University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Miscellaneous Publications

Institutional libraries interested in publications exchange may obtain this
series by addressing the Exchange Librarian, University of Kansas, Lawrence,
Kansas.

Requests of individuals are handled instead by the Museum of Natural His-
tory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. There is no provision for sale of
this series either by the Library or the Museum. However, when individuals
request copies from the Museum, the amount indicated below should be in-
cluded for the purpose of defraying some of the costs of producing, wrapping
and mailing.

Nos. 6, 12, and 17 obtainable only from the Arctic Institute.

*1. The Museum of Natural History, the University of Kansas. By E. R. Hall and Ann

Murray. Pp. 1-16, illustrated. January 5, 1946.
*2. Handbook of Amphibians and Reptiles of Kansas. By Hobart M. Smith. Pp. 1-336,

233 figures in text. September 12, 1950.
3. In Memoriam, Charles Dean Bunker, 1870-1948. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 1-11,
1 figure in text. December 15, 1951.
*4. The University of Kansas, Natural History Reservation. By Henry' S. Fitch. Pp.
1-38, 4 plates, 3 figures in text. February 20, 1952.

5. Prairie Chickens of Kansas. By Maurice F. Baker. Pp. 1-68, 4 plates, 15 figures in
text. March 10, 1953.

6. The Barren Ground Caribou of Keewatin. By Francis Harper. Pp. 1-163, 28 figures.
October 21, 1955. Copies, paper bound, $1.50 postpaid from the Arctic Institute
of North America, 1530 P Street NW, Washington 5, D. C.

7. Handbook of Mammals of Kansas. Bv E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 1-303, illustrated.
December 13, 1955. Paper bound, $1.50 postpaid (cloth $4.00).^

8. Mammals of Northern Alaska, on the Arctic Slope. By James W. Bee and E. Ray-
mond Hall. Pp. 1-309, Frontispiece colored, 4 plates, 127 figures in text. March
10, 1956. Paper bound $1.00 postpaid.

9. Handbook of Amphibians and Reptiles of Kansas. 2nd [revised] edition. By
Hobart M. Smith. Pp. 1-356, 253 figures in text. April 20, 1956. Paper bound
$1.50 postpaid (cloth $4.00).

*10. The Raccoon in Kansas. Bv Howard J. Stains. Pp. 1-76, 4 plates, 14 figures in text.
July 6, 1956.

11. The Tree Squirrels of Kansas. By Robert L. Packard. Pp. 1-67, 2 plates, 10 fig-
ures in text. August 20, 1956.

12. The Mammals of Keewatin. By Francis Harper. Pp. 1-94, 6 plates, 8 figures in text,
1 map. October 26, 1956. Copies, paper bound, 75 cents postpaid from the
Arctic Institute of North America, 1530 P Street NW, Washington 5, D. C.

13. Museum of Natural History . . . University of Kansas. By Roy R. Moore
and E. R. Hall. Pp. 1-8, illustrated. June 1, 1957.

14. Vernacular Names for North American Mammals North of Mexico. By E. Raymond
Hall, Sydney Anderson, J. Knox Jones, Jr., and Robert L. Packard. Pp. 1-16.
June 19, 1957.

15. The Ecology of Bobwhites in South-central Kansas. By Thane S. Robinson. Pp.
1-84, 2 plates, 11 figures in text. September 6, 1957.

16. Natural History of the Prairie Dog in Kansas. By Ronald E. Smith. Pp. 1-36,
4 plates, 9 figures in text. June 17. 1958.

17. Birds of the Ungava Peninsula. By Francis Harper. Pp. 1-171, 6 plates, 26 maps.
October 15, 1958. Paper bound, $2.00 postpaid from the Arctic Institute of North
America, 1530 P Street NW, Washington 5, D. C.

18. Furbearers in Kansas: A Guide to Trapping. By Howard J. Stains and Rollin H.
Baker. Pp. 1-100, illustrated. November 19, 1958. Paper bound, 50 cents postpaid.

19. Museum of Natural History . . . University of Kansas. Bv Rov R. Moore
and E. R. Hall. Pp. 1-8, illustrated. May 29, 1959.

20. Handbook of Gastropods in Kansas. By A. Bvron Leonard. Pp. 1-224. 11 plates,
87 figures in text. November 2, 1959. Paper bound $1.00 (cloth $2.00).

21. Management of Channel Catfish in Kansas. By Jackson Davis. Pp. 1-56, 8 figures
in text. November 2, 1959.

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Directory to the Bird-life
of Kansas

By Richard F. Johnston

Museum of Natural History
The University of Kansas

University of Kansas
museum of natural history

EDITOR: E. RAYMOND HALL

Miscellaneous Publication No. 23, pp. 1-69, 1 figure
Published August 31, 1960

Lawrence, Kansas

The cover depicts a male scissor-tailed flycatcher along a county road a few
miles east of Meade County State Park, Meade County, Kansas.

PRINTED IN

THE STATE PRINTING PLANT

TOPEKA. KANSAS

1960

23-4053

Directory to the Bird-life of Kansas

BY RICHARD F. JOHNSTON

This directory summarizes several kinds of information concern-
ing birds of Kansas, and of mid-continental North America, and
has two functions. First, it tells something about the natural his-
tory of the 379 species of birds of Kansas. Second, it can help
students of some kinds of birds, or of some aspect of natural history,
to find out how much is known about their problem, and can show
to what extent, and frequently in what direction, further work will
be useful. For instance, it can be deduced that studies on the
population ecology of the Eastern Kingbird and on the behavior
of the Mourning Dove, both abundant birds in our area, are needed.
Also, it will be seen that we do not know exactly how many kinds
of birds breed in Kansas, a matter of immediate concern in the
following account.

The Museum of Natural History at The University of Kansas
solicits selected specimens and information that contribute to our
knowledge of birds in Kansas. Donors of such material will join an
already large group of persons who have contributed information,
specimens, and time toward the preparation of this Directory. Chief
among these is Dr. Harrison B. TordofT, around whose Check-list
of the birds of Kansas ( 1956 ) the present Directory has been elab-
orated; he generously made available for use in the Directory notes
and comments that he had intended to use in bringing his Check-
list up to date. Prof. E. Raymond Hall, Dr. John William Hardy,
Mrs. Lorelei Johnston, Dr. Robert M. Mengel and Mr. Max C.
Thompson helped to improve a late version of the manuscript.
The names of the many other persons who have helped, primarily
by providing records of nesting activities, appear in the paragraph
below.

Galen Abbot, Ruth Abbot, Ted F. Andrews, Jon C. Barlow,
Amelia J. Betts, Laurence C. Binford, Bessie Boso, William J.
Brecheisen, L. B. Carson, Mrs. Eunice Dingus, C. S. Edwards,
Abbot S. Gaunt, Sue Griffith, Mary F. Hall, Katherine Kelley, John
A. Knouse, Eugene Lewis, Nathan H. McDonald, Marno Mc-
Kaughan, Merrill McHenry, Mary Louise Myers, Kathryn Nelson,
T. W. Nelson, Phillip W. Ogilvie, Dwight Piatt, William Reynolds,
Frank Robl, S. D. Roth, Jr., Richard H. Schmidt, Marvin D. Schwil-

(3)

4 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist.

ling, T. M. Sperry, Steve Stephens, Max C. Thompson, Emil K.
Urban, J. W. Wallace, and Herbert E. Warfel.

Users of this Directory will wish to know what is meant by cer-
tain words and phrases found in almost all works of this kind, but
which vary slightly in meaning from one author to another. Defi-
nitions of these words and phrases follow:

Abundance. — The terms "common," "uncommon," and "rare" are
used to indicate relative abundance in Kansas. There is little gain
in using more categories, particularly since we deal so often with
relative conspicuousness rather than with actual numbers; for in-
stance, the Eastern Phoebe and the Red-tailed Hawk are both
treated as "common" and, although there are many more phoebes
than red-tails here, the designations are true ones. "Vagrant," in
the sense of wanderer (either regular or irregular), applies to
species that have been recorded ordinarily less than four times.

Habitat Preference. — In most of the following accounts there
are brief, stylized statements about types of vegetation or situa-
tions in which the species occur. The terms used in such state-
ments are defined below.

Deciduous forest refers to mature oak-hickory-walnut vegetation
in which the canopy tends to be continuous and the vegetation
of lesser height stratified in the way it probably was when Euro-
pean man reached the state; such vegetation is found in a few
places in eastern Kansas.

Woodland refers to various plant formations having trees as
the dominant vegetation and in which spacing of the trees is such
that no continuous canopy is formed and in which there is fre-
quently rank understory. Included here are oak-hickory second
growth of intermediate age, elm associations (including the "urban
parkland" of cities and towns), and riparian woodland. Wood-
land is scattered throughout Kansas, but the oak-hickory types are
chiefly east of a north-south line extending through Wichita.

Grassland refers chiefly to eastern tallgrass prairie, the mixed
prairie, and the western shortgrass prairie, but includes an open,
savannahlike formation of ecotonal character in the southeastern
and south-central sectors.

Scrub refers to oldfield second-growth, frequently dense and
rank (chiefly in eastern Kansas), juniper scrub, sagebrush (chiefly
in the southwest), and blackjack oak scrub (chiefly in the south).

Ponds and lakes refer to lacustrine water and its edge exclusive
of vegetation.

Directory to the Bird-life of Kansas 5

Streams and rivers refer to fluviatile water and its edge exclu-
sive of vegetation.

Marsh refers to cattail and sedge marshes in standing water, and
salt marshes with attendant alkaline flats.

Throughout the accounts below there is reference to "edge"; this
refers simply to the boundary, not necessarily a precise one, between
two types of vegetation.

The Latin names of plants mentioned in text by vernacular names
are: western juniper, Juniperus scopularum; red cedar, Juniperus
virginiana; cotton wood, Populus deltoides; black walnut, Jughns
nigra; hickory, Carya ovata; blackjack oak, Quercus marilandica;
oaks, Quercus spp.; American elm, Ulmus americana; hackberry,
Celtis spp.; mulberry, Morus rubra; osage orange, Maclura pomi-
fera; sycamore, Platanus occidentalis; plum, Prunus spp.; red haw,
Crataegus mollis; honey locust, Gleditsia triacanthos; box elder,
Acer negundo; maples, Acer spp.; dogwood, Cornus drummondi;
ash, Fraxinus americana; willows, Salix spp.; coralberry, Symphori-
carpos orbiculatus; clover, Melilotus sp., currant and gooseberry,
Ribes, spp.; roses, Rosa spp.; grape, Vitis spp.; honeysuckle, Loni-
cera sp.; sage, Artemisia filifolia; bluestems, Andropogon gerardi
and A. scoparius; blue grama, Routeloua gracilis; buffalo grass,
Ruchloe dactyloides.

Dates of occurrence. — The dates for occurrence listed in the ac-
counts of species are the extreme dates to be found for the state of
Kansas; most of the dates have chief validity for the northeastern
sector. The dates have been extracted from pertinent published
material (Linsdale and Hall, 1927; Miller and Boyd, 1947; Fitch,
1958; Thompson, 1960), the specimens at the Museum of Natural
History of The University of Kansas, and unpublished field notes
on file at the Museum of Natural History (those of the late Dr.
John W. Porter, for the vicinity of Concordia, Cloud County, and
my own for Douglas County. )

Miller and Boyd (loc. cit.) listed occurrence by weekly period;
I have converted 21 of these to numbered dates, to conform to the
policy in the rest of the Directory. In each instance I used the
most conservative date possible for any week in question; these
conservative translations, it should be noted, are still the most
extreme dates available. For three additional species the exact
dates of occurrence were obtained from the field notes of Dr. Ivan
L. Boyd, whose assistance in this matter has been greatly appre-
ciated.

6 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist.

Nearly all of the dates are extremes as now known and as such
will almost always show within what time period a species is pres-
ent in the northeast. For other sectors of the state, judicious extra-
polation of the listed dates will be of some use. In the south, for
example, dates of arrival in at least some years would be expected
to be one or two days earlier in spring and later in autumn. Also,
toward the extremity of the range of a species, or in suboptimum
habitat, it is possible to note regular departure from the listed dates.
Such departures are usually in the direction of 'late"; for example,
the Purple Martin arrives in Concordia on or after March 25, which
is almost three weeks later than the earliest date of arrival in Doug-
las County.

Breeding schedule. — The dates listed are those for completion
of clutches, and are from the files of the Kansas Breeding Bird Sur-
vey of the Kansas Ornithological Society, the support of which So-
ciety is hereby acknowledged. About 9,500 records of birds breed-
ing in Kansas were available, 3,200 of them from the notebooks of
Dr. John W. Porter for the vicinity of Concordia. In text below the
extent of the egg-laying season is indicated, in a general way, as:
"Eggs laid early April to mid-July, peak April 20-30 . . ." This
means that the earliest record for completing a clutch is in the first
ten days of April, that for the latest completed clutch is in the cen-
tral ten days of July, and that most of the records (the mode) are
in the last ten days of April. These schedules are generalities drawn
from field records covering many seasons; they cannot, therefore,
do more than represent average schedules for the species treated.
The records are also chiefly of birds in northeastern Kansas, but
breeding seasons elsewhere in the state will not depart drastically
from those outlined for the northeast.

Number of eggs. — Clutch-size is listed in a standardized fashion,
for example, as follows: Number of eggs 3 (3.55, 2-5; 47); this
means that most clutches examined had three eggs, the average
number was 3.55 eggs per clutch, there were as few as two and as
many as five in some clutches, and 47 records were used in drawing
these conclusions.

References to additional literature. — For any species there may be
two kinds of citation to literature concerning the species. The first
is in the text and documents some matter pertaining to the species
in Kansas; the citation is abbreviated and is found in more detail
in a terminal "Literature Cited," arranged alphabetically by author
and chronologically thereafter. The second kind of citation is in

Directory to the Bird-life of Kansas 7

small type at the end of some accounts of species; this citation is
a minimally complete reference to a fuller account of natural his-
tory of a species. Most species lacking such a reference will be
found to be variously treated in the series of life history accounts
by Arthur C. Bent (1919-1958). The parts published to date are
listed in literature cited at the end of this directory; as yet the parts
relating to grosbeaks, finches, and buntings ("Fringillidae") are
unpublished.

Accounts of Species

Specimens of 379 species (461 species and subspecies) of birds
are known to have been taken in Kansas. Other species reported
from the State but not supported by specimens have been accorded
hypothetical standing; accounts of such species are enclosed in
brackets. They may encourage the collection of species not yet
supported by specimens.

An asterisk means that the species it designates is known to breed
in Kansas.

The nomenclatural and taxonomic treatments in the Directory
are those of the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list Com-
mittee (1957), except as outlined immediately below. Blue and
Snow geese are considered to be only varieties of a single species,
Chen caerulescens; the Red-eyed Vireo is considered polytypic,
including Vireo "flavoviridis" ; Buteo "harlani" is considered a sub-
species of B. jamaicerms; Charadrius "semipalmatus" is considered
a subspecies of the holarctic C. hiaticula; the Shoveler is considered
a member of the genus Anas; Seiurus noveboracensis seems best
considered monotypic (Eaton, 1957); finally, I follow the usage of
Miller, Friedmann, Griscom, and Moore (1957:83) in retaining
Swainson's name for the Western Wood Pewee, Contopus richard-
sonii. These departures from the nomenclature of the A. O. U.
Check-list are the result of my appraisal of data in the pertinent lit-
erature, my personal examination of museum specimens, and my ob-
servations of the birds in the field.

Gavia immer (Briinnich): Common Loon. Uncommon transi-
ent, on lakes and rivers. Present northeast March 11-June 22, Au-
gust 7-December 8, but December 16 in Cowley County.

Olson, S. T. and Marshall, W. H. (1952), The common loon in Minnesota.
Minnesota Mus. Nat. Hist. Occasional Papers, 5:vi-f77pp.

Gavia stellata ( Pontoppidan ) : Red-throated Loon. Rare tran-
sient, October-May, on lakes and rivers. One specimen (KU
36238): Marais des Cygnes River, near Ottawa, Franklin County,
October 20, 1925.

8 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist.

Podiceps grisegena ( Boddaert ) : Red-necked Grebe. Rare tran-
sient, September-October, on lakes and rivers. One specimen ( KU
7697): Kansas River east of Lawrence, Douglas County, October
29, 1910. P.g. hobollii (Reinhardt) occurs in Kansas.

Podiceps auritus ( Linnaeus ) : Horned Grebe. Rare transient, on
ponds, lakes and rivers. Specimens only from Barber, Riley, and
Douglas counties. Present March 14-May 19, September 4-Novem-
ber 30. P. a. cornutus Gmelin occurs in Kansas.

Hosking, E. J. (1949), Homed Grebe — courtship and display. Canadian
Nature, 11:150-153.

Podiceps caspicus (Hablizl): Eared Grebe. Uncommon regu-
lar transient, on ponds, lakes, and rivers. Present April 13-June 11,
July 26-December 7. P. c. calif ornicus ( Heermann ) occurs in Kan-
sas.

McAllister, N. M. (1958), Courtship, hostile behavior, nest-establishment
and egg laying in the eared grebe (Podiceps caspicus). Auk. 75:290-311.

Aechmophorus occidentals (Lawrence): Western Grebe. Rare
transient, on lakes and rivers; probably more common in west than
east. Present northeast May 7-22, October 14-November 22.

Lawrence, G. E. (1950), The diving and feeding activity of the western
grebe on the breeding grounds. Condor, 52:3-16.

* Podilymbus podiceps ( Linnaeus ) : Pied-billed Grebe. Com-
mon transient, uncommon summer resident, in marshes, ponds,
ditches, lakes, and rivers. Present chiefly in passage, March 1-
June 2, July 14-December 29. Egg records from Lyon, Stafford,
and Barton counties, mid-May to mid-June. Number of eggs 4-10.
Requires established marsh for nesting. P. p. podiceps ( Linnaeus )
occurs in Kansas.

Glover, F. M. (1935), Nesting ecology of the pied-billed grebe in north-
western Iowa. Wilson Bull., 65:32-39.

Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin: White Pelican. Common
transient, ordinarily about lakes, marshes, and rivers. Present
March 25-November 22.

Pelecanus occidentals Gmelin: Brown Pelican. Vagrant. One
specimen ( KU 10468 ) : Parker, Linn County, June, 1916; one seen
Sedgwick County, April 25, 1910 (Iseley, 1912:42). P.O. caro-
linensis Gmelin occurs in Kansas.

Murphy, R. C. (1936), Oceanic Birds of South America. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist., New York, xxii-j- 1245pp.

* Phalacrocorax auritus ( Lesson ) : Double-crested Cormorant.
Uncommon regular transient, near lakes and rivers. Present north-
east February 21-May 24, September 7-December 15. Nesting rec-

Directory to the Bird-life of Kansas 9

ords from Barton County; eggs and small young, August, 1951 (Tor-
doff, 1956:311). P. a. auritus (Lesson) occurs in Kansas.

Bartholomew, G. A. (1943), Contests of double-crested cormorants for
perching sites. Condor, 45:186-195.

Phalacrocorax olivaceus (Humboldt): Olivaceus Cormorant.

Vagrant. One record; specimen (now lost) taken 4 miles south

Lawrence, Douglas County, April 2, 1872; identification by S. F.

Baird and R. Ridgway. P. o. mexicanus (Brandt), occurs in Kansas.

Anhinga cmhinga ( Linnaeus ) : Anhinga. Rare post-breeding vis-
itant. Several specimens and sight records, most recently from Bar-
ton County (Tordoff, 1956:311). A. a. leucogaster (Vieillot) oc-
curs in Kansas.

Meanlev, B. (1954), Nesting of the water-turkey in eastern Arkansas. Wil-
son Bull., 66:81-88.

Fregata magnificens Mathews: Magnificent Frigate-bird. Va-
grant. One specimen: North Fork of Solomon River, Osborne
County, August 16, 1880 (Goss, 1891:47). F. m. rothschildi Math-
ews occurs in Kansas.

For reference see Brown Pelican.

* Ardea herodias Linnaeus: Great Blue Heron. Common tran-
sient and summer resident, more numerous in east, along rivers and
in marshes; a few present east and south in mid-winter. Eggs laid
mid-March to early May, peak April 10-20; single-brooded. Num-
ber of eggs about 4 (3.83, 2-6; 6); brood sizes almost always much
less. Nests placed about 40 feet high in sycamore, cottonwood,
less frequently elm, hackberry, others, along water courses. A. h.
herodias Linnaeus occurs in northeastern, A. h. wardi Ridgway in
southeastern, and A. h. treganzai Court in western Kansas.

Andrews, T. F., and Stephens, H. A. (1956), Colonies of great blue heron
{Ardea herodias) in Kansas. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 59:279-308.

* Butorides virescens ( Linnaeus ) : Green Heron. Common tran-
sient and summer resident, in riparian, lakeside, and marsh habitats.
Present northeast March 29-October 30. Eggs laid late April to
late June, peak May 10-20; probably single-brooded. Number of
eggs 3 (3.23, 2-5; 13). Nests placed in waterside vegetation, 2 to
15 feet high. B. v. virescens (Linnaeus) occurs in Kansas.

Wheelock, I. C. (1906), Nesting habits of the green heron. Auk. 23:432-
436.

* Florida caerulea ( Linnaeus ) : Little Blue Heron. Postbreed-
ing summer visitant in state and rare summer resident in southwest,
in marshes, lakes and river edges. Recorded April, May, July,
August, September. One nest, summer 1952, 6 miles north, 4/2

10 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist.

miles west Garden City, Finney County (Tordoff, 1956:312). F. c.
caerulea ( Linnaeus ) occurs in Kansas.

Meanley, B. (1955), A nesting study of the little blue heron in eastern
Arkansas. Wilson Bull., 67:84-99.

* Casmerodius albus (Linnaeus): Common Egret. Postbreed-
ing summer visitant in state, rare local summer resident, along
stream and lake edges and marshes. Present April 14-September
30. Nests sparingly in Great Blue Heron colonies in southern Cow-
ley County (K. Downing, personal communication). C. a. egretta
(Gmelin) occurs in Kansas.

* Leucophoyx ihula (Molina): Snowy Egret. Postbreeding
summer visitant in state and rare local summer resident, along
stream and lake edges and marshes. Recorded April-October. Two
nests found summer, 1952, 6 miles north, 4/2 miles west Garden City,
Finney County (Tordoff, 1956:312). L. t. thula (Molina) occurs
in Kansas.

Hydranassa tricolor (Miiller): Louisiana Heron. Postbreeding
vagrant. One specimen, McPherson County, August 9, 1934; sight
record, Atchison County, September 12, 1948 (Tordoff, 1956:312).
H. t. ruficollis (Gosse) occurs in Kansas.

* Nycticorax nycticorax ( Linnaeus ) : Black-crowned Night
Heron. Common transient and local summer resident, along
streams and lake edges, and marshes. Present northeast March 27-
November 11. Colonies scattered; eggs laid early May to early
June, young fledge in July and August. N. n. hoactli (Gmelin)
occurs in Kansas.

Allen, B. P., and Mangels, F. P. (1940), Studies of the nesting behavior
of the black -crowned night heron. Proc. Linnean Soc. New York 50-51:1-28.

Nyctanassa violacea ( Linnaeus ) : Yellow-crowned Night Heron.
Local, widely distributed transient and summer resident in riparian
habitats, less numerous in north. Present northeast April 27-August
20. N. v. violacea (Linnaeus) occurs in Kansas.

* Ixobrychus exilis ( Gmelin ) : Least Bittern. Transient and un-
common summer resident, in marshlands. Present April 9-October
24. Two nests found June 3, 1949, Johnson County (Tordoff, 1956:
321 ) ; species reported common, Stafford County salt marshes, June,
1958 (Thompson, MS). 7. e. exilis (Gmelin) occurs in Kansas.

* Botaurus lengtiginosus ( Rackett ) : American Bittern. Common
transient, local summer resident, in marshlands and fields of heavy
grass. Present April 4-December 12. Two nesting records: 4
eggs, laid about May 10, 1951, Welda, Anderson County; eggs,
Summer, 1952, Finney County (Tordoff, 1956:312).

Directory to the Bird-life of Kansas 11

Mousley, H. (1939), Home life of the American bittern. Wilson Bull.,
51:83-85.

Myct eria americana Linnaeus : Wood Ibis. Vagrant. One speci-
men (KU 9489): Goodland, Sherman County, October 4, 1913.

Rechnitzer, A. B. (1956), Foraging habits and local movements of the wood
ibis in San Diego County, California. Condor, 58:427-432.

* Plegadis chihi ( Vieillot ) : White-faced Ibis. Transient and
rare summer resident, on marshlands and shallow rivers. Recorded
May 14-October 6. One nesting record: Barton County, young,
summer, 1951, L. O. Mossman (1952:7).

Ajaia ajaja (Linnaeus): Roseate Spoonbill. Vagrant. One
specimen: Butler County, March 20, 1899 (Tordoff, 1956:313).

Allen, R. P. (1942), The roseate spoonbill. Nat. Aud. Soc. Res. Repts., No.
2:142 pp.

Phoenicopterus ruber Linnaeus: American Flamingo. Vagrant.

One specimen (in headquarters, Kansas Forestry, Fish and Game

Commission, Pratt): Stafford County, autumn, 1928.

Allen, R. P. (1956), The flamingos: their life history and survival. Nat.
Aud. Soc. Res. Repts., No. 6.

Olor columbianus ( Ord ) : Whistling Swan. Rare transient and
winter visitant, on lakes and marshlands. Formerly common, when
many specimens taken, November 1-April 6.

Stewart, R. E., and Manning, J. H. (1958), Distribution and ecology of
whistling swans in the Chesapeake Bay region. Auk, 75:203-212.

[Olor buccinator ( Richardson ) : Trumpeter Swan. No longer
occurs in Kansas, but early sight records from the Great Plains
indicate it probably did once; no specimen from Kansas.]

* Branta canadensis ( Linnaeus ) : Canada Goose. Common tran-
sient and irregular local winter resident, on marshland and prairie.
Present September 18-June 19, a few (sick?) birds remaining
through summer. Formerly nested along Missouri River; original
breeding populations now extirpated in Kansas. B. c. moffitti Al-
drich, B. c. leucopareia (Brandt), B. c. minima Ridgway and B. c.
hutchinsi (Richardson), occur in Kansas.

Kossack, C. W. (1950), Breeding habits of Canada Geese under refuge
conditions. Amer. Midi. Nat., 43:627-649.

Branta bernicla (Linnaeus): Brant. Vagrant. One specimen
(KU 7490): Leavenworth County, November 15, 1879; several
sight records, widely scattered, mostly cast. B. b. hrota (Miiller)
occurs in Kansas.

Anser albifrons ( Scopoli ) : White-fronted Goose. Common tran-
sient, chiefly central and west, on lakes, marshland, and prairie.
Present September 24-June 2. A. a. frontalis Baird occurs in Kansas.

12 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist.

Chen caerulescens (Linnaeus): Snow Goose. Common transi-
ent, on lakes, marshlands, and prairie. Present October 3-May 11.
Included in this species designation are geese from populations
formerly considered specifically distinct ("Blue Goose") but now
best considered a color phase of a polymorphic species. C. c. caeru-
lescens (Linnaeus) occurs throughout the state; C. c. hyperborea
(Pallas) occurs in eastern Kansas, chiefly in spring.

Soper, D. J. (1942), Life history of the blue goose. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., 42:121-225.

[Chen rossi ( Cassin ) : Ross Goose. Probably vagrant; one sight
record at Wyandotte County Lake, November 22, 1951; no speci-
men from Kansas.]

Dendrocygna bicolor (Vieillot): Fulvous Tree Duck. Vagrant;
three individuals killed at Cheyenne Bottoms, Barton County, in
1929 or 1930, not saved as specimens (Tordoff, 1956:314). D. b.
helva Wetmore and Peters, on geographic grounds, occurs in Kansas.

Meanley, B., and Meanley, A. G. (1959), Observations on the fulvous tree
duck in Louisiana. Wilson Bull., 71:33-45.

* Anas playtrhynchos Linnaeus: Mallard. Common transient
and winter resident, uncommon local summer resident, in and
around marshes and lakes. Time of greatest abundance October
to April. Eggs laid from first week in April to mid-May, peak per-
haps in first week of May; single-brooded. Number of eggs around
12, brood size of half-grown young around 6. Nests placed usually
near water, on raised ground with fairly heavy grassy cover. A. p.
platyrhynchos Linnaeus occurs in Kansas.

Bellrose, F. C. ( 1958), Celestial orientation by wild mallards. Bird-Banding,
29:75-90.

Anas rubripes Brewster: Black Duck. Rare to uncommon tran-
sient and winter resident in eastern and central sectors. Present
northeast September 29-May 8.

Anas fulvigula Ridgway: Mottled Duck. Vagrant; one speci-
men: Neosho Falls, March 11, 1876 (Goss, 1891:57). A. f. macu-
losa Sennett occurs in Kansas.

Anas strepera Linnaeus: Gadwall. Common transient, uncom-
mon winter resident, rare summer resident, around marshes and
lakes. Time of chief occurrence late September to mid-May, but
has been seen all months of year. No satisfactory nesting record.

* Anas acuta Linnaeus: Pintail. Common transient, uncommon
winter resident, local summer resident, around marshes and lakes.
Time of greatest abundance September to May; not often seen mid-
winter. Eggs laid late April to early June, peak probably in early
May; single-brooded. Number of eggs around 10, brood-sizes of

Directory to the Bird-life of Kansas 13

half-grown young 5 to 8. Recent nesting records from Finney,
Barton, Stafford, Meade, and Leavenworth counties. Nest placed
near water, on raised ground under grassy cover.

Munro, J. A. (1944), Studies of waterfowl in British Columbia. Pintail.
Canadian Jour. Res., 22:60-86.

Anas carolinensis Gmelin: Green-winged Teal. Common tran-
sient, rare winter resident, around marshes and ponds. Present
northeast chiefly September 8-December 9, January 29-June 11.

* Anas discors Linnaeus: Blue-winged Teal. Common transient,
locally common summer resident, around marshes and ponds. Gen-
erally absent from state November 26-March 9. Eggs laid early
May; single-brooded. Brood-sizes in June average 6 young. A. d.
discors Linnaeus occurs in Kansas.

Bennett, L. J. (1938), The blue-winged teal. Collegiate Press, Ames, Iowa.
144 pp.

Anas cyanoptera Vieillot: Cinnamon Teal. Uncommon to rare

transient, more numerous in west, around marshes and ponds.

Noted chiefly in spring migration, March 27-June 6. A. c. septen-

trionalium Snyder and Lumsden occurs in Kansas.

* Anas clypeata Linnaeus: Shoveler. Common transient, rare
and irregular summer resident, rare winter resident around marshes,
ponds, lakes and streams. Ordinarily absent from state December
and January. Two nesting records, from Barton and Finney coun-
ties (Tordoff, 1956:315).

Girard, G. L. (1939), Notes on the life history of the shoveler. Trans.
Fourth N. Amer. Wildl. Conf., 364-371.

[Mareca penelope (Linnaeus): European Widgeon. Probably
vagrant; several sight records, one at Lake Shawnee, Shawnee
County, April 16, 1954 (Tordoff, 1956:315); no specimen from Kan-
sas.]

Mareca americana ( Gmelin ) : American Widgeon. Common
transient, rare winter resident, around ponds, marshes, streams,
and lakes. Occurs chiefly February 10-June 10, lesser numbers Oc-
tober 17-November 11, rare December-January.

* Aix sponsa ( Linnaeus ) : Wood Duck. Rare transient in west;
locally common transient and uncommon summer resident in ex-
treme east, around wooded ponds and streams. Present northeast
March 5-December 8, most abundant in October. Eggs laid late
March to late April, probably single-brooded. Number of eggs
around 14, but up to 23 in Linn County. Nests in hollows of trees
10 to 70 feet high.

Stewart, P. A. ( 1958), Local movements of wood ducks (Aix sponsa). Auk,
75:157-168.

14 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist.

* Aythya americana ( Eyton ) : Redhead. Uncommon transient
and winter resident, in marshes, lakes and rivers. Present northeast
chiefly February 17-May 25, October 6-November 22, a few present
mid-winter. One pair reported to have nested at Cheyenne Bot-
toms, Barton County, in or around 1928 (Tordoff, 1956:316).

Weller, M. W. (1957), Growth, weights and plumages of the redhead,
Aythya americana. Wilson Bull., 69:5-38.

Aythya collaris (Donovan): Ring-necked Duck. Common to
uncommon transient, rare winter resident, in marshes, lakes and
rivers. Present chiefly February 21-May 7, October 23-November
14, a few in mid-winter.

Mendall, H. L. (1958), The ring-necked duck in the northeast. Univ.
Maine Studies, Ser. 2, 73:320pp.

Aythya valisineria ( Wilson ) : Canvasback. Common to uncom-
mon transient, rare winter resident, in lakes and rivers. Present
chiefly February 11-May 10, October 6-November 22, a few mid-
winter.

Hochbaum, H. A. ( 1944), The canvasback on a prairie marsh. Amer. Wild-
life Inst., Washington, D. C, 201 pp.

Aythya marila ( Linnaeus ) : Greater Scaup. Rare transient, but
status poorly known, on lakes and rivers. Several sight records,
chiefly March and April; individuals killed in Barber and Barton
counties, no specimens saved (Tordoff, 1956:316). A. m. nearctica
Stejneger, on geographic grounds, occurs in Kansas.

Aythya affinis (Eyton): Lesser Scaup. Common transient and
rare winter resident, found on lakes and rivers. Present northeast
September 4-June 18; sight records through summer. Probably
breeds sparingly in eastern Kansas.

Bucephala clangula ( Linnaeus ) : Common Goldeneye. Uncom-
mon transient and winter resident, on lakes and rivers. Occurs
northeast November 8-May 8. B. c. americana (Bonaparte), occurs
in Kansas.

Bucephala alheola ( Linnaeus ) : Bufflehead. Common to uncom-
mon transient, rare winter resident, on lakes and rivers. Occurs
most frequently March 4-April 24, September 19-November 27.

Clangula hyemalis (Linnaeus): Oldsquaw. Rare transient and
winter visitant, on lakes and rivers. At least six specimens taken,
three extant, many sight records. Present November to April.

Somateria mollissima ( Linnaeus ) : Common Eider. Vagrant.
One specimen (KU 3620): November 3, 1891, on Kansas River

Directory to the Bird-life of Kansas 15

near Lecompton, Douglas County. S. m. v. nigra Bonaparte occurs

in Kansas.

Gross, A. O. (1938), Eider ducks of Kent's Island. Auk, 55:387-400.

Somateria spectabilis (Linnaeus): King Eider. Vagrant; one
specimen ( KU 27487 ) : November 27, 1947, on Kansas River one
mile east Lawrence, Douglas County.

Melanitta deglandi (Bonaparte): White-winged Scoter. Rare
transient in extreme northeastern Kansas, on lakes and rivers. Nine
specimens, all from Douglas and Leavenworth counties, all in No-
vember. M. d. deglandi (Bonaparte) occurs in Kansas.

Melanitta perspicillata ( Linnaeus ) : Surf Scoter. Rare transient
in northeastern Kansas, on lakes and rivers. Eight specimens, seven
from Douglas County, one from Sedgwick County, all in October
and November.

Oidemia nigra ( Linnaeus ) : Common Scoter. Vagrant. L. B.
Carson identified an adult J killed at Horton Lake, Brown County,
in early 1930s (Tordoff, 1956:317). O. n. americana Swainson oc-
curs in Kansas.

* Oxyura jamaicensis ( Gmelin ) : Ruddy Duck. Common tran-
sient, rare winter resident, local summer resident, around marshes,
lakes and ponds. Seen most frequently March, April, May, Oc-
tober, and November. Nesting records for Barton, Stafford and
Grant counties. O. /'. rubida (Wilson) occurs in Kansas.

Low, J. B. (1941), Nesting of the ruddy duck in Iowa. Auk, 58:506-517.

Lophodytes cucullatns (Linnaeus): Hooded Merganser. Un-
common transient and winter resident, found around ponds, lakes
and streams. Present northeast October 29-May 1, but sight rec-
ords in summer and two specimens (KU 6327, 8728) taken mid-
June, Douglas County; probably occasionally breeds northeast.

Mergus merganser Linnaeus: Common Merganser. Common

transient and winter resident, found on lakes and streams. Present

northeast October 21 to May 9, most numerous February and March;

sight record in July. M. in. americanus Cassin occurs in Kansas.

Roberts, A. A., and Huntington, E. H. (1959), Food habits of the merganser
in New Mexico. New Mexico Dept. Game and Fish Bull., 9:1-36.

Mergus serrator Linnaeus: Red-breasted Merganser. Uncom-
mon transient, found on ponds, lakes and rivers. Present northeast
March 16-June 1, November 2-December 8. M. s. serrator Lin-
naeus occurs in Kansas.

16 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist.

* Cathartes aura ( Linnaeus ) : Turkey Vulture. Common tran-
sient, regular summer resident, found over all kinds of habitats.
Present northeast March 7-October 28. Eggs laid April and May,
single-brooded. Number of eggs about two. Nests placed in holes
and crevices in cliffs and trees, occasionally on ground. C. a. teter
Friedmann occurs in Kansas.

Coles, V. (1944), Nesting of the turkey vulture in Ohio caves. Auk, 61:
219-228.

* Coragyps atratus ( Meyer ) : Black Vulture. Former, possibly
current, summer resident in southeast. Nesting record for Labette
County (Goss; 1891:245). Specimen purported (Goss, loc. cit.)
taken at Ellis, Ellis County, March 27, 1885, present whereabouts
unknown.

* Elanoides forficatus ( Linnaeus ) : Swallow-tailed Kite. Former
summer resident in east, now of indeterminate status; last specimen
from Kansas taken at Hamilton, Greenwood County, May 17, 1914.
Breeding season probably late (eggs laid in May). E. f. forficatus
( Linnaeus ) occurs in Kansas.

* Ictinia misisippiensis (Wilson): Mississippi Kite. Common
summer resident in south-central sector, north to Barton County,
and formerly northeast, in riparian woodland edge. Present May
16-September 25. Eggs laid late May-early June, single-brooded.
Number of eggs 2. Nests placed 25 to 50 feet high in large trees
( cottonwood ) .

Sutton, G. H. (1939), The Mississippi kite in spring. Condor, 41:41-53.

Accipiter gentilis (Linnaeus): Goshawk. Rare and irregular

winter visitant, less numerous in west. Records from October 27-

February 24. A. g. atricapillus (Wilson) occurs in Kansas.

Schnell, J. H. (1958), Nesting behavior and food habits of goshawks in
the Sierra Nevada of California. Condor, 60:377-403.

* Accipiter striatus Vieillot: Sharp-shinned Hawk. Transient
and winter resident in forests and woodland, less numerous in east,
rare and irregular summer resident in north, east of Cloud County.
Occurs in numbers chiefly in September and January through May,
but seen every month. Nests found Cloud County (July 11, 1938)
and Pottawatomie County (April, 1954). Eggs laid probably in
April, nests placed 15 to 40 feet high in exotic conifers or deciduous
trees. A. s. velox (Wilson) occurs in Kansas.

* Accipiter cooperii ( Bonaparte ) : Cooper Hawk. Resident, but
nesting records only from Cloud County east; numbers augmented
in winter from north. Occurs in woodland. Eggs laid late March
to late May, peak April 20-30; single-brooded. Number of eggs 4

Directory to the Bird-life of Kansas 17

(3.80, 2-5; 5). Nests placed 15 to 30 feet high in large deciduous
trees.

* Buteo jamaieensis ( Gmelin ) : Red-tailed Hawk. Common resi-
dent, transient, and winter resident, in grassland, parkland, broken
woodland, and woodland edge. Eggs laid late February to first
week of April, peak March 1-10; single-brooded. Number of eggs
3 (2.75, 2-3; 8). Nests placed in crotches, 15-65 feet high, of Cot-
tonwood, elm, oak. B. /. borealis (Gmelin) breeds in eastern Kan-
sas, B. /'. calurus Cassin probably breeds in west (no specimens
available); B. /*. kriderii Hoopes and B. j. harlani (Audubon) tran-
sients and winter residents.

Fitch, H. S., Swenson, S., and Tillotson, D. F. (1946), Behavior and food
habits of the red-tailed hawk. Condor, 48:205-237.

* Buteo lineatus ( Gmelin ) : Red-shouldered Hawk. Uncommon
transient and summer resident, rare winter resident in east, chiefly
along riparian groves and bottomland timber. Present northeast
March-December. Nesting records only from Leavenworth, Wood-
son, and Linn counties; eggs laid March and April. B. I. lineatus

( Gmelin ) occurs in Kansas.

Stewart, R. E. (1949), Ecology of a nesting red-shouldered hawk popula-
tion. Wilson Bull., 61:26-35.

* Buteo platypterus (Vieillot): Broad-winged Hawk. Uncom-
mon transient and summer resident in east, in woodland and edge.
Present northeast April 4-October 20. Breeding records from
Douglas, Leavenworth, and Johnson counties, and from Missouri
across from Wyandotte County. B. p. platypterus (Vieillot) oc-
curs in Kansas.

Burns, F. L. (1911), A monograph of the broad-winged hawk (Buteo
platypterus). Wilson Bull., 23:143-320.

* Buteo swainsoni Bonaparte: Swainson Hawk. Common tran-
sient and summer resident, most numerous in west, in open prairie
having scattered groves and trees. Present northeast March 21-
November 2; sight records in midwinter need documentation by
specimens. Eggs laid mid- April to mid-May, peak April 20-30;
single-brooded. Number of eggs 3 (2.50, 2-3; 4). Nests placed
15 to 40 feet high in mature deciduous trees.

Buteo lagopus ( Pontoppidan ) : Rough-legged Hawk. Common

winter resident, less numerous in east, in grassland having scattered

trees. Present northcentral sector September 21-April 8, largest

numbers December to March. B. I. s. johannis (Gmelin) occurs in

Kansas.

Barth, E. K. (1952), Breeding biology of the rough-legged buzzard and
variations in the populations in 1938-1952. Papers on Game Research, 8:127-
138.

2—4053

18 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist.

* Buteo regalis (Gray): Ferruginous Hawk. Common transient
and winter resident in west, rare in east; rare summer resident in
west. Occurs in grassland having scattered trees. Nesting records
for Hamilton, Wallace, Finney, and Logan counties. Eggs laid
late April to mid-March, single-brooded. Number of eggs 3 (3.25,
3-4; 4). Nests placed on cliffs or in small trees (cottonwood, osage-
orange, mulberry), near ground.

Parabuteo unicinctus (Temminck): Harris Hawk. Vagrant.
Two records: Wichita, Sedgwick County, December 14, 1918 (Sny-
der, 1919:567); TA miles southwest Lawrence, Douglas County (KU
10752), December 25, 1918. P. u. harrisi (Audubon) occurs in
Kansas.

* Aquila chrysaetos (Linnaeus): Golden Eagle. Common win-
ter visitant in west, rare in east, in grassland, woodland. Occurs
October 28-June 19. One nesting record, based on strong indirect
evidence (Goss, 1891:273), for southeastern Comanche County,
prior to 1891. A. c. canadensis (Linnaeus) occurs in Kansas.

Carnie, S. K. (1954), Food habits of nesting golden eagles in the coast
ranges of California. Condor, 56:3-12.

Haliaeetus leucocephalus ( Linnaeus ) : Bald Eagle. Common
local winter resident in west, rare in east where usually transient,
chiefly around large lakes and rivers. Occurs October 17-May 4.
H. J. alascanus Townsend occurs in Kansas.

Herrick, F. H. ( 1934 ) , The American eagle. New York.

* Circus cyaneus ( Linnaeus ) : Marsh Hawk. Common transient
and winter resident, uncommon resident, in marshland and grass-
land. Eggs laid late April to mid-May, peak between May 1 and
10; single-brooded. Number of eggs 5 (5.00, 3-7; 9); one clutch
of 10 eggs for Anderson County, (W. R. Brecheisen, MS), but prob-
ably laid by two females. Nests placed in fields, within a few inches
of ground surface, under light grassy cover. C. c. hudsonius (Lin-
naeus ) occurs in Kansas.

Hecht, W. R. ( 1951), Nesting of the marsh hawk at Delta, Manitoba. Wil-
son Bull., 63:167-176.

Pandion haliaetus ( Linnaeus ) : Osprey. Uncommon and irreg-
ular transient and temporary local resident, near large lakes and
rivers. Most frequently occurs April, May, September, and Octo-
ber, but may be seen any time. P. h. carolinensis ( Gmelin ) occurs
in Kansas.

Abbott, C. G. (1911). The home-life of the osprey. London.

Falco rusticolus Linnaeus: Gyrfalcon. Vagrant. One specimen
(KU 34262): Ashland, Clark County (not Manhattan, Riley

Directory to the Bird-life of Kansas 19

County), December 1, 1880. F. r. obsoletus Gmelin occurs in Kan-
sas.

Falco mexicanus Schlegel: Prairie Falcon. Rare summer and
uncommon winter resident in west, rare transient and winter resi-
dent in east, in grassland with rugged dissection. Present northeast
sporadically September through May.

* Falco peregrinus Tunstall: Peregrine Falcon. Rare transient
and winter resident, typically around marshes, lakes and rivers.
Formerly nested, most notably at Neosho Falls, Woodson County
(Goss, 1891:283); here eggs laid February and March, nests placed
50-60 feet high in open cavities of broken limbs of sycamores. F. p.
anatum Bonaparte occurs in Kansas.

Beebe, F. L. ( 1960 ) , The marine peregrines of the Pacific coast. Condor,
62:145-189.

Falco columbarius Linnaeus: Pigeon Hawk. Uncommon tran-
sient and rare winter resident, in open woodland and edge. Most
conspicuous late winter — early spring. F. c. columbarius Linnaeus
occurs in eastern Kansas, F. c. richardsonii Ridgway in west; F. c.

bendirei Swann is vagrant.

Lawrence, L. de K. ( 1949 ) , Notes on nesting pigeon hawks at Pimisi Bay,
Ontario. Wilson Bull., 61:15-25.

* Falco sparverius Linnaeus: Sparrow Hawk. Common resident
and transient, in parkland and woodland edge. Eggs laid early
April to late May; single-brooded. Nests placed in cavities, 12 to
30 feet high, in trees, buildings, martin houses. F. s. sparverius
Linnaeus occurs in Kansas.

Roest, A. I. ( 1957), Notes on the American sparrow hawk. Auk, 74:1-19.

Bonasa umbellus ( Linnaeus ) : Ruffed Grouse. Probably vagrant
in east, formerly common resident, breeding populations now ex-
tirpated; found in deciduous woodland. One specimen (KU
31944): southeastern Kansas, between 1885 and 1910. B. u. um-
bellus ( Linnaeus ) occurred in Kansas.

Bump, G., Darrow, R. W., Edminister, F. C, and Crissey, W. F. (1947),
The ruffed grouse . . . New York State Conserv. Dept, xxxvi+915pp.

* Tympanuchus cupido ( Linnaeus ) : Greater Prairie Chicken.
Common, highly local resident, particularly in eastern third, absent
in west except for scattered flocks in northwest; to be found chiefly
in and about full bluestem prairie grassland. Eggs laid from first
week in May to first of June, peak May 1 to 10; single-brooded.
Number of eggs 12 (11.8, 9-15; 15). Nests placed on ground in
bluestem grassland, usually with light grassy cover. T. c. pinnatus
( Brewster ) occurs in Kansas.

Baker, M. F. (1953), Prairie chickens of Kansas. Univ. Kansas Misc. Publ.,
5:1-86.

20 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist.

* Tympanuchus pallidicinctus (Ridgway): Lesser Prairie
Chicken. Local resident in sandy grasslands in southwest, no farther
north and east than Pawnee County. Natural history thought to be
similar to that of preceding species, but no information available.

For reference, see Greater Prairie Chicken.

Pedioecetes phasianellus ( Linnaeus ) : Sharp-tailed Grouse. Pos-
sibly rare and local resident in extreme northwest, but thought to
be extirpated; formerly resident in much of west. P. p. jamesi Lin-
coln occurred in Kansas.

Marshall, W. H., and Jensen, M. S. (1937), Winter and spring studies of
the sharp-tailed grouse in Utah. Jour. Wldlf. Man., 1:87-99.

* Colinus virginianus ( Linnaeus ) : Bobwhite. Common resident,
local and less numerous in west, in open country with abundant
scattered brush and thickets, broken woodland and woodland edge.
Eggs laid early May to early September, peak May 20-June 10; pos-
sibly double-brooded. Number of eggs 14 ( 14.10, 10-19; 11 ). Nests
placed on ground in bluestem grassland, brome grass, milo stubble,
alfalfa, often at base of bush, small tree or post. C. v. virginianus
(Linnaeus) occurs in northeastern Kansas, C. v. taylori Lincoln in
remainder.

Stoddard, H. L. (1931), The bob-white quail: its habits, preservation and
increase. Scribners, New York.

* Callipepla squamata ( Vigors ) : Scaled Quail. Common local
resident in southwest in sandy prairie. Breeding records mostly to
southwest of Arkansas River and Clark County. C. s. pallida Brew-
ster occurs in Kansas.

* Phasianus colchicus Linnaeus : Ring-necked Pheasant. Com-
mon resident in west, uncommon and local in east, chiefly in agri-
cultural land with scattered groves and brush. Introduced by hu-
mans; present stock of mixed ancestry.

Delacour, J. (1951), The pheasants of the world. London.

* Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus : Turkey. Formerly common
resident, particularly east, along floodplain woodland. Recently
(since 1958) re-establishing breeding populations along Arkansas
River in Cowley County and Medicine Lodge River in Barber
County (F. Amsden, personal communication), from stocks pre-
sumably native to northeastern Oklahoma. Nesting records for
Cowley and Barber counties in 1959. Restocked by humans in sev-
eral localities in east in 1950s. M. g. silvestris Vieillot occurred
originally in Kansas; present stock thought to be of same population.

Dalke, P. D., Leopold, A. S., and Spencer, D. L. (1946), The ecology and
management of the wild turkey in Missouri. Missouri State Conserv. Comm.,
Tech. Bull., 1:1-86.

Directory to the Bird-life of Kansas 21

Gruo americana ( Linnaeus ) : Whooping Crane. Rare, but regu-
lar, transient, line of flight most frequently in east-central part of
state, but sight records elsewhere. Occurs chiefly March, April, Oc-
tober.

Allen, R. P. (1952), The whooping crane. Nat. Aud. Soc. Res. Rept. No. 3.

Grus canadensis (Linnaeus): Sandhill Crane. Common tran-
sient in west, rare in east, over and in open fields. Occurs most fre-
quently March, April, September, October. G. c. canadensis (Lin-
naeus) and G. c. tabida (Peters) occur in Kansas; relative status
unknown.

Walkinshaw, L. H. (1942), The sandhill cranes. Bull. Cranbrook Inst. Sci.,
29:x+202 pp.

* Rallus elegans Audubon: King Rail. Transient and locally
common summer resident, rare winter resident, in marshland. Oc-
curs northeast April 7-November 25; specimens taken late December
in Miami and Meade counties. Eggs laid first of May to late June,
single-brooded. Number of eggs about 8; one clutch of 11 from
Cloud County. R. e. elegans Audubon occurs in Kansas.

Meanley, B., and Meanley, A. G. (1958), Growth and development of the
king rail. Auk, 75:381-386.

* Rallus limicola Vieillot: Virginia Rail. Common to uncommon
transient and summer resident, in marshland; probably overwinters
in south (specimens from Meade County in December and Janu-
ary). Time of migration April, May, September, October. One
breeding record, for Morton County, May 24, 1950 (Graber and
Graber, 1954:151). R. I. limicola Vieillot occurs in Kansas.

Pospichal, L. B., and Marshall, W. H. (1954), A field study of sora rail
and Virginia rail in central Minnesota. The Flicker, 26:2-32.

* Porzana Carolina ( Linnaeus ) : Sora. Common transient, un-
common summer resident, in marshland; probably overwinters in
south. Present northeast April 11 to October 12. Nesting records
only for Miami and Finney counties (Tordoff, 1956:322).

Walkinshaw, L. H. (1940), Summer life of the sora rail. Auk, 57:153-168.

Coturnicops noveboracensis (Gmelin): Yellow Rail. Uncom-
mon to rare transient in east, in marshlands. Recorded in April
and October. C. n. noveboracensis (Gmelin) occurs in Kansas.

* Laterallus jamaicensis (Gmelin): Black Rail. Uncommon or
rare local summer resident, in marshlands. Recorded breeding in
Riley, Franklin, and Finney counties. Eggs laid in June. Number
of eggs 8 (8.25, 6-10; 4). L. /. jamaicensis (Gmelin) occurs in
Kansas.

Porphyrula martinica ( Linnaeus ) : Purple Gallinule. Rare sum-

22 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist.

mer visitant in eastern part, in marshlands. Five specimens, April
and June, from Douglas, Riley and Sedgwick counties.

* Gallinula chloroptts ( Linnaeus ) : Common Gallinule. Rare
summer resident, chiefly east, in marshlands. Present April through
September. Breeding records in May and June for Douglas and
Coffey counties. G. c. cachinnans Bangs occurs in Kansas.

Howard, H. E. (1940), A waterhen's worlds. Cambridge Univ. Press,
London.

* Fulica americana Gmelin: American Coot. Common transient,

uncommon summer resident, and local winter resident on ponds,

lakes, and marshes. Rarely seen January-February. Eggs laid

mid-May to first week in July, peak May 10-20; single-brooded.

Number of eggs about 7 (7.00, 5-12; 9). Nests made of marsh

vegetation (Scirpus), floating on water. F. a. americana Gmelin

occurs in Kansas.

Gullion, G. W. ( 1952), The displays and calls of the American coot. Wilson
Bull., 64:83-97.

Charadrius hiaticula Linnaeus: Semipalmated Plover. Uncom-
mon to common transient on open, wet ground, frequently near
ponds or marshes. Present northeast March 14-June 8, July 19-
October 1. C. h. semipalmatus Bonaparte occurs in Kansas.

Laven, H. (1940), Beitrage zur Biologie des Sandregenpfeifers (Charadrius
hiaticula). Jour, fur Ornith., 88:183-288.

Charadrius melodus Ord: Piping Plover. Uncommon to rare
transient, possible summer resident north-central sector, on sandy,
wet ground and saline flats. Present northeast mid-March to late
May, early August to early October. Eight specimens, one of which
(KU 15492) taken July 16, 1925, at Little Salt Marsh, Stafford
County. C m. circumcinctus (Ridgway) occurs in Kansas.

Wilcox, L. (1939), Motes on the life history of the piping plover. Birds of
Long Island, No. 1:3-13.

* Charadrius alexandrinus Linnaeus: Snowy Plover. Uncommon
to common summer resident on saline flats of central and south-cen-
tral Kansas, vagrant elsewhere. Eggs laid June 1-20, peak probably
June 1-10; single-brooded. Number of eggs 3, laid on bare sand.
C. a. tenuirostris (Lawrence) occurs in Kansas.

* Charadrius vociferus Linnaeus : Killdeer. Common transient
and summer resident, uncommon winter resident south, on or near
wet ground, typically near ponds, streams or marshes. Present
northeast February-December 3; December 28 in Cowley County.
Eggs laid first week in April to late June, first peak about April
10-20; double-brooded. Number of eggs ordinarily 4, placed on

Directory to the Bird-life of Kansas 23

bare gravel, extremely close-cropped pasture, plowed soil, and
like sites. C. v. vociferus Linnaeus occurs in Kansas.

Davis, E. (1943), A study of wild and hand reared killdeers. Wilson Bull.,

55:223-234.

* Eupoda montana ( Townsend ) : Mountain Plover. Local sum-
mer resident in west, on plains, rolling hills with short grass, not
necessarily near wet ground. One breeding record: partly downy
young (KU 5512, 5513), Greeley County, June 21, 1911.

Pluvialis dominica (Miiller): American Golden Plover. Un-
common, regular transient, at least in east, on open ground usually
near ponds and marshes. Present northeast March 29-June 9,
September 29-October 30. P. d. dominica (Miiller) occurs in
Kansas.

Squatarola squatarola (Linnaeus): Black-bellied Plover. Un-
common to common transient, on open ground usually near ponds
or marshes. Present northeast April 30-June 5, August 9-No-
vember 10.

Arenaria interpres (Linnaeus): Ruddy Turnstone. Rare tran-
sient, on sandy and pebbly lake and river margins. Four specimens,
several sight records, all Cloud County east, in May, August,
September, October. A. i. morinella (Linnaeus) occurs in Kansas.

* Philohela minor ( Gmelin ) : American Woodcock. Uncommon
transient in state, rare summer resident in east, on wet ground in
and around woodland. Present east March 17 (Horace Hays, per-
sonal communication ) -December 5. Nested near Neosho Falls,
Woodson County, with quarter-grown young seen May 25, 1874
(Goss, 1891:159), and probably in northeastern Douglas County
in 1958 ( Fitch, 1958:194).

Pettingill, O. S. ( 1936), The American woodcock, Philohela minor (Gmelin).
Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 9:169-391.

Capella gallinago (Linnaeus). Common Snipe. Common tran-
sient, uncommon winter resident, in wet meadows and marshland.
Present northeast chiefly March 16-May 28, August 20-December 5.
C. g. delicata ( Ord ) occurs in Kansas.

* Numenius americanus Bechstein : Long-billed Curlew. Tran-
sient and uncommon summer resident in west, uncommon transient
in east, in open country; frequently near wet places in passage.
Present northeast April 4-May 18, September. Two breeding
records: eggs laid first part of May, 1 mile from Spring Creek,
Morton County, 1927; 4 eggs, June, 1955, 7 miles northwest John-
son, Stanton County. N. a. americanus Bechstein occurs in Kansas.

24 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist.

[Numenius phaeopus (Linnaeus): Whimbrel. Goss (1891:97)
reported the species as a rare migrant in spring. Sight record from
Iatan marsh, Atchison County (Tordoff, 1956:324), May 16, 1948;
no specimen from Kansas.]

Numenius borealis (Forster): Eskimo Curlew. Species now
nearly extinct, but formerly common transient in east. One speci-
men record: Douglas County, May 6, 1873 ( KU 6951 ) .

* Bartramia longicauda ( Bechstein ) : Upland Plover. Common
transient, common local summer resident, most numerous in Flint
Hills, in grassland. Present northeast April 6-October 6. Eggs
laid late April to early June, peak May 1-10; single brooded. Num-
ber of eggs ordinarily 4. Nests placed on ground, in and under
grasses ( particularly bluestems ) .

* Actitis macularia ( Linnaeus ) : Spotted Sandpiper. Common
transient and summer resident, on wet ground and banks of rivers
and streams, particularly where gravelly. Present northeast March
30-October 10. Breeding records northeast only, eggs laid May.
Nests placed on ground, near water or in grassland.

Nelson, T. (1930), Growth rate of the spotted sandpiper chick with notes
on nesting habits. Bird-Banding, 1:1-13.

Tringa solitaria Wilson: Solitary Sandpiper. Common transient,

found in wet places near water edge. Present northeast April 16-

May 24, July 9-October 5, occasional in June. T. s. solitaria Wilson

occurs in eastern Kansas, T. s. cinnamomea (Brewster) occurs in

west.

Catoptrophorus semipalmatus ( Gmelin ) : Willet. Uncommon to
common transient, found in meadowland or near water. Present
northeast March 28-June 9, July 9-October 12. C. s. inornatus
( Brewster ) occurs in Kansas.

Vogt, W. (1938), Preliminary notes on the behavior and ecology of the
eastern willet. Proc. Linn. Soc. New York, 49:8-42.

Totanus melanoleucus ( Gmelin ) : Greater Yellowlegs. Common

transient, found on wet ground and water edge. Present northeast

March 21-November 6, but sporadic in mid-summer.

Totanus flavipes ( Gmelin ) : Lesser Yellowlegs. Common tran-
sient, found on wet ground and water edge. Present northeast
March 25-November 8, but sporadic in mid-summer.

Calidris canutus ( Linnaeus ) : Knot. Rare transient, on sandy
banks near water. One specimen record: Hamilton, Greenwood
County, September 19, 1911 (Tordoff, 1956:325). C. c. rufa (Wil-
son ) occurs in Kansas.

Directory to the Bird-life of Kansas 25

Erolia melanotos (Vieillot): Pectoral Sandpiper. Common
transient, on wet ground and shallow water. Present northeast
March 14- June 9, July 24-November 3, occasionally in mid-summer.

Pitelka, F. A. (1959), Numbers, feeding schedule, and territoriality in
pectoral sandpipers of northern Alaska. Condor, 61:233-264.

Erolia fuscicollis (Vieillot): White-rumped Sandpiper. Com-
mon transient, on wet ground and shallow water. Present northeast
April 10-June 19, July 17-September 25, occasionally in mid-summer.

Erolia bairdii (Coues): Baird Sandpiper. Common transient,
more numerous in west, on wet ground and shallow water. Present
northeast March 24-June 2, July 19-October 17, occasionally in mid-
summer.

Erolia minutilla (Vieillot): Least Sandpiper. Common transient,
more numerous in east, on wet ground and shallow water. Present
northeast April 21-June 2, July 16-October 29, occasionally in mid-
summer.

Erolia alpina (Linnaeus): Dunlin. Rare transient in east, on
wet ground and shallow water. Present northeast May 8-26,
August 19. E. a. pacifica (Coues) occurs in Kansas.

Limnodromus griseus ( Gmelin ) : Short-billed Dowitcher. Rare

or uncommon transient, status not well known, on wet ground and

shallow water. Three specimens (Douglas, Russell, and Sumner

counties), taken April, May. L. g. hendersoni Rowan occurs in

Kansas.

Pitelka, F. A. (1950), Geographic variation and the species problem in the
shore-bird genus Limnodromus. Univ. California Publ. Zool., 50:1-108.

Limnodromus scolopaceus ( Say ) : Long-billed Dowitcher. Com-
mon transient, on wet ground and shallow water. Present north-
east March 10-June 2, July 19-October 21, occasionally in mid-
summer.

For reference see Short-billed Dowitcher.

Micropalama himantopus (Bonaparte): Stilt Sandpiper. Un-
common to common transient, on wet ground and shallow water.
Present northeast April 21-June 19, July 19-October 14, occasionally
in mid-summer.

Ereunetes pusillus ( Linnaeus ) : Semipalmated Sandpiper. Com-
mon transient, on wet ground and shallow water. Present north-
east March 14- June 8, July 21-October 21, occasionally in mid-
summer.

Ereunetes mauri Cabanis: Western Sandpiper. Transient, num-
erous in west, uncommon in east, on wet ground and shallow water.

26 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist.

Present north-central sector April 14-June 8, July 19-October 28,
occasionally in mid-summer.

Tryngites subruficollis (Vieillot): Buff-breasted Sandpiper. Un-
common transient, chiefly east, near water and wet ground. Present
northeast July 29-September 26, one record for April (Douglas
County ) .

Limosa fedoa (Linnaeus): Marbled Godwit. Rare transient,
near water or on wet ground. Records north-central April 16-
June 5, and August 20.

Limosa haemastica ( Linnaeus ) : Hudsonian Godwit. Uncom-
mon transient, most numerous in east and central, around water and
wet ground. Present in period April 16-May 27; one record
August 2.

Crocethia alba (Pallas): Sanderling. Uncommon transient, on
sandy places near water. Present northeast May 14-June 1, Sep-
tember 3-October 8; few present Stafford County, July-August.

* Recurvirostra americana Gmelin: American Avocet. Tran-
sient, uncommon in east, common in west, local summer resident

central and west, around marshes and shallow water. Present
April 2-November 21. Eggs laid mid-May to mid-June, peak
June 1-10; single-brooded. Number of eggs ordinarily 4. Nests
built on ground, near water.

Himantopus mexicanus ( Miiller ) : Black-necked Stilt. Rare tran-
sient, on marshes and around still water. Records from Stafford,
Seward, Finney, Kearney, Crawford, Sedgwick, and Cloud counties,
April, May, June, July.

Phalaropus fulicarius (Linnaeus): Red Phalarope. Vagrant, on
open, shallow water. Two specimens: Lakeview, Douglas County,
November 5, 1905 (KU 3778); Ottawa, Franklin County, Oc-
tober 25, 1926 (Gloyd, 1927:107).

* Steganopus tricolor Vieillot: Wilson Phalarope. Common tran-
sient, local summer resident, on shallow water and marshes. Present
northeast April 7-June 11, July 27-October 7; October 14 in Cowley
County. One nesting record: downy yoimg, Cheyenne Bottoms,
Barton County, June 26, 1954 (Andrews and Stephens, 1954:30).

Lobipes lobatus (Linnaeus): Northern Phalarope. Rare tran-
sient, on shallow water. Present May 8-28, August 30-October 18.
Two specimens: Fort Wallace, Wallace County, May 25, 1883
( Goss collection ) , 3 miles east Lawrence, Douglas County, May 28,
1955 (KU 32560).

Tinbergen, N. (1935), . . . The behavior of the red-necked phalarope
(Phahropus lobatus L.) in spring. Ardea, 24:1-42.

Directory to the Bird-life of Kansas 27

Stercorarius pomarinus (Temminck): Pomarine Jaeger. Vag-
rant. One record (KU 6967): Kansas River near Lawrence,
Douglas County, October 10, 1898.

Pitelka, F. A., Tomich, P. Q., and Treichel, G. W. (1955), Breeding behavior
of jaegers and owls near Barrow, Alaska. Condor, 57:3-16.

Stercorarius longicaudus Vieillot: Long-tailed Jaeger. Vagrant.

One record (KU 32610): Cheyenne Bottoms, Barton County,

June 23, 1955.

[Lams hyperboreus Gunnerus: Glaucous Gull. Sight records
at Lake Shawnee, Shawnee County, January 27, 1951 (Tordoff,
1956:327), no specimen taken in Kansas.]

Larus argentatus Pontoppidan: Herring Gull. Uncommon tran-
sient, usually near lakes and rivers. Present northeast February 14-
May 11, September 2-November 22; few present December, Janu-
ary, February. L. a. smithsonianus (Coues) occurs in Kansas.

Tinbergen, N. (1953), The herring gull's world. Collins, London.

Larus californicus Lawrence: California Gull. Vagrant. One

specimen (location unknown) taken by Goss (1891:21) Arkansas

River, Reno County, October 20, 1880.

Johnston, D. W. (1956), The annual reproductive cycle of the California
gull. Condor, 58:134-162, 206-221.

Larus delawarensis Ord: Ring-billed Gull. Locally common
transient, rare winter resident, near water and tilled fields. Most
occur March 1-May 26, August 1-November 18.

For reference see Franklin Gull.

Larus atricilla Linnaeus: Laughing Gull. Vagrant. One speci-
men (in collection of Richard H. Schmidt) 3 miles east, 2/2 miles
south Canton, in Marion County, May 15, 1933.

Larus pipixcan Wagler: Franklin Gull. Common transient,

around water and tilled fields. Present northeast April 1-June 30,

July 16-December 15, occasionally in mid-summer.

Moynihan, ML (1959), Notes on the behavior of some North American
gulls. Pt. IV. Behaviour, 14:214-239.

Larus Philadelphia (Ord): Bonaparte Gull. Rare transient, at
least in east. Occurs within the periods March-May, August-
November.

[Rissa tridactyla (Linnaeus): Black-legged Kittiwake. The
species has been seen by reliable observers on Lake Shawnee,
Shawnee County, October 20, 1951; no specimen taken in Kansas.]

Coulson, J. C, and White, E. (1956), A study of colonies of the kittiwake
Rissa tridactyla (L.) Ibis, 98:63-79.

Xema sabini (Sabine): Sabine Gull. Rare transient, chiefly
around lakes. Subadult birds in September, October, in Allen,

28 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist.

Greenwood, Shawnee and Barton counties. X. s. sabini (Sabine)
occurs in Kansas.

Sterna forsteri Nuttall: Forster Tern. Locally common transient,
Barton and Stafford counties eastward, chiefly along rivers and
lakes. Present northeast April 9-June 15, July 21-November 1.

Sterna hirundo Linnaeus: Common Tern. Rare transient, along
rivers and lakes. Two specimens: Anderson County (May 11,
1878) and Greenwood County ( September 2, 1912). Present north-
east March 21-June 1, September 14-October 8. S. h. hirundo
Linnaeus occurs in Kansas.

Palmer, R. S. ( 1941), A behavior study of the common tern (Sterna hirundo
hirundo L.). Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 42:1-119.

* Sterna albifrons Pallas: Least Tern. Uncommon transient,
local summer resident, along rivers, on marshes. Present northeast
May 14-August 27. Breeding records from Stafford, Meade, Hamil-
ton counties. Eggs laid late May to late June, peak June 1-10;
single-brooded. Number of eggs 2-4. Nests on bare ground,
usually near water. S. a. atholassos Burleigh and Lowery occurs

in Kansas.

Hardy, J. W. (1957), The least tern in the Mississippi Valley. Publ. Mus.
Michigan St. Univ. Biol. Ser., 1:1-60.

Hydroprogne caspia (Pallas): Caspian Tern. Uncommon to
rare transient, on rivers and lakes. Many sight records, one speci-
men (KU 17147): Douglas County, September 27, 1928.

Chlidonias niger ( Linnaeus ) : Black Tern. Common transient,
regular summer resident west and central (but no breeding record),
on lakes, marshes and rivers. Present northeast May 3-Septem-
ber 30. C. n. surinamensis (Gmelin) occurs in Kansas.

Cuthbert, N. L. (1954), A nesting study of the black tern in Michigan.
Auk, 71:36-63.

* Columbia livia Gmelin: Rock Dove. Introduced; feral popula-
tions locally common around towns and farms, and cliffsides in west.
Eggs laid mid-January to late December, peak April 1-10; double-
brooded. Number of eggs ordinarily 2. Nests placed in crevices
and ledges in buildings and cliffs, 10 to 60 feet high. Feral stock of
mixed genetic heritage.

Whitman, C. O. (1919), The behavior of pigeons. Carnegie Inst. Wash-
ington, Publ. 257.

* Zenaidura macroura ( Linnaeus ) : Mourning Dove. Common
transient and summer resident, uncommon winter resident, in open
and edge habitats. Present northeast in greatest numbers March-
November. Eggs laid late March to early September, peak May
10-20; double-brooded. Number of eggs ordinarily 2. Nests placed

Directory to the Bird-life of Kansas 29

in elms (15 feet), osage-orange (5 feet), hackberry (12 feet),
exotic conifers (6 feet), many other kinds, and on ground. Z. m.
marginella (Woodhouse) occurs throughout Kansas, Z. m. caro-
linensis ( Linnaeus ) occurs in extreme east.

McClure, H. E. (1943), Ecology and management of the mourning dove
in Cass County, Iowa. Bull. 310, Iowa St. Coll. Agric. Exp. Sta., Ames.

* Ectopistes migratorius ( Linnaeus ) : Passenger Pigeon. For-
merly uncommon or irregular transient and summer resident in
east, now extinct. Two specimens (Goss Collection) from Neosho
Falls, Woodson County, April 14, 1876.

Sehorger, A. W. (1955), The passenger pigeon . . . Univ. Wisconsin
Press, Madison, xiii+424 pp.

Columbigallina passerina ( Linnaeus ) : Ground Dove. Vagrant.
One specimen (KU 36900): near Garnett, Anderson County, No-
vember 28, 1958 (Johnston, 1959fr); sight record, Pottawatomie
County, November 11, 1954. C. p. passerina (Linnaeus) occurs

in Kansas.

Nicholson, D. J. (1937), Notes on the breeding of the ground dove in
Florida. Wilson Bull., 49:101-114.

Scardafella inca (Lesson): Inca Dove. Vagrant. One speci-
men (KU 33241): Meade State Game Farm, Meade County,
March 26, 1957 (Hardy, 1958); sight records from Harvey County
( November-January ) and Shawnee County ( June ) .

Johnston, R. F. (1960), Behavior of the Inca dove. Condor, 62:7-24.

* Conuropsis carolinensis ( Linnaeus ) : Carolina Paroquet. For-
merly common resident, chiefly east, now extinct. Goss (1891:317)
reported nesting of small flock near Neosho Falls, Woodson County,
in 1858. One specimen (Ace. T-391, Emporia State Teachers Col-
lege collection): Emporia, Lyon County, around 1890. One bird
reported shot near Potter, Atchison County, in 1904 (Widmann,
1907:116). C. c. Ittdovicianus (Gmelin) occurred in Kansas.

* Coccyzus americanus ( Linnaeus ) : Yellow-billed Cuckoo.
Common transient and summer resident, in heavy riparian shrub-
bery and second-growth. Present northeast April 29-October 12.
Eggs laid late May to early September, peak June 5-15; double-
brooded. Number of eggs Doniphan County 3 (3.31, 2-5; 16),
Cloud County 3 (2.73, 2-4; 15). Nests placed about 6 feet high
(one 20 feet in oak), on horizontal branches in elm, dogwood, wil-
low, oak, osage orange, many others, in heavy cover. C. a. ameri-
canus (Linnaeus) occurs in Kansas.

* Coccyzus erythropthalmus ( Wilson ) : Black-billed Cuckoo.
Uncommon transient and summer resident, in heavy riparian shrub-
bery and second-growth. Present northeast May 14-October 7.

30 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist.

Eggs laid late May to mid-August, peak June 1-10; probably
double-brooded. Number of eggs 3 (2.57, 2-3; 7). Nests placed
about 5 feet high on horizontal branches in plum, elm, and the like.

Spencer, Q. R. (1943), Nesting habits of the black-billed cuckoo. Wilson
Bull., 55:11-22.

* Geococcyx californianus ( Lesson ) : Roadrunner. Uncommon
to common resident in south, less numerous southeast. Eggs laid
early April to mid-July (records from Cowley and Sumner counties).
Number of eggs about 5 (4.50, 3-6; 4). Nests placed on ground
under shrubby cover, occasionally low in bushes.

Bryant, H. C. (1916), Habits and food of the roadrunner in California.
Univ. California Publ. Zool., 17:21-58.

Crotophaga sulcirostris Swainson: Groove-billed Ani. Vagrant.

Three records: Crawford County (KU 31948), Marshall County

(KU 31951), Lyon County (Tordoff, 1956:330). The two dated

occurrences are for October 28 and November 1. C. s. sulcirostris

Swainson occurs in Kansas.

Davis, D. E. (1942), The phylogeny of social nesting habits in the Cro-
tophaginae. Quart. Rev. Biol., 17:115-134.

*Tyto alba (Scopoli): Barn Owl. Uncommon resident in open

woodland, characteristically near farmsteads. Records infrequent

November through February. Eggs laid chiefly in April, 2-6 in

number. Nests placed in niches in dwellings, hollow trees, river

banks. T. a. pratincola Bonaparte occurs in Kansas.

Stewart, P. E. ( 1952), Dispersal, breeding behavior and longevity of banded
barn owls in North America. Auk, 69:227-245.

* Otus asio ( Linnaeus ) : Screech Owl. Common resident, in
woodland and open woodland. Eggs laid April and May. Nests
placed in holes in trees, five to 20 feet high. O. a. naevius ( Gmelin )
occurs in northeastern Kansas, O. a. hasbroucki Ridgway in south-
central, O. a. aikeni (Brewster) and O. a. sweriki Oberholser occur
in west; status of each imperfectly known.

Allen, A. A. (1924), A contribution to the life history and economic status
of the screech owl (Otus asio). Auk, 41:1-16.

* Bubo virginianus ( Gmelin ) : Great Horned Owl. Common
resident, in forest, woodland, open woodland, open country with
cliffs. Eggs laid mid-January to early March, peak February 10-20;
single-brooded. Number of eggs 2 (2.40, 2-3; 18). Nests are
frequently hawk and crow nests, about 30 feet high in cottonwood,
elm, osage-orange, hackberry; on cliffs and (rarely) buildings
little nest is made. B. v. virginianus (Gmelin) occurs in eastern
Kansas. B. v. occidentalis Stone occurs in western Kansas.

Orians, G., and Kuhlman, F. (1956), Red-tailed hawk and horned owl
populations in Wisconsin. Condor, 58:371-385.

Directory to the Bird-life of Kansas 31

Nyctea scandiaca ( Linnaeus ) : Snowy owl. Rare winter visitant,
in open country. Occurrence tends to be cyclic; notable in winters
of 1945-46, 1949-50, 1954-55, 1957-58.

Watson, A. (1957), The behavior, breeding, and food-ecology of the snowy
owl Nyctea scandiaca. Ibis, 99:419-462.

* Speotyto cunicularia (Molina): Burrowing Owl. Uncommon
to common summer resident in west, uncommon transient in east,
in open country. Present March 22-November 14. Eggs laid from
mid-April to early July, peak May 10-20; probably not double-
brooded. Number of eggs around 7. Nests in chambers of burrows
in earth, particularly (in Kansas) those of prairie dogs (Cynomys
ludovicianus) . S. c. hypugea (Bonaparte) occurs in Kansas.

* Strix varia Barton: Barred Owl. Locally common resident in
east, status in west unknown. No information on breeding season
in Kansas. S. v. varia Barton occurs throughout Kansas, S. v.
georgica Latham in southeast.

* Asio otus ( Linnaeus ) : Long-eared Owl. Uncommon summer
resident, uncommon to common transient and winter resident, in
woodland with heavy daytime cover. Season of greatest abundance
February-April. Eggs laid March; single-brooded. Number of
eggs about 5. Nests frequently in old hawk and crow nests.
A. o. wilsonianus (Lesson) occurs in Kansas.

For reference see Short-eared Owl.

* Asio flammeus ( Pontoppidan ) : Short-eared Owl. Rare to un-
common resident, uncommon to common winter resident, in open
country with tall grasses, scattered scrubs and thickets. Nesting
records from Bourbon, Woodson, Republic, and Marshall counties.
A. /. flammeus (Pontoppidan) occurs in Kansas.

Errington, P. L. (1932), Food habits of southern Wisconsin captors. I.
Owls. Condor, 34:176-186.

* Aegolius acadicus ( Gmelin ) : Saw-whet Owl. Rare resident,
more numerous in winter, in woodland and edge. One nesting
record: young birds attended by adults, summer of 1951, Wyan-
dotte County (Tordoff, 1956:331). A. a. acadicus (Gmelin) occurs
in Kansas.

Santee, R., and Granfield, W. (1939), Behavior of the saw-whet owl on its
nesting grounds. Condor, 41:3-9.

* Caprimulgus carolinensis Gmelin: Chuck- will's-widow. Locally
common summer resident, west at least to Shawnee and Stafford
counties, in and around woodland. Present April 20 (Eunice
Dingus, pers. comm.) to early October, but one December 6
(Fitch, 1958:208). Eggs laid in May, peak May 1-10; single-

32 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist.

brooded. Number of eggs ordinarily 2. Nests on ground, usually
on heavy leaf -litter.

* Caprimulgus vociferus Wilson: Whip-poor-will. Local but
common summer resident, chiefly in east, in and around woodland.
Present northeast April 6-October 11. Eggs laid in May and June;
single-brooded. Number of eggs ordinarily 2. Nests on ground,
on heavy leaf-litter, reported from Doniphan and Douglas counties.
C.v. vociferus Wilson occurs in Kansas.

Raynor, G. S. (1941), The nesting habits of the whip-poor-will. Bird-
Banding, 12:98-103.

* Phalaenoptilus nuttallii ( Audubon ) : Poor-will. Common sum-
mer resident in west, rare in east to Leavenworth County, in dry,
rocky country with scattering scrubs or ravines with mixed xero-
phytic cover. Present north-central sector April 12-September 21.
P. n. nuttallii (Audubon) occurs in Kansas.

Marshall, J. T., Jr. (1955), Hibernation in captive goatsuckers. Condor,
57:129-134.

* Chordeiles minor ( Forster ) : Common Nighthawk. Common
summer resident, nesting on dry, open terrain, foraging over wide
variety of habitats. Present northeast April 29-October 18. Eggs
laid late May to late June, peak June 10-20; single-brooded. Num-
ber of eggs ordinarily 2. Nests on ground, in rocky pasture, gravel
banks, occasionally on flat tops of human dwellings. C. m. minor
(Forster) occurs in northeastern Kansas, C. m. chapman* Coues in
southeast, C. m. howelli Oberholser in west; C. m. sermetti Coues
transient throughout.

Weller, M. W. (1958), Observations on the incubation behavior of a com-
mon nighthawk. Auk, 75:48-59.

* Chaetura pelagica ( Linnaeus ) : Chimney Swift. Common

transient and summer resident in east, uncommon transient in west,

around towns. Present northeast April 2-October 11; October 13 in

Cowley County. Eggs laid late April to early June, peak about

May 15-25; single-brooded. Nests placed on vertical surfaces,

chiefly inside walls of chimneys, occasionally in buildings or tree

hollows.

Fischer, R. E. (1958), The breeding biology of the chimney swift, Chaetura
pelagica, (Linnaeus). New York State Mus. Bull., 368:1-141.

* Archilochus colubris ( Linnaeus ) : Ruby-throated Humming-
bird. Common transient and summer resident in east, rare in west,
around sites having flowers. Present northeast April 20-October 2.
Eggs laid early June to early July, peak around June 20; single-
brooded. Number of eggs ordinarily 2. Nests placed on outer

Directory to the Bird-life of Kansas 33

branches ( pendant surface or fork ) of oak, hickory, ironwood, about
17 feet high.

Pitelka, F. A. (1942), Territoriality and related problems in North Ameri-
can hummingbirds. Condor, 44:189-204.

Stellula calliope (Gould): Calliope Hummingbird. Rare tran-
sient in west. One record: 6 miles east Kansas highway 27, 8 miles
south Richfield, Morton County, September 3, 1952 (Graber,
1954:149).

For reference, see Ruby-throated Hummingbird.

* Megaceryle alcyon (Linnaeus): Belted Kingfisher. Common
summer resident, uncommon winter resident, near streams, rivers,
ponds and lakes. Present in greatest numbers northeast March
through November. Eggs laid April and May; probably single-
brooded. Nests in excavations in sandy banks. M. a. alcyon (Lin-
naeus ) occurs in Kansas.

Salyer, J. C, II, and Lagler, K. F. (1949), The eastern belted kingfisher
in relation to fish management. Trans. Am. Fish Soc, 76:97-117.

* Colaptes auratus ( Linnaeus ) : Yellow-shafted Flicker. Com-
mon resident in east, meeting, hybridizing with, partly replaced by
Red-shafted Flicker westward, in woodland edge, open wood-
land, riverbottom timber. Eggs laid mid- April to early June, peak
May 1-10; single-brooded. Number of eggs about 5 (3-7). Nests
in stumps, dead limbs of willow, cottonwood, mulberry, about 6
feet high. C. a. auratus ( Linnaeus ) occurs in southeastern Kansas,
C. a. hiteus Bangs in remainder; C. a. borealis Ridgway in north-
east in winter.

Sherman, A. R. (1910), At the sign of the northern flicker. Wilson Bull.,
22:135-171.

* Colaptes cafer ( Gmelin ) : Red-shafted Flicker. Common resi-
dent in west, meeting, hybridizing with, largely replaced by Yellow-
shafted Flicker eastward, in open woodland and riverbottom timber.
Populations shift eastward in winter. No information available on
breeding season; known to be similar to that of Yellow-shafted
Flicker. C. c. collaris Vigors occurs in Kansas.

* Dryocopos pileatus ( Linnaeus ) : Pileated Woodpecker. Rare
and local resident in heavy timber in east, formerly common. Has
been seen recently in Leavenworth, Douglas, Wyandotte, Miami,
Linn, Neosho, Cherokee, Chautauqua, and Sumner counties. Nest-
ing records recently only from Linn and Cherokee counties, where
eggs laid in April; single-brooded. Number of eggs 3-4. Nests
45-60 feet high in large riverbottom trees, as cottonwood, pinoak.

.3—4053

34 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist.

D. p. abieticola (Bangs) occurs in northeastern Kansas, D. p.

pileatus ( Linnaeus ) in southeast.

Hoyt, S. F. (1957), The ecology of the pileated woodpecker. Ecology,
38:246-256.

* Centurus carolinus ( Linnaeus ) : Red-bellied Woodpecker.

Common resident in east, scattered records in west, in woodland.

Eggs laid early March to late June, peak April 20-30; probably

double-brooded. Number of eggs about 5. Nests about 25 feet

high (9-60 feet) in elm, ash, cottonwood, hickory, willow. C. c.

zebra (Boddaert) occurs in Kansas.

Selander, R. K., and Giller, D. R. (1959), Interspecific relations of wood-
peckers in Texas. Wilson Bull., 71 : 107-124.

* Melanerpes eryihrocephalus ( Linnaeus ) : Red-headed Wood-
pecker. Common summer resident and transient in state, uncom-
mon winter resident in east, in woodland. Greatest abundance
northeast late April-early November. Eggs laid early May to early
August, peak June 1-10; probably double-brooded. Number of
eggs about 5. Nests placed about 25 feet high in cottonwood, wil-
low, elm. M. e. erythrocephalus ( Linnaeus ) occurs in eastern Kan-
sas, M . e. caurinus Brodkorb in west.

Kilham, L. (1958), Territorial behavior of wintering red-headed wood-
peckers. Wilson Bull., 70:347-358.

Asyndesmus lewis (Gray): Lewis Woodpecker. Probably rare
resident in southwest, in open woodland; status uncertain. Vagrant
in east.

Sphyrapicus varius ( Linnaeus ) : Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. Un-
common transient and winter resident, in open woodland. Present
northeast November 14- April 15. S. v. varius (Linnaeus) occurs
in eastern Kansas, S. v. nuchalis Baird in west.

Howell, T. R. ( 1952 ) , Natural history and differentiation in the yellow-
bellied sapsucker. Condor, 54:237-282.

[Sphyrapicus thyroideus ( Cassin ) : Williamson Sapsucker. Adult

male seen Concordia, Cloud County, by Dr. J. M. Porter, April 4,

1935; no specimen from Kansas.]

* Dendrocopos villosus ( Linnaeus ) : Hairy Woodpecker. Com-
mon resident in woodland. Eggs laid late March to late May, peak
seemingly May 1-10; single-brooded. Number of eggs around 4.
Nests placed about 15 feet high in many kinds of trees. D. v.
villosus (Linnaeus) occurs in Kansas.

* Dendrocopos pubescens ( Linnaeus ) : Downy Woodpecker.
Common resident, in woodland. Eggs laid mid-April to early June,
peak May 1-10; single-brooded. Number of eggs about 5. Nests

Directory to the Bird-life of Kansas 35

placed 15 to 30 feet high in willow, ash, honey locust, apple. D. p.
pubescens (Linnaeus) occurs in southeastern Kansas, D. p. me-
dianus ( Swainson ) in remainder.

Dendrocopos scalaris (Wagler): Ladder-backed Woodpecker.
Common resident in open woodland and scrubland in Morton
County; no nest found yet in Kansas. D. s. symplectus (Ober-
holser ) occurs in Kansas.

* Tyrannus tyrannus ( Linnaeus ) : Eastern Kingbird. Common
transient and summer resident, most numerous in east, in open coun-
try grown to scattering trees, and woodland edge. Present north-
east April 14-September 24. Eggs laid late May to late July, peak
June 5-15; single-brooded. Number of eggs 3 (3.14, 2-4; 7). Nests
placed about 12 feet high, chiefly in canopy of deciduous trees, less
often in conifers.

* Tyrannus verticalis (Say): Western Kingbird. Common tran-
sient and summer resident, chiefly west of Flint Hills, but locally
regular farther east (Lawrence), in open country with scattering
trees, and woodland edge. Present northeast April 23-Septem-
ber 26. Eggs laid mid-May to late July, peak June 10-20; single-
brooded. Number of eggs 4 (3.75, 3-4; 4). Nests placed about 18
feet high, in canopy of deciduous trees, rarely on poles.

Tyrannus vociferans Swainson: Cassin Kingbird. Transient and
summer resident in west, east to Finney County. One specimen:
TA miles north Elkhart, Morton County, May 26, 1950 ( Graber and
Graber 1954:156). No nesting record for Kansas. T. v. vociferans
Swainson occurs in Kansas.

* Muscivora forficata ( Gmelin ) : Scissor-tailed Flycatcher. Com-
mon summer resident, particularly in south and central sectors, rare
in northwest, in open country grown to scattering trees. Most sta-
tions of breeding occurrence fall within lines connecting Morton
County to Cloud County to Neosho County, but the species nests
in Nebraska, Iowa, and Missouri. Present in south by April 15, in
northeast April 18-October 22; a notable autumnal wanderer.
Eggs laid late May to early July; single-brooded. Number of eggs
3 to 4. Nests placed about 14 feet high, on horizontal limbs of
deciduous trees and, frequently, power poles.

Fitch, F. W., Jr. (1950), Life history and ecology of the scissor-tailed fly-
catcher, Muscivora forficata. Auk, 67:145-168.

* Myiarchns crinitus (Linnaeus): Great Crested Flycatcher.
Common transient and summer resident, most numerous in east,
in woodland and edge. Present northeast April 15-September 21.

36 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist.

Eggs laid mid-May to mid-June; season seemingly notably restricted

in time. Number of eggs 4-6. Nests placed in cavities of trees and

buildings, 10-20 feet high. M. c. boreus Bangs occurs in Kansas.

Gillespie, J. A. (1924), Some nestings of the crested flycatcher. Auk, 41:
41-44.

Myiarchus cinerascens (Lawrence): Ash-throated Flycatcher.
Probable summer resident, in open woodland and edge, at least in
Morton County. One specimen: 8 miles south Richfield, Morton
County, May 7, 1950 (Graber and Graber, 1954:156). M. c. cin-
erascens (Lawrence) occurs in Kansas.

* Sayornis phoebe (Latham): Eastern Phoebe. Common tran-
sient and summer resident in east, uncommon in west, in woodland
edge and riparian groves. Present northeast March 3-October 27.
Eggs laid late March to mid- July, peak April 20-30; double-brooded.
Number of eggs 4 (4.18, 2-5; 54). Nests placed on flat or vertical
or overhanging surfaces on bridges, houses, earthen banks, rocky
cliffs; average height 6 feet. Availability of culverts, bridges, build-
ings in part determines density of breeding populations here. Im-
portant host of Brown-headed Cowbird.

Smith, W. P. (1942), Nesting habits of the eastern phoebe. Auk, 59:410-
417.

* Sayornis saya (Bonaparte): Say Phoebe. Common transient
and summer resident, chiefly in west, in open country. Occurs
sparingly east to Republic, Cloud ( breeding ) , and Lyon ( transient )
counties. Nesting records only for May, but probably begins April.
Number of eggs 3-5. Nests placed on bridges, houses, rocky cliffs.
S. s. saya (Bonaparte) breeds in Kansas, S. s. yukonensis Bishop is
transient.

Empidonax flaviventris (Baird and Baird): Yellow-bellied Fly-
catcher. Uncommon transient, chiefly in east, in forest and wood-
land. Present northeast May 24-October 7. One specimen (KU
34185) from west: riparian woods 7% miles north Elkhart, Morton
County, August 5, 1957 (Ford, 1957:15).

Walkinshaw, L. H., and Henry, C. J. (1957), Yellow-bellied flycatcher nest-
ing in Michigan. Auk, 74:293-304.

* Empidonax virescens ( Vieillot ) : Acadian Flycatcher. Uncom-
mon summer resident in east, in woodland edge and riparian
thickets. Present northeast April 30-September 15. Eggs laid last
third of May to mid-June. Number of eggs about 3.

Newman, D. L. (1958), A nesting of the acadian flvcatcher. Wilson Bull.,
70:130-144.

Directory to the Bird-life of Kansas 37

Empidonax traillii (Audubon): Traill Flycatcher. Uncommon
transient, chiefly in woodland edge and riparian thickets. Present
northeast April 28-May 19, August 14-September 24. No evidence
of breeding in Kansas. E. t. traillii (Audubon) occurs in eastern
Kansas, E. t. brewsteri Oberholser in west.

McCabe, R. A. (1951), The song and song-flight of the alder flycatcher.
Wilson Bull., 63:89-98.

Empidonax minimus ( Baird and Baird) : Least Flycatcher. Com-
mon transient, in open woodland and edge. Present northeast
April 20-June 4, July 31-September 24. No evidence of breeding in
Kansas, but present in summer in various places, as Gove County,
July 28, 1921 (Linsdale, 1926a).

Davis, D. E. (1959), Observations on territorial behavior of the least
flycatcher. Wilson Bull., 71:73-85.

Empidonax oberholseri Phillips: Wright Flycatcher. Rare tran-
sient in extreme west. Three specimens, May 8, 12, 1950, 8 miles
south Richfield, Morton County (Graber and Graber, 1951:157).

Empidonax difficilis Baird: Western Flycatcher. Rare transient
in extreme west. One specimen ( KU 31203 ) on September 5, 1952,
8 miles south Richfield, Morton County; another on September 3,
1952, same locality. E. d. hellmayri Brodkorb occurs in Kansas.

* Cont opus virens ( Linnaeus ) : Eastern Wood Pewee. Common
transient and summer resident in east, rare in west, in woodland
and forest edge. Present northeast April 2-September 23. Eggs
laid first week in June to mid-July, strong peak June 10-20; single-
brooded. Number of eggs about 4. Nests placed on horizontal
branches of mature deciduous trees, about 20 feet high.

Kendeigh, S. C. (1952), Parental care and its evolution in birds. Illinois
Biol. Monogr., 22:x+358 pp.

Contopus richardsonii ( Swainson ) : Western Wood Pewee.

Common transient and probable summer resident in west, rare

transient in east, in woodland and edge. Arrives southwest first

week of May. C. r. richardsonii (Swainson) occurs in Kansas.

Nuttallornis borealis ( Swainson ) : Olive-sided Flycatcher. Un-
common transient. Favorable habitat includes tall trees, where
birds characteristically perch and call. Present northeast April 28-
May 30, August 29-October 31.

* Eremophila alpestris ( Linnaeus ) : Horned Lark. Common
transient, winter resident, and resident, in open country having
short or cropped vegetation. Eggs laid mid-March to early June;
probably double-brooded. Nests placed on ground, under grassy
cover. E. a. praticola (Henshaw) resident in eastern Kansas, E. a.

38 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist.

enthymia (Oberholser) in west; E. a. hoyti (Bishop), E. a. alpestris
(Linnaeus), E. a. leucolaema (Coues) in winter.

Pickwell, G. B. (1931), The prairie homed lark. Trans. Acad. Sci. St.
Louis, 27:1-153.

* Iridoprocne bicolor (Vieillot): Tree Swallow. Common tran-
sient in east, summer resident in Doniphan County along Missouri
River. Present northeast April 5-October 21. Eggs laid late May
to mid-June; single-brooded. Number of eggs about 5. Nests
placed in abandoned woodpecker diggings in medium-height to

tall riparian timber.

Paynter, R. A., Jr. (1954), Interrelations between clutch-size, brood-size,
prefledging survival, and weight in Kent Island tree swallows. Bird-Banding,
25:35-58, 102-110, 136-148.

* Riparia riparia (Linnaeus): Bank Swallow. Common tran-
sient and summer resident, wherever cut-banks for sites of nesting
colonies allow. Present northeast April 9-September 24. Eggs
laid mid-May to early June (but, late replacement nestings occur
late as first week in July at Lawrence, Douglas County), strong
peak May 20-31; single-brooded. Number of eggs 5 (5.04, 4-6; 22).
Tunnels and nesting chambers excavated, with beaks, legs, and
wings, in fine, sandy clay for distances of 2M to 4 feet from bank
face. R. r. riparia ( Linnaeus ) occurs in Kansas.

Peterson, A. J. (1955), The breeding cycle in the bank swallow. Wilson
Bull., 67:235-286.

* Stelgidopteryx ruficoliis (Vieillot): Rough-winged Swallow.
Common transient and summer resident in most habitats. Present
northeast March 29-October 21. Colonies ordinarily considerably
smaller than those of preceding species; not limited in sites of ex-
cavation to broad expanses of cut-bank. Eggs laid mid-May to
early June ( replacement nestings occur late as last week in June at
Concordia, Cloud County), strong peak June 1-10; single-brooded.
Number of eggs about 5. Nesting chambers similar to those of pre-
ceding species. S. r. serripennis (Audubon) occurs in Kansas.

* Hirundo rustica Linnaeus: Barn Swallow. Common transient
and summer resident, in most habitats, chiefly cultivated fields and
pasture. Present in south by April 4, in northeast April 6-Oc-
tober 26. Eggs laid early May to late July, first peak May 20-31;
double-brooded. Number of eggs 5 (4.93, 3-6; 14). Nests placed
on horizontal surfaces on or in buildings, bridges and like; rarely
more than 2 or 3 pairs at one site. H. r. erythrogaster Boddaert

occurs in Kansas.

Purchon, R. D. (1948), The nesting activities of the swallow. Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, 118:146-170.

Directory to the Bird-life of Kansas 39

* Petrochelidon pyrrhonota (Vieillot): Cliff Swallow. Common
transient and local summer resident, frequently near water, over
cultivated fields and pasture. Present northeast April 14-Octo-
ber 25. Eggs laid late May to late June, peak June 1-10; single-
brooded. Number of eggs about 5. Nests plastered on vertical
rock faces, bridges, and buildings, 6 to more than 100 feet above
ground surface. P. p. pyrrhonota (Vieillot) occurs in Kansas.

Mayhew, W. W. ( 1958 ) , The biology of the cliff swallow in California.
Condor, 60:7-37.

* Progne subis (Linnaeus): Purple Martin. Common transient
and summer resident in east, uncommon to rare west of line from
Barber to Smith counties. Forages over and in parkland, frequently
near water. Present northeast March 5-September 23; forms large,
premigratory roosting colonies in August, departs southward be-
ginning late August. Eggs laid mid-May to mid-June, peak June
1-10; single-brooded. Number of eggs 4 (4.12, 3-5; 10). Nests
flat mats of mud and sticks, in Kansas almost always in "martin
houses" 10-25 feet high. P. s. subis (Linnaeus) occurs in Kansas.

Allen, R. W., and Nice, M. M. (1952), A study of the breeding biology of
the purple martin (Progne subis) Amer. Midi. Nat, 47:606-665.

* Cyanocitta cristata Linnaeus: Blue Jay. Common transient

and resident, less common in west and in winter, in open woodland,

woodland, forest and edge. Eggs laid late April to early July, peak

May 10-20; double-brooded. Number of eggs 4 (4.08, 3-5; 12).

Nests placed 8-35 feet high in forks or crotches of mature deciduous

trees. C. c. bromia Oberholser occurs in Kansas.

Amadon, D. (1944), The genera of Corvidae and their relationships. Amer.
Mus. Nov., no. 1251:1-21.

Cyanocitta stelleri ( Gmelin ) : Steller Jay. Rare winter visitant
in southwest, several sight records in recent years, chiefly west on
Arkansas River. One specimen (KU 34263): Riley County, date
unknown. C. s. macrolopha Baird occurs in Kansas.

Pitelka, F. A. ( 1958 ) , The timing of molt in Steller jays of the Queen Char-
lotte Islands, British Columbia. Condor, 60:38-49.

Aphelocoma coerulescens ( Bosc ) : Scrub Jay. Irregular winter
resident in southwest. Five specimens (KU 20812-15, 21213):
12 miles northeast Elkhart, Morton County, November 8, 10, 14,
1934. Sight records Finney County, January 15, 1955. A. c. wood-
houseii (Baird) occurs in Kansas.

Amadon, D. (1944), A preliminary life-history study of the Florida jay,
Cyanocitta c. coerulescens. Amer. Mus. Nov., no. 1252.

Aphelocoma ultramarina (Bonaparte): Mexican Jay. Vagrant.
One specimen: near Mt. Jesus, Clark County, March, 1906; identi-

40 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist.

fication supported by L. L. Dyche and A. Wetmore (Keith, 1940:
427 ) . A.u. arizonae ( Ridgway ) occurs in Kansas.

For reference see Blue Jay.

*Pica pica (Linnaeus): Black-billed Magpie. Common resi-
dent in west since about 1925 (Linsdale, 1926), chiefly in open
country, resorting to wooded bottomland for cover and nesting,
east to Clay County; regular in Republic, Cloud, and Ottawa
counties. Eggs laid mid-April to early June, peak perhaps in first
week of May. Number of eggs 4-7. Domed nests placed 10-20
feet high in riparian cottonwood, elder, ash. P. p. hudsonia (Sa-
bine) occurs in Kansas.

Linsdale, J. M. (1937), The natural history of magpies. Pacific Coast Avif.,
25:1-234.

Corvus corax Linnaeus: Common Raven. Formerly occurred
on high plains, status unknown, presently thought to be rare winter
visitant in west, vagrant in east. One specimen (KU 34264): first-
year $ ?, Jewell County, date unknown but probably winter. C. c.
sinuatus Wagler occurs in Kansas.

Harlow, R. C. (1922), The breeding habits of the northern raven in Penn-
sylvania. Auk, 39:399-410.

* Corvus cryptoleucus Couch: White-necked Raven. Common
summer resident in west, in prairie grassland, woodland edge, and
bottomland timber; overwinters locally in southwest. Nests fre-
quently in Finney County, occasionally in Ford County. Brood
size 1-7 young; single-brooded.

Selous, S. E. (1942), The white-necked raven in relation to agriculture.
U. S. Fish and Wldlf. Serv. Res. Rept., no. 5.

* Corvus brachyrhynchos Brehm: Common Crow. Common
resident, less numerous in west, numbers augmented in central sec-
tor in winter by influx from north. Centers of abundance related
to agricultural practice, more birds being found in and near old
fields and tilled fields than in woodland and pasture (but, all
habitats used in east). Eggs laid mid-March to late May, peak
April 1-10; single-brooded. Number of eggs 4 (4.16, 3-5; 12).
Nests situated about 20 feet high, in oak, cottonwood, elm, syca-
more, elder, osage-orange, conifers. C. b. brachyrhynchos Brehm
occurs in Kansas.

Piatt, D. (1956), Food of the crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos Brehm, in
south-central Kansas. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 8:477-498.

Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus Wied: Pinon Jay. Uncommon ir-
regular winter visitant, chiefly in west. Reported in Douglas, Sedg-
wick, Mitchell, Clark, Finney, and Kearny counties.

Directory to the Bird-life of Kansas 41

Nucifraga Columbiana (Wilson): Clark Nutcracker. Uncom-
mon, irregular winter visitant, chiefly in west. Reported from
Marshall, Ellis, Lyon, Finney, and Seward counties.

Mewaldt, L. R. (1956), Nesting behavior of the Clark nutcracker. Condor,
58:3-23.

* Parus atricapillus Linnaeus : Black-capped Chickadee. Com-
mon resident, but rare or absent in summer in southernmost coun-
ties, in forest, woodland, and edge; frequently in tall brush near
large trees. Eggs laid late March to early June, peak April 20-30;
probably single-brooded. Number of eggs 5 (5.42, 4-7; 7). Nests
placed 5-20 feet high, in cavities in trees. P. a. atricapillus Linnaeus
occurs in eastern Kansas, P. a. septentrionalis Harris in west.

Odum, E. P. (1941, 1942), Annual cycle of the black-capped chickadee.
Auk, 58:314-333; 518-535; 59:499-531.

* Parus carolinensis Audubon: Carolina Chickadee. Common
resident in southernmost counties, occasional to Greenwood County,
in forest, woodland, and edge; characteristically in canopy. Breed-
ing records from Barber and Montgomery counties. Nests placed in
cavities in trees. P. a. atricapilloides Lunk occurs in Kansas.

* Parus bicolor Linnaeus : Tufted Titmouse. Common resident
in east, west to Cloud and Barber counties, in forest, woodland and
edge. Eggs laid mid- April to early June, peak April 20-30; prob-
ably single-brooded. Number of eggs 5 (4.99, 4-5; 4). Nests
placed about 15 feet high, in cavities in trees.

Laskey, A. R. (1957), Some tufted titmouse life-history. Rird-Banding,
28:135-145.

* Sit ta carolinensis Latham : White-breasted Nuthatch. Uncom-
mon resident and winter visitant, most often in oak woodland. Eggs
laid mid-April to early May; only four nesting records, all from
Douglas county. Nests placed in cavities, ordinarily high in large
trees. S. c. codkei Oberholser occurs nearly throughout Kansas,
S. c. nelsoni Mearns in extreme southwest, S. c. carolinensis Latham
in southeast.

Butts, W. K. (1930, 1931), A study of the chickadee and white-breasted
nuthatch by means of marked individuals. Bird-Banding, 1:149-168; 2:1-26,
59-76.

Sitta canadensis Linnaeus: Red-breasted Nuthatch. Uncommon
transient and winter resident, chiefly, but not exclusively, in
planted conifers. Present northeast September 11-May 6.

Gunderson, A. ( 1939), Nesting habits of the red-breasted nuthatch. Condor,
41:259-260.

Certhia familiaris Linnaeus: Brown Creeper. Uncommon tran-
sient and winter resident, in forest and woodland. Present north-

42 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist.

east September 26-April 19. C. /. americana Bonaparte occurs in
Kansas.

* Troglodytes aedon Vieillot: House Wren. Common transient
and summer resident, less numerous in west, in woodland and forest
edge and heavy brushland. Present northeast April 3 (Hubbard,
1953 ) -October 13. Eggs laid mid-April to mid-July, peak May
10-20; double-brooded. Nests placed 2-20 feet high in crevices and
holes in trees, root tangles, buildings; frequently uses man-made
"bird houses." T. a. parkmanii Audubon occurs in Kansas.

Kendeigh, S. C. (1941), Territorial and mating behavior of the house wren.
Illinois Biol. Monogr., 18:1-120.

Troglodytes troglodytes ( Linnaeus ) : Winter Wren. Uncommon
to rare transient and winter resident, in dense forest understory
and thickets in ravines. Present northeast October 13-April 18.
T. t. hiemalis Vieillot occurs in Kansas.

Armstrong, E. A. (1955), The wren. Collins, London.

* Thryomanes bewickii (Audubon): Bewick Wren. Common
resident in south, uncommon to rare northwest, in woodland under-
story. Populations shift southward in winter. Eggs laid mid-April
to early July, peak possibly in late April; double-brooded. Number
of eggs 5 (5.00, 5; 5). Nests about 6 feet above ground, most in
man-made "bird houses," several in old nests of Barn Swallows,
others in crevices in buildings. All nesting records come from rec-
tangular area Johnson County west to Riley County south to Cow-
ley County. T. b. bewickii ( Audubon ) occurs in northeastern Kan-
sas, T. b. cryptus Oberholser in remainder.

Miller, E. V. (1941), Behavior of the Bewick wren. Condor, 43:81-99.

* Thryothorus ludovicianus ( Latham ) : Carolina Wren. Com-
mon resident in south, less numerous north and west, in and near
woodland edge. Eggs laid mid-April to early August, peak May
1-10; double-brooded. Number of eggs 4 (3.66, 3-5; 6). Nests
placed near ground, in niches and holes, on ledges, in road and
creek banks, stumps, buildings, bridges. T. I. ludovicianus
(Latham) occurs in Kansas.

Lasky, A. R. (1948), Some nesting data on the Carolina wren at Nashville,
Tennessee. Bird-Banding, 17:101-121.

* Telmatodytes palustris (Wilson): Long-billed Marsh Wren.
Uncommon transient in state, uncommon summer resident in east,
rare in winter (south), in and around marshes. Present northeast
April 19-October 31. Nesting records only from Doniphan County
(Linsdale, 1928:605), where nests usually placed within 2 feet of

Directory to the Bird-life of Kansas 43

water or mud, suspended on several vertical plant stalks or branches.
T. p. dissaeptus ( Bangs ) occurs in Kansas.

Welter, W. A. (1935), The natural history of the long-billed marsh wren.
Wilson Bull., 47:1-34.

* Cistothorus platensis (Latham): Short-billed Marsh Wren.
Uncommon to rare transient and irregular summer resident in east,
in wet meadows. Present northeast April 29-October 25. Breeding
records only from Douglas County (4 eggs August 30; Tordoff and
Young, 1951) and Coffey County (nest, 2 miles NE LeRoy; W. R.
Brecheisen, MS). C. p. stellaris (Nauman) occurs in Kansas.

Mousley, W. H. (1934), A study of the home life of the short-billed marsh
wren (Cistothorus stellaris). Auk, 51:439-445.

* Salpinctes obsoletus ( Say ) : Rock Wren. Common transient
and summer resident in west, in rocky open country and boulder-
strewn arroyos. Present April 2 (Logan County) to October 25
(Douglas County). Nests at least in Hamilton, Scott, and Logan
counties. S. o. obsoletus (Say) occurs in Kansas.

* Mitnus polyglottos ( Linnaeus ) : Mockingbird. Regular resi-
dent, in low density in north, in parkland and open country with
scattering trees and woodlots. Eggs laid late April to end of July
season characteristically with no marked peak to timing of laying
Probably double-brooded. Number of eggs 3 (3.27, 2-5; 25)
Nests placed about 4 feet high, in centers of small trees and bushes
M. p. polyglottos (Linnaeus) occurs in eastern Kansas. M. p
leucopterus (Vigors) occurs in western Kansas.

Michener, J. R. (1951), Territorial behavior and age competition in a popu-
lation of mockingbirds at a feeding station. Condor, 53:276-285.

* Dumetella carolinensis ( Linnaeus ) : Catbird. Common tran-
sient and summer resident, in and near forest and woodland edge
and established second-growth. Present northeast April 25-No-
vember 16. Eggs laid mid-May to late July, peak May 20-31; most
individuals single-brooded. Number of eggs 4 (3.20, 2-5; 39).
Height of nests around 6 feet (rarely to 19 feet) in great variety of
trees and shrubs.

Kendeigh, S. C. (1952), Parental care and its evolution in birds. Illinois
Biol. Monogr., 22:x-f358pp.

* Toxostoma rufum ( Linnaeus ) : Brown Thrasher. Common
transient and summer resident, rare winter resident, in woodland
and forest understory and established second-growth. Present
northeast April 10 (for a non-wintering bird ) -October 11; occa-
sional birds seen all winter. Eggs laid early May to late July,
strong peak May 10-20; probably some birds double-brooded.

44 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist.

Number of eggs 4 (3.63, 2-5; 102). Nests situated 2-15 feet high
in osage orange, conifers, elm, honey locust, gooseberry and honey-
suckle vines. T. r. rufum (Linnaeus) occurs in eastern Kansas,
T. r . longicauda Baird in west.

Engels, W. L. (1940), Structural adaptations in thrashers (Mimidae: Genus
Toxostoma) . . . Univ. California Publ. Zool., 42:341-400.

Oreoscoptes montanus ( Townsend ) : Sage Thrasher. Rare tran-
sient in west. One sight record (autumn) from Morton County,
one (spring) from Kearney County (Tordoff, 1956:339). Four
specimens, Finney and Morton counties, September-November
(KU 31942-43, 34013-14).

* Turdtis migratorius Linnaeus: Robin. Common transient and
summer resident, in open woodland and towns, local winter resi-
dent in favorable sites. In northeast numbers largest between
March and October. Eggs laid first week of April to mid-July,
peak April 20-30; double-brooded. Number of eggs 3 (3.55, 2-5;
47). Nests placed 2 to 30 feet high in forks or crotches of great
variety of plants (chiefly elm in northeast), not uncommonly on
bridges, buildings, and fences. T. m. migratorius Linnaeus occurs
in most of Kansas, T. m. propinquus Ridgway transient, chiefly in
west.

Young, H. (1955), Breeding behavior and nesting of the eastern robin.
Amer. Midi. Nat., 53:329-352.

Ixoreus naevius ( Gmelin ) : Varied Thrush. Vagrant. One rec-
ord: October 17, 1891, Garden City, Finney County (Menke, 1894),
present location unknown. I. n. meruloides (Swainson), on geo-
graphic grounds, occurs in Kansas.

* Hylocichla mustelina ( Gmelin ) : Wood Thrush. Common
transient and summer resident in east, in understory of forest and
woodland. Nests at least west to Cloud County, but western limit
of range otherwise unknown. Present northeast April 19-October 1.
Eggs laid second week of May to early August, peak June 1-10;
possibly some individuals double-brooded. Number of eggs 3
( 3.44, 3-4; 9 ) . Nests placed about 10 feet high on horizontal limbs
of elm, oak, dogwood, willow, linden. Important host of Brown-
headed Cowbird.

Brackbill, H. (1958), Nesting behavior of the wood thrush. Wilson Bull.,
70:70-89.

Hylocichla guttata (Pallas): Hermit Thrush. Uncommon tran-
sient in state, rare in winter in east, in woodland and forest under-
story and edge. Seen most frequently March-May. H. g. faxoni

Directory to the Bird-life of Kansas 45

Bangs and Penard occurs chiefly in eastern Kansas, H. g. sequoiensis
( Belding) vagrant in west.

For reference see Swainson Thrush.

Hylocichla ustulata (Nuttall): Swainson Thrush. Common
transient, in woodland and forest understory and edge. Present
northeast April 23-June 1, September 15-October 7. H. u. swainsoni
(Tschudi) occurs in Kansas.

Dilger, W. C. (1956), Hostile behavior and reproductive isolating mechan-
isms in the avian genera Catharus and Hylocichla. Auk, 73:313-353.

Hylocichla minima ( Lafresnaye ) : Gray-cheeked Thrush. Un-
common transient in east, probably does not occur in west, in wood-
land and forest understory and edge. Occurs northeast April 11-
May 20, not yet detected in autumn. H. m. minima (Lafresnaye)
occurs in Kansas.

Wallace, G. J. (1939), Bicknell's thrush, its habits, distribution and life
history. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, 41, no. 6.

Hylocichla fuscescens (Stephens): Veery. Rare to uncommon
transient, more numerous in west, in woodland understory. Present
northeast May 5-19, September 8-28. H. f. salicicola Ridgway
occurs in Kansas.

* Sialia sialis ( Linnaeus ) : Eastern Bluebird. Common resident
and transient, in open country with scattered trees and open wood-
land edge. Eggs laid early April to mid-July, peaks April 20-30,
June 1-10; double-brooded. Number of eggs 5 (4.70, 3-6; 17).
Nests placed in holes in trees (8 feet high), in posts and stumps
(5 feet high), and in "bird houses" (4 feet high). S. s. sialis
( Linnaeus ) occurs in Kansas.

Thomas, R. H. ( 1946), A study of the eastern bluebird in Arkansas. Wilson
Bull., 58:143-183.

Sialia currucoides (Bechstein): Mountain Bluebird. Common
transient and winter resident in west, in open country with scat-
tered trees. Present regularly in low numbers east to Cloud County,
November-March, irregularly to Douglas and Anderson counties.
Possible breeding record from Hamilton County: juvenal 5
( KU 5900 ), northwest of Coolidge, June 20, 1911.

Haecker, F. W. (1948), A nesting study of the mountain bluebird in Wyo-
ming. Condor, 50:216-219.

Myadestes townsendi ( Audubon ) : Townsend Solitaire. Un-
common winter resident in west, irregular in east, in parkland and
woodland edge. Present northeast September 17-May 15, most
frequently December-February. M. t. townsendi (Audubon) oc-
curs in Kansas.

46 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist.

* Polioptila caerulea ( Linnaeus ) : Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. Com-
mon transient and summer resident in east, transient in west, breed-
ing status there uncertain, found in brushy woodland and edge.
Breeds at least in Barber, Cowley, Riley, Osage, Douglas, Doniphan,
and Linn counties. Present in south by March 30, in northeast
April 1-September 16. Eggs laid late April to mid- June, peak
May 10-20; single-brooded. Number of eggs 4-5. Nests placed
on limbs or forks about 18 feet high in hardwood trees. P. c.
caerulea ( Linnaeus ) occurs in Kansas.

Nice, M. M. (1932), Observations on the nesting of the Blue-gray gnat-
catcher. Condor, 34:18-22.

Regulus satrapa Lichtenstein: Golden-crowned Kinglet. Com-
mon transient, uncommon winter resident, in forest and woodland.
Present northeast October 8-April 16, most frequent late October-
January. P. s. satrapa Lichtenstein occurs in Kansas.

Regulus calendula ( Linnaeus ) : Ruby-crowned Kinglet. Com-
mon transient, rare winter resident, in woodland edge and second-
growth. Present northeast September 8-May 16. JR. c. calendula
( Linnaeus ) occurs in Kansas.

Anthus spinoletta ( Linnaeus ) : Water Pipit. Common transient,

in open country (grazed pasture, clean-tilled fields, mudflat).

Present northeast March 7-May 24, September 21-November 27,

occasionally in midwinter (east) and midsummer (Cloud County).

A. s. rubescens (Tunstall) occurs in Kansas.

Pickwell, G. B. (1947), The American pipit in its arctic-alpine home. Auk,
64:1-14.

Anthus spragueii ( Audubon ) : Sprague Pipit. Transient through-
out state, common in Flint Hills, chiefly in bluestem pasture. Present
January 20-April 29, September 15-October 13.

Harris, R. D. (1933), Observations on a nest of Sprague's pipit (Anthus
spraguei). Canadian Field-Nat., 47:91-95.

Bombycilla garrulus (Linnaeus): Bohemian Waxwing. Rare

and irregular winter visitant, in woodland and forest edge, perhaps

most frequent in exotic conifers (as, in cemeteries). B. g. pallidi-

ceps Reichenow occurs in Kansas.

* Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot: Cedar Waxwing. Common tran-
sient and irregular winter resident throughout state, rare summer
resident northeast, in woodland and forest edge. Present (non-
breeding) northeast September 21-June 15. Eggs laid at least mid-
June to early July (Wyandotte and Shawnee counties). Number
of eggs about 4.

Putnam, L. S. (1949), Life history of the cedar waxwing. Wilson Bull.,
61:141-182.

Directory to the Bird-life of Kansas 47

Lcinius excubitor Linnaeus: Northern Shrike, Uncommon to
rare winter resident, in open country with scattered trees. Present
northeast October 5-March 23, most frequently December-January.
L. e. borealis Vieillot occurs in eastern Kansas, L. e. invictus Grin-

nell in west.

For reference see Loggerhead Shrike.

* Lanins ludovicianus Linnaeus : Loggerhead Shrike. Common
resident and transient, shifting southward in winter, in open country
with scattered trees and thickets. Eggs laid first week of April to
first week of July, peak April 10-20; single-brooded. Number of
eggs 5 (4.75, 4-6; 12). Nests placed 5 to 6 feet high in heavy
shrubbery of osage orange, elm and pine saplings, other second-
growth. L. I. migrans Palmer occurs in eastern Kansas, L. I. excubi-
tor ides Grinnell in west.

Miller, A. H. (1931), Systematic revision and natural history of the Ameri-
can shrikes (Lanius). Univ. California Publ. Zool., 38:11-242.

* Sturnus vulgaris Linnaeus: Starling. Common transient and
resident since mid-1980s, in urban sites and around farms; forages
chiefly on cropped grassland and clean-tilled fields. Eggs laid first
week of March to mid-June, peak April 10-20; double-brooded.
Number of eggs 4 (4.25, 2-7; 9). Nests placed 8 to 50 feet high in
niches in trees and buildings, and in "bird houses." S. v. vulgaris

Linnaeus occurs in Kansas.

Kessel, B. R. (1957), A study of the breeding biology of the European
starling (Sturnus vulgaris L.) in North America. Amer. Midi. Nat., 58:257-
331.

* Vireo atricapilla Woodhouse: Black-capped Vireo. Summer
resident at least in Comanche County, in oak woodland and edge
of scrubland. Goss (1891:531) collected three pairs in mid-May
and found a nest under construction May 11, 1885, in southeastern
Comanche County. Sight records recently from Riley and Harvey
counties (Tordoff, 1956:341).

For reference see White-eyed Vireo.

* Vireo griseus ( Boddaert ) : White-eyed Vireo. Common tran-
sient and summer resident locally in east, in woodland and edge.
Present northeast April 23-October 5. Nesting records only from
Doniphan County and vicinity of Kansas City, specimens in sum-
mer from other northeastern counties. V. g. noveboracensis

( Gmelin ) occurs in Kansas.

Hamilton, T. (1958), Adaptive variation in the Genus Vireo. Wilson Bull.,
70:307-346.

* Vireo bellii Audubon: Bell Vireo. Common transient and
summer resident, in riparian and second-growth scrub. Present
northeast April 14-September 27. Eggs laid early May to early

48 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist.

July, peak June 1-10; single-brooded. Number of eggs 3 (3.25,
3-5; 20 ) . Nests placed about 2M feet high in osage orange, dogwood,
honey locust, elm. Important host of Brown-headed Cowbird.
V. h. belli Audubon occurs in Kansas.

Pitelka, F. A., and Koestner, E. J. (1942), Breeding behavior of Bell's vireo
in Illinois. Wilson Bull., 54:97-106.

* Vireo flavifrons Vieillot: Yellow-throated Vireo. Uncommon
transient and rare local summer resident, in deciduous forest and
woodland. Present northeast April 28-October 1. Eggs laid at
least in May, in Woodson, Shawnee (Goss, 1891:526) and Douglas
(Tordoff, 1956:341) counties. Nests hung 20-30 feet high from
horizontal forks in deciduous trees.

For reference see White-eyed Vireo.

Vireo solitarius (Wilson): Solitary Vireo. Uncommon to com-
mon transient, in woodland and deciduous forest. Present north-
east April 29-May 20, August 29-October 22. V. s. solitarius ( Wil-
son ) occurs in eastern Kansas, V. s. plumbeus Coues in west.

For reference see White-eyed Vireo.

* Vireo olivaceus ( Linnaeus ) : Red-eyed Vireo. Common tran-
sient and summer resident, in deciduous forest and woodland.
Present northeast April 21-October 7. Eggs laid first week of June
to last week of July, early records probably lacking, peak probably
June 1-10; single-brooded. Number of eggs about 3 (3.33, 3-4; 3).
Nests placed about 7 feet high in small trees ( maple, dogwood, oak ) .
V. o. olivaceus ( Linnaeus ) occurs in Kansas.

Lawrence, L. de K. ( 1953), Nesting life and behavior of the red-eyed vireo.
Canadian Field-Nat., 67:47-77.

Vireo philadelphicw ( Cassin ) : Philadelphia Vireo. Uncommon

transient in east, in deciduous forest and woodland; occurs as far

west as Harvey and Cloud counties. Present northeast September

2-October 1.

Lewis, H. F. ( 1921 ), A nesting of the Philadelphia vireo. Auk, 38:185-202.

* Vireo gilvus (Vieillot): Warbling Vireo. Common transient
and summer resident, in woodland and edge. Present northeast
April 20-October 6. Eggs laid early May to mid-June, peak May 25-
June 5; single-brooded. Number of eggs about 4. Nests placed
high, 15-25 feet, in mature deciduous trees. V. g. gilvus (Vieillot)
occurs in Kansas.

* Mniotilta varia ( Linnaeus ) : Black-and-white Warbler. Com-
mon transient in state, local and uncommon summer resident in
east, in deciduous forest and woodland. Present northeast April 2-

Directory to the Bird-life of Kansas 49

October 6. Eggs laid May and June, records only for Sedgwick,
Douglas, and Leavenworth counties.

Smith, W. P. ( 1934 ) , Observations of the nesting habits of the black and
white warbler. Bird-Banding, 5:31-35.

* Protonotaria citrea ( Boddaert ) : Prothonotary Warbler. Lo-
cally common transient and summer resident in east, in understory
of riparian timber and swampy woodland. Present northeast
April 29-September 10. Eggs laid mid-May to first week of July,
peak June 1-10; single brooded. Number of eggs 4 (4.24, 3-6; 4).
Nests placed 1-6 feet high in cavities in willows, elm, red haw, and

occasionally "bird houses."

Walkinshaw, L. H. (1953), Life-history of the prothonotary warbler. Wil-
son Bull., 65:152-168.

Limnothlypis sivainsonii ( Audubon ) : Swainson Warbler. Rare

transient in east, in riparian thickets. One specimen (KU 33464) :•

east side Lake Quivira, Johnson County, May 11, 1957 (Hardy,

1957:10).

Meanley, B. (1945), Notes on Swainson's warbler in central Georgia. Auk,
62:395-401.

Helmitheros vermivorus ( Gmelin ) : Worm-eating Warbler. Rare

transient and probable summer resident in east, in shaded, swampy

undergrowth of mature deciduous forest. Present northeast in May

and September, and Linsdale (1928:592) reported a singing bird

July 11, 1923, in Doniphan County near Missouri River.

Vermivora chrysoptera (Linnaeus): Golden-winged Warbler.

Rare transient in east, in woodland. Several sight records and two

specimens, both Douglas County (3 miles south Lawrence [Hall,

1921:607] and 2 miles north Baldwin [Hardy and Ford, 1957:8],

first two weeks of May).

Parkes, K. C. (1951), The genetics of the golden-winged X blue-winged
warbler complex. Wilson Bull., 63:5-15.

Vermivora pinus (Linnaeus): Blue-winged Warbler. Uncom-
mon transient, possibly rare summer resident, in east, in scrubby
edges of deciduous woodland and heavy second-growth. Present
northeast May-June, August-October.

For reference see Golden-winged Warbler.

Vermivora peregrina ( Wilson ) : Tennessee Warbler. Common
transient in east, uncommon in west, in deciduous forest and wood-
land. Present northeast April 21-May 22, September 9-October 22.

Vermivora celata (Say): Orange-crowned Warbler. Common
transient, in deciduous woodland, edge, and second-growth. Present

4—4053

50 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist.

northeast April 14-May 17, September 10-October 19. Overwinters
rarely (Johnston, 1959a): January 4, 1959, Lawrence, Douglas
County. V. c. celata (Say) occurs throughout Kansas, V. c.
orestera Oberholser in west.

Vermivora ruficapilla ( Wilson ) : Nashville Warbler. Common
transient, in deciduous woodland, edge, and second-growth. Present
northeast April 30-May 17, August 11-October 27. V. r. ruficapilla
( Wilson ) occurs in Kansas.

Lawrence, L. de K. ( 1948 ) , Comparative study of the nesting behavior of
chestnut-sided and Nashville warblers. Auk, 65:204-219.

Vermivora virginiae ( Baird ) : Virginia Warbler. Uncommon
transient in west, in riparian thickets and scrubland. Two speci-
mens: 8 miles south Richfield, Morton County, May 4, 10, 1950
(Graber and Graber, 1954:164).

* Parula americana ( Linnaeus ) : Parula Warbler. Uncommon
to common transient and local summer resident in east, in deciduous
forest, heavy woodland, and especially riverbottom timber. Present
in south by April 1, in northeast April 13-October 7. Eggs laid
mid-May to mid-June. Number of eggs around 4. Nests placed
in debris in root tangles along stream banks and presumably in
pendant arboreal lichens.

Graber, R., and Graber, J. (1951), Nesting of the parula warbler in Michi-
gan. Wilson Bull, 63:75-83.

* Dendroica petechia ( Linnaeus ) : Yellow Warbler. Common
transient and summer resident, in woodland and riparian groves.
Present northeast April 21-October 1. Eggs laid mid-May to mid-
June, peak May 20-31; single-brooded. Number of eggs 4-5 (4.12,
3-5; 8 ) . Nests placed about 6 feet high in forks of shrubs and small
trees, frequently willows. D. p. aestiva (Gmelin) breeds almost
throughout Kansas, D. p. sonorana Brewster in southwest; D. p.
ruhiginosa (Pallas) transient throughout.

Schrantz, F. G. (1943), Nest life of the eastern yellow warbler. Auk, 60:
367-387.

Dendroica magnolia ( Wilson ) : Magnolia Warbler. Uncommon

transient in forest and woodland. Present northeast May 11-20,

September 21-October 5.

Nice, M. M. (1926), A nesting study of magnolia warblers. Wilson Bull.,
38:185-199.

Dendroica tigrina ( Gmelin ) : Cape May Warbler. Rare tran-
sient in east, in woodland and edge. One specimen ( KU 31644 ) :
Lawrence, Douglas County, December 6, 1954 (late, non-repre-
sentative date ) .

MacArthur, R. H. (1958), Population ecology of some warblers of north-
eastern coniferous forest. Ecology, 39:599-619.

Directory to the Bird-life of Kansas 51

Dendroica caerulescens ( Gmelin ) : Black-throated Blue Warbler.

Rare transient, in woodland and edge. Present (chiefly west) in

May, September, October; most frequent in autumnal migration.

D. c. caerulescens ( Gmelin ) occurs in Kansas.

Nice, M. M. (1930), A study of nesting of black-throated blue warblers.
Auk, 47:338-345.

Dendroica coronata ( Linnaeus ) : Myrtle Warbler. Common
transient, rare winter resident, found in woodland and edge.
Present northeast March 30-May 25, and September 3-November 1;
specimens and sight records for all winter months. D. c. coronata
(Linnaeus) and D. c. hooveri McGregor occurs in Kansas.

For reference see Cape May Warbler.

Dendroica auduboni ( Townsend ) : Audubon Warbler. Common
transient, but rare in east, in woodland and edge. Hybrids between
this species and Myrtle Warbler reported common in west (Tor-
doff, 1956:343). Recorded west October 1-November 8. D. c.
auduboni (Townsend) occurs in Kansas.

Dendroica nigrescens (Townsend): Black-throated Gray War-
bler. Transient in extreme western Kansas. Sight records and four
specimens, 8 miles south Richfield, Morton County, May 8 to 13,
1950 (Graber and Graber, 1954:165).

Dendroica townsendi ( Townsend ) : Townsend Warbler. Tran-
sient in extreme western Kansas. Sight records and two speci-
mens ( one, KU 31206, September 5, 1952 ) from 8 miles south Rich-
field, Morton County, May 3-20, September 3-5.

Dendroica virens ( Gmelin ) : Black-throated Green Warbler.

Uncommon transient in east, rare in west, in woodland. Present

northeast May 7-18, August 27-October 14. D. v. virens (Gmelin)

occurs in Kansas.

Pitelka, F. A. ( 19-10), Breeding behavior of the black-throated green warbler.
Wilson Bull., 52:3-18.

Dendroica cerulea (Wilson): Cerulean Warbler. Uncommon
transient, probably rare summer resident in extreme east, in mature
deciduous forest. Present northeast April 30-September 13. No
nesting record.

Dendro ica fusca (Miiller): Blackburnian Warbler. Uncommon

transient in east, rare in west, in woodland. Present northeast

April 29-May 22, and early September.

Lawrence, L. de K. (1953), Notes on the nesting behavior of the black-
burnian warbler. Wilson Bull., 65:135-144.

[Dendroica dominica (Linnaeus): Yellow-throated Warbler.

Sight records from east; species probably breeds southeast, but no

52 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist.

specimen from Kansas. To be sought among large streamside
sycamores.]

Dendroica pensylvanica ( Linnaeus ) : Chestnut-sided Warbler.
Uncommon but regular transient, less numerous in west, in wood-
land. Present northeast May 1-22, September 7-October 9. Speci-
mens only from Douglas, Shawnee, and Morton counties.

For reference see Nashville Warbler.

Dendroica castanea ( Wilson ) : Bay-breasted Warbler. Uncom-
mon transient in woodland. Present east May 2-26, September 25-
October 6.

Mendall, H. L. (1937), Nesting of the bay-breasted warbler. Auk, 54:
429-439.

Dendroica striata (Forster): Blackpoll Warbler. Common
transient in east, uncommon to rare in west, in woodland. Present
in south by April 26, in northeast April 28-May 25, no records for
autumn.

[Dendroica pinus (Wilson): Pine Warbler. Probably rare tran-
sient in east, but no specimen from Kansas.]

* Dendroica discolor ( Vieillot ) : Prairie Warbler. Common,

local summer resident and transient in Wyandotte and Johnson

counties, in edge habitats, chiefly that between oak-hickory and old

field second-growth. Present April 29-August 22. Eggs laid in

June (Hedges, 1953:30). Nests situated low to ground, but sites

not yet found in Kansas. D. d. discolor (Vieillot) occurs in Kansas.

Nolan, V. (1958), Anticipatory food-bringing in the prairie warbler. Auk.
75:263-278.

Dendroica palmarum (Gmelin): Palm Warbler. Uncommon
transient, chiefly if not solely in east (to Cloud County), in scrub-
land and open woodland edge. Present northeast April 27-May 9,
September 23-October 23. D. p. palmarum (Gmelin) occurs in
Kansas.

Walkinshaw, L. H., and Wolf, M. A. (1957), Distribution of the palm
warbler and its status in Michigan. Wilson Bull., 69:338-351.

Seiurus aurocapillus ( Linnaeus ) : Ovenbird. Uncommon tran-
sient, presumed local summer resident northeast (Brumwell, 1951:
226), in woodland understory. Present northeast April 29- June 21,
August 29-October 6, and possibly through summer. S. a. auro-
capillus (Linnaeus) occurs throughout Kansas, S. a. cinereus A. H.
Miller in west.

Stcnger, J., and Fall, J. B. (1959), The utilized territory of the ovenbird.
Wilson Bull., 71:125-140.

Seiurus noveboracensis (Gmelin): Northern Waterthrush. Un-
common to common transient, in undergrowth of wet or swampy

Directory to the Bird-life of Kansas 53

woodland. Present northeast April 28-June 27, August 23-Octo-

ber 1.

Eaton, S. W. (1957), A life history study of Seiurus noveboraccnsis (with
notes on Seiurus aurocupillus and the species of Seiurus compared). Sci. Stud.
St. Bonaventure Univ., 19:7-36.

* Seiurus motacilla ( Vieillot ) : Louisiana Waterthrush. Com-
mon to uncommon transient and summer resident in east, uncom-
mon transient in west, near streams in woodland understory. Pres-
ent northeast April 21-August. Breeding records from Douglas,
Miami, Linn, and Crawford counties, where eggs laid May and
June.

Eaton, S. W. (1958), A life history study of the Louisiana waterthrush.
Wilson Bull., 70:211-236.

* Oporornis formosus ( Wilson ) : Kentucky Warbler. Common
transient and summer resident in east, in deciduous forest and wood-
land. Present northeast April 21-September 13. Nesting records for
Riley, Doniphan, Douglas, and Linn counties, where eggs laid May
and June. Nests placed on or near ground surface, usually among
small bushes.

Oporornis agilis (Wilson): Connecticut Warbler. Rare tran-
sient. One specimen ( K U 32662 ) : 1 mile west Topeka, Shawnee
County, September 23, 1955. Sight records at Topeka, Shawnee
County on May 1, 1949, and May 5, 1960 (L. B. Carson, pers.
comm. ) ; trapped and banded April 27, I960, sight records May 14,
1955, May 17, 1959, and May 28, 1957, all at Pittsburg, Crawford
County (T. M. Sperry, pers. comm.).

Oporornis Philadelphia ( Wilson ) : Mourning Warbler. Locally
common transient in east, sporadically to Sedgwick and Cloud
counties. Present northeast May 13-30, August 23-October 1.

Cox, G. W. (1960), A life history of the mourning warbler. Wilson Bull.,
72:5-28.

Oporornis tolmiei (Townsend): MacGillivray Warbler. Tran-
sient, common in extreme west, rare in east. Specimens from
Hamilton, Morton, and Marshall counties. O. t. tolmiei (Townsend)
occurs in Kansas.

* Geothlypis trichas ( Linnaeus ) : Yellowthroat. Common tran-
sient in state, common summer resident, less numerous in west.
Present northeast April 21-October 3. Eggs laid May and June,
peak early June. Number of eggs around 5. Nests placed in cat-
tails and sedges, 1 to 2/2 feet high. G. t. brachydactylus (Swainson)
breeds in eastern Kansas, G. t. occidentalis Brewster in west.

Stewart, B. E. (1953), A life-history study of the yellow-throat. Wilson
Bull., 65:99-115.

54 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist.

* lcteria virens ( Linnaeus ) : Yellow-breasted Chat. Common
transient and summer resident, in willow thickets and rank second-
growth. Present northeast April 29-October 1. Eggs laid late May
to mid-July, peak July 1-10; single-brooded. Number of eggs 4
(3.90, 3-5; 10). Nests situated about 3 feet high in thistle, coral
berry, currant, grape, dogwood, rose, willow. 7. v. virens (Lin-
naeus) breeds in eastern Kansas, I. v. auricollis (Deppe) in west.

Petrides, G. A. (1938), A life history study of the yellow-breasted chat.
Wilson Bull., 50:184-189.

* Wilsonia citrina ( Boddaert ) : Hooded Warbler. Rare summer

resident in east, formerly common, in wet, open woodland. Present

northeast late April, May, June; not known how frequent on

autumnal migration. One nest: 4 eggs, clutch completed about

May 23, 1959, 2 miles south Welda, Anderson County; young

fledged June 22, one banded ( Wm. R. Brecheisen, MS); nest 6

feet high in a small bur oak, in woodlot of bur oak, walnut, red

cedar, wild plum thickets. Four specimens, 3 from Leavenworth,

Leavenworth County, May 9, 1871, one from Topeka, Shawnee

County, May 17, 1871 (Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard College).

Odum, E. P. (1931), Notes on the nesting habits of the hooded warbler.
Wilson Bull, 43:316-317.

Wilsonia pusilla ( Wilson ) : Wilson Warbler. Common transient,
in woodland, parkland, most non-prairie habitats. Present north-
east May 2-23, August 23-October 1. W. p. pusilla (Wilson) occurs
in eastern Kansas, W. p. pileolata ( Pallas ) in west.

Harrison, J. J. (1951), Notes and observations on the Wilson's warbler.
Wilson Bull., 63:143-148.

Wilsonia canadensis ( Linnaeus ) : Canada Warbler. Uncommon
transient in east, in woodland. Present northeast May 15-25, Au-
gust 23-October 1.

* Setophaga ruticilla ( Linnaeus ) : American Redstart. Common
transient and local summer resident in east, transient in west, in
forest, woodland, open woodland and edge. Present northeast
April 30-October 7. Nesting records from Fort Leavenworth,
Leavenworth County (Brumwell, 1951:227) and Republic County,
5 eggs completed May 27, 1940. S. r. ruticilla (Linnaeus) breeds
in Kansas, S. r. tricolora ( Mliller ) a transient.

Sturm, L. ( 1945), A study of the nesting activities of the American redstart.
Auk, 62:189-206.

* Passer domesticus ( Linnaeus ) : House Sparrow. Common
resident, chiefly about towns and farmsteads; present since about
1886 in eastern Kansas. Eggs laid late March to early October
(egg season ends mainly in July), peak April 1-10; double-brooded.

Directory to the Bird-life of Kansas 55

Number of eggs 4 (3.87, 3-7; 8). Nests situated 10 to 50 feet high
in crevices and holes in buildings and trees, or freely situated in
forks and crotches of good-sized trees. P. d. domesticus (Lin-
naeus) occurs in Kansas.

Summers-Smith, D. ( 1955), Display of the house sparrow Passer domesticus.
Ibis, 97:296-305.

* Dolichomjx oryzivorus ( Linnaeus ) : Bobolink. Uncommon
but regular transient, rare and local summer resident, in grassy
meadows. Nesting records from Jamestown State Lake, Cloud
County, young out of nest June 25, 1940, and Big Salt Marsh, Staf-
ford County, 5 fresh eggs June 18, 1956 (Tordoff, 1957:13-14).

* Sturnella magna ( Linnaeus ) : Eastern Meadowlark. Common
transient and summer resident in east, nesting colonies locally west
to Jewell, Stafford, and Barber counties, in grassland; frequents
more lowland and wetter fields than does next species. Present
northeast chiefly early February-early December, but recorded in
all months. Eggs laid late April to mid-July, peak May 10-20;
probably double-brooded. Number of eggs 4-5. Nests placed on
ground, in grass, chiefly of unmown pasture. S. m. magna (Lin-
naeus) occurs in northeastern Kansas, S. m. argutula Bangs in
southeast.

Lanyon, W. E. (1957), The comparative biology of the meadowlarks (Stur-
nella) in Wisconsin. Publ. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1:1-67.

* Sturnella neglecta ( Audubon ) : Western Meadowlark. Com-
mon resident in west, local in east, common transient throughout,
in grassland; frequents more upland and dryer fields than does
preceding species. Eggs laid mid-April to mid-August, peak
May 10-20; double-brooded. Number of eggs 4 (4.30, 3-6; 10).
Nests placed on ground, in grass. S. n. neglecta (Audubon) occurs
in Kansas.

For reference see Eastern Meadowlark.

* Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus ( Bonaparte ) : Yellow-headed

Blackbird. Common transient in west, uncommon in east, around

marsh and pasture; uncommon, local summer resident, chiefly west,

in marshes. Present northeast March 31-October 18, vagrant in

winter. Eggs laid May and June. Number of eggs around 5.

Nests placed in sedges and cattails, a few inches to 2 feet above

surface of water.

Fautin, R. W. (1941), Incubation studies of the yellow-headed blackbird.
Wilson Bull., 53:107-122.

* Agelaius phoeniceus (Linnaeus): Redwinged Blackbird. Com-
mon transient and summer resident, numbers much reduced in

56 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist.

winter, around marshes, wet pasture, scrubby parkland. Eggs laid
early May to late July, peak May 20-31; single-brooded. Number
of eggs 4 (3.73, 3-5; 70). Nests placed in cattails, willow, Rumex,
yellow clover, honeysuckle, exotic conifers, elm saplings, ash, many
others; redwings have recently begun nesting in wide variety of
sites, following increasing scarcity of satisfactory marshes. Im-
portant host in north-central sector of Brown-headed Cowbird.
A. p. phoeniceus (Linnaeus) breeds in most of Kansas, A. p. fortis
Ridgway probably in west and transient; A. p. arctolegus Ober-

holser transient.

Nero, R. W. ( 1956), A behavior study of the red-winged blackbird. Wilson
Bull., 68:5-37, 129-150.

* Icterus spurius ( Linnaeus ) : Orchard Oriole. Common tran-
sient and summer resident, in parkland, woodland edge, second-
growth. Present northeast April 30-September 15. Eggs laid mid-
May to early July, peak June 1-10; single-brooded. Number of
eggs 4 (4.00, 3-6; 13). Nests hung 12 (6-28) feet high in great
variety of trees.

Icterus cucullatus Swainson: Hooded Oriole. Vagrant. One
record (Lincoln, 1940:420): foot of specimen, 16 miles southwest
Garden City, Finney County, about August 5, 1939; bird had been
banded at Los Angeles, California, January 22, 1939. 7. c. cali-
fornicus (Lesson), on geographic grounds, occurs in Kansas.

* Icterus galbula ( Linnaeus ) : Baltimore Oriole. Common tran-
sient and summer resident, most numerous in east in woodland and
bottomland timber. Present northeast April 24-September 29,
vagrant in winter. Eggs laid mid-May to late June, peak June 1-10;
single-brooded. Number of eggs 4-5. Nests hung about 18 (9-60)
feet high in great variety of large trees. Hybridizes in west with
following species.

* Icterus bullockii (Swainson): Bullock Oriole. Common tran-
sient and summer resident in west, rare in east, in woodland edge
and bottomland timber. Hybridizes with preceding species in west.
I. b. bullockii (Swainson) occurs in Kansas.

Euphagus carolinus (Miiller): Rusty Blackbird. Common tran-
sient, local winter resident, around barnyards, pastures, and marshes.
Present northeast September 23-April 17. £. c. carolinus (Miiller)
occurs in Kansas.

Euphagus cyanocephalus ( Wagler ) : Brewer Blackbird. Com-
mon transient and local winter resident in west, uncommon in east,

Directory to the Bird-life of Kansas 57

around barnyards, pastures and marshes. Present northeast Sep-
tember 20-April 23.

Williams, L. (1952), Breeding behavior of the Brewer blackbird. Condor,
54:3-47.

* Quiscalus quiscula ( Linnaeus ) : Common Grackle. Common
transient and summer resident, local winter resident, in towns, farm-
land, parkland; forages on open ground. Present northeast chiefly
mid-March to mid-November, records for all winter months. Eggs
laid mid-April to late June, peak May 1-10; few individuals lay two
clutches. Number of eggs 4 (4.33, 3-5; 8). Nests placed 8-35
feet high in trees. Q. q. versicolor Vieillot occurs in Kansas.

Peterson, A., and Young, H. ( 1950), A nesting study of the bronzed grackle.
Auk, 67:466-476.

* Molothrus ater ( Boddaert ) : Brown-headed Cowbird. Com-
mon transient and summer resident, local winter resident, in wide
variety of habitats, but chiefly in woodland and streamside edge,
and second-growth. Most abundant northeast mid-March-early
November. Eggs laid late April to late June, peak May 10-20;
probably "double-brooded." Bird species most frequently para-
sitized in Kansas are Cardinal, Redwinged Blackbird, Eastern
Phoebe, Bell Vireo, Lark Sparrow, Dickcissel, Wood Thrush, Indigo
Bunting, Red-eyed Vireo, Rufous-sided Towhee, Say Phoebe, Aca-
dian Flycatcher, Carolina Wren, Brown Thrasher, Mockingbird,
Catbird, White-eyed Vireo, Yellow-throated Vireo, Yellow Warbler,
Yellow-breasted Chat, Yellowthroat, Orchard Oriole, Blue Grosbeak,
and Field Sparrow. Eighty-three nests of above species contained
114 cowbird eggs, or less than 1.4 eggs per parasitized nest. M. a.
ater ( Boddaert ) occurs in most of Kansas, M. a. artemisiae Grinnell
transient, possible summer resident, in west.

Friedmann, H. (1929), The cowbirds . . . Charles C. Thomas, Spring-
field, Illinois, xvii+ 421pp.

Piranga ludoviciana (Wilson): Western Tanager. Uncommon
to common transient in extreme west, using open woodland and
streamside vegetation. Present May-September, but only as tran-
sient (species is both notably late moving north and notably early
moving south).

* Piranga olivacea ( Gmelin ) : Scarlet Tanager. Uncommon to
common transient in east, uncommon to rare summer resident north-
east, in deciduous forest and bottomland timber. Present northeast
April 29-September 23. Eggs laid (Doniphan, Leavenworth,
Douglas, Linn, and Cloud counties ) mid-May to mid-June; single-

5—4053

58 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist.

brooded. Number of eggs about 4. Nests situated 20 to 30 feet
high in mature deciduous trees.

* Piranga rubra ( Linnaeus ) : Summer Tanager. Common tran-
sient and summer resident, in woodland and edge. Present north-
east April 24-October 8. Eggs laid (Doniphan, Douglas, and Linn
counties) late May to early July; single-brooded. Number of eggs
3-4. Nests situated 10-20 feet high on horizontal limbs of large
trees. P. r. rubra ( Linnaeus ) occurs in Kansas.

Fitch, H. S., and Fitch, V. R. (1955), Observations on the summer tanager
in northeastern Kansas. Wilson Bull., 67:45-54.

* Richmondena cardinalis ( Linnaeus ) : Cardinal. Common resi-
dent in east, uncommon generally west, rare in southwest, in broken
woodland, woodland edge, second growth, streamside timber where
open. Eggs laid early April to mid-September, peaks May 1-10,
June 1-10; double-brooded. Number of eggs 3 (3.31, 3-5; 25).
Nests situated 1-12 feet high in great variety of shrubby plant
types. Important host of Brown-headed Cowbird. R. c. cardinalis
( Linnaeus ) occurs in Kansas.

Laskey, A. R. (1944), A study of the cardinal in Tennessee. Wilson Bull.,
56:27-44.

* Pheucticus ludovicianus ( Linnaeus ) : Rose-breasted Grosbeak.

Common transient, local summer resident in east, in woodland and

edge, streamside timber. Present northeast April 25-October 1.

Eggs laid mid-May to mid- June, peak June 1-10; single-brooded.

Number of eggs about 3.

Ivor, H. R. (1944), Bird study and semi-captive birds: the rose-breasted
grosbeak. Wilson Bull., 56:91-104".

* Pheucticus melanocephalus ( Swainson ) : Black-headed Gros-
beak. Common transient and summer resident in west, in woodland
and edge, streamside timber. Present central sector April 26-Sep-
tember 18. Eggs laid (Cloud County) mid-May to early July,
peak May 20-31; single-brooded. Number of eggs about 4. P. m.
melanocephalus ( Swainson ) occurs in Kansas.

Weston, H. S. (1947), Breeding behavior of the black-headed grosbeak.
Condor, 59:54-73.

* Guiraca caerulea ( Linnaeus ) : Blue Grosbeak. Transient and
summer resident, common westerly but rare northeast, in brush-
land and streamside thickets. Present northeast May 8-September
2. Eggs laid at least late May to late June; peak early June. Num-
ber of eggs about 4. Nests ordinarily placed low, in thick cover.
G. c. caerulea (Linnaeus) occurs in eastern Kansas, G. c. interfusa
Dwight and Griscom in west.

Directory to the Bird-life of Kansas 59

* Passerina cyanea (Linnaeus): Indigo Bunting. Common tran-
sient and summer resident in east, but west to Finney County in
smaller numbers, in mixed-field, heavy-brushland habitats. Hy-
bridizes with following species in west. Present northeast April
27-October 8, to October 9 in Cowley County, to October 31 in
Morton County. Eggs laid mid-May to early August, peak June 10-
20; double-brooded. Number of eggs 3 (3.23, 2-4; 17). Nests
situated about 3 feet high (1 to 9 feet) in wide variety of low,
brushy plants. Important host of Brown-headed Cowbird.

Sibley, C. G., and Short, L. L., Tr. (1959), Hybridization in the buntings
(Passerina) of the Great Plains. Auk, 76:443-463.

* Passerina amoena ( Say ) : Lazuli Bunting. Common transient
and summer resident in extreme west, in edge habitats and stream-
side brush; rare in east. Hybrids between this and preceding
species common in west. One breeding record: 1 egg, 8/2 miles
north Elkhart, Morton County, July 18, 1958 (Thompson, 1958).

* Passerina ciris ( Linnaeus ) : Painted Bunting. Inconspicuous

summer resident in southeastern third of state (Douglas to Riley

to Clark counties), in edge habitats and streamside brush. Present

northeast May 7- August 1. One nesting record: brood fledged

summer, 1918, Lawrence, Douglas County (Tordoff, 1956:349);

singing males not uncommon throughout area outlined above.

P. c. pallidior Mearns occurs in Kansas.

Parmalee, D. F. (1959), The breeding behavior of the painted bunting
in southern Oklahoma. Bird-Banding, 30:1-18.

* Spiza americana ( Gmelin ) : Dickcissel. Common transient
and summer resident, local in west, in grassland habitats. Present
northeast April 21-October 11; one record in February. Eggs laid
early May to late July, peak May 30-31; predominately single-
brooded. Number of eggs 4 (3.88, 3-5; 9). Nests placed from
3 inches to 8 feet high, ordinarily about 1 foot, in wide variety ol
short or young vegetation. Important host of Brown-headed Cow-
bird.

Gross, A. O. ( 1921 ), The dickcissel (Spiza americana) of the Illinois prairies.
Auk, 38:1-26, 163-184.

* Hesperiphona vespertina (Cooper) : Evening Grosbeak. Rare
and irregular winter visitant, in woodland and edge. Present
eastern sector November 6-March 23. H. v. vespertina (Cooper)
occurs in Kansas.

Carpodacus purpureus ( Gmelin ) : Purple Finch. Common to
uncommon transient, casual winter resident, chiefly east, in wood

60 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist.

land and edge. Present northeast October 3-April 22. C. p. pur-
pureas (Gmelin) occurs in Kansas.

Blake, C. H. (1955), Notes on the eastern purple finch. Bird-Banding,
26:89-116.

Carpodacus mexicanus (Miiller): House Finch. Common win-
ter resident, presumed local summer resident in area south and
west of Hamilton and Finney counties. Vagrant in east (Cloud
County, February-March). C. m. frontalis (Say) occurs in Kan-
sas.

Evenden, F. G. (1957), Observations on nesting behavior of the house
finch. Condor, 59:112-117.

[Pinicola enucleator ( Linnaeus ) : Pine Grosbeak. Presumed rare
winter visitant in east; recent sight records, but no specimen from
Kansas.]

Acanthis flammea (Linnaeus): Common Redpoll. Rare and
irregular winter visitant, chiefly east, in woodland edge and second-
growth scrub. Present northeast (Cloud, Riley, Douglas, Wyan-
dotte, Johnson, Woodson, Greenwood counties) November 18-
March 25. A. /. flammea (Linnaeus) occurs in Kansas.

* Spinus pinus (Wilson): Pine Siskin. Common, irregular tran-
sient and winter resident in state, rare summer resident northeast,
in woodland and edge. Present in east chiefly October 19-May 29.
Eggs laid (Concordia, Cloud County, Onaga and St. Mary's, Potta-
watomie County) April and May. Number of eggs 3 or 4. Nests
placed in exotic conifers about 10 feet high. S. p. pinus (Wilson)
occurs in Kansas.

Weaver, R. L., and West, F. H. (1943), Notes on the breeding of the
pine siskin. Auk, 60:492-504.

* Spinus tristis ( Linnaeus ) : American Goldfinch. Common resi-
dent, in woodland edge, second-growth scrub, old fields. Eggs laid
late June to late August, peak late July-early August; probably
single-brooded. Number of eggs 3-5. Nests placed in low or
young vegetation 2-8 feet high. S. t. tristis (Linnaeus) occurs in
Kansas.

Stokes, A. W. (1950), Breeding behavior of the goldfinch. Wilson Bull.,
62:107,127; Nickell, W. P. (1951), Studies of habitats, territory and nests of
the eastern goldfinch. Auk, 68:447-470.

* Loxia curvirostra Linnaeus: Red Crossbill. Irregular winter
visitant, in woodland, particularly around planted conifers. Present
northeast October 3- April 15. One nesting record: 3 eggs, com-
pleted March 24, 1917, Shawnee County; successfully fledged
(Hyde, 1917:166). In approximate order of decreasing frequency
(Tordoff, 1956:350) L. c. benti Griscom, L. c. bendirei Ridgway,

Directory to the Bird-life of Kansas 61

L. c. minor (Brehm), L. c. stricklandi Ridgway, and L. c. sitkensis

Grinnell occur in Kansas.

Tordoff, H. B. (1954), Social organization and behavior in a flock of captive,
nonbreeding red crossbills. Condor, 56:346-358.

* Loxia leucoptera Gmelin: White-Winged Crossbill. Rare and
irregular winter visitant. Two specimens from Kansas: Ellis and
Douglas (KU 6605, November 4, 1899) counties. L. I. leucoptera
Gmelin occurs in Kansas.

Chlorura chlorura (Audubon): Green-tailed Towhee. Uncom-
mon to common transient in west, rare winter visitant in east
( Shawnee and Wyandotte counties ) .

* Pipilo erythrophthalmus ( Linnaeus ) : Rufous-sided Towhee.
Common transient and winter resident in state, uncommon summer
resident in east, in dense understory of woodland, streamside
thickets, heavy scrub. Neither breeding or wintering birds con-
spicuous in September. Eggs laid early May to early August, peak
in May; double-brooded. Number of eggs 4 (4.20, 3-7: 5). Nests
placed near or on ground, in heavy cover. P. e. erythrophthalmus
(Linnaeus) breeds in Kansas, P. e. arcticus (Swainson) in winter,
P. e. montanus Swarth transient in extreme west.

Davis, J. (1957), Comparative foraging behavior of the spotted and brown
towhees. Auk, 74:129-166.

* Calamospiza melanocorys Stejneger: Lark Bunting. Common
transient and summer resident in west, rare transient and summer
resident in east, in grassland and open scrub.

Passerculus sandtvichensis ( Gmelin ) : Savannah Sparrow. Com-
mon transient, rare winter resident, in grassland. Present north-
east chiefly February 21-June 3, August 29-December 1. P. s.
savanna (Wilson), P. s. oblitus Peters and Griscom, and P. s.
nevadensis Grinnell occur in Kansas.

Hailman, J. P. (1958), Behavior notes on the Ipswich sparrow. Bird-
Banding, 29:241-244.

* Ammodramus savannarum ( Gmelin ) : Grasshopper Sparrow.
Common transient and local summer resident, in grassland. Pres-
ent northeast April 12-October 6 (one December 3 at Lawrence,
Douglas County). Eggs laid mid-May to late June, peak perhaps
May 20-31; single-brooded. Number of eggs 4-5. Nests placed
on ground or low in bushes, with grass cover. A. s. perpallidus
( Coues ) occurs in Kansas.

Smith, R. L. (1959), The songs of the grasshopper sparrow. Wilson Bull.,
71:141-152.

Ammodramus bairdii (Audubon): Baird Sparrow. Uncommon
(and overlooked) transient, possible summer resident in west, in

62 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist.

grassland. Five specimens: two Lane County (April and August);
three, Cowley County (April and October).

Cartwright, B. W., Shortt, T. M., and Harris, R. D. (1937), Baird's sparrow.
Trans. Royal Canadian Inst., 21:153-197.

Passerherbulus caudacutus ( Latham ) : Le Conte Sparrow. Com-
mon transient, west at least to Lane County, local winter resident
(Douglas, Woodson, Cherokee counties), in grassland. Present
northeast September 30-May 11.

Walkinshaw, L. H. (1937), Leconte's sparrow breeding in Michigan and
South Dakota. Auk, 54:309-320.

* Passerherbulus henslowii ( Audubon ) : Henslow Sparrow. Un-
common transient, west at least to Cloud County, uncommon, local
summer resident (Shawnee, Douglas, Morris, and Anderson coun-
ties), in grassland. Present northeast April 14-October 15. Eggs
laid in May. Number of eggs about 5. Nests placed on ground
in bluestem pasture. P. h. henslowii (Audubon) occurs in Kansas.

Hyde, A. S. (1939), The life history Henslow's sparrow, Passerherbulus
henslowi (Audubon). Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 41.

Ammospiza caudacuta (Gmelin): Sharp-tailed Sparrow. Rare

transient in east, at least to Cloud County, in streamside edge

habitats, particularly where cover is heavy and low to ground.

Occurs northeast late April and September 26-October 14. A. c.

nelsoni (Allen) occurs in Kansas.

Woolfenden, G. E. (1956), Comparative breeding behavior of Ammospiza
caudacuta and A. maritima. Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 10:45-75.

Pooecetes gramineus (Gmelin): Vesper Sparrow. Common
transient in state, probably uncommon summer resident in north-
west, in pasture and field. Present northeast March 21-May 18,
September 4-November 22. P. g. gramineus (Gmelin) occurs in
eastern Kansas, P. g. confinis Baird in west.

Perry, E. M., and Perry, W. A. (1918), Home life of the vesper sparrow
and the hermit thrush. Auk, 35:310-321.

* Chondestes grammacus (Say) : Lark Sparrow. Common tran-
sient and summer resident in state, rare in winter in south, in grass-
land. Present northeast March 29-October 16. Eggs laid mid-May
to mid-July, peak June 10-20; single-brooded. Number of eggs
4 (4.00, 3-5; 14). Nests situated on ground, rarely in low bushes,
in grassy and weedy cover. Important host of Brown-headed
Cowbird. C. g. grammacus (Say) occurs in eastern Kansas, C. g.
strigatus Swainson in west.

Aimophila ruficeps (Cassin): Rufous-crowned Sparrow. Prob-
ably rare summer resident in southwestern sector. Two records:
Schwarz Canyon, Comanche County, June 7, 1936 (KU 29222);

Directory to the Bird-life of Kansas 63

sight record near Point Rock, Morton County, May 21, 1950
(Graber and Graber, 1954:171). A. r. eremoeca (Brown) occurs
in Kansas.

Aimophila aestivalis ( Lichtenstein ) : Bachman Sparrow. Vag-
rant. Two records: Lake Quivira, Wyandotte County, April 26,
1948 (KU 32377); sight record, Lake Quivira, Johnson County,
April 24, 1949. A. a. illinoensis (Ridgway) occurs in Kansas

* Aimophila cassinii (Woodhouse): Cassin Sparrow. Common
summer resident south and west of Wallace and Comanche coun-
ties, in open scrub. Nesting records only for Finney, Comanche,
and Morton counties, where eggs laid May and June.

Amphispiza bilineata (Cassin): Black-throated Sparrow. One
specimen (KU 31356): 4 miles north, 3 miles east of Garden
City, Finney County, November 25, 1952. A. b. opuntia Burleigh
and Lowery occurs in Kansas.

Amphispiza belli ( Cassin ) : Sage Sparrow. Winter resident in
extreme southwest, in some years common, in sagebrush. Speci-
mens and sight records from along Cimarron River in Morton and
Seward counties, November, 1956, January, 1957 (Tordoff, 1958:14).
A. b. nevadensis ( Ridgway ) occurs in Kansas.

Junco aikeni Ridgway: White-winged Junco. Uncommon to
common transient and winter resident in west, in edge and riparian
groves. Specimens from Wallace, Ellis, Hamilton, and Morton
counties.

Junco hyemalis ( Linnaeus ) : Slate-colored Junco. Common tran-
sient and winter resident, in woodland and edge. Present north-
east September 23-May 2. J. h. hyemalis (Linnaeus) and /. h.
cismontanus Dwight occur in Kansas.

Junco oreganus (Townsend) : Oregon Junco. Common transient

and winter resident in west, uncommon in east, in woodland and

edge. Present northeast September 25-April 27. J. o. montanus

Ridgway and J. o. mearnsi Ridgway occur in Kansas.

Sabine, W. S. (1959), The winter society of the Oregon junco: intolerance,
dominance, and the pecking order. Condor, 61:110-135.

Spizella arborea (Wilson): Tree Sparrow. Common transient
and winter resident, in open woodland, second-growth and edge
habitats. Present in south October 7-April 14, in northeast Oc-
tober 3- April 20. S. a. arborea (Wilson) occurs in eastern Kansas,
S. a. ochracea Brewster, throughout state.

Sargent, T. D. (1959), Winter studies on the tree sparrow, Spizella arborea.
Bird-Banding, 30:27-37.

64 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist.

* Spizella passerina ( Bechstein ) : Chipping Sparrow. Common
transient and summer resident in east, less numerous in west, in
open woodland, second-growth, and edge habitats. Present north-
east March 6-November 15. Nesting records only for Atchison,
Douglas, and Cowley counties, where eggs laid in May. Number
of eggs about 4. S. p. passerina (Bechstein) occurs in eastern Kan-
sas, S. p. arizonae Coues in west.

Walkinshaw, L. H. (1944), The eastern chipping sparrow in Michigan.
Wilson Bull., 56:193-205.

Spizella pallida (Swainson): Clay-colored Sparrow. Common
transient in state, probably summer resident extreme northwest
(Tordoff, 1956:352), in open woodland and edge habitats. Present
northeast April 3-May 18, August 4-October 19.

Spizella breweri Cassin: Brewer Sparrow. Common transient
in west, in open scrubland and edge. Few specimens (Tordoff,
1956:352), in April and May, Morton and Finney counties. S. b.
breweri Cassin occurs in Kansas.

* Spizella pusilla ( Wilson ) : Field Sparrow. Common transient
and summer resident, uncommon winter resident, in grassland-
edge habitats. Time of greatest abundance northeast February
7-November 12. Eggs laid early May-early September, peak in
June?; double-brooded. Number of eggs about 4. Nests placed
6 inches to 3 feet high in small shrubs, young trees, brier tangles.
S. p. arenacea Chadbourne occurs in most of Kansas, intergrading
in east with S. p. pusilla (Wilson).

Walkinshaw, L. H. (1939), Nesting of the field sparrow and survival of the
young. Bird-Banding, 10:107-114, 149-157.

Zonotrichia querula (Nuttall): Harris Sparrow. Common tran-
sient and winter resident in east, uncommon in west, in heavy
brush adjoining open woodland and fields, other edge habitats.
Present northeast October 3-May 19.

Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forster): White-crowned Sparrow.
Common transient and winter resident, in woodland edge and
hedgerows. Present northeast September 28-May 22. Z. I. leu-
cophrys (Forster) occurs chiefly in eastern Kansas, Z. I. gambelii
( Nuttall ) chiefly in west.

Blanchard, B. (1941), The white-crowned sparrows of the Pacific seaboard.
. . . Univ. California Publ. Zool., 46:1-178.

Zonotrichia albicollis ( Gmelin ) : White-throated Sparrow. Un-
common to common transient and winter resident in east, less
numerous west of central Kansas, in woodland edge and hedge-

Directory to the Bird-life of Kansas 65

rows. Present in south September 27-May 5, in northeast October

3-May 20.

Borror, D. J. (1948), Analysis of repeat records of banded white-throated
sparrows. Ecol. Monogr., 18:411-430.

Passerella iliaca (Merrem): Fox Sparrow. Uncommon transient
and winter resident in east, probably less common in west, in
heavy brush and forest understory. Present northeast October 3-
April 19. P. i. iliaca (Merrem) and P. i. zaboria Oberholser occur
in Kansas.

Melospiza lincolnii ( Audubon ) : Lincoln Sparrow. Common
transient and uncommon winter resident, in brush near water.
Present northeast September 5-May 19. M. I. lincolnii (Audubon)
occurs throughout Kansas, M. I. alticola (Miller and McCabe) in
extreme west.

Melospiza georgiana ( Latham ) : Swamp Sparrow. Common
transient and uncommon winter resident in east, rare west of Flint
Hills, in heavy brush near water. Present northeast October 1-
May 21. M. g. georgiana (Latham) and M. g. ericrypta Oberholser
occur in Kansas.

Melospiza melodia (Wilson): Song Sparrow. Common tran-
sient and winter resident in state, possible summer resident in
north (Hays, 1956:20); uses heavy cover near water. Present in
south by September 26, in northeast September 17-May 9. Valid-
ity of presumed nesting in Republic and Cloud counties question-
able, for species not seen there in summer for 23 consecutive years
by Porter, and dates of capture of specimens in juvenal feather
(September 28-October 9) in Republic, Cloud, and Lane counties
fall within period of normal southward autumnal movement by
Song Sparrows. M . m. juddi Bishop, M. m. euphonia Wetmore, and
M. m. montana Henshaw occur in Kansas.

Nice, M. M. (1937, 1943), Studies in the life history of the song sparrow.
I and II. Trans. Linnaean Soc. New York, 4:246 pp; 6:328 pp.

Rhynchophanes mccownii ( Lawrence ) : McCown Longspur.

Common to uncommon transient and winter resident in west, rare

in east, in short grassland. Present October 29-March 20.

Mickey, F. W. ( 1943 ) , Breeding habits of McCown's longspur. Auk, 60 :
181-209.

Calcarius lapponicus ( Linnaeus ) : Lapland Longspur. Common
transient and winter resident, in grassland and fallow fields. Pres-
ent November 1-April 12. C. I. lapponicus (Linnaeus) and C. I.
alascensis Ridgway (less commonly) occur in Kansas.

63 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist.

Calcaritis pictus ( Swainson ) : Smith Longspur. Uncommon
transient and local winter resident, more numerous in west, in
grassland. Present October 7-April 22.

* Calcarius ornatus ( Townsend ) : Chestnut-collared Longspur.

Common transient and winter resident in west, uncommon in east,

in short grassland. Present October 5-April 8. Formerly summer

resident in west, most notably at Ft. Hays, Ellis County, where

J. A. Allen took 20 specimens between May 31 and June 12, 1871.

Harris, R. D. (1944), The chestnut-collared longspur in Manitoba. Wilson
Bull., 56:105-115.

Plectrophenax nivalis (Linnaeus): Snow bunting. Winter vis-
itant at rare and irregular intervals. No specimens since 1879 from
Kansas. P. n. nivalis (Linnaeus) occurs in Kansas.

Tinbergen, N. (1939), The behavior of the snow bunting in spring. Trans.
Linnaean Soc. New York, 5:1-94.

LITERATURE CITED

American Ornithologists' Union, Check-list Committee.

1957. Check-list of North American Birds (Lord Baltimore Press, Balti-
more), xiii -f- 691 pp.
Andrews, T. F., and Stephens, H. A.

1954. Wilson's phalarope nesting in Kansas. Bull. Kansas Omith. Soc,
5:30.
Bent, A. C.

1919. Life histories of North American diving birds. Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 107:xiii + 245 pp.

1921. Life histories of North American gulls and tems. Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 113:x + 345 pp.

1922. Life histories of North American petrels, pelicans and their allies.
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121:xii + 343 pp.

1923. Life histories of North American wild fowl. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
126:ix + 250 pp.

1925. Life histories of North American wild fowl. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
130 :x + 376 pp.

1926. Life histories of North American marsh birds. Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 135:xii + 490 pp.

1927. Life histories of North American shore birds. Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 142:ix + 420 pp.

1929. Life histories of North American shore birds. Bull. U. S. Nat.

Mus., 146:ix + 412 pp.
1932. Life histories of North American gallinaceous birds [Galliformes

and Columbiformes]. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162:xi-f490 pp.

1937. Life histories of North American birds of prey [Falconiform.es,
in part]. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 167:viii -f 409 pp.

1938. Life histories of North American birds of prey [Falconiformes,
in part, and Strigiformes]. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 170:viii + 482
pp.

Directory to the Bird-life of Kansas 67

1939. Life histories of North American woodpeckers. Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 174:viii + 334 pp.

1940. Life histories of North American cuckoos, goatsuckers, humming-
birds and their allies. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 176:viii + 506 pp.

1942. Life histories of North American flycatchers, larks, swallows, and
their allies. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 179:xi + 555 pp.

1946. Life histories of North American Jays, crows, and titmice. Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 191 :xi + 495 pp.

1948. Life histories of North American nuthatches, wrens, thrashers, and
their allies. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 195:xi + 475 pp.

1949. Life histories of North American thrushes, kinglets, and their allies.
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 196:viii + 454 pp.

1950. Life histories of North American wagtails, shrikes, vireos, and
their allies. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 197:vii + 411 pp.

1953. Life histories of North American wood warblers. Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 203:xi + 734 pp.

1958. Life histories of North American blackbirds, orioles, tanagers, and
allies. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 211:ix + 549 pp.
Brumwell, M. J.

1951. An ecological survey of the Fort Leavenworth Military Reserva-
tion. Amer. Midi. Nat., 45:187-231.

Eaton, S. W.

1957. Variation in Seiurus noveboracensis. Auk, 74:229-239.
Ford, N. L.

1957. Yellow-bellied flycatcher in southwestern Kansas. Bull. Kansas
Ornith. Soc. 8:15.

Fitch, H. S.

1958. Home ranges, territories, and seasonal movements of vertebrates of
the natural history reservation. Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
11:63-326.

Goss, N. S.

1891. History of the birds of Kansas (G. W. Crane & Co., Topeka).
692 pp.
Graber, J.

1954. Additional notes on the birds of southwestern Kansas. Wilson
Bull., 66:149-151.

Graber, R., and Graber, J.

1951. Notes on the birds of southwestern Kansas. Trans. Kansas Acad.
Sci., 54:145-174.
Hall, E. R.

1921. Golden-winged warbler in Kansas. Auk, 37:607.
Hardy, J. W.

1957. First specimen from Kansas of Swainson's warbler. Bull. Kansas
Ornith. Soc, 8:10.

1958. The occurrence of the Inca dove (Scardafella inca) in Kansas.
Bull. Kansas Ornith. Soc, 9:18-19.

Hardy, J. W., and Ford, N. L.

1957. A second specimen of the golden-winged warbler from Kansas.
Bull. Kansas Ornith. Soc, 8:8.

68 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist.

Hays, H. E.

1956. Nesting record of the song sparrow in Kansas. Bull. Kansas Ornith.
Soc, 7:20.

Hedges, H. C.

1953. The prairie warbler in eastern Kansas. Bull. Kansas Ornith. Soc.,
4:30.
Hyde, A. S.

1917. Bendire's crossbill in Kansas. Oologist, 34:166.
Hubbard, F. F.

1953. Spring arrival dates of the house wren. Bull. Kansas Ornith. Soc.,
4:17.

ISELY, D.

1912. A list of the birds of Sedgwick County, Kansas. Auk, 29:25-44.
Johnston, R. F.

1959a. Hibernal distribution of the orange-crowned warbler. Bull. Kansas

Ornith. Soc, 10:1.
1959&. Occurrence and status of the ground dove in Kansas. Bull. Kansas
Ornith. Soc, 10:9.
Keith, B. A.

1940. The Arizona jay, Aphelocoma siberii arizonae, found in Kansas.
Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 43:427.
Lincoln, F. C.

1940. Arizona hooded oriole in Kansas. Auk, 57:420.
Linsdale, J. M.

1926a. Least flycatcher in Kansas in summer. Condor, 28:175-176.
1926&. The magpie nesting in Kansas. Condor, 28:179-180.
1928. Birds of a limited area in eastern Kansas. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
18:517-626.
Linsdale, J. M., and Hall, E. R.

1927. Notes on the birds of Douglas County, Kansas. Wilson Bull.,
39:91-105.
Menke, H. W.

1894. A list of the birds of Finney County, Kansas. Univ. Kansas Sci.
Bull., 3:129-135.
Miller, A. H., Friedmann, H., Griscom, L., and Moore, R. T.

1957. Distributional check-list of the birds of Mexico. Part II. Pacific
Coast Avif., 35:435pp.

Miller, R. F., and Boyd, I. R.

1947. Migration records of birds in east-central Kansas. Trans. Kansas
Acad. Sci., 50:62-71.
Mossman, L. O.

1952. [Photograph] in "Kansas Fish and Game," 9(3) :7.
Snyder, L.

1919. Harris's hawk in Kansas. Auk, 36:567.
Thompson, M. C.

1958. Additional nesting records for the state of Kansas. Bull. Kansas
Omith. Soc, 9:18-19.

1960. Some dates of extreme occurrence for birds in south-central Kan-
sas. Bull. Kansas Omith. Soc, 11:14-15.

Directory to the Bird-life of Kansas 69

Tordoff, H. B.

1956. Check-list of the birds of Kansas. Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat.
Hist., 8:307-359.

1957. Nesting of the bobolink in Kansas. Bull. Kansas Ornith. Soc,
8:13-14.

Tordoff. H. B., and Young, G. P.

1951. Short-billed marsh wren breeding in Kansas. Wilson Bull.,
63:44-45.

WlDMANN. O.

1907. A preliminary catalog of the birds of Missouri. Trans. Acad. Sci.
St. Louis, 17:1-288.

Transmitted June 16, 1960.

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