Miscellaneous tracts R E LA TING TO NATURAL HISTORY, HUSBANDRY, AND P H Y S I C K. To which is added the Calendar of F L O R A. By BENJ. STILLINGFLEET. THESECOND EDITION, Correded and augmented with additional Notes throughout, particularly on fome of the Englifh Grafles, which are illuftrated by Copper Plates. NEW YORK BOTANICAL LONDON, Printed: And fold by R. and J. Dodsley, in Pall-Mail ; S. Baker, in York-Street, Covent-Garden -, And T. Payxe, at the Mufe Gate. MDCCLXil. S€ [Ho%- Homo natura minifter et interprcs tantum facit et intelligit, quantum de naturae ordine, re vcl mente obfervaverit : nee amplius fcit vel poteil. Bagon. Primus gradus fapientiae eft res ipfas noffe ; quae notitia confiftit in vera idea objedlorum ; obje^la diftinguuntur et nofcuntur ex methodica iilorum di'viJio?ie et conveniente dencminatione ; adeoque divifio et denominatio fvuidamentun) noftrae fcienti^ erit. Lin IV. T O t H E RIGHT HONORABLE George, Lord Lyttelton, Baron of Frankley, My Lord, ^^ftoBN, BESIDES private motives of relpeft and honor, there is another of a public nature, which makes me defirous to infcribe the following fheets to Your Lordihip. I mean the zeal which You fhewed in Parliament for fecuring to this Country that noble colleftion of na- tural curiofities- now repofited in the ritifti Muleum ; which cannot fail 22 — > DEDICATION. in time to prodyce many good ef- fefts, and prove the truth of what Your Lordlhip obferved, that the reputation and intereft of the nation were highly concerned in that pur- chafe, I am, with the greateft re- gard, My Lord, Your Lordfhip's moft Obliged and Humble Servant, Ben J. Stilling FLEET. PREFACE O F T H E TRANSLATOR. TH E following pieces were felefted from many others publiflicd by fe- veral ingenious members of that great, and hitherto unrivalled fchool of natural hif- tory, the univerfity of Upfal in Sweden, under the prefidence of Linnaeus \ They A 3 were ^Linnaeus Phil. Bot. p. 9. has thefe words, vid. diflert. noftra dc ficu. Now there is a piece in Amaen. Acad. vol. I. on this fubjev^, in which the matter referred to is contained. This piece goes under the name of Cornelius Hegardt, tho* Linnasus plainly quotes ic vi PREFACE. were felecfled not as the only, or even the moft valuable, but as anfwering beft the intention of the tranflator ; which was to make known more generally how far all mankind is concerned in the ftudy of natural hiflory, and thereby to incite fuch as are properly qualified to profecute, and encourage that branch of knowledge, and fpread, as far as the nature of the thing is capable of, amongft all orders of men in this nation, the improvements made m it by the excellent Linnseus. His name, it mufl be confeffed, has been for fome time paft in the mouths of people, but his works, i imagine, are litde known except to a few vertuofi who have a m.ore than ordinary curiofity, and ardor to look into the minute parts of nature. It cannot in- deed be otherwife. For to underftand him and to make ufe of his method, requires it as his own. How fur that may be the c^fe of all the other pieces in the Amaen, Acr.d. i cannot pretend to fay. But it is moft likely from the praaice in foreign uni- verfities in relation to thefes held for degrees, that they Kiufl in great part be attributed tohlmp as prefident. more PREFACE. vii more patience and time than are likely to fall to the fliare of the generality of the world. My defign therefore is not to ex- hort people indifcriminately to ftudy his works ; but, as i obferved before, to give them fome idea how ufefuU his purfuits arc likely to become in many refpefts. There will appear, i imagine, fuch great and ex- tenfive views in relation to hulbandry, phy- fic, and the general crconomy of human life in the few fpecimens i have given, that in this age and nation, where every art and fcience, that can be of any ufe to the public, are fure to meet with generous encouragers, there will be found many who will readily promote any rational endeavour to pufli thefe difcoveries farther, or put in pradice fuch hints, as may feem to bear a probable appearance of fuccefs. I can fcarcely condemn mankind for treating with contempt a vertuofo whom they fee employed in poring over a mofs or an infcift day after day, and fpending his life in fuch fcemingly unimportant and bar- ren fpeculations. The firft and moft natu-r A 4 ral viii PREFACE ral reflexions that will arife on this occa-r fion muft be to the diladvantage of fuch purfuits. Yet were the whole fcene of na- ture laid open to our views, were we ad- mitted tQ behold the connections and de^ pendencies of every thing on every other, and to trace the ceconomy of nature thro' the fmaller as well as greater parts of this globe, we might perhaps be obliged to own we were miftaken ; that the Supreme Ar-- chitedl had contrived his works in fuch a manner, that we cannot properly be faid to be unconcerned in any one of them ; and therefore that iludies which feem upon a flight view to be quite ufelefs, may in the end appear to be of no fmall importance to mankind. Nay, were we only to look back into the hiftory of arts and fciences, we muft be convinced, that we are apt to judge over haftily of things of this nature. We fhould there find many proofs, that he who gave this inftinctlve curiofity to fome of his creatures, gave it for good and great purpofes, and that he rewards with ufefuU difcoveries all thefe minute refearches. It PREFACE. Ix It is true this does not always happen to the fearcher, or his contemporaries, nor even, fometimes to the immediate fucceed- ing generation ; but i am apt to think that advantages of one kind or other always ac- crue to mankind from fuch purfuits. Some men are born to obferve and record what perhaps by itfelf is perfedly ufelefs, but yet of great importance, to another who follows and goes a ftep farther ftill as ufe- lefs. To him another fucceeds, and thus by degrees ; till at laft one of a fuperior genius comes, who laying all that has been done before his time together brings on a new face of things, improves, adorns, ex- alts human fociety. All thofe fpeculations concerning lines and numbers fo ardently purfued, and fo exquifitely conduded by the Grecians ; what did they aim at ? or what did they produce for ages ? A little arithmetic, and the firft elements of geometry were all they had need of. This Plato aflerts, and tho' as being himfelf an able mathematician and remarkably fond of thefe fciences, he re* X PREFACE. recommends the ftudy of them, yet he makes ufe of motives that have no relation to the common purpofes of Ufe. When Kepler, from a blind and ftrong impulfe merely to find analogies in nature, difcovered that famous one between the diftances of the feveral planets from the fun, and the periods in v/hich they com- pleat their revolutions ; of what importance was it to him or to the world ? Again J when Galileo, puflied on by the fame irrefiftible curiofity, found out the law by which bodies fall to the earth, did he or could he forefee that any good would come from his ingenious theorems, or was any immediate ufe made of them ? Yet had not the Greeks pufhed their ab- ftradl fpeculations fo far ; had not Kepler and Galileo made the above mentioned dif- coveries ^ we never could have feen the greateft work that ever came from the hands of man. Every one will guefs that i mean Sir Ifaac Newton's Principia. Some obfcure perfon, whofe name is not fo much as known, diverting himfelf idly as PREFACE. xi as a ftander-by would have thought, with trying experiments on a fecmingly con- temptible piece of ftone, found out a guldefor mariners on the ocean, and fuch a guide as no fcience, however fubtile and fublime its fpeculations may be, however wonderful its cpnclufions, would ever have arrived at. It was bare curiofity that put Sir Thomas Millington upon examining the minute parts of flowers j but his difcoveries have produced the moft perfed, and moft ufefull fyflem of botany that the world has yet feen. Other inftances might be produced to prove, that bare curiofity in one age is the fource of the greateft utihty in another. And what has frequently been faid of chy- mifls, may he applyed to every other kind of vertuofi. They hunt perhaps after chimseras and impoffibilities, they find fomething really valuable by the bye. We are but inftruments under the Supreme Di- rector, and do not fo much as know in many cafes v/hat is of moft importance for us to fearch after. But we may be fure of xli PREFACE. of one thing, viz. that if we ftudy and follow nature, whatever paths we are led into, we (hall at laft arrive at fomething valuable to ourfelves and others, but of what kind we muft be content to remain Ignorant. I am fcnfible that after all i have faid^ or can fay, many people will not be perluaded to allow that the ftudy of fbme parts of na- tural hiftory can be worthy of a rational creature. They wnll never vouchfafe to look on molles and infedls in this light. Yet why may not the ftudy of thefe like- wife have its ufe in future times ? It ought to be confidered that the number of the latter is immenfe, that it is but lately that any great attention has been paid to them, that one of them is and has been long the means of cloathing thoufands and feeding more, that another affords us honey, ano- ther a fine dye, not to mention fome few befides, of acknowledged benefit to man- kind. Laftly, that they are capable of doing us the greateft mifchief, and that it is poflible that a more thorough knowledge of preface: xiii of them may inftruft us how to fecure our- felves againft their attacks. Whether this be poflible we can never know, till proper encouragement has been given to this branch of natural hiftory. Something to the fame purpofe might be faid concern- ing mofles, but as the intent of one of the following pieces is principally to take off fuch objeftions as i have been confidering, i (hall dwell no longer on this fubjed; ; but proceed to give a fhort account of what Linnaeus has done towards the improvement of natural hiftory, that the reader, who is unacquainted with his works, may form fome idea, tho* very imperfect, of this great man. Firft then, he has invent- ed a new fyftem of botany, founded on the male and female organs of generation in plants, a fyftem which has thrown a new light over botany. He has defined about 10,000 plants, ranged them into claffes, genera and fpecies, given new and regular generical names to many inftead of thofe barbarous and uncouth ones which prevailed till his time, and added fpecifical names xW PREFACE. names to all, fliort, eafy, and oftentimes lignificant, a thing never fo much as at- tempted before. He has brought into botany, a precifion, concifenefs and ele- gance, that were very much wanted. He has obferved and given names to fome parts of plants not taken notice of by any other botanift, parts which in fome cafes are fuf- ficient as well as neceffary to diftinguifh the genus and the fpecies. The Philofophia botanica ^ of this author affords throughout inftances of this re- formation. Had he wrote no other book but this, he would have deferved the higheft praife from all lovers of botany. For befidesthe improvements juft mention- ed it comprehends in a fhort compafs fome- ^ In the year 1750. when he was writing this book, as he tells us in the preface to it, he was hindered from going on by a terrible fit of the gout, that broke the ftrength of his mind as well as body. In the year 1755, he fays, Flor. Suec. article 450. that he had been freed from the gout for fome years by eating great quantities of freih flrawberries. He adds that this fruit difTolves the tartar of the teeth, that it is remarkably good for people aiHi(5ted with the ftone of gout, and that it may be fafely eaten in abundance, thing PREFACE. XT thing of confequence in every branch of that part of natural hiftory, and affords hints for various difcoveries, hints that muft, if purfued, produce many confiderable im- provements in phyfic, hulbandry, and OEConomy. He has publiflied a Materia medica fo far as relates to plants, in which he has under- taken to determine many fpecies common- ly ufed but not fufficiently afcertained, adding throughout in the fhorteft manner poffible vi^hat he has found to be ufelefs or efficacious, and as he alTures us never highly recommends any v^lthout being thoroughly convinced of their vertues by his own expe- rience in the hofpitals where he prefided. Some of thefe medicines have not yet, i be- lieve, been received into our {hops, but they may pofUbly deferve confideration. In the laft edition of his Syftema nature he has mentioned above 1500 fpecies of in- fcds, has clafTed them all, divided them into genera and fpecies, defcribed them as to the minuteft parts fo far as was neceffary to diflinguifh them, marked the places 4 where jiVi PREFACE. where they are to be found, the planb they feed upon, their transformations, cited the authors who have treated on them, given them claflical, generical, and trivial or fpe- cifical names 5 has done the fame by birds, fifhes, and all other known animals j haS ranged all the foffils, minerals and ftones, to ufe his language, in a manner partly bor- rowed, and partly founded on his own ob- fervations. But what improvements and additions he has lately made to this part of natural hiflory, as well as that of plants, we cannot fay till the other part of his new edi- tion of the Syflem of nature comes out, which is expecSed daily. However what we fee he has done in relation to animals, leaves us no room to doubt but that it will all together be the moft extraordinary book that was ever publifhed in this or almoft any other way. Befides his writings, of which i have mentioned but a fmall part, this inde- fatigable man, born to be nature's hiftorian, has travelled over Lapland, all Sweden, part of Norway, Denmark, Germany, I Holland, PREFACE. xvii Holland, England, and France, in fearch of knowledge. That part of his travels which is publiflied in Latin has many curious and ufeful obfervations relating to the purpofes of common life. Of thofe which are written in his own tongue i cannot give any other account, but that by fome quotations from them to be found in the writings of his difciples it appears, that they very well deferve to be communicated to the world in a language more generally underftood. Befides thefe labours of his own, the world will be one day obliged to him for what others have done. Incited by his example and perfuafion, C. Ternftrom went into Afia ; P. Kalmius to Penfilvania and Canada ; L. Mcntin into one part of Lapland ; D. Selander into another ; F. Haffelquift into iEgypt and Paleftine ; O. Toren to Malabar and Surat ; P. Ofbech to China and Java; P. Loefling to Spain and America J P. J. Berg to Gothland ^ M. Koehler to Italy and Apulia ; and D. Ro- iander to Surinam and St. Euftacia^ all a thefo xvlii PREFACE. thefe with a view to the promotion of na- tural hiftory. When we confider him in this light of a mafter of fuch difciples as thefe, and many others, fome of whofe works make up the following book, he muft appear like Homer at the head of the poets, Socrates at the head of Greek mo- ralifts, and our Newton at the head of the mathematical philofophers. Among all thefe extraordinary qualifications there ap- pear throughout his writings fpirit, candor, a due regard for others, and proper mo- defty and diffidence of himfelf. I will give a fhort fpecimen of his way of thinking in relation to the degree of hu- man knowledge hitherto attained by man on the fubjeft of natural hiftory. A fub- jeft on which it was very natural for a lefs extenfive genius to be vain, as he has had fo great a fhare himfelf in the advancement of it. The paffage is taken out of the in- trodudiion to the new edition of his Syftem of nature, and is to this effeft. ' How • fmall a part of the great works of nature ' is laid open to our eyes, and how many * things PREFACE. xlx * things are going on in fecret which we * know nothing of ! How many things are * there which this age firft was acquainted * with ! How many things that we are ig- * norant of will come to hght when all * memory of us (hall be no more ! For * nature does not at once reveal all her fe- * crets. We are apt to look on ourfelves as * already admitted into the fanduary of her * temple, we are ftill only in the porch. I * have entered, adds he, into the thick and * fhady woods of nature, which are every * where befet with thorns and briars. I * have endeavored as much as pouible to * keep clear of them, but e^fperience has * taught me that there is no man fo circum- * fpe(ft as never to forget himfelf, and there- ^ fore i have born with patience the fneers of * the malevolent, andthebuffoneriesofthofe * whofe vivacity is exerted only to mo- * left and give offence to others. I have m * fpite of thefe infults, kept on fteadily ia * my old path, and have finifhed the courfe ^ I was deftined for.' The latter part of this paflage, fliews that a 2 he XX PREFACE. he has not been without his enemies, and that he hath fuffered in the fame way that all the moft curious enquirers into nature have done in all ages. The tartnefs of his expredions, which is ftill ftronger in the original, plainly proves that they have not ufed fair arguments againft him, but like interefted rivals, or men of a fuperficial underftanding, have endeavored to fub- jedt him and his labours to ridicule. But whatever has been his fate in his own countrey, as far as I know, his name is almoft univerfally mentioned with refpeifl in all other parts of Europe. It is true, objedlions have been made to his innova- tions in other places befides Sweden % which ' Having fince the firfl: edition of thefe tra£ts met with Brc^wellius' anfwer to Siegefbec, M. D. and botanical profcflbr at Petersburg ; who wrote againft the fexual fyftem of Linnaeus, i cannot omit quoting one of his objeflions, which i imagine will divert the reader at the fame time, that it may ferve as an inftance how far zeal for old notions will fometimes carry men. The ob- jection is, that the laws of nature are overturned by Linnaeus, fmce polygamy and adultery would be ac- cording to his fyftem allowed in the vegetable world ; for PREFACE. xx'i which muft unavoidably happen on many accounts, but particularly becaufe thofe natural hiftorians who had been brought up and inured to other fyftems, who Tor in fome plants there are many filaments to one piftil. This is polygamy. In others thsre are female flowers, which are impregnated by the dud of male flov/ers, which have other female flowers belonging to them, i. e. which are already married. This is plainly adul- tery. Now according to profeflbr Siegefl^ec, it is not credible that fuch confufion and detcftable pollution ihould be tolerated in nature. Browellius rightly obferves in his anfwer, thzt Sie- gefbec had totally overlooked many inflaijces of theie enormities in the animal klri'^doin, and even the Immo- rality of farmers and their wives, (hepherde, jockies, fportfmen, nay even ladles of reputation, who in their ways promote thefe immoral and indecent pra6i:ices. However it mull: be obferved in favor of this very fcrupulous profeflor, that fyftems of philofophy, founded on fafls have, been anathematifed, and the authors and favorers of them condemned to the fevereft pu- nifhments, for reafons as little to the purpofe as the foregoing of Siegcfjec. To quote inftances would be endlefs, as every one the leafl: converfant in the hiftory of learning will e;^r!ly recolleft them. But lb moderate is the world now become, that I do not licar that the Linn^ean fyftcm is looked on as heretical even at thq court of P>.omc, though the profeflTor has drawn fome /hrewd arguments againft it from the book of Gcnefis. a 3 had ^xii PREFACE. had learned things by other names, and could not eafily attain the new ones, muft have ftrong prejudices arife on this occaiion. This objection being perfonal i fhall not coniider it any farther, but readily allow that great indulgence is due to fuch • people, and that their fate is to be pitied for coming into the world too foon to be enlightened farther on fubjedls, that per- haps had employed the greateft part of their life. But there are prejudices of another fort which i cannot omit to con- fider more fully on this occafion. In order to this it muft be premifed, that the ufe and intent of a claffical fyftem in any part of natural hiftory, is not to range things according to their natural con- nedions in regard to their outward afpedls, or effential qualities, or their medicinal or ceconomical properties, but to range them in fuch a manner that upon a plant, mi- neral or animal being fhewn to a natu- ralift he may certainly, upon a due infpec- tion of the objedl, give its true name according to fome fyftem. He who goes ferthe;: PREFACE. 9cxiii farther than this is not barely a natura- lift, but fomething more, viz. aphyfician, a chymifl, a farmer, a gardener, &c. And he who cannot go thus far to a cer- tain degree, does not deferve the name of a naturaHft, however fklllfull he may be in the vcrtues and properties of bodies ani- mate and inanimate. The ufe then and intent of a claflical fyf- tem is nothing more than that of a dic- tionary, where no one complains that words totally unconncded in fenfe are put near one another. The queftion therefore as to the fexual fyftem^ v. g. in plants, is not whether they be ranged, naturally, but whether in the befl: manner poffible in order to be known. Nay farther, it matters not whether the fexual fyflem be founded on nature or not, i. e. whether there be any •^ At the end of the preface i have endeavored to ex- plain the meaning of thefe terms in fuch a manner, that i think any curious perfon that will be at the pains to compare my explication with nature, cannot fail to un- derfland perfedly what they mean In general. I thought this method would be more agreeable to the reader than to be referred to other books. a 4 propagation ^xir PREFACE.' propagation by feeds without male and female organs of generation. The whole to be confidered is wdiether thofe parts which are called, and, i believe truly called fo, do really exift, and whether they they for the moft part cxift fo uniformly, as to furnith marks fufficient to diftinguiih the clafTes, &c. by. Nor does it matter whether it be hard to diftinguifli thofe marks, but v/hether they can with proper care and patience be diftinguifhed, and whether we can furely diftinguifli plants, without obferving thofe nice and minute parts, and whether a fyftem has been found equally fure with the Linnsan without having regard to thofe parts. Thofe who think fo would do well to in-. form the world of their difcovery, and not make objecftions that affedl only the ob-. fcurlty of nature, when they mean to con- dem.n a fyftem which is obfcure mere- ly from its ccnfonancy to nature. If Providence has thoiight fit to write in cyphers, ftiall he be blamed who endea- vors to o;ive a kcvrto its works, becaofe feme ?• R E F A C E. XXV fome men cannot diftinguifli one flroke from another in the cypher ? Thofc who have not learned to read the characters of nature for want of leifure, pa- tience, or any other caufe^ ought not to complain that Linnasus cannot make them fkillfull in a part of knowledge they are not qualified for. If a man unacquainted with the learned languages wants to know the meaning of a Greek word, will he com- plain of the lexicon, becaufe he cannot find it ? certainly not. Neither ought we to complain of Linnaeus in a fimilar cafe. This i think is a full anfwer to all the objections that have or can be made to his fyftem in general. What errors he has committed according to his own principles in relation to particulars is quite another queftion. I am one of thofe who think him not free from errors. Nor is it won- derful! that he fliould fall into fome, but it is truly wonderful! that one man fiiould be able to invent and carry fo far fo nice and extenfive a fyftem, efpccially when we con- fider not only what he has done in botany, but what he has done in all the branches of natural XXVI PREFACE. natural hiftory befides, and fomc of them almoft entirely negledled before his time. I fhould therefore wifli that thofe who are fond of this part of knowledge would, in- ftead of making frivolous objedions, try by an accurate and diligent examination to rec- tify his miftakes, and thereby help to per- fed: a fyftem which deferves the utmoft at- tention, and commendation. Tho* i faid above that it matters not whether the fcxual fyftem be founded on nature or not j yet it was natural for the inventor of it to endeavor by all proper means to vindicate it as likely to be fo, and this he has done to the fatisfadion of the moft curious obfervers ; and i will venture to add, that it is natural for others likewife to embrace with zeal a fyftem, that puts the works of Providence in fo new and beautiful a light by continuing the analggy from the animate to the inanimate creation. It feems as if Providence intended to lead men to this difcovery by ftriking our fenfes fo intenfely and fo agreeably with thofe very parts which contain, the clue of this fyftem. Yet fuch is the ina'.tention and in- PREFACE. xxvii inaccuracy of man on certain points, that even a tolerable conjedture concerning the ufe of thofe parts was not made till the year 1676. Having finlflied all that I think neceffary to fay concerning Linnasus and his works, i fhall now come to what relates imme- diately to myfelf only. Firft then as to the tranflation, I have endeavored to avoid making it too hteral, and fervile, but yet i hope without taking any undue liberties, or deviating from the fenfe of the originals. The part which is likely to prove leafl: agreeable to the reader, is that which was mofl troublefome to the tranflator. I meant the names of things not generally known. Some of thefe i have been obliged to leave in Latin, not being able to find any English names for them. I will not pretend to have avoided all miftakes on this head, but it is certain i fhould have committed more, as well as have had much more trouble, had it not been for the affiftance of the ingenious Mr. Hudfon, whofe fkill in all the branches of natural hiftory, and parti- cularly xxviii PREFACE. cularly thofe relating to his profeflion as an apothecary, cannot fail to recommend him to the favor of the public. To him i like- wife owe the afcertaining of fome of the grafles, one of which, viz. the fmall bent grafs which i had in my colledlion, but knew not where i found it, he difcovered to be the gramen minimum anglo-bri- tanum, mentioned in the indiculus plan- tarum dubiarum at the end of Ray's Synopfis. I muft not omit alfo on this occafion to acknowledge my obligation to that excel- lent botanift Dr. Watfon, for favoring me with the perufal of his coUedion of graffeSj which was of no fmall fervice to me. But to return to the tranflation 3 I fald that i did not pretend to have avoided all miftakes in relation to the names of thing?, i will now extend this farther, and own my fufpicions that i may have made fome in re- lation to other particulars, but i hope they are of fuch a kind only as may be looked on with indulgence by the learned, efpecially when they confider the great variety of fub- 4 jefts PREFACE. XXIX jc(5ts treated on in thefe pages, of none of which fubjecSts i profefs to be a maftcr, and therefore do not undertake to teach fuch readers ; but on the contrary lliall always be ready and even defirous to receive inftruc- tions from them. I beg they will alfo con- Cder that i do not aim at letting the un- learned into the myfleries of this part of knowledge, or even teaching them the ele- ments of it. My bufinefs is only to excite curiofity, and therefore fmall errors can be of no confequence. What I have farther to fay will be found in notes. Resfummas initio deberi parvo ac debili experientia omnium temporum teftatur, Amasnit. Acad. vol. 2. p. 266. §. 2. End of the P R E F A C E. IN ( XXX ) IN order to explain the fexual fyftem, i {hall make ufe of the lilly, as that plant is almoft every where to be found, and as the parts of generation are in that more obvious, than perhaps in any other flower. Upon opening the flower leaves there will appear in the very center, at the bottom, an oblong thickifli fubfliance with fix fur- rows along its fides. This contains the feeds, and is called the The germen or germ. On thisftands a fmall kind of pillar called The ftyle. Which is terminated by a thickifti trian- gular headj called The ftigma. Thefe all together from the female part of the flower, and are called by one name, ' ThepiftiL Round this pifliil grow fix long thready fubftances, called The filaments, Each terminated by an oblong body, that plays as on a pivot, upon the leaft mo- tion ( xxxi ) tion being given to the flower, and is called The anthera. This anthera contains the male duft, which when ripe is fcattered about by every breath of air, and what happens to fall on the ftigma, or upper part of the piftil, is fuppofed to enter thro* the ftyle into the germ, and there impregnate the feed. This plant is called an hermaphrodite, bccaufe the male and female organs of ge- neration are contained within one flower, Moft plants are hermaphrodites, like this, and have fomething analogous to what i have defcribed above. Some plants have the male and female parts feparate on the fame individual ^ others have male parts on one plant and female on another. The part of the flower that contains ho- ney is called The neftary.. Only a few plants have this part, the lilly ; has it but as the knowledge of it is not necefl^ary for underfl:anding the follow- ing pieces, i fliall not trouble the reader ^vith a defcription of it. CON- CONTENTS. AN oration c>oncerning travelling in one's own countrey, by Dr. Linnaeus — — page i The oeconomy of nature, by Ifaac Biberg — 37 On the foliation of trees, by Harald Barck — — — — 131 Of the ufe of curiofity, by Chriftoph. Gedner — — - — — — 159 Obftacles to the improvement of phy- fic, by J. G. Beyerftein — — 201 The calendar of Flora — — — 229 The Sw^edifh Pan, by Nicholas Haf- felgren — — — — 339 Obfervations on grafies, by the Tran- flator — — — — —--363 BENEFIT O F TRAVELLING, &c. B C 3 3 Mifcellaneous Tr^SiSy Sic, An ORATION concerning the ne-^ ceffity of travelling in one's own countrey, made by Dr. L i n n ^ u s atUplaljOd.iy, anno 1 741, when he was admitted to the royal and ordinary profefTion of phylic, Amsnitat. Academ, vol. ii, MOST honorable and moll learned audi- tors of all orders, i am going to under- take a province, allotted to me by the favor of our m.oft augufl, and mofl potent monarch, whofe.will it is that i prefide over, and dire6l the ftudy of phyfic in this Univerfity ; and that i do my utmoil to advance the glory of this illuftrious body. May his choice be crowned with fuccefs, and may the great and good God favor my undertaking. As by cuflom, delivered down by our fore- fathers, and prefcribed by the lav/s of our aca- B z demy. 4 BENEFITOF demy, i am obliged upon undertaking this province to fay fomething before fo illuftrious a circle of fathers and citizens •, i confefs that all thofe circumflances, each of which is apt to ftrike terror into the mind of man, offer themfelves together in a croud before my eyes on this occafion. For whether i confider the amplenefs of the place, or the dignity of the audience, or the multitude of chofen people, or laftly my little talents in the arts of fpeech; all thefe circumflances, i ingenuoufly confefs, throw me into no fmall confufion. For if the moft eloquent men, when they come to fpeak in public, have been known to tremble, and become incapable of uttering a fino-le word ; what muft i feel who have none of the common advantages, either from art or nature, in the readinefs and elegance of fpeech ? However, fmce i am under a necefTity of fay- ing-fomething, i muft fiy for refuge to that fa- vor, and humanity, which you never refufe to thofe who fpeak on thefe occafions ; and thus i doubt not but that, however deficient i may be from want of talents, or want of exercife, i fliall not wholly fail of the end i aim at. I fhall therefore, moft honorable auditors, under- take to treat on a fubjed neither unfuitable to the TRAVELLING; &c. 5 the prefent occafion, nor to the ofEce i am going to enter into, nor to that employment which i was lately engaged in by the will, and fuffrage of the high, and mighty dates of this king- 4oni •, and from which i am now once again briOUght back to this feat of the mufes. Nay fo far is the fubjedl, i am about to treat on, from being unfuitable to ^ny of thefe circum- ftances, that it feems to m^ particularly adapt- ed to every one of them. The fubjed is con- cerning the necefTity of travelling in one's own pountrey, and the advantages that may thence accrue, efpecially to phyficians. I fliall treat it in a plain and popular manner ; and endea- vor to manage it fo, that the meannefs of my language may be compenfated by the dignity of the matter, and the brevity of my ex^ prefTions. All human knowledge is built on two foun- dations ^ reafon and experience. — Thefe two joyned together are neceffary to make a good phyfician. We mull confefs indeed, that the bufmefs of reafoning may be carried on with equal fuccefs in our clofets, as in travelling, fuppofing we have an opportunity of converfmg with men truly learned. B 3 But K BENEFITOF But it was experience, that fovereign miftrefs without which a phyfician ought to be afliamed to open his lips j it was experience, i fay, that confccrated to immortality fo many of the an- tients, and amongfl the reft that divine old man Hippocrates, whofe writings were pub- lifiied many ages before chriftianity. The writings of this wonderful man alone, among fo many ingenioufly contrived fyftems, remain to this day, and will for ever remain firm, un- moved, unfhaken, untouched by any decay, by any change. It is experience that has adorned with laurels the heads of fo many ce- lebrated phyficians in all times, and even now adorns. And hence it is that the chief and moft honorable title of phyfician is to be called a man of experience. Experience ought to go firft ; reafoning Ihould follow. The former furniflies.the materials of knowledge; the latter holds her confultations on the given phjeno- mena •, and when flie has weighed with judg- ment every circum.ftance, fhe difcovers truth, and concludes, orders, and determines rightly about the point in qucftion. Experience ought to be animated by reafon in all phyfical affairs-, without this fhe is void of order, void of ener- gy, void of life. On the other hand reafon with- TRAVELLING, &c. 7 without experience can do nothing -, being no- thing, but the mere dreams, phantafms, and meteors of ingenious men who abufe their time. The antients certainly did not, any- more than we, bring experience into the world with them. There is need of much diligence and labor, before man can be thoroughly in- ftru6ted. Diofcorides confefles, that he under- took many journies in order to increafe expe- rience ; and the other fathers of phyfic in their writings frequently make mention of their travels either exprefsly or tacitly. Academies were inilituted to the end, that men well verfed in all kinds of literature, and enriched befides by much experience, mighc be invited thither, and that the youth, who were ambitious of becoming learned, might flock together to thofe feats ; and have the advantage of improving no lefs by the expe- rience, than by the erudition of the profefTors; and thefe qualifications combined together, which is of all alliances the moil pleafing, very juflly deferve the utmoft veneration and refpedl. Vail and fumptuous libraries are ere(^ed in academies •, in which the obfervations of the learned, like fo many legacies, and donations, B 4 are If BENEFITOF are prefer ved ; that they who diligently give themfelves up to ftudy, may become endued with learning, poliihed, and confirmed by ex- perience. Thefe libraries are the repofitories of wifdom, and their flores are laid open to every ingenious candidate. Hofpitals are founded that the candidates of phyfic may learn thofe things at the patients bed fide, which cannot be learned from books ; for here pra6lice, and experience fhew their force by means of the eyes, and hands •, as he paints any obje6b moil accurately, who paints from the idea, which his own eyes afford him, and not from that, which he gets by the tela- tion of another. Anatomy fchools are eredted, that we may behold in another's body, as it were in a glafs, the nature, and conllitution of our own ; as thofe conceive more clearly the fituation of countries, diftrids, and cities, and the man- ners, rites, and cuiloms of their inhabitants, who themfelves have been there, and have ken what is remarkable amongfl them with their own eyes, than he who relies folely upon the vague and imperfedb maps, and relations of travellers. Phyfic T R A V E L L I N G, Cff f ; 9 Phyfic gardens are here cultivated ; where the plants of various kinds are colle6i:ed from all parts of the globe, that we may by this means behold, as it were, the great in the little world. Hither inftruments for experimental philo- fophy are brought together, that the abftrufe .forces of the elements, which otherwife would efcape our fcnfes, may be made manifeft, and that fo we may fuccefsfully be let into the very receiTes of nature •, as far as human pe- netration will admit of. All thefe things are inftituted in academies, that the youth may arrive at knowledge by experience -, all tend to this end, that tho* we be confined to one fpot, one corner of the earth, we may examine the great and various flores of knowledge, and therein behold the immenfe domains of nature, and get acquaint- ed with fuch things, as otherwife muft be fought for, and oftentimes in vain, over the whole globe. In my opinion therefore ftudying at acade- mies ought by no means to be negleded, but rather Ihould be looked on as necefiary to thofe, who are ambitious of attaining wifdom, fupported by experience. And thofe who en- deavor ,o BENEFIT OF deavor to inflill into the minds of young peo^ pie a contempt for univerfities, and to with- draw the fludious from thefe feats of learning, fuggeft very pernicious advice ; not confider- ing that in thefe florehoufes of knowledge much greater, and more excellent things may be attained by means of experience in a very Ihort fpace of time, than by the mod multifa- rious, moft indefatigable, and molt extenfive . reading at home all one's life. If i may be allowed to fpeak what is really fa6l, this our univerfity may contend with any foreign one whatever for true, and folid learn- ing in all thofe parts of knowledge, which i have enumerated, owing to our noble, and exemplary inftitutions. For we begin to ex- cell in botanical gardens, in hofpitals, in ap- paratus's for experimental philofophy, in ana- tomical preparations, and other helps for arts and fciences, and to excell fo much that we are likely in time, by the blefling of the al- mighty, to be inferior to no univerfity. Although fome univerfities excell others on account of certain advantages peculiar to theiTifelves •, for in proportion as one kind of knowledg;e in this, or that nation is held in greater, or lefs edeem, and is therefore more TRAVELLING, 6fr. it more or lefs cultivated, fo the profefibrs of it will be more or lefs fkillful -, as at this time the hofpitals at London both for number and goodnefs exceed all others, at Paris chirurgical operations, at Leyden, ana- tomical preparations, at Oxford botanical col- lections 5 tho', i fay, this may be the cafe, yet i cannot think, that thofe a6t prudently, or enough confult the good of themfelves, and countrey, who feek for that abroad, which may be had at home, and who travel to foreign uni- veriities, before they have laid a fufficient foundation in their own countrey. And there is no doubt but that they who do fo will at laft repent of their error. He, who goes abroad raw, and ignorant, feldom returns more learned. Whereas, he, who has fpent his time well at his own univerfity, will never find rea- fon to repent. Whoever has employed him- felf properly in the ftudy of the arts, and fci- ences will become an ufefull, and foiid man in every branch of bufinefs. Whoever, before he fets out to vifit regions warmed by other funs, has laid the firft foundations of his ftudies in his native countrey, will be moft likely to bring back materials of far greater price, than we ufually fee amongft the greateil part of our tra- 12 BENEFITOF travellers, who feldom return home laden wItH any thing, but fine founding, and empty words colleded out of the European languages. What do they learn, but to prate about theatres, and plays, and the modes of drefs amongft the Ita- lians, the Spaniards, the Germans, and above all the French ? If they were well advifed they would not flir a foot out of their own coun- trey -, that they migh£ not deftroy their for- tunes, their time, their health, nay their very life itfelf by luxury, and voluptuouihefs. They would not then return, as too frequently iiap- pens, entirely ufelefs to themfelves, and coun- trey, and a burthen upon the face of the earth, But whither am i hurried ? My defign was, in the little time allotted me, to fpeak to you, gentlemen, nor of the peculiar advantages of univerfities, or of fojourning at this, rather than any foreign one ; but chiefly of travelling in one's own countrey, thro' its fields, and roads ; a kind of travelling, i con- fefs, hitherto little ufed, and which is looked up- on as fit only for amufement. I once more, moil honorable auditors, beg your patience, and that i may not forfeit all right to your favor, and benevolence, i promife to be as fhort as pofTibie^ You know what the poet fays, The TRAVELLING, &c. 13 The farmer talkb of grafles and of grain. The Tailor tells you ftories of the main. You ought not therefore to wonder, that i choofe to make travelling in one's own coun- trey the fubjedl of my difcouifc. Every one thinks well of what belongs to himfelf, and every one has pleafures peculiar to himfelf. I have travelled about, and paiTed over on foot the frofty mountains of Lapland, have climb- ed up the craggy ridges of Norland, and wan- dered along its fteep hills, and almoft impe- netrable woods. I have made large excurfions into the forefts of Dalecarlia, the groves of Gothland, the heaths of Smoland, and the unbounded plains of Scania. There is fcarce- iy any confiderable province of Sweden, which i have not crawled thro' and examined ; not without great fatigue of body and mind. My journey to Lapland was indeed an undertaking of immenfe labor ; and i muft confefs, that i was forced to undergo more labor, and danger in travelling thro' this one traifl of the nor- thern world, than thro' all thofe forreign coun- treys put together, which I have ever vifited y tho' even thefe have coil me no fmall pains, and have not a little exhaufled my vigor. But love to truth, and gratitude towards the fu- preme i4 BENEFIT OF preme being oblige me to confefs, that nd fooner were my travels finiflied, but, as it were, a' Lethasan oblivion of all the dangers, and difficulties came upon me ; being rev/arded by the ineftimable advantages, which i reaped from thofe devious purfuits. Advantages, the more confpicious for that i became daily more and more fkillful, and gained a degree of ex- perience, which I hope will be of ufe to my- felf, and others ; and, what i efteem above all other confiderations ; as it comprehends in one all other duties, and charities ; to my coun- trey, and the public. Good God ! how many, ignorant of their own countrey, run eagerly into forreign re- gions, to fearch out and admire whatever cu- riofities are to be found ; many of which are much inferior to thofe, which offer themfelves to our eyes at home. I have yet beheld no forreign land, that abounds more with natural curiofities of all kinds, than our own. None which prefents fo many, fo great, fo wonder- full works of nature •, whether we confider the magazines of fnow heaped up for fo many ages upon our Alps, and amongft thefe vaft tracks of fnow green meadows, and delicious vallies here and there peeping forth, or the lofty heads TRAVELLING, Sec. 15 heads of mountains, the craggy precipices of rocks, or the fun lying concealed from our eyes for fo many months, and thence a thick Cimmerian darknefs fpread over our hemi- fphere, or elfe at another feafon darting his rays continually along the horizon. The like to all which in kind, and degree, neither Hol- land, nor France, nor Britain, nor Germany, nor lallly any countrey in Europe can fhew -, yet thither our youth greedy of novelty flock in troops. But it was not my intent to fpeak of thefe things at prefent. I come now clofer to my purpofe, being about to fhew by in- fiances, that the natural philofopher, the mi- neralogifl, the botanift, the zoologift, the phy- fician, the farm^er, and all others, initiated in any part of natural knowledge, may find in trave Ring thro' our own countrey things, which they will own they never dreamed of before. Nay things which to this day were never dif- covered by any perfon whatever. Laftly fuch things, as m.ay not only gratify, and fatiate their curiofity ; but may be of fervice to them- felves, their countrey, and all the world. To give a few examples. The fagacious fearcher afte.^ nature v/ill find here, wherewith- all to fliarpen, and exerclfc his attention in be- 4 ^ holding t6 BENEFIT OP holding the top of mount Swucku, offoim-" menfe a height, that it reaches above the clouds. The wonderfull flrudlure of mount Torfburg, the horrid precipices of the rock Blakulla in an ifland of that name, fituated near Oeland, and that prefents by its name, ftill ufed among the Suegothic vulgar, no lefs than by its difmal afped, an idea of the llupidity, and fuperftition of that antient people. Befides the wonderfull vaults, and caverns of the Skiula mountains, the high plains of the ifland Carolina, the unufual form and ftrudure of the Kierkerfian fountains in Oeland j to pafs over numberlefs other ftrange works of nature, the like to which perhaps are no where to be met with. Where can we have greater opportunities, than in this Suegothic trad, of confidering the intenfe rigor, and vehemence of winter, the incredible marble-like ftrength of ice ? And yet in this inclement climate grain of all forts is obfer\''ed to fpring forth fooner, grow quick- er, and ripen in lefs time than in any other part of the world.* » Vid. a treatlfe concerning the foliation of trees pub- liflbed in this colledlion, and the prolegomena to the Flora Lapponica of this author, where he fays that at Purkyaur in Lapland anno 1732. barley fown May 51. was ripe July 28. i.e. in 58 days; and rye fown May 31. wa§ ripe, and cut Aug, 5. i. e, in 66 days. TRAVELLING, &c. 17 Whoever defires to contemplate the flupen- dous metamorphofes of fca, and land, will Icarcely find any where a more convenient op- portunity, than in the fouth, and eaft parts of Gothland •, where the rock-giants, as they are called, feem to threaten heaven, and where the epocha's of time, the ages, the years, if i may fo fay, are as it were carved out in a furprifing feries upon the fea-lhore, and the ground above the Ihore. The philofopher will find room to exercife his ingenuity fufficiently in the Oeland-flone, by tr)^ing to difcover how to overcome its moid nature, and quality, which whoever could ac- complifh would do no fmall fervice to his countrey, and above all would infinitely oblige the inhabitants of that place. I (hall fay no more than what is known, and confeifed by all the world, when i fay that the;e is no countrey in the habitable part of the globe, where the mineralogifi may make greater progrefs in his art, than in this our countrey. Let any one, that can, tell me, in what regions, more rich, and ample mines of metal are found, than in Sweden, and where they dig deeper into the bowels of the earth than here. C Lee i8 BENEFIT OF Let the mines of Norburg, the ridge of Ta- biirga, the pits of Dannemore, Bitfberg, Gren- o-ia, and lallly the immenfe treafures of Sal- bero-en, and Fahluna be my witnefs, which ex- ceed all in the known world. Where do the poflefTors fuffer forreigners more freely to approach their furnaces, and obferve their operations ? where are there men more ready to communicate their knowledge? Strangers are received by m with civility, and even prefled to ftay.- Who v/ould not fhudder on beholding thofe foro-es, vomiting forth immenfe clouds of fire and fmoak, where our iron ores are nielted ? who would not behold with pleafure the fimple countreyman in the thick pine-groves of Da- lecarlia, without furnace, without any appa- ratus, extrading an iron fo very fo fit for ufe, tliat it yields to no other, tl^o' prepared with the fierceft fires, and greatefl expence ? Who ten years ago would have imagined, that the lapis ealaminariswd.s to be had in Dale- carlia ? or mines of the very bell kind of gold in Smolandia ? You will perhaps fcarce believe me when i tell you, that there are whole mountains full of petroleum in Dalecarlia. Yet doubt not. This tiling TRAVELLING, &c. ig thing hitherto unheard of, unfeen, i myfclf fa\v with thefe eyes, and was lurprifed. We admire the abundance of coral on the Indian Ihores, yet the port of Capellus in Gothland alone equals, nay exceeds thofe riches of the eafl. I have feen deep flrata of corals ex- tending many furlongs, many miles along ita fliores. Botanifts, who have travelled over the greatefl part of the globe in fearch of the trea- fures of the vegetable kingdom, have yet left many plants for us and our pofterity to dif- cover in thefe our regions. For there is fcarce any where a greater variety of mojfes, lichens^ ftici^ and fungi^ than with us ; and the moft curious botanifts are now diligently employed in contemplating thefe minute plants. Whoever beheld, or defcribed our diapen- fia ? who the llafta unlefs Micheli alone ? Thefe two kinds of plants grow with us, and the latter efpecially is found in great plenty about Fahluna. What traveller, that is not totally ignorant in botany, does not go from^ Paris to Fontalnebleau to fee thofe very rare erchis's^ fome of which reprefent helmets, others knats, others flies ; all of them fo exadl- ty, fo wonderfully, that there feems nothing C 2 want- 20 BENEFIT OF wanting to make them the veiy animals them- felves, but noile, and motion ? Who imagined thefe flowers grew in our countrey, and in fuch plenty in Oeland, than they are to be met with in every field ? Who would ever have thought of looking in our countrey for the following exotics. The winged pea^ the great burnet^ the perennial let- tuce^ the dwarf carline thiftle^ the middle flea- hane^ the black hellebore^ the Illyric crowfoot^ much lefs the riccia^ and herb terrible^ and efpeci-aily the fcorpion fena^ that moft beautiful flirub, which in winter is carefully guarded againfl. the frofts in the ftoves of our botanifls ; yet all thefe have lately been obferved to grow in Oeland and Gothland. We ufcd to purchafe at a great price from forreigners the following medicinal plants, ver- vain^ moneywort^ &c. which all are natives of Sweden, and yet ten years ago nobody knew this. What expences have we been at yearly to get the glafs-wort^ of whofe afhes and fait, glafs is made. The dyers weed and woad were purchafed yearly at a very high price ; plants that we have at lafl found grow eveiy where about our provincesr Lapland TRAVELLI NG, &c. 21 Lapland alone furnifhed me fome time ago with a hundred rare plants. I have gathered lately as many in the iflands of the Baltic, and in Scania as many more, never before ob- ferved in Sweden. Nor can it be doubted, but that our other provinces conceal in their unfrequented corners other new plants, va- luable for ufe or beauty, tho' hitherto over- looked, if a diligent and acute inquirer be not wanting, i will not fay with the poet, " Happy the rural inhabitant," but " happy *' the Swedifh inhabitant if he knew but what « good he is pofTefled of '." The zoologift will no wliere meet with a place more delightful, and more fuitable to his views, than that where flocks of all kinds of birds in fpring time, and fummer, gather ** Our countrey has been fearched by fo many able botaniUs for plants, that what is faid here cannot be applied to us. But a curious traveller might be of great fervice in relation to plants even here, by obferving, and making generally known what plants are peculiarly cultivated in fome coun- tries. Thus for inllance ihey (ow lotus, 13. Linn. Sir^s- foot u-foil, Rayfyn. 334 in Herefordfhire, which grows all over England on dry paftures, and is found very good for Iheep, :ho' every where elfe, as far as i know, negleded. Again they make great ufe of tlie common njetch in Glo- ceilerlhire, chiefly for horfes, feeding them v/ith it upon the foot, and eating it up tune encagh for turneps u.e fame year. C 3 toge- 22 BENEFIT OF ' together to breed. This is the cafe in the woody, and mountainous parts of Sweden^ more than in any other fpot of the earth j the Lapland f lover called J>ago^ the Norland fied chaffinch^ the Oeland tringa called alwar- grim^ the Gothland duck called eider ^ the artic duck of he ifland Carolina called torde^ the Ot- tenbyenfian cobler'^s awl C2X\tdfterfloe€ha^ xhtpi- cus trida5lylus of the Darlecarlians are all more rare in other countries than pheafants are with us. I may venture to affirm that no countrey up- on the face of the earth abounds more with birds and infeds, than Sweden. Wild rein- deer^ flying fquirrels^ and the Norway rat that pours down in troops from the mountains into the plains below are unknown, and per- haps happily unknown, any where elfe. Forreigners come into the Dalecarlian moun- tains to C2it(zh falcons ^ as is well known. In the ifland Faro, fituated near Goth- land, whale and falmon iiihery is very con- veniently carried on, and no where with greater profit. How m.any fpecies of fifhes furnifli pur ta- bles very common in Sweden, efpecially of the foftmouthed kind ^ fuch as the afp^ the 'wimha^ the farcn^ the hiorkna^ the mudd^ and others^ TR AVELLING, &c. 23 others, unknown, undefcribed, unfcen in for- reio-n countries. Who ever difiedted, exa- mined, defcribed thofe minute redferpents call- ed afpSy or ^fpingar by the fouthern Swedes, whofe bite communicates a deadly poifon ? It would be tedious were i to defcend to the fpecies of infeds. The great Reaumur, who has fnewn a fagacity, and accuracy, be- fore him unknown, in examining infedls, up- on feeing my colLeftion of Swedifli infers owned ingenuoufly, that my countrey alone contained more fpecies of thofe animals, than anv other known in the world. The curious diaetetic, whofe bufmefs it is to inquire into the various ways of living among men, will fcarcely find any place, where there are fo many different kinds of food, as here. Here men vary in their food, as they vary in fortune, fituation, and con- dition. And what is very remarkable, the in- habitants of this northern world have their peculiar cufloms, and rules of eating in every province, and territory. In Lapland they live without corn, or wine, without fait or any made liquor. Water, and flefh, and pre- parations of thefe are their only fuilenance. C 4 I^ 24 BENEFITOF In fome places the countreyman lives in his fmoaky, and footy flove on the *" coregonus when {linking ; and bread made of the roots of the calla., or of the hufKS, and beards of grain pounded. . In fome places they live upon {linking her- rings and ropy whey called fyra •, in other places on a food called ajfu^ and cirtfau^ and ilinking fijh i and yet they undergo much la- bor. In fome places their food is turneps^ and their drink made oi juniper berries. Some live upon peas^ others on buck wheats others grow fat upon whaW% .fie{h, to the a{lonifh- ment of firano-ers. In travelling thro' other countries you will hardly ever fee fo many different ways of liv- ing in this refpecl, as in the Swedifn domi^ nions, and where confequently the diaetetic philofopher may have fo many opportunities of m.aking his experiments. The pathologi{l, who inquires into the caufes of diilempers, will not lofe his time in travelling into thefe countries \ as in every dif- « A general name of fillies, fome fpecies of which are known in England and Wales, as V'.Gj'.hslIey, U\c grajlingy the^Tc'MvW, 6<::g the ^enlve head, of 62 CE C O N O M y. of the wind from the male to the female ; as iit the whole dioicous "" clafs. Again a more diffi- cult impregnation is compenfated by the Ion- gasvity of the individuals, and the continuation of life by buds, fuckers and roots, fo that we may obferve every thing moft wifely difpofed in this affair. Moreover we cannot without admiration obferve that moil flowers expand themfelves when the fun Ihines forth, whereas when clouds, rain, or the evening comes on, they clofe up, left the genital duft fhould be coagulated, or rendered ufelefs, fo that it can- not be conveyed to tht Jiigmata. But what is ftill more remarkable and wonderfuU ! when the foecundation is over, the flowers neither upon fliowers, nor evening coming on clofe themfelves up. Hence when rain falls in the flowering time, the hufbandman and gardener foretell a fcarcity of fruits. I could and would iluftrate all this by many remarkable inftances, if the fame fubjedt had not lately been explain- ed, in this very place " in a manner equal to its ^ i.e. where one plant bears male flowers, and the other female ones. n I fuppofc the author here alludes to a treatife publifhed in Amxn. academ. vol. i. entitled, 5ponJ alia plant antyn^ in which arc contained fo many proofs of the reality of the different fexes of plants, that to me there feems to remain no room for doubt. im- OFNATURE. 63 importance. I cannot help remarking one par- ticular more, viz. that the organs of genera- tion, which in the animal kingdom are by na- ture generally removed from fighr, in the ve- getable arc expofed to the eyes of all, and that when their nuptials are celebrated, it is won- derfliU what delight they afford to the fpeda- tor by their mofl beautiful colours and delici- ous odors. At this time bees, flies, and other infedts fuck honey out of their nedlaries, not to mention the humming bird ; and that from their effete dull the bees gather wax, §. 7. As to the dilTemination of feeds, after they come to maturity, it being abfolutely necef- fary ; fince without it no crop could follow ; the Author of nature has wifely provided for this affair in numberlefs ways. The ftalks and ftems favor this purpofe, for thefe raife the fruit above the ground, that the winds, fhak- ing them to and fro, may difperfe far off the ripe feeds. Moil of the "" pericarps are fhut at » Whatever furrounds the feeds is called by botanical wri- ters a pericarphim, and as we want an Enaljlh word to cx- prefs this, i have taken the liberty to call it a pericarpy. top, 64 CE C O N O M Y, top, that the feeds may not fall, before they are (hook out by ftormy winds. Wings are given to many feeds^ by the help of which they fly far from the mother plant, and often- times fpread over a whole countrey. Thefe wings confiil either of a down, as in moft of the compofite flowered plants, or of a mem- brane, as in the birch, alder^ ajh^ &cc. Hence woods, which happen to be confumed by fire» or any other accident, will foon be reftored again by new plants, diffeminated by this means. Many kinds of fruits are endued with a remarkable elafl:icity, by the force of which, the ripe pericarps throw the feeds to a great difl:ance, as the wood-forrel, the fpurge^ the phyllanthus, the dittany. Other feeds or peri- carps are rough, or provided with hooks ; fo that they are apt to flick to animals, that pafs by them, and by this means are carried to their holes where they are both fown, and manured by nature's wonderfull care ; and therefore the plants of thefe feeds grow, where others will not, as hounds-tongue, agrimony, &c. Berries and other pericarps, are by nature allotted for aliment to animals, but with th\^ condition, that while they eat the pulp they fhall fow their feeds j for when they feed upon it OFNATURE. 65 it they either difperle them at the fiime time, or, if they rwallow them, they are returned with intereft •, for they always come out un- hurt. It is not therefore furprifmg, that if a field be manured with recent mud or dung not quite rotten, various other plants, injurious to the farmer, fhould come up along with the grain, that is fowed. Many have believed that barley, or rye has been changed into oats, al- tho' all fuch kinds of metamorphofes are re- pugnant to the laws of generation, not confi- dering that there is another caufe of this pha2- nomenon, viz. that the ground perhaps has been manured with horfe-dung, in which the feeds of oats, coming entire from the horfe, lye hid and produce that grain. The mijletoe always grows upon other trees, becaufe the thrufli that eats the feeds of it, cafls them forth with its dung, and as bird-catchers make their bird-lime of this fame plant, and daub the branches of trees with it, in order to catch the thrufh, the proverb hence took its rife ; The thrufh, when he befouls the bough, Sov;s for himfelf the feeds of woe. It is not to be doubted, but that the greateft part of the jumpers alfo, that fill our woods, F are 66 CE C O N O M Y are fown by thmlh^s, and other birds in the* fame manner ; as the berries, being heavy^ cannot be difperfed far by the winds. The crofs-bill that lives on the fir-cones, and the hawfinch that feeds on the pine-cones, at the fame time fow m^any of their feeds^ efpecially when they carry the cone to a flone, or trunk of a tree, that they more eafily flrip it of its fcales. Swine likewife, by turning up the earth, and moles by throwing up hillocks, prepare the ground for feeds in the fame man- ner, as the ploughman does. I pafs over many other things, which might be mentioned concerning the fea, lakes, and rivers, by the help of which oftentimes feeds kre conveyed unhurt to diftant countries -, nor need I mention in what a variety ©f other ways nature provides for the diflemination of plants, as this fubje6t has been treated on at large in our illuftrious prefident's oration con-, cerning the augmentation of the habitable earth. ^ §. 8. p As there is fomething very ingenioas, and quite new in the treatife here referred to, i will for the fake of thofe,. who cannot read the original, give a (hort abftradl of it. His defign is to fhew that there was only one pair of alt living things, created at the beginning. According to the account OFNATURE. 67 §. 8. Prefer vation. "The great Author and Parent of all thingSj decreed, that the whole earth Ihould be co- vered with plants, and that no place fhould be F 2 void. account of Mofes, fays the author, we are fiire, that this was the cafe in the human fpecies ; and by the fame ac- count we are informed that this firft pair was placed in E- den, and that Adam gave names to all the animals. In order therefore that Adam might be enabled to do this, it was nccelftry that all the fpecies of animals fhould be in paradife ; which could not happen unlefs alfo the fpecies of vegetables had been there likewife. This he proves from the nature of their food, particularly in relation to infeds, moil of which live upon one plant only. Now- had the world been formed in its prefent flate, it could not have happened that all the fpecies of animals fhould have been there. They mufl have been difperfed over all the globe, as we find they are at prefent, which he thinks improbable for other reafons which I fhall pafs over for the fake of brevity. To folve all the phcenomena thgn he lays down a principle, that at the beginning all the earth was covered with fea, unlefs one ifland large enough to contain all animals and vegetables. This principle he en- deavors to ellabliih by feveral phsenomena which make it probable, that the earth has been and is flill gaining upon the fea, and does not forget to mention f^ffil Jhelh, and plants every where found, which he fays cannot be ac- counted for by the deluge. He then undertakes to fhew how 63 OE C O N O M Y void, none barren. But fince all countrfe have not the lame changes of feafons, and every foil is not equally fit for every plant, He therefore, that no place fhould be without TiOvv all vegetables and animals might in this illand have a {"oil and climate proper for each, only by fuppofing it to be placed under the aequator, and crowned with a very high mountain. For it is well known that the fame //««// are found on the Swifs, the Pyrenean, the Scotch alps, on Olympus, Lebanon, Ida, as on the Lapland and Green- knd alps. And Tournefort found at the bottom of moutvt Ararat the common plants of Armenia, a little way up thofe of Iraly, higher thofe which grow about Paris, af- terwards the Swedifti plants, and laftly on the top the Lapland alpine plants ; and i myfelf, adds the author, from the plants growing on the Dakcarlian alps could colled how much lower they were than th€ alps of Laplaml. He then proceeds to fhew how from orie plant of each fpecies the immenfe number of individuals rtow exilling might arjTe. He gives fome inllances of thefbrprifrng fertility of certain plants, v. g. the elecampane, one plant of which produced 3000 feeds, of fpelt, 2000, of the funflowcr 40C0, of the,!lf oppy 3 200, of tobacco 40320. But fup- pofing any annual plant producing yearly only two feeds, evenpf this after 20 years there would he 1,048,^76 indi- viduals. For they would increafe yearly in a duple pro- portion, viz. 2, 4, &, 16, 32, &c. He then gives fome in- llances of plants brought from America, tliat are now become common over many parts of Europe. Laftiy he cnter-s upon the fubjcdV for which he is quoted in the text, where the detail he gives of the feveral methods which nature has taken to propagate vegetables is ex- tremely curious, but too long to infert in this place. fome> O F N A T U R E. 6<^ fomc, ^ave to every one of them fuch a nature, as might be chiefly adapted to the cHmate •, fo that fome of them can bear an inteqfe cold, others an equal degree of heat ; fome delight in dry ground, others in moifl, ^c. Hence the lame plants grow only where there are the fame feafons of -tiie year, and the fame foil. The alpjm plants live only in high, and cold fituations, and therefore often on the alps of Armenia, Switzerland, the Pyreneans, &:c. whofe tops are equally covered with eternal fnows, as thofe of the Lapland alps, plants of the fame kind arc fouiu^ and it w^ould be in vain to feek for them any where elfe. It is re- markable in relation to the alpine plants, that they blow, and ripen their feeds very early, otherwife the winter would ileal upon them on a fudden, and deftroy them. Our northern plants, altho' they are ex- tremely rare every v/here elfe, yet are found in Sibiria, and about Hudfon's bay. as the arbutus^ Floy. 339. bramble ^12. 'uj^nter^ green, &c. Plants impatient of cold live wichin the tor- rid zones ; hence both the Indies tho' at luch a diftance from one anotlier have plants in com- P 9 ru^-'H, 70 (ECONOMY mon. The Cape of Good Hope, i know not from what caufe, produces plants peculiar to itfelf, as all the mefemhry anthem a ^ and al- moft all the fpecies of aloes, Grajfes^ the moft common of all plants, can bear almofl any temperature of air, in which the good provi- dence of the Creator particularly appears-, for all over the globe they above all plants are ne- cefTary for the nourifhment of cattle, and the fame thing is feen in relation to our moft com- mon grains, Thus neither the fcorching fun, nor tTac pinching cold hinders any countrey from hav- ing its vegetables. Nor is there any foil, which does not bring forth many kinds of plants \ the pond-weeds^ the water-lily^ lobelia inhabit the waters. The fuviales^ fuci^ conferva cover the bottoms of rivers, and fea. The fpbagna •^ fill the m.arlhes. The brya ' cloath the plains. The dryeft woods and places fcarce ever illu- minated by the rays of the fun are adorned with the bypna. Nay ftones and the trunks of trees are not excepted, for thefe are covered with various kinds of liverwort. The defart, and moft fandy places have their • peculiar trees, and plants •, and as rivers or *> Kind cf mofs, ' Kind of mofs. brooks O F N A T U R E. 71 ferooks are very feldom found there, \vc cannot without wonder obferve that many of thcni di- ftill water, and by that means afford the great- £ft comfort both to man, and bealls that tra- vel there. Thus the ' tillandfm^ which is a far afitical -plants and grows on the tops of trees jin the defarts of America, has its leaves turned at the bafe into the fhape of a pitcher, with the extremity expanded ; in thefe the rain is collected, and preferyed for thirfty men, birds, and beafts. The water-tree in Ceylon produces cylindri- cal bladders, covered with a lid ; into thefe is fecreted a moft pure, and refrefliing water, tjiat taftes like ne6i:ar to men, and other ani- mals. There is a kind oi cuckow-pint in New- France, that if you break a branch of it, will afford you a pint of excellent water. How wife, how beautiful is the agreement between the plants of every countrey, and its inhabi- tants, and other circumftances. ' A kind <^i mifiiios. F 4 §9. fl CE C O N O M y §• 9- Plants oftentimes by their very flrudure fontribute remarkably both to their own pre- fervation, and that of others. But the wifdom of the Creator appears no where rnore, than in the manner of growth of trees. For as their roots defcend deeper, than thofe of other plant s^ pro- vifion is thereby made, that they fhall not rob them too much of nourifhment -, and what is ftill more^ a fterrj not above a fpan in diame- ter often Ihoots up its branches very high ; thefe bear perhaps many thqufand buds, each of v/hich is a plant with its leaves, Jfowers and Jlipiilce, Now if all thefe grew upon the plain, they would take up a thoufand times as much fpace, as the tree does, and in this cafe there >youid fcarcely be room in all the earth for fo many plc::ts, as at prefent the trees alone af- ford, Bcfides plants that flioot up in this v/ay are more eafily preferved from cattle by a na- tural defence, and farther their leaves falling in autumn cover the plants growing about againft the rigor of the winter, and in the fummer they afford a pleafmg fhade, not on- ly to animals, but to plajits, againft the in- tpnfe heat of the fun. We may add that txeeii O F N A T U R E. 73 trees like all other vegetables imbibe the wa- ter from the earth, which water does not cir- culate again to the root, as the ancients ima- gined • ; but being difpcrfed, like fmali rain, by the tranlpiration of the leaves, moiftcns the plants that grow about. Again, many trees bear flelhy fruits of the berry or apple kind, which, being fecure from the attack of cattle, grow ripe for the ufe of man, and other ani- rhals, while their feeds are difperfed up and down ^fter digeftion. Ladly the particular ftru6lure of trees contribute very much to the propagation of infedcs •, for thefe chiefly lay their eggs upon their leaves, where they arc fecure from the reach of cattle. Ever-green trees ^ ^xi^fljrubs with us are chief- ly found in the mofl barren woods, that they may be a flicker to animals in the winter. They lofe their leaves every third year, as their feeds are fufficiently guarded by the mojfes^ and do not want any other covering. The palms in the hot countries perpetually keep their leaves, for there the feeds fl:and in no need of any /lielter whatever. * See Vegetable Statics by thnt j^reat pliilofopher D i-lftles, where this fubjcft is treated in a piallexly w::y. Many 74 (ECONOMY Many plants^ and Jhruhs are arm-ed with thorns, e. g. the buck-thorny Jloe^ carduus^ cot- ton-thiftky Sec. that they may keep off the ani- mals, which otherwife would deftroy their fruit. Thefe at the fame time cover many other plant Sy efpecially of the annual kind, under their branches". So that while the adjacent grounds are robbed of all plants by the voraci^ ty of animals, fome may be preferved, to ripen flowers and fruit, and ftock the parts abom with feeds, which otherwife would be quite ex- tirpated. All herbs cover the ground with their leaves, and by their fliade hinder it from being totally deprived of that moifture, which is neceffary to their nourifhment. They are moreover an ornament to the earth, efpecially as leaves have a more agreable verdure on the upper, than the under fide. The mojfesy which adorn the moft barren places, at the fame time preferve the leffcr plants, when they begin to fhoot, from cold and drought. As we find by experience in our " This obfervation may be extended farther ; for it is conftantly feen upon commons, where furze grows, that wherever there was a bufli left untouched for years by the commoners, fome iree has fprung up, being fecured by the prickles of l\i2Xjhrub from the bite of the cattle. O F N A T U R E. 'jc, gardens, thzt planls are prefervcd in 'the fame way. They alfo hinder the fermenting earth from forcing the roots o{ plnnts upwards in the fpring •, as we fee happen annually to trunks of trees, and other things put into the ground. Pence very few mojfes grow in the warmer cli- mates, as not being fo ncccflary to that end in thofe places. The Englilhy^^ mat-weed or tnar ran will bear JIG foil but pure fand, which nature has allotted to it. Sand the produce of the fea, is blown \yy winds oftentimes to very remote parts, and deluges, as it were, woods and fields. But where this grafs grows, it frequently fixes the fand, gathers it into hillocks, and thrives fo much, that by means of this alone, at lafl an entire hill of fand is raifed. Thus the fand is kept in bounds, other plants are pre- ferved free from it, the ground is increafed % w This obfervation is found in Linn. Flor. Lapp. p. 62. where he fays the Dutch fow this grafs on their fand banks, that the fand may not overwhehn the neighboring part?. I do not fee why this experiment fhould not be tryed on the barren fands in Norfolk, where I am afTured by credible witnefTes, that the fmall cottages are fometimes totally bu- ried under fand during high winds. This grafs grows plentifully along the fea fnorcs in England. Via. Ray, and j^ (ECONOMY and the fea repelled by this wonderful difpofi- tion of nature. How foUcitous nature is about the prefer- vation of grafifes is abundantly evident from hence, that the more the leaves of the peren- nial gralTes are eaten, the more they creep by the roots, and fend forth ofT-fets. For the Author of nature intended, that vegetables of this kind, which have very flender, and ere6t leaves, ftiould be copious, and very thick-fet, covering the ground like a carpet ^ and thus afford food fufficient for fo vaft a quantity of grazing animals. But what chiefly increafes our wonder is, that although the grades are the principal food of fuch animals, yet they are forbid, as it were, to touch the flower, and feed-bearing fliems •, that fo the feeds may ripen and be fown. The caterpillar or gruh of the moth^ Faun. Sue. 826. (i2^tdi graefmajken^ although it feeds upon graflles, to the great deftru6tion of them, in meadows ; yet it feems to be formed, in or- der to keep a due proportion between thefe and other plants •, for graflx^s, when left to grow freely, increafe to that degree, that they exclude all other plants •, which would confe- quently be extirpated, unlefs this infed Ibme- time§ O F N A T U K E. 77 times prepared a place for them, Hence always more fpecies of plants appear in thofe places where this caterpillar has laid wafte the paftures the preceding year, than at any other time. §. 10. Deftruaion. Daily experience teaches us, that all plants as well as all other living things, miift fubmit to death. They fpring up, they grows they florilli, they ripen their fruit, they wither, and at laft, having linifhed their courfe, they die, and re- turn to the duft again, from whence they firft took their rife. Thus all black mould, which every where covers the earth, for the greateft part is owmg to dead vegetables. For all roots defcend into the fand by their branches, and after a plant has loft its ftem the root remains i but this too rots at laft, and changes into mould. By this means this kind of earth is mixed with fand, by the contrivance of na- ture, nearly in the fame way as dung thrown upon fields is wrought into the earth by the induftry of the hulbandman. The earth thus pre- yt CE C O N O M Y prepared offers again to plants from its bb- fom, what it has received from them. For when feeds are committed to the earth, they draw to themfelves, accommodate to their nature, and turn into plants^ the more fub- tile parts of this mould by the co-operation of the fun, air, clouds, rains, and winds -, fo that the talleft tree is, properly fpeaking, no- thing but mould wonderfully compounded with air, and water, and modified by a ver- tue communicated to a fmall feed by the Creator. From thefe plants^ when they die, juft the fame kind of mould is formed, as gave birth to them originally •, but in fuch a manner, that it is in greater quantity than before. Vegetables therefore increafe the black mould, whence fertility remains continual- ly uninterrupted. Whereas the earth could not make good its annual confumption, un* lefs it were conftantly recruited by new fup- plies. The cruftaceous liverworts are the firfl foun- dation of vegetation^ and therefore are plants of the utmoft confequence in the oeconomy of nature, tliough fo defpifed by us. When rocks firll emerge out of the fea, they are fo polilhed by the force of the v/aves,. that fcarcc OFNATURE. 79 fcarce any herb can find a fixed habitation upon them ; as we may obierve every where near the fea. But the very minute cruflace- cus liverworts begin foon to cover thefe dry rocks, although they have no other nouriih- ment, but that fmall quantity of mould, and imperceptible particles, which the rain and air bring thither. Thele liverworts dying at laft nirn into a very fine earth •, on this earth the * imbricated liverworts find a bed to ftrike ^^ir roots in. Thefe alfo dye after a time, and turn to mould ; and then the various kinds of moffes, e. g. the hypna^ the hrya^ politricha find a proper place, and nourifhment. Lallly thefe dying in their turn, and rotting afford fuch a plenty of new formed mould, that herbs and flirubs eafily root, and live upon it. That trees when they are dry or are cut down may not remain ufelefs to the world, and iye, as it were, melancholy fpedlacles, nature haftens on their deflrudion in a fingular way: firfl the liverworts begin to flrike root in them; afterwards the moifture is drawn out of them; * I have ufed this word becaufe we have no Englifh one of the fame meaning unlefs it be the word yr^/y-, that L know of. However imbricated means parts lying over parts like tiles, as in the cup of the thijllejlo'wer. I whence 8o CE C O N O M Y whence putrefaclion follows. Then the tnujlj- room kinds find a fit place for nourilliment on them, and corrupt them flill more. The beetle called the dermeftes^ next makes himfelf a way between the bark, and the wood. The mufi-bcetle^ the copper talc beetle^ and the cater- pillar ov cojfus 812. bores an infinite number of holes through the trunk. Laftly the wood- peckers come, and while they are feeking for infeds, wear away the tree, already corrupt- ed > till the whole pafTes into earth. Such in- duflry does nature ufe to deftroy the trunk of a tree ! Nay trees immerfed in water would fcarcely ever be deflroyed, were it not for the worm that eats fhips, which performs this work ; as the -failor knows by fad experience. ^hijilesy as the moil ufefuU of plants, are armed, and guarded by nature herlelf. Sup- pofe there were a heap of clay, on which for many years no plant has fprung up j let the feeds of the thrftle blow there, and grow, the thijiles by their leaves attrad the moiflure out of the air, fend it into the clay by means of their roots, will thrive themfelves, and afford a ihade. Let now other plants come hither, and they will foon cover the ground. Sc Bjelke. All OFNATURE. 8i All fucculent plants make ground fine, of a good quality, and in great plenty, as fedum^ craffuky aloe,, alga ''. But dry plants make it more barren, as ling or heathy pines, mofs -, and therefore nature has placed the fucculent plants on rocks, and the dryell hills. ^' it. The animal kingdom* Propagatioil* The generation of animals holds the firft place among all things, that raife our admira- tion, when we confider the works of the Creator •, and that appointment particularly, by which he has regulated the conception of the f^tusy and its exelufion, that it fhould be adapted to the difpofition, and way of living of each animal, is moft worthy of our atten- tion. We find no fpecies of animals exempt from the (lings of love, which is put into them to the end, that the Creator's mandate may be executed, increafe and multi-ply ; and that thus " A kind of graft wracks G the g2 CE C O N O M Y the egg, in which is contained the rudinfient of the f.(StU5 may be fecundated -, for with* out foecundation all eggs are unfit to produce an offspring. Foxe^ and wolves^ ftruck with thefe flings, every where howl in the woods ; crowds of dogs follow the female ; bulls fhew a terrible countenance, and very different from that of oxen. Stags every year have new horns, which they lofe after rutting time* Birds look more beautifuU than ordinary, and warble all day long through lafcivioufnefs. Thus fmall birds labour to outfmg one another, and cocks to outcrow. Peacocks fpread forth again their gay, and glorious trains. FifJoes gather to- gether, and exult in the water ; ^^nd grajhop-- prs chirp, and pipe as it were, amongft the herbs. The ants gather again into colonies, and repair to their citadels ^. I pafs over many other particulars, which this fubjedt affords, to avoid prolixity. ? See this fubjedl treated with great fpirit in Thom- fon*s Spring and in Virgil's Georgics. §. II. OF N A T U R E. 83 The fecundated egg requires a certain, and proportionate degree of heat for the expanfion of the Jlamina of the emhryo. That this may be obtained, nature operates in different man- ners, and therefore we find in different claffes of animals a different way of excluding the fcetus. The females of quadrupeds have an uterus^ contrived for eafy geilation, temperate and cheriffiing warmth, and proper nourifhment of the fcetus^ as moft of them live upon the earth, and are there fed. Birds^ in order to get fubfillence, and for other reafons, are under a neceflity of Ihifting place ; and that not upon their feet but wings. Geftation therefore would be burthenfome to them. For this reafon they ky eggs, covered with a hard fhell. Thefe they fit upon by a na- tural inftindl, and cherifli ^ill the young one comes forth. The ojlrich and cajfowary are almofl: the only birds, that do not obferve this law ; thefe commit their eggs to the fand, where the in- tenfe heat of the fun excludes ihtfatus, G 2 Fifies ^4 CECONOMY Fijhes inhabit cold waters, and moft of therti have cold blood ; whence it happens that they have not heat fufHcient to produce the fcetus. l^he all-wife Creator therefore has ordained, that moft of them fhould lay their eggs upon the ftiore ; where, by means of the folar rays, the water is warmer, and alfo fitter for that purpofe % becaufe it is there lefs impregnated Avith fait, and confequently milder i and alfo becaufe water-infedts abound more there, which afford the young fry a nourilhment. Salmons in the like manner, when they are about to lay their eggs, are led by inftincl to go up the ftream, where the water is frefh and more pure. The butterfly fijh is an exception, for that brings forth its fcetus alive. The fijhes of the oceaUy which cannot reach the fliores by reafon of the diftance, are alfo exempt from this law. The Author of nature to this kind has given eggs that fwim ; fo that they are hatched amidft the fwimming fucus^ cdW^dfargazo, Flor. Zeilon. 389. , The cetaceous fifh have warm blood, and therefore they bring forth their young alive, and fuckle them with their teats. Many OF NATURE. 85 Many nmphibious animals bring forth live fcetufes. As the viper^ and the toad^ &c. But the fpecies that lay eggs, lay them in places, where the heat of the fun fupplies the warmth of the parent. Thus the reft of the/r^^ kind and the lizard kind, lay theiF eggs in warm waters ; the com- mon fnake in dunghills, and fuch-like warm places, and give them up to nature, as a pro- vident nurfe, to take care of them.^ The cro- codile^ ^nd fea tortoifes go afliore to lay their eggs under the fand, where the heat of the fun hatches them. Moft of the infen kind neither bear young nor hatch eggs ; yet their tribes are the moft numerous of all living creatures \ infomuch that if the bulk of their bodies were propor- tionate to their quantity, they would fcarce leave room for any other kinds of animals. Let us fee therefore with what wifdom the Creator has managed about the propagation of thefe minute creatures. The females by natural in- ftindt meet and copulate with the males •, and afterwards lay their eggs, but not indifcrimi- nately in every place ; for they all know how to choofe fuch places as may fupply their off- spring in its tender age with nourilhment, and G 3 other g6 CECONOMY other things neceffary to fatisfy their natural wants j for them other, foon after fhe has laid her ecrgs, dyes, and were fhe to live fhe would not have it in her power to take care of her young. Butterflies^ moths^ fome beetles^ wevilsy lugs^ cuckow-fpit infe^ls^ gall-infe^Sy tree hugs, &c. lay their eggs, on the leaves of plants, and every different tribe choofes its own fpecies of plant*. Nay there is fcarce any plant, which does not afford nourifhment to fome infea ; and flill more, there is fcarcely any part of a plant, which is not preferred by fome of them. Thus one infe6t feeds upon the flower ; another upon the trunk -, another up- on the root-, and another upon the leaves. But we cannot help wondering particularly, when we fee how the leaves of fome trees, and plants, after eggs have been let into them, grow into galls; and form dwellings, as it were, for the young ones, where they may conveniently live. Thus when xht gall-infe5l called cynips^ Fn. 947. has fixed her eggs in the leaves of an oak, the wound of the leaf fwells, and a knob like an apple arifes, which includes and nourifhes the embryo. ♦ Vid. Syft. Nat. Edit. 10. Fauna Suecica ; and Hofpita Infedorum Flora Amxii. Academ. vol. 3. When OFNATURE. 87 When the tree-hug^ Faun. Suec. 700. has depofited its eggs in the boughs of the fir tree, excrefences arife fhaped like peas. When an- other fpecies of the tree-bvg^ Fn. 695. has depofited its eggs in the moufe-ear chickweed or the fpeedwell, Fl. 12. the leaves contra6l in a wonderfull manner into the ftiape of a head. The water-fpider^ Fn. 11 50. excludes its eggs either on the extremities of xht juniper^ which from thence forms a lodging, that, looks like the arrow-headed grafs^ or on the leaves of the poplar^ from whence a red globe is produced. The tree-loufe^ Fn. 1355. lays its eggs on the leaves of black poplar, Fl. 821-i which from thence turn into a kind of inflated bag, andfo in other inftances. Nor is it upon plants only that infedls live, and lay their eggs. The knats^ Fn. 11 16. commit theirs to ftagna- ting waters. The water infedt called mon- oculus^ Fn. 1 182. often increafes fo immenfely on pools, that the red legions of diem have the appearance of blood. Others lay their eggs in other places, e. g. the beetle in dunghills. The dermeftes in fkins. The flejh fy in pu- trifyed fleili. The cheefe-maggot in the cracks of cheefe, from whence the caterpillars ifTuing forth oftentimes confume the whole cheefe, G 4 and 88 CECONOMY and deceive many people, who fancy the worms are produced from the particles of the cheefe itfelf, by a generation called aequivocal, which is extremely abfurd. Others exclude their eggs upon certain animals* The mill-beetle Fn. 6i8. lays its eggs betw^n the fcales of fifties. Tht /pedes of glad-Jiy Fn. 1024. on the back of cattle, The ypmf J 1025 on the back of the rhen deer. The /pedes 1026 in the nofes of Iheep. The /pedes 1028 lodges during the winter in the intellinal tube, or the throat of horfes, nor can it be driven out till the fummer comes on. T^ay in/e^s themfelves are often furrounded with the eggs of other infeds, infomuch that there is fcarcely an animal to be found, which does not feed its proper infeft, not to fay any more of all the other places, where they de- pofit their eggs. Almoft all the eggs of in- /eEls^ when laid, are ordained to undergo, by a wonderfull law of nature, various metamor- phofes, e. g. the egg of the butterfly being lai4 in the cabbage firfl of all becomes a cater- pillar^ th^t feeds upon the plant, crawls, and has fixtecn feet. This afterwards changes int© a fiymph^ that has no feet, is fmooth, and eats nothing -, and laflly this burfls into a butterfly^ that flies, has variety of colours, is rough, and OFNATURE. 99 and lives upon honey. What can be more worthy of admiration, than that one, and the fame animal (V.ould appear on the flage of life under fo many charaders, as if it were three diftin6b animals *. The laws of generation of worms are ftill very obfcure, as we find they are fometimes produced by eggs, fometimes by offsets, jufl in the fame manner as happens to trees. It has been obferved with the greatefl admiration, that the polypus or hydra S. N. 221. lets down flioots and live branches, by which it is multiplied. Nay more, if it be cut into many parts, each fegment, put into the water, growa iHto a perfe6l animal ; fo that the parts which were torn off are reftored from one fcrap, §. 13- The multiplication of animals is not tyed down to the fame rules in all -, for fome have a remarkable power of propagating, others are a Linnaeus Am:en. academ. vol. 2. in a treatife on the wonders relating to infers, fays, ** as furprifing as thefc ** transformations may fcem, yet much the fame happens " when a chicken is hatched, the only difference is, that ** the chicken breaks all three coats at once, the butterfly " one after another^ con^ 9(5 CE C O N O M Y confined within narrower limits in this re- fpe6t. Yet in general, we find, that nature obferves this order, that the lead animals, and thofe which are ufefull, and ferve for nourifh- ment to the greateft number of other animals, are endued with a greater power of propagat- ing than others ^, Mites^ and many other infe6l:s will multiply to a thoufand within the compafs of a very few days. While the elephant fcarcely produces, one young in two years. The hawk kind generally lay not above two eggs, at moll four, while t\\t poultry kind rife to 50. The diver or loon^ which is eaten by few animals, lays alfo two eggs, but the duck kind, the mcor game^ partridges^ &c. ^ndfmall birds lay a very large number. If you fuppofe two pigeons to hatch nine times a year, they may produce in four years 14672 young ^ They are endued with this, t> Herodotus fpeaking of the flying ferpents in Arabia makes the fame refledtion, and attributes this courfe of na- ture to the divine providence. Thai. c I have given this paffage as it flands in the original. The numbers ought to have been 14760, or the expreihon ihould have been altered ; for he includes the firll pair. He fuppofes it generally known that pigeons hatch but two eggs at a time, and that they pair,^ remark- OF N A T U R E. 91 remarkable fertility, that they may ferve for food, not only to man, but to hawks and other birds of prey *. Nature has made harmlefs and efculent animals fruitfuU. Phn. Nature has forbid the bird kind to fall Ihort of the num- ber of eggs allotted to each fpecies, and there- fore if the eggs which they intend to fit upon< be taken away a certain number of times, they prefently lay others in their room, as may be feen in the fwallow, duck, and fmall birds. §. 14. Prefervation. Prefervation follows generation ; this ap- pears chiefly in the tender age, while the young are unable to provide for their own fup- port. For then the parents, though otherwife ever fo fierce in their difpofition, are affeded with a wonderfull tendernefs or fenfe of love towards their progeny, and fpare no pains to provide for, guard, and preferve them, and that not by an imaginary law, but one given by the Lord of nature himfelf. ^adrupeds give fuck to their tender young and fupport them by a liquor, perfecfnly eafy of digeftion, till their ftomachs are able to digcfl, • Vid. Mufchenbr. Orat. de Sap. Divin. and 92 CE C O N O M Y and their teeth are fit to chew more folid food. Nay their love toward them is fo great, that they endeavour to repell with the utmoll force every thing, which threatens danger, or de- ftrudtion to them. The ewe which brings forth two lambs at a time, will not admit one to her teats, unlefs the other be prefent, and fuck alio •, left one ihould familh, while the other grows fat. Birds build their nefts in the moft artificial manner, and line them as foft as poflible, for fear the eggs Ihould get any damage. Nor do they build promifcuoufly in any place -, but there only, where they may quietly lye con- cealed and be fafe from the attacks of their enemies. The hajtging bird^ A6t, Bonon. vol. 2, makes its neft of the fibres of withered plants, and the down of the poplar feeds, and fixes it upon the bough of fome tree hanging over the watery that it may be out of reach. Tlitdiver^ Fn. 123. places its fwimming neft upon the water itfelf amongft the rufties. I de- fignedly pafs over many other inftances of the like kind. Again birds fit on their eggs with fo much patience, that many of them choofe to perifti with OFNATURE. 93 with hunger, rather than expofe the eggs to danger by going to feek for food. The male rooks and crows at the time of incubation bring food to the females. Pigeons^ fmall birds^ and other birds^ which pair, fit by turns; but where polygamy pre- vails, the males fcarcely take any care of the young. Moft of the duck kind pluck off their fea- thers in great quantity, and cover their eggs with them, left they fhould be damaged by the cold, when tliey quit their nefts for the fake of food ; and when the young are hatched, who knows not how felicitous they are in providing for them, till they are able to fly, andlhift for themfelves ? Young pigeons would not be able to make ufe of hard feeds for nourilhment, unlefs the parents were* to prepare them in their crops, and thence feed them. The eagle owl makes its neft on the higheft precipices of mountains, and in the warmeft fpot, facing the fun; that the dead bodies brought there may by the heat melt into a foft pulp, and become fit nourifhment for the young. The 94 CECONOMY The ctickow lays its eggs in the neft of other fmall birds, generally the wagtail^ '^ or* hedge-fparrdWy and leaves the incubation, and prefervation of the young to them. But that thefe young, when grown up, degenerate in- to hawks, and become fo ungrateful!, that they deftroy their nurfes, is a mere vulgar er- ror, for it is contrary to their nature to eat flefh. Amphibious animals^ fijhes and infe^s^ which cannot come under the care of their pa- rents, yet owe this to them, that they are put in places, where they eafily find nourilhment, as we have obferved. ^ This cullom of the cuckow is fo extraordinary, and out of the common courfe of nature, that it would not be cre- dible, were it not for the teftimony of the moft knowing and curious natural hillorians, fuch as Ray, Willughby, Gefner, Aldrovandus, Ariftotle, &c. Much has been faid by the writers on birds about the fate of the young birds, in whofc neft the cuckow is hatched, but as i find nothing but mere conjedure, it would not be worth while tranfcribing. * Hedge fparrow. Linnaeus feems to have taken the white-throat for the hedge- fparrow. f 15. OF NATURE. §• 15. 9S As foon as animals come to maturity, and want no longer the care of their parents, they attend with the utmoft labor, and induflry, ac- cording to the law and oeconomy appointed for every fpecies, to the prefervation of their lives. But that fo great a number of them, which occur every where, may be fupported, and a certain and fixed order may be kept up amongft them, behold the wonderfuU difpofi- tion of the Creator, in afTigning to each fpe- cies certain kinds of food, and in putting li- mits to their appetites. So that fome live on particular fpecies of plants, which particular regions, and foils only produce. Some on par- ticular animalcula, others on carcafes, and fome even on mud and dung. For this reafon Pro- vidence has ordained, that fome jfhould fwim in certain regions of the watery element, others fhould fly ', fome fhould inhabit the torrid, the frigid, or the temperate zones, and others fliould frequent defarts, mountains, woods, pools or meadows, according as the food pro- per to their nature is found in fufficient quan- tity. By this means there is no terreftrial trad, 56 CECONOMY trad, no fea, no river, no countrey, but what contains, and nourifhcs various kinds of ani- mals. Hence alfo an animal of one kind can* not rob thofe of another kind of its aliment ; which, if it happened, would endanger their lives or health ; and thus the world at all rimes affords nourifhment to fo many, and fo large inhabitants, at the fame rime that no- thing, which it produces, is ufelefs or fuper- fiuous. ' I think it will not be amifs to produce fomc inftances, by which it will appear, how provi- dentially the Creator has furnillied every ani- mal with fuch cloathing, as is proper for the countrey where they live^ and alfo how excel- lenriy the flrudlure of their bodies is adapted to their particular way of life -, fo that they feem to be deftined folely to the places, where they are found. Monkiesy elephants, and rhinocerofes feed upon vegetables, that grow in hot countries, and therefore therein they have their allotted places. When the fun darts forth its mod fervid rays, thefe animals are of fuch a nature^ and difpofirion, that it does them no manner of hurt •, nay with the reft of the inhabitants gf thofe parts they go naked, whereas were I they OFNATURE. 97 they covered with hairy fkins they muft perifli with heat. On the contrary the place of rhen deer is fixed in the coldeft part of Lapland, becaufe their chief food is the liverwort ^ Fl. 980. which grows no where fo abundantly as there -, and where, as the cold is moft intenfe, the rhen deer are cloathed, like the other northern animals, with fkins filled with the denfeft hair 5 by the help of which they eafily defy the keennefs of the winter. In like manner the rough-legged partridge palTes its life in the very Lapland alps, feeding upon the feeds of the dwarf birch ^ and that they may run up and down fafely amidft the fnow, their feet are feathered. The camel frequents the fandy, and burning defarts, in order to get the barren camel's hay. Mat. Med. 31. How wifely has the Creator contrived for him! he is obliged to go thro' the defarts, where oftentimes no water is found for many miles about. All other animals would perifli with thirft in fuch a journey ; but the camel can undergo it without fuffering ♦, for his belly is full of cells, where he referves water for many days. It is reported by travellers, that the Arabians^ when in travelling they want water, are forced to kill their camels -, and take H water 98 GECONOMY v/ater out of their bellies, that is perfedlly good to drink, and not at all corrupted. The pelican likewife lives in defart, and dry places \ and is obliged to build her neft far from the fea, in order to procure a greater fhare of heat to her eo-o-s. She is therefore oo forced to bring v/ater from afar for herfelf and her young ♦, for which reafon Providence has furnifhed her with an inllrument moft adapted to this purpofe -, v. g. Ihe has a very large bag under her throat, which fhe fills with a quan- tity of water fufficient for many days •, and this Ihe pours into the neft to refrefh her young, and teach them to Iwim. The v/ild beafts, lions, and tigers, come to this neft to quench their thirft, but do no hurt to the young. Oxen delight in low grounds, becaufe there the food moil palatable to them grows. Sheep prefer naked hills, where they find a particular kind of grafs called thtfejiuca^ Fl. ^^. which they love above all things. Goats climb up the precipices of mountains, that they may browfe on tlie tender fiirubs, and in order to fit them for it, they have feet made for jumping *. * Vid. Derham's Phifyco-Theol. p. 319. not;. 4 Horfes OFNATURE. gg iJorfes chiefly refort to woods, and feed up- on leafy plants. Nay, fo various is the appetite of animals, that there is fcarcely any plant, which is not chofen by fome, and left untouched by others. The horfe gives up the water hemlock to the goat. The cow gives up the long-leaved wa- ter hemlock to the fheep. T\\q goqi give^ up the monks-hood to the horfe, &c. for that which certain animals grow fat upon, others abhor as poifon. Hence no plant is abfolutely poifonous, but only refpedively. Thus tiie fpurge^ that is noxious to man, is a moil whole- fome nourifhment to the caterpillar^ Fn. 825. That animals may not deflroy themfelves for v/ant of knowing this law, each of them is guarded by fach a delicacy of tafle and fmell, that they can eafily diilinguifh what is pernici- ous from what is wholefome ; and when it hap- pens that difierent animals live upon the fime plants, fcill one kind always leaves fomething for the other, as the mouths of all are not equally adapted to lay hold of the grals ; by which means there is fufficient food for all. To this may be referred an oeconomical expe- riment v/ell known to the Dutch, that when eight cov/s have been in a pailure, and can no H 2 longer lOO CE C O N O M Y longer get nourifhment, two horfes will do very well there for fome days, and when no- thing is left for the horfes, four fheep will live upon it. Swine get provifion by turning up the earth; for there they find the fucculent roots, which to them are very delicious. The leaves and fruits of trees are intended as food for fome animals, as the floth % the *■ There is fo curious an account of this animal in Kir- cher's Mufurgia, that i think the reader will excufe my tranfcribing it. That author fays thus : * The defcription of * this animal i had fromfatherTorus, provincial of thejefuites * in America, who had animals of this kind in his pofleilion, * and made many experiments in relation to their nature * and qualities. Its figure is extraordinary ; it is about the * bignefs of a cat, of very ugly countenance, and has claws * extended like fingers. The hinder part of the head and * neck are covered with hair. It fweeps.the ground with * its fat belly, never rifes upon its feet, and moves io * flowly, that it would fcarce go the length of a bow-fhot * in 15 days, tho' conllantly moving, and it is therefore * called the Sloth. It is not known what it feeds upon, * not being ever obferved to take any food. It lives gene- * rally upon tops of trees, and employs two days to crawl « up, and as many to get down again. Nature has doubly * guarded this animal againft its enemies. Firft by giving * it fuch ftrcngth in its feet that whatever it feizes, it holas * fo faft, that it never can be freed from its claws, but mull * there dye of hunger. Secondly in giving it fuch a moving * afpcwl. OF N A T U R E. loi the fquirrel, and thefe laft have feet given them fit for climbing. Befides myriads of fifhes, the caftor^ the fea calf^ and others inhabit the water, that they may there be fed, and their hinder feet are fit for * afpeft, when it looks at any man who (hould be tempted * to hurt it, that it is impoflible not to be touched with * compaflion ; befides that at the fame time it (beds tears, * and upon the whole perfuades one, that a creature fo de- * fencelefs, and of fo unhappy a body ought not to be tor- * mented. To make an experiment of this, the above- * mentioned father procured one of thefe animals to be * brought to our college at Carthagena. He put a long * pole under his feet, which it feized upon \txy firmly, and * would not let it go again .The animal therefore thus voluntari- * ly fufpended was placed between two beams along with the * pole, and there it remained without meat, drink, or fleep, * forty days ; its eyes being always fixed on people that * looked at it, who were fo touched, that they could not * forbear pitying it. At laft being taken down they let loofe * a dog on it, which after a little while the Sloth feized with * his feet, and held him four days, till he dyed of hunger. * This was taken from the month of the father. They add, * continues Kircher, that this creature makes no noife but * at night, but that very extraordinary. For by interrup- * tions, that laft about the length of a figh or femipaufe * it goes thro* the fix vulgar intervals of mufic ut, re, mi, < fa, fol, la. La, fol, fa, mi, re, ut, afcending and defcend- * ing, and thefe perfealy in tune So that the Spaniards, « when they firft got pcfTcftion of this coaft, and heard thefe H 3 * notes, J02 CE C O N O M Y. for fwimming, and perfcdly adapted to their manner of life. The whole order, of the goofe kind, as ducks, merganfer, &:c. pafs their lives in wa- ter as feeding upon water-infeds, fiHies, and their eggs ^. Who does not fee, that attends ever fo little, how exadly the wonderfull for- * notes, they imagined that fome people brought up to our * mufic, were finging. This animal is called by the na- * tives Haut, certainly becaufe going thro' thcfe mufical * intervals, it repeats. Ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, &c. This account fecms very wonderfull, and i leave it as it flands without entering into any difcufiion about its credibi- lity. I will only add, that Linnaeus feems in the new edi- tion of the Syft. Nat. to give credit to it. For he fays in his ihort way of defcription among other things, * It utters * an afcending hexacord. Its noife is hordbie, its tears pi- * teous.' He quotes Mangrave, Clufius, Gefner, &c. But not having an' opportunity of confulting tliefe books i can- not tell how far thefe authors confirm the foregoing account; if it be true, it would furnifh fome obfervations, but this would not bs a place for them. * Many opinions, fays the author in the note, have been frarted in order to account how it happens that iiilies are found in pools, and ditches, on high mountains and eifewhere. But Gmelin obfcrves that the duck kind fwal- low the eggs of filhes, that fome of thefe eggs go down, and come out of their bodies unhurt, and fo are propa^^ated jull in the fame manner, as has been obfervcd of plants. X>iberg. Gmelin adds, that the Sibirians themfelves account for this phrsnomenon in the manner above mentioned. mation OF NATURE. 103 niation of their beaks, their necks, their feet, and their feathers fuit their kind of life, uluch obfervation ought to be extended to all other birds. The way of living of the /'^ -fwallow Fn. 1 29. deferves to be particularly taken notice of i for as he cannot fo commoLlioufly pjungc into the water and catch fifh, as other aquatic birds, the Creator has appointed the fea-guU to be his caterer in the following manner. When this laft is purfued by the former, he is forced to throw up part of his prey, which the other catches-, but' in the autumn, when the fiihes hide themfelves in deep places, the mergan- fer, Fn. 113. fupplies the gull with food, as being able to plunge deeper into the fea. A61. Stock. The chief granaiy of fnidl birds is the }inct-grafs^ Fol. Suec. 322. that bears I eivy feeds , ' like thofe of the black bindweed. It is a very common plant, not eafily de- Uroyed, either by the road fide by trampling upon it, or any where elfe, and is extremely pientifuil after harvefl in fields, to which it gives a rcddiih hue by its numerous feeds, Thefe fall upon .the ground, and are gather- ed all the year round by the fniall birds, ri 4 Thu^ 104. OE C O N O M Y ^ Thus bountiful! nature feeds the fowls of the air. The Creator has taken no lefs care of fome amphibious animals^ as the fnake and frog kind, which, as they have neither wings to fly, nor feet to run fwiftly, and commodioufly, would fcarcely have any means of taking their prey, were it not that fome animals run, as it were of their own accord, into their mouths. When the rattle-fnake a native of America, with open jaws fixes his eyes on a bird, fly, or fquirrel, fitting on a tree, they fly down his throat, being rendered flnapid, and giving themfelves up \ as deftitute of all refuge. On the other hand we cannot but adore the Cre- ator's great goodnefs towards man, when we ^ To which we may add, that many fmall birds feed up- on the feeds oi plantain, particularly linnets. It is gene- rally known that the goldfinch lives upon the feed oi thijiies, from which he has its name in Greek, Latin and French. ' How dreadful! this ferpent is to other animals will ap- pear by an account we have in a treatife intitled, Radix Se- nega. Where the author Amasn. academ. vol. 2. fays, one of thefe terrible ferpents got clandeftinely into the houfe of governor Blake at Cacolina ; where it would have long laid corxealed, had it not been that all the domeftic ani- mals, as dogs, hogs, turkies and fowls admonifhed the fa- mily by their unulual eries, equally (hewing their horrror and confcernation, their hair^ brillies and creils Handing up an end. confider OF N A T U R E. 105 confider the rattle which terminates this fer- pent's tail. For by the means of that we have an opportunity of guarding againft this dread- full enemy ; the found warning us to fly, which if we were not to do, and we fliould be wounded by him, the whole body would be turned into a putrid corruption in fix hours, nay fometimes in half an hour. The limits of this dilTertation will not permit me to produce more examples of this kind. But whoever will be at the pains to take ever fo (light a view of the wonderfull works of the Creator, will readily fee, how wifely the plan, order and fitnefs of things to divine ends are difpofed. §. 16' We cannot without the utmoft admiration behold how providently the Creator has a6led as to the prefei*vation of thofe animals, which at a certain time of the year, are by the rigor of the feafon excluded from the neceffaries of life. Thus the dear in the autumn creeps into the jjjofs^ which he has gathered, and there lies all winter •, fubfilling upon no other nou- rifliment but his fat, colle6led during the fummer in the cellulous membrane, and which without io6 CE C O N O M Y without doubt, during his fail, circulates thro* his veflels, and fupplies the place of food -, to which perhaps is added that fat juice which he fucks out of the bottom of his feet. The hedge-hog^ badger and mole in the fame manner fill their winter quarters wi:h ve- getables, and fleep during the frofts. The hat feems cold, and quite dead all the winter. Mofl of the amphibious animals get into dens , or to the bottom of lakes and pools, In the autumn, as the cold approaches, and infedls difappear, fw allows •'' feek for an afylum againil the violence of the cold in the bottom of ^ I never had but one credible tefiimony that fwallows pafs the winter at the bottom of lakes or ponds ; and this from a gentleman of charader, who faw a fwallow fo found brought to life by v/armth. On the other hand,"i know of no author but Plerodotus who mentions their being feen in any countrty during the winter. He lib. 2. p. 109. edit. Steph.fays, that fwallows and kites continue all the year about the rprings of the Nile. Vv hat he mentics concerning kites deferves fome notice, viz. that they lye concealed in holes a few days. Pliny fays a few months. Gefner repeats the fame, add- ing that they have bsen found in hollow trees fomewhere in Upper Germany, but he fesms to relate this upon hearfay only. Aidrovandus gives the fame account as Gefner, and adds that they winter in ^gypt, but whether upon the au- thorit)' of Eellonius or any other credible writer, does no? appear. OF N A T U R E. ,07 of lakes amongft the reeds and ruflies •, from whence by the wonderfull appointment of na- ture they come forth again. The periflaltic motion of the bowels ceafes in all thefe ani- mals, while they are obliged to fad, whence the appetite is diminifhed, and ib they fuffer lefs from hunger. To this head may be re- ferred the obfervation of the celebrated Lifcer concerning thofe animals ; that their blood, when let into a bafon, does not coagulate, as that of all other animals, and fo is no lefs fit for circulation than before. The moor-fowls work themfelves out walks under the very fnow. They moult in the fum- mer, fo that about the month of Auguft they appear. He quotes a paffage from that author concerning the appearance of a vail number of kites at the mouth of the Bofphorus, but this happened at the latter end of May, and feems to prove nothing ; for the time marked for their appearance by Ciilinpus, who obferved near the Hellcfpont, is the month of March. WiiUighby fiiys that kites are fup- pofed to be birds of pafia^e, and then quotes from Bcllo- nius the place abovementioned. From what has been faid it appears evident, tliat nothing certain is known by the moderns about the difappearance of thefe remarkable birds, yet their coming was regularly noted by the antient writers, and coincided with that of fvvallows, as appears by the old calendars of Geminus, and Ptolemy from the obfcrvations of Eudoxuf, Eudlemous, Calippus, and Dof.iheus. can- loS OE C O N O M Y cannot fly, and are therefore obliged to run in^ to the woods s but then the moor-berries and bilberries are ripe, from whence they are abundantly fupplied with food. Whereas the young do not moult the firft fummer, and therefore, tho' they cannot run fo well, are able to efcape danger by flight. The reft of the birds who feed upon infedls migrate every year to forreign regions, in or- der to feek for food in a milder climate -, while all the northern parts, where they live well in the fummer, are covered with fnow. Infects in the winter generally lye hid with- in their cafes, and are nouriflied by the fur- rounding liquor like the foetus of other ani- mals, from whence at the approach of fpring they awake, and fly forth to the aftonifhment of every one. However all animals which lye hid in win- ter, do not obferve thefe laws of falling. Some provide fl:ore-houfes in fummer, and autumn, from which they take what is neceflfary, as mice^ jays^ fquirrels^ bees, §. 17- What i have obferved in a few words con- cerning the migration of birds into forreign coun- O F N A T U R E. 109 countries, gives me an opportunity of illu- ftrating this fubje6t farther by inflances. The Jlarling^Fn. 183. finding with us after the middle of fummer worms in lefs plenty, yearly goes inot Schonen, Germany and Denmark. The female chaffinches every winter about Michaelmas go in flocks to Holland •, but as the males ftay with us, they come back the next fpring, unlefs fuch as choofe to breed no more. In the fame manner the female Caro- line yellow-hammer in the month of September, while the rice, on which fhe feeds, is laid up in granaries, goes towards the fouth, and re- turns in the fpring to feek her mate. Our aquatic birds are forced by necefTity to fly towards the fouth every autumn before the water is frozen. Thus we know that the lakes of Poland and Lithuania are filled with /^e^'^^i and geefe every autumn, at which time they go in great flocks along many rivers as far as the Euxine. But in the beginning of fpring, as foon as the heat of the fun molefls them, they turn back, and go again to the northern pools, and lakes, in order to lay their eggs. For there, and efpecially in Lapland, there is o. vaft abun- dance of knats Fn. 11 16. which afford them excellent .no (ECONOMY excellent norifhment, as ail of this kind live in the water, before they get their wings. The woodcock Fn. 141. hves in England in winter, and departs from thence ^t the coming on of fpring after they have paired. Tht fw allow -fair d fneldrake Fn. 96. crofTes Sweden in April, and does not flop till fhe has reached the White fea. The cohlers awl Fn. 137. goes every autumn into Italy. The ar^ic driver Fn. 121. goes into Germany every fpring, and autumn. The mijfel thriifh Fn. 189. fills our woods in the fpring, but leaves us in the winter. The pied chaffinch Syf Nat. 10. 97. i. during the winter, being obliged to leave the alps *, haftens into Sweden, and often into Germany. The gttlls vifit Spain and Italy. The raven ' goes into Schoncn. By thefe migrations birds alfo become ufe- ful to many different countries, and are diftri- buted over almoft all the globe. I cannot for- bear exprefling my admiration here, that all * The Author means the Northern alps. * U have tranflated the word corvus by raven, becaufe Linnaeus does not mention the carrion crow at all, cither in the Faun. Succ. nor in the Syft Nat. before the late edition. ^ . oi 0 . ' O F N A T U R E. 1 1 1 of them exactly obferve the times of coming and going, and that they do not miflake their way. There is a very large fiiell-fifh in the Medi- terranean called the finna^ blind as all of that genus, but furniilicd with very ftrong calca- reous valves. (Bell, aquat. 401. t. 401. Jonfl. exfang. t. 16. f. 5, 6. Gualt. ind. t. j^^ 79.) The fcuttle-fifij (Bell, aquat. 330. t. 331. Jonft. exfang. t. i . f. i . ) i^ an inhabitant of the fame fea, and a deadly enemy to the former \ aa foon as the fcuttlc-fiftj fees the -pinna open its ihell, he rufhes upon her like a lion, and de- vours her. The pnnoteres or pinnopbylax (Jonll. exfang. t. 20. £ 3.) is of the crab kind naked, like the hermit, and very quick-fight- ed. This cancer or crab the pinna receives into her covering, and v/hen fhe opens her valves in quefl of food, lets him out to look for prey. During this the fcuttle-fifio approaches ; the crab returns with the utmofb fpeed and anxiety to his hoftefs, who being thus warned of the danger fnuts her doors, and keeps out the enemy. I'hat very figaclous obierver D. D. Hafielquifi: in his voyage towards Palcftine beheld this curious phenomenon, which tho' well known to the aiuients had cfcapcd the moderns. Aiiil. hift. lib. 5. c. 15. rel.irrs, that 112 CE C O N O M Y that the pinna kept a guard to watch for hef.- That there grew to the mouth of the pinna 2L fmall animal, having claws, and ferving as a caterer, which was like a crab^ and was called the pinncpby lax. Plin.lib.9.51. fays, the fmall- eft of all the kinds is called the pinnoleres^ and therefore liable to injury ; this has the prudence to hide itfelf in the fhells of oyfters. Again lib. 9. ()(). he fays ° the pinna is of the genus of fhell-fifh \\ it is produced in muddy waters^ always ere6t, nor ever without a companion^ which fome call the pinnoteres^ others the pinnophylax. This fometimes is a fmall f(iuiU^ fometimes a crab., that follows the pinna for the fake of food. The pinna is blind, and ^ This is taken out of Ariftotle, who feems to have thought, that the pinna grew from that which really is its beard, and which it throws out upon the adjoyning bodies in order to fix itfelf. For he fays the pinna is produced from the byfTus, which is generally fuppofed to mean the beard of this ihell-filh, and to have been ufed for making the finell of fluffs, frequently mentioned by antient writers under the name of Byffme garments, and of which they ' now in fome countries make ftockings as i am informed. This notion of the pinna growing from the byffus or beard is of the fame kind with that which prevailed formerly in relation to the goofe tree, mentioned by many writers, of whom a long lift may be feen in the tenth edition of the Syft. Nat. 3 when OF N A T U R E. 113 when upon opening its Ihell it expofes itfelf as a prey to the fmalleft kind of filhes, thefe immediately affault her, and growing bolder upon finding no refiftance venture in. The guard watching its time gives notice by a bitej upon which the pinna clofing its fhell, fhuts in, kills^ and gives part of whatever happens to be there to its companion. The pinnu^ and the crah together dwell, For mutual fuccour in one common fhelL They both to gain a livelihood combine ; That takes the prey, when this has given the fign. From hence this crah above his fellows famed. By antient Greeks was pinnoteres named. Oppian. §. 18. Deftruftion. We have obferved above that all animals do not live upon vegetables, but that there are fome which feed upon certain animalcula. Nay there are fome which fubfifl only by ra- pinej and daily deflroy numbers of the peace- able kind. Thefe animals are dcftroyed, but in fuch a I manner 114 CE C O N O M Y ihanner that the weaker generally are infefted by the ftronger in a continued feries. Thus the tree-loiife lives upon plants. The fly called mufca aphidivora lives upon the tree4oufe. The lornet and wafp fly upon the mufca aphi- divora. The dragon fly upon the hornet and wafp fly. The fpider on the dragonfly. The flnall birds on the fpider. And laftly the hawk kind on thtfmall birds. In like manner the " pwnoculus delights in putrid waters, the knaf eats the monoculuSy the frog eats the knat^ the pike ^zxs the frogy the y^^ calf eats the ^/^^. The bat and goat -fucker make their ex- curfions only at night, that they may catch the moti)S which at that time fly about in vail quantities. The wood-pecker pulls out the infe^ls^ which lye hid in the trunks of trees. The fwallow purfues thofe which fly about in the open air. The mole purfues the worms. The large fiflies devour the fmall. Nay we fcarcely know an animal, which has not fome enemy to con- tend with. " An infe^ that has no name in Englifh as far as i can End. Amongfl: OF N A t U R E. 115 Anlongft qiiadrupeds wild beafts are mofl remarkably pernicious and dangerous to others, ^s the hawk kind among birds. But that they may not, by too atrocious a butchery, deftroy whole fpecies; even thcfe are circumfcribed within certain bounds, Firfl, as to the mod fierce of all, it deferves to be noted how few they are in proportion to other animals. Se- condly, the number of them is not equal in all countries; Thus France and England breed no wolves^ and the northern countries no tigers or lions. Thirdly, thefe fierce animals fome- times fall upon, and deftroy one another* Thus the wolf devours the fox. The dog infefts both the wolf and fox ; nay wolves in a body will fometimes venture to fufround a bear. The tiger often kills its own male whelps. Dogs are fometimes feized with madnefs and deftroy their fellows^ or with the mange deftroy themfelves. L^ftly, wild beafts feldom arrive at fo great an age as animals, which live on vegetables. For they are fubjed: from their alcaline diet to various difeafes, which bring them fooner to an end. But although all animals are infefted by their peculiar enemies, yet they are often able to 1 2 elude ii6 CE C O N O M Y elude their violence by ftratagems and force. Thus the hare often confounds the dog by her windinofs. When the hear attacks Jheep and cattle, they draw up together for mutual defence. Horfes joyn heads together, and fight with their heels. Oxen joyn tails, and fight with their horns. Swine get together in herds, and boldly op- pofe themfelves to any attack, fo that they are not eafily overcome j and it is worth while to obferve, that all of them place their young, as lefs able to defend themfelves, in the middle, that they may remain fafe during the battle. Birds by their different ways of flying often- times efcape the hawk If the pigeon had the fame way of flying as the hawk flie would hardly ever efcape his claws °. It deferves alfo to be remarked, how much fome animals confult their fafety by night. When horfes fleep in woods, one by turns re- mains awake, and, as it were, keeps watch. When monkiesy S. N. 2. 10. in Brafil fleep upon « As i have, when opportunities offered, meafured and weighed feveral kinds of birds, i fhall here lubjoyn a table of fome of them with the proportions of the weight to the fail. N. B. By fail i mean the extent of the wings and tail. I do OF N A T U R E. n; upon trees, one of them keeps awake, in order to give the fign, when the tiger creeps towards them, I do not pretend to accuracy, and i imagine \% will not be expedted on a fubjeft of this nature. W( eight Proportion of Avoid upois. fquare inches 1. oz. to the ounce. Turkey ^ 8 8 2i Pheafant — 2 8 2^ Coot 2 8 2i Blackcock 2 6 T 3r Puttock I H 18 Rook I 3 loi Partridge -r-. I 3 Ivy owl . O J5 9 Jling-dove -: o H IG Woodcock o lO 6 Small hawk — o H 26 Wood-pecker — o 4 9 Cuckow — — o 4 18 Miflelbird o ■ 4 14 Snipe . . ..■ o 4 9t Redihank —— o 4 9 Crofs bill o li iij Houfe fwallow — o I 18 Houfe fparrow — o 1 iz Wheat-ear o I H Linnet ? o oi 20 J^ J^lack cap —r— Q Oa- 18 Stone fmich o ok =^5 ^eccafigo — — o o| 24 White throat — o grains. ^7 Long tailed titmoufe o 95 25 ^egulus criftatus o 76 23 I I It ii8 GE C O N O M Y them, and in cafe the guard fhould be caught afleep, the reft tear him to pieces*. Hence the huntino- of rapacious animals is not always fuc- cefsfull, and they are often obliged to labor for a whole day to no purpofe. For this reafon the Creator has given them fuch a nature, that they can bear fafting a long time. Thus the lion lurks in his den many days without famifhins:, and the wolf^ when he has once well fatisfied his hunger, can faft many w^eeks without any difficulty. It appears by this table that the rmaller birds in general have more {all in proportion than the larger of the efculent kind, fach as the pheafant, partridge, woodcock, ring-dove, &c. and that it fhould bs {o contrived appears reafonable on more accounts than one. Finl, becaufe fmall birds living, many of them, amongft fhrubs and buflies, are obliged to make fhort and quick motions in hopping from bough to bough, at which time they always make ufe of their wings; fome of them live chiefly on worms and flies, which are not to be caught without great nimblenefs, and frequent gardens and houfes and are more liable to the attacks of cats and other animals. And thofe which live in the open fields are expofed to the hawk, and were they not quick at turning they would fcarcely ever efcape. Again the different proportions of the bulk to the farface in large and fmall birds is to the difadvantage of the latter, on account of the greater proportional refiflance of the air, and this wanted fome compenfation. More might be added on this fubje£l,but i am afraid m^ofk readers will think what i have already faid is j;iiore than enough. * Maregraf. Braf. 227. Biberg. OF N A T U R E. 119 If wc confider the end for which it pleafed the Supreme Being to conftitute fuch an order of nature, that fome animals lliould be, as it were, created only to be miferably butchered by others, it fecms that his Providence not only aimed at fuflaining, but alfo keeping a juft proportion amongft all the Ipecies , and fo prevent any one of them increafing too much, to the detriment of men, and other animals. For if it be true, as it is moft afluredly, that the furface of the earth can fupport only a cer- tain number of inhabitants, they mull all pe- rifh, if the fame number were doubled, or tripled, Derh. Phyf. Theol. p. 237. There are fome viviparous //Vj, which bring forth 2000 young. Thefe in a little time would fill the air, and like clouds intercept the rays of the fun, unlefs they were devoured by birds^ fpiders, and many other animals. Storks^ and falcons free iRgypt from frogSy which after the inundation of the Nile, cover all the countrey. The fame birds alfo clear Palefline of mice. Bellonius on this fubjedt fays as follows. *^ The ftorks come to Mgy^t " in fuch abundance, that the fields, and mea- ^' dows are white with them. Yet the JEgyp- *' tians are not difpleafed with this fight 5 as • Mufchenbr. I 4 ''frogs 120 CE C O N O M Y «« frogs are generated in fuch numbers there, " that did not the ftorks devour them, they " would over-run every thing. Befides they " alfo catch, and tTilferpents, Between Belba " and Gaza the fields of Paleftine are often '' defert on account of the abundance of miccy " and rats -, and were they not deflroyed by the *' falconSy that come here, by inftindl, the in- '* habitants could have no harvefl. The white fox S. N. 8. 7. is of equal advantage in the Lapland alps -, as he deftroys the Norway rats^ F. N. 2 6. which are generated there in great abundance; and thus hinders them from in- creafmg too much in proportion, which woukl be the deftrudlion of vegetables. It is fufficient for us, that nothing is made by Providence in vain, and that whatever is made, is made with fupreme wifdom. For it does not become us to pry too boldly into all the defisns of God. Let us not imaojine, when thefe rapacious animals fometimes do us mif- chief, that the Creator planned the order of na- ture according to our private principles of ceoo- nomy *, for the Laplanders have one way of living', the European hufbandman another; the Hottentots and favages a third, whereas the ftupendous cEConomy of the Deity is one through- OF N A T U R E. 121 throughout the globe, and if Providence does not always calculate exadtly according to our way of reckoning, we ought to confider this affair in the fame light, as when different feamen wait for a fair wind, every one, with refpe6t to the part he is bound to, who we plainly fee cannot all be fatisfied. §• 19- The whole earth would be overwhelmed with carcafes, and {linking bodies, if fome animals did not dehght to feed upon them. Therefore when an animal dyes, hears, wolves^ foxes^ ra- vens, &c. do not lofe a moment till they have taken all away. But if a lorfe e. g. dyes near the public road, you will find him, after a few days, fwoln, burft, and at laft filled with innu- merable grtths of carnivorous//i?J, by which he is entirely confumed, and removed out of the way, that he may not become a nufance to paffengers by his poifonous ftench. When the carcafes of fifhes are driven upon the fhore, the voracious kinds, fuch as the thorn- hack, the hound fijh, the conger eel, &c. gather about and eat them. But becaufe the flux, and reflux 122 CE C O N O M Y reflux foon change the ftate of the fea, they themfelves are often detained in pits, and be-* come a prey to the wild beafts, that frequent the Ihores. Thus the earth is not only kept clean from the putrefaftion of carcafes, but at the fame time by the oeconomy of nature the neceffaries of life are provided for many animals. In the like manner many infers at once promote their own good, and that of ether animals. Thus knats lay their eggs in flagnant, putrid and {linking waters, and the grubs that arife from thefe eggs clear away all the putrefaction ; and this will eafily ap^ pear, if any one will make the experiment by filling two vefiels with putrid water, leaving the grubs in one, and taking them all out of the other. For then he will foon find the water, that is full of grubs^ pure and without any flench, while the water that has no gruhs will continue {linking. Lice increafe in a wonderfull manner in thq heads of children, that are fcabby, nor are they without their ufe, for they confume the redun- dant humours. The beetle kind in fummer extrafl all moifl end glutinous matter out of the dung of cattle, OF N A T U R E. 123 (o that it becomes like dull, and is fpread by the wind over the ground. Were it not for this, the vegetables that lye under the dung, would be fo far from thriving, that all that fpot would be rendered barren. As the excrements of dogs is of fo filthy and feptic a nature, that no infe^ will touch them, and therefore they cannot be difperfed by that means, care is taken that thefe animals Ihould exonerate upon ftones, trunks of trees, or fome high place, that vegetables may not be hurt by them. Cats bury their dung. Nothing is fo mean, pothing fo little, in which the wonderfull order, and wife difpofition of nature does not Ihine forth. §. 20. Laftly, all thefe treafures of nature fo art- fully contrived, fo wonderfully propagated, fo providentially flipported throughout her three Jcingdoms, feem intended by the Creator for the fake of man. Every thing may be made fubfervient to his ufe, if not immediately, yet mediately, not fo to that of other animals, By the help of reafon man tames the ficrceft ani- mals. 124 GE C O N O M Y mals, purfues and catches the fwifteft, nay he is able to reach even thofe, which lye hid in the bottom of the Tea. By the help of reafon he increafes the num- ber of vegetables immenfely, and does that by art, which nature, left to herfelf, could fcarcely effedl. By ingenuity he obtains from vege- tables whatever is convenient or neceflary for food, drink, cloathing, medicine, navigation, and a thoufand other purpofes. He has found the means of going down into the abyfs of the earth, and almoft fearching its very bowels. With what artifice has he learned to get fragments from the moll rocky mountains, to make the hardeft ftones fluid like water •, to leparate the ufefuU metal from the ufelefs drofs, and to turn the fineft fand to fome ufe ! In fhort when we follow the feries of created things, and confider how provi- dentially one is made for the fake of another, the matter comes to this, that all things are made for the fake of man j and for this end more efpecially, that he by admiring the works of the Creator fhould extoll his glory, and at once enjoy all thofe things, of which he ftands in need, in order to pafs his life conveniently and pleafantly. OF N A T U R E. 125 §. 2U This fubjeft concerning the oeconomy of na- ture, a very fmall part of which i have lightly touched upon, is of fuch importance and dig- nity, that if it were to be properly treated in all its parts, men would find wherewithal to employ almofl all the powers of the mind. Nay time itfelf would fail before even the moft acute human fagacity would be able to dif- cover the amazing oeconomy, laws, and ex- quifite flrudture of the leaft infedl, fince as Pliny obferves, nature no where appears more herfelf, than in her moft minute works. Every fpecies of created beings deferves to engrofs one examiner. If accordinor to orofs calculation we reckon o o in the world 20000 Ipecies of vegetables^ 3000 of worms ^ 12000 of infe5fs^ 200 of amphi- hicus animals^ 2600 of fifloes^ 2000 of birds p, 200 of quadrupeds •, the whole fum of the fpe- cies of living creatures will amount to 40000. Out of thefe our countrey has fcarcely 3000, p How the author came to reckon 2coo fpecies of birds in the world i cannot guefs, for in the Syft. Nat. Linn, edit, 6. there are only about 150 mentioned, and in the laft edi- tion of tha( book not above ceo, for 126 CE C O N O M Y for we have dlfcovered only about 1200 native? plants, and about 1400 fpecies of animals. Wd of the human race, who were created to praife and adore our Creator^ unlefs we choofe to ht mere idle fpe6tators, fhould and in duty ought to be affected with nothing fo much as the pious confideration of this glorious palace. Moft cer- tainly if we were to improve and polilh our minds by the knowledge of thefe things •, wc fhould befides the great ufe which would ac- crue to our oecononly, difcover the more ex-* cellent ceconomy of nature, and more ftrongly admire it when difcovered* Omnium elementorum alterni recurfi funt, Quicquid alteri perit in alterum tranfit. Senec. Nat. III. lOi TH E foregoing piece^ though on a fub- je6t often treated by learned and ingeni- ous men, feems to me to contain many things new and curious, and to give a more compre- henfivc and diftindt view, as it were in amap^ of the fe veral parts of nature, their connections and dependencies, than Is any where elfe to be found. But exclufive of this or any other com- parative merit, it certainly conveys an ufefuU 3 lefTon, OF NATURE. 127 lelTon, and fuch an one as the bed of us oftjn want to have inculcated. From a partial confideration of things, we are very apt to criticife what we ought to ad- mire i to look upon as ufelefs what perhaps we Ihould own to be of infinite advantage to us, did we fee a little farther ; to be peevilh where we ought to give thanks ♦, and at the fame time to ridicule thofe, who employ their time and thoughts in examining what we were, i. e. fome of us mofl affuredly were, created and appointed to lludy. In Ihort we are too apt to treat the Almighty worfe than a rational man would treat a good mechanic; whofe works he would either thoroughly examine, or be afhamed to find any fault with them. This is the cffe6b of a partial confideration of nature ; but he who has candor of mind and leifure to look farther, will be inclined to cry out : How wondVous is this fcene! where all is form'd With number, weight, andmeafure! alldefign'd For fome great end ! where not alone the plant Of llately growth ; the herb of glorious hue. Or food- full fubftance ; not the laboring fteed. The herd, and flock that feed us •, not the mine That yields us ftores for degance, and ufe ; The iqB GE C G N O M Y The Tea that loads our table, and conveys The wanderer man from clime to clime, v;ith all Thofe rolling fpheres, that from on high ilied down- Their kindly influence; not thefe alone, Which ftrike ev'n eyes incurious, but each mofs^ Each fhell, each crawling infe6t holds a rank Important in the plan of Him, who fram'd This fcale of beings •, holds a rank, which loft Wou'd break the chain, and leave behind a gap Which nature's felf would rue. Almighty Being, . Caufe and fupport of all things, can i view Thefe objects of my wonder j can i feel Thefe fine fenfations, and not think of thee ? Thou who doft thro' th' eternal round of time ; Doft thro' th' imm-cnfity of fpace exift Alone, ihalt thou alone excluded be From this thy univerfe r Shall feeble man Think it beneath his proud philofophy To call for thy afliflance, and pretend To frame a world, who cannot frame a clod ? — Not to know thee, is not to know ourfelves — Is to know nothing— nothing worth the care Of man's exalted fpirit — all becomes Without thy ray divine, one dreary gloom ; Where lurk the monilers of phantaftic brains. Order bereft of thought, uncxus'd effects. Fate OF NATURE. 129 Fate freely a(5ling, and unerring Chance. Where meanlefs matter to a chaos finks Or fomething lower ftill, for without thee It crumbles into atoms void of force, Void of refiftance — it eludes our thought. Where laws eternal to the varying code Of felf-love dwindle. Intereft, paifion, whim Take place of right, and wrong, the golden chain Of beings melts away, and the mind's eye Sees nothing but the prefent. All beyond Is vifionary guels — is drcum — is death. K ON ON THE FOLIATION of TREES, K 2 C '33 ] ON THE FOLIATION of TREES; O R, The time when they put out their leaves. By HARALD BARCK. Up SAL, 1753. May 3. Amasn. Acad. vol. iii. BOtanifts in every age have not only taken great pains to difcover and give names to plants, but have alfo delcribed them with all poflible accuracy. But this part of knowledge has been, till this prefent age, confined to narrower bounds than it deferved ; for an opi- nion has prevailed amongfl: almoll all the men of learning, that it is of no ufc out of the re- K 3 gions 134 ON THE FOLIATION gions of medicine. From whence it has hap- pened, that we find very few that have culti- vated botany, but phyficians -, nor have even thefe carried their inquiries farther than to ob- tain a moderate knowledge of officinal plants. But in our times fome, who are worthy of the highefl regard from all true lovers of this ftudy, have endeavoured to find out, and invefligate the vertues of plants with greater care, and jnduftry. For thefe men befides medical ufes have difcovered great, and remarkable ad- vantages accruing from fuch refearches. However i do not intend to give a cata- logue of them here, but fhall content myfelf with jufl touching upon fome few things, that have been done in this way, in our own uni- verfity. In the Philofophia Botanica our illu- ftrious prefident has iliewn, that every foil has its own peculiar plants, which we Ihould feek for in vain any where elfe ; and that certain plants keep, as it were, their watches, i. e, expand their flov/ers and clofe them again at ftated times '^. The differtation on the ef- fQiifals of 'plants has imparted to the learned world the ufe of various phasnomena, which «» V^id. Philof. Botan. p. 263. 273. Barck. This curious fubjcft is amply treated in Aniarn. Acad. vol. 4. occur O F T R E E S. 135 occur in the foecundation of plants. The Flora (sconomica has foitlifully fet forth the ufe of plants in private life. The diflertation on the buds of plants has opened to us the caufe, why various trees cannot bear the fnows, and frofts of our part of the world. From the eflay on the efculent plants of our countrey we find, that there are many plants growing with us, which are proper for food, hitherto over- looked. In the Szvedijh Tan it is Ihewn, that certain plants only are deflined for fuflenance to certain animals. From the Hcfpita Infe^o- rum Flora we are informed that certain vege- tables are eat by certain fpecies of infeds. It is now the fourth year fince our illuflrious prefident exhorted his countreymen to obferve with all care and diligence, at what time every tree expands its buds, and unfolds its leaves; imagining, and not without good reafon, that our countrey would fome time or other, from obfervations of this kind made in different places, reap fome new, and perhaps unexpe6]:ed advantage. Upon this admonition, i at that time living in Smoland with that noble perfon G. A. Witting major, and knight of the mi- litary order, was incited to obferve for the fpace of three years, beginning from the year K 4 -^73^^ 13$ ON THE FOLIATION 1750, the days when different trees began to put out their leaves, when the countr^ymen lowed their fields, and how much time there paffed between feed time, and harveft. This i did with intent, if poffible, to find out fixed laws by which to regulate the proper feed-time in every province. But the few obfervations, which i was able to make, were not fuflicient for this purpofe •, that the work therefore which i meditated might not reft upon too flight a foundation, our prcfident communi- cated all the papers fent to him from different places for my examination. Such then is the defign of this effay, and i fubmit it to the can-r did reader, hoping that he will look upon it with an indulgent eye, §. 2. Our lands, which lye under a cold flcy, are bound up with froft all the winter. Hence the roots of our plants oppreffed, as it were, with a drowfy fleep, are benummed, and many Rerbs, that remain above ground, dye '. But when r We have had five winters remarkably fevere in Sweden, viz. 1665, 4JU> Tf2|, \]^^ and 175 1. The cold of VV'hich lall Feb. i. N S. was extremely intenfe, and fuch as has OF TREES. 137 when the fun by its mild rays at the beginning of fpring refrelhes the earth, the fnows melt> the has fcarcely been known in this age, for the botanic ther- mometer funk to 32 degrees. Barck. In that thermometer the freezing point is o, and that of boih'ng water 100. So that taking it for granted that the author mull mean 32 below o, this point would anfwer to 57 below 32 or the freezing point of Farenheit, which is a de- gree of cold never known in this countrey. I am aflured from good authority, that in the year 1739 the thermome- ter did not fink nine degrees below freezing point in England. They who are curious to fee much more furprizing inftances of cold than that in Sweden, may confult the preface to Gmelin*s Flora Sibirica, where they will find how very apt philofophers are to fall into miftakes about the powers of nature, when they truft to theory, inftcad of confulting experience. Monf. Maupertuis fays, that the mercury in Reaumur's thermometer in Lapland funk to 37 degrees below freezing point, which is equal to 67 degrees in Farenheit. Perhaps, fays linnaeus in the Flora Lapponica, the curious reader will wonder how the people in Lapland fluring the terrible cold, that reigns there in winter, can preferve their lives ; fince almoft aJl birds, and even fome wild beads, defert it at that time. The Laplander not only in the day, but thro' whole winter nights is obliged to wander about in the woods with his herds of rhen deer. For the rhen deer never come undercover, nor eat any kind of fodder, but a particular kind of U^ern.vort. On this account the herdfmen are under a neceflity of liv- ing continually in the woods, in order to take care of their cattle, left they Ihould be devoured by wild beafts. The Lap- 138 ON THE FOLIATION the ice gives way, the froft is diflblved, and a joyfiill face of things returns. Immediately we fee Laplander eafily does without more Ught, as the fnow re- fleds the rays that come from the ftars, and as the aurora torealis illuminates the air every night with a great variety of figures. The cold is fo great that forreigners are kept aloof, and even deterred from their moft happy woods. No part of our body is more eafily deflroyed by cold than the extremities of the limbs, which are moft remote from the fun of this microcofm, the heart. The kibes that happen to our hands, and feet, fo common in the northern parts of Sweden, prove this. In Lapland you will never fee fuch a thing, altho' were we to judge by the fituation of the countrey we fhould imagine juft the contrary, efpecially as the people wear no ftockings, as we do, not only fmgle but double, and triple. The Laplander guards himfelf againft the cold in the following manner. He wears breeches made of rhen deer fkins with the hair on, reaching down to his heels ; and fhoes made of the fame materials, the hairy part turned outwards. He puts into his flioes Jlender-eared hroad-kanjed cyperus grafsy carex veficaria. Spec, PI. that is cut in fummeranddryed. This he firft combs, and rubs in his hands, and then places it in fuch a manner, that it not only covers his feet quite round, but his legs alfo; and being thus guarded, he is quite fecured againft the intenfe cold. With this grafs they ftuiF their gloves likewife in order to preferve their hands. As this grafs keeps off the cold in winter, fo in fummer it hinders the feet from fweating, and at the fame time preferves their feet from being annoyed by ftriking againfi ftones, &c. for their Hioes are very thin, bein' With the firft foft breeze, fays Pliny, the cornelian cherry puts forth its buds, next the bay a little before the aequinox. The lime. * As i do not know that any thing of this kind has ever been publifhed in England, i will fubjoyn the order of the leafing of feme trees and flirubs, as obferved by me in Nor- folk, Ann. 1755. II II April I I 3 1 Honey fuckle Jan. 1 5 2 Goofeberry March 11 3 Currant 4 Elder 5 Birch 6 Weeping willow 7 Ralberry 8 Bramble 3 9 Briar 4 10 Plumb 6 11 Apricot 6 12 Peach 6 13 Filberd 7 14 Sallow 7 15 Alder 7 16 Sycomore 9 17 Elm 10 18 Quince 10 1 9 Marfh elder 20 Wych elm 21 Quicken tree 22 Hornbeam 23 Apple tree 24 Abele 25 Chefnut 26 Willow 27 Oak 28 Lime 29 Maple 30 Walnut 31 Plane 3 2 Black poplar 33 Beech 34 Acacia robinia 35 Afli 36 Carolina poplar Apr. II 12 13 '3 16 16 17 ig ig 19 21 21 21 21 21 22 22 the O F T R E E S. 143 the mnple^ the poplar^ the elm^ the falloiv, the alder y the jilberd and hafel are among the firfl that put out leaves ; the plane tree alfo is very early. Nat. Hid. lib. 16. 25. The foliation or leafing of the firfl four named trees, i, 2, 3, 4, varies very much as to the time, and the day on which they break bud •, for as the winter goes off fooner or later, fo they are in leaf fooner or later. But this does not hold of the reft, e. g. in the year i750> in which there was fcarcely any winter- weather, but the whole was almoft a perpetual fpring, i obferved towards "the latter end of March, that the currant and goofeherry were in blow about Gripenberg \ whereas the lafl year they did not blow till the middle of April. The oak^ and the ajh feldom fhew their leaves before the night frofls are over"". For which reafon gardeners do not venture to truil their houfe plants to the open air, till the leaves of the laft trees give (ign of a mild winter. » This agrees with lord Bacon's obfervations, Nat. Hifl:. p. 146. that a long winter makes the earlier and later flowers come together. This i oblerved was the cafe in the year 1755, ^hen tne fprmg was very backward. The author fays in a note, that it has been obferved for above ten years paft, that the oak has been always in leaf before the end of May, in Upland. 3 §• 4- »44 ON THE FOLIATION §. 4- The prudent hufbandman will above all things watch with the greateft care the proper time for fowing ; becaufe this with the Divine afliftance produces plenty of provifions, and lays the foundation of the public welfare of the kingdom, and of the private happinefs of the people. The ignorant farmer being more te- nacious of the ways, and cuftoms of his an- ceftors, fixes his fowing feafon generally to a month, and to a day ^ whether or no the earth be prepared to receive the feed he little cares. From whence it frequently happens, that the fields do not return what might be expedled, and that what the fower fowed with fweat, the reaper reaps with forrow. Wife oeconomiils therefore in all ages have endeavored to their utmoft to fix a certain time for fowing ; but hitherto their labor has proved fruitlefs. There have been fome, who have tryed to difcover the qualities of the land neceffary for this pur- pofe, by tafte and fmell ; nor have there been wanting to others, who were perfuaded, that the fmell of the earth, and the fila div^ vir- gms*y were infallible figns of feed-time. All • I 4o not underhand the meaning ofthefe words. which. O F T R E E S. 145 which, although perhaps they are not wholly without foundation, are yet infufficient for ob« taining the end we aim at. For the experience of many years has taught us, that the feeds of one and the fame fpecics fown in the fame ground at different times do not produce equal crops. We have feen even a great difference between what was fown in the morning, and the afternoon. Thus alfo while one plant is vigorous and florifhes, another of the fame nature, and raifed in the fame foil withers, and dyes, The farmer often throws the caufe of fcarcity upon Providence, that means to punilh an ungratefull people, by oixiering the fields to mourn in weeds, and the corn to mock the the threlhers toil with empty hufks -, but it may be with truth afferted, that this furmife is often without foundation. He ought rather to complain of his own imprudence, and accufe himfelf that his granary is not better ftored. We look up to the ftars ", and without rea- fon fuppofe that the changes on earth will an- fwer " This looking up to the ftars for this purpofe, was tranf- mitted down to us by the Greeks and Romans from ^gypt, where the feafons being much more regular than in thefe nor- thern parts, might be as fure a guide in that countrey, as any they could follow. But an aftronomical calendar perhaps may L not 146 ON THE FOLIATION fwer to the heavenly bodies ; entirely neglefl- inor the things that grow round about us. We be not fo good a guide to us as the vegetation of certain plants ; fuppofing we could once fix on the proper one for fowing each kind of feed. I have been told by a common huihand- man in Norfolk, that when the oak calkins begin to fhed their feed, it is a proper time to fow barley; and why might not feme other tree ferve to dired the farmer as to other feeds ? The prudent gardener never venture's to put his houfe plants out, till the mulberry leaf is of a certain growth. It appears from Geminus in his elements of aftronomy, that the coincidence of the feafons as to heat, cold, rain, &c. with the rifmgs and fettings of the flars, had caufed a notion to prevail among the antients, that thcfe celeilial phsenomena were not merely the figns, but the caufes of the different feafons. This notion, which he takes feme pains to over- turn, would never have begun in fuch uncertain climates, as are found in thefe parts of the world. But in ^gypt, where the Nile begins to rife regularly upon the appearance of Si- rius, or the dog-ftar, where the Etefian winds begin, and ceafe to blow conflantly about the fame time of the year; ^nd in genera] the variation of the weather is nearly uni- form, fuch a notion might eafily prevail in the minds of an unenlightened, and fuperftiiious people. From them it was propagated into Greece, where, tho' it mull have been fre- quently thwarted by a much lefs conflant uniformity, yet it might ftill be upheld by that blind veneration,which generally attends antiquity, efpecially amongft the ignorant, and un- learned. As for the Romans, they went ftill farther, for without even adapting an almanack to their own climate and time, they fixed the feafons for hulbandry-work of all kinds by the rifings and fettings of the Hars, fuch as they found OF TREES. ,47 We fee trees open their buds, and expand their leaves i from hence we conclude that fpring found them in the Greek calendars. To this cuftomGeminus certainly alludes when he obferves, that an almanack, which may pretty well foretell the weather in onecountrey is good for nothing in another, as one would think fhould be obvious at firfl: light. Yet this he thought neccfTary to explain, and dilate upon, in order to convince the Romans of their error; for tho\ as Pctavius obferves, the later allronomers went more accurately to work, the prejudice Hill remained in the minds of the countrey people, and the vulgar. Whether Gemi- nus thought thofe prediflions concerning heat, cold, rain, drought, &c. which are found in the Alexandrian, Greek, and Roman calendars, jail in fome of our modern ones, were univerfaJly precarious, or whether he only tliought they were fo in fuch climates, as that of Rome, where he is fuppofed to have lived, he commends Aratus for making ufe of the natural figns, taken from the afpedls of the fun, and fome of the liars, as alfo of the figns taken from brutes, inllead of the rifing and fetting of the liars, and gives this reafon of his preference, that thofe predidlions, which have fome na- tural caufe, have a necelTary efFed; adding, by way of con- firmation of his opinion, that AriHotle, Eudoxus, and many other aftronomers, made ufe of them. Thefe predidions are copied by Virgil, but i do not recollefl any place in his Georgics, where the feafons for ploughing, fowing, &c. are fixed by the appearance of birds of paflagc, or of infefls, or by the flowering of plants, which method was begun by Hefiod, but never afterwards attended to, that i know, till Linnxus wrote. Hefiod fays, that if it Ihould happen to rain three days together when the cuckoiv fings, then late fowing will be as good as early fowing. That when f7mils L 3 begin 148 ON THE FOLIATION fpring approaches, and experience fupports us in this conclufion j but no body hitherto has been begin to creep out of their holes, and climb up the plants, you muft leave off digging about vines and take to pruning. That when the artichoak begins to blow, and the grajhop- per chirps upon trees, which, as Theophraftus obferves, was about the fummer folilicc, then goats are in full feafon, &c» That when the fg leaf is about as big as a crow's foot, the time for failing comes on. That when the voice of the crane is heard overhead, then is the time for ploughing. It is true, the poet frequently marks the feafons by the rifings and fettings of the ftars, and as altronomy, bcfides its many important ufes, is conne6led with finer fciences, has feme- thing in it very ftriking to the imagination, and has been cultivated by men, who had leifure to make calendars for ge- neral ufe, it was natural that it fhould get the afcendant over rules furer perhaps in themfelvcs, and more adapted to the purpofe of the hufbandman, but which were deftitute of the advantages abovementioned, and were moil probably looked on only as poetical embellifhments. It is wonderfull to obferve the conformity between vege- tation, and the arrival of certain birds of pafTage. I will give one inflance as marked down in a diary kept by me in Norfolk in the year 1755. -^P"^ ^^ ^^th young figs ap- pear, the 17th of the fame month the cuckoo fings. Now the word kocki^ fignifies a cuckoiuy and likewife the young fig, and the reaion given for it is that in Greece thev ap- peared together. I will jufl: add that the fame year i firft found the cuckonjo fi.c-iver in blow the ipth of April. To the inftance of coincidence of the appearance of the cucko%Vy and the fruit of the fi.g-treg'm Greece and England, i will O F T R E E S. 149 been able to fhevv what kind of tree Provi- dence intended fliould be our calendar, fo that we might know on what day tlie countrey- man ought to fow his grain. The fun ads on the earth by loofening, warming, and preparing it, as the culinary fire does on our meat, for which a certain degree of heat is requifite. For the fun by its heat drives the juices taken in by the roots thro' the vefTels of the tree, which do not return by cir- culation, but become more copious by the daily addition of frelh heat. It. Scan. 23. i will here add fome coincidences of the like nature, in Sweden and England. Linnaeus fays, that the ecles of foil, which the hufbandman is obliged to know in order to make the moft advantage of his lands. Befides certain grajjes are eat by fome animals, and left untouched by others ; fo that without the knowledge of thefe he cannot avoid falling into error. It. Scand. §. 9- He that would exercife the art of huft>an- dry with the greateft advantage, ought to en- deavor to get acquainted with all kinds of vegetables, and find out what fort of foil fuits each of them beft. He ought to know, that fome delight in open and expofed fiaiations, others in fhady •, ibme in moift ground, others N 4 in i84 OFTHEUSE in dry ; that fome plants thrive moft in fandy foils, others in claiey, others in black mould, others in fpungy ground, others in watry ; fome ought to be fown in pools, others on the tops of hills. Thofe barren defarts called Alvacu on the mountains of Oeland, It. Oel. p, 206. had long ago been covered with the crocus^ from whence the inhabitants might have reaped great be- nefit, if the nature of that plant had been known to them. Our alps, that are more than a hundred miles long, had not remained to this day a mere wafte, if our induftrious hufbandmen, who not long fince began to improve the ceconomical arts, had known how to cultivate fuch plants as might have been ufefuli in food, or phyfic ; and if they had known what ufefull trees, and herbs grow on the forreign alps, viz. the Swifs, the Si- birian, the Pyrenean, the Valefian, &c. from whence they ought to have got feed. The banks of our lakes produce fcarcely any thing but rujhes^ horfetaily water lilly^ fond- weeds^ 7-eeds^ &c. where neverthelefs a great number of plants fit for food might be fown, fuch as zizany of Canada, water caltrops ^ bcz. Every province lias its plants, which choak the OF CURIOSITY. 185 the grain, and render the fields foul, and poor. It. Scand. p. 421. Books of huibandry are full of inventions how to break the earth by inftruments, and fit it to receive the feed ; this kind of knowledge is infufficient, as long as the hufbandman is unacquainted with the nature of thofe various herbs, to which agri- culture ought to be adapted. From hence the neceflity of natural hiftory appears. §. 10. It is alfo neceflary for the hufbandman to know the duration of every plant he fows in his fields, and meadows, viz. whether it be perennial, biennial, or annual. He who wants to know the ufe of our plants in oeco* nomy, and how few there are, whofe ufe is hitherto difcovered, let him look over the Flora cecoyiomica. Amsen. Academ. vol. i *. We fee how many in a time of dearth fuffer for want, fall into difeafes, and even perifh, * TTie piece here referred to is full of new obfervations on the ufes of plants hitherto not attended to. I wifii i could have made fuch a Lranfln.tion of it, as could have been inftruflive or entertaining to the public ; but a long liil: of the names of plants, which could have conveyed no ideas to fuch readers, as this work is intended for^ muH have been very- tedious, and very ufciefs. for i86 OFTHEUSE for no other reafon but becaufe they do not know what plants are eatable, and how great a plenty there is of them in our countrey, of which D. Hiorth in this volume has given an account, which the moll illuftrious fenator Baron Lowenheilm has tranilated into Swe- diih. Many people wonder, why the curious enquirers into nature will give themfelves fo much trouble about exotic plants ♦, but they do not fufficiently confider, that many kinds of grain^ many roots, legumes, fruits, fallads, and trees in common ufe with us for nou- rifhment, houfehold utenfils, cloathing, and ornament are originally exotics. Here fol- lows a lift of feme, which have lately been brouo-ht into our countrey from the farther- moft parts of Sibiria, that contribute to adorn our gardens, and change our ceconomy. Larkfpiir, monks-hood, adonis, vetch, caw parf- nep, French honey-fuckle, afiragalus, othcnna^ .baftard-faffron, greater centory, colomhine, dra- cocephalon, fpeedwell, claytonica, flax, hyacinth, lilly, lychnis, poppy, cat-mint, yellov) -flowered fcige, hooded willow herb, hyffop, wild navew, St. John's wort, fow-thiftle, faw-wort, &c. From that diftant countrey we have the rohinia's and a honey-fuckle, that make excellent quick-hedges ^ from OF CURIOSITY. 187 from thence we have the Sibirian nettle^ that ferves for making facks. If we had a more compleat knowledge of plants, that grow in the fouthern parts of Afia, and America, wc fliould be able to make more ample, and ufe- full experiments. To preferve our woods we want to be pro^ vided with quick-hedges, for which purpofe many kinds of trees are ferviceable, fuch as the goofeherry bujh^ the black-thorn^ the white-thorn^ the berberry^ the fea buck-thorn^ the alder^ the fallow^ &c. provided each be planted in a pro- per foil. §• II. We have fome of our mofl efficacious me- dicines, and beft fpices from the fouthern parts jof the world ; and were it not for the curious \n botany they had been negleded ; as the lig- num coluhrinum was for a long time. What end would it ferve to know, that xh^ femga root was good againft the bite of ferpents, unlcfs botanifts had alfo known the plant ? And who would ever have dreamed, that our milk-^j::ort would anfwer the fame intent ? What end would it have ferved, that profeffor Kalm was witness i88 OFTHEUSE witnefs to the efficacy of the Virginia avens and the monacda in intermitting fevers, and of the root of the ceanothus^ and diervilla in venereal cafes ; if we had not learned how to raife thefe plants ? Or to what end would it have ferved to crofs the ocean, and attain the American water gladiole^ if we had not found out that it was of the genus of our water gla- diole? The Europeans at vaft expence went on buying the moxa from China, the figwort from Brazil, and xhtjachafchapuch from North America, till it was known that they grew in our own countrey. §. 12. There is, as it were, a certain chain of cre- ated beings, according to which they feem all to have been formed, and one thing differs fo little from fome other, that if we fall into the right method we fhall fcarcely find any limits between them. This no one can fo well ob- ferve, as he who is acquainted with the greateft number of fpecies. Does not every one per- ceive, that there is a vaft difference between a ftone and a monkey ? but if all the inter- mediate beings Vv^ere fet to view in order, it would OF CURIOSITY. 189 WOuKl be difficult to find the limits between them. The polypus and the mofs joyn the ve- getable, and the animal kingdom together, for the plants called conferva and the animals cal- led coralline^ are not eafy to diftinguilh, and the corah connedl the animal, vegetable and fofTil world. Hence the botanifts of this age have been bufied about fettling n;itural clafles, which is an affair of the greateft importance, and diffi- culty •, but fince the vegetables hitherto dif- covered are not fufficient for that purpofe, this part of knowledge is not compleat. It is therefore incumbent on botanifts to get ac- quainted with exotic plants, that they may arrive at the end defirqd. If all the colum- niferous plants except the mujk-mallow were known, the turner a never could be referred to this order, but that, as foon as it was exa- mined, conneded the turnera with the columni- ferous plants. Where the natural claffes are fettled we find the vegetables fo near akin to one another, that we can fcarcely diftinguifn them, as in the umhellated^ the fdiquofe^ the le^uminofe^ the compofite^ &c. molt of thefe orders grow in Europe, I90 OFTHEUSE Europe, and therefore could be eafily knowii^ and ranged. He that knows but a few plants gives cha- ra6lers, which are eafy to find out, but are in- fufRcient to fettle any thing ; and therefore tend to confound, rather than to advance know- ledge i fo that the natural method is the ultimate end of our fyflematical inquiries. Without this all is a mere chaos, and if the knowledge of vegetables fails, all that ufe of them is gone, which the learned in this way might difcover to the great benefit of man- kind. It is true indeed that vegetables adl upon the human body by fmell, and rafte •, but thefe marks are not fufficient unlefs we know the natural orders of plants. Thefe being known, and the vertues of fome vegetables being difcovered, we may go on fafely in the pra6tice of phyfic, otherwife not. It follows from hence, that he who defires to make any confiderable improvement in this branch of knowledge, mufl endeavor to get acquainted v/ith thofe plants, whole ufe he does not know ; and thus he is obliged not to ne^ gled the mofb contemptible, e. g. no body was 2 OF CURIOSITY. 191 was able to form a right judgment of the caf- airilldy who did not know its natural order. No phyfician would have even fufpecled, that our milkwort would be ufefuU in the bite of ferpents, and inflammatory fevers, unlefs the principles of botany had led him to it. No one has even thought of trying the mitreolci Americana againft the bite of ferpents, which yet without ever feeing it, we may certainly con- elude to be efficacious in thofe cafes from the ophicrrhiza Afiatica or true lignum coluhrinum *". When botanifls knew the above-mentioned turnera^ but were ignorant to what natural clafs it ought to be referred, no man could guefs ^ This root is known in the Eaft-Indies to be a fpecific againft the poifon of that moil dreadrui animal called the hooded-ferpent. There is a treatife in Amasn. Acad. vol. 2. upon this fubjeft, wherein the author Joh. And. Darelius undertakes, from the defcription of fuch authors as had feen it upon the fpot, to afcertain the plant from which the ge- nuine root is taken. It appears in this account that it had puzzled the European phyficians, and what had been fold in tlie fhops for it is the root of a very different plant and of a poifonous nature. The true root is caJled mungos for the following reafon. There is a kind of nveefel ia the Raft-Indies called rnungutia by the natives, ffiungo by Portaguefe, and vnaicas by the Dutch. Thi^s animal purfues the hcoded-j}rps?itf as the cat docs jg2 O F T H E U S E guefs its vertues. But now that we knowf that it is of the columniferous order, we may without experience be afTured that it is of the emollient kind. Without this knowledge of the natural or- ders, the materia medica would be flill as un- certain, as amongft the antients, which is of the utmoll importance to us if life aind health be fo. We are ready enough to put a due value on the larger animals, but many look on the minute tribe of infeds, rather created to tor- ment, than to be ufefuU to mankind. Wc does the moji/e with us. As foon as this ferpent appears the *z^f;?/^/ attacks him, and if (he chances to be bit. by him, Ihe immediately runs to find a certain vegetable; upon eating which ihe returns, and renews the fight. The Indians are of opinion, that this plant is the miwgos. That celebrated traveller Kcsmpfer, who kept one of thefe nveefels tame, that eat with him, lived with him, and was his companion, wherever he went, fays he faw one of thefe battles between her and the ferpent^ but could not certainly find out what root the n.vee/el looked out for. But whether the ixjeefel firft difcovered this antidote, or not, yet it is cer- tain, adds Darclius, that there is a root, which is an infalli- ble remedy againft the bite of the hoo dec} ferpent. And this he undertaktt to afcertain. grant OF CURIOSITY. 193 grant that they are very troublcfome to us. But is therefore all care about them to be given up ? by no means. On the contrary we ought to contrive means to get rid of them, that they may not deilroy both Us and our poffefTions. This cannot be brought about unlefs we know their nature •, when that is known we fhall more eafily find out remedies againft them''. The ufe of infects has been fufficiently explained by the noble Carolus de Geer, lord of the bed-chamber to his majefty, in an oration which he made in the academy of fciences at Stockholm. An- other of my fellow-ftudents has undertaken to explain what damages infedts of various kinds do us, and another now is adually em- ployed in ihewing what kind of infe6ts live c We have lately had a proof that the knowledge of the nature of infeds may fometimes be ferviceable to us. The fagacious Dr Wall of VVorcefler, Upon feeing the cafe of the NorfoJk boy, who was cured of worms^ by taking down a large quantity of white lead, and oyl, gucfTed that the cure was pf rformed by the oyl, knowinjr that oyl it, fatal to worms and other ii.fefts. Upon this he has fince tryed oyl in worm- cafes with a r^rt'^it appearance of fuccefs, an account of which i faw in a letter from him to be communicated to the Royal Society. That oyl is deftruflive to worms was known to the anticnts, as appears by Arifl. Vid. Hift. Anim.lib. 8. c. 2^. O upon 194 OF THE USE upon every plant ^ This makes it unnecef- fary for mc to enlarge at prefent upon the almoft incredible mifchief infedls do us. I will only in a very few v/ords mention, that we fhall never be able to guard ourfelves againft them, but by their means. For as we make ufe of dogs^ and other bealls, in hunt- ing down ftags^ boars^ hares and other ani- mals, which do us much damage in our fields and meadows ; or as hawks may be bred up to as fo afTift us in taking herons^ larks and other birds, fo alio v/e might make ufe of the fiercer kinds of infedts, in order to get the better of the reft of thefe troublefome animals. We Ihall never be able to drive hugs out of our houfes, before we introduce other in- fers that v/ill devour them, v. g-. the wild higs^ See. We have no eafier method of deftroying k^iats and flies which caufe us fo much difturb- '^ The two laf^ mentioned perfons hinted at are, i imagine J. G. Foikahl, and M. Backner, the (irft of whom has written atreatife fhewing the plants which different infcds live upon, the iail: a trcatife on the mifchiefs' done by infeds. Both thcfe are pubiilll^d in Arnsnn. Acad. v. 3. ance, 2 OF CURIOSITY. 195 iince, than by providing ourfclvcs with the Uhellula^ which devours them, as the kite does poultry. We oftentimes find our largeft trees entirely ftrippcd of their leaves by the cater- pillars of tiie moth kind, &:c. but when we fearch after them we find they are all eat up by the larger kind of cc.tahi called fycophant<£ ; from whence we may learn, that there is no remedy more efficacious in our gardens, where leaves, flowers, and fruits are almoil every year deftroyed by thofe caterpillars^ than ga- thering and preferving the above-mentioned carahi till they lay their eggs, and then placing them at the roots of trees in rotten wood, till they are hatched. And thus we lliould effedually guard our trees from thefe inhof- pitable guefts. §. 14. But if we do not think it worth oui' while for any other reafon to turn our attention to the works of nature, yet furely for the glory of the great Creator we ought to do it, fmce in every plant, in every infedt we may o.bferve fome fingular artifice, which is not to be found in any other bodies -, and upon comparing O 2 thefe J96 O F T H E U S E thefe together, we may be convinced, that this does not happen by chance, but was contrived for fome certain end, viz. either the propagation, or prefervation of the plant or animal with refpedl to thole other bodies. We find how many plants are fenced againft the inclemencies of the elements, and the de- vaflations of animals •, and how every animal is furniflied with fome means, by which it may defend itfelf againft the depredations of the reft ; fo that no fpecies can ever totally perifti, which has been created. Laftly, from the contemplation of nature we may fee, that all created things fome way or other ferve for vife -, if not immediately, yet by fecond or third means. Nay we may fee, that what we imagine, to be moft noxiovis to us is not feldom highly ufefull. Without fomx of thefe things our oeconomy would fuf- fer extremely. Thus were there no thijlles or briars^ the earth would be more barren. We ought not to overlook the minuteft ob- jedls, but examine them with the glafs \ for we ftiall then perceive how much art the Cre- ator has beftowed upon them. He who beholds one of the j linger manuia^ a kind of ivrack v/ith a microfcope, muft be forced OF CURIOSITY. J97 forced to confefs, that he beholds a moft ftu- pendous, and wonderful phaenomenon. Many thoufands of people arc rii])ported by rye- bread, not one of them perhaps ever linv, in how furprifing a manner its hufks are armed ; which any one, who is dcHrous, may fee by the help of a glafs. The day would fooner fail me than matter, were i to take notice of every thing, which this fubje6t affords. Let this then be looked upon as the end of created beings j that fome may be ufefuU to man as phyfic, others as aliment ; fome in oeconomy immediately, others medi- ately ', fome vegetables prepare the ground, fome prote6l thofe which are more tender, others cover the earth with a green, and mod beautifuU tapeilry, and that perennial ; fome form thofe groves to which we fly for cool- nefs, others adorn our globe with their mofl elegant flowers, and regale our noflirils with their mofl: delicious odors. Laflily, all things demonflirate abundantly the omnifcience of the wife Creator, who created nothing in vain, but contrived every thing with fo much artifice, that human art, however great it may be, cannot imitate the leafl: of his productions. If we negledl therefore to confidcr thefe ob- O 3 jeds, 198 OFTHEUSE jedls, they would be like pearl thrown before fwine. I befeech you then, who ailv me with a Iheer to what end this or that ftone, plant or animal ferves, i befeech you to awake, and open your eyes while you live in this world. All thefe things are not the work of man, but of wifdom itfelf, which created both thee and me. He has fettled an ceco- nomy in this globe, that is truly admirable by means of an infinite number of bodies, ^nd all neceffary, which bear fome relemblance to one another •, fo that they are linked together like a chain. For as in our oeconomy neither the plough, nor the hedges, nor the dunghill are fit for food, or phyfic, yet are abfolutely necefiary, fo in the oeconomy of nature there are many things, that are as neceffary, but not immediately. Men reckon their oecono- my amongft the chief of human inventions, confider then the fubllmity of the divine oeco- nomy. You fee therefore that it muft at laft be granted m,e according to the opinion of divines and philofophers, that every thing was created for the ufc of man, and man for the glory of the Creator. Can you then believe, that any thing can be ufelefs that ferves not for food, or phyfic ? The Creator has fo framed the OF CURIOSITY. . 199 the world, that man fliould every where be- hold the miraculous work of his hands, and that the earth Ihould afford an endlefs variety, feemingly with intent that the novelty of the objeds fhould excite his curioHty, and hinder him from being difgufted by too much uni- formity, as it has happened to fonie wretches, whofe flatlon in life placed then> above labor, and who wanted curiofity to look into thefe things. Some objedls were made to pleafe the fmell, -the tafte, the fight, the hearing, or other fenfes, fo that nothing can be faid to be with- out its ufe. That branch of knowledge which ferves to difcover the chara6lers of natural things and teaches us to call them by their names, feems perhaps by no means necelTary. But let it be confidered that the firft degree of wifdom is to know things when we fee them, i. e. to know them by their names •, and without this knowledge fcarce any progrefs can be made. To know the letters of the alphabet, to joyn them into fyllables, to un- derftand words is not folid erudition -, yet it is abfolutely neceffary for him, who would become learned. Thus the characters, and names of things muft be thoroughly learned in order to obtain any ufe from natural hillory. O 4 We 200 OF THE USE, fee. We find in the journals of travellers, many things mentioned, partly curious, partly ufe- full concerning animals, plants, and ftones ; but thofe obfervations can be of no ufe to us, till we are able to refer each to its genus ; ' that we may make them a part of the fyftem, and know that this curiofity, or ufe belongs to this, or that obje6b5 when it happens to come in our way. §. 15. If man was created to give praife to his Cre- ator ; if the Creator has made himfelf kriov/n to man by creation, and revelation ; if all cre- ated things are formed with wonderfuU me- chanifm ; laftly, if all things were created for the ufe of man, and nothing but natural things, and the elements can be of ufe to him •, then it may be inquired with the fame reafon, to what end any other thing was cre- ated, as well as man ; the fupreme Being having created nothing but for a certain end, and for fome valuable purpofe. We are otten ignorant what that purpofe is, but it would therefore be impious to fay, that any thing was created in vain, fince he declared that every thing which he had created ivas gocd. Gen. i. 31. O B^ OBSTACLES ■ 1 TO THE Improvement of PHYSIC. [ 203 ] OBSTACLES TO THE Improvement of PHYSIC, BY JOH. GEORG. BEYERSTEIN. Amasn. Acad. vol. iii, PREFACE. ALthough phyfic in its whole extent has received great improvements in this age, as moil of its parts have been diligently looked into and reformed; yet its chief ilrength feexTis to confifb in accurate knowledge of difeafes, and medicines, and when we turn our eyes on the prefent times, we find that many fimple medicines have been neo-leded ; which fb little delerve it, that they rather ought to be re- vived^ 204 OBSTACLES TO THE vived, and brought into pradlife. Which be- in o- the cafe i have frequently endeavored to find out the caufe of this common ignorance. The refult of my inquiries i fubmit to the judgment of the candid reader in this aca- demical exercife, which, though far from compleat, is the beft i could produce, and i hope it may prove of fome ufe, and meet with a favorable reception. Various caufes have concurred to bring many medicines into negled. I. Fajhion which -prevails in phyjic^ as it does in every other earthly thing. Hence phyficians pre- fcribe according to certain received forms, not fufficiently confiderlng, whether the fuccefs an- fwers. To this mud be referred the frequent change of remedies. Brooklime^ horrage^ huglofs, plantain, fa:>ii' frage^ are properly only kitchen plants. Larkfpur is fcaraely of any ufe, but to adulterate fyrup of violets, for which pur- pofe it ought not to be ufed. Bugle, mo- therivort, eye-bright, poley-mountain of Crete, are kept in Ihops more frorn cuflom, than for any good, and fufficient reafons. The knot-grafs is retained -, while on IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSIC. 205 on the other hand the bear-berry has been ncgledled, though an efficacious aftrin- gent. The grafs of ParnaJfuSy and fun-dew j have crept into the fhop by chance. The carline thifile^ an excellent remedy in hy- fleric complaints, is neglected. Thofe poor wretched plants the vervains increafe the number of officinals without any merit of their own, and only fupported by the teftimony of antiquity. 2. The many theories and hyfothefes of phyftcians that vary in every age. For men have been vain enough to imagine that they knew the immediate caufes of difeafes, the manner in which medicines operate, and from their prin- ciples have undertaken to deduce the vertues of medicines. Formerly hot and volatile medicines were ufed in acute diftempers. At prefent the acid^ cooling, and diluting with bleeding are recommended. Mufl: , ambergris, civet were looked upon as moft efficacious in eruptive fevers, now juft the contrary. And thus yneadow-fweet, woodruff, mufk cranes bill, may in their turn come into credit, which now are fcldoni ufed for driv- 20^ OBSTACLES TO THE driving out thefe eruptions-, though we may be aflured of their vertues by un^ doubted experiments long fince made. 3- ^'he neglect of specifying difieinpers. Hence remedies, which are excellent for fome difeafes in one man ; nay even thofe very remedies that get the name of fpecifics on account of fome very remarkable vertue, when admini- ftered to another, are either of no fervice, or even do mifchief •, whereas they would perhaps never fail of a good effect, if the fpecies of the diftemper were the fame. Therefore till phyficians regulate the dodrine of difeafes in the fame manner, that botanifts have done that of plants, medicines muft be neceflarily pre- carious *. Were any one to fet about curing the h^mor^ rhoidd colic in a pkthoritic confiitution by fpirituous and hot carminatives^ which are proper for the flatulent colic in a cold^ and phlegmatic confiitution^ he would foon find moll: fatal proofs of his error. Of this a very remarkable inflance may be feen in * As well as i remember this obfervatlon is taken from Sydenham. But whoever is author of it, moil certainly phyfic mull ever be slx^ imperfcA^, till thi? grand dcfidera- tuni be performed. d;nr. IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSIC. 207 dilT. med. dni. Arch. Bseck. de medicam.' domed. 4- An hafty and imprudent judgment about poi- fons^ and their difference from medicines which in reality differ only in degrees of firength. Hence our anceltors fcarcely ever dared to prefcribe the ufe of plants, which they imagined to be poifonous. The laurel is neither ufed in confumptions, nor venereal complaints, though an excel- lent remedy •, becaufe it is fufpedled to be poifonous. The pafque flower^ whofe root is very efficacious in hyfleric complaints, is gone out of vogue -, becaufe Helvigius knew a perfon who dyed upon ufmg a fy- rup made of it •, as if all inebriating drinks were to be difcarded, becaufe fome have o lofl their fenfes, and lives by an inordi- dinate ufe of them. The lignum colu- brinum % that is famous in venomous bites, and the quartan ague, is negledted for the fame reafon. Scarce any one dares « In vol. 2. Amaen. academ. there is a treatife on the lig- mon colubrinum, in vvhicli the author undertakes to deter- mine from what plant this root is taken, and obferves that druggifts, for want of a proper delcriptlon, have confound- ed it with two other plants, one of which, and that gene- rally in the fiiops, is of a poifonous nature. recom- 2o8 OBSTACLES TO THE recommend the ufe of the mandragora^ al* though Schopperus has fhewn its vertues in the gout. The deadly night-jhade is not yet brought intopradlife, though we have great reafon to expedl much from it in dilperfmg tumours of the breafl ^ 5- ^he ahufes of quacks^ and their bold^ and dan- f I cannot omit faying a word or two on the fubjefl of the deadly night-Jhade on this occafion, as the trial of it caufed fo much noife in this town fome time ago. I know the generality of people look on its fate as decided ; and that it is deftined never to revive again ; but that is not clear to me. Some of the faculty ftill entertain a good opinion of it, and have feen fome benefit done by it. Antimony was once en- tirely difcarded out of phyfic, yet we have feen it fmce be- come one of the moft fafliionable remedies in many difeafes. New medicines, and particularly of fo ftrong a nature as the rtight-Jhadey do not come at once into vogue. The not be- ing able to afcertain the proper manner of giving it, the uncertainty in what cafes it ought to be ufed, and how to obviate the inconvenience attending its ufe, not to mention many other reafons ; thefe, i fay, joined together, are fully fufficient to overturn a medicine of the moft promifing ap- pearance for a time. But whatever may be the fate of the night-Jhade itfelf, the difinterefted zeal of my worthy friend Mr. Gataker to find out fome remedy for the moft dreadfull and defperate of all difeafes ; and the candid manner, ia which every circumftance, relating to that affair was com- municated to the public, muft entitle him to the efteem of every humane perfon. gerous IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSIC. 209 ^erotis experiments. Thefe have made many patients averfe to feme of the mod celebrated medicines, inlbmuch that a phyfician dares not prefcribe them. For fome timid injudi- cious friend is always at hand to impofe upon their weaknefs, and let them know, that they are going to take a remedy, which had proved fatal to others i not confidering that it was owing to the wrong application, and not to the nature of the remedy. The hellebore formerly cured many deplo- rable diftempers, but by the errors of tjuacks, and their immoderate dofes, it has fo happened, that it is fallen into difufe-, but the wild cucumber and bitter apple are beginning to revive again. The bark of the berry -bearing alder is a very excellent purge, yet phyficians have been almoft afraid to prefcribe it, perhaps ter- rifyed by the ill fuccefs of thofe daring men above-mentioned, who gave too large dofes of it. Many of the moderns for a long while dared not make ufe of opium even externally. 6, The timidity^ and caution of phyficians left they Jhould hurt their patients by I'iolcnt remedies, P For 210 OBSTACLES TO THE For which reafon they give rather mild, than efficacious ones, and ad the part of fpedators, rather than phyficians. For this reafon perhaps the difciples of Stahl rejedl the barky though from ignorance of botany they ufe the cafcarilla^ which is certainly a very good medicine in fhiver- ings, but not totally void of malignity. Phyficians did not for a long while pre- fume to prefcribe the wild cucumber •, which is indeed pretty violent, but by no means fo terrible, that it o\^ht not to be ufed even in the dropfy. For the fame rea- fon they did not venture to ufe the fquilh whofe vertue is very great in thining vif- cidities •, viz. becaufe they did not know the proper dofe of either of them. The gamboge is negledled, though the Turks have taught us its efficacy in a quartan ; and the experiments of our prefident in the hofpital at Stockholm have confirm- ed their practice. 7- Small dofes of fhyfic. For while phyfician>s have been over-cautious in their preicriptions, they have fallen into the inconvenience of doing the patient no fervice -, and to confcfs tJie IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSIC. 211 the truth, i fufpcdl they more generally err this way at prefent ; while they order drachms of plants for an infuhon, where ounces would be more proper. On the other hand mounte- banks, and quacks, men of an intrepid mind, and invincible impudence, oftentimes make a cure, when the phyfician of probity fails. If any one were to prefcribe only two grains of rhubarb for a purge, he might as well do nothing at all. The honey-fuckle is ufed in deco6lions, but not in the quan- tity neceffary -, for which reafon its ver- tue in purifying the blood is known but to few. The dofe of the china root ought to be large, or no good can be expected from it in venereal cafes. Thofe reme- dies which are fouo-ht for amono-ft ve- to iD getables for curing the venereal difeafe are perhaps given more fparingly, than they ought. 8. ^he ignorance of apothecaries in botany^ who often fell one plant for another-, by which means, when the defired effedt is not obtained, the phyfician is deterred from the ufe of them for the future. For rad, hermoda5l, which is recommended P 2 212 OBSTACLES TO THE in the rheumatifm, the apothecary fome- times gives the root of the meadow faf^ fron \ fometimes of one of the irifes^ which differ from it in vertue. Hence the effed of the phyfician's prefcription being uncertain, he is at lail obliged to give it up entirely. For the fcahious they give the centaury^ Fl. Suec. 708. For the bran- kurfine^ the cow-parfnep^ 231 j the root of the toothwort^ which is excellent in the tooth-ach, is negleded, becaufe the apothecary does not know, whether it ought to be taken from the toothwort 565, or 518, or fome other plant. In- llead of the root of the burnet faxifrage, which is a good aftringent in the haemor- rhage, the root of the burnet is wrongly fubftituted. To this may be referred the miftake of felling the St, Johi's wort 624 for the St. John's-wort 625, which is vul- nerary and good in worm cafes. 9- "The ignorance of phyficians in botany^ or their want of care to reje^ ufelefs^ fpurious and im- proper fuccedaneums. We fufped that this formerly was the cafe ; but now, that the knowledge of botany is carried IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSIC. 213 carried fo far, we have reafon to hope, that things will go better. The acmella which is very ferviceable in the ftone, (ince it is extremely rare, and dear, is to be fupplyed out of thofe plants which are really akin to it. This choice be- longs to the botanift: for which reafon our prefident has obliged the world by informing it, that x}\^Jiege5heck'[aj2i% neareft allyed to tlie acmella^ may be rightly fub- ftituted in its room ^ ; which Dr. Haflel- quift has confirmed by an experiment made here at Upfal upon a young man afflidled with the ftone. The fkilfull in botany will cafily judge that the Germm leopard's hane^ as well as the comrnan^ car- ries fufpicion of poifon •, yet the former has been looked on as harmiefs by thofe, who were ignorant of botany^ 2cadi the latter dangerous. The diiify is cried up in vain on account of the excellent ver- tue it is fuppofed to pofiefs. Praditi- oners, unlefs they be fkilfull in botany, will fcarcely allow the ^ili rofemary c Vid. Am^^nit. Acadcm. vol. 2. p. 151. where fome fuc- cedaneums to the Senega root are mentioned, founded on the fame principles. P 3 to 214 OBSTACLES TO THE to be a moft efficacious remedy againfl the hooping cough ; which yet is com- monly ufed in this difeafe by the Wef- trcgorhs. The Turkey baum is kept in our Ihops, aitho' much weaker than the Canariar,^ which is excluded. The white faxifrage and dropwort^ tho' neither of them has any extraordinary quality, yet hold a place amongft our officinals. The mechoacana is feldom ufed, as being of no great ftrength, yet it is a very pro- per purge for infants. The oak of Je- rufalem is gathered from the European plant, whereas both tafle and fmell in- ftru6l us, that we ought to get it from the American^ as a moft powerful remedy in confumptions. The plant, and ftalk of black currants^ no contemptible medi- cine in the hydrophobia^ in feverijh dy- fenteries^ and other contagious diftempers, are now negle6i:ed, as the antients have faid nothing about their vertues j which yet are difcoverable by the fmell, tho' not by the tafte. ID. The ufe of compound medicines. Simples are fo IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSIC. 215 fo very rarely ufed, that the vertues of plants are not known for want of experience. It is fcarcely neceflary to produce inftances of this aflertion. Whoever turns over the writings of the antients will be afto- nifhed at the prefcriptions, or rather in- dexes, in which numberlefs things are mingled together. This affair ought to be looked into, and regulated ; that we might not fall under the lalh of fome future Serenus Sammonicus, who might addrefs himfelf thus to fome phyficians : Ye jumble in one mafs fuch coitly juices. So various in their natures, in their ufes ; That the poor patient, who relies upon you. At once is cheated of his health, and money. II. The mixing things together of a different na- ture. For oftentimes many things are con- founded together, which feparately adminif- tered might affift the patient, and give cre- dit to the phyfician \ whereas mixed they become ufelefs, one deftroying the effed of the other. Thus watery mixed with iry, vifcous with faline^ glutinous with ftiftical^ fweet with P 4 acridy zi6 OBSTACLES TO THE acridy acid with bitter^ fapid with naufeouSy mutually weaken each other ''. 12. ^he ignorance of the natural clajfes. From hence it happens that we cannot form any judgment, conformable to botanic principles, of one plant from the knowledge of another* And thus we are afraid of propofmg any un- common plant, being doubtful what we ought to expedV from it. JDogs mercury has been given internally, for want of knowing the natural clalTes ; whereas he, who is qualifyed to realbn about the vertues of plants, will allow only the external ufe of this plant, and in glyflers. The cow parfnep has been ^ I cannot help applying to this and the foregoing feftion two verfes of that fenfible old poet, oeconomift, and hufband- man Hefiod, tho' in a different fenfe from what he ufes them. Oi/cT' oaov IV y-cLKcfx;^ T« ;^ ctctpoS'iKa) yny ovuAp. Which i fhall tranflate for the fake of the unlearned reader. The meaning is as follows. *' Foolilh man does not know ** how much the half is more than the whole, and what *^ great benefit may be found from the plants, that grow *f every where about us. ranked IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSIC. 217 ranked amongft the emollients^ although not one among all the umbilliferom kind that i know of, is famous for this quality. The people of America ought to give the mitreola^ Hort. Cliff, for the bite of ferpents inftcad of the ophiorrbiza •, which if they were to do, they would hardly ever fail of fuccefs, if botanifts be not greatly miftakenr 13- ne negle5f of vulgar medicines eaftly to he fro- cured. For we owe the very beft of our me- dicines to the vulgar, who have been taught the ufe of them by neceflity, and conceal them as fecrets. We learned the ufe of the mezereon in the cancer from the countrey people. The noble liverwort is reckoned a fpecific in hypochondriac affedions by the Goth- landers. The linme^ is commonly ufed by the Oflrobotlmians in gouty pains. The common people ufe pepper often- times very injudicioufly in acute diftem- pers ; in eruptive fevers under certain circumftances very rightly. The coun- trey people taught us the vertues of the thrujlj-mofs for fore throats •, of the hop in 2i8 OBSTACLES TO THE in di {locations ; and of the tremella^ Flor. Suec. 1017. for fixed pains in the joynts. They alfo chew, and blow the fumes of garlic into infants to affwage their gripes j or bruife, and apply it to the navel by way of poultice'. 14. The negleB of travelling out of Europe. Which would afford us an opportunity of knowing plants, familiar to forreign nations. And I fee not why we fhould be afhamed of learning any thing ufeful from Barbarians. It is not long ago that fome botanills, who went to America, difcovered to us thofc excellent medicines, the great water-dock in the worft fcorbutic cafes ; the monarda in intermittents -, the collinfonia in the colics of lying-in women ; the lobelia^ the ceanothiis^ the dieriilla in venereal cafes ; the fenega root and ophiorrhiza againft the bite of ferpents and burning fevers. The celebrated Kalm very lately let us know, * Ulluoa obferves that fome difeafes at Carthagena are become fatal, v/hich formerly were not fo. Which he attri- butes to the negleft of the Indian remedies. For he fays the old women even now fometimes cgre the chapetonade, which is one of the diftempers he mentions, and formerly never fail- ed to cure it. that IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSIC. 219 that the water avens is looked on as a fuccedaneum to the bark by the people of Canada. The water figwort that cor- redls fenna \ the hark^ &c. were commu- nicated by the Barbarians. 15- I'he negle^l of reading botanical writers^ ef- pecially thofe, who in thefe latter times have faithfully fet forth what they knew, by cer- tain experiments concerning the vertues of plants. Of this kind are Rheede, Sloane, Feuillee, &c. The ufe of the coris is unknown to mofl people, who have not feen what Shaw fays on that fubje6t. The vertues of the ftalks of the bitter-fweet purifying the blood were a fecret, till our prefi- dent brought them to light. Before him the apothecaries gave only the garden night-Jhade^ or the leaves of the bitter- fweet^ yet few here have found any good effedi; from them ; as we have rarely given this remedy hitherto in fufficient dofes. The refi-harrow is leldom prefcribed, be- caufe phyficians have not learned its ver- tues in the Hungarian fever from Scyl- ler. The antients recommended the cot- ton- 220 OBSTACLES TO THE ton-thiftle in cancerous cafes ; but from negied of reading the antients, this fpe- cific is almoft forgot. 1 6. Negle^ of a method in exhibiting medicines. For inftance, phyficians expe6t thofe vertues from a dryed plant, or in a decodion, which is not to be found but in the frefh plant, or from its exprefled juice. Hence it may juftly be ex- pedled from apothecaries, that they fet about cultivating plants ; that fuch, as ought to be ufed frefh, may be had daily from their gar- dens. The hedge hyjfop, when fi-efii, purges very fmartly and vomits-, when old it produces no effedt at all. The diuretic vertue of our water fiag^ which is very confiderable, when the plant is frefli, intirely goes off, when it is kept long. Therefore we ought to exped this vertue from the exprelTed juice, and not from a decodlion of it. Tli^ftone crop., when dry, has none of that efficacy in the fcurvy, which is found in it, when frefn. The fame may be faid of the houfe-leek., the juice of which is celebrated by the Hottentots. The radi//j^ xhe fcurvy- grafsj the horfe radifh^ the garden., water ^ and IMPROVEMENT OF I>HYSIC. 221 and Indian crefs^ and the alUfawce^ ought to be Ibid in the fhops frcfh, and not dry- cd ; in order to be of any fervice in the fcurvy. The recent root of the rofe-wort is vaftly fuperior to the dry in head-achs. Befides it ought carefully to be confider- ed in what part of a plant its vertue re- fides. Thus it is the juice of the poppy^ that fpreads over the brain, as it were, a .Lethean drowfinefs ; and not the feeds^ for thefe are eatable. The fagacity of the moderns has reduced the immenfe num- ber of diflilled waters to a very fmall lift. Negle^ in cultivating plants. Hence apothe-. caries are neceflitated to fell plants which they have had by them many years, and which have loft all their vertues. The fpikenard is more durable, perhaps than any other plant ; for it will keep its fra- grance above an age, as appears by Burfe- rus's Herbary. But other plants are very different in this refped. e. g. the root of ginfcng^ tho' a great reftorative, being fo very coftly, is leldom prefcribed \ and when it is, it generally has loft its properties thro' age. For which reafon we ought to con* 222 OBSTACLES TO THE contrive methods of cultivating it our- felves. Initead of the leaves of the true marmt, which has not its equal in art, or nature, the mouldy ftalks of it are gene- rally found in apothecaries fhops. But we would not be underftood as if in all cafes we prefer the cultivated plants to the wild ones. On the contrary the vipers grafs^ the goats beard^ the fuccory from the fields are fuperior to thofe which the induftry of the gardener has rendered more delicate ; on account of the medicinal bitter, which is wanting in their cultivated ftate. See a catalogue of fuch plants as may be raifed with us in Linn. Mat. Med. p. 212. 18. ^he ignorance of phyficians and apothecaries in relation to our own plants. From whence it hap- pens that they are obliged to procure plants from abroad, which may be had at home. Thus our people buy the root of the rofewort and root and feeds of the garden angelica colledled by the Norwegians on our alps, and fold by them to forreigners. For the reft fee a catalogue of fuch plants, as are natives of our countrey, in Mat. Med. above cited, p. 210. If a purge or any other IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSIC. 22^ other (light medicine is prefcribed to a poor countrey fellow, it muft be the pro- duce of the 'Indies, fo that they cannot afford to purchafe it. Hence people ab- hor the thoughts of employing a phyfici- an or an apothecary. 19. ^he ignorance of many for reign plants. Hence we are uncertain whether thofe which arc brought to us be genuine or fpurious ; and hence alfo their genera being unknown, we are uncertain about their vertues. To this head may be referred the fea laven- der^ the myrobalan^ the Jiarry annifeedy the half am of Copaiva^ the half am of Feru^ the gum anim£y caraun^^ elemi^ the gum rojins of myrrhy bdellium^ fagapenum^ the aloes woody calamhac"^, 20. ^he ufiial cuftom in apothecaries fhops of pro- viding only drugs of quick fale. Thus they will not procure Ibme whofe vertues are now-a- days well knov/n, for fear they fhould lye up- ^ Hence appears one of the advantages amongft many others that may arife from the voyages of the dlfciples of Lin- noeus into the reraoteft parts of America, and Afia, from whence many of our drugs come. on 224 OBSTACLES TO THE; on their hands. It is the bufinefs therefore o^ the phyfician who has any regard for his own reputation, and the patient*s welfare, to re- quire the apothecary to procure fuch plants, as he thinks may be ufefull. Simorouba an excellent remedy in the dyfen- tery, the fenega root in venomous bites, the profluvii cortex in the diarrhasa, the camphorata in the green ficknefs, the au- ricularia in deafnefs, the Peragua in the diabetes, the fouth-fea tea in the fmall-pox, the ferpentmn radix againft venomous bites, the wild flax ^ a very ufefull purge, are negleded. The juice of the hypociftiSy and fungus melitenfis^ altho' powerful me- dicines in haemorrhages, and the herha dy- fenterica^^ which is named fo from its peculiar vertues, have not yet got a place amongfl our ofEcinals. 21. JVant of care in gathering fimples at a proper time^ and keeping them^ when gathered^ in a pro- per manner, » I fuppofe the Inula diflentcrica L. Conyza Media. R. 174. is here meant; as i find this note upon it in Fl. Suec. edit. 2. * General Keith told me that the Rufilans, when * extremely reduced by the bloody flux, in their expedition • into Perfia, were reilored to health by this plant.' The IMPROVEMENT OF PPIYSIC. 225 The root of the avcns^ iinlcfs gathered in the beginning of the fpring, before the fap by nourifhing, and pufhing out the leaves has wafted its aromatic vertue, will by no means anfwer what may be juftly ex- pelled from it. Rhubarb ought not to be brought into an apothecary's fhop under ten years from the time of its gathering. The flowers of the St. John's wort ought to be gathered before they are full blown, that their balfamic vertue may be pre- ferved. The root of the angelica is good for nothing unlefs it be gathered in the winter. Sloes ought to be gathered be- fore they are ripe, and the juice pre fled out of them in this fl:ate, i. e. before the harflinefs is foftened by the frofl:, if it be deflorned for an afl:rino;ent. Marum ouo-ht to be kept in veflels well clofed, left the volatile part, in which its vertue refldes, flaould evaporate. Still an ample field remains. But not for me, to others i give way. Who choofe a lono:er courfe. Q^ As 226 OBSTACLES TO THE AS i do not pretend to underfland the fub- je6i: of this piece, and therefore cannot fay how far the obftacles to the advancement of phyfic charged upon the Swedes fubfifl in this countrey, or whether all thofe obftacles, which the author has mentioned, be real or not, my fole motive for tranflating it was to draw it out of that obfcurity in which it was buried amongft many other pieces, relating to curiofi- ties of natural hiftory. I think i may be al- lowed to fay a piece is buried in obfcurity, which is only known to a few, who happen to be in the way where fuch curiofities are talked of i and an attempt to fpread it over the na- tion cannot but be right, if the dodrine be fo- lid, and affe6ls our praclitioners. Tho' as i faid i do not pretend to underftand the fubje6l of this piece *, yet i hope the learn- ed reader will excufe me, if i add one obftacle more to the foregoing lift : it is the notion which has and i believe ftill does prevail a- mongft fome phyftcians^ that the do^rine of fpecifics is groundlefs^ and took its rife merely from ignorance in natural philofophy. I will not undertake to treat this fubjedt, as the im- portance of it deferves; and therefore fhall refer IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSIC. 227 refer thofe who choofe to look farther into this affair, to a very curious and ingenious book publidied not many years ago by dodlor Mar- tyn, entitled, Ejfaies Philofophical and MedicaL The reader may perhaps find there fufficient reafons to incline him to lay fome ftrefs on the old-fafhioned dodrine concerning the pecu- liar vertues of fome medicines preferably to others, feemingly of the fame intention. I will add that the phsenomena of chemiftry give continual proofs of the reality of this doctrine, and afford lb many inftances of it, that were i fo inclined, i could eafily fill fome pages with them out of Mr. Boyle and other authors of credit. Ray in his hiftory of plants, p. 49. cites fome very currous obfervations of this tendency from Grew, which are well worth the confider- ation of phyficians. Upon the whole i cannot help thinking that the want of true and ge- nuine philoibphy ought rather to be imputed to thofe who deny, than to thofe who main- tain the dodrine of fpecifics; and that we might as well undertake to opeii all locks with one key, as purge all humors with one me- dicine. 0^2 THE THE CALENDAR O F FLORA, SWEDISH and ENGLISH. Made in the Year 1755. $pa^e<^ <^\vr^cw (pccvm yzpoLva eircLytBai^i^ &C. IrifJiOS }COX,XV^ KOKTCV^Si^ &C. }if/,QS Sn TO "^pooTOVy OG'QVT iuji^xdct. ycopcovy]* Hefiod. Absolvent Posteri„ 0.3 TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE Lord Vifcount BARRINGTON, SECRETARY AT WAR. My Lord, I Embrace with great pleafure the liberty you allow me of dedicating the follow- ing pieces to your Lordihip. For tho' i muft not prefume to fpeak all i feel on this occafion ; yet i hope i may without offence, take notice of that moft amiable and bene- volent difpofition, which makes you de- light in affifting thofe, who are incapable of making any return. This is the leaft that can be faid by one, who is himfelf of that number, and who is delirous to ex- prefs in a public manner his fincere grati- tude and refpe(fl. I am, MY LORD, YOUR LORDSHIFsMUCH OBLIGED AND VERY HUMBLE SERVANT, BENJ, STILLINGFLEET. PREFACE. IN my notes on thofe treatifes felc(51:ed out of the Ama^nitates Academicie, which i publifh- ed not Ion or an^o, i marked the day of the rnonth on which certain trees leafed in the year I ^p^r-^ \ and likcwife mentioned fome co-incidences of the coming of birds, and the flowering of plants in this and other countries. The inftanccs i there gave were but few, as i could then find no more parallel obfervations made in other countries to compare mine with. Since that tixme another volume of the Amasn. Academ. is come out, in v/hich is a fmall treatife entitled, the Calendar of Flora. This treatife contains an account of the leafing, flowering, &c. of a great number of plants, as alfo of the departure and return of birds. As thefe obfervations happen to be made the very fame year in which mine were, and as they are the firfl of the kind per- haps that ever were made, i was induced to look over my papers again, which i had thrown by as of no tonfequence •, thinking that in thefe cir- cum.fiances fome ufe ought to be m.ade of them, as they might prove entertaining at leafl:, if not infl:ru6live to thofe whofe genius leads them to curiofuies of this kind. I am very fenfible how fmall the number of fuch perfons is, but i am contented to write for thofe few, nay, indeed i v/rite bccaufe they are fo few, being v/illing as far as lies in my power to increafe their number. But it may be afked perhaps by fome, even after they have confidcred all that is kiid on this fubje6l in the introdu'ftion to the following Swe- difii Calendar, and in the piece De Vernatione Arbo- 234 PREFACE. Arborum, why endeavor to increafe their num- ber ? Are there not idle people enough already ^ What fignities whether fuch a plant be in blow or in leaf at the fame time with fome others •, or when fuch a bird comes or goes; fings or is filent ? If we hear the bird fing, and know for what purpofes the plant is ufeful, we know all that is neceflary ; every thing beyond that is but the wilh, or rather dream of enthufiafm, which wants to give an air of importance to its favo- rite fubjedt. This perhaps may be faid by fome ; but the fame way of reafoning applied to other things will Ihew, that it may pofTibly be wrong. For inftance, the fea fwells twice in 24 hours, and the moon pafles thro' the meridian circle as often in the fame time. Now fhould it be faid, that if we know each of thefe truths feparately it is enough ; and that to know farther what re- lation in point of time one of thefe phenomena has to the other, is nothing to the purpofe ; i believe fuch an affertion would at this tirne ap- pear abfurd, however it might have pafTed in ig* norant ages. I think we may affert univerfally, that whenever two things, however difparate in their nature, conftantly accompany one another, they are both aduated and influenced by the fame caufe. Now that caufe may probably ope- rate on other things that lye within the reach of our powers, and depend on our determination. Thus that conftitution of the air, which caufes the cuckow to appear about the time, when the ficT-tree puts forth its fruit, may indicate the pro- pcreft feafon to fow fome of our moil ufeful feeds, or do fome other work which it imports us to do at a right time j and that time may not be ac- cording PREFACE. 235 cording to certain calendar days, but according to a hitherto unobferved calendar, which varies feveral weeks in different years. I do not abfo- lutely affert, that we can come to make ufe of fuch a calendar, but i deiire that others will not aflert the contrary at prelenr, but leave this af- fair to be decided by the only proper way, which certainly mufl be experience. We know from Hefiod, that hufbandry was in part regulated by the blowing of plants, and ihe coming or going of birds •, and moil probably it had been in ufe long before his time, as aftrono- my was then in its infancy * •, but when artificial calendars came into vogue the natural calendar feems to have been totally negle6ted, for i find no traces of it after his time, whether for good and fufficient reafons i pretend not to determine. That it was laid afide before the time of Arifto- phanes we have a pofitive proof in his AveSy where he makes Pifthetairus fay, ' Formerly the kite * governed the Graecians, which according to the * explication of the fcholiail means, that formerly * the appearance of the kite was looked on as a fign * of fpring. He fays afterwards, that the cuckow * formerly governed all iEgyt and Phoenicia, be- * caufe when that bird appeared they judged it * was time for wheat and barley harvefl.' I fliall make no farther mention at prefent of the ufe of plants in dire6ting the hujfbandman, but take this opportunity of making a digreffion * Hefiod himfelf was one of the earliefl of the Greek aftro- nomers. He lived, according to Sir Ifaac Newton, about 70 years after Chiron, who formed the conftellations for the ufe of the Argonauts ; and from Heiiod the grofs and coarfe me- thod, of aftronomy was called the Hefiodean method. about 236 PREFACE. about birds in relation to their prognoftic na- ture. Henceforward then, i. e. from the time of Hefiod, they feem to have been looked upon as no longer capable of diredling the hufband- man in his rural affairs, but they did not how- ever lofe their influence and dignity •, nay, on the contrary, they feem to have gained daily a more than ordinary, and even wonderful autho- rity, till at laft no affair of confequence, either of private or public concern, was undertaken without confultingthem. They were looked upon as the interpreters of the gods, and thcfe who were qualified to underftand their oracles were held among the chief men in the Greek and Ro- man ftates, and became the affelTors of kings, and even of Jupiter himfelf *. However abfurd fuch an inftitution as a college of augurs may appear in oar eyes, yet like all other extravagant infti- tutions, it had in part its origin from nature. When men confidered the wonderful migration of birds, how they difappeared at once, and ap- peared again at ilated times, and could give no guefs where they went, itwasalmoil natural to fuppofe, that they retired fomev/here out of the fphere of this earth, and perhaps approached the ?etherial regions, where they might ccnverfe with the gods, and thence be enabled to predidt events. This i fay was aimoft natural for a fu- perftitlous people to imagine, at leaft to believe, * Jovi op'.Imo maximo f* confiliarum atque adminillrum da- tum nieminerit augur. Cicero. Lacedzeriioiiii rf ges augnrcm alTeribrem habuerunt. Id. Aves inu-niuncue Jovis. Id. S-icerdotiim collegium vcl ncminc fclennc. Plin. Nat. Hift, fpeakingof the.ar.gar;. as PREFACE. 237 as foon as fome impoftor was impudent enough to aOTert it. Add to this, that the dilpodtion in Ibme birds to imitate the human voice mull con- tribute much to the confirmation of fuch a doc- trine. This inftitution of auorury fecms to have been much more antient than that of arufpicy -, for we find many in (lances of the former in Homer, but not a fingle one of tlie latter that i know of*, though frequent mention is made of facrifices in that author. From the whole of what i have ob- lerved, i fhould be apt to think that natural au- gury gave rife to rehgious augury, and this to arufpicy, as the mind of man makes a very eafy tranfition from a little truth to a great deal of error. A pafifage in Ariftophancs gave me the hint for what i have been faying. In the comedy of the Birds he makes one of them fay thus : ' The greatefl blefTings which can happen to you mortals are derived from us ; firil we fhew you the feafons, viz. fpring, winter, autumn. The crane points out the time for fowing, when ilie flies with her warning notes into iEgypt ; llie bids the failer hang up his rudder and take his reil, and every prudent man provide himfelf with winter garments. Next the kite appear- ing, proclaims another feafon, viz. when it is time to fhear your fheep. After that the fwal- low informs you when it is time to put on fum- mer cloaths. We are to you, adds the chorus, Ammon, Dodona , Apollo \ for after confult- ing us you undertake every thing •, merchandize, purchafes, marriages, &c. Are v/e not then to you on the footing of Apollo, &c.' Now it feems not improbable, that the fame tranfition was 238 P R E F A C E. was made in the fpeculations of men, which ap- pears in the poet's words, and that they were ea- fily induced to think, that the furprifmg fore- fight of birds, as to the time of migration, in- dicated fomething of a divine nature in them ; which opinion Virgil, as an Epicurean, thinks fit to enter his proteft againft ; when he fays. Hand equidem credo qtiia fit divinitus illis Ingeniiwt. But to return to Ariilophanes. The firil part of the chorus from whence the afore-cited paf- fage is taken, feems with all its wildnefs to con- tain the fabulous cant, which the augurs made ufe of in order to account for their impudent impofitions on mankind. It fets out with a cof- mogony, and fays, that in the begining were Chaos, and Night, and Erebus, and Tartarus. That there was neither water, nor air, nor Iky ; that Night laid an egg, from whence, after a time. Love arofe. That Love, in conjundlion with Erebus, produced the bird kind, and that they were the firft of the immortal race, &c. With this paflage in Ariftophanes, the account of the oracle of Dodona feems to agree. This oracle was the oldeft in Greece, and there a dove prophefied, according to the concurrent tefti- mony of hiftory ^ but according to the explica- tion of Herodotus, this ftrange opinion arofe from hence, that the Theban prieftefs, who was ftolen by the Phoenicians, and carried into Greece, was called a dove^ becaufe being a barbarian, Ihe feemed to the Dodoneans to chatter like a bird, till file had learned the Greek language, and then flie was faid to fpeak v/ith a human voice. This expii- PREFACE. 239 explication fccms to me extremely forced, and every thing is much better accounted for by fup- poling, that at Dodona natural augury was firft changed into religious augury •, for there the oaks alio prophefied •, which plainly fhews the firil flate of religious augury, when it had not wholly put ofi' its antlent form, but like the monfters in Ovid's Metamorpholcs, tlill retained enough of it to convince us v/hat it had once been. That Dodona was one of the firil places where augury was pradlifed, is highly probable ; for it i' mentioned by Homer as an oracle of eftablifhed reputation at the time of the Trojan war : now Pliny tells us, that Tirefias invented augury and arufpicy •, and that he was reputed an augur ap- pears by Sophocles in the CEdipus Tyrannus, where he is introduced faying thus to Tirefias, ' If you have received any information concern- * ing the death of Laius from the birds, or by * other means, do not envy it us.' Tirefias there- fore, according to Sophocles, lived in the time of Laius ; and Laius, according to Sir Ifaac New- ton, lived not 80 years before the taking of Troy. I will here fubjoin an account of what has been obferved about the dilappearance of birds, which will ferve to confirm v/hat i faid above con- cerning the effed, which that phsenomenon might not improbably have on the minds of men -, and give room for the fuperftitious impoflures that arofe from thence. Ariflotle has a chapter on that fubjed -, wherein he fays, ' that many birds, *" and not a few, as fome imagine, hide themfelves * in holes •,' he then enumerates the fwallow^ the k'iti\ the thrujh^ the fiarling^ the owl^ the crane^ 2 the 440 PREFACE. the turtle^ the blackbird^ and the lark^ as CeN tainly hiding themfelves ; which fhews how little was known of their real flate in his days •, nay, fo much was he puzzled about this fubje6l, that in another place he llippofes fome of the birds to be chang-ed in their form and voice at different fealbns. Thus he fays, that the redjiart changes into the robin redhreaft ; and Gefner gives this reafon for Ariftotle's falling into this opinion, that during the fummer the robin redbreaft lives in defert places, and comes towards towns and houfes in the autumn, when the redjiart difap- pears. Again Ariftotle fays, that the black cap changes into a beccafigo^ which lail appears, as Gefner obferves, about autumn, when the figs are ripe, and the former after the autumn. It is true Ariilotle mentions fome kinds of birds which go to warmer climates when they difappear, which is a proof that their migrations were not wholly unknown in thofe days •, and indeed the poems of Homer prove that they were in part known much earlier. Nor could it happen other- wife, when the inquifitive genius of Greece be- gan to work, and carry men into Phoenicia and ^gypt, with a view of improving themfelves in all parts of learning -, where they could not avoid obferving, that fome birds which left Greece in the winter were found at that time in thofe warmer climates. But the fuperftition v/as al- ready confirmed before this happened. Dodona was eflablifhed on a foundation not to be ihaken by the weak attempt of reafon and experience. The birds had given good advice time out of mind, and brought many a general and a magi- strate, as v/cll as private ni^n without number, out P R E F A C E. 241 c*ut of diflicukies •, and therefore, whetlier they wintered in TEgypt or nor, fignified little •, and indeed it was only fuppoHng them to go a little further, viz. into yEtluopia, and there they might meet Jupiter at his annual vifit, ueh' xu.uuoyxi Aihicuryixr^ and have the gift of prophecy con- ferred upon them, or contirmed. Agreeably to thefe notions we find Icveral birds were looked upon as facrcd to particular gods •, thus the owl to Minerva, the peacock to Juno, the eagle to Jupiter, the crow to Apollo whole meiTenger he was called as appears by Elefiod. Some will be apt to think that i have dwelt much longer upon this fabjed that it deferved -, but i cannot help thinkings that even the infir- mities of the human mind, efpecially fuch as have hke this prevailed amongit the mofl ingeni- ous and fagacious people we read of, and for a lonp- courfe of time inrlutnced their mod ferious concerns^ ought to be looked upon as not bclov/ our notice. It may fecm wonderful to fome, that natura- lifts- have been fo long without being able to determine any thing certain about the ftate of fe- Veral birds when they difappear. The bell wri- ters have given it as their opinion, that fival/ozvs lye under water all winter v one of the lateft or- nithologifts, a writer of great ciiara6ter, falls into this opi.fion, and the author of the following Ca- lendar adopts it •, and indeed till Mcnf. Adanfon cleare.i up this point, it mutt appear a problema- tical point to any man. But though the migra- tion of this bird is at laft determmed, yet what becomes of the mgbtiyigale^ the cuckc-zv, the goat-fucker, and fcverai others, is llill undecided. R Nor 24.2 PREFACE. Nor is this wonderful, though it may feem^ fo v for the generality of mankind, and efpecially thofe who travel merely for the fake of a liveli- hood, or a fortune, are fo little folicitous about things of this kind, that the air might be filled vi'ixh /wallows in winter without their obferving it, as was plainly the cafe at Senegal. The number of birds that difappear in this kingdom is much greater than is generally ima~ o-ined -, efpecially if we reckon amongft them the birds which fliift quarters at different feafons, but do not crofs the leas. I Ihall not attempt to give a lift of them, but recommend it to the curious, who live in the countrey the year round to watch them more narrowly, than they have hitherto been. Linnaeus fays, that moft of that genus of birds, which he calls motacilU, i. e. thofe fmall birds^ which . have a beak fubulated and firaity with chaps nearly equals iiofirils of a pointed oval form, and tongue jaggedly indented^ live upon ^infecls and not grain \ and therefore mi- grate i^rom the northern to the fouthern parts to- wards winter; but it appears, that many birds migrate not only in Sweden, but in Greece and otKer climates, that live with us all the year round. It is pofTible, that after all i have faid, tending to revive natural augury, and after all the ne- celTary obfervations fhail have been regiftred, that no ufe can be made of it-, but i am certain, that as long as men have ears and eyes, they muft think that one of the greateft delights of the countrey, efpecially during the fpring months, is owing to the lively motions, beautiful fliapes and colours, and melodious notes of birds, which will PREFACE. 243 will afford more pleafure, as they are more ob- ferved -, and therefore, i am not iurprifed, that Peter the Great of Mufcovy did not think it be- neath his attention to endeavor to enliven his new feat of empire, by fending for colonies of them from other parts, as they were fcarce where he refided. I will finifh this digreffion with a refledlion that occurs to me on the different fates of natural and religious augury. The firfl: v/as fimple, unattend- ed with any of thofe circumftances that are apt to roule the paffions of man -, and therefore, tho* likely to prove ufeful, if purfued with proper di- ligence, icU into negle6L. The latter was com- plicated, applying itlelf to fome of the ftrongeft pafTions in mar, and therefore, though unlikely to a ferious mind, to have the leaft foundation in truth, or ever to be ufeful, was encouraged and adorned with all the pomp that a fupeiilitious people could invent in honor of a flattering, and therefore favorite art. I fhall now come to fome points that more immediately relate to the following Calendars. 1. 1 have retained the Linnsan names of every plant, and animal in the Swedilh Calendar ; and have added the EngliflT names to the plants taken from Ray's Synopfis, and his hiflory, with no fmall trouble, as any one will eafily believe who has done the like^. The numbers which fellow the Englifh names refer to the above-mentioned books with an H. to diflinguilli the hifloiy. The * This trouble we fliall for the future be relieved from, when that accurate and Ikiiful botanift, Mr. Hud ion, has pub- liihed his Flora Anglica, which is now in the prefs. R 2 num- 144 PREFACE. numbers after the Englifh names of animals re- fer cither to his Hiftoria Avium, or Pifcium, ac- cording to the lubje(5l-f. I chofe to refer to Ray, as well as barely give the Englifh names, for the eafc and fatisfadlon of iuch as put a due value on that ineftimable writer, whofe v/orks do honor to our nation, as a late difciple of the great Swe- difli naturalift juftly obferves. I cannot help fay- ing farther upon this occafion, that no writer till his time ever advanced all the branches of natu- ral hiiiory fo much as that fagacious, accurate, and diligent Enghfh obferver, v/hofe fyflematical fpirit threv/ a light on every thing he undertook, and contributed not a little to thofe great and wonderful improvements, which have been fmce introduced. 2. I have omitted mcfb of the plants which are not natives of England •, both becaufe it is not eafy to find Englifh names for them which have any authority, and becaufe i had fcarcely any ob- fcrvations in my ow^n Calendar, but on fuch plants as are native. Some foreign ones however i have retained, particularly fuch as are common in al- moft every garden ; and fuch as are marked in the Calendar, as more than ordinary prognoflic. Thefe lafl are printed in large charaders. 3. I have retained the divifion of months ac- cording to budding, leafing, flowering, &c. tho* i could not imitate this method in my own Ca- lendar for want of more* experience ; but i am t Some perhaps may think that i need not have referred to Ray tor birdb fo well known as feveral mentioned in the Ca- lendars ; but the want of this caution in many authors, has produced great confufion and doubt about the things meant in every branch of natural hiftory. convinced P R E F A C E. 245 convinced that this method marks more precifcly when we may expedl the flowering of any plant, or the return of any bird, &:c. tlian the bare men- tion of the day of a common calendar month, and at the fame time marks it more univerfally. Thus, when Arifiiotle fays *, That the nightin- gale fings continually day and night for hfteen days about the time when the young leaves begin to expand and thicken the woods, he not only marks a time, when they might expedt to hear the nightingale in Greece, but in every other countrey -, for thus it happens in Sweden and Eng- land, as may be feen in the following Calendars ; whereas if he had faid, it appeared in fuch a day of the month, it would bear trut^ perhaps for that year only ; and in fa6l we find in the old almanacks the fame author marking days very dillant from one another, for the appearance of the fame birds, and thus it mufl be likewife in relation to olants. -.■*■- Thus far for the Swedifn Calendar. As t3 iny own, ift. i have marked every circumfiance down as i found it in my journal, and hope the learned reader will pardon any millakes which might happen, either from want of judgment or attention. It is pofTible, that i might put down fome plants as firfb being in bud, or tiov/er, or * His words are ojav 7^ o£^? HcTm <^A Homer applies the word jKioivJa, to a^iet for that reafon, liia:!. A. 157. and Euflathiu. upon t!"c place fays, Irgoc eTs art, Pliny tranflates this palfage, denj ant : Je frondlum gcr mine. R 3 eaf. 2J^6 PREFACE. leaf, becaufe i happened then firft to obferve tliem, or they might be in thole ftates fome time before in fome place where i happened not to go. 2. 1 wanted fuch a guide as the ingenious author of the Swedilli Calendar. My oblervations then perhaps might have been lefs unworthy of the public, as they would have been better direfted to a particular purpofe •, but now the reader muft exped to find in it all the imperfedions that ge- nerally accompany firft attempts of any kind. 3. I have caufed all the p-ognoftic plants, which are mentioned in my Calendar, to be printed in large letters as in the Swediih. The other marks i fiiali explain in a page by itfelf, for the m-ore eafy recurring to it. 4. Thefe two Calendars would perhaps upon comparifon have furnifhed m.e with fom.e obfer- vations, had i been able to find time fuHicient for that purpofe j but a ftrong defire to commu- nicate them to the public early in the year, that others might be induced to keep journals of the fame kind, determined me to fend them out in this naked condition; and the more fo, as i am alTured en very good authority, that fuch journals v/ill be kept in Sv/eden, Germany, Italy, and France, the next year j and i think it would be pity, that an opportunity (hould be loft of making fo curious a comparifon betv/een thefe different climates, and v/hich perhaps may not occur again, or at leaft not for many years, 5. The obfcrvations on heat and cold were made with a thermometer, marked in a way pe- culiar to myfelf. The degrees are thofe of Fa- renhcir, which i chofe as being in common ufe, but PREFACE. 247 but inllcad of 32 i liave made o the freezincr point. This method is more fimplc, natural, and uniform, and conveys a more diftin6l idea to the mind. To this fcalc i have reckiced the Swedifli author's obfervations, as well as thole of Dr. Hales, taken from liis Vegetable Statics -, who i am pleafed to find has made ufe of the metliod above-mentioned, in his late works, and i won- der it is not univerfally adopted. The degrees below o i have marked thus, — i. — 2, — 3, &c. 6. My botanical obfervations vv^ere made on plants growing in the fields chiefly ^ the Swcdifh plants growing in the Uplal garden ; which me* thod is beft, wliere either is in our power, i can- not determine. There are conveniences and in- conveniences attending each-, but there is one great convenience vifibly on the fide of the garden •, which is, that the plants lye within a fmall com- pafs, and therefore may be looked over more fure- ly and regularly every day. 7. I once defigned to place the two Calendars over-againft one another, in oppofite pages, part by part, according to the days of the month, but upon confideration i found, the climates being fo different, that there would be great vacancies in many of the pages •, at the fame time that the fame plants would be in different pages, and the bulk of the book would be increaled without any advantage to the reader -, i therefore thought it would be better to make an index, which will furnifh an eafy method to the curious of com- paring the two climates. 8. If ever any ufe be made of Calendars of this kind, it mull be by finding out, after a long feries of obfervations, and publilhing by itfelf a R4 lift 248 PREFACE. lift of a few regularly prognoftic plants, elthet comm-^n in every field, if native •, or, if not na- tive, common in every garden. For it muft be noted, that many plants will blow even in the depth of winter, if the weather be mild. This is tlie czk of dandelion , chickweed, Jhepherd's purfe^ daify^ &c. As for other precautions, I will refer the reader to the piece concerning the leafing of trees in the Am^n. Academ. This Calendar was made at the hofpitable feat of my very worthy and ingenious friend Mr. Mardiam, v/ho has hkev/ife made obfervations of this kind, and lately communicated to the world his curious obfervations on the growth of trees. All the countrey about is a dead flat ; on one fide is a barren black heath, on the other a light fandy loam; partly tilled, partly pafture land fiieltered with very fine f^roves. THE THE Calendar of F L O R A. By ALEXAND. MAL. BERGER, Upfal 1755. Latitude ^^. 51.5 Poma dat autumnus, formofa eft meflibus aeftas, Ver praebet flores. OviD. INTRODUCTION. BEFORE i fet forth the Calendar of Flora, or the delights of the year, arifing from mere lublunary things according to its progrefs, and that from obfervaticns made in the climate of Upial, ann. 1755. i think it necefiary to fay fomethino- by way of introdudion. Time moves on flov/ly j every thing is in progrcfTion and mo- tion, and has its allotted time, as the wifefl of men Solomon obferves •, to which purpofe Virgil fays, Stat fua cuique dies, Aftronomers have exerted all theirpower to mea- fure time. To them we owe the accurate divifions of it; for they by obferving the courfe and mo- tion of the celeflial bodies, have been at lafl ena- bled to reduce it to ftated periods, and to divide it in fuch a manner into years, months, weeks and days, that we have calendars conltru^led for com- mon ufe, as a rule by which to obferve and num- ber its equal parts. As theftars radiate, fliine,'and adorn the celeflial regions of the fummer months, fo flowers beautity and illuminate the earth v/ith a Vv^onderful va- riety of bright and delightful colors. Thus, ac- cording to the ftile of the chymifls, that which is above is as that which is below. How much time foever and labor botaaifts have befhowed for many ages back, in order to know the names, nature and vertues of plants, they have not hitherto arrived at that degree of perfe6tion, as to be able to equal the fuccefs of aftronomers, in noting the properties and phas- nomena of each of them. Every 252 INTRODUCTION.- Every flower has its appointed feafon. It would therefore be in vain for us to feek the fpring plants in autumn, and the autumn plants in the fpring. We fee them at flated times emerging, ftalking, flowering, fruiting, decaying. Again in another feafon we fee others rifing in their room, and that in fo (hon a time, by fo regular and conftant a law, according to the direction of their natures, that it feems impolTible for any one to behold this feries and variety, without the higheft ad- miration. The fun at the fame tim.e that it raifes, as it were, to life thefe beings, that are dellitute of animal functions, brings them forth alfo fooner, or later, according to the nature and difpohtion of each, i. e. as this or that plant requires a leiTer or a greater deg-ree of heat, before it can obtain its juft maturity. For as eggs, difiering in fpe- cies, when fit on by a hen, will not all be hatched the fame day, but fome fooner, fonie later, fo neither do fiovv'ers come forth together, but at dated times, as they fhall have received the degree of heat proper to their natures. Akho' tlie year v/as formed by the Creator in fuch a n^ianner, as to be divided into diftind parts, by the fun fending forth its rays equally on the fvirface ©f the earth, yet we are not there- fore from thence to define and mieafure the funi- mer, the quantity of ice and fnow and Northern colds hindering the air from being equally foon warmed in dilterent years ; and according to the heat of the air, the fcalbns are advanced or re- tarded, and this is beft known and meafjred by the various kinds of fiowers. ^"ince tliercfofe tlie fummer feafon depends upon INTRODUCTION. 253 upon the greater or lefler degree of heat, fo that flowers come forth proportion ably to thofe dif- ferent degrees, but yet in fuch a manner, that . one fpecics follows another in a regular order; fmce this is the cafe, i fay, the feafons of the year, and particularly the fummer, may eafily from thence be meafured ; which hitherto has been a defideratum, on account of oeconomical ufes, in fpite of all the afTitlance fiom altrono- rners. Hence plants in different years often flower a month fooner or later, although, as i obferved before, they ftill follow one another in r'leir na- tural order, as far as the fummer foLLice ; at which time they hardly ever cvSrt: in any year; and in the fame manner they proceed, haften on, or are retarded, the nearer they approach towards autumn, and the winter is farther off or nearer - at hand. Now in order to determine accurately the acceleration or retardation of the v/inter, we muft obferve all the difi^erent kinds of flowers in every place, at v/hat time they flrll appear, and this daily, that the order v/hich they obferve may be better afcertained. By way of fpecimen i have exhibited the flow- ers in the fame order in which they appeared the laft year, 1755, in the Upfal garden. I mufl: obferve, that almofl: all the plants mentioned in the following calendar grev/ in the open air, and in the fame kind of foil, which is rather low and loamy, excepting about half a fcore, which were gathered in the woods not far difiant, and which are with difficulty railed in the garden. I have marked the month and day all along on 254 INTRODUCTION. on the fide of the page, not meaning that any- one fhould thence imagine that the flowers will return every year on the fame day and month, but with intent to fet forth the calendar of that individual year, and that it might appear with what diligence and circumfpedion it was made. In order to diflinguifh the cultivated plants from the wild, i have ufed italics for the firft, and have marked the plants which appear to be moil prognoftic by an aflerifk *. I have befides thought fit to difpofe them all into months, according to a divifion the apteft 1 could contrive •, but i did not think it necefTary to form equal months, as my defign was not to determine days, but chiefly and indeed only the greater or lefTer acceleration of fummer. Having fo accurately obferved the flowers, i thought fit to add the times at which the animal kii^dom undergoes certain alterations, fuch as when birds of pafTage come and go, when birds of every kind lay, or hatch, or moult, when fe- veral kinds of fifhes celebrate their nuptials near the fea Hiore, when it is fowing time, when grain fiov/ers, ripens, &c. By the help of fuch obfervations we may at laft come to knov/ what is to be done, or ob- ferved, every day, by the flowering of plants. But much time is required to bring this to per- fedlion ; and he who obferves, mufl, if he means to do any thing to the purpofe, live in the coun- trey, where it is mxich eaiier to fee every thing that prefents itfelf. « Inllead of an afleriik i have ufed o;reat letters, to' If INTRODUCTION. 25$ If the gentlemen of our own, or other countries, took delight in luch obfervations, they might amufe chemielves very agreeably, by giving up fome of their time to things of this kind ; an i x am mod certainly perfuaded, that this fo night a Iketch, gaining continually new additions, would at laft produce a work of great ufe ; as it might furnifh materials for directing private ccconomy, and the more fo as the times for fowing of feeds, for reaping, and mowing, and for gathering fruits of various kinds, might from thence be beft fettled. Gardeners might thence learn at what time of the fpring, they ought to lay the roots of plants bare, when to fow their feeds, when to expofe to the open air, and when to put under fhelter their tender plants, and how to furnifti the garden w^itli flowering plants -, fo that there might be a per- petual blow all pofTible months of the year •, thus the lilac follows the cherry^ the mock orange fol- lows the lilac ^ and the late rofes follow the mock crange, THE ORDER OF BLOWING OF THE BULBOUS PLANTS IN BORDERS, AND THEIR DURATION. N. B. The plants are numbered from the firft day of budding, by the figures bered on the left hand, the other figures on the right hand fhew the duration of their blow*. * The meaning Is this, as explained to me by Mr. Solan- der ; fuppofe the Jno^v-drop buds on any given day, then the crocus will bud the fecond day after it, the hjacinth the 12th day after it, kz, 2 I. Snow- ^p^6 INTRODUCTION. 1. Snow-drops, 1144. H. Galanthus nivalis^ 26, Violet, hidhcus 1 144. H. Leucoium veryiale^ 26. 2. Crocus, fpringy 1 1 74. H. Crocus vernus^ 1 7. 12. Hyacinth, oriental^ ^^59- K[- Hyacinthus /jn- entaliSy 18. 20. Fumitory, bullous^ 975. H. 4. Fumaria ^/v'/Z-^' fa folida^ 20. 23. Hollow-root, 975. H. 5. Fumaria hulhofa cava^ < - 20. 28: Hyacinth, ^r^;>^, 1 161. 28. H. Hyacinthus ^(?- try aides ^ 19. ^4. Daffodil, Englijh^ 371. 2. Narcififus /)/a/i{?- nardjjtis^ 19. Daffodil, yl:'^^^ Narciffas m- alh^ 10. Fritillary, Pyrenean^ 1 107. H. Fritillaria Pjm/^- ica, 14. 38. Lilly, cheqjicrd^ 1106. H. Fritillana rmeagriSy 10. 44. Tailip, 1 146. H. Tulipa G^>^r/^;/^, 13. 47. Primrofe, /'(f^r/^yj, 1133. H. NarcifTus^^^/zV/^j. 50. Hyacinth, y?^;/7//7^r, 11 60. H. Flyacinthus ante- thyftinus. 15. Hyacinth, St)amjh^ 1 160. 21. H. Hyacinthus •' cernuus. .^9. Star of Bethlehem, 1 153.9. H. Ornithogalum tunhellaUL?n. 68. Lilly, fiery, mo. 3, 4, 5, 7. H. Lilium vivi- parum. €9. Tvloly, >^//6-:.7, 1123. 4. H. Allium ;;7^/y. 76. Martagon ofpcmpony, 1 1 14.7. H.LiliumP^;;/- fonium. y^. Star of Bethlehem, y/)/^^i, iifLLK-Ornitho-- galum Pyrenakum, 6^. Moly, INTRODUCTION. 257 5?o. Corn flag. 1 168. H. Gladiolus communis. 81. Martagon, common^ ui2. H. Martagon vul- 86. Martagon, iv'^/>, 11 12. Martagon alburn^ 13, 100. Lilly, white^ 1 109. H. Lilium album. III. Hyacinth, dun-coloured^ 11 60. 22. H. Hya- , . . c'm&iws ferotinus. 113. Saffron, meadow^ ^y^. Colchicum autumnale. When many calendars of this kind fliall be made in different places and nations in the fame year, it will be eal'y to colled from the blowing of thefe forts of flowers, and from the leaflno- of trees, how one climate differs from another, and why plants brought from the Southern parts feldom produce fruit with us, whereas the Nor- thern plants fucceed very well. Thus at Mont- pelier the fpring is forwarder than at Upfal by 31 days, at London by 28, at Falconia by 6 ; and the v/inter comes on as much later in thofe places. Botanifls and apothecaries, whofe bufmefs it is to gather plants jufl when they are in blow^ may by this means learn at what time that may be done, and need not feek in vain at an im- proper feafon, and may farther know by their garden plants, what wild ones are to be found in the fields precifely at the fame time ; and on the contrary. The night frofls which fo often deftroy our plants, and which i imagine come to us from Lapland, may be knov/n in the fame way. Thus the LEAD cold arifmg from the thaws in Lapmarck, happens at the end of the leafing feafon . S The 258 INTRODUCTION. The BRASS cold from the fnov/ mekino; irf Lapland in the beginning of the fruiting feafon. The IRON cold from the freezing on the Lapland alps in the middle of the fowing feafon. Thefe colds do not happen v/ith us the fame nio-ht as in Lapland, but arrive in about 8 days. On thefe and fuch like calendars vulgar prac- tical hufbandry ought to be eftabliihed •, but the foundation hitherto not having been fufFiciently well laid, this method is become fo much out of ufe, that it is even looked upon as abfurd and chimerical ; neverthelefs it may and ought to be carried fo far, that no prudent oeconomift will choofe to be without fuch a guide, and the hufbandman fhall find it the fureft way to re- gulate his affairs by, not to mention other par- ticulars. T H E THE CALENDAR O F F L O R A, SWEDISH and ENGLISH* Made in the Year 1755. S2 THE MONTHS. I. Reviving winter month from Dec. 2 2* to March 19. II. ThawingmonthfromMar.iQ.toApr. 12. I. SPRING. III. Budding month from April 1 2 toMay 9.- IV. Leafing month from May 9 to May 25. V. Flowering month from May 2 5 to June 20. 2. SUMMER. VI. Fruiting month from June 20 to July 12. VII. Ripening month from July 12 to Aug. 4. VIII. Reaping month from Aug. 4 to Aug. 28. 3. AUTUMN. IX. Sowing month from Aug. 28 to Sept. 22. X. Shedding month from Sept. 22 to 06t. 28. XI. Freezing month from Od. 28 to Nov. 5. 4. W INTER. XII. Deadwinter month fromNov. 5 toDec. 22. [ 26l ] THE Calendar of FLORA. I. REVIVING WINTER MONTH. From the winter folftice to the vernal ^qtdnox. Dec. XII. xxii. Butter fir inks arJ feparates from the fides of the tub. xxiii. Afp flower buds begin to open. Jan. I. i. Ice on lakes begins to crack. ii. Wooden walls fnap in the flight. Cold frequently extreme at this time^ the great eft obferved was S5'7' iv. ^Horfe dung fpirts. viii. Epiphafiy rains. xxvi. St. Paul's rains, Feb. II. xxii. Very cold nights often between Feb. 20 and 28, called Steel Nights. ♦Note. This was explained to me by Mr. Sohndcr, an iigeni- ous and learned difclple of Linnaeus, now in England, who layi» that hoife dung, in very fevere irolts tlirows out particles neai" a loot high, and that »y other dung dues the like,. S3 II. THAW- 262 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA, II. THAWING MONTH. From the fir fi melting of the fnow to the floating of ice down the rivers. Vere novo gelidus canis cum montibus humor Liquitur, et zephyro putris fe gleba refoivit. ViRG. Mar. III. xix. Eves drop towards the noontide fun. Sallow, round leaved^ flower-buds, 449, 15. Salix caprea^ open, XX. Snow melts againft walls. LARK begins to fing. xxii. WoJer flows by the walls. XXV. Roads very dirty and full of water, April IV. i. Horfe dung melts the ice, Mols, upright flr. Lycopodium felago^ 106. fheds its dufl. iii. Stones are loofened from the ice. vi. Hills begin to appear^ the fnow being melted. Serpents come out of their holes. SPIDER, water, frifks about. The FLY creeps forth. GAME, black J ^^. I'etrao tetrix. LAPWING, I lo.'Ti'inga vanellus., returns^ vii. BUTTERFLY, nettle.,? apilio urticce, ap^ pears in abundance. Some people., fays Pliny ^ think the appearance of the butterfly the fureft fign of fpringy on account of the delicacy of the animal. DUCK, THE CALENDAR OE FLORA. 26^ April IV. ■ " vii. DUCK, tt^me, 145. Anas hofchas^ fits, JVtldD\]Q]Lreturrs, X, An inundation of fnoiv water. SWAN, 37. y/;;^jn'.?;;/^'^,rtW DAKER- HEN, 58. 8. Rallus cre\\ by their apt pearance proclaim the fpring. Rivers are unbound^ and ice floats down, N. B. The river at Upfal^ for yo years ^ has never been frozen beyond the igth of April, according to the obfervation of 0. Celfius^ fen. PIKE, 112. Efox lucius^ fpawns. This flflo gives over fpawning when the frog begins, xi. Snow water foaks into the earth. Subterraneous places are inundated* FROG comes forth. Winter Jhelters ought to be removed from garden plants^ that they may not be too much drawn up. Hot -beds for ^nelons Jhould be fown^ Solvitur acris hyems grata vice veris et Favonii. HOR. m. BUDDING MONTH. From the return of the WHITE^ WAGTAIL, Mot a cilia alba., 75. i. to the coming of the fwaU low \ or from the firfl: flower to the leafing of the fir ft tree., during the whole time of the flowering of the bulbous violet. A Favonio veris initium norant. Cicero. April IV. xii. Hafel-nut tree, 439. Qovy\i\?> avcllana. S 4 Colts- 264 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. April IV. xii.' Coltsfoot, 173. T\\{^\\2igo far far a. xiii. Saffron, 374. C\'OQ\JiS fativus. Violet, hulhous^ 1 144- f^- Lcucoium vernale^ 26. Snowdrops, 1144. H. Gaknthus w/V^- //j, 26. WAGTAIL, white, jc^, i. Motacilla alha^ returns. KESTREL, 16. 16. Falco tinunculus, re- turns, FROG, 247. Rana temporaria, croaks. Saffron, 374. Crocus fativus, 17. XV. Pilewort, 246. Ranunculus ^r^r/^. Star of Bethlehem, yellow, 372. OrnU thogalum lutetim. Grafs, whitlow., 292. Draba verna. Mezereon, 1587. H. Daphne mezereon, TURKEY y^^^, 51. 3. Meleagris gallo- pavo., fits, Honeyfuckle, double., 1490. H. Lonicera perfoliata, xvi. Liverwort, ^^Z*/^, 580. H. Anemone he- pat tea., 34. The time for fowing barley at UpfaL xvii. lA^Y-i y^l^ow water, 368.1. Nymphasa liitea, leaves emerge. xix. Afp, or trembling poplar, 446.3. Po- pulus tremula, 13. Abele, 446.2. Populus ^/Z*^, 13. Hot-beds to be fown from the budding of ' the poplar to the leafing month. xxi. SMELT, 66. 14. Salmo tpcrlanus, f pawns, at which time generally tempcjfj' and fno-ivy weather at Uplal, and intermit' ting fevers very common. THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. 26^ April IV. xxj. Hellebore, Z'/^/cA-, 271. i. Helleborus 17- ridis. Willow, round leaved, 449. 15. Salix caprea. XXX. Cnike berries^ 444. Empetrum ;//V;7/;;/. Poplar, black, 446. Populus »?;^r^. Bur butter^ 179. Tuffilago />c'/^/m, 25. MayV. i. Mercury dogs^ 138. i. Mcrcunalis pe- rcnnis. Polyanthus, 1083. Primula veris hor- ten/is. iil. Anemone, wood, 2§q.i. Anemone ;zf- morofa, 21. Saxifrage, ^^/i^;/, 158.2. Chrylbfple- nium alternifolium. Violet with throat-wort leaves, ^^5' S* Viola Z?/r/^. AfTarabacca, 158.1. Alarum Europium. Y'loht, fweety 364.8. Viola odorata, 24. Pepperwort, 304. hepidium petr^im. Fields are covered with verdure, Jfter the return of the WHEAT EAR*, 75.1. Motacilla Oenanthe, there is [eldom any fevere froji,, and therefore the peaf ants in Upland have this pro- verb^,lVhenyoufee the\NUlTE\N AQT All^you may turn y our fJoeep into the \ fields -, and when you fee the Wheat Ear, you may fow your grain. * If tins bird does not quit England, it certainly Hiifrs places. For i have obfervcd, that about harvell time they were not to be- found Where there were before great plenty of them. t The flieep are houCed ali winter in Sweden, as Mr. Solander in- form* me, who gave me the tranllation of the S.vcJifli pro*eib in the very words here printed. ' Oficr, %6e THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. MayV. vii. Ofier, 450.21. SdWxviminalis, Bramble, 467. 1 . Rubus frulicofiis, leafs. STARLING, 67.1. Sturnus vulgaris^ returns. viii. Molcatel, tuberous^ 267. Adoxa mofca- tellina. Seeds of kitchen 'plants to he fown. "Ten- der plants to be taken out of the green Elm tree, 469. Ulmus campejiris. Snow melts even in the floade. Diffugere nives, redeuntjam gramina campis, Arbonbufque comas. Hor. IV. LEAFING MONTH. ^he cor.tpleat leafjig of trees from the bird cherry to the afh ♦, froyn the coming of the fwallow to the tulip. Nunc herbas rupta tellure cacumina tollunt ; Nunc tumido gemmas cortice palmes agit. Ovid. MayV. ix. SWALLOW and STORK return. Cherry, bird, 463. Vrciv\\\% padus'^. L. Fiiberd, 439. Coryius az^ellana. L. xi. Afp, 446.3. YoYiVi\'^^tre7;iula^ cut of hlozv. xii. CUCKOW, 23. Cuculus canorus^Jings. • The letter L. at the end of the lines {Ignifies that thofe plants came into leaf on the clays marked. All the plants hefules thieugh- out this Calendar aie fuppofcd to have flowered on the days marked, uniels the contrary is exprclled. I Sorrel THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. 267 MayV. xiii. Sovvdwood^ *25i. Oxdlis acelofeiia. Birch tree, 443. Bctula ^/^rz. L. Barberry buih, 465. Berberis vulgaris.!.. ^'he heft time for fowing barley^ and the feeds of of garden plants. Ofier, 450.21. SaVix vi?ninalis. L. jciv. Spindle tree, 468. Euonymus£2/rd?/?^/^j.L. Bear's ear, 1083. H.Pi'imulix auricula., 12. Goule,orDutch myrtle, 443. Myrica^^/^. Orange, mock, 1763. H. Philadelphus coronarius. L, Elder, water, 460. Viburnum opuliis. L. Lilac, 1763. H. Syringa 'L'^/^^m. L. Privet, 463. 'Liguftrum vulgar e. L. Buckthorn, fea, 445. Hippophae rham- noid. L. Alder tree, 442. Betula alnus, L. %yf. Daffodil, wild Englifh, 371. i. Narciflus pfeudonarciffus, 19. Roles garden. Elm tree, 469. Ulmus campeftris. L. NIGHTINGALE, 78. Motacilla lufci- nia, returns. Thorn, zMte, 453.3. Crataegus oxya- cant ha. L. Apple tree, 451. Pyrus malus. L. Primroie, 284. Primula veris, 16. Cherry tree, 463. Prunus cerafus. L. Thorn buck, 466. Rhamnus catharti- cus. L. Cinquefoil, y5;/^// r(?z/^/:?, 323. Potentilla verna, 16. xvi. Sallow, round leaved, 449. 1 5.Salix caprea. L. Beam ^68 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. May V. xvi. Bej^m tree, white^ 453. Crat9?o;us aria.h. Chcfnut tree, ^orfe, 1683. iEfculus iy//>- pDcaftanum. L. Beech tree, 439. Fagus /r/r^//V^. L. Hornbeam, 451. Carpinus hetulus. L. Poplar, /^/^<;-y^, 446. Fopulus nigra. L. XX. Alp, 446. Populus tremiila. L. XXI. Marygoid, marjh^ 272. C3\thz palujlris. Lime tree, 473. Tilia Eiircp^ea. L. Alder, berry hearbig^ 465. Rhamnus frangula. L. F/y, dragon^ Mcufet^ p.6^. LibeUula, Sabnon^ 6^.2. Salmo^ falar. Oak tree, 440. Quercus, rohur, L. Ash tree, 469. Fraxinus excelfior. L. xxiv. While the afb is leafing there is fcarcely any more froft : therefore green hoiife plants ought to be brought into the open air. The leaden nights happen before the leafing of the afh \ from that time the fummer is fettled, 'if here are very feiv flowers in this month •, for nature being intent on the young offspring of the bird kind^ prepares abundance of flow ei j, again ft th^ hatching feofon. V. FLOWERING MONTH. From the fuft ear of rye to its bloiv. From the tulips 1 146. ^T'ulipa Gefneriana^ to the ivall pepper^ 270. 5. ctdum acre. It ver, et Venus, et Veneris pricnuncius ante l^innatus graditur zephyrus veitigia propter. LuCRET. , ^ C^IERRY, THE CAI.END \R OF FLCRA. 269 May V. XXV. * CHF.kRY, RiRD^ 463. Prunus /)/?J///. Currants, blacky 456. R^bes nigrum. Jack by the hedge, 293. Ery fimu . n alliaria. Cicely, wihl^ 'lO-j .Q\\'^\:o'^hy\\nr[-) fylveftre. Tulip, 1146. Jbl.Tulipa GV/z/m^/;/^/, 17^. Milkwort, *2 87. Polygala vulgaris. Lady's mantle, 158. Alchemilla i7//^^m« ROCHE, 122. Cypriniis rutilus^ f^wjons, Firft ear of rye. xxvi. Saxifrage, '^e/to^, 364. 6. Saxifraga ^r^- nulata. Ivy aground., 243. Glechoma hederacra. Goldilocks, 248. Ranunculus auricomus. Pear tree, 452. Pyrus communis., 14. xxvii. Celandine, greater^ 309. Cheiidonium majns. Cloud berries, 260. Rubus cham^morum. Cat's foot, 181. Gnaphalium dioicum. Crane's bill, 361. 18. Geranium fyl- vaticum. Globe flower, 2 72.Trollius Europaus. xxviii. Cuckow flower, 299. Cardamine^r^/^.^J. While the ciickow flower blows., the falmon gees up the rivers., and dragonfly comes forth. Thorn, black, ^62. Vrvwivu fpinof a., 10. Cherry tree 463. Prunus cerafns., 10. Plumb tree, 462.2,3. Prunus domeftica, Peafe, zvood., 124.2. Orobus tuber ofus. Plantain, hoary, 3I4-3' Plantago ;;?^(^i:.7. * While the bird cherry flower?, happens what isc:>] led the grey weather, between the old ind new moon. I am indebted to Mr.So- lander lor the interpret?tio i of this pafl'age : it is in the ori^-ii^al call- td th/d'- wj, 13. Rampiqns, 274.4. Camp^inuh patula. Rhapontic, 1 70. H. Rheum rhaphonticmn, xvii. Pink, ;;2^^i^'ie7, 338. 'Ly c\\m?> ftos cuculi. Valerian, great wild, 200. i. Valeriana of- ficinalis. Vetch, chichling^ 320.5. Lathyrus /j^- liiftris. Daify, ^r^^/, or ox eye^ 184. Chry^fanthe- mum leucanthem. xvii. Eyebright, *2 84. Euphrafia officinalis. Spear wort, /(^^r, 2^o,j. Ranunculus flammula, Groundfel, 178.1. Senecio W^^m. Thorn, white,, 453.Crastagus oxyacantha, xviii. Lilly, bulbous,, mo. H. Lilium bulbife- rum to VII. 4. Saxifrage, burnet^ 213.1,2. Pimpinella faxifraza. ^ ^ ^ T Tor- i74 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. ' June VL xviii. Tormentll cinqiiefoil^ 255.2. Potcntilla ar gen tea. - G rafs , quaking^ 412. B ri z a media. Nkhtfhade, deadly^ 265. Atropa bella- donna. Rye, winter., 3 8 8 . i . Secale hyhernum. JVinter rye flowers generally from the firft blow of wall peeper., 270.5. Sedum acre, to the firft blow of the rcfe bay willow herb., 3 10. i . Epilobium an- gufiifolium., with the bulbous lilly, beginning often- times four days before the folftice. VI. FRUITING MONTH. During the whole blow of the wall pepper, the yellow to the red day lilly. From Matura Revoluta ruebat, jam luce dies. ViRG. XX. Pepper, wall, 207.5. Sedum acre. Orchis, frog., 381.22. Satyrium viride. Cifius, dwarf., 341. Ciftus helianthem. Lilly, yellow day, 1191. H. He- merocallis ^^1^1:7. Cinquefoil, ynarfh., 256.2. Comarum /?^- lujlre. xxl. After the fclfiice trees fcarcely grow., and therefore hedges fho aid then be clipped. 'The high-- eft degree of heat with us is hardly above 54.8. within the tropics the heat is not much above SJ'^^ nor below 40.8. the heat of a hatching hen between 6^ and 68.4. a heat above 72 deftroys the embryo. Brass THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. 275 June VI. xxi. Brass kights from the thaw of the high- ejl mountains. xxii. Orchis, 7?v, 379.13. Ophrys infe5iifera myodes. Blue bottle, 198. Centaurea ^^/z^^j. Vetch, great tufted woody 322.4. Vicia fylvatica. Drop wort, 259. S^\v^2i filipendula, Thillle, gentle, 193.2. Carduus M^;z/W^/. Loofe flrife, yellow, 283.3. Lyfimachia thyrfiflora. Self heal, 283. Prunella ^•:/.^^m. Gentian, vernal dwarf, 275.4.- Gentiana campeflris. xxiii. M:iy^tQdi, Jlinking, 185.4. Anthemis c^;- tula. Yarrow, 183.1. AcKilhz millefolium. W^iLLow HERB, rofe hay, 310. Epilobium anguftifolium, Moonwort, 128. i. O^mund^ lunar ia. Liquorice, wild, 326.1. Aflragalus at- pinus. Knapweed, ^r^^/, 198. i. Centaurea Z^^- biofa, "Vetch, tufted, 322.3. VicIa cracca. Nightfhade, woody, 265.1,2. Solanum dulcamara. Golden rod, 17 6.1. Solidago vir^aurea. Orange, mock, 1763. H. Philadelphus coronarius, 14. Sweet-william, 991.2. H. Dianthus bar- batus. Poppy, "Turkey, Papaver orientale, 13. Flax, perennial blue, 362.3. Linum pe^ ^^^^'^' T ^ Dewberry 276 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA, June VI. xxiii. Dewberry bulh, 467.3. Rubus c^fius, XXV. Nettle, hedge^ 237. ^\.2i&i^% fylvatica. Spiked willow of Theophraftus, 1699. H. Syix^^ falicifGlia. Lilac out of blow. xxvi. Willow herb, hooded^ 244.1. Scutellaria galericulata. Willow herb, great ftnooth leaved^ '^11,^, Epilobium -montanum. Tw'ayblade, 385.1. Ophrys ovata. Strawberries ripening. xxvii. Hawkweed, Hungarian^ 167.17. Hypo- chseris maculata. 'McdiiCj yelloiv^ '^'^'^.i' Medicago /^//r^/^. Fdr^lQy^ great bajfard, 219.2. Tordylium . lattfolium. xxviii. Toad ?i2iX^ yellcii\ ^281.1. Antirrhinum linaria. GrsL^Syfea dog, 390.1. Elymus arenaria. Bryony, iz^hite^ 261.1,2. Bryonia alba. Campion, cc/v'/J purple, 341.17. Silene armeria, xxix. Mary gold, corn, 182.1. Chryfanthemum fegetum. Heath, Butch cr hefcm, 471.4. Erica tetralix. Bilberry budi, 457.2. Vaccinium myrtilL Berries ripe. Peafe, everlajling, 31 9.1. Lathyrus lati- folius, Throatwort, little, 277.3. Campanula glomerata. Feverfew, 18 7.1. Matricaria />^Ato/««?. PEACOCK niQults. Ox-eye> THE CALENDAR OF FEORA: 277 June VL xxix. Ox-eye, 183.1. Anthemis tin&orid, Sneezewort, 183. AchiWca piarmica. Rupturewort, 160.1. Hernhria glal^ra. H^iwkwGccUfuaory-leavedj 1 66. 1 2. Crepis biennis. Pink, maiden, 335.1. Dhnthus deltoides. Scabious, FIELD, i9i.i.Scabiora^ri'^;///j. St. John's wort, large fio-ijoered^ 1017.1. H. Hypericum afcyron. Elder tree, 461. i. Sambucus nigra. Woad, 367.1. Ifatis tinlloria^ out of blow. July VII. i. Willow herb, purple fpiked^ 367.1. Ly- thrum/^//V^n^. Parfnep, cow^ 205.1,2. EIeracleumy/)Z'^«- dylium. Bindweed, y?;/^//, 275.1. Convolvulus ar- venfis. Knapweed, 198.2. Centaurea ;7/^r^. Mullein, whiteflo-ivered., 287.2. Yerbafcum lychnit. alba. Rampions, 277.4. Campanula ranunculus, ii. Throatwort, ^/(^;//, 276. Campanula lati- folia. ■ Aiphodd, Lancajhire, 375.1. Anthericum qffifragum. Mullein, black., 288.4. Verbafcum n'tgrurn. Rue, meadow., 203.1. Thalictrum/^^z;//;?/. Hellebore, bajtard., 3 S 3 . i . . Serapias heU lebor. paluftr. ^he hotteft days. Bindweed, ^rr<^/, 2 ^^. Convolvulus/f'/'///;;?. Willow herb, jy6'//<^zc?, 282,1. Lyfimachia vulgaris. T ^ Moneywort, 278 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. July VII. [ " iv. Moneywort, 283.1, Lyfimachia nummu-^ laria. Foxglove, purple, 283.1. Digitalis rubra. Meadow fweet, 259.1. Spiraea ulmaria. Cockle, 338. 5. K^xo^tiva githago. Speedwell, fpiked rnalc^ 279.2. Veronica fpicata. Grafs, foft tufted meadow^ 404.14. Hoi- cus lanatus. Primrofe, evening or tree^ 862. Oeno- thera biennis. vi. Yarrow, 183.1. Achillea, millefolium. Bedstraw, YELLOW lady's^ 224.1. Ga-» Hum verum. Agrimony, 202.1. Agrimonla eupatoria. Throatwort, ^r^-^/j 276. Campanula tra- chelium., 25. St. John's wort, 342.1. Hypericum ^^r- foratum, St. John's wort, tutfan^ 343 •49 5- Hy- pericum hirfutura. Spearwort, ^r^^/, 250.8. Ranunculus //;/- gua. Carrot, 218. Daucus carota. Stone cxo^^ yellow 269.1. Sedumrupejlre. Ghddon, Jlinking, SyS-S- Iris f^tidij/ima. Knapweed, 198.2. Centaureay^^^^^. Hops, 137.1 . Humulus lupulus. Reft harrow, 332.1. Ononis fpinofa. Parfley, Scotch fea, 214. Ligufticum See- ticum. vii. Briar, or dog rose, 454.1. Rofa comna. Rofe, 'vohite.^ 1373.23. H. Rofa alba. Rofe, Frenchy Rofa Qallica. THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. 279 July VII. vii. 'The late rofes now begin to Mow. Hay harvejl begins with the lime tre.c^ clover being out of blcw^ end yellow rattle or coxccnd\ ^1^^. pjedding its feeds, Burnet, 203.2. Sanguirorba cjficinalis. Poppy, wildy 308.1. Fdp'a.v^rfomKiferum, Sneezewort, 1S3.1. AcWiIIgs. p tar mica. Lilly, yellow day^ out of blo-w. Chervil, wild^ 207.1. Chcerophyllum j5'^- vejire^ cut of blow. Barley every where in ear, Peafe ripe. Cherries ripe. Beginning of hay harvefi. Motherwort, 239.1. Leonurus ^'jri/jr^. viii. Pink, Deptford^ 3 3 7- 1 • Dianthus armerius. Orange, mock^ out of blow. Bilberries ripe. ix. Thiftle, jnufk^ 193- 1- Carduus nutans. Burdock, 196. Ardtium lappa. Horehound, bafe^ 339* i- Stachys Ger- manica. Hemp, 138. Cannabis y^//i; J. 351.13. Frankenia pulverulenta. Red currants ripe. X. Mugwort, 1 90. 1. Artemifia 'y^i^^m. Thiftle, ivy leaved fow., 1 62.5. Prenanthes muralis. Marjoram, wild., 236.1. Origanum vul- gare. ¥{ovQ:\\o\.md^fiinking^ i^j^.i. Ballota nigra. B2.^\\^ great wild^ 239. Clinopodium w.V- gare. Pine, ground^ 244. Teucrium chamccpitys. T 4 Betony, 2So THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. July VII. X. Betony, "mrJer^ *283.i. Scrophularia a- quatica. Nightfhade, enchanters^ 289. Circsea ca- nadenfis. Clover, 328.4. Tn{o\\yj.m patenfe^ out of Mow. xi. Thiflle, tree foiv, 163.7. Sonchus ar'venfis. Lime tree, 473.1,2,3. Tilia Europea^ mit of blow. Marjoram, wild^ 236. Origanum W^^r^. Feflinat decurrere velox flofculus ^flatts. VII. RIPENING MONTH. From the white flonecr op ^ 271.7. Sedum alburn^ or the red day My ^ to the devil's bit., 191 •3' •^^^- hiofa fucctfa, xii. Succory, WILD, 172. Cichorium/;/()'^^/i-. Willow herb, great hairy ^ 3ii-2. Epi- lobium hirfutum. Langue de boeuf. 166.13. Picris echi- cides. Woodbind, 456. Lonicera periclymenum. yizAo-^., vervain^ 252. Malva alcaa. St. John's wort, large fiovoered^ 10 17. H. Plypericum afcyron^ out of blow. xiii. Fkabane, y//W/, 174.2. Inula puiicaria. Pepperwort, 304.1. Lepidium latifclium, xiv. Stonecrop, wHiTE,2 7i.7.Sedum^/Z'/^/«, out of blow. XV. Agrimony, he:-?Jp., 179. Eupatorium can- nabinum. Tanfcy, THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. 2S1 July VII. , • 'xv Tanfey, i88.Tanacctumi'7//^^r^. Golden rod, while, 175.1 Erigcron ca^ nadenfe. Saw-wort, 196.1. Secratula tin5f. prccalt. Mint, red, 232.5. Mentha gentths. Mint, long leaved horfe, i^a-5' Mentha fpicata. * Pepper, wall, 270.5. Sedum ^rr^, out of blow. CUCKOW isftlent. xvi. Hawkweed, hufiy, 168.3. Hieracium mnbelL Lilly, red day, 1191.2. H. Heme- rocallis /w^c.'^. All the marvels of Peru, 398. H. Mira- biles. The height of hay harvefl, xvii. T\i\^\t,fpear, K^^.^.QzrAwws^lanceolatus, Elder, dwarf, 461.4. S2imh\xcus ehulus . xviii. Touch me not, 31 6.1. Impatiens noli tangere. Saffron, meadow, 373.1. Colchicum au- tumnale. Leaves fall. Te^(d, wild and manured, 192.3. Dipla- cus fullonum. X. Lilly, white, 1109. H. Lilium can- didum. T^2Sd,fmallwild, 192.3. Dipfacus^^z/^yz/^. xxi. T\{\^\^, marfJj tree fow, 163.8. Sonchus paluftris. . ^ . ,. xxii. Soapwort, 339.6,7. Saponana (?#r/;/^//^._ Grafs, Effex cocksfoot, 393.4- Dadylis cynofuroides. ^ Knapweed, great, 198. i, Centaureayr^- hiofa. Spikenard, a82 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. July VII. xxiii. Spikenard, plowman's^ ^79-'^' Conyza fquarrofa, xxiv. Elecampane, 176. i. \vivXz.helenium, XXV. Fleabane, middle^ 1 74. i . Inula dy [enter. xxvi. Violet, Calathian^ 274.1. Gentiana ^«^/^- monanthe, Baum, 570. H. MelifTa officinalis. xxvii. Thiftle, great [oft cr gentle^ i93'3- Ser- ratula alpin, lat. Aug. VIII. i. Chickweed, herry hearings 267.1. Cucu- balus haccifer. Orpine, 269.1. Sedum telephium, Mirabar celerem fugitiva aeftate rapinam, Et dum nalcuntur confenuifTe rofas. "^ VIII. REAPING MONTH. From the) devil* s bit to the blow of the meadow [affron. iv. Devil's bit, 19 1.3. Scdbioidi [ucci[a. Rye harveft. Winter rye has for many years ripened with the firfi blow of the devil's bit., in the garden at UpfaL BIRDS OF PASSAGE, after having ce- lebrated their nuptials in the vernal months^ and feafled on the fummcr fruit s^ now prepare for departing. vii. Rofe, French^ R.oi^3, Gallica, out of blow. xiv. Wormwood, 188.1. Anem\[m campejlris, xvi. Barley harvefl. xxvi. Lilly, red, out of blozv. THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. 283 *IX. SOWING MONTH. From the firft blow of the meadow jciffr on to the de-^ parture of the fw allow. Pomifer autumnus fruges effudic ct mox Briima, recurrit iners. Aug. VIII. xxviii. Saffron, meadow, ^y^-i- Colchicum autumn. ^his plant ought to admonifh gardeners to put Indian plants under fhelter., as the iron nights are near, 'The Iron nights, as they are called with us,ge^ Tier ally happen between Augujl 17 and 29, and d?- ftroy tender plants. After the blow of the jneadow faffron^ we haveftorms that fhake off ripe feeds. Fern, female, 1 24. i . Pteris aquiUna., grows yellow in the woods after the firjl cold nights. xxxi. A gentle fr oft that fear cely did anv daraage. Sept. IX. i. Adonis flower, 251.1. Adonis annua fer. Mulberry tree, 1429. H. Morus nigra^ grows pale. iv. Fig tree, 1 43 1 . H. Ficus carica^grows pale. vi. Wormwood, /^^, 188.2. Artemilia ma- ritima. Travellers joy, 258.1. Clematis vitalha, xi. The fr oft has deftroyedfouthcrn plants. xii. The fr oft milder. xiv. Seeds to be gathered. * By fov/ing, in this phce, is meant not man's but nature's. I Sampire 2S4 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. p- — - — ■ » Sept. IX. xvii. Sampire, golden Jlozvercd, 174.1. Inula crithnwid. *SWALLOW goes under water. \V AGT AIL, zvhite^ departs. Nos quoqiie floruimus, fed fios fuit ille caducus. X. SHEDDING MONTH. From the fir ft: fall of the leaves of trees to the lafl. xxii. Orach,/'/?, 152.8. Kxiv^Xf^maritima. Leaves of trees are changed^ of the oak^ mapky rohi- nia caragana^ ebn^ lime^ to a yellow •, of the f pin- tree to a brown \ of the quicken tree and fumachy to a red colour. Leaves of the oak dry and yellow. xxi V. Ij Leaves of the maple begin to fall in the night, XXV. Rear frojh XX vi. Leaves of the robinia caragana fall. Sycamore firivped of its leaves. Ocl. X. iv. Cherry, bird^ f ripped of its leaves. V. Afiorm. * Ac^amfon in the account of his voyage to S negal, p. lai. fay?, that Oclober 1749 » European rwallows lodged on tlie veiTel in which he went from Goree fo Senegal, and that they aie never feen there but at this time of the year, along with quails, wagtails, kites, and fonie other birds of pafTage, and do not build nefts there. This teftimony ieeins to take away all doubts about ilils long conteded point. iJGeminus, either from himfelf or Dem'^critus, which is much tl e fame, as Rome and Abdera were nearly iii the fame latiuule, la\s thjt the leaves of trees begaja to drop the lourth oi Scoipio, A'hich an.wcis to OcVjber iS. Green tHE CALENDAR OF FLORA. 2J?5 oa. X. vi. Green leaves of the aJJj fall. IVhen they fall foutbern plants ought to he put under fhelter. vii. Elm isfirJpped. A form. Froft. x'li. ^he leaves of the lime tree fall. Green houfes ought to he flout, xiii. The afp tree ftill in leaf, xiv. Ice, xvii. Hofel nut tree flripped. XXV. Abele, 446.2. Populus alh a, flripped. xxvi. Saffron, meadow., jufi out of hlow. Poplar, hlack^firtpped. xxvii. Summer ended. xxviii. Sallows only in leaf. Vernantelque comas triftis ademit hyems. Petron. XI. FREEZING MONTH. From the lafl fhedding of leaves to the lafi grem plant. Iva annua, Nov. XL ii. Alternate fnow and froft. V. Milleria quinqiicflora, Thaw with rain, The earth covered with fro'jj. Rivers are frozen. Snow with a thaw* Finn fnow. Thaws a'^cin. Ditches 2^6 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. Ditches filled with water. Winter thoroughly fettled, Heu quam cuncla abeunt celerl mortalia curfu. XII. DECLINING WINTER MONTH. " From the laft green plant to the winter folftice, Nov. XL ^^ ' V. Mojfes and lichens only flour ijh. Thermometer^ gr. 34.2. vi. Thaws. XX. Cold changeable weather. Quaslibet orta cadunt, et finem C2epta videbunt. THE > Calendar of F L O R A. By BENJAMIN STILLINGFLEET, Made at Stratton in NORFOLK, Anno 1755. Latitude 52° 45'. MARKS EXPLAINED. b fignifies buds fwelled. B - - - - buds beginning to open/ f - flowers beginning to open F flowers full blown. 1 leaves beginning to open. L leaves quite out. r. p. fruit nearly ripe. R. P. - - fruit quite- ripe. E emerging out of the ground. D flowers decayed. t 289 j THE Calendar of FLORA. i - ■«• — ' — — 1 ■■■ .1 >-.» ...^ I. MONTH. Reviving nature feems again to breath. As loofen'd from the cold embrace of death. Jan. 5. Rofemary, 5 1 5, H. Rofmarinus officinal, i^ II. Honeyfuckle, 458. Lonicera fericl^' menum^ L 23. Archangel, red^ 240.2. Lamium purpu- reum^ F. Hafel nut tree, 439. Corylus avellana^ f. HoneyRickle, 458. Lonicera pericly^ menum^ L. L^uruftinus. 1 690. H. Viburnum //;/«;, F. Holly, 466. Ilex aqUifolium^ f. 26. Snow drops, 11 44. H. Galanthus nivalis^ F. Chickweed, 347.6. Alfine media ^ F. Spurry, 351.7. Spergula arvenfis^ F, Daify, 184, ^it^\% perennis^ F. II. MONT H. '■ ^ Love's pleafing ferment gently now begins To warm the flowing blood. U' WOOD 290 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. Feb. 4. WOOD LARK, 69.2. Alauda arhorea^ fings. Elder tree, 461. Sambucus nigra^ £ 12. ROOKS, 39.3. Corvus frugilegus^ begin to pair. GEESE, 1 3 6. 1. AnaSy anfer^ begin to lay, * WAGTAIL WHITE, 75.1. Motacilla alha^ a f fears. 16. THRUSH, 64.2. "Turdus muficusyjings, t CHAFFINCH, 88. Fringilla celebs, fings. 20. thermometer, 11. Higheji this month. Thermometer y -2. Lowefi this month. 22. PARTRIDGES, SJ- Tetrao perdix, begin to piur. Hafel tree, 439. Corylus avellana, F, 25. Goofeberry buih, 1484. H. 1 Kibcs grojfulariay \. /both young Currant, red, 456.1. Ribesf plants. rubrum, 1. j Thcryywmeter from the i(^th to the 2^th, be- tween o and - 1 with [now. Wind during the latter half of the month be* tween E. and N, * The wagtail is faid by Willughby to remain with us all the year in the fevereft weather. Itfeems to me to fhift its quarters atleait, if it does not go out of England. However, it is certainly a bird of paflage in fome countries, if we can believe Aldrovandus, the author of the Swedifh Calendar, and the author of the treatife le Migratio- nibns Avium. Linnaeus obferves, S. N. Art. Mctaciila, that molt birds which live upon infe^ls, nnd not grains, migrate. i Linnxus fays, that :he female chalhnch goes to Italy alone, thro' Holland ; and that the male in the fpring, changing its note, foretells the fummer : and Gefner, ornithol. p. 388. lavs that tlu female •hafiinch difappears in Switzerland in the winter, but not the male. III. THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. 291 til. MONTH. Winter ftill ling' ring on the verge of fpring, Retires relu6lant, and from time to time Looks back, whik at his keen and chilling breath Fair Flora fickens. March 2 . ROOKS, 39.3. Corvus friigilegus^ begin to build. Thermometer., 10. 4. THRUSH, 64.2. Turdus 7nuficus^fings, Thermometer., 1 1 . 5. DOVE, RING, 62.9. Columba 'palumbus^ cooes, 7. Thermometer^ o. Low eft this month. ii. Sallow, Salix, F. Lauruftinus, 1690. H. Viburnum ^/?//^J,l. *BEES, Ap^'is mellifera, out of the hive. Laurel, 1549. H. Prunus laurocerafus^ 1. Bay, 1688. H. Laurus nchilis., 1. 20. Vernal equinox. 2 1 . Grafs, f curvy., 302.1. Cochlearia officinalis y F. . Afp, 446.3. Populus tremula., F. 26. Speedwell, germander., 279.4. Veronica agrejiis., F. Alder, 442. Alnus bctula., F. 28. Violet, /:c;m% 364.2. Viola ^i^r^/^, F. Parfnep, cow., 205. Yi^ii^^v^m fphondy- Uum., E. Pilewort, 296. Ranunculus/c^r/^, F. * Pliny, riat. hi(l. lib. ii. §. 5- Tays tintbfes do not come ciiv of their hives bef6ie May ii. and feeras to blame AriUotle for faying that they come out in the beginning of fpiing, i. e. March ii. U 2 Thermometer^ 292 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. March 28. 'Thermometer^ 2 c^. p,o. Higheft this month. 29. Cherry tree, 463. Prunus cerafus^ B. Currant bulh, 456.i.Ribes ruhrmu B. Primrofe, 284.1. Primula veris^ F. Yew tree, 445. Taxus baccata^ F. Elder, water., 460. Viburnum opulus^ B. Thorn, haw, 453.3. Crataegus oxyacantbay B. Larch tree, 1405. H. Pinus larisy B. Hornbeam, 45 1 . Carpinus oftrya^ B. Tanfy, 188. Tanacetum W^/^r^, E. IV. MONTH. . . _ Airs^ vernal airs. Breathing the fmell of grove and field, attune The trembling leaves. Milton. April I. Chefnut, horfe^ 1683. MkxAns hippocaf-^ tanum^ B. BiB-CH, 443. Be tula albay L. Willow, weepings Salix Baby to* nica^ L. Elm TREE, 468. Ulmus campeftris^ F. Quicken tree, 452.2. Sorbus aucuparia^i. Apricot, 1533. H. Vi\m\ji% Armeniaca., F. Narcifilis, /^/^, 371.2, NarcifTus ^y^/^^- nar, 3. Holly, 466.1. Ilex aqiiifolhim., f. Bramble, 467.1. ^Vihu^ fruticofus^ L. Rafberry bufh, 467.4. Rubus idaus^ L, Currants, rf<^, 456. Ribe^ rubrum^ F. Dandelipn;, i/^t^ L^QUCodon taraxkim^ Cleavers^ THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. 295 April 3. Cleavers, 225. Galium aparine, E. 4. Lauruftinus, 1 690. \l. Viburnum tinus^ F. Apple tree, 451.1,2. Pyrus malus^ B. Orpine, 269.1. Sedum telephium^ B. Briar, 454. i . Rofa canina^ L. 6. Goofeberry, 1489. H. IWhi^'i groffiilariayf. Maple, 470.2. Acer campefire, B. Peach, 1 5 15. H. Amygdalus Perfica^ L. etF. Apricot, 1533. H. Malus Armeniaca^ L. Plumb tree, 462. Prunus /?r^r<5;c, L. Pear tree, 452. Pyrus communis^ B. *SWALLOW, 71.2. Hirundo urhka^ returns. 7. Filberd, 439. Corylus avellanay L. Sallow, Salix, L. Alder, 442 . i . Betula alnus^ 1. Lilac, 1763. Syringa vulgaris^ 1. ,Oak, 440. 1 . Quercus, robur., f. Willow, weeping^ Salix Bahylonica^ b. 8. Jumper, 444, Juniperus communis^ b. 9. Lilac, 1763. Syringa ^'/^/^^^m, b. Sycamore, 470. Acer pfeudoplatanus^ L. Wormwood, 1 8 8. i . Artemifia ahfintknum^ E. . t NIGHTINGALE, 78. MotaciUa hi- . fcinia, fings, U 3 Auricula, * AccoidinjT to Ptolemy, Swaljov's return to ^gypt about the latter end of January. •f From morn 'till eve, 'tis mufic all around ; Nor doft thou, Philomel, difdain to join. Even in the mid-day glare, and aid the quire, But thy fweet long calls for an hour apait, When folemn Night beneath his canopy, Enrich'd with ftars, by Silence and by Sleep Attended, 294 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA, April 9. Auricula, 1082. H. Primula auricula^ b. 10. Bay, 1688. H. Laurus nobilis^ L. Hornbeam, 451. Carpinus heiulus^ b. "Willow, white^ 447- 1- Salix alba^ b. BEES about the male falhws. Feverfew, 1 8 7. i . Matricaria Partbemum^ E. Dandelion, 1 70. i .Leontodon taraxicum^'E. Hound's tongue, 226.1. CynoglofTum officinale^ E. Elm, 468. Ulmus campeftris-i 1. Anemone, wood^ 259. Anemone nemo^ rofa^ F. Jack in the hedge, 291.' Eryfimum alliaria^ E. Quince tree, 1452. H. Pyrus cydonia, L, .11. Elder, water ^ 460. Viburnum opulus^l^. Alder, berry bearings 465. Rhamnus fran- gula^ L. 12. Acacia, 1719. H. Robinia acacia^ 1. Mulberry tree, 1429. PI. Morus nigra^\ Lime tree, 473.1,2,3. Tilia Eur op a a^ 1. Mercury, dogs^ 138. i Mercurialis pe- rcnn'ts^ F. *Elm, wychy 469.4. L. Ragweed, 177. Stnecio jacob^a^ E. Attended, fits and nods, 'n\ awfu' frate j Or vvhsn Hu- Moon in her refulgent car, TriuiTijUiant i;des ami 111 the (ilvcr clouds, T:'.£:>ng •.hem -^s /lie pa(ks, and with rays pf mildeft luftre gilds the ilenc below ; While zephyrs Mar .i breath thro' the thickening fhade, With breath fo geitl.-, and ; ' foft, that e'en The poplar's t, emi 1j:^ leaf forgets to move, / rd mimic witii it • found ihe vernal Hjower j Tlier let me ft, and lillen to thy ftrains, Sec, Linnseiisdoes not feem to know this fpeci« of elm. THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. 29J April 13. Laburnum, 1721. Cytillis laburnum^ f. Strawberry, 254. Fragaria vefca^ F. Quicken tree, 452.2. Sorbus aucuparia^ L. Sycomore, 470. Actr pfeudoplat. L. Lauiel, 1549. H. Prunus lanrocerafus^ L. Goofeberry bulh, 1484. H, Ribes ^r^/- fularia^ F. Currant bufli, 456.1. Ribes rubrum^ F. Mallow, 2 5 1. 1. Mcilvd Jylveftris, E. Hornbeam, 451. Carpinus betidus^ L. 14. Flixweed, 298.3. Sifymbrium/^^^/^, E. Apple tree, 45 1 . Pyrus mahis^ L. Hops, 1 37. 1. Humulus lupinus^ E. Plane tree, 1706. H.Platanus orientalis^ b. Walnut tree, 438. Juglans regta^ f. * BITTERN, iQo.il, ArdcdJlellanSy makes a noife. 15. Vine, 1613. Vitis w;«/^r^, B. Turneps, 204.1. Brafllca rapa^ F. 16. Abele, 446.2. Populus ^//^^, B. Chefnut, 138.2. H. Fagus cafianea^ B. Ivy, ground^ il^^,- Glechoma hederacea^ F. Fig tree, 1431. Ficus carica^ b. Apricots and peaches cut of blozv. . RED START, 78.5. MotacillaP/^^/;/- curus^ returns. Tulip tree, 1 690. H. Liriodendron tuli- pifera^ B. Plumb tree, 462. Prunus domeftica^ F. Sorrel, wood.^ *2 8 1 . i , 2 . Oxalis aceto fella., F. Mary gold, ;;/^r/Z^, 272. Caltha/»^//{/?m, F. Laurel, yj^^r^^, 465. Daphne laureola^ F. 17. Jack in the hedge, 291.2. Eryfimum alliaria^ F. U 4 Willow, zg6 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA.' April 1 7. Willow, wbite^ 447. i . Salix alba^ L. et F. Cedar, 1404. H. Plnus cedrus^ 1. Elder, water^ 460.1. Viburnum opulus^ f. Abele, 446.2. Populus Ma^ L. *CUCKOW, 23. Cuculus canorus^ftngs. 18. Oak, 440.1. Quercus, robur^ 1. F. Thorn, blacky 462.1. Fnmxxs fpirtofus^ B. Pear tree, 452. Pyrus communis^ f. Mulberry tree, 1429. H. Morus nigra. B. Violet, /^^^, 364.3. Viola canina^ F. Lime tree, 413.1,2,3. Tilia Eurofaa^ L. Nightfhade, 265. Atropa bella^nna^ E. Cherry tree, 463.1. Prunus f^r^/«j, F. Afh tree, 469. Fraxinus excel/tor^ f. Maple, 470. Acer campeftre^ L, Broom, 474. Spartium fcoparium^ b. Chefnut, 138.:^. Ydi^ws caftanea^ L. Fir, ^^r^/ii?, 442. Vinus fyhejiris, b. Cuckow flower, 299.Cardamine^r^/^;z/£f5 20. Thermometer^ 42. /^^^r- /r/z- tenfiSy D. Earth nut, 209. Bunium, bulbocafl. F. Mulberry tree, 1429. H. Morus nigra^ f. Night- 302 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. May 21. Nightfhade, 265. Axx(yp2i beiladonna^ £ Rye, 288- Scc2i\t by hernum^ in ear, 23. Pellitory of the wall^ 158.1. Parietaria officin. F. 24. Bramble, 467. ^whus fruticofus^ f. 25. Moneywort, 283.1. Lyfimachia nummuti F. Columbines, 173.1. Aquilegia vulgar, F. /;2 //^(? woods. 2 6. Tanfy, 'K^/Vi, 256.5. Potentilla anferina^ F^ Henbane, 274. Hyofcyamus ;^/^fr, V, 27. Campion, white^ 3 39 • ^ • Lychnis dioica^ F< Clover, 328.6 Trifoliu m pratenfe^ F. 28. Avens, 262.1. Geum nrhanum., F. Chervil, w//^, 207. Ch^rophyllum /^-^ mulent, F. 30. Bryony, ^/^^y^, 2 62 , i . Tamus communis^ F« Brooklime, 280.8. Veronica ^frr^^to/^^, F^ Cuckow flower, 338. 'Lychmsfloscuculi^ F. Crefles, water ^ 300. i . Sifymbrium nafiurt* F. Tbermom, 32. Higheft this month. 31. Spurrey, 351.7. Spergula arvenfts, F. Alder, berry bearings 465. Rhamnus/r^;^- ^«/^, F. VI. MONTH. Now the mov/er whets his fcythe. And every fhepherd tells his tale Under the hawthorn in the dale. Milton. June 2. Elder, water., 460. i. Viburnum optilus., F. Lilly, yellow wi. ter^ 368.1. Nympha^a lutea^ F. Flower THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. 303 June 2. Flower de luce, yellow ivater, 374. Iris pfeudo-acor. F. Mayweed, ftinking^ 185.3. Anthemis cotula^ F. Pimpernel, 282.1. Anagallis arvenfis, F. 3 . A 1 1 mart, 145.4. Polygonu m pcrftcaria^ F. 'Thyme, 430.1. Thymus ferpyllum^ F. Parfnep, cow^ 205. Heracleum jphon- dylhim^ F. Quicken tree, 452. Sorbus aucuparia^ D. , 5. Radiih, horfe^ 301. i. Cochlearia armo- rac. F. Thorn, evergreen^ 1459.3. H. Mefpilus pyracantha^ F. Bramble, 467. Kuhus^ fruticofus^ F. t GOAT SUCKER, or FERN OWL, 27. Caprimulgus Europ^us^ is heard in the evening. 6. Vine, 161 3. H. Vitis vinifera^ b. Flix weed, 298.3. Sifymbriumyi?/>i'/^, F. Rafberry bufn, 467.4. Rubus id^eus^ F. Mallow, dwarfs 251.2. Malva rotundi- folia^ P\ Elder, 461. 1. Sambucus ;^/>r^, F. Stitchwort, lejfer^ 346. Sttlhvisi grami?jea, F. Tare, everlajlingy 320.3. Lathy rus;r^/^»- fis, F. • Pliny, llh. ii. §. 14. fays, the chief time for bees to make honey is about the Iblftice, when the vine and thyme are in blow. According to his account then thefe plants arc as forward in England as in Italy. fThis bird is faid by Catefby, as quoted by the author of the treatiie De Migrationibus Avium, to be a bird of paflage. Gout 2H THE CALENDAR O^ FLORA; June 6. Gout lueedy 208.3. JEgopodium podagrarj F. Bryony, white, 261.1,2. Bryonia all?a^ F. Rose, dog, 454.1. Rofa canina^ F. Buo-lofs vipers, 227. i. Echium vulgare, F. 7. Grafs, vernal, 398.1. Anthoxanthum cdorat. F. Darnel, r^^, 395. laoXium perenne, F. Poppy> w/7i, 308.1. V?i^7iwtr fomnifer, ¥. Buckwheat, 181. H. Polygonu'm fago- pyrwnii F^ 8. Pondweed, narrow leaved^ I45-9- ?oly- gonura amphib. F. Sanicle, 221.1. Sanicula Europaa. F, 9. Eyebright, *2 84.i. Euphrafia officinalis^ F. Heath, /«^ leaved, 47 1 . 3. Erica cinerea^ F. Saxifrage^ bugle, hyacinth, D. Broom, 474. i . Spartiumy^-^^^m/?;;, podded. Nettle, hedge, 237. Stachys j^'/'y^/zV^, F. 1 2 . Wheat, 386.1. Triticum hybernum, in ear. Meadow fweet, 259.1. SpiT^B,ulmaria,£. Scabious, field, 191. i. Scabiofa^rx'^^^ A F. Valerian, ^r^j/ waUr^ 200.1, Valeriana officinal, f. Cinquefoil, niarfi, 256.1, Comarum Z'^- lufire, F. Qrchis, leffier buttzrjly, 380.18. Orchis bi folia, F. ig... Willow herb, great hairy, 3 11. 2. Epilo- bium hirfutum, F. Parfnep, cow,^o^, Heracleumyp/'c^/iy/^F. Betony, watcr,ii'^o^.\. Scrophularia ^^/^r/^^;//^;;^, F. Woad, 'ze.v'/i, 366.2. Refeda luteola^ F. Rocket, ^^/f, 366.1. Refeda lutea^ F. Archangel, 7^//oid. F. Plantain, ^;v^/, 314.1,2. Plantago ;;;^^V, F, WILLOW, SPIKED, of Theophr. 1699. H. Spiv^TifalicifcL F. Jeflamine, 1599. H. Jafminum officinaky F. R^fl harrow, 332. Ononis fjpinofa, F. Hyflbp, THE CALENDAR OF FLORA: 309 ^ m ' II. Hyff^P» 516- ^^' Hyflbpus officinalis, F. l^tatocs, 615.14. H. Solanum tuherofum^ F. Second pools of the maple. Bell flower, round leaved, 277.5. Campa- nula, F. Lilly, V/HITE5 1109. FL Lilium can- didum, F. Rajlerries ripe. Figs yellow. 13. Lime TREE, 473. Tilia Europcea., F. Knapweed, 198.2. CentaureayW^, F. Stonecrop, 269. Sedum rupeftre, F. Grafs, hiot., i46.Polygonun^crj;VL'/^r^, F. Grafs, bearded dog^ 39-'-2. Triticum ca- ninum^ F. 15. nermom. 39. Higheft this month, 16. Afparagus, 267.1. Afparagus officinalis^ berries. Mugwort, 190,1. Artemifia vulgaris., F. 18. WiUov/ herb, purple fpiked, 367.1. Ly^ thrum falicaria^ F. YOUNG PARTRIDGES. Agrimony, ivater hemp, 187.1. Bidens tripart. ¥ - 20. Vh^,, purging, 362.6. Linum catharticum, F. Arfmart, yp^//^i, 145.4- Polygonum ;?fr- fuaria, F. Lilly, ?/2^r/^^^;/, 11 12. H. Lilium w^r- tagon. HENS moult. 22. Orpine, 269. Sedum telephium, f. Hart's tongue, 116. Afplenium /cgIo- pendra, F. Pen,i 3to THE CALENDAR OF FLORA: 22. Pennyroyal, 235. Nicnthsi pulegium^ F. Bramble, 461. 1. Ruhus fruticofus. Fruit red. Lauruftinus, 1690. H. Yihnrnxxm tinus^ f. 24. Elecampane, 176. Inulz be leni urn, F. Amaranth, 202. H. Amaranthus cau- datiis^ F. 27. Bindweed, great., 275.1. Convolvulus y^- pmn., F. a 8. Plantain, great water., 257. i . AY\{m2iplan- tago, F. Mint, water., ^33-^^ ^'Itrwhz aqiiat tea., F, Willow herb, 31 1.6. Epiiobium ^^/^/r^, F. Thiilile tree fow, 163.7. Sonchus arvenjis^ F. Burdock, 197.2. Ardlium lappa., f. Saxifrage, burnet., 213.1,2. Pimpinella faxifraga., F. Devil's bit, 19 1.3. Scabiofay/i'£T//2?, F. 3c. Nightfhade, common, 288.4. Solanum nigrtim., F. DOVE, RING, 62 .9. Columba/J^//^;;2/^z^j, cooes. VIII. MONT PL Pour'd from tlie villages, a numerous train Nov/ fpreads o'er all the fields. In form'd array The reapers move, nor (hrink for heat or toil. By emulation urg'd. Others difpers'd. Or bind in Hieaves, or load or guide the \Yain That tinkles as it pafies. Far behind. Old age and infancy with careful hand Pick up each draggling ear, 6cc. THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. 311 Auguft I. Mclilot, 33 1. 1. TnfoWum offichuile^ F. Rue, 874.1. Ruta ^^rav CO km, F. Soapworr, 3^c).G. Saponaria cfficiHalis, F. Bedftraw, white^ lady's, 224.2. Galium palitjlre, F. Parjhcp, water, 300. Sifymbrium nafiiirt. F. Oats almoft fit to cut. 3. Barley cut, 5. Tanfy, 1 08. 1. Tan acetum i;^/^^;t, F. Onion, 11 15. H. Allium cepa, F. 7. Horehound, 239. Marrubium vulgar e, F. Mint, water, 233.6. Mentha ^^?/^/. F. Nettle, 139. Urtica ^/^/V^, F. Orpine, 269.1. S^dum telephlum, F. NUTHATCH, 47. Sitta Europ^a, chatters. 8» Thermom, 20. Lozveft to the 2ph of this 7nonth. 9. Mint, red, 232.5. Mentha ^^/7////j, F. Wormwood, 18 8.1. ArttiVA^idi abflnthium, F. 12. Horehound, zvater, 236.1. Lycopus iiz^- ropaus, F. Thiftle, lady's, 195.12. Carduus mar i anus ^ F. Burdock, 196. Ar6lium /^/»/>^, F. ROOKS ^^/. 29. THRUSH, 64.2. Tmdus muftcus^ Jings, 30. *Bramble, 467.1. V^uhus fruticofus^ F. * Autumnal heat, according to Dr. Hales, at a medium, is 18.25. X. MONTH. Arife, ye winds, 'tis now your time to blow. And aid the work of nature. On your wings The pregnant feeds ccnvey'd fhall plant a race Far from their native foil. Odober 1 . Br/ony, blacky 262. Tamus communiSyF. R . Elder, marjh^^6o. i .Viburnum opulus., F.R. Elder, 461.1. Sambucus nigra^ P. R. Briar, 454.1. Rofa canina^ F. R. Alder, blacky 465. Rhamnus/r^;/^///^,F.R. Flolly, 466. Ilex aquifolium^ F. R. Barberry, 465. Berberis vulgaris^ F. R. Nightlhade, woody., 265. Solanum duU camara. F. R. 2. Thorn, black., 462. i . Prunus^///^y^, F.R. CROW, THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. 315 Odober 2. *CROW, ROYSTON, 39. 4. Corvus comix ^ returns. 5. Catkins of fallows formed, 6. Leaves of afp almofl all off— of chefniit^ yellow— -of birch ^ gold-coloured. Thermom. 26.50. Higbeft this month. 7. BLACK BIRD, 65.1. Tardus meriila, fings. Wind high \ rooks f port and daflo about as in play J and repair their nefls. 9. Spindle tree, 468.1. Euvonymus Eu- rop^us^ F. R. Some afh trees quite ftripped of their leaves. Leaves of marfh elder of a beautiful red., or rather pink colour. 10. WOOD l.i\RKftngs. t RING DOVE cooes. J4. WOOD LARK^^i. Several plants flilL in flower., as panfy., white behn., black nonefuch., hawkweedy buglofs., gentian., fmalljtitchwort^ i^c. in grounds not broken up. A great mijl and p erf eh calm\ not fo much as a leaf falls. Spiders webs innu- merable appear every where. Woodlark fings. Rooks do not ftir but fit quietly en their nefi trees. 16, GEESE, WILD, 1364. Anas, a-.ifer^ leave the fens and go to the rye lands. * Linnaeus obferves in tlie Syftema Natiiroe, and the Fauna Suecica, that this biid is uleful to the hulbandman, tho' ill treated by hini. t Arlftotle fays, this bird does not ccoe in the winter, unlels the weather happens to be mild. 3i6 THE. CALENDAR OF FLORA. Odober 22. WOODCOCK, 104. Scolopax rufikola^ returns. Some ajh trees ft ill green. 24. LARK, SKY, 69. 1 . A\2iyjidi2iarvenfis^fings. Privet, 465.1. Liguftrum vulgar e^ F. R. 26. "Thennon. -j'Lo-v.rft i his month. Honeyfuckle, 458.1,2 Loniicera periclymen, ft ill in flower in the hedges .^ and mallow and fever feiv. WILD GEESE continue going to the rye lands. Now from the north Of Nonimbega, and the Samoeid fhore, Buriiing their brazen dungeons, arm*d with ice. And fnow and hail, and ftormy guft, and flaw, Boreas, and Cascias, and Argeftes loud. And Thrafcias rend the woods, and feas up-turn, Milton. Here ends the Calendar, being interrupt- ed by my going to London. During the whole time it was kept, the ba- rometer lluJaiated between 29.1. and 29.9. except a few days, when it funk to 28.6. and rofe to 30 1. A SiBi- [ 317 ] A SiBiRiAN or Lapland Year. June 23. Snow melts. July I. Snow gone. 9. Fields quite green. 17. Plants at full growth. 25. Plants in full blow. Auguit 2. Fruits ripe. 10. Plants filed their feeds. 18. Snow. F'rom this time to June 23, fnow and ice ; fo that by this account, plants, from the coming out of the ground to the ripening of their feeds, take bur a month. And the fpring, fummer and autumn, are crouded into the fpace of c,6 days. This accouiit is taken from a treatife publifned in the Amsn. Academ. voL iv. and agrees with one i have feen quoted out of Gmelin, whp was in Sibiria many years. T II E THE Calendar of FLORA. By T H E O P H R a S T U S. 0 ^ f At a T H E N S, Latitude 37° 2 5 INTRODUCTION. THE following Calendar was extradled chiefly from Theophrallus's Hillory of plants, and put together in the befl manner i was able from imperfed materials. Any one who looks into the original, will fee that accuracy ought not to be ex- pected •, the manner of marking the times being often very indeterminate. I am fenfible that objedlions may be made to many parts of this Calendar, but i thought it not worth while to give my reafons for what i have done, and thereby load a piece of mere curiofity with pompous quotations. It has always feemed extraordinary to me, that when difciples of Linnasus have been fent into fo many parts of the world, in order to make dif- coveries in natural hiflory, viz. Afia, Penfylvania, Lapland, u^gypt, Paleiline, Malabar, Surat, China, Java, Spain, America, Gotland, Italy, Apulia, Surinam, and St Euftatia, that Greece fhould have been overlooked. It is true, Monfieur Tournefort was lent into the Levant by Lewis the Fourteenth to fearch for plants, and fpent fome years there ; it is aifo as true, that he had all the knowledge and zeal neceffary for fuch a commif- fion ; but the country was too extenfive for one man to examine thoroughiy in that fpace of time. He rambled over mofc of the Greek iOands, Ar- menia, and other parts of Afia ; and though he enriched the royal gardens with many new planus, yet feveral muft have efcaped him for w^ant of time, or a proper feafon. It were to be wiflied, therefore, tliat fome per- fons properly qualified, might be fent to Greece, and be enjoyned to make Attica, particularly, their place of refidence for a year at leaif. This might furnilh a Flora and Fauna Attica^ that Y would 322 INTRODUCTION. would be extreemly curious to all lovers of natural hiftory •, and tend to clear up many paflages in thofe authors, who firft opened that branch of knowledge, as well as carried fome parts of it much farther, than is generally known, or at leaft acknowledged •, and from whofe writings much more benefit might ftill be reaped, were they better underilood, efpecially in the medicinal way. As the Englilh nation will have the honour of firft making known to the world the true and accurate proportions of the ancient Greek archi- tenure, fo i hope it is referved for us to bring the reft of Europe thoroughly acquainted with the na- ture of the foil, climate, productions, animals, &c. of a countr}^ whofe ancient glory fo much refembles our own, and in a great meafure has been the caufe of it, by furnilliing us with the beft models of good fenfe, tafte, and juft fentiments in every branch of human knowledge. We there- fore ought in a particular manner to look upon Attica, from whence, as Cicero fays, Humanitas^ do5irina^ fruges^ jura^ leges ort^^ atqiie in omnes terras difirihuta putantur^ with the veneration due to a mother country. Should fuch a fceme take place, i could name a perfon, perfedbly well qua- lified, by his youth and abilities, and zealoufly in- clined upon proper encouragement, to be one of' the party. France,, Sweden*, and RulTia have fet us examples of this kind, and why this great and Piourlftiing nation ftiould not follow them, i cannot lee. We have had our lliare in advancing natural hiftory, it is true, but hitherto without any- public encouragement. * Amongft many inftances of this Ibrr, there is one that deferves particular notice mentioned Amgen. Academ. p. 445. the author fays, that Kiiffelquift vva<; Cent mto ^.^ pt at the expence of his country- inen the Enli: Gothlandcrs, of the heads of tlie iin'iveifrty, and of the Eait India company, lor the ftudy of natural liiftory j and llaid above a ve-ar at Caiio. THE Calendar of FLORA. By THEOPHRASTUS. Feb. I. — * Violet, early bulbous^ 1 144. H. Leucoium vernum^ Asvocoioi^y F. Wall flower, 291.2. Cheiranthus, cbeiri, C^Aoyioy^ F. Cornel tree, 153^, H. Cornus, mas^ Dogberry^, 460. Cornus, fanguinea^ hnAvycpcLV^ct^ L. 14. — Bay tree, _ 1688. H» Laurus nohilisy S'a(l-y/i-i L. Alder, 442. Betula alnus^ y.A'Spu, L." Abele, 446.3. Populus alba^ XeuxvyLi- -Elm, 468. Ulmus campejiris^ Tf.iAio.^ L.' Sallov/, Salix, ^Jio:, L. Poplar, blacky 446. i. Populus nigra, aiy£ ^^^ therefore this queftion might be pro- 1.. J„-: J^J the fora bably decided. Auguft i() — Beginning of A U T U M N. Lilly, Lilium, ?\jipiov^ F. Crocus, 1 1 73.3. Crocus autumnal, kcqx<^'^ F. Dogberry, 460. Cornus fanguineay hnAvy.^(xv&i^.^ F. R. Alder, 442. Betula alnus, yA^Sccc, F. R. Quail, 58.6. Tetrao, cotumix, oplv^, de-. parts, Sept. 20 — Crane, 95. Ardea, ^r^j,yfpai'3^r//. Autumn Jhoots of trees, October 12 — Oak, 440, Qiiercus, rohur, jTp;, F. R. Chcfnut, THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. 327 Odtober 12 — Chefnut, 1382. H. Fagus, caftanea^ Sr.i (c-ccy a'^Cbt F. R. Chrift's thorn, 1 708. H. Rhamnus paliur, ira,/ idD'j^'i F. R. Hawthorn, 453.3. Crataegus oxyaca?itha^ o^uoc:c(Zi/lJo'^ F. R. Holm oak, 1391. H. Qiicrcus coccifer^ TTfivogt F. R. Alaternus, 1608.1.H. Khdimnus al a tern, (^/AuYr, F. R. 29 — Venice famach, 1696. H. Rhus cotinus, Koyczofj.rjAea,^ F« Apple tree, 45 1 . Pyrus malus^ urAect.F. R. Beam tree, while, 453. Cratxgus r.ria, a^ia, F. R. Lime tree, 473. Tilia Europd'a, 2;At>:>;, F. R. Box tree, 445. Buxus fempervivem, Trufoc, F.R. Beginning of W I N T E R. Novem. 15 — Ivy, 459. Hedera helix, >:/t1sc, F. R. Juniper, 444. H. Juniperus communis, ccpy,--j^o:^ F. R. Tree of life, 140S. FL Thuia Occident. bvc-ioc, F. R. Yew tree, 445. Taxus haccata, uiXo-, F. R. Pear tree, 1450. Pyrus ccmmunis, cc^/ooL^y F. R. Arbutus, 1577.2. H. ct^^ocyw.y F. R. INDEX. INDEX. ^ The large Roman Numerals refer to the Months of both Calen- dars ; the fmall Numerals to the Days of the Month of the Swe- difh 3 the common Figures to the Englifh, A. A CER, IV. 6. i3.i8.2^V. 1. -^ Achellea,VI.xxlii.xxix.ViI. vi. vii. VI. 1 8. A6t2a, VI. vii. Adonis, VI. xiii. ix. i. Adoxa, V. viii. Aegopodlum, VI. 6. Aefculus, V. xvi, IV. i. V. iz. Agrimonia,VII.vi.IV. 24. V.17. Agrollema. VII. v. VI. 13. Ajuga, V. XXX. IV. 29. Al-nula, III. XX. II. 4. IX. 25. X. 10. 14. 24. Alchtmillnj V. xxv. Alifma, VII. 28. Allium, V. 6. VIII. 5. Alopeuiu?, VI. iv. Alnus, III. 26. Air:ne,T. 26. Amaianthu?, VII. 24. Amygdalus, IV. 6. Anagallis, VI. 2. Anas, IV. vii. II. 12. X. 16. 26. Anemone, IV. xvi. V. iii. IV. 10. V. 20. Anethum, VII. 9, Angelica, VII. 9. Anthemis, VI. xxlli. xxix. VI. 2. Anthericum, VI. ij. Anr.yllis, VI. xii. Anihoxanthum, VI. 7. Antiirhinum, VI. xxviil. Apis, HI. 2. IV. 10. Apium, VII. 10. VIII. 29. Aquifolium, IV. 3. Aquilegia, VI. vii. V. 25. Arctium, VII. ix, VII. z%. Ardea, IV. 14. Artemifia, VII. x. VIII. xiv. IX. vi.IV.9. V.1.VII.16.VIII.9 Aii-n"n> IV. 26. ^ /UparuguE, YII. 16. Afperula V. 8. Atnplcx, IX. xxH. Atropa, VI. xviii. IV. 1$. V, 21, Alarum, V. iii. Alhacalus, VI. xxiv. Avena, VI. 28. VIII. 2. B. Ballota, VII. x. Bellis, I. 26. Btrberis, V. xiii. VI. viii. V. 12% X. I. Bctonica, V. v. Betula, V. xiii. xIvJV. i. 7.27. Bidens,VIi;i8. Bra(rica,IV. 15. Briza, VI. xviii. Br5 oni a, VI. xxviii . IV. 27 . VI. 6, Bunium, V. 20. C. Caltha, V. xxi. IV. 16. Campanula, VI. xi. xvi. xxix* VII. i. ii. vi. VII. II. Cannabis, VII. ix. Caprimulgus, V. 5. VIII. 15. Cardam/me, V. xxviii. IV. iS, V. 20. Carduus, VI. xxii. VII. ix. xvii. VIII. 12. Carpinus, V. xvi. III. 29. IV. JO. 13. 25. Caftanea, IV. 16. Ctntaurea, VI. xxii. xxiv. VII. i. vi. xxii. VI. 28. VII. 13. Chxrophillum, V. xxv. VII. vii. IV. 25. 29. V. 28. VI. 5. jCharadrius, VIII. 14. Cheiranthus, IV. 21. Chelidonium, V. xxvii. V. 5. 10, Chenopodium, IV. 24. VJ. 21. VIII. 17. Chryfanthemum, VI. xvii. xxix, VI. 23. Chryfoplenium, V, iii. Cicorium, INDEX. Cicliorium. VII. xii. VI. i8. Ciconia, V. ix. Ciicxa, VII. X. VII. iv. Cillus, VI. XX. Clematis, IX. vi. IX. i. Clinopodium, VU. x. Cochlcaria, III. 21. VI. s. Colchicum, VII. xvlli. VIII. xxvlli. Columba, III. 5. VII. 30. X. 10. Comaium, VI. xx. VI. 12. Conium, VI. 16. Convallaria, V. xxx. V. 3. 10. Convolvulus, VII. i. iv. IV. 25. VII. 27. Conyza, VII. xxiii. Cornus, V. xxx. Corvus, II. 12. III. 2. VIII. 17. X. a. Corylus, IV. xii. V. ix. I. 23. II. 22. IV. 7. Crataegus, V. xv. VI. xii. xvli. III. 29. IV. 28. V. 10. Crepis, VI. xxix. Crocus, IV. xiii. Cucubalus,VIII. i. Cuculus, V. xii. IV. 17. Cygnus, IV. x. CynogloflTum, IV. 10. V. 4. Cypiinus, V. xxv. xxx. Cytifus, IV. xiii. D. Daaylis, VII. xxii. Daphne, IV. xiii. IV. i6. Daucus, VII. vl. VII. 2. Delphinium, VI. 23. Dianthus, VI. xxiv. xxix. VII. viii. VII, 7. Dies Chalybeatl, II. xxii. Digitalis, VII. iv. Dipracus,VII.xviii. xx. VIII. 29. Draba, IV. xv. Drolera, VII. x. E, Echium, VI. 6. Elymus, VI. xxviii. Empetrum, IV. xxx. Epilobium, VI. xxiv. xxvl. VII. xii. XV. VI. 13. VII. 28. Erica, VI. xxix. VI. 9. JErigeron, VII. xv. Eriophorum, V. xxx. Erylimum, V. xxv. IV. 10. 16. V. 16. Efox, IV. X. Euonymus, V. xlv. X. 9, Eupatorium, VII. xv. Euphorbia, IV. 25. Euphraria,VI. xvii. VI. 9. VII.6. E. Fagus, V. xvi. IV. ig. 21. V. 9. VII. 2. Ficus, IX. i v. I V. 1 6 . 2 1 . 2 2 . VII. II. Filipendula, VI. xxii. Fragaria,VI. xxvi. IV. 13. VTI.9." Frankenia, VII. ix. Fraxinus,V. xxi. IV. 18. 22.V,(J. Fringilla, II. 16. IX. 16. G. Galanthus, IV. xiii. I 26. Galeopfis, VI, 25. Galium, VI. xvi. VII. vi. IV, 5,' V. 13. VII. 8. VIII. I. Genifta, IV. 22. Gentiana,VI.xxii.VII. 26.VII.2, Geranium, V, xxvi. xxx. VI. v, ix. xi. xiv. IV. 23. 27. V. i^, Geum, VL ii. xiii. V. i. a8. Glechoina, V. xxvi. IV. 16. Gnaphalium, V. xxvi. H. Hedera, VIII. 9.IX. 11. Helenium, VII. 24.. Helleborus, IV. xxi. Hemerocallis,VI. xx. VII. vli. xvf. Heracleum, VII. i. III. 28. IV. 29. VI. 3. 13. Herniaria, VI. xxix. Hefperis, VI. vii. Hieracium, VII. xvi. Hippophae, V. xiv. Hirundo, V. ix. IV. 6. IX. 21. Holcus, VII. v. Hordeum, V. xiii. V. 6. VIII. 3. Hottonia, V. 3. Humuhis,VII.vi. IV. 14. IX. 20. Hyacinthus, IV. 26. Hybernacula, V. viii. Hydrocotule, VI. xxvil, Hyofcyamuf, VI. xii. V. zS. Hypericum, INDEX. Hypericum, VI. xxix. VII. vi.xii IV. 27. VI. ai. Hypochseiis, VI. xxvii. Hyiropus, VII. II. Jafmmus,IV. 28. VII. 11. Ilex, I. 23. IV. »4. 26> X. I. Impatiens, VII. xviii. Inula, VII. xiii. xxiv. IX. xvil. Iris, VI. X. VII. vi. VI 2. Ifatis, VI. xxix. Tuglans, IV. xiv. xvlii. V. 15. Juniperus, VI. iii. IV. 28. L. I-amlum, I. 23. V. 6. VL 16. Xapfana, VI. 15. Lathyrus. VI. xvii. xxlx# Lavandula, VII. vi. Laurus, III. 11. IV. 10. 29. V. 1. Leontodon, VI. vii. IV. 3. 10. VIII. 21. Leonurus, VII. vii. Lepidium, V. iii. VII, xiii, Leucoium, IV. xiii. Libellula, V. xxi. Ligufticura, VII. vii. Liguftrum, V. xiv, X. 24.. Lilium, VI. xviii. VII. xx. VII. 10. ij. Linum, VI. vii. xxiv. VII. 18. Liriodendro 1, IV. 16. V. 4. Lithofpermum, VII. 6. Lonicera, IV. xv. VII. xii. I. 11. 23. VI. 15. X. 26. Lotus, VI. vii. Lychnis, V. xxx. VI. xiv. xvii. IV. zt. V. 26. 30. Lycopodium, IV. i. Lycopfis, VIII. xii. Lycopus, VIII. :.ii. Lyfimachia, VI. xxii. VII. iv. V. 25. IX. 2. Lythrum,VII. ii. VIL 18. M. Malva, Vn. xii. IV. 13. VI. 6. 15. VIII. 15. X. 26. Marrubium, VIII. 7. Matricaria, VI. xi. IV. 10. VI. 25.x. 26. Medicago, VI. xxvii. Meleagris, IV. xv. Melica, VI. vii. Melifla, VII. xxvi. Mentha, VII. xv. VII. 22. aS, VIII. 7; 9. Menyanthes, VI. xiii. IV. ax, Mercurialis, V. i, IV. 12. Melpilus, IV. 22. VI. 5. Mirabilis, VII. xvi. Moms, IX. i. IV. 12. 18. V. u- 20. Motacilb, IV. xiii. V. iii. xv. II. 12. IV. 9. 16. 28. VIII. 26. Myoibtis, V. 13. Myrica, V. xiv. VIII. 26- N. Narciflus, V. xv. IV. 1. No6les, V. xxiv. VI. 20. Nymphaea, IV. xvii. VI. xiv, xvi, VI. 2. O. Oenothera, VII. v. Ononis, VII. vi. VII. ix. Ophrys, VI. xxii. V. 5. Origanum, VII. x. Orchis, VI. vii. xiv. xv. VI. J2» Ornithogalura, IV. xv. Orobus, V. xiii. Ofmunda, VI. xxiv. Oxalis, V. xiii. IV. 16. P. Paeonia, VI. ii. xvi. Papaver, VI. xxiv. VII. vii. VL . 22. Papilio, IV. vii. Parietaria, V. xxiii. Paris, VI. vii. ParnaiBa, VI. xvi. IX. 5. Paftinaca, VI. ^^, Pavo, VI. xxix. Perdix, VII. 18, Phafeolus, VII. 10. Phellandriumj VI. 17. Philadelphus, V. xiv. VI. xxiv. Phyllerea, IV. 22. Picris, VII. xii. PimpincUa, VL xviii. vn. 28. Pinguicula, V. xxx. Pirtus, Vl.i. III. 29. IV. 17. 18. 21. 22. 25.29. V. 7. VI. 16. 2 Pifum. INDEX. Pifura,IV. 29.VIII. 21. PJantago, V. xxviii. VI. v. IV, 46. VII. 2. Platanus, IV. 14. 18. Polyirala, V. xxv. V. 15. Polygonujti,Vl. 3. 7. VI. 8. VII. 13.20. Populus, XII. xxlii. IV. XIX. xxx. V. ix. xvi. XX. III. 21. IV, 16. 17- 21. 25. V. 14. Potcntill:*, V. xvi. VI. xl. xlv.xvi. xviii. V. 26. VII. 4. Prenanthes, VII. x. Primula, V. i. xiv. xv. III. 49. IV. 9. V. 4. Prunella, VI. xxii. VI. 21. Prunus, V. ix. xv. xxv. kxviii.III. 31. 29. IV. I. 6. 13. 16. 18. IX. 20.x. ii. Pteris, VIII. xxviii. IX. 20. Pyrus, V. XV. xxvi. VI. ii. IV. 4. 6. 10. 14. 18. 23. V. 13, Quercus, V. xxi. IV. 7. 18. V. 6. R. Rallus, IV. X. Rana, IV. xiil. Ranunculus, IV. xv. V. xxvl. VI. vii. xvii. VII. vi. III. 28. IV. 28. V. 14. Refeda, VI. 25. Rhamnus, V. xv. xxl. VI.xv. xvi. IV. II. V. 31. X.I. Rheum, VI. xvi. Pvhinantluis, V. 4. Ribes, V. xxv. VI. vii. II. 25. III. 2. IV. 3. 6. 13. Robinia, V. xv. IV. i a. 21. VI. 17. Roia, V. XV. VI. XV. VII. vii. xxiv. IV. 4. V. II. VI. 6. X. I. Rofmarinus, I. 5. IV. 22. VI. 24. Rubus, V. vii. xxvii. VI. vii. xxiv. IV. 3.28.V. 24. VI. 5. 6,VII. II. 22. VIII. 30. Ruta, VIII. I. S. Sagina, VII. 2, Salix, III. xix. IV. xxi. V. vii. xiil. xvi, III. II, IV, I. 7. 10. 17, Salmo, v. xxi. Salvia, VI. 13. VIII. 14. Sanibucus, VI. xxix. VII. xvii. 11. 4. IV. 25. VI. 6. X. I. Sanj^juilbrba, VII. vii, Sanicula, VI. 8. Saponaria, VII. xxii. VIII. x, Satyrium, VI. xx. Saxifraga, V, xxvi. V. 6. Scabiola, VI. xxix. Vlll. iv. VI. 12. VII. 28. Scolopnx, X. 22. Scrophularia, VII. x. IV. 27. VI, Scutellaria, VI. xxvi. Secale, V. xxv. VI. xviii. VIII. iv. V. 21. VI. 21. Sedum, VI. xx. VII. vi. xiv. xv, VIII. I. IV. 4. VII. 13. 22. VIII. 7. Semina, V. viii. xiil. Senecio,VI.vii. IV. 12. VIII. 26. Serapias, VII. ii. Serpentes, IV. vi. Serratula, VII. xv. xxvii. Silene, VI. 13. 28. Sifymbrium, IV. 14. V. 30. VI, 6. VIII. I. Sitta, VIII. 8. Solanum, VI. xxiv. VI. 16. VII. II. 30. X 1. Solidago, V. xxiv. Sonchus, VII. xi. xxi. VII. 28. Sorbus, VI. iii. IV. i. 13. V. 6. VI. 3. IX. 20, Spartium, IV. 18. 22. 23. VI. 9. Spergula, I. 26. V. 31. Spinacia, VII. 8. Spir^a, VII. V. IV. 22. VI. 12. 27. VII. II. Stachys, VI. xxv. VII. ix. VI. 9. 22. Steliaria, IV. 22. V. 20. VI. 6. Stiirnus, V. vii. Syringa, V. xiv. VI. xviii. xxv, IV.^9. 27. T. Tamus, V. 20. 30. X. i. Tanacetum, VII. xv. III. 29. VII. 8. VIII. 5. Tegmenta, INDEX. Tegmenta, TV. xi. Ten o, II. 24. Teucrium,VII, x. VII. S. Thymus VI. r;. Tilia, V. xxi. VII. xi, IV. i?.. 18. V. 35. VII. 13. Tinurculus, IV. xiii. Thali6b-um; VII. 2. Tipula, IV. vl. Tordy.ium, VI. xxvii. VI. ai. VII. 6. Tormentilla, VI. li. IV. 42. V. 5. Trifolivim, VII. x. V. 27. VIII. 1. Tringa, IV. vi. Tiiticum, IV, 3. VI. 12. z I. 25. VII. 2. 13. VIII. 21. TroUius, V. xxvi. Tulipa, V.xxv. Turdus, II. 16. III. •4. IV, 23. IX. 25.x. 7. Tuffilago, IV. xii. xxx. V, Vaccinium, V. xxx. VI. vli. xxlx, Valantia, V. i. Valeriana, VI. xvii. V. 4. VI. i2» Vaporaria, IV, xix. Verbafcum, VII. i. ii. VI. 22.VII. II. Verbena, VI. 17. Veronica, V.xxx. VII. v. III. 26. IV. i6. V. 30. Viburnum, V. xiv. VI. xlv. I. 23. III. u. 29. IV. 4. II. 16. VI. 2. VII. 22.x. I. Vicia, VI. xxii. xxiv. Viola, V. iii. III. 28. IV. 18. V, 20. Vipera, VIII. 7. Vitis,IV. 15. VI. 6. 25. Ulex,IV.24. VII. 6.IX. 16. Ulmus, V. viii. xv. IV. i. 10. iSi l-Urtica, IV. 25. VIII. 7. INDEX, INDEX. A. ABele, IV. xlx. IV. 16. 17. *^ Acacia, V. xv. IV. 12. »i. Adonis, VI. xili. IX. i. Agiimony, VII. vi. xv. VI. 44. Vl. 17. VII. 18. Aldcr,V. xiv. xxi.VI. xvi. III. 26. IV. 7. II. V. 31. IX. 16. X. 1. Ameianth, VII. 24. Anemone, V. ill. IV* 10. V. 20. Apple tree, V. xv. VI. ii. IV. 4 14. 23. Apricot, IV. 1. 6. 16. 22. Archangel, I. 2. 3. VI. 16. 25. Arfmart, VI. 3. VII. 20. Afh, V. xxi. IV. 18. 22. V. 6. 20. IX. 20. 22. 'Alp, XIL xxiii. IV, xlx. V. xx. III. 21. IV. 25. V. 14. X. I. 22. Afparagus, VII. 16. Aiphodel, VII. li. AfTarabacca, VI. ii. xiil. Avens, VI. ii. xiii. V. 28. B. Barberry, V. xiii. Vl.vlii.IV. 12. X.I. Barley, IV. xvi. V. xiii. VII. vii. VIII.xvI.V. 6.VI. 28.VIII.3. Bafil, VII. X. Eiv, III. II. V. I. IX. 10. 29. Beam tree, VI. xv. Bean, IV. 29. V!l. 20. Bees, III. n.lV. 10. Bedlhaw,VII. vi.VlI. 8. VIII. I. Beech, V. xvi. IV. 21. VII. 2. Bcllliower, VI. xi. VH. 11. Betony, VII. x. IV. 27. V. 5. VI. 13 VIL4. Bilberry, VI. vii. xxix. VII. vlii. Bindweed, VII. i. iv. IV. 25. VI. 25. VII. 27. Birch, V. xiii. IV. i. 27. IX. 11. Birds, VIII. iv. Bittern. IV. 4. Black cap, IV. 18. Blackbird, IX. 47. X. 7. Bluebottle, VI. xxii. VI. 2S, Bramble, V. vii. VI. vii. IV. 3. V. 24. VI. 5. VII. 22. IX. II, 30. Brafs nights, VI. xxi. Bream, V. xxx. Briar, VI. xv. VII. vii.IV.4.X.i. Brookllme, V. 30. Broom, IV. 18. 22.23. ^I* 9* Bryony, VI. xxviii. IV. 27. V. 20. 30. X. I. Buckbean, IV. 22. Buckwheat, VI. 7. Bugle, V. xxx. IV, 29, Buglofs V. 12. VI. 6. Bur, IV. xxx. Burdock, VII. ix. VII. 28. VIIJ, 12. Burnet, ViT vii, J3utteicups, VI. 14. Butterfly, IV. vii, Butterwort, V. xxx . C. Camomile, VI. xi. Campion, VI. xiv. xxviii. IV. 22, V. 27. Carrot, VII. vi. VII. il. Catchlly, V. xxx. VI. xiii. Cats foot, V. ix. xxvil. Cedar, IV 17. Celandine, V. xxvil. V. 5. 10. Chaffinch, II. 16. IX. 16. Cherry tree, V. xv. xxv. xxviii. 111.20, IV. 8. Chervil,VlI.vii.V. 28.VI. 5. Chefnut, V. xvi. IV. i. 16. 18. V. 9. 12.x. 6. Chickweed, VIII. i. I. 26. Chriilopher herb, VL vii. Cicely, V. xxv. IV. 25. Cinquefoil, V. xvi. VI. xi. xir. xviii. XX. VI. 12. cuius, VL XX. Clary, VIII. 14. Cleavers, IV. 3. V. 13. Clove-, INDEX. Clover, Vir. x. V. i-j, VI. 27. Cockle, VII. V. VI. 13. CoM, XII. V. XV. Coltsfoor, IV^ 12. Columbine, VI. vii. V. xxv. Comfrey, V. vii. Cowflips, V. 4. .Crab, IV. 23. Crakeberry, IV. xxx. Cranes bill, V. xxvii. xxx. VI. v. ix. xi. IV. z;. V. ij;. Creffes, V. 30. Crow, X. 2. Crowloot, VI. vll. IV. 28. V. 14. Cuckow, V. xii. VII. XV. IV. 17. Cuckosv flower, V. xxviii. IV. 18. V. 20. 30. Curlew, VIII. 14. Currants, V. x^v. VII. ix." II. 25. III. 29. IV. 3. 13. 25. VI. D. DafTodil, V. XV. IV. i. Daify, VI. xvii. I. 26. Dakerhen, IV. x. Dandelion, IV. x. IV. 3. 10. Darnel, VI. vii. Devils bit, VIII. iv. VII. 28. VIII. 21. Dewberry, VI. xxlv- Dove, III. 5. VII. 30. X. 10. Dropwort, VI. xxii. Duck, IV. vii. E. Earth nut, V. 20. Elder, V. iv. VI. xiv. xxlx. VII. xvii. II. 4. III. 29. IV. II. 12. 17. 25. VI. 2. 6.x. 1.9. Elecampane, VII. xxiv. VII. 24. Elm, V.vili.xv. IV. i. 10. 12. F. Fennel, VII. 9. Fern, VIII. xxviii. IX. 20. Fcverk'w, Vl.xxix. 1V^ 10. V. 25. Fieldiare, IV. r\. IX. 25. Fig tree, IX. iv. IV. 6. 21. 2 2. VII. II. Fi.berd, V. ix. IV. vii. Fir, VI. i. IV. 18.21. 22. 2S.V. 4. 7. VI. 16. IX. II. Fbx, VI. vii. xxiv. VII, 20. Fleabane, VII. Iv. xii^ Flixweed, IV. 14. VI. 6. Flower de luce, VI. 2. Foxglove, VII. iv. Frog, IV. xi. xli. Furze, IV. 22. 24. VII. 6. IX. 16. G. G^me black, IV. vi. Gentian, V. xxii. Germander, V. xxx. IV. 26. Gladdon, VII. vi. Goat fucker, VI. 5. VIII. 15. 17. Golden red, VI. xxiv. VII. xv. VIII. 26. Goldilocks, V. xxvl, Goofeberry, II. vii. xx. 25. IV# 6. 13. 25. Goule, V. xiv. VIII. 26. Grafs, IV. xv. V. xx. VI. iv. vii, xvi. xviii. xxviii. VII. v. xxii. III. 21. V. 13. VI. 7. 21. VII. 2. 13. IX. 5. Greenhoufe, V. viii. xxiv. VIII. xxviii. X. vi. Gromil, VII. 2. Groundfel, V. xvii. H. Harebells, IV. 26. Harts tongue, VII. xxii. Halel, IV. xii. I. 23. II. 32. IX. 10. Hawkweed, VI. xxvii. xxix. VII, xvi. Hay harveft, VII. vii.^xvi. Heat, VI. xxix. Heath, VI. ix. ^ Hedges, VI. xxi. Hellebore, VII. ii. Hemlock, VI. 16. 17. Hemp, VII. xi. Hen, VII. XX. Henbane, VI. xii. V. 26. Herrincr, IX. 17, Holly ,^I. 23. IV. 3. 24. 26. X. 1. Honeyfuckle, IV. xv. V. xxx. II. 23.x. 26. Hops, VII. vi. IV 14. IX. io. Horehound, VII. ix. x. VI. 22. VUI. 7. 12. Hornbeam, INDEX. Hornbeam, V. vi. III. 29, IV. xo. I',. 25. ^ _ Hut beds IV. XI. XIX. Hounds ton2;ue, IV. 10. Hyilbp, VII. xi. Jack by the hedge, V. xxv. IV. 10. 17. Ice, V.4. Jeflamine, IV. a 8. VII. ri. Iron nights, VIII. xxviii. Juniper, IV. 8. 28. Iva, X. xxviii. Ivy, V.26. VII. 9. IX. II, Ivy, ground, IV. 16. Keftrell, IV. xii. Knapweed, VI. xxii. VII, i. vi. xxii.VI. aS. VII. 13. L. Laburnum, IV. 13. Lady's mantle, V. xxv. Lan'gue de boeuf. VII. xvi. l^apwing, IV. vi. Larch, III. 29. Lark, III. xxix. II. 4. IX. 25. X. TO. 14. 24. Larkfpur, VI. a3. Lavender, VII. 6. Laurel, in. ii. IV. 13. 16. IX. 20. Lauruftlnus, I. 23. III. i. IV. 4. VII. 22. Lead nights, V. xxiv. Lilac, V. xiv. VI. viii. xxv. IV. 7. 9. 27. VI. 2. Lilly, IV. xvii. V. xxx. VI. xlv. xvi. xviii. VII. vii. V. 3. VII. 10. II. Lilly day, VI. xx. Liine, V. xxi. VII. ii. IV. 12. 18. VIL 13. Liquorice, VI. xxiv. Loofeltrife, VI. xxii. Liverwort, VI. xvi. M. MalW', VII. xii. IV. 13. VI. 6. I 5. Vltl. 15. Maple, IV. 6. 18. V. 11. Marjoram, VII, x. xi. Marvel, VII. xvi. M;irygold, V. xx. VI. 29. IV. i«. VL 23. Mayweed, VI. xxiii. VI. 6. Meadow fweet, VII. v. IV. 29* VI. 12. 27. Medic, VI. xxvii, Mclilot, VIII. i. Mercury, V. i. IV. 12. 24. Mezereon, IV. xv. Milkwort, V. xxv. V. 15. Milleria, XT. ii. Mint, VIL XV. VII. xxviii. VIII. vii. ix. Moneywort, VI. iv. V. 25. Moonwort, VI. xxiv. Mofcate"', V. viii. MolTes, IV. i. XI. 5. Motherwort, VII. vii. Mugwort, V. I. VII. 1 5. Mulberry, IX. i. IV. 18. V. 14. 20. Mullein, VII. i.ii.VL 1 22. VII. II. Muftard, V. 16. N. NarcilTus, IV. i. Nettle, VI. xxv. IV. 25. V. 6. VI. 9. VIII.7. Nightingale, V. xv. IV.*9. VI. 15,. Nightfliade, VI. xviii. x>viv. VII. X. V. 18. 21. VIL 4. 30. X. I. Nuthatch, VIII. 7. O. Oak, V. xxi. IV. 7. 18. V. 6. 20, Oats, VI. 28. Onion, VIII. v. Orach, IX. xxii. VIII. 17. Orange, V. xiv. VI. xxiv. VII, viii. Orchis, VI. vii. xv. xx. xxii. Orpine, VIII. i. VIII, 7. Ofier, V. vii. xiii. Oxeye, VI. xxix. J P. Paris herb, VI. vii. Paraev,VI. 21. VII. 6. 10. Parlnep, VII. i. III. 28. VL 3. 13.22. VIII. I. Partridge, XI, »z, VIL 18. Pcacb INDEX; Peach, IV. 6. 16. Peacock, VI. xxix. Pear, V. xxvi. IV. 6. iS. Pearlwort, VII. 2. ^ Peafe, V. xxviii. VI. xxix. IV. 29. VIII. 21. Peiony, VI. i. xvi. Pellitory, V. 23. Pennyroyal, VII. 22. Pennywort, VI. 27. Pepper, wall, VI. xx. VII. xv. Phyllerea, IV. 22. Pike, IV. X. Pilewort, IV. xv. III. 28. Pimpernel, VI. 2. Pine, VII. X. Pink, VI. xvii. xxix. VII. viii. VII. 7, Plantain, V. xxviii. VI. v. IV. 26. VII. I. 24.. Plane tree, IV. 14. 21, Plumb tree, V. xxviii. IV. 6. 16. Polyanthus, V. i. Poadweed, VI. viii. Poplar, IV. XXX. V. xvi. IV. 21. 22. Poppy, VI. xxiv. VII. vii. VI. 7. 22. Pctatoe, VII. xi. Prlmrole, V. xv. VII. v. III. 29. Privet, V, xiv. X. 24. Q^ . ... Qiiicken tree, VI. iii. IV. 1. xui. V. vi.VI. iii. Quince, IV. 10. 28. V. 13. R. Radifh, VI. 3. Ragweed, IV. 12. Rampions, VI. xvi. VII. I. Ramlons, V. 6. Raa^erry, IV. 1 3. 28. VI. 6. 24. vn. II. Rattle, VII. vH.V, 4. Redfnrt, IV. 16. Reft harrow, VII. vU VII. 11. Rhapontic, VI. xvi. Robert herb, VI. xiv. IV. 23. Robin, VIII. 26. Roche, V. xxv. Rocket, VI. 25. Rook, II. 12. III. 2. VI. if, VIII. 12. 17. X. 7. Rofe, V. xv. VI. XV. VII. vih VIII. vii. V. II. VI. 6. Rofemary, I. 5. IV. 22. VI. 24. Rue, VII. iii. VIII. I. Rupture wort, V. xxix. Rufh, V. XXX. Rye, V. xxv. VI. xviii. VIII. iv. V. 21.VI, 21. S. SafFron, IV. xii. VII. xviii. VlH. xxviii. Sage, VII. viii. Saint John's wort, VI. xxix. VII, vi. xii. IV. 27. VI. 22. Sallow, III. xix.V. xvi. X. xxviii. III. xi. IV. 6. 7. X. 5. Salmon, V. xxl. xxviii. Sampire, IX. xvii. Sanicle, VI. 8. Saw-wort, VII. xv. Saxifrage, V. iii. xxvi. VI. xviii* V. 6. VI. 9. VII. 28. Scabius, VI. xxix. VI. 12. Seeds, IX. xiv. Selfheal, VI. xxii. VI. 21. Serpents, IV. vi. Sheep, V. iii. Shoots, VI. 28. VII. 11. Silverweed, VII. 4. Smallage, VIII. 29, Smelt, IV. xxi. Sneezewort, VI. xxix. VII. vii. Snow, V. xviii. IV. 29. Snowdrops, IV. xii. I. 26. Soapwort, Vll.xxii.VIII. I. . Solomon's feal, V. 10. Sorrel, V. xiii. IV. 16. Sowing, V. viii. xiii. Spearwort. VI. xvii. VII. 6. Speedwell,'VII.v. III.a6. Spider) IV. vi. Spikenard, VII. xxiii- Spindle tree, V. xiv. X. 9. Spurge, IV. xxv. Spurrey, I. ri6. V. 31. Star of Bethlehem, IV. xf . Starling, V. vii. Steel nights, II. xxii. Stitchwortj INDEX. 337 Stltcliwort, IV. 11. V. 20. VII. 6. Stonccrop, VII. vi.xlv. VII. 13. StiMvvberry,VI.xxvi.IV.i3.VII.9 Succory, VII. xii. VI. 28. Sundew, VI I. x. -Swallow, V. ix. IX. xvli. IV. 6. IX. 21. Swan,V. ix. IX.xvii. Sycomore, IV. 13. 25. T. Tanfey, VI. xvi. VII. xv. III. 29. V. 26. VII. 8. VIII. 5. Tare, VI. 6. Tealbl, VII. xvlH. VII. 29. Thermometer, II. 20. 25. 26. III. a. 28. IV. 20. 29. V. 4. 30. . VI, 19. 2- Vil. 8. 15. VIII. 8. 16, IX. 10. 16. X. 6. Thiftle, VI. xxli. VII. ix. x. xi. xvii.xxi. xxvii. VII. 29. VIII. 12. Thorn, V. iv. xv. xxviii. VI. x-v. xvii. III. 29. IV. 18. 22. 28. V. 10. VI. 5.x. 2. Throatwort, VI. xxix. VII. ii. vl. Thyme, VI. 3. Thrulh,II. i6.III.4..IX,29. Toad flax, VI. xxviii. Tormentil, VI. li. IV. 22, V. 5. Touch me not, VII. xviii. Travellers jov, IX. 2. Trefoil, VI. vii. Tulip, V. XXV. Tulip tree, IV. 16. V.4. Turkey, IV. XV. V. 15, Turneps, IV. 15. Tway blade, VI. xxvi. V. 5. V. Valerian, VI, xvii. V. 4, VI. i«^ Vervain, VI. 17. Vetch, VI, xii. xvii. Xxii. xxiv. Vine, IV. 15. VI. 6. 25. Violet, IV. xii. V. iii. vii. VII. xxvi. III. 28. IV. 18. V. 3.20. VII. 2. Viper, VIII. xxix. W. Wagtail, IV. xii. V. iii. IX, xvii. II. 12. Wallflower, IV. 2. Walinut, IV, 14.. V. 15. Wheat, IV. 3. VI. 12. 21. 25. VII. II. VIII. ai. Wheat ear, V. iii. Whorts, V. iii. William, fvveet, V. xxiv. Willow, IV. xxi. IV. I. 7. 10. 17. VII. II. V/illowherb, VI. xxii. xkIv. xxvii VII. i. ii. xii. VI. 13. VII. 18. 28. VIII. 21. IX. 2. Woad, VI. xxix. VI. 25. Woodbind, VII, xii. VI. 15. Woodcock, X. 22. Wormwood, VIII. xiv.IX.vi.lV. 9. VIII. 9. y. Ya.^row, VI. xxiii. VII. vl. VJ. 18. Yew tree, III, xxix. IV. 24. T Ii fi THE SWEDISH PAN. Z 2 I 341 3 THE SWEDISH PAN. B Y NICOLAS HASSELGREN. Upfal, 1749. Decern. 9. ! Amaenit. Academ. vol. 2: §. I. TH E antients attributed the paftoral life to Pan^ the care of flowers to Flora^ Jiunting to Diana^ and the cultivation of grain to Ceres* We, tho' acknowledging only one Deity, who governs all things, yet often ufe thefe names to denote the fubjedb we undertake to treat upon. What word is now more known among botanifts than the word Flora ; by which they mean all thofe plants, which grow within a cer- tain compafs of ground j as our Fauna Suecica Z 3 takes 342 THE SWEDISH PAN. takes in all thofe animals, which arc natives of Sweden ? For a like reafon we have entitled this fmall tradl the Swedijh Pan ; intending thereby to denote the five domeftic quadrupeds, which live upon plants growing in Sweden ; or the de- vouring army of Pan^ which lays wafte the pro- vinces of the Swedijh Flora. We choofe by this means to avoid a prolix definition, which is al- ways disagreeable for thfe title of a book. §• 2. The paftoral life, by the teftimony of both facred, and prophane hiftory, is nearly as old as man himfelf j fo that i would willingly derive the knowledge, which i am going to deliver, from the moft ancient times. But altho* plants have been conllantly obvious to the eyes of every man ; yet i am obliged to declare, that we have no- thing delivered down to us in any book con- cerning the kinds of plants proper for the dif- ferent kinds of cattle ; fo that i may be fure of not difgufting my reader with flale matter new drefied up. For the whole of what i prefent to him is new. — Our illuftrious prefident in his iourney thro' Dalecarlia ann. 1734, made the tirll attempt this way, as may be feen Flor. Lapp. THE SWEDISH PAN. 343 Lapp. p. 158: where he fays thus. ' In my * journey thro' Dalecarlia, when we had climbed * up the mountains, and were got into Norway, ^ my fellow travellers being tired, and adeep, i ' wandered about in a difmal wood, and per- * ceived that the horfes eafily diftinguifhed * wholefome from noxious food ; for being verjr * hungry, they devoured all forts of plants, ex- * cept the following \ meadow fwect^ valerian^ * lilly of the valley^ angelica^ loofe-ftrife^ marjh- ^ cinquefoil^ cranes hill^ hellebore^ monks-hood^ and * many fhrubs. This gave me a hint to re- * commend to the curious, that they w^ould fet ' about examining what plants fuch animals, as * live on vegetables, viz. the coWy the Jheep, the ^ goat^ the deer, the horfe, the hog^ the monkey * and their fpecies will not touch. An examina- * tion which would not be without its ufe, were * it properly made.' Notwithftanding this re- commendation no enquiry was made, till our prefident returned home from his travels thro* forreign countries, and made a progrefs thro* our own provinces. Afterwards profeflbr Kalm, that worthy difciple of fo great a mailer, follow- ed his example ; fo that in his journey to Bahus we find mention made of fome plants, which cattle either eat, or refufe. Ann. 1747 ^"^ Z 4 174S 244 THE SWEDISH PAN. 1 748 our prefident undertook with great dili- gence not only to make experinients himfelf, but to excite his difciples, and auditors to do the fame ; of which number i was one. Thus at laft many experiments were made, and re^ pcated, efpecially by D. D. Hagftrom, Mag. E. G. Liidbeck, E. Ekelund, J. G. Wahlbom, L. Montin, F. Oldbers, J. C. Forfkahl, A. Fornander , hot to mention others, who ftrove, as it were, to out-do one another in finding the plants, which were fuitable to different animals,^ §• B' The diiBculty however of examining all the Swedifh plants, and getting animals proper for experiments, which ought all to be repeated, has hindered us from being able to give ^ compleat work on this fubjed. But the greatr eft part, and the moft common vegetables of Sweden being now determined by us ^ what is wanting may be fupplied from time to time. We hinted that animials proper for experiments, which ought to be taken from among cows^ goats^Jheep^ horfes^ ^ndfivine, are difficult to be found, for thefe reafons j firft, becaufe fome plants are eaten by them in the fpring, which 2 they THE SWEDISH PAN. 345 they will not touch all the fummer ; when they are apt to grow rank in tafte, and fmell, and become ftalky and hard. Thus many people cat the 7iettle in the fpring ; but who could bear it afterwards ? Again, becaufc fome kinds of animals eat the flower, and will not eat the ftalks ; others eat the leaves and will not eat the ftalks. N. B. When they eat the leaves, we fay in general they eat the plant, otherwife there would be few graffes they could be faid to eat. CEcon. Nat. Next, the animals ousht not to be over hungry, when we make our ex- periments, if we intend to make them properly. For they will greedily devour moft kinds of plants atfuch a time, which they will abfolutely refufe at another. Thus when they come im- mediately out of the houfe, they are not fit to make experiments upon •, for then they are ravenous after every green thing that comes in their way. The befl method is to make the experiments when their bellies are almoft full, for they are hardly ever fo intirely. Moreover the plants ought not to be handled by fweaty hands j fome animals will refufe the moll plea- fmg, and tafteful in that cafe. We ought to throw them on the ground, and if we find the animal refufes tp eat them, we mud mix them with 34§ THE SWEDISH PAN/ with others that we know they like i and if they ftill refufe them, we have a fure proof; ef- pecially if the fame be tryed with many indi- viduals: §. 4- Our views do not extend beyond the Swedifh plants, and that for the fake of our own oecono- my. Let forreigners look to that part which concerns themfelves, and thus our work will be confined within moderate bounds. We can pro- duce above 2000 certain experiments, fome of which were repeated ten times ove/, fome twice as often. If we take the Flora Suecia Holm. 1745. and put to any herb the generical name, adding the number, and fome epithet by way of difference, our work will be very much abridged. §. 5. It is manifeft that the vegetable world was in- tended for the fupport of the animal world; in- fomuch that altho' not a few animals are carni- vorous, yet thefe animals which they devour cannot fubfift without vegetables. In this fpe- 3 culation THE SWEDISH PAN. 347 culation we behold with admiration the wirdom of the Creator, which has made fome vegetables abfolutely diiagrcable to fome animals that live upon plants, while thefe plants are agreeable to others. And there are plants, which are poi- fonous to fome animals, which are very whole- fome to others, and on the contrary. This did not happen by chance, but was contrived for wife purpofes. For if the Author of nature had made all plants equally grateful to all kinds of quadrupeds, it muft neceffarily have hap- pened, that one fpecies of them being remark- ably increafed, another fpecies muft have pe- riflied with hunger, before it could have got into better pafture i the vegetables being con- fumed over a large trad of ground. But as it is ordained every fpecies muft by force leave certain plants to certain animals, fo that they always find fomething to live upon, till they meet with better pafture •, in the like manner we find it contrived in relation to the plants them- felves, which do not all grow in the fame coun- trey, and climate ; but every plant has its place appointed by the Creator, in which it grows more abundantly, than any where elfe. From hence we may obferve, that thofe animals, which chiefly live upon particular plants, chiefly abound 34^ THE SWEDISH PAN. abound in certain places. Thus the lichen or liverwort^ Fl. 980. is found in greateft plenty on the cold alps, and therefore the rhen deer^ which all winter live moftly upon this plant, are obliged to live there. The fefluca, Fl. 94. which floriihes and fpreads mofl on dry paftures^ draws the llieep thither, which above all things delight in that kind of grafs. The feeds of the dmarf hirch^ Fl. 777. which afford the beft fort of food to the rough-legg^ dpartridge^ and the Norway rat^ Fn. 26. tempt them to dwell in thefe northern parts of the world. Camels hay^ Mat. Med. 312. which above all plants, thrives on loofe fand, draws the camel to choofe thofe barren places, as they there find food mofl agreeable to them \ not to mention many other fimilar inflances. Trees, whofe heads fhoot up fo high, that quadrupeds cannot eafily reach them, afford nourifhment for that reafon to more numerous tribes of infedls , as the fallow^ the oak^ the pear, &c. The Creator, who moll wifely eflablifhed this law, has as it were im- printed it on the organs of animals, that they might not offend againfl it thro' ignorance; and as every tranfgreffion has its puniihment allotted, fo alfo no offence againfl the law of naoirc THE SWEDISH PAN. 349 nature can efcape. Animals, which violate this law are punifhed by difeafes or death •, and hence we behold with admiration that brutes, which were defigned to be guided by inftind, can by no means whatever be prevailed upon to adl againft it. If by chance it happens that any animal offends this way, and fuffers for it, we vulgarly fay it has taken poifon j fo that ig- norant people wonder, not to fay murmur at the wife difpofition of the Creator, who has pro- duced fo many noxious plants •, but without fuiHcient reafon, for no one plant in the world is univerfally poifonous, but all things are good, as they came from the hands of the Creator, Phyficians often mention that this ar that plant is deadly, becaufe its particles are of a nature apt to wound the fibres of the body or corrupt the juices. But this is only refpe6lively to the fpecies of animals, e. g. xhtfun-fpurge^ Fl. ^'^G. has a milky juice, which caufes blotches in our Ikin and hurts our fibres, and therefore it is faid to be poifono:)3 ; yet the mothy Fn. 825. almoft entirely lives upon tliis plant, and prefers it both for tafte and nouriiliment to all others, as it thrives beft upon it. Thus one animal leaves that, v/hich to itfelf is poifonous, to ano- ther animal, v/hich feeds upon it deliciouxly. Long' 250 THE SWEDISH PAR Long-leaved water hemlock will kill a cow^ whereas the goat browfes upon it greedily. Monks-hood kills a goat, but will not hurt a borfe •, and the bitter almond kills a ^ip^, but is wholefome food for man, Parjley is [deadly "to Jmall birds ; while y^z«^ eat it fafely ; znd pepper is mortal to fwine, and wholefome to poultry. Thus every creature has its allotted portion. Animals diftinguifh the noxious from the falu- tary by fmell and tafte. Younger animals have thefe fenfes more acute, and therefore are more nice in diftinguifhing plants. An empty fto- mach will often drive animals to feed upon plants, that were not intended for them by nature. But whenever this has happened they become more cautious for the future, and' acquire a certain kind of experience ; e. g. the monks-hood^ which grows near Fahluna, is gene- rally left untouched by all the animals, that are accuftomed to thefe places ^ but if forreign cattle are brought thither and meet with this ve- getable, they venture to take too large a quantity of it, and are killed ^ The cattle that have ** The fame thing has been told me by the countrey peopk in Herefordfhire in relation to meado^j-faffrojty which grows in plenty in fome parts of that county. Gmelin, Flor. Sibirica, p. 76. fays that cattle eat the leaves of the hellebore^ 40. when they firft fpring out of the ground, and are thereby killed. been THE SWEDISH PAN. 35, .been reared in the plains of Schonen, and Weftrogothia, commonly fall into a dyfentery when they come into the woodland parts, be- caufe they feed upon fome plants, which cattle ufed to thofe places have learned to avoid. In the fpring, when the water hemlock is under water, fo that the cows cannot fmell it, they dye in heaps % But when the fummer comes on and * This aiFair is of fo much confequence to the farmer, that i think it right to tranfcribe a paflTage out of Linnseus upon this fubjeft. " When I arrived, fays he, atTornea, the inhabitants com- plained of a terrible difeafe, that raged among the horned cattle, which upon being let into the paftures in the fpring dyed by hundreds. They defired that i would confider this affair, and give my advice what was to be done in order to put a Hop to this evil. After a proper examination! thought the following circumftances worth obferving. 1. That the cattle dyed as foon as they left off their win- ter fodder, and returned to grazing. 2. That the difeafe dimlniflied as the fummer came on, at which time, as well as in the autumn, few dyed. 3. That this dillemper was progagated irregularly, and not by contagion. 4. That in the fpring the cows were driven into a meadow near the city, and that they chiefly dyed there. 5. That the fymptoms varied much, yet agreed in this, that the cattle, upon grazing indifcriminately on all forts of herbs, had their bellies fwelled, were ieized with convulfions, and ia a few days expired with horrible bellowings. 6. That 352 THE SWEDISH PAN. and has dryed the ground, they are very care- full not to touch it. It is alfo true, that all vegetables prohibited by nature to particular animals are not equally pernicious •, and therefore though through neceflity and hunger they eat them, 6. That no man dared to flea the recent carcafes, as they found by experience, that not only the hands of fuch as attempted it, but their faces too had been inflamed, and mortified, and that death had enfued. 7. The people enquired of me, whether there were any kinds of poifonous fpiders in that meadow, or whether the water which had a yellowifh tint was not noxious. 8. That it was not a murrain was clear, becaufe the dif- temper was not contagious, and becaufe that diflemper is not peculiar to the fpring. I faw no fpiders but what are common all over Sweden ; and as to th& water, the fediment at the bottom, that caufed the yellownefs, was nothing but what came from iron, 9. I was fcarcely got out of the boat, which carried me over the river into the meadow, before i guefled the real caufe of the difcafe. For i there beheld the long-ha-jsd njoaier hemlock. My reafons for guefling this were as follow. 10. Becaufe in that meadow, where the cattle firil fell ill, this poifonous plant grows ia great plenty, chiefly near the banks of the river. In other places it was fcarce. 11. The leaft attention will convince us that brutes Ihun whatever is hurtfull to them, and diilinguilh poifonous plants from falutary by natural in.linft ; io that this plant is not eat by them in the fummer, and autumn, which is the reafon that in thofe feafons few cattle dye, viz, only fjch as either accidentally, or prelTed by extreme hunger, eat of it^ 12. BlU THE SWEDISH PAN. 3^3 them, yet they do not immediately dye •, but it is certain that they cannot have from thence good and proper nourifliment* §, 6. The end of this kind of knowledge is not 12. But when they are let into the paftures in fpring, partly from their greedinefs after frefh herbs, and partly from the emptinefs and hunger which they have undergone during a long winter, they devour every green thing which cdmes in their way. It happens moreover that herbs at this time are fmall, and fcarcely fupply food in fufficient quantity. They are befides more juicy, are covered with water, and fmell lefs flrong, fo that what is noxious is not eafily difcerned from what is wholefome. I obferved likewife, that the radical leaves were always bitten, the others not ; which confirms what I heve jullfaid. 13. I faw this plant in an adjoining meadow mowed along with grafs for winter fodder ; and therefore it is rat wonderfull, that fome cattle, tho' but a few, (hould dye of It in winter. 14. After ileft Tornea i faw no more of this plant till i v«ame to the vaft meadows near Limmingen, where it ap- peared along the road, and when i got into the town i heard the fame complaints, as at Tornea, of the annual lofs of cattle with the fame circumflances. 15. It would therefore be worth while to eradicate care- fully thefe plants, which might eafily be done, as they grow in marlhy grounds ; and are not hard to find, as they grow by the fides of pools or rivers. Or if this could not be done, the cattle (hould not be fuffcred to go into fuch places, at leaft during the fpring. For i am perfuaded, that later in the year they can diflinguifh this plant by the fmell alone. A a bare 534 '^"^^ SWEDISH PAN. bare curiofity, although were this the cafe every part of knowledge, which fets forth the llupen- dous works of the Creator, is never to be looked upon as of no confequence. On the other hand we do not pretend to gain any medicinal advan- tao-es from thefe fpeculations, namely, to be able from hence to conclude, that this or that plant is noxious to man, becaufe it is fo to this or that brute .animal. Nor do we for that reafon approve of Wepfer's experiments upon dogs, and other animals, as if any knowledge can be thence gained in regard to man. No, the end we aim at is merely oeconomical. a. From thefe experiments we may know whether certain paftures afiord good nourifh- ment for this or that fpecies of animals. Wc fee e. g. heifers wade away in enclofures, where the meadow- fuseet grows in abundance, and covers the ground fo that they can fcarce make their way through it ; the countrey people are amazed, and imagine that the pafture is too rich for them ; not dreaming that the meadow- fweet affords them no nouriihment. Whereas xhQ goat^ which is bleating on the other fide of the hedge, is not fuffered to go in, though he longs to bebrowfing upon this plantj which to him is a moft delicate and nourilhing food. /:. From tllE SWEDISH PAN. 3^5 f . From thefe experiments we may almoit be fure by affinity and analogy, whether mea- dows or paftures are falutary or noxious to par- ticular animals ; e. g. long experience has taught Us that our Jheef take up poifoh in marfhy grounds, though no one till lately knew what was the particular poifori. Yet \h(t fpiderwort Q.6y. the moufe-ear fcorpion grafs I ^^. the mer- cury 823. the fun-dew 257,8. the hairy wood grafs 287. the lejfer fpearwort 4.^8. the butter- wort 21. have evidently fufpicioiis marks ^ I will therefore propofe a new experiment. The andromeda Fl. Virgin. 160. is known to be a mod rank poifon to Iheep in Virginia. The andromeda^ called by the people of New York dwarf laurel i Cold. Ad. Upfal. 1743. p. 123. is very fatal to the iheep in New York. Thefe two plants are of a different fpecies^ but of the fame natural genus, and therefore have the fame vertues. Amongft us, efpecially in the northern parts, the wild rofemary^ ayidromeda ^ There is great reafon to tliink that what makes low grounds io noxious to fhcep is not the moifture, but the plants that grow there. For it is obferved by {hepherds that the great danger to (heep is immediately after a frefli fpring of grafs, which i imagine is owing to their licking up the young and tender flioots of poifonous plants, along with iheir proper food, not being able to diilinguiih them. A a 2 -11^^. 356 THE SWEDISH PAN. 335- gi*ows every where in marfhy grounds, which being of the fame natural genus with the foregoing, we may reafonably conclude that it deflroys our fl^ieep. To this we may add, that it is on account of three other fpecies of andro- meda o^'^G^j^'^. which grow on the Lapland mountains, that the flieep there never are healthy •, and lallly although the ciftus ledan 341. is not a fpecies of andromeda^ yet being of the fame natural clafs, it is not unlikely but that this plant is far from affording good nourifh- ment to fneep. This conjedure gives our ihep- herds an unexpeded opportunity of making ex- periments v/ith their flieep •, and indeed they cannot omit to do it without being juflly blame- able, fmce on this the health of their whole flock depends. It is particularly to be noted upon this occafion, that the botany of America, a countrey fo far disjoyned from us, gives a hint for confidering things of the greateft ufe, of v/hich the antients did not fo much as dream. ';.. From hence the ceconomiil may truly judge of his meadows, and know that fome are vaftly preferable to others for certain animals. For although cattle, prelTed by necefTity and hunger, will feed upon vegetables lefs grateful! to them j yet it is not to be doubted but that they THE SWEDISH PAN. '>,si they are not equally well nourifhed by thefc as by others. Thus the Dalecarlians are obliged in a fcarcity of wheat to fupport themfelves by bread made of the bark of the pine \ yet it does by no means follow from hence that this affords proper nourifliment. We fee that horfcs in time of war, when prefTed by extreme hunger, will eat dead hedges^ but we cannot hence conclude, that wood is good food for them. J". The induilrious farmer may judge from hence, when he fows his meadows with hay feeds for paflure, that it is not indifferent what kinds of feeds he choofes, as the vulgar think. For fome are fit for horfes^ others for cows^ &c. Horfes are nicer in choofing than any of our cat- tle •, filiquofe and filiculofe plants particularly are not relifhed by them. Goats feed upon a greater variety of plants than any other cattle, but then they chiefly hunt after the extremities and flowers. Sheep on the contrary pafs by the flowers and eat the leaves. Not to mention the different difpofition in different animals as to grazing near the ground or not. The coun- treyman who underftandsthefe things, andknov/s how in confequence to difpofe of his grounds, and affign each kind of cattle to its propereil food, muil neceffarily have them more healthy A a 3 and 555 THE SWEDISH PAN. and fat, than he who is deftitute of thefe prin- ciples. The good ceconomifl will obferve the fame of his hay. For although many herbs, when dry, are eat, which when green would be refuled, it does not follow from hence that they yield good nourilhment. Much might be added concerning the propenfion of cattle to this or that plant, which the compafs of this fmall trad will not admit of-, e. g. that Jloeep above all things delight in xhQ feftuca 95. and grow fatter upon it than any other kind of grafs ; that goats prefer certain plants, but being led by an inflindt peculiar to themfelves, they fearch more after variety, and do not long willingly flick to any one kind of food whatever; that geefe are particularly fond of the feeds of the feftuca^ Fl. 90 ; that fwine greedily hunt after the roots of the hull-rujh 40. while they are frefli, but will not touch them when dry. Hence it appears that it is in vain to contrive engines to extrafb the roots of the hull-rujh out of the water, and dry them for the ufe of thefe animals in winter. Becaufe thefe animals fpoil the meadows, where the fccrzojtera grows, in order to come at its root, which they delight in ; and alfo the fields, to get at the loots of clowns-all-heal^ the hufbandman imagines they do THE SWEDISH PAN. 359 do good to his fields by ploughing the ground and eating the roots of couch-grafs^ whereas they never touch them, but when prcfvjd by the utmoll neccflicy ^ To give a view of my defign in a fev/ words. I have difpofed the plants mentioned in the Flora Suecica according to their numbers ; and to be as fhort as poflible, it was neceflary to add the generical name with a fliort and incompleat •^ In the fame way with us it is a notion that prevails com- monly that C01.VS eat the cro-w-foot that abounds in many meadows, and that this occafions the butter to be yellow, /rem whence i fuppofe it is generally known by the name of the butter-fio^er. But this i believe is all a miftake, for i never could obferve that any part of that plant was touched by C01M5 or any other cattle. Thus Linnsus obferves, Fl. Lapp, p, 195. that it was believed by fome people that the tnarjh-marygold made the butter yellow, but he denies that cows ever touch that plant. Yet he thinks that all kinds of pafture will not give that yellownefs, and then obferves that the beft and yelloweil butter he knows, and which is prefer- red by the dealers in thofe parts to all other butter, was made where the coiv-ivbeat grew in greater plenty than he ever faw any where elfe. This fhevvs how very incurious the countrey people are in relation to things they are every day converfant with, and which it concerns them fo much to know. A a 4 epithet. 360 THE SWEDISH PAN. epithet, which however may be illuftrated out of the Flora itfelf. I have diftinguifhed the cattle againft every plant into five columns. The firft of which contains oxen. The fecond goats. The third Jheep. The fourth horjes. The ?ih\\fwine. By the mark (i) i have der noted thofe plants which are eaten •, by the mark (o) thofe which are not eaten ; by both too-ether thofe which are fometimes eaten, fome- times refufed •, or are eaten when cattle are more ufed to them, and are more hungry, otherwife not. §. 8. Upon the firft view of this fubje6l the reader will perceive, that it is not treated compleatly, fo that every Swedifh plant is pointed out, and by what animals it is eaten. What generally happens upon breaking up old pafture lands, viz. that for the firft years it cannot be cleanfed from all ufelefs weeds, and be laid down fine like a garden, but will here and there have rough tumps and hard clods, uniefs v/e will let it lye fallow for a very long time •, the fam.e or fpmething lik^ it has happened upon this oc- cafion. THE SWEDISH PAN. 361 I am apt to believe however that the reader will be better pleafed that I have opened this nevr. fcene, than if I had waited longer in order to gain farther light. For fince there are many people here curious in botany and oeconomy, i hope they will all lend a helping hand, that i may one day be enabled to give a more compleat edition of this piece ". * After this in the original follows a long table of expe-i rlments, of which i fhall only give a fmall fpecimen ; as the whole would increafe the bulk but not the value of this piece to fuch readers as this tranflation is intended for, fince they would neither know the plants by the names the author has given them, nor by any i could put in their room. However i Ihall for curiofity give a fpecimen, and add the general re- fult of his experiments, juft as he has marked it at the end of his table; which is as follows. * Thus^far,'^ fays he, • we have given 2314 experiments. From thefe it appears f that refufe 2 1 8 plants 126 141 212 171 * And thus thefe animals leave untouched 886 plants. * Thefe animals will not eat any kind ofmo/s, * The goats are very fond of the a/g^. ' Some of them greedily devour the fungi, others will f not tafte them. But we recommend farther trials in rela- • tion to thefe matters.' Then follows an account of fome trials made by Dr. -O. Hagi^rom to the fime putpofe in relation to rk'n dcer^ but Oxen eat 276 Goats 449 Sheep 387 Horfes 262 Swine 72 j6a THE SWEDISH PAN, but as they no ways concern us, i have omitted to mentiom them. N. B. For the table i have chofen not to take fuch plants as occurred firft in my author, but to feleft the grafles of our own countrey, and have given Englifh names to them of my own invention, the reafon of which will appear in the fol- lowing obfervations. Spring grafs — Mat grafs ■ Canary grafs, reed Cat's-tail, meado^o fox- tail, meadovii — fiote Millet grafs ■ Bent grafs, yf% « fine Hair grafs, fmall leaved ■ tvater - Meadow, creeping •— ■ • annual — — great •— '■ — — narroiv lea'ved Cock's- foot grafs, rough — — Dogs-tail grafs, crefied ■ ■ blue I m Fefcue grafs,/e/ oflve new o-enerical names with trivial ones to diflinguifh the fpecies of all our Englifh orrafTes '\ I mean all thofe which are found in that author ; as for the reft, fince fome are omitted by him, their names may be eafily fup- plyed when their genera are fettled by the learned^. It happens very luckily, that our common people know fcarce any of the gralTes by names, as far as i could ever find by con- verfing with farmers, hufbandmen, &c. fo that fomething may be done to remove this con- fufion, if a lift of names be fettled and agreed ' Mr. Hudfon having thought proper to adopt my name* w?th fome alterations ; and having cleared up many of the fpecies of graffes in a better manner than has been done be- fore ; i hr.ve referred throughout to his Flora Britannica, v/hich is likely to be in the hands of all who are curious ia bi tany. ^ This has fmce been done in fome meafure in the aforc- mcjuioned Flora Britannica. on J. OBSERVATIONS ON GRASSES. 371 on by fuch as are likely to have influence fuf- ficient in thefe matters. As to my own lift, it is only meant as a hint fcir others to work upon. In giving names i have had two things in view. Firll to retain as much as poflible fuch as have hitherto beenufed for fome fpecies of the genus. Secondly, where that could not be done, to give fuch as are of eafy and familiar pronun- ciation to our common people, and at the fame time approach as near as poftible to the Latin names in found where they could not be in- terpreted. This was done for the fake of the learned for the more eafy recolledling the bo- tanical name. Thus i have called the ah'a hair- grafs, the hromus brome-gr^i^s^ &c. in others i have merely tranflated the Latin name, as alopecurus fox-tail grafs, cynofurus dog-tail grafs, &c. After thefe preliminary obfervations i hope it will not be neceflliry to make any apology for the liberty i have taken. I am certain that till names properly adapted to the purpofe be in- vented, we have little chance of feeing any ge- neral reformation made in this part of huiband- ry, and even after this v/i thou t fome perfon properly qualified to diredt the countrey peo- ple, and fhcw them the graffes with their names, B 2 nothing 372 OBSERVATIONS ON GRASSES. nothing will come of that mofl ufefiil dddtrine de- livered in the foregoing treatife of Haflelgren \ But it is to be hoped that gentlemen at Icaft will not be fo incurious as to remain ignorant of what imports them lb much to know. Nor is the mere botanift lefs concerned in the fuccefs of this fcheme, for there is great reafon to think that many of the grafles are not thoroughly- fettled, varieties perhaps being put for diffe- rent fpecies ^ -, now this uncertainty can never be better cleared up than by fowing the fame kind of feeds on different foils. ^ Many people having exprefled a defire that i fhould have plates of feme of the profitable grafles added to this piece, that moft excellent man, the late Mr. Price of Foxley, whofe •xtraordinary charadler i fhall always revere, and do intend to give a {ketch of on feme future occafion, kindly con- defcended to employ his pencil, which in the opinion of the beft judges was equal to things of a much fuperior nature, in making me feveral drawings from the plants themfeUes, and a very able hand has fupplied the reft and engraved them all. ^ Thus Gmelin Flor. Lapp, mentions four of the meadow grades which he fayshave for a long time perplexed botanifts of great reputation. And the editor of Ray's Synopfis, p. 402. doubts whether five graffes which are put down as dif- ferent by Petiver be not only varieties of a grafs mentioned before. I have many fpecimens of this grafs in my colletlion diftfring in color, ftat.iie and outv/ard afpeit, which yet mofl lii^ciy arc of the Um« fpecies. A Table OBSERVATIONS ON GRASSES, sy^ A Table of EngliOi GRASSES. GENUS I. VERNAL grafs, Tak i. Anthox- ^inihum Odor a turn *H. lo. R. 398.1. GENUS 2. MAT grafs Nardus Slruia H. 20. R. 393.2. GENUS 3. Manured CANARY grafs Phalaris Canarienfis H. 20. R. 394. Sea CANARY Phalaris Arenaria H. 21. R. 398.4. Reed CANARY Phalaris Arm^dinacca H. 21. R. 400. 1. 7^/i'^/z«i CANARY Phalaris ibid. b. ibid, Q E N U S 4. Qre^n PANIC grafs Panicum Viride H. 21. R. 393.1. i^^/^ . PANIC VmizMm Crufo^alli H. 22. R. 394.2. CoclHS'foot PANIC Panicum Sanguinak H. 22. R. 399.2. Creeping PANIC Panicum Babylon H. 22. R. 399.1. ^-N. B. H refers to the Flora Britannica of Mr. lliniron. B b. 3 G E- 3f4 OBSERVATIONS ON GRASSES. G E N U S 5. Meadow CAT's-TAIL grafs Phleum Pra- tenfe H. 22. R. 398.1. Branched CAT's-TAIL Phleum Paniculatum Bulbous Meadow Field Bulbous Bote Smooth Rough H. 23. CAT's-TAIL H. 23. R. 398.3 GENU Phleum Nodofum S 6. FOX-TAIL grafs, Tab. 2. Alopecunis Fratenfn H. 23. R. 396.1. FOX-TAIL Alopecurus Myofuroides H. 23. R. 397. FOX-TAIL Alopecurus Bulbofus H. 24. R. Q,^y.^. FOX-TAIL Alopecurus Geniculatus H. 24. R. 396.2. G E N U S 7. FEATHER grafs Stlpa Pennata H. 24. R. 393.3. GENUS 8. COCK's-FOOT grafs Daftylis Cy nofurcides H. 25. R. 393.4. COCK'S -FOOT Daclylis Glomeratus H. 25. R. 400.2. GENUS q. MILLET grafs H. 25. R. 402. I. Milium Effufum GE- OB SERVATIONS ON GRASSES. 575 GENUS 10. Silky BENT grafs A H. 26. R. 405.17. .groftis Spica 'vcnli Brown BENT H. 26. Agroflis Canina Red BENT H. 26. R. 394.4. Agroftis Rubra Creeping BENT H. 27. R. 402. 2. Agroflis Stolonifera Marjh BENT H. 27. R. 404.11. Agroflis Palujlris Fine BENT Tab, J. H. 27. R, 402.4. Agroflis Capillaris Wood BENT H. 28. R. 404.13. Agroflis Sylvatica Small BENT Agroflis Minima. H. 28. R. appendix. GENUS II. Crefted HAIR grafs EI. 28. R. 396.3. Aira Criftata Purple HAIR H. 29. R. 404.8. Aira Carulea Water HAIR H. 29. R. 402,3. Aira Aquatica Turfy HAIR H. 29. R. 403.5, Aira Cefpiiofa Bb 4 Mountain 376 OBSERVATIONS ON GRASSES. Mountain : HAIR Tab, 4. H. 30. R. 407-S»9- Aira Flemofa Small-leaved HAIR Aira 6'^/^^^ H. 36. R. 410.9. FESCUE Feftuca Vivipara ibid. ^. ^^ri FESCUE Feftuca Buriufcula H. 36. R. 413.4. Purple FESCUE Tab. g. FeUuc^ Rubra H. 36. Barren FESCUE Feftuca Bromoides H. 37. R. 415.13. 373 o: BSERVATIONS ON GRASSES. U^all FESCUE H. Q,']. R. 411. i6. Fefluca Myurus rail FESCUE H. 37. R. 411.15- Fefluca Elalior Small FESCUE H. 38. R. 408. II. Fefluca Decumbens Flcte FESCUE rah, 10. Fefluca Fluitans H. 38. R. 412.17. Spiked FESCUE H. 38. Fefluca Loliacea Wood FESCUE H. 38. R. 394. Fefluca Sylvatica GENUS 16, Field BROME grafs Bromus Secalinus H. '2^^, R. 413.5.414.7,8. Corn BROME H. 39. R. 414.9. Bromus Arvenfis Upright BROME H. z^^ Bromus Erebus Wall BROME H. 40. R. 413.2. Bromus Ciliatus Barren BROME H. 40. R. 412. 1. Bromus Sterilis rail BROME H. 40. R. 415. II. Bromus Giganteus Wood BROME H. 40. R. 415.10. Bromus Ramofus Spiked OBSERVATIONS ON GRASSES. 379 Spiked BROME Bromus Pinnatus H. 41. R. 392. GENUS 17. Naked OAT grafs Avena Nuda H. 41. R. 389. ^. 5^^ri^i OAT H. 41. R. 3897- Meadow OAT H. 42. R. 405.1. i?^/^^/^ OAT H. 42. R. 406.2. , Tocxa nfif y-^yx ycoci to yevcilo. Hefiocl FINIS. o. 'c/e^ia/^ ^TiJd . /i.j/i/W- J^/i'/, ■ -lUi ^ft^ ^/^iirK-rrv-' ly^./ V///. 2 it' 1^/'//'. .? r/n/'. 4 :^7/<-<- ,/<'/'//! \ a.r^ "M ^UO^fy i^f//'.h. ^y///^/-^/.,/^.-.. 'fta^ .%r/..6' «y^/. X^,/A, M./J:. ^_yr7i'/u/rf/ < nr^^o^/i/ UPY/J^ , ft^^ /X^Vw/^ ■ ^^ac.8. ^^/'.fC -K //!>■//.;■ M.,t J ^'M^tr /yS^//^ /g rai roil^c^ i^^-i ^ifxf^i ■ '■^i K/>ir/- ^/f/f'/r /y.z/. // UH9.S8 1762 Stillingfleet, Beni/Miscellaneous tracts ■" Ill 11 i-iH III III III mil iiiiiiii I iiMi gen 3 5185 00069 1228