aS Sgt Ca ‘See Pett ces, F kt ie DECEMBER, 1911 = oa : Lay EXPERIMENT STATION BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT MICHIGAN WEEDS LES2 ARY NEW TORK eae BS ANICAL GARMEN BY W. J. BEAL. ss WAST LANSING, MICHIGAN. Q < 1911 OP ‘ er) 3 at > sa 5 7 — 4 i 25 = ena oi >, 24 Se iat ~ ~ ' 1 at wee OS ae = aad : sng x Soe 5 ee ae , fe yi oF a > : “ 7 . * ‘4 *” oe 4 — La’ chy 2 n! © ¢ Oy ie oe * =f ee - CREME Op TS SA yt SS te ae : OE RS ae ees oe ee ee De Vt nt ae « * “¥ - i a ~ 2. ; The Bulletins of this Station are sent free to all newspapers in the State and to such individuals interested in farming as may request them. Address all appli- cations to the Director, East Lansing, Michigan. MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Postoffice and Telegraph Address, - - - + - = £=EKast Lansing, Mich. Railroad and Express’ Address, - - = - © © - Jansing, Mich. A DEPARTMENT OF THE STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, AND, WITH IT, CONTROLLED BY THE INCORPORA’TH YD STATH BOARD OF AGRICUL TURE Hon. ROBERT D. GRAHAM, Grand Rapids, Chairman of the Board - - Term expires 1914 Hon. WM. J. OBERDORFFER, Stephenson, - - - - - - Term expires 1912 Hon. WM. L. CARPENTER, Detroit,’ - - - Sete ne - - - Term expires 1912 Hon. ALFRED J. DOHERTY, Clare, - - - - - - - : Term expires 1914 Hon. I. R. WATERBURY, Detroit, - - - - - - - - Term expires 1916 Hon. WILLIAM H. WALLACE, Bay Port, - = - - - - Term expires 1916 JONATHAN L. SNYDER, Ph. D. LL. D., President of the College, - - - - Ez officio Hon. L. L. WRIGHT, Ironwood, - - - = = = = - - - Ex officio ADDISON M. BROWN, A. B., Secretary. . STA’TION COUNCIL _JoNATHAN L. SnypsEr, Ph.D.,LL.D., Pres. Exoffictio| A. J. Parren, B.S., - - = - Chemist Roserrt 8. Suaw, B.S. A., - - Director | H. J. Eusrace, B.S., M. Hort.- Horticulturist CHAFPLEs E. MARSHALL, Ph. D., Scientific and Vice | J. A. JErrrry, B.S. A., - - Soil Physicist Director and Bacteriologist E. A. Bressry, Ph. D. - - - Botanist R. H. Perit, B. 8. A.; - - Entomologist | V. M. SHorsmiTH, B.S., - - Farm Crops A.C. ANDERSON, B.S., Dairy Husbandman | J. F. Baxnr, B. 8., M. F. - - = Forester ADDISON M. Brown, A. B., Secretary and Treasurer ADVISORY AND ASSISTANT STAFF - C. P. Hauuiaean, B.S&S., - Asst. Horticulturist | G.H. Coons, A. M., Research Asst. in Plant QO. Raagn, Ph. D., - Asst. Bacteriologist Pathology G. A. Brown, B.S., Asst. Animal Husbandman| R. P. Hissarp, Ph. D., Research Asst. in Plant G. D. SHarer, Ph. D., Research Asst. in Ento- Physiology mology F. H. Van SucuTexen, Ph. D., Research Asst. in W. GittNER, D. V. M., M.S8., Research Asst. in Bacteriology Bacteriology Miss Z. Norturup, B.8., Asst. in Bacteriology C. W. Brown, B. S., Research Asst. in Bacteriology | Miss L. M. SmirH, Ph. B., Asst. in Bacteriology F. A. Spraaa, M. 8., Research Asst. in Crops} W. C. Marti, B.S., - Asst. in Chemistry (Plant Breeding) EvuGreNIA McDANImEL, B. S., Asst. in Entomology C. S. Rosrnson, M.S., Research Asst.in Chemistry | Mrs. L. E. LANDON, - : - Librarian SUB-STrATIONS Chatham, Alger County, 160 acres deeded—Leo. M. Geismar in charge. Grayling, Crawford County, 80 acres deeded. South Haven, Van Buren County, 10 acres rented; 5 acres deeded—Frank A. Wilkin in charge. ree FOREWORD. This bulletin is a companion to number 260, published March, 1910, which was entitled Seeds of Michigan Weeds, and the two can profitably be studied together. The aim has been not to repeat much that has been so recently pub- lished. 3 Very nearly all the drawings were made by F. Schuyler Mathews of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Figures 2, 3, 4, 4a, 8, 10, 11, 12, 16, 19, 20, are taken from Bulletins by the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. I am indebted to Dr. B. L. Robinson and M. L. Fernald of the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University for valuable hints and access to numerous herbarium specimens. In all the plans made for extermination of weeds do not forget that when buried in the soil, a portion of the seeds of many weeds will re- tain their vitality for 30 years at least. Two numbers are given to most of the illustrations, the one in paren- thesis is the number corresponding to that of the cut in bulletin 260. In the study of weeds as in the study of other plants it is well to group them according to some of their points of agreement. In this treatise, I have given a brief popular account of each family that contains one or more weeds here illustrated. Placing these cuts one to three to the page according to shape and size makes it impossible in many cases to arrange the species in approved Sequence. In spelling and capitals I follow Gray’s Manual, 7th Edi- tion. In the back part of the bulletin are duplicate copies of the decimal scale that any one can cut out and use for a measure, though these figures are not all natural size. ? W. J. BEAL. OBJECT OF THIS BULLETIN. This bulletin is not intended as a full text concerning weeds and remedies for disposing them; the chief object is to furnish illustrations that will aid students in school and college and farmers out of school to recognize some of the more striking weeds. The descriptions are purposely short and mostly popular. The botan- ist will not need the text, but will consult a reliable text book such as Gray’s Manual of Botany, 7th Edition. The person not trained in botany will get little from the text. In case of the “pictures,” in many cases they will not be very satisfactory to the uninitated. I hope that bulletin 260 and the present one will induce a few farm- ers at least to adopt better methods. While I cannot predict what new weeds may be introduced, thrive and spread in Michigan, I have included several not yet prominent because of their bad record in near-by regions. No person can know better than I do the very rapid increase in the number of weeds on Michigan farms. As a rule each farm is annually getting more sorts of weeds and as each farmer is cultivating weeds, these are becoming more freely distributed in every field and along every roadside. EXPERIENCE OF THE GERMANS AND ENGLISH.’ What has been the experience of older countries, such as Germany and Great Britain? Previous to 1860, it was a very common practice to mix old seeds with new of the same variety. The old seeds will not grow, or most generally if they do grow they produce inferior plants. Another common practice is to kill seeds of charlock by boiling or bak- ing, then assort the seeds into two sizes by means of a sieve. The larger seeds were used to mix with rutabagas, the smaller with turnip seeds. In such cases all the seeds which grow are good, but the purchaser is deceived in the quantity he buys and in the amount of which he sows On a given space. Old seeds, or seeds of another variety, were often dyed and used to adulterate good seeds of red clover and other species. Sulphur-smoking is often resorted to, to renovate the appearance of worthless old grass seed. Some seeds are dressed with oil for a similar purpose. There were many experts in the business who carried on a regular exchange in doctored seeds. - In a case in Germany, 59 per cent of seeds corresponded to the labels under which the articles were sold, and only 18.3 per cent were capable of germination. A sample of orchard grass contained 39 other species of seeds. In a sample sold for Meadow Foxtail, only one-half the seeds were of this species, and of the genuine seeds only 5 per cent were alive and capable of germinating, so that 100 lbs. of the seeds as sold furnished 50 lbs. of inferior, worthless, or injurious foreign seeds and only 214 282 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. Ibs. of seeds capable of producing plants of the species for which they were sold. All the samples referred to came from dealers who ranked among “the reliable’ in Germany. In 1868 over 3 tons of so-called red clover seed were sold to farmers in the Saxon city of Chemnitz alone, of which two-thirds was yellow clover. Of 51 specimens of red clover seed, 31 were found to contain seeds of the doddér, “the destructive (parasitic) enemy of the clover plant.” In another case, “of samples of timothy seed, the best yielded 99 per cent of sound seeds, the poorest 15 per cent, while the average was 82 per cent.” To the tradesmen “troublesome questions are put if the seed is found better or worse one year than another,” so they get accustomed to adulterating and keeping seeds of about:the same average year after year. One advantage of using ~ dead seeds is that they tell no tales in the shape of feeble plants, or of plants other than the variety desired. In Prussia at present, govern- ment experts are appointed to test seeds for merchants and for farmers and gardeners. In Germany, one or more firms, formerly at least, ground up quartz, sifted it and colored it to resemble seeds of red clover, with which it was mixed. It requires close examination with a miscroscope to detect the quartz from the clover seed. In 1869, it is estimated that in England alone, 20,000 bushels of poor turnip seed was sown mixed with good seeds. A few brief experiments will enable anyone to tell which seeds are dead and which will grow, but it requires more time to tell which are weak and which are strong, or to tell which are true and which untrue to the name put on the pack- age. “There appeared at one time, and perhaps it still exists, an organized agreement among seedmen of England, with perhaps some exceptions, to adulterate certain sorts of seeds to just such an extent. Pure fresh seed they quote as “net seed,” while dead seed is quoted as “tri” or “000.” In some seasons they agree to adulterate cauliflower so that “a package shall contain only 50 to 60 per cent of good seeds. At one time 18 packages of seeds of cauliflower were taken to contain from 86 to 24 per cent of good seeds, averaging 51 per cent; 18 samples of seeds of broccoli ranged from 86 to 85 per cent, averaging 51 per cent; 18 of carrot seeds ranged from 61 to 14, and averaged 40 per cent of good seeds. The same number of packages of white turnip seed ranged from 98 to 57, averaging 74 per cent of living seeds. In Great Britain they now have a law passed making it a fine of not over five pounds for the first offense and fifty pounds for the second offense to dye or kill and sell worthless seeds. Besides the fine, the court has authority to advertise the name of the offender in any news- paper at the expense of the guilty party. No wonder those who man- age farms in Germany, England and other old countries chafed under this imposition. They agitated the subject and began to enact laws with penalties attached to them. If I mistake not, the first seed-control station was started by Dr. Nobbe of Saxony in 1869 and many others have followed. Adulterations of seeds were discovered most ingenious in character, harmful in effect, and remarkable in amount. Since 1871, members of the Royal Agricultural Society of England have among their officers a consulting botanist, William Caruthers, 44 ve ae ll MICHIGAN: WEEDS. 283 Central Hill, Norwood, London, 8S. E., who made his first report in 1872, and continued in service certainly until 1905. His successor is still acting in the same capacity. Members of the society can avail themselves of his advice by paying a small fee varying in amount accord- ing to the service rendered. Although but few farmers avail themselves of the advice of the consulting botanist, the purity and quality of grass seeds and those of other forage plants, rapidly improved, until today there is very little cause for complaint. WEED SEEDS OFTENEST MET WITH IN CLOVER SEED. In the year 1910, 122 lots of seeds of red clover were selected by our agent where offered by the merchant for sale. These were examined at the Agricultural College and 51 kinds of seeds of weeds were detected. Nine samples only of the whole number contained no weeds. Seventy samples of clover seed contained seeds of Setaria viridis (green foxtail). Sixty samples contained Plantago lanceolata (buckhorn). Fifty-eight samples contained Plantago Rugelii (Rugel’s plantain). Fifty samples contained Rwmex crispus (narrow-leaved dock). Forty-six samples contained Rumezx Acetosella (sheep sorrel). Thirty-six samples contained Polygonum Persicaria (lady’s thumb). Thirty samples contained Chenopodium album (lamb’s quarters). Twenty-three samples contained Plantago major (one of the broad- leaved plantains). Twenty-three samples contained Hchinochloa crus-galli (barnyard grass). Twenty-one samples contained Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common rag- weed). Seventeen samples contained Panicum capillare (hair grass). Sixteen samples contained Digitaria sanguinalis (crab grass). Fifteen samples contained Potentilla monspeliensis. Fourteen samples contained Amaranthus retroflexus (our most com- mon rough pigweed). . Thirteen samples contained Lepidium virginicum (one of the pepper grasses). ) Nine samples contained Setaria glauca (yellow foxtail or pigeon grass). Nine samples contained Stellaria media (our most common chickweed). Eight samples contained Nepeta Cataria (catmint or catnip). Seven samples contained Lepidiwm apetalum (a small pepper grass). Six samples contained Prunella vulgaris (self heal). Five samples contained Cerastium vulgatum (mouse-ear chickweed). Four samples contained Bromus secalinus (common chess). Three samples contained Rumex obtusifolius (broad-leaved dock). Three samples contained Anthemis Cotula (Mayweed). Three samples contained Oenothera biennis (evening primrose). Three samples contained Daucus Carota (wild carrot). Two samples contained Digitaria linearis (narrow-leaved panicum). Two samples contained Lithosperinum arvense (red root). Two samples contained Loliwm perenne (perennial rye grass). ‘Two samples contained Portulaca oleracea (purslane). 284 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. Two samples contained Cichorium Intybus (chickory). Two samples contained Brassica nigra (black mustard). Two samples contained Cirsium arvense (Canada thistle). Two samples contained Cuscuta arvensis (dodder). Two samples contained Verbena wrticifolia (nettled-leaved verbena). One sample contained Medicago lupulina (black medick). One sample contained Ranunculus bulbosus (bulbous crowfoot). One sample contained Kamwunculus repens (creeping crowfoot). NO VERY EASY WAY TO DESTROY. The great mass of farmers and gardeners think to kill a weed by some royal easy process, such as mowing in a certain phase of the moon or a certain definite period in the year or by once or twice culti- vating. After the cultivator he waits until the leaves are several inches high before making the next effort. Such persons will always have the company of a weed after its first introduction into his field or garden. To kill countless thousands of weeds coming from seeds, cultivate the ground weekly during the growing season and do not permit the weeds to go to seed, or, if this is too costly, let the weeds have their own way except during the early growth of cultivated crops. Irequent cultiva- tion is necessary to a first class yield. TO KILL WEEDS IN A LAWN, In case of weeds in a lawn, most of them may be kept in check by enriching the ground liberally, enabling the better grasses to thrive by “driving the weeds to the wall.” HOW TO DEAL WITH QUACK GRASS, The following concerning quack grass, contains points that will apply to many other weeds. I have long considered quack grass, Agropyron repens, the worst weed that vexes the tiller of the soil in Michigan. It is because it holds its own well and spreads whenever there is a chance, and chiefly because the farmer does not recognize it until it is scattered far and wide. It is carried by the plow, harrow, and cultivator from one end of the field to the other. To have a farm well seeded to this grass is a calamity to be avoided. All that is needed to exterminate a field of quack grass is the right vind of a man who will carefully observe and study the plant, fighting with method and thoroughness. J have killed 100 or more patches and can speak from practical re- sults and success. Plants of this sort cannot gain any if the green leaves are not allowed to appear.. The nourishment stored in the white root stocks underground will aid the plant to send up slender leaves and if these remain, the plants gain and recruit, but if the leaves start underground and are cut off before coming to the light, these white root- stocks are drawn on again to furnish food to start more leaves and thus, in time become exhausted. If convenient, pasture closely for a whole growing season which prevents the production of new thrifty rootstocks then, if the sod be well turned under deep, rolled and har- MICHIGAN WEEDS. 28h rowed, much of the grass will be killed at once. Ordinarily T plow late in the fall or very early in spring, rain or shine, wet or dry, or even in June, and cultivate with a shovel-toothed cultivator every three days till the middle of June, or later if starting the work Jater. Rarely, if the weather be wet and hot, cultivate every two to two and a half days. Keep all green leaves from showing themselves. Do not delay to see green leaves. A. harrow that does not cut off the stems below the surface of the ground is not efficient. The worst luck I ever had in this work was in summer-fallowing a piece of quack grass during a dry year. A good deal of it remained dormant and grew the following spring. One year I tried the application of salt on one side of the bank of a brook where cultivation was very inconvenient. The strip of grass was about four rods long and the slope about five feet. Whenever seen a little at a time two barrels of salt were freely applied for the whole growing season, and the next spring the grass started up in several places ready to continue the fight, which was abandoned on that line. For five years I tried (on the banks of a brook, or where there were only small patches) the following scheme, with great satisfaction: During the wet and growing part of a summer I put on tarred building paper, taking care to have it overlap and completely exclude every ray of light. Six weeks to two months is enough, possibly four to five weeks, if the weather is hot and wet. Very likely the reader will think this method costly and will hesitate and dally along, giving the grass a good chance to extend its domain. It is not worth while to plow deep or rake out the rootstocks. It is much better to be thorough in spring during a growing time than dur- ing a drouth. i mean that it can be subdued faster in wet weather than in dry. When very dry the underground stems remain dormant. Of course, small patches can be dug over with a hoe. Where one is neat and thorough he may prefer to take two or three years in the extermination, growing two or three crops of corn in succes sion. With all the talk about the importance of sowing clean seeds, the killing of weeds by a rotation of crops, the value of plow, cultivation, harrow, mower, rake, hoe, spade, urgent appeals come from the man whose field of oats is yellow with the flowers of mustard or whose lawn is yellow with dandelions. He seeks information regarding THE SPRAYING WITH CHEMICALS. In the absence of long continued and thorough experiments at this college in spraying weeds, I quote from bulletin 80, 1908, of the Mxperi- ment Station, North Dakota, where Professor H. L. Bolley began this kind of work in 1896 continuing ever since for fourteen years. After all, he “Is not over sanguine in thiv matter, still the proper handling of spraying machinery and proper spraying at the proper time gives splendid results in weed destruction without material injury to grow- ing cereals, to grass of the pasture Jands or to Jawn grasses. “In many places it is diffienlt to secure good apparatus at reasonable prices. Again, it is difficenlt to convince some that the cheap potato 286 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. sprayer, which has no power capacity, cannot be made to serve the pur- ose. f “For use in grain fields, the cart should be fitted with a pole for two or more horses.. The wheels should be of low form and have wide tires, 314 to 4 inches. For work on small farms the tank should hold at least 52 gallons. “All parts in contact with the solution should be either wooden, brass or rubber. Even galvanized iron is readily destroyed by the solutions used to eradicate weeds. “The spray beam should carry nozzles sufficient to throw in a forceful, misty spray from one to one and one-fourth barrels of liquid for each acre of ground. The pump should give a pressure of about 100 or more pounds per square inch, shown by a gauge attached. Many questions are involved. The abundance and the sturdiness of the crop and the weeds;. the climate, the growing season; whether the weeds are growing in dense, persistent clumps, such as Canada thistles, and whether it is important to undertake to save the crop in the particular spots or not. Do not buy patent or highly advertised chemical-weed eradicators, but instead buy chemical substances on the market. “The station has used, suecessfullv, in various sorts of weed-eradica- tion work, common salt, iron sulfate (copperas, green vitriol) copper sulfate. (blue stone of blue vitriol), corrosive sublimate (mercuric bi- chloride) and sodium arsenite (NaAs O,). Great care should be taken in using some of these. “This chemical method of weed eradication has the peculiar merit that the weeds may be attacked while a crop is being grown and the crops will still give an increased yield. ‘Chemicals act differently upon the members of different families of plants.’ “One field sprayer, with proper help, can spray from twenty-five to forty acres per day. “Good field sprays cost from $60 to $150. Good hand sprayers, for dandelions and patches of Canada thistles, etc., may be had at $8 to $10. Iron surfate in powdered form, ready for use in solution, was available in: Grand Forks and Fargo for .90 to $1.10 per hundred pounds. “The question as to when to spray must be settled by a number of considerations, crop conditions, the weed growth, and weather. “Good results have been obtained in spraying oats, wheat and barley when the grain is eight to twelve inches high, to kill mustard and king head (giant ragweed). Mustard is most easily killed when it is just beginning to blossom, though iron sulfate is effective against this weed at all stages up to the forming of seeds. “The most effective spray for Canada thistle is sodium arsenite at the rate of 114 to 2 pounds per 52 gallons of water. The next most effective spray is common salt at the rate of one-third to one-half barrel to 52 gallons of water, in either case to be used where the thistles are in com- pact masses. “In fighting the dandelion by means of chemical sprays, late experi- ments indicate that spraying will eventually give marked success, by using iron sulfate, spraying once a month. Plantain also gradully dies - out under the spraying. For ordinary lawn purposes the ideal appa- MICHIGAN WEEDS. _ 287 ratus is the compressed air type of hand spraying machine, keeping up a fine spray under high pressure, using two-pounds of iron sulfate for each gallon of water, or a weaker solution, one and one-third to one gallon of water. Do not spray until two or three days after cutting and then wait two or three days before cutting again. Spray on bright days. As seeds are blowing about a total and permanent eradication cannot be expected. “Spraying has destroyed the following weeds; False-flax, worm-seed mustard, tumbling mustard, common mustard, shepherd’s purse, pepper- grass, ball-mustard, corn cockle, chickweed, dandelion, Canada thistle, bindweed, plantain, rough pigweed, rag-weed, cocklebur. “The writer wishes to emphasize two points: After killing most of the dandelions, do not neglect to add seeds of June grass and keep fertilizing the lawn, as dandelions seldom do harm where the grass is thick.” — 288 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. MICHIGAN WEEDS. Hp Pw wie eg YZ, GLEE vy I ae pz ty, Fig. 1 (1.) ASCOMYCETES. ge Spurred Rye. Claviceps purpurea (Fr.); (Tul. Fungi bearing spores pro- duced in definite number (often 8) in specialized cells, asci. This is a poisonous fungus sometimes appearing on the grains of rye, timothy, te ba other grasses and is mentioned here because its nature is frequently misun- erstood. , About fifteen of these growths are here represented as projecting from a spike of meadow foxtail and four large growths from a spike of rye. This is only the first stage of the fungus, of which there are several others not represented, appearing the following year. MICHIGAN WEEDS. 289 GRASS FAMILY. GRAMINEAE. There are many widely different plants which in popular language have the name “grass” attached to them, such as knot-grass, rib-grass, cotton-grass, sea-grass, eel-grass, sedge-grass, the clover and others, but these do not belong to the family here under consideration. Grasses which are grown chiefiy for the use of their grain, such as Indian corn, wheat, oats, bar- ley, rye, rice, doura are called cereals. Besides the cereals the family includes sugar cane, millet, bamboo, timothy, red-top, June grass, fowl meadow grass, blue joint, buffalo grass, orchard grass, meadow foxtail, the fescues, rye-grass, oat-grass, Bermuda grass, and other pasture grasses, and, as will here be seen, the family is conspic- uous for a considerable number of weeds. The grass family heads the list of food preducing plants, which are the foundation of all agri- culture. Of the staple crops ef the United States, the grass family contributes about five-sixths of the total value. There are about 3,500 species of grasses. Fig. 2 (2). Quack Grass. Couch Grass. Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. A mooths pale green perennial, very variable, 30-120 cm. high, with long creeping, jointed‘rootstocks; spikes 6-20 cm. long, erect or bent; spikelets 10-20 mm. long, 2-8-flowered, florets overlapping for three-fourths of their length or more; empty glumes each unsymmetrical, 7-11 mm.'long, first strongly 5-6-nerved, second 7-8-nerved, acute or notched, margins scarious, floral glume_about 1 cm. long, those above shorter, 5-nerved near the short awned apex. : Found in Europe, North Africa, Asia and extensively naturalized in cultivated grounds in North America. The rootstocks fill the soil, much resembling those of June grass, except they are larger; the flat, twisted leaf-blades near the ground are not easily distinguished from those of timothy It seldom produces seeds till the plants becomes dwarfed by crowding. I have long considered quack grass the worst weed in Michigan because it holds its own well and spreads whenever there is a chance and chiefly because the farmer does not recognize {it until it is scattered far and wide. 290 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. Fig. 3 (3.) Wild Oat. Avena fatua L. This annual plant has much the appearance of the oats in cultivation, of which some consider this the parent form. The species has attached to the back of the floret a conspicuous awn, twisted and bent when dry, besides the firm floral glume is thinly clothed with stiff slender hairs, and these aid it much in distribution by adhering to the fleeces of animals and to the inside of grain sacks. Troublesome in Oregon, California, Canada and neighboring regions wherc eereals are extensively grown, but as yet seldom seen in Michigan. In- troduced from Europe. MICHIGAN WEEDS. 291 Fig. 4 (15). Stink Grass. Eragrostis megastachya Koeler) Link. (#. major Host. LE. eragrostis (L.) Karst. E. poaeoidis Beauv.) A spreading eand much branched annual, 10-25 cm. high, -the leaves bearing glands that secrete a sub- stance very offensive to grazing animals. Panicle ovoid or iinear rather dense, 5-15 cm. long; spikelets flat, lead-colored, 8-20 flowered. Sandy waste places; introduced from Europe. (Fig 4a.) Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) B. S. P. (Era- grostis reptans Nees.) A light green prostrate, much branched and very variable annual, extensively creeping late in the season along ditches and wet land, 5-30 cm. high; spikelets flat, 10-40 flowered, borne on open panicles. Extensively distributed in the United States, Canada, Mexico and South America. The little thing seems to have no good common name. 292 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. Fig. 5 (5). Soft Chess. Bromus hordeaceus L. (Bromus mollis L.) This plant is becoming frequent in waste places; an annual, 10-45 cm. high. The whole plant is soft hairy. Introduced from Europe. Field Chess. Bromus arvensis L. and Smooth Brome-grass. Bromus racemosus L. Mentioned in Bulletin 260, are only rarely met with in this country. They have much the appearance of the common chess of our wheat fields, excepting the spikelets are softer and the awns longer. Some authors believe these three are mere forms of the same species. All of them are natives of Europe. Fig. 6. (7). Chess, Cheat. Bromus secalinus L. Too .- common where it thrives with winter wheat, because like wheat, it needs to make some growth in autumn and matures in summer ready for harvesting and threshing with the wheat from which it is not easily wholly sep- arated. Specimens of this plant are occasionally met with in the fietd and harvested with red clover cut for seed. After threshing it goes with clover seed into a machine for a thorough rubbing which takes off some of the adherent inner chaff and often breaks off a tittle from one or both ends of the grain. Grains of chess thus mutilated are not uncommonly found mixed with clover seed and the two are sown at the same time. Introduced from Europe. PO Fee te MICHIGAN WEEDS. Fig. 7 (8). Barren Brome Grass. Bromus sterilis L. A soft annual appearing in several places in the state, about 50 cm. high. The drooping spikelets are correctly shown at A. Introduced from Europe. 293 Fig. 8. Downy Brome Grass. Bromus tectorum L. Stems erect, tufted, slender, 30-60 cm. high; leaves softly pubescent; panicle broad, one-sided, drooping, 6-15 cm. long; spikelets 10-20 mm. long. Grand Rapids, Detroit, Bay County, spread- ing rapidly where introduced. Naturalized from Europe. 294 Fig. 9 (9). Sandbur. Bur Grass. Cenchrus tribulot- des lL. Annual, with flattened spreading branches, about 30 cm. high. Each usually bearing 6-20, ha.d formidable burs inside of which the grains are produced. “: The numerous, sharp diverging and minutely barbed prickles enable the burs to adhere to fleeces of animals and gain free transportation. Sandy fields, borders of streams and lakes, widely distributed in North America and South America. Wd Ol Fig. 10 (10). Bermuda Grass. Scutch Grass. Dog’s- tooth Grass. Cynodon Dactylon (L.) Pers. (Capriola Dactylon.) This grass-weed is a child of the sun and thrives all over hot countries, but at the same time it is a very valuable grass for pastures in the southern United States and is the very best thing to hold the fine soil on the artificial banks bordering the Mississippi. The stems creeping on the surface and below are large, stout and wiry, making the land diffi- cult to cultivate. In the southern states, Bermuda grass is the worst weed cotton growers have to contend with. In central Michigan the plant is killed back to the ground with the first hard frost, and during winter it is usually killed several inches below the surface. The succeeding year it starts with great deliberation, scarcely showing itself before July. Its season of about three months gives no promise of value for pasture in Michigan. hen everything is considered, I think quack-grass is one of the worst weeds that vexes the farmers of the state. In a number of places, I know Bermuda and quack grass have come in contact and both have attempted to occupy the same ground at the same time with the result that very little quack grass is left after Bermuda has once taken hold. ww i as MICHIGAN WEEDS. wo J R] § wis e 4 CESS Kes A i Q wa oy Fig. 11 (11). Small Crab-grass. Digitaria humifusa Pers. (Panicum lineare Krock. Syntherisma linearis (Krock.) Nash.) A smooth, slender annual with stems usually prostrate, spreading, 15-35 cm. high, each stem bearing 2-6 slender one-sided spikes. Whole lant of a reddish hue, not rooting at the nodes. Common in thin lawns and pastures 8 in the summer. Unless crowded the stems are prostrate. Introduced from urope. af lawns and meadows are enriched, the better grasses and clovers will crowd this plant out. 295 296 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. SS — — 37IM™MS, Fig. 12 (12.) Large Crab-grass. Finger Grass. Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. (fae sanguinale L. Syntherisma sanguinalis (L.) Nash.) A spreading annual, often of a reddish hue, smooth or hairy, 30-60 cm. or more high, each stem bearing near the apex 4-15, one-sided spreading spikes, the stems usually sending out numerous tough roots at the joints. ommon in gardens and often found in thin lawns and pastures. Introduced from Europe. If grass land is made rich, the better grasses and clovers will crowd this plant out or nearly so. a iS 1 Neate res i ow y= AL MICHIGAN WEEDS. 297 Fig. 13 (13). Barnyard Grass. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. (Panicum crus-galli L.) A coarse, erect or spreading annual, 30-120 cm. high. Spikes dense, alternate, simple or compound, 2-8 cm. long bearing spikelets on two sides of a three-sided rachis. Very variable in size and color. Waste grounds especially where moist, flowering all summer. Throughout the warmer regions of both hemispheres. Fig. 14 (14). Goose or Yard-grass. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. A coarse, erect or spreading annual, 15-16 cm. high, each stem bearing at the apex or near it 2-5 diverging spikes, 5-7 cm. long. Rachis flattened. More common in tropical _ and warm temperate regions than in Michigan. 298 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. ) VV Fig. 15 (16). Squirrel-tail Grass. Hordeum jubatum L. Other common names are Skunk Grass, Wild Barley. A smooth, slender, tufted annual, biennial or perennial, 30-45 cm. high. Spikes 4-7 cm. long, rachis very slender soon breaking at each joint the™;iowez: portion of which is barbed and sharp-pointed, making a formidable weapon to pierce the gums of cattle and sheep. The spikelets are three in a clusterfeach with two slender awns, 4-6 cm. long. Very graceful and ornamental ;before the spikes break in eke Native of this country and widely stributed. Fortunately seldom abundant except on moist alkaline soil. It yields readily to good cultivation. Fig. 16 (19). Low Spear Grass. Poa annua L. A soit, smooth, light green annual, stems weak, com- pressed, 5-30 cm. high. Panicle green or purplish. This grass will produce three crops a year in central Michigan Found almost everywhere, in the vegetable garden and in a dense lawn. The-enterprise of this little grass is equal to that of the English sparrow. In- troduced from Europe. In shady places, where well fertilized and watered it produces &@ very pleasing lawn. Minti. Fs £4 MICHIGAN WEEDS. - : Line Sr 2 12 Le) ae = — 4 Gf ——COCS 7 iY, i ih, oe aS: Rather ornamental, seldom much of a weed in Michigan. : 300 Fig. 19 (20). Blue Grass. Flat-stemmed Poa. Wire Grass. Canadian Blue Grass. Poa com- pressa L. Bluish green, stems firm, smooth, much compressed, 30-60 cm. high from creeping rootstocks. Panicle usuaily contracted, 5-10 cm. long. Dry soil, extensively naturalized from Europe. The ‘‘seeds”’ are sometimes used to adulterate those of June grass. Of the smaller details, perhaps the best single one to distinguish this grass from Kentucky blue grass is to be seen in figures of the spikelets, especially the palets. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. AY == oS Fig. 20 (21). June Grass. Kentucky Blue Grass. Spear Grass. Poa pratensis L. A very common and variable widely distributed perennial; stems smooth, scarcely compressed, 10-120 cm. high, from copious running rootstocks; blades more or less compressed unless moist, 5-30, rarely 60-150 cm. long, the edges usuail parallel, the apex very abruptly boat-shaped; ~ panicle when open about as wide as high. ely extensively distributed in Europe, Asia, Nort and South America. Our plants in cultivation introduced from Europe. This is one of our worst weeds for the garden and low moist fields in cultivation. fa a a ob) ewe Ley a ee tas gs i 3 aon: he lati il ad tt th i ol MICHIGAN WEEDS. Fig. 21 (22). Rye. Secale cereale L. An erect, glaucous fall annual, 1-2 m. high. Spikelets usually two-flowered, in a cylindrical spike, sessile, compressed, one at each joint on alternate sides of the rachis. A hardy plant, often a weed in fields of wheat. Introduced from Europe. B01 Fig. 22 (25). Porcupine Grass. Stipa spartea Trin. A graceful, erect, tufted perennial, 50-120 cm. high. Leaves narrow, long acuminate, panicle few-flowered, 12-15 cm. long. Rather scarce in Michigan. A pernicious weed, on account of its barbed ‘‘seeds.”’ 302 HXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. S ~\ / y // Uy, ' ; ha Y, Bi//, VR at Vy iy if fe ~ Fig. 23 (24). Pigeon Grass. Green Foxtail. Selaria viridis (L.) Beauv. (Chaetochloa viridis (L.) Nash.) Stems erect, 30-60 cm. high. Sheaths not compressed, not tinged with red; blades flat, not twisted. Spike-like panicle erect, green, nearly cylindrical, 3-8 cm. long, bristles for each spikelet 1-5, often 10 mm. long, barbed ‘upwards. Very common in cultivated fields, oftener met with in clover seed than any other weed. It much resembles small plants of Hungarian grass; naturalized from Europe. Fig. 24 (23). Pigeon?Grass. Yellow Foxtail. Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. (Chaetochloa glauca (L.) Scrib.) Stems erect, compressed below, 30-60 cm. high; sheaths loose, compressed, more or less tinged with red; blades flat twisted. Spike stiff, simple, cylindrical usually tawny yellow 5-10 em. high, awn-like branches, 6-13, arbed upwards. A common annual weed found in cultivated ground and waste places in many regions of the world. It starts much later than our other species of pigeon grass, S. viridis. In- troduced from Europe. MICHIGAN WEEDS. 303 SEDGE FAMILY. CYPERACEAE. A large family of grass-like or rush-like plants including about 3,000 species widely distributed over the world, nearly all of which are of little or no value to the farmer. Most of them thrive in marshes or on wet land. The leaves of sedges are placed one above or within the other on three sides of the stem, while the leaves on a straight stem of a grass plant are placed on two sides of the stem. Some sedges are cut and cured making hay of very poor quality, known as marsh hay. Fig. 25 (26). Yellow Nut Grass. Cyperus esculentus L. Sedges are very difficult of identification except by an expert. The cut gives a good idea of the top of a moderate sized plant, 30-70 cm. high. Perennial by rootstocks bearing tubers, one shown in the figure at b. Sometimes troublesome on low land. Remedy for the destruction of most all sedges is thorough drainage of the land. Fig. 26 (27). Ovoid Spike Rush. Eleocharis ovata (Roth.) R. & S. A slender, tufted annuai, 6-40 cm. high; each stem bearing at its base several short leaf sheaths and at top a single egg-shaped spike, 2-7 mm.long. Very variable. Sometimes troublesome in wet land, as are also to some extent several other species much resembling this one, except in size and shape of the spike. Widely distributed. To get rid of it, drain the land. 304 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. RUSH FAMILY. JUNCACEAE ; This is a small family containing about 200 species of grass-like and sedge-like plants widely dis- tributed, growing in tufts in moist land. (Fig. 27.) _ LILY FAMILY. LILIACEAE. Most people have some conception of the meaning of the word lily, though they may not recog- nize onions as members of the family. The world over there are 1,300 species in a restricted sense or nearly 1,900 in the broader sense. Botanists are not all agreed on this point. Some people would rank leeks found in the woods in early spring as weeds, because they taint milk from which butter is made, though a few people like leeky butter. (Fig. 28.) x) To WW > h} x \ IN) AY | = x\\ yf Se NA NY Fig. 27 (28). Fig. 28 (29). Slender Rush. Juncus tenuis Willd. A Field Garlic. Wild Garlic, Wild Onion. small plant, 15-40 cm. high; stem wiry; the Allium vineale L. Like some other species lower leaves about half as high as the stem; this one?not on y produces bulbs in the ground, some of the upper leaves projecting above the but in place of flowers at the top it has acquired flowers. the habit of producing bulblets more or less. In dry or moist soil, especially along roads The hollow stems are slender, a few in a bunch, and paths, now spreading extensively in many 30-90 cm. high. Field garlic is slowly extend- ing its domain into grass land and fieldsfof wheat and is killed.with much difficulty. The bulblets are about the size of kernels of wheat, and on this account are sometimes sown with seed wheat or ground jin with the flour. nud regions. Seldom recognized. <- MICHIGAN WEEDS. 305 NETTLE FAMILY. URTICACEAE. There are about 475 species of nettles and nearly related plants of wide distribution, mostly insignificant in appearance and economic value; all of them herbs, or, as some join the elms aad mul- berries with the nettles, the family then contains about 1,550 species. WY) Fig. 29. peneing Nettle. Great Nettle. Urtica dioica L. A rather stout, vigorous, stinging perennial, 60-90 cm. high; leaves ovate, heart- shaped, apex acuminate; flower clusters large, much branched, mostly dioecious. Waste places. Lansing, Bay City, Manistee. In- troduced from Europe. Fig. 30 (30). Slender Nettle. Urtica gracilis Ait. A slender pa sparingly branched, 30-180 cm. high, armed with stinging hairs; -leaves narrow, 5-10 cm. long. Moist soil, common. 306 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. POLYGONACEAE. Mostly herbs with entire leaves and stipules in the form of sheaths extending around the stem; flowers with a calyx more or less persistent; ovary one-celled, becoming an achene in fruit, flat- tened or 3-4- angled. Among its 800 species the family contains few of economic importance, but is rather conspicuous for the weeds it affords. Here are sorrels, docks, knotweeds, smartweeds and others. \ \\ X \ a \ A\\\ fe faa RAO a\y WSS) ip 7 WT —S % = a A D—-= \ 4 S\\\ att \ YR FZ ~ WW AM, Wy == \ Kp WB = — = \) vy We V7, iS W’ pen Ky “ WN : i A Qn RAY \ BWwQJuoy fi BAWY/N f ——S> Wi ~ ij | a6 = ZY S ==}. SW NW ly [ WWI “i J) My fy 4 | ! fh 11M PL - Fig. 31 (31). Fig. 32 (32). Knot-grass. Door-weed. Polygonum Wild Buckwheat. Black Bindweed. aviculare L. A _ slender, prostrate or erect Polygonum Convolvulus L. An annual, twin- annual (perennial farther south), dull or bluish ing or trailing vine, 10-90 cm. or more long: green in color, usually less than 30 cm. high; leaves heart-shaped or halberd-shaped, pointed; leaves small; flowers small, inconspicuous; fruit flowers greenish in slender, interrupted racemes; a triangular achene, dull, minutely granular fruit three-angled, dull, black; in cultivate and striate. Common along paths and about annual crops. Introduced from Europe. door yards. Native to this country, Europe and Asia. MICHIGAN Fig. 33 (83). Erect Knotweed. Polygonum erectum L. Annual, smooth, stem erect, usually simple; leaves oval, obtuse, 13-60 mm. long; flowers yellowish-green. When compared with P. aviculare, it is taller with larger leaves and larger fruit. Seldom a weed of any importance; native of this country. WEEDS. — 307 \\ ANS . : Fig. 34 (34). Smart-weed. Polygonum Hydropiper_ L. A smooth, reddish, peppery, erect or spreading annual, 30-60 cm. high; leaves narrow, 2-8 cm. long; spikes nodding, interrupted, as long as the leaves; flowers seen greenish; achene 2-3-sided, dull, granular, et land; introduced from Hurope into this section; possibly indi- genous in the northwest. 308 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. S/N Wi {] /f NS , Fig. 35 (36). Pennsylvania Persicaria. Polygonum pennsylvanicum LL. Annual, smooth elow, erect, simple or branched, 30-90 cm. high; eduncles and pedicels glandular; leaves lanceo- ate; racemes 2-4 cm. long; flowers bright rose- color; achenes flattened, nearly circular, jet black, about 3 mm. long. Moist soil; native fe this country, Canada and the eastern United States. Fig. 36 (35). Pale Persicaria Polygonum lapathtfolium L. Annual, smooth, the pedicels glandular, branching, 60-240 cm. high; leaves lanceolate, 4-20 cm. long; spikes slender, rather dense, drooping, 1-5 cm. long, achenes flattened, shining; wet places, common, very variable, throughout temperate North America. In- troduced from Europe. sl _ Europe and widely distributed. : 5 2 309 —— is 310 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. Ny ° in GZ My —= — — S— Fig. 38 (29). Tall Sorrel. Sour Dock. Rumex Acetosa L. An erect, sour, smooth, dioecious perennial, 30-90 cm. high; spreading by rootstocks, leaves oblong, arrow-shaped, 2-10 cm. long; racemes erect, crowded or interrupted, calyx green, winged in fruit, orbicular, heart-shaped, 3.5-4.5 mm. long. Sparingly naturalized from Europe. MICHIGAN WEEDS. Fig. 39 (40). Sheep Sorrel. Red-topped Sorrel. Field Sorrel. Rumex Acetosella L. “An erect, sour,dioecious annual or perennial, spreading by running rootstocks, hastate, usually widest above the middle; flowers in erect, interrupted racemes. Widely distributed throughout most of North America. 10-30 cm. high; leaves mostly narrowly Mostly introduced from Europe. places a common weed, though it is very scarce in cultivated land of the college farm. In many dll 312 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. Fig. 40 (41). Narrow-leaved Dock. Curled Dock. Rumeatcrispus L. Perennial with a deep tap root smooth, rather slender, erect, 90-160 cm. high; leaf-blades cordate, lanceolate, acute, with *wavy- curled margins; panicle rather open; flowers rather loosely whorled, valves circular, heart-shaped, nearly entire, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, each bearing a tubercle. Very common and well known as a bad weed. Introduced from Europe. Not difficult to manage with a good rotation of crops. When it appears in a meadow, wait till the stem runs up and gets some strength, be:ors seeding. When the ground is soft, thrust a spade erect near the plant, prying with spade and pulling with the other hand and out comes all the main root. , Jon MICHIGAN WEEDS. 313 WSs Me ea, 4 5. a Fig. 41 (44). - Willow-leaved Dock. Rumex mezxicanus Meisn. (R. salicifolius.) A smooth, light green, erect, perennial, 30-90 cm. high, with a strong tap root; -leaves linear- lanceolate; panicle very dense; calyx deltoid-ovoid; about 3 mm. long: tubercles three, large; achene dark red, shining. Native of North Eastern North America. Widely dis- tributed, not yet common in Michigan. x eee tre ee: 314 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. pede Qf eaten hh ne tt Fig. 42 (42). Broad-leaved or Bitter Dock. Rumex obiusifolia L. A smooth perennial, with a deep tap root; stem simple, stout, erect, 60-120 high; lower leaves heart-shaped, oblong- lanceolate, the upper narrower, the margins only slightly wavy; flowers loosely whorled, valves (part of calyx) ovate-hastate, with some teeth on the sides near the base, the larger tubercle ovoid-elliptical, the other two rudimentary; achene dark red, smooth, shining. Fields and roadsides, less common than R. crispus. Introduced from Europe and widely distributed. il i | MICHIGAN WEEDS. y oF; aH BA go G {32 Seg iD : Ua s 0 wy Rad 2 >) \ ) , ‘ : \ pee iN / / / \ p \ f Si AS is vA Vi Zz WA LY y HG / (ees Uy te = BS Z. Ce WA 6 Fig. 43 (43). Patience Dock. Rumex patientia L. A tall, erect, perennial from a stout tap root, 60-150 cm. high; lower leaves ovate-lanceolate, long-petioled, 80-30 cm. long, the up- per narrower; panicle dense, whorled; wings cordate, nearly entire, 4-9 mm. long, one tubercle, 2-3 mm. long, ovoid, the other two wanting or rudimentary. Becoming cum- mon; naturalized from Europe. 315 316 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. GOOSEFOOT OR PIGWEED FAMILY. CHENOPODIACEAE. Chiefly annual herbs, of weedy aspect so far as this country is concerned; flewers very incon- spicuous, each pistil bearing a single seed. Economic plants are spinach and beets. A small family of 550 species widely distributed. OF aN S Ag. aN ip “10, Fig. 44 (45). Spreading Orache. ae patula L. A dark green, spreading annual 30-120 cm. high; leaves petioled, the blades narrowly lanceolate- hastate, 2-10 cm. long, sparingly toothed or three-lobed below; flower clusters in rather slender spikes, the two kinds together or separate. Naturalized from Jurope. Not common nor troublesome. Fig. 45. Halberd-leaved Orache. Afriplex patula hastata (L.) Gray. A pale green or purplish, scurfy annual, 380-70 cm. high; leaves with slender stems, the blades of the lower broadly triangular-hastate, entire or sparingly toothed; very variable. Salt meadows and waste places along the Great Lakes. Not very troublesome. MICHIGAN WEEDS. aly 7 — eee ey ee _~! A ? Ss ' ss SSS “" = ; SN cu SS “fr . > a Y 4 ’ iy SA fips Sy Y => 2 .* xX ( NY iba: 7 = . ZZ SS) . * Fig. 46. ’ : : Russian Pigweed. Azvyris amarantoides L. A coarse, erect, branching, very leafy as a 60-120 cm. high, clothed with short, star-shaped hairs, turning white with : maturity. c Not yet known in Michigan but should be diligently looked for. Found near Win- . nipeg, Canada, as imported from Russia and is spreading rapidly. - SS q o18 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. Fig. 47 (46).7 Pigweed. Lamb’s Quarters. Chenopo- dium album L. Annual, pale green, branching much, 30-300 cm. high; leaves varying from rhombic-ovate to lanceolate, the lower more or less sinuate-lobed or toothed; flower clusters dense, simple or compound. . Introduced from Europe and widely distributed in North Am- erica. One of our commonest weeds ¥every- where in annual erops. A variety, viride is bright green, less mealy and has less dense inflorescence, found with the above. Fig. 48 (47). Mexican Tea. Chenopodium ambrosiotdes L. A smooth or slightly glandular, not eae strong-scented, leafy annual, 60-90 cm. high; leaves with short stems, oblong-lanceolate, entire or wavy-toothed, spikes leafy, densely flowered. Naturalized from tropical America and widely distributed. Not prominent in Michigan. MICHIGAN WEEDS. | Fig. 49 (48). Jerusalem Oak. Chenopodium Botrys L. Annual, glandular, pubescent, viscid, strong-scented, 20-60 cm. high; leaves oblong, pinnatifid, 2-4 cm. long; racemes oe loose, leafless; flowers very small. Waste places, extensively spread, coming om Europe; not prominent in Michigan. 319 3 0 EXPERIMENT STATION Fig. 50 (49). Oak-leaved Goosefoot. Chenopodium glaucum L. Annual, spreading, 8-30 cm. high; leaves pale green above, white-mealy below, mostly oblong, sinuate-dentate, 24 cm. long; Often found in waste spikes small axillary. places over much of the globe, coming to this country from Europe. BULLETIN. abe Se Wy) GLE ty Wy, le Wy fy NN Ay Ay, A | \, Wak fis Wr i Wh (ly Fig. 51 (50). Maple-leaved Goosefoot. hybridum L. Annual, bright green, not mealy, 30-120 or more high; leaves thin, cordate, often ovate-rhombic, the lower, 8-15 cm. long, taper pointed, 1-4 large teeth on each side; Bese ort Chenopodium loosely panicled, leafless. Native to America and Europe. Not a prominent weed in Michigan. Go 4 | " MICHIGAN WEEDS. 321 Fig. 52. Nettle-leaved Goosefoot. Chenopodium murale L. Annual, scarcely mealy, loose, branched, 30-60 cm. high; leaves bright green with tioles, blades rhombic-ovate, coarsely and sharply toothed, 4-8 cm. long; spikes in loose axillary panicles. Widely distributed, caming from Europe. Not prominent in this Fig. 53 (51). Many-seeded Goosefoot. Chenopodium polyspermum L. Annual, not mealy, usuall much-branched, 15-90 cm. high; leaves petioled; entire, mostly oblong, 2-6 cm. long; slender panicles abundant, calyx not completely cover- ing the seed. Sparingly naturalized from Europe. Scarce in Michigan. 322 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. YyYy yi Fig. 54. Upright Goosefoot. Chenopodium urbi- cum L. A dull green annual, scarcely mealy, 30-90 cm. high; leaves triangular, or narrowed at the base coarsely toothed, the larger, 6-10, cm. long; Euiiep erect, crowded in a long panicle. Naturalize from Europe. Not abundant. Waste grounds. Lansing, Ionia, Flint, Grand Rapids, Ann Arbor. Fig. 55 (52). paneet Pigweed. Cycloloma _ atriplicifol- tum (Spreng.) Coulter. A densely bushy- branched, pale green annual becoming purple, a tumbleweed, 10-40 cm. high; leaves petioled, blades lanceolate, sinuate-toothed, 2-6 cm. long; panicles loosely flowered. Occasional, coming from the west. Lansing, Port Huron Manistee, Keweenaw County. May be expected wherever Russian thistles grow, as both follow Se is) ballast of ships, and both are tumble- weeds. MICHIGAN WEEDS. Fig. 56 (53). Russian Thistle. Salsola Kali tenuijfolia G. F. W. Mey. (Salsola Tragus L.) A dense bushy arinual, 30-90 cm. high, a tumbleweed; young plants soft, succulent, bearing cylindrical leaves, 3-7 cm. long, relished by sheep; leaves of older plants awl- shaped, prickly-pointed; the whole plant streaked and splashed with bright red when - mature. Especially troublesome in spring wheat and other annual crops. Introduced into the Northwestern States from Russia, and from there spread eastward carried by railway trains and mixed with seeds of alfalfa and red clover. 323 324 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. THE PRICKLY PIGWEEDS. AMARANTH FAMILY. AMARANTHACEAE. Weedy herbs; flowers greenish-white, minute, surrounded by prickly bracts or scales, often colored. A small family including about 425 species, mostly ‘growing in tropical regions. & % Fig. 57 (54). Western Water Hemp. Acnida_ tubercu- lata Moq. An erect, slender, dioecious annual, 30-90 cm. high; leaves lanceolate or rhombic- ovate, usually acute, 4-12 cm. long; spikes mostly loose or interrupted; flowers surrounded by soft prickly bracts. Frequent along the Grand River pte Native to this country. Some plants of this species are prostrate but seeds of the prostrate do not all of them produce prostrate forms. Ys Me My, WrLZA| gS Fig. 58 (55). Prostrate Amaranth. Amaranthus blitoi- des S. Wats. A smooth, pale green, much- branched, prostrate annual, 12-60 cm. or more long; leaves obovate or spatulate, 0.5-2 cm. long. In waste ‘places, especially along rail- roads. Naturalized from the west. . = - ~ 4 Fig. 59 (56). Tumble Weed. Amaranthus graecizans L. (A. albus L.) A smooth, pale green, bushy, branched annual, 30-60 cm. high; leaves oblong or spatulate, 0.5-1.5 cm. long; bracts awlshaped. _ Naturalized from tropical America, and widely distributed in North America. Sandy and gravelly, well drained soil, becoming when ~ mature a model tumble weed. 7 MICHIGAN WEEDS. | ; 325 Wf a ae ROR i Mpng Yr, Fig. 60 (57). Green Amaranthus. Rough Pigweed. Amaranthus hybridus lL. (A. chlorostachys Willd.) Usually slender, erect, dark green, nearly smooth, annual, 60-240 cm. high; leaves bright green both sides; spikes slender-cylin- drical, bracts rather long. Cultivated grounds. Common east, but scarce in Michigan. In- troduced from tropical America. 2 WW, t © be \ he, Eo r') ‘| Wy} Fig. 61 (58). Rough Pigweed. Red-root Pigweed. Amaranthus retroflecus L. Rough and more or less pubescent, rather light green, leaves long petioled, ovate or rhombic-ovate, wavy margined; spikes thick, crowded, stiff. Much like the foregoing species; the prevailing one in Michigan. Very common in annual crops of corn, beets, beans, potatoes. Introduced from tropicalyAmerica. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. te ” Z lw" Ge { Ven Hf | "WIFFF I Z Fig. 62. Spiny Amaranth. Amaranthus spinosus L. A smooth, bushy-branched annual, 30-100 cm. high, considerably resembling A. reiro- flexus; leaves rhombic-ovate, dull green, differing from others described in having a pair of stiff ape at the base of each leaf. Common south, but rare in Michigan. In- troduced from tropical America, MICHIGAN WEEDS. POKEWEED FAMILY. PHYTOLACCACEAE. A single weedy plant, is native to the northern states. The small family contains about 85 species mostly native in the Tropics. : Zi My ‘, j EE hy, 4 hig Fig. 63. Pokeweed. Scokeroot. Pigeon Berry. Phyiolacca decandra L. A tall, erect, smooth perennial, 1-1.5 m. high, tinged with red late in the season, roots large, fleshy, poisonous; leaves petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends; flowers in thin racemes, 4-16 cm. long; the berries dark purple, much liked by birds. Naturalized in Europe. Young shoots sometimes eaten like asparagus. 327 328 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. FOUR O’CLOCK FAMILY. NYCTAGINACEAE. Mostly herbs, with simple, opposite, entire leaves and regular flowers; ovary enclosed in the base of a hardened calyx. About 250 species of wide ‘range, only two have been introduced into Michigan, besides the four o’clock sometimes Cultivated. —S SSN ~ N ww ~~ SASo Se SS SN SS EES Ss“ SS SSS \\ AA IIISSSS \ an \\ ) af, Lig, Y My, Fi CAG: > | ae Kh i ~ | Gea | fi iy | We i Hiiy fit | a t Ne x 2,877, WZ hc) fj eA - ‘3 ans eee TT hn iy al aye HNL = Fig. 64. Fig. 65. Heart-leaved Umbrella Wort. Oxybaphus Hairy Umbrella-wort. Ozybaphus hirsutus . ° nyctagineus (Michx.) Sweet. (Allionia nycta- Pursh, has been found at Grand Rapids. It ginea Michx.) Perennial from a stout tap root, differs from the preceding in being glandular- nearly smooth; stem angled, repeatedly forkea, hirsute, leaves sessile, lanceolate, narrowed at 30-150 cm. high; leaves’ broadly ovate, -heart- the base, considerably resembling the pre- shaped, 4-8 cm. long; involucre next the flowers ceding. more or less persistent to aid int distributing seeds; sepals red. Introduced froin the south and west. Found at Richmond, Oakland county and at the Agricultural College. Mentioned here because in the Botanic Garden, it behaves much like narrow-leaved dock, and is likely to become troublesome. MICHIGAN ' KNOTWEED FAMILY. ILLECE- BRACEAE. The plants of this small family much re- semble those of the Pink family, and by many authors are placed in that family. Fig. 66 (59). Knawel. Scleranthus annuus L. A homely, light colored, much branched, little weed, 4-12 cm. high; leaves awl-shaped; flowers obtuse, seed held by the hard persistent calyx; = the appearance of a dry-ground chick- weed. ; -Naturalized at the Agricultural College and at Ann Arbor. Introduced from Europe. WEEDS. 329 CARPET-WEED FAMILY. AIZOACEAE. Mostly herbs, prostrate and_ branching, differing from purslane and the chickweeds by having the ovary two-several-celled, stamens and petals sometimes numerous. About 500 species, ef of warm regions, only one having reached Michigan. Fig. 67 (60). Carpet-weed. Indian Chickweed. Mollugo verticillata L. A “smooth, prostrate, much- branched annual, forming mats; leaves in whorls, spatulate. Introduced from farther south. Sandy fields and roadsides in the central and southern regions of the state. 330 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. PINK FAMILY. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. This rather large family of herbaceous plants includes such a variety that it is difficult to define to any except botanists. It contains many sorts of pinks and carnations, and is one 2f the families abounding in weeds. : ; unere are about 1,500 species, most abundant in the northern hemisphere, especially in Europe. Fig. 68 (61). Cockle. Corn Cockle. Agrostemma Githago L. A tall, silky, erect, fall annual; 30-90 cm. high; flowers large, red or pink, scarcely a weed except in fields of wheat; seed black, poisonous. Introduced from Europe. MICHIGAN WEEDS. dol “Sou Fig. 69 (62). Fig. 70 (63). Thyme-leaved Sandwort. Arenaria ser- Larger Mouse-ear Chickweed. Cerastium pyllifolia L. A light-colored annual, slender, vulgatum L. Annual or _ biennial, clammy- much branched and spreading, roughish, 5-15 hairy, tufted, spreading, 15-40 cm. high; leaves mostly oblong, 12-20 mm. long; flowers small white in loose compound cymes. Fields and gardens common. Introduced from Europe. Cerastium arvense L. and its variety oblong- ifolium, also C. viscosum and poses other rhe are occasionally met with, but, as yet, they are of little importance. em. high; leaf stems short, blades ovate, acute, 4-8 mm. long; flowers small, white, numerous. Sandy soil. Introduced from Europe, EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. 332 Ye lod ‘ Fig. Pd 5 — a Bo ob Se — is gaa a5¢ | i I a —Q Sibth.) leaves. ovate to ovate-oblong, acute loose panicles, white or pinkish, opening t petals obovate, two-cleft, each Naturalized from Europe, vespertina 5 ~ 4 oa oe ap — pe ae oO =| = = agi ae Bigs oe © ~ Sas so sd, = hon) SSO°SE eda wes ‘~ ma So SMe Seo Sol eee S 5a es NEot6 an? od vn tee Dm Pi SU kl Ss 6seece Wo ..6E $= a,6 BSS yW5so OWE © gy o°Os -~=4 @ 3 w EE make SS Soon83 BS.05m eins ANSE MICHIGAN WEEDS. 333 gs ge Fig. 72 (64). Soapwort. Bouncing Bet. Saponaria officinalis L. Perennial, smooth, stout, sparingly branched, leafy, 30-50 cm. high; leaves opposite, ovate or oval, 3-5-ribbed, =. acute, 4-6 cm. long: flowers, pink or white in dense terminal cluster, sometimes double, : calyx tubular, corolla about 2 cm. broad, petals obcordate, with a scale at the base of the blade; the mucilaginous juice forming a lather with water. Spreading from root ¥ stocks, common along roadsides and in waste places, especially in sandy land. Intro- o duced from Europe. 334 _ EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. Fig. 73 (65). Cow-herb. Saponaria Vaccaria L. (Vaccaria Vaccaria (L.) Britton.) Annual, smooth, erect, sparingly branched, 30-80 cm. high; leaves sessile, opposite, ovate-lanceolate, 2- 6 cm. long; flowers pale red, 30-40 mm. broad; fruit enlarged, five-ribbed. Occasionally a weed in fields of grain. Introduced from; Europe. eer MICHIGAN WEEDS. 335 | | EE EN Fig. 74 (66). Sleepy Catch-Fly. Silene antirrhina L. A slender, erect, slightly-branched annual, 20-90 cm. high, when in flower glutinous along two of the upper internodes. Leaves linear or lanceolate, narrowed into a petiole; inflores- cence, a loose, cymose panicle; flowers small, pink, petals obcordate with minute teeth at the base of the blade. Native of this country. Poor sandy soil perhaps introduced with Timothy seed. Fig. 75 (67). Forked Catch-fly. Silene dichotoma Ehrh. Annual, erect, pubescent, 30-60 cm. high: leaves narrow; flowers white or pink, sessile or nearly so, in forked, one-sided spikes; calyx- ribs 5, hirsute. Introduced with clover seed into several regions of the state and likely to be troublesome. It comes originally from Europe. 338 . EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. SIN WI h \) A Nt nS ‘} SS a Fig. 76 (68). Bladder Campion Silene latifolia (Mill.) Britten and Rendle. (S. vulgaris (Moench) Garcke, S. Cucubalus Wibel. 8S. inflata J. E. Smith.) A smooth, glaucous, spreading per- ennial, 10-20 em. high; leaves opposite, ovate- lanceolate, variable in size; calyx globular, much inflated, petals two-cleft, white, 12-20 mm. broad. Naturalized from Europe and becoming com- mon in the state. Fig. 77 (69). Night-flowering Catch-fiy. Silene nocti- flora L. Anerect, glandular, pubescent annual or biennial, 30-90 cm. high; lower leaves large and spatulate, the upper lanceolate, flowers in loose cymose panicles, fragrant, opening at night; calyx tubular, ten-nerved, enlarging in fruit; flowers few, petals two-parted, white or pinkish. Common, seeds difficult to separate from clover seed. Introduced from Europe. 7 a ar ee eh Tees MICHIGAN Fig. 73 C71). Common Chickweed. Siellaria media (L.) Cyrill. (Alsine media L.) A weak, much- branched annual, 8-16 cm. high, smooth except hairs in lines on stem and petioles; leaves ovate or oval, the upper sessile; flowers in leafy cymes or solitary; petals white, two-parted. Intro- duced from Europe. Very common, especially abundant in spring and autumn when the weather is cool. WEEDS. 337 Fig. 79 (70). Spurry. Spergua arvensis L. A_ bright green annual, 20-40 cm. high; leaves stipulate in whorls, thread-shaped, 2-5 cm. long; flowers white in terminal cymes. : : Grain fields and waste places, especially in sandy land where some attempts were made to cultivate it in the northern portion of the lower peninsula. Naturalized from Europe. 338 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. PURSLANE FAMILY. PORTULACACEAE. This small family of about 150 species consists of insipid herbs, mostly succulent and natives of America, of which one is @ prominent well-known weed in Michigan. Fig. 80 (72). Purselane. Pussley. Portulaca oleracea L. Smooth, prostrate, spreading, succulent, extending in each direction, 10-30 cm.; leaves thick, alternate, clustered at the ends of the branches, obovate, 6-20 mm. long; flowers yellow, opening in sunshine for a short time in the morning. Native in the southwest. Introduced into the warmer portions of Europe. MICHIGAN WEEDS. 339 CROWFOOT FAMILY. RANUNCULACEAE. Mostly herbs of greatly diversified forms pervaded by acrid juice, a few woody vines; parts of the flower free and distinct from each other; some poisonous and used for med- icine; in the north temperate zone a considerable number blossom in early spring, such as hepatica, anemone, butter cup, columbine, marsh marigold, globe flower, hellebore, rue anemone. About 1,050 species widely distributed, but few in tropical regions, : Fig. 81 (71). Tall ap sabes 4 or Crowfoot. Ranunculus acris L. Erect, hairy, perennial, 60-90 em. high; leaves three-divided, each division three-cleft; petals yellow, shining. Fields and moist meadows and waste places, becoming common. Introduced from Europe. 340 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. Fig.;82 (75.) Bulbous Buttercup. Ranunculus bulbosus L. Erect, hairy, perennial, 30 cm. high, from a bulb-like base; lower leaves three-divided, each three-parted, three-cleft and toothed; flowers shining, bright yellow, about 2 cm. broad. Very common in meadows in New England, slowly spreading in Michigan. |) = W —feS ~S SNES SESS Fig. 83 (76). Creeping Buttercup. Ranunculus repens L. Usually hairy, perennial, spreading by the rooting branches encroaching on grasses in meadows or lawns; leaves three-divided and variously cleft; flowers yellow, 2-2.6 cm. broad; seldom fruiting or fruiting sparingly. Intro- duced from Europe, perhaps indigenous in the west. rf ES eS MICHIGAN WEEDS. POPPY FAMILY. PAPAVERACEAE. Herbs with milky or colored juice including poppies, blocdroot, celandine. A very small family widely dispersed in north temperate regions. OS SS WW Fig. 84 (77). Celandine. Chelidonium majus lL. Perennial herbs, with saffron-colored acrid juice, 30-60 cm. high leaves variously divided and cut-lo bed; flowers small, yellow, often double; fruit. linear-cylindric, opening by two valves, 2-5 cm. long. Naturalized from Europe. 9 341 342 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. Poppy. Papaver Rhoeas L. Becomes a weed in some places, but is not difficult to subdue. The same may be said of Papaver dubium L MICHIGAN WHEDS. 343 MUSTARD FAMILY. CRUCIFERAE. Herbs with a pungent acrid juice (horse radish), sepals 4, petals usually 4, the upper portion spread- ing in the form of a cross; stamens usually six, four longer than the other two, pod usually two-celled by a very thin vertical partition. Seeds of many species become mucilaginous when soaked in water. There are about 1,500 species, most abundant in temperate regions. The family is easily recognized, but the species are difficult to determine. Useful plants of the family are the cabbage, cauliflower, turnip, ruta baga, radish, rape, sweet alys- sum, stock and a few others. Weeds in this family are abundant and aggressive, new ones arriving one or more each year. It ranks as one of the prominent weed-families. None is poisonous. ° >» : z 3 S. = See ES anes nds Las oo - PN xs %, y= ¥ o> x aye RD UG, ee esis aN 4 gpa Po a X- y “aS ae ee NYG (= on SS “BID eZ ogee Be Nes [Be Ses SVE RY ua FF %, e & De (; SRE w: rt) IP a ae 78 ae i SP ue Qui Tues = OURS ae oY ar ro Hen. ai We WH 2 O yo W Wo seh? Se WV Wey Pe oa Rf Ly, RAS YY Wf) a) # ; \Y M2e W J We \ Y 4 ™ | Sie N aoe: = 2 ‘ i ; SO eS XY ) i WED } Wp SNe wW \\ y OE \' \ DS YW \ V VW Fig. 86 (78). Fig. 87 (79). Yellow or Small Alyssum. Alyssum Yellow Rocket. Winter Cress. Barbarea alyssoides L. A small annual, 10-25 cm. high, vulgaris R. Br. (Barbarea Barbarea (L.) Mac. appearing gray owing to immense numbers of M.) A smooth, erect, perennial, 30-60 cm. star-shaped hairs on the surface; leaves mostly high; lower leaves with petioles, the blade spatulate, entire; flowers yellow; fruit fiat, lyrate-pinnatifid; flowers bright yellow, abun- nearly circular. Seldom prominent as a weed. ant; pod obscurely four-angled. Introduced from Europe. Rather frequent along ditches and low land. Often sent in for name, but so far not aggressive. 344 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. | Fig. 88 (80). Hoary’Alyssum. Berteroa incana (L.) DC. A pale green, diffuse annual, 30-60 cm. high, thrifty, prolific and aggressive; leaves lanceo- late or oblong; petals white, divided, pod ob- long, plump, 2.5-3.5 mm. long. _ Introduced from Europe, very recently found in Michigan, where it should be looked after without delay. Hs Ville AAU ir, SSS Soe Ws \ Ss SOMO Ws N : Ww’ aN Chddaaies, enemy 4y ZA = ~< Fig. 89 (81). Charlock. Brassica arvensis (L.) B. S. P. (B. Sinapistrum Boiss.) An erect, branching, hispid annual, 30-90 cm. high; lower leaves with petioles pinnatifid; flowers yellow, pod 4 cm. long, tipped with a flattened, elongated- conic beak, sometimes one-seeded. Difficult to identify; one mustard is about as bad as another; compare the apex of the pod and the seeds. Introduced from Europe. = . se PP. >= ' t MICHIGAN WEEDS. \N, Se i N\\, \ th e 7: aie Wa 2 Ne el M\ \ \y ‘ Fig. 90 (82). Rutabaga. Brassica campestris L. Smooth or sparingly hairy annuals, 30-90 cm. high; lower leaves petioled, others clasping at the base; flowers bright yellow; pod tipped with a beak. Study and compare the beak and seeds with other species. From: Europe, an occa- -sional weed. 345 Fig..91 (83). Indian Mustard. Brassica juncea (L.) Cosson. An erect and branching annual more or less pubescent, 60-120 cm. high, lower leaves petioled, lyrate-pinnatifid; flowers yellow: pods ~ 1.5-1.8 cm. long on short erect pedicels, op- pressed, four-sided, beak 2-4 mm. long. In- troduced from Europe. Compare beaks and seeds and the figures here represented. A bad weed, often confused with two, three or more others. 346 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. hh MMe ‘ SSS eO EE ONE DNS SS \ di AN i \ ie aN ie 5 \ i hi Fig. 92 (84). Black Mustard. Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. Notice the short pod with short abrupt beak. A common weed and aggressive. Ty, \S MICHIGAN WEEDS. 347 Fig. 93 (85). Small-fruited False Flax. Camelina micro- carpa Andrz. Annual, 30-60 cm. high; plant more slender than those of the other species; upper leaves auricled, flowers yellow; pods smaller, 4-5 mm. broad. Introduced from Europe, becoming common in Michigan. Fig. 94 (86). False Flax. Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz. Annual, 30-60 cm. high, lowest leaves petioled, entire or toothed, 4-6 cm. long, upper leaves clasping, sagitate; flowers yellow, pod obovoid, eee very slightly flattened, 6-8 mm. road. 348 EXPERIMENT Fig. 95 (87). Shepherd’s Purse. Capsella Bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. A fall annual, or annual, erect, branching, 15-40 cm. high; lower leaves var- iously pinnatifid, forming a rosette, stem leaves few, sagittate; flowers in racemes, white;, across. widely mm. very triangular, about 5 from Europe and Extremely variable. fruit flat, Naturalized distributed. STATION * BULLETIN. Fig. 96 (88). Hare’s-ear Mustard. Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort: A smooth, slightly succulent annual, or fall annual, 30-120 em. high; leaves fleshy, sessile, entire, flowers creamy white; pods erect, square, 7-10 cm. long. Rapidly spreading in northwest British provinces; sparingly introduced into Michigan, originally from Europe. Fig. 97 (89). Sand Rocket. Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. Annual, smooth or nearly so, branching from the base, 30-60 cm. high; leaves oblong, toothed ea pemariid: flowers yellow, pods erect, linear, erete. ; Introduced from Europe, and where it has been found in Michigan, thrives and spreads at an alarming pace. MICHIGAN WEEDS. | 349 Fig. 98 (90). Worm-seed or Treacle, Mustard. Lrysi- mum cheiranthoides L. An erect, minutely- rough, annual, or winter annual, 20-60 cm. high; leaves lanceolate, entirely or slightly dentate, 2-8 cm. long, the lower with slender petioles, the upper sessile; flowers yellow, pedicels spreading at about 45 degrees, the pods not quite erect, but taking on uniform positions, four-angled, smooth, 1-2 cm. long. Probably native to some portions of the north central states and Canada. 300 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. Fig. 99 (91). Apetalous Pepper-grass. Lepidium apeta- lum Willd. Annual or winter annual, more or less hoary, racemes properly branched, lower leaves pinnatifid; petals wanting, or only two minute, and white; pod flat, more or less circular. Waste places, seldom causing much trouble; when ripe becoming a tumble weed. Fig. 100 (92). Field Pepper-grass. Cow Cress. Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br. A _ diffuse, oary- pubescent biennial, 10-30 cm. high; stem leaves sessile with an arrow-shaped. base; flowers white or yellowish; pods flattened, more or less circular. Fields and waste places, naturalized from Europe. : ; MICHIGAN WEEDS. 351 , Fig. 101 (93). a4 Hoary Cress. Lepidium Draba L. An , erect or ascending, hoary perennial, 20-35 cm. high; leaves oblong, entire or dentate, the este petioled, flowers white; pods flat, broadly ie * ovate. ‘ _ Introduced from Europe, infrequent in Mich- 1g4an, Fig. 102 (94). Garden Cress. Golden Pepper-grass. Lepidium sativum L. A smooth, branching _annual, about 30 cm. high; lower leaves two- pinnate; flowers white in long loose racemes, pod flattened, oval. Introduced from Europe and escaped from cultivation, EXPERIMENT @ WY 04 N Si M ey ny Want, RY XZ XS p \ ) Wav Q\ Wo Y / Wild Pepper-grass. 20-40 cm. high; lower leaves obovate in outline, usually with a large terminal lobe; STATION BULLETIN. (a “Wg D Oa OF Fig. 103 (95). Lepidium Virginicum L. A diffuse annual or fall annual, stem leaves lanceolate, dentate; flowers white; pod flat, nearly circular. Common in waste places, sometimes a tumble weed; native to this country and intro- duced into Europe. MICHIGAN Fig. 104 (96). Ball Mustard. Neslia paniculaia (L.) Desv. A slender, branching annual, pubescent with star-shaped hairs, leaves oblong, sagittate; flowers in racemes; pods nearly spherical, 2-3 mm. in diameter. __ Introduced from Europe into British Prov- inces of the northwest where it is very aggres- sive and may soon find its way to Michigan. WEEDS. 353 Fig. 105 (97). Tumbling Mustard. Tall Mustard. Stsymbrium altissimum L. An erect, smooth, branching annual, 60-120 cm. high; leaves deeply pinnatifid; flowers pale yellow; pods narrow, stiff, diverging, 5-10 cm. long; seeds minute and enormously abundant; when mature the plant loosens from the soil becoming a first- class tumble weed; not yet abundant in Mich- igan but will soon become so. Naturalized from Europe, with all the bad characteristics of a mustard. 354 EXPERIMENT A SBSH Sead OS Z Ue ea we hs \ At b2 Wy; Z fj IS ZZ 4! ‘ . EZ if a: q il CN Con - DG ~ A UNNINU Ne 7 it Fig. 106 (98). Hedge Mustard. Sisymbrium _ officinale (L.) Scop. Arather stiff, slender nearly smooth biennial, 30-90 cm. high; leaves pinnatifid; flowers small, yellow; pods narrow, stiff, closely ressed to the stem. Not a vicious but a boaely weed. Introduced from Europe. STATION BULLETIN. Fig. 107. Green Tansy Mustard. Sisymbrium in- cisum Engelm. Is~ causing trouble in the Canadian northwest and may be expected in Michigan. : MICHIGAN WEEDS. Fig. 108_(99). Penny Cress. Stink Weed. Thlasp. arvense L. A smooth, erect annual, 15-40 cm. high; leaves sessile, the upper sagittate, flowers white; pods thin, flat, nearly circu- lar, 8-16 mm. in diameter, deeply notched at the top. Waste places, ready for a very quick growth. Introduced from Europe. In the northwest a persistent enemy of the wheat grower; the seeds spoiling flour; also flavoring the mutton of sheep that eat the plant and when eaten by cows, giving a bad taste to milk. ’ 385 356 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. ROSE FAMILY. ROSACEAE. In the most comprehensive sense, this family of moderate size, of 1,500 species, is especially prominent in north temperate region, where it is most remarkable for the extraordinary number of valuable fruits and ornamental plants; it includes apples, pears, quinces, peaches, plums, cherries, almonds, raspberries, strawberries, roses, hawthorns, spiraeas and others; while its weeds are few and insignificant. Fig. 109 (100). Mossy Stonecrop. Sedum acre lL. A smooth, densely tufted, spreading perennial, 3-8 cm. high; leaves sessile, yellowish green, entire, succulent, 3-5 mm. long; flowers yellow. A pretty little plant, escaped from cultivation, especially abundant in sandy land of cemeteries. Introduced from Europe. SESS SESS IK . SAS SA ANY Sy N w& ORPINE FAMILY. CRASSULACEAE. A small family of about 500 species, widely distributed, mostly succulent herbs familiar in species of Live-for-ever and house? leek. So = SAGAy we . as SS NSS Ss Rea: ) uth WAS We! Fig. 110 (101). Tall Hairy Agrimony. Agrimonia gurposep- ala Wall. (A. HEupatoria in -part, not L., A. hirsuta Bicknell.) A rough, hairy perennial, 70-120 cm. high; leaves large, thin, leaflets mostly 7, coarsely serrate, interposing segments mostly 3 pairs; flowers yellow; fruiting calyx nearly 1 cm. long; hooks long, widely spreading. Native tothis country. Frequent in thin woods where the fruit damages wool. Fig. 111. Soft Agrimony. Agrimonia mollis (T. & G.) Britton. Grayish-pubescent, root tuber- ous, 40-180 cm. high; larger leaflets 5-9, oblong. thickish, dull green, crenate to dentate, in- terposed leaflets mostly one pair; flowers yellow, fruit 4-5 mm. wide, slender bristles chiefly in asingle row. Dry woods, troublesome to sheep and cattle. Native to this country. il MICHIGAN WEEDS. 307 . Fig. 112 (102). Small-flowered Agrimony. Agrimonia parviflora Ait. A hirsute perennial, 70-120 cm. high; leaflets 9-17, crowded, lanceolate or narrower, rather thin, serrate, very glandular with many interposed leafiets of 2-3 different sizes; flowers numerous, 5-6 mm. in diameter, fruit small, loosely refiexed. Sandy shady places. Troublesome to sheep and cattle. Native to this country. 358 : EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. ‘ Fig. 114 (103). Silvery Cinquefoil. Potentilia argentea L. Fig. 113 (104). Five-finger. A Cinquefoil. Potentilla f Canadensis simplex (Michx.) T. & G A Stems ascending, tufted, white-woolly, 10-40 herbaceous, slender, tufted, hirsute, perennial, cm. long; leaflets 5, oblanceolate, green aboye, spreading by numerous runners; leaflets 5, white pubescent beneath; flowers rather large oblanceolate, serrate, apex obtuse, flowers pera Dry, sandy, places introduced from urope and perhaps native. single, yellow, achenes smooth. Dry, sandy or thin soil. Native of this country. — MICHIGAN WEEDS. Fig. 115 (105). Rous, hi Cinquefoil. Potentilla Monspeliensis L. (P. Norvegica L.) An erect, stout, hirsute annual or biennial, 20-90 cm. high; leaves three-foliolate; leafiets obovate to oblanceolate; flowers yellow, usually rather densely cymose, calyx large. Open soil, dry @rmoist. Native, also found in Europe. 359 360 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. PULSE FAMILY. LEGUMINOSAE. In the most comprehensive sense this immense family, second in size among seed-plants, includes fully 7,300 species, ranking in size next to the Compositae. The family is the most remarkable of any for the great number and variety of its economic plants. So far as known but few plants outside of this family possess roots which furnish abodes for microbes through whose operation free nitrogen becomes available as plant food. These abodes are familiar objects on roots and are known as tubercles or nodules. Plants of greatest value are the clovers, the alfalfas, beans, peas, lentils, lupines, vetches, cow peas, soy beans. In Leguminosae are found plants of great importance for furnishing medicines, timbers, dye stuffs, gums, for beauty of flowers and foliage. It furnishes a very small number of weeds. Fig. 116. Tick-trefoil. Desmodium canadense ;\(L.) DC. Perennial, stem hairy, 50-150 cm. high, ieaflets oblong- lanceolate, obtuse, much lon’er than the petiole; f{.owers pink, showy, 8-12 mm. long. Open woods; com- mon in September, when the fruit is maturing especially annoying to sheep and cattle. A dozen or more species of ‘‘tick-trefoil’’ are denjzens of open woods, all bearing burs annoying to sheep and cattle. or MICHIGAN WEEDS. Fig. 117. (107.) Bird’s-foot Trefoil. Bloom-fell. Lotus corniculatus L. Perennial from a long root, stems slender, prostrate or ascending 5-60 cm. long; leaves hairy, leaflets three, each oblanceolate or obovate, stipules much resembling the leaflets; corolla yellow; pod linear, 2-3 cm. long, several seeded. Introduced from Europe and may soon be ex- pected in Michigan. 361 362 EXPERIMENT Fig. 118 (109). Alfalfa. Lucerne. Medicago sativa L. Perennial from a deep stout root; stem 30-40 cm. high, nearly smooth, leaflets three, dentate, varying much in width; flowers bluish purple, rarely yellow or white; pod pubescent twisted into two or three spirals. laced here not as @ weed but for comparison. STATION BULLETIN. | 7) MMT S eS iy, Kw? /f AZ IG/, ANB Zip H A Fig. 119 (108). Black Medick. Nonesuch. Medicago lupulina L. Annual, minutely pubescent mostly prostrate, spreading, 30-60 cm. long; leaflets three, obovate or circular, variously toothed; flowers yellow, fruit in heads, pod curved intoa spiral, one-seeded. Introduced from Europe and often found in Michigan. The seeds are not unfrequently used to adulterate those of Alfalfa. Fig. 120 (110). White Sweet Clover. Melilotus alba Desv. Usually biennial, erect, smooth 90-300 cm. high; leaflets three, serrate, varying much in width, 10-20 mm. long, not twisted. - Somewhat extensively sown as a bee plant along highwa of the state. Considerably resembling alfalfa, but may be distinguished by smelling of the crumpled leaves, those of Melilotus resembling the odor of the tonka bean. Offensive to cattle, which may be educated to eat it. Valuable to plow under for enriching the land. Seeds used to adulterate those of Alfalfa. Introduced from Europe. MICHIGAN WEEDS. 363 Fig. 121. Yellow Sweet Clover. Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. Resembles the former; flowers yellow; thriving on moist clay soil, not much of a weed in Michigan. 364 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. Aa Fig. 122. Rabbit-foot Clover. Trifoliwm arvense L. A slender, erect, silky, hairy annual, 15-25 em. high; leaflets three, sessile, narrowed at the base; calyx silky; corolla whitish, Not common nor troublesome. Sandy, barren soil. Introduced from Europe. If eaten by horses, the flower heads collect inte balls, closing the intestines. MICHIGAN Fig. 123 (111). Alsike Clover. Trifolium hybridum L. Biennial, perennial (?), smooth, stems weak, 30-60 cm. long; leaves with long petioles, leaflets three; obovate, narrowed at the base, serrulate; heads of flowers without an involucre, peduncle long, corolla pinkish white. Never a weed but placed here for the purpose of comparison. WEEDS. 365 Fig. 124 (112). Crimson Clover. Scarlet Clover. :Italian Clover. Trifolium incarnatum lL. Annual, erect, soft, pubescent, 15-90 cm. high; leaves long petioled, leafiets nearly sessile, obovate, narrowed at the base, denticulate; heads ter- minal becoming spikes, 2-5 cm. long; flowers sessile, calyx hairy, corolla crimson, very showy. Dangerous to feed horses, as the hairy calyces form balls in the stomach and clog the intestines Not a weed but included here for comparison. Introduced from Europe. 366 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. — — — Yh n i, in AN i My , ‘ N aN \N Fig. 125 (113). : = Ns ‘ J Red Clover. Trifolium erates L. A well-known useful plant, drawings inserted here for comparison. Introduced from Europe. Mammoth Clover. A race obtained by selection from red clover from which it gradually merges with all intermediate grades. The seeds of this and red clover are in- distinguishable. a MICHIGAN WEEDS. Fig. 126 (114). ‘Low Hop Clover. Trijoliuwm procumbens L. A low, bushy annual, 10-20 cm. high; leaflets obovate, wedge-shaped, finely toothed, the terminal one distinctly stalked; heads ‘lobose; flowers yellow, at length refiexed, corolla striate, becoming brown when dry. Large plants sometimes become tumble-weeds. Introduced from Europe. 367 368 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. See ‘ Bis a if af S NS Nhe Zz Be A ; Py AY - z SS \ ay il Wee Ao \ \ sgl) ms \WW is = : Wiese @ Si yor aw \ as 4 yi Ss Fig. 127. Yellow Clover. Hop Clover. Trifolium agrarium L. Scarcely a weed, much resembles the preceding; the three leaflets of this are all sessile while the center one of the preceding is raised On a very short stem. ; 2 Gee O&- 128 (115). White Clover. Dutch Clover. Trifolium repens L. A perennial, creeping by the reclined branches which root at the joints, 10-30 cm. long; leaves with long stems, leaflets three, . all from the same point, obovate, toothed; heads;globose, on long stems; flowers white, the stems finally reflexed when the seeds mature. Scarcely a weed; noticed here for convenience of comparisons, Introduced from Europe. i} Fi DS- MICHIGAN WOOD SORREL FAMILY. OXALIDACEAE. A small family containing about 270 species, with clover-like leaves, sour to the taste. Fig. 129. Yellow Wood ‘Sorrel. Ovxalis corniculata L. (Oxalis cymosa.) Annual or perennial, pale green herbs, spreading, 15-30 cm. high; leaflets three, closing when touched or at night; - flowers yellow; capsule five-sided, 15-22 mm. long. Woods and fields, native to this country. WEEDS. 369 GERANIUM FAMILY. GERANIACEAE A small family of herbs or slightly pods plants of 450 species, most abundant in Sout Africa, where thrive many of the species now in cultivation. Fig. 130 (116). Storks bill. Alfilaria. Erodium cicuta- rium (L.) L’Her. A spreading, hairy annual, 15-30 cm. high; leaves pinnate, the leaflets more or less lobed; petals purple or pink. Introduced from Europe. ; 370 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. Figselod be). Cut-leaved Crane’s Bill. Geranium dis- sectum L. A slender, spreading annual, 10-30 em. high; leaves deeply cleft into narrow seg- ments; petals purple; lobes of capsule and peat pubescent, seeds shot from the parent plant. Introduced from Europe; still scarce in Mich- jgzan. Fig. 132 (118). Small-fiowered Crane’s Bill. Geranium pusillum Burm.f. A weak, slender, spreading, pubescent annual, 10-40 cm. high; leaves . circular in outline, deeply divided into 7-9 obes; corolla pale purple, petals seca b ed notched; lobes of capsule hairy, not wrinkled. Seeds well scattered by the parent plant. In- troduced from Europe. A ‘‘nasty’’ little thing. << MICHIGAN WEEDS. 371 SPURGE FAMILY. EUPHORBIACEAE. Plants usually pervaded by an acrid, milky juice: flowers too difficult to understand by any one not well trained; 4,000 species with wide distribution. Creton, Poinsettia, Ricinus are ornamental; a few are weeds. Sy =S = ZB a FA Fig. 133 (119). - ‘Three-Seeded Mercury. Acalypha Virginica L. An erect, dark green or purplish - annual, 20-60 cm. tall: leaves mostly ovate, coarsely serrate: flowers monoecious, in- has a weedy aspect. _-——s €onspicuous; the _ A native widely distributed in open places. 372 Fig. 134 (120). Cypress Spurge. Huphorbia Cyparissias L. A densely clustered perennial, 10-30 cm. high, milky juice profuse; leaves abundant, very narrow, 2-3 cm. long; flowers and bracts in yellowish clusters, conspicuous. Escaped from cultivation, especially abundant in sandy cemeteries. Introduced from Europe. SY EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. } } y i = >> ma 5 Gf Yi Z Z Fig 135. (121). Toothed Spurge. Euphorbia dentata Michx. An _ erect, dull green, pubescent annual, 25-100 cm. high; leaves petioled, ovate, coarsely toothed, 4-8 cm. long, the upper often paler at the base. A native thriving in rich soil, oftener south of Michigan. rs 373 bels 30-120 cm. high, , lanceolate; flowers clustered in um Fig. 136 (122). MICHIGAN WEEDS. urge. Euphorbia EsulaL. A smooth, erect, perennial, rootstocks; leaves numerous duced from Europe. ry. te places, intro 4 anit _ — & 7 aS a. < Viet 2 _~ —/ ll - L Nel AS ,o te Ji ~ i WwW Pd 4 4 - ¥ ‘, a 374 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. Fig. 137 (123). Euphorbia hirsuta (Torr). Wiegand. A spreading, hairy annual, branching at the base, 20-30 cm. high; leaves 8-14 mm. long, oblong. Widely scattered. > { ¢ [fy \. \\ Z WV wi) f \\ IVF Z WZ SS Fig. 138 (124.) Spotted Spurge. Euphorbia maculata L. A prostrate, pubescent, dark green annual, 3-15 em. long, often dark red; leaves usually blotched, oblong, obtuse, very unequal, lobed at the base. Not starting till the weather becomes warm. A native very widely dis- tributed. MICHIGAN WEEDS. 375 Fig. 139 (125). : : Upright Spotted Spurge. Euphorbia Preslii Guss. (Euphorbia nutans Lag.) Annual, mostly Ss , ascending, spreading, recurved, 15-60 cm. long; leaves oblong, or narrower, often curved to , serrate, usually with a red blotch and red margins, lobes unequal. ~ e at the east, introduced into Michigan mixed with seeds of red clover. 376 EXPERIMENT ' Fig. 140. Seaside Spurge. Euphorbia polygonifolia L. A slender, smooth, pale green, prostrate annual, | 7-10 cm. long; leaves linear, fleshy, obtuse, sandy shores of the Atlantic, and the Great Lakes, and more or less inland. Spurge Euphorbia. Half a dozen other species have been found in the state, some of which may become troublesome at any time. STATION BULLETIN. \) a \\ VA, gS . ‘\ \ ‘B Fig. 141 (126). Thyme-leaved Spurge. Juphorbia ser- pyllifolia Pers. A smooth, slender, prostrate, spreading annual, dark green or becoming red, 10-30 cm. long; leaves oblong, sharply serrulate, 6-12 mm. long often with a red spot. soil. A native widely scattered, thriving on sandy MICHIGAN WEEDS. ol7 SUMACH FAMILY. CASHEW FAMILY. ANACARDIACEAE. Trees or shrubs pervaded by resinous or milky, acrid juice; fruit mostly in the form of a drupe. Some of the sumachs are occasionally annoying owing to the fact that the plants spread rapidly by long sprouting roots, but the chief reason for notice here is the fact that some of them are very poisonous to the touch to some persons; about 400 species mostly confined to warm regions. Fig. 142 (127). Poison Ivy. Rhus Toxicodendron L. A bushy vine climbing by rootlets over walls and up the trunks of trees; leaves compound, con- sisting of three leaflets, well shown in the illustration. Very poisonous to the touch to many persons. A rather attractive plant. Native to this country. Fig. 143. Poison Elder. Poison Sumach. Rhus Vernix L. A_ shrub or small tree, 2-5 m. high; leaflets 7-15, obovate-oblong, entire. Thriving in swamps where the leaves assume very attractive tints in autumn. To many persons very poisonous to the touch. Native to this country. 3/8 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. MALLOW FAMILY. MALVACEAE. Herbs or shrubs, pervaded by an innocent mucilaginous Sap. Some species are ornamentat, such as Abutilon, Althaea, Hibiscus; a few are weeds. Indian Mallow affords tough bark for cordage. A small family widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions. Man: eb PD Mf WL Yi a= -, ASO, SS i es = .4 > YS ge Ww ; \\, me ae Ms ts Usy . , \ “Nie mi \ BI ts a SSS WO: WS Fig. 144 (128). Fig. 145 (129). Velvet Leaf American Jute. Abutilon Bladder Ketmia. Hibiscus Trionum lL. Theophrasti Medic. (Abutilon Avicennae Gaertn. A low rather hairy annual; upper leaves three- Abutilon Abutilon Rusby.) A finely velvety parted; flowers pale yellow with a purple eye; annual, 60-120 cm. high; leaves roundish, calyx in fruit inflated, five-winged. heart-shaped, velvety; corolla yellow; heads of fruit, 2-2.5 em. broad; pistils 12-15, beaked, opening with age. Naturalized from Southern Asia, occasionally found in the southern peninsula. The plant likes warm weather and deep rich soil. 379 al, with corolla white pe; i if Con S \ i) 4 Ne | i ' as i) . ( =H) ‘\ “ J ny Ta ry ennial or perenni long Introduced from , petioles ve i ped Fig. 146 (130). MICHIGAN WEEDS. a Malva rotundifolia L. A procumbent b Cheeses. stems 10-30 cm. long: leaves round, heart-sha crowded into a circle about 15 in number. mmon Mallow. tap root; 380 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. “ayn in m\ \ ‘ m i) Maan eee ih f lig y YN ae x y Al a Son S Icy af ALONG allig ee NG yh Ww ‘i ie te o Hy j at ) \" if ee Pz » 2 ae ~ és (\ Ws 8 cae? ; eS ETS AS Fig. 154 (137). Poison Hemlock. Spotted Cowbane. Coniuwm maculatum L. An erect, much- | branched biennial, stems spotted, 60-150 cm. high; leaves well dissected; flowers white; umbels compound. For details consult some manual of botany. Criminals and phil- osophers were not unfrequently put to death at ancient Athens by this plant. Intro- duced from Europe. e 385 386 EXPERIMENT ye s/ . “ -? ats . HoeGi@eedgen, SH tS ‘ roe) 5 eye 2 cp, Be ze hy IPG 7) oan < c=, eNO “é % v Fig. 155 (138). Wild Carrot. Daucus Carota I. An erect, rough, bushy biennial, 30-90 cm. high; root more or less fleshy; leaves variously lobed and dissected; flowers white, umbels compound; each half fruit bearing four vertical rows of stiff bristles to aid in dissemination. These bristles rub off when passing through a clover huller. When ripe, the rays of the umbel curve toward each other reminding one of a bird’s nest. One of our very worst weeds, widely disseminated and rapidly spreading in old pastures and roadsides. Introduced from Europe. Wild carrot is simply the cultivated carrot escaped from cultivation. STATION BULLETIN. Fig. 156 (139). Wild Parsnip. Pastinaca sativa L. A rather stout, smooth, biennial, 60-150 cm. high, stem grooved, leaves pinnate; flowers -yellow; umbels compound; fruit flat, broadly oval. MICHIGAN WEEDS. 387 PRIMROSE FAMILY. PRIMULACEAE. Plants herbaceous, stamens opposite the lobes of the corolla; ovary with one loculus; ‘‘ placenta free central. The family contains primroses, toosestrife, money-wort, pim- y> = pernel, American cowslip. : ~s > : 5 val 2 ‘ — ol) iA Aa. WWD, » 2 a We \\\ \wAee — = ae > ) mh i Mi (= hh. i} ! je | ip = = +i vA ( = hat tl tN Wat Z 2, “a > 2 wt ~Y in a +n sy iN NWA OA = SME wil ¥\ ao > \ ? ae e See aN \ | f ange ig eo ' setae ry ees Fig. 160 (140). - | -_~—~—s Common Milkweed. Asclepias Syriaca L. Stem stout, usually unbranched, finely pubescent, _--~--—«s coming from deep, fleshy roots difficult of extermination; leaves opposite, broad, flowers in umbels; pods 8-13 cm. long, covered with soft spinous processes. A Native plant very troublesome on sandy land in the northern part of the state where the crop _ is undisturbed for more than two years. Occasionally ‘‘sick” with a pale, dwarf growth, a bac- __ terial disease. = eg ; 15 L 390 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. MORNING GLORY FAMILY. CONVOLVULACEAE. Chiefly twining vines, often containing milk sweet potato, for its edible roots; a number are juice; a few cultivated for ornament, and one, the afless' parasitic vines. 5 A rather large family including 900 species, mostly native to the tropics. Wf My EE. Uy Y i EN Po (SS SSS Wt. “* SS a ——s = Sa Fig. 161 (141). Black Swallow-wort. Cynanchum nigrum (L.) Pers. (Vincetoxicum nigrum Moench.) A rather neat, smooth, dark green perennial twining vine; 60-150 long; leaves narrow; poens small, dark purple; pods about 5 cm. ong. ; Introduced from Europe and a pest in land not cultivated. (Fig. 161 belongs to the Milkweed family.) SS SS Ss, SNS oh Vi, mye Fig. 162 (142). Small Bindweed. Convolvulus arvensis L. A smooth, slender, prostrate or twining vine from deep, widely spreading, perennial, fleshy roots; leaves arrow or halberd shaped, 2-3 cm. long; flowers bell shaped, seldom abundant, white or tinged with pink, 1.5-2 cm. long. A very persistent weed when growing in sandy land. Introduced from Europe. Fr Other names sometimes used; Hedge-bells, eect Bellbine, Corn-bind, Lap-love, Sheep- ine. Very troublesome in sand or gravei, . oy O34 MICHIGAN WEEDS. _. 391 > SH ( (t \ ff { if Z sae Y \ \ \ F 3p : Z “ \ ‘yyy Fig. 163 (143). Hedge Bindweed. Great Bindweed. Convolvulus’ sepium L. A long, trailing or climbing herbaceous vine from a perennial fleshy root, usually smooth; leaves petiolate, blades triangular in outline, halberd-shaped, acute; corolla, bell-shaped, white or tinged with pink, 3-5 cm. long. A native plant seldom producing seeds. Moist soil Other names used, Bell-bind, Wood-bind, Lady’s Night-cap, Hedge Lily. 392 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. i 1G \\MI? \\ yy \\ ES, ZA f AN WN | f Ty Ds Za Mi", FF, \ WGA = ——- Fig. 164. Fig. 165. Fig. 166. Fig. 164 (144). Field Dodder. Cuscuta arvensis Beyrich. A pale yellow, slender, leafless, par- asitic vine, branching and spreading and more or less exhausting plants of red clover or alfalfa and some other herbs. Flowers small, white, 1.5-2 mm. long. Fig. 165 (145). Flax Dodder. Cuscuta Epilinwm Weihe. A very slender, pale yellow or red, leafless parasitic vine, branching and spreading and exhausting plants of flax; flowers small, yellowish. Introduced from Europe and troubling flax. Fig. 166 (146). Lesser Clover Dodder. Thyme Dodder. Cuscuia Hpithymum Murr. An extremely slender, red, leafless, parasitic vine, branching freely and spreading and more or less ex- hausting plants of red clover, thyme and a few other plants; flowers white or pinkish. Under favor- able conditions living near the ground on low plants all winter. Introduced from Europe. Fig. 167 (147). _. Gronovius’ Dodder. Cuscuta Gronovii Willd. A yellow-o e, leafless, parasitic vine, branch- ing and spreading freely and becoming attached _ toa great variety of plants, wild balsam, young s of willow, nettles, etc.; flowers white. ve to low or moist land. an _ ‘MICHIGAN WEEDS. 393 Fig. 168 (148). Spanish Dodder. Cuscuia planiflora Tenore. A slender, leafless, parasitic vine, branching and spreading over plants of red clover. _ Dodder. Cuscuta. Other species may be introduced, but their growth and:behavior will be much the same as that of the above species. 394 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. BORAGE FAMILY. BORAGINACEAE. Chiefly rough hairy herbs; flowers usuall blue or white in one-sided cymes, mostly coiled from the apex when young, and straightening as the successive flowers expand. A rather large family of mucilaginous plants, consisting of 1,500 species. Here belong heliotrope, mertensia, forget-me-not, gromwell, comfrey, borage, and several weeds. 4 Y / / y ? 4 , Ib xy Yi! iw AD [fy We, y Fig 169 (149). Hound’s Tongue. Cynoglossum officinale L. A. stout, coarse, erect, biennial, 40-120 cm. high; corolla reddish-purple; nutlets flat . Oblique, roughened with short barbed, hooke prickles, making a sharp{bur. Introduced from Europe into waste places and old pastures. Fig. 170 (150). « Stick-seed. Bur Seed. Lappula echinata Gilibert. (Echinospermum Lappula Lehmn.) An erect, rough, annual, 30-60 cm. high; corolla blue. Naturalized from Europe. Fig. 171 (151). Beggar’s Lice. Lappula Virginiana (L.) Greene. A pubescent, branching biennial, 60-120 cm. high; lower leaves with petioles, blades, round-ovate; upper leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate at both ends; racemes very slender, fruit ovoid. A native of rich woods. Pe MICHIGAN WEEDS. 395 Fig. 172 (152). Red Root. Wheat Thief. Corn Grom- well. Lithospermum arvense L. A minutely roughened and hoary biennial, stems spreading, 20-70 cm. high; leaves narrow; flowers small, white, sessile. Especially @ wheat weed, as it needs to grow the same as winter wheat in the fall, maturing the next summer. The size of the nutlets makes it somewhat difficult to screen from wheat. Introduced from Europe. 396 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. VERVAIN FAMILY. VERBENACEAE. This family of 1,200 species widely distributed in temperate and warm regions is not prominent in M chigan. It includes species of Verbena and Lantana cultivated for ornament and two or three na- tive weeds of little prominence. It isin great contrast with the rose family of the same size, which affords so many prominent fruits and the queen _of flowers, the rose. Fig. 173 (153). Blue Vervain. Verbena hastata L. An erect, roughish perennial, 30-200 cm. high; leaves rather narrow, taper-pointed; spikes: of flowers narrow, erect;. flowers violet-blue. At home in low mucky ground, A native plant, Fig. 174. Hoary Vervain. Verbena stricta Vent. An erect, downy perennial, 30-90 cm. high; stem four-sided; leaves sessile, obovate or oblong, serrate; spikes thick; flowers purple. A weed in the prairie regions of the state; introduced from the west, "A 397 Be. . ae ; 1 _ BS. U7 (154).7 . - __, Nettle-leaved Vervain. Verbena urticaefolia L. Perennial, usually pubescent, : em erect, four-sided; 90-150 cm. high; leaves ovate, or oblong-ovate, coarsely serrate; = spikes narrow, interrupted, becoming, 10-15 cm. long; flowers very small, white. Na- a _ tive to low land, hybridizing with Verbena hastata, V. bracteosa, V. stricta. ; vi Se. ae : - ny ; | = ea : 398 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. ‘ e MINT FAMILY. LABIATAE. A large family of 3,000 species of aromatic herbs or shrubs, having square stems and opposite leaves; flowers irregular, mostly two-lipped; abounding in temperate and tropical regions. Here belong pennyroyal, germander, skullcap. self-heal, dragon heal, sage, motherwort. horehound, peppermint, catnip, hyssop, marjorum, thyme, stone-root, and many -more, often known as sweet herbs. here are some grown for the beauty of their flowers or foliage, a few are weeds, but none are grown in Michi- gan for fruits, vegetables or forage. ms i rin. My (hi . (pw YN , UY SSS ie P) Cui iy Fig. 176 (155). Dead Nettle. Henbit. Lamium amplezxicaule L. Annual‘or biennial, slightly pubescent; stems slender, weak, spreading, 15-30 cm. high; leaves nearly circular in outline, deeply lobed or toothed; flowers in clusters, corolla, red or purplish. Introduced from Europe and a bad weed in cool weather, dying in hot weather. - MICHIGAN WEEDS. 399 - ; \ ) We oD fi) | \ 8 LW WZ ff, 1 ‘ ay I) Arg ? \ - We | Ae Ny af wig ALIS > Ny i) Aare cE eu 7 4. . — = Wy we ' SN Fig. 177 (156). Motherwort. Leonurus Cardiaca L. A rather stout, erect perennial, 60-120 cm. high; leaves with long stems, the blades broad, 3-5 cleft; corolla pink or purple. In waste places, introduced from Europe. 400 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. Cileid, \ i Z NEE \ "4 p AS aay el t x Wik, t 7 a a ty, Cae, Fig. 178 (157). _Hoarhound. Marrubium vulgare L. A bitter, whitish-woolly perennial, 30-90 cm. high; leaves veined, circular to oval; densely many-flowered, corolla small, white. Antroduced from Europe, and thrives in waste places where plants are protected all winter by snow. _ Fig. 179 (158). ip. Catmint. Nepeta Cataria L. y, erect, pale green perennial, 60-90 h; leaves heart-shaped, oblong, deeply . ; corolla whitish, dotted with purple. her shy weed making little or no trouble. uced from Europe. MICHIGAN WEEDS. 401 Fig. 180 (159). Self-heal. Heal-all. Blue-curls. Pru- nella vulgaris L. Hairy or smooth, perennial, often procumbent, 15-40 cm. high; leaves ovate-oblong, entire or toothed; corolla violet, purple or white. Waste places, especially in thin lawns, old meadows and pastures. Introduced from Europe. 402 EXPERIMENT STATION BOLLETIN. POTATO FAMILY. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. SOLANACEAE. Herbs or shrubs, foliage rank scented, fruit ranging from very poisonous to edible berries; prom- inent in the tropics, about 1,600 of them. Here are found the potato, tomato, ground cherry, tobacco, petunia, Jimson weed, henbane, matrimony vine, bittersweet, horse nettle, buffalo bur, apple-of-Peru. \\' y (== We wit "| i My il / My ERO Li: Je) i\ Nal i \ { ) IN {ia : di ie My ne Ze \y AZ EE = RW <= —— | A Vo OO “SSS : \\ eS SS | \\ \yy \\ \\y WS 4 | : y ¥ AA My hi : | \w? i “Ss SOY ily Vf ANY \ Fig. 181 (160). Jimson Weed. Thorn Apple. Datura Stramonium L. A coarse, narcotic, poisonous, annual, 30-150 cm, high, stems green; corolla white, funnel form, 7-10 cm. high; capsules ovoid, stiff, prickly, about 5cm. long. | In waste places; introduced from Europe. Fig. 182 (161). Purple Jimson Weed. Purple Thorn Apple. Datura Tatula L. A coarse, narcotic , poisonous, annual, 30-150 cm. high, stem purple; corolla pale violet-purple, funnel-form, 7-10 cm. high; capsules ovoid, stiff, prickly; very nearly like D. stramonium excepting the stems are purple. (The differ- ences being mainly those of color, the same illustration is made to serve for both). Naturatized from™lcurope, waste places. eee MICHIGAN WEEDS. | 403 ws ‘f ( i 4 4 WA a. ' ‘Fig. 183. _Apple-of-Peru. Nicandra Physalodes (L.) Pers. Oates physalodes (L.) Brit- ' a An erect, coarse, smooth annual, 60-150 cm. high; stem angled; leaves ovate, othed, narrowed at the base; calyx enlarged, bladder-like in fruit, enclosing a spher- ical, dry berry; corolla bell shaped, white with purple spots. Calyx like that of _Physalis, leaves like those of Datura. Waste places, introduced from Peru. 404 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. hiss \\. ( ly Fig. 184 (163). Black Nightshade. Solanum nigrum I. Usually smooth, branching and _ spreading, annual, stem rough on the angles, 30-45 cm. high; leaves ovate, wavy-toothed, more or less- unequal sided; flowers white; berries spherical, black, appearing as if introduced. : Very extensively distributed as a weed. The berries make good pies; not poisonous when fully ripe. \ \ WW \\Y uN \ . WD i I iH Ui ( hi Ui fly y it ; WN \\ i, : Vy $ YK WN \ Fig. 185 (162). ~ Horse Nettle. Apple of Sodom. Solanwm Carolinense L. Perennial, rough-pubescent with four-eight-pronged hairs, and stout yellow prickles, erect, 30-120 cm. high coming from numerous deep wandering roots; leaves some- what resembling those of red oak; berry 1-1.5 em. broad. Sandy soil and waste grounds, coming from the southwest. MICHIGAN WEEDS. 405 FIGWORT FAMILY. SCROPHULARIACEAE. A large family of seed plants consisting of 2,500 species most abundant in temperate regions. Its botanical peculiarities on one side shade off into the potato family and on the otherinto the mint family. A remarkably small number of plants are distinguished for economic qualities. A few are orna- mental, a few are weeds; there is not a ‘fruit,’ ‘‘vegetable” or forage plant in the list. Za bg 3 WZ” pa 7 Sy " . “lly Ly PI QHIYEL SF 8 BN ( Fig. 186 (164). Beaked Nightshade. Solanum rostratum Dunal. A very prickly, bushy, yellowish, annual, 30-60 cm. high; leaves pinnately-lobed; calyx densely prickly; corolla yellow; fruit a formidable, spiny bur, about 3 cm.in diameter. Waste places, hailing from the south and west, where it was the original food of the famous potato beetle. (Fig. 186 belongs to Nightshade family.) 17 Fig. 187 (165). Butter and Eggs. Toadflax. Linaria vulgaris Hill. (Linaria Linaria (L.) Karst.) A pale green, erect perennial, 30-90 cm. high, spreading by slender underground stems; leaves very mumerous, very narrow; flowers light yaw and dark orange having a spur at the ase Naturalized from Europe and widely dis- tributed as a weed in temperate regions. 406 EXPERIMENT Fig. 188 (166). Moth Mullein. Verbascum Blattaria L. Biennial, stems slender, erect, branching but little, 60-120 cm. high, smooth or sparingly covered with glandular hairs; leaves rather narrow; raceme loose, simple, long; corolla yellow or white. A bad weed in old grass land or along road sides. Introduced from Europe. STATION BULLETIN. c Shy . NIN 4 YY’ Mf oe a 2 w & ys | ae | i Mw) 4 Fig. 189 (166). Common Mullein. Velvet-leaved Mul- lein. Verbascum Thapsus L. Biennial, densely woolly throughout, stem simple, erect stout, 30-200 cm. high; leaves oblong, extending down the stem (decurrent); flowers yellow in a very long dense spike. » Introduced from Europe and widely dis- persed especially on land recently cleared and in old pastures. (4 MICHIGAN WEEDS. 407 Fig. 190 (167). Corn Speedwell. Wall Speedwell. Ver- onica arvensis L. Annual, pubescent, simple or branched, 5-40 cm. high; lower leaves petioled, oval, the upper sessile narrow, entire; corolla blue or nearly white. Cultivated grounds, in old thin grass land Naturalized from Europe. AA , ae i a | | . SS wh NA f A. WW = LA > ~ & | LERy Fig. 191 (168). Common Speedwell. Veronica officinalis L. A prostrate, pubescent perennial, spreading by stems rooting at the joints, 7-25 cm. high; leaves oblong, petioled, serrate; racemes narrow, densely flowered; corolla pale blue. : ue fields and woods, probably a native plant. 408 EXPERIMENT Fig. 192 (169). Neckweed. Purselane Speedwell. Ver- onica peregrina L. Annual, erect, smooth or slightly glandular, 10-30 cm. high; lowest leaves petioled, blades oblong, thickish, the upper leaves sessile, white. Common as a weed in cultivated ground. Apparently introduced from Europe. STATION BULLETIN. Fig. 193 (170). Thyme-leaved Speedwell. Veronica ser- pyllifolia L. Perennial, nearly smooth, creep- ing, much branched, 5-20 cm. high; leaves all opposite and petioled, ovate; raceme loose, corolla whitish or pale blue with deeper stripes. Native and introduced. i. oi MICHIGAN WEEDS. 409 PLANTAIN FAMILY, PLANTAGINACEAE. A small family of herbarious plants, consisting of 200 species, in our region conspicuous fora number of weeds. One of the peculiarities_of the dry fruit in this; when mature it opens all round with a trans- verse seam. cul ae sO “a Y .S SHAY 2 i / Fig. 194 (171). Sand Plantain. Plantago arenariaW. & K. A pubescent and somewhat viscid annual; leaves 60-30 cm. high; narrow, opposite or whorled; pod one-seeded. Found at Harrisville, introduced with clover seed, originally from Central Europe. C2 - CO ts Ey ~ Speed oe Raa SUT OR J SA. S ~ hog ‘ Gales a"* d S59 he Sate. SS ee Fig. 195 (172). Large-bracted Plantain. Plantago aristata Michx. A dark green annual, usually hairy, 15-30 cm. high; leaves narrow, entire, often three-ribbed; spikes dense, 4-12 cm. long. Often introduced from the west with clover seed; so far not usually spreading in Michigan. 410 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. Fig. 196 (173). Rib-grass. Narrow-leaved Plantain. Buckhorn. Plantago lanceolata L. Mostly perennial, more or less hairy, 30-50 cm. high; leaves narrow, 3-5 ribbed, ob- long-lanceolate, entire. , : Naturalized from Europe, one of our very worst weeds, as its seeds cannot be readily separated from seeds of red clover; and it springs up very quickly after the lawn mower, becoming very unsightly. > . er A yr \ MICHIGAN WEEDS. 411 ng ‘ \ HON. \ ee ( iw \y'\ f Fig. 197 (175). Rugel’s Broad-leaved Plantain. Plantago Rugelit Decne. Leaves thinner, always crim- son at base, spikes thin, 30-60 cm. high. This species has invaded fields of the farm and become a serious pest; often found in seeds of red clover, a native to some portions of our - country. =i ) \WK\S \\ XA " tA Ren 4 2 i} PLAS. ue = etn SS PSS >” = C4 4H 47 Ty Fig. 198 (174). Broad-leaved Plantain. Plantago major L. Perennial, smooth or hairy, 15-90 cm. high; leaves light green, 3-11-ribbed, base of all leaves without tinge of crimson. Possibly a native of some region of North America. Not a vigorous weed in Michigan. 412 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. MADDER\FAMILY. RUBIACEAE. An immense family of 5,500 species of wide geographical distribution, abundant in tropical_regions The coffee plant belongs here, Partridge berry, Bed Straw, Button Bush. One weed is noticed. Here are a few of the common names applied to species of Galium: Cleavers, Goose-grass, Bushead Clover-grass, Cling-rascal. “he F : Ain Fig. 199. Fig. 200. Fig. 201. Fig. 199. Galium asprellum Michx. Fig. 200. G. circaezans, G. lanceolatum, G. pilosum, G. trifidum, G. boreale. Fig. 200a (176). Blue Field Madder. Sherardia arvensis L. Through an oversight no drawing of 200a was prepared. A slender, tufted, roughish, prostrate plant, 7-25 cm. high; leaves in fours and sixes, narrow; fruit crowned with the 4-6, calyx teeth. Introduced into this country from Europe and spreading with clover seed. Fig. 201. Sweethearts. Galium Aparine L. Annual, weak, climbing over plants, by means of stout, recurved prickles on the stems, 60-150 cm. high; leaves in sixes and eights, narrow, in 1-3-flowered clusters; fruit densely covered with sharp hooked bristles. Widely distributed under some 70 common names; probably introduced from Europe. A considerable number of other species of Galium, such as G. lanceolatum, G. ptilosum, G. trifidum G. boreale, ot ty natives grown in woods become a pest to sheep, if allowed to roam about in late mmer and autumn. MICHIGAN WEEDS. 413 TEASEL FAMILY. DIPSACACEAE. A very small family of coarse herbs consisting of only 140 species. Natives of the old world. Species of scabious are grown for ornament. The fuller’s teasel is grown for the purpose of placing the ripened headsjwith their stiff-hooked prickles in revolvy- ing frames to produce nap on cloth. fy < ae a Ss = er : _Common Teasel. Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. A coarse, prickly biennial, 60-180 cm. high moe sessile, opposite; heads 7-10 cm. long; flowers lilacin color. Waste places rom Europe. Fig. 202 (177). 414 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. THE THISTLE FAMILY. THE ASTER FAMILY. COMPOSITE FAMILY. COMPOSITAE. This includes the Chicory Family and the Ragweed Family, sometimes considered as distinct from the Compositae. Botanically this family ranks highest of any. In the most comprehensive sense this immense family of seed plants consists of 11,450 species—much the largest of all. The flowers are produced in heads; the anthers are united into a tube which surrounds the style; there is only one seed to a flower. Here are found large numbers of showy flowers in cultivation, such as asters, dahlias, chrysanthe- mums and the largest contributions to the weeds of any family. To the vegetable garden-the best it can do is to furnish lettuce, endive, chickory, artichokes, sunflowers. It does not furnish a single plant of importance for meadows or pastures possibly excepting yarrow, which takes alow rank for _ meadow, pasture and lawn. Fig. 203 (178). Yarrow. Milfoil. Achillea Millefolium L. Stems simple, slightly woolly, perennial from horizontal rootstocks, 30-60 cm. high; leaves many times finely dissected into almost thread like pieces; heads numerous, small, in a flat- topped cluster, ray flowers white or pink. It seems to be native to this country as well as native to Europe. WwW hee Sp Nie Fig. 204. Biennial Wormwood. Ariemisia biennis Willd. An erect, smooth, biennial, 30-120 cm. high: leaves divided; heads crowded in short spikes, very numerous, about 3 mm. broad. Introduced into moist ground from the west. MICHIGAN Fig. 205 (179). Bogweed. Hogweed. Ambrosia artemisii- folia A hairy, much branched, very variable annual, 30-180 cm. high; leaves thin, cut lobed; racemes of the male flowers very numerous, ae heads clustered above the base of the eaves. WEEDS. 415 Fig. 206 (180). Great Ragweed. King Head. Ambrosia trifida L. A rough or nearly smooth, branched annual, 1-6 m. high; leaves deeply 3-5-lobed; racemes of male heads 4-20 cm. long, female heads clustered above the leaves. 416 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN “ws Fig. 207 (181). Corn Camomile. Anthemis arvensis IL. Usually annual, not strong scented, finely pubescent, much branched, about 30 cm. high; leaves sessile, on or twice cut lobed; heads usually num i 3-4 cm. broad; the ray flowers white. Fig. 208 (182). May-weed. Dog-fennel. Anthemis Cotula L. Annual, ill smelling, much_ branched, sometimes pubescent, 30-60 cm. high; leaves finely dissected; heads numerous, about 25 cm. broad, rays white. —_ £ MICHIGAN WEEDS. 417 7 ZS SE |B A Nee , tN ‘ > i a) hi \ ys f(t.’ * \\ ety Wit’ {/ if i Fig. 209 (183). Great Burdock. Arctium Lappa L. A large, fine-wooly, coarse, biennial, 1-2 m. high; leaves large mostly heart shaped; heads clustered, 3-5 cm. broad, the outside scales hooked at the top making a formidable bur; flowers purple. ; So far as the writer has observed, there are no plants of this species in the state, the following species having heretofore passed for this one. Introduced from Europe. 418 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN N \\ : uy ue" \ wS N le Zs 4 a Me y N ) \ i Ky Za (( it M (Ny \N | m) : } Y Wy) \ \". a ( in enn Liy Nyy SU WES ws y Be K \y A {i tl } UW = Vay ine y, x = =~ . (] = oo ! = fd] We So S ° GE} Nt Bae WS i a 4 7) ln eZ Z Z EZ F,l yes RY . N Ss = SS > \ Sint - WO) WSS ES SM my Ny i EN ¥ S WT ye \y A \ Fig. 210 (183). Common Burdock. Arctium minus Bernh. A large, fine-wooly, coarse, biennial, 1-2 m. high; leaves mostly heart shaped; heads clustered, 1.5-3 em. broad, bracts hooked at the apex; flowers purple; abundant in certain portions of the state. MICHIGAN WEEDS. 419 Fig. 211. Fig. 212 (185). Western Tickseed. Bidens aristosa (Mich.) Stick-tight. Nodding Bur. Marigold. Britton. Annual or biennial, much branched, Bidens cernua L. Erect, branched, smooth or more or less pubescent, 30-90 cm. high; leaves rough, annual, 20-70 cm. high; leaves narrow, thin, lobes narrow; heads numerous, ray flowers clasping the stem at the base; heads globose, 6-9, showy; achenes flat, upwardly ciliate nodding; ray flowers yellow, 6-10 or more. bearing two parallel teeth. A native found in swamps and wet land. 420 Fig. 213. Leafy-bracted Tickseed. Bidens comosa (A. Gray) Wiegand. A smooth, straw colored annual, 15-120 em. high; leaves narrow, not comp ound; heads few, large; ray flowers want- ing; achenes about 1 cm. long, nearly smooth, awns, three-barbed downward. A native, growing in wet soil. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. Fig. 214 (186). Purple-stemmed Swamp Beggar-ticks. Bidens connata Muhl. A_ smooth, purple, erect, much-branched annual, 15-200 cm. high; leaves narrow; ray flowers none or small. MICHIGAN WEEDS. Fig. 215 (187). Beggar Ticks. Stick-tight. Bidens frondosa IL. An _ erect, branched, mostly smooth, annual, 60-250 cm. high; leaves thin, S-5 divided, the sections narrow; rays none; achenes flat, oval, the two slender awns barbe downward. Damp soil. i 21 Fig. 216 (188). Star Thistle. Centaurea solstitialis L. A straggling plant, gray, with loose wooly hairs, 30-50 cm. high; stem leaves small, narrow, each with one margin growing down the stem; heads about 1.5 cm. broad, some of the stout spiny scales yellow, spreading, 12-18 mm. long. 421 422 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. Fig. 217 (189). Ox-eye Daisy. Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum pinnatifidum Lecoq and Lamotte. Stem erect, branching but iittle, 30-50 cm. high, perennial from spreading rootstocks; lower leaves mostly spatulate, stem leaves partly clasping; heads 4-6 cm. broad, with 20-30 white rays. Not yet very common in Michigan. 423 MICHIGAN WEEDS ‘\\ Oey) \ a .—=* => a3 Fig. 218 (190). Cichorium Intybus L. Whole plant pervaded by milky 1 juice; stem stiff, rough, much branched perenniai, 20-90 cm. high, from a long, deep top-root; leaves long, narrow, variable; heads numerous; flowers bright blue. Sometimes cultivated for use of the roots Chicory. Blue Sailors. coffee. aste places, introduced from Europe. as a substitute for coffee or to mix wit 204 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. ee, i} 4 % 4 Gs ki Rig po See EN, Jae x SDN CFF de gs Wry AY, ‘ hy a jj LOIS. Fig. 219 (191). Canada Thistle. Cirsitwm arvense (L.) Scop. (Carduus arvensis (L.) Robs.) A slender, nearly smooth perennial, 30-90 cm. high from extensively creeping rootstocks; leaves narrow, the margins bending irregularly up and down, backward and forward, each lobe always terminating in a sharp sti oint; flowers rose purple or whitish; scales of the heads not bristly pointed; each seed as it grows usually produces a male — or a female plant; by rootstocks a half acre or more is often the result of a single seed. P 7 ia. MICHIGAN WEEDS. 425 1, |) Wot > NN aly My a Wet MAGE ee ELLE a Fig. 220 (192). Common or Bull Thistle. Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Hill. (Carduus lanceolatus L.) A stout, woolly, branched biennial, 90-150 cm. high; leaves variably lobed, extending down the stem (decurrent), everywhere each wavy lobe:terminates in a formidable prickle; heads large, mostly solitary, the scales of the involucre each terminating in a bristly prickle. 426 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. Fig. 221 (194). Fire-weed. LErechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. Annual, mostly smooth, erect, coarse, homely plants with a rank smell, 30-180 cm. high; leaves narrow, varia able. A native plant, springing up in recently burned clearings and where low land has been cultivated. Sometimes harvested in quantities and distilled for the oil. MICHIGAN Fig. 222 (196). Daisy Fleabane Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. A rather slender, erect, leafy biennial, 20-150 cm. high, beset with spreading hairs, lower leaves ovate, mostly obtuse, coarsely _ toothed, upper narrower, sharply toothed, mar- ginal flowers very numerous, white or tinged with purple. Study well and com-pare with Erigeron ramosus. The achenes are so nearly like those of £. ramosus that it did not seem worth while to make drawings of the species. A native weed; especially abundant in thin grass land. WEEDS. 427 Fig. 223 (196). Daisy Fleabane. LErigeron ramosus (Walt.) B. S. P. Slender, erect, biennial, pubescence closely appressed, 60-150 cm. high; stem- leaves narrow, mostly entire, closely resembles E. annus with which carefully compare; found together in similar places, though this species likes sandy and gravelly soil. Stem smaller and more simple than the preceding, with smaller heads but longer rays. 428 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. Fig. 224 (195). Horse-weed. Mare’s-tail. A Fleabane. Erigeron canadensis L. (Leptilon canadense (L.) Britton.) Erect, bristly-hairy, 60-270 cm. high; leaves very numerous,, very nar- row; heads very numerous, bearing very short rays on the margins. A native plant now of wide distribution at home and abroad: aste places,“common and abundant. Sometimes cut and distilled for the oil. MICHIGAN WEEDS. 429 Fig. 225 (198). Low Cudweed. Gnaphalium uliginosum L. Annual, much branched from the base, covered all over with appressed wool, 5-30 cm. high; leaves narrow, spatulate; heads smallin clusters, bracts brownish. Fig. 226 (197). Sweet Life Everlasting. Gnaphalium Pee Michx. (G. obtusifolium L.) rect, annual or winter annual, fragrant, fine, woolly, 30-70 cm. high; leaves narrow, heads small, numerous, the bracts on the outside whitish, thin, paper-like (scarious). 430 EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN. Sah Z rT =" q oy Nadi ‘Y | i | 1 MM, { = \ ql 1 Ans 3 sid Shee BMG: Mi. \\ =~ y Ny i. i an in “ : (fe / Uh Aa i Hy Uirom| Fig. 227 (199). Fig. 228 (202). Broad-leaved Gum-plant. Tar-weed. Elecampane. Jnula Helenium Is Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal. Perennial coarse, stout, erect, pubescent perennial, 60-180 or biennial, smooth, erect, 20-60 cm. high; cm. high; lower leaves ovate, petioled, 20-45 leaves narrow; often spatulate, base more or em. long, the upper partly clasping; ray flowers less clasping; bracts of the involucre strongly yellow, numerous. spreading, very glutinous, flowers yellow, native in the west, introduced with seeds of clover and grasses. MICHIGAN WEEDS. 431 a BN SS QQ NS SS RAO VA *S q \\ 8 ‘ LN \ Ss \ \ YI Zo PEA of SE SQ sg a Qe F SS" = Sse = N am ae) load losieuehd ae ieldit dhs Ras oe, SORES 432 Hirsute, clothed with rather numerous long coarse hairs, harsher than pubescent and less harsh than hispid. : Hispid, bristly. LE SLE PLD, 3 hn SiG Ono cree ERC A) COUPE ONCEE OER ea aE NM aI 2 ai ne a a gr IF 400 TEL. 2) AU SSSUETT, 5c GARR Reeaene Brel CREURES Bast Gis ECMO APTA, PRR | ke Ager ME Ca Oro an a ee We age 344 SEES DD EIVESIS geo Blo SRA ISS ca er EE ICH Nar cP Mtr Sees a a OR God ne en OEE ot 351 ELT LI TEDL Ow hate AR efele ecrceeten cee eee hcreers Macy Settee eats Pr A IV A oR eS pe ee ee 396 TELL PEA UET 2 5 5:6 ole RR ereiere Sica, Gay Geren RARE ost Nei ole ai Sees ee ce 298 USL PETTS BE 5 on Sig GOR CUB gs CEM eG Ne ereirty hI ) CERT NE cE REN ah ni EL kan a ty EYES 8 415 SEI nt ee Aas ey Pe gia Peet Pc oe Wi a neta eS eee dp OS, as why uate oo eaers olay views Gi ple 367, 368 I PE Ste) SoS A ars Tn Near 2 Sh as ent ON 7 aeons te es oy EN a er os ue Onn 404 2 SES TIBEG!. OS Glee: GU GREE Ce Rv ge ORS Sn Oe Sate, Ok, SO RD eR Se See ae ess SAL r 428 EEE a Ny Neer BUA Sa ied RN aes Oe ged tile, SUAS Na 3 a olivann ce chy oko Maeawe ns Oe 394 RENN wh ada nyo) es SC hee Soh at chee, she oes PERMA RS ately o) eRe Bld oeeteoe bs 382 TREES Be 89a yf.) 5 OE 2 te EN ne Pay 5 ian sce bean ame (aie WA wy Cbs oceania, Means aelichians ares 329 PTR ch LN NN cies 8 Tat RI ERAS Gab chasis yah aR NGS fale Sens ori) e bets mlsSinad OMe tone ate gs bala 329 7 ELEN es 3 SS pn olga a A ar et eG too ee cc a eee ae 388 EE SESE ut 2 gS SRS See oR ae end ar et ee a reo Oe TS eS om, 345 EE wr on er, ee sr) BS RN a ia oy re RN Sins ee aa ote uw. calc la a ties Ree Same Oe 430 RISERS LS 0 SURE ON Pe OO ee ee a es ee eee area ee, ete ee MO ear 365 452 “INDEX. — Page Jerusalem artichoke . 5.654059 jie storm wane ele ele opis een mene nara ca dew rah i ert te eee o> Aad TeriisalervaOa ke elses oo eave ale oce ve where Gn Seen ta lel ales Awl tle b UEE elle eee Davee RETO (eles ee 319 JAMISON WEE sag eee soe ub eve hoc Were ehsey Boil “eh we LS font Be, Sewuetianee ise Reet Go ents eases mee erie eee nan 402 FUMCACCHS ee a Se a Ss eG Re reine eer enn ee 304 bi a herr A AG IN Gens oa or bobbaca aot... 304 DUMIC-OTASS ooo ean ie sie ess oA ow nsec w en bg loses ela wih oer mie eile BG. oe ka wm See ple ee te cee nae 300 ~ Kentucky bluegrass......=.... are eee aC Ler AHA lint wie ae 300 Wing Read 6... oe ee 5 ak dyes wince wee Bewibue tials wheels Sake, no sls. © 2 ces es Ene ee 415 Terawel kc Talk a ee eg Beet ete ero RTE RCO Rite ee eee a ee 329 FENOE-2TBSS 6 Cs ches 0. Fi aig 5d inle min Mi lnomleiia ne Rel yelcoim fete ue ales ms eee eae eeike aM iota. ee ea 306 TROL WEG os oon aisgiisisa a '0.le ord alsa ocle nisi bn ta Coors yar Vania te bape atsal oyiey fe = e\fep 90h fw ratte telly" vn fo atte OS Pe RST an ae a ro eC eee he eae ee 329 iD NC te nee eh rn a rig reco Oa odo kodmbacless lk: 398 1 DC We) Hb (os ee en ee ie Ana a a EET AC Oo Gietsa coed 07-5 434 Piel SMe Me eCaNy sein als ain erie wn) oy imine ened eae a aee Sanne te eg belts gist ee ale vgs mee adie 9) e oe 391 TaGy’S: PHUMID Tbe oe oe ceie + Seale 6 bie weit sein ole may Ale ig ms nce ST peel lathe ote glade) enone en 309 WHAM’ S UA THONS) sq wie Ao: woos 6 & wpuile, po locjone syismete da oe geese ope ete atte] lee ony petted ee Mee ok 318 i OC cau) 0400 Pe a eo er UE iy Mes aun IMRT eM GE tN GG cigls sos o.d coc 2! 398 THA D=LOVE 8 iia 0 din a Fes 6 vio tb woke whale nel ad isterisy al is tel ee letena: Je) olay enebalistialtetailep totems toe et ams cceai sites aa a 390 LESH COU eat MALEK cate aeeticlicn See yee oc J oiie abe tees’ aie M4 las-al'eh ofianainas a, yeuaalleo)/e) Nets Rowsle leue ad Ais aeNe tae eae 394, 395 Large-bracted plantain........... tab ele Apolo anh SoM mae uw She Sle Wala ee ue ine Dee ee en 409 WiaTee CraDaerass ie ate pte metic at a coe a 400 1 K-06: 1-0 ora S aR MOUAM Ee en Sete Ne aR RES Ses tne EEE clots 362 Melts oo oib5 s ac5 Weed ake 6 Terk De ate Bee wae howe hn aU RU GL td POOR ET RE TES ger chek wrasse Ch Se ese 363 Merecury,, three-Seedend 00 oes Se hee ee a re Sore) Cad RE Neh ae ait a ts) Gea wat ac a 371 1 =>. 4c) 0 (t,o ere ene ane Ron aneL nr el in Aa MOr acl is hh Seni Pir EPO SOC Goes 318 Milford tk Syd. otal coon Fee RO RoR Sat eins er cM eetearccodt, Week. eer 414 m. m. millimeter, see ruled lines on last page. Milkweed family. ovis sis va aie 0.8 cae bie ee cogearReeeks We ee wr at Bnet SUSUR RU 70) wile nel Si @PAC Slims Siena or Rae ne ae 389 Mint family ss oi 0 cia a vcheec suka ale Cn ere el Bheceie lo Ween) tte tre nee CUM ee sire at cc 378 ONO gic. gash Wao SiG acerd ere ee. Sean ioliarte dvs Jatoy “ol a te ce UNG Rem na Re a FORCE ct 329 MMC Y WOLKE S oc ve bg ee eh eee hee. © v reelecee: bn MES orca ra fe lie Sree cut et ote ana EO Oe 387 Morming-glory family ss oo oss wie evel a Se oi vapten SRC oe Oe Remon gw es RAG Shoei: Oe ane Te abs at a eee 390 MOSSY ‘STOMECTOP 6.0 ei H5. 25 aoe bis a Wk Bo Sow a hlipla. WUE a MEAor de Mule cneie me ere OURO Eee eto Re a ae 356 INDEX. 453 Page a PA OS Sn ee Pee Ble aa eae we a ht bs ten eee WS Gy dele 406 St) eS a ale arse cra a mS im ow oe Rave 3 valde nabs wpe an wa 399 ER acre oe Me a te Pea a Ga“ hecdt Ema 2 age Rinceed nlp pcm 331 NG ERS. eof evel as Se nk re Owe qa Bee clea s seen Spee +s 394 Ae Sn Sa on 'a' wi Sis ps. 00 aa say Sie i= a rece o!0 fae a anid ez ew iage wp cies ee 406 es ES elas we sear De ke mya is a we alae bw Wid Sleia'= t48 ale is aks aes n4d 384 Cw te ote wm ww A we eh Winln en wt ps) simle eee s Sie re mens dw ie 349, 354 ca a a ns ie wees ei de hw nee aie a dwelt ele aw nemara’ we 353 ; ia ed ro ae pon bc occ c wes bencbe¥lssisnsgee es 346 se 5s hs woo ns oe ee ee os Th astorgtbas elses pe Pn: Se eee eon EE 343 a a ae ae en eee en nee ee ne 348 RN a igs a atte cic wpednly x rood See: SW ae Wain ide S oe kiclnie ass = Ra 286 Ee Sec ne, Sk Pain a dot Steed Sala ps six spe wm SS s Eye digas aye syeies 345 eae een nc a clip gd Bind ao ep alee an «Sb Sle Mie 6 eX wets. 353 ee eg os fe ie oet a) Ba ahd oc cee onesie wie iaveaie*s wwpdle cia edges cae 312 Rh Soe 0 oo 3 oe ic Sed sy et ivi we w+. n we Se cS A ale cme es Koln 410 ek ce ath om oon GE Seed aed or uta a bow Siecle nl nied & eece 408 a cs ar Fo cite oem Pilg oe ww Koes diece ee eae wad wide de DB die ces 401 ar weniath i agcnle a cag w ww ear eek ww ass caete ce aeneme nee 353 Sa I Ss eg eer eR ee 305 me Re ee Se aie ee ee er eee 397 ete ahd Sacer e wlan Coes baw ciceh ncn a Gees wl aes a 403 OC Ree eS a yal a rand oe kw ew ek 5 eee nee 2 ASE Sate ns Sie Sy ws 336 cS I eS ee i eee eee ee 402 Dies ca Sie SR ays a wm wi = l= 6 we ow ee Cw Ses ewe eee Re 419 CSRs ta ciaic ws» oc: ce SS AAS bh Ae on Ea See, Sea er ee ee es eee 362 ee 2 5 Nutlet, a small nut or nut-like seed or fruit as many achenia. Ee el ee ey AS ess oF nis Poe Dee mae elem ann n. « BOO Oblanceolate, lanceolate in form, but tapering toward the base more than toward the apex. Oblong, longer than wide with nearly parallel sides; compare oval. Obovate, a flat body broader toward the apex than the base; see ovate. Obovoid, a solid body broader toward the apex than the base. See ovoid. Obtuse, having end or apex blunt. ee co aya eat e ccd ele Min wn Oho wh meen oleate ww od mje eptands 383 PS SU ons sd al = wh aah tees id ewes wale Vials ee bale Sats din pee od 299 _ Omagraceae....... Rae a pn 8 Aaa Siew ims Sy a2 SiRinti a» Somme 6m wn aS 383 0 a Rs er sar eal = Sv edie aos. k iden, JS = als wa Ee Ue A eo nes 316 ee SAO, i A en nos aa a gina Sale cd woe w wierd Wane da eng eae sei 356 Oval, about twice as long as broad with regular curved outlines, broadly elliptical. Ovate, like a longitudinal section of an ordinary hen’s egg, with the attachment if any at the broad end. Ovoid, the shape of a hen’s egg and attached, if at all, at the large end. Eee te So ya ajc Me gis card obo iw ane ala We eS apes ow deh 303 ES ae ce a ee ee ee ee eee 369 le Se, So en ae SG alee Wik wie ors g blew baw Wek eos wae Swe emi 6 alee Eieim Boma oS bbw a Sin a Dao als wre bin Hist Kno 2G sh ile onan eed sammie =sye Gee 328 eG ca ce miwiele dale we nts Sav cla tne e bn Ss odes oman. <% 443 Palea, Palet, the upper bract which with floral glume encloses the flower in grasses. ey sb Nara oan ol bata pete tan CeCe ee ie ofa pdb Wein ereds oe 308 a wage R wae tems eneeeuesVenedeulecsa setae 341 en es ice wd ine Be a piginiee awk wane na dvi dm oo ements 342 ee oe a a dg Krew a hae RO deW ewe Sehkewew nee eho wpe wcls 342 Sn Lee oo 2c id a biweais ie «ma ou mide wba © oibpone ould eb njete & ere es 299 oo Se a biepe Pua tre A ete nie ks DEED Ana eveleine 297 a nn wend vn a ue did wend e wis eemdn cide ot 295 SD chy Saun dawwe WS Wee won ee'p etn 291 Parasite, a plant which grows upon or within another living body, from which it derives a part or whole of its nourishment; compare saprophyte. Ne en cue vo dwicrols chacugmeveuwes boumneaams asimawme 384 er oo be ce tn cece ecns Po Sos eRe eee ire Ry eee fate eee 386 Cee bec cw cucesececvivccecuwecceuccveccewnedanss 315 Pellucid, translucent. 454 INDEX. Page Pennsylvania PeCISicaTiai. iis via's°s 3, ss ola bes lace eleven Bie ie ea oa. le "ese es sees cee 308 PONY ‘CLESS ois a6 0S 5 64 eae ese le bie 00S elalere Wid asla ls FeV at LTA pe ce eae ese et EE SoD IQiih ah.) ee ee i tN Ae SU ER 398 PEW ST=LTASS es: 6c colvalieyt inca vayle sa Scout Brea teal ce R REN 2 Naito s ach ease es oa rr -o00, Boleros Petiole, the stem of a leaf. Physalodes:. . 3: s.ayse 6. ay net elave Wie oela' eM tule Sa. a “a les-anb, © Gseviad arial Sony See, SURtads Be oi cr 403 PHY POACCA oa ss odes Picts Sven: Beek Chae Sees op dies ater Sau tanhe, A vSae Pe, coe Ree eer 327 Pigeon BELLY. 54 os here ble eee ale ww ee % pose ow beso ove ace Mee bce el linea see oe ne ear 327 PIGEON STASS Ss le aie ee 2 esha aj we ess 2 Se gie ble eterleie tie wlalele love @ secrete ett Susans etn 302 PIP WEG 83) ck 20 oie Bek aaa Beads ells, 9 See M RA SUN cone ae gn a 317, 318; 319 ,s620;8S20 aoe Pimbe Pay yale eck a % ele vayld aslo tete ed's is aile eo pisses oe nselw fe ocd) es athe le be ws tye Soe ee teceure rrr 330 Pinnatifid, pinnately veined with marginal divisions reaching about half way to the mid-rib. Placenta, a part of the ovary to which the ovules or seeds are attached. PlantagwiMaCede soi. se kd aie ar ole le eile le lente leleca te dlp sods de! ls Spiele eOn lentpeile Se leulta ly taieen Ue errr 409 PlaMGago sss). 2c uhd eek Pane sie hele Paso oleh e Se Den Sales e Oe ean ALOE oy he er 409, 410, 411 PAM EAI. hice Sok od Sek d Pea Dogs DAE a 2 ae Jig toe Rapene eee othe ol ee on tag 409, 410, 411 Plantain: Tami iain. als sells Sees Se kG eww iaare oie elute le ge be ele ethene ee ok ee eee errr 409 POA HATTA: saa is le = letocg eee le Mahan a et eee OG EME me, Re Cs Os a rr 298 POa: COMPTESSA. 56 Ge ee alee wane eo we cee lb Sina e dle bls nub gulps DG etn 300 PO a aPUATCMSIS is \lateds twit tel RC rats cent ta de fe th ease. ook Male Jeet ete etoee ne pen aie, 1a an ove eee 300 POISONMCIGERS soe see hin wi So eB a a lel dite s Malas ule os ee Gee Ae nr ae ee 377 Poison’ Hemlock. ss 5 siete cia said Seb iw oe WIS be Wl Uo Seen Senta te ie ales ce coe 385 DPOISOW EV Y ia oie eee os eos es ans 5 we Ae PAE alee a ae A eee lichul te one gue a rrr 377 POISON SUMACH eo /5 6.4 oie ee ee ae oid ts Saale bas Seal tl ve ota d nai p olneele ble yoo 377 POKEWOEd S oo) 500 es ee ces ss bln Belk Sm wiglave 6 ge SE WUA 6 else ayes eee anele he on Or 327 POlyZOnaCeae@ «x sis e sa) a wie ls wie ak Sw een Aone lalate coal aru's eyes eieiewe 2 le 306 Polygonum aviculare . 303. g 0 eee Ma le bine eB a dda ects S/n 306 Polygonum: Hydropiper. ......¢¢.00se.a5 5 Devas fen Oe cee. Ob oe) ee 307 Polygonum lapathifolium:... 0.0 0.6. 226. at eg be Oe Le ee OS ee 308 Polygonum pénnsylvanicum: 2.3... 05625..0%4. $)a 0 ei en F8 ie 2 ee 305 Polygonum 'Persicaria 0°... Bee ee ees ce. SOL Bae OOO a 309 POD DY 5 sco ie ih id Soe ocd Siw ei es are SUB LA GE 8 oaks Se Oe LENE BASE CERES ore ere ee ee a 312 Poppy familys: saucy oss. cas duc hoes hoe hceae atee eee bielen ie dalle Sikhs Be ete eels ae 441 IPOFCUPING ;:STASS wi i3s Gia ef a Sele ie enon © gis enon Bose Ble, aon ile dee =) sun warp cs ROG a errr rrr 301 POV EULA CE a 8 Shales cat si Benge a EOE lants SSG alleen lovee ae ail terlomadie Bale lo gs 1S Gs ae rrr 338 POtatostanalliyw4 cack eee Ceca dog bev ele lau doe hsonle wile vee gomleleds hin stole 402 PP OES G TA, se a ee ee De LI Ra an ek rr 358, 359 Prickly Lettuce. yee vx cists eejeule se a6 a! stalin la shal, al a aPatanw te oe cola Meee gele ee he tana errr 434 J2UO NaS) (CC i ae an i a an MEME RE Sc 381 Primrose:famuily... 2.0 0 ee Gee kee ae oles din eee Sue dps ene tec, Micaela eee 387 Primulaceae oo Po Pe ee ee oes Ses Tne A Guat Sone nore errr 387 Prostrate, lying flat upon the ground, but not rooting; procumbent; compare creeping. Prostrate amaranth.) sieeve ave bea ye doe See lard te re ao cue ee le Oe rr 324 Pramae las take iets lata Stee lahshat iia ea ete icualalale maohne lel gialec Idiehal ola allel miclin a scialis sae etc at a arc 401 Pubescent, clothed with soft and rather short hairs. Pulse family ic fo hei ic teley On wells aks! Sletareals situ eieia tend tomlin 360 Pump; to: spray: fOr WeedSiic. os) shis Gesie seers gael setae cae slate alot’ so bine lle 286 Purple-:Jimson Weeds...) sis cp eke os A ela elole ond wise eke er ede velalis aaa) e ehehS| ASR AAGIGTRN eee 402 Purple-stemmed swamp-beggar ticks. . 0. ..6.. 062.) 5.0. cee ee eee ee eae one er 420 Purple thorm apples. ccc ccc okie 4 tercaare hie ov sl aelacs biwcsa?el ells os) a bleSo coe ake oh ehsaetehle aa 402 PUTrSelame yo is ee cete a oie SAE ay oe ale Be bie, elie ce Guere Miers Soho ee eae ec elene Sie Miks ont) Sette On CeCe 338 Purselane Speedwell . i204 ces cis oc ele a sale ls as Galles 6) ofecersoe ecb Oe w ee etd ent er 408 PUSS OY: cy Ssie ed Stee Fee al Does co OT eB RhRIS hibits SOS 5) hala sco a oto SL echo 338 Quack OTasss 62. Ne Pheer des NN ih EE hi Hat ead IY he 289 Quackerass, how Spread. v.56 ek ee hoe 6 ie eis eno odd alls ou ol eet att oe le ae) octet eee 284 Quackerass, to Kills ec. fe oe howe akel bel al oie alles al a) ells eto a hates) o lca bollselalish cee lslle/-s tet h eR aaa 284 Quartz, ground and colored for clover/Seed . «2... Sen cee es ce Be ele de ote ce cleene ne ne 282 Rabpit=foOt CLOVE... sks es hide oe ae wb bul wie Wiclicnlevaiiay | dialled Muelaliel a) etetla tees Sills lols) eita ica aa 364 TRAR WEEE. 6 hf criceidaataldie Sunese w alel bya WR aualie da oh eilerore alte peopel seb aeiteircie ofecbec ae cltstnelies at Sy et set ean 415 RAS WO PAT UG ere) Sis td cantons Citue Sree Aa ices aa eee oT Prd, eel dh ene were vehle! eile G:che) 0 fC GUGL te aie ere 414 RAMUNCUMICEACT . oui nincvctshe ane Siceana aie "ad dy Pew eee ew uieuceie Oye clad eleleus erleile 6 see slehc)a:s=ii————i——————————a 339 FRATVUM CUMS: ACTIS Ws v.50) 0s din ses 0 6a lee Ne oie oe Ule bate ecu tele Or taeehe niictatians tp Yenel bene 0 te et 339 Ranunculus: DULDOSUS s 6 o..6 ied dec fb lere Gnv fale weaies eye salisya QI mOta el ptich stayed yel-seei at ytca: eral at cet 340 FRATIUNCUIUSHIEDENS:2 s | vaciclenle one erect Mig gaa! Gd ie & wlidl-d sill hey Moe Wee eh habe il gl eke) ue eee teeter 340 Deicke lo) (2) ene nr ener Re Re ON omni yao cs: 366 REG TOO Gis ace ia ccaoe 6 Ooo aie, pis ate Taeemc ceca tode: GSR wn bien ere oh aS FACeFhety RuERE tot on cium rune” w MoU vide Tet Vee nelle ae NLT) ) GI aie een 395 INDEX. 455 Page I cna SY See oem po nat ahs wey ca A we on'-<: 6) 5 ts eC ted pein eo 326 EI eR be ee er te ne ein ere: AIS aw 1) ae er 442 ae a rs 2 Se RT ot Sw tl On enced ams We aiaa aus s,s Me wie eel in, 07a, ait Reticulate, in the form of network. EN EE RO 8 ee ee a a an Pn ae ey ee, es 377 I e aile aralig ee wns atG-e, Sie ae, Rod © ae o> a CR bs ale ie olde 377 RE ec ON feat. 3 SNe 1 ha ites iat Wea See ys wo ware 3 SSE ws le ne owieieye 2 eee Uys esata: Gime b Pull ow "ae nae S ee eR ced EE a Sees i. SN eS nis Sic ole Oe le Wise Vntewye eee al eo ee oad Terete, circular in transverse section, usually somewhat tapering. Thistle... 2.2... eee eee eee gente 424, 425 rea Peg e s cee hae Stans. ait Se ely ole mo » Dig cgye's #0 45-cig ow wees A aoe 414 I eee. 2 Oe Seen nek sais wi ting eS oe ew on doe aie PAS oe o's wna ie 323 I Cet ced, Sri we Sects sp nee ene ooo oinghe Ae ee nbs Sa hee cede 355 aE rE Ee reg Baggs a WU ee eae ca Eres Elmo n/ere oS UME cle kee oe ek eb wee o 402 ay 0 Soe hn he ees oe eee ea Gow iale OWES 4'e PMs vlccsls Sala Sales « 371 es See Fase cine eg se > © hela See SMe 6 Soa e RS be ceineeie a 392 RR oS eS gata ei als G Ae ae tia ple We MEat- 5s 2 2S cides 2s RIOTS e 6 + wie 331 IE Sl eg Se Ee ye AR ge ae 408 ae Se ncaa eal Gis a eae ware Som eae = ge Sw a old Seiko ee cake we 376 OE Seer ie Ag acy. he Eee Ger eee ewe eee oie See Ble ws Ne Fe wees 6 Mae Sk 299 eS ie ord cys) Spa ay oh Pe, where ave ah ann any edd oo ones, co Mlevavw cya wiQerale ea 419, 420, 421 ST EO ne ers wr ee ST arm a aM sles Swe id's o°d.a aw ne e's oe bw eie 360 ee ae ho MOC Sretale et kre fyb oe eines oa bas wie ow'S So see ete a cae 405 ee Se Soe ye ily ala ate Bd pikig ee ars wnde‘ace ws Ota ae eo Pelee ae ane 372 SE leo ee ay, a ec Sia cepis seb. nys aS eo Ss Laie Gib woe Site ee wes ote 6 349 ee arse ie a ae ee ow crs Sa gol Se Sale miele Sede ob es Wp ee dae as das 443 ta chee yl a. ca Yaseuae species peas Liao ck Sb SU oaew ete ess OR@ eee nes 360 ee Aa ie he nein wh jams vite on Sins Benes 364, 365, 366, 367, 368 eS Se ace, pp De ican ok sowie Posie Wid See's m were « glam na eG ewace Que 282 Tubercle, a swollen part or a root due to bacteria. Usually applies to such as possess the power to fix nitrogen; a little tuber. a ne Na ee ers ate Pn Cnr a te w bo sn thes o ela cidiaySleuls ouwRe 299, 325 cc Ns Win ige” Gi late sk S aie ts Geta es tS Sk SR sae cede ea waste eels ee . 353 Twining, ascending or coiling the stem in a spiral manner around a support; voluble. Umbel, an inflorescence in which there is one flower to a pedicel, and these are all of nearly equal length and all start from nearly the same place at the apex of the stem. A Rca dc eins me hacsd ams Cais Cal ep ates cc ae ant biaw wed eS sleek ee ee 384 SS Dect ie a ae Ev wg ied Lia's ¢ ow oS s wpe oe a eee Aue wees 328 Upright goosefoot..... EY Seine pene eS re eel A9Ge tid ah Avia ole wd ba ened ee get wees 322 ER ee ET ss oe wc, OER ee ade Coe eda cub bee cé cece 375 0 ee CORES Ie CREE rs SNC lb on RR gre co Beery SIRS rd 2 eS PPC ee a ace 305 i Pr iting: RSIS ee rn ng 305 I tg ee ne aad oe ete ee ee aibe wwe ene ke ee eees 334 I oo RE SS Sa oe oe Eh ela ares a hee WBE ie ee oe we we 406 ake es EAE, ore chow a ek on Dee eS RS Re eo ace eed 406 IO ee te SF ts es habe ooo sg Sera cia Be de Se oe oe eee Pe eb eee 396, 397 ES RSE Se Soy, a Cr SS Nn x gail a) gst wie, wine opie one bw SCS Doe tt PR Sa Soe enw ee 396 8 rl IR a a i ee 407, 408 PR Ss WS eee ie et Se el. a Bi wid Siem Wid c aes Was ee ka wee 396 eo Se Sg es tw wie eae 2 bik lsin coe ew ay Gio ees De ee cela cmee ae 390 eS ER a a Os 383 Geto eS od SS fae ween Die Wes z WES Rw Ap ga gb Oemie eve eae Mele 383 en oc 2 a i ora is es eS ee Oe oa Ste Oe oe lave we 383 ce ee ee Ae eS fee Es job kb me Do Se erode wee wells 384 Ne ee eae A ee ct Ok cles tote elec On eel weamer 407 ReeeetERNCTIITDS 5 ee Ris LR AS ge Oa aig re ha 324 nena it PRG eCe koe oS xe. he eta oe es ee Be he eee wee 283 Meeemsa to toll easily........................ US age te tots oS Fe ine ie co 284 EE SN 2 ee no 284 ERRATA oe. ok cis 2 2s vt «swine ~ ome Seo ba fetes eRe eee deen ee 285 IIE BU SUINERY NEI Saleeblat aes ge: rrr 391 Wood-sorrel family........... inde te Gib ve evssla tiie lic! d melsva ve tele ncltsle ca oo lead lobe ws seveuele ty errr 369 WOLEI-SOGQ soa 2,02 Paid dest ae onde ace Rare ian. ate Uaelaene Seabee Prererrerrrrrrir rr 8 . 349 EXCRING UUUD INNS os a cio ace Blea WR SNE yea 2 Bahai as. 20d) 4 Ad a es rdinw el ehlobel epteisiroto eel neta ee 444, 445 WAT OETA a. .5 cosou bin cine o oSsba gees alle: ww! al wi'el Wig goeha: lo lehbeaiallen a alle son ayietts 96, or oleae eer 297 BVT TOW. iad celia do a.sc Gls ate RM wp eel ER Gl arclid wa teal Act ernane haath al Wi ae cee estore or 414 MeHowsalyssumM . 3.005. wpe esl se Se ae Sak @ ete hls WG ie, OR reso eicrome ste ee cer ‘oiieve 343 MYLO W CORAENOUUGATONGAEAATNERERRUAGSAHESUHETDERHTER noo jo micui-4 METERS CATT Ba 1-4 3 4 6 40 TNETERS CENTIMETERS Pore eae ETEESEETERERSURESRTGGUBUGOUAUGMUDEGAUESBULUAEEISOBHUGGUAOARPOUAUOGUGRLAGGILUSHELOGLELOOL 6 METERS CENTIMETERS METERS CENTIMETERS PTT aera | EL 4 ceuritherens’ METERS CENTIMETERS 10 MILLi-4 METERS 10 miLui-4 METERS 10 MILLI-4 METERS METERS CENTIMETERS SSETEEEHSUUESU SUT AUURUUOUOUOGUNGUOSHUGUVERNGHU SARAH GRUNOUARI TOT SNPODERUESUSUUGRISLOGELERUGREGHEED 1o mitu-4 | 4 5 6 4 METERS CENTIMETERS 10 MILLI-4) METERS *}10 mivu-d A | 5 6 METERS CENTIMETERS EEEEERAAUVGMUSRRUSHOUOUEROGUAAHORASU ORHAN EGESUOOTAVEAAGOEQESHONEREOUSUERHOUAHASESAESEEROEESESRLY METERS CENTIMETERS ‘iii 5 00023 1595