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Serie
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MOLLER’S
OPERATIVE VETERINARY SURGERY
TRANSLATED AND EDITED FROM THE SECOND ENLARGED
AND IMPROVED EDITION OF 1894
SMES yd io
JNO. A. W. DOLLAR, M.R.C.V.S.
F Cay
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x 2A
Meet Ren “Sp
CCT ZO\4: AM 22”
30 4205 |
eae New Yorr:
“WILLIAM R. JENKINS,
VETERINARY PUBLISHER AND BOOKSELLER,
851-853 SIxTH AVENUE.
1895.
CoPpYRIGHT 1895, By WILLIAM R. JENKINS.
(All Rights Reserved.1
TO
Bo oe oC hARKE,
M.A., M.B., CANTAB, ETC.,
This Wolume is Dedicated,
AS A
TOKEN OF SINCERE FRIENDSHIP AND IN GRATEFUL REMEMBRANCE
OF MANY ACTS OF KINDNESS,
’ BY
THE TRANSLATOR.
TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE.
Professor Moller’s work is so well known and appreciated through-
out Europe that no words of mine could at all enhance its reputation.
Nor would it be appropriate in me to offer any remark either in justifi-
cation or extenuation of the translation now placed before the public—
the work must be judged on its merits. But whilst fully conscious of its
many shortcomings—-shortcomings doubtless more conspicuous to other
eyes than even to my own—I venture to express a hope that they may
be found in no material respect to detract from its usefulness, and that
the labor, which has occupied the spare moments of two busy years,
may prove not altogether misapplied. The long delay in publication
was due to the appearance of a second edition at a time when the
translation of the first had already made considerable progress, necessi-
tating the whole beimg rewritten. Certain deviations have been made
from the original; and, in a few instances, portions which were con-
sidered of minor interest to English veterinary surgeons have been
omitted.
The task of translation has at times proved hard, but a more difficult
remains—that, namely, of sufficiently thanking my several helpers.
And, firstly, I should acknowledge the generous co-operation and
-assistance I have always received from Professor Moller. My obligation
to him dates from my residence in Berlin in 1892-93, when he not only
admitted me to his demonstrations and clinique, but entrusted me with
the preparation for English readers of his recently issued work. From
that time onward he has never ceased to afford me every encouragement
in his power. To Mr. Finlay Dun I am under a large debt of gratitude
for revising my proof-sheets, for placing at my disposal his extensive
technical knowledge of books, and for the kind interest he has always
4
Vill TRANSLATORS PREFACE.
taken in the success of this, my first serious literary effort.j [Lastly,.
Professor M‘Queen, of the Royal Veterinary College, London, has, by
reading many of my final proofs, and by advising me on points of ana-
tomical and surgical importance, rendered me greatly valued assistance,
for which I desire to tender him my most hearty thanks.
JNO, A. W. DOLLAR.
56 NEw Bonp STREET, LONDON,
Sept, 12, 1895.
PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.
Tur present work aims at furnishing a complete, if necessarily con-
densed, account of the latest advances in the treatment of the Surgical
Diseases of Domestic Animals. In preparing a book for the use both of
students and busy practitioners, it was of the utmost importance to
exclude all matter of secondary or doubtful interest, while setting forth
and explaining the main facts in the light of modern science.
I have therefore supplemented my own experience by reference to
the most recent literature, at the same time by no means neglecting
older sources of information which are too numerous and important to
be altogether overlooked; but, in face of the vast amount of material at
my disposal, I have found it necessary to to confine myself to the more
important German and foreign publications, from which I have selected
and turned to account as much as proved appropriate. To facilitate the
work of those who wish to devote themselves to special subjects, each
chapter is prefaced with a bibliography.
The most important problems of Veterinary Surgery naturally centre
around the Horse, and to the study of these I can claim to bring a wide
personal experience. For assistance in the preparation and correction
of those parts of the work dealing with ruminants and swine, I have to
express my thanks to Professor Dr. Esser, of Gottingen, who has kindly
placed at my disposal his extensive store of information, so that I hope
this department also may be found to have received due attention.
Particular care has been devoted to that hitherto neglected but
most important subject, lameness in horses, which is here treated on the
principles laid down in my Diagnostic der dusseren Krankheilen. On
' the other hand, I have been compelled to omit from this work any
lengthened reference to diseases of the eye, partly because of my having
already published a work on this subject, partly because veterinary
ophthalmic surgery more and more inclines to become a specialty. For
x PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.
similar reasons, diseases of the hoof are only shortly discussed, and are.
associated with diseases of the claws in ruminants and carnivora.
Many of the illustrations are drawn from photographs taken in my
clinique ; for figs. 36 and 89 I am indebted to the courtesy of Professor
Dr. Esser; others are copied from well-known manuals and journals ;
whilst those representing instruments have, for the most part, been
kindly furnished by Herr Hauptner, specialist in the manufacture of
veterinary instruments.
To facilitate reference, a very full table of contents and index have
been added. |
Diseases have been classified according to the portions of the body
which they affect—this arrangement not only facilitating study, but
most fully conforming to practical! requirements. .
H. MOLLER.
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
The first edition of this work having been so favorably received by
the veterinary world and taken up with such unexpected rapidity, a
second has become necessary, which it has been thought wise to prepare
on the same lines as its predecessor. Certain sections—such as Diseases
of the Teeth—have, however, been recast so as to include recent ad-
vances, and others have been enlarged and rendered more complete.
To meet an often expressed wish, I have written an altogether new
chapter on the Acute Diseases of the Mammary Gland. i
The appearance of the General Surgery—the first part of this work
—yjustified many abreviations in the present volume, the scope of which
has in this way been greatly augmented without increase of bulk.
Many new illustrations have also been added.
H. MOLLER.
CONTENTS.
I.—DISEASES OF THE HEAD.
I. Diseases of the Lips and Cheeks,
. Wounds and Bruises,
. Acute Inflammation of the ‘Lips and Cheeks,
. Tumors of the Lips and Cheeks, é
Paralysis of the Lips. Facial Paralysis,
ow wr
II. Diseases of the Mouth,
1. Foreign Bodies in the Mouth,
2. Diseases of the Tongue,
A. Mechanical Injuries,
B. Acute Inflammation of the ‘Tongue,
C. Chronic Inflammation and New Gr owths in the Tongue
(Makroglossia), 5 : :
D. Paralysis of the Tongue (Glossoplegia),
E. Ranula,
F. Fracture of the Hyoid Bone,
3. Fracture of the Premaxillary Bone,
4, Injuries in the Interdental Space,
5. Diseases of the Teeth,
A. Irregularities in the Dev elopment ‘of the Teeth, . 5
a “Super numerar y Teeth (Polyodontia, Hyperdenti-
tion), . ;
b Irregularities i in Replacement of the Teeth,
c Displacement of the Teeth,
B. Irregularities of Wear in the Teeth,
a The Angular or Sharp Mouth, the so-called Prog-
nathous Jaw, :
b The Shear-like Mouth,
ce The Wave-formed Mouth,
d The Step-formed Mouth,
e Premature Wear of the Teeth,
f The Smooth Mouth, 2
C. Diseases of the Tooth Proper,
a Dental Caries (Caries Dentium),
b Fissures and Cavities in the Teeth,
e Dental Tartar (Cremor Dentium),
D. Diseases of the Alveoli, ;
a Alveolar Periostitis (Periostitis Aly eolar is),
a Inflammation of the Alveolar Periosteum in
Herbivora,
b Inflammation of the Alveolar Per iosteum in
Carnivora, : ‘ ‘ ;
b Dental Fistula,
ce Neoplasms of the Gums and Alveoli (Epulis),
xi CONTENTS.
PAGE
III. Diseases of the Nose, Nostrils, and the Spaces Communicating with
them, ; : : : : : : : : 53
1. Wounds of the Ale of the Nostrils, é : : ‘ 53
2. Fracture of the Nasal Bones, : : : 54
3. Foreign Bodies and Tumors in the Nostrils, ‘ : : 59
4. Empyema of the Facial Sinuses, . ; 58
Trephining of the Superior Maxillary and Frontal Sinuses, ; 59
5. Necrosis of the Turbinated Bones, : ‘ : . 64
6. Epistaxis (Bleeding from the Nose), : : ; , 65
IV. Diseases of the Salivary Glands, . : , : ; < 66
1. Wounds and Injuries of the Salivary Glands, . ; é 66
2. Inflammation of the Salivary Glands (Parotitis) ; ii
3. Abscess Formation in the Sub-Parotid ei mph Glands, ' 7
4. Salivary Calculi and Concretions, ; ; : 71
5. Salivary Fistule, . ; : : ; ? 72
6. Tumors of the Salivary Glands, F : : , ‘ 7
7. Actinomyces Tumors (Actinomy cosis), . ; ; : 7
V. Diseases of the Face and Lower Jaw, . ; ‘ ; ’ 80
1. Fractures of Bones of the Face, . . : : ; 80
2. Fracture of the Lower Jaw, : : ; 82
3. Dislocation (Luxation of the Low er J aw), : : : 84
4, Inflammation of the Articulation of the Jaw, . 85
5. Paralysis of the Under Jaw (so-called). Paralysis ‘of the
Muscles of Mastication, 86
6. Periostitis and Exostoses on the Posterior Border of the
Lower Jaw, F 3 : . : 3 88
7. Tumors on the Lower J aw, ; : : 88
8. Actinomycosis of the Maxille, Spinaventosa, : 89
9. Inflammation and New Growths in the Sub-Maxillary Ly mph
Glands, . i : : cC : 91
VI. Diseases of the Ear and Guttural Pouches, y : : ; 92
1. Injury of the External Ear, : . ; : 92
2, Gidema of the Free Border of ‘the Ear—External Canker
(Othematoma), . ; : : 93
3. Inflammation of the External Auditor y Meatus (Otitis
Externa). Otorrhcea, . : : . : ; 94
4. Fistula of the Ear, . ; ‘ : 96
5. Chronic Catarrh of the Guttur al Pouches, H : , 97
6. Tympanites of the Guttural Pouch, F : 3 é 104.
WII. Diseases of the Skull, ; ; : : : 5 : 105
1. Fractures and Injuries to the Cranial Bones, _ . : ; 105
2. Concussion of the Brain (Commotio cerebri), —. ; : 107
3. Fractures of the Frontal Bone, . : : : : 108
4. Loosening of the Horns, . : 3 ; : 110
5. Wounds and Injuries to the Skull, : 110
6. Trephining the Cranial Cavity in Sheep or Cattle, and Opening
by the Trochar, F : : y 2 : 111
CONTENTS.
II.—DISEASES OF THE NECK.
. Wounds and Bruises of the Tissues of the Neck,
. Fractures of the Cervical Vertebra,
. Distortion of the Neck (Torticollis, Caput OlEpan).
. Goitre Struma,
Inflammation of the Bursa of the Ligamentum Nuche,
. Phlebitis. Inflammation of the Jugular Vein, .
. Diseases of the Pharynx and CHsophagus,
1. Foreign Bodies in the Pharynx and (Esophagus, .
A. Foreign Bodies in the Pharynx and (Esophagus of the
IETORSe eae : ‘
B. Foreign Bodies in the CEsophagus of Cattle,
C. Foreign Bodies in the Gésophagus of Swine,
D. Foreign Bodies in the Pharynx and (Esophagus of Car-
nivora, . : : :
E. Impaction of the Crop i in Bir ds,
. Injuries to the Pharynx and Cisophagus (Esophagus Fistula), .
. Ectasiz, Diverticula, and Ruptures of the Gisophagus, .
. Stenosis and Compression of the Gsophagus,
. Paralysis of the Pharynx and Gisophagus,
. Tumors in the Pharynx and Csophagus, .
S> OT CO 09
VIII. Diseases of the Larynx and Trachea,
VI.
1. Injuries, Inflammations, and Tumors in "the Larynx (Laryn-
gitis, Perilaryngitis),
. Neuroses of the Larynx—Spasm of the Rima Glottidis—
Spasmus Glottidis — Laryngismus Stridulus — Laryngo-
Spasmus—Hemiplegia and Diplegia Laryngis, :
. Fractures, Deformities, and Stenosis of the Trachea,
. Foreign Bodies, Tumors, and Parasites in the Trachea, .
5. Tracheotomy, : :
6. Laryngotomy. Laryngo-Fissure, .
cis)
He CO
I1I.—DISEASES OF THE THORAX.
. Fractures of the Ribs—Fracture Costarum,
. Costal Fistule, : :
. Sternal Fistule and Fracture of the Sternum,
. Wounds and Bruises of the Soft Parts of the Chest-Wall,
1. Wounds of the Chest-Wall without Perforation.
2. Wounds of the Pleura and Thoracic Cavity,
. Shoulder Abscess.
Saddle and Collar Galls—Injuries from Pressure,
1. Injuries Produced by the Saddle—Saddle-Galls,
2. Bruises Produced by the Collar or other Portions ‘of the
Harness, : Z : : :
xill
XIV CONTENTS.
PAGE
VII. Tumors of the Breast, : : 5 ; ; : 2 208
VIII. Tapping the Chest (Paracentesis Thoracis, Thoracocentesis), . 209
1. Puncture of the Thorax for Removal of Serous or Pleuritic :
Exudate, . 209
. Puncture of the Thorax for Removal of Pur ulent or Putrefac-
factive Exudate, : : 6 5 : ; 211
IV.—DISEASES OF THE ABDOMEN.
I. Bruises of the Abdominal Parietes, 213
II. Wounds of the Abdomen, 215
Ill. Bowel Fistula (Anus Preternaturalis), : 221
IV. Paracentesis Abdominis (Puncture of the Abdi men). . 223
V. Hernia, : ; : 225
VI. Umbilical-Hernia (ompHaibgaa, Exomphalos), s i 235
VII. Inguinal Hernia, Scrotal Hernia (Hernia Inguinalis, Hernia
Scrotalis), : : : ; . F 242
1, Inguinal Hernia in the Horse, j : 243
i, Treatment of Non- Strangulated Inguinal Her nia, . : 247
ii, Treatment of Incarcerated Inguinal Hernia, . 251
2. False Inguinal Hernia (Hernia Inguinalis Interstitialis), ‘ 254
3. Inguinal Hernia in Ruminants, . : : : F 256
4. Inguinal Hernia in Swine, . : : ; : ; 256
5. Inguinal Hernia in Dogs, . ; ; : : : 258
‘VIII. Crural Hernia (Hernia Cruralis) , 259
IX. Perineal Hernia, . : : , : : : : 260
X. Ventral Hernia (Hernia Ventralis), § : 262
XI. Pelvic Hernia, Internal Abdominal Hernia, Peritoneal Hernia,
““Gut-Tie’’ (Hernia Interna Abdominalis), : 3 ; 266
XII. Diaphragmatic Hernia (Hernia Diaphragmatica), . : : 268
V.—SURGICAL DISEASES OF THE STOMACH AND BOWELS.
I, Foreign Bodies in the Digestive Tract, . ; : : ‘ 270
II. Puncture of the Bowel in Horses (Punctio Intestini), . ; ‘ 274
III. Puncture of the Rumen and Rumenotomy, : : ° : 278
IV. Intussusception or Invagination of the Bowel, . : : . 284
V. Twist or Rotation of the Colon in Horses, ; ‘ ; ‘ 286
VI.—DISEASES OF THE POSTERIOR PORTIONS OF THE
RECTUM AND OF THE ANUS.
I. Congenital Malformations. Absence of the Anus and Formation
‘of Cloacze (Atresia Anti et Recti, Fistula Recto Vaginalis), : 290
II. Injuries to the Rectum and Anal Region, , : : : 293
avT.
iT,
Vile
: CONTENTS.
Inflammation of the Mucous Membrane of the Rectum and Anus
(Proctitis), é
. Inflammation of the Connective Tissue Surrounding the Rectum
(Periproctitis or Paraproctitis Apostematosa) ,
. Prolapse of the Rectum and Anus (Prolapsus Recti et Ani),.
. Dilation, Stenosis, and Paralysis of the Rectum and Anus,
. Anal Fistula and Recto-Vaginal Fistula,
. Tumors in the Rectum and Anus,
VII—DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS.
. Congenital Malformations,
1. Fissuring of the Male Meatus Beanie (Hy pospadtia aa
Episapadia),
. Pervious Urachus,
Urinary Calculi, -
1. Urinary Calculi in the Hons
2. Urethral Caleculi in Ruminants,
8: Urinary Calculi in Swine, .
4. Urinary Calculi in the Dog,
. Puncture of the Bladder (Punctio Vesicz),
Injuries, Inflammation and Strictures of the Urethra,
. Paralysis of the Urinary Bladder (Cystoplegia). Catheterism,
. Inflammation of the Urinary Bladder (Cystitis), :
. Prolapse and Inversion of the Urinary Bladder in Female Animals
(Prolapsus et Inversio Vesice),
Tumors in the Urethra and Bladder,
VIII.—DISEASES OF THE MALE ORGANS OF GENERATION.
Tr
i.
III.
ti
Vi,
VE
Inflammation of the Prepuce (Balanitis),
1. Inflammation of the Prepuce in the Horse,
2. Inflammation of the Prepuce in Oxen,
3. Inflammation of the Prepuce in Swine,
4, Inflammation of the Prepuce in Carnivora, : :
Phimosis, Paraphimosis Paralysis of the Muscles of the Penis,
Injuries to the Penis, . , :
Tumors on the Sheath and Penis,
Amputation of the Penis,
Diseases of the Prostate, . : -
Diseases of the Scrotum,
Diseases of the Testicle. Castration of Cryptorchids,
1. Congenital Defects and Retention of the Testicles,
2. Inflammation of the Testicle and Epididymis. Orchitis, Peri-
orchitis. Epididymitis, ;
3. Tumors of the Testicle (Sarcocele) and of the Epididymis,
xvi CONTENTS.
PAGE
VII. Hydrocele, Heematocele, and Varicocele, : : 3 F 368
VIII. Inflammation of the Spermatic Cord. Scirrhous Cord. Funiculitis
Chronica, : 5 : . : 4 : 370
IX.—DISEASES OF THE FEMALE ORGANS OF GENERATION.
I. Injuries and Inflammation of the Vulva, Vagina, and Uterus, : 376
II. Prolapse of the Vagina (Prolapsus Vagine), . : : é 380
III. Prolapse of the Uterus (Prolapsus Uteri), : ; : : 381
TV. Tumors of the Vagina and Uterus, 2 ; ‘ : : 386
V. Diseases of the Mammary Gland, ; : : ; ‘ 388
1. Wounds and Bruises, ‘ : 389
2, Acute Inflammation of the Udder (Mastitis Acuta). Its Patho-
logy and Varieties, : 2 390
A. Traumatic Inflammation of the Udder. Mastitis Trauma-
tica, j : 2 394
B. Phlegmonous Mastitis. Mastitis Phlegmonosa, 4 : 394
C. Parenchymatous Inflammation of the Udder. mapas
Parenchymatosa, 5 396
a Catarrh of the Udder. Mastitis Catarr halis. ‘ 396
b Purulent Inflammation of the Udder. Mastitis Paren-
chymatosa Apostematosa, 398
ec Gangrenous Inflammation of the Udder. Mastitis
Gangrenosa, : : ; 400
3. Stenosis and Closure of the Mammar y Duct, ; ‘ 403
4, Chronic Inflammation of, and Tumors in, the Udder. Mastitis
Chronica, . , “ ; : 5 : : 405
X.—DISEASES OF THE SPINAL COLUMN AND PELVIS.
I. Fractures, Luxations, and Sub-Luxations of the Dorsal and Lumbar
Vertebree. Commotio Spinalis, ‘ j : P : 410
Il, Fractures of the Sacral and Caudal Vertebre, . : ; j 415
III. Curvature of the Spine, . : : 6 : : ; 417
IV. Fracture of the Pelvis, . : : : 3 ‘ ; 420
V. Diastasis or Luxation of the Sacro-Iliac Articulatior, : 2 428
VI. Luxation of the Symphysis Ossium Pubis, : ; : : 430
VII. Paralysis of the Hind Extremities. Farap!e sia, A : : 430
VIII. Diseases of the Tail, : 3 5 : : c : 439
IX. Necrosis of the Lumbo-Dorsal Fascia, . : : : ‘ 441
XI—DISEASES OF THE FORE-LIMB.
A. DISEASES OF THE SHOULDER REGION.
I. Fractures of the Scapula, . AE d . é é : 443
II. Fractures of the Humerus, 1. NOU, ? : : : 445
III. Diseases of the Shoulder-Join®,, raat : : é : 447
EY.
Ill.
TV.
Wie
lawl
Il.
III,
EV
V.
WL:
VII.
VIII.
IX.
°.@
CONTENTS.
Inflammation of the Bursa of the Biceps, Flexor Brachi or Coraco
Radialis Muscle (Bursitis Inter-Tubercularis,
. Inflammation of the Tendon of the Postea-Spinatus Muscle and of
its Bursa,
. Paralysis of the Suprascapular Nerve, : :
. Paralysis of the Radial Nerve (Paralysis Nervi Radialis),
. Paralysis of the Bracial Plexus, .
. Shoulder Lameness,
B. DISEASES OF THE ELBOW AND FOREARM.
. Fracture of the Ulna,
. Fracture of the Radius,
. Luxation of the Elbow Joint,
. Inflammation of the Elbow-Joint,
Capped Elbow in the Horse,
. Wounds and Bruises of the Forearm,
C. DISEASES OF THE KNEE.
. Fractures of the Bones of the Knee,
. Injuries to the Anterior Surface of the Knee, .
i. Injuries to the Knee in the Horse,
2. Tumors of the Knee in Uattle,
Chronic Inflamation of the Knee-Joint,
Inflamation of the Bursa of the Flexor Pedis, ; ‘
Enlargement of Articular and Tendinous Synovial Cavities in the
Fore-Limb, : : ‘ ‘
D. DISEASES OF THE METACARPUS,
. Fractures of the Metacarpus,
Wounds of the Metacarpus, : .
Rupture of the Flexor Tendons and Suspensory Ligament,
Inflammation of the Flexor Tendons (Tendinitis),
Contracted Tendons (Knuckling) in Foals
Splints,
E. DISEASES OF THE PHALANGES.
- Luxation of the Phalanges,
. Distortion of the Coronary Joint,
. Fractures of the Phalanges,
. Ring-Bone, P ; 2 -
Inflammation of the Posterior Ligaments of the Coronet Joint,
I. Fractures of the Sesamoid Bones,
Sesamoid Lameness,
Fracture of the Navicular Bone,
Navicular Disease,
Grease,
546
XVili
CONTENTS.
XI, THE DISEASES OF THE HIND-LIMB.
A. DISEASES OF THE QUARTER.
. Injuries to the Soft Structures of the Quarter,
. Fracture of the Femur,
. Luxation of the Femur,
. Inflamation of the Hip-Joint (Coxitis), : : :
. Inflammation of the Tendon and Tendon Sheath of the Gluteus
Medius Muscle. Bursitis Glutaei Medii vel Trochanterica,
. Paralysis of the Hind-Limb,
A. Paralysis in the region served by the ischiatic nerve,
B. Paralysis of the crural nerv e, : f
C. Paralysis of the obturator nerve,
. Thrombosis of the Posterior Aorta and of its Branches,
. Displacement of the Biceps Femoris Muscle,
. Hip Lameness,
B. DISEASES OF THE STIFLE-JOINT.
. Luxation and Sprain of the Stifle-Joint,
. Displacement of the Patella. Luxatio Patella
. Rupture of the Straight Ligaments of the Patella,
. Fracture of the Patella, : : : :
. Injuries and Acute Inflammation of the Stifle-Joint. Gonitis,
VI. Chronic Inflammation of the Stifle-Joint. (Gonitis Chronica Sicca)
VII. Bursitis Preepatellaris,
C. DISEASES OF THE THIGH.
TI. Wounds and Injuries, : °
Il. Fracture of the Thibia,
. Rupture of the Tibio-Fibular Interosseous Ligament, .
. Rupture of the Flexor Metatarsi Muscle, :
. Rupture of the Tendo Achillis and Gastrocnemii Muscles.
D. DISEASES OF THE HOCK-JOINT. 4.
. Fracture of the Bones of the Hock-Joint,
. Luxation and Sprain of the Hock-Joint,
. Wounds and Acute Inflammation of the Hock-Joint,
Thoroughpin,
. Chronic Inflammation of the Hock. Spavin. Arthritis Chronica
Deformans Tarsi,
. Enlargements of the Outer Saneen of the Hock,
PAGE
d72
DT4
tate
Ors
581
582
584
585
N87
590
591
598
596
601
601
607
607
608
609
611
612
614
617
617
620
623
625
626
629
630
646
CONTENTS.
VII. Curb,
VII1. Capped Hock, : :
IX. Luxation of the Flexor Pedis Perforatus Tedon,
E. DISEASES OF THE METATARSUS,
I. Diseases of the Tendons and Tendon Sheaths in the Tarsal and
Metatarsal Regions,
II. Stringhalt, : ; 3 : ‘ :
III. Injuries produced by Striking (Interfering) and their Complica-
tions,
F. DISEASES OF THE HOOF,
(A) Acute Iflnammation of the Podophyllous Membrane. Pododermatitis
Acuta,
I. Pricks or Stars in Shoeing,
II. Picked-up Nails. Purulent Celtulititis of ie Fibro- we Frog.
Resection of the Flexor Pedis Perforance,
III. Treads on the Coronet. Purulent Inflammation of the Subcoronary
Connective Tissue, .
Inflammation of the Subcornary Connective Tissue,
IV. Corns,
V. Quittor, : 4 ‘
VI. Laminitis. Inflammation of the Sensitive Lamine,
(B) Cronic Inflammation of the Sensitive Laminxw. Pododermatitis
Chronica,
I. Keratoma, : : :
II. Chronic Inflammation of the Sensitive Laminx,
Ill. Canker of the Sole and Frog (Podoermatitis Chronica yaaa
vel Migrans),
G, DISEASES OF THE CLAWS IN CATTLE AND SHEEP.
I. Bruises of the Sensitive Sole and Bulbs of the Foot in Oxen,
Il. Wounds of the Soft Tissue of the Claw,
Ill. Whitlaw of the Claw, Joint Felon, Panaritium,
IV. Amputation of the Claws in Oxen,
V. Footrot in Sheep,
H. DISEASES OF THE CLAWS IN CARNIVORA.
I. Growing-in of the Claws (Incarnatio Unguis). Dislocation of the
Claws. Chronic Inflammation of the Claw Matrix. Loss of the
Claws,
II. Bruises and wounds of the Pads of the Sole and Toe.
Index,
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meet
By i
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ep fed f
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es f
Ae, Hy
tah in
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; ts
' Ms a fi
% a i io ; Sy tae 1
: Pals aA ‘ ; pa)
o ’ fi) : Pere sc J a 4 ea
“ t Ae " i | Pk ah fe) aos)
‘ i aa ae ws ae oe teva ee
1% A ‘
é
,
eS AE ONS
. Atheroma of the false nostril,
. Right-sided facial paralysis (central),
. Double-sided facial paralysis Garten : : : :
. Position of nostrils and nose in double-sided (peripheral) facial
paralysis,
. Supernumerary tooth Goes
. Normal position of the molars in the horse,
. Tooth rasp,
. Tooth chisel,
. Tooth chisel,
. Tooth cutter,
. Left-sided shear-mouth, : :
. Grinding surfaces in sheae mouth and in noeiial rapuitit :
. Tooth Shears,
. Tooth Screw,
. Metznik’s Tooth Shears, :
. Central dry caries of a horse’s upper somali
. Necrosis of a dental alveolus, with dislocation of the ast nla anal
extensive periostitis of the lower jaw (horse),
. Giinther’s Forceps for upper molars,
. Giinther’s Forceps for lower molars,
. Giinther’s Exporteur,
. Giinther’s beaked Forceps,
. Giinther’s Forceps for first lower aalkie:
. Giinther’s Forceps for first upper molars,
. Frick and Hauptner’s Forceps,
5. Showing upper and lower molars 7 s7tu,
. Tooth Pickers,
. Fulera, :
. Giinther’s Forceps an the incisors, .
. Ordinary Forceps for the incisors, .
. Curved dental Forceps for dogs,
. Straight dental Forceps for dogs,
. Periostitis alveolaris ossificans of the third ee Gorey
. Facial cedema after injury, .
. Stock Trephine,
5. Hand Trephine,
. Bone Elevator or screw, : : : : : : é
45
46
50
57
XXll LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
37. Chisel,
38. Half-round Knife,
39. Periosteum Knife,
40, Exfoliative Trephine,
41. Perforating Trephine,
42. Head of a horse,
43. Actinomycosis of the Parone eiawan in an ox,
44. Incomplete union of Fracture of the body of the Lower Jaw,
45. Mykofibroma of the Lower Jaw,
46. Osteoporosis of the Upper Jaw,
47. Giinther’s Catheter, . :
48. Splint for Fracture of Horn Core,
48a. Form of above Splint,
49. Zehden’s Syringe,
50. Zehden’s Trochar,
51. Sub-luxation of the 3rd Cer ical Ve er ae as seen Dori the left aide:
52. Sub-luxation of the 3rd Cervical Vertebra, as seen from the right side,
53. Knudsen’s Iron Splint for distortion of the Neck,
54. Probang and Mouth Gag for Cattle,
55. Delvos and Hertwig’s oe Uae Forceps,
56. Tampon-canula,
57. Hayne’s Tracheal Tr echan ;
58. Method of performing Tracheotomy,
59. Barthélemy’s Canula,
60. Position of Tracheal Canula,
61. Leblane’s Jointed Canula,
62. Leblane’s Jointed Canula,
63. Peuch’s Canula,
64. Double-tube Canula,
65. Scalpel for resection of arytenoid,
66. Course of incision,
67. Forceps for grasping the snuanstl,
68. Curved Needle for suturing layne mucous Perel
69. Transverse Section through Horse’s Thorax,
70. Dieulafey’s Aspirator,
71, 72. Showing Mechanism of Incar verter of Tntesane.
73. Bordonnat’s Clam,
74. Combe’s Clam,
75, Incomplete Inguinal ern
ce Inguinal Hernia of the Horse,
7. Herniotome,
a Peritoneal-scrotal Peas
79. Ventral hernia in a mare,
80. Gely’s bowel suture,
81. Lembert’s bowel suture,
82. Walfler’s bowel suture, ;
83. Friedberger’s intestinal trochar for thorees, :
84. Briuer’s Trochar, ¢
85. Sheath of Brauer’s Trochar,
PAGE
FIG.
. Congenital malformation—atresia ani in the bitch,
. Congenital malformation—atresia ani et recti in the bitch,
. Prolapsus recti with invagination in the bitch,
9. Prolapsus recti with invagination in the horse,
). Stockfleth’s Wooden Ring,
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
92. Method of ligation in prolapsus recti, .
. Calculus Forceps, ‘
. Bouley’s Calculus Forceps, .
. Course of the Urethra in the Ox,
. Flourant’s Trochar, : :
. Prolapse of the bladder in a mare, .
. Carcinoma of the testicle in a horse,
. “Champignon ” formation in the horse, 4
. Apparatus for prevention cf fracture in oper Aine on a horse,
. Schema illustrating fractures of the pelvis in the horse,
2. Lameness from Bursitis inter-tubercularis,
. Complete paralysis of the Radial nerve,
4. Fracture of the ulna in a horse,
. Knee tumour (cutaneous form),
. Distension of the flexor pedis bursa eat pared on the oitee side a
the limb), . :
. Schema of the more important Paden denis md bursee a the Ceniee Tria,
seen from in front and without,
. The same, as seen from the front, : ;
. Rupture of the Flexor pedis perforans behind the fetloc es in conse equine
of suppuration in the tendon sheath,
. Rupture of the superior sesamoidal or suspensory ligament,
. Excessive “knuckling over” (Stelzfussbildung) in a horse,
. Excessive dorsal flexion after section of the ee and penearatan
tendons,
3. Double-sided une (telmasebildune) in a two-year- “ail cole,
. Friebel’s extension apparatus,
. Fracture of os suffraginis, ‘
}. Fracture of os suffraginis with fom a: exostosis,
. Transverse fracture of os suffraginis,
. Double fracture of upper end of os suffraginis,
. Longitudinal fracture of os suffraginis,
. Articular ring-bone,
. Periarticular ring-bone, :
. The flexor pedis perforans and peroen tendons in a case of seenmnead
lameness,
. Navicular bone in pirate SER ISL disease, :
. Flexor pedis perforans tendon in chronic navicular disease,
. Sewell’s Seton Needle,
j. Paralysis of tibial nerve,
. Incomplete crural paralysis,
. Left-sided chronic inflammation of the Sie qacat (Gonitis snaiee
. Bilateral chronic inflammation of the stifle-joint (Gonitis chronica
bilateralis),
XX1V LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
FIG. PAGE
130. Rupture of flexor metatarsi muscle, : : : ., GEO
131. Rupture of the tendo Achillis, : ; .. 622
132. Exuberant granulation in front of the fea : ; 9 O2K
133. Periosteotomy knives, : : : : : : . G45
134. Curb, : . 649
135. Tendon sheaths ond bene see of the hind- ee the hore seen from
without, . : : ». ) a5
136. Tendon sheaths and bursie of the fade sa seen ‘hom ae : 9 (1655:
137. Distension of bursz of flexor tendons in right hock, 2 ., 666
138. Distension of sheath of flexor pedis perforatus, . -. hi
139. Position of the limb, in infectious inflammation of the Asa neue per-
foratus sheath in the fetlock region, : : : : «| 1659
140. Rupture of the flexor pedis perforans tendon, : : : . 660
141. Vertical section of an ox’s claw, . : Ae
142. An ox’s claw, ; f : : 2 FHS
DISEASES OF THE HEAD.
—DISEASES OF THE LIPS AND CHEEKS.
(1.) WOUNDS AND BRUISES.
In horses, wounds of the lips most frequently result from bites
or kicks, from collisions and falls on hard ground, or from animals
catching on sharp points about the harness, or on nails fixed in
stable racks and mangers. JBruises are produced in a similar manner,
and by the severe and repeated appleation of the twitch. The corners
of the mouth may be injured by sharp or badly-fitting bits, especially
in young and hard-mouthed horses, or in those suffering from brain
disease, whilst the cheeks are sometimes wounded by kicks, horn
thrusts, and, on their inner surfaces, by the sharp edges of the
molars. The great mobility of the injured parts, and the constant
soiling which occurs during mastication, almost always interfere with
the healing of bruises and contused wounds. On the other hand,
reparative processes are assisted by the richness of this region in
blood-vessels and loose connective tissue, and healing may sometimes
take place by primary intention, even when wounds are extensively
bruised, their edges already dry, and their flaps dissected from
underlying tissues over considerable areas. Deep wounds in the corner
of the mouth, where the mucous membrane is divided and the
opening of the mouth lengthened, give most trouble. Perforating
wounds of the cheek also heal with difficulty, and sometimes produce
fistule. Injuries to the great venous plexus in the cheek occasion
considerable bleeding, which, however, is seldom dangerous. The
division of Stenson’s duct often results in salivary fistula. Emphysema
of the facial region frequently accompanies wounds of the cheek, but
calls for no special treatment and usually disappears spontaneously.
Death of the margins of wounds may produce defects in the lips and
cheeks, which both injure the animal’s appearance and interfere with
feeding and drinking. Such defects frequently follow wounds in the
A
2 WOUNDS AND BRUISES OF THE LIPS.
corner of the mouth, where the buccal opening becomes lengthened
(Makrostomy).
Treatment.—In surface injuries, small flaps of skin can be
removed with scissors, when healing usually follows. To prevent
deformity after extensive injuries, attempts must be made to bring
about healing by first intention. After removing loose shreds, the
wound, which is usually dry, must be freshened, ze., the surface
removed with scissors, to furnish the moist or bleeding flaps necessary
for immediate union. The wound and its surroundings are then
cleansed, the neighbouring long hair removed, the parts flooded with
some fluid disinfectant (corrosive sublimate, creolin or carbolic solution),
and the edges brought together as evenly and completely as possible.
On account of the great mobility of the lips and their neighbourhood,
pin sutures are here preferable. The pins should be inserted deeply
and at distances of about 4 to 1 inch, being secured by a con-
tinuous thickish thread appled in a figure of 8. Ordinary sutures
sometimes suffice. For further security, and to fix the edges, the
wound may be smeared with collodion or wound gelatine,’ over
which may be placed tow or jute or strips of gauze. Deep wounds
at the corners of the mouth or on the cheeks require particular
precautions. Button sutures are most useful here, and the ligature,
which must be strong, should be passed right through the cheek ;
lead or brass wire is also suitable. Injury to the wound can be
avoided by putting the horse on the pillar reims. Where healing
by primary intention is desired, water alone must be given for the
first 24 hours, and during the followmg few days only gruel or bran
mash. After six to eight days the stitches can be removed from
the lips, but those in the corners of the mouth or in the cheeks
should be left a couple of days longer. In fistulee about the cheeks
the hardened walls are removed by caustics or the actual cautery,
and a purse-string suture inserted. The inner opening of the fistula
may sometimes be closed by passing a suture through the mucous
membrane.
1J employ ‘‘ wound gelatine” as a substitute for the ordinary ‘‘ occlusive” dressing. It
a « D
was first described by Frick as ‘‘sublimate glycerine gelatine” (Arch. fiir pract. wu. wiss.
Thierheilkunde, 1886, p. 897). To prepare it, ordinary sheet gelatine is soaked in sufficient
1 per cent. sublimate solution to cover it. After it has become quite soft, it is melted by
gentle heat, and a quantity of glycerine equal to one-tenth of the weight of the dry gelatine
added. ‘This gives the material an elastic character. To use it, it is melted on a slow fire
and painted over the wound. It sets in a few seconds, adheres equally well to moist or dry
surfaces, and is much preferable to collodion. The surface can be strengthened by laying
on it, while moist, shreds of tow or strips of gauze,
DISEASES OF THE LIPS AND CHEEKS. 3
(2.) ACUTE INFLAMMATION OF THE LIPS AND
CHEEKS.
Acute inflammation of the lips in the domesticated animals is fre-
quently caused by licking blistermg ointments, by partaking of irritating
materials, by infectious disorders, such as aphtha or stomatitis pustulosa,
or by such injuries as have previously been referred to.
Specific inflammations are treated of in works on internal disorders.
Dogs, bemg much exposed to infection, sometimes show phlegmonous
swellings of the upper and lower lps after slight injuries. I have
frequently seen diseases of the skin, like eczema and mange, transmitted
to the lips as a result of licking the diseased spots. ‘Thence they
generally spread to the bridge of the nose, producing a dermatitis
chronica apostematosa, which gives great trouble, especially if the area
involved is too great to permit of all diseased skin being removed with
knife and scissors. In dogs and cattle, spontaneous gangrene of the
cheek occurs, resembling noma of children. In dogs the disease begins
with formation of an almost invisible eschar at the corner of the mouth;
the great swelling which simultaneously appears indicating the character
of the malady. Gangrene makes rapid progress, often attaining the
size of a florin in afew days. The skin is soft, greyish-brown, and easily
removable ; the sub-maxillary lymph glands are swollen, and fever and
severe salivation exist. In dogs the process seldom terminates before
destroying a large portion of the cheek. The appearance of granulations
and of pus formation on the boundary indicate the commencement of
healing. After the gangrenous portion sloughs, the molars may become
visible, and great difficulty exist in taking fluids. In spite of this,
complete recovery usually occurs; difficulty in feeding disappears, and
even the animal’s outward appearance does not permanently suffer. The
disease is rare in dogs, and its cause is as little understood as that of
noma in the human subject, though it probably consists in infection by
a specific micro-organism.
Treatment.—The parts should at once be disinfected, preferably
with the cautery. Where this is impossible, lotions of permanganate of
potassium or carbolic acid, sublimate or creolin can be applied. Thin fluid
nourishment is indicated, and may be given from a bottie. As soon as
the defect in the cheek interferes with feeding, fluid or semisolid nutri-
ment becomes indispensable. If required, animal broths may be given.
Stockfleth has described a similar disease in cattle, resulting from injuries,
but this does not extend as in dogs. Most commonly an abscess forms
in the cheek, and recovery occurs in a few days. The treatment of other
4 DISEASES OF THE LIPS AND CHEEKS.
inflammatory processes should be adapted to their special features. The
cause must be removed and care taken that the affected part is not
irritated more than necessary, either by rubbing or by mastication.
Attention is accordingly required in selecting and preparing the food,
and in the management of the animal. Complications are treated on
general surgical principles. In suppurative forms of skin inflammation,
diseased parts should be promptly removed with the knife.
(3.) TUMOURS OF THE LIPS AND CHEEKS.
(A) Warts.—In dogs and horses the lips are not infrequently the
seat of great numbers of small pedunculated warts. These new growths
occur both on the mucous membrane and on the skin, and vary from
the size of a pin’s head to that of a grain of linseed. Their covering is
often wanting in pigment, in consequence of which they appear red on
the surface and are often thought by laymen to be parasites. They are
almost always found in young animals, cause no particular inconvenience,
and may disappear after a short time without apparent cause. Attempts
to inoculate other animals have proved ineffective (Garcia). If masti-
cation be interfered with, they can be removed with scissors ; but if
they cause no inconvenience it is better to await their spontaneous
disappearance.
(B) Encysted tumours also occur frequently on the lips of horses;
they lie close under the mucous membrane, sometimes attain the size of
a pigeon’s egg, and contain a thick, fluid, honey-like material. They are
really retention tumours, produced by obstruction of the ducts of mucous
glands. So long as they attain no considerable size, nor become the
seat of inflammatory changes, they are seldom observed. To detect
them, the thumb is laid on the external skin, the fingers on the
mucous membrane of the lp, which is allowed to glide slowly
through the fingers. When such tumours become inflamed, they cause
enlargement of the sub-maxillary lymph glands, displace the lips, and
impart to the face somewhat of the appearance of facial paralysis.
If they become inflamed, or interfere with feeding, treatment will be
required. It is generally sufficient to lay open the parts and dress the
interior with nitrate of silver, sulphate of copper, 2 per cent. corrosive |
sublimate solution, or 10—20 per cent. solution of chloride of zine.
A typical tumour develops above the base of the false nostril in
horses, usually resulting from occlusion of a sebaceous follicle. It is
filled with a granular matter. It may become as large as a hen’s egg, is
round, painless, and freely movable, but seldom causes any difficulty in
breathing. By passing the finger into the false nostril, it may be readily
TUMOURS OF THE LIPS AND CHEEKS. 5
felt, and is sometimes visible from without (fig. 1). Such growths | have
seen oftenest in young foals. They are easily removed. The animal is
cast—though in very quiet subjects this is scarcely necessary—and an
incision made through the skin in the long direction of the head. The
tumour is then grasped with forceps and freed from its surroundings, care
being taken not to incise it, as its removal is thus rendered more difficult.
Should such an accident happen,
a dark-grey, granular matter is dis-
charged, and the inner wall of the
tumour comes in view. The nasal
mucous membrane being firmly
adherent to the swelling may be
injured, when froth from the nostril
will appear in the wound. But
even where the mucous membrane
has been cut, healing by primary
intention occurs. The wound is at
once sutured, and finally covered
with iodoform collodion or wound
gelatine.
New growths, excepting those
above mentioned, are seldom met with on the lips and cheeks of the
domestic animals. The comparatively thick mucous membrane, with its
abundant epithelial covering, forms an effective protection against the
entry of specific contagia, although even here carcinomata, sarcomata,
and tumours produced by actinomyces and bothryomyces are some-
times met with. I have seen many cases of the two latter in horses
and cattle. Swellings form at the junction of the skin and mucous
membrane of the lips, generally near the corner of the mouth, and may
become as large as a man’s fist. They resemble fibromata, are as a rule
sharply defined, and often ulcerate. temoval is easy, recurrence rare.
In dogs, carcinoma of the upper lip can be surgically treated with
success. A commoner position for it is the cheek. In ruminants,
tumours caused by actinomyces are very common. They are most
frequent in the buceal mucous membrane, and will be noticed elsewhere.
Klozow of Moscow found actinomycosis of the lips in 5°6 per cent. of
2000 oxen examined. Swellings, varying from the size of a pea to that
of a hazel nut, occurred in the mucous membrane of the lower lip.
They were very hard and movable, and actinomyces could be detected
in the pus which they contained. Treatment consists in careful removal
of the new growths, and presents no great difficulty if skilfully done.
Fra. 1.-—-Atheroma of the false nostril.
6 DISEASES OF THE LIPS AND CHEEKS.
(4.) PARALYSIS OF THE LIPS. FACIAL PARALYSIS.
Lit.: Trofimow, Zeitschrift fiir vergl. Augenheilk., 1883, p. 158. Gotze,
Dresd. Ber., 1861, p. 105. Zahn, Oesterr. Vierteliahresschrift., 1865, p.
79. Ginther, Vix u. Nebel. vol. 1. p. 325. Ellen-berger, Archiv
fiir wissenschaftl. u. pract. Thierheilkunde, vol. vu. p. 311. Schéne-
berger, Schweizer Archiv, 1883, p. 181. S6hngen, Thierarztl.
Mitthlg., 1874, p. 136. Degive, Rec. de méd. vét:., vol. xxxii. p. 2.
Lydtin, Jahresbericht., 1881, p. 70. Grebe, Jahrb, 1884, p. 81.
Thomassen u. Hamburger, Jahrb., 1889, p. 88. Voigtlinder,
Dresd. Ber., 1860, p. 51.
The facial is the motor nerve of the muscles of the ears, eyelids, nose, lips,
and cheeks. Arising from the pons, it enters the inner ear with the N. acousti-
cus, passes through the Fallopian canal, and outwards through the stylomastoid
foramen of the petrous temporal bone, penetrates the parotid gland, and then
passes over the posterior border of the lower jaw, on the external surface of
which it divides. According to their points of origin, the following three
portions may be differentiated.
I. In the Fallopian canal arise :
(1) A nerve for the stapedius muscle.
(2) A nerve for the chorda tympani.
II. At the stylomastoid foramen :
(1) The posterior auricular nerve giving twigs to the cervico auriculares,
and the parieto auricularis externus and internus.
(2) The middle auricular, distributed to the skin lining the interior of
the ear.
Ill. Thence to the point of termination :
(1) Nerve to the occipito-styloid, stylo-hyoid, and digastricus muscles.
(2) The zygomatico temporalis nerve gives off—
(a) The anterior auricular nerves.
(>) Twigs to the temporalis muscle.
(c) Twigs to the orbicularis palpebrarum and the external levator
palpebrarum.
(3) The cervical branch, which gives off motor twigs to the depressor of
the ear and the superficial cervical muscles, afterwards passes over
the external surface of the lower jaw, and, as a motor nerve,
supplies the muscles of the nose, lips, and cheeks.
Paralysis of the facial nerve occurs rather frequently in horses; is
commonly confined to one side, often to the nerve supply of the upper
lip; the deformity consequently is slight, and the mischief may be over-
looked. But double-sided paralysis interferes very noticeably with
feeding.
The cause is most frequently external injury impairing the con-
ductivity of the nerve. The malady is therefore common in horses
suffering from such illness as colic or injuries from shoeing, and which,
in consequence, lie a great deal. Siedamerotzky first noted that this
FACIAL PARALYSIS. if
nerve often becomes bruised at the point where it winds round the
lower jaw. The cheek-straps of the head-collar, and especially the
buckle at the left side, may easily injure the nerve when the animal is
lying. The double-sided paralysis described by Grebe, and erroneously
regarded as reflex paralysis, is similarly produced. In earlier times, facial
paralysis was often caused by inserting hair setons in the cheeks as a
remedy in diseases of the eye. It occurs during the progress of serious
infectious disorders, such as influenza, petechial fever, &c., and may also
be produced, as in man, by severe chills. The paralysis is mostly con-
fined to the facial muscles. The lips are distorted, the nostrils narrowed,
the upper lip, and sometimes the under, are drawn towards the sound
side. The condition is best recognised by looking at the lips from in
front. So long as one side alone is affected, feeding is little interfered
with; but in double-sided paralysis the lips hang flaccid, a ecndition
best seen in the under lip, and feeding now becomes extremely difficult.
The food can only be grasped with the teeth, and in drinking, the
corners of the mouth must be immersed in order to prevent the water
flowing back. Even when carefully tended, the animals rapidly lose
condition, for they have difficulty not only in grasping food, but, owing
to the paralysis of the cheeks, also in masticating it. The bit cannot be
grasped by the lips, but Jies between the cheek and the molars. These
are the appearances when injury has occurred, at the point where the
nerve passes round the under jaw ; but where in addition the subzygomatic
nerve is involved, sensation is lost in the skin of the affected side.
Facial paralysis due to central injury is different both in its symp-
toms and consequences. Should the lesion be sufficiently near the
brain to involve the zygomatico-temporalis nerve, then, in addition to
the above appearances, paralysis affects the levator palpebrarum, as well
as various muscles of the ear. The upper eyelid will droop (ptosis)
whilst the orbicularis palpebrarum will be unable to properly close the
eye, and the ear on the affected side will hang imply. Zahn found the
bulbus of the affected side smaller, and the cornea cloudy. Disturbance
of hearing could also be detected. (Fig. 2.)
The causes are various; I have frequently found that melanotic
tumours, developing in the parotid, as well as swellings in the Fallopian
canal, had pressed on the nerve. Occasionally the origin is central.
Thus the post-mortem of a horse, sent to my clinique for double-sided
paralysis, disclosed sarcoma of the pons. Gotze noted paralysis of the
lips and ears in a horse after influenza, and found on section an abscess in
the cerebellum. In another case, Lydtin saw sarcoma on the petrous
temporal bone, the growth extending from the posterior convolutions of
the cerebrum to the point of origin of the twelfth nerve. Thomassen
and Hamburger found hemorrhage in the facial nerve centre. It is
8 DISEASES OF THE LIPS AND CHEEKS.
difficult to say if rheumatic paralysis of the facial nerve occurs in
animals as well as in men. The greater number of cases at any rate
are of traumatic origin. Disease of the middle ear being rare in the
horse, it cannot often be a determining agent, and I have never yet
seen a case of facial paralysis in dogs, though in them middle ear
disease is comparatively common. But Trofimow relates that a bitch
showed one-sided paralysis in consequence of catching cold; the upper
eyelid was involved; cure was effected in two months, but a relapse
is said to have oceurred later. Cattle seldom suffer from facial paralysis,
probably because the nerve is protected against mechanical injury by the
horns. In double-sided paralysis both nostrils fall in, but a sufficient
Fie. 2.—Right-sided facial paralysis Fic. 8.—Double-sided facial paralysis (peripheral).
(central). The protrusion of the
tongue is accident —it does not
necessarily oceur in facial paralysis.
opening remains for ordinary quiet respiration. Immediately, however,
that breathing is hurried, from such causes as excitement or rapid move-
ment, a snoring sound becomes audible during inspiration. As _ the
horse breathes only through the nose the narrowed opening becomes
insufficient, the edges of the nostrils are pressed inwards, and inspiratory
dyspneea ensues. That asphyxia is always caused, as Claude Bernard
states, has not been borne out by the experiments of Giinther and
Ellenberger. My own observations support those of Ellenberger, but it
must be allowed, as shown in a case related by Schoneberger, that an
animal affected with this form of paralysis, if excited and forcibly driven,
may not only suffer from severe dyspnea but may even die outright.
FACIAL PARALYSIS. 9
In one case of double-sided peripheral paralysis I found the breathing
of a snoring character, even when the patient was at rest, whilst during
inspiration the nostrils became contracted and the false nostrils collapsed.
(Fig. 4.)
Diagnosis of central paralysis is not difficult, though determination
of the cause and its exact position require much care. Should the
paralysis be confined to one or both lips, it is peripheral; where
the muscles both of the eyes and ears are affected at the same time
the injury is above the point where the nerve winds round the jaw.
Central paralysis may sometimes be recognised
by the continued existence of reflex irrita-
bility in the affected parts, showing that
conductivity of the nerve is not destroyed.
Most cases of peripheral paralysis recover
in from four to six weeks. Return of irri-
tability on faradisation points towards re-
covery, and this usually occurs little by little.
When the animal is in a state of rest, it may
be noted that the lip is returning to its
normal position ; should it be excited, however,
the distortion again becomes visible. A prog-
nosis is, therefore, best arrived at while the
patient stands quietly in the stable. Cases of
incomplete paralysis generally recover; those
where the eyes and ears are affected are not pig 4 Position of nostrils and
hopeful, and where tumours are the cause a 0se in double-sided — (peri-
: pheral) facial paralysis (from
cure is not to be expected. Further, when a photograph).
the paralysis has been in existence for more
than two or three months, the prognosis is always unfavourable.
Double-sided is generally less hopeful than single-sided paralysis,
while, if the appearances point to some central cause, little hope of
cure can be entertained.
Treatment.—In one-sided incomplete paralysis the food which
has accumulated in the cheek must be removed after each meal.
Nothing further is necessary. In complete paralysis of one side, soft,
easily masticated tood should be given, and the surface on the upper
margin of the lower jaw, where the nerve emerges, rubbed with some
resolvent material (Uget. hydrarg.). Such measures serve to satisfy the
owner, and the rubbing certainly appears to alleviate inflammatory
action. The frequently recommended injection of veratrine into the
cheeks has been of no value in my experience. Electricity is
inapplicable, owing to the excessive sensibility of the horse to this
agent. In double-sided paralysis the principal point is attention to
10 DISEASES OF THE MOUTH.
the food, which should consist of mashes, gruel, and green stuffs. Corn
should be given crushed and in a deep receptacle, so that the animal
can more easily seize it with the teeth (Ellenberger). To avoid
the tendency to dyspnoea, Schéneberger advised that wire sutures be
passed through each nostril, and brought together over the nose—
a suggestion he first made in 1874. Tracheotomy is sometimes
useful.
Voigtlander observed periodical attacks of cramp in the region supplied by
the N. facialis in a horse; “‘on the right side the upper eyelid began to
twitch, a sight contraction like a shadow ran across the masseter as far
as the lip, and then began powerful contractions, which drew the right half
of the upper lip upwards and outwards, and set in motion the entire half of
the head behind the eye.” These attacks came on every five minutes, and
occurred even during feeding. The owner stated that the disease had been in
existence for several years. Degive in two cases noticed paralysis of the tongue
and lips, a disorder which is said to be frequent in Belgium, and which has a
certain resemblance to bulbar paralysis in man. He found general progressive
paralysis of the bulbar nerves, especially the hypoglossus and facialis, which
was attended with salivation, paralysis of the muscles of the tongue, lips, and of
mastication, with consequent difficulty in eating, portions of the food falling
out of the mouth. Paralysis of the soft palate and pharyngeal muscles was at
times present and interfered with swallowing. The malady always ended
in death, generally in five to six months, sometimes later. Post-mortem showed
gangrenous pneumonia (mechanical pneumonia, schluckpneumonie), atrophy of
the roots of the bulbar nerves (hypoglossus, vagus and facialis), and degeneration
of the muscles of the tongue and cheeks.
The cause is clearly a morbid process in the medulla, leading to the
degeneration and atrophy of the motor roots of the hypoglossus, facialis and
vagus, which arise here. To the best of my knowledge the disease has not
yet been observed in Germany.
Il.—DISEASES OF THE MOUTH.
(1.) FOREIGN BODIES IN THE MOUTH.
Lit.: Lindenberg. Mag. v. Gurlt u. Hertwig, vol. xi. p. 436.
Kirchner, ibid., vol. xviii. p. 339. Barrier, Bulletin, 1885, p.
1938. Carrucci, La Clinica vet., 1885, p. 458. Kitt, Berl) Th:
Woch., 1890, p. 293.
In domesticated animals, and especially in dogs and cattle, foreign
bodies taken into the mouth along with the food, or picked up in play,
are apt to become fixed. In dogs, bones and needles are the most
common objects, in cattle, pieces of wood, which le between the teeth
or the teeth and cheeks; while needles usually get fixed in the
tongue. The animals slobber, and chew when the mouth is apparently
FOREIGN BODIES IN THE MOUTH. Ii
empty ; some shake the head or make cautious attempts to swallow;
and, if the foreign body is not removed, they become thin from
insufficient nourishment. Where such symptoms are met with, the
mouth should always be carefully examined. The objects being often
very small, like needles or splinters of wood, it is necessary to
search closely. Where hard bodies become fixed between the upper
and lower teeth, the mouth can sometimes neither be closed by the
animal itself nor by external force. In dogs and cats sewing needles
are often fixed in the base of the tongue.
Apart from difficulty in feeding and loss of condition, other symptoms
may supervene. I have seen a horse die of bleeding from the palatine
artery, primarily brought about by a needle penetrating the tongue. I
have also frequently removed pieces of bone from between the molars in
dogs, which were unable to close their mouths, and in consequence had
been suspected of rabies. Lindenberg saw epileptiform attacks in a cow
result from a sharp molar injuring the tongue; attempts to eat imme-
diately produced an attack. To remove a foreign body the mouth should
be forced wide open, and the object seized either with the hand or with
forceps. Needles are always found penetrating the tongue from behind
forwards, assuming this position in consequence of the struggles of the
animal when choking, or the attempts it makes to remove the needle
with the tongue. For this reason, when extracting a foreign body, the
tongue should be powerfully drawn forward, and the object thrust
upwards and backwards. From neglect of this principle, attempts to
pull out the needle by means of the thread which it often contains are
always unsuccessful.
Injuries to the hard palate are sometimes complicated with severe
bleeding, and require most careful attention. When the palatine artery
is wounded, animals may bleed to death, as the movements of the
tongue interfere with the formation of thrombi. In venous bleeding the
following treatment is generally sufficient : after covering the tongue with
flour to the thickness of an inch, the mouth is firmly bound and the
horse left at rest for 6—8 hours (Hertwig). In severe arterial bleeding,
which often follows penetration of the vessel, the horse should be cast,
the mouth kept open with a gag, and the artery ligatured. Under some
circumstances pressure may be employed, as, for instance, in injuries of
the anterior parts of the palate. After placing on the bleeding spot a
hard pad of tow or jute, preferably soaked with perchloride of iron solu-
tion, a bandage or handkerchief is passed round it, and firmly tied over
the nose, leaving the nostrils free. This should remain in place for 12
hours. A piece of thick leather or board will further ensure its not
shifting. Stoppage of the bleeding may at times be effected by burning
the part with a round-headed iron, but this treatment is not reliable;
12 DISEASES OF THE MOUTH.
the bleeding usually stops for a few seconds and then recoimences,
and it is better to occupy this interval in applying a bandage. Under
any circumstances, hard food must not be given during the ensuing
24 hours. In spite of the unpleasant smell, the above described
wounds usually heal rapidly after removal of the foreign body. Where
deep cuts exist, the mouth should be cleansed after each meal and the
animal prevented, either by muzzling or tying up short, from again
fouling the parts.
The tongue is sometimes strangulated by a cord being tied round
it, and this I have repeatedly seen, both in horses and dogs. Either
from ill-will and a desire to injure the owner, or with the view of
keeping the horse quiet during cleaning, or preventing his protruding
the tongue, a piece of string is tied round it. Kirchner relates a
remarkable case of the kind in a cow, where the tongue became snared
in consequence of chewing some string. In dogs and cats, sections of
blood-vessels or elastic bands sometimes slip on to the tongue and
remain fast. In one of the two cases described by Barrier, a section of
aorta was found encircling the tongue, which was necrotic. Carrucci
relates a similar case, where the tongue was swollen to four times its
normal size. Kitt, when making a post-mortem examination of a goat,
found an iron ring, ~ inch broad and 2# inches in circumference, firmly
fixed round the tongue. The animal had shown difficulty in eating and
was finally killed. Such a condition is recognised at the first glance
by the great swelling and bluish-red colour of the tongue. The affected
portion is sharply defined posteriorly and the adjoining part is still
perfectly normal: closer examination discovers the encircling object,
which may at first be covered by the swelling. The condition is one
of strangulation, and, if not relieved, necrosis of the tongue results from
interference with circulation and nutrition. But this necrosis does not
always set in rapidly, and healing sometimes occurs, even where the
tongue is already insensible and cold, and exhibits a bluish-black colour.
In these cases, however, the surface of the mucous membrane is destroyed
and sloughs away later.
Treatment.—tThe first thing is to remove the foreign body. Some-
times this is sufficient, but not always so, for the mucous membrane,
being relatively thick and strong, is unable to yield to the extent
required by the excessive swelling, and the tongue runs a risk of becom-
ing necrotic. In such cases,’ scarification is advisable, longitudinal
incisions being made with the bistoury over the whole swelling, and to
the extent of half its thickness. Deeper incisions might wound the
hypoglossal artery, and give rise to profuse and dangerous bleeding.
The swelling generally subsides rapidly after this operation, but at times
may continue for several days. Bathing with alum solution assists
STRANGULATION OF, THE TONGUE. 13
healing and checks putrefactive changes. As long as much swelling
remains, fluid nourishment must be given, and in cats and dogs this
may appropriately be administered as a drench,
(2.) DISEASES OF THE TONGUE.
(A) MECHANICAL INJURIES.
Lit.: Osborne, The Veterinarian, 1841. Steffen, Ad. Woch. 15. p. 13.
Graf, Zeitschr. fiir Vet. Kunde, 1892, p. 359. Lidecke, ibid, p. 304.
With the exception of those previously described wounds produced
by foreign bodies, injuries to the tongue occur most frequently in horses.
The use of the bit sufficiently accounts for this. Moreover, stablemen,
in order to control unruly or sensitive horses during cleaning, not
infrequently pass a cord around the tongue. If this be sharply pulled,
the tongue may easily be cut through, and the thinner the cord the
more easily does the accident occur. Snattle bits produce the same
effect, especially if worn. The tongue may also be injured in horses
and ruminants by sharp or displaced teeth.
Rupture of the freenum linguie sometimes occurs in horses, result-
ing in suppuration, abscess formation, and the production of fistulee.
In oxen the dorsum of the tongue is abraded by rough fodder. Steffen
saw the point of a foal’s tongue become gangrenous and slough, after
having been violently handled during some dental operation. His
report of the case points to a blood-vessel having been ruptured.
Diagnosis presents no difficulty. The irritation in the mouth,
salivation, want of appetite, or slow, cautious mastication readily indicate
the nature of the injury and its extent. Healing is usually rapid
and certain, though transverse wounds of the tongue may leave a deep
depression. But even this is no great drawback, and is only worth
notice inasmuch as the animal wastes food in eating, and the tongue
may be lacerated if forcibly handled during examination. But a portion
of the tongue may be torn away in the first instance or later, and
if the frenum lineue be involved, mastication will be rendered
difficult.
The attempts to cure protrusion of the tongue have shown that in
horses the removal of 3—4 inches cause no inconvenience. But where
more is lost the animals are unable to bring the food between the back
teeth. At times they seek to effect this by holding the head in the
air like chickens when drinking, but at best some food must be wasted,
and mastication takes longer.
Graf records that a horse, which had lost the point of the tongue,
14 DISEASES OF THE TONGUE.
had severe swelling of the remainder, accompanied by salivation and
inability to eat solid food: only fluids and mashes could be taken.
When the wound had cicatrised, the stump only extended about ¢ of an
inch beyond the first molar. In three weeks the horse could again
eat ordinary food, but took three times as long as formerly to do so.
Liidecke described a similar case, in which the tongue was lost as far
as the commencement of the frenum, but nevertheless the horse could
eat as usual.
In dogs defects in the tongue interfere especially with drinking, as
some of the water flows back. But in time both dogs and horses learn
to eat and drink in the usual manner. The superficial vessels sometimes
are torn, but the arteria lingue profunda may not be divided, and in
this rare contingency the nutrition of the anterior part of the tongue
is not interfered with. When, however, the profunda is torn, necrosis
of the point of the tongue may easily follow. Severe bleeding after
the injury is, therefore, an unfavourable symptom.
Treatment consists in carefully cleansing the cavity of the mouth
after each meal. The horse is then either muzzled or tied up, to
prevent it soiling the wound by eating. Clean water should always
be kept in the stall. Deep wounds, ie. such as reach nearly halt
through the tongue, must be carefully sutured. Very strong silk is the
best material, and the stitches are inserted deeply and close together,
otherwise they are liable to tear out. Sometimes it is even possible
in this manner to bring about healing by first intention. If in trans-
verse wounds the point of the tongue is already gangrenous, it will be
needful to amputate, but there must be no haste, and the operation
should be deferred until unmistakable signs of necrosis have appeared, for
not infrequently the tip may be preserved, even where the cut extends
three quarters through the thickness of the tongue. Profuse bleeding
results on division of the hypoglossal artery, but if the horse has
been cast for operation the vessel can easily be taken up with forceps
and tied. Injury to the frenum often leads to formation of abscesses,
which may require to be opened. Under any circumstances, the parts
must be kept scrupulously clean.
SEPTIC INFLAMMATION OF THE TONGUE. 15
(B) ACUTE INFLAMMATION OF THE TONGUE.
Lit.: Ollmann, Th. Mitth., 1880. Singard, The Veterinarian, 1883, p.
340. Gresswell, The Vet. Journal, 1886, p. 321. Rehrs, Mag. v.
Gurlt u. Hertwig, 1841, p. 227. Anleitg. z. Verbannung und Heilung d.
Zungenkrebses, Detmold, 1787. Kolb, Adams Woch., 1886. Fiir-
stenberg, Th. Mitt., 1867, p. 163.
Compared with injuries produced by external agencies, acute inflam-
matory processes in the tongue are seldom seen; but specific inflamma-
tions, the result of infection, occasionally occur, especially in cattle and
horses. The condition termed gloss-anthrax, formerly regarded as a
form of anthrax, occurs also in “ wildseuche,” a peculiar epizootic show-
ing many points of resemblance to anthrax. Infection is particularly
favoured by hard prickly fodder. Cattle and horses usually suffer in
consequence from acute glossitis which often becomes enzootic (Tholke,
Ollmann), and is clearly due to the entrance of pathological micro-organ-
isms. That septic and phlegmonous processes may extend from the
pharynx to the tongue is shown by Fiirstenberg’s observations on sheep.
The tongue swells at some particular spot and becomes hard and
painful. The swelling increases, feeding becomes difficult, and salivation
soon sets in. In cattle, excessive oedema about the pharynx occurs at
an early stage, and the lymph glands become swollen. Singard observed
a similar disease in young cattle leading to necrosis of the tongue;
and reports finding bacilli in the necrotic parts, which even after
many cultivations, remained active. Gresswell described an enzootic
glossitis terminating in necrosis, and stated having found bacilli which
were identical in appearance with those of malignant cedema. Stockfleth
also gives an account of gangrenous glossitis in cattle and horses. Even
in 1787 the municipality of Detmold gave directions concerning the
measures to be taken to check a disease of the tongue in horned cattle
and horses, which, from the description given, appears to have been an
exceedingly acute and rapid gangrenous process. The animals were said
frequently to die in 24 hours. Scarifications were recommended. Kolb
noticed in cattle an inflammation of the tongue characterised by severe
salivation and cedema of the pharynx, with painful swellings on the
frenum lingue varying in size from a pigeon’s to a hen’s egg. The
swellings where scarified soon healed, otherwise they formed abscesses
with foetid contents. Rehrs reports a similar condition in horses.
Diagnosis and treatment must be founded on the character
and extent of the disease. In general, scarification is indicated, to allow
disease products to escape and prevent necrosis. Should fluctuation
appear, recourse must at once be had to the knife.
16 DISEASES OF THE TONGUE.
(C) CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND NEW GROWTHS IN THE
TONGUE (MAKROGLOSSIA).
Lit.: Gerlach, Mag. v. Gurlt u. Hertwig, vol. xx. p. 297. Hollmann,
ibid., vol. xxiii. p. 40. May, ibid., vol. xxiv. p.+324. Eberhardt,
ibid., vol. xxix. pp. 447 and 449. Schleg, Dresd. Ber, 1884, p. 97.
Siedamgrotzky, ibid, 1875, p. 24. Johne, Deutsch. Zeitsch. fiir
Thiermed., 1882, p. 169. Bollamger, Ad. W., 188i.) “homme.
sen u. Strebel, Schweizer Archiv, 1890, p. 16. Lesbre, Ree. de
méd. vét., 1886, p. 605. Bass, Th. Rundschau, ii. 36. Fiirthmeyer,
Monatsch. d. Vereins osterr. Th., 1887. Pflug, Deutsche Zeitschrift fiir
Thiermed., 1890, p. 190. Imminger, Deutsch. Zeitschr. fiir Thiermed.,
1888, p. 423. Ostertag, Monatshefte f. p. Thierh, 1893, p. 208.
Truelsen, B. T. W., 1893, p. 39. Henschel u. Falke, Zeitsehr:
fiir Fleisch- u. Milchhygiene, 1892, p. 167.
Under the names of tuberculosis of the tongue, degeneration of the
tongue, wooden tongue (Holzzunge), and chronic inflammation of the
tongue, many different conditions have been described, which have a
certain similarity, inasmuch as in all the tongue gradually becomes
larger and thicker, and eating and breathing are rendered difficult.
The nature of these processes until lately was doubtful. Numerous
foci being found in the lungs, they were described as tubercular. In 1875
Siedamerotzky, in view of their pathological and anatomical appearances,
suggested that they were due to the entrance of some irritant. More
recently they have been thoroughly investigated and defined, and it is
clear that several diseases have been confounded. Micro-organisms
such as actinomyces (Bollinger) and bothryomyces have frequently been
found, and less often psorospermia (Siedamgrotzky). The latter, however,
cannot always be viewed as pathological, inasmuch as they are sometimes
found in perfectly healthy parts of the tongue. At times no cause
whatever can be assigned for the chronic inflammatory process by
which the tibrous tissue of the tongue increases at the expense of the
muscles. Probably malignant new growths oceur, but owing to the
want of proper investigations nothing certain can be said on this head.
Tumours, at any rate, are much less common in animals than in men,
in whom carcinoma and syphilis furnish a large number of tongue diseases.
The ox is the most frequent sufferer, and in it disease is generally due
to actinomyces or bothryomyces. Pflug has urged, however, that chronic
indurating ¢lossitis does not always result from actinomycotie infection,
but may be due to hyperplasia of the muscular connective tissue.
Imminger has found only 4 to 8 per cent. of these tongue diseases
to be due to actinomycosis. Probably bothryomyces and _ staphy-
lococci are sometimes the cause. Truelsen detected actinomyces in a
horse’s tongue.
ACTINOMYCOSIS OF THE TONGUE CURABLE. 17
Appearances and Progress.—The tongue gradually becomes
thicker and larger, especially at its base, and, on account of its
stiffness, feeding is rendered difficult, whilst in swallowing, the head
and neck are abnormally extended. Salivation frequently exists, and
difficulty in breathing may appear, particularly during mastication
and swallowing. At the same time respiration becomes audible,
whistling or rattling. These symptoms slowly becoming aggravated,
the mouth is examined, and the tongue found thickened, its base
bemg unusually stiff and hard (Holzzunge). The veins are ab-
normally large, and the surface has a dark blue colour, as in stran-
gulation, but acute inflammatory symptoms (pain and cedema) are
absent. Hard swellings, which vary from the size of a pea to that
of a pigeon’s ege, are occasionally visible on the surface, and may show
signs of ulceration. They are best felt when the tongue is allowed to
glide through the hand. In other cases the tongue is simply increased
in size. After a time the laryngeal lymphatic glands swell, and at a
later stage cedema is present. The difticulty in swallowing prevents
the animals taking anything but fluid nourishment, and slow wasting
ensues.
Henschel and Falk saw actinomycosis of the tongue at the Berlin
slaughter-houses appearing as white or yellow hard swellings, varying in
size from a pin’s head to a bean, sometimes lying in the mucous membrane,
sometimes in the deeper tissues. The disease always started from the
lower (anterior) border of the dorsum. They think that a certain
connection exists between the localisation of the disease and the manner
in which oxen gather their food. In grazing, the tongue is rotated
and passed sideways round the blades of grass. Injuries are thus
inflicted which afterwards allow the entrance into the tissues of
actinomyces or of particles of food. Of the total animals slaughtered,
9-1 per cent. showed such excoriations, and 7:2 per cent. were affected
with actinomycosis.
Treatment.—Prognosis is unfavourable, and animals fit for the
butcher had best be slaughtered. Fluid food is indicated. Although
hitherto looked upon as incurable, some cases are said to have recovered
after local scarification and the use of iodine (Strebel and Ostertag).
Bass, Thomassen, Ostertag, and others recommend iodide of potassium
internally, 1 to 24 drachms in a quart of water for six succeeding days.
This is said, however, to have occasionally produced a kind of poisoning,
Actinomycosis may not only be checked but absolutely cured by deep
searification and painting with iodine solution (Thomassen, Ostertag,
and others). Of 100 cases Strebel claims to have completely cured
one-third and to have so improved others that they could be successfully
fattened; only 50 per cent. he regards as incurable. To these belong
B
18 PARALYSIS OF THE TONGUE.
the advanced cases, and those in which the root of the tongue is
principally involved. Where the point and middle alone are invaded,
the prognosis is much more favourable, for in these parts deep incisions
may be made without danger.
Dressing with tincture of iodine may take place two or three times
a day after eating. Ostertag, however, assigns most importance to
careful application of the drug; after laying open all swellings, he
applies the tincture personally, using a stiff brush. The application
is renewed once a week. Bass noted a relapse after iodine treatment.
The later observations of Thomassen, Nocard, Ostertag, and others give
a high value to the administration of iodide of potassium internally, and
the local use of tinct. iodi. Under any circumstances it is better, when
dealing with an infectious disease, not to place too much reliance on
complete or lasting recovery, and as soon as sufficient improvement is
declared to prepare the animal for the butcher. Such animals fatten
most readily on distillers’ and brewers’ grains, which only make slight
demands on their masticating powers.
(D) PARALYSIS OF THE TONGUE (GLOSSOPLEGIA),
Lit.: Gerke, Gurlt u. Hertwig. 5, p. 93. Jitrgens, ibid., 12, p. 356.
Kater, Thierarztl, Mitth., 1870, p. i71. Hallander, Monatschr.
fur dhe ps oly:
Inflammatory processes may interfere with the movements of the
tongue; but its paralysis depends on injury to the hypoglossal nerve,
which supplies with, motor filaments the collective muscles of the
tongue and most of those of the hyoid bone.
Wounds, abscesses, or inflammatory processes may affect the nerve
at some point of its course, or at its origin on the inferior surface of the
medulla, and thus produce glossoplegia. Kater saw one-sided paralysis
oecur in a foal which three months before had been wounded in the
throat with a knife. On the left side the muscles of the tongue had
so completely disappeared that at the point the upper and lower
coverings of mucous membrane were in contact. This paralysis is also
seen during severe infections, as of contagious pleuro-pneumonia of the
horse (brustseuche). In central paralysis both nerves usually suffer,
and, of course, both sides of the tongue, for the two hypoglossal nerves
arise very close together. In the horse paralysis of the tongue some-
times accompanies acute meningitis or hydrocephalus. But all double-
sided paralysis is not necessarily central. Diplegia occurs in horses
whose tongues have been roughly handled, and where both nerves have
been injured. In dogs double-sided paralysis is regularly observed during
RANULA. 19
rabies, but it also appears without any preceding illness, and is some-
times accompanied by masticatory facial paralysis. Here the cause is
probably central. Jiirgens thinks that numbers of the observations
published in veterinary literature as glossoplegia really relate to inflam-
matory affections; but I have certainly seen paralysis of the tongue
result from acute inflammation of that organ.
The symptoms of one-sided paralysis are displacement of the tongue
and difficulty in mastication and deglutition. In double-sided paralysis
both acts become nearly impossible, particularly the latter. The
tongue generally hangs from the mouth. In protracted cases the
“muscles atrophy, though, of course, in single-sided paralysis only those
of the paralysed side suffer. The disease must not be confounded
with the so-called “ protrusion” (zungenstrecken), where the tongue is
voluntarily lolled out of the mouth. Paralysis is shown by distortion
and inability to retract the tongue.
Prognosis is generally unfavourable in double-sided paralysis. The
animals cannot be fattened, and therefore, if the case is persistent,
it is better to slaughter. Monoplegia is of little consequence as the
animals can still feed well.
Treatment can do little. Should the disease be caused by external
injuries, these must be dealt with on general principles, otherwise
one can only await developments or slaughter. In fat animals the
latter course is preferable, as condition is rapidly lost.
(E) RANULA.
Lit.: Hohenleitner, B. T. W. 1892, p. 346.
Ranula is commonest in dogs and cattle. Under the point of the
tongue, on the frenum lingue, a long roundish swelling develops,
which may attain the size of a pigeon’s, or even of a hen’s, egg. It
is greyish-yellow, soft, and not inflamed. When opened, a yellow,
thick fluid escapes, and the walls collapse. The swelling, if of any
considerable size, interferes with feeding, and’ produces salivation. In
man the voice at times assumes a harsh, croaking tone, hence the
German name “ Froschgeschwulst ” (Frog swelling). The pathological
cause has not yet been determined even in man. It was thought to
be due to occlusion of Wharton’s duct, but this is generally found
to be clear. More recently it has been regarded as stoppage of a
mucous duct (retention tumour).
Prognosis is favourable, though simply laying the cyst open is
ineffective, as it always fills again. But this can easily be prevented
20 FRACTURE OF THE HYOID BONE.
by removing the thin wall with scissors and forceps. Stockfleth has
described as ranula in cattle an entirely different condition, which takes
a much more troublesome course, and must be regarded as a malignant
inflammation of the sub-maxillary lymph glands (compare with affections
of lymph glands). Hohenleitner states having seen two cases of ranula
caused by actinomyces. The ranula disappeared after painting with
iodine, though stiffness of the tongue persisted.
(F) FRACTURE OF THE HYOID BONE.
Lit.: Schade, Gurlt u. Hertwig. 6, p. 316. Herraud, The Vet., 1853.
Rupprecht, Berl. Th. Woch, 1890, p. 329. Zipperlen, Rev. vét.,
1880, p. 380. Bolle, Th. Mitth., 1881, p. 86. Siedamgrotzky,
Dresd. Ber., 1875, p. 26.
On account of its sheltered position, fractures of the hyoid bone are
rare, but have nevertheless been observed. In horses and eattle they
are produced by thrusts with the horn, and blows with the feet, or even
by violent traction on the tongue. In dogs they result from roughly
seizing them by the throat, as is sometimes done by the police in
securing stray animals.
The Appearances comprise salivation, prolapse of the tongue,
difficulty in eating and especially in swallowing, accumulation of food in
the mouth and swelling in the throat. In complicated fractures there
may also be bleeding from the mouth, possibly of a severe character.
Crepitation on moving the tongue can seldom be detected.
Union of subcutaneous fractures is usually complete in four weeks.
But it not infrequently happens. that fragments of bone perforate the
mucous membrane. Intense inflammatory swelling then develops, which
may quickly prove fatal (Herraud); or mastication and swallowing are
interfered with, and death occurs from inanition, or the patients have
to be slaughtered. Fatal bleeding sometimes results from splinters of
bone injuring neighbouring blood-vessels. Rupprecht relates that the
broken hyoid of a horse perforated the guttural pouch and caused death
by lacerating a large vessel. Asphyxia caused by such _ bleeding
occurring into the larynx and trachea is spoken of by Bolle. But
even cases rendered complicated by exfoliation of large pieces of the
hyoid may recover in from six to eight weeks, as Schade’s experience
shows.
Treatment in simple fracture is confined to supplying suitable food,
which must be easily digestible and require little mastication. At the
commencement, water may be given per rectum, especially if deglutition
is difficult, and soluble nourishment may be administered in the same
FRACTURE OF THE PREMAXILLARY BONE. Pal
way. In complicated cases the wound must be frequently cleaned.
Should the skin be wounded by perforating fragments (an exceptional
occurrence), ordinary antiseptic treatment must be adopted, and loose
pieces of bone removed.
(3.) FRACTURE OF THE PREMAXILLARY BONE.
Such fractures are caused by falling or running against obstacles; in
horses by kicks, in dogs by blows. Sometimes the nasal process
alone breaks; sometimes the alveolar portion with one or more incisor
teeth is involved; sometimes the bodies of both bones are broken
through.
Diagnosis is based on the painful character of the swelling, and on
the result of examination of the bone, which lies almost immediately
under the skin. ‘Transverse fractures of the body of this bone produce
results similar to those of the body of the under jaw; the upper incisor
teeth and the alveolar margin of the bone appear movable, or are more
or less displaced backwards. The upper lip often hangs down obliquely,
so that on casual examination this injury might be mistaken for facial
paralysis. So long as the fracture is confined to a single alveolus or
to the nasal process, it heals rapidly and completely. Transverse
fractures of the body give greater trouble, and especially when the
alveolar margin and the incisors are movable, or when a complicated
fracture exists. In such cases treatment is only advisable in valuable
or favourite animals. Where the free edge is firm, recovery is much
more certain.
Treatment aims at fixing the fragments in position with wire
in the same way as in the lower jaw. In complicated fractures
strict antiseptic precautions must be observed. In some cases the
incisor teeth, which have been dislocated backwards, can only be
replaced in their normal position after the lapse of some time, and by
exercising considerable force. But as soon as they are brought into
position, so that the upper and lower teeth come into contact, the
movements of mastication usually suffice to complete replacement. In
horses I have often seen transverse fractures of the inter-maxillary bone
just behind the alveolar process: in one case the upper incisors had all
been thrust downwards and backwards in consequence of the animal
falling on the mouth. Reduction can often be effected, even several
days after the accident, by using as a lever the thin handle of a hammer.
Sometimes strong pressure with the thumbs is sufficient.
22 INJURIES IN THE INTERDENTAL SPACE.
(4.) INJURIES IN THE INTERDENTAL SPACE.
Ger. Ladendruck.
The interdental space is that portion of the jaw which intervenes
between the corner incisor and the first molar tooth. The bone here
presents a more or less sharp border,and is covered with periosteum and
strong, thick mucous membrane. On this part the pressure of the bit
comes. The latter usually rests on the tongue and edges of the lips,
but the action of the reins presses it against the jaw, and thus, especially
in riding-horses, produces wounds. The sharper the bit, and the lower
it is fixed, the more easily this happens. Such injuries are also more
frequent with a high and sharp conformation of the bone, a thin tongue
and relaxed lips, and with riders whose hands are heavy.
The diseased processes so produced are of various kinds, and may be
distinguished as follows :—
(1) The simplest injury consists in erosion of the mucous membrane
covering the interdental space. The epithelium being removed by the
rubbing of the bit occasionally makes sensitive riding-horses trouble-
some, but yields to treatment in a few days.
(2) Should the force be greater the mucous membrane itself may be
bruised or wounded. Simple bruises without penetration are seldom
very troublesome, but actual wounds may easily lead to periostitis and
its results (necrosis).
(3) The severe use of sharp bits ends in disease of the periosteum
or of the bone. Sometimes this takes the form of periostitis ossificans,
which goes on to the formation of exostoses, often seen in the skeletons of
old riding-horses. Purulent periostitis, always met with where the wound
has extended to the bone, produces necrosis, which may lead to purulent
affection of the medulla (osteomyelitis suppurativa). The diseased
products later find exit on the lower margin of the jaw, and necrotic
portions of bone, as large as a finger, may be discharged. Though in
such cases recovery is naturally slow, it is always complete, and no
permanent injury is left.
Attention is often first directed to an erosion of the mucous membrane
by the excitability of the horse when reined in. Bruises are recognised
by the local swelling, by redness and pain; wounds are directly visible.
The parts are best examined by introducing the forefinger into the
mouth ; and should pain, swelling, or tears in the membrane be detected,
the diagnosis can be confirmed by visual inspection. Periostitis ossi-
ficans can only be discovered by touch, otherwise it often remains
unnoticed, the horse’s pulling being assigned to bad temper, either on its
part or on that of its rider. Moderate pressure on the inflamed spot
TREATMENT OF TENDER-MOUTHED HORSES. 23
produces marked pain. Wounds in the mucous membrane or necrosis
of the bone are easily detected with the finger or a metallic probe.
Osteomyelitis is recognised by swelling of the bone, usually extending
from above downwards towards the lower edge of the jaw. When the
enlargement breaks a sanguineo-purulent discharge escapes, mixed with
necrotic bone fragments, and emits the peculiarly unpleasant smell of
bone pus. The probe often passes from the lower edge of the jaw
right into the mouth. Salivation and painful mastication, though they
sometimes occur, are not essential characteristics.
Treatment must be based on the anatomical changes. If the
parts are merely abraded, it will be sufficient to rest the horse, or use
a simple nose-band or smooth snaffle, in place of a more severe bit,
until the epithelium has again grown, or the bit may be fixed higher
in the mouth. In wounds of the mucous membrane, rest or absolute
avoidance of bar bits is necessary. The parts must be cleansed after
each meal, and the horse muzzled or tied up. The wound should
subsequently be treated according to its character. Immediately the
bone or periosteum begins to suffer, the bit must certainly be laid on
one side. In periostitis ossificans recovery usually follows this treat-
ment in a few weeks; but in purulent periostitis and myelitis improve-
ment will only occur after removal of the necrotic bone. This can
sometimes be effected through the mouth by using dressing forceps,
otherwise the swelling should be allowed to rupture, and the bone taken
away from without. Both the external wound and the opening in the
bone must be kept as clean as possible. Syringing with solutions of
earbolic acid, creolin, or diluted hydrochloric or sulphuric acid is here
indicated. In caries of the lower jaw Greiner injects the fistula with
concentrated solution of lactic acid, and then introduces tampons soaked
in the same fluid. The wound requires cleansing after each meal, and
treating as above indicated. In some eases good results follow the use
of a pointed cautery.
Unfortunately, wounds are often discovered only when the jaws
are considerably swollen. Injuries to the interdental space are very
common in the army after general manceuvres, and when cavalry ride
great distances without veterinary superintendence. Under such circum-
stances the mouths require to be examined as recularly as the backs
and saddles. In tender-mouthed horses leather or rubber covered bits
prevent this injury, and should be used for some time after healing ;
but as long as wounds exist they are of little service, and in erosion
of the mucous membrane are positively hurtful.
24 DISEASES OF THE TEETH.
(5.) DISEASES OF THE TEETH.
This chapter will take cognisance of all pathological conditions of
the teeth, and of all irregularities in the conformation of the mouth,
which interfere with mastication. Without this wider knowledge
abnormalities of the teeth cannot be understood, nor can a reliable
diagnosis be. made. Diseases of the molars are most important in
herbivora, because these teeth perform the whole duty of grinding
the herbage, while the incisors only cut it. The dental disorders of
vegetable feeders will, therefore, first receive attention. Reference
may be made, with advantage, to Kitt’s excellent work on diseases of
the teeth in Frohner’s Monatsschrift fiir practische Thierhieilkunde, 1892,
parts 8, 9, and 10.
The clinical appearances, although varying in the different condi-
tions, generally show marked agreement. In horses (of which we are
now more particularly speaking), the following symptoms are usually
present :—
(1) Deliberate cautious mastication, subject to sudden interruptions
and rolling of the tongue, the head being held on one side.
(2) Dropping of food from the mouth; balls of hay are found in the
manger ; in popular phrase the animal “ quids” its food.
(3) An important symptom is the presence of food in the mouth,
generally in the cheek, some considerable time after eating. Grinding
the teeth when no food is in the mouth is also significant.
(4) At a later stage wasting and loss of strength. In cattle
epileptiform convulsions have been seen as a result of dental disease
(p. 11). In dogs salivation should always draw attention to the state
of the mouth, and especially of the teeth.
(5) Alveolar periostitis is the most common dental disease in animals,
and always gives the mouth an extremely offensive smell.
Immediately any such symptoms are present, the mouth, and especially
the teeth, should be thoroughly examined. In some horses irregularities
of the teeth can be detected through the thickness of the cheeks by
palpation from without. Sometimes the bone swells and fistula form.
The incisors are easily inspected, but examination of the molars requires
certain precautions varying in the different classes of animals. These
are more particularly described in my work on diagnosis.‘ Deviation
of the teeth from their absolute or relative positions likewise points to
disease.
1 Klinische Diagnostik der déusseren Krankheiten der Hausthiere, by Prof. Dr H. Moller,
Stuttgart, Ferdinand Enke.
SUPERNUMERARY TEETH. 25
Diseases of the teeth may be clinically divided into the following
four groups :—
A. Irregularities in development.
B. Irregularities in wear.
C. Diseases of the tooth proper.
D. Diseases of the alveolar periosteum.
(A) IRREGULARITIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TEETH.
Lit.: R611, Wien. Vierteljahrschrift., vol. iii, p. 102. Walther, Dresd.
Ber., 1889, p.70. Giinther, Exterieur des Pferdes. Kitt, Monatsschr.
mepelmernn. isea,)p. sole “Dreckerhotft Spec. Path. u.” Ther,
p. 165.
(a) SUPERNUMERARY TEETH (Polyodontia, Hyperdentition).
Kollmann (quoted by Kitt) states that in man during fetal life
more enamel germ is sometimes formed than is required for the normal
number of teeth, and that this determines the production of super-
numerary teeth. Kitt looks on hyperdentition as a result of atavism,
and points to the fact that in former ages
foals had more teeth than at present. The
same theory explains the appearance of the
pre-molars in the horse, whose ancestors
(Hipparion, &e.) always had four pre-molars.
Kitt describes as a typical hyperdentition
the apparently purposeless excess of teeth,
an example of which is cited by Goubeaux,
where a certain horse had double the normal
number of incisors. Giinther, Stockfleth, and
others have noted supernumerary molars.
Their commonest situation seems to be
behind the third molar, but they may lie
alongside the normal teeth, being either in
contact with the tongue or cheek. At times ;
milk teeth may be retained by becoming Ste a eae too
fixed between the permanent successors.
Excess teeth seldom cause trouble until, by continued unopposed
growth, they come in contact with and wound soft tissues. Roll and
Dieckerhoff have seen cases where a tooth in the lower jaw has become
so long as finally to penetrate the opposite bone. The nasal cavity
may even be pierced, and a suspicious discharge produced (Dieckerhoff).
I myself have seen two such cases. Supernumerary molars, when on
the inside of the row, are apt to wound the tongue, and, when on the
outside, the cheek. Walther speaks of two accessory molars in the
26 IRREGULAR DEVELOPMENT OF THE TEETH.
horse which appeared, one on the imner side of each of the third upper
molars. The horse had difficulty in chewing. I have seen two cases
where a supernumerary tooth .was present on the inner side of the
fourth upper molar (fig. 5). Both teeth suffered from alveolar
periostitis, penetrated the maxillary sinus, and produced chronic nasal
discharge. In another case the excess tooth was on the inside of the
third pre-molar, and interfered with eating.
Treatment consists in shortening or removing the offending molar.
Extraction is difficult where the tooth stands close to another, and
therefore cannot be grasped. In these cases it may either be shortened
or punched out. I have removed such teeth by using forceps with
sufficiently thin jaws to pass between the two. In the front of the
mouth the two teeth may sometimes be thrust asunder with a strong
chisel.
(b) IRREGULARITIES IN REPLACEMENT OF THE TEETH.
Occasionally the milk teeth remain fixed in position, and cause
the permanent teeth to grow irregularly. Such milk teeth may be
removed with ordinary forceps, though Giinther’s are preferable (fig.
28). It should be noted that the milk tooth is always in front, the
permanent behind. In extracting the first tooth the projection in front
of the jaws of the forceps should le on the permanent tooth. The
eruption of the molars seldom gives rise to trouble, though at times
severe pain accompanies the process, and soft food may be required.
(c) DISPLACEMENT OF THE TEETH.
The molars may become displaced in consequence of disease of the
alveolar periosteum and loosening of the teeth. This will be noticed
later. Abnormalities occur in development; one or other of the
permanent incisors, instead of appearing in the site of the deciduous
tooth, sometimes makes its appearance at a point further back and
wounds the tongue. Stockfleth mentions a case of Hoyer’s of this kind.
In horses an incisor is sometimes rotated on its axis, the convex
surface being turned inwards, or it les horizontally, and grows beyond
the lips, injuring the animal’s appearance (Giinther). The molars may
be similarly displaced. Kitt describes a mouth in which the first molar
lay with its crown alongside the outer aspect of the second and fourth,
whilst its root projected from the jaw on the inner side at a point
about an inch and a half below the alveolar ridge.
Kitt ascribes such deviations from normal position either to temporary
or permanent want of space at the time the tooth appears, or to
abnormal conformation of the mouth, or incidence of pressure. A milk
DISPLACEMENT OF THE TEETH. Ar |
tooth may thus give an abnormal direction to a permanent tooth just
developing, or this abnormal direction may exist from the first.
False position, due to irregular development of the jaw, may be
considered under this heading. Either jaw may be affected. If the
upper is too long (Prognathia superior), or the lower too short
(Brachygnathia inferior), the so-called “overshot jaw” is the result
(Karpfenmaul, lit. carp’s mouth); whilst an opposite conformation
produces “undershot jaw” (Hechtmaul, ze. pike’s mouth). These
variations result from faulty development of the bones, and are often
accompanied by corresponding changes in the molars. In undershot
jaw the lower rows of molars are displaced anteriorly so that the first
lower molar projects beyond that of the upper jaw, whilst the last
upper molar does not come in contact with its fellow of the lower jaw.
In overshot jaw the case is reversed. The teeth consequently either
partially or entirely escape wear, and thus become too long and
impede mastication. The nose, or even the entire head, may be distorted,
producing displacement of the teeth. This is termed by Gurlt campylor-
hinus. (Fig. 11.) Leisering saw such a case during life. Dose noted
a peculiar abnormality in a cow. ‘The incisors stood in pairs, one
behind the other. Although the animal was three years old, no teeth
had been shed. The under jaw was deformed, and Gurlt considered
this to be the real and primary cause of the peculiarity.
_ When slight, these changes are of little importance, but immediately
they become pronounced they produce various undesirable results. The
animal has difficulty im grazing, can no longer tear off the short grass,
and where the incisors are much affected mastication even of cut food
may prove difficult and painful. If the molars fail to correspond, the
grinding surfaces wear away unevenly, and the overlapping part grows
until it either wounds the opposite gum or even the palate, and thus
produces pain in chewing.
Schrader found a horse in which the first left upper molar was
immediately behind the tush, while the second lay at the inner side of
the third, so that the first molar was separated from the others by a
space of 2 inches. ‘The two first lower molars had grown into this
space and perforated the palate, and in drinkine the water passed
through this aperture and was discharged by the nostrils. The horse,
being much wasted, was slaughtered. Too great a space between the
teeth is at once abnormal and injurious, especially in the case of the
molars. The crowns of the teeth should stand close together, so as
to afford mutual support, and prevent food entering the interspaces.
Where intervals occur food is driven into them, penetrates even the
alveoli, and may produce inflammation there. Such alveolar periostitis is
not uncommon in young animals.
28 IRREGULAR WEAR OF THE TEETH.
Treatment consists in shortening or removing the offending tooth.
In young animals too much of the tooth must not be removed at once,
as the pulp cavity may be exposed, and alveolar periostitis set up.
Where intervals occur between the teeth the evil is palliated by giving
soft food, so as to lessen or remove the need for mastication.
(B) IRREGULARITIES OF WEAR IN THE TEETH.
In the horse’s under jaw the rows of molars form two almost straight
lines, which posteriorly diverge slightly. In animals of average size
the first pair lie about 2 inches, the last about 4 inches, from each other.
In the upper jaw the space between the two rows (which are bowed
outwards) is considerably greater, the two first molars on either side
standing about 3 inches, the last molars about 4 to 44 inches from each
other. At the boundary between the pre-molars and molars the cross
measurement in the upper jaw is about 44 to 4% inches, in the under
jaw about 32 inches. It will thus be obvious that during rest the
grinding surfaces of the upper and lower rows do not cover one another ;
Fic. 6.—Normal position of the molars in the horse.
the upper row overhangs the outer edge of the lower; while, on the
other hand, the inner edge of the lower row projects farther inwards
than that of the upper. (Fig. 6.) Moreover, the grinding surfaces, when
viewed from in front, are horizontally inclined, their outer borders being
;%; to 2 of an inch lower than their inner. If the lines of the grinding
surfaces are prolonged, they meet in an obtuse angle below the palate.
(Fig. 6.) Baume places the teeth of the horse in a class between those
which grow continuously, and have an open pulp cavity, and those like
the teeth of men and carnivora, whose pulp cavity is closed, and which
grow from the root. Giinther states that the normal rate of wear,
which in herbivora is very considerable, amounts to about 2 mm. (nearly
THE ANGULAR OR SHARP MOUTH. 29
one line) per year. In consequence of this continued wear, the grinding
and cutting surfaces should eventually attain perfect contact. But where
they do not, certain areas are insufficiently worn, and grow abnormally
fast (Exsuperantia dentis, Kitt), while certain others wear too quickly.
Hence arise the following irregularities :—
(a) The angular or sharp mouth.
(6) The shear-like mouth.
(c) The wave-formed mouth, where the row of teeth, seen from
the side, appears undulatory (Wellenformiges Gebiss).
(d) The step-formed mouth, where, from similar irregular wear,
the row is composed of alternate high and low teeth
(Treppengebiss).
(ec) Premature wear of the teeth.
(f) The smooth mouth,
(a) THE ANGULAR OR SHARP MOUTH, THE SO-CALLED
PROGNATHOUS JAW.
Lit.: Jessen, Gurlt u. Hertwig. 36, p. 401. Lorge, Her. Rep. 31, p. 46.
Giinther, Exterieur des Pferdes. Kitt, Monatssch. fiir pr. Thierh., 1892,
p. 343.
Under ordinary circumstances mastication causes general wear of the
entire grinding surface of the molars, but if any part fails to be worn,
that portion will become too long. Owing to the peculiar relations of
the two jaws, the points which generally escape wear are on the inner
side of the lower row and on the outer side of the upper. Kither single
teeth, an entire row, or even several rows, may be involved. If the two
rows do not terminate at the same point, the upper molar being too far
forward, or the first lower molar too far back, the unopposed points will
continue to grow until their sharp elongations may injure the opposite
gum. This irregularity is caused by a narrow formation of the lower
jaw, as was shown by Defay (Jessen), and later by Giinther and others.
It is assisted by limitation of the movements of mastication, which in its
turn is said by Lorge to be dependent on faulty development of the
muscles of the jaw. As soon as sharp edges form on the teeth, the
inside of the cheeks may be wounded. ‘The further limitation thus
placed on movements of the jaw aggravates the production of sharp
edges, and the mischief increases. It is easy to operate on the sharp
edges and points of the teeth, but this does not remove the cause, and
the malady is liable to recur. The sharp edges of the lower teeth
lacerate the tongue, while those of the upper injure the cheek. These
injuries may eventually induce general wasting and loss of power. Such
a condition is seen especially in old horses, seldom in other animals.
30 SHARP OR ANGULAR MOUTH.
The animal feeds badly, chews slowly and cautiously, and holds the
head to one side. Food is often dropped from the mouth into the
manger; portions also remain between the teeth and cheeks; while
movements of the jaws or tongue are as much as possible avoided.
Wounds of the mucous membrane produce copious salivation. Jessen
remarked that this condition was formerly often overlooked; but that
its importance is apt nowadays to be over-estimated, and the diagnosis
of “sharp teeth” is sometimes used as a cloak for ignorance. lrregu-
larities, however, frequently produce no mischief, and can only be
regarded as causes of imperfect mastication when they occasion wounds
of the tongue or cheeks, Unless where very marked, they are unim-
portant in young animals.
Treatment.—Sharp points or edges can either be removed with the
rasp (fig. 7) or one of the several forms of chisel (figs. 8,9, and 10). If
Fic. 7.—Tooth rasp. Fires. 8, 9.—Tooth chisels. Fic. 10.—Tooth cutter.
requisite, perfectly efficient instruments can be made from an ordinary
foot-rasp. Animals often show an instinctive desire to break off the
points of the teeth by biting the tooth-rasp when introduced into the
mouth. Large projections require the use of the chisel and mallet or
hammer. In the case of the back molars the chisel must be used with
caution, so as to avoid injuring soft structures. The blow must be
SHEAR-LIKE MOUTH. 31
sharp but short; while, to prevent the chisel travelling too far forward,
the left hand, in which it is held, can be rested against the incisor teeth.
The skilled practitioner can dispense with instruments having rounded
guards near the cutting edge, and also with Brogniez’s “ odontriteur,” a
chisel in which the blow is produced by an iron bolt sliding on the
handle. The rasping or chiselling of the teeth sometimes produce their
good results indirectly, by loosening one or more teeth, and by throwing
the patient off its feed, give time for recovery from gastric affections.
In old horses, chewing on one side of the mouth sometimes shortens
the incisors of that side. This condition, described by Giinther as
“oblique mouth,” seldom causes trouble, but is interesting because often
associated with irregular wear of the molars.
(bo) SHEAR-LIKE MOUTH. Ger. Scherengebiss.
Lit.: Gtinther, Exterieur. p. 584. Esser, Thier. Mitth., 1877. Kitt,
Monatssch. fiir pr. Thierh., 1892, p. 348.
Shear-like mouth consists in a considerable increase in the obliquity
of the wearing surfaces of the molars. Their outer edges in both jaws
are too low, the inner too high, so that the wearing surfaces, if prolonged,
Fic, 11.—Left-sided shear-mouth Fia. 12.—Grinding surfaces
(from a photograph). : SS .
in shear mouth. in normal mouth.
would meet in an acute angle above the palate. In other words, the
erowns lie not over, but alongside, one another, so that the mouth
resembles that of a flesh feeder. (Figs. 11 and 12.) The rows of teeth,
therefore, do not crush, but cut, meeting one another like the limbs of a
pair of great shears, in which the inner blade is formed by the lower
molars, the outer blade by the upper. When confined to single teeth,
this change most frequently affects the 4th molars, because they are
32 SHEAR-LIKE MOUTH.
more liable to lateral displacements; but, as a rule, one whole row is
affected, constituting simple shear mouth; occasionally both sides sufter
(double shear mouth).
The condition is brought about thus: The inner edge of the lower
molars and the outer edge of the upper are not worn away ; both continue
to grow until the former meets the hard palate, while the latter injures
the gums of the lower jaw. Coupled with impaired mastication, such
wounds prevent the horse either taking or chewing food. The overgrown
teeth sometimes penetrate the bone above, and I have even seen the
hard palate completely perforated. The side thrust on the teeth loosens
them, while wounds of the gum are apt to produce inflammatory changes
in the alveolar periosteum. Hence, “shear mouth,’ especially in old
horses, generally produces alveolar periostitis.
Its causes are the same as those of angular or sharp mouth. ) mere mechanical obstructions
which, on account of their size, are unable to pass through the tube.
FOREIGN BODIES IN PHARYNX AND (&SOPHAGUS OF HORSE, 139
The first are most frequently found in the pharynx, the latter in the
cesophacus, though the first variety are also met with here.
According to Rubeli’s experiments, the striped muscular fibres, which in man
are confined to the first two-thirds of the csophagus, are in animals continued
almost to the stomach. In ruminants the csophagus possesses no unstriped
muscular tissue whatever. This first appears in the rumen. In all animals the
mucous membrane is invested with a thick stratified epithelium, covered with
numerous papilla, and the mucosa possesses lymph follicles together with mucous
glands. The area of the cesophageal tube stands in inverse proportion to the
strength of its muscular coat. In the region of the cardiac opening a thickening
and narrowing occur in all domesticated animals, with the exception of cattle
and dogs. The cesophagus of the horse is absolutely and relatively the longest,
but also the narrowest. According to Franck, its length is nearly 49 inches,
Rubeli found it to be from 50 to 52 inches, measured in position, and in larger
animals even 56 to 60 inches. Its walls are strong, and become so much
thicker between the diaphragm and the cardiac opening that the lumen of the
tube almost entirely disappears, explaining the frequent occurrence in this
region of diverticula, stenoses, and obstructions. The cesophagus of ruminants
and carnivora is more cylindrical. In oxen a contraction occurs at the lower end
of the upper third, and from this point onwards the diameter increases, while
the wall is comparatively thin, and decreases in strength from above down-
wards. In sheep the thickness increases from below upwards, but the muscular
wall is very thin in comparison with the surface of the mucous membrane. The
narrowing at the middle of the cesophagus, remarked in the goat, is wanting in
the sheep. Swine have also a contraction at the middle of the tube, which from
this point enlarges both above and below. In dogs the narrowest point lies at
the height of the lower portion of the cricoid cartilage, the width being about
1? inches. The tube increases from here to a circumference of 2? inches, then
narrows to 2 inches, dilates for a second time, and, about 6 inches behind the
pharynx, attains a circumference of 3 inches. The last contraction, some 22 inches
in front of the cardia, measures 2} inches. From here the cesophagus widens like
a funnel, until it enters the stomach (the figures refer to the width of the mucous
membrane). In cats two contractions exist: the upper les # inch behind the
pharynx, the lower at the point where the cesophagus pierces the diaphragm.
The latter is the more distinct, the circumference only measuring about 2 lines.
The views with regard to the mechanism of swallowing are very varied. It
was formerly believed that the masticated food was advanced by peristaltic
movements of the cesophagus, but Kronecker and Meltzer have ascribed this
duty to the muscles of the pharynx, especially the broad hyoid by which the
soft fluid nourishment is injected into the stomach. Hard substances, as well as
any materials remaining in the pharynx, are passed forward by the constrictors,
The process is a reflex act produced by stimuli from the glosso-pharyngeal nerve
and transmitted by the superior laryngeal (Wasilieff).
(A) FOREIGN BODIES IN THE PHARYNX AND C&SOPHAGUS OF
THE HORSE.
In horses foreign bodies very seldom become fixed in the pharynx, but
are more frequent in the esophagus. As stated, they generally consist of
pieces of oil-cake, potatoes, hay, boluses, eggs, or grass. Greedy feeders
supplied with soft hay are common sufferers. A considerable section of
140 FOREIGN BODIES IN THE PHARYNX AND (:SOPHAGUS OF HORSE.
the cesophagus is sometimes blocked, and the condition may recur at
short intervals. Mollereau observed several recurrences within fourteen
days. Graf found the cesophagus filled with hay throughout. The
thoracic portion, or lower cervical portion, is usually the seat of the
stoppage. Walther saw a horse whose cesophagus became occluded in
consequence of its swallowing a safety pin which had perforated the
cesophagus transversely.
Symptoms.—Animals cease feeding, slobber at the mouth, make chok-
ing movements, and stand with extended neck, and strained, anxious coun-
tenance. Any food or water taken is discharged from the nose. Not even
the saliva can be swallowed, and cough is often distressing. Considerable
quantities of fodder accumulated in the thoracic portion may press on the
trachea and produce dyspnoea. Foreign bodies in the neck portion may
sometimes be recognised by swelling, or can be detected by palpation.
In the horse the condition is seldom dangerous, as the material generally
softens, and passes downwards, and boluses and pieces of oil-cake, as well
as hay and grass, may thus be removed without external assistance.
The condition becomes graver, and I have repeatedly seen horses die, when
such hard substances as eggs, boluses, &c., remain fixed in the thoracic
portion, producing pressure on the trachea, and consequent suffocation, or
mechanical pneumonia (Schluckpneumonie). Food or drink attempted to
be taken are returned into the pharynx, and thence may enter the trachea.
Treatment must take cognisance of this danger. All food should be
removed, but, after a time, a little water may be given to discover if the
animal can swallow. Foreign bodies, fixed in the upper portion of the
cesophagus, can be directly removed by drawing them back into the
pharnyx with the fingers. Immelmann administered pilocarpine, which
produced excessive salivation, lubricating both the obstruction and its
surroundings, thus facilitating the former being swallowed. This remedy
increases, however, the danger of mechanical pneumonia, and caution is
required in employing it. The probang or cesophageal tube can be used
in quiet horses without casting them, but with somewhat greater difficulty
than in oxen. Walther removed a potato with it, but hay often presents
considerable resistance, and injury may be done if force be used. It is,
therefore, best to wait quietly for twenty-four to forty-eight hours, when the
material generally passes downwards. Further treatment in horses is much
the same as in cattle, and under that heading fuller details are given.
(B) FOREIGN BODIES IN THE CG&SOPHAGUS OF CATTLE.
From the nature of the feeding, and narrowing of the gullet from the
pharynx to the lower part of the neck, choking is more common in the
ox than in the horse. Obstructions, as a rule, all occur close behind the
pharynx, but are also tolerably frequent in the neck or thoracic portion.
FOREIGN BODIES IN THE (2SOPHAGUS OF CATTLE. 141
Symptoms, broadly the same as in the horse, comprise inability to
swallow, attempts at eructation, difficult breathing, and, in ruminants,
the addition of a grave symptom—tympanites. A portion of the gases
formed in the stomach are normally discharged through the cesophagus ;
but immediately the cesophagus is obstructed, these gases accumulate in
the stomach and bowels, causing dangerous inflation. Increasing dis-
tension interferes with breathing, and may cause suffocation. These
symptoms can be completely developed in a few hours, and hence it is
necessary to at once carry out appropriate treatment. Death is often
caused by cows swallowing the after-birth (Schifer), a portion of the
membranes becoming arrested in the pharynx, closing the opening of the
trachea, and causing rapid suffocation.
Treatment may be by one of the following methods—
(1) Return of the foreign body into the pharynx, usually
successful where roots have remained fixed close behind the pharynx.
The operator places himself on the left side of the animal, passes
his right arm over the neck, and with both hands (preferably with
the thumbs) endeavours to push the obstructing body upwards by pres-
sing in the esophageal furrow. This usually,succeeds if the animal’s
head be left free. But, if firmly held, the animal becomes disturbed, and
stretches out its head, and even if the foreign body is forced into the
pharynx its further outward passage is arrested. Where the first
attempt fails, it can, however, be repeated, and, with a little dex-
terity, usually succeeds. In cattle, foreign bodies may be reached and
removed from the pharynx or cesophagus by introducing the hand
through the mouth. The head must be carefully fixed, and a mouth gag
applied. The hand, protected with a glove, unprovided with fingers, is
introduced rapidly and energetically, but it must not be kept too long in
the pharynx, as pressure on the rima glottidis may produce dyspnoea and
struggling. In the horse, the narrowness of the space between the rows
of molars and the soft palate render this procedure difficult, and it
should not be attempted unless the patient is cast, when the hand may
be introduced as far as the pharynx.
(2) Reduction in size of the foreign body in situ may be
effected in the case of potatoes and other boiled roots when they lie in
the neck portion of the cesophagus by powerful pressure with both
hands. Pieces of oileake, masses of hay, and boluses can sometimes be
moved in this way, and caused to gravitate towards the stomach. It is
recommended to place a piece of wood against one side of the neck, and
to break down the foreign body from the other side with a hammer. In
doing this, however, care must be taken not to injure the cesophagus or
produce solutions of continuity in the trachea.’
1 A very rough and ready procedure, deprecated by all British teachers.—[TRANSL, }
142 FOREIGN BODIES IN THE CGSOPHAGUS OF CATTLE.
(3) Forcing the foreign body onwards into the stomach.—
Fic. 54.—Probang and Mouth Gag
for Cattle.
Where the above-described methods are un-
successful, efforts should be made to pass the
foreign body on into the stomach. This must
not be attempted with sharp substances, such
as bones, but may be successful with bodies
having smooth surfaces or of soft con-
sistence, as, for instance, roots, oileake, and
hay. For this purpose Munro’s cesophageal
sound is used in horses ; failing this, a flex-
ible cane may be selected, and the thin end,
to avoid injury, surrounded with several
folds of cloth firmly secured with whip-cord,
or a strong, carefully oiled rope may be used.
Although more easy and successful in oxen,
I have repeatedly convinced myself that
this procedure may also be used in horses
even in the standing position. A mouth
cag is applied; in cattle, a simple piece of
wood with a hole in the centre may be
used (fig. 54). In the absence of a gag,
the tongue is held by an assistant (best
with the help of a cloth), and drawn well
towards one side (Ksser). A cordathis
passed round the horns, and the head drawn
up to a cross-beam, and extended as far
as possible (Esser). In horses a twitch
should be applied. The cesophageal sound
is passed over the base of the tongue into
the pharynx, and thence into the cesophagus.
To avoid injury, it must be introduced with
caution. The only danger is that the mstru-
ment may pass into the larynx and trachea,
but this accident is immediately evidenced
by coughing and difficulty im breathing.
Should it occur, the probang must be drawn
back and the attempt repeated, until the
instrument passes freely forward, and can be
felt at the left side of the neck in the
cesophageal furrow—a proof that it has
entered the cesophagus, down which it is
slowly pushed until it reaches the foreign
body, where further progress is resisted. Cautious attempts are made
FOREIGN BODIES IN THE (SOPHAGUS OF CATTLE.
143
to push the obstacle onwards. The entry of the sound into the stomach
is attested by the cessation of resistance, as well as by the
length of the instrument passed. In horses, foreign bodies
like hay are sometimes so firmly impacted, that even this
instrument cannot move them.
(4) Extraction of foreign bodies by means of instru-
ments.—Amongst these is Meier’s wire snare. It consists of
a piece of brass or copper wire, about {th of an inch in thick-
ness, doubled and fastened by the ends to a handle, and works
somewhat like the string snare, used for removing corks from
the interior of bottles. It is introduced like the probang,
the loop thrust behind the foreign body, which may sometimes
be extracted by turning and pulling on the instrument. But
this device succeeds only where the obstruction lies in the
upper portion of the tube, and is of such a character that
it can thus be snared and held. The methods already
described are, however, usually more successful, and the
snare is therefore little used. The so-called cesophageal screw,
for transfixing pieces of potato or turnip, is not of much
service. The oesophageal forceps constructed by Delvos and
Hertwig are more useful (fig. 55). They are introduced
closed, but when the foreign body is felt, the jaws are opened
by a screw, the instrument advanced, and the substance
grasped and removed. These appliances have, however, only
a narrow field of usefulness. Although their working is often
interfered with by the curvature of the cesophagus at the
entrance of the chest, notable especially in horses, one or other
may be tried where the foreign body is low down and can-
not otherwise be forced on. Dinter deprecates the forcible
use of the cesophageal sound, and when it is unsuccessful, per-
forms rumenotomy, and awaits the passage of the foreign body,
which almost invariably occurs in six to eight hours. Strebel
confirms this, but in one case had to wait forty-eight hours
for the passage of the obstruction. He also suggests giving
small doses of oil. Wellach also recommends this expectant
treatment.
(5) Incision into the cssophagus. Césophagotomy
(Ger. Schlundschmitt)—This operation can only be performed
in the neck portion of the cesophagus, and is only indicated
where the measures above described fail. It is the last
possible resource, where one has to deal with sharp sub-
stances, as bones, &c. Its difficulties and dangers are usually
exaggerated; it is not dangerous to life, and is only occa-
Fic, 55,—Delvos and Hertwig’s Hosphageal Forceps.
144 FOREIGN BODIES IN THE GiSOPHAGUS OF CATTLE.
sionally followed by bad results. Quiet animals, such as cattle, may
be operated on in the erect position. After clipping the hair from the
left side of the neck, over the foreign body, and rather below than above
this, an incision is made through the skin, about 4 inches in length, on
the anterior or under border of the jugular vein, and parallel with it.
After dividing the muscles of the neck or their fascia, the loose connec-
tive tissue encountered must be torn through by means of the two
forefingers. The carotid is first sought, and will be immediately recog-
nised by its pulsation. The finger is then passed forward in the
direction of the posterior aspect of the trachea, where the cesophagus can
easily be found, especially if a foreign body is fixed in it. It is drawn
forward, and its two coats divided as far as seems necessary for removal
of the foreign body. As Dette has correctly remarked, it is desirable to
make the incision in the skin under the jugular vein, and not over it, as
is often described, in order that wound secretions and any portions of
food may flow away as easily as possible. Further, the operation wound
should not be larger than is absolutely necessary ; whilst the cesophagus
should be separated as little as possible from its surroundings. Under
certain circumstances the potatoes or roots may be broken down within
the cesophagus and the pieces removed through a smaller wound. The
parts must be sutured, as far as possible, with catgut, first bringing the
mucous membrane together, and then the muscular coats. The skin
wound is better left unsutured, as healing by primary intention cannot
be expected. The catgut threads need not be removed, as they become
absorbed. The wound is treated on general principles. For the first
twenty-four hours food and drink must be completely withdrawn, though,
if absolutely necessary, pure water may be given. During the next few
days soft food or hay may be supplied. ‘Tainturier gives nothing but
hay and pure water to cattle, and in one case obtaimed healing in thirty-
five, and in another in twenty-five days. Although the animals fall
away in condition, bad consequences are rarely observed. The subcu-
taneous breaking down of the foreign body, suggested by Lafosse, is
liable to injure the jugular, and is usually followed by pus formation,
necessitating enlargement of the wound. Mauri has, nevertheless,
recommended this treatment recently. Should difficulties or delays
occur in removing the foreign body, and considerable tympanites result,
as is frequent in cattle, the rumen must be punctured to ward off
suffocation.
If the removal of the offending substance by the described methods
fails, as is usually the case when it lies in the thoracic portion, drench-
ing with thick oily materials may be tried, if no difficulty in breathing
exists. Caution, however, is necessary to prevent the fluid passing into
the trachea and producing mechanical pneumonia. Small quantities
FOREIGN BODIES IN THE GSOPHAGUS OF SWINE. 145
must be given at a time and the animal watched, so that, if coughing
occurs, the administration may at once be stopped. After puncture of
the rumen, it is desirable to- wait for twelve to twenty-four hours for
softening and dispersal of the foreign body. Michalski gave a bull 13
grains of veratrine dissolved in 24 drams of spirit subcutaneously, pro-
ducing violent cesophageal spasms in fifteen minutes and the disappear-
ance of the obstruction. Immelmann’s statements point to the possible
usefulness of subcutaneous injections of pilocarpine (p. 140), which
provoke profuse salivation. Apomorphine favours cesophageal peristalsis
and eructation, although this latter act is only produced exceptionally.
(C) FOREIGN BODIES IN THE GSOPHAGUS OF SWINE.
In Germany swine are usually fed on boiled roots, carefully cut
potatoes, or semi-fluid gruels, so that food rarely causes obstructions.
But where roaming in great herds, and fed on uncut potatoes or other
roots, pieces sometimes stick in the pharyngeal pouch or in the ceso-
phagus, and provoke symptoms similar to those in other animals.
According to Lothes, foreign bodies in the pharyngeal pouch of swine
produce difficulty in swallowing, salivation, and a peculiar change in the
voice; instead of grunting, a shrill shrieking sound is produced, and if
the subjects are in poor condition, the obstruction may be detected by
palpation. Foreign bodies fixed in the cesophagus sometimes induce
vomiting, and are thus ejected; but, where long retained, tympanites
develops, and death ensues from suffocation. arly assistance is
necessary, but in pigs little can be done manually. If the obstruction
is in the pharyngeal pouch, pressure must be exercised simultaneously
on both sides directly over the region of the larynx, and an effort made
to push the contents of the pouch upwards into the pharynx. Where
the foreign body is fixed in the top of the pharynx or just beyond it,
Stockfleth advises that the pig be laid on a table, when removal may
sometimes be made with a blunt hook, but if the object is deeper
seated it may be pushed downwards with a flexible stick. Apomorphine
can be tried as an emetic; if this does not at once succeed fat pigs had
better be slaughtered. Csophagotomy may be performed in those in
poorer condition; it is scarcely more difficult or dangerous than in
other animals. Hering reports two successful cases; the wound healed
without being sutured.
146 FOREIGN BODIES IN THE PHARYNX AND C:SOPHAGUS OF CARNIVORA.
(D) FOREIGN BODIES IN THE PHARYNX AND GSOPHAGUS OF
CARNIVORA,
Attention has already been given to the occurrence and treatment of
foreign bodies in the pharynx of dogs and cats (p. 10). They occur
usually at the base of the tongue, often close under the epiglottis, though
sometimes behind the soft palate in the posterior wall or in the sides of
the pharynx. Removal must be effected according to the directions
before given. Bones, particularly vertebre of birds and game, fish-bones,
needles, and other sharp objects, are liable to get fixed immediately
behind the pharynx and occasionally just before the cardiac opening.
They produce restlessness, anxiety, choking and vomiting, avoidance of
food and drink, and most notably discharge of ropy saliva. Pressure
on the cesophagus sometimes gives pain.
Sharp substances perforating the cesophagus in the neck portion cause
swelling and inflammation, in the thoracic portion, rapidly fatal pleurisy.
They can be successfully extracted only by way of the pharynx, as de-
scribed on p. 12. The foreign body, when in the lower portion of the
cesophagus, may be pushed onwards with a flexible catheter. This failing,
emetics, such as apomorphine subcutaneously, may be tried, and, if
unsuccessful, cesophagotomy, which in dogs as in other animals is with-
out danger, must be performed. I have often operated successfully. In
one case the cesophagus was perforated at two points, but the piece of
bone was removed, and healing followed without stricture or other bad
result.
(E) IMPACTION OF THE CROP IN BIRDS,
Lit.s Friedberger u. Frohner, Spec. Path. Il, Aut. p, 41. “Arm
Krankheiten des Hausgefliigels.
The crop is a physiological diverticulum of the cesophagus, in which
the food is prepared for digestion as in the first compartments of the
ruminant’s stomach. Impaction results. from excessive distension with
dry foods, or with indigestible foreign bodies, and from compression of
the cesophagus in diseases of the lungs.
Symptoms comprise excessive fulness and distension of the crop,
which feels hard and firm, want of appetite, and sometimes discharge of
offensive fluid from the beak, which is usually held open. If the con-
dition persists for long or frequently recurs, the crop becomes greatly
dilated, the animals gradually waste, and may die. The condition is seen
in fowls, ducks, geese, and pigeons, and by recurrence becomes chronic.
Treatment consists in massage. Attempts should be made to empty
the crop or to break down the hardened contents by pressure and
IMPACTION OF THE CROP IN BIRDS. 147
kneading. Ziirn recommends hydrochloric acid. If this proves useless,
as in distension with foreien bodies like sand and_ stones, the crop
must be emptied by operation, which is well sustained by most
birds. After removing the feathers, the crop is divided in the long
direction of the neck far enough to allow of the finger entering and the
contents being withdrawn. The wound is cleansed and sutured, and
generally heals by first intention. According to Ziirn, pigeons are not
good subjects for operation, especially during breeding, the mucous
membrane of the crop being swollen and very rich in blood-vessels.
(2.) INJURIES TO THE PHARYNX AND GiSOPHAGUS.
(ESOPHAGEAL FISTULA.)
Lit.: Guilmot, Her. Rep., vol. 16. p.72. Braun, Gurlt u. Hertwig. 33.
p- 881. Laser, Th. Mitth. 1874, p. 160. Haubold, Dresd. Bericht.
1887, pp. 62 u. 68. Stamm, Th. Mitth. 1882, p.57. Graf, Zeitsch. f.
Vet.-Kunde, 1892, p. 211.
Injuries of the walls of the pharynx occur all in large animals, but most
commonly in horses. When rasping the teeth the chisel or rasp, if care-
lessly handled, may severely injure the pharyngeal wall, and even produce
death from bleeding or acute inflammatory processes. Like injuries
result from the use of sticks in giving balls ; from awkward employment
of pharyngeal sounds, forceps, and other instruments; and in all
animals, and notably in carnivora, from sharp foreign bodies. Merk]
found a hairpin in a horse’s pharynx. Injuries to the cesophagus
are almost invariably caused by sharp foreign bodies, or by cesophageal
instruments used for their removal. Injuries from without are rare
(p. 117), though Graf and Braun have both seen injuries to the cesophagus
in horses caused by kicks from other animals.
The course of such injuries depends entirely upon their extent. As
already stated, fatal bleeding may occur, or suffocation from passage of
blood into the trachea. Where the inflammatory processes are super-
ficial, and foreign bodies have been promptly removed, healing often occurs
quickly ; but phlegmonous inflammation of the mucous membrane of the
pharynx and adjacent parts may supervene (angina phlegmonosa), threaten-
ing suffocation. Foreign bodies injuring the mucous membrane of these
regions sometimes produce extensive inflammation and the formation of
abscesses, which may break externally and cause cesophageal fistula, or
into the thorax or abdomen, inducing fatal septic pleuritis or peritonitis,
and rapidly leading to death. Laser records, in a remount horse, the rare
case of double rupture of the cesophagus—one in the neck portion, the
second in the thorax; death ensued. External perforation is most
frequently met with at the upper end of the cesophagus, close behind
the pharynx; this I have several times seen in horses. The abscess
148 INJURIES TO THE PHARYNX AND C&SOPHAGUS.
breaks and discharges an exceedingly offensive pus, often mixed with
food, after which saliva, food, and water escape during swallowing,
proving beyond question that the disease has originated in the cesophagus
or pharynx. The wound closes gradually, but a small fistulous canal
remains, discharging water and saliva, and healing often with the greatest
difficulty. This constitutes cesophageal fistula. The inflammatory
processes and consequent swelling produce difficulty in swallowing, and
not infrequently feverish symptoms (angina). A swelling develops on
the left side, gradually increases, becomes soft, and finally breaks, when
the difficulty in swallowing and the fever disappear. Guilmot has seen
abscess formation in the lumen of the cesophagus of a calf, causing
difficulty in swallowing, vomiting, and tympanites ; on introducing the
cesophageal sound, about two pints of pus were discharged, the symptoms
disappearing some days later. Haubold saw an cesophageal fistula pro-
duced in the horse by abscess formation in the retro-pharyngeal lymph
glands; the animal recovered in three weeks. Stamm had a similar
case following strangles. Injuries of the walls of the pharynx by ball-
ing-guns or tooth instruments, indicated by salivation and disturbance
in swallowing, may heal, provided they do not take a fatal course from
bleeding or inflammation. In small animals their position and extent
can be determined by direct inspection.
Treatment.—aAs already indicated, care must be exercised in the
use of oesophageal and tooth instruments, and sharp balling-guns or
sticks avoided. The course of abscess formation in the throat may
be shortened by early and cautious opening, by washing out the abscess,
and making provision for regular discharge of the contents, inflam-
matory products, and saliva. Césophageal fistule sometimes give much
trouble. Definite closure may often be produced by passing a thread
steeped in sublimate, or by applying the actual cautery, but is not always
successful. In a horse under my treatment these and other measures
were used without result. Widening the fistula and suturing the opening
in the cesophagus generally produces healing, though the operation is by
no means easy, and does not in every case produce the desired effect.
(3.) ECTASIA, DIVERTICULA, AND RUPTURES OF THE
GSOPHAGUS.
Lit.: Langrehr, Berl, Archiv. 1886, p. 285. Roloff, Th. Mitth. 1874,
p. 161. Reichel, Gurlt u. Hertwig. III. p. 306. Schwerdtfeger,
Dresd. Ber. 1858, p. 100. Reinemann, Th. Mitth. 1858, p. 160.
Moisant, Jahrb. 1869, p. 45. Laurent, Jahresbericht. 1886. p. 109.
Dr S. and Fuchs, ibid., 1860, p.11. Hartenstein, Dresd. Ber. 1875,
p. 104. Kehm, Berl. Thier. Woch. 89, p.11. Harms, Han. Ber. 1876,
p. 57. Schleg, Dresd. Ber. 1889, p. 75 u. 1891, p. 9. Leisering,
Dresd. Ber. 1861, p. 21. Schafer, Berl. Archiv. 1887, p.364. Munkel,
ECTASIA), DIVERTICULA, AND RUPTURES OF THE CiSOPHAGUS. 149
Th, Mitth. 1882, p. 56. Graf, Zeitsch. f. Vet.-Kunde, 1892, p. 211.
Wagner, B. T. W. 1892, p. 326. Griinwald, block. Monatsschrift.
1888. Schellenberg, Schw. Arch. 1891.
The term ectasia is applied where the skin, muscular and mucous
tissues have undergone dilatation. Kctasiz sometimes result from
stricture of the cesophagus, and, like it, usually develop slowly. They
occur both in large animals and in carnivora.
Langrehr saw a cow which for three months had always vomited after taking
food, and especially when drink was given soon after feeding. The cow was
very thin, and when slaughtered exhibited a dilatation of the oesophagus close under
the diaphragm, produced by distension of all its coats, and capable of holding
nearly three litres of fluid. Wagner examined a horse which had a dilatation of the
cesophagus in front of the 4th cervical vertebra, and also just before its passage
through the diaphragm. The condition had led to an attack of mechanical
pneumonia and death.
Sometimes dilatations take a spindle form, sometimes they are
sharply defined. Where greatly developed, difficulty in swallowing
occurs, and wasting afterwards sets in.
Diverticula are here taken to mean ruptures of the muscular coat of the
cesophagus, and passage of the elastic but unbroken mucosa through the
opening. This has been described as cesophagus ventriculosus, or
cesophagocele, and is oftenest met with in horses and cattle. I have
seen it result from greedy consumption of rough and prickly clover, and
Munkel has had the same experience. It sometimes occurs in the neck
portion of the tube, but more frequently close to its entrance into the
stomach (Schiifer).
Fuchs discovered a dilatation of the cesophagus after death, where the neck
portion had a circumference of 94 inches, the thoracic portion of 12}? inches,
and the portion in front of the diaphragm was distended to 203 inches.
Dr S. describes a diverticulum in the horse formed in consequence of the
muscular coat being ruptured for a distance of 11 inches in the thorax. The
sac-like dilatation held five pints of water, and the horse suffered from symptoms
of broken wind. Schellenberg saw a similar diverticulum in the dog, produced
by a bite and subsequent abscess formation. On post-mortem, six months later,
a diverticulum was discovered as large as a man’s fist. It had resulted from
cicatricial contraction.
Of twenty-six cases collected by Rubeli, the diverticulum was, in
eleven, close before the diaphragm, in seven in the thoracic portion, and
in eight in the neck portion, usually in the lower part of it. The ana-
tomical disposition of the cesophagus in horses explains this distribution
(p. 139). The mucous membrane may subsequently be ruptured.
Illustrations of these several classes of cases are recorded.
Ruland relates that a horse which had suffered from colic, with severe attacks
of vomiting, was found to have the csophagus ruptured close in front of its
150 ECTASI#, DIVERTICULA, AND RUPTURES OF THE CSOPHAGUS.
passage through the diaphragm. Leisering describes a diverticulum in a horse
employed in transport duty, and which died from suffocation: 3 feet from the
pharynx the distended cesophagus had a circumference of about 16 inches,
8 inches lower the circumference was 12 inches, 13} inches higher it measured
124 inches; close in front of the cardiac opening was a second diverticulum.
Griinwald saw a horse which died a day after suffering from a shivering and
“blowing” attack. The post-mortem discovered a quantity of turbid fluid
mixed with food in the thorax. The cesophagus was ruptured for 44 inches
close in front of the diaphragm, and in front of this again was dilated for a
distance of 16 inches, its walls being more than 3 inch thick, and its circum-
ference 6 inches. At the point of rupture the mucous membrane formed a cavity
as large as a hen’s egg. This communicated with the rupture. Grunwald con-
sidered that an abscess had formed in the cesophageal wall and caused the
rupture. But it also seems possible that the condition was a simple diverticulum.
Harms, Hartenstein, and Roloff describe cases of cesophageal diverticula in cows ;
one detailed by Harms situated 2? inches in front of the rumen.
The symptoms of these conditions bear a general resemblance to
one another. EKctasiz and diverticula are recognised by choking and a
tendency to vomiting, usually appearing soon after taking food. Where
the lesion is in the neck portion of the cesophagus, a swelling appears
on the left side of the neck during feeding, is not painful, or only
slightly so, shows no inflammatory symptoms, and usually disappears after
one to two hours. When pressed on, it produces symptoms of suffo-
cation and attempts at vomiting. It is commonly more prominent after
consumption of dry chaff than after hay or water. It may continue for
a long time without impairing general health, but when large, especially
if situated in the thoracic portion, or when distended with food, such
swellings compress the trachea, and may produce dyspnoea. The horse
described by Leisering, if smartly exercised, especially after feeding
with hay, exhibited dyspnoea and coughing, which disappeared later.
The animal eventually died from suffocation. A similar case is described
in the Jahresbericht 1860, p.11. The symptoms may continue for a long
time without causing more than loss of condition and slowness in feeding,
though the dyspnoea sometimes produces death, as shown by the cases
reported by Leisering, Fuchs, and others. Finally, obstructions may lead
to mechanical pneumonia and death in consequence of interference with
swallowing, as in Wagner’s case. In complete rupture of the cesophagus
symptoms are produced similar to those of severe injury to the ceso-
phagus. If in the cervical portion, they comprise emphysema in the
neck and formation of abscesses, which by-and-bye perforate and discharge
pus mixed with food. These may heal like cesophageal wounds. Spon-
taneous healing in a cow is related by Schleg; but death may ensue
from excessive burrowing of pus and sepsis, as Laurent’s and Graf’s
observations show. Grat’s case was caused by a kick from another
horse. Should the cesophagus become ruptured in the thorax or abdomen,
ECTASLE, DIVERTICULA, AND RUPTURES OF THE GSOPHAGUS. 151
death soon follows from septic pleuritis or peritonitis. Kehm and
Griinwald report such cases in the horse. The condition is, however,
seldom recognised before death. Accumulation of food may cause
inflammation and destruction of the mucous membrane, especially during
the earlier stages and before it becomes gradually thickened and more
resistant.
Prognosis in these cases is usually unfavourable. If ectasia does
not endanger life, it seriously interferes with nutrition and the use of
the animal. By regulating the diet it may be possible to keep the
animals at work; fat cattle should be prepared for slaughter.
Treatment.—In ectasia, which sometimes extends over large areas,
therapeutic treatment scarcely promises any good result, but in diver-
ticula in the cervical portion of the cesophagus something may be done,
both in horses and cattle, by operation, as is shown by the cases related
by Reinemann, Schwerdtfeger, Moisant, Reichel, and others. The
dilated portion of the mucosa may be replaced or removed altogether,
and the rupture in the muscles brought together by sutures. With
antiseptic precautions, the operation is not attended with much danger.
This is the most promising treatment in animals, but in chronic cases
is more easily described than carried out, especially if the rupture in
the muscular coat is already cicatrised and fixed to the neighbouring
parts by much cicatricial tissue. The operation can, however, he
tried.
Procedure is similar to that of incising the cesophagus (p. 148).
After returning the mucosa, the muscular coat is, where practicable,
carefully sutured with catgut or silk ligatures inserted close together ;
bad results naturally follow if the stitches tear out. Where this
course is impossible, the diverticulum must be opened, a piece of the
dilated mucous membrane excised, and the parts brought together in
the above fashion. Mboisant applied a sort of clamp during eating and
drinking, and attained good results in a horse, and afterwards in two
cows. Careful stitching of the muscular and mucous coats is,
however, not only simpler, but equally successful. Reinemann
effected a cure, although the stitches tore out in two days, owing to
inappropriate feeding. Granulations gradually close the opening.
Reichel operated on oxen in the standing position. To prevent the
stitches tearing out, nothing more than water should be given during
the ensuing twenty-four hours, and during the next few days only fluid
nourishment. In complete rupture of the cervical portion of the
cesophagus, the same treatment is recommended as in injuries from
sharp substances. Nothing can be done in ruptures of the thoracic and
abdominal portions.
152 STENOSIS AND COMPRESSION OF THE (ESOPHAGUS.
(4.) STENOSIS AND COMPRESSION OF THE GSOPHAGUS. |
Lit.: Andersen, Stockfleth Chirurgie. p. 302. Friedenreich, Mag. v.
Gurlt u. Hertwig. 16. p. 282. Johne, Dresd. Ber. 1886, p. 56. Kohne,
Mag. v. Gurlt u. Hertwig. 26. p. 424. Bailliet, Jahresbericht. 1886, p.
110. Felisch, Adams W. 1883, p. 345:
Stenosis of the cesophagus may result from chronic inflammatory pro-
cesses in its walls. Andersen relates that a horse had for four months
repeatedly suffered from impaction of the cesophagus, and on post-mortem
showed a ring-like contraction, about 8 inches below the pharynx; the
portion above this point was widened (ectastic). Kohne describes as
stricture what appears to have been a diverticulum.
A similar case is described by Friedenreich ; a horse, after suffering
for a long time from difficulty in swallowing, finally died from hunger,
and on post-mortem a duplication of the mucous membrane was dis-
covered arising from the upper pharyngeal wall, reducing to one-third
the dimensions of the pharynx. The mucous membrane did not appear
diseased.
Compression of the cesophagus is caused by tumours in the thorax,
or by swelling of the bronchial lymphatic giands (compression stenosis).
Johne and others report such cases in oxen, in which tuberculous bron-
chial glands compressed the cesophagus, and caused difficulty in swallow-
ing and disturbance of nutrition. Animals are not so frequently affected
as men, either by contraction of the mucous membrane, from the
swallowing of irritants, or by narrowing of the lumen of the tube by
tumours or parasites like spiroptera sanguinolenta, constituting obtura-
tion stenosis. These conditions can seldom be diagnosed with certainty.
Their chronic course distinguishes them from the disturbances produced
by foreign bodies or by diverticula of the cesophagus. Cattle often show
chronic tympanites, and where this is accompanied by coughing and
wasting, suspicion of tuberculosis must occur.
(5.) PARALYSIS OF THE PHARYNX AND GiSOPHAGUS.
Lit.: Anacker, Gurlt u. Hertwig. 19. p. 478. Cadeac, Jahresber. 1888,
p: 113. Straub, Her. Rep. 1841, p.179. FPriedbergeru Frohner
Spec. Path. IL Aufl. p. 39. Wassilleff, Mitth. aus der naturforsch.
Gesellschaft in Bern. 1888, p. 170. Puschmann, Thierarzt. 1869,
p. 210. Dieckerhoff, Spec. Path. p. 805. Kronecker u.
Meltzer, Dubois-Reymond’s Archiv. 1883. Schmidt, Berl. Th,
Woch. 1889, p. 145. Leitenstern, Forsch. d. Med. 1891, p. 766.
The muscles of the pharynx and of the upper two-thirds of the
cesophagus receive their motor nerves from the 9th pair, the last third
of the oesophagus is supplied by the 10th pair. (For the innervation
PARALYSIS OF THE PHARYNX AND (ESOPHAGUS. 153
of deglutition, see p. 159.) Paralysis of these nerves may induce
functional disturbance. Records are numerous of so-called paralysis of
the cesophagus, but the descriptions are not always reliable or complete,
and some of the cases depend not so much on paralysis as on structural
changes or the presence of foreign bodies. No strict division or sufficient
points of distinction can be made between paralysis of the pharynx and
cesophagus. Conditions viewed as paralysis of the cesophagus must some-
times be referred to the pharynx. Whether paralysis of the muscles of
the pharynx, especially of the constrictors, can produce difficulty in
swallowing, and of what particular form, is not at present known. In
serious diseases, especially in brain disorders and rabies, as well as
towards the end of life, innervation of deglutition often suffers, and food
consequently remains fixed in the esophagus. Hence post-mortem
examination of horses often discovers accumulation of food in the
cesophagus, without any apparent obstruction in the Iumen of the tube ;
but these cases have no further clinical interest.
I treated a horse which showed difliculty in swallowing for a long time; no
cause could be discovered, no other morbid symptoms were present—even on
post-mortem nothing abnormal could be detected. In another horse, recovery
from a laryngeal injury was followed by difficulty in swallowing, and though
food was chewed as usual, no attempt was made to swallow it, but the horse
allowed it to fall from the mouth again. The tongue appeared normal, both in
appearance and function. It, therefore, seems probable that paralysis of the
pharynx existed, though the strict proof was wanting. I have seen similar
difficulty in deglutition several times after resection of the arytenoid cartilage :
in one case caused by great increase in the connective tissue about the larynx
and pharynx ; in another case the symptoms completely disappeared after some
weeks. Possibly this case depended on inflammatory swelling in the pharynx,
though the animal showed no other disturbance. Dieckerhoff saw a similar case
ina horse. That inability to swallow may be caused by impaction in the ceso-
phagus appears evident from Puschmann’s record of a horse which had the tube
packed tightly with hay 2 inches from the cardiac orifice. The cases described
by Cadeac and others as cesophageal cramp may probably be referred either to
impaction of the cesophagus or other hindrance to the passage of food (diver-
ticulum, stenosis). Complete blocking of the cesophagus naturally prevents
the possibility of swallowing. This is easily explained if one adopts Kronecker
and Meltzer’s view, that food is injected immediately into the stomach from the
pharynx.
Schmidt has lately indicated the possible occurrence of one-sided
paralysis of the pharynx and cesophagus. An old mare had a left-
sided nasal discharge ; the left nostril was filled with food, and on
drinking, a great part of the water flowed back through the nose. She
soon died, and examination showed the left superior maxillary sinus
filled with food, mechanical pneumonia existed, and the left half of the
soft palate was atrophied (“ only rudiments existed”), while the wall of
the pharynx on the left side was dilated in a pouch-like form. Pharyngeal
154 PARALYSIS OF THE PHARYNX AND (ESOPHAGUS.
paralysis was also seen in an army horse (Zeitschrift fiir Veterindrkunde,
1889, p. 214), but disappeared after eight days treatment with strychnine.
Reports as to inability to swallow appear enigmatical. The horses can take
food, chew, and swallow in the usual way, but are unable to make drinking
movements. They go greedily towards the water, make snapping movements
with the lips, and move the tongue without being able to take a single swallow
of water. Friedberger and Frohner believed that a congenital defect existed in
the nervous centre (sucking centre). But it is remarkable that the animals under
these circumstances had lived so long, the one mentioned by Friedberger being
eight years old. Leitenstern reports cases of slowly developing cramp of the
cardia inman. Wo iseo
p. 307. Lorenz, Zeitschr. fiir Vet. 1890, p. 415. Diericx, Her. Rep.
16. p. 73. Moeni, Rev. vétér. 1892. Labat, Koch’s Monatsschr.
1892; po:
Such tumours are more common in cattle than in other animals. New
growths in this region have long been recognised; their gravity depends
upon their nature. Roloff considered them to be retention tumours,
arising from the mucous glands of the pharynx. Harms declared them
to be lymphomata, but recently the conviction has gained ground that
they are usually cases of actinomycosis. They generally develop singly
on the posterior upper wall of the pharynx, under the sphenoid bone,
or close above and behind the larynx. Harms named the former, which
usually attain the size of an apple, “anterior,” the latter, which are
commonly much larger, “ posterior pharyngeal actinomycomata.” Con-
sidering their frequency in cattle, infection is doubtless often produced
by food containing spores of actinomyces. The comparatively thin,
TUMOURS IN THE PHARYNX AND CESOPHAGUS. 155
tender mucous membrane injured by the passage of hard sharp forage
is easily infected. As the growths enlarge, the following symptoms
appear :—
(1) Dyspnea. The respiration is snoring and rattling, attended with
cough, and the dyspnoea occurs particularly during feeding, and sometimes
at every effort to swallow. When the head is bent, this disturbance
is more marked, a circumstance valuable in diagnosis. (2) Difficulty
in swallowing. The tumour, as it becomes larger, interferes with
deglutition. The head is extended, and food entering the pharynx
excites coughing. (3) Palpation from without sometimes discovers
filling in the region of the pharynx. In making this examination, the
head must be extended as much as possible, and the two hands pushed
upwards above the larynx. Harms once found dislocation of the larynx.
On introducing the hand into the pharynx, the condition, size, character,
and position of the new growth can be fully determined.
This examination is necessary to differentiate the condition in question from
other diseases of the tongue like makroglossia, or from swelling of the retro-
pharyngeal lymph glands, though the latter is not very frequent in oxen.
Nevertheless, it has been several times observed, and Prietsch describes a case.
A well-nourished cow gradually developed snoring respiration four to five
months after the first calving. It was most marked when eating hay, and some-
times became so severe that chewing was interrupted, the head extended, and
the tongue thrust out of the mouth. The larynx was swollen and enlarged.
Post-mortem showed tuberculous changes in the lungs and retropharyngeal lymph
glands.
According to Harms, the anterior pharyngeal swellings contain a greyish-red
material, sometimes calcified, in the interior of which actinomyces can be
detected. The posterior have a smooth fibrous form, and contain a greenish
decomposed material. They develop slowly. Harms states that the swelling
may exist for five months or more, without producing danger of suffocation, but
the symptoms, and especially the respiratory disturbance, generally increase.
He further remarks that in the posterior pharyngeal swellings arrest of growth
may occur, so that clinical symptoms remain stationary.
Prognosis is unfavourable ; complete recovery improbable, although
improvement may be secured for a long time by operative treatment.
Treatment.—Harms casts the animal, raises the neck, and makes
a longitudinal incision in the middle line under the larynx, through
which the hand is introduced, the connective tissue at the side of the
larynx is then divided, the tumour reached and removed by breaking down
the tissues around it. Meier casts the animal on the right side, inserts
a mouth gag, raises the head, introduces the right hand into the mouth
and pharynx with its volar surface towards the palate, and grasps and
tears off the anterior actinomyces swellings. The posterior growths, on
account of their firm coating of connective tissue, cannot thus be dealt
with, and, therefore, Meier pierces these with the finger, allowing the
contents to escape. Harms prefers the former of these methods, and
156 TUMOURS IN THE PHARYNX AND (ESOPHAGUS.
of the latter remarks that it is difficult to carry out, and does not
always remove the dyspnwa. According to my experience, the
“ecraseur” is here indicated. With it the entire tumour, under certain
conditions, may doubtless be removed. Esser, after extensive experience,
has come to the conclusion that the operation seldom produces lasting
good results. Lodide of potassium may be tried.
Tumours in the pharynx of horses are rare, and little is at present known
as to their nature. The symptoms resemble those in oxen, and the methods.
for removal are similar; but it is not always possible to introduce the hand
into the pharynx. Degive, on making the post-mortem of a horse which had
repeatedly suffered from sudden attacks of dyspnoea, threatening death from
suffocation, observed a cystoid tumour as large as a hen’s egg on the floor of
the pharynx close in front of the epiglottis. Labat operated on a horse
which had suffered from nasal bleeding and difficulty in breathing and swallow-
ing. By opening the larynx, and dividing the soft palate, he succeeded
in removing a tumour from above the larynx by the ecraseur. The growth
proved to be an epithelioma (compare with p. 159 as to occurrence of laryngeal
tumours). Such tumours are rare in carnivora. Diericx removed from the
pharynx of a dog, with the help of a snare, a double polypus 2 inches long,
which, on microscopical examination, proved to be a fibroma. In spite of
extended practice, I have not yet seen similar disease in dogs. Tumours of the
pharynx are most frequent in ruminants, especially in cattle, and may be due
either to actinomyces (Siedamgrotzky, Dijon) or be simple papillomata (Schiitz).
The former are usually single, the latter multiple. Fessler describes a case of
multiple papilloma in the cesophagus of an ox. The entire surface of the
cesophageal mucous membrane was covered with warty brush-like outgrowths,
which were only the size of a grain of barley in the neighbourhood of the
pharynx, but became as large as a bean in the middle of the cesophagus, and
formed bristle-hke tufts. Lower down they were not so numerous. These
papillomata resembled bunches of bristles, numbering thirty or more, which grew
from a conical base in the form of a brush. Microscopical examination showed
the following appearances :—The propria mucosa, below the papilloma, contained
spherical masses of blood-vessels, in which the veins formed large cavernous
spaces, The papilloma was provided with a solid root containing loops of blood-
vessels from which processes of connective tissue extended into the threads and
bristles. ‘The connective tissue was covered with epithelium. eel noticed a
case of multiple papilloma in the cesophagus of an ox, marked by difficulty in
deglutition, swelling on the left side of the neck, difficulty in introducing the
probang, chronic tympanites, and reduced condition. Post-mortem showed
“‘intra-cesophageal stenosis,” with dilatation in front of the contracted spot. The
latter, which was of uniform width, began below the pharynx, was 6 inches in
length, and ended at the height of the second rib; its greatest circumference
was 9} inches, the thickness of the muscular coat }th inch, The mucous mem-
brane was covered with a great number of wart-like papillee of varying size, some
not exceeding that of a pin’s head, others as large as a hazel nut ; forty-five of them
were from | inch to 1} inches long; it was contracted at the ‘level of the second
rib, but still allowed the probang to pass. Beel believed that the periodicity of
the symptoms was caused by masses of food inducing occasional occlusion at this
spot. Microscopical examination gave similar results to those described by Fessler.
Psorospermia have repeatedly been met with in the cesophageal walls in
goats and sheep, but seem to produce no difficulty in swallowing. Possibly
DISEASES OF THE LARYNX AND TRACHEA. 157
some of the cases described as paralysis of the pharynx are due to such parasites.
Koch found tuberculous abscess in the cesophageal walls in cows. In tropical
countries (Java) cysts have been discovered in the oesophageal walls of dogs,
which were filled with spiroptera sanguinolenta, and had completely occluded
the wsophagus. Harms, during the autumn, found female filariz below the
esophageal epithelium in sheep. These have been stated by Ziirn to be identical
with spiroptera scutata cesophagea bovis. In dogs spiroptera sanguinolenta often
occurs in the esophagus. These new growths, varying in size and form, produce
greater or less difficulty in deglutition ; often only fluids can be swallowed, and
that with great effort. Sometimes suffocation and vomiting occur ; wasting is a
regular result. Curability depends on the condition and number of the growths,
and on whether they can be reached. Polypi with narrow pedicles may be torn
off and discharged during violent vomiting. In carnivora, asin man, these usually
have their seat in the pharynx or close behind it, and during vomiting may be
thrown forward into the pharynx, and can then be removed, as shown by a case
reported by Diericx, Where the swelling in the neck portion of the cesophagus
can be detected externally, which, however, is seldom the case, it may be removed
by performing cesophagotomy. The uncertainty of diagnosis during life generally
prevents rational treatment. Lorenz saw a horse die from pleurisy, and found a
carcinoma which had led to rupture of the esophagus. Molni detected a tumour
in the left cesophageal furrow in a cow, which, after each feeding time, showed
tympanites. He regarded the case as one of goitre.
VIII—DISEASES OF THE LARYNX AND TRACHEA.
(1.) INJURIES, INFLAMMATIONS, AND TUMOURS IN
THE LARYNX. (LARYNGITIS, PERILARYNGITIS.)
Lit.: Kiihnert, Berl. Arch. 1889, p. 294. Hutchinson, Jahresber.
1888, p. 103. Gurlt, Gurlt u. Hertwig. 17. p. 446. Werner, Thier-
airztl. Mitth. 1876, p. 102. Lee, Jahresber. 1889, p.98. Mecke, Gurlt u.
Hertwig. 5. p. 258. Meer, Thierarztl. Mitth. 1860, p.168. Eh rhardt,
ibid., 1860, p. 168. Gurlt, Gurlt u. Hertwig. 33. p. 23. Peschel,
Dresd. Ber, 1885, p.56. J ohne, ibid., 1880, p. 48. Dieck, The Veter.
1842, p. 3. Rowland, Jahresber. 1884, p. 91. Prietsch, Dresd,
Ber, 1888, p. 70. Besnard, Jahrb. 1885, p. 75. Degive, ibid., 1886,
p. 102. Giittler, Th. Mitth. 1881, p. 42. Gurlt, Guilt u. Hertwig, 28.
p. 287. Gerlach, ibid., 20, p. 307. Siedamgrotzky, Dresd. Ber.
1873, p. 13. Hink, Jahresber, 1889, p. 98. Benjamin, ibid, 1883,
p. 88. Leisering, Dresd. Ber. 1863, p. 18. Lee, Jahrb. 1890, p. 98.
Lehnhard, Zeitschr. fiir Vet.-Kund. 1892, p. 168.
Only in carnivora is the larynx accessible to direct inspection. This is effected
for clinical purposes by drawing out the tongue and depressing it with some
blunt instrument (scissors). The laryngeal mirror used by Nawratil and
Schmidt is of little value, and is seldom used on account of the animal’s resist-
ance. Until recently, inspection of the larynx in the larger animals appeared
impossible, but Polansky and Schindelka, with the assistance of the genial Vienna
optician Leiter, have constructed instruments forexamining the larynxand pharynx
of the horse, and amongst others the rhino-laryngoscope, which affords not only
clear but extensive views of this region. The instrument is described in the
dester. Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Veterindrkunde, vol. ii. p. 295. Its con-
158 DISEASES OF THE LARYNX AND TRACHEA.
struction is complicated, its use requires the electric light, and its application in
veterinary practice has accordingly as yet been limited; but it is very service-
able for clinical observation and for teaching.
On account of its protected position between the branches of the
lower jaw, the larynx seldom suffers from injuries from without, though
sharp foreign bodies swallowed with the food may pierce and inflame
the mucous membrane. Rowland removed from the pharynx of a
horse a fish-hook, which had penetrated the larynx. Injuries of the
larynx occur oftener than is supposed, but not so frequently as those of
the pharynx, and produce either acute or chronic inflammatory pro-
cesses. The acute are clinically comprised under acute laryngitis, and
are considered in the text-books on special pathology and therapeutics.
The chronic lead to proliferation of connective tissue in the neighbour-
hood of the laryngeal cartilages (perilaryngitis chronica fibrosa) or pus
and abscess formation.
Kiihnert saw a case of perichondritis suppurativa laryngea in a pig.
An abscess had formed in the submucous tissue of the right arytenoid
cartilage, and markedly narrowing the glottis, caused dyspnoea; the
animal was slaughtered. Leisering detected swelling of the vocal
chords and of the mucous membrane of the laryngeal pouches in a dog,
which had suffered from severe cough; and Hutchinson makes a similar
report of a pig, killed on account of dyspnoea. Necrosis of the cricoid
cartilage had occurred.
Perilaryngitis chronica fibrosa is commonest in horses. Progressive
increase of connective tissue occurs, which sometimes undergoes ossifica-
tion; its retraction fixes the arytenoid cartilages, narrowing the glottis,
and producing more or less severe dyspnoea. Gurlt reports this con-
dition in a horse which had suffered from broken wind. The larynx
was ossified. Werner speaks of an ox, which, after suffering for over a
year from gradually increasing difficulty in breathing, was found to have
a laryngeal growth which extended into the trachea. I have repeatedly
seen chronic perilaryngitis in horses. in four cases no cause could be
discovered ; another happened after resection of the arytenoid cartilage,
causing failure of the operation. Chronic inflammatory diseases of the
mucous membrane of the larynx are not very rare. In cows tubercu-
lous processes occur (Giittler). In horses and dogs chronic catarrh of
the larynx is occasionally seen, though it seldom requires surgical treat-
ment. Chronic irritation in the deep layers of the mucous membrane,
causing thickening and proliferation, occurs oftenest on the vocal cords,
which I have repeatedly found thickened in places. Lee found both vocal
cords in a horse covered with cartilaginous growths.
Symptoms.—Chronic laryngitis and perilaryngitis are recognised
primarily by dyspnoea, which ensues more rapidly in cases where pus
CHRONIC LARYNGITIS AND PERILARYNGITIS. 159
formation is proceeding than in those where connective tissue is being
formed. At first inspiratory dyspnoea is alone recognisable, but diffi-
culty in expiration may also be noted later. So long as the difficulty is
confined to inspiration, the disease cannot easily be distinguished from
paralysis of the recurrent nerve, and is clinically included under the
term “ whistling” or “ roaring.” External examination seldom discovers
any structural changes, but if the process has extended to the outer
surface of the cricoid and thyroid cartilages, the larynx appears of
unusual size, although its outlines seem less sharply defined. Ossifica-
tion is recognised by an unusual hardness and resistance to pressure,
usually first remarked on attempting to make the horse cough by squeezing
the larynx. Laryngitis chronica, with thickening in the mucous mem-
brane, gradually produces dyspnoea, whistling sets in, sometimes in
aggravated form, may be noted both in inspiration and expiration, or
may not differ from that produced by paralysis of the recurrent nerve.
A further symptom of disease of the vocal cords is marked hoarseness
or loss of voice (aphonia).
Tumours are most frequent in oxen, though also found in horses and
other animals. Their nature has not yet been sufficiently investigated ;
a large number have been described as atheromatous (Mecke, Meer).
Their general position at the base of the epiglottis makes it probable
that many are actinomycotic. The new growths described as cystic
tumours of the larynx are possibly of this character (Ehrhardt). Gurlt
describes the majority of the tumours in the larynx as polypi. Some
may be mycotic, especially those associated with pus formation. ). The hooks
za
| a
Fie. 58.—Method of performing Tracheotomy—(a) Square Opening ; (0) Simple Incision ;
(c) Oval Opening (Hering).
are now introduced into the trachea, or the index and middle fingers
of the left hand hold the edges of the wound apart, and the canula
is inserted. The trachea in the horse being of considerable size, little
difficulty is met with, even when dealing with the firm textures of old
subjects.
TRACHEOTOMY. by a)
When the canula is to be worn for a considerable period, and must,
therefore, be removed every few days to be cleaned, a square, oval, or
occasionally a round piece is excised from the anterior wall of the air-
tube. Viborg, who first recommended the square opening (fig. 58, a),
directs the knife to be inserted between two cartilages, and a horizontal
cut made about # inch in length. This cut should extend an equal
distance on either side of the middle line. From each of its ends a
vertical cut is next made downwards, and the piece of cartilage which
now hangs by the intercartilaginous band below is grasped with dissect-
ing forceps and cut away, care being taken to prevent it falling into the
trachea. The canula is then placed in position. Lafosse, Brogniez, and
Giinther have expressed themselves in favour of the oval opening, which
may be produced by first dividing the intercartilaginous ligament and
then excising a half-round piece from the cartilages above and below,
without, however, quite dividing these (fig. 58, ¢). Bending of the
tracheal rings and stenosis of the trachea, which result from completely
eutting through the cartilages, are thus avoided. Brogniez’ broncho-
tome likewise produces an oval cut, but can be replaced by a bistoury,
deftly manipulated. The same remark applies to other instruments, such
as Marty’s tracheotome, which cuts a circular piece from the two carti-
laginous rings, like a trephine.
Tracheotomy is one of the simpler of equine operations, and is easily
carried out with a little care. Its success depends greatly on the
canula used.
Many of those recommended can only be employed in connection with their
appropriate tracheotomes, and, therefore, may be disregarded. ‘The oldest
(Barthélemy’s) consists of a metal tube, 4 to 8 |
inches in length and # to 2 inches in width, ANT
| it
|
|
bent at one end, and provided with a plate to wil
prevent its entering the trachea too far. The
edges of the plate and those of the lower end
of the tube must be carefully rounded off to
prevent their abrading the skin or mucous
membrane. The tube, while nearly filling the
tracheal space, must not press on the mucous
membrane, nor must the soft tissues of the
neck be pinched. The bend must be confined
to the upper end, and must be suited to the
thickness of the parts between the skin and
front wall of the trachea. Where the bend is
too short, not only will the skin and muscular
tissues be bruised, but the lower end of the tube
will press against the posterior wall of the trachea
and produce inflammation with proliferations,
leading to stenosis (fig. 60, c). Where the bent
portion is too long, there is undue space between the plate and the skin, and if
such a tube be pressed home by tapes or straps, it becomes displaced and liable
Fic. 59.—Barthélemy’s Canula.
174 TRACHEOTOMY TUBES OR CANULA).
to injure both walls of the trachea (fig. 60, >). Tracheotomy tubes, formerly
made of tin plate, are now much better manufactured of German silver.
Vartel’s objection to Barthélemy’s canula, that it falls out easily, may be
obviated by well-fitting tapes or straps (with buckles), fastened in the eyes of
Fic. 60.—Position of Tracheal Canula--(#) Normal ; (6) When too much Curved ;
(c) When insufficiently Curved.
the plate and passed transversely round the neck. They should not be carried
too far forward, as the tube is then liable to fall out during coughing or violent
expiratory movements. Barthélemy’s tube somewhat disfigures the ‘animal ;
atu] = =
Tssss—s—5— SS
Fic. 61.--Leblane’s Jointed Canula.
expectoration of mucus, pus, or blood is rendered more difficult; and where used
for long periods very careful fitting is necessary to prevent thickening and
narrowing of the trachea. To meet these disadvantages models have been
recommended by Damoiseau, Dieterichs, Brogniez, Leblanc, Hertwig, Reynault,
JOINTED TRACHEOTOMY TUBES. 175
Hilmer, Degive, Vachetta, Trasbot, Peuch, and others. Doing away with the
straps lessens disfigurement without interfering with the secure fixing of the
canula, and diminishes risk of bruising and irritation. The trachea remains un-
obstructed in an upward direction as far as the larynx, whilst the canula is very
easily cleaned. Leblanc has constructed a jointed tube said to be adapted to
every form of neck (figs. 61 and 62), but one of the halves sometimes becomes
Fic. 62.—Leblane’s Jointed Canula.
detached and drops into the trachea. According to my experience, the tracheal
tubes of Degive, Vachetta, Peuch, and Trasbot, which correspond in principle, are
amongst the best (fig. 63). They consist of two pieces, which are inserted
singly by first pushing the wider tube into the trachea and afterwards the
narrower one, so that the projections point upwards and downwards in the
a =
Be
Fra. 63.-—Peuch’s Canula.
lumen of the trachea without pressing on its mucous membrane. The tube
constructed by Vachetta has the longest, that by Degive the shortest projec-
tions. I prefer the latter, because its introduction is easier without endangering
its firm hold. Naturally, the length of the canula, that is, the distance between
the plate and the curvature of the projections, must correspond to the thickness
of the anterior wall of the neck. I have seen this tube worn by horses for
176 TRACHEOTOMY TUBES OR CANUL&.
several years without producing difficulty in application or stenosis. Haubner
has recently somewhat modified Trasbot’s tube. The inner portion is made
lighter and can be more easily introduced ; but, on the other hand, it has not so
wide a basis, and, therefore, more easily produces proliferations. To introduce
the tube the index finger of the left hand should first be passed into the trachea,
when the tube itself may easily be slid along it, the finger acting as a guide.
Afterwards the second portion may be inserted.
Canule must be light and durable, and their edges, as already stated,
well rounded off. They are usually made of German silver, but their weight
may be reduced by using aluminium, which has been employed in making
canule on Peuch’s model. These seem to be well suited for race-horses.
Where it is necessary to combat suffocation occurring in diseases of an
infectious character, a canula of a long form is selected, in order to avoid
bruising the swollen soft parts in the neighbourhood of the point of operation.
In anticipation of swelling supervening, the steadying of the canula may be
effected by placing one or more leather shields below the plate, or enveloping
the projecting portion of the tube in jute or tow.
Fic. 64.—Double-tube Canula.
The tube gradually becomes stopped by secretion from the mucous mem-
brane and the operation wound, and must, therefore, be frequently cleansed, at
first, indeed, daily. As the secretion diminishes, cleansing is required at intervals
of three or four days. Hence it is well to have two similar canulz, so that whilst
one is in use, the other can be cleansed or, if need be, repaired. Such precautions
are necessary, because the wound contracts very rapidly, indeed after the lapse
of one night the introduction of the canula may be difficult, or even impossible.
Whilst the horse is in the stable, the opening of the instrument may be stopped
up with a cork, which will check secretion and blocking of the tube. Double
tubes have been recommended to obviate the necessity for changing the canula.
They are generally used in man (fig. 64). Whilst the outer tube lies in the
trachea, the inner can be cleaned from time to time. But this form, shown in
fic. 64, must be condemned, because the curvature of the upper part is
too slight, and that of the lower part too great; the lower portion, as already
stated, should be quite straight. In double tubes this curvature cannot be
avoided; hence they are unsuitable, and can only be used where the
DANGERS OF TRACHEOTOMY. 7
trachea is very near the surface. This model also possesses another fault—its
opening lies at the side. Injuries from its lower border are certainly thus
avoided, but the lateral opening coming in contact with the mucous membrane,
the passage of air is interfered with.
To obviate the necessity for a canula, Strauss recommends cutting out an oval
piece from the trachea, with precautions against injuring the mucous membrane,
which is sutured to the skin. But Hering doubts whether this process can be
successfully done, and my experience causes me to agree with him. With
the object of replacing canule, hooks are introduced on either side into the
tracheal opening, and held apart by tapes passed round the animal’s neck.
As a temporary expedient, the neck of a bottle, or a pair of strong
wires bent to a spoon-handle shape, may be inserted. To save animals
from threatened suffocation, there is often insufficient time to proceed
according to rule. I have repeatedly had to operate in a dark stable,
and, furnished merely with a bistoury, to find the middle line of the
neck as I best could, and insert a tube. Despite these difficulties, I
have generally had good healing. Krieshaber has recommended
an operation under the title of “tracheotomie sous-cricoidienne,” in
which an incision is made immediately under the cricoid cartilage ;
the crico-tracheal ligament, which is about 1 inch in breadth, divided,
and a double-armed canula introduced (Vachetta’s, Peuch’s, or Degive’s).
The position of this ligament is easily discovered by palpation, especially
in horses, where the muscles of the neck are not greatly developed. With
the head extended, the operation is not difficult in quiet animals. This
method has the advantage of only slightly impairing the animal’s appear-
ance, and facilitates direct examination and treatment of the larynx, while
the action of the tube, moreover, widens the larynx, and I have been in-
formed that, after wearing the canula for a long time, animals sometimes
cease roaring altogether. This may perhaps result from the irritative pro-
cesses produced by the canula causing anchylosis of the articulation of
the arytenoid cartilage on the paralysed side. Bouley fears that horses
thus operated on may injure the larynx by violently bending the head.
From my own experience I should doubt this, provided the canula fits
well to the neck.
The evil results of tracheotomy comprise—
(1) Mechanical pneumonia, produced by aspiration of inflammatory
secretions in such diseases as petechial fever and acute laryngitis,
or from abscesses breaking into the pharynx or trachea. These com-
plications are prevented by the use of the tampon-canula, made on
the pattern of Trendelenburg and Harn’s human canula. The former
carries an india-rubber balloon, which, after being placed in position, may
be inflated with a pair of bellows (fig. 56). Where foreign materials
are present in the trachea, they should, as far as possible, be removed
with a feather, a soft bottle-brush, or a sponge carefully fastened to a
M
178 LARYNGOTOMY.
wire. Such implements may without danger be passed as far as the
division of the trachea. The tampon-canula may then be placed in
position and moderately inflated, that is to say, until the balloon fills
the lumen of the trachea without exercismg much pressure on the
mucous membrane, which might produce necrosis. Another pattern is
Harn’s tampon-canula, which has a sponge tent. A substitute may be
improvised by wrapping Barthélemy’s canula with tow, jute, or sponge,
such substances being carefully secured with string or thread, so that
they shall not become loose and fall into the trachea.
(2) Proliferation and thickening of the mucous membrane with nar-
rowing of the lumen of the trachea (tracheal stenosis). Sclerotic inflam-
mations occasionally occur in the skin and the soft tissues lying beneath,
and usually follow cellulitis. Proliferation producing tracheal stenosis
results from faulty formation of the canula, from its being too heavy,
badly made, or not fitting the form of the neck. The canula cannot
fit well if it be too long, too narrow, too little or too much bent
(p. 174), or if the opening in the trachea be too large. I have often
noted a pronounced tendency to such growths in heavy horses, and
though the canula was perfect in every respect, the contraction recurred
after each fresh insertion. When stenosis occurs, the introduction of
the tube becomes gradually more and more difficult, and finally impos-
sible. The tracheal opening must then be increased, a procedure some-
times rendered difficult by ossification of the newly formed materials.
Where there is room, a second opening may be made lower down.
It is in view of such a contingency that tracheotomy, specially in
young horses, should be performed in the upper divisions of the neck.
(6.) LARYNGOTOMY. LARYNGO-FISSURE.
Lit.: Giinther, Myologie des Pferdes u. D. T. W. 1893, p. 145. Stock-
fleth, Chirurgie. Moller, Das Kehlkopfpfeifen der Pferde, Stuttgart
(Enke), 1888. Fleming, Roaring in Horses. Cadiot, Traitement chir.
du Cornage chron. 1891. Siedamgrotzky, Dresd. Ber. 1892, p. 17.
Labat, Rev. vétér. 1892, p. 129. Butler, Jahrb. 1892, p. 92.
Section of the larynx in man has lately been much employed, par-
ticularly for the removal of tumours. As already stated, such growths
in the larynx are rare in animals (p. 159). But the operation has been
practised on horses in hemiplegia of the larynx, otherwise termed roaring,
K. Giinther, who made the first experiments, hesitated to divide
the ericoid cartilage, because he feared stenosis, and therefore operated
from the trachea. Stockfleth later recommended dividing the cricoid
cartilage, thus introducing larnygotomy into veterinary practice. Thyroid-
otomy and cricotomy are now distinctive terms, designating respectively
LARYNGOTOMY. 179
division in the median line of the thyroid and cricoid cartilages.
Where the upper rings of the trachea are also divided, the operation
is styled crico-tracheotomy ; while the division of the ericoid and thyroid
cartilages, together with the connecting crico-thyroid ligament, is
entitled crico-thyroidotomy.
Crico-tracheotomy, as adopted in the treatment of hemiplegia laryngis,
has been fully described in the brochure which I published in 1888.
The animal is chloroformed and placed on its back; the operator
kneels on the right side of the neck, shaves the hair from the larynx
and upper portion of the trachea, and disinfects the site of operation.
The position of the cricoid cartilage is easily determined by palpation.
An incision, exactly in the middle line, is carried from the body of the
ericoid cartilage over the crico-thyroid ligament, the cricoid cartilage, the
erico-tracheal ligament, and as far as the first two or three rings of the
trachea. After ligaturing any bleeding vessels, the muscles lying below
the skin are divided exactly in the middle line. The trachea and
cricoid cartilage are thus exposed with scarcely any bleeding, but any
vessel spurting must at once be ligatured. A tampon-canula provided
with a bellows is held in readiness. An incision is made through the
first two rings of the trachea with a pointed bistoury, turning the cut-
ting edge towards the animal’s head, and’ extending the opening by
carrying the knife up to the thyroid cartilage. In case of vessels bleed-
ing at this stage, the tampon-canula should be inserted, inflated with
air, and the vessels ligatured. Entrance of blood into the trachea
must in any case be prevented. The wound is now held open
with a pair of blunt hooks or retractors, and after removal of any
blood, the interior of the larynx can be seen. Where tumours
have to be excised, little ditticulty is encountered, if their bases
are not broad. Resection of the vocal chords has already been described
(a 161).
Where there is paralysis of the recurrent, the arytenoid cartilage on
the paralysed side is removed. While Giinther and Stocktleth had
practised partial resection, I proposed total removal of this cartilage, and
I still prefer this method. With a specially-constructed scalpel (fig. 65),
the mucous membrane at the periphery of the arytenoid cartilage is
divided. Beginning at the point of union of the arytenoid cartilages,
the knife, carried through the mucous membrane and the inter-
arytenoid ligament in an upward direction, close beside the middle line,
follows the posterior border of the arytenoid cartilage upwards as
far as the vocal processes (in fig. 66 the dotted line shows the course of
the incision). With scissors the vocal cord is divided at its point of
union with the arytenoid, and the cartilage separated from the muscles
covering its outer surface with the fingers, scissors, or scalpel.
180 LARYNGOTOMY.
By keeping close to the cartilage the bleeding is slight. The mucous
membrane is then divided from the anterior upper border of the
arytenoid cartilage, care being taken to spare it as much as_ possible.
For this purpose the index finger of the left hand is introduced into the
sacculus laryngis, and the membrane cut through with scissors close
to the border of the cartilage. In this procedure. one is specially
euided by the indications afforded by the left hand. The arytenoid
cartilage is now cut through with the scalpel, as near as possible to its
articular surface, so that only a thin fragment of cartilage remains.
Fic. 65.— : Fic. 66.—Course of incision.
Scalpel for Horse’s Larynx (seen from below)—Sk., Thyroid cartilage ; R.S.B., Crico-
resection of thyroid ligament ; S8.b., Vocal cord ; S.bf., Vocal process of arytenoid ;
arytenoid. R.k., Cricoid cartilage; £.G.k., Left arytenoid; Z.R. (I., I., II.),
First, second, and third rings of the trachea.
This portion of the operation is the most difficult; especially in old
horses, where the articulatory portion of the cartilage is often ossified.
The knife must be inserted within and below, and the cut made upwards
and outwards. As considerable force is often necessary in dividing the
cartilage, it requires care to prevent the knife slipping off unexpectedly.
Although I have frequently performed the operation, I have never,
however, had an accident of this kind. As soon as the arytenoid
cartilage is divided it may be easily freed from the neighbouring
soft parts, and removed with the help of a long and sharply-bent
pair of scissors. In this case, also, it is necessary to follow carefully
the borders of the cartilage, holding the latter with a pair of lion
LARYNGOTOMY. 181
forceps (fig. 67). Throughout the operation the larynx must be cleared
of blood by the use of small sponges fastened to thin sticks, and
wielded by an assistant; and in the same way the field of operation
must be cleared after removal of the arytenoid itself. Bleeding is
usually slight, though in rare eases a spurting vessel may require to be.
closed by torsion. After bleeding is somewhat checked, the surface of the
wound is swabbed with 10 per cent. chloride of zinc solution applied
with a sponge, and is then powdered with 1 of iodoform to 3 of tannin.
During the last few years I have
attempted to stitch the mucous mem-
brane, using a curved needle (fig. 68).
It can be very well managed after a little
practice. The needle, threaded with cat-
cut, is first passed through the upper
fold of the membrane, which is then
drawn downwards and fastened to the
under border of the wound. Silk should
be avoided, as in the larynx it remains
unabsorbed for months. Three sutures
usually suffice to fix the membrane in
position, to assist cicatrisation, and pre-
vent the loose plice aryepiglottice inter-
fering with breathing after healing. I
consider Fleming’s method of removing
the vocal chord unnecessary and injurious.
A tampon properly fitting the larynx,
or an indiarubber balloon, is introduced
and adjusted. To secure the tampon
Fic. 67.— Forceps Fic. 68.—Curved
for grasping the Needle for
and tube a couple of temporary sutures = @”ytenoid. suturing laryn-
> gea, mucous
are passed through the skin, and two membrane.
pieces of tape over the seat of operation and round the neck.
The horse is now placed on its side and the hobbles removed ; while, to
prevent straw or other foreign bodies being inspired through the
tracheal tube, a clean cloth should be laid under the neck. The animal
is allowed to lie until it rises of its own accord, when it should be placed
in a box, receive only soft hay and water, and not be tiedup. Formerly
I used to remove the tube and tampon after twenty-four hours and
change the former; but I now consider this unnecessary. Both may
remain in position three to four days without bad consequences,
provided no marked fever results. I think this method is to be
preferred to changing the canula. Any discharge occurring may be
soaked up with a piece of sponge, some wadding, or wood wool, and the
wound, if dry, moistened with carbolic lotion. Drinking water should
182 LARYNGOTOMY.
be kept constantly in the box, and given in a pail placed rather low or
on the ground. The diet should consist of soft hay and a small
quantity of oats mixed with bran.
On the fourth day the surface of the wound is carefully cleansed, and
the stitches in the skin loosened. The tampon can then be removed,
and the larynx swabbed out with small sponges wrung out of carbolie
solution ; but the sponges must be nearly dry to prevent fluid running
down the trachea. Any secretion or blood found above the tube must
be carefully soaked up. The canula is then removed, and the animal's
head tied up high. After cleansing the larynx several times, fresh water
may be given from a pail held about 2 feet from the ground, and note
taken whether much water returns through the nose. If in drinking,
say a quarter of a pailful, not more than a half-pint returns by the
nose, the tube may be discarded. On the other hand, if fluid flows
freely from the nostrils, or if dyspnoea appears after the tube is removed,
the latter must be replaced. The skin wound should be cleansed from
discharge daily until a dry scab forms, when, unless such complications
as fever and dyspnoea appear, neither skin wound nor larynx will
require treatment. The wound, as a rule, after eight days requires no
special attention. The horse, however, should still be confined in a
well-ventilated box, and receive easily-digestible food.
The external wound usually closes completely in three to four weeks.
It leaves a cicatrix, which contracts so far in five to six months that even
au expert has difficulty in discovering it. In about four weeks after
the operation, provided the weather be favourable, the animal may be
exercised daily, though for another month it must be kept from work
of every description. After this time it may be ridden or driven until
breathing becomes audible; but, as the forcible entrance of air stretches
the cicatricial tissue, and may endanger the success of the operation, it
should not be pushed beyond that point. Too early or injudicious work
Injures the animal and may produce failures. In summer it is well
to turn the patient out to grass for six or eight weeks. Dyspnoea
sometimes disappears in about eight weeks after the operation, but the
process of cicatrisation often takes longer.
Until I have completed my statistics, which I hope to do shortly, I
am not in a position to give a final judgment as to the success of the
operation. I am, however, convinced that the greater number of horses
which, owing to roaring, have seriously suffered in the performance of
work, can by this operation be restored to usefulness. A large number
of those I have operated on are still at work, although several years
have passed since the operation. Some are used for riding, and even for
racing. ) Bagge’s method is similar. After replacing the hernia, a woollen
band is tied round the scrotum, in the neighbourhood of the inguinal
ring, and allowed to remain on for eight hours, when a swelling is
found to have been produced, and the band is removed. Recovery
occurs in six to eight days. Bagge states having thus cured nine
stallions in one day (?).
In this connection, Kruckow’s procedure may be referred to even
though the method be not usually possible. In a fresh case of inguinal
herma Kruckow thrust the displaced portion of intestine, together with
the testicle, back into the intestinal cavity, after which the intestine
did not return. The scrotum was rubbed with diluted sulphuric acid.
This report is open to question, for two reasons—firstly, it is certainly
only in exceptional cases possible to thrust the testicle into the
abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal, and even if this were
always practicable, the absence of the spermatic cord from the abdominal
ring must greatly favour recurrence.
(2) Treatment by closure or narrowing of the processus vaginalis.
(a) Foelen has recommended the application of irritants to the
scrotum in the neighbourhood of the inguinal ring, as in treating umbili-
cal hernie. The ointment he uses consists of 1 part of cantharides,
2°5 parts of euphorbium, 15 parts of fat, and 1°5 parts of verdigris; it
may be applied without coating the animal by drawing the testicle
downwards, thus rendering the skin of the scrotum tense. The appli-
cation should be made once daily, until the epidermis becomes loosened,
which usually happens in ten to twelve days. The parts are then washed
with lukewarm water, and when the inflammation has disappeared the
infrictions are recommenced, until in four to six weeks the rupture has
disappeared. Degive also recommends this method, though it is of little
use in animals more than four to six months old.
(6) The application of clams. This is very generally practised, and
BY CLAMS AND SUTURES. 249
resembles the covered method of castration. The hernia is reduced
and the clams applied as high, that is, as near to the inguinal ring
as possible, and over the tunica vaginalis and spermatic cord. In
order to be able to apply the clams very high it has been recommended
to give them a bent form, but this is not desirable, because the centre
portion does not press sufficiently on the tunica vaginalis. A simpler
and more effectual way of closuring the tunica vaginalis above the clam
is to give a half turn, which may later be made a complete one, to the
tunica vaginalis and the spermatic cord before applying the clams. As
far as I am aware this method was first practised by Pfuscher, and
described by Curdt in 1856. Hering warmly recommended it a few
years after. It appears only to have become known in Belgium at a
later date, for Degive, in 1890, ascribes this new “ procédé ingenieux” to
a French veterinarian.
Displacement of the abdominal viscera is said to be prevented
by the closure of the processus vaginalis, but this is dependent on
the size of the abdominal ring; and where the latter is large the
viscera not only interfere with closure, but may even cause rupture
of the processus vaginalis. Though this danger is certainly decreased
by twisting the processus vaginalis, it is not entirely removed, and,
therefore, I have lately somewhat modified the process. The operation
should be performed antiseptically under chloroform. As the chief
difficulty in applying the clams high is occasioned by the outer skin
and soft parts lying below it, I select a short but carefully disinfected
pair of clams, and make an incision through the skin, large enough
to allow the clams to be pushed to the bottom of the wound, and to he
just under the inguinal ring. ‘The skin is then brought over them and
sutured, thus retaining them in the wound. If neither fever, swelling,
nor other disturbance is marked during the next few days, I allow the
clams to remain in position for a week. On removal, healthy granu-
lations will be found unaccompanied by pus formation, and the wound
heals in a short time under aseptic precautions.
J. F. Stockfleth operated in a similar way. He drew the lappets
of skin over the clams, by means of purse-string sutures, but loosened
the latter next day, and applied a ligature around the processus vagi-
nalis and above the clams. If this be not done, it is well to fasten the
clams to the neighbouring skin by a ligature.
The clams must not be removed too soon. The longer they remain,
the better the union between the surfaces of the processus vaginalis.
Jessen found three days too little, and in his later cases left the clams
on for five days. In the above operation they may remain in position
still longer without disadvantage, and need not be removed, even though
pus forms, provided fever does not set in. In any case, the clams
250 TREATMENT OF NON-STRANGULATED INGUINAL HERNIA.
should not be removed before the fourth or fifth day. A bandage and
dressing similar to that used in castration of cryptorchids (compare with
this) can be applied, to assist in supporting the weight of the clams
and preventing the tunica vaginalis tearing.
Dieterichs recommends using a sponge to temporarily close the processus
vaginalis. He opens the latter, hgatures the spermatic artery, and then
thrusts a sponge, provided with a central hole, over the spermatic cord, and
as high up as possible, so as to occlude the abdominal rmg. The clams
are then applied to the spermatic cord, but removed again after twenty-
four hours, whilst the sponge is left in position until it comes away
spontaneously. The disadvantage is, that should the sponge not be care-
fully sterilised, which is very difficult to ensure, peritonitis often occurs,
as shown by the experience of Bassi and others, and for this reason this
method cannot be recommended; that above described is certainly to
be preferred.
Sorensen (Stocktleth) and others apply a ligature above the clams
for a similar purpose. The clams are removed next day, but the
ligature is left in position until it falls off. Tetanus is, however, said
to be a common sequel.
(c) The method of ligaturing the tunica vaginalis, together with the
spermatic cord, has not found many supporters; though a few (Reiser,
Jessen) recommend it. It certainly cannot produce such perfect occlu-
sion as the clams, though, if aseptic materials lke silk be employed
it may render it possible to close the processus still higher in the
inguinal canal.
(d) Bouissy’s plan of multiple ligation of the scrotum is inadvisable,
because of the danger of including a portion of bowel, and to prevent
this (even when using the clams over the processus vaginalis), it has
been suggested to first incise the processus, and, by introducing the
finger, to make sure that no intestine is present. This may be useful
in doubtful cases, but an external examination generally suffices.
(3) Closure of the abdominal or inguinal ring. Many operators
deseribe having sutured the inner abdominal rig (Verrier, Colson,
Hammerschmidt, and others), but as the modus operandi is never suf-
ficiently well described to convince one of the correctness of the asser-
tion, my observations on the anatomy of the part oblige me, like
Degive and Hendrickx, to doubt the correctness of these assertions.
In old stallions the narrowest portion of the inguinal canal lies 4 to 14
inches below the abdominal ring, and presents an almost insuperable
difficulty. If the inner abdominal ring has ever been sutured, an
abnormal condition of the parts has clearly existed, to begin with. On
the other hand, the position of the inguinal ring (ze., the outer ring)
would easily allow of its being sutured, but the rigid character of the
TREATMENT OF INCARCERATED INGUINAL HERNIA. 251
edges (tendinous head of the external oblique muscle) effectually prevent
union. Certainly the same success could not be obtained as by the
above described methods, and this probably explains its slight popularity.
In the gelding, operative measures must be somewhat modified.
Here the processus vaginalis must first be feund, which is most easily
effected in the following way :—The horse is cast, chloroformed, and
laid on its back; the castration cicatrix discovered, and an elliptical
incision made through the skin around it, so that the skin which is
adherent to the base of the processus or to the end of the spermatic
cord can be lifted, together with the sub-lying tissues, by means of a
narrow tape passed through it. The processus vaginalis is then sepa-
rated as in the operation for scirrhous cord, and exposed for a consi-
derable extent in an upward direction. The clams are now applied
over the processus and spermatic cord in the manner above described,
provided no intestine is present in the processus; but as one must, in
the gelding, always be prepared for adhesions, it is best where the
slightest doubt exists to open the processus vaginalis, and by introduc-
ing the finger to make sure of the absence of intestine or omentum. To
prevent injury, the intestine must be separated with the greatest care.
For this purpose I prefer using the scissors, and endeavour as far as
possible to find the border of the adherent bowel, and where this cannot
be clearly made out, I leave a portion of the processus adherent to the
surface of the bowel and replace them together. Pieces of omentum
may be ligatured with sterilised material and cut off, or they may be
included in the clams without danger. It is also advisable to half or
wholly rotate the processus vaginalis, or to apply a small pair of clams
as high as possible within the wound, allowing their weight to be
carried by the skin. Strecker, in operating on a gelding, used a ligature
to close the processus vaginalis.
Il, TREATMENT OF INCARCERATED INGUINAL HERNIA.
This must be carried out as early as possible, and in conformity
with the general precautions given on p. 232.
The horse is carefully cast, chloroformed, and laid on its back, the
hind-quarters being higher than the fore, which Jessen effects by
laying the fore-part in a hollow; the hind-legs are bent, and, if
possible, that of the affected side is drawn outwards and backwards.
One then endeavours, by pressing on the neck of the hernial sac, and by
drawing and turning as above described (p. 252), to effect taxis, the
testicle being meanwhile drawn forward. Reposition may be effected by
introducing the hand into the rectum and cautiously pulling on the parts
in the inguinal canal, but caution must be used in manipulating the
252 TREATMENT OF INCARCERATED INGUINAL HERNIA.
hernial sac, and the older the strangulation the greater the care
required.
After complete reduction, the animal is allowed to roll on to the sound
side; the hobbles are loosened, and if the animal remains quiet, it may
be allowed to he for a quarter to half an hour, though it must not be
forcibly prevented from rising.
If, after trying for half an hour, reduction cannot be effected, as a rule
herniotomy is the only resource. For this purpose anesthesia should be
reinduced or rendered complete; the hoofs of the hind-legs carefully
cleansed and covered with moistened cloths, and the hair and under-
surface of the legs also moistened to prevent dust falling on the point
of operation. If the latter has been cleansed, disinfected, and all the
requirements of antisepsis complied with, the skin and tunica dartos are
carefully cut through as far as the base of the scrotum and separated
from the processus vaginalis with the fingers, assisted by scissors, up to
the spot where the neck of the hernial sac appears most markedly
strangulated. This point lies in the inguinal canal an inch or so below
the abdominal ring, as Hering and French veterinarians have noted.
Reduction may now sometimes be effected by introducing a finger into
the inguinal canal and pressing and kneading this point, especially if an
assistant pass his hand into the rectum and pull gently on the bowel.
I prefer to carry out this accessory manipulation myself, because, whilst
it is important to exercise a steady and regular pull on the portion of
bowel in the inguinal canal, the spermatic cord must not be grasped, as
it would limit the pull. With a little practice the parts may easily be
distinguished through the rectal wall. Should these attempts come to
nothing, the operator must proceed to herniotomia interna, that. is,
incision of the processus vaginalis together with the abdominal ring.
The seat of incarceration may generally be felt by introducing the
finger, and division must be made at that point.
According to my experience, strangulation occurs in old stallions about
an inch below the abdominal ring. In geldings, on the other hand, I
have generally found the annulus abdominalis the narrowest point.
Possibly the heavy pull of the testicle on the spermatic .cord, which
becomes fan-shaped in the abdomen, exercises some influence on the
funnel-shaped, or, as the French call it, the “hour-glass” dilatation of
the processus vaginalis, which is most noticeable towards the inner abdo-
minal ring. The continuous pull can without doubt produce a dilating
influence of that kind, which would explain the greater disposition
of old stallions to protrusion of the bowel at the point indicated.
Girard constructed for this operation:a pair of long hernia knives,
one in the form of a greatly enlarged straight tenotome, and the other
in that of a bent tenotome. The ordinary herniotome (fig. 77) may
BY HERNIOTOMY. 253
also be employed, or in case of need, a blunt-pointed bistoury. The
abdominal ring must be incised near its anterior angle, and the cut be
made in an outward direction. Towards the middle line, and in the
neighbourhood of the posterior angle, are the vessels of the abdominal
walls, which must be avoided, and any lengthening of the anterior angle
is apt to be followed by tearing of the inner oblique abdominal
muscle. Even when the point of incarceration has only
been incised to the extent of a line or two, reposition
becomes easy, and indeed usually results from the pull
of the abdominal viscera themselves. Paty recommends
pouring extract of opium and belladonna dissolved in
oil into the processus vaginalis. This certainly lubricates
the contents of the hernial sac and assists reposition ;
but plain oil sterilised by boiling would serve the same
purpose. After reduction, treatment is the same as
in non-strangulated rupture, that is, a pair of clams are
adjusted as high up as possible over the spermatic cord
and tunica vaginalis, which latter should be rotated once
on its long axis.
Where it is important to preserve the testicle, the
subcutaneous operation, recommended by Bouley, can
be carried out, though the strictest asepsis must be
observed. The scrotum and tunica vaginalis are cau-
tiously divided at the outer side, in the neighbourhood
of the inguinal ring, so that a hollow probe may be intro-
duced into the narrowest part of the processus vaginalis,
which is then divided with the hernia knife. Others
(Siegen) use the fingers instead of a probe, and pass
the hernia knife along these to divide the abdominal
ring. Siegen states having thus rendered a horse fit
for work in twelve days. The second wound is sewn
up and a suitable antiseptic dressing applied. Unless
strictly antiseptic, this method is open to grave objection,
as Peuch has already pointed out.
In other respects the operation for inguinal hernia bate
is not so grave. Bouley states having effected a cure Beas
after strangulation lasting twenty-four hours. According
to Stockfleth, of 55 horses, 13 died after dilatation of the abdominal
ring ; in Alfort, 8 out of 20 died; but Benjamin only lost 5 out of 28
operated on.
Reported cases of the successful use of hernial trusses are rare.
Klingan states having succeeded in curing foals by means of a complicated
bandage ; but in all probability much was due to the intervention of nature.
254 FALSE INGUINAL HERNIA.
(2.) FALSE INGUINAL HERNIA (HERNIA
INGUINALIS INTERSTITIALIS).
Lit.: Hildach, Gurlt u. Hertwig. 13, p. 83. Stockfleth, Chirurgie,
This term is used to describe inguinal or scrotal herniz where the
hernial contents le outside the processus vaginalis. The small intestine
or rectum, or very occasionally a portion of omentum, pass into the
inguinal canal or scrotum, not through the inner abdominal ring, but
through a pathological opening which usually hes close in front of the
abdominal ring. At this point a lacuna exists in the abdominal muscles
of the horse, which is filled with connective tissue, and is therefore less
Fic. 78.—Peritoneal-scrotal Hernia (Hering).
resistant. This section of the abdominal wall is lined with peritoneum,
and is considered by Franck to be a tendinous expansion of the oblique
abdominal muscle; by Schmalz it is termed the inguinal ring.
After rupture of the peritoneum and of this connective tissue, intestine
or omentum may pass into the inguinal canal outside of the processus
vaginalis, a condition which is termed peritoneal-scrotal hernia (fig. 78).
The condition clearly has a great resemblance to genuine inguinal hernia ;
TREATMENT OF FALSE INGUINAL HERNIA. 255
but the swelling appears higher up, close under the inguinal ring, because
the hernial contents are not confined by the processus vaginalis, in conse-
quence of which the base of the hernial sac appears more pointed, and
may take the form of a peaked night-cap (Hildach). Taxis is more
difficult than in the previous condition. In doubtful cases examination
per anum may give reliable information as to the hernial character of
the swelling.
The condition was discovered by Hildach during a post-mortem on a
stallion, and has been described by H. Bouley in France as “hernie
extra-vaginale.” Sometimes it is first recognised when performing the
operation for inguinal hernia, the contents of the hernia, and not the
processus vaginalis, coming in view on incising the skin of the scrotum
and the tunica dartos. Stockfleth saw it in boars, but it seems unknown
in other animals. The first change consists in rupture of the above-
described portion of the abdominal wall, resulting from abnormal increase
in intra-abdominal pressure, or possibly from violent movement. Hildach
saw this form of hernia suddenly occur after the animal had been
ridden.
Prognosis is even less favourable than in true inguinal hernia, the
danger of incarceration being greater, and recovery attended with more
difficulty, because the processus vaginalis cannot be drawn forward to
effect closure of the hernial opening.
Treatment.—Where strangulation has not set in, operation should
be avoided. Reduction of incarcerated hernize may be attempted in the
standing position, but usually fails, even when assisted from within by a
hand introduced into the rectum. But under no circumstances should
operation be attempted until every effort to effect taxis has failed. For
this purpose the same measures may be adopted (casting, dorsal position,
narcosis) as in true inguinal hernizw. Should herniotomy prove abso-
lutely necessary, the scrotum is cautiously opened under antiseptic
precautions. After dividing the skin and tunica dartos, the hernial
contents appear, and must be protected from soiling by cloths dipped in
disinfecting fluids. The hernial opening is then sought for with the
index finger, which is guided by the processus and the hernial contents ;
and should it prove impossible to dilate the ring with the finger, and
return the intestine to the abdominal cavity, the opening must be
widened with a herniotome, after which taxis becomes easy. An attempt
may then be made to suture the abdominal ring with sterilised catgut or
silk. The skin is closed with numerous button sutures, the surroundings
of the wound cleansed, dusted with iodoform, and covered with a dressing,
as after castration of cryptorchids. I have proved that, in the case of
eryptorchids, sutures of the kind described may be inserted in the
inguinal canal. Lund operated on an interstitial inguinal hernia with
256 INGUINAL HERNIA IN SWINE.
success (Stocktleth): but Hering noted prolapse of the bowel, and death
after operation.
(3.) INGUINAL HERNIA IN RUMINANTS.
Lit.: Loble, Her. Rep. 15, p. 221. Youatt, Stockfleth’s Chir. Hess,
Schweiz. Arch. 1892.
Inguinal hernia is rare in ruminants, and only a few recorded cases
exist. Youatt saw it in a steer, Loble in an ox, Hess in a calf.
The symptoms and course of the disease are similar to those in
horses, though the condition is far less grave than in the latter—the value
of the animal not being diminished to the same extent, and it being
possible, even where the hernia has become incarcerated, to slaughter
without very great loss.
Treatment is much as above described. Should the hernia become
strangulated, Loble’s method of operating through the right flank may
be tried. He thrust the ox against a wall, cut through the skin and
muscle below the external angle of the ilium, passed the hand into the
abdominal cavity, and found a double loop of intestine strangulated in
the left inguinal canal. As this could neither be freed, nor could a
finger be introduced into the inguinal canal, Loble inserted a straight
bistoury (whose point was guarded with a strip of plaster), holding
it between the index finger and thumb, and thus enlarged the abdo-
minal ring. A tenotome is recommended for this purpose, which should
be fastened by a cord, so as not to be lost in the abdominal cavity. After
freeing the bowel the abdominal wound was sutured, and recovery
occurred in six weeks. It should not be forgotten, however, that the
hernia can often be reduced via the rectum, without opening the
abdomen.
(4.) INGUINAL HERNIA IN SWINE.
Lit.: Stockfleth, Chirurgie. Gerlach, Gurlt u. Hertwig. 20, p. 307.
Eberhardt, ibid. 17, p. 266. Meyer, ibid. 15, p. 440. Degive,
Her. Rep. 38, p. 177. Storch, Oesterr. Zeitschr. f. Vet.-Wiss. 1889,
p. 161.
Both boars and castrated swine often suffer from inguinal hernie.
The hernia is generally one-sided, very seldom double-sided, and its con-
tents usually consist of a portion of bowel which, in castrated animals, is
often adherent to the sac. Omental herniz are rarer. In swine inguinal
hernia is usually congenital and hereditary, or develops during the first
few weeks of life, seldom later.
TREATMENT OF INGUINAL HERNIA IN SWINE. 257
Symptoms and Course.—In sucking pigs the swelling may be
the size of a goose’s egg. The testicle lies at the bottom of the scrotum,
which, in consequence of the thin and yielding character of its skin, may
be greatly enlarged. Raising the fore-quarters increases the swelling,
raising the hind-quarters diminishes it; whilst thrusting the finger
upwards into it, discovers the existence of dilatation of the abdominal
ring. Sometimes the rupture is so small as only to be detected on
castration. The little animals fail to develop, whilst the rupture
gradually increases in size; but spontaneous recovery is sometimes seen.
Though strangulation is not frequent, it occasionally happens both in
boars and castrated animals, and is associated with the same symptoms
as in other animals—colic, increased hardness and pain in the swelling,
and difficulty in replacing the hernia.
Prognosis is more favourable in pigs than in horses, the peritoneum
being less sensitive, and not resenting operative interference to the same
extent, though castration of a ruptured boar requires particular care,
and sometimes ends fatally.
Treatment.—lIn castrating ruptured sucking pigs, the animals are
placed for some days on short rations, and starved for ten to twelve
hours beforehand. The covered operation is selected and the ligature,
which should be rather thick, applied as high as possible, and
drawn moderately tight, but not sufficiently to cut through the tunica
vaginalis, which might lead to prolapse of the bowel. To avoid this
danger Stockfleth sutured the skin, whilst Gerlach inserted a deep
interrupted suture.
Should the hernial contents be adherent to the processus vaginalis
they must be carefully separated, injury to the bowel being avoided. A
case of Eberhardt’s shows that even incision into the bowel is not
always fatal in pigs. Meyer, in cutting through an adhesion, left a
portion of processus vaginalis adherent to the bowel, but had good
results. On account of such adhesions the operation is usually more
difficult in castrated animals than in boars. The second testicle may
be removed at the same time. Stockfleth recommends examining
the abdominal ring first; when this is too small to admit the finger,
the usual method of castration may be adopted, otherwise the covered
operation is preferable. In double-sided inguinal herniz in sucking
pigs, both testicles may thus be simultaneously removed.
Old ruptured boars are castrated by the covered operation, clams
being used, and either left until they fall off spontaneously, which
occurs in one to two weeks, or after a similar time removed. The
clams, which should be rather small, and applied as high as
possible, must be used on both sides, even though the rupture be
only one-sided. Degive opens the processus vaginalis to make sure
; R
258 INGUINAL HERNIA IN DOGS.
of the complete return of the bowel, and applies the clams as high as
possible.
After operation, the animals are placed in a dry stall provided with
clean straw, and for some time receive short rations. Local treatment
is not necessary, nor, on account of the excitement of the animals, is it
to be recommended.
Stockfleth saw a case of peritoneal scrotal hernia in a boar; on
operating, the bowel was found outside the processus vaginalis. He
therefore enlarged the skin wound, replaced the hernial contents, and
ligatured the inner coats of the hernia (which consisted of firm con-
nective tissue) at the same time as the tunica vaginalis. The animal
made a good recovery. The case shows that, in opening the hernial
sac, care must be taken to avoid injuring the bowel, in case a rupture
of this sort should exist.
(5.) INGUINAL HERNIA IN DOGS.
Inguinal herniz, although rare in dogs is common in bitches, in
which the abdominal ring remains open to give passage to the round
uterine ligament covered by its peritoneal sheath. The hernial
contents generally consist of uterus, sometimes containing embryos.
Stockfleth found four fully-grown puppies. Sometimes, however, portions
of intestine and omentum, and even of the urimary bladder and
spleen, are found in the sac, which is formed by peritoneum, udder,
and skin.
Inguinal herniz are only seen in bitches, which have already borne
young, the increase in length of the round uterine ligament, and the
widening of the abdominal ring, necessary to hernia formation, being
effected by muscular action during delivery.
Symptoms and Progress.—The hernial swelling is least character-
istic in bitches, being covered by the udder. It is harder, but less
sharply defined than in males, is often as large as a man’s fist, lies
towards the back of the udder, and appears, both when single and
double-sided, as a regular diffuse swelling. In thin animals, and where
the udder is only slightly developed, the uterus may sometimes be felt
in the depths; in fat animals, having well-developed mamme, diagnosis
is often rather difficult. The possibility of reduction, and the disappear-
ance or decrease of the swelling in the dorsal position, are the most
important symptoms.
It is only possible to mistake this condition for tumour of the udder
on superficial examination, and it should be remembered that tumours
scarcely ever lie so deep as does the hernial swelling. It is more difficult
to distinguish it from thickened round uterine ligament, though the
CRURAL HERNIA. 259
latter appears as a hard cord connected with the anterior border of the
os pubis.
In doubtful cases the vagina must be examined. Where the uterus
lies in the hernial sac the vagina appears lencthened, narrowed, or drawn
towards the diseased side or downwards, and often scarcely admits the
finger, whilst the anterior portions of the vagina are less movable than
usual.
Incarceration and other complications threatening life are seldom met
with. Even delivery is usually easy (Stockfleth). Strangulation, how-
ever, when occurring, produces symptoms similar to those in other
animals. Vomiting is occasionally seen.
Treatment.— Unless incarceration (the symptoms of which should
be made known to the owner) occurs, treatment is, as a rule, confined
to regulation of diet. In France, the injection of iodine was formerly
tried, though Lafosse had doubtful success with it; severe inflammation
occurred, leading to death. When surgical interference becomes absol-
utely necessary, the radical operation is recommended, though it is more
difficult to carry out than in male animals. It consists in ligation of
the hernial sac, or of its inner coat, and of the peritoneum and surround-
ing connective tissue. Narcosis and antiseptic precautions are necessary.
An incision is made through the skin and udder; the inner coat of the
hernia is then separated and ligatured as near as possible to the hernial
ring. Should it prove impossible to replace, the uterus can be amputated.
Operation should be avoided during pregnancy, soon after delivery, and
during cestrum.
ViII—CRURAL HERNIA (HERNIA CRURALIS).
Ger. Schenkelbruch.
Lit.: Girard, Arch. général de méd. vét. III. p. 67. Tiedholm, Stockfleth,
Chirurgie. Lafosse, Cours dhip. 1112. Lafond, Journ. de méd. vét.
1823, p. 41. Dandrieux, Rec. de méd. vét. 1827, p. 594.
Crural hernia is so rare that Girard altogether doubted its occurrence
in animals, and in spite of an extensive experience, I myself have never
seen it. Lafosse, however, states having several times had to operate
for crural hernia; and usually it is said to have been seen in horses and
dogs.
The crural canal (canalis cruralis) consists of a triangular space between the
sartorius and iliacus muscles and Poupart’s ligament, and lies somewhat nearer
the mesial line of the body than the inner abdominal ring, but close behind it.
It is usually occupied by the crural artery and vein, by lymph glands, and con-
nective tissue, and is covered by the outer tendinous head of the inner oblique
abdominal muscle, and by the peritoneum, by which the passage of abdominal
260 TREATMENT OF CRURAL HERNIA.
viscera into the canal is prevented. Should, however, this covering become
dilated and a portion of bowel or omentum enter the canal, a crural hernia results.
The latter consists of an abdominal hernia, to whose covering the fascia cruris
further contributes; sometimes a slit exists in the fascia through which the
hernial contents have passed.
Symptoms.—tThe hernial swelling, which is usually small and flat,
is found on the inner aspect of the thigh, at the point where the vena
saphena leaves the surface. It can be repiaced in the dorsal position,
often causes straddling gait, and when incarcerated, may produce lame-
ness, colic, &e. Examination per rectum leaves no doubt as to its
existence.
Causes and Progress.—The condition is either congenital or
arises during delivery, from the hind-quarters of the foetus remaining a
long time in the maternal passages, and the abdomen being powerfully com-
pressed. In later life it may be caused by slipping, drawing heavy loads,
or by very severe labour pains. Dandrieux saw a cow develop crural
hernia during labour. Spontaneous recovery scarcely ever occurs, and
incarceration, which produces the same symptoms as in other hernie,
is not uncommon. Crural hernia must, therefore, be considered as at
least as dangerous as inguinal hernia.
Treatment.—Lafosse attempted taxis after casting the horse, but
if the hernia be strangulated and taxis fail, he recommends operation.
An incision is made through the sac large enough to enable Poupart’s
ligament to be sewn with the sartorius muscle after reduction’of the
hernia.
In non-strangulated herniz the use of irritants, like cantharides oint-
ment, has been frequently recommended. After operation the animal
should be tied up for a week, and fourteen days later may be quietly
exercised,
Tidborn opened an incarcerated hernia in a foal, replaced the loop of
small intestine, which had already become adherent, and sewed up the
wound; the animal, however, died. Lafond states having cured crural
hernia in the she ass by using clams. In Germany the disease appears
to be very rare. Whether the different food or the heavy. work is the
cause of its more frequent occurrence in France is uncertain.
IX.—PERINEAL HERNIA.
Lat, Hernia perinealis, Ger, Mittelfleischbruch,
Lit.: Siedamgrotzky, Dresd. Ber. 1877, p, 63.
The posterior wall of the pelvis possesses in male animals only
one dilatation—the excavatio recto-vesicalis; but in female animals
TREATMENT OF PERINEAL HERNIA. 261
there are two—the upper the excavatio recto-uterina, the under the
excavatio vesico-uterina. Distension of one or other of these boun-
daries of the pelvis and entrance of abdominal viscera into the space so
caused is termed perineal hernia.
The disease is most frequently seen in dogs, less in the cow, ewe,
and bitch, in which animal it usually consists of a dilatation of the
excavatio vesico-uterina, which is more exposed to strain on account of
its lower position. In male animals either the intestine or urinary
bladder is found in the excavatio recto-vesicalis, in females the hernia
consists of small intestine.
Symptoms.—As a rule only one side is affected. In dogs a swelling,
varying from the size of a man’s fist to that of a child’s head, and
possessing the known characteristics of a hernia, occurs close to the root
of the tail and just over the ischial tuberosity. In ewes it may be as
large as a goose’s egg, and appears alongside the vulva. In the cow
a round swelling, sometimes as large as a man’s head, arises close under
the vagina, and presses forward the labie. The hernia can be reduced
and the swelling dispersed by pressure, by raising the hind-legs, or by
walking the animal down-hill; whilst it is increased by raising the
fore-legs, or by any cause which increases intra-abdominal pressure.
Incarceration very seldom occurs, though Siedamgrotzky noticed stran-
gulation of the urinary bladder in a dog.
Causes and Progress.—Continuous contraction of the abdominal
muscles, difficult labours, heavy draught, walking on the hind-legs (dog),
and standing with the hind-quarters low (cows), are known to favour
production of perineal hernia, but its immediate cause is a mystery. It
may exist for long periods without causing trouble, for, on account of
the great width of the hernial opening, incarceration is exceedingly
rare, though, according to Stockfleth, it sometimes impedes. delivery
in ewes, because the vagina is pressed into the hernial sac during the
pains, and becomes bent at an angle. Cows with this disease should
not be used for breeding.
Treatment.—) Mastitis parenchymatosa apostematosa.
(¢) Mastitis parenchymatosa gangrenosa.
Considering the intimate relationship between the parenchyma and
stroma of the gland, it is scarcely surprising that acute inflammatory
processes often extend from one to the other, that in inflammation of
the parenchyma the stroma, and in disease of the stroma the paren-
chyma, often suffers. The former occurs the more readily, because the
394 TRAUMATIC INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER.
blood-vessels of the udder ramify without exception in the stroma.
Although, therefore, no sharp line can be drawn between diseases of
the parenchyma and those of the interstitial connective tissue, it is yet
generally possible, having regard to the development and course of the
disease, to indicate its point of origin, and clinically to observe this
distinction, which affords exceedingly important indications both in the
treatment and prognosis of the diseases now in question.
\
(a) TRAUMATIC INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER. MASTITIS
TRAUMATICA.
Only surface injuries remain confined to the connective tissue of the
udder; the deeper-reaching involve the real gland tissue. Animals are
particularly exposed to injuries of this kind, which have already been
described at p. 389.
(B) PHLEGMONOUS MASTITIS.!| MASTITIS PHLEGMONOSA.
This disease, previously described as superficial inflammation of the
udder, affects the skin, subcutis, and interstitial connective tissue. It
generally starts from the teats, which in the cow very frequently suffer
from surface injuries, the rough hands of the milker abrading the skin,
and possibly conveying infectious material; the straw may also cause
injury and infection. The micro-organisms first enter the skin and sub-
cutis and set up inflammation, which generally extends to the capsule
and the stroma of the gland.
The process, therefore, seldom remains confined to one quarter, but
extends to several, or may even attack the entire udder. ‘The isolated
course of the lymph vessels of the separate teats, however, sometimes
causes the disease to remain confined to single sections of the gland.
The skin and subcutaneous tissue are at first oedematous, and later
become infiltrated with plastic material; slight exudation of blood is not
uncommon. We have to deal, then, with an erysipelatous or phleg-
monous disease, of which the skin or subcutaneous tissue forms the
special seat.
Symptoms and Course.—The condition is introduced by swelling
and redness, which is generally diffuse, and seldom limited to particular
portions of the gland. It appears suddenly: the skin is injected; at
first it appears bright red, afterwards bluish. The swelling is then soft
‘The term ‘‘phlegmonous inflammation” is no longer used in human medicine. It is,
however, so convenient that I retain it here to indicate inflammation of the subcutis or of
connective tissue, frequently associated with pus formation.—[TRANSL. ]
PHLEGMONOUS MASTITIS. 395
and doughy, but later becomes hard and firm, and requires some force to
indent it. The skin is often exceedingly hot, but pain, as in sub-
cutaneous inflammation, is seldom severe, nor does the milk show much
change in quality, though the total quantity certainly falls off. At the
commencement, slight fever is present; the lymph glands of the udder
swell, and the tumefaction spreads.
The condition may disappear in four to eight days, the symptoms
gradually recede, the redness disappear, the swelling collapse, and the
secretion of milk become normal. In other cases abscesses form. In or
just beneath the skin, less frequently in the superficial portions of
the gland, several fluctuating points develop, which after a short time
break and discharge pus. Such abscesses are distinguished from those
occurring during parenchymatous mastitis (p. 398) by their super-
ficial position (antemammary abscesses) and slight size. ‘This disease
may also lead to other complications, like gangrenous inflammation
(p. 400).
Differential Diagnosis.—The present affection is distinguished
from disease of the parenchyma by the little change in the milk, by the
involvement of several sections of the udder, and by the marked simul-
taneous changes in the skin. It is more likely to be mistaken for the
cedema occurring in the udder at the time of parturition. In the latter
condition, however, the well-developed inflammatory symptoms, such as
increased warmth, reddening, and pain, are wanting.
Causes.—We clearly have to deal with phlegmonous or erysipelatous
inflammation, caused by infection through shght fissures and cracks in
the skin, particularly of the teats. The disease is probably caused by
pyogenic cocci or other microbes; Kitt produced the disease in cows by
infecting with the bacillus of malignant cedema.
The prognosis depends on the virulence of the micro-organisms, as
shown by the violence with which the process develops, and by the
degree of the general disturbance, particularly of fever. As a rule, the
process is benign, but abscess formation prolongs it.
Treatment is similar to that in erysipelatous and phlegmonous con-
ditions in other parts of the body. Cold applications are contra-
indicated, and the best results follow infriction with mild fats (like oil or
butter), or with carbolised oil, blue ointment, &e. The parts may also be
washed with lukewarm solutions of disinfectants, particularly if the
teats are injured. The udder must be kept warm, and may be covered
with wadding to assist resolution.
Local injuries must be kept as clean as possible by washing with a
disinfecting fluid, after which they are smeared with any suitable
material, like boric acid omtment (acid boric and ungt. paraffin,
1 to 10).
396 PARENCHYMATOUS INFILTRATION OF THE UDDER.
Johne saw in cows furunculosis of the udder, which spread rapidly in
the affected herds, and lasted for several months. Hard, red, painful
swellings, as large as a hazel- or wal-nut, occurred in the skin of the
udder, generally at the base of the hind-teats. The neighbouring tissues.
were also inflamed, often appeared livid, and the diseased centre soon
increased to the diameter of a child’s fist. After three to four days it
pointed and broke, when a necrotic plug was discharged along with the
pus, in which, on microscopical examination, a dead hair-follicle could
be detected. Granulation and healing soon occurred.
As a precautionary measure, Johne made the attendant wash both
the udder and his hands twice daily with carbolic solution. Inoculation
experiments were without result.
PARENCHYMATOUS INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER.
MASTITIS PARENCHYMATOSA.
This term is not quite correct, for, strictly speaking, the parenchyma
only consists of the alveoli and their epithelium, whilst we include in
this group the diseases of the milk canals and galactophorous sinuses..
Not infrequently the inflammation is confined to the galactophorous sinus
and the larger milk ducts, a condition comparable to bronchitis, and
termed by Gerlach mastitis catarrhalis, or catarrh of the udder. In
other cases it extends to the alveoli and stroma, and leads to pus or
abscess formation, or gangrene. We therefore distinguish three forms—
mastitis catarrhalis, apostematosa, and gangrenoso.
(a) CATARRH OF THE UDDER. M. CATARRHALIS.
This disease consists of inflammation of the lining membrane of the
milk ducts. Sometimes the galactophorous sinuses alone suffer, but
generally the large milk-ducts are also attacked. The process may also
extend to the smailer milk ducts, and even into the alveoli of the gland.
If the process is confined to the galactophorous sinus and larger milk
ducts, the quantity of milk secreted is little diminished, though, as
inflammatory exudate from the diseased mucous membrane is mixed
with it, its quality may be considerably altered. The more the small
ducts and alveoli are involved, the greater the diminution and change in
the milk. In consequence, the disease by no means offers a constant
train of symptoms.
Symptoms and Progress.—The surface of the udder is little
changed; swelling is often entirely wanting, while the redness may be
slight, but pain in the depths can be detected on pressure, and by the
sensitiveness shown during milking. General condition is little altered.
CATARRH OF THE UDDER. 397
The principal changes are to be found in the milk, which contains
clots of varying sizes, and often drops of fat. Eberhardt found the milk
exhibiting a yellowish covering of fat after standing; or sometimes it
appears reddish, from admixture of blood. The reaction is often normal,
but it may prove acid or excessively alkaline.
The process sets in suddenly, and attacks sometimes only one, some-
times several sections of the udder. In most cases it disappears in a few
days, the milk becoming normal; sometimes, however, it takes a chronic
character, the muk retains its abnormal appearance, and may be mixed
with pus, whilst the mucous membrane of the galactophorous sinus
eradually becomes thickened, and feels on palpation like a firm cord; while
the swelling extends from the sinus into the other parts of the gland.
Should the process in the smaller milk ducts become chronic, it occasions
localised thickening and induration of the udder. In other cases the
inflammation leads to stenosis or occlusion of the milk ducts, with change
in the affected sections of the gland, the induration extending as far as
the skin. Abscess formation, however, is not often seen in this disease.
Prognosis depends principally on the course of the disease; the
longer it has lasted the less the chance of recovery. In some cases the
function of the udder may be destroyed for the whole of one lactation
period. ‘The outlook becomes very grave when extensive thickening
and hardening take place, and even small thickenings may cause trouble
on account of their forming new points of origin for the disease at the
next milking period.
Causes.—Without doubt the disease may be caused by chills, or by
chemical decomposition or other change in the milk whilst in the udder
causing it to become irritant. The fact that it is generally confined to
one section of the udder indicates its origin through the sinuses. It is
probably due to invasion by micro-organisms of slight virulence, which
find a favourable soil in the milk. Opportunities for such infection are
very frequent, and this disease is often seen widely disseminated, being
carried by intermediate bearers (milkers) from one animal to another.
Finally, microbes have been directly recognised in the diseased udder or
in the milk, and the disease produced by injections of pure cultures.
Kitt thus produced catarrh of the udder with various microbes; amongst
others, those of blue milk, oidium lactis, arthrococcus lactis, and the
bacillus of malignant cedema. Ziirn found micrococci, mikothrix threads,
spores of mucor mucedo, and yeast-like cells in the milk. Nocard and
Mollereau recognised streptococci as the cause of the disease, Bang
staphylococci and various bacilli. Hock saw the affection during the
course of foot-and-mouth disease; several portions of the udder were
often simultaneously affected.
The disease of the udder, described by Brusasco as agalactia con-
398 CATARRH OF THE UDDER.
tagiosa, which occurs in Italy, and affects goats and sheep, should
probably be inclujed in this category. It occurs in spring, and always
takes a chronic course. Though not dangerous to life, it destroys the
milk secretion in the affected sections of the udder until the next period
of lactation. Keratitis and other diseases of the eye, together with
inflammation of the knee and hock joints, occur as complications.
Hess and Borgeaud describe a disease affecting cows, goats, and sheep,
which is known in Switzerland as “ Gelber Galt.” It takes a chronic
course, and in spite of all treatment destroys the milk secretion in the
course of three to four months. A staphylococcus can also be recognised
in this case.
Treatment.—With a view to prevention, the greatest care should
be taken against introducing infected probes, bougies, milk catheters,
&¢., into the mammary ducts and galactophorous sinuses. In enzodtic
outbreaks it is best to segregate the diseased, and provide against
transmission by the milker’s hands. Beyond combating inflammation,
little more than this can be done. It is very important, however, to
withdraw the milk frequently, if possible hourly, and at such times
massage will be found to assist discharge of secretions from the finer
milk duets. The diseased udder must be kept warm, and may be rubbed
with fat and covered with cotton wadding. Where the disease is clearly
infectious, which may be discovered by microscopical examination of the
milk, disinfectants may be injected (compare p. 402).
(b) PURULENT INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER. MASTITIS
PARENCHYMATOSA APOSTEMATOSA.
In this form the inflammation also originates in the milk ducts and
alveoli, but, instead of remaining confined to their surface, spreads to
the depths and to the interstitial connective tissue.
The purulent catarrh affecting the lining membrane of the milk ducts
is accompanied by phlegmonous inflammation of the connective-tissue
substance of the stroma of the gland. Franck was the first to produce
the disease experimentally, by injecting a decomposed meat extract into
the galactophorous sinuses in cows. Next day that portion of the udder
was inflamed, the milk was curdled, puriform, containing numerous pus
corpuscles and micrococci, and when injected into the udder of a
healthy cow reproduced the same disease. Purulent mastitis is clearly
produced in a similar way, and therefore always remains confined to
single quarters of the udder. Kitt described the disease very thoroughly :
he found “excessive cellular infiltration of the entire connective tissue
of the udder, emigration of cells, even into the lumen of the alveoli,
9
PURULENT INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER. 399
necrosis and shedding of the epithelium of the gland, ectasia of the
milk ducts, and concretions, consisting of gland secretions, which had
undergone necrobiotic change, and exudate, hyperplasia of the connec-
tive tissue produced by extensive formation of fibroblasts, and atrophy
of the tubuli of the gland.”
Symptoms and Progress.—The disease sets in suddenly with pain
and the other symptoms of mastitis. The swelling originates in the
interior of the udder, but spreads as far as the skin, which is abnor-
mally warm and reddened. Functional disturbance soon sets in; the
secretion of milk diminishes or entirely disappears, the milk is curdled,
and later appears yellowish from admixture of pus, or red from bleed-
ing; finally, it may become more and more puriform, and contain
curdled material, which blocks the milk ducts.
These symptoms are supplemented by fever, loss of appetite, excessive
thirst, and depression. The swelling may interfere with the movement
of the corresponding hind-leg and cause lameness; sometimes complica-
tions like paraplegia are seen.
Microscopic examination reveals numerous white and red corpuscles,
pus elements, and fattily degenerated gland-cells (colostrum bodies) in
the milk. Chemical examination shows albumen and water to be in
increased quantity, sugar and casein to be diminished.
Either resolution occurs, or the disease goes on to abscess formation.
In the first case, after four or five days, sometimes a little later, the
symptoms gradually begin to recede, whilst the secretion more and more
recovers its normal character. In some cases no permanent disturb-
ance is left, though, as a rule, the affected section of the udder does
not completely recover its functional activity until the next lactation
period.
Abscesses, however, frequently form. Those which occur in the
interstitial connective tissue either perforate into the milk canals or
through the skin. They generally lie deep, and when developing in the
connective tissue above the udder (retro-mammary abscess) may lead
to the destruction of a large section of the gland, as described by Johne.
Permanent thickening and milk fistule (p. 389) are not infrequent
results of this process.
Hard swellings sometimes result from the accumulation of clots in
the milk ducts, which gradually become inspissated, and form yellowish
crumbling masses, surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. They
also result from abscesses, and not infrequently form the point of origin
of disease at a later period.
Such suppurative processes may entail grave consequences, and at
times lead to pyzemia or septicemia. Haase found pulmonary emboli
in a cow which had died from this disease of the udder.
400 PURULENT INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER.
Causes.—There is no doubt that this form of mastitis is caused by
infectious materials entering through the mammary ducts (galactogenous
mastitis, Kitt). The experiments of Lister, Roberts, Meissner, Kitt,
and others show that normal milk contains no organised ferment, and
therefore, when such is found, it must have entered from without;
further, as the diseased process always appears in a single section of the
gland, the natural conclusion is that infection follows through the
mammary duct. Although infection through the blood stream is
possible, it is unquestionably very rare. On the other hand, oppor-
tunities for infection through the milk canal are frequent. The little
drop of milk left hanging on the teat after milking may facilitate it
(Franck), or milk catheters or other instruments introduced into the
mammary duct also act as bearers of infection. The experiments of
Franck, Nocard, Mollereau, and others have shown beyond cavil the
possibility of this mode of infection.
Numerous experiments have been made regarding the nature of
the infectious material (itt, Nocard, Guillebeau, Bang, and others).
Guillebeau found ten different microbes (staphylococci, galactococci,
streptococci, and several bacilli), possessing various degrees of virulence.
Guillebeau believes the constituents of the milk, particularly the milk
sugar, are decomposed by the microbes, and irritant materials produced
which cause inflammation.
Prognosis.—There is little hope of completely restoring functional
activity to the udder during the existing period of lactation. Any
further opinion must depend on the progress of the disease. When
large tracts of tissue become indurated, full function will not be
restored even during the next lactation, and in aggravated cases life
may even be endangered. For treatment, compare with next page.
(c) GANGRENOUS INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER. MASTITIS
GANGRENOSA.
Considering the varying virulence of the infectious material, it is not
surprising that gangrene sometimes occurs. ‘This form of the disease is
commonest in sheep, though it also occurs in cows (Deubser, Kohl,
Enke) and goats (Voigtlinder), but in the latter it does not take the
enzootic form generally seen in sheep.
The nature of the specific poison is at present little understood.
Nocard isolated a micrococcus from the udder of a sheep suffering from
mastitis gangrenosa, pure cultures of which, injected into the mammary
duct of healthy sheep, always reproduced the disease, but in other
animals only caused slight swelling.
Symptoms and Course.—The disease starts as a peracute paren-
GANGRENOUS INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER. 401
chymatous mastitis. Severe general symptoms, high fever, loss of
appetite, great weakness, severe pain, and stiff straddling gait first
direct attention to the udder. Local examination reveals bluish violet
spots on the skin, which on palpation are found to be exceedingly soft,
insensitive, and often abnormally cool. These spots quickly spread.
They are surrounded by an inflammatory swelling, which may extend to
the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. The animals stand with
the back arched and the hind-legs straddled, exhibit acute pain, groan,
and after a short time display well-marked symptoms of septiceemia ;
not infrequently they die within twenty-four hours.
In exceptional cases the local process is limited. A dissecting in-
flammation sets in which separates the necrotic tract and may result in
recovery. This is, however, a rare exception; the greater number of
animals perish with symptoms of septicemia.
Esser saw an enzootic outbreak of the disease in sheep. Twelve to
twenty-four hours after the appearance of the first symptoms, comprising
pain, and refusal of the dam to let her young suck, local manifestations
set in, and generally affected one-half of the udder. The skin was dark
red and showed discrete violet spots about the size of linseed, which
rapidly increased in size, and felt soft and cold. Finally, the affected
parts became insensitive, and the animals died in three to four days
when suitable treatment was not very early resorted to.
The prognosis is unfavourable, for in many cases not even the
sacrifice of the udder can save the animal’s life.
In treatment of the purulent and ganerenous forms of mastitis,
the first point is naturally to prevent infection, or combat it if
already existing. The greatest care is required in using milk tubes,
probes, catheters, and other instruments introduced into the milk
canals.
If the disease becomes enzootic, and especially if it takes on the gangren-
ous form, segregation of the diseased and disinfection of stalls is
absolutely necessary. Esser bathed the udder and placed the animals in
fresh stalls under the care of a special attendant. This prevented any
further cases. He also draws attention to the danger in the gangrenous
form of transmission by the shepherd.
In purulent mastitis occurring enzootically, similar precautions are
required. Jouquain believes it to be intimately connected with the use
of old, bad straw. Dieckerhoff disinfects the stalls, causes the walls and
floors to be washed with hot lye and strewn with lime. He also
attaches great importance to careful and regular removal of the dis-
eased milk, and cleansing of milk pails and pans.
A second precaution, frequent milking of the diseased quarter of the
udder, is just as necessary, for the increase of infectious material occurs
2C
402 GANGRENOUS INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER.
chiefly in the inilk. Provided the udder is not too sensitive, it should
be gently rubbed and kneaded to favour the discharge of inflammatory
products from the acini of the gland. The milk catheter is of little
service, on account of its becoming stopped by clots.
The diet should be of such a character as to diminish milk secretion
toa minimum. For this purpose, in cows, purgatives like Glauber’s
salt may be used, and under certain circumstances bleeding may be
resorted to.
The remaining points are to destroy or render innocuous infective
material in the udder and to combat inflammatory changes. The former
may be effected by injecting disinfectants, though practitioners hold very
different views as to their action; and while some advise their use,
others consider them of no particular value. In gangrenous inflamma-
tion they are generally too late and without effect, but, on the other
hand, they are often exceedingly useful in the purulent form. Their
effect clearly depends on what tissues require disinfection. Though
they can penetrate the galactophorous sinuses and large milk ducts,
they fail to reach the fine milk ducts and alveoli, as Hess and Borgeaud
have already pointed out.
Four per cent. boric acid is generally recommended (Nocard, Faletti) ;
Eggeling advises injecting one-fifth per cent. to one-quarter per cent.
sublimate solution into the galactophorous sinuses with a rubber
canula, to distribute it as much as possible by cautious manipulation,
and remove it in ten to fifteen minutes by milking. Franck uses 2 per
cent. alum or 2°5 per cent. carbolic solution. Kiekhifer had good
results from injecting 4 per cent. solution of boric acid and washing
the udder externally with 5 per 1000 sublimate solution. When the
healthy quarters still give milk, carbolic acid must be avoided because
it makes the milk unpotable.
In purulent mastitis warm poultices or fomentations and wrapping
the parts in wool will assist in decreasing inflammation. Bang recom-
mends linseed or oatmeal poultices, and the application of linen or
woollen cloths wrung out of hot water and kept warm by covering with
mackintosh. Fomentation with diluted alkali or soap and water have
often been recommended. Once tension and pain diminish, the parts
may be smeared with flour paste and covered with wadding. Vogel
uses a mixture of two table-spoonfuls of water, four of starch, twenty of
elycerine, and one of turpentine. When warm the mass forms a paste,
which is applied thickly and left on for fourteen days. From time to
time it may be removed to allow of massage, which is of considerable
assistance in this disease. Cold is considered by experienced practitioners
to be badly borne, a conclusion warranted by the nature of the disease.
Infriction with unirritating fats or unguentum hydrargyri is useful.
AMPUTATION OF THE UDDER. 403
Johne employs a mixture of equal parts of blue ointment, potash soap
and lard. Franck recommends an ointment of ol. hyoscyam. 8, liquor
ammon. caust. 2. eamphor 1. As soon as the abscess appears under
the skin it should be opened and the cavity cleansed and disinfected.
Local induration can often be dissipated by cautious massage, though
it is of little value when the swelling is of old standing.
In gangrenous mastitis early incision into the necrotic parts and
disinfection are alone serviceable. Jf the process has made much pro-
gress, even this treatment seldom suffices, and the animal’s life can only
be saved by amputation of the diseased portion or of the whole udder
(compare p. 407).
Esser amputated the diseased portion or the entire organ in several
sheep at the beginning of the disease. After checking hemorrhage, the
surface of the wound was powdered with iodoform and smeared with tar.
Of five sheep thus treated, only one died. Nocard also emphasised the
uselessness of injections; he recommends amputation, and subsequent
cauterisation with sulphate of copper.
(3.) STENOSIS AND CLOSURE OF THE
MAMMARY DUCT.
In cows,—and these alone usually call for our attention,— the mammary
duct only possesses one opening, at which point the skin is reflected to
cover the lower end of the duct. At the upper end of this canal, which
is from ;*, to ¢ inch in length, the mucous membrane begins, and lines
the galactophorous sinuses up to their termination. At the point
where the skin becomes continuous with the mucous membrane, 17.-.,
about 2 of an inch above the end of the teat, lies the valve, which, like
the greater part of the teat, consists of muscular fibres.
Stenosis of the mammary duct in cows results either from pro-
liferation of the well-developed epithelium lining it, or from con-
traction of cicatricial tissue. The former of these conditions occurs
while the animals are “dry,” and stenosis only appears after next
calving.
Occlusion of the duct is sometimes congenital in cows (Fiirstenberg),
or results from inflammation at the lower end of the teat. Diseases of
the skin, cowpox, aphtha, injuries, &c., may cause adhesion and oblitera-
tion of the opening of the duct and of a considerable proportion of its
length.
In the upper sections tumour formation occurs, and sometimes folds
of mucous membrane fall into the lumen of the duct and produce
closure. More frequently chronic inflammation, occurring during
mastitis, causes stenosis or complete occlusion. Finally, the mammary
404 STENOSIS AND CLOSURE OF THE MAMMARY DUCT.
duct and lower portion of the galactophorous sinuses may grow
together.
The diagnosis of this condition offers no difficulty. Congenital closure
will be recognised on the first calving by the excessive distension of the
udder and teats, and by the fact that no milk flows when the parts are
pressed. The little piece of skin covering the opening of the teat visibly
protrudes, and on attempting to pass a probe, no opening can be found
in the teat; the same is the case in adhesions, in which, however, indi-
cations of an opening exist.
In stenosis or occlusion of the duct the probe either passes with great
difficulty or not at all, The milk escapes in a thin stream, while the
animals evince pain by kicking or moving about. Stenosis, caused by
thickening of the epithelium or proliferation of the mucous membrane,
ean be felt as a cord-like swelling when the teat is rolled between the
fore-finger and thumb. Induration in the upper portions of the teat may
similarly be detected, whilst, in closure by folds of mucous membrane,
palpation gives a negative result, and the probe meets with a somewhat
yielding obstruction in the depth. This valve-like closure is occasionally
indicated by those portions of the galactophorous sinus above the valve
gradually becoming filled with milk and increasing in diameter, whilst
those below appear small, and are generally occupied by a clear watery
fluid, which, according to Larsen, always contains bacteria (cocci or
bacilli). A small quantity of this fluid may from time to time be
discharged. Sometimes the valve can be thrust on one side with the
probe, and, for the time being, the milk allowed to flow freely away.
Treatment.—The stenosed mammary duct may be dilated by
repeatedly introducing bougies ; thick catgut threads, 1 to 1} inches long,
provided with a knot at one end, so that they cannot pass completely
into the mammary duct, can be passed a couple of hours before or im-
mediately after milking, and allowed to remain in position for some
hours. They can be used more than once, but, to prevent infection and
severe mastitis, the bougies should be carefully cleansed and dried on
each occasion. The same is true of all other instruments, such as milk
catheters, probes, &c., which must be carefully cleansed and rendered
absolutely sterile. Particular care is required where the teat is inflamed,
as in cowpox, aphtha, &e.
If for any reason dilatation cannot be effected in this way, the mam-
mary duct may be laid open, or the end of the teat amputated. For
the former purpose a narrow, straight tenotome, or specially-constructed
“milk needle,” consisting of a slender double-edged fistula knife, is
employed. The operation is easiest with the udder distended. The
animal is twitched (with “ bulldogs”), the teat grasped with the left
hand, and attempts made to distend it with milk. The instrument is
TREATMENT OF STENOSIS OF THE MAMMARY DUCT. 405
then introduced $ to ? of an inch, and the milk duct divided. As the
milk afterwards flows away in an oblique direction, Bang recommends
dividing the anterior teats in a backward and the posterior ones in a
forward direction, to direct the stream in each case towards the
milking-pail.
The result of division is often unsatisfactory, the wound growing up
again, and stenosis becoming, if possible, still more pronounced. Inflam-
mation of the udder may also follow, being due, according to Larsen, to
the micro-organisms always found in the mammary duct below the
valve, and inflammation therefore sometimes occurs, despite antisepsis.
It is therefore best to disinfect the cavity by injecting a 1 in 1000
sublimate solution, and then to divide the obstruction with a sterilised
“milk needle ” (Larsen). Congenital atresia is most easily dealt with ;
here it is often sufficient to make a cross-shaped incision or puncture
with an inoculating needle or similar instrument.
In acquired stenosis which resists other treatment, Bang recommends
amputation of the lower end of the teat just over the mammary duct ;
the valve can be distinctly felt here, and its position easily determined.
The animal’s hind-feet are fastened, and the end of the teat cut away
with strong scissors, the skin being as far as possible preserved. In
Denmark special forceps are used (Hahn), and the teat grasped, so that
the parts can be removed with one powerful cut just below the forceps.
Bleeding is slight. The parts must be kept as clean as possible, to pre-
vent inflammation in the affected division of the udder. For a short
time milk flows away continuously, but this can be prevented by apply-
ing a suitable rubber ring. During the healine process, the parts
gradually contract, involuntary discharge ceases, and milking can again
take place in the usual manner.
In closure of the upper parts of the teat by indurated masses of
tissue, a passage may be made by passing a thin trochar, the canula
being left in position for some time, so as to prevent adhesion, whilst
the milk is prevented flowing away by stopping the canula with a cork.
The trochar is also useful in occlusion of the duet by folds of mucous
membrane, though success is often only temporary. It has been
suggested to remove such obstructions by dividing them with the
“milk needle” (Stockfleth, Bang). In this ease also relief is rarely
lasting.
(4.) CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF, AND TUMOURS
IN, THE UDDER. MASTITIS CHRONICA.
Chronic inflammatory processes often result from acute diseases, and
may give rise to localised induration, or to diffuse proliferation of the
406 CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND TUMOURS OF THE UDDER.
interstitial connective tissue (mastitis chronica interstitialis). The latter
are generally produced by micro-organisms, especially by tubercle bacilli,
actinomyces, and other organisms, and possess a surgical interest on
account of their forming a connecting link with tumours of the udder.
Sand discovered bothryomycosis of the udder in a mare.
Tuberculosis of the mammary gland is commonest in cows, and _ prin-
cipally affects the posterior quarters, being rare in the anterior (Bang).
Sometimes infection occurs through the mammary duct, sometimes
through the blood stream. In any case, hard, moderately painful,
deeply-seated swellings develop either in one, in occasional instances in
several portions of the udder, and gradually increase in size, becoming
hard and firm. When one of the posterior quarters is affected, the
lymph glands above are generally distinctly swollen. At first the milk
is little altered either in quantity or quality, but later it diminishes,
becomes flocculent, and finally presents the appearance of a turbid
yellow fluid, in which tubercle bacilli may be detected with the micro-
scope. The animals waste, suffer from cough, and if not slaughtered,
die, with hectic symptoms.
Tuberculous mastitis is distinguished from chronic mastitis by its
progressing not gradually but by leaps, so that the patient sometimes
appears better, sometimes worse. Uncontrollable diarrhoea usually
precedes death (Eggeling). Occasionally there is simultaneous preli-
minary tuberculosis.
The symptoms of actinomycosis of the udder, which is also seen in
cows and swine, and which Johne produced in cows by inoculation, are
quite different. The udder enlarges and indurated patches develop,
which sometimes project under the skin and give the surface of the
udder a lobulated appearance. After some time fluctuation occurs at
different points, and when these are opened or break of themselves a
muco-purulent fluid is discharged, containing little sulphur - yellow
bodies, about the size of grains of sand, which consist of masses of
actinomy ces.
Actinomycosis of the udder somewhat resembles the mycofibromatous
disease, which I have repeatedly seen in mares, and which is caused by
infection with bothryomyces and staphylococci. The surface of the
organ appears uneven, lobulated, and in places firm and hard, at other
points it is softer, sometimes fluctuating, and incision liberates a thick
pus. When the disease has existed for a long time numerous fistule
form, extending more or less deeply into the udder. Those which heal
leave a distinct cicatrix, but, in consequence of the progress of the
inflammation, new fistulee continually form.
The prognosis is clearly unfavourable, especially when the lesions
are tuberculous; for not only does tuberculosis most rapidly and
REMOVAL OF MAMMARY NEW GROWTHS. 407
certainly lead to death, but it renders the consumption of the milk
dangerous to man. Actinomycosis and bothryomycosis also offer little
chance of recovery unless the udder be sacrificed. On the other hand,
the animal’s life and working usefulness can be saved by operation, and
in valuable animals amputation of the diseased quarter or of the whole
udder is a practicable operation.
In mares, I have repeatedly operated with success in the following
manner :—
The mare is cast, the feet are bound to the sides, and the point of
operation is thoroughly cleansed. Wherever the skin appears adherent
to subjacent tissues, it must be removed by cutting round the affected
spot. The non-adherent portions of skin are separated from the udder,
and the latter or its diseased quarters separated from their adhesions
to the abdominal wall by breaking down the loose connective tissue
with the fingers. Any large vessels must be ligatured. To facilitate
examination of the depths of the wound, and discover and ligature large
arterial branches lying there, all bleeding must be carefully checked by
ligaturing vessels as one proceeds. Any remaining adhesions of the
udder to the abdominal walls may then be included in one large ligature,
and the organ cut away.
The parts are afterwards rinsed out with carbolic or sublimate solu-
tion; vessels still bleeding are tied, the cavity filled with carbolic jute
or similar substance, and the outer skin brought together with a few
stitches, so as to keep the dressing in position. The stitches and
tampons are removed next day, any blood washed out, and the surface
of the wound, which is then left open, powdered with iodoform tannin.
The wound often dries up rapidly and a dry scab forms, under which
healing takes place without difficulty, and without requiring further
interference, in about fourteen days. Considering how favourable the
position is for drainage, it will readily be understood why wound fever
so rarely occurs. Deupser amputated a cow’s udder in the above way
on account of gangrenous mastitis.
Tumours of the udder are seen in cows and dogs, but seldom in
other animals. They usually take the form of warts, and are much
commoner on the teats than on the udder. Frequently they are pedun-
culated, and from 1 line to 4 an inch or more in length. Those on the
surface of the udder are usually larger and have broader bases ; in cows,
they have even been seen as large as a man’s head (Fiirstenberg). Their
surface is rough, horny, and sometimes moist, and inflamed from injury
during milking. Kunze found the udder of a four-year-old cow covered
with numerous warts 4 inches long and # inch thick, so that it resembled
a large cauliflower growth; the warts were removed by ligature, and by
swabbing with pure sulphuric acid.
408 CYSTS AND TUMOURS OF THE UDDER.
Less frequently polypi occur on the mucous membrane of the
mammary or milk ducts, and may interfere with the discharge of
milk.
Cysts, varying from the size of a hazei-nut to that of a hen’s egg, are
sometimes discovered in the udder after slaughter. They are generally
retention cysts, caused by closure of single gland ducts; their contents
are sometimes clear, sometimes turbid from contained masses of fat.
They are difficult to detect during life, only those which are superficial
exhibiting fluctuation ; those in the depths can scarcely be differentiated
from indurations.
According to Fiirstenberg, sarcomata are seen in cows. ‘They are
certainly a frequent source of trouble in bitches, which also suffer from
carcinomata and enchondromata of the udder. Carcinomata are also
stated to have been seen in the mare (Docter). Such malignant
tumours occur in a multiple form, and carcinomata are usually accom-
panied by swelling of the lymph glands. In bitches, the skin is often
under great tension, the swelling sinks and forms a pendulous tumour,
and its position then favours injury and ulcerations.
In forming a prognosis, the nature, seat, and size of the new growth
must all be taken into account. In cows, warts on the teats give pain
during milking, thus rendering the animals restless, and do not disappear
spontaneously as in other positions, ike the mouth. Operative removal
is not difficult, but the pain during milking is not diminished but rather
increased on account of the wound. It is therefore best to wait until
lactation ceases. If this cannot be done, pedunculated warts must be
removed close to the skin, using scissors, and the surface cauterised with
nitrate of silver, which will also check any slight bleeding. In case of
subsequent pain during milking, the milk must be removed from the
affected quarter by the teat syphon.
Warts on the surface of the udder only require treatment when they
interfere with milking. In attempting enucleation, the gland substance
must be carefully avoided, and therefore it is well to put off operation
until after lactation, or remove the milk by syphon, bearing in mind
the precautions mentioned on page 404.
In bitches, malignant tumours, even when extensively developed, may
generally be removed without danger to life. The general rules for
such cases are to operate in the loose connective tissue, remove second-
ary growths as far as possible, and, after inserting tampons, stitch the
skin together. A dose of morphine prevents the animal loosening the
stitches, which may be removed next day, after which the parts are
treated as an open wound; the fact that the dog licks it usually renders
cleansing of the wound unnecessary, and healing almost always occurs
without difficulty, even after removal of malignant tumours. Secondary
INFLAMMATION AND TUMOURS OF THE UDDER AND OVARY. 409
growths certainly often occur, but the operation may be repeated. Even
though recovery is not complete, the owner is often contented if the
animal is saved for some years, which is generally the case.
Diseases of the ovary in animals have, up to the present, received
little attention; the ovary seldom appears to become inflamed, whilst
tumours are only discovered on slaughter. Various writers, among
them Hegelund and Briiller, recommend, however, in nymphomania of
cattle, to crush the cysts sometimes met with in the ovaries by operating
through the walls of the rectum, from which point also the diagnosis
is made.
X. DISEASES OF THE SPINAL COLUMN
AND PELVIS.
I.—FRACTURES, LUXATIONS, AND SUB-LUXATIONS OF
THE DORSAL AND LUMBAR VERTEBRA. COM-
MOTIO SPINALIS.
Lit.: Rauschning, Gurlt u. Hertwig. 39, p.91. Ercolani, Jahrb. 1860,
p. ll. Degive, Jahrb. 1889, p. 127. Moussu, Réc. de méd. vét.
Oo
1889, p. 788. Thtimmler, Dresd. Ber. 1868, p.110. Lehnert,
ibid., 1871, p. 126. Gotze, ibid, 1861, p.119. Bouley, Her. Rep.
13, p. 140. Spinola, Spec. Path. u. Ther. p. 1474. Thieme, Th.
Mitth. 1881, p. 86. Trasbot, Jahrb. 1889, p. 1389. Demarbaix,
Her. Rep. 14, p. 325. Lebel, ibid., p. 46. Rey, ibid., p. 131. Vives,
ibid., 16, 0. 325. Voigtlander, Dresd. Ber. 1864, p. 66. Thieme,
Th. Mitth. 1881, p. 86. K6rber, Gurlt u. Hertwig. 16, p. 393.
Dieckerhoff, Adams Woch. 24, p. 107. Mittmann, Zeitschr. f.
Vet. 1889, p. 352. Straube, Zeitschr. f. Veterindirk. 1891, p. 451.
Schmaus, Arch. f. Chirurg. vol. 42, p. 112. Hirzel, Schweiz. Arch.
1895p Og:
In the horse, fractures of the dorsal and lumbar vertebre are not un-
common, either single processes being broken off, or the body and arch of
the vertebra fractured. The first are rare and of no great consequence,
though Bouley and Gotze describe fracture of the superior spinous process
of dorsal vertebre. Fractures of the transverse and oblique processes
rarely occur apart from injuries to the body of the bone. Fracture of
the body is serious, because bleeding takes place into the vertebral canal
and causes pressure paralysis. It is commonest in the horse, and may
be due to various causes, but is oftenest caused by the animal getting
below some fixed object which prevents its rising. Vertebral fractures
may also be caused by collisions (Rauschning), by the animal rearing
and falling over backwards, and being violently stopped or started
(Trasbot). Haubner. saw fracture of the lumbar vertebrae result from
the horse striking out violently with both hind-feet, and Mittmann
FRACTURES OF THE VERTEBRA. 411
whilst a horse was galloping. They are still more frequently produced
by muscular action when horses are cast, hence they often form complica-
tions after important operations. In France and Belgium the general
opinion is that fracture is produced at the moment of casting by exces-
sive curvature upwards of the spinal column (Degive), but my own
opinion inclines to the belief that they mostly occur after the animal
has been cast and is awaiting operation, a view supported by Moussu
and Lebel. A dull, crunching sound is often heard at the moment.
Two movements are especially dangerous, and should, if possible, be
prevented :—
(1) Violent arching of the back. When the animal’s head is placed
against the sternum, the longissimus dorsi is passively extended. Ii it
and the ilio-psoas now contract energetically, the pressure on some one
of the dorsal or lumbar vertebree may be so severe as to cause fracture
(“ crushing fracture”), which is usually comminuted; the body of the
bone is almost always broken.
(2) The second action likely to produce this accident is the excessive
lateral thrust on the spinal column produced by unilateral contraction
of the dorsal muscles. It occurs from lifting the hind-quarters from the
bed, and is probably favoured by anchylosis of the vertebra or ossifica-
tion of the inter-vertebral discs. Ercolani, Camillo, Demarbaix, and
others have drawn attention to the predisposing influence exerted, under
these circumstances, by bony union of the vertebre. In my opinion
this is the chief reason why old horses so often suffer from fracture of
the vertebre. Such fracture is commonest during dental operations and
the castration of thoroughbred horses. The necessity for dental operations
is greatest in old horses, whose bones are less resistant than those of
younger animals. In castration the fracture generally occurs at the
moment when the clams are applied to the spermatic cord, and in this
ease is due to the violent muscular movements. Fractures of the
vertebree occur most frequently when the animal is lying on its side,
seldom when on its back; I have only met with one of the latter, and
of Dieckerhoff’s fourteen cases only one was produced in the dorsal
position.
Fractures may perhaps be favoured by disease of the spinal column.
Thiimmler describes abnormal fragility of the ribs and vertebre in a
ten-year-old mare; Lehnert, a case of vertebral fracture, favoured by
caries, resulting from an abscess. Degive also recognises such a pre-
disposition.
With few exceptions the fracture occurs either in the last dorsal or
first lumbar vertebra, which are not only the weakest but he in the
middle of the mobile column, which, like a stick, if excessively bent,
breaks most readily in the centre. But falling over backwards, and
412 FRACTURES OF THE VERTEBRA.
other accidents, may also cause fracture of the anterior dorsal or lumbar
vertebree.
Vertebral fractures in oxen occur during coitus, fracture in the cow
being caused by too heavy a bull, and in the bull by falling. Small
animals may be run over, or violently kicked or struck.
Luxation, that is displacement of the articular surfaces, and sub-
luxation (displacement of the vertebra from rupture of the inter-
vertebral ligaments), cannot clinically be distinguished from fracture.
Voigtlinder and Gillmeister saw sub-luxation between the last dorsal
and first lumbar vertebre in a cow, Thieme in a horse.
Symptoms and Course.—Fractures of the vertebral processes
produce no particular general disturbance. Swelling occurs at the spot,
and may sometimes lead to pus formation (Gotze); while fracture of the
Superior spinous processes in the region of the withers, which give
attachment to various muscles of the fore-limb, greatly interfere with
movement, as Bouley mentions in describing a case in the horse. The
head and neck, and also the back and loins, were held stiff as in
tetanus ; the position of the fore-feet suggested laminitis; swelling, pain,
and crepitation existed in the region of the withers. The animal could
not le down for a month; and although ability to move gradually
returned, yet for some time the feet were not properly lifted.
Fractures of the body of the vertebra are generally followed by dis-
placement of the broken fragments and injury to the spinal cord, or by
bleeding into the vertebral canal, and paraplegia. The animals cannot
rise, and even when they can move the fore limbs, the hind remain
powerless. Under some circumstances injury to the spinal cord is
delayed, and it is certainly possible for the vertebre to be merely
fissured. Spinola, Rauschning, Dieckerhoff, and Moller have all seen
cases where the animal could still move, though the back was held
stiffly, and where symptoms of paraplegia only set in after several days.
Spinola has seen a case where the animal could still be ridden and
could perform heavy work, though he believed it to be suffering from
fissure of a vertebra. Straube describes a horse with-a similar fissure,
or fracture without displacement, which could nevertheless be hunted
and jumped. In rare cases the animals can stand, but cannot move, as
when the ischiatic nerve is paralysed and the crural escapes. Bombach
saw this condition after fracture of the second lumbar vertebra; I
have found functional activity of the crural retained after fracture of
the 15th dorsal vertebra.
Local examination gives negative results in large and well-nourished
horses. Crepitation, pain, or displacement of the superior spinous
process of the affected vertebra can seldom be detected, except in small
thin animals with slight muscular development. Anesthesia of the
INJURIES TO THE VERTEBRA. 413
hind-quarters, which anteriorly is sharply marginated, accompanies
paraplegia; convulsive attacks have also been noticed. The difficulty
in diagnosis is the more important because prognosis is always un-
favourable, and slaughter of the animal must be recommended as soon as
fracture of a vertebra is recognised.
In horses, the condition is oftenest mistaken for so-called hemoglo-
binuria. The history generally clears up this point, otherwise the urine
must be examined, though it should not be forgotten that the urine
occasionally appears normal in hemoglobinuria; the presence of blood,
colouring matter, or albumen would, however, point to the latter disease.
In hemoglobinuria the muscles are abnormally hard and firm, especially
in the dorsal region, but in pressure paralysis there is pronounced
relaxation. And again, in hemoglobinuria the visible mucous mem-
branes are more or less reddened, which, during the early stages at least
of fracture of the vertebre, is certainly not the case. Diagnosis is
more difficult if the animal is unable to rise, and suffering from
fever.
Plugging of the posterior aorta or of the iliac arteries produces similar
symptoms, but is, at first, usually accompanied by clonic and tonic
contractions; at a later stage, the impaired action sets in gradually,
and is only seen when the animal is exercised. In doubtful cases
examination per anum will settle the point.
Fractures of the vertebre are more difficult to distinguish from
injuries to the cord, produced, for example, by violent concussion. In
the latter case the cord may be ruptured, or bleeding into the vertebral
canal produced, without the vertebre being displaced; finally, con-
cussion of the medulla may exist without visible lesions or anatomical
changes, a condition clinically described as commotio medulle spinalis.
I have repeatedly seen it in dogs and cats, which have fallen out of
windows, or been run over, or struck with a heavy stick. When
injuries of this sort are accompanied by rupture of the cord or
hemorrhage into the vertebral canal they take the same course as
vertebral fractures, and therefore their exact diagnosis is of no especial
importance. It is otherwise in commotio medull spinalis, which is
generally followed by symptoms of complete paraplegia, but disappears
again in a short time, sometimes even within a few hours. In many
cases, therefore, the diagnosis must be extremely cautious, and further
progress awaited. According to my experience, the symptoms due to
concussion of the cord disappear in eight to fourteen days, and during
this time recovery is not out of the question. It should be borne in
mind that concussion of this kind is rare in the horse, but fairly frequent
in small animals like dogs and cats.
Schmaus’s observations and experiments show that in concussion of
414 INJURIES TO THE VERTEBR.
the cord, bleeding, softening, swelling, and degeneration of single axis-
cylinders oceur. It is evident that the course of such injuries depends
on the kind and extent of the anatomical changes; and as these cannot
be exactly defined during life, prognosis is always doubtful.
In fracture of the vertebra the last hope of recovery vanishes as soon
as paraplegia is complete. Provided the animals can stand, treatment
may be attempted, although, as paraplegia may still occur, recovery is
uncertain; Korber saw it set in as late as five days after the injury.
As, however, the diagnosis in such cases can never be perfectly certain,
Fic. 100.—Apparatus for prevention of fracture in operating on a horse.
it is advisable to wait, particularly if the animal’s slaughter-value-is
slight, or if it be valuable for breeding. Isolated cases are said to have
recovered, though the descriptions given (Vives) throw some doubt on
the correctness of the observation, But though possible, recovery
(in horses) depends on so many circumstances that it can never be
confidently anticipated.
In these cases prevention is better than treatment. The stall
should be so constructed that the animal cannot injure itself in rising,
and great care must always be taken in casting. The first matter is
beyond our province ;. but in regard to the second, the following points
must be observed :—In casting the larger animals, a soft bed, preferably
FRACTURES OF THE SACRUM. 415
of straw, is necessary to prevent fractures of the ribs and of the bones
of the pelvis. The horse should first fall with the chest towards the
earth, and whilst lying the head and neck should be kept extended by
several powerful assistants. As a further precaution, especially in well-
bred horses with strongly-developed vertebre, I have employed with
good results Bernadot and Butel’s apparatus (fig. 100), consisting of a
strong head-collar with padded straps, and of a girth and crupper. The
head-collar and girth are connected by thick straps, rendering it impos-
sible to bend the head and neck beyond a certain point.
Hirzel employs for the same purpose a girth provided with a ring
above the animal’s back, from which leather straps pass to a strong
head-collar. He considers this absolutely prevents any danger of fracture
ot the vertebree (compare with Moller’s Allgemeine Chirurgie, p. 435).
To prevent side-movements of the spinal column when the horse is
cast,a man should seat himself on the quarter, and, with the same object,
it is well to place the animal with the quarters below the feet. In
painful operations like castration, particularly in well-bred horses, I have
latterly used chloroform, and have never since noted a case of vertebral
fracture. It is also best to avoid castrating aged race-horses when in
full condition, as the muscular development is, of course, then at its
greatest. Such animals should previously be rested for eight to fourteen
days in the stable.
In suspected fissure of a vertebra, the animal must be kept from
work, and prevented lying down for a month, either by being placed
in slings or fastened up. In commotio medulle spinalis treatment is
expectant. The animals should have a deep straw bed, and be turned
from time to time to prevent decubitus." In simultaneous paralysis of
the rectum, the feeces must be periodically removed; and if the bowels
are confined, clysters of lukewarm soap and water may be resorted to.
Il.—FRACTURES OF THE SAGRAL AND CAUDAL VERTEBRA.
Lit.: Harms, Han. Ber. 1871, p..56. Palagi, Jahrb. 1887, p. 85.
Albrecht, Gurlt u. Hertwig. 29, p. 235. Wiener Klinik, Miiller
u. Roll. 1858, p. 125. Vet. San. Ber. der Preuss. Armee. 1891, p. 167.
Fractures of the sacrum are commonest in cows, and are caused either
by external violence, falling on hard objects, or from a height (Palagi),
and in the foetus, by clumsy violent efforts at assistance during parturition.
Albrecht saw fracture between the sacrum and last lumbar vertebra in
1 Decubitus is a term used in Germany to describe the ill effects attendant on the animal
continuously lying in one position. It includes the formation of bed-sores, the production
of hypostatic congestion, etc.—[TRANSL. ]
416 FRACTURES OF THE SACRUM.
a bull after mounting a cow. In the Vienna clinique a horse was seen
suffering from fracture of the first and second lumbar vertebre after
collision. In an army horse a fall was followed by fracture of the
fourth and fifth lumbar vertebree.
Fractures of the caudal vertebra in dogs and cats are most frequently
produced by the animals being run over or having the tail nipped in a
door ; in larger animals, by falling over backwards, if at the moment the
tail is lifted. To induce oxen to move, the tail is sometimes violently
twisted, with the result of producing fracture of the caudal vertebre.
In the tail region the inter-articular cartilages are sometimes torn
through. Treatment is very similar to that of fracture.
Symptoms and Course.—The plexus, formed by the last lumbar
and two first sacral nerves, provides the muscles of the hind-limbs
with motor fibres, and fracture of the first sacral vertebra or of the
lumbar vertebre is therefore followed by paralysis in this region.
The plexus pubo-coccygeus, which leaves the vertebral canal through
the third and fourth sacral notch, gives motor and sensory fibres to the
rectum, penis (N. dorsalis penis), and permeum. Fractures of the sacrum
are therefore always attended with paralysis of the tail and rectum, and
sometimes of the bladder, in addition to paraplegia. The symptoms
depend on the position of the fracture and the consequent changes.
The bleeding, which often occurs into the vertebral canal, explains why
fractures occurring further backwards than the last sacral vertebra are
often attended with extensive disturbance. Most fractures of the sacrum
in cattle are accompanied by weakness in the hind-quarters, some with
complete paralysis. The fragments of bone are generally displaced
downwards, voluntary defecation is always impossible, and sometimes
urination as well. Fractures of the caudal vertebrae only paralyse the
tail when the first vertebree are affected. The tail is generally exceed-
ingly mobile, and crepitation may be audible; not infrequently the
skin is injured (compound fracture); sometimes the end of the tail
remains hanging by a few tendinous shreds of the caudal muscles.
So long as an animal with fracture of the sacrum is able to stand
recovery may occur, but cure is out of the question in complete para-
plegia, especially in horses; in cattle and carnivora paraplegia renders
prognosis doubtful. Paralysis of the urinary bladder is a very unfavour-
able symptom, as, on account of the difficulty in emptying the bladder, the
urine decomposes, and severe cystitis may set in. A cow, however, with
paralysis of the rectum, consequent on displacement between the first caudal
and last sacral vertebra, recovered completely (Harms). Fractures of the
upper caudal vertebree may also cause deformity and limitation of move-
ment in the tail. I saw a calf in which, in consequence of fracture, the
tail was twisted to one side and could no longer be freely moved. Com-
FRACTURES OF THE SACRUM. 417
pound fractures of the tail vertebre are readily followed by necrosis ;
this always happens when the vertebra are crushed ; the tail then feels
cold, showing that the blood-vessels are thrombosed. Permanent
paralysis is another frequent consequence, and is especially trouble-
some, because the tail becomes soiled by faces, and in cows by the
urine.
An army horse, the subject of fracture between the fourth and fifth
sacral vertebre, showed a swelling as large as a man’s fist over the
sacrum, and suffered from rolling gait, paralysis of the tail, and difficulty
in passing feces. After five weeks’ rest in slings, the swelling increased
to the size of a child’s head, and became harder ; seven months later the
animal could carry a light rider; but as sacral paralysis gradually set in,
the animal had finally to be killed. The post-mortem revealed the
presence of a callus as large as a child’s head, and fresh bleeding into
the vertebral canal.
Treatment.—Attempts at treatment are seldom justifiable in frac-
ture of the sacrum accompanied by complete paralysis, or if made, must
be confined to preventing decubitus. When, in consequence of com-
plete paraplegia, the animals lie continuously, the usual precautions must
be taken. The discharge of feces and urine requires to be assisted.
In repeatedly using the catheter, the precautions recommended on p.
332 must be borne in mind.
Fractures of the caudal vertebree, with severe local bruising or crush-
ing, necessitate amputation of the tail; and in compound fractures it
is generally the quickest method of cure. Only in valuable horses is it
worth while resorting to antisepsis or applying dressings.
II.—CURVATURE OF THE SPINE.
Lit.: Vives, Her. Rep. 16, p. 325. Gurlt, Pathol. Anat. IIL. p. 368. Piitz,
Deutsch. Zeitschr. fiir Thiermed. 13, p. 161. Rehrs, Gurlt u. Hertwig.
13, p. 805. Goubaux, Rec. de méd. vet. 1851, u. 1886. Vatel, Jahrb.
1882, p. 90. Preusse, Berl. Th. Woch. 1889, p. 403. Hess, B. T. W.
1892, p. 53.
The most frequent form of this disease is the so-called hollow-back
(Senkriicken), a condition known as lordosis.’ Curvature upwards is
called kyphosis,” and towards the side skoliosis.* Simultaneous curva-
ture upwards and sideways is termed kypho-skoliosis.
) Aédpdwo.s curvature.
(;
(7) nig@wots =crookedness.
(°) oxoAtwous =crookedness.
418 CURVATURE OF THE SPINE.
One class of these abnormalities arises during intra-uterine life.
Animals born crippled (Kriippel) are generally at once killed. Marked
curvature of the spine, immediately after birth, has been often seen in
pigs; Rehrs noticed curvatures (hump-back) during rhachitis. Curva-
ture of the spine also results in these animals from their being trodden
on by the other occupants of the sty. Piitz describes kypho-skoliosis
in an eighteen months’ foal. The dorsal vertebree were bent towards
the right, the lumbar vertebre towards the left, and the back was
depressed in places. The condition described by Preusse (kypho-
skoliosis) in a foal appears to have been congenital. Vives noticed a
horse in which the lumbar vertebrae were bent downwards almost at a
right angle, and the thorax and abdomen in consequence so low placed
that the latter almost touched the ground. A tree had fallen on the
animal’s back, causing symptoms of vertebral fracture. After some
time recovery took place, but the peculiar bending of the vertebral
column continued. The causes of such abnormalities cannot always
be explained, but the conditions may be grouped as follows :—
(1) Hereditary deformities.
(2) Results of fractures and luxations of the spine.
(3) Rhachitis, osteomalacia, caries, and other local diseases of the spine.
The first are of the greatest interest, and are typified in the horse by
lordosis. Although little amenable to treatment, this condition has a
special interest from the prophylactic point of view.
Lordosis develops during the first years of life, though occasionally
it may appear later. The predisposing cause lies in abnormal length of
the back, a fact explained by the weakness inherent to this form. The
extrinsic causes include all influences leading to continuous or excessive
strain on the spinal column. Amongst these are the weight of the
rider, distension of the colon by bulky food, or enlargement of the
uterus consequent on pregnancy; mares which have repeatedly been
bred from are therefore frequent sufferers from lordosis.
In foals, the condition has been found to result from feeding from
high mangers and racks, which throws increased strain on the extensors
of the back and depresses the spinal column.
The collective result is to bend the spinal column downwards. The
ventral surfaces of the vertebrae become extended, the dorsal surfaces
compressed, The animals being still young, the lower portions of the
vertebre grow, while growth in the upper is checked by the increased
pressure, and therefore, as time elapses, the spine tends more and more
to take that particular form. This explains why work leads in man
to kyphosis, in animals to lordosis. Special disease processes, like
rhachitis, may favour the development of such deformities, but at present
are little understood in animals.
CURVATURE OF THE SPINE. 419
A second factor in the production of spinal curvature is local disease of
the vertebra, like caries, 7.c., some chronic process accompanied by inflam-
mation (osteomyelitis), Tuberculosis is, perhaps, the principal cause of
such disease in man, but actinomycosis has also been recognised.
Exact observations are wanting in animals, but Hess saw kyphosis in
a steer, in consequence of tuberculous disease between the second
and third lumbar vertebre. Fractures and luxations may also be
responsible for spinal curvature, as shown by Vives’ case; but as the
animals are usually killed, such cases seldom have an opportunity
to develop. Finally, disease of the intra-vertebral discs may cause
deformity.
Vatel describes a twenty-five-year-old horse which had suffered for
many years, and in increasing degree, from this curvature. On _ post-
mortem, his spine was found markedly convex as far as the third
lumbar vertebra. The aorta, which was aneurysmal and had very thin
walls, followed this curvature; the articulation between the last
lumbar vertebra and the sacrum showed signs of arthritis. The
centres of the intra-vertebral cartilages, between the dorsal and lumbar
vertebre, had disappeared; their circumferences were ossified, and
exostosis existed both in the vertebral canal and on the under sur-
face of the bones. A rarefying ostitis also existed on the superior
spinous processes of the dorsal vertebree, which had diminished move-
ment. The bodies of the lumbar vertebr were firmly united by bony
material.
Symptoms and Course.—It is only when the above described
changes become greatly developed that they excite attention. The rate of
development of lordosis is very varied. Where it appears suddenly it
may be followed by difficulty in respiration. As a rule, however, it
oceurs gradually, and only in exceptional cases does it become so well
marked as to interfere with the animal’s usefulness. Most of the
dorsal and lumbar vertebre are usually involved in the curvature.
Where single vertebre are diseased, ey., where the deformity is due to
caries, the flexion develops slowly, whereas that resulting from fracture
is of sudden onset. This generally enables the nature of the disease
to be distinguished.
Treatment.—Reduction of displaced vertebree is seldom possible in
animals. The only means (orthopedia) is difficult of employment, and
takes a long time, so that the results are robbed of their value by the
time and expense involved. Prophylaxis is more important, especially
in foals. Up to a certain point lordosis can be prevented, by taking
proper precautions. Thus young horses with long backs should never
be heavily loaded. It is also best to give concentrated food, and to
place it in low mangers or on the earth. Grazing exercises a beneficial
420 FRACTURE OF THE PELVIS.
influence, on account of the back having to be bent upwards as the
animal crops the grass.
IV.—FRACTURE OF THE PELVIS.
Lit.: Laser, Th. Mitth. 1877, p. 119. Brauer, Dresd, Ber. 1889, p. 21.
Hess, Her. Rep. 78, p. 299. Ehrmann, ibid., 46, p.171. Trasbot,
Jahrb. 1888, p. 139. Nocard, Peuch u. Toussaint, Chir. p. 447.
Savre, Jahrb. 1888, p. 139. Prietsch, Dresd. Ber. 1883, p. 83.
Noack, Dresd. Ber. 1890, p. 76.
Fracture of the pelvis is seen most frequently in the larger animals,
particularly in horses, and is caused by falls on smooth pavements, by
collisions, sometimes by the legs slipping from under the animal, or by
its making sudden turning movements when being ridden. Since
asphalte has been laid down in Berlin fractures of the pelvis in horses
have greatly increased in frequency, and often occur even without the
animal falling. Trasbot saw fracture of the ilium in a race-horse
produced while galloping. Fracture of the pelvis may also be caused
by casting animals on hard ground, if the pelvis falls first ; the animal’s
chest should first touch the bed. Stocktleth noted a case of fractured
pelvis from violent struggling in hobbles. Fractures of the outer angle
of the ilium are also caused by kicks or by heavy objects falling on the
bone ; the skin is often simultaneously injured, and a compound fracture
results ; with few exceptions, other pelvic fractures remain subcutaneous.
In the mare, however, I have seen perforation of the vagina by a splinter
of the ischium.
In cows, fractures of the pelvis may be caused by violent attempts
to assist parturition. Similar injuries occur during coitus and from
falls,
Whilst in the large animals the weight of the body or violent muscular
action is responsible for these fractures, in smaller animals and in man
they generally result from external violence, as from being run over,
severely kicked, or crushed in narrow passages or in doorways. This
explains why multiple fractures of the pelvis are frequent in small
animals, but comparatively rare in the larger ones.
For the purposes of diagnosis and prognosis, fractures of the pelvis
may be divided into two groups :—
(1) Pelvic fractures without division of the pelvic girdle (fig. 101).
These comprise fractures of the external (1) or internal (2) iliac angle,
fractures of the tuber ischii (6), transverse portion of the os pubis (4),
and external portion of the ischium (4). The external angle of the
FRACTURE OF THE PELVIS. 421
ilium is the most frequent seat. It need scarcely be said that such
injuries are less grave than the following group, though they may,
nevertheless, cause incurable lameness—as, for example, when they
involve the acetabular margin of the hip-joint (Prietsch).
(2) Fractures of the pelvis with division in the pelvic girdle. These
include fractures of the shaft of the ilium (3), through the cotyloid
cavity (5), through the obturator foramen, 7.c., simultaneous fracture of
the oblique branch of the os pubis and of the external branch of the
ischium (4 and 4a), and finally, fractures through the os pubis and os
ischii, parallel to the symphysis pubis (7). Multiple or comminuted
Fic. 101,--Schema illustrating fractures of the pelvis in the horse.
Fracture of (1) external iliac angle ; (2) internal iliac angle; (3) shaft of the ilium ; (4) transverse
portion of the os pubis ; (4a) external portion of the ischium ; (5) cotyloid cavity ; (6) tuber
ischii ; (7) symphysis pubis.
fractures of the pelvic bones sometimes occur. I have often seen
fracture of the ilium complicated with fracture through the obturator
foramen ; and one case showed simultaneously double-sided fracture of
the inner angle of the ilium and fracture of the femur. It must not
be forgotten that such multiple fractures do not always appear together,
but may only be developed by moving the animal. Immediately the
pelvic girdle is divided, there is danger of further fractures occurring
from the entire weight being thrown on the diseased side; this is com-
monest after injury to the inner angle of the ilum.
Symptoms.— Diagnosis of fractured pelvis is easy when crepitation
422 FRACTURE OF THE PELVIS.
exists. Otherwise careful search is required, including examination by.
the rectum or vagina. The most important symptoms are :—
(1) Lameness. This sets in suddenly, is seldom absent in recent
pelvic fracture, but varies greatly in character. In fractures in front
of the cotyloid cavity, particularly of the external angle of the ilium,
there is marked interference with the movement of the swinging limb,’ and
the forward stride is shortened. ‘This is ascribable to the fact that one of
the muscles extending the thigh is attached to the external angle of the
ium. A similar lameness is noticed in fracture of the tuber ischii.
In either case equal weight is placed on both feet. Fractures behind
the cotyloid cavity with division of the pelvic girdle produce marked
lameness when weight is placed on the leg (supporting leg lameness) ;
those into the cotyloid cavity produce lameness, both when the leg is
swinging and when weight is placed on it (mixed supporting and
swinging leg lameness). In fractures of the ischium and pubis there is
often a tendency to place the thigh in a position of adduction. Even
when these fractures are uniting, and in fractures of the ischium, I
have repeatedly seen supporting leg lameness and abduction of the thigh.
In fractures into the cotyloid cavity, especially when complicated with
rupture of the ligamentum teres, the thigh is more or less relaxed, whilst
the foot during one stride is abducted, and during the next adducted,
thus causing the animal to stumble.
Supporting leg lameness also follows fracture of the foramen ovale
and of the transverse branch of the os pubis. In three cases which I
noticed lameness was absent: once in a fracture of the transverse branch
of the os pubis, once in fracture through the os pubis and os ischii
parallel to the pubic symphysis, and once in fracture of the external
branch of the os ischii. The latter two fractures may not produce
lameness ; and if the animal is worked, the pieces of bone are repeatedly
thrust apart by its movements, and union is attended with great difficulty,
or may never occur.
Nocard describes a peculiar lameness consequent on fracture through
the foramen ovale. The foot was advanced stiffly (tout d’un piece), the
thigh alone was normally moved, whilst the other parts of the leg seemed
passively to follow it. The foot described a circle outwards, the stride
being greatly shortened. This lameness, which Nocard ascribes to
pressure of the callus on the nerves in the obturator foramen, shows a
great similarity to that described by me as paralysis of the tibial nerve.
1 The German idiom has forced me, very reluctantly, to introduce a new term into English
veterinary phraseology. German veterinary surgeons employ two very convenient words,
which have no equivalent in English, to differentiate lameness most marked when weight is
thrown on the limb, and lameness most marked when the limb is carried. The former term is
in German Stiitzbeinlahmheit (literally, ‘‘supporting leg lameness”), the latter Hangbein-
lahmheit (literally, ‘‘ hanging or swinging leg lameness ”’).
FRACTURE OF THE PELVIS. 423
It is not surprising, under the circumstances, that the nerve should suffer
disturbance of function.
A mare had fallen six days before, and, on being brought to my
clinique, showed marked supporting leg lameness and abduction of the
thigh. In this case the right hind-foot was abducted even when at
rest. On post-mortem, a fracture was found on the inner and outer
branches of the os pubis, and extended over the symphysis pubis to the
other side, The outer branch of the right os ischii was fractured close
behind the capsule of the joint; the inner branch divided from the os
pubis, from which point the fracture extended forward towards the
symphysis pubis.
In a gelding, slight lameness, accompanied by very distinct crepita-
tion, occurred after a fall. Even when trotted, the only point obsery-
able was slight stiffness of the back and moderate abduction of both
hind-feet; but by placing the hand on the crupper and causing the
slightest movement, distinct crepitation could be produced. Examina-
tion per anum showed the case to be fracture parallel to the symphysis
pubis.
(2) Crepitation. This is particularly noticeable in fractures of the
pelvis with division of the pelvic girdle, and may even be audible
several steps away. In fractures of the ischium and pubis it is less
marked, though sometimes quite audible; in those of the external and
internal angles of the ilium it is wanting. In making the examination,
one hand is placed on the outer angle of the ilium, the other on the
buttock in the region of the tuber ischii, and attempts made to move
the rump from side to side so as to throw the weight from one hind-foot
to the other, or the hand is placed on the outer angle of the ilium and
the horse made to move. In mares and cows, crepitation, especially in
fractures of the os pubis and os ischii, can be felt from the rectum or
vagina by laying the hand on the ischiatic notch, and as the sensation is
better conveyed by the bones than by the soft parts, it is best to examine
from this point. Very slight crepitation.can also be detected by applying
the ear against the quarter. When the animal is lying down, crepitation
may sometimes be produced by pressing on the outer angle of the ilium,
or by moving the hind-leg forwards; the latter is more successful in
fractures of the tuber ischii.
In fractures extending through the cotyloid cavity, crepitation can
even be heard when the horse is standing by merely pressing on the
muscles of the quarter, or by causing weight to be placed on the
affected leg. This is explained by the fact that the muscles of the
quarter are inserted partly in front of and partly below the point of
fracture, and, in alternately contracting, displace the pieces of bone—a
symptom that is of value both in prognosis and diagnosis.
424 FRACTURE OF THE PELVIS.
(3) Apparent deformity of the quarter is, as a rule, only seen in
fractures of the ilium. In fractures of the outer angle, the loose piece
of bone is drawn forwards and downwards by the oblique abdominal
muscle, and by the tensor vaginz femoris, and lies in the abdominal wall,
so that the outer iliac angle seems to be wanting. To detect this, the
animal is placed with the hind-feet level, and the operator, standing
behind, compares the relative positions of the outer iliac angles. The
larger the broken portion, the more marked, of course, will be the
asymmetry.
In fractures of the shaft of the ilium, the entire ilium, and especially its
outer angle, sinks; this symptom can almost invariably be detected if
the horse can be made to stand equally on both feet.
A peculiar change in form follows fracture of the external branch of
the ischium; the buttock is flattened at the height of the tuber ischii,
whilst the region of the hip-joint appears considerably swollen, and the
ilium slightly depressed. The abnormality is discovered by standing a
few steps behind the animal and regarding the pelvis. Fractures
through the acetabulum or os pubis are not generally followed by
changes of form in the quarters, though in fracture of the acetabulum a
slight depression may sometimes be seen over the hip-joint.
(4) The bones of the pelvis are seldom abnormally mobile, except
when the external and internal angles of the ilium are simultaneously
fractured, though in exceptional cases it is present after fracture
of the shaft and body of the ilium. In such cases the outer angle
of the ilium yields when pressed on, and crepitus may sometimes be
detected.
(5) In fractures of the pubis, cedematous swelling sometimes occurs
under the belly in the region of the udder or scrotum, but its
absence does not exclude the possibility of such fracture. Fractures of
the os pubis are often followed by swelling about the vagina; fragments
of bone from the pubis and ischium may penetrate the vagina and pro-
duce bleeding from the vulva. After fractures of the tuber ischii,
swelling may also occur in the neighbouring thigh muscles. On the
other hand, in fractures of the ilium, external swelling is not usually
visible, but can be discovered by rectal examination.
(6) Unusual mobility of the thigh. All fractures which divide the
pelvic girdle behind the cotyloid cavity, as well as those into the acetab-
ulum, with rupture of the lgamentum teres, are characterised by
abnormal freedom in abduction, sometimes also in adduction, of the
thigh of the affected side.
(7) Examination per anum or per vaginam gives further information
in fractures of the ilium and pubis, particularly when the shafts are
broken. Local swelling can be detected; and if the animal’s quarters
FRACTURE OF THE PELVIS. 425
be moved to and fro, a hand inserted in the rectum easily follows the
movements of the fragment of bone.
(8) In fractures of the pelvis, as in other fractures, fever may occur,
or symptoms of bleeding follow injury to large blood-vessels. This
danger is perhaps greatest in fracture through the obturator foramen.
The following are the distinctive symptoms of the most commonly-
occurring fractures of the pelvis :—
(1) Fractures of the lateral angle of the ilium (fig. 101), adduction
of the stifle, swinging leg lameness, absence of crepitation, sometimes
swelling and pain on pressure.
(2) Fracture of the shaft of the ilium (3). Depressed position of the
affected quarter. Swinging leg lameness, crepitation when standing on
the foot of the affected side. Examination per anum gives more in-
formation. This fracture is seen in cows during parturition or after
falls (Hess, Ehrmann).
(3) Fracture through the acetabulum (5). Severe swinging leg and
supporting leg lameness, often accompanied by painful groaning.
Crepitation without moving or placing weight on the limb, deformity
slight, sometimes sinking of the hip region and abnormal mobility in the
hip-joint.
(4) Fracture through the obturator foramen (4 and 4a). Supporting
lameness, crepitation, no deformity, sometimes anemia.
(5) Fracture of the os pubis. Supporting leg lameness, with a
tendency to adduction of the limb, pain on forced abduction, produced
by moving backwards or sidewards. Crepitation sometimes absent,
sometimes slight, sometimes distinct. Swelling below the abdomen
may be wanting. Examination per anum gives further information.
(6) Fracture of the ischium (a); of the tuber ischii (6). Swinging
leg lameness, swelling of the vagina or rectum, frequently of the
muscles of the thigh. After union is complete the gait often remains
shuffling, the feet being dragged and the toes excessively worn, as in
animals suffering from partial lumbar paralysis. Deformity of the
point of the buttock sometimes exists, the latter when seen from
behind appearing abnormally broad ; when from the side, not reaching
so far back as the sound buttock. Crepitation on moving the hind-
limb. (0) In fractures of the lateral branch of the ischium (47), the
vagina may be perforated, and bleeding occur from the vulva. Crepita-
tion on moving the hind-limbs is often marked. Slight lameness, or (if
the pubis remain intact) absence of lameness, accompanied, however,
by marked crepitation, point to fracture of this bone, especially if the
above-described pelvic deformity exists.
A knowledge of these facts, assisted by careful rectal or vaginal
exploration, will in the larger animals usually ensure accurate diagnosis
426 FRACTURE OF THE PELVIS.
not only of the position but also of the extent of fractures of the:
pelvis. When crepitation is marked and the femur known to be
intact, broken pelvis can be confidently diagnosed.
The prognosis varies exceedingly, according to the position and.
extent of the fracture and the nature of existing complications. The
danger increases somewhat in the following order :—
(1) Fractures of the angles of the ilium. In fracture of the
internal angle, provided the pelvis does not separate from the sacrum,
movement is not interfered with and recovery always occurs. The
significance of fractures of the external angle depends on the size of the
broken off portion and the amount of deformity of the quarter. When
only the anterior or posterior tuberosities are broken, lameness disappears
completely in three to six weeks; and even after fracture of both or
detachment of a large fragment of bone, the lameness may also subside
in six weeks, but not infrequently recurs after work. Fractures involv-
ing the flat portion of the ilum may sometimes permanently interfere
with movement, the swinging leg lameness that remains preventing the
animal going beyond a slow walk. Compound fractures of the ilum,,
ie., those associated with injury to the skin, generally reunite under
proper treatment, though sometimes only after a considerable time (six
to ten weeks). The form of lameness frequently described as rupture
of the M. tensor fascize latee (Noack) may perhaps be sometimes due to
fracture of the external angle of the illum.
(2) Fracture of the shaft of the ilium without much displacement
may in quiet animals be followed by complete restoration to usefulness ;.
otherwise lameness remains, or continually returns after severe exertion,
and restricts the animal to walking work. As the result depends on the
amount of displacement and the nearness of the fracture to the joint,
prognosis should be preceded by rectal examination. Prognosis is,
however, generally doubtful, and is the more unfavourable the more
patent the deformity of the crupper, the greater the depression of the
ilium, and the nearer the fracture to the acetabulum. Marked atrophy
of muscle is also an unfavourable symptom. Stockfleth saw continuous
lameness due to formation near the joint of a large callus, which
interfered with the movements of the upper trochanter.
(3) Fractures of the transverse branch of the os pubis or external’
branch of the os ischii are also of a grave character. Union takes
place slowly, and is often incomplete, resulting in the formation of a
callus fibrosus; fractures of the pubis often recur, especially if the
animal soon afterwards becomes pregnant. Fracture of the external
branch of the ischium often fails to unite, and the animals are only of
use for slow work. In one ease I saw there was still marked crepita-
tion after eight weeks, but complete union occurred in four months, and
FRACTURE OF THE PELVIS. 427
the animal could be put to trotting work. The slight degree of pain
favours movement and displacement of the fragments, and interferes
with recovery.
(4) Fractures of the tuber ischii generally require months to unite,
and sometimes result in the toe being dragged and the M. biceps
femoris thrust out of position during movement.
(5) Fractures through the obturator foramen are most dangerous on
account of the risk of injury to the larger blood-vessels and of fatal
bleeding. Otherwise they are rather more hopeful than the following,
because, though rare, yet union may occur, and the animal become
capable of slow work. Many horses, however, are unable to bear
the continual weight on the other foot, and if not killed, die from
decubitus.
Division of the pelvic girdle close to the symphysis pubis and
parallel with it sometimes produces little disturbance; but union is
always slow and incomplete, while in many cases it altogether fails to
occur. Laser saw a case where the bladder had been nipped between
the pieces of bone. Such fractures tend to recur, especially if the
animal be moved too early, or give birth to a foal.
(6). Fractures of the acetabulum are the most dangerous, because as a
rule the margin of the cotyloid cavity is broken into several pieces,
hence prognosis is always unfavourable.
Fracture of the pelvis through the sacro-iliac symphysis is also
generally incurable, the danger being that, although only one side may
be at first affected, the body-weight is apt to break down the union
between the sacrum and the ilium on the other side, or that the inner
angle of the ilium may become fractured; the animals are then unable
to stand, and always die from decubitus. Complete fracture in or near
the ilio-pubic symphysis also appears to be incurable in horses.
Treatment.—TIf treatment is to be attempted, complete rest is a
primary necessity. In fractures of the angle of the ilium, it is sufficient
to keep the animal from work for a time, but if unable to stand on
the foot of the affected side, it should be slung. ‘This is a very neces-
sary precaution, because of the grave risk of further fractures or dis-
placement of the broken pieces occurring when the horse lies down.
Special care is required in fractures through the obturator foramen,
to prevent fatal bleeding.
In four to six weeks the patients may be moved a little, but if unable
to bear weight ou the foot, should be returned to the slings. Stiffness
in movement is less important, because it depends to some extent on
the long rest, and gradually disappears with exercise. Provided pain
is not excessive, the muscles of the quarter and thigh may be massaged
to prevent that rapid atrophy which follows severe lameness. Daily
428 LUXATION OF THE SACRO-ILIAC ARTICULATION.
kneading of the parts will promote nutrition of the muscles. Atrophy
disappears with the return to regular work, being only due to inactivity.
Cold poultices are not only superfluous, but indeed injurious; they
soften the skin, favour injury by the lining of the slings (which irritates
the patient), and have no effect in removing pain.
V.—DIASTASIS OR LUXATION OF THE SACRO-ILIAC
ARTICULATION.
Lit.: Golis, Her. Rep. 20, p. 119. Berdez, Schweiz. Archiv. 1882, p.
188. Albrecht, Gurlt u. Hertwig. 20, p.35. Guillebeau, Schweiz.
Archiv. 1887, p. 155. Stockfleth, Chirurgie.
The union between the sacrum and ilium is formed by a stiff, almost immobile,
joint, the short capsular ligament of which extends from the upper surface of the
wing of the sacrum to the under surface of the ilium. The inferior sacro-iliac
ligament, assisted by the upper and lateral sacro-iliac ligaments, contributes to
this union.
In horses, this ligamentous apparatus unites the bones so firmly that
they are very seldom dislocated, it being easier to break the ilium. In
cattle the union is less firm, the upper sacro-iliac ligament being some-
times absent (Berdez). For this reason these animals occasionally suffer
incomplete or complete disunion of the sacrum from the ilium, especially
during parturition. Stockfleth and Berdez have thoroughly studied the
condition, and I follow their description here. Berdez, considering the
mode of origin of this dislocation, lays particular stress on the atony of
the abdominal muscles which occurs at the time of parturition. Of
these the rectus abdominis appears to act in opposition to the liga-
mentous apparatus described, and fixes the joint. When, therefore, it
is relaxed, as during parturition, danger of displacement becomes immi-
nent. Stockfleth believes that movement in the symphysis pubis
favours displacement. If division occurs in the symphysis pubis, the
sacro-iliac joint is endangered, hence the simultaneous occurrence of the
two conditions as related by Golis. It will also be clear that disloca-
tion on one side may readily lead to a similar accident on the other.
It is even the rule to meet with double-sided dislocation, as noted by
Albrecht, Guillebeau, and others.
According to Stockfleth, incomplete luxation is often occasioned in
pregnant cows by pulling on the tail to assist them in rising, and
complete luxation then follows.. It may also be caused by violent
muscular exertion. The ilio-psoas and longissimus dorsi, together with
one group of the thigh muscles, draw the sacrum downwards, whilst
the glutei and other muscles of the thigh move the inner angle of the
LUXATION OF THE SACRO-ILIAC ARTICULATION. 429
ilium outwards. Powerful contractions in these muscles, produced by the
animal rising or walking, may thus occasion dislocation of the bones.
In incomplete luxation, the union between ilium and sacrum is not
completely broken down. The muscles are partly torn through, and,
like the sheaths of the great nerve stems, saturated with blood, but the
ligaments are only partly divided. In complete luxation, on the other
hand, all the hgamentous structures are ruptured, and the sacrum sinks
between the inner angles of the ilium, its anterior portion especially, so
that the articulatory surfaces may sometimes be 2 to 4 inches below
the inner angle of the ilium. In consequence, the abdominal organs
are compressed and sometimes injured; even the passage of feces may
be interfered with.
Symptoms and Course.—After incomplete dislocation, the animal
inclines to rest continuously, rises with difficulty, and when moving the
hind-legs, takes short stumbling steps. Sometimes large quantities of
feces are passed, a symptom which Stockfleth considers characteristic
of dislocation. Pressure between the inner angles of the ilia produces
pain, and the separation can sometimes be felt through the rectum.
Complete luxation is characterised by marked depression of the
sacrum, and by the anterior edge of the ilium being unusually sharply
defined. The swelling and tenderness in the middle line, and the inability
to rise or to stand, render the condition unmistakable. On examina-
tion per rectum, the pelvic cavity is felt to be narrowed, both in its
perpendicular and transverse diameters. Defsecation is sometimes inter-
fered with, in consequence of compression of the rectum.
In incomplete dislocation, recovery may occur in three to four weeks,
but double-sided dislocations take much longer, and many never reunite.
Paraplegia generally sets in on the second or third day. The patient
is unable to stand, and if parturient, will require active assistance,
because labour pains are generally weak. Not infrequently fatal peri-
tonitis occurs.
According to Stockfleth, complete luxation is less to be feared, for
the animals sometimes recover sufficiently to be useful for dairy
purposes, even though, on account of the narrowness of the pelvis, they
cannot be bred from. With sufticient rest the bony union is replaced
by a fibrous joint, which enables the animal to walk well enough for
erazing purposes.
Treatment is essentially similar in both conditions. In incomplete
luxation, rest is above all else necessary. A good bed must be provided,
and any open drains covered up to prevent the animal stepping into
them and producing further injury. Where there is difficulty in rising,
assistance must be afforded, but the tail should never be used for this
purpose ; assistance is also required during parturition.
430 LUXATION OF THE SACRO-ILIAC ARTICULATION.
Complete luxation also calls for a lengthened rest, and cases always
do best if the animals lie continuously. Plenty of straw should be
given, and help only afforded if the animal attempts to rise. The
patient must not be driven for at least two to three months, nor again
used for breeding. Complications often occur during recovery, and carry
off the animals.
VI.—LUXATION OF THE SYMPHYSIS OSSIUM PUBIS.
Lit.: Golis, Her. Rep..20, p. 119: ; Prietsch, Dresd. Ber. 1859.
This disease, almost invariably confined to cattle, is still rarer than
the last named. The fracture appears during parturition, or sometimes
not until afterwards. Golis saw it in connection with luxation of the
sacrum.
An eight-year-old cow, nearly at full term, suddenly became lame
during work, and a few hours afterwards could neither rise nor, when
lifted, stand on the hind-legs. On her attempting to move, the inner
angle of the ilium on the affected side rose and sank. Displacement of
the os pubis and os ischu at the symphysis pubis could also be felt.
The cow was slaughtered, and the post-mortem showed luxation of the
sacrum and fracture through the symphysis pubis.
Prietsch saw a similar accident in a two-year-old heifer, which slipped
with its hind-legs on a smooth pavement. The animal was unable to
rise, and on post-mortem the symphysis pubis was found separated
throughout its entire length.
In horses, the symphysis pubis becomes completely ossified, and
therefore in them fracture is commoner than separation.
The diagnosis becomes absolute on examination per anum. The
incurability of the disease renders immediate slaughter advisable.
VII.—PARALYSIS OF THE HIND EXTREMITIES.
PARAPLEGIA.
Ger. Kreuzlihmung.
Lit.: Axe, Jahresber. 1885, p. 66. Comény, Jahresber. 1888, p. 95.
Signol, Her. Rep. 15, p. 229. Kitt, Jahresber. 1883, p. 80. Nocard,
Jahresber. 1885, p. 66. Friedberger, Zeitschr. fiir Veterinirwiss.
1873, p. 121. Dieckerhoff, Spec. Path. p. 673. Aruch, Jahrb.
1889, p. 88. Hagen, Gurlt u. Hertwig. 39, p. 381. Damitz, Gurlt u.
Hertwig. 11, p. 49f. Hiirlimann, Jahrb, 1888, p. 95. Prodger, Dresd.
Ber. 1886, p. 110. Vatel, Jahrb. 1882, p. 30. Haubner, Dresd. Ber.
PARALYSIS OF THE HIND EXTREMITIES. 431
1860, p. 52, u. 1861, p. 61. Voigtlander, ibid, p.64. Hertwig,
Gurlt u. Hertwig. 2, p. 354. Dieckerhoff, Ad. Woch. 32, p. 1.
Siedamgrotzky, Dresd. Ber. 1871, p. 31, u. 1873, p. 37. Johne,
ibid., 1879, p. 15, u. 1885, p. 40. Wolff, Th. Mitth. 1867, p. 148.
Kampmany, Gurlt u. Hertwig. 5, p. 484. Vollers, Th. Mitth. 1878,
p. 35. Johow, ibid, p. 95. Pfister, Schw. Archiv. 1884, p. 18.
Friis, dahrp. 1888, p. 141. Hess, B. T. W. 1892, p. 33. Harms,
ibid., p. 482.
Strictly speaking, paraplegia means double-sided paralysis, and in
general is used to describe disease of the spinal cord. For further
information on this point, compare with my General Surgery,’ p. 231.
Two forms, complete and incomplete paraplegia, are recognised. The
former is seen :—
(1) In injuries to, or pressure on, the spinal cord, following fracture
of vertebre in the dorsal, lumbar, or anterior sacral regions (pp. 410 and
415). Hess saw paraplegia in a steer caused by caries between the
first and second lumbar vertebre. The spinal column presented an
elbow directed upwards, and the vertebral canal had become narrowed.
As the animal was suffering from tuberculosis of the epididymis (p. 365),
these changes were regarded as tuberculous.
(2) In inflammation of the spinal cord and its membranes in the
regions indicated, usually a sequel of some other disease, especially of
an infectious disease like parturient fever, influenza, strangles, or
distemper.
On the other hand, that form of paralysis affecting the hind-quarters
during hemoglobinuria is dependent less on change in the spinal cord
than in the muscular tissue. The fact that hemoglobinuria is always
accompanied by paralysis of the hind-quarters has not only led to the
incorrect description “ rheumatic paraplegia,” but also to the erroneous
view that disease of the kidney may produce paraplegia.
Idiopathic inflammation of the spinal cord and of its membranes has
also been seen in horses. Friedberger found two areas of softening a
little in front of the lumbar swelling of the spinal cord, and a watery
fluid in the sub-arachnoid space in an eighteen to twenty year old horse
which had been affected with incomplete paraplegia for some days, and
had later shown symptoms of paralysis about the head (lips and tongue).
Dieckerhoff describes a case of meningitis spinalis purulenta in a horse.
Axe discovered, on making a post-mortem of a horse that had suffered
from paraplegia after recovering from strangles, ceedema and capillary
hemorrhage in the pia mater spinalis and infiltration of the spinal cord,
with pus corpuscles, whilst the spinal column itself was quite intact ;
possibly in such cases metastasis may sometimes have occurred. Johne
1 Moller, Lehrbuch der Chirurgie fiir Thierirzte, 1. Band, Allgemeine Chirurgie und
Operationslehre, Stuttgart, Ferdinand Enke.—[TRANSL. ]
432 PARALYSIS OF THE HIND EXTREMITIES.
reports having seen hemorrhagic pachymeningitis and leptomeningitis
of the lumbar portion of the cord in a horse which had become com-
pletely paralysed in its hind-quarters whilst standing in the stable, and
which died twenty-four hours later. The spinal cord was more than
half torn through between the first and second lumbar vertebrie, though
the vertebree themselves were free of injury. The epizootic paraplegia
described in books is probably to a great extent only hemoglobinuria.
This seems also true of the condition described by Comény, which
occurred in isolated divisions of a troop, and appeared mostly to affect
mares. Signol reports an epizootic form of paraplegia amongst horses
of Arabian blood, which also generally affected mares. The post-mortem
gave no indications of the cause,
In dogs affected with paraplegia, anesthesia of the hind-quarters, and
paralysis of the bladder, Kitt and Stoss found circumscribed pachy-
meningitis externa chronica, with formation of cartilaginous material,
thickening of the dura, dilatation of arterioles, accumulation of spinal
fluid, leading to excessive distension of the dura mater; though in the
spinal cord itself no change whatever could be detected.
(3) In consequence of tumour formation in the vertebral canal.
Pfister found in a cow, which had shown gradually increasing symptoms
of paraplegia, a lipoma 34 inches long and 1+ thick in the anterior
end of the sacral portion of the vertebral canal, which was dilated,
whilst the spinal cord appeared flattened. Johne detected meningo-
myelitis tuberculosa in the spinal cord of an ox, whilst Hertwig found
a melanotic tumour in a horse which had died with symptoms of para-
plegia. It had originated in the lymph glands in the lumbar region,
had partly destroyed the last three lumbar vertebree and the sacrum,
and penetrated into the vertebral canal.
(4) As a secondary symptom, paraplegia accompanies general
paralysis caused by meningeal inflammation and other inflammatory
changes in the brain, medulla oblongata, and spinal cord. Dieckerhoft
found a gastrus larva in the cervical portion of the spinal cord in a
horse.
The reports of psychic paraplegia or nervous apoplexy of the spinal
cord seem completely inexplicable. Failure to discover diseased con-
ditions on post-mortem examination of animals dead of paraplegia in no
way proves that such have not existed, and this is especially true of
paraplegia due to concussion of the spinal cord. Aruch describes three
cases of psychic paralysis in dogs following punishment. Hagen saw
paraplegia in an old horse after fright by a locomotive. The condition
disappeared in three days. Probably other unexplained causes were
at work in these cases. The same is true of those cases in which para-
plegia is said to have resulted from the presence of parasites in the
PARALYSIS OF THE HIND EXTREMITIES. 433
bowel (Hiirlimann by flat worms and Damitz by lumbricoid worms).
Complete paraplegia has been seen in horses after powerful electric
shocks produced by lightning (Proger).
Since olden times every permanent disturbance of function in the
hind-limbs has been described as incomplete chronic paraplegia. As a
rule such disturbances are accompanied by peculiar irregularities in
movement and rolling gait, but these symptoms cannot be viewed as
characteristic of any one disease; they may be caused in various ways.
Without doubt change in the spinal cord plays a chief part, but un-
fortunately in this disease thorough post-mortems have not been made.
The difficulty in movement and the course of the disease point to
chronic morbid processes in the spinal cord. In horses, there is usually
a difficulty in co-ordinating movement termed ataxia, similar to that in
tabes dorsalis in man. The separate groups of muscles do not act
together; harmony of function is wanting.
The diseased conditions, however, to which these symptoms are due
cannot merely be, as Dieckerhoff believes, over-extension of the fascie.
In “maladie du coit” which is followed by progressive paralysis of
the hind-quarters, Thanhoffer states having found changes in the spinal
cord. Hemorrhagic myelitis with formation of cavities in the spinal
cord (syringomyelitis) and degenerative processes occurring at isolated
points were met with. In other varieties of paraplegia changes could
doubtless be found in the spinal cord, provided examinations were
made in advanced stages and by proper methods. Wolff saw the
hind-legs trailed in horses in consequence of fracture of the caudal
vertebre ; here the change had clearly extended to the spinal cord
from the point of fracture. On the other hand, it must be allowed
that incomplete paraplegia is not always the result of primary
disease of the cord, nor even of changes in it produced by in-
fectious conditions (like influenza or strangles); it may also follow
diseased processes of the vertebre. In France, paraplegia (leffort
de reins) is generally considered to result from injury to the spinal
column in the dorsal or lumbar region, and is described, therefore,
as vertebral displacement (entorse dorsolombaire). Vatel has given a
thorough description of the post-mortem of a horse affected with this
disease. According to Peuch and Toussaint, the inter-vertebral discs
in the dorsal or lumbar region sometimes appear yellowish-green
and partly destroyed; in advanced stages they quite disappear,
granulations form on the ends of the individual vertebre, become
adherent, ossify, and so lead to the formation of a synostosis. Some-
times exostoses form in the vertebral canal and press on the spinal cord.
These changes may be associated with rupture of the muscles. Rigot
states having found hemorrhages in the psoas muscles, and Goubaux
25
434 PARALYSIS OF THE HIND BXTREMITIES.
abscesses in the longus colli. In these cases it certainly seems that the
condition has been confused with other diseases.
In horses, I have repeatedly seen incomplete paralysis occur from
catching cold, but disappear after a short time. In such cases muscular
rheumatism was probably the cause.
Periodic paralysis of the hind-limbs, owing to obstruction of the
blood-vessels of the thigh and pelvis, has been seen. Tumours may
also develop in the vertebral canal or extend into it, press on the cord,
and produce paraplegia. In a horse brought to the Alfort clinique,
carcinomata were found to be pressing on the spinal cord and causing
paralysis. Secondary carcinomata existed in the abdomen. Kampmann
saw paraplegia in a foal from perforation of the second lumbar verte-
bra by a cyst which had discharged its contents into the vertebral
canal.
In cows, a condition which occurs during the last period of preg-
nancy, but generally disappears after parturition, has been deseribed as
incomplete paraplegia. It is really due to insufficient. muscular power
to raise the greatly increased body load, and is favoured by advanced
age, defective nutrition, very fat condition, or continuous confinement to
the stable. In these animals, lesions in the spinal column and _ pelvis
(fissures) resulting from parturition occasionally cause complete or in-
complete paraplegia. Whether so-called reflex paralysis occurs as
Franck suggests seems doubtful. A great number of bovine diseases
described as paraplegia are clearly due to mistaken diagnosis of painful
conditions in the hind-legs and digits.
In sheep, paraplegia results from the presence in the medulla of
ccenurus cerebralis, a parasite, which has also been seen in the ox.
In the later stages of sturdy, sheep always suffer from creeping
paralysis of the hind-quarters and irregular movements of the hind-
feet.
In dogs, paraplegia is sometimes caused by injury (concussion) of
the spinal cord or fracture of vertebrae, but generally results from
distemper, and depends on chronic disease of the brain or spinal cord.
Acute or chronic myelitis and atrophy of the cord have been detected ;
Siedamgrotzky found cedema of the cord, and Johne yellow points of
softening in it.
Complete and incomplete paraplegia have also been seen in swine.
Complete paraplegia is commonest in sucking-pigs on account of the
little animals being trodden on by the mother ; in older swine rhachitis
may produce it. Paraplegia has also been seen in birds; Siedamgrotzky
noted it in parrots. Its cause is little understood,
Symptoms and Course.—It is clear that conditions differing so
much in their anatomical causation are not likely to agree in their
PARALYSIS OF THE HIND EXTREMITIES. 435
symptoms. Nor do the clinical appearances usually exhibit such well-
marked peculiarities as to admit of a definite anatomical diagnosis. The
nature of these conditions has already been determined to some extent
in man, but in animals it still remains obscure. Researches are specially
needed in incomplete paralysis ; exact diagnosis of the causative condition
in complete paralysis of the hind-quarters is less interesting on account
of the animals being killed as incurable, or dying in consequence of
decubitus (a complication which can seldom be prevented), though
exceptions occur even here, as, for example, in commotio medulle
spinalis, and the course of the disease must, therefore, be carefully
watched. Complete paralysis of the hind-quarters is distinguished:
(1) By inability to stand. The animals lie, and are unable to raise
themselves or to walk. In exceptional cases, the function of the crural
nerves, and therefore the ability to stand, is preserved, though the
animal is unable to walk. This may be due to the fact that the solution
of continuity in the spinal cord occurs behind the exit of the nerve
referred to (4th to 6th lumbar vertebre). The same peculiarity also
occurs in fracture of the spinal column in the dorsal region, as I have
seen in horses. Dogs sometimes learn to walk on the fore-legs, as
related by Nocard ; they lift the hind-quarters into the air by powerfully
contracting the longissimus dorsi, &c., after the manner of circus
dogs.
(2) Reflex irritability 1s completely in abeyance, and the animals
make no resistance to the operators manipulations. This is always
the case where the seat of disease is in or behind the lumbar portion
of the cord. Where in front of this spot, that is, in the dorsal region
or further forward, reflex irritability is not only retained but may often
be abnormally pronounced, so that stimulation of the skin, ligaments,
or bones (slight blows or pricks with the needle) cause active contrac-
tions in the paralysed muscles. Continuous contraction (cramp) may
thus be caused (spastic paralysis). Nocard saw increase of the tendon
reflexes in a dog (compare with my General Surgery, p. 228).
(3) In grave lesions of the cord, sensibility appears to be completely
lost; in myelitis spinalis it is at first not much interfered with; its
continuance points to injury of the posterior columns and of the grey
posterior cornua. In pressure paralysis, sensibility may sometimes be
increased, as shown by Nocard’s reported cases in dogs; movement of
the paralysed hind-quarter produced acute pain (paraplegia dolorosa).
The examination of large animals is more difficult, because sensation
cannot be exactly gauged, reflex movements being so difficult to distinguish
from those caused by painful sensations.
(4) To the above cardinal symptoms of paraplegia are added those of
paralysis of the bladder, rectum, and tail (p. 440). There is often
436 PARALYSIS OF THE HIND EXTREMITIES.
incontinence of urine, and feces cannot be discharged without assistance.
This grouping of symptoms generally accompanies pressure paralysis
from fractures of vertebre or of the sacrum, from extravasation of blood
into the vertebral canal, in rarer instances from tumours, but may also
occur in concussion of the spinal cord, The diagnosis must be based on
the history of the case, its manner of origin and course. In fractures
of the vertebrae, displacement of fragments or crepitation may be
detected.
The symptoms of incomplete paralysis show still greater variety ;
but even though it is not possible, in every case, to form an accurate
diagnosis, it is well, from the clinical standpoint, to distinguish two
kinds :-—
(1) Paraplegia incompleta vera, vel spinalis (true incomplete or spinal
paralysis); and
(2) Par. incompleta spuria (incomplete spurious paraplegia). The
causes of the first lie within, those of the second without the vertebral
canal. Paraplegia of the first kind, due to acute or chronic inflammation
of the spinal cord and its membranes, or to pressure and degenerative
processes in the medulla spinalis, declares itself by the following
symptoms :—
1. Disturbance in movement, distinguished :—
(a) By loss of strength, and
(b) By irregularity in movement, The animals show weakness,
and rapidly become tired; the hind-limbs, though able to
sustain the weight of the body, only shghtly assist in forward
progress, and, during walking, make irregular ataxic move-
ments.
Ataxia is a form of interference with movement arising from defective
co-ordination. The proper innervation of the separate groups of muscles
is interfered with, in consequence of which their contractions are not
harmoniously combined. Single groups contract too much or too little,
others too early or too late.
In horses and dogs, such symptoms accompany incomplete paraplegia.
The hind-feet are lifted hesitatingly and incompletely from the ground ;
the toe is dragged, and gradually becomes worn. In the next stage
the foot is lifted suddenly and to an abnormal height, is set down
awkwardly and with a tapping movement, and often describes a
semicircle outwardly; the feet are placed crosswise over one another,
while the hind-quarters roll first to one side and then to the other (plaiting
the legs). These ataxic movements are particularly well seen when turn-
ing; the animal has difficulty in backing.
2. Sensibility and reflex irritability are generally retained, the latter
may even be increased, causing exaggeration of the tendon reflexes. In
PARALYSIS OF THE HIND EXTREMITIES. 437
general the same remarks apply here as were made in reference to
complete paraplegia.
3. Muscular atrophy. This is seldom seen in spinal paralysis, or is
confined to gradual slight atrophy of both sides in consequence of
inactivity. Degenerative atrophy and signs of degeneration never
occur,
The non-appearance of atrophy in the spinal form of incomplete para-
plegia shows that the cause lies in front of the trophic centre of the
muscles, that is, in the posterior columns of the medulla, as paralysis
due to brain injury generally takes the form of hemiplegia (compare
p. 231 of General Surgery).
The several causes of paraplegia incompleta spuria lie outside the
spinal cord or spinal column. They sometimes consist in fissuring of
vertebre, disease of the inter-vertebral discs (p. 433), or still more
frequently muscular disease, which may be of a rheumatic character
due to chill, or of purely mechanical origin. In the horse the latter
is more frequent, because in it violent, intrinsic or extrinsic, over-
extension of muscle produced during heavy and unwonted exertion is
common, When animals are continuously overworked, permanent inter-
ference with muscular function in time results, causing their mechanical
efficiency to become impaired. The resulting disturbance has been
referred to disease of the fasciw, but the truth of this statement has
never been satisfactorily proved. The pathological changes would here
be similar to those in tendons, but, as the disease is so much more
obdurate, it appears to me doubtful whether the fascize plays such an
important part.
Vollers describes a form of paraplegia which suddenly developed in
a mare after parturition, and simultaneously with deformity of the
spinal column, between the 14th and 15th dorsal vertebre;: The
animal could stand, but could only walk with difficulty ; it made rolling
movements with the hind-quarters. At first, movement was greatly
interfered with, but afterwards improved, though the spinal deformity
continued. Johow saw a fifteen-year-old horse which had suffered from
weakness of the hind-quarters for a period of six months. The
difficulty was greatest in the morning on getting up and making the
first few steps. One day complete paraplegia suddenly set in. The
body of the first lumbar vertebra was found, on post-mortem, to be one-
third thicker than that of the others. The thickening encroached on
the vertebral canal and pressed on the spinal cord, which had corre-
spondingly diminished in thickness.
Harms found the connection between the anterior ends of the glutei
maximi and the longissimus dorsi torn away on both sides in a four-
year-old horse. When resting, nothing remarkable could be seen, but
438 PARALYSIS OF THE HIND EXTREMITIES.
during movement, the hind-quarters rolled from side to side. Pee
», vaginalis, - : 5 PI
vesicalis, ° 291
Apomorphinei in impaction of cesophagus, 145
Apparatus for prevention of vertebral
fracture when casting, : . 414
Arthritis chronica deformans tarsi, . 630
Articulation of the jaw, inflammation of, 85
Arytenoidectomy, 2 3 179
Aspirator, Dieulafoy’s, 3 5 all
Asthma nasale, : : 5 ie
Atlas, fracture of, . . 5 al)
Atresia anietrecti, . . 0 PAIL
B
BALANITIs in carnivora, - . 3847
3 », horses, . : 343
An SROXOD | 5 » 345
», Swine, . - » 346
Basedow’ s disease, ; ° 5 alghl
Biceps femoris muscle, displacement of,
muscle, rupture of, > :
Bladder, amputation of, c :
55 puncture of, .
5 tumours in, : :
Bleeding from the nose, 5 5
Bog-spavin, .
Bones, fracture of the cranial, . F
», Of the face, fractures of, ‘
FF Pr hock-joint, fractures of, .
», _ turbinated, necrosis of, ‘
Bougies in stricture of anus, . .
Bouley’ s forceps, : . .
Bowel fistula, ; :
», injury of, ; ‘
», resection of, ; - .
>, surgical diseases of, 2 0
9) Sutures, Gely’s, . F 3
es i Lembert’s, c .
55 Wolfler’s, F :
Brachial plexus, paralysis Oi, .
Brain, concussion of, .
Briuer’s trochar in distension of rumen,
Breakdown in race-horses, . A
Breast, tumours of, . 5 5
Bruises of the abdominal parietes, 5
45 Se toousnvoxen jm .
fore-arm, i 5
mammary gland, .
a », pads of the sole and toe,
», produced by the collar, >
Bursa of the flexor pedis, inflammation
of,
Bursitis ‘gluteei medii vel trochanterica,
2? 9
32 2?
2? 2
5 sile ‘of the foot,
Capped elbow in dogs, °
», intertubercularis, ; .
», prepatellaris, . . .
C
Cazxcat fistula, 5 ; 5
Calculi salivary, 5 .
», urethral, c “
»» in ruminants, ‘
>, Urinary, . . °
Calculus forceps, ° . -
Campylorhinus, ’ . :
Canker of the ear, external, . °
5 = 29 internal, , 7
fro . .
Capped elbow in horses,
treatment of, by elastic
ligature, :
92 99
sp) tock.
Oris of,
Caput obstipum,
Caries, dental,
Carotid artery, injury of, :
Castration of cryptorchids, 4
Catarrh of the guttural pouches, c
9 a 2? 5 ) a9 use of
antiseptics in, c
Catheter, Giinther’s,
Catheterisation in dogs,
nD horses,
ae : -
Catheterism, : : c
Cervical muscles, cramp of, :
ay , inflammation of,
55 5 paralysis of, é
», vertebra, dislocations of, 5
an fractures of, 5
ve Champignon” formation, . c
Cheeks, diseases of, . : :
», tumours of, é :
Chest, tapping the, . : °
“* Choking” in cattle, .
Chondroids,
Chronic catarrh of the euttur al pouches,
Circus movements after cervical injury,
Cirsocele, : : 6 °
Claw, anatomy of,
», chronic inflammation of matrix of,
», whitlow of, :
», wounds of soft tissue of,
», amputation of, in oxen,
», diseases of, in carnivora,
95 Ae in cattle and sheep,
,, dislocation of, . c 5
>» growing in of, 5 . .
loss Oly c 5
Cloaca formation, : c
Ccenurus cerebralis, diagnosis of
position of,,
difficulties in
removing, .
in sheep, °.
Cold abscess in abdominal walls, :
Collar bruises, . : 3 A
», galls, . A :
Colon, twist or rotation O 5 :
Commotio cerebri, : :
5 spinalis, :
Comparative gravity of high and low
ring-bones, . fs
Compression. of the cesophagus, 0
Concretions in the guttural pouch,
Concussion of the brain,
Congenital defects of the testicle,
Contr acted tendons in foals, .
** Corns,” : :
Coronary- -joint, sprain of,
Coronet, treads of, ; :
Corpora oryzoidea, .
Costal fistula, .
Coxitis, 5
INDEX.
PAGE
473 | Cranial bones, injuries of,
», fractures, :
476 | Cricotomy, : . ‘ ‘
650 | Crico-tracheotomy, . ¢ :
650 | Crural canal, description of,
121 5 hernia, : -
37 | Crutch for use after tenotomy, =
116 | Cryptorchids, castration of, ;
361 , fertility of, ; 5
98 | Curb, . :
>» confor mation predisposing to,
103 | Curvature of the spine, .
100 | Cystitis, : . .
333 | Cystoplegia,
332 | Cystotomia, perinealis, :
333 PA rectalis, . 5 .
331 5c supra-pubica, :
121 | Cystotomy, . . . 0
122
122
120 D
119
349 | ‘*Drcusitus,” definition of,
3 | Deformities of the trachea, :
5 | Deglutition, mechanism of, . :
209 Dental caries, . : 6
140 ACV SUsimeate 5 5 :
98 », fissures, a ; c
98 a easter : 0
125 ae forceps,
369 5, instruments, Giinther s,
707 Se cantare
721 | Dermatophagus canis, in canker,
711 Dermoid eyst, . ° 5
711 | Diaphragmatic hernia,
715 | Digestive tract, foreign bodies i in,
719 | Dilatation of the rectum, ‘ :
707 r urethra, : .
720 Diplegia, laryngis, 0 :
720 | Diseases of the abdomen, :
(PAL 5 a3) USS 3
291 AG ,, claws in carnivora,
is » in cattle and
112 sheep, . .
29 9) ear, =
114 . », fore-limb, 3
111 .. pee OO lm
214 96 gener; : :
206 6 aa Lamnynixe 6
198 ay » mammary gland,
286 5 », Metacarpus, .
107 an >», Mmetatarsus, :
410 ap meck.= =. :
_ », oesophagus,
542 . », pelvis, , :
152 5 », pharynx, : 6
98 99 », prostate,
108 op i aectums
360 sf F scrotum,
517 on », shoulder-joint,
686 e » Spinal column,
529 “ sie petal eee
680 a _ tendons in the meta-
133 tarsal regions,
187 is », tendons in the tarsal
581 regions, : .
Diseases of the testicle, : .
3 soe uhiohee.
5 i. ehorax, - z
», trachea, :
Dislocation of the cervical vertebra,
claws, :
+P) 2?
lower j jaw, .
Displacement ‘of. the biceps femoris
muscle,
c san patella; 7s: .
ae Leathe rir. .
Distor tion of the neck, ‘ 3
Knudsen’s iron
splint for, .
io 2 3 », results of, :
>, varieties of,
Diverticula of the cesophagus, .
2? ” 2?
‘* Dorsal flexion,” F :
** Dropped Sole,” ; :
E
EAR, injury of the external,
,», fistula of, . :
Ectasiz of the cesophagus, 2
Elbow, capped, in the dog,
Elbow, capped, in the horse, .
», jvint, inflammation of,
» luxation of, :
Electricity i in facial paralysis, . 5
Empyema of the facial sinuses,
as puncture for,
Enlarged prostate, castration for,
Enlargement of articular cavities in fore-
°
.
limb, : 4
5 ,, outer surface of the hock,
Ef »» Synovial cavities in fore-
limb, - 2
i », tendinous synovial cavi-
ties in fore-limb, .
Enterotome, Brogneiz’s, , 0
Epididymis, inflammation of, . :
5 tumours of, .
Epispadia, - 4 ° 5
Epistaxis, 5 5 ° 5
Epulis, - .
Erythema solare, :
Exomphalos, . 2 :
Exophthalmic goitre, . :
Exophthalmos,
Extensor pedis tendon, necrosis Of) ts
External canker of the Cate is :
Extraction of teeth, . é 3
Be be precautionsin, .
F
Face, fracture of the bones of, -
Facial nerve, distribution of, -
3, paralysis, : :
», sinuses, empyema of,
AS is trephining of,
Femur, fracture of, ,
3). luxation of, -
Fibro-fatty frog, purulent cellulitis of,
INDEX. 725
PAGE PAGE
359 | Filaria cincinata in flexor ane tas 510
612 | Fissure, dental, 38
184 a6 of the male meatus urinarius, 312
157 Fistula, anal, . : . 309
120 7 costal, ;: 186
720 Pedental. 51
84 », recto-vaginal, 309
», salivary, 73
593 Se PScernals : 187
601 ; of abomasum, . 222
Di é of the bowel, 221
121 ” ” ear, 97
3, . rumen, 222
126 Fistulous withers, 205
125 | Flexion, dorsal, 528
124 a, ollenee 528
149 | Flexor metatarsi muscle, rupture of, 617
528 », pedis perforans ‘tendon, resec-
695 tion of, : 552, 679
», pedis per foratus tendon, luxa-
tion of. . 653
,, tendons, ‘inflammation o of, 506
92 35 Tupture of, . - 502
97 Flour ant’s trochar, ‘ 6 827
149 Fluor albus in cows, . c . 379
477 Footrot in sheep, . “alee
473 Forcible dilatation in stricture ‘of anus, 308
479 Fore-arm, br me ge ¢ . ; a
On wounds of, 4
“e Fore-limb, diseases of, . : - 443
58 3; enlargement of articular
912 cavities, j sated
357 % enlargement of synovial
cavities, b 490
490 50 enlargement of tendinous
646 synovial cavities, . 490
Foreign bodies in the digestive tract, 271
490 +e as », esophagus of se
Carmivoray ss
bs 3 ; cesophagus of
oe ; Ene ars)
366 9 Tuam od ae of aa
po “ i)
a A ais », esophagus of :
65 swine, 145
52 5 4 < Panee Be
= trachea 16
ae Fracture of the atlas, . 120
131 3 - bones of the face, eel
108 ” ” EF) oF) eae re
’ ” 29 nee .
ae % A caudal As tebre, ae
43 a ‘5 cervica op 11
55 »» cranial bones, 106
48 > ;, dorsal vertebree, 410
nA ay HoaaTUIES ¢ 574
3 », frontal bone, . 110
5 », horn core, : 109
80 3 », humerus, 445
6 Ag », hyoid bone, 20
7 < », Jaw, splints for, 83
58 A », knee-bones, . 481
59 a », Jower jaw, : 82
574 an ,, lumbar vertebre, 411
577 ae », malleoli of the tibia, 615
677 PA », Mmetacarpus, . - 498
726
Fracture of the navicular bone, :
x », olecranon, : .
*5 », os astragalus, .
, og OS Guilons, 3
3 », OS coroner,
a »> OS pedis,
3 » patella, c
Pr 5 pelvis). 0
a », phalanges,
”? 99 Ot)
after neurectory,
premaxillary bone, .
“3 Se tadius).. °
is ee ibs, s
5 55 sacral vertebree,
sis » scapula,
Se 5, sesamoid bones,
33 » sternum, .
“ed Sa tullbiace ae :
4 3, trachea, :
ulna, . :
F racture costar hoy G : :
Fricker’s adhesive plaster,
Friebel’s extension apparatus for con-
tracted tendons, : ; :
Frog setons, . : : 5
Funiculitis chronica, . : :
G
GALLS, collar, . 5
;, saddle,. 0 é
3 in the carpal region,
5 », fetlock regions,
Gangrenous inflammation of the udder,
Gastric fistula, . 6
Gastrocnemii muscle, rupture of, :
Gastrotome, Brognie7? s, : :
** Gelber Galt,” 0 0 :
Gid or stur dy i in sheep,
Gland, sub-maxillary lymph, inflamma-
tion of, .
», sub-par otid lymph, abscess i in,
,, thyroid, results of extirpation of,
Glossoplegia, .
Gluteus medius muscle, inflammation
of the tendons of,
Goitre, cystic, .
» exopthalmie, j ‘
», fibrous, : ; :
meres
>, varicose,
Gonitis, : : 0
», chronica sicca, . 3 °
Grease, . :
Se cuesto exposure to sun’s 5 rays, .
s, inoculability of, 5 .
Gums, neoplasms of,
Giinther’s catheter for guttural pouch,
“Gut tie,” : c :
Guttural pouches, air in,
chronic catarrh of,
gas in, °
opening of the, .
their purpose,
tympanites of, :
9 9?
INDEX
PAGE PAGE
551 H
470
624 | HMATOCELE,. : : . 368
623 | Hemothorax, . 191
535 | Hemiplegia laryngis, : 162
535 | Hernia abdominal, 0 5 266
607 3, cruralis, é 259
420 », Giagnosis'of, . d ~ 22F
533 », diaphragmatica, . . 268
535 », essential constituents of, . 226
21 », false inguinal, . 254
471 »» incarcerated inguinal, 251
185 », Inguinal, : 0 «. 242
415 5 Ay in dogs, F a Hite)
443 56 7B in horses, A 244
546 5p ss in ruminants, . 208:
188 rf Op in swine, . 256
614 on non-strangulated, . 248
164 A inguinalis inter stitialis, » 254
469 », interna abdominalis, . 266
185 >» muscular, : : ols
616 », methods of cure, ; 231
,, nhon-strangulated, 230
519 a5 pelvacs : : . 266
561 ») perineal, 261
370 »> peritoneal, . 267
;, scrotalis, é ‘ . 242
», Sstrangulated, . 228
», umbilical, . 235
ventralis, . 262
199 | Hernial trusses, 3 é 230, 237
198 Herniotome, . fs c . 253
491 Herniotomy, 0 . 233
491 | Hind extremities, paraly sis of, . 431
400 ,, limb, paralysis of, ; - 584
222 | Hip-joint, inflammation Oi, 5 eel
621 >) Lameness, 5 : 5 . 096
282 | Hock, capped, . 650
398 i enlargement of outer surface of, 646
111 35 jou, ~ chronic inflammation of,. 630
i ;, luxation of, : . 625
91 is 5, Sprain of, ; 3 625
71 ;, wounds of, A 626
130 ge Holzzunge,” 5 F ; 16
18 Hoof, diseases of, é : 669
Horn cor e, fracture Of. . 109
582 3 splint for, A lay’)
128 | Horses’ ‘teeth, diagram of position 0) ee e!7
131 | Humerus, fracture Oi 6 c . 446.
128 | Hydrocele, 0 - 368
128 | Hyoid bone, fracture of, 7 20
128 | Hypospadia, . 0 3, OL2
608 Hyovertebrotomy, - 100
609
562
565 I
564
53 | Impaction of the crop in birds, » iy
100 | Incarceration, definition of, . ey
266 Incarnatio unguis, 720
104 | Inflammation ‘of the articulation of the
98 jaw, 85
105 46 5, bursa of biceps
101 muscle, 451
104 Pe iB UTS EOn ’the liga-
104 mentum nuchie, 132
Inflammation of the bursa of the flexor
pedis, . .
external auditory
meatus or Otor-
rhea,
39 2)
ny », elbow-joint, c
ve », epididymis, ;
re », flexor tendons, .
of », hip-joint, A
35 », jugular vein, ;
ligamentum nuche,
podophyllousmem-
brane,
posterior ligaments
of coronet-joint,
prepatellar bursa, {
prepuce in carni-
vora,
horse,
oxen,
a, swine,
salivary glands, .
sensitive ,lamine,
9 99 2?
39 9 2?
695,
spermatic cord, .
stifle-joint,
sub-maxillary
lymph glands,
sub-coronary con-
nective-tissue,.
tendons of Gluteus
Medius muscle,
testicle, . .
udder, .
urethra, ;
urinary bladder, .
wo wullvage 5
Inguinal hernia,
Pe canal, description of,
Injuries of the "knee in the horse,
penis, . 4
thigh, .
i Aa vulva, 6
5, produced by striking
ference), . ;
‘ to the anal region,
salivary glands,
‘r a, Gls :
‘ ny SORE structures of the
quarter, : :
», of the carotid artery, .
external ear,
. >, jugular vein,*.
3 >, recurrent nerve,
sympathetic nerve,
urethra,
vagus nerve,
cesophagus,
pharynx, é
rectum, . c
Instruments for trephining, :
Interdental space, injuries in,
“Interfering,” injuries from striking or,
Intestinal trochar, Friedberger’s,
Intussusception, ; :
Invagination of the bowel,
29 ”
99 9
(inter-
? bP)
99 22
INDEX. 727
PAGE PAGE
Inversio vesicee, - 336
489 | Inversion of the urinary bladder, . 337
Iodide of potassium in actinomy-
cosis, on Ss 724 90
95 | Iodine in actinomycosis, : 17
472 | Irrigation of the pleural sac, . 212
366
506
581 J
“ Jarde, or Jardon,” 647
Javart, cartilagineux, . 688
670 » cutané, 688
Jaw, actinomycosis of, 89
544 »» paralysis of, 86
611 », tumours of, 88
Joint felon, 711
347 | Jugular vein, inflammation of, 136
244 ‘ »» injury of, ibily/
345 A 3) ustulayot: 135
346 3 », thrombosis, 135
68
701 ys
370 KERATOMA, . : 5 699
609 Keratomata, excision of, 5 701
Knee, fracture of the bones of, 481
91 »» injuries to, in the horse, 482
», tumours of, in cattle, . . 484
684 », joint, chronic inflammation of, 487
532 Knuckling over in foals, : = oly
366 Kyphosis, : : aay,
390
329 L
333
377 | LACTATION, resemblance of, to inflam-
242 tnation, é ; 391
243 | Lameness, hip, : ‘ 596
482 Pr sesamoid, . c 548
349 si shoulder, . . 463
612 ae Pe from rheumatism, 465
377 a from thrombosis, 467
Lamine, inflammation of sensitive, . 695
666 Laminitis, . c - . 695
293 Pe exercise in, . é . 699
67 | Laparotomy, . 273
111 | Laryngismus stridulus, 162
Laryngitis, 157
572 55 chronic, 159
116 | Laryngo-fissure, 178
92 5, -Spasmus, 162
116 | Laryngotomy, . 178
117 | Larynx, diseases of, 158
117 », eXamination of, 160
329 », method of opening, 161
aly »> neuroses of, . 162
148 | Lateral cartilage, resection of, . 692
148 | ‘* Leg twitch,” 576
293 | Lips, bruises of, 2
61 », diseases of, 3
22 », tumours of, 5
666 », wounds of, 2
275 | Liquor Villati, - 187
284 | Lordosis, 417
284 | Lower jaw, dislocation ‘of, 84
728 INDEX.
PAGE
Lower jaw, fracture of, 82 | Muscular hernia, A
3. os ©6Splints' for, ‘fracture of, 83 | Myopathic paralysis of ‘the larynx, :
Lumbo-dorsal fascia, necrosis of, . 441 | Myotomy of biceps femoris muscle,
Luxatio patelle, > OO
Luxation of the dorsal vertebra, . 412
Bs we elbow-joint, . e 472 N
ee me femur, ‘ 577
io 3 », varieties of, 580 | NAvicuLAR bone, fracture of, . é
Pe 5 flexor pedis perforatus 5 », Tesection ue 5
tendon, ; 5 Obs = disease, . :
3 a hock-joint, 625 a », in hind- feet, :
ee ie lumbar vertebra, 412 ,, theories of, 8
5 3 os astragalus, , 625 Neck, "complications of wounds i in, c
Fe ‘5 os calcis, : 626 », diseases of, 6 5 ;
An 5 patella, laterally, 605 ,,. distortion of, , 5 :
5p - a upwards, 602 varieties of, cs
55 5 phalanges, 528 | Necrosis of the extensor pedis tendon,
5 4 sacro-iliac ar ticulation, 428 fy », externalear, . :
re its shoulder-joint, . 448 Ae », lumbo-dorsal fascia, .
a Ss stifle-joint, . 601 ,, turbinated bones, :
55 » symphysis ossium Neoplasms of the gums and alveoli,
pubis, ; 430 | Neuroses of the lary nX, : :
Lymphadenitis suppurativa, 195 | Nose, bleeding from, . . .
Nostrils, foreign bodies in, .
- tumoursin, . 5 5
M 5 wounds of the ale of, :
MAKROGLOSSIA, 16
“ Maladie du cuit,” 433 O
Malleoli of tibia, fracture of, 615
Mammary duct, closure of, 403 | Oponrtorp process of dentata, fracture
53 duct, stenosis of, 403 Ofsm as : :
5 gland, bruises of, 389 | (£dema of glans penis, elastic bandages
- 5, diseases of, 388 in, : 5 .
3 > Structure of... 388 (Esophageal fistula,
», Wounds of, . 389 BA foreeps, Delvos’ and Hert-
Manéwe movements in disease of middle wig’s, . 3 °
ear, . 5 é 96 ss snare, Meiers’, j 5
Mastitis acuta, 390 | Csophagocele, . . 6 c
», catarrhalis, 396 | Césophagotomy, :
», chronica, 405 | Csophagus, compression of, .
» gangrenosa, 400 es diseases of, F .
» lymphogenous, 392 as diverticula of, . :
‘ parenchymatosa, . 396 sp ectasie of,
cs 5 apostematosa,’ 898 so foreign bodies i in, in n cattle,
», phlegmonosa, . : . 394 ee Me in horse,
», traumatica, . 394 es s in swine,
tuberculous, 406 a injury of, . 4 .
Maxillary sinus, trepanation of, 62 3 paralysis of, 5 7
Mechanical injuries, . 5 alg} " psorospermia in, . 5
‘. pneumonia, 140, 168 5 rupture of,
Metacarpus, diseases of, 7, 55 spiroptera sanguinolenta i in,
Ap fractures of, 498 a stenosis of, ¢ :
45 wounds of, 499 i structure of, in various
Metatarsus, diseases of, . 654 aninals, . .
Milk catheters, precautions in using, 404 5 tumours of, -
Mouth, angular or sharp, 29 ma ventriculosus,
», diseases of, : . 10 { Olecranon, fracture of, :
», foreign bodies in, : 5 lll Omphalocele, ; 5
gag for cattle, 142 | Opening the guttural pouches, :
“ Mouth rot,’ 39 | Os astragalus, fracture of, : :
Mouth, shear- like, 31 3 - luxation of, : s
», Step-for med, 3 ,», calcis, fracture of, . 5
Mucous degeneration of the turbinated ness) | LULXaONNOL me ; 6
bones, . 64 ,, corone, fracture of,
Muscles of the larynx, paralysis Oi 4 BY) ay joretaliish pf 2
119
351
147
143
143
149
143
152
138
149
149
141
139
145
118
153
156
149
157
152
139
155
149
470
235
101
624
625
623
626
535
535
INDEX.
PAGE
Osteoporosis, : . 90 | Periproctitis, . .
Othzematoma, . : 5 . 93 | Peritoneal hernia,
Otitis externa, . : . 94 Pr scrotal hernia,
>» interna, ‘ 3 . 94 | Phalanges, anatomy of,
emmedia, : 5 296 3 fractures of, 5
Otorrhea, P 95 +9 luxations of, . -
Ovary, treatment of cysts ss 409 | Pharynx, diseases of, . . :
xen, method of restraining, . 709 55 foreign bodies i in, :
5p paralysis of, :
a tumours in, é -
IP Phimosis, ; . : 343,
Phlebitis, 4 5 .
Pap of the foot, wounds of, . 722 Phlegmonous mastitis, 5 .
Panaritium, F 712 | Picked-up nails, :
Paracentesis abdominis, - . 223 | Plaster for setting fractures, Stolz’ Shue
3 thoracis, . 3 . 209 | Pleura, wounds of, ° . .
Paresthesia, . 5 ; . 439 Pueumothorax, 3 c :
Paralysis, facial, : 7 | Pododermatitis acuta, . = 5
ne », lmasticatory, . 87 i chronica, 5
Do trigeminal, . sid verrucosa vel migrans,
OF of the brachial plexus, . 462 Podophyllous membrane, acute inflam-
3 », crural nerve, . > 587 mation of, . 5 ° .
35 », hind-extremities, 431 | Poll-evil, :
oe ;, hind-limb, . 584 | Position of horses’ teeth, diagram of. 4
. », ischiatic nerve, . 586 | Posterior aorta, thrombosis of, 5
35 », Jaw (so-called), 5 eke Pr ligament of the coronet-joint,
Hs », muscles of the larynx, 163 inflammation of, .
35 », nervi radialis, 457 | Preisnitz’s poultices, . c
36 », obturator nerve, 590 | Pre-maxillary bone, fracture of,
a An cesophagus, ‘ . 153 | Prepuce, anatomy of, in horse,
Ag So penis; . 9349 33 OG 6
<3 »» peroneal nerve, 5 Beis inflammation of, in carnivor a,
oh 5p ee TAwIS, Gg 153 a 5 horse,
Ae », radial nerve,. 5 YRC ze - oxen, ;
ae », rectum, 5 a UT swine, .
56 »» Supra-scapular nerve, 454 », _partial amputation of,
of », tibial nerve, . 5, | tahet5) Pressure in treatment of tendinitis, :
ap », tongue, 18 ** Pricks” in shoeing, . : :
0 My es bladder, 331 | Probang for cattle, ; c
Paraphimosis, . A . 848 | Processus vaginalis, dropsy of,
Paraplegia, . - : . 4380 | Proctitis, :
Paraproctitis apostematosa, . 5° SEN Prognathous jaw, :
Parasites in the trachea, 167 | Prolapse of the anus, . °
Parenchymatous infiltration of rthe udder , 396 <5 ee keceum.
a inflammation of the 3 », Of the urinar y bladder,
udder, 396 4 », uterus, °
Parotitis, P 67 vagina, é
Patella, displacement of, 4 601 Prolapsus vagine, é :
» fracture of, > (aOY/ An vesice, 5
“- luxation of, . : 602, 605 | Prostate, castration for enlarged,
», rupture of the straight liga- $3 diseases of, . :
ments of, . : . 607 | Pulmonary embolism, ° °
Pelvic hernia, . : d . 266 | Punetio intestini, : 5
Pelvis, fracture of, . 420 > Vesice, 5 ;
Penetrating wounds of the abdomen, . 216 | Puncture for empyema,
Penis, amputation of, : 5 BOE! 55 of the abdomen, 4
»» injuries of, 5 : . 349 * 3 bladder, :
», paralysisof, . 5 . 349 3 53 4 perineal, .
,, tumours of, : S 5 Be) ee sh os rectal, A
Pericarditis, septic, in cattle, . a mail s 3 + supra-pubic,
Pericystitis, . 5 3 5 oe 5 53 bowel, : -
as chronica, . 2, 83D 5 53 », through the ab-
Perilaryngitis chronica fibr osa, . 158 dominal walls,
Perineal hernia, ; fail or ae » through the
Periosteotomy in splint lameness, ee 25) rectum, :
Periostitis, alveolar, : 40, 50 | $5 7. rumen, : -
730 ; INDEX,
PAGE |
Puncture of the thorax, . 210 Salivary glands, tumours of, é
Purulent cellulitis of the fibro- fatty frog, 677 » woundsof, . 6
| Sarcoptes cynotis in canker, .
Scapula, fractures of, . : :
Q Scirrhous cord, . ° :
a bothryomyces in, =
QUARTER, injuries to the soft structures A caused by ciecoueee
Of is . E : - 572 equi,
©*Quittor,” é : ; - 688 slephy locos in,
Scrotal hernia, . .
Scrotum, diseases Oly me
BR Sectio alta, ; 5 :
Sesamoid bones, fractures Oy :
RADIAL nerve, paralysis of, . se 457 ‘si lameness,
Radius, fracture of, . : . 471 | Sewell’s frog seton ‘needle,
Ranula, . c : 19,68 | ‘‘ Sharp mouth,”
Rectal tumours, : ‘ molt Shears, Pr ofessor Moller’ s tooth, 5
Recto-vaginal fistula, . : | 309 | Shear-like mouth, ; . :
Rectum, diseases of, . 9 . 290 | Sheep, ccenurus cerebralis ies ‘i
9 dilatation of, . ‘ 5 wey | », footrot in, : :
sy mules! tose : . 293 | Shoeing after tendinitis, ;
a paralysis of, . C . 807 | Shoulder abscess, :
», prolapse of, . : . 299 a joint, diseases of, ;
e stenosis of, . A . 3806 ap 3) luxationioi, 7 ;
wounds of, a c . 295 a lameness, . ; ;
Recurrent nerve, injury of, . 5, lily 9 a from rheumatism, .
Removal of ccenurus cerebralis, me ee3 a 3 ;, thrombosis, .
Resection of the flexor pedis perforans, 677 Slip. . j
an » lateral cartilage, a O92) |) Se Sit- fasts,” treatment of, : .
5, navicular bone, - 552 | Skoliosis, ° . .
Rhino- laryngoscope, Polansky and Skull, fracture of, C .
Schindelka’s, : ; 5 (ley », wounds of, :
Rhinoscleroma, : ; 0. taz/ “* Smooth mouth,” 4
‘¢Ring-bone,” . . . 537 | Sole, bruises of the pads of,
Ring- -bones, importance of shoeing in,. 5438 », dropped, : : :
** Roaring,” 5 159, 162 », wounds of, ‘ ,
Pes chloral treatment in, . 163 | Spasm of the Rima Glottidis, :
x morphine treatment in, . 163 | Spasmus Glottidis, :
ps operation for, A 19 Spavan A
Rotation luxation of the neck, sol24 55 «(LORS :
a of the colon in horses, . 286 », conformation predisposing to,.
“‘Ruminant’s mouth,” 4 3 eroo) ,, pathological anatomy of, 3
Rumenotomy, .- ue 278 », test for, 4 ‘ F
Rupture of the biceps muscle, . . 453 >, theory of production, .
i ay tlexor tendons, 4 . 502 ,, treated by median neur otomy,
be 5 », metatarsi muscle, 617 . ae opening bursa of
53 5, gastrocnemii muscle, . 621 flexor metatarsi,
fe » esophagus, . 5) se A periosteotomy, 0
me », Sstraight,ligaments of the 5 5 section of flexor me-
patella, ° - 607 tatarsi tendon, .
a ,, tendo-Achillis muscle,. 621 | Spermatic cord, hydrocele of, . :
sa », tibio-fibular interosse- », inflammation of, .
ous ligament, 617 Spinal cord, inflammation of, . .
¥ curvature, factors in producing,
Spinaventosa, . : : -
S Spine, curvature of, . : .
Splints, : c - .
SaAcRO-ILIAC articulation, luxation of, 428 », for fracture of lower jaw,
Sacrum, fracture of, . é = 45 ,, theory of production of, -
‘Saddle ” for fixing dressings in place, 576 | Split pastern, ‘
Saddle-bed, injuries in, Z - 199 | Sprain of the coronary joint, :
Sp -galls, C 0 : 5 GS) ap », hock-joint, ‘ :
Salivary calculi, é ‘ a 2 Me », Sstifle-joint,
x fistulee, : . 73 | Stabs in shoeing, :
ms clands, inflammation of, . 68 | Stenosis of the cesophagus,
op 6 injuries to, . . 67 56 » rectum,
Stenosis of the trachea, : :
Step-formed mouth, . : :
Sternal fistula, . : c ;
Sternum, fracture of, -
Stifle-joint, inflammation of, .
injuries to, : “
5; Luxationvof, 5 :
», sprain of, .
Stockfleth’s wooden ring in prolapsus
37 29
ani, . . .
Strangulation of the ton gue, . 5
Striking or interfering, - .
A boot for,
Stringhalt, :
attempts to produce arti-
99
ficially, . ° .
ae forms of, .
3 treated by section of thigh
fascias) .
Structure of ur ethra, :
Struma, : 5
Sturdy in cattle, : . :
ee sheep, :
Sub-coronary connective tissue, inflam-
mation of, . C .
Subcutaneous blistering,
firing,
Sub- maxillary iil glands, inflam-
mation of, . :
Sub-parotid ‘lymph glands, abscess in,
Superior maxillary sinus, trephining g
the, : . . ° .
Supernumerary teeth, .
Supporting leg lameness, definition of,
Suprascapular nerve, paralysis of,
Suspensory bandage,
ligament, inflammation of,
Suture, André’s tobacco pouch, ;
‘5 Gély’s bowel, . . :
Lembert’s bowel, .
22
3 Wolfler’s bowel, ‘
Swine, foreign bodies in “cesophagus of,
Swinging leg lameness, definition of,
Sympathetic nerve, injury of, .
Symphysis ossium pubis, luxation of, « :
4h
THNIA CENURUS in sheep, .
Tail, diseases of, : -
Tapping the chest,
Tartar, dental, .
Teeth, diseases of,
displacement of,
extraction of,
Le)
2? © :
pr ecautions ity gy
3)
irregular development, .
29
3 5 wear, . , ‘
supernumerary,
Tender- mouthed horses, treatment of, .
Tendinitis, :
after influenza,
Tendo Achillis, rupture of,
Tendons contracted, .
necrosis of
INDEX,
PAGE
165 | Tendons, rupture of, after neurectomy,
33 | Tendon sheaths, disease of, in tarsal
187 and metatarsal re-
188 gions, .
608 i Py enlarged, opening by
608 cautery, .
601 55 r of fore-limb, schema of,
601 | Tenotomy,
5 importance of exercising
304 after, . 5 .
13 | Testicle, calcification of, 5 .
666 3; carcinoma of,. - é
669 » congenital defects of, . -
661 », Giseasesof, . ; ;
55 ectopia of, ¢
663 », inflammation of, 5
662 i retention of, . .
tumours of, .
665 Testicles, supernumerary, :
329 | Thigh, diseases of, : F :
127 », injuries of, ; 7 c
115 », wounds of, - 5 5
111 | Thoracic cavity, wounds of, . .
ee eIDyUTIEss : .
685 | Thoracocentesis, : :
641 | Thorax, diseases of, :
643 »» puncture of, -
Thrombosis of the jugular vein, :
91 An 5, posterior aorta and
71 branches,
39 5, posterior aorta after
63 endocarditis, .
25 | Thyroid extract in myxcedema, ;
422 », gland, consequences of re-
454 moval, ; 7 3
350 | Thyroidotomy, 5 : -
502 | Tibia, fracture of, o 5 5
303 3 49 malleoli of,
Die », greenstick fracture of, . .
273 | Tibio-fibular interosseous ligament,
273 rupture of, , - :
145 | Toe, bruises ‘of the pads of,
422 », wounds AA
117 | Tongue, actinomycosis of,
430 4). diseasesiof 5
», inflammation of,
», paralysis of, . :
Ser angulation of, :
Tooth forceps, Frick and Hauptner’s, .
111 5 7" Giinther’s, 5 :
439 53) SCLEWs) ee :
209 »» Shears, Metznik’ 8, :
39 5 », Professor Moller’s,
24 ;, substance, diseases of,
27 | Torticollis,
43 | Trachea, deformities of,
48 5 diseases of, .
26 + dilatation of, by tubes,
28 30 parasites in, .
25 fe stenosis of, .
93 | Tracheal canula, Bar thélemy’s,
506 ny a Leblanc’s,
508 i fF Peuch’s,
621 i) e double tube, :
517 », trochar, Hayne’s, : 5
504 Bs tumours, 2 -
731
PAGE
503
732
Tracheotome, Martys’, j A
33 Thompson’s, 5
Trachéotomie sous cricoidienne, .
Tracheotomy, . ° . .
6 dangers of, 3 .
:, ill etfects of, .
ay tubes or canulee, .
Traumatic inflammation of the udder,
Treads of the coronet, . . °
Trephines, : . .
Trephining instr uments, . .
ne position for, .
53 the facial sinuses,
se », maxillary sinus,
oe », Superior maxillary
sinus, . c
Trigeminal paralysis, . ° .
Tumours, actinomyces, 5 6
55 of the anus, . é é
3 7 bladder, o .
55 53 breast, . é
5 45 epididymis, . 5
oe) ” jaw, ° O
- ae knee in cattle,
is in lips, . 5 5
me a nostrils, r :
2? ” penis, e e
AD =5 rectum,
- a salivary glands,
aa fs sheath, .
e A testicle,
va 93 trachea,
- e udder,
Me ‘ urethra,
uterus,
” 9
vagina,
Turbinated hones, necrosis of, :
Twist of the colon,
‘i is », method of detec:
tion, 5
ss Ff », Operation for, a
Tylomata, c . 9
Tympanites, acute, .
5 composition of gas Ms 6
i of the guttural pouch, °
U
UDDER, actinomycosis of, ; 5
» acute inflammation of,
» amputation of, -
>, . catarrh of, : 4
>, chronic inflammation of,
» gangrenous 5
AC parenchymatous -
», purulent a
», traumatic 55
tumours of, . 5 :
Ulna, fracture of, ; : ;
Umbilical hernia, .
Degives’ treatment, .
a” », Bordonnat’s clam for,
s », Combe’s clam for, ,
25 pouch in swine, ; 5
re) 99
INDEX.
PAGE
173 | ‘* Unchoking” in cattle, : ;
171 | Urinary bladder, inflammation of, .
U7? ae 55 inversion of, é
167 oe 55 5 in female
Ua. animals,
NG of H a paralysis of, . ;
174 is At prolapse of, . .
394 “a a 43 in female
680 animals,
60 °, cealeuli, i : -
60 so x composition of, ‘
61 Ae 5 in the dog, . ‘
59 oF) oP) 9 horse, °
63 >, swine, 3
Urine, incontinence of, .
63 Urethra, anatomy of, in ox, 5
87 5 inflammation of, 5 F
76 is injuries of, . :
311 = purulent catarrh of, . 0
340 is structure of, . 6 9
208 tumours of, . 0 ;
367 Urethral calculi in the horse, . c
88 >> in ruminants,
484 Urethrotomy, complications of, in her-
5 bivora, ; :
55 oF in horses, : .
353 3 in ruminants, . n
311 | Uterine crutch, Giinther’s, .
75 | Uterus, amputation of, :
353 oes canceriot, : 6 .
367 », prolapse of, . : :
167 Bs a reduced by injection
407 of water,
341 nA tuberculosis of, : A
387 ss tumours of, .
386
64
286
y
286
288
208 | VAGINA, cysts of,
279 5, occlusion of,
278 », prolapse of, : ;
105 ise) tumMmoursiof an. : c
Vaginal ring, Sauberg’s,
YT uuSses;
Vaginitis, : 2 .
“9 infectious, in cows,
Vagus nerve, injury of, -
406 | Varicocele, 0 ° c :
390 | Venous pulse, .
403 | Ventral hernia,
396 | Veratrin in impaction of the ceso-
405 phagus, .
400 5p subcutaneous injection of, in
396 95 paralysis of supraseapular
398 nerve, ‘ ‘ C
394 | Vertebree, fractures of, .
407 50 injuries to, .
469 Viborg’ s triangle, ; ¢ ;
235 | Villat’s solution, : : 5
239 | Vocal cords, resection of,
240 | Volar flexion, ; : ;
240 | Vulva, inflammation of, ; ;
347 », injuries to,
387
386
377
380
386
381
381
379
379
117
368
271
262
145
456
412
410
101
187
161
528
377
377
_ §WHISTLING,”
WwW
Whitlow of the claw,
Wound gelatine,
Wounds of the abdomen,
ale of the nostrils, .
chest-wall,
fore-arm,
mammary gland,
metacarpus,
neck,
pads of the sole and
toe, '
Wounds of the pleura,
39
Wry neck,
rectum,
salivary ene
skull,
soft tissue of the
claw, :
thigh,
thoracic cavity,
Z
ZEHDEN’S syringe and trochar for re-
moyal of ccenurus cerebralis,
113
a
o*
2 ear
Naa Bat Reins Sate Ag ithiget b en REL EN
eer Ue U Bul ta” iy
ce, eo " ett
(ede
I aa! j i S a
‘ ‘ eS
: ¥
UA ‘ rs
Poon, at i = ‘ :
4 x UJ
7 ‘ t Mi
-
tt aa
eas oar
6 AG
RARY
OF CONGRESs
InN)