Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. eis ay ty 4 i aes OW iss ; MISSOURI'S FOREWORD This paper reports the findings of the second comprehensive forest inventory of Missouri which was taken in 1958, 1959, and 1960. The first was made in 1947. Changes in timber cutting practices and land use and management since then have altered the forest situation. The resurvey reveals the changes that have occurred and the trends that have developed since the first survey. The Missouri forest inventory is part of the nationwide effort to maintain a current account of our forest assets as authorized by Congress in the McSweeney-McNary Forest Research Act of 1928. The State of Missouri, aware of the importance of its forest resources, appropriated $80,000 in the 70th session of the Missouri General Assembly to assist in the inventory of these resources. This appropriation supplemented Federal funds available and made a more intensive survey possible. Thus it was possible to present data by counties for the more heavily forested regions of the State. The resurvey was conducted by the Lake States Forest Experiment Station in cooperation with the School of Forestry, University of Missouri, which administered the State functions of the survey. The Central States Forest Experiment Station participated in the studies of timber cut, assisted in compiling the data, and prepared this report. The North Central Region of the U.S. Forest Service surveyed the National Forests in Missouri, and the Missouri Conservation Commission and the T. J. Moss Tie Company provided men and equipment to assist in surveying areas of their interest. We gratefully acknowledge these contributions. We also thank the U.S. Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service in Missouri and the Mark Twain and Clark National Forests for providing field survey crews with office space and aerial photographs. The resurvey was directed by Clarence D. Chase, leader of the Forest Survey Project at the Lake States Forest Experiment Station. Arthur G. Horn was responsible for compiling timber cut and product information. Timber supply data were compiled by Burton L. Essex. The value of Missouri’s forests is associated with several important and interrelated resources including water, fish and wildlife, range, and recreation as well as timber, but a discussion of all of these is beyond the scope of this report. The purpose of this publication is to present a comprehensive picture of the timber resource. Central States Forest Experiment Station, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Forest Service, 111 Old Federal Building, Columbus, Ohio R. D. Lane, Director MISSOURI'S ... WATIONAL ign me net NOV 2° 1969 FORESTS ~~ David A. Gansner U.S. Forest Service Resource Bulletin CS-2 July 1965 THE AUTHOR DAVID A. GANSNER began his Forest Service career in 1958 at the Lake States Forest Experiment Station, working on the Forest Survey in Missouri and Minnesota. In 1961 he moved to the Central States Station and his present job as Forest Survey Representative. A native of Missouri, Dave received his degree in forestry from the University of Missouri. He is a member of the Society of American Foresters and Xi Sigma Pi (honorary forestry society). CONTENTS Page iL Highlights 2 Timber trends 2 Forest area 7 Timber volume 1a Timber growth and cut 14 Timber industries 15 Lumber production down 15 A leading producer of cooperage logs 16 Pulpwood and charcoal production up 17 Opportunities for forestry lf] Stocking must be increased L2/ Fire is still a problem 18 Heavy losses to disease and insects 18 Plantable area exceeds 3 million acres 19 Sound volume goes unused in logging and milling operations 20 Timber-supply outlook 20 Demand for most forest products will rise 21 Future supplies in the hands of small-private- woodland owners 22 Appendix 22 Forest survey procedure 23 Accuracy of data 24 Definition of terms Pal Commercial tree species 28 Tables The second comprehensive inventory of Missouri’s forest resources was completed in December 1960. Statistics gathered in this in- ventory show that the timber has improved since the first survey in 1947. Changes in pub- lic attitude toward timber growing and better methods of fire protection have led to these improvements. Missouri’s forests were once thought to be endless, and were used indiscriminately and without regard to the future. So poorly stocked stands full of fire-scarred culls developed. The forests are now in the process of rebuilding. The number of young and vigorous trees has increased and growth rates are higher. Thus, even though the acreage of commercial tim- berland in the State has remained about the same, stocking and volume of sound timber have increased. On the average, Missouri’s for- ests contain about 70 cubic feet more total growing stock and 20 board feet more sawtim- ber volume per acre today than in 1947. Because many trees that were poletimber size in 1947 have grown into small sawtimber, the acreage of sawtimber-size stands has doubled. Efforts to restore pine have paid dividends. Pine is now the major component on 330,000 acres of commercia! forest in Missouri. Growing-stock volume increased by 66 percent and sawtimber volume increased 45 percent in the 12 years between inventories. Sawtimber is generally smaller and hence of lower quality than in 1947. But, today’s saw- timber is younger and has higher quality- growth potential, and the supply of this young sawtimber is increasing at a rapid rate. On the whole, then, the timber resource pic- ture in Missouri appears brighter. Missouri’s forests still need help from man. In general, the State’s woodlands are still in Highlights poor condition and are producing far below their potential. Only 12 percent of the 15 mil- lion acres of productive forest land is well stocked with merchantable or potentially mer- chantable trees. For every seven growing-stock trees of merchantable size there are three culls and many of the trees that do qualify as grow- ing stock are of low quality. In the heart of the Ozarks, forests contain an average of only 600 board feet per acre and growth rate aver- ages less than 50 board feet per acre per year. Obviously before productivity can be increased greatly, stocking must be increased. While overall the actual cut of timber is less than the desirable cut (the cut that can be made while maintaining a steady flow of wood products and improving the balance of tree sizes), a few important timber species are being over cut, especially the large trees where high-quality wood is concentrated. As a result, the supply of sawtimber in trees more than 15 inches in diameter (the minimum size pre- ferred by producers of high-quality lumber, veneer, cooperage, handle stock, etc.) has been dwindling at a rate of 56 million board feet per year over the past 12 years. If this decline continues it could soon have severe effects on traditional forest-based industries that depend on a steady supply of high-quality timber. The future of timber supplies in Missouri is in the hands of about 200,000 small-private- woodland owners who own most of the forest resource. As a group they are not practicing sound forest management. During the next 30 years the demand for timber products is expected to rise steadily with increases in pop- ulation and national income. Unless small- woodland owners put forestry to work, there is no guarantee that supplies of high-quality timber will be sufficient to meet increasing demands. Timber Trends FOREST AREA 15 Million Acres of Forest About 15.3 million acres, 35 percent of Missouri’s land area, are forested and all but about 300,000 acres are commercial forest land. Two-thirds of the forest is in the hilly, oak- and hickory-covered Ozark Region in the southern part of the State. The rest occurs in the prairie farming region of northern and southwestern Missouri, on the hills and bot- toms adjacent to the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers, and on the alluvial flatland in the ex- treme southeastern corner of the State (fig. 1). The 14-county Eastern Ozark Region is the heart of Missouri’s forest resource. Though occupying only 14 percent of the total land area, the region accounts for 29 percent of the State’s forest land and 37 percent of the growing-stock volume. More than one-fourth of all the timber cut annually in Missouri is taken from the Eastern Ozarks. Most of Missouri’s 300,000 acres of noncom- mercial forest is unproductive land, such as dry, rocky ridges that are too poor for timber production. But noncommercial forest also in- cludes productive areas such as state parks and wildlife refuges where timber cutting is prohibited. Though not producing commercial timber, this noncommercial forest contributes to the State’s watershed, wildlife, and recrea- tion resources. FIGURE 1.— Location of forest survey regions in Missouri, and percent of land for- ested by counties. Percent of land in forest 80+ 60-79 40-59 Little Change in the Acreage of Productive Timberland Increases and decreases in forest over the past 12 years have nearly balanced one another (fig. 2). Today there are 14,977,000 acres of commercial forest in Missouri —a decrease of only 97,000 acres (less than 1 per- cent) since 1947. Some of Missouri’s commercial forest has given way to nonforest uses since the time of the first forest inventory. Forest land has been cleared to make room for farms, factories, and cities. New state parks, roadside parks, and water impoundments now occupy areas that were producing timber crops in 1947. On the other hand, a large amotint of land that was nonforest in 1947 has shifted to commercial FIGURE 2.— The forest pic- ture in Missouri is constantly changing: some cropland and pastureland is reverting to woodland... and some forest is being cleared for farming. forest. Between 1950 and 1959 the quantity of Missouri land in farms decreased by about 2 million acres. In addition, more than 800,000 acres of farmland were put into the Soil Bank (Conservation Reserve contracts) between 1956 and 1960. A portion of this idle farmland — much was pasture already containing a few scattered trees — has reverted to forest. The biggest changes in commercial forest acreage took place in Missouri’s Prairie and Riverborder Regions. Idle cropland and pas- tureland in the Prairie reverted to forest ac- counting for most of a 14-percent increase in commercial forest area in this region. Exten- sive land clearing for agriculture took place on the rich alluvial bottomland in the six-county “boot heel” area of the State. Here commer- cial forest area decreased about 40 percent. 6 4 5+ 4 % X S 4b ~ iS S S 3) 2t Nonstocked Nonstocked Sawtimber Poletimber Sowtimber I959 FIGURE 3.— Change in area of commercial forest land by stand-size class. Stands Improving But Still in Poor Condition In the past Missouri’s forests were subjected to devastating fires and misuse that left them in poor condition. Sustained efforts by local forestry agencies to prevent wild fires, encour- age proper management of woodlands, and improve cutting practices have begun to correct this situation. With improved fire pro- tection, the number of sound, young, growing- stock trees in Missouri’s woodlands has increased. There are now almost twice as many sound saplings (trees 1 to 5 inches in diameter at breast height) and about 1.3 times as many sound poletimber trees (trees 5 inches d.b.h. to sawtimber size) per acre as there were in 1947. Many pole-size trees have grown into + small sawtimber and as a result the acreage of sawtimber stands has doubled. Sawtimber stands now account for 27 percent of the com- mercial forest acreage. Though decreasing by one-third, poletimber stands remain the pre- dominant size class (fig. 3). A close look at stocking indicates that the job of bringing Missouri’s forests back to their potential has progressed but is far from com- plete. The average commercial forest acre in 1947 contained 242 cubic feet of merchantable growing stock. Today this acre contains 309 cubic feet. Despite this volume increase only 12 percent of Missouri’s commercial forest is well stocked (figs. 4 and 5). Fifty-seven per- cent of the forest area is poorly stocked or nonstocked — not so much for lack of trees, but for lack of good trees. For example, there are three culls for every seven growing-stock trees over 5 inches. And, there are three sawtimber-size culls for every four sound sawtimber-size trees. In addition, hardy shrub- like trees, such as dogwood, redbud, and iron- wood, have taken over much of the forest’s growing space and occupy areas that could be supporting potential crop trees. 1Tables used to compute volumes for 1959 differ from those used to compute volumes for 1947. Adjust- ments were made in 1947 volume to permit comparisons with 1959 data. Ses Medium stocked Si YW Poorly stocked FIGURE 4. — Distribution of commercial for- est area by stocking class, 1959. Pine Stands Are Increasing Stands in which shortleaf pine is a major component occupy about 330,000 acres. This is only a small proportion of the estimated 4 million acres of pine that originally occupied the State. But public and private forest man- agers are bringing the pine forests back to Missouri (fig. 6). They have planted pine on understocked and open areas. They have re- moved unwanted competing hardwoods and FIGURE 5.—A well- stocked oak stand. FIGURE 6.—Concen- trated efforts by for- est managers are reviving Missouri’s pine resource. thinned overstocked pine stands. Through pro- tection and education they have reduced fire losses and overgrazing and helped to establish better cutting practices. Their work has re- sulted in a 46-percent increase in the area of pine stands since 1947. The acreage of pine sawtimber stands has tripled. Today more than one-third of the pine area supports sawtimber stands compared with less than one-fifth at the time of the first survey. Most of the effort to bring pine back was concentrated on the National Forests in the Eastern Ozark Region of the State. Now almost three-fourths of Missouri’s pine stands occur in the Eastern Ozarks. In this region pine acreage has doubled and pine volume has increased by 30 cubic feet per acre since 1947. Oak-Pine Stands Have Decreased Oak-pine, a type in which hardwoods are a major component and shortleaf pine a lesser component, accounts for 4.3 percent of Mis- souri’s commercial forest. Three-fourths of the oak-pine acreage occurs in the Eastern Ozarks. Since the first inventory this type has de- creased in the State as a whole by 20 percent and in the Eastern Ozarks by 23 percent. Stand conversion has accounted for a large portion of this reduction. Since oak-pine stands are already partly stocked with pine and usually contain a pine seed source, they have been prime targets for conversion to pine. Conversion efforts have been concentrated on stands of small timber where large hardwoods are not well established. This in large part ex- plains why oak-pine sawtimber acreage has doubled while the acreages of pole-size, re- stocking, and nonstocked oak-pine have fallen off sharply. Oak-Hickory the Predominant Forest Type Hardwood stands fall into one of four major hardwood forest cover types recognized throughout the Eastern United States: oak- hickory, oak-gum-cypress, elm-ash-cottonwood, and maple-beech. Because the definitions of cover types changed between inventories, a close look at acreage trends in individual hard- wood types is not feasible. However, acreage of all hardwood stands combined decreased less than 1 percent. A sharp increase in hard- wood stand acreage occurred in the Prairie Region where idle farmland has reverted to forest. Most of this new forest land has come into the elm-ash-cottonwood type. Land clear- ing removed large portions of the elm-ash- cottonwood and oak-gum-cypress forest from the alluvial flatlands in southeastern Missouri. Oak-hickory is still the most extensive for- est cover type. It accounts for 76 percent of the commercial forest area and is well repre- sented in every region of the State. Only in the Prairie Region of Missouri does this type cover less than three-fourths of the commercial 6 forest area. Oak-hickory most typically occurs as a mixture of white oaks, red oaks, and hickory. Pure stands of white oak occur on lower slopes and in sheltered coves where site quality is high. On poorer sites — dry ridge- tops and glade areas — oak-hickory occurs as a mixture of post oak and blackjack oak or as a mixture of redcedar and hardwoods. Elm-ash-cottonwood, Missouri’s second most extensive type, accounts for 15 percent of the commercial forest land in the State. This type normally occurs as a mixture of soft- textured hardwoods, such as elm, soft maple, green ash, blackgum, cottonwood, and sycamore, and is found primarily in stream bottoms and secondary drainages. Elm-ash- cottonwood is the major forest type of the Prairie Region where bottomland areas too wet for agriculture have been left in timber. More than three-fifths of the elm-ash- cottonwood forest is located in the Prairie. The oak-gum-cypress type, called lowland oak in regions where cypress does not occur, comprises less than 3 percent of the State’s commercial forest area. This type is generally found on alluvial soil on poorly drained flat- land. The major species are gum, oak (pri- marily pin and swamp white), and cypress. This is typical in the southeastern ‘‘boot heel” counties where it accounts for half of the forest area. Only 85,000 acres of forest are classified as maple-beech, the least extensive type in Mis- souril. Maple-beech stands contain hard maple in combination with other hardwoods such as elm, ash, basswood, and red oak. Beech is found only in a limited area near Crowley’s Ridge in the extreme southeastern portion of the State. 90 Percent of the Forest in Private Ownership There has been little change in the pattern of forest land ownership in Missouri since 1947. About 90 percent of the timber-producing land is still privately owned. Farmers alone own more than 60 percent of the commercial forest. The U.S. Forest Service, the major owner of public land, has added 114,000 acres of productive timberland to its holdings since 1947. In 1959, the National Forests contained about 9 percent of Missouri’s commercial for- est land. The remaining commercial forest acreage, less than 2 percent, is divided among other Federal, State, county, and municipal owner- ships. TIMBER VOLUME Total Growing Stock Up One-Fourth Today there are more than 4.6 billion cubic feet of growing stock (volume in sound trees 5 inches and larger) in the State. This repre- sents a 26-percent increase in volume — more than 2 percent per year — from 1947 to 1959. Most of this increment is the result of a large increase in small timber. Merchantable wood in trees of poletimber size has increased by more than half. At the time of the last inven- tory, 45 percent of the State’s growing-stock volume was in poletimber-size trees while now 54 percent of the volume is in this size class (fig. 7). The increase in volume was not distributed proportionately across the State. The most noteworthy change occurred in the Eastern Ozarks where growing stock increased 63 per- cent — more than 5 percent per year. The volume of hard-hardwood species (oak, hickory, black walnut, ash, etc.) has increased by one-third. Large volume gains were re- corded for nearly all the major hard-hardwood timber species. White oak volume is up 31 percent, all red oaks 42 percent, and walnut 22 percent. Hard hardwoods now account for 84 percent of the growing stock. This is good news for local-wood-using industries since four-fifths of the wood they use is hard hard- wood. The volume of soft hardwoods (elm, soft maple, gum, cottonwood, etc.) has dropped 5 percent. A 66-percent increase in shortleaf pine vol- ume offset sharp decreases in cypress and red- cedar; and as a result, softwood growing stock as a whole is up 13 percent from 1947. Soft- wood volume has more than doubled in the Eastern Ozarks where most of the pine forest is located. © O O ee ee = 1959 ~ — 1947 5st) ‘ ‘Q fee le FIGURE 7.—Total & ©00 , 4 growing-stock vol- © \ ume by d.bD.h. © ia class, 1947 and .O | 1959. S 400 aR a Sal = X 4 4 eee | + —f v N 200; in = 7 SS | ~ i IL on" 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30+ Diameter at breast height (inches) | Only a Slight Increase in Sawtimber Volume Missouri’s larger timber has not fared as well as the younger growing stock. Since 1947, the volume of saw log material has increased less than 2 percent. There was a large increase in small sawtimber: volume in trees 9 to 12.9 inches d.b.h. increased 22 percent. But this gain was offset by an 18-percent drop in vol- ume in trees 17 inches d.b.h. and larger (fig. 8). The revival of Missouri’s pine resource is evidenced by a 45-percent increase in short- leaf pine sawtimber volume between surveys. In the Eastern Ozark Region pine sawtimber volume has increased from 66 to 127 board feet per acre. National Forest land in the Eastern Ozarks now contains an average of 390 board feet of pine per acre. Other softwood sawtimber volume has de- creased sharply in the State. A marked reduc- FIGURE 8.—Sawtimber volume by tree-size class, 1947 and 1959. Billion bd. ft. tion in cypress was due mainly to land clearing in the southeast where most of Missouri’s cypress timber is concentrated. Oaks contain 65 percent of the State’s saw- timber volume and account for three-fourths of the sawtimber harvest. Oak sawtimber vol- ume has increased 4 percent over the last 12 years. The bulk of this increment was in trees too small to make high-quality-timber prod- ucts. Sawtimber volume of white oak (Quercus alba L.), the most abundant individual species in the State, is up 5 percent. All red oak saw- timber has increased 7 percent. The increase in sawtimber volume would have been greater but for the prolonged drought of the middle 1950’s. The drought took its toll on all the State’s timber species but the effects were most severe on the red oaks. Black oak, the second most abundant individual species in the State, was dying ata — m947 i959 = eee 13.0-16.9 D.b.h. Class (inches) 17O+ rate of 84 million board feet per year in 1959. This mortality amounted to 4 percent of the black oak sawtimber supply and was 1.4 times the average amount of black oak sawtimber cut annually for wood products. Missouri’s black walnut sawtimber volume has increased 18 percent and is still rising. Walnut sawtimber is growing five times faster than it is being cut. This comparison is decep- tive, however, because the cut is concentrated on the large trees of high quality while most of the growth is occurring on younger, smaller trees. Hickory still is a problem species through- out the hardwood region of the United States. The supply of hickory is increasing while mar- kets are limited. In Missouri hickory is being cut at a rate of only 13 million board feet per year — 32 million board feet short of the rec- ommended cut. Hickory sawtimber volume has increased 18 percent and now accounts for almost 7 percent of the sawtimber volume in the State. Unless new markets are found, the hickory problem will continue to mount. Soft-hardwood sawtimber volume has de- creased 17 percent since 1947. Volume losses have been large in all regions of the State ex- cept the Prairie, where the volume is up 10 percent. Cottonwood sawtimber volume has been reduced drastically in the last 12 years because of extensive land clearing for agricul- ture in the riverbottoms of southeastern Mis- souri and general overcutting throughout the State. The current annual cut of cottonwood sawtimber is eight times the growth rate. The elm sawtimber supply has been increasing rapidly despite heavy losses to Dutch elm disease and phloem necrosis. Elms are fast- growing, aggressive trees that quickly occupy idle land and, like hickory, have limited mar- kets. A 30-percent increase in elm sawtimber _ took place in the Prairie Region between sur- veys. Elm now accounts for more than half of all the soft-hardwood sawtimber in the State. FIGURE 9. — Giant white oaks such as these, once commonplace in Missouri, are becom- ing a rarity. Sawtimber Has Lower Quality But Higher Potential The increase in small sawtimber and the accompanying decrease in large sawtimber has lowered the average size of sawtimber trees in Missouri. Since timber quality is directly re- lated to size, the volume of high-quality saw logs has declined. This trend has occurred throughout the eastern hardwood region of the United States. In 1947, there were 5.8 billion board feet of merchantable sawtimber in trees over 15 inches d.b.h. (the minimum size preferred by produc- ers of high-quality lumber, veneer, cooperage, handle stock, etc.). Since then, the volume in trees of this size has dwindled to 5.1 billion board feet — an average decrease of 56 million board feet per year (fig. 9). A sample of the merchantable sawtimber- size trees was graded to obtain an up-to-date measure of saw log quality. Hardwood sawtim- ber was classified according to four log grades (I, II, III, and Tie-and-Timber) and softwood volume according to three grades (I, II, and III). Results were not surprising. They indicate that 84 percent of all Missouri’s sawtimber is of either Grade III or Tie-and- Timber quality (fig. 10). Less than 15 percent of the hardwood inventory is Grade II or bet- ter and only 1.5 percent qualifies as Grade I. More than half of the hardwood sawtimber is Tie-and-Timber Grade. The quality of soft- wood sawtimber is higher, with almost 40 per- cent in Grade II or better and 13 percent in Grade I. While log grading does provide a measure of present-day quality, it is an inadequate basis for gauging timber-quality potential. Size is an important factor in log grading and so many young and vigorous sawtimber trees that have little or no defect, do not contain high- grade logs simply because they are too small. Almost 60 percent of the State’s sawtimber is in trees less than 15 inches d.b.h. Thus the future is not as bleak as it may seem. In fact, Missouri’s forests can, with continued scien- tific forest management, produce enough high- quality sawtimber to satisfy both current and future demands. Not only is the supply of young sawtimber more abundant, but what there is has higher quality-growth potential than in 1947. Now that fire damage has been greatly reduced, the proportion of unscarred, healthy, young sawtimber trees is increasing rapidly. Sound sawtimber is being cut at a rate of 364 million board feet per year but is growing at a rate of 758 million feet per year. This leaves a net increase of 394 million board feet (314 percent per year). Farmers Own Most of the Timber Privately owned woodlands contain 84 per- cent of the growing stock and 88 percent of the sawtimber volume in the State. Farmers own about three-fifths of the timber volume. Another one-fourth is in the hands of forest industries and other private owners. The re- maining volume is on land owned by Federal, State, and local public agencies. Almost nine- tenths of the timber volume in public owner- ship is on National Forests administered by the U.S. Forest Service and most of the re- maining public timber is in State Forests operated by the Missouri Conservation Com- mission. Sawtimber volume in public forests increased an average of 100 board feet per acre between inventories while the volume on private land increased only 9 board feet per acre. It is apparent there has been better forest man- agement on public land. FIGURE 10.— Distribution of sawtimber volume by log grades, 1959. SOF TWOODS 10 Grade I-2% Grade IIL 28 % HARDWOODS | ey eee ee ——— a ee ees i 7. ae TIMBER GROWTH AND CUT Timber is Growing Faster Because of the increase in young and vig- orous timber between surveys, current annual growth on all growing stock is much greater than in 1947. Missouri’s merchantable timber is growing at the rapid rate of 242 million cubic feet or more than 5 percent per year. Softwood volume is growing at an annual rate of 6.3 percent and hardwood at 5.2 percent. Sawtimber volume is growing at an even faster rate than total growing stock. Current sawtimber growth is 758 million board feet or 6.3 percent annually. Sawtimber volume growth is 13 percent greater than in 1947. The main reason for increased sawtimber growth is that a greater proportion of today’s saw- timber volume is in small, healthy, and fast- growing trees. In fact, 70 percent of the cur- rent annual sawtimber growth is ingrowth, i.e., the volume of trees that are just reaching sawtimber size. Pine sawtimber is growing 71 million board feet per year. This is more than twice the net growth of pine sawtimber at the time of the first survey. The growth of white oak, elm, and walnut sawtimber is also greater than in 1947, while that of cypress, redcedar, cotton- wood, and red oak sawtimber is less. The Eastern Ozark Region accounts for about 40 percent of all the current timber growth in Missouri. In the Eastern Ozarks, sawtimber is growing at a rate of 9.7 percent and all growing stock at a rate of 5.8 percent per year. As mentioned previously timber growth, and particularly sawtimber growth, would have been greater still but for the drought of the 1950’s which killed many trees (fig. 11). Losses were especially high in larger trees that had already been damaged by fire, dis- ease, and insects. In trees that weren’t killed, growth was reduced. The mortality rate for sawtimber in the State was more than three times as high in 1959 as it was in 1947. Only ingrowth kept total sawtimber growth ahead of mortality in the hot, dry, ridge country of the Southwestern Ozarks. In this region, large sawtimber was dying faster than it was grow- ing. In at least one respect the drought was a blessing: it killed many defective, old trees FIGURE 11.— The prolonged drought of the 1950’s killed many trees — red oak was the hardest hit. and made room for young ones. As the effects of the long, dry spell diminish, growth rates should rise, particularly for the red oaks and in the dry regions of the State. Missouri’s timber is growing at a rate of 16 cubic feet of growing stock and 51 board feet of sawtimber per acre per year. These rates represent increases over those of 1947 but they are still far below the productive capac- ity of the State’s woodlands. A Sharp Reduction in Timber Cut In 1958, a total of 78 million cubic feet of merchantable growing stock was cut. This is only about half the volume that was _ har- vested from the State’s forests in 1946. A decline in lumber production accounts for most of this difference in timber cut. During World War II, and the years immediately following, the demand for lumber was high but it fell abruptly in the 1950’s. In 1946, 82 million cubic feet of growing stock was cut for lumber, compared with 38 million cubic feet in 1958. 11 There has also been a marked decline in the use of wood for cooperage and fuel. The amount of merchantable wood cut for these two products decreased 27 million cubic feet between 1946 and 1958. Lumber-logging operations still account for most of the annual drain on growing stock. Sixty-three percent of the sawtimber and 48 percent of the growing stock cut in 1958 were for lumber. Fuelwood ranks second to lumber accounting for 13 percent of the sawtimber cut and 25 percent of total drain. Four-fifths of the current annual cut of growing-stock timber is from sawtimber-size trees. The proportion of the cut from pole- timber trees is lower than in 1946, mainly because of reductions in the use of fuelwood, wooden mine props, and fenceposts. As in 1946, well over 90 percent of the tim- ber cut is hardwood. Oaks account for three- fourths of the timber cut, and about two- thirds of the oak cut is from white oaks. In 1946 the largest volume of cut came from red oaks. The cut of both red and white oaks has dwindled but the reduction in the red oak cut has been more severe, partly because of the decline of the hardwood flooring industry since nonwood flooring materials such as as- phalt and vinyl have become popular. After the oaks, short-leaf pine, hickory, cottonwood, elm, and walnut rank in that order in terms of volume cut. Only about 6 percent of the annual cut of growing stock comes from public holdings even though these holdings occupy almost 11 percent of the State’s commercial forest area, and are more heavily stocked than private holdings. This in part reflects public policy to restrict cutting until adequate stocking is achieved. The Gap Between Growth and Drain Has Widened Since the time of the first inventory growth rates have increased while cutting rates have Wy declined. Currently, growing stock is growing at an average annual rate of 5.2 percent; the annual cutting rate is only 1.7 percent. Saw- timber is growing at a 6.3-percent rate and being cut at a rate of 3 percent. These data indicate that growing-stock and sawtimber volumes are each increasing at an average rate of about 3.5 percent per year. At the time of the first timber inventory, both growing stock and sawtimber volumes were increasing at an estimated average rate of less than 2 percent per year. Annual Cut is Short of Desirable Levels During the next decade approximately 160 million cubic feet of growing stock can be harvested annually from Missouri’s woodlands while still maintaining a well-balanced distri- bution of age classes and progressively build- ing toward a desirable density of good growing stock. This recommended annual rate of cutting is twice the actual rate (fig. 12). As one might expect, the ratio of desir- able cut to actual cut is not the same for all regions of the State nor is it the same for all species and all sizes. In the Southwest- ern Ozarks, for example, the cut of sawtimber already exceeds desirable levels while in the Prairie Region the sawtimber cut could be doubled and still not exceed the recommended cut. A few of Missouri’s important timber spe- cies are cut too heavily and virtually all of the overcutting occurs in the larger sizes. The pine, walnut, and cottonwood sawtimber harvests exceed desirable levels — the cotton- wood harvest is twice as large as recom- mended. But most of Missouri’s timber species are not cut heavily enough, the gap between actual and desirable cutting being greatest for small timber and for species such as hickory and elm for which markets are limited. The harvest of poletimber-size trees could be quad- rupled, and more than five times as much hickory and elm could be harvested. But before this can be done, new markets for small growing stock and little-used species must be developed. a ee ee a ee ee ee Million cubic feet | 90 @ Growth 7 =] 7 40. [2] Timber cut Desirable cut Wie = UA VY) ed | qi Go Y Say 4 ae oe a se Softwoods White ae ae Black q Hickory ra Soft oak other oak fc Cr hardwoods white oak oaks hardwoods FIGURE 12.— Annual net growth, desirable cut, and timber cut from grow- ing stock by major groups of species, 1959. Timber Industries Timber industries play an important role in Missouri’s economy. In 1958, more than 69,000 people were employed in timber-based economic activities including the management of forest land; the harvest, manufacture, trans- portation, and marketing of wood products; and the construction of wooden buildings. In the same year timber products worth more than $22 million were harvested from the State. The value of products shipped from primary-wood-using industries (processors of rough logs and bolts) and secondary industries (those that remanufacture primary products) exceeded $395 million. Much of this timber- based activity is concentrated in rural coun- ties where industrial enterprises are scarce. In re eas [5 ee | 8 eatuncdd po Seafi0l® 9 [ATEN Tl rr CRC L TR 25844 many areas of Missouri’s Ozark Region saw- mills, charcoal plants, stave mills, and so forth, are the main sources of employment for local residents. Currently, there are about 1,150 active, primary-wood-using establishments in the State. Included in this number are some 1,000 sawmills, 60 charcoal plants, 36 stave mills, 12 handle plants, 3 veneer mills, and 2 woodpulp mills. There has been a decrease of 1,600 saw- mills, 49 stave mills, 7 handle plants, and 3 veneer mills since 1946. The number of char- coal plants has increased by 57. There were no known woodpulp mills in the State in 1946 (fig. 13). 4 Stave & heading mill 4 Veneer mill = = ese ¢ Wood pulp mill ee ° Charcoal plant id mace BL HHandle mill x Other FIGURE 13.— Number and location by county of Missouri’s primary-wood- using industries: Left — Sawmills (Source: McCormick, L. E., and Smith, Richard C. Directory of Sawmills and other wood-using plants in Missouri. Mo. Agr. Col. Ext. Cir. 733, 56 pp. 1961). Right — All others. 14 Here is a comparison of quantities of Mis- sourl wood output by products— 1946 and 1958: Volume of wood used Product 1946 1958 Change (Million (Million (Percent) cubic cubic feet) feet) Lumber logs 79.4 47.8 —40 Fuelwood 83.1 74.0 —1l1 Posts 11.0 9.6 —13 Cooperage logs 14.9 4.5 —70 Mine timber 3.4 5) —85 Veener logs 1.4 1.0 28 Handle logs 13 we —10 Pulpwood 5 19 +89 Other (charcoal wood, poles and piling, and other miscellaneous industrial wood) 2.9 9.2 +217 All products 197.9 148.7 —25 About 149 million cubic feet of Missouri wood was used for timber products in 1958 — 25 percent less than in 1946 when post-war demands for wood products were high. The volume of wood now used for lumber and cooperage logs combined is 45 percent less than in 1946. More Missouri wood is used for fuel than for any other product. Still, lumber logs must be considered the most important forest prod- uct because they have higher value and they account for the largest drain on the growing stock. About 74 percent of the wood used for fuel comes from nongrowing-stock sources such as limbwood, dead and cull trees, and plant by-products, while 72 percent of the lumber-log output comes from growing-stock timber. LUMBER PRODUCTION DOWN At the turn of the 20th century lumber production reached its peak, nearly 725 mil- lion board feet. Extreme lows were recorded during the depression years. In 1932, for example, only 140 million board feet were produced. As the depression subsided, saw- milling increased and production began to rise again. By the late 1930’s it was up to 300 million board feet. Production continued to increase to meet heavy demands during World War II and the years immediately following. A modern-day high of just under 520 million board feet was reached in 1946. Since then production has come down again. In 1958, the State’s sawmills produced 314 million board feet of lumber. In the early days, softwood timber was plen- tiful and pine, cypress, and redcedar made up a large percentage of the lumber produced. With continued overcutting, the supply of softwood timber gradually dwindled. Today, more than 90 percent of the lumber produced in the State is hardwood. Average production per sawmill is higher today than it was at the time of the first sur- vey. In 1946, nearly 2,600 sawmills were pro- ducing an average of 200,000 board feet each. Currently, production averages about 320,000 board feet per mill. The number of active mills today is only three-eighths of the number that were operating in 1946, but the number of larger mills (those producing more than a mil- lion board feet annually) is about the same. A LEADING PRODUCER OF COOPERAGE LOGS Missouri accounts for about 15 percent of the annual harvest of cooperage logs in the United States (fig. 14). In 1946, the Nation’s distilling industry was flourishing and the demand for tight cooperage was strong. Slack barrels were also used more extensively. Dur- ing 1946 almost 100 million board feet of cooperage logs were cut from Missouri’s wood- lands and there were 85 active stave and head- ing mills in the State. Eighty mills were producing tight and five mills slack cooperage. Since 1946 the use of wooden barrels for shipping has been drastically reduced and dis- tilling has returned to a more normal level. As a result, by 1958 the harvest of cooperage logs in Missouri had dropped to 31 million board feet and the number of operating stave and heading mills dwindled to 38. Only 2 of the 38 mills active in 1958 were cutting slack cooperage. 15 \ ) / a } ) }" jh iy nid Prev te Hehehe Be IMT i nia T ~. eT ark Pp 2 = = Bear a= a PULPWOOD AND CHARCOAL PRODUCTION UP While the output of most of Missouri’s major wood products was falling between sur- veys, the production of charcoal wood and pulpwood was on the rise. In 1946, only 7,000 cords of pulpwood were produced in Missouri and all of it was shipped 16 FIGURE 14. — Missouri is one of the Nation’s leading producers of tight cooperage stock. to pulpmills in adjacent states. Since then Missouri has acquired two woodpulp mills of its own and the mills in adjacent states have increased their use of Missouri-grown wood. As a result, production has been rising stead- ily. In 1958 the State’s forests yielded 12,000 cords of pulpwood and by 1961 the output rose to 15,000 cords. Pulpwood is still a minor timber product in Missouri but the opportunity for expansion appears good. As yet, Missouri’s pulpwood resource is virtually untapped. The rising popularity of outdoor cooking and of charcoal-cooked foods has increased the demand for charcoal throughout the United States in recent years. Missouri’s charcoal industry has responded to this increased de- mand. In 1946 there were three charcoal plants in the State consuming less than 9,000 cords of wood. In 1956, thirty-one charcoal plants consumed 45,000 cords. And in 1961, sixty Missouri charcoal plants consumed 154,000 cords of wood and produced 68,000 tons of charcoal. Opportunities for Forestry Missouri’s forests have changed since 1947 and most of the changes have been for the better. The efforts to improve forest condi- tions must continue so that adequate supplies of quality timber will be available for present and future generations. Survey statistics point out several obvious opportunities for increas- ing forest productivity and improving timber utilization but funds available for forestry programs are limited. Sound choices based on scientific investigation must be made to insure that funds are put to the best possible use. STOCKING MUST BE INCREASED There is a great need to increase the stock- ing of sound desirable timber in Missouri’s forests. From the air the forests over most of the State appear healthy and well stocked. On the ground, however, the perspective is somewhat different. The average forest acre in the State contains 82 live poletimber-size and 18 live sawtimber-size trees, but 22 of these poles and 8 of these sawtimber trees are culls. Almost three-fifths of the State’s com- mercial forest is less than 40 percent stocked with present or potential growing-stock tim- ber and much of this growing stock is in poor condition. Only about 60 percent of the stand- ing growing-stock trees are suitable for future management. Cull and defective trees should be removed to give thrifty crop trees growing space. In the Missouri Ozarks, the heart of the State’s timber resource, forests support an average of only 600 board feet per acre, and are growing at an average rate of less than 50 board feet per acre per year. At full stocking and under a system of intensive management, some of the poorest commercial-forest sites in this region could support more than 10 times this volume at maturity. On better sites, the volume could reach 10,000-plus board feet per acre, and the growth rate might exceed 150 board feet per acre per year. The benefits of good forest management have been well demonstrated on public forest land. For example, on National Forests in the Kastern Ozarks, sound growing-stock volume has been boosted to 590 cubic feet per acre, more than twice the average volume per acre on privately owned forest land in the State. Of course, no boost in growing stock can be considered an achievement unless it results in an increase in the kind of timber needed by forest industries. At present, high-quality tim- ber of desirable species is being cut faster than it is growing while the volume of species such as hickory and elm, which have limited markets, continues to increase and make up a larger percentage of the State’s total timber supply. FIRE IS STILL A PROBLEM It was once a widespread custom in the Ozarks to burn the woods frequently (fig. 15). Nearly every stand in this section shows signs of past fire damage. Thanks to educa- tion and better systems of prevention and control, Missouri’s forest fire record has shown remarkable improvement. Between 1954 and 1958 the average annual number of fires in the State was 5,400. Between 1958 and 1962 the average dropped to 3,100. The area burned 17, ) : ih ‘ x & 4 > a & i FIGURE 15.— Many fire-scarred cull trees tell a story of past misuse of Missouri’s forests. was 691,000 acres in 1949 compared with 355,000 acres in 1960. Today most of the man-made fire problems have been isolated to particular hot spots such as the Lake of the Ozarks area. Missouri’s improving fire record has resulted in more healthy, young, growing stock in stands throughout the State. Even though the fire situation has improved there is no room for complacency. Wildfire still destroys a lot of Missouri timber. Cur- rently, fire kills an average of about 6 million cubic feet of growing stock including 20 mil- lion board feet of sawtimber each year. Mor- tality due to fire is equivalent to about 5 per- cent of the sawtimber volume cut annually from the State’s woodlands and equals, or exceeds, the volume of timber cut from such major timber species as shortleaf pine, scarlet oak, northern red oak, walnut, and cotton- wood. These figures show only the direct effects of fire as a killer. Even larger, but not so easily measured, are the indirect effects of fire: retarding growth, reducing quality, and 18 reducing insect and disease resistance. Much of the decay in Missouri timber is attributed to the invasion of heart-rotting fungi through fire scars . HEAVY LOSSES TO DISEASE AND INSECTS Currently, diseases and insects are respon- sible for more than one-fourth of the timber mortality in the State. They are destroying timber at a rate of 69 million board feet per year. The effects of diseases and insects on timber growth and quality are even greater, but no accurate measures of these effects have been taken. Research into the nature and control of forest insects and diseases in Mis- souri has been limited and the need for expanding work in this field is apparent. PLANTABLE AREA EXCEEDS 3 MILLION ACRES Reforestation has increased sharply in Mis- souri and throughout the Nation in recent years. By 1958, more than 108,000 acres of Missouri land had been planted to for- est trees and this total rose to 141,000 in 1961. This acreage falls far short of the estimated 3 million acres in need of planting and seeding. In general, regeneration is not a major problem in the State’s forests. The timber is typically aggressive and when an opening is created it soon is filled with an ample supply of new growing stock. But there are situations where planting and seeding are needed to im- prove species composition. For example, there is much poorly stocked timberland in the State that is best suited to growing pine but is not restocking to pine because there is no avail- able seed source. Here planting and seeding are recommended. Planting and seeding are also needed to bring open areas that are suited for forestry into production. Reductions in agriculture and diversions of cropland and pastureland to conservation uses in recent years have left hundreds of thousands of acres of Missouri land virtually idle. Much of this idle land was originally forest and could be put back into timber production through planting. If all the 3 million acres of plantable land were forested, they could produce more than 144 million cords of wood per year. SOUND VOLUME GOES UNUSED IN LOGGING AND MILLING OPERATIONS About 4.8 million cubic feet or 6 percent of the sound growing stock cut annually for timber products is left in the woods. In Mis- sour, little integrated logging is practiced. Loggers concentrate on cutting trees for one product and logs that don’t meet the size or quality standards for that product are left. The volume left in the woods is greatest where products with rigid quality specifica- tions such as face-veener, cooperage, and han- dle stock are cut. For example, more than 45 percent of the sound growing-stock volume felled in handle-bolt logging goes unused. A large amount of wood is also discarded at primary processing plants. About 9.2 million cubic feet of primary plant residues went unused in 1958. Half of this unusued wood was material such as slabs and edgings which are suitable for chipping. The rest consisted of nonchippable material such as sawdust and shavings. In all, about 14 million cubic feet of logging and primary plant residues go unused each year. To utilize all of this would, of course, be economically impossible but certainly some of it could be used and the possibilities of in- creasing its utilization are good. New tech- nology has led to increased consumption of chip residues and poor-quality timber. And interest in integrated logging is on the rise. If any of the present waste were eliminated, it would be equivalent to an increase in the net growth rate of Missouri’s timber supply. ily) Timber-Supply Outlook The outlook for future supplies of timber in Missouri appears favorable. Currently, 78 million cubic feet of growing stock, including 364 million board feet of sawtimber, are being cut each year. The overall demand for timber products is expected to grow and by 1989 the annual cut of timber will probably have in- creased by more than 50 percent (table 42). But during this same interval, steady increases in annual growth should more than offset increased cutting rates. Annual growth should more than double and become five times greater than the projected cutting rate. By 1989 total timber volume in the State is ex- pected to have increased 149 percent and saw-log volume 125 percent. The above forecast assumes: (1) the annual timber products output in the United States and Missouri will keep pace with estimated increases in population and national income; (2) Missouri’s proportion of the wood market will increase; (3) forestry technology will con- tinue to advance at the rate indicated by recent trends; and (4) continued reforesta- tion, “‘thickening up” of natural stands, im- proved cutting practices and forest manage- ment, and other changes will lead to a more productive forest resource. Of course, actual trends can vary from pre- dicted ones. What occurs will depend on such things as the change in demand (both in quantity and quality) for wood products and the effect of present and future forestry pro- grams on the timber supply. DEMAND FOR MOST FOREST PRODUCTS WILL RISE Several significant shifts in the demand for Missouri wood products will undoubtedly take place during the next 2 or 3 decades. The out- 20 put of all timber products from the State is expected to rise from the present annual volume of 149 million cubic feet to 173 million cubic feet by 1989. Lumber-log output will rise steadily as pop- ulation increases. By 1989 annual lumber-log production is expected to reach 500 million board feet, a level attained only at the turn of the century and during and immediately following World War II. If forestry continues to progress as fast as in recent years, Mis- souri’s timber will continue to improve, and an increasing volume of larger and higher quality saw logs will be available for cutting. Softwoods should represent an increasing per- centage of total output now that pine volume is increasing. Pulpwood production is expected to rise sharply. Some expansion in production is al- ready noticeable but this is trifling compared with what probably will occur. A plentiful wood supply, proximity to large consumer markets, and a growing emphasis on rural area development are among several favorable factors that make Missouri a prime new tar- get area for the pulpwood industry. Also, improved methods for treating wastes that cause pollution should lower public resistance to the establishment of pulpmills. The addi- tion of just one fair-size pulpmill in Missouri could increase the State’s pulpwood output tremendously. Missouri’s charcoal industry, which has boomed in recent years, will probably continue to expand to help satisfy the growing needs of the Nation’s outdoor chefs. The supply of wood for charcoal is both plentiful and readily available and plants that are now producing far below their capacity are ready to cope with rising demands. A few operators are improv- ing production techniques. In some plants traditional slow-burning kilns are being re- placed by steel retorts capable of producing a load of charcoal in a few hours. Veneer-log production is expected to in- crease. The use of container veener will prob- ably slacken as substitute materials, such as fiberboard and plastic, claim larger shares of the market. But this reduction will probably be offset by increases in the use of face and commercial veneers for paneling, furniture stock, and specialty items. There has been concern recently over short supplies of high-quality timber (especially wal- nut) for the immediate future. Whether or not severe shortages arise will depend pri- marily on how fast and how much the man- agement and utilization of existing supplies of large hardwood timber are improved. Already, quotas have been tried on exports of walnut logs, and most of the major walnut-using mills have agreed to a revision in the commodity standards for hardwood plywood to provide for the use of thinner face veneers. Future demand for cooperage is difficult to forecast. More than 90 percent of the cooper- age bolts produced in Missouri today are manufactured into liquid-tight containers, pri- marily bourbon barrels. Present efforts to change Federal regulations concerning the reuse of bourbon barrels, if successful, will reduce the demand for tight cooperage. If Federal regulations remain unchanged, tight- cooperage log production will probably in- crease to keep up with the consumption rates of an enlarging population. Production of slack cooperage has declined because of competition from the paperboard-container industry. There is little reason to believe that this decline will not continue. The production of fuelwood, wooden fence- posts, and mine timbers has been decreasing steadily in recent years and will probably con- tinue downward. In the not-so-distant past, wood provided most of Missouri’s industrial and domestic fuel needs, but it has rapidly given way to more convenient and better types of fuel. Fuelwood is still important in Missouri where it accounts for half the total output of timber products. But more and more, fuel- wood is becoming a luxury item used pri- marily in residential fireplaces. By 1989 the annual output of fuelwood is expected to be about half that of today. Fencepost produc- tion should continue to drop as farms become fewer and larger and improved treating meth- ods lengthen the life of wooden fenceposts. The mining industry has increased its use of steel and of treated mine timbers and, as a result, the ratio of wood used per ton of ore mined has declined steadily in recent years. This trend is expected to continue. FUTURE SUPPLIES IN THE HANDS OF SMALL-PRIVATE- WOODLAND OWNERS Recent trends indicate that the area of pro- ductive timberland in Missouri will remain rel- atively constant over the next 2 or 3 decades. Future harvests of timber, then, will have to come primarily from 15 million acres of pro- ductive timberland. About 200,000 private individuals own 90 percent of both the commercial forest land and the sawtimber volume in Missouri. Ninety percent of the tracts are smaller than 100 acres. It is obvious that the management deci- sions small-private owners make regarding their forest land will largely determine the quantity and quality of future wood supplies. Few small-woodland owners are practicing for- estry and their woodlands show it. Opportuni- ties to practice forestry have not been lacking. Farm foresters have been available for techni- cal assistance and incentives have been offered through the Soil Bank and Agricultural Con- servation Programs. Many owners are either not aware of the technical and financial assist- ance available to them or just not interested. Whatever the reasons, this group of individ- uals with little in common except ownership of a small woodland must be persuaded to put forestry to work on their timberland if sup- plies of wood for the future are to be ade- quately provided. Zi Appendix FOREST SURVEY PROCEDURE The data presented in this report were obtained by a sampling procedure used, with some regional variation, by forest survey units throughout the Nation. Information was ob- tained primarily from aerial photographs and sample plots examined on the ground. Area The proportion of forest and nonforest area in Missouri was measured using recent aerial photographs and a transparent dot grid. This involved the photo classification of points scattered over the entire State. Sample points classified as “forest”? were examined under a stereoscope and classified as to forest type, size, and stand density. A sample of the stereo- examined points was selected and checked in the field. The ground checks were used to adjust the data on samples that were not ground checked. In all, 283,365 points were photo classified and 3,418 forest points and 1,691 nonforest points were checked on the ground. A generalized forest type map of the State was drawn by the forest survey field crews as they traveled between ground checkpoints. Ownership Forest ownership at each sample location was obtained in the field, if possible, and later checked by examination of county ownership records at county offices. Volume and Growth Volume and growth data were computed from tree measurements collected on the ground checkpoints. Groundplots supplied the ig information on distribution of volume by spe- cies and diameter class for each condition class encountered. The resulting per-acre vol- ume and growth multiplied by area yielded total volume and growth figures by species and diameter for each condition class. Desirable Cut Harvest cuts were determined by formula after the inventory data had been processed. The formula considers the present area, volume of timber, and growth by stand-size class and forest type, and the liquidation period for each forest type based on rotation age. Intermediate cuts were determined by field foresters on the sample plots. In making their recommendation fieldmen considered the silvi- cultural system appropriate for the type and site, the amount of growing stock in the stand, and operability. Timber Cut In 1958, the important primary-wood-using plants in the State were asked to estimate their volume of production. All pulp, veneer, cooperage, handle, excelsior, charcoal, and other miscellaneous primary plants were con- tacted. Lumber production was derived from a sampling survey in cooperation with the Bureau of the Census. Other surveys were conducted to estimate fuelwood and fencepost production. Stump counts made on each sam- ple plot were used to prorate drain by region, timber type, size class, and so forth. Cutting reports were obtained from large-private- timberland owners and public agencies and used to determine timber cut by ownership. Wood utilization studies were made as a basis for adjusting wood production estimates to timber cut in terms of inventory volumes. ACCURACY OF DATA Estimates of forest area and timber volume are subject to two kinds of error: sampling errors, arising from the use of sampling pro- cedures; and nonsampling errors, caused by mistakes in judgment, recording of measure- ments, and calculation. Sampling errors are measurable errors that are held to a minimum through sampling design. Barring the effects of nonsampling errors, the probabilities are two out of three that the actual areas and volumes are within the standard errors shown in the accompany- ing tables. Nonsampling errors are not measurable and their effects are kept at a minimum through supervision, training, and checking of all phases of the work. Tables I, II, and III can be used to deter- mine the sampling accuracy, both of commer- cial forest area and of estimates of total vol- ume for the State as a whole and for survey regions. For example, in Table I the probabilities Table I .--Guide for judging accuracy by size of area, Missouri--1959 Commercial forest land : Standard error of sampling (thousand acres) Area : Total volume Percent Percent 15 ,000 LG 19 10,000 20 Dos 5,000 2.8 Sie 1,000 6.2 he 500 8.8 10.2 100 20.0 22.8 50 27.8 32.2 25 39.4 45.6 10 62.3 igri: 5 88.1 102.0 2 U392 161.3 Table II.--Guide for judging volume accuracy, Missouri--1959 Growing stock Volume : (million cubic feet) Sampling error Percent are two out of three that: el (a) When an area of commercial forest is an ae ve reported as 1,000,000 acres, the actual acreage 500.0 5.7 ‘is within +6.2 percent of 1,000,000 acres or mare mat . f. between 938,000 and 1,062,000 acres. att pea (b) The actual volume on an area of pe Bee 1,000,000 acres will be within +7.2 percent of 1.0 126.8 the volume estimated for the 1,000,000 acres. 5 ee Se St) In Table II the probabilities are two out of three that when a volume of growing stock is reported as 1,000,000 cubic feet the actual volume is within +4.0 percent of 1,000,000 cubic feet or between 960,000 and 1,040,000 cubic feet. Table III.--Guide for judging area and volume accuracy by survey regions, Missouri--1959 ‘ : Commercial Standard Total Standard Survey Region : forest land : error of area : volume : error of volume Thousand Percent Thousand Percent ZCres: cubicmicel) Eastern Ozarks 4,333 ee, 1,703 ,398 IES) Southwestern Ozarks 3,151 2.8 601 ,585 3.4 Northwestern Ozarks 2,391: Sau) 527 , 483 4.6 Prairie 2,830 5.8 861 ,337 6.5 Riverborder 2,272 4.8 9325 121 Boe State total 14,977 1.6 4,625,924 1.9 23 Note that sampling error for any one class within the State or within a survey region would be much greater than for the State or region as a whole, whether the class con- sidered is type, species, ownership, condition, or other. Generally, the smaller the area or volume the higher the sampling error. Although subject to large errors, the esti- mates for small units represent the best avail- able information and can serve as a guide for management of resources. The occurrence of a (——) in the statistical tables of this report indicates one of two things: (1) No units were measured by the in- ventory. (2) The quantity of data measured was insignificant and did not warrant reporting. DEFINITION OF TERMS Land-Use Classes Land area.— Dry land and land tempo- rarily or partially covered with water, includ- ing streams less than 1g mile wide and ponds smaller than 40 acres. Forest land. —Includes areas at least 10 percent stocked with species of forest trees that are capable of producing timber or other wood products, as well as land from which the trees have been removed to less than 10 per- cent stocking, as long as this land has not been developed for other uses. The minimum size of tract recognized as forest is 1 acre; the minimum width for a wooded strip is 120 feet. Commercial forest land. — Forest land that is producing or is capable of producing crops of industrial wood (usually saw logs and pulp- wood but excluding fuelwood) and is not withdrawn from timber utilization by statute or administrative regulation. Noncommercial forest land.— (a) Forest land, such as state parks, that qualifies as commercial forest, but is withdrawn from tim- ber utilization through statute, ordinance, or administrative order (‘‘productive-reserved’’) ; or (b) forest land that is incapable of yielding a stand averaging at least one 13-foot saw log per tree (“unproductive forest’’). 24 Stand-Size and Stocking Classes Sawtimber. — Stands having a minimum net volume in live merchantable sawtimber trees of commercial species of 1,500 board feet per acre, International 14-inch rule (this is equal to approximately 1,300 board feet by the Scribner Decimal C rule). Poletimber. — Stands failing to meet the specifiications for sawtimber but at least 10 percent stocked with trees 5.0 inches d.b.h. or larger and with at least half of the mini- mum stocking in poletimber-size trees. Seedling and sapling (restocking stands). — Stands failing to meet the minimum require- ments for either sawtimber or poletimber stands but at least 10 percent stocked with trees of commercial species and at least 5 per- cent stocked with seedlings and saplings. Nonstocked. — Areas of commercial forest land not qualifying as sawtimber, poletimber, or seedling and sapling stands. These areas may contain some volume but less than 10 percent of the growing space is effectively utilized by growing stock. Well stocked. — Stands that are 70 percent or more stocked with present or potential growing-stock trees. Medium stocked. — Stands that are 40 to 69 percent stocked with present or potential growing-stock trees. Poorly stocked. — Stands that are from 10 to 39 percent stocked with present or poten- tial growing-stock trees. Tree Classes Sawtimber trees. — Live merchantable soft- woods 9.0 inches d.b.h. and larger, and hard- woods 11.0 inches d.b.h. and larger. Poletimber trees. — Trees of softwood spe- cies between 5.0 and 8.9 inches d.b.h. and of hardwood species between 5.0 and 10.9 inches d.b.h. Seedlings and saplings.—Trees less than 5.0 inches d.b.h. Cull trees. — Live trees of sawtimber or poletimber size with 50 percent or more of the gross volume of the stem unusable due to defects or deformities. Forest Types Forest type. — A classification of forest land based upon species composition and named for the species forming a plurality of stocking. Plurality is based on gross cubic volume in sawtimber and poletimber stands, and on the number of trees in seedling and sapling stands. Nonstocked forest land is classified as the forest type best suited to the soil. Pine. — Stands that are at least 50 percent pine (usually shortleaf pine). Oak-pine. — Stands that are at least 50 percent hardwood (usually upland oaks), but in which hard pines make up 25 to 49 percent of the stand. Oak-hickory. — Stands that are at least 50 percent upland oak or hickory, or any com- bination of them, except where pines comprise 25 to 49 percent of the stand. (Oak-hickory stands have been subtyped and are shown as redcedar, hardwood-redcedar, black-scarlet oak, white oak, and post-blackjack oak in regional statistical reports.) Oak-gum-cypress. — Bottomland stands containing at least 50 percent tupelo, black- gum, sweetgum, oak, or southern cypress, or any combination of them. (The type is called lowland oak in statistical reports for survey regions where cypress does not occur.) Elm-ash-cottonwood. — Stands consisting of at least 50 percent elm, ash, or cottonwood, or any combination of them. Maple-beech. — Stands consisting of at least 50 percent hard maple, beech, or a combina- tion of them. Species Groups Softwoods. — Coniferous species including shortleaf pine, redcedar, and cypress. Soft hardwoods. — Soft-textured, broad- leaved species including elm, soft maple, sweet- gum, blackgum, yellow-poplar, cottonwood, and sycamore. Hard hardwoods. — Firm-textured, broad- leaved species including all of the oaks and hickories, hard maple, birch, black walnut, and ash. Timber Volume Net timber volume. — Volume of wood in live merchantable trees from the stump to a minimum diameter inside bark of the central stem, or to a point where the central stem becomes unmerchantable for other reasons. Growing stock. — Net timber volume of live merchantable sawtimber and poletimber trees from stump to a minimum 4-inch-top diam- eter inside bark of the central stem. The un- peeled volume in cubic feet was computed from a Lake States Composite Volume Table and corrected for bark thickness by species and diameter class. This volume can be con- verted to cords by using the factor, 79 cubic feet of peeled wood equals 1 cord of unpeeled wood. This is a standard cord (a stacked pile 4x48 feet). Sawtimber material. — Net timber volume of live merchantable sawtimber between the stump and a point in the top of the stem at which utilization is limited by large branches, forks, or other defects, or by a diameter inside bark of 8 inches (6 inches for softwoods). This volume is expressed in terms of board feet by the International 14-inch rule which approxi- mates green-lumber tally. Conversion to the Scribner rule may be achieved (roughly) by multiplying volumes by 0.85. Sawtimber vol- ume was computed using a Lake States Com- posite Volume Table and correcting for form- class differences by species and diameter class. Numerous bark-thickness and form-class meas- urements were made in Missouri as a means of providing satisfactory corrections for the composite volume tables. Growth Net annual growth. — The annual change in the volume of growing stock resulting from natural causes. (Computed on commercial forest land only.) Growing-stock growth.—Net annual growth of growing-stock trees, expressed in unpeeled cords or cubic feet. Sawtimber growth. — Net annual growth of sawtimber trees in board feet, International 4 -inch rule. 25 Mortality Mortality of growing stock. — The volume of sound wood in live sawtimber and poletim- ber trees dying annually from natural causes. Desirable Cut Desirable cut is the net timber volume that may be cut annually during the current dec- ade while (1) progressively developing a rea- sonably even distribution of age classes during the optimum rotation selected for each type, and (2) progressively improving growing-stock volume and quality to meet the future needs for desired products. The volume includes both harvest and intermediate commercial cuttings (those yielding at least 3 cords total volume or 500 board feet International 14-inch rule of sawtimber volume). Cull-tree and hardwood- limb volumes are not included. If utilization is closer than anticipated by the Forest Survey desirable cut will increase. A large amount of “high-grading” will reduce the desirable cut. Desirable cut is based upon forest practices that improve the stands. It must be reduced if timber is allowed to die or overcutting takes place. Timber Cut Annual cut of growing stock. — The net annual volume of live sawtimber and poletim- ber trees cut or killed by damage due to logging, or by land clearing and cultural oper- ations, on commercial forest land. Annual cut of sawtimber. — The net annual board-foot volume of live sawtimber trees cut or killed by logging, and by land clearing and cultural operations on commercial forest land during a specified year. Timber products output. — The volume of rough forest products cut from growing stock, cull and dead trees, limbwood, etc. Logging residues. — The net volume of live sawtimber and poletimber trees cut or killed by logging on commercial forest land and not converted to timber products. 26 Plant residues. — Wood materials from pri- mary manufacturing plants that are not uti- lized for some product. Coarse residues. — Material suitable for chipping such as slabs, edgings, and veneer cores. Fine residues. — Material such as sawdust and shavings. Log Grades Log grading was done for sawtimber-size trees using the hardwood log grades for stand- ard lumber developed by the Forest Prod- ucts Laboratory, the standard specifications for logs of southern pines, and the standard specifications for tie-and-timber logs. In grad- ing, the “12-foot rule” was used. Under this rule, the tree is divided into 16-foot sections, insofar as possible, and the best 12-foot por- tion in each section is graded. Miscellaneous Definitions D.b.h. (Diameter at breast height ).—Diam- eter of the tree in inches, outside bark, meas- ured at 414% feet above the average ground level. Diameter class. — Where data are presented by 2-inch diameter classes these classes in- clude diameters from 1.0 inch below to 0.9 inch above the stated midpoint; e.g., trees 5.0 inches d.b.h., to and including trees 6.9 inches d.b.h. are included in the 6-inch class. Corre- sponding limits apply to other diameter classes. Rotten cull trees. — Nongrowing stock. Fifty percent or more of the gross volume is defective and more than half of the defect is due to rot. Sound cull trees. — Nongrowing stock. Fifty percent or more of the gross volume is defec- tive but less than half of the defect is due to rot. Salvable dead trees. — Standing or down dead trees that are considered currently or potentially merchantable. COMMERCIAL TREE SPECIES Commercial tree species for which data are presented in the tables of this report are listed below. The common and scientific names are based on “Check List of Native and Naturalized Trees of the United States (including Alaska)” by Elbert L. Little, Jr.’ Softwood Species Cy pressp(baldeypress) 2-2 Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. PTE m (SORE eal) meres ener tere eee ee i oe Pinus echinata Mill. vec ce Gallia (Cas teri) eee eee ee ee | Juniperus virginiana L. Hard hardwoods: ANTON a Oe Fraxinus species Cec he (ATIC EI CAIN) ase ce se ees Wa es. Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. Cl @riVCk) pment ae a a Sean Betula nigra L. Hickory Group A — Slnalg parks lal KOR Ys tess et eee ed Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch Slveliiloar kei orysseee ee eo ee or C. laciniosa (Michx. f.) Loud. INfocKermurtplick Olay pete rere ye Serer AUT se ee Seeds Se C. tomentosa Nutt. Hickory Group B — lotions nick ories aes te se fee ee a eee aoe he eel Carya species POMONA QCUG eee o meres ee Ae 22 ea ae cca an th beeee ee Gleditsia triancanthos L. J EOGONSTE, 91 ON FEN Se ee es Robinia pseudoacacia L. Maple (hard) includes — J BSE) OAS Sa ee eee eee Acer nigrum Michx. f. SSUUYSPAME: SOOVEY OY (She PO en ree A. saccharum Marsh. Oak (red) group includes — Tate Kar oal kqenen eres fo oneees cette ls Ne Pal Quercus velutina Lam. ISLEY leah a Keg oe as oa et ee Q. marilandica Muenchh. Wine riwy loan ke oa kets aise 28 Q. Falcata var. pagodaefolia Ell. INVoagi lnetsiere Gle et Kee eens ea ee Q. rubra L. JSC Ce Se ee ee ea ee Q. nuttallii Palmer JETTY: OPE gs Be ne Q. palustris Muenchh. CALC bs aK a a 2 eed soa Q. coccinea Muenchh. SS IOI CU, ee Q. imbricaria Michx. BST Ts G0 2 ts ae ain en eRe We le Curren a yea Q. shumardii Buckl. SOUbMETMELC CAO are eee ne ose See eee Q. falcata Michx. BU MPEG TaN al Ke a A ere real Hi eon an Sate ee le Ns py ei ae al ev Q. nigra L. INVALID RI Ree Peeve Smee Q. phellos L. Oak (white) group includes — SS UsTel ee se era tee ae Sk a oe hd a ee Q. macrocarpa Michx. Whinkeayoime oa keer es ee so ee ee Q. muehlenbergii Engelm. (ORES ROTO Oe pz a ee ee Q. lyrata Walt. JPXGNSHG Cee sesh aS 2 ae er a seen, eR eo ate Q. stellata Wangenh. SAEED 0 BC OSI) 8 01D OYE eee se ne Q. michauxii Nutt. Saini vvGey Oakes eee! a ae sR cee @. bicolor Willd. BUN ZTinn tee) cag eae he en a os cs oe ae a ek ee Q. alba L. 2Little, Elbert L., Jr., Check list of native and naturalized trees of the United States (including Alaska). U.S. Dept. Agr. Handb. 41, 472 pp. 1953. 74 28 Walnut, black.o...22 9S © eS See eee Juglans nigra L. Yellowwood::. 22-2: 2-1. 2a ee Cladrastis lutea (Michx. f.) K. Koch Soft hardwoods: Basswood. (American))s 2:5 2.2.25 24 2 eee Tilia americana L. Blackgum includes — Black. tupelo 222 ee Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Water tupelo 2% 9-3 ee eee N. aquatica L. Buckeye (Ohio) = eee Aesculus glabra Willd. Byte rer a ae en ee Juglans cinerea L. Cherry. (black) =.= oe ce _..Prunus serotina Ehrh. Catalpa (northern) 2-2 eee eee ee Catalpa speciosa Warder Cottonwood: (easter) ==-2 == oe ee eee Populus deltoides Bartr. © re oN SE ee Ulmus species Hack beniy = 2. ees nce ne Celtis occidentalis L. Kentucky: cofleetree: 1. tn eee Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch Masnolia“(cucumbertree) = ee ee eee Magnolia acuminata L. Maple (soft) includes — Boxe] er ise 2 Sah Se Foe Beal aoc ae Ge Acer negundo L. Fel mappa 2s. oie cP a a Bt ee ene eee A. rubrum L. Silver Tale ss Senses A es Be a ee ee A. saccharinum L. USAT OGET ys he BO RI oe ree a eee Celtis laevigata Willd. Sycamore! (American) --5.6 225 oe Go Platanus occidentalis L. WCE CS UII os eta ae a ae eee Liquidambar styraciflua L. IW BEL wee 2 SS 2 Rs Sa eR A ee Salix species Vellow= pop ler ste te On ee Liriodendron tulipifera L. TABLES Table 1.-- Land area by class and Forest Survey Region, Missouri, 1959 (In thousand acres) All Eastern Southwestern Northwestern Regions Ozarks Ozarks Ozarks Land class Prairie Riverborder Forest: Commercial 14,977 4,333 3,151 2,391 2,831 2,271 Productive reserve 91 26 18 15 17 15 Unproductive 228 34 45 131 13 D) Total forest 15,296 4,393 3,214 2,537 2,861 2,291 Nonforest *29,008 iL-7y7/ 2,314 2,521 16,697 5,719 All land 744,304 6,150 5,528 5,058 19,558 8,010 * Includes 89,000 acres of water according to survey standards of area classification but defined by Bureau of the Census as land. 7 From U.S. Bureau of the Census, “Land and Water Area of the United States, 1950.” Table 2. -- Area of commercial forest land, by ownership class and Forest Survey Region, Missouri, 1959 (In thousand acres) All Eastern Southwestern Northwestern SS Regions Ozarks Ozarks Ozarks Ownership class Riverborder National Forest oF jissylat 875 317 108 -- 11 Other Federal 51 6 8 25 4 8 State 199 169 8 6 1 15 County and municipal 25 4 == -- 21 -- Forest industry 279 261 17 -- -- 1 Farmer-owned 9,228 1,636 2,182 1,502 2,199 1,709 Miscellaneous private 3,884 1,382 619 750 606 527 All ownerships 14,977 4,333 Sh loyl 2,391 2,831 2,271 * Includes both operable (812,000 acres) and inoperable (499,000 acres) areas. Table 3. -- Area of commercial forest land, by stand-size and ownership classes, Missouri, 1959 (In thousand acres) Farmer and miscellaneous private All National Forest Stand-size class ownerships Forest industry Sawtimber 4,086 470 72 74 3,470 Poletimber 4,348 527 97 82 3,642 Seedling and sapling 3,564 187 57 106 3,214 Nonstocked 2,979 127 49 17 2,786 All classes 14,977 Re lal Zi 279 135112 Table 4. -- Area of commercial forest land, by stand-size class and Forest Survey Region, Missouri, 1959 (In thousand acres) Stand-size class Riverborder Sawtimber 4,086 1,196 482 366 1,041 1,001 Poletimber 4,348 1,699 787 673 593 596 Seedling & sapling: Satisfactorily stocked 1,876 597 507 297 335 140 Poorly stocked 1,688 622 462 258 243 103 Nonstocked 2,979 219 913 797 619 431 All classes 14,977 4, 333 3,151 2,391 2,831 2,271 29 30 Table 5. -- Area of commercial forest land, by sawtimber volume and stand-size class, Missouri, 1959 (In thousand acres) Volume per acre All stands Sawtimber stands Other stands (board feet) * Less than 500 7,909 137 CVA 500 to 1,500 4,545 1,541 3,004 1,500 to 5,000 2,410 2,295 115 More than 5,000 113 113 as Total volume 14,977 4,086 10,891 * Net volume, International 1/4-inch rule. Table 6. -- Area of commercial forest land, by stocking class of growing-stock trees and by stand-size class, Missouri, 1959 (In thousand acres) Nonstocked Stocking class stands (percent) 70 or more 1,781 815 409 557 oe 40 to 70 4,638 1,647 1,683 1,308 -- 10 to 40 SOD. 1,624 2,256 1,699 2 Less than 10 2,979 oe 22 - 2,979 All classes 14,977 4,086 4,348 3,564 2,979 Table 7. -- Area of commercial forest land, by forest type and ownership class, (In thousand acres) Forest type Private ownerships Pine 330 182 148 Oak-pine 639 290 349 Oak-hickory 11,333 1,057 10,276 Oak-gum-cypress 410 26 384 Elm-ash-cottonwood 2,180 31 2,149 Maple-beech 85 ake 85 All types 14,977 1,586 13,391 Table 8. -- Area of commercial forest land by forest type and stand-size class, Missouri, 1959 (In thousand acres) All Sawtimber Poletimber stands stands stands Nonstocked Forest type stands Seedling and sapling stands Pine 330 119 114 72 25 Oak-pine 639 202 277 143 17 Oak-hickory 11,333 2,690 3,925 2,879 25239 Oak-gum-cypress 410 195 81 58 76 Elm-ash-cottonwood 2,180 848 312 399 621 Maple-beech 85 32 39 13 1 All types 14,977 4,086 4,348 3,564 2,979 Table 9. -- Area of commercial forest land, by forest type and Forest Survey Region, Missouri, 1959 (In thousand acres) Forest type Riverborder Pine 330 239 64 10 -- 17 Oak-pine 639 482 139 4 -- 14 Oak-hickory 11,333 3,329 2,833 2,159 1,273 1,739 Oak-gum-cypress 410 114 = -- 162 134 Elm-ash-cottonwood 2,180 127 115 218 1,359 361 Maple-beech 85 42 =- ae 37 6 All types 14,977 4,333 35151 2,391 2,831 25271 Table 10. -- Area of noncommercial forest land by forest type, Missouri, 1959 (In thousand acres) Unproductive areas Forest type Oak-pine 2 2 — Oak-hickory 287 87 200 Oak-gum-cypress 24 1 23 Elm-ash-cottonwood 6 1 5 All types 319 91 228 31 Table 11. -- Number of growing-stock trees on commercial forest land by diameter class and major species group, Missouri, 1959 (In thousand trees) D.b.h. class (inches) All species Hardwoods 2 4,160,600 233,000 3,927,600 4 1,421,400 80,500 1,340,900 6 501,500 36,600 464,900 8 269,900 19,200 250,700 10 145,500 12,500 133,000 12 74,500 2,900 71,600 14 35,300 700 34,600 16 17,400 100 17,300 18 7,700 100 7,600 19-28 8,400 100 8,300 29-38 300 = 300 Total 6,642,500 385,700 6,256,800 Table 12. -- Number of cull trees on commercial forest land, by diameter class and major species group, Missouri, 1959 (In thousand trees) D.b.h. class (inches) | Cull trees Softwoods: 5.0- 8.9 6,900 9.0 - 18.9 1,500 19.0 + == Total softwoods 8,400 Hardwoods: 5.0- 10.9 322,000 11.0- 18.9 100,800 19.0 + 15,600 Total hardwoods 438,400 All species 446,800 Table 13. -- Net volume of growing stock, by species and Forest Survey Region, Missouri, 1959 (In thousand cords) All Eastern Southwestern Northwestern ee Regions Ozarks Ozarks Ozarks EES Species Riverborder Softwoods: Pine, shortleaf 3,503 2,923 497 27 -- 56 Cypress 92 31 = = Bs 61 Redcedar 220 50 54 23 1 92 All softwoods 3,815 3,004 551 50 1 209 Hard hardwoods: Oak, white 12,248 3,817 1,404 1,431 1,546 4,050 Oak, post 6,757 2,268 1,258 1,593 553 1,085 Oak, other white 1,424 147 67 107 743 360 Oak, black 10,770 5,023 2,024 1,803 798 1,122 Oak, scarlet 2,695 2,554 100 9 12 20 Oak, northern red 2,782 766 442 254 551 769 Oak, other red 2,551 817 304 223 675 532 Hickory, Group A 2,592 956 260 139 743 494 Hickory, Group B 2,508 951 533 301 208 5115: Maple, hard 524 173 25 7 88 231 Birch 156 17 1 -- 125 13 Walnut, black 1,188 96 148 182 616 146 Ash 985 99 82 27 351 426 Other hard hardwoods 1,925 169 70 138 883 665 All hard hardwoods 49,105 17,853 6,718 6,214 7,892 10,428 Soft hardwoods: Elm 3,271 302 225 240 1,966 538 Maple, soft 585 26 -- ily/ 441 “101 Sweetgum 301 151 -- -- -- 150 Blackgum 225 118 55 on oF 52 Yellow-poplar 19 oS -- -- -- 19 Cottonwood 391 18 -- -- 297 76 Other soft hardwoods* 844 90 66 156 306 226 All soft hardwoods 5,636 705 346 413 3,010 1,162 All hardwoods 54,741 18,558 7,064 6,627 10,902 11,590 All species 58,556 21,562 7,615 6,677 10,903 11,799 * Mainly sycamore. Table 14. -- Net volume of live timber on commercial forest land, by class of timber and major species group, Missouri, 1959 (In million cubic feet) Class of timber All species Hardwoods Sawtimber: Saw log portion 1,944 118 1,826 Upper stem portion 168 47 121 Total sawtimber 2,112 165 1,947 Poletimber 2,514 136 2,378 Total growing stock 4,626 301 4,325 Sound cull: Sawtimber-size 245 7 238 Poletimber-size 243 5 238 Total sound cull 488 12 476 Rotten cull: Sawtimber-size 447 1 446 Poletimber-size 154 -- 154 Total rotten cull 601 1 600 All classes HS} 314 5,401 Table 15. -- Net volume of growing stock, sawtimber, and poletimber on commercial forest land, by species, Missouri, 1959 Thousand cords Million board feet* Thousand cords Softwoods: Pine, shortleaf 3,503 702 S15 Cypress 92 4] 4 Redcedar 220 6 198 All softwoods 3,815 749 VT. Hard hardwoods: Oak, white 12,248 2,663 6,452 Oak, post 6,757 985 4,513 Oak, other white 1,424 356 667 Oakablaek 10,770 2,021 6,278 Oak, scarlet 2,695 417 1,672 Oak, northern red 2,782 844 1,016 Oak, other red 295) 533 1,417 Hickory, Group A 2,592 486 1,568 Hickory, Group B 2,508 337 1,781 Maple, hard 524 115 284 Birch 156 40 68 Walnut, black 1,188 307 524 Ash 985 180 590 Other hard hardwoods 1,925 381 1123 All hard hardwoods 49,105 9,665 27,953 Soft hardwoods: : Elm 3,271 889 1,499 Maple, soft 585 200 171 Sweetgum 301 68 153 Blackgum 225 57 a) Yellow-poplar 19 4 10 Cottonwood 391 170 41 Other soft hardwoods t¢ 844 306 196 All soft hardwoods 5,636 1,694 2,145 All hardwoods 54,741 115359 30,098 All species 58,556 12,108 31,815 * International 1/4-inch rule. + Mainly sycamore. Table 16. -- Net volume of growing stock and sawtimber on commercial forest land, by ownership class and major species group, Missouri, 1959 Growing stock Sawtimber Ownership class ; All species Softwoods Hardwoods All species Softwoods Hardwoods Million Million Million Million Million Million cubic feet cubic feet cubic feet board feet* board feet* board feet* National Forest 652 156 496 1,241 413 828 Other public 87 6 81 193 14 179 Forest industry 92 8 84 193 20 173 Farmer and misc. private 3,795 131 3,664 10,481 302 10,179 All classes 4,626 301 4,325 12,108 749 11,359 * International 1/4-inch rule. 36 Table 17. -- Net volume of growing stock and sawtimber on commercial orest land, by stand-size class and major species group, Missouri, 1959 Stand-size class All species Softwoods Hardwoods All species Softwoods Hardwoods VWillion Villion Villion Million Million Million cubic feet cubic feet cubic feet board feet* board feet* board feet* Sawtimber 2,223 126 2,097 8,472 448 8,024 Poletimber 1,677 135 1,542 1,930 176 1,754 Seedlings and saplings 454 30 424 1,060 101 959 Nonstocked 2D. 10 262 646 24 622 All classes 4,626 301 4,325 12,108 749 11,359 * International 1/4-inch rule. Table 18. -- Net volume of growing stock on commercial forest land, by species and diameter class, Missouri, 1959 (In million cubic feet) Diameter class (inches) 6.9 8.9 |10.9 12.9 | 14.9 | 16.9 | 18.9 | 20.9 | 22.9 | 24.9 | 26.9 | 28.9 2 Softwoods: Pine, shortleaf LT} 48 Ws 94 37 18 3 3 1 -- -- -- -- -- Cypress 7 -- -- -- -- -- 2 1 3 1 -- -- -- -- Redcedar 197, 9 6 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- = All softwoods 301 57 79 96 37 18 5 4 4 l -- -- -- -- Hard hardwoods: Oak, white 968 133? 192. 185 185 133 69 33 16 8 6 4 1 3 Oak, post 534 125 122 #109 85 51 24 8 5) 3} 2 -- -- -- Oak, other white 113 15 19 19 12 9 9 7 7 5 4 3 1 3 Oak, black 851 134 183 179 118 88 49 41 27 14 7 6 2 3 Oak, scarlet 213 29 49 55 39 23 12 5 1 =- == =o oo =o Oak, northern red 220 18 29 33 37 27 32 11 10 8 7/ 5 2 1 Oak, other red 201 40 44 28 23 17 11 10 9 7 4 4 1 Hickory, Group A 205 47 46 32 21 16 13 15 8 3 2 1 1 -- Hickory, Group B 198 53 49 39 23 15 11 5 1 -- 1 -- -- 1 Maple, hard 41 7 5 9 6 4 3 1 1 3 1 1 -- -- Birch 12 2 1 2: 1 1 3 o 1 1 -- -- -- -- Walnut, black 94 13 12 7 18 18 8 4 2 2 -- -- -- -- Ash 7 IL 7/ 15 15 7 7 8 4 2 1 1 -- 1 -- Other hard hardwoods 152 31 32 25 19 15 15 5 4 1 3 2 -- -- All hard hardwoods 3,880 664 798 747 594 424 267 149 94 56 38 26 9 14 Soft hardwoods: Elm 258 40 43 36 35 21 25 16 12 11 10 5 os 4 Maple, soft 46 3 1 9 7 4 7 7 3 2 -- -- 1 2 Sweetgum 24 3 5 4 3 2 2: 1 -- -- 1 1 -- Blackgum 18 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 -- -- -- -- -- Yellow-poplar 1 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Cottonwood 31 1 2 -- 2 1 22 4 2 4 5 3 1 4 Other soft hardwoods* 67 3 z/ 5 8 5 10 4 10 4 3 1 1 6 All soft hardwoods 44552 61 26 SY 36 49 35 30 21 18 10 4 16 All hardwoods 4,325 716 859 803 651 460 316 +184 124 77 56 36 13 30 All species 4,626 773 938 899 688 478 321 188 128 78 56 36 13 30 * Mainly sycamore. Table 19. -- Net volume of sawtimber on commercial forest land, by species and diameter class, Missouri, 1959 (In million board feet)* Diameter class Species Softwoods: Pine, shortleaf 702 336 172 144 15 29 6 -- -- -- -- -- Cypress 41 1 2 -- 6 5 13 Z 4 1 1 1 Redcedar 6 3 1 2 a : ss a = = zs = All softwoods 749 340 175 146 21 34 19 i 4 1 1 1 Hard hardwoods: Oak, white 2,663 -- 1,053 780 420 194 94 45 34 22 4 17 Oak, post 985 -- 463 289 136 44 26 14 9 3 1 -- Oak, other white 356 -- 2 53 61 34 41 29 25 15 8 18 Oak, black 2,021 -- 648 495 284 252 158 85 41 34 9 15 Oak, scarlet 417 -- 191 126 62 26 6 1 3 2 -- -- Oak, northern red 844 -- 216 166 193 72 63 47 43 26 11 7 Oak, other red 533 -- 134 97 67 57 57 41 29 26 5 20 Hickory, Group A 486 -- 117 100 81 91 48 19 13 10 7 -- Hickory, Group B 337 -- 131 84 66 29 11 3 5 -- 3 » Maple, hard 115 -- 33 26 14 9 7 15 5 5 -- 1 Birch 40 -- 5 6 17 -- 8 4 -- -- -- -- Walnut, black 307 -- 97 108 46 25 17 12 -- 2 -- -- Ash 180 -- 40 39 44 28 12 5 8 -- 4 -- Other hard hardwoods 381 -- 109 88 99 35 22 5) 16 6 -- 1 All hard hardwoods 9,665 -- 3,309 2,457 1,590 896 570 325 231 151 52 84 Soft hardwoods: Elm 889 -- 230 137 167 96 77 65 60 29 3 25 Maple, soft 200 -- 37 25 41 46 21 13 3 -- 4 10 Sweetgum 68 -- 15 13 11 11 7 3 1 4 3 -- Blackgum D7 -- 7 14 17 11 7 -- 1 -- -- -- Yellow-poplar 4 = 2 2 os oo = == = Zs a ae Cottonwood 170 -- 7 4 15 24 14 23 33 20 5 25 Other soft hardwoodst 306 -- 45 31 63 24 62 28 15 7 6 25 All soft hardwoods 1,694 -- 343 226 314 212 188 132 113 60 21 85 All hardwoods 11,359 -- 3,652 2,683 1,904 1,108 758 457 344 211 73 169 All species 12,108 340 3,827 2,829 1,925 1,142 777 464 348 212 74 170 Fe GD gc TE a DW or COE ee Some eT * International 1/4-inch rule. + Mainly sycamore. Table 20. -- Net volume of sawtimber on commercial forest land, by species and Forest Survey Region, Missouri, 1959 (In million board feet)* S 3 All Eastern Southwestern Northwestern Prairie Riverborder PECIES Regions Ozarks Ozarks Ozarks Softwoods: Pine, shortleaf 701.7 551.6 132.8 6.0 -- 11.3 Cypress 41.1 1229 = -- -- 28.2 Redcedar 6.6 1.6 Delf -- oil DD All softwoods 749.4 566.1 13555 6.0 all 41.7 Hard hardwoods: Oak, white 2,662.9 576.5 266.9 285.8 459.3 1,074.4 Oak, post 984.9 321.7 206.6 202.5 104.6 149.5 Oak, other white 356.4 20.0 15.1 13.4 209.9 98.0 Oak, black 2,020.9 708.4 435.4 35953 180.2 337.6 Oak, scarlet 416.7 389.1 20.2 3.3 -- 4.1 Oak, northern red 843.6 135.8 113.7 88.1 202.6 303.4 Oak, other red 533.5 117.5 18.5 25.4 195.3 176.8 Hickory, Group A 485.7 125.1 38.3 29.8 184.6 107.9 Hickory, Group B 336.8 116.0 66.8 31.4 Dilfed. 95.4 Maple, hard 115.4 38.3 6.2 3} 26.5 43.1 Birch 40.2 a) -- -- 38.8 5 Walnut, black 306.8 =) 37.3 37.6 190.3 36.1 Ash 180.3 14.5 18.0 4.9 53.9 89.0 Other hard hardwoods 381.3 37.4 12.7 18.3 154.6 158.3 All hard hardwoods 9,665.4 2,606.7 1,255.7 1,101.1 2,027.8 2,674.1 Soft hardwoods: Elm 888.6 42.5 SIE S1e2 612.2 131.2 Maple, soft 199.6 6.3 -- 2.6 154.6 36.1 Sweetgum 67.7 215 == -- se 46.2 Blackgum 57.3 24.2 18.2 -- -- 14.9 Yellow-poplar 4.1 os - -- -- 4.1 Cottonwood 170.0 5.0 -- all 129.6 3553 Other soft hardwoodst 306.4 26.2 14.8 40.6 134.6 90.2 All soft hardwoods 1,693.7 25 e7) 94.5 1,031.0 358.0 All hardwoods 11,359.1 2,732.4 1,340.2 1,195.6 3,058.8 3,032.1 All species 12,108.5 3,298.5 ATS S71. 1,201.6 3,058.9 3,073.8 * International I/4-inch rule. 7 Mainly sycamore. Table 21. -- Net volume of sawtimber by species and Forest Survey Region, Missourt, 1947 and 1959 (In million board feet)* Species Softwoods: Pine, shortleaf Other softwoods All softwoods Hard hardwoods: Oak, white Oak, other white Oak, black Oak, other red Hickory Walnut, black Other hard hardwoods All hard hardwoods Soft hardwoods: Elm Other soft hardwoods All soft hardwoods All hardwoods All species All Regions Eastern Ozarks Southwestern Ozarks Northwestern Ozarks Prairie Riverborder 483 701.7 291 551.6 171 132.8 -- 6.0 -- -- 21 11.3 246 47.7 20 14.5 3 2.7 1 == 6 0.1 215 30.4 729 _—*749.4 311 566.1 175 135.5 1 6.0 6 0.1 236 41.7 2,535 2,662.9 556 576.5 362 266.9 305 285.8 459 459.3 853 1,074.4 1,426 1,341.3 343 341.7 357 221.7 257 215.9 295 314.5 174 247.5 2,145 2,020.9 712 708.4 627 435.4 384 359.3 182 180.2 240 337.6 1,432 1,793.8 557 642.4 149 152.4 133 116.8 243 397.9 350 484.3 698 822.5 223 241.1 99 105.1 72 61.2 147 211.8 157 203.3 260 306.8 6 5.5 34 B73 29 37.6 159 190.3 32 36.1 642 717.2 89 91.1 41 36.9 42 24.5 244 273.8 226 290.9 9,138 9,665.4 2,486 2,606.7 IGGOPMIE 25557222 SIE LO IS 17291230278 D205 22267451 821 888.6 67 42.5 44 51.5 53 51.2 469 612.2 188 131.2 1,210 805.1 198 83.2 88 33.0 82 43.3 471 418.8 371 226.8 2,031 1,693.7 265 125.7 132 84.5 135 94.5 940 1,031.0 559 358.0 11,169.11,359.1 2,751 __-2,732.4__ 1,801 1,340.2 1,357 _1,195.6 2,669 3,058.8 2,591 3,032.1 11,898 12,108.5 3,062 3,298.5 1,976 1,475.7 1,358 1,201.6 2,675 3,058.9 2,827 3,073.8 * International 1/4-inch rule. / 39 Table 22. -- Net volume of sawtimber on commercial forest land, by species and log grade, Missouri, 1959 (In million board feet)* Species Tie and timber Softwoods: Pine, shortleaf 702 284 418 -- Cypress 41 12 29 -- Redcedar 6 -- 6 -- All softwoods 749 296 453 -- Hard hardwoods: Oak, white 2,663 327 1,104 1,232 Oak, post 985 167 197 621 Oak, other white 356 61 60 235 Oak, black 2,021 260 596 1,165 Oak, scarlet 417 19 99 299 Oak, northern red 844 226 213 405 Oak, other red 533 46 101 386 Hickory, Group A 486 22 122 342 Hickory, Group B 337 44 100 193 Maple, hard 115 5 2 108 Birch 40 -- -- 40 Walnut, black 307 68 165 74 Ash 180 66 42 72 Other hard hardwoods 381 37 96 248 All hard hardwoods 9,665 1,348 2,897 5,420 Soft hardwoods: Elm 889 124 136 629 Maple, soft 200 14 39 147 Sweetgum 68 10 20 38 Blackgum 57 23 3 31 Yellow-poplar 4 -- -- 4 Cottonwood 170 29 13 128 Other soft hardwoodst 306 12 79 115 All soft hardwoods 1,694 312 290 1,092 All hardwoods 11,359 1,660 3,187 6,512 All species 12,108 1,956 3,640 6, 512 * International 1/4-inch rule. +t Approximately 14 percent of all the Log Grade I and II volume in the State is Grade I material. t Mainly sycamore. Table 23. -- Net annual growth of growing stock, sawtimber, and poletimber on commercial forest land, by species, Missouri, 1959 Species Sromng Poletimbert stock Thousand Million Thousand cords board feett cords Softwoods: Pine, shortleaf 198 71 120 Cypress 1 -- -- Redcedar 42 22 41 All softwoods 241 73 161 Hard hardwoads: Oak, white 597 184 454 Oak, post 304 60 274 Oak, other white 80 22 67 Oak, black 309 84 303 Oak, scarlet 172 49 137 Oak, northern red 100 38 64 Oak, other red 138 11 147 Hickory, Group A 112 23 90 Hickory, Group B 168 25 154 Maple, hard 23 6 17 Birch 8 3 4 Walnut, black 150 43 117 Ash 57 10 48 Other hard hardwoods 221 30 215 All hard hardwoods 2,439 588 2,091 Soft hardwoods: Elm 301 65 263 Maple, soft 24 14 14 Sweetgum 24 7 18 Blackgum 19 5 11 Yellow-poplar 1 = 1 Cottonwood 8 2 4 Sycamore 10 4 8 All soft hardwoods 387 97 319 All hardwoods bee YG sn OED et IO All species 3,067 758 2,571 ce eee ee ee * Includes ingrowth of poletimber trees. + Includes ingrowth of seedlings and saplings. t International 1/4-inch rule. Table 24. ---Annual desirable cut of growing stock, sawtimber, and poletimber on commercial forest land, by species, Missouri, 1959 Thousand Million Thousand cords board feet* cords Softwoods: Pine, shortleaf 58 12 24 Cypress 4 2 -- Redcedar 4 -- 3 All softwoods 66 14 27 Hard hardwoods: Oak, white 429 117 174 Oak, post 282 52 161 Oak, other white 61 16 7 Oak, black 326 82 139 Oak, scarlet 91 21 39 Oak, northern red 121 44 28 Oak, other red 77 15 47 Hickory, Group A 110 26 54 Hickory, Group B 95 19 54 Maple, hard 24 6 12 Birch 8 2 + Walnut, black 24 6 10 Ash 38 6 DS Other hard hardwoods 79 15 48 All hard hardwoods 1,765 427 822 Soft hardwoods: Elm 160 39 81 Maple, soft 27 9 9 Sweetgum 10 3 4 Blackgum 12 3 5 Yellow-poplar = = = Cottonwood 7 8 7 Other soft hardwoodst 18 6 4 All soft hardwoods 244 68 103 All hardwoods 2,009 495 925 All species 2,075 509 952 a en eee eee * International 1/4-inch rule. + Mainly sycamore. Table 25. -- Annual desirable cut of growing stock on commercial forest land, by species and Forest Survey Region, Missouri, 1959 (In thousand cords) encase All Eastern Southwestern Northwestern Da Ried P Regions Ozarks Ozarks Ozarks paces Sy sriamee i Softwoods: Pine, shortleaf 58 49 9 -- -- =o Cypress 4 1 == -- -- 3 Redcedar 4 2 1 -- -- 1 All softwoods 66 52 10 -- -- 4 Hard hardwoods: Oak, white 429 125 62 45 55 142 Oak, post 282 106 54 40 24 58 Oak, other white 61 5 4 4 29 19 Oak, black 326 174 46 62 16 28 Oak, scarlet 91 87 4 -- -- -- Oak, northern red 121 32 22 7 24 36 Oak, other red ahi 34 10 3 14 16 Hickory, Group A 110 52 13 6 22 7 Hickory, Group B 95 46 20 8 Z/ 14 Maple, hard 24 1l 1 -- 5 7 Birch 8 -- -- -- 8 -- Walnut, black 24 5 2 2 10 5 Ash 38 8 3 -- 14 13 Other hard hardwoods 79 9 -- 7 30 33 All hard hardwoods 1,765 694 241 184 258 388 Soft hardwoods: Elm 160 17 13 11 99 20 Maple, soft 27); 1 -- -- 19 7/ Sweetgum 10 6 -- -- -- 4 Blackgum 12 8 3 -- -- 1 Yellow-poplar -- -- -- = = = Cottonwood 17 1 -- -- 14 2: Other soft hardwoods* 18 4 2 3 5 4 All soft hardwoods 244 37 18 14 137 38 All hardwoods 2,009 731 259 198 395 426 All species 2,075 783 269 198 395 430 * Mainly sycamore 43 Table 26. -- Annual desirable cut of sawtimber on commercial forest land, by species and Forest Survey Region, Missouri, 1959 (In million board feet)* : All Eastern Southwestern Northwestem : Softwoods: Pine, shortleaf 12.0 9.6 2.4 -- -- == Cypress 2.0 6 -- -- -- 1.4 Redcedar .l -- oll -- -- -- All softwoods 14.1 10.2 2.5 -- -- 1.4 Hard hardwoods: Oak, white 116.8 26.7 15.2 11.8 17.0 46.1 Oak, post 52.3 17.8 11.0 6.1 Yo 10.2 Oak, other white 16.0 6 a) a) 9.2 4.8 Oak, black 82.4 36.7 8.8 18.9 6.3 UE 7, Oak, scarlet a7) 20.1 1.0 -- -- 1 Oak, northern red 44.3 7.4 6.8 3.0 11.0 16.1 Oak, other red 14.5 4.1 mo) al 4.8 4.6 Hickory, Group A 2a 10.3 3.2 1.3 6.6 4.3 Hickory, Group B 18.6 8.9 3.0 1.9 1.2 3.6 Maple, hard 5.6 3.1 of =- 6 1.7 Birch Wee -- -- -- iez/ -- Walnut, black 6.4 4 6 6 3.9 2 Ash 6.2 8 7/ -- 1.4 3.3 Other hard hardwoods 14.8 2.1 1 1.1 4.4 7.1 All hard hardwoods 426.5 139.0 52.4 45.3 75.3 114.5 Soft hardwoods: Elm 39.4 2.6 4.1 2.6 25.5 4.6 Maple, soft 9.0 52 -- 2 6 lod Sweetgum 2.6 1.1 -- == 2 1.5 Blackgum 2.8 1.7 8 = oe 53 Yellow-poplar a8 - = os as oe Cottonwood 8.0 1 -- -- 6.9 1.0 Other soft hardwoodst 6.6 1.4 5 1.0 D2. 1.5 All soft hardwoods 68.4 weal 5.4 3.8 41.5 10.6 All hardwoods 494.9 146.1 57.8 49.1 116.8 125.1 All species 509.0 156.3 60.3 49.1 116.8 126.5 * International 1 /4-inch mle. +t Mainly sycamore. Table 27. -- Annual mortality of growing stock and sawtimber on commercial forest land, by species, Missouri, 1959 Species Growing stock Sawtimber Million cubic feet Million board feet* Softwoods: Pine, shortleaf 1 -- Other softwoods a ae All softwoods 1 -- Hard hardwoods: Oak, white 5 15 Oak, post 6 19 Gak, other white 1 5 Oak, black 22 84 Oak, scarlet 6 14 Oak, northern red 2 8 Oak, other red 1l 29 Hickory, Group A 1 6 Hickory, Group B 3 8 Maple, hard -- 1 Walnut, black 1 2 Ash 1 1 Other hard hardwoods 3 11 All hard hardwoods 62 203 Soft hardwoods: Elm 3 17 Maple, soft 1 4 Other soft hardwoods -- -- Sycamore 1 3 All soft hardwoods > 24 All hardwoods 67 227 All species 68 227 * International 1/4-inch rule. Table 28. -- Annual mortality of growing stock and sawtimber on commercial forest land by cause of death and major species group, Missouri, 1959 Sawtimber Cause of death All species Softwoods Hardwoods Million Million Million Million Million Million cubic feet cubic feet cubic feet board feet* board feet* board feet* Fire 6 -- 6 20 <2 20 Insects -- -- -- 1 -- 1 Disease 18 -- 18 68 -- 68 Weather, suppression and animals 27 1 26 72 -- 72 Unknown 17 -- 17 66 -- 66 All causes 68 1 67 227 -- 227 * International 1/4-inch rule. 46 Table 29. -- Net annual growth, annual desirable cut, and annual cut of growing stock on commercial forest land, by species, Missouri, 1959 (In million cubic feet) Snatiee Net annual Annual Annual P growth desirable cut timber cut* Softwoods: Pine, shortleaf 15 5 5 Cypress 1 =o se Redcedar 3 = pes All softwoods 19 5 5 Hard hardwoods: Oak, white 7 34 23 Oak, post 24 22 12 Oak, other white 6 5 3 Oak, black 24 26 12 Oak, scarlet 14 7 2 Oak, northern red 8 10 3 Oak, other red 11 6 2 Hickory, Group A 9 9 3 Hickory, Group B 13 7 =- Maple, hard 2 2 1 Birch 1 1 -- Walnut, black 12 2 1 Ash 4 3 1 Other hard hardwoods 18 6 2 All hard hardwoods 193 140 65 Soft hardwoods: Elm 24 13 Maple, soft 2 2 1 Sweetgum 2 -- Blackgum 1 1 1 Yellow-poplar -- -- -- Cottonwood -- 1 3 Other soft hardwoodst 1 1 1 All soft hardwoods 30 19 8 All hardwoods 223 159 73 All species 242 164 78 * Based on survey of timber cut conducted for 1958. + Mainly sycamore. Table 30. -- Net annual growth and annual cut of growing stock on commercial forest land, by ownership classes and by major species group, Missouri, 1959 (In million cubic feet) NET ANNUAL GROWTH All National Other Forest ownerships Forest public industry Farmer and miscellaneous private Species group Softwoods 19 10 -- 1 8 Hardwoods 223 28 4 4 187 All species 242 38 4 5) 195 ANNUAL TIMBER CUT* Softwoods 5 1 -- -- 4 Hardwoods 73 4 -- 2 67 All species 78 5 -- 2 71 * Based on survey of timber cut conducted for 1958. Table 31. -- Net annual growth, annual desirable cut, and annual cut of sawtimber on commercial forest land, by species, Missouri, 1959 (Im million board feet)* Species Softwoods: Pine, shortleaf Cypress Redcedar All softwoods Hard hardwoods: Oak, white Oak, post Oak, other white Oak, black Oak, scarlet Oak, northern red Oak, other red Hickory, Group A Hickory, Group B Maple, hard Birch Walnut, black Ash Other hard hardwoods All hard hardwoods Soft hardwoods: Elm Maple, soft Sweetgum Blackgum Yellow-poplar Cottonwood Other soft hardwoodst All soft hardwoods All hardwoods All species International 1/4-inch rule. Based on survey of timber cut conducted for 1958. Mainly sycamore. * + T iE IE Net annual Annual growth desirable cut Annual timber cutt 71 12 21 x 2 l 2 = l 73 14 23 184 117 112 60 52 41 22 16 15 84 82 61 49 21 12 38 44 14 ll 15 11 23 26 11 25 19 2 6 6 2 3 2 ss 43 6 8 10 6 2 30 15 8 588 427 299 65 39 9 14 9 3 7 3 2 5 3 3 = ne 2 2 8 16 4 6 ul 97 68 42 685 495 341 758 509 364 Table 32. -- Net annual growth and annual cut of sawtimber on commercial forest land, by ownership class and by major species group, Missouri, 1959 (In million board feet)* NET ANNUAL GROWTH All National Other Forest ownerships Forest public industry Farmer and miscellaneous Private Species group Softwoods 73 42 1 2 28 Hardwoods 685 81 10 9 585 All species 758 123 11 11 613 ANNUAL TIMBER CUTt Softwoods 23 3 -- 1 19 Hardwoods 341 24 2 8 307 All species 364 27 2 9 326 * International 1/4-inch rule. + Based on survey of timber cut conducted for 1958. Table 33. -- Annual timber cut from growing stock on commercial forest land, by products and logging residues, and by major species group, Missouri, 1958 (In thousand cubic feet) Products and residues All species Hardwoods Roundwood products: Saw logs 34,271 4,114 30,157 Veneer logs and bolts 883 -- 883 Cooperage logs and bolts 2,960 == 2,960 Handle stock 1,048 -- 1,048 Pulpwood 571 113 458 Poles 186 186 -- : Mine timbers 360 9 351 Miscellaneous industrial wood* 6,631 39 6,592 Posts 6,518 539 5,979 Fuelwood 19,619 72 19,547 } All products 73,047 5,072 67,975 Logging residues 4,801 251 4,550 Timber cut 77,848 5,323 72,525 ee ees ee ss * Charcoal, excelsior wood, farm timbers, hewn ties, etc. Products and residues Roundwood products: Saw logs Veneer logs and bolts Cooperage logs and bolts Handle stock Pulpwood Poles Mine timbers Miscellaneous industrial wood? Posts Fuelwood All products Logging residues Timber cut * International 1/4-inch rule. Table 34. -- Annual timber cut of sawtimber on commercial forest land, by products and logging residues, and by major species group, Missouri, 1958 (In thousand board feer)* Hardwoods 214,400 21,104 193,296 6,277 -- 6,277 20,519 = 20,519 5,083 -- 5,083 2,727 415 2,312 310 310 -- 383 9 374 30,070 210 29,860 17,866 321 17,545 46,667 171 46,496 344,302 22,540 321,762 19,958 305 19,653 364,260 22,845 341,415 + Charcoal, excelsior wood, farm timbers, hewn ties, etc. Table 35. -- Annual cut of growing stock and sawtimber on commercial forest land, by major : All Eastern Southwestern Northwestern se ; Softwoods 67.5 31.1 31.9 - = 4.5 Hard hardwoods 822.9 203.4 226.6 104.6 93.8 194.5 Soft hardwoods 96.2 18.7 9.0 -- 49.3, 19.2 Total growing stock 986.6 253.2 267.5 104.6 143.1 218.2 SAWTIMBER (In million board feet)* Softwoods 22.9 9.7 11.7 - -- 5) Hard hardwoods 299.1 77.4 80.2 23.4 37.8 80.3 Soft hardwoods 42.3 3.9 -- PAN 7 8 Total sawtimber 364.3 96.5 95.8 23.4 59.0 89.6 species group and Forest Survey Region, Missouri, 1958 GROWING STOCK (In thousand cords) * International 1/4-inch rule. 49 Table 36. -- Timber cut from commercial forest land, by major species group and diameter class, Missouri, 1958 (In thousand cords) 50 - All Tree diameter class (inches) S aati Chsses 6-10 12-14 16-18 20+ Softwoods 67.5 46.9 18.4 0.8 1.4 Oaks 722.5 166.2 197.1 DD IS HIe3) Other hard hardwoods 100.4 29.2 26.5 26.3 18.4 Soft hardwoods 96.2 NZS 17.0 27.3 39.4 All species 986.6 254.8 259.0 282.1 190.7 Table 37. -- Timber cut in 1946 and 1958 by major species group, Missouri S : Growing stock Sawtimber Pee oe 1946 1958 Change 1946 1958 Change Thousand Thousand Percent Thousand Thousand Percent cubic feet cubic feet board feet* board feet* Softwoods 11,196 5,323 —52 57,524 22,845 —60 White oaks 40,908 38,500 — 6 169,502 168,489 -— 1 Red oaks 65,288 18,559 —72 307,768 97,590 —68 Other hardwoods 32,269 15,466 — 2 133,406 75,336 —44 All species 149,661 77,848 —48 668 ,200 364,260 —45 * International 1/4-inch rule. Table 38. -- Timber cut in 1946 and 1958 by timber product, Missouri pisaice Growing stock Sawtimber 1946 1958 Change 1946 1958 Change Thousand Thousand Percent Thousand Thousand Percent cubic feet cubic feet board feet* board feet* Saw logs 82,115 37,502 —54 480,611 228,743 —52 Veneer logs and bolts 1,470 930 = 347) 9,554 6,442 —33 Cooperage logs and bolts 15,470 3,359 —78 100,557 22137. —77 Handle stock 1ES5p 1,923 + 42 8,808 7,405 —16 Pulpwood 337 595 +77 173 2,865 +144 Poles 40 186 +365 == 310 -- Mine timbers 3,360 399 —88 -- 417 -- Miscellaneous industrial woodt 2,817 6,817 +142 9,214 30,808 +234 Baste 8,381 6,518 = 25,456 17,866 ~30 Fuelwood 34,316 19,619 —43 32,827 46,667 +42 All products 149,661 77,848 —48 668,200 364,260 —45 * International 1/4-inch rule. 7+ Charcoal, excelsior wood, farm timbers, hewn ties, etc. Table 39. -- Total output of timber products, by product, type of material used, and species class, Missouri, 1958 Total output in Output from standard units roundwood units cu. ft. Output from plant by-products (standard units) Product and species group Saw logs and saw bolts: Softwoods M. bd. ft.* 26,886 26,886 4,114 -- Hardwoods M. bd. ft.* 287 ,216 287,216 43,654 -- Total M. bd. ft.* 314,102 314,102 47,768 -- Veneer logs and bolts: Softwoods M. bd. ft. -- -- -- -- Hardwoods M. bd. fe. 7,132 7,132 1,012 -- Total M. bd. fe. TSU32 7,132 1,012 -- Cooperage logs and bolts: Softwoods M. bd. fe. -- -- -- -- Hardwoods M. bd. ft. 30,811 30,811 4,498 =: Total M. bd. ft. 30,811 30,811 4,498 Handle stock: Softwoods M. bd. ft. -- -- -- -- Hardwoods M. bd. ft 7,281 7,281 1173 -- Total M. bd. ft. 7,281 7,281 Pel g Pulpwood: Softwoods Std. cords 1,830 1,815 119 15 Hardwoods Std. cords 10,187 9,283 719 904 Total Std. cords 12,017 11,098 838 919 Poles: Softwoods M. pieces 62 62 186 -- Hardwoods M. pieces -- -- as = Total M. pieces 62 62 186 Mine Timbers, etc.: Softwoods M. cu. ft. 12 12 12 -- Hardwoods M. cu. ft. 487 487 487 -- Total M. cu. fe. 499 499 499 = Miscellaneous Industrial wood: + Softwoods M. cu. fe. 39 39 39 2: Hardwoods M. cu. ft. 8,991 8,991 8,991 = Toral M. cu. ft. 9,030 9,030 9,030 =e Posts: Softwoods M. pieces 1,027 1,027 789 -- Hardwoods M. pieces 15,256 15,256 8,786 = Total Mepicce sj Oumun1Gh283\une el Wi W1G;28300 ae leu9 575.0 we a oe Fuelwood: Softwoods Std. cords 12,000 2,227 160 9,773 Hardwoods Std. cords 1,095,000 922,866 61,677 172,134 Total Std. cords 1,107,000 925,093 61,837 181,907 All products: Softwoods M. cu. ft. 6,122 5,419 5,419 703 Hardwoods M. cu. ft. 142,572 130,997 130,997 11,575 Total M. cu. ft. 148,694 136,416 136,416 12,278 * International 1/4-inch rule. + Charcoal, excelsior wood, farm timbers, hewn ties, etc. ——— 52 Table 40. -- Total output of roundwood by source and species class, Missouri, 1958 (In thousand cubic feet) Growing stock trees: * Sawtimber trees 57,187 4,507 52,680 Poletimber trees 15,860 565 15,295 Total 73,047 5,072 67,975 Cull trees* 17,466 43 17,423 Salvable dead trees* 10,807 75 10,732 Other sources? 35,096 229 34,867 All sources 136,416 5,419 130,997 i ee * On commercial forest land. 7 Includes material from noncommercial forest land, nonforest land such as fence rows, trees less than 5.0 inches in diameter, and tree tops and limbs. Tabie 41. -- Volume of plant residues from primary industries, type of residue and species class, Missouri, 1958 (In thousand cubic feet) Species and character of residues Softwoods Hardwoods Industry Coarse* Lumber industry 8,379 4,180 4,199 736 331 405 7,643 3,849 3,794 Veneer industry 205 7 198 -- -- -- 205 vf 198 Cooperage industry 369 178 191 -- -- == 369 178 191 Other 213 9 204 -- = -- 213 9 204 All primary industries 9,166 4,374 4,792 736 331 405 8,430 4,043 4,387 * Unused material suitable for chipping such as slabs, edgings and veneer cores. 7 - - - - “ - 7 Unused material not suitable for chipping, such as sawdust and shavings. Table 42. -- Timber growth projections, Missouri, 1959 to 1989* GROWING STOCK (In thousand cubic feet) Assumed cut Projected growth Period Softwoods Hardwoods Softwoods Hardwoods 1959 (year of inventory) 7 5 7 242 19 223 1969 (plus 10 years) 95 10 85 322 26 296 1979 (plus 20 years) 110 15 95 436 34 402 1989 (plus 30 years) 120 15 105 602 46 556 SAWTIMBER (In million board feet)+ 1959 (year of inventory) 364 23 341 758 73 685 1969 (plus 10 years) 450 50 400 974 106 868 1979 (plus 20 years) 520 60 460 L277. 153 1,124 1989 (plus 30 years) 600 65 535 1,732 238 1,494 * The outlook for timber volumes and net growth to 1989 is based on assumptions that: (1) The annual timber products in the United States and Missouri will rise with estimated increases in population and national income, (2) wood will maintain its relative position in the national economy, (3) forestry will continue to advance at the rate indicated by recent trends, and (4) Missouri’s proportion of the wood market will increase somewhat. The assumed trends anticipate continuing reforestation, “thickening up” of natural stands, improved cutting practices and forest management, and other changes leading to a more productive forest resource. + International 1/4-inch rule. 53 Forest Types of Missouri \ \ \ a wn 4,2 SCALE-STATUTE MILES ° oO 20 30 40 50 | | /__/ Nonforest MD Oak-hickory y f Elm-ash-cottonwood MW 0ak-gum-cypress The Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is dedicated to the principle of multiple use management of the Nation’s forest resources for sustained yields of wood, water, forage, wildlife, and recreation. Through forestry research, co- operation with the States and private forest owners, and manage- ment of the National Forests and National Grasslands, it strives —as directed by Congress—to provide increasingly greater service to a growing Nation.