB). Small perch were very abundant here but they stayed about the water lily zone. Good-sized Cayuga minnows were in large schools on the shoal but chiefly on parts where the water lilies were absent and thus not associated closely with the perch. A few small pikes were found in the sweet gale zone along the shore here. One good-sized one (about nineteen inches long) was captured beneath the gale. The species of fish taken at this station were as follows: com- mon perch, Cayuga minnow, spot-tailed minnow, common sucker, common pike, black-sided darter, Johnny darter, and common sculpin. In the large marsh area at the west end of the lake and cut through by Shelldrake River, one or two specimens of each of the following were caught: mud minnow, common pike, Johnny darter, and com- mon sculpin. A small crayfish, Cambarus propinquus, was taken here with the fish. Shelldrake River. A portion of Shelldrake River, about a half mile in length, l}'ing about two miles southeast of Vermilion and about a quarter of a mile above Shelldrake Lake, was examined by wading the entire length, of this portion and dipping with the hand seine in all places likelv to have fish. This part of the stream winds through a sAvamp Avith alders, spruces, birches, pines, and other trees, which produce a very dense growth (Plate XXVIA). It averages here i^erhaps thirty feet in Avidth, but in places narroAvs to a feAv feet and Avidens to as much as fifty feet. The Avater is clear, and \''ery free of sediment but stained. The bottom is of hard, firm sand and is bare almost everyAvhere except that it is 138 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. covered with humus in depressions or about plant growths. The depth is mostly less than two feet, but very irregular, with many shoals and pools, some five or more feet deep. Wading could be done, however^ almost everywhere. The water was cold (63° F. on the day when the examinations of this part of the stream were made), and almost every- where with a good current, but there are no rapids. Water plants were abundant in the swifter parts of the stream, forming oblong patches; the principal ones of these were tape grass, stoneworts, or slender- leaved pondweeds, and Vaticheria, the latter forming bottom mats or tufts. Sponges {Myenia fluviatilis) were found, and crayfish {Camharus propinquus and C. virilis) were caught. Water insects were usually in evidence. On the surface, were many water-striders and whirl-i-gig beetles {Gyrinus ventralis and G. canadensis). Beneath the surface, black-fly larvae were abundant on the leaves of tape grass, and some dragon-fly and May-fly larvae and caddice-worms were caught. Small bugs (Arctocorisa niiida) were taken in quantities in the seine. A few snails (Physa gyrina) were collected. Small tadpoles were seen on quiet marginal shoals. Frogs and small toads {Bufo ainericanus) were frequently seen along the shore of the stream. Kingfishers were absent, which may have been due to the scarcity of small fish. Some beaver work was noted, but these mammals probably influenced the meager fish fauna of the river to a very slight degree. All conditions appeared to be favorable for a large fish fauna, but nevertheless fish were surprisingly few both as species and individuals. This part of the river looked like a fine trout stream but no trout were found in it by the writer or anyone else, according to good testimony. Brook trout are in the south fork of Shelldrake River, according to information received; and they have been planted there but apparently not elsewhere in the river. The following species of fish were caught in Shelldrake River: common sculpin, long-nosed dace, common pike, common sucker, Cayuga minnow, common perch, and long-eared sunfish (?). The first three species are apparently the only ones at all generally distributed in the part of the stream examined, and sculpins are much more common than the others. A number of long-nosed dace were caught, but they were all very small. These, with the sculpins, were taken in the masses of stoneworts, tape grass and pondweeds that grow in the swift parts of the stream. The presence of so many sculpins may be an important factor in keeping trout from the stream for they are well-knowoi destroyers of trout eggs. One sculpin opened had been eating a large burrowing May-fly larva and some other insects. Small pike were frequently seen along the quiet margins. A sculpin two SHIRAS EXPEDITIONS TO WHITEFISH POINT. 139 inches long was taken from a ])ike ten inches long. Another, smaller pike had eaten some small fish that were too badly digested for identifi- cation, and still another had fed upon insects. The suckers were scarce. All seen were little fish in a small school. The sunfish (two taken in a small bay with a muddy bottom) were the only members of the sunfish family found by the writer in the Whitefish Point region. A little perch, the only one caught in the river, was caught in the net with these sunfish. Conditions in Shelldrake River, thus, appear to be favorable for but one kind of fish, the common sculpin. The other species were not thriving there and were represented b}' few or small individuals. LIST OF SPECIES. The list below contains the data on thirty species of fish represented in the collections made in the Whitefish Point region by the writer. Following this is a hypothetical list giving names of species whose presence was not ascertained by the writer's data, but from published notes on their distribution and from statements made by people living in the region, the fish listed probably in some cases, possibly in others, belong to the fauna of northern Chippewa County. When there was opportunity to do so, color descriptions were made of fish fresh from the water or from aquarium specimens. Ridgway's Color Standard and Nomenclature (1912) was used in this work. Dimensions of fish are stated in inches and tenths of inches. The lengths given are total ones, from the tip of the snout to the tip of the caudal fin. 1. Coregonus clwpeaformis (Mitchill). Labrador Whitefish. — White- fish are abundant in Lake Superior, but they are chiefly in a zone where the depth is between sixty and a hundred feet (Paul Reighard 1910). This zone is close to the shore at the east end of the region, at Whitefish Point, but westward it departs farther and farther from the shore and is about eight miles out at Vermilion. The proximity of the area to the shore at Whitefish Point makes it very available to fishermen; hence the importance of the fishery there. Moore (1895) states that the best whitefish grounds on Lake Superior are at Whitefish Point. Goode (1884) calls attention to the importance of the fishing grounds here and to the many whitefish caught and the large size of some of them; he states that in seventy-four barrels of whitefish taken at one time, none were under six pounds and records one sj^ecimen that weighed twenty-three pounds. Mr, Robert Carlson informs the writer that about thirty tons of whitefish are taken at the Point every year, and the largest one that he knows of taken there weighed twenty-six pounds. It is known that Labrador whitefish migrate shoreward, apparently to feed on insects, in the summer (Nash. 1908 and Patton 1912), and 140 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. apparently the catching of a few adults, each nearly a foot long, in about eight feet of water at Vermilion in August 1913, is evidence of such a movement. One of these fish had in its stomach insects of several kinds, some of which were winged. In summer insects un- doubtedly fall in the water in large numbers along the shore. The specimens collected from the deeper part of the shoal (Station 2) agree well with the description of Coregonus chipeaformis, given by Jordan and Evermann (1911), but there is a possibility that some or all of them were Lake Erie Whitefish, Coregonus alhus, many of which have been planted in Lake Superior. Mr. H. H. Marks says that fish packers can distinguish the two forms, and Mr. Carlson reports two types in the region, those with dark backs and those with backs more yellowish in color. From all this information it appears likely that C. aJhus is a valid species and is found in the Whitefish Point region. Eighteen little whitefish, 3 to 3.5 inches in length, were found in a lot of small herring of similar size to them on the shoal of Lake Superior, at Stations 1 and 5 (Plate XXVIIIB). These were undoubtedly either alhus or dupeajormis (Hankinson 1914) and perhaps both were repre- sented in the schools. A typical one of these is described as follows: length, 3.5 inches; head in body, 4; depth in body, 5; eye in head, 3.5; snout in head, 3.5; interorbital space in head, 3.5; ventral line of caudal peduncle, 2.3; least depth of caudal peduncle in head, 3; dorsal rays, 12; anal rays, 12; branchiostegals, 8; gill-rakers, 10 plus 16; scales in lateral line, 75. The writer has been unable to find a record in the literature of white- fish beyond the fry stage as small as these taken at Vermilion. Kendall (1903), writing of Coregonus clupeaformis, says, "It is not known to the writer that the young of this species has been observed, except the fry at fish hatcheries, or where they are to be found after leaving their birthplace in the thoroughfares and streams, or at what age they leave these places. It is probable that when quite young, they go to deep water, where, having thus escaped their enemies in the streams, they become the prey of rapacious fishes of the lakes." G. B. Goode (1884) says, "Relative to the movements of the whitefish in Lake Superior, Mr. George Barnston is of the opinion that the young and immature whitefish confine their range entirely to shallow water near shore. He states that pound nets in twenty to forty feet of water catch great numbers seven to eight inches long. From the fact that none have been found in lake trout stomachs, he infers the young whitefish are not in deep water where the trout dwell." Eight of the little whitefish were opened and their food examined. The principal data are given below: SHIRAS EXPEDITIONS TO WHITEFISH POINT. in Size of fish, inches. Entomostracans. Chirono- mid larvae. Winged insects. Miscellaneous , insects. Algae. *2 4 Bosmina, Cyclops. . . . Copepoda Several One 1 2 Chironomid pupae Ulothrix zonata 2.5 Copepods and Clado- cera Ulothrix zonata 1.9 Copepods .3.5 Copepods and Clado- cera Few Few One Several Insect legs Few One Insect pupae Ulothrix zonata 3 Copepods . . Ulothrix zonata 2.4 *3 Bosmina, Diaptomus Ulothrix zonata ♦Stomach contents examined and identified by Chaney Juday. The young whitefish, as shown above, were eating entomostracans freely, and this appears to be the chief food of those found near Ver- milion. Chironomids were also taken by them in important n\imbers. In general the food of the young whitefish appears to be like that of the adult (S. I. Smith, 1873a, Forbes 1883a, Hankinson 1908, and Patton 1912). No evidence was obtained that whitefish spawn in the Vermilion region; a sandy bottom like the one there is unfavorable for this activity according to most writers. Leathers (1911), however, tells of their spawning on the broad sand flats in Huron County, ]VIichi- gan. Mr. Robert Carlson informs the writer that whitefish spawn near Whitefish Point. 2. Coregonus quadrilateralis (Richardson). Menominee Whitefish. — This species was found common on the deeper part of the shoal near Vermilion (Station 2). Those taken were of edible size, a little over a foot long. Two typical specimens opened had been eating principally amphipods; one had these only in its stomach, and the other had mis- cellaneous insect remains in addition to them. 3. Leucichthys harengus (Richardson). Saginaw Bay Herring. — The many herrings found in the deeper part of the Lake Superior shoal are probably of this species for they agree with the description given of L. harengus by Jordan and Evermann (1911), who state that "The ordinary herring of Lake Superior are placed provisionally under Leucichthys harengus, of which they constitute a tangible variety or subspecies, distinguished by the larger size, the more cylindrical form, and, in general, by the still smaller adipose fin. But these characters are average only, and are subject to much variation, hence we refrain from regarding the Lake Superior herring a distinct species." Large schools of little herring, two to three inches long, were fre- quently seen close to the shore, at Stations 1 and 5, but preferring the latter where there is a broad sandy area. Here they formed compact schools, which had remarkable coordination and rapidity of movements, making it difficult to get them with a seine. Associated with them 142 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. were a few young whitefish and other species. These young herrings were, in all probabiHty, the same species as the adults taken from the deeper shoal, but since there are at least four other Leucichthys in Lake Superior (L. swpernas, L. cyanopterus, L. zenithicus, and L. tullibee), whose young are apparently unkno^vn in this body of water, it is possible that they also have young representatives on the shoal. The coloration of one of the large herrings from Station 2, just as it was taken from the water, was as follows: upper parts, yellowish olive, except for a porcelain green streak just back of the dorsal fin; lower parts white, with light pinkish lilac reflections on the sides; dorsal and caudal fins olive; lower fins white. The very small herrings caught close to shore were similar in color to the large ones, but they were paler and more silvery on the sides. Many lake herrings are caught at the Whitefish Point fishery. Mr. Carlson reports sixty tons taken there in 1914. They Constituted the chief food fish for residents of Vermilion during the time the writer was in the region, and they are of much importance to these people. Many of them were discarded as unfit for food on account of parasitic worms in them. These were of two types: nematodes in coiled masses in the coelome and cestodes embedded in the flesh of the back. Four small ones were examined as to their food, which was found to consist entirely of entomostracans, chiefly Cyclops viridis hrevispinosus. Forbes (1888) and Juday (1907) give notes on the food of Lake Herrings. G. B. Goode (1884) considers them great destroyers of whitefish eggs. 4. Leucichthys tullibee (Richardson)? Tullibee. — A tullibee was taken by a fisherman at Station 2, in a gill net (Plate XXVIII). In depth of body, size of eye, and number of branchiostegals, it is more like L. manitoulinis than L. tullibee, but it is most like the latter in length of head, maxillary, and anal fin and in the number of gill-rakers and scales before the dorsal fin. It, therefore, seems best to assign it to the species tullibee, but not with positiveness, because these char- acters are apparently variable (see table page 33, Jordan and Ever- mann 1911), because either species may be found in Lake Superior, and because the writer is able to examine but one specimen of tullibee and is unable at present to compare this with type specimens. The following descriptive notes were made on this fish: Length, 10.6 inches; length to base of caudal fin, 8.5 inches; depth in length (to base of caudal) 3.3; adipose fin in eye, 1.3; eye in head 4.4; caudal peduncle, 2.5 in head; head in length, 4.3; dorsal fin with 12 developed rays; anal with 12 rays; scales in lateral line, 74; branchiostegals, 8; SHIRAS EXPEDITIONS TO WHITEFISH POINT. 143 gill rakers, 16 + 32; color (fresh from water of the lake) upper parts bluish graj' ; lower parts Avhite with brassy reflections on the sides. 5. Salmo irideus Gibbons. Rainbow Trout. — One specimen was taken at Station 2. It was about a foot in length, and in color was bluish slate a})ovc and white Ijelow, sides silvery with pinkish reflections, many small black spots scattered over the back and sides as well as the dorsal and caudal fins, which had a ground color like that of the back; lower fins white. Four small fish, each about three inches in length, distended the stomach of this trout. They were badly digested, but there can be little doubt but that they are little herring. The species is not native to Lake Superior, but it has been introduced in waters comiected with it. Fishermen say that they are frequently taken in Lake Superior in the Whitefish Point region. ToA\Tisend (1902) records the capture of three at Whitefish Point, and of a large one, weighing seven pounds, taken there on July 9, 1900. 6. Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill). Eastern Brook Trout. — Com- mon in a number of places in the Whitefish Point region, in Lake Superior, in the lower part of Vermilion Creek, in lower Cranberry Creek; and one was found in the beach pond into which Wetherhog Creek flows. None were seen in the marsh lakes or in Shelldrake lliver or Lake. Li Lake Superior, the fish are of edible size, usually about a foot long. Here many were seen and some were caught in about six feet of water about Clarke's pier (Station 2). The following notes were made on a typical specimen from here just after it was taken from the water: length, 10.5 inches; color very pale compared with stream fish; a light bluish-green above, with faint marblings of a slightly darker shade of this color; sides silverj^ gray with lilac reflections and ■with a few indistinct spots, some white and some red ; dorsal and caudal fins yellowish-green with dark mottlings; the other fins and the lower ]xirts of the fish white. All of the fish caught elsewhere than in Lake Superior were small; the dozen or so examples taken were 3 to 8.5 inches in length. The largest one of these was of a light yellowish-green above and white below; the sides had l)road, slaty, transverse bands or "parr marks," which are found on small brook trout, and had conspicuous bright red spots. In the small streams the brook trout were never seen unless dis- turbed, and then they would dart from beneath Ixanks or other hiding , places and back to near the same place; never swimming any distance in the creek before finding a retreat. A small trout found under a water-logged piece of timber in the beach pond at Station 122, re- 144 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. mained under this even when it was dragged on the bottom or rolled over; and it moved out far enough to be caught in the seine only after many attempts were made to dislodge it. The food of brook trout in the region is, in all probability, chiefly insects, as it is in the other places where the food of the species has been examined (Needham and Macgillivray 1903 and Juday 1907). One fish from a stream had remains of insects in its alimentary canal, in- cluding \vinged forms, and one from Lake Superior had eaten a fly and a small fish. The brook trout is a well-known game fish in eastern North America and a species that attracts many fishermen to northern Michigan, thus benefitting the state (Dickerson 1904 and Newcombe 1904); but no evidence could be found that the Whitefish Point region is ever visited by trout fishermen. In fact, the species appears to be of little value to the few people living there. None large enough for food are in the streams, and the ones in Lake Superior are only to be caught in small numbers and then ^vith difficulty. 7. Catostomus catostomus (Forster). Long-nosed Sucker. — These suckers were frequently taken with common suckers from Station 2, but they were not as common as the latter. Three typical specimens (10.5-16 inches long) were preserved. In color they were as follows: dark greenish-olive finely spotted with Hght greenish-yellow due ta each scale having a center of that color; sides yellow with metallic re- flections; below white with a pinkish tinge, dorsal and caudal find similar to the back in color; lower fins of a light reddish brown. The only other place where this species was found was in the beach pond at Station 31, where three little ones were caught. 8. Catostomus commersonii (Lacepede). Common Sucker. — Abundant in the shallow water of Lake Superior, both close to the shore, where schools of many little ones were frequentlj^ found, and farther out in eight or more feet of water, where many individuals about 1| feet long were taken. Schools of the little suckers entered Vermilion Creek to feed near its mouth and also the beach ponds freely connectes with the lake (Stations 31 and 121). None were found in Mason's Creek or the connecting ponds on the Lake Superior beach. They were only locally abundant in the marsh lakes, since they were only found along the north shore of Beaver Lake, chiefly at Station 59 (Plate XXB). Some were present in Shelldrake River and in Shell- drake Lake, but they appeared uncommon here. All of the little fish from close to the Lake Superior shore, chiefly in one or two feet of water, as well as those from the beach ponds were very uniform in size and appearance, commonly about 2.5 inches long. One of the larger fish (16.5 inches long) from the deeper shoal (Station SHIRAS EXPEDITIONS TO WHITEFISH POINT. 145 2) was in color like the others taken there. It was of a dark greenisli- oUve above with numerous Ughter spots of the same color due to each scale having a center of a lighter shade. Tlie lower parts were white, and the sides had l^rassy, metallic reflections. The suckers in Beaver Lake ar(^ ciuite large. Many of them were about a foot in length, and they moved in large schools in two or three feet of water along the gale zone on the north side (Station 59). The three specimens caught there measured seven to eight inches in length. There was much food in their intestines composed of chironomid larvae^ filamentous algae, diatoms, and undeterminal)le material. Eight specimens of the little common suckers from Lake Superior shoal had beeci eating chironomid larvae, entomostracans, Ulothrix filaments, diatoms, and winged insects, with chironomids tiie principal food in each. Tracy (1910) says that these suckers eat young fish and fish eggs. Kendall and Goldborough (1908) found them feeding on black- fly larvae. Common suckers are probably an important source of food for lake trout in Lake Superior (Nash 1913). In Beaver Lake, large pikes were especially common at Station 59 Avhere these suckers predominated. Residents of Vermilion used them little if at all for the table although many were taken with nets. The fish were given to chickens. 9. Chrosomus enjthrogaster Rafinesque. Red-bellied Dace. — Red- bellied dace were found to be the most abundant of all the species of fish in the marsh lakes south and west of Vermilion, but in those east of Vermilion (Hay-Meadow, Mitten, and Wetherhog Lakes) the species is at least scarce for no examples could be found in the several large col- lections made in them and their outlet streams. Likewise, none were taken from Lake Superior, Shelldrake River, or Shelldrake Lake. A number were found in the few collections made at the north end of Little Lake. These dace preferred the shore regions of the small lakes in which they were found, especially the small deep bays ami beaver channels, and the neighborhood of submerged patches of sweet gale. The several hundred specimens cajitured ranged in length from .7 to 3 inches. The coloration of a few typical large ones was as follows: olive green above; white below, with two indistinct dark stripes along each side of the back above the two prominent lateral ones separated by an area of yellowish green. These linear markings furnish a ciuir- acter by which the species is readily identified in the Avat(>r. In some of the largest dace, the white lower parts were more or less red, a feature found in breeding males. The red-bellied dace were most often found in sciiools, commonly associated with other species, but usually predominating when present. Station 55 (a marsh bay of Beaver Lake) was an ideal place for them. 19 146 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. The immense schools of mmnows here contained more red-belHed dace than other species, but the followmg were also abundant in the schools : Leuciscus neogaeus, Cayuga minnow, black-head mimiow, and silvery minnow. The intestines of a number of the dace examined were filled with humus and many diatoms, alga filaments, and some pine pollen. Data on the food of the species is given by Forbes (1883), Needham (1908) and Ellis (1914). 10. Hyhognathus 7iuc1ialis Agassiz. Silver}- IMinnow. — This species was found to be abundant at Station 55, in schools with red-bellied dace and other species (see supra). A few were found in other parts of the marsh lakes, except those east of Vermilion, where there were none. They are also found in the beach ponds west of Vermilion. Nowhere were they of full size, except at Station 55 where conditions appeared unusually favorable for the species. One which was opened had been eating some insects including chironomid larvae and mud rich in diatoms. The hundred or so captured measured from 1 to 3.3 inches in length. One of the larger ones was colored as follows: light-yellowish olive above, below white with yellowish reflections, a distinct black lateral band, sides not silver}' as the}' usually are in this species. 11. Pimephales promelas Rafinesque. Blackhead Minnow. — The species is similar in distribution to the red-bellied dace and the silvery minnow in that it is abundant in the west group of marsh lakes near Vermilion and relatively scarce and of small size in the east group. Like the others, it also finds optimum conditions in marsh bays (Station 52, 53, and 55). It was common in the beach ponds at Mason's Creek, and some were found in Little Lake. Over two hundred of these minnows were taken; they measured from .7 to 2.5 inches in length. One of the larger specimens was of a light-yellowish olive above, fading to the white of the lower parts, and had a black, lateral stripe. Mud rich in diatoms was found in a few intestines examined. Forbes (1883) found the species eating mud and insects, and Fowler (1908) states that it eats green algae and mud. 12. Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitchill). Horned Dace. — Horned dace were uncommon in the Whitefish Point region. Small specimens .7 to 2.7 inches long were caught in Beaver Lake, in Cranberry Creek and in the beach ponds west of Vermilion. The last named place was the only one in which they were found to be at all common. 13. Leuciscus neogceus (Cope). This abundant species of minnow also belongs to the red-bellied dace association, and is very similar to it in distribution, except that it is fairly common in the east marsh SHIRAS EXPEDITIONS TO WHITEFISH POINT. 147 lakes. All of the specimens in the east lakes were small, however. Many occurred in the beach ponds of the Mason's Creek region, and some were found in a small shallow bay at the north end of Little Lake. A hundred or more specimens were taken, which were 1 to 3.4 inches long. In color a typical large one was light yellowish-olive above and yellowish-white below, with a whitish streak along each side of the body, and below this a grayish line, and then a jet black stripe. The sides in a few specimens were tinged with pink, which brightened anteriorly. This species resembles the red-bellied dace but differs from it in having a more robust form, a larger and more oblique mouth, and a single, not double, black lateral stripe. 14. Ahramis chrysoleucas (Mitchill). Golden Shiner. — Small golden shiners (1 to 1.3 inches long) were found in Mitten and in Wetherhog Lake, but none were taken elsewhere. 15. Notropis cayuga Meek. Cajmga Minnow. — Cayuga mimiows were common and verj- generally distributed in the Whitefish Point region. They were common in the upper beach ponds west of Ver- milion, in the west group of marsh lakes, and in Shelldrake Lake. A few were caught in Shelldrake River, and many were taken in the east marsh lakes, but these were small in size, not over 1.5 inches long, while most of the individuals caught in the west group (Beaver Lake and others) were about 2.5 inches long. The largest numbers were found at Station 55, where they belonged to the red-bellied dace asso- ciation. There is a tendency in most regions, however, for Cayuga minnows to school by themselves. Two large examples caught at Station 55 had been eating entomos- tracans, insects, and diatoms. 16. Notropis hudsonius (DeWitt Clinton). Spot-tailed Minnow. — The minnow appears uncommon in the region, except possibly in Shell- drake Lake. Six were obtained from Lake Superior close to shore in two feet or less of water; ih&y were small, an inch or less in length, ex- cept one, which was a fine large specimen 3.5 inches long. This large specimen answers more closely to the description of tyjiical A"", hud- sonius than it does to A^. hudsonius selenc, which is considered to be the typical Lake Superior form. The other fish were too small for sub- species determination. The only other place where spot-tailed minnows were found in the region was Shelldrake Lake, where many little ones, less than an inch long were found in the collections made along its northwest shore (Station 142. Plate XXVB). 17. Rhinichthys cataradae (Cuvier and Valenciennes). T^ong-nosed Dace. — This fish was found in one xevy restricted region, — a deep area under the pier in Vermilion Creek, and close to Lake Superior. Twelve large ones (3 inches long on the average) were caught here (Plate 148 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. XXVIIB). In but two other places were long-nosed dace taken, — in Shelldrake River and on the Lake Superior shoal at Station 1, and these were small (about 1.5 inches). It was quite common in the river, and was found among thick plant growths in swift water. One of the large fish from Vermilion Creek was grayish olive-green above and on the sides, under parts pinkish white, an indistinct dark, lateral band, the fins and head with a pinkish tinge. 18. Rhinichthys atronasus lunatus (Cope). Black-nosed Dace. — This species is also much restricted in the region and not at all associated with the long-nosed dace. It is abundant in the beach ponds formed by Mason's Creek, but was found elsewhere only in Cranberry Creek, where it appeared scarce. The eighty or more caught were from 1.5 and 3 inches in length. 19. Umbra limi (Kirtland). IVIud Minnow\ — ]\Iud minnows are common in the shallow water of the marshes about the marsh lakes, and they are also found in some numbers in these lakes, but little in- formation could be obtained concerning their abundance and dis- tribution on account of the difficulty of getting them from the dense vegetation and the deep mud of their habitats in which they are said to retreat on being approached (Gill, 1904). Station 101 (Plate XXIII B) is a typical habitat for this species in the Whitefish Point region. A single specimen w^as found in the stomach of a pike taken in Wether- hog Lake. The twenty-two specimens collected measured 1 to 3.3 inches in length. 20. Esox lucius Linnaeus. Common Pike. — Fish of this species are common in the marsh lakes and in Shelldrake Lake and River. None were found elsew^iere in the region, but in all probability it occurs in Lake Superior (Townsend 1902). Individuals reach a large size in the marsh lakes, at least in the west group, just south and west of Vermilion, where some \er\ large ones were seen. A specimen 30 inches long caught on a trolling hook in this habitat weighed 65 pounds. In color it was black on the back, sides gray, with scattered spots of greenish-yellow, lower parts yellow- ish-white. A pike 19 inches long was taken in Shelldrake Lake by the writer. These large pikes preferred the deeper water of the marsh lakes and the cover of vegetation, such as gale growths. A numljer WTre usually seen at Station 59, perhaps to prey on the suckers that schooled there. Small ones (four to ten inches) were common in shallow bays of these lakes and of Shelldrake River. The stomachs of the small pike caught were for the most part empty. One had eaten a mud minnow and a leech; in another, from Shelldrake River, a sculpin was found. SHIRAS EXPEDITIONS TO WIIITEFISH POINT. 149 The pike is a ^vell-kno^^^l predator. Notes on its food are given by Forbes 78, '88, and '88a, Kirsch '94, Marshall and Gilbert '05, and Reighard '13a. Besides fish they sometimes eat crayfish, other crus- taceans, water insects, and leeches. Residents of the Vermilion region seldom use the pike for food; its flesh is said to be "wormy." The large specimen caught in the marsh lakes had flesh of the usual good (|ualit}' for the si:)ecies, and no para- sites were evident in it. Pikes are said to be detrimental in the region by catching wild ducklings and young muskrats. The marshes about the small lakes must furnish excellent breeding places for pikes in the early spring, and according to information given by residents many frequent these places at that time. 21. Fundulus diaphanus menona (Jordan and Copeland). Barred Killifish. — Seven (1-3 inches) were caught from two diverse and separ- ated regions; five from the Mason's Creek pools and two from the west end of Mitten Lake. The species is poorly represented in the region. 22. Eucalia inconstans (Kirtland). Brook Stickleback. — The brook stickleback is very common and generally distributed in the Whitefish Point region. It was found in all of the bodies of water examined, except Shelldrake River and Lake. Only two, very small ones were taken in Lake Superior. They were numerous in the beach ponds connected with Mason's Creek, and the pool beneath the beaver dam here appeared to have optimum conditions. Many were also ob- served in Vermilion Creek, where they prefer deep, quiet pools with much algae and other vegetation. While they are numerous in Beaver Lake and others of the west group, thej^ are scarce in the east group, the beaver dam at Station 110 apparently marking the limit of their eastward extention in this system of small lakes. They are very common in Little Lake, at least at its north end. The sticklebacks were easily seen and distinguished in the water, and they were usually suspended, apparently motionless, off the bottom. When the ])ottom soil is disturbed they ciuickly gather al)out the cloud, evidently looking for food. They appear to be insectivorous in the region for insects with a little algae made up the stomach contents of the few opened. The two hundred or more specimens collected were from .7 to 2.7 inches in length. 23. Pygosteus pungitus (Linnaeus). Nine-spined Stickleback. — This species was not found elsewhere than in Lake Sii])erior, where it is exceedingly a})undant, outnumbering by far all other kinds of fish found there. Th(> (niormous schools came shoreward in quiet, warm weather, where the}- remained a short distance out from shore in about 150 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. a foot of water. They were not closely associated with the other §mall fish, but a few small suckers and young herring were occasionally with them. For some reason, they avoided all but the sandy bottoms and in no instance were these schools seen over the pebble zone, although often close to its margin. The sixteen specimens opened had been eating entomostracans. The material appeared to be the same in all of the fish, and it was of an orange color and showed through the thin body walls of most of the several hundred captured. The contents of twelve stomachs were sent to Mr. Chancey Juday, who determined the material as fragments of Cyclops viridis, hrevispinosus, Diaptomus ashlandi, and Bosmina long- irostris. It will be seen that these hoards of little sticklebacks were eating the same objects as were the young whitefish and herrings. They are, thus, of some economic interest as competitors of these more useful fish. 24. Lepomis 7negalotis (Rafinesque) (?). — Two small sunfish were taken in a little bay having about a foot of water and a mud bottom in Shelldrake River. These were the only sunfish, in fact the only mem- bers of the Centrarchidae found by the writer in the Whitefish Point region. They were each about 1.5 inches long. While they answer well to the descriptions of L. megalotis and resemble specimens of that species, the present state of our knowledge of Lepomis, makes it impossible to identify with certainty such small specimens as these, especially since they came from a region remote from any where sunfish have hereto- fore been thoroughly studied. 25. Perca flavescens (Mitchill). Yellow Perch. — Perch were com- mon and the most generally distributed of all the fish in the Whitefish Point region, according to the writer's notes. Many small ones (1 to 1.5 inches long) were present on the shoal of Lake Superior, either solitary, in schools, by themselves or in schools of small suckers and herring. They did not appear to associate with the sticklebacks. They are uncommon in the beach ponds, and none were found in those not freely connected with Lake Superior. The marsh lakes con- tained many perch, both large and small, and here also they were found as solitary individuals and in schools, the latter being always made up of perch of about the same size. Companies of large perch appeared to wander freely about in some of the marsh lakes, not clinging to the neighborhood of the shores as most of the smaller lake fish did. They tended, however, to remain in the deeper water, from which they were readily caught with hooks baited with leeches. In the northwest corner of Shelldrake Lake conditions seemed to be SHIRAS EXPEDITIONS TO WHITEFISH POINT. 151 very favorable for young i:)erch for large nuiiil)ers of them \ver(> found about the water lily growth there. Some of the large perch from Station 24 of the marsh lakes were colored as follows: light yellowish olive above with transverse bands of olivaceous black, sides yellowish-white, undor parts white, pectoral and anal fins greenish j-ellow, ventral fins reddisli orange. One fish, 8 inches long, from Station 24, had eaten two leeches and a caddice larva. In the stomachs of four little ]ierch from the Lake- Superior shoal were entomostracans (Cyclops viricJis hrevispinosus and Diapiomus ashlandi), which w^re the same as those making up the bulk of the material in the stomachs of the young Avhitefish, herring, and sticklebacks found in the same habitat. Notes on the food of this- species are given by S. I. Smith (1873a), who found them eating small fish, spawn of fish, and dipterous larvae, and 1)y Forbes (1880), who obtained from stomachs of adults, mollusks, crustaceans, insects, and small fish, and in the stomachs of the young entomostracans and Chir- ononms. Forbes (1890a) records perch eating large, red Chiron- omus larvae in certain Wisconsin lakes. Marshall and Gilbert (1905) state that perch eat insect larvae, snails, crayfish, some other crusta- ceans, minnows, fish spawn, plankton, and plants. Perch are eaten by at least two species of fish found in the Whitefish Point region, the common pike and the burbot (Reighard 1913 and Forbes 1888). G. B. Goode (1884) considers perch common along the south Lake Superior shore and states that Whitefish Bay has fishing grounds for perch, and that fishermen consider them detrimental to M'hitefish. 26. Hadroptenis aspro (Cope and Jordan). Black-sided Darter. — One small example of the black-sided darter, an inch long, was found in the collection made in the shallow water at the northwest corner of Shelldrake Lake. 27. Boleosoma nigrum (Rafinesque). Johnny Darter. — Four speci- mens, 1 to 1.5 inches long, were found in the collection made at the northwest corner of Shelldrake Lake. 28. Elheostoma iowae Jordan and Meek. loAva Darter. — This darter is common in the marsh lakes, but none were found elsewhere in the region, except one small example in the small beach pool at Station 121. In the marsh lakes they are present over both sandj- and mucky bottoms. On the latter a network of their trails often formed a conspicuous bottom feature. Some fifty specimens, 1 to 1.7 inches in length, were taken. A few of them were in high coloration as follows: above greenish-yellow with faint dark blotches, the dorsal fin black with a coral red band near its 152 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. outer edge, sides of the body with about ten feruginous spots inter- spersed with bluish dusky ones, below yellowish white. 29. Cottus idalops (Rafinesque). Common Sculpin. — Sculpins are common on the Lake Superior shoal (Station 1), where they appear to frequent the pebble zone. Many were also found in Shelldrake River in the thick submerged masses of tape grass and stonewort, and a few were caught in Shelldrake Lake. They appeared to be scarce in the marsh lakes, as none were found in the many collections made from them by the writer. But in the summer of 1914, Mr. N. A. Wood caught two in the marsh lakes in three or four feet of water, one on a sandy bottom and the other over a mud bottom. Aquatic plants were absent in both places. No sculpins were found in the beach ponds or in the streams draining the marsh lakes except at their mouths. It should be stated, however, that this data on the distribution of sculpins in the Whitefish Point region probably has little significance owing to the difficulty of getting them with nets or of seeing them in the water. Some thirty specimens were taken. These "were 1 to 3.5 inches in length. One from Shelldrake River had a large, burrowing May-fly larva in its stomach as well as fragments of other insects. A sculpin was found in the stomach of a small pike taken in the Shelldrake River. 30. Lota maculosa (LeSueur). Burbot. — Two of these were taken, — one at Station 1 on the Lake Superior shoal and one in the mouth of Yermilion Creek. They were both small specimens, 2.5 to 7 inches in length. The largest one was colored as follows: above light greenish yellow mottled with darker, a violet reflection on the caudal fin, lower parts and lower fins white, the latter with a bluish and pinkish tinge. The stomach of the larger specimen contained the remains of five or more small fish and chironomid larvae. The habits of the fish are similar to those of sculpins, hence few were noted. Residents of Ver- milion say that they are common in Lake Superior. If so, their pre- daceous habits make them important enemies of fish in this bod}^ of water. Forbes (1888) found young perch, young whitefish, and a crayfish in the stomachs examined, and he considers young perch an important article of food for this species. HYPOTHETICAL LIST OF SPECIES. It is evident that only a month of collecting and observing would almost certainly not reveal all the species of fish found in the region studied. Lake Superior shoal forms could easily be overlooked and fish that visit this region at other times of the yeax would not be found. It was, therefore, considered advisable to attempt to make a list of species not found by the writer but probably present in the region, as a guide to future collectors. SHIRAS EXPEDITIONS TO WHITEFISH POINT. 153 On tlie preparation of this list the writer made manj- inquiries of meml)ers of the Life Saving crew at VermiUon and of others famiUar with the aquatic hfe there, who were willing and capable of giving reliable information; and he has examined the literature pertaining to Lake Superior fish, and has corresponded with ichthyologists who might furnish facts concerning the aquatic l^iota of the region. Chiefl}^ from these sources the data given in the following hypothetical list has been obtained. 1. Acipenser ruhicundus Le Sueur. Lake Sturgeon.— Sturgeons are said to visit the shallow water of Lake Superior near Vermilion, and Mr. John Clarke informed the writer that they used to run up the Tahquamenon River which enters Whitefish Bay. Records of sturgeons in Lake Superior are given by Smith and Snell (1885), who say that they are captured there but seldom marketed. Cox (1897) states that they are often taken in Lake Superior. Townsend (1902) reports 711 pounds taken from Lake Superior in 1899 with pound and trap nets, and asserts that they are not as common in Lake Superior as in the other lakes. 2. Amia calva Linnaeus. Dogfish. — Air. Robert Carlson reports that the dogfish or bowfin is caught at Whitefish Point. 3. Leucichthys harengus ardurus Jordan and Evermann. — -This subspecies was recently described by Jordan and Evermann (1911). The type specimen is from Knife River, Duluth, Minnesota. It is possible that all L. harengus of Lake Superior belong to this subspecies. 4. Leucichthys eriensis (Jordan and Evermann). — Recorded from Port Arthur, Lake Superior, by Fowler (1911). 5. Leucichthys supernas Jordan and Evermann. Cisco of Lake Superior. — The species was described by Jordan and Evermann (1911). It is said to be a deep water form, living in water 300 feet or over in depth. Absence of information concerning the habits and character- istics of the young of this and other Leucichthys of Lake Superior, makes it impossible to determine whether or not this species is repre- sented in the hosts of little herring that school in the shallow water of Lake Superior near Vermilion. 6. Leucichthys prognathus (H. M. Smith.) Cisco of Lake Ontario. — • Xash (1908) reports this fish from the Great Lakes except Lake Erie, and it is recorded from Devil's Isle, Lake Superior, by the Bureau of Fisheries at Washington (Michael 1904). 7. Leucichthys johannae (Wagner). — Found in Lake Superior, ac- cording to Wagner (1910). 8. Leucichthys nigripinnis (Gill). Blackfin of Lake ^Michigan. The blackfin is said to be common in Whitefish Bay. Townsend (1902) states that 36,818 pounds have been taken in Whiti^fisli Bay 154 PAPERS OX ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. since 1893, when it was first noticed there. Nash (1908) reports it as occasionally taken in Lake Superior. 9. Leucichthys cyanoptera Jordan and Evermann. — Found in deep water of Lake Superior (Jordan and Evermann 1911). 10. Leucichthys zenithicus (Jordan and Evermann) .—This form ac- cording to Jordan and Evermann (1911) and H. ~Sl. Smith (1894), occurs in deep waters of Lake Superior. 11. Leucichthys manitoulinus Jordan and Evermann. Manitoulin Tullibee. — North channel of Lake Huron and perhaps in Lake Superior according to Jordan and Evermann (1911). 12. Cristivomer namaycush (Walbaum). Lake Trout. — No lake trout were found by the writer, but there is abundant evidence that they occur at least in the deep water near Vermilion. Mr. N. A. Wood got one w^eighing fifteen pounds about a mile out from Vermilion in the summer of 1914. John Clarke informed the writer that they frequent the shoal at times, and other reliable testimony as to their occurrence there was obtained. A number of plantings of the species have been made at Whitefish Point and Grand Marais. The lake trout is a well-known predator. The one taken in 1914 by Mr. Wood had five sculpins, each about three inches long in its stomach. Nash (1913) states that they eat herrings, young whitefish, and other soft-finned fish. Mr. John Clarke saj^s that they spawai in fall in five or six feet of water where the bottom is gravelly in Lake Superior. Nash (1908) states that the spawTiing season in Lake Superior commences early in October. 13. Cristivomer namaycush siscowet (Agassiz). Siscowet. — This sub- species is said to live in Lake Superior, in water from three hundred to nearly five hundred feet deep. Jordan and Evermaim (1911) state that, "It is never seen in shallow water." It is doubtful if it should be included in this list. 14. Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Steelhead Trout.- — These trout have been planted in streams tributary to Lake Superior and are said to frequent the open lake. Nash (1908) states that they have been introduced in Lake Superior with marked success. 15. Hiodon tergisus Le Sueur. Toothed Herring.^ — Probably occurs in Lake Superior. Nash (1908) states that it ranges to Lake Superior. 16. Alosa sapidissima (Wilson) . The Shad. — Mr. Robert Carlson re- ports taking one at Whitefish Point. Nash (1908) says ''it was formerly abundant in the lower Ottawa but has abandoned that river and its occurrence within our boundaries is now only accidental. 17. Pimephales notatus (Rafinesque). Blunt-nosed Minnow. — Re- corded from Sault Ste. Marie by Meek and Clarke ( 1 902). j^^^ Found in SHIRAS EXPEDITIONS TO WllITEFISH POINT. 155 the Lake Superior Region at Bear Lake, Houghton County, Michigan, in 1905, by the writer. 18. Notropis heterodon (Cope). Black-chinned ■\Iinno^y. — Recorded from Sault Ste. Marie by Meek and Chirk (1902). 19. Notropis atherinoides Rafincsciue. Shiner. — Recorded from the Lake Superior region by Agassiz (1850) and 1)}' Meek and Clark (1902). 20. A^otropis cornutus frontalis (Agassiz). — Recorded from Lake Superior by Agassiz (1850) and from the Lizard IsUmds in Lake Superior and from Sault Ste. Marie by Meek and Clark (1902). 21. Couesius plumheus (Agassiz). — Lake Chub. — In Lake Superior, according to Nash (1908). Recorded from the region })y Agassiz (1850). Found in a small lake in Houghton County, Mich., in 1905, by the writer. Cope (18G6) records it from K(>weenaw Point. Jordan and Evermann (1896) give its range as including Lake Superior. 22. Ictalurus piindatus (Rafinesque). Channel Cat. — It is possible that this species is recorded from Lake Superior under the term "cat- fish" by To^vnsend (1902). A letter from the V. S. Bureau of Fi.sheries interprets this name as including this and the following two species. 23. Ameiurus nehidosus (LeSueur). Common Bullhead. — Recorded for Lake Superior by Agassiz (1850) and probably included under the term "catfish" by Townsend (1902), who states that 6,200 pounds of catfish and bullheads were taken in Lake Superior in 1899, by fj'ke, trap, and pound nets. 24. Arneiurus lacustris (Walbaum). Catfish of the Lakes. — Nash (1908) states that this species is distributed throughout the Great Lakes. Jordan and Evermann (1896) give it as abundant in the Great Lakes, and Townsend (1902) probably includes this species among the "catfish" from Lake Superior. 25. Esox masquinmigy (Mitchill). Muskallunge. — Recorded from southwest Lake Superior by Goode (1884). Found in Portage Lake in Houghton County, Michigan, by the writer in 1905. 26. Percopsis guttatus Agassiz. Trout Perch. — Agassiz (1850) and Aleek and Clark (1902) record the species from Sault Ste. Marie, Michi- gan. Nash (1908) states that it is frequently taken in the clear, cold water of Lake Superior. 27. Amhloplytes rupestris (Rafinesque). Rock Bass. — To^^^lsend (1902) reports that 734 pounds of rock bass were caught in Lake Su- perior in 1899, with fyke nets, pound nets, and trap nets. Meek and Clark (1902) record it from Sault Ste. Marie. 28. Micropterus sahnoides Laccpede. Large-mouthed Black Bass. — Found in Lake Superior, according to Michael (1904). 29. Siizosiedion vitreum (Mitchill). Wall-eyed Pike. — Townsend 156 ^ PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. (1902) states that wall-eyed pike occur in Lake Superior and that they are caught chiefly in Chippewa County, Michigan. Goode (1884) says they are abundant in west Lake Superior, and gives a record of three hundred pounds taken at Whitefish Point, although they are not con- sidered plentiful there. Apparently they are periodic in their occurrence in tliis region of the lake. 30. Percina caprodes (Rafinesque). Log Perch. — Found in Lake Superior according to Jordan and Evermann (1896), and recorded from Sault Ste. Marie by Meek and Clark (1902). 31. Etheostoma caeruleum Storer. Rainbow Darter. — Recorded from Lake Superior by Abbott (1860). 32. Roccus chrysops (Rafinesque). White Bass. — Nash (1908) re- ports the species from the Great Lakes of Ontario. Goode (1884) states that it is found about the Apostle Islands but not elsewhere in Lake Superior. 33. Aplodinotus grunniens Rafinesque. Fresh-water Drum. — Com- mon and distributed throughout the entire Great Lake region, ac- cording to Nash (1908). 34. Uranidea Jranklini (Agassiz). This species is recorded from Lake Superior region by Meek and Clark (1902), Girard (1851), Ruthven (1909), and Nash (1908). SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. The field work of 1913 established the occurrence of thirty species of fish in the Whitefish Point region. That at least thirty-four others belong to the fauna is very evident from testimony of residents and published data. Each of the species of fish found in the region by the writer may be considered common there with the exception of the following: tullibee, rainbow trout, horned dace, golden shiner, Menona top minnow, long-eared sunfish (?), black-sided darter, and Johnnj^ darter. Of the thirty species of fish taken, eighteen are common and generally distributed in the region of the Great Lakes and in the Central States generally. Only eight are boreal in distribution. These are Saginaw Bay herring, tullibee, Labrador whitefish, jMenominee whitefish, long- nosed sucker, Leuciscus neogaeus, Menona top minnow, and nine-spined stickleback. The rainbow trout exists in the region through artificial introduction. Within the Whitefish Point area, the different species are restricted in distribution, forming five rather distinct faunas, which are (1) that of the Lake Superior shoal, (2) of the beach ponds, (3) of the west group of marsh lakes, (4) of the east group of marsh lakes, and (5) of Shelldrake River and Lake. No one species was found in all of these SHIRAS EXPEDITIONS TO WHITEFISH POINT. 157 habitats antl but few are at all generally distributed. The species of widest habitat range are common perch, brook stickleback, common sculi)in and Cayuga minnow. Some very limited in distribution are sunfish (Lei)omis), Menona top minnow, golden shiner, long-nosed dace, black-sided darter, and Johnny darter. Of the fifteen species of fish taken from the Lake Superior shoal, seven were not found in the inland bodies of water. These were lake herring, tuUibee, Labrador wliitefish, Menominee whitefish, rainbow trout, nine-spined stickleback, and burbot. One burbot, however, was foinid in Vermilion Creek riglit at its mouth, where Lake Superior shoal conditions were present. Of the twenty-three species taken in the inland bodies of water, fifteen were not found in Lake Superior. These were, red-bellied dace, silvery minnow, black-head minnow, Cayuga minnow, horned dace, golden shiner, black-nosed dace, Leuciscus neogocus, mud minnow, Menona top minnow, common pike, Iowa darter, black-sided tlarter, Johnny darter, and the sunfish. The species common to Lake Superior and the inland habitats are: brook trout, spot-tailed minnow, long-nosed dace, long-nosed sucker, common sucker, brook stickleback, common perch, and common sculpin. Twenty species of fish were found in the marsh lakes and their outlet streams, of these five were abundant in the west group of lakes but scarce or absent in the east group. These were, red-bellied dace, silvery minnow, black-head minnow, common sucker, and brook stickleback. Shelldrake River and Shelldrake Lake have a fauna very different from that of the marsh lakes and Lake Superior, for of the eleven species caught there, three (blacksided darter, Johnny darter, and the sunfish) appeared peculiar to the habitat and two (long-nosed dace and spot-tailed minnow) were scarce elsewhere but common in the Shelldrake region. It was not possible in the time available to examine in detail the relations existing between the fish and their environment and thus to determine the ecological factors governing the distribution, but the general environmental features influencing the fish life of the region are climate, bottom soil, plants, and aquatic animals. Climate. The long winters and cold nights even in summer subject the fish, especially those of the shallow lakes and ponds, to much low temperature. This undoubtedly affects their numbers, size, and activity. Fish are said to leave the shallow water near the shore of Lake Superior on the approach of storms. None could be found there during bad weather, and they only became numerous during rather 158 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. prolonged periods of quiet. Residents say, however, that herrings are thrown ashore at times bj' the waves. Water movements in all prob- ability disturb the sand down to a depth of twenty -six feet as they do in Lake Michigan (Shelf ord 1913, page 74). Bottom material. No definite relations of bottom soil to fish could be made out, yet certain types of bottom were preferred to others by certain fish. In Lake Superior the submerged pebble zone was avoided by the schools of free swimming young herring, perch, and suckers, as well as by sticklebacks and some others, while sculpins and burbots evidently preferred the stony area. In the marsh lakes, there was noted a marked preference for the muck bottoms on the part of all species. The loose, black soil undoubtedly harbored much food and furnished hiding places for the small fish, although none were seen retreating into it. Plants. The larger aquatic plants are used by the fish for protection and seclusion. Growths of stonewort, water weeds, tape grass, and pond- weeds were found utilized in this way. Partly submerged sweet gale, sedges, and many other plants of similar habits also furnished con- cealment for fish; pike lie in ambush about their submerged bases. Filamentous algae was eaten by common suckers, young whitefish, brook sticklebacks, and sculpins, according to the wTiter's observations, and diatoms were found in many digestive canals, especially those of common suckers, Cayuga minnows, silvery minnows, and black-head minnows. The food value of these little plants is questionable. Invertebrates. The invertebrates are an important part of the fish environment when they serve as food or become parasites. The prin- cipal forms eaten by fish in the region are entomostracans, chironomid larvae, black-fly larvae, May-fly larvae, caddice-worms, amphipods, and leeches. Entomostracans constituted the chief food of j^oung herring, young whitefish, and nine-spined sticklebacks on the Lake Su- perior shoal. All were feeding on the same forms, which belonged chiefly to the Crustacean genera, Diaptomus, Bosmina, and Cyclops. Small suckers, and perch, on this shoal, were also eating these forms to a considerable extent. Chironomid larvae are extensively taken by the fish of the Whitefish Point region; they seemed especiall}' important to bottom feeders, suckers, sculpins and burbots. Black-fly larvae appeared to be the sole food for the colony of long-nosed dace living near the mouth of Vermilion Creek. Sculpins were also eating them in Shelldrake River. Amphipods made up most of the stomach contents of the few whitefish caught in the deeper part of the shoal. Leeches were eaten by large perch in the marsh lakes. Vertebrates. The vertebrates are especially marked factors in the fish environment when they prey upon fish. Brook trout, rainbow SHIRAS EXPEDITIONS TO WHITEFISH POINT. 159 trout, common pike, and sculpins Avere found eating other fish. Of these the most important destroyers seem to be the common pikes, for they are numerous and often of a large size. Sculpins a])pear to eat other fish extensivch' in the region, including members of their own species. Some fish-eating ])irds are common. These are loons, blue- herons, night herons, bitterns, kingfishers, mergansers, and grebes. Kingfishers frequentl}^ attack schools of small fish. Minks are con- sidered common in the region. If they are, many fish are probably eaten by them. Fish probably to some extent destroy other verte- l)rates for large pikes are said to catch young muskrats and young ducks in the marsh lakes. Fish affect each other through competition for food. A conspicuous instance of this in the Whitefish Point region is in the case of the hosts of nine-spine sticklebacks eating the same food as the much-less num- erous little whitefish and herring and other species of the shallow water. Most of the species of fish in the Whitefish Point region influence man in unimportant ways. Whitefish, herring, and brook trout, furnish food for residents and the first two are of much commercial value at White- fish Point, where many tons of them are taken each year and are the cause of a very important fishery there. ]\Ian and the beaver have varied the character of the fish habitats through dams, channels, and other structures that they have built about the marsh lakes. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Aljbott, C. C. 1875 1875. Notes on Some fishes of the Delaware River. Report of the Comm. of Fish and Fisheries, 1875-1876; 825-845. Adams, A. L. 1873. The Lake Trout. Report of the Comm. of Fish and Fisheries, 1872-1873; 357-362. Adams, C. C. and others 1906. An Ecological Survey in Northern ^Michigan. Report of the State Board of Geological Survey of Michigan for 1905. 1909. An Ecological Survey of Isle Royale, Lake Superior. Report of the State Board of Geol. Survey of ^Michigan, for 1908. 1913. Guide to the Study of Animal Ecology. The Macmillan Co., New York. Agassiz, L. 1850. Lake Superior: its Physical Character, Vegetation and Animals compared with th()s(^ of other and ,-iniilar Regions. Boston. Allen, A. A. 1913. The Red-winged Blackbird. A Study of the Ecology of a 160 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. Cat-tail Marsh. Proc. Linnean Soc. of- New York fgr 1911- 13; 1-128, PL 1-22. Baker, F. C. 1910. The Ecology of the Skokie Marsh Area with Special Reference to Mollusca. Bull. 111. State Laboratory of Natural History 8, Art. 4. Barlow, A. E. 1899. Report on the Fish of the Nipissing and Temiscaming Region,, Ontario. Report of the Geol. Surv. of Canada, 10. Barrows, W. B. 1912. Michigan Bird Life. Mich. Agr. College, E. Lansing, Mich. Beal, W. J. and Wheeler, C. F. 1892. Michigan Flora. Thirteenth Annual Report of the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture. Bean, T. H. 1901. Food and Game Fishes of New York. Seventh Report of the Forest, Fish, and Game Comm. of New York. 251-460. Bell, Robert 1897. Recent Explorations to the South of Hudson's Bay. Geo- graphical Journal, 10; 1-19. Bollman, H. 1890. A Report upon the Fishes of Kalamazoo, Calhoun, and Antrim Counties, Michigan. Bull, of the U. S. Fish Comm. 8; 219-225. Clark, F. N. 1900. Methods and Results in Connection with the Propagation of Commercial Fishes in the Great Lakes. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc, 29th. Ann. Meeting; 88-95. 1902. A Successful Year in the Artificial Propagation of Whitefish. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 31st. Ann. Meeting; 97-106. 1904. Commercial Fish and Fisheries. Sixth Report of the Mich. Acad. Sciences; 65-68. Cope, E. D. 1864. Partial Catalogue of the Cold-blooded Vertebrata of Michi- gan. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1864; 276-285. 1866. Synopsis of the Cyprinidae of Pennsylvania. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. 13; N. S. Art. 13; 351-399. Cowles, H. C. 1899. The Ecological Relations of the Vegetation on the Sand Dunes of Lake ]Michigan. Bot. Gazette 27; numbers 2^ 3, 4, and 5. 1900. The Phj^siographic Ecology of Northern Michigan. Science, N. S. 12; 706-709. Michigan Geological ami Biological Survey. J'lililiculion 20; Biology 4. I'lal.- XI 8 y^^^and >■ i^-r-A -s'-r 5» dr_»-.N-r,- :-^.. 1 m < / t;T ■.->-■-■*.. tv ^ •-"t; «•: -■ o.> — V, lielldi-ake ?1 *; "A -Miiiti"*!)".* .MAP OF THF, W HITEFISH POINT UKGKJX, flllPPEWA COUNTY. MICHIGAN Alirhigaii Geological uiid Biological Survey. Piibiicaliori 20; Biology 4. Plate XII. A. LAKE SUi'EKIUK BKACIl AT VKU.MILIOX. UPl'KK AND I.(M\ KK BEACH SHOWN: THE LATTER WITH AMMOJ'HILA AREXARIA ZONE. SHOWN CHIEFLY IN Till': I'OUEG KOrND. AKE S/PEHIOR i5EACll W 1111 SAND KIlXiE CKOSSEI) \'.\ ( HANHIiHHV CREEK, .irST EAST OF VERMILION. AlicliitCiUi Geological ;iiiil Biological Survey. I'ublicaiioii 2(1: Miotogy 4. Plate MM. A. J.AKE SUPEUHiK UKACH. LOOKIXfi KAST TOW AlU) \ K H M I LION. DTRIXG A •STORM. SHOWIXC! Foli .M AllOX OF TE.M I'o U A H \ I'ooI.S \',\ W A \ K.S. B. S.MAFL I'OH rioX ol i,Ai\i: srPERiOR BEACH SHOW IXC ri;Hm.i: zoxe SMAI.I. lIv.MI'oK Ain I'OXI) A XI) Michigan GeoloKical ami Biological Survey. Piihlical ion 2t); Miology 4. Platii XIV. A. LAKE SUPKKIOU BIlACll Willi IMXKS OF TUl'; IIHST SAND RIDGE. 1?. C:R.\N'HKUUV CKKKK (SI \II(»\ :ilh. l.MOK'.NC \i)l;rn A.\l) DllWN sihi:a.\i. SHOW INC A PAUr ol" 1111. iU;.\(ll I'm .1. rni;Mi;i) U\ ir (STATION :i 1 ■ Michigan Geological and Biological Survey. Piil)licatioii 20; Biology 4. PiatH XV. ^B.X '^ -j■g'^'^_-;^•yT"^ ?^-^J:'"-^T-'*'^^"»::/^ n>i t-'^ iT?", ..v^^(i!^t A. I'ONI) OX LAKi; Sri'KHlOK BEACH (STATION :•! 1 i 10H.Mi;i) H^ CP.ANHKKRY CREEK. F*" >| 1 n ■ 1 p ^i^fli 1 K ™ BUi ^^C" s 1 ^9 ^ r^-^ «<).'. '^ ^^^H Hm ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^HP^Hiif' :^M ^B ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^Bir -. . 1 ^^H ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ■" ^^H ^^^^^^^^^^HMii ii iv" mj^fgji -j*^ ■ r- ■ t 1 *r. . ^ .. -.•■«•:.*»■ ■ -A ^-\ -:i«i»<. 1 B. bi;a\i;u I).\.m .wd pond ox .m.vsoxs cui^kk siaiiox itd. Alichigiin Geolotrical mikI Biolotfical Survc.\ Piihliratioii 20; Hiology 4. Plate XVI A, BKACH POND TN THK COURSE OF MASON'S CREEK. p -MAKsii H(>i;i)i:i!i.\(; masons (•ki:i;k isiwiion it:.') on i.aki; HKACH SI ri;i{ioi{ Mi('hit,Mii GeoloKicul atnl Biological .Survey. Publication 20; Biology 4. Plate XVII A. LOOKING SOUTHWEST FROM lllCH SAM) DUNE NEAR STATION 101, SHOW- ING MARSH AND SAND RIOGES Willi ri'LAND IN DISTANT BACK- GROUND. li. -M\KS11 I.AKKS, LOt^KlNG SOUTHE.XSI I HoM I 111; STAITDN 101 lllCIl DUNi: NE.VR -Mk-hife'aii CJeolo^ioal and Biological Survey. I'ublicalioii 20; liioloary 4. Plate XVIII. .\. fHAXXKL EAST IKoM BKA\"KK LAKE (STATIOX 90V H. ( IIAWEL OF \i:H,MiI.l()X 1.AKI-: (STATlOX 2">). M ichi!,'iin (!col()f;ical iiiid ]ii()lof,'ical Survey. I'lililiciilioM liO; Hiolofjy 4. Plate MX. A. M AliSII I'.AV ol" UKAVKU LAKK (STATION a.j), LOOKIXCi S( )r'lll W I :si' d.AKK WARD). H. 1 III; SA.M i:. I.ooKI Nd .-^Ol I'll. Micliigan GeoloKicul ami Biological Survey. I'lililicatioii 20: Biology 4. I'lat.- XX A. MARSH BAY OF BKAVKR LAKE (STATION r,2). LOOKIXf! XOK THEAST %--%. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^~ w ^^^^^^^^^^^^^B^HIEv Ltffjr B. NORTHWEST siioKi; oi iu;a\i;i{ i.aki: isiAiiox .")'.i>. Looking Nou rm:AST. Michigan Oe.ological and Biological Survey. l^uhlicalioii 21): Hiology 4. I'latfi XXI. A. siMU'ci': i.\i\i;, i.ooivixd xohthwkst (S'lwriox 71, 1». rfTATKJX .s-t, SI'HI ( 'i: .AKi:. I.OOKIXC; KAST. FLOATIXC! MA' w oK'i' (IX I MI': si'in" Aci;^ oi' ••-roxK Michigan Ccolot^ic;!! ami Biological Survey. Fubliration_20;lBiology 4. Plate X X 11 A. STA'IIdX s.' SI'UICK LAKK. LOOKIXC SOl'Ill ACHOSS Till'. i;Asr ]:NI) (d THK LAKK. R. M.\K.-^in NdlMII .^IloHi; (>!■ \ 1. li .M I l.loV l.AKK. Biologir:il Survey. I'lililiciitidii 21): Hiolo^y 4. \'Ui\>' Win. A. S.M.\LL LAKE AND WOODED SAND KIDGE ABOT I A II AM .MILE EAST OK \KKMILION (STATION 100). LOOKING NORTHEAST. H \\ l.> [ I.M) ( il I hi: .--.MAI AKi; Sll(n\ N IN .\ SI \lliiN 101. LOOKING EAST. Michifjaii Oeological ami Uiological Survey. Publiculion 20; Biology 4 Plate XXIV. A. MITTEX LAKE, STATION 116, LOOKING EAST. B. VERMILION CREEK AT VERMILION. GREAT BLUE HEROX FEEDING. Mictiigaii ( icolofjical ami Biological Survey. I'liblicalloii 21): Itiolo^y 4. I'latf XXV. A. SHELLDHAKl-: LAKE. LOOKING SOITIIWIISI' B. X()iM'ii\vi;si sihii!!'; of SIILLL1)|{ \l\i; LAl\i;. I.odKlNO XOK' (SIWIK IN 142). ii-:.\s-i' Alichigaii (ieolotjicul ;ui i .•^orrii oi \ iu.m i i.n )N Michigan ('.i-olotjic;!! ;iiiil Biological Survey. Piililicatioii 20; Mi<)li)gy 4. I'hilc X.W II i-in^Ti'-vja A. 8HELLDRAKK HIVKK .) UST SOUTH OF SHKLI.I ) H A Ki: LAKK, I.OOKIXO SOUTH. H. LO.XCi-XOSKli DAC!-;. lUlI MClirilYS c XT .\ R \c T \h:. Micliif^aii CeoloKical uiui Biolofjical Siiiv(\v. Piililicatioii 20: liiolotry 1 Plate XXVIIl. TULLIBEE, LEUCICIITIIYS TCLLIJiEE (?) CAtGirr AT STATION 2, SUPERIOR. LAKE H. YOUNG WHITEI'ISH, COREGONUS CLUPEA FUR M IS (POSSIBLY ALBUS) LENGTH OF LARGEST ABOTT 'I'HHKK IXCIIKS, CArciII' AT STATION 1. ON LAKE SUPERIOR SHOAL. SHIRAS EXPEDITIONS TO WHITEFISH POINT. 161 Cox, 1. 9. 1896. Fishes of Southwestern Minnesota. Report of the U. S. Comm. of Fish and Fisheries for 1894; GOo-GlG. 1897. A Prchminarj' Report on the Fishes of Minnesota. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey of Minn. Zool. Series III. Davis, C. A. 1907. Peat, Essays on its Origin, Uses, and Distribution in Mic i- gan. Report of the Mich. State Board of Geol. Survc}- for 1906; 95-395. Dickerson, F. B. 1904. The Benefits of the Propagation of Game Fish to the State of Michigan. Sixth Report of the Michigan Academy of Science; 69-71. Dodge, C. K. 1913. The Flowering Plants, Ferns, and their Allies of Mackinac Island. Fifteenth Report of the Mich. Acad. Sci.; 218-237. Downing, S. W. 1904. The Whitefish; Some Tiioughts on its Propagation and Pro- tection. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc, 33d. Ann. Meeting. 1908. Plans for Promoting the Whitefish Production of the Great Lakes. Bull, of the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries 28; 629-695. ElUs, Max M. 1914. Fishes of Colorado. Univ. of Colorado Studies, II, no. 1; 1- 136, PI. 1-12. Evermann, B. W. 1894. The Investigation of Rivers and Lakes with Reference to Fish Environment. Bull, of the U. S. Fish Comm. for 1894; 69-73. 1900. Bait Minnows. Sixth Report of' the New York Forest, Fish, and Game Comm.; 307-356. 1901. List of the Species of Fish Known to Occur in the Great Lakes and their Connecting Waters. Bull, of the U. S. Fish Comm. 21; 95-96. Evermann, B. W. and Goldsborough, E. I. 1907. A Check List of the Fresh-water Fishes of Canada. Proc. of the Biol. Soc. of Washington; 20; 89-120. Evermann and Latimer, H. B. 1910. The Fishes of the Lake of the Woods and Connecting Waters. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 39; 121-136. Evermann, B. W. and Smith, H. M. 1896. The Whitefishes of North America. Report of the U. S. Comm. of Fish and Fisheries for 1894: 283-324. PI. 1-17. Faull, J. H. 1913. The Natural History of the Toronto Region, Ontario. Canada, 21 162 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. including an account of the Fishes by C. W. Nash. Canadian Institute, Toronto. Forbes, S. A. 1878. The Food of IlHnois Fishes. Bull. 2 of the 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist.; 73-89. 1880. The Food of Fishes: Acanthopteri. Bull. 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist. l;no. 2; 19-70. 1880a. On the Food of Young Fishes. Bull. 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist. 1; no. 3; 71-85. 1883. Food of the Smaller Fresh-water Fishes. Bull. 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist. no. 6; 65-95. 1883a. The First Food of the Common Whitefish. Bull. 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist. no. 6; 95-109. 1888. Studies of the Food of Fresh-water Fishes. Bull. 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist., no. 2, Art. VII; 433-473. 1888a. On the Food Relations of Fresh-water Fishes; A Summary and Discussion. Bull. 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist. 2, Art. VIII; 475-538. 1888b. Food of the Fishes of the Mississippi Valley. Trans. Am. Fisheries Soc, 17th Ann. Meeting; 1-17. 1890. On Some Lake Superior Entomostraca. Report of the Comm. of Fish and Fisheries for 1887; 701-718. PI. 1-4. 1890a. Preliminary Report upon tlie Invertebrate Animals In- habiting Lake Geneva and Mendota, Wisconsin. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. VIII; 473-487. 1909. On the General and Interior Distribution of Illinois Fishes. Bull. 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist. 8; Art. 3. 1914. Fresh-water Fishes and their Ecology. Urbana, 111. pp. 1-19. PI. 1-10, Maps 21. Forbes, S. A. and Richardson, R. E. 1908. The Fishes of Illinois. Natural History Surve}' of Illinois. Ichthyology. Found, W. A. 1912. 1912. Fish Culture in Canada. Report of the Comm. of Con- servation of Canada; 140-153, Fowler, H. W. 1908. A S^Tiopsis of the Cyprinidae of Pennsylvania. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 60; 517-553. 1911. Notes on Salmonoid and Related Fishes. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 63; 551-571. Gates, F. C. 1912. The Vegetation of the Region in the Vicinity of Douglas SHIRAS EXPEDITIONS TO WHITEFISH POINT. 163 Lake, Ch('l)oyp;an County, Michigan, in I'Jll. Fourtoonth lleport of the Michigan Academy of Science, 4G-100. Gill, Theodore 1904. A Remarkable Genus of Fishes — the Umbras. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections (Quarterly Issue) 45; 295-305. 1905. The Sculpin and its Habits. Smith. Misc. Coll. (Quart. Issue) 47; 348-359. 1905a. The Family of Cyprinids and the Carp as its type. Smith. Misc. Coll. (Quart. Issue) 48; 195-217. 1907. Some Noteworthy Plxtra-European Cyi)rinids. Smith. .Misc. Coll. (Quart. Issue) 48; 297-340. 1908. The Miller's Thumb and its Habits. Smitii. .Misc. Coll., .52, pt. 1; 101-116. Goode, G. Brown 1884. Natural History of Aquatic Animals, Sec. 1. V. S. Comm. of Fish and Fisheries. 1886. American Fishes. Boston. Goode, G. Brown and Associates 1887. The Fisheries and Fishing Industries of the I'liitcd States. U. S. Comm. of Fish and Fisheries, Washington. Halkett, A. 1913. Check List of the Fishes of the Dominion of Canada and Newfoundland; 7-138, PI. 1-14, Ottawa, Can. Hankinson, T. L. 1908. A Biological Survey of Walnut Lake, ^Michigan. Report of the State Board of Geol. Surv. for 1907. 1910. Ecological Notes on the Fishes of Walnut Lake, Michigan. Trans, of the Am. Fish. Soc. for 1910; 195-206. 1914. Young Whitefish in Lake Superior. Science, N. S. 40; 239-240. Harper, R. M. 1913. Car-window Notes on the Vegetation of the Upper Peninsula. Fifteenth Report of the :Mich. Acad. Sci.; 193-198. Hart, C. A. 1895. On the Entomology of the Illinois River and Adjacent Waters. Bull. 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist. 4; Art. VL Hart, C. A. and Gleason, H. A. 1907. On the Biology of the Sand Areas of Illinois. Bull. 111. State Lab. of Nat. Hist. 7, art. 7. Heimburger, H. V. . 1913. The Factors that Determine the Distribution of Bolcosoma nigrum in Douglas Lake, Chelioygan County, Michigan. Fifteentli Report of tlu; Mich. Acad. Sci.; 120. 164 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. Henshall, J. A. 1905. On the Protection of Fish in Inland Waters. Trans. 34th Ann. Meeting Am. Fish. Soc; 139-147. Herrick, C. L. and Turner, C. H. 1895. Synopsis of the Entomostraca of Minnesota. Second Report of the State Zoology of Minn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey of Minn. Zool. Series II. Jackson, C. T. 1884. Fish and Shells from Lake Superior. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 1 ; 198. Joncas, L. Z. 1894. The Fisheries of Canada. Bull, of the IT. S. Fish. Comm. for 1893; 341-348. Jordan, D. S. 1905. A Guide to the Study of Fishes, New York. Jordan, D. S. and Evermann, B. W. 1896. The Fishes of North and Middle America. Bull. 47 of the U. S. Nat. Museum. 1902. American Food and Game Fishes, New York. 1909. Description of Three New Species of Cisco or Lake Herring (Argyrosomus) from the Great Lakes of America with a Note on the Species of Whitefish. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 36; 165-172. 1911. A Review of the Salmonoid Fishes of the Great Lakes with Notes on the Whitefishes of other Regions. Bull, of the Bur. of Fisheries 29; 1-41. PI. 1-7. Juday, C. 1907. A Study of Twin Lakes, Colorado with Special Consideration of the Food of Trouts. Bureau of Fisheries Doc. 616. Kendall, W. C. 1894. Notes on the Fresh-water Fishes of Washington Co., Maine. Bull, of the U. S. Fish Comm. for 1894; 43-54. 1903. Notes on Some Fresh-water Fishes from Maine. Bull. U. S. Comm. of Fish and Fisheries; 353-368. Kendall, W. C. and Goldborough, E. L. 1908. The Fishes of the Connecticut Lakes and Neighboring Waters, with Notes on their Plankton Environment. Bur. of Fish- eries Doc. 633. Kirsch, P. H. 1894 Report upon the Explorations made in Eel River Basin in the Northeastern Part of Indiana in the summer of 1892. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. for 1894; 31-41. SHIRAS EXPEDITIONS TO WHITEFISH POINT. 165 Kumlein, L. 1887. The Fislicrics of the Cireat Lakes. In U. S. Coniiu. of Fish and Fisheries i)uhhcation on the Fisheries and Fisliery In- dustries of the U. S.; 757-769. Leathers, A. L. 1911. A Biological Survey of the Sand Dune Region on the South Shore of Saginaw Bay Michigan: Fish. Alich. Geol. and Biol. Survc}', Publication 4, Biological Series 2; 243-255. Leveret t, Frank 1904. Review of thv (Uacial Geology of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan. Sixth Report of the ]\Iichigan Acatlemy of Science; 100-110. 1910. Outline of the History of the Great Lakes. Twelfth Report of the Michigan Academy of Science; 19-42. 1911. Surface Geology of the Northern Peninsula of Michigan. Mich. Geol. and Biol. Survej^ Pub. 7, Geol. Series 5; 8-91. Marsh. C. D. 1897. Cyclopidae and Galanidae of Lake St. Clair. Bull. Mich. Fish Comm. no. 5. 1903. The Plankton of Lake Winnebago and Cireen Lake. Wis- consin Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey. Bull. XII, Science Series no. 3; 67-69. Marshall, W. S. and Gilbert, N. C. 1905. Notes on the Food and Parasites of Some Fresh-water Fishes from the Lakes of Madison, Wis. Appendix to the Report of the Comm. of Fisheries to the Secretary of Commerce and Labor for the year ending June 30, 1904; 513-522. blather, F. 1886. ^Memoranda Relating to Adirondack Fishes Avith Descriptions of New Species. Twelfth Report of the Adirondack Survey of New York. Meek, S. E. and Clark, H. W. 1902. Notes on a Collection of Cold-blooded Vertel)rates from Ontario. Field Mus. of Nat. Hist. Pul). 67. Zool. Series 3, no. 7. Meek, S. E. and Hildebrand, S. F. 1910 A Synoptic List of the Fishes Known to Occur within Fifty Miles of Chicago. Field :\Ius. of Nat. Hist. Pub. 142. Zooi. Series 7, no. 9. Miall, L. C. 1895. The Natural History of .\(iuatic Insects. Marniillan ( 'o.. New York. 166 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. Michael, E. L. 1904. Catalogue of Michigan Fish. Bull, of the Mich. Fish Comm. no. 8. Milner, J. W. 1872. Report on the Fisheries of the Great Lakes; the Result of Inquires Prosecuted in 1871 and 1872. Report of the U. S. Fish Comm., 1872-73; 1-78. Milner, J. W. and others 1872. Miscellaneous Notes and Correspondence Relative to the Whitefish. Report of the U. S. Fish Comm. 1872-1873; 79-89. Moore, C. H. 1893. Report of the Statistical Agent. Tenth Report Mich. Fish Comm.; 7-39. 1895. Statistics of the Commercial Fisheries. Eleventh Report of the Board of Fish Commissioners of Michigan; 44-53. Moore, J. P. 1912. Classification of the Leeches of Minnesota. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey of Minn. Zool. Series V; 1-128. PI. 1-6. Nash, C. W. 1908. Vertebrates of Ontario. Dep't. of Education, Toronto. 1913. Natural History of the Toronto Region, Fishes. (See FauU, 1913, above). Needham, J. G. 1908. Report on the Entomologic Field Station Conducted at Old Forge, N. Y., in the summer of 1905. ■ N. Y. State Museum Bulletin 124; 156-263. 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Fish Comm. for 1893; 201-211. Reighard, J. E. 1894. A Biological Examination of Lake St. Clair. Bull. Midi. . Fish Comm. no. 4. 1896. A Biological Examination of Lake Michigan in the Traverse Bay Region. Bull. Mich. Fish Comm. no. 6. 1906. On the Identification for Legal Purposes of ^Mutilated or Dressed Specimens of Whitefish and Herring from the Great Lakes. Trans. Am. Fisheries Soc. 3oth Ann. Meeting; 47-58. 1908. The Photography of Aquatic Animals in their Natural En- vironment. Bull, of the Bur. of Fisheries, 27; 41-68. 1908a. Methods of Studying the Habits of Fishes with an account of the Breeding Habits of the Horned Dace. Bull, of the Bur. of Fisheries 28; 1111-1136. 1913. Improvement of Fishing through a Knowledge of the Breed- ing Habits of Fishes. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. at its 43d Ann. Meeting; 97-110. 1913a. A Plea for the Preservation of Records Concerning Fish. Trans. Am. Fisheries Soc. at its 43d Ann. Meeting; 105-110. 1913b. The Breeding Habits of the Log-Perch (Percina caprodes). Fifteenth Report of the Mich. Acad. Sci.; 104-105. Reighard, Paul 1908. A Plan for Promoting the Whitefish Production of the Great Lakes. Bull. Bur. of Fisheries, 28; 645-695. Richardson, John 1836. Fauna Boreali-americana or the Zoology of the Northern Parts of British America. Part III, the Fish. London. RidgAvay, Robert 1912. Color Standards and Color Nomenclature. Washington, D. C. Riley, C. F. C. 1912. Observations on the Ecology of Dragon-fly Nymphs; Re- 168 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. action to Light and Contact. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 5, no. 3 ; 273-292. Robinson, B. L. and Fernald, M. L. 1908. Gra3''s New Manual of Botany, Seventh Edition. Am. Book Co . Cincinnati. Ruthven, A. G. 1904. Notes on the Mollusks, Reptiles, and Amphibian of Ontona- gon County, Michigan. Sixth Report of the Michigan Academj^ of Science; 188-192. 1909. The Cold-blooded Vertebrates of Isle Royale. 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A Reconnaissance of its Causes in Ponds with Particular Reference to Fish. Biol. Bull. 22, no. 1 ; 1-38. 1913. Animal Communities in Temperate America. Chicago. Smith, B. G. 1908. 1908. Spawning Habits of Chrosomus erythrogaster. Biol. Bull. 14, no. 6; 9-18. Smith, S. I. 1873. Sketch of the Invertebrate Fauna of Lake Superior. Report of the Comm. of Fish and Fisheries, 1872-73; 690-707. 1873a. Food of Fresh-water Fishes. Report of the Comm. of Fish and Fisheries 1872-73; 708-709. SHIRAS EXPEDITIONS TO WHITEFISil POINT. 109 Smith, H. M. 1894. Notes on Two Hitherto Unrecognized Species of American Whitefishes. Bull, of the U. S. Fisii Comm. for ISO t : 1-1 :i. Smith, H. M. and Snell, M. 1887. Review of the Fisheries of the (Jreat Lakes in 1885. Kejjtjrt of the U. S. Comm. of Fish and Fisheries for 1887. Part XV; 3-333. Strang, J. J. 1854. Some Remarks on the Natural History of Beaver Islands, Michigan. Ninth Report of the Smithsoninii Institution;. 282-288. Suckley, George 1861. 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Geology of the Lake Superior Region. U. S. Geol. Survey Monograi)hs, 42. Verrill, A. E. 1873. Synopsis of the North American Fresh-water Leeches. Re- port of the Comm. of Fish and Fisheries, 1872-73; 662-692. Vestal, A. E. 1913. An A.ssociational Study of Illinois Sand Prairie. Bull, of the 111. State Lab. of Nat." Hist.. 10. Art. 1. 170 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. Wagner, G. 1908. Notes on the Fish Fauna of Lake Pepin. Trans, of the Wis. Acad. Sci., Arts, and Letters; 16, pt. 1; 23-37. 1910. Argyrosomus johannae, a new Species of Cisco from Lake ^- Michigan. Science N. S. 31, 957-958. 1910a. On the Stickleback of Lake Superior. Science, N. S. 32; 28-30. W^akeham, W. and Rathbun, R. 1896. Report of the Joint Commission Relative to the Reservation of the Fisheries in the Waters Contiguous to Canada and the United States. Ottawa, Can. Walker, Brj-ant 1894. Review of our Present Knowledge of the Molluscan Fauna of ]Michigan. Detroit. • 1898. The Distribution of the Unionidae in Michigan. Detroit. Ward, H. B. 1896. The Food Supply of the Great Lakes; and some Experiments on its Amount and Distribution. Trans, of the Am. Mic- roscopical Society, 17; 242-260. 1900. A plea for the Study of Limnology. Trans. Am. IVIicro. Soc. 21; 201-212. Welch, P. S. 1914. Habits of the Larva of Bellura melanopyga Grote. Biol. BuU. Aug. 1914; 97-113. Wheeler, C. F. and Smith, E. F. 1881. Catalogue of the Phaenogamous and Vascular Cryptogamous Plants of Michigan. Lansing. Whitford, H. N. 1901. The Genetic Development of the Forests of Northern Michi- gan. A Studj^ of Physiographic Ecology. Botanical Gazette 31; 289-325.. Wilson, C. H. 1912. The Whitefish. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. at its 43d Meeting; 89-100. Woolman, A. J. 1896. Ichthyological Investigations. Report of the U. S. Comm. of Fish and Fisheries for 1893; 343-373. INDEX. INDEX To the generic names used in tliis rejjort. A. Page Ahies 114 AhrainiH 21, 23, 147 AcMUthocinus . , !)!» Aceniaeoflera 70 Acer 114 Aridota 85 Acihis 82 Acipenser 1 53 Armaeops 98 Acoptus \. 107 Acris 62 Adalia 85 Adelocera 89 A 1 r.v r.cuciscus' 17, IK, 10, 2.3, i2."), VlCy. 127, i:u, l.{2, i;5:j, i;i4, V.i.-,, 1.36.' H'/ii I'.'^.fi! 157 Lcucorhiiiia i 1 7 i ■*■> I.ihflliila ."i2. ."i4 .">."> .5fi 117 1 :<■' LiK.vnis i)f> JJiiioniii.s . . . . , . . <) 1 I.iopus qg . . . ; ' 106 Listroiiotus ... 10") 1 06 T.it;ir(,'iis H7 Lithociirus J 3,", I,ol)clia 16 Loricera . . . 73 Lota :<•' 33 l.")2 Lucaiiu.s , . 94 Liidiiis 90 ^lacrobasis M. 14 16 IS M K 1 '>(■ IMacroilactyliis 51 55 56 MuKflalis . 107 Maiicasellu.'; 117 i;j7 Marchaiitia . . 14 ■ . . . 81 MeKalodacne . 86 Megilla.. . S'i iSIelandrya 104 Melai)()[)hila . 92 Melatiotlis 00 91 . . 103 Metafliroiiia 100 Microptcrus IMoIochnis 16, 17. 18, 10, 24, 29, 30. 31, 32, 33. 34. 35. 1.55 97 , 108 Moiiocepidius 89 99 Mordellistena S7 M.vcterii.s Mvfiiia . . . 118 135 1.37 138 Alvrica 1 "» *>0 11^ TIO 1 "^"^ M.vriophvllum 14 20 27. 28, 115 Mystacides 123 Myxobolus 18 22 Naiiii.s N. 107 Neerophorus 84 Nectiirus Nehaleiiiiia 45 55. 56 Nos^toc 115 Notoiiecta 117 21 23 30 32 33 34 35 36 147 155 Nyotohates 102 Nyinphaea ■>S ■") 115 130 O. 100 Ochodaeiis . . 04 (Jt'dioiivctiis 101 Olisthropus . . . . ' 72 Oodes Opliiopfomphus 46. 47. .55. .56 Olilirvdiiuii OrltiosDiiia . 07 Oliorliyiicliii.-i Paohylirachys J^aciivdiplax". . 105 V . . .. 'l'*^ l^acti\ lohius ... I'atidflctejus 1 05 Parandra 07 Pas.saliis 04 '. 73 Pflidnola . . 06 Peiithf Perca 17, 19, 21, 24. 28. 29, 30. 31. 32. 33, 34. 35. 36, 150 178 INDEX. Page Percina 30, 33, 94, 156 Percopsis 28, 29, 30, 33, 34, 35, 36, 155 Phegopterus 114 Philhydrus 83 Philonthus 84 Photinus 92 Photuris 92 Phyllobrotica 101 Physa • .118, 132, 133, 134, 135, 138 Physocnemum 97 Phytolacca 114 Phytonomus 105 Picea . . . . 114 Pimephales 14, 21, 22. 30, 33, 146, 154 Pincodera . ..... 77 Pinus 114 Pisenus . 104 Pissodes 106 Pityobius . 91 Placobdella lis, 126, 132, 137 Planorbis 118, 133, 134 Plathemis 117, 134 Platycerus .... 94 Platyderma 103 Platynus 75, 76, 77 Platypeltis 63 Poecilonota 91 Polygonum [ 115 Populus 114 Potentilla 116 Potomogetoii 14, 16, is, 20, 27, 28, 29, 115 Prionocyphon 88 Prionus 97 Prunus : 114 Pseudomus 107 Psnocerus .... 99 Psyllobora 86 Pterostichus 73, 74 ptiiinui : . . ; ; 93 Purpurescens 97 Pygosteus 14, 23, 149 Q. Quercus 114 R. Rana . ' 14,62,118 Rhantus 81 Rhinichthys 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 33. 147, 148 Rivularia 115 Roccus . 156 Rubus 114 S. Sagittaria 115, 137 Salix 114 Salmo 143, 154 Salplngiis 104 Salvelinus 23, 33, 143 Saperda 99 Saprinus 87 Sarracenia 115 Scarltes . 73 Scirpus 31, 32, 115 Scutellaria 114 Semotilus 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 33, 146 Serica : 95 Sericosmus 91 Serropalpus 104 Sialis 117 Silpha 84 Simcroiivx 106 Solenophorus 79, 80 Somatochlora . 117,126,132.133,134,135 Sparganium 16, 18, 20, 24, 1 15 Sphaerium 118, 133 Sphagnum •. 115, 116 Sphehophorus 108 Spirogyra 21, 115 Spongilla 14, 17, 118, 126, 132, 133, 137 Staphylinus 84 Stenolophus 79 Stentor 118. 126 INDEX. 17«.) Page Stephaiiocleonus 1 "•_• Stilicus ?•!' Sti/.ostedioii ' ■*■; Stomoxys 1 '.•' Storeria '»•» Straiigalia j*^ Strigoiierma . -'I' Svmpetriim • 52, 53, 54, 55, ob, 1 17 Synchroa 1<*4 T. Tachypterus 1"7 Telephorus 'J2. 'J:j Tenebrio KJ^- K'^J Tetragoneuria 16, 51, 55, 56, 117, 133 Tetraopes 1"" Thamnophis '>3, lis Thaneroclerus '-••'? Tisactia ^0 Tolypothrix ^'> Tragosoma 07 Tramea 40, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57 Trichodes ; ^^ Trichus 97 Trltoma ^B Tropisterrius '^'•^ Tyloderma 107 Typocerus ■ 98 V. riothrix 123, 124, 141, 145 Umbra 32, 33, 148 Upis 102 Uranidea 156 ITrographis 99 Utricularia 20, 1 15 V. Vaccinium 114,115 Vaucheria 1 1 5, 138 X. Xantholinus 84 Xanthonia 100 Xyletinus 03 Xylopinus ' 102 Xyloryctes Ofi Xylotrechus 98 Z. Zygnema 21,115 D. H. HILL LIBRARY North Co olina State College 02775420