Hatch, $.L. and K.C. Haile. Checklist of Texas grass species and a key to the genera. Phytoneuron 2012-57: 1-60. Published
27 June 2012. ISSN 2153 733X

CHECKLIST OF TEXAS GRASS SPECIES
AND A KEY TO THE GENERA

Srepuan L. Hatcu and KE tty C. Hate
S.M. Tracy Herbarium
Department of Ecosystem Science and Management
Universit
College Station, Texas 77843-2138

ABSTRACT

The grass family (Poaceae) is the second largest vascular plant family in Texas. This
checklist was created to provide information on the currently known grass species and their
distribution in Texas using the 10 vegetational areas for the state. The list provides current scientific
names and synonyms as well as common names and an indication of the geographic distribution. The
origin (native versus introduced), longevity (perennial versus annual), and season of growth (cool
versus warm) are also given for each species. A dichotomous key to the Texas grass genera follows
the checklist.

KEY WORDS: Poaceae, Texas, species checklist, synonyms, vegetational areas, key to genera

Buchloe dactyloids (Nut.) Englem.
butfalograss
(Hitchcock, 1951)

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 2

The need for identification and classification of organisms, like grasses, is fundamental to the
study of ecology, ecological restoration, forages, and wetlands as well as our immediate surroundings.
Communication with other people regarding plants requires more then a simple, “This is
buffalograss”, with a specimen or image. Plant names, be they common or scientific, are highly
important to accurately and quickly communicate knowledge to other people, written or verbally.
Checklists have been developed to show species occurrence within certain boundaries or variation
within a taxon e.g., “All these are grama grasses.”

Texas has about 638 species (Table 1), and about 150 genera of grasses. Table 1 shows a
comparison of Gould (1975), Shaw et al. (2011), with our data. Table 2 is a synopsis of our
classification, giving the numbers of subfamilies, tribes, genera, and species in the state.

Grass species distributions use the map (Fig. 1) with 10 vegetation areas. These areas are
numbered 1-10 and have specific names. The numbers following species in the checklist indicates
the distribution of each taxon. For additional information see the following publications and
discussions (Cory & Parks 1937; Gould 1962, 1975; Correll & Johnston 1970; Hatch et al. 1990;
Powell 1994; Jones et al. 1997; Turner et al. 2003; Shaw et al. 2011).

VEGETATIONAL AREAS OF TEXAS

PINEYWOODS

GULF PRAIRIES AND MARSHES
Post OAK SAVANNAH
BLACKLAND PRAIRIES
CROSS TIMBERS AND PRAIRIES

HIGH PLAINS
‘TRANS-PECOS, MOUNTAINS AND BASINS

Semvausuns
y
g 2
=
Z
g
is
&
3
&

Figure 1. Vegetational areas of Texas.

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 3

The current checklist and key are based primarily on the large collection of grasses housed in
the S.M. Tracy Herbarium (TAES) and thus reflect a larger base of data than in previous summary
accounts of the Texas Poaceae. Although we have attempted to provide relevant data on Texas
grasses, this publication obviously will be incomplete in various respects. We emphasize the
importance of expanding and refining the understanding of the Texas flora. Thus, we welcome and
encourage all interested persons to comment and make additions to the database used for this list. We
encourage the documentation of new records by specimen vouchers and expect to add many new
records as a result of your collections and our verification.

Table 1. Comparison of selected treatments of Texas Grasses

Goulds (1975) Shaw et al. 2011 This Checklist
Subfam ilies 6 8 9
Tribes 21 19 23
Genera 122 181 150
Species 523 721 638

Table 2. Synopsis of this grass classification

Subfamilies Tribes Genus/Genera Species
Aristidoideae 1 1 18
Arundinoideae 1 3 4
Bam busoideae 2 3 3
Centothecoideae 1 1 2
Chloridoideae 4 45 215
Danthonioideae 1 2 4
Ehrhartoideae 2 6 11
Panicoideae 2 42 239
Pooideae 9 47 142
Total 23 150 638

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 4

This Checklist of Texas Grasses summarizes species and distribution data that includes the
following information:

1. All species names are in alphabetical order.

ad

The distribution for each taxon is summarized by the numbers 1-10, representing the 10
vegtational areas of Texas (Fig. 1). In addition to this see the six areas of the data below.

w

Correct names are in italics and boldface. Appropriate synonyms are not in italics or bold
and underlined. Synonyms are included in the alphabetical list. The synonyms are followed
by parentheses that include an equal (=) sign and where that synonym is now treated as a
taxon.

>

Authorities are given for genera, species, subspecies, and varieties (typical subspecies and
varieties, called autonyms, do not have authorities).

wm

Scientific names and authorities are followed by common names (if available). The first
common name of a species is shown in all capital letters, and additional common names
appear in lowercase letters. The initial letters of common names for genera, if any, are
capitalized. If the common name of a genus is used, the name is abbreviated to its first letter.

an

The codes for origin, longevity, phenology, distribution, and cultivation are given to the
right of the accepted species.
Origin
N= Native I= Introduced

Longevity
A= Annual B= Biennial P= Perennial

Season of Growth
W= Warm season C= Cool season

Cultivated
CUL

7. Cultivated crops or ornamental taxa are designated with CUL.

The following codes denote plant origin, longevity, season of growth and wetland classification.
Origin: N = Native, I = Introduced
Longevity: A = Annual, B = Biennial, P = Perennial
Season of growth: W = Warm season growth, C= Cool season growth.

Cultivated = CUL

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 5

2012 Grasses of Texas Checklist

ACHNATHERUM (= STIPA)
A. aridum (=Stipa arida)
A. clandestinum (=Stipa clandestina)
A. curvifolium (=Stipa curvifolia)
A. eminens (=Stipa eminens)
A. hymenoides (=Stipa hymenoides)
A. lobatum (=Stipa lobata)
A. nelsonii (=Stipa perplexa)
A. perplexum (=Stipa perplexa)
A. robustum (=Stipa robusta)

A. scribneri (=Stipa scribneri)

AEGILOPS (=TRITICUM)
A. cylindrica (=Triticum cylindricum)

AGROPOGON
A. littoralis (Sm.) C. E. Hubbard

(Agrostis stolonifera x Polypogon monospeliensis)

AGROPYRON Gaertn., Wheatgrass
A. arizonicum (=Elymus arizonicus)
A, cristatum (L.) Gaertn., CRESTED W.
A. desertorum (=A. cristatum)
A. elongatum (=Elymus pontica)
A. intermedium (=Elymus hispidus)
A. smithii (=Elymus smithii)
A. spicatum (=Elymus spicatus)
A. subsecundum (=Elymus trachycaulus)

A. trachycaulum (=Elymus trachycaulus)

AGROSTIS L., Bentgrass
A. avenacea J. Gmel., PACIFIC B.
A. elliottiana Schult., ELLIOTT B., annual
ticklegrass
A, exarata Trin. SPIKE B.
A. gigantea (=A. stolonife
A, hyemalis Walt.) B.S.P., WINTERB.,, fly-
away grass, ticklegrass, spring b.
A, perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm., AUTUMN B.,
perennial b.
A. scabra (=A. Ayemalis)
A. semiverticillata (=Polypogon viridis)

IPW

IPC

IPC
NAC

NPC

NPC

NPC

10
8 9 10CUL
10
12 3 4 ds
10
1623 4 3 Oe 7 10
1 3

A, stolonifera L., REDTOP, creeping b. IPC

AIRA L., Hairgrass
A. caryophyliea L., ANNUAL H. TAC
A. elegans (=A. caryophyllea)

ALLOLEPIS Soder. & H. F. Deck.
A, texana (Vasey) Soder. & H. F. Deck. NPW

ALOPECURUS L., Foxtail
A. carolinianus Walt., CAROLINA F. NAC
A, myosuroides Huds., MOUSE F., slimspike f. TAC

AMELICHLOA (= STIPA)
A. clandestina (= Stipa clandestina)

ANDROPOGON L., Bluestem
A. annulatus (=Dichanthium annulatum)
A. altus (= Bothriochtoa alta)
A. aristatus (=Dichanthium aristatum)

A. barbinodis (= Bothriochloa barbinodis var.
barbinodis)

A. bladhii (= Bothriochloa bladhii)
A. caucasicus (= Bothriochloa bladhii)

A. cirratus (= Schizachyrium cirratum)

A. divergens (= Schizachyrium scoparium var.
divergens)

A. edwardsianus (= Bothriochloa edwardsiana)

A. elliottii of Texas auth., not Chapm. (=A. gyrans)

A. exaristatus (= Bothriochloa exaristata)

}

A. frequens (=Schi
scoparium)
A, gerardii Vitman, BIG B.
var. chrysocomus (Nash) Fern., BIG B. NPW
var. gerardii BIG B., turkey-foot NPW
var. paucipilus (Nash) Fern., SAND B. NPW
A, glomeratus (Walt.) B.S.P., BUSHY B., bushy NPW
beardgrass

scoparium var.

A. gyrans Ashe ELLIOTT’S B., Elliott beardgrass NPW

A. hallii (=A. gerardii var. pau cipilus)

A. hirtiflorus (= Schizachyri i
hirtiflorum)

A. hybridus (= Bothriochloa hybrida)

A. intermedia (= Bothriochloa bladhii)

3

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species

1: 2-3) 2409 7

Oo 0 0 0

6

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 7

A. ischaemum var. songaricus (= Bothri
ischaemum)

A. littoralis (=Schizachyrium scoparium var.
littoralis)

A. longipaniculata (=Bothriochloa laguroides
subsp. torreyana)

A. neomexicanum (= Schizachyrium
neomexicanum

A. nodosus (= Dichanthium aristatum)

KL AAhArhi naa

A. perforatus (= Bothri

ay

A. pertusus (= Bothri pertusa)

A. saccharoides var. torreyanus (= Bothri.
laguroides subsp. torreyana)

A. scoparius var. divergens (= Schizachyrium
scoparium var. divergens)

A. scoparius var. virilis (= Schizachyrium
scopariumvar. divergens)

A. sericeus (= Dichanthium sericeum)
A. spadiceus (=Schizachyrium spadiceum)
A. springfieldii (= Bothriochloa springfieldii)

A, ternarius Michx. SPLITBEARD B., splitbeard NPW Te 2-3) wai § 10
beardgrass, silvery beardgrass, feather b.
A. virginicus L., BROOMSEDGEB., NPW 12 3 4 5 67

yellowsedge b., Virginia b., broomsedge
A. virginicus var. abbreviatus (=A. gl
A. wrightii (= Bothriochloa wrightii)

ANISTANTHA (= BROMUS)
A. diandrus (=Bromus diandrus)
A. rubens (=Bromus rubens)
A. sterilis (=Bromus sterilis)

A. tectorum (=Bromus tectorum)
ANTHAENANTIA P. Beauv., Silkyscale

A. rufa (ElL) Schult, PURPLE S. NPW 1 2
A, villosa (Michx.) P. Beauv., GREEN S., purple © NPW 1 2.3
8.

ANTHOXANTHUM L., Vernalgrass

A. aristatum Boiss., SMALL SWEET V., v. TAC
A. odoratum L., SWEET V. IPC
APERA Adans.
A, spica-venti (L.) P.Beauv., LOOSE TAC 4

SILKYBENT, windgrass

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 8

ARISTIDA L., Threeawn

A. adscensionis L., SUXWEEKS T. NAW 6 7 8 9 10

A. affinis (=A. palustris)

A, arizonica Vasey, ARIZONA T. NPW 10

A. barbata (=A. havardii)

A, basiramea Engelm. ex Vasey, FORKTIP T. NAW 3 4

A. brownii (= A. purpurea)

A, desmantha Trin. & Rupr., CURLY T.,western NAW 6 7 8 9 10
tripleawn grass, western t.

A, dichotoma Michx., CHURCHMOUSE T., NAW 1 3 4
povertygrass

A, divaricata Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., NPW dl. 9 10
POVERTY T.

A. fendleriana (=A. purpurea var. fendleriana)

A. glauca (=A. purpurea var. nealleyi)

A. gypsophila Beetle, GYP T. NPW 10
A. hamulosa (=A. ternipes)

A. havardii Vasey, HAVARD T. NPW 9 10
A. intermedia (=A. longespica var. geniculata)

A, lanosa Muhl. ex Ell, WOOLLYSHEATH T., NPW T2304

woolly tripleawn grass, woolly t.
A. longiseta (=A. purpurea var. longiseta)

A. longiseta var. rariflora (=A. purpurea var.
longiseta

A. longiseta var. robusta (=A. purpurea var.
longiseta

A, longespica Poir., SLIMSPIKE T.
var. geniculata (Raf.) Fern, KEARNEY NAW 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

var. longespica, SLIMSPIKE T., NAW 1 2 3 4
slender t.
A, oligantha Michx., OLDFIELD T., prairie t., NAW 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
few-flowered aristida_ A. orcuttiana (=A.
schiediana)
A, palustris (Chapm.) Vasey, LONGLEAF T. NPW 1
A, pansa Woot. & Standl., WOOTEN T. NPW 7 10
NPW 1 2 3 4 ii

A, purpurascens Poir.,
ARROWFEATHER T., broomsedge, arrowgrass
A. purpurea Nutt. NPW 10
var. fendleriana (Steud.) Vasey ,
FENDLER T

var. laxiflora (=A. purpurea var.
purpurea)

var. longiseta (Steud.) Vasey, RED T.,
dogtown-grass,

var. nealleyi (Vasey) Allred, NEALLEY
Ts

var. purpurea, PURPLE T., purple
needlegrass

var. wrightii (Nash) Allred, WRIGHT”S
T

A, ramosissima Engelm. ex A. Gray, S-CURVE T.

A. roemeriana (=A. purpurea var. purpurea)

A, schiedeana Trin. & Rupr., SINGLEAWN
ARISTIDA, beggarstick t., Orcutt’s t.

A. ternipes Cav.
var. gentilis (Henr.) Allred, HOOK T.
var. ternipes, SPIDERGRASS

A. virgata (=A. purpurascens)

A. wrightii (=4. purpurea var. wrightii)

ARTHRAXON P. Beauv.
A. hispidus (Thunb.) Makino, JOINTHEAD

ARUNDINARIA Michx.

A, gigantea (Walt.) Muhl., GIANTCANE,
southern cane

A. tecta (=A. gigantea)

ARUNDO L.
A, donax L., GIANTREED

AVENA L., Oat
A. fatua L.
var. fatua, WILD O.
var. sativa (L.) Hausskn., O., cultivated

0.
A. sativa (=A. fatua var. sativa)

AXONOPUS P. Beauv., Carpetgrass
A. affinis (=A. fissifolius)
A. compressus (Sw.) P. Beauv., BROADLEAF C.
A. fissifolius (Raddi) Kuhlman, COMMON C.
A, furcatus (Flugge) A. Hitche., BIG C., flat
crabgrass

BLEPHARIDACHNE Hack.

B. bigelovii (S. Wats.) Hack., BIGELOW
DESERTGRASS

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species

NPW

NPW

NPW

NPW

NAW

NPW

NPW
NPW

IAW

NPC

IPW

TAC
TAC

NPW

BLEPHARONEURON Nash
B. tricholepis (Torr.) Nash, PINE DROPSEED,
hairy dropseed
BOTHRIOCHLOA Kuntze., Bluestem
B. alta (A. Hitche.) Henr., TALL B.
B. barbinodis (Lag.) Hert., CANE B.
var. barbinodis, CANE B., cane
beardgrass, bristlejoint b.

var. perforata (Fourn.) Gould,
PINHOLE B., pinhole beardgrass,
perforated b.
bladhii (Retz.) 8. T. Blake, AUSTRALIAN B.
. caucasica (=B, bladhii)
edwardsiana (Gould) L. R. Parodi, MERRILL’S
B

exaristata (Nash) Henr., AWNLESS B.
hybrida (Gould) Gould, HYBRID B.
. intermedia (=B. bladhii)

ischaemum (L.) Keng, KING RANCH B.
laguroides (DC.) Hert.

subsp. torreyana (Steud.) Allred &

Gould, SILVER B., silver beardgrass

B. longipaniculata (=B. laguroides subsp.
torreyana
B. pertusa (L.) A. Camus, PITTED B.
B. sachharoides var. torreyana (=B. laguroides
subsp. torreyana)
B. springfieldii (Gould) L. R. Parodi,
SPRINGFIELD B.
B. wrightii Hack.) Henr., WRIGHT’S B.

wei wm wih

BOUTELOUA Lag. mut. Lag., Grama
B. aristidoides (Kunth) Griesb.
var. aristidoides, NEEDLE G., sixweek

g.
var. arizonica (M. E. Jones) Allred

B. barbata Lag., SEXWEEKS G.

B. breviseta Vasey, GYPG.

B. chondrosioides (Kunth) Benth. ex S. Wats. ,
SPRUCETOP G.

B. curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.

var. caespitosa Gould & Kapadia,
SIDEOATS G.

var. curtipendula, SIDEOATS G.

var. tenuis Gould & Kapadia,
CREEPING SIDEOATS G.
B. dactyloides (=Buchloe dactyloides)

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species

NPW

NPW

IPW

NPW

NPW

2 5

2 5

2 3

2

2

2.3) A'S

Qe Be ASS

2.3 45
5

2-3) 45

6

6

6

6

10

B. eriopoda (Torr.) Tarr., BLACK G., woollyfoot
g.

B. gracilis (Kunth) Lag., ex Griffiths, BLUE G.

B. hirsuta Lag., HAIRY G.

B. kayii Warnock, KAY G.

B. pectinata Featherly, TALL G.

B. ramosa Scribn. ex Vasey, CHINO G.

B. repens (Kunth) Scribn., & Merr., SLENDER
G., large-mesquite g.

B. rigidiseta Steud.) A. Hitchc.
var. rigidiseta, TEXAS G.,
mesquitegrass

simplex Lag., MAT G.

B. trifida Thurb. ex 8. Wats., RED G., threeawn g.
var. trifida

uniflora Vasey, NEALLEY G., one-flowered

&

&

g.
B. warnockii Gould & Kapadia, WARNOCK G.

BRACHIARIA (Trin.) A. Griseb., Signalgrass
._ arizonica (=Urochloa arizonica)
. brizantha (=U. brizantha)
. ciliatissima (= U. ciliatissima)
. eruciformis (J. E. Smith) A. Griseb.
. fasciculata (=U. fusca)

w

w iw & |e |w

_ mutica (=U. mutica)
B. plantaginea (=U. platyphylla)
B. platyphylla (=U. platyphyll
B. ramosa (=U. fasciculata)
B. reptans (=U. reptans)
B. texana (=U. texana)

BRACHYEL YTRUM P. Beauv.

B. erectum (Schreb. ex Spreng.) P. Beauv.,
SOUTHERN SHORTHUSK

BRACH YPODIUM P. Beauv.

B. distachyon (L.) P. Beauv., PURPLE
FALSEBROME

BRIZAL., Quakinggrass
B, maxima L., BIG Q.

B, minor L., LITTLEQ.

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species

NPW

NPW

IAW

NPC

TAC

TAC

TAC

2.3. 4

2-3. 4

sas ws 4

CUL

11

BROMOPSIS (=BROMUS)

B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.

anomalus (= Bromus anomalus)
ciliatus (= Bromus ciliatus)
inermis (= Bromus inermis)
lanatipes (= Bromus lanatipes)
pubescens (= Bromus pubescens)
texensis (= Bromus texensis)

BROMUS L., Brome
anomalus Rupr. ex Fourn., NODDING B.,

B.

wb

anomalous b.

arizonicus (Shear) Stebbins, ARIZONA B.

carinatus Hook. & Arm., CALIFORNIA B

B. catharticus M. A. Vahl, RESCUEGRASS.

www e

B. japonicus Thunb. ex Murray, JAPANESE B.,

B.
B.

B. madritensis subsp. rubens (=B. rubens)

rescue b., Schraders-grass
ciliatus L., FRINGED B.
diandrus Roth, RIPGUT B., ripgut grass
frondosus (=B. porteri)
hordeaceus L., SOFT B., soft chess
inermis Leyss., SMOOTH B., bromo

Japanese chess, spreading b.
lanatipes (Shear) Rydb., WOOLY B.
lanceolatus Roth, MEDITERRANEAN B.

B. macrostachys (=B. lanceolatus)

B;

marginatus (=B. carinatus)

B. mollis (=B. hordeaceus)

B. polyanthus Scribn., GREAT BASIN B.
B. porteri (Coult.) Nash, PORTER’S B.

B. pubescens Muhl. ex Willd, CANADA B.

B.

B. richardsonii (=B. ciliatus)

racemosa L., SMOOTH B.

B. rigidus (=B. diandrus)

B.

wh &

&

. unioloides (=B.

rubens L., REDB., foxtail b.

secalinus L., RYEB.

sterilis L., STERILE B.

tectorum L., JINEGRASS, cheatgrass b.,
downy b.

texensis (Shear) A. Hitchc., TEXAS B.

}

tw |o

“d ii (=B. cath

NPC
NPC
NPC
TAC

TAC
TAC
TAC
TAC

NPC

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species

7
3 4

i ee oe 7
1

i

Te 23) “as § 7

cL

4 5 a:

2 6 7

12

BUCHLOE Engelm.

B. dactyloides Ree Engelm.,
BUFFALOGRASS

CALAMOVILFA (A. Gray) Hack.

C. gigantea (Nutt.) Scribn. & Merr. BIG
SANDREED, giant reedgrass

CATAPODIUM Link (=DESMAZERIA)
C. rigidum (=Desmazeria rigida)

CATHESTECUM J. Presl
C. erectum Vasey & Hack., FALSE GRAMA

CENCHRUS L., Sandbur, Cenchrus
C. brownii Roem. & Schult., GREEN S.
C. ciliaris (=Pennisetum ciliare)

C. echinatus L., SOUTHERN S.,, hedge-hog

grass

C. incertus (=C. spinifex)

C. longespinus (Hack.) Fern., LONGSPINE S.

C. myosuroides Kunth, BIG C., big sandbur,
cadillo

C. pauciflorus (=C. spinifex)
C. setigerus (= Pennisetum setigerum)
C. spinifex A. Cav., COMMON S.

CERATOCHLOA (=BROMUS)
C. carinata (~Bromus carinatus)
C. catharticus (=Bromus catharticus)
C. polyantha (=Bromus polyanthus)

CHASMANTHIUM Link, Woodoats
CG: ne (Michx.) H. Yates, BROADLEAF

CG: oa (L.) H. Yates) NARROWLEAF W.
C. sessiliflorum (=C. laxum)

CHLORIS Sw., Windmillgrass, Chloris
C. andropogonoides E. Fourn.,
C. barbata (L.) Sw., SWOLLEN W.
C. x brevispica (C. x subdolich 3)

C. canterae Arechav., PARAGUAYAN W.

C. chloridea (=E1 pog hlorid

C. ciliata Sw., FRINGED C.

SLIMSPIKE W.

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species

NPW 123 45 67 8 9 #10
NPW 8 9 10
NPW 7 10
IPW 6

NAW 1 2 3 4 6

NAW 3.4 567 8 9 10
NPW 2 6 7 10
NPW 123 45 67 8 9 #10
NPW Te 2-3) ASS 6° 38

NPW 12 3 4

NPW 2 7

NAW 2

IPW 2. 3 6 7

NPW 2 6 7

13

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species ]4

C. crinita (=Trichloris crinita)

C. cucullata Bisch., HOODED W., hooded NPW

fingergrass
C. divaricata R. Br., SPREADING W. IPW 2 4 5 67 8 9 10
C. gayana Kunth, RHODESGRASS IPW 2 6

C. inflata (=C. barbata)
C. petraea (=Eustachys petraea)

C. pilosa Schumach (not collected for several TAPW 2
years) CUL

C. pluriflora (=Trichloris pluriflora)

C. polydactyla (misapplied= C. elata of FL)

C. x subdolichostachya Muell., SHORTSPIKE NPW 2 Bb Bhs 0-765
W

C. submutica Kunth, MEXICAN W. IPW 10
C. texensis Nash, TEXAS W. NPW 2
C. verticillata Nutt, TUMBLE W. NPW 1 2
C. virgata Sw., SHOWY C., feather fingergrass NAW 3.4 5 7 8 9 10

oO
~
oo
Oo

CHONDROSUM (= BOUTELOUA)
C. barbatum (= Bouteloua barbata)
C. brevisetum (= Bouteloua breviseta)
C. eriopodum (= Bouteloua eriopoda)
C. gracile (= Bouteloua gracilis)
C. hirsutum (= Bouteloua hirsuta)
C. kayi (= Bouteloua kayi)
C. ramosum (= Bouteloua ramosa)
C. simplex (= Bouteloua simplex)
C. trifidum (= Bouteloua trifida)

CHRYSOPOGON Trin.

C. pauciflorus (Chapm.) Benth. ex Vasey, FALSE NAW 2
BEARDGRASS

C. zizanioides (L.) Roberty, VITTIVER IPW 3 CUL
CINNA L.

C. arundinacea L., STOUT WOODREED, wood NPC 1
reedgrass, sweet woodgrass

COELORACHIS (=MNESITHEA)
C. cylindrica (=Mnesithea cylindrica)
C. rugosa (=Mnesithea rugosa)
COIX L.
C. lacryma-jobi L., JOBS-TEARS IPW CUL

CORTADERIA Stapf

C. jubata (Lemoine ex Carriere) Stapf, PURPLE
PAMPUSGRASS

C. selloana (Schult. & Schult. f£) Asch. & Graebn.,
PAMPASGRASS

COTTEA Kunth
C. pappophoroides Kunth, COTTAGRASS

CRITESION (=HORDEUM )
C. jubatum (-~Hordeum jubatum)

C. murinum (=Hordeum murinum)

C. pusillum (-Hordeum pusillum)

CTENIUM Panz., TOOTHACHEGRASS

C. aromaticum (Walt.) A. Wood,
TOOTHACHEGRASSS, orangegrass

CYNODON L. Rich., Bermudagrass

C. aethiopicus Clayton & Harlan, ETHIOPIAN
DOGTOOTHGRASS

C. dactylon (L.) Pers., B., pata del gallo, common
b

C.x magennisii Hurcombe, MAGENNIS
DOGTOOTH GRASS

C. nlemfuensis Vanderyst, AFRICA B.
C. plectostachyus (K. Schum.) Pilg.,
GRASS

CYNOSURUS L.
C. echinatus L., BRISTLY DOGTAIL

DACTYLIS L.
D. glomerata L., ORCHARDGRASS

DACTYLOCTENIUM Willd.

D. aegyptium (L.) Willd, DURBAN
CROWFOOTGRASS, Egyptian crowfootgrass

DANTHONIA DC., Danthonia, Oatgrass
D. sericea Nutt, DOWNY O.

D. spicata (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult,
POVERTY O., poverty d.

DASYOCHLOA Willd. ex Rydb.

D. putchella (Kunth) Willd. ex Rydb.,
FLUFFGRASS

NPW

TAC

IPC

IAW

NPC
NPC

NPW

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 15

12) BAS 16) 7:

12 3 45 6 7

1. 2.3) A 3 6 7

8 9

8 9

10 CUL

10
CUL

10

DESMAZERIA Dumort

D. rigida (L.) T. Tutin, STIFFGRASS IAC
DIARRHENA P. Beauv.

D. americana of TX authors (=D. ebovata)

D. obovata (Gleason) A. Brandenburg, NPC

AMERICAN BEAKGRAIN

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species

1. 23 AS 6) 7

DICHANTHELIUM (A. Hitche. & Chase) Gould, Rosettegrass

Dz

aciculare (Desv. ex Poir.) Gould & C. Clark

var. aciculare, NARROW-LEAF R. NPC
var. angustifolium (Ell) Freckmann & NPC
Lelong
D. acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & C. Clark
var. acuminatum, WOOLLY R. NPC
var. densiflorum (Rand & Redf.) Gould NPC
&C. Clark
var. lindheimeri Ce Gould & C. NPC
Clark, LINDHEIME:
var. longiligulatum ao Gould & C. NPC
Clark
var. villosum (Sw.) Gould & C. NPC
Clark, WHITEHAIRED R.
D. angustifolium (=D. aciculare)
D. boscii (Poir.) Gould & C. Clark, BOSC’S R. NPC
D. clandestinum (L.) Gould, DEERTONGUE R. NPC
D. commutatum (Schult.) Gould, VARIABLE R. NPC
D. consanguineum (Kunth) Gould & C. Clark, NPC
KUNTH"’SR.
D. depauperatum (Muhl.) Gould, STARVED R. NPC
D. dichotomum (L.) Gould, FORKED R.
var. dichotomum NPC
var. ensifolium (= D. ensifolium)
var. lucidum (Ashe) Freckmann & NPC
Lelon:
var. nitidum (Lam.) Freckmann & Lelong NPC
var. ramulosum (Torr.) LeBlond NPC
var. uncephyllum (Trin.) Davidse NPC
D. ensifolium (Baldw. ex Ell.) Gould BOG R. NPC
D. lanuginosum (= D. acuminatum var.
acuminatum)
D. latifolium (L.) Harvil, BROADLEAF R. NPC
D. laxiflorum (Lam.) Gould, OPENFLOWER R. NPC

D.
D.

leucoblepharis (=D. agOMTE)

lindheimeri (= D. var. li

10

1 3 5
1: 2.3
1 3

1 2

1? 2

il

1. 2. 3-445
1

aT

1 3

16

D. linearifolium (Scribn.) Gould, SLIMLEAF R.
D. malacophyllum (Nash) Gould, SOFTLEAF R.

D. nodatum (A. Hitchce. & M. A. Chase) Gould,
SARITA R.

D. oligosanthes(Schult.) Gould, SCRIBNER’S R.
D. ovale (Ell.) Gould & C. Clark, EGG-LEAF R.
D. pedicellatum (Vasey) Gould, CEDAR R.

D. polyanthes (=D. sphaerocarpon)

D. portoricense (Desv. ex Hamilt.) B. Hansen & R.

Wunderlin, BLUNTGLUME R.

D. ravenelii (Scribn. & Merr.) Gould,
RAVENEL’S R.

D. scabriusculum (Ell) Gould & C. Clark,
SWAMP R.

D. scoparium (Lam.) Gould, VELVET R.

D. scribnerianum (=D. oligosanthes)

D. sphaerocarpon (Ell.) Gould & C. Clark,
ROUNDSEED R.

var. isophyllum (Scribn.) Gould & C.
Clark, LEAFY R.

var. sphaerocarpon, ROUNDSEED R.
D. strigosum (Muhl. ex Ell.) Freckmann

var. strigosum, CUSHION R.
D. tenue (hybrid see FNA)
D. wrightianum Scribn., WRIGHT’S R.

DICHANTHIUM Willem., Bluestem
D. annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf, KLEBERG B.
D. aristatum (Poir.) C. E. Hubb., ANGLETON B.
D. sericeum (R. Br.) A. Camus, SILKY B.

DIGITARIA Haller, Crabgrass, Cottontop
D. adscendens (=D. sanguinali
D. arenicola (Swallen) Beetle, SAND
WITCHGRASS

D. bicornis (Lam.) Roem. & Schult.,
RABGRASS, tropical crabgrass

D. californica (Benth.) Henr., ARIZONA

COTTONTOP, California cottontop

D. ciliaris (=D. sanguinalis)

D. cognata (Schult.) Pilger
subsp. cognata, FALL WITCHGRASS,
diffuse crabgrass

subsp. pubiflora [Vasey ex L. H. Dewey]
Wipff, FALL WITCHGRASS, diffuse
crabgrass

D. diversiflora (=D. bicornis)

NPW

IAW

NPW

NPW

NPW

Hatch and Haile

1

1

2 6
2 6
2 6
2
2

2 43. 6:

2-3-4 5-6) 7

223) 415. 6: 7

8 9

8 9

: Checklist of Texas grass species

10

10

17

D, filiformis (L.) Koel., SLENDER
CRABGRASS, slender fingergrass

D. filiformis var. villosa (=D. villosa)

D. hitchcockii (Chase) Stuck., SHORTLEAF
COTTONTOP

D. insularis (L.) Mez ex Ekman, SOURGRASS

D. ischaemum (Schreb.) Schreb. ex Muhl.,
SMOOTH CRABGRASS

D. patens (Swallen) Henr., TEXAS COTTONTOP

D. pubiflorum (=D. cognata)
D. runyoni (=D. texana)

D. sanguinalis (L.) Scop. HAIRY CRABGRASS

D. texana A. Hitchc., TEXAS CRABGRASS,
Texas fingergrass, dune crabgrass

D. villosa (Walt.) Pers., SHAGGY CRABGRASS
D. violescens Link, VIOLET CRABGRASS

DISTICHLIS Raf., Saltgrass
D. spicata (L.) Greene
var. spicata, S., spicata s.
D. stricta (D. spicata)
D. texana (=Allolepis texana)

ECHINOCHLOA P. Beauv., Cockspur,
Barnyardgrass
E. colona (L.) Link, JUNGLERICE

E. crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.,
var. crus-galli BARNY ARDGRASS
var. frumentacea (Link) W. F. Wight
E. crus-pavonis (Kunth) Schult.
var. crus-pavonis, GULF C.
var. macera (Wieg.) Gould
E. esculenta (A. Braun) H. Scholtz, JAPANESE
MILLET

E. muricata (P. Beauv.) Fern.
var. microstachya Wieg.
var. muricata, ROUGH B.

E, polystachya (Kunth) A. Hitche., CREEPING
RIVERGRASS

E. paludigena (Turner et al., not verified)
E. walteri (Pursh) Heller, WATER MILLET

EHRHARTA Thunb.
E. calycina J. E. Smith, SOUTHERN
DGRASS

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 18

NPW

NPW

NAW

IPC

5

CUL

ELEUSINE Gaertn., Goosegrass
E. indica (L.) Gaertn., G., yardgrass, zacate
guacima
E. tristachya (Lam.) Lam., THREESPIKE G.

ELIONURUS Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.,
Balsamscale
E. barbiculmis Hack., WOOLSPIKE B.,
bristlenode b.
E. tripsacoides Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd, PAN
AMERICAN B., b.

ELYMUS L., Wildrye, Wheatgrass

E. arizonicus (Scribn. & J. G. Smith) Gould,
ARIZONA WHEATGRASS

E. canadensis L.

var. canadensis, CANADA WILDRYE.,

nodding wildrye
E. curvatus (E. virginicus)
E. elymoides (=E. longifoli:
E. elongatus (=E. ponticus)
E. glabriflorus (=E. virginicus)
E. hispidus (P. Opiz) Melderis, INTERMEDIATE
WHEATGRASS
E. interruptus (=E.

‘)

E. junceus (=Psathrostachys juncea)
E. macgregorii (=E. virginicus)
E. longifolius (J. G. Smith) Gould, LONGLEAF
SQUIRRELTAIL
E. ponticus (Podp.) Melderis ,TALL
EATGRASS
E. pringlei (=E. le
E. repens (L.) Gould, QUACKGRASS
E. smithii (Rydb.) Gould, WESTERN
WHEATGRASS
E. spicatus (Pursh) Gould, BLUEBUNCH
EATGRASS

E. texensis (? hybrid)
E. trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners,
SLENDER WHEATGRASS

E. triticoides (=Leymus triticoides)
E. villosus Muhl. ex Willd., DOWNY WILDRYE
E. virginicus L., VIRGINIA WILDRYE

IAW

NPC

NPC

IPC

NPC

IPC

IPC

NPC

NPC

NPC

NPC
NPC

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 19

1. 2. 3) 436) 7

1 2-3: 45 eh

6:
1-2. 3 43-36 OF

8 9

8

10
CUL

CUL

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 20

ELYTRIGIA (=ELYMUS)
E. arizonica (=Elymus arizonicus)
E. intermedia (=Elymus hispidus)
E. pontica (=Elymus elongatus)
E. smithii (=Elymus smithii)
ENNEAPOGON Desv. ex P. Beauv., Pappusgrass
E. desvauxii P. Beauv., FEATHER P., spike p., NPW 7 8 9 10
Wright’s p.

ENTEROPOGON Nees, Umbrellagrass
E. chlorideus (J. Presl) W. Clayton, BURYSEED NPW 2 4 6
‘ee

ERAGROSTIS Wolf, Lovegrass

E. airoides Nees, ILLUSIONGRASS IPW 3
E. amabilis (L.) Wight & Amolt ex Nees, IAW 1 2
JAPANESE L.
E. arida (=E. pectinacea var. miserrima)
E. barrelieri Daveau, MEDITERRANEAN L. IAW 23 45 67 8 9 10
E. beyrichii GE. lifl
E. capillaris (L.) Nees, LACEGRASS, tiny |. NAW 2 3 8
E. cilianensis (All.) Vignola ex Janchen, IAW 123 45 67 8 9 10
TINKGRASS
E. ciliaris (L.) R. Br., GOPHERTAIL L. NAW 2
E. curtipedicellata Buckl., GUMMY L., NPW 123 4 5 67 8 9 10
shortstalked 1.
E. curvula (Schrad.) Nees, WEEPING L. IPW 23 4 5 7 8 9 10
CUL
E. diffusa (=E. pectinacea var. pectinacea)
E. elliottii S. Wats., ELLIOTT L. NPW 1 2 3
E. erosa Scribn., CHIHUAHUA L. NPW 7 10
E. glomerata (= E. japonica)
E. hirsuta (Michx.) Nees, BIGTOP L. NPW 1,-2.3
E. hypnoides (Lam.) Britt, TEAL L., smooth NAW 1 2 3 4 5 a
creeping grass
E. intermedia A. Hitche. NPW Di> 3p Ar 85 e 16; Gh 10
var. intermedia, PLAINS L.
E. japonica (Thunb.) Trin., POND L. NAW
E. lehmanniana Nees, LEHMANN L. IPW 3 4 5 6 10
CUL
E. lugens Nees, MOURNING L. NPW 6 7 10

E. megastachya (=E. cilianensis)
E. mexicana (Hornem.) Link
subsp. mexicana, MEXICAN L. NAW 10

FE. minor Host, LITTLE L.

E. neomexicana (=E. mexicana var. mexicana)

E. oxylepis (=E. secundiflora var. oxylepis)

E. palmeri 8. Wats., RIO GRANDE L.

E. pectinacea (Michx.) Nees, SPREADING L.
var. miserrima (E. Fourn.) J. Reeder
var. pectinacea, SPREADING L.

E. perplexa (=E. pilosa)

E. pilifera (=E. trichodes)

E. pilosa (L.) P. Beauv., INDIA L.

E. poaeoides (= E. minor)

E. refracta (Muhl. ex EIL) Scribn., COASTAL L.,

meadow L.
E. reptans (Michx.) Nees, CREEPING L.
E. secundiflora J, Presl, RED L.
subsp . explepis (Torr.) S. D. Koch,

E. sessilispica Buckl., TUMBLE L.

E. silveana Swallen, SILVEUS L.

E. spectabilis (Pursh) Steud., PURPLE L.
E. spicata Vasey, SPIKE L.

E. superba Peyr., WILLMANN L.

E. swallenii A. Hitchc., SWALLEN L.
E. tef (Zucc.) Trotter, TEFF

E. tenella (=E. amabilis)

E. tephrosanthes (=E. pectinacea var. miserrima)
E. trichodes (Nutt). Wood, SAND L.

E. trichodes var. pilifera (=E. trichodes)

EREMOCHLOA Buse

E. ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.,
CENTIPEDEGRASS

ERIANTHUS (=SACCHARUM)
E. alopecuroides (=S. alopecuroideum)
E. contortus (=S. brevibarbe var. contortum)
E. giganteus (=S. giganteum)
E. strictus (=S. baldwinii)

ERIOCHLOA Kunth, Cupgrass
E. acuminata (J. Presl) Kunth
var. acuminata, SOUTHWESTERN C.

var. minor (Vasey) R. B. Shaw, SMALL
SOUTHWESTERN C., plains c.

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 2]

NAW 10
NPW 6

IAW 2 4 6 7 9 10
IAW 2 4.5 7 9 10
IAW 9

NPW 2 4 5 6 8 9

NPW 2 7

NPW 1-2. 3-4 5 6. FF 8G

NPW 6

IPW 3: 4 3 Op 7 CUL
NPW 2

IPW 5 7 CUL
NPW 1 3.4 567 8 9

IPW 1 3 CUL
NAW 7 10
NAW 10

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 22

E. contracta A. Hitche., PRAIRIE C. NAW 123 45 67 8 9
E. gracilis (=E. acuminata var. acuminata)
E. gracilis var. minor (=E. acuminata var. minor)

E. polystachya Kunth, CARIBBEAN C. IPW 2
E. pseudoacrotricha (Stapf ex Thell.) J.M. Blake, IPW 2 6
VERNAL C.
E. punctata (L.) Desv. ex Hamilton, LOUISIANA NPW 2: 6
C., everlasting-grass
E. sericea (Scheele) Munro ex Vasey, TEXASC., NPW 2 4567 8 10
silky c.
ERIONEURON Nash, Erioneuron, Woollygrass
E. avenaceum (Kunth) Tateoka, NPW z 10
LARGEFLOWERED E.
E. grandiflora (=E. avenaceum)
E. nealleyi (Vasey) Tateoka, NEALLEY’S E. NPW 10
E, pilosum (Buckl.) Nash, HAIRY E., hairy NPW 2 4567 8 9
tridens
E. pulchellum (=D. hloa pulchella)
EUCHLAENA (=ZEA)
E. perennis (=Zea perennis) IPW 2
EUSTACH YS Desv., Fingergrass
E. caribea (Spreng.) Herter, IPW 3
CHICKENFOOTGRASS
E. neglecta (Nash) Nash, FOURSPIKE F. IPW 3
E, petraea (Sw.) Desv., STIFFLEAF F. NPW 23 4
E. retusa (Lag.) Kunth, F. NPW 3 4
FESTUCA L., Fescue
F. arizonica Vasey, ARIZONA F., canuela NPC 10
borreguera

Woh od, A

F. arundinacea (

F. dertonensis (=Vulpia bromoides)

F. ligulata Swallen, GUADALUPE F. NPC 10
F. megalura (=Vulpia myuros var. hirsuta)

F. myuros (=Vulpia myuros var. myuros)

F. obtusa (= F. subverticillata)

F. octoflora (-Vulpia octoflora var. octoflora)

F. paradoxa Desv., CLUSTER F. NPC 1 3
F. pratensis (=Sched li
Fi rubra L., REDF. NPC 10

F. sciurea (=V. sciurea)
F. subverticillata (Pers.) E. Alexeev, NODDING NPC 123
B

F. versuta Beal, TEXAS F.

GASTRIDIUM P. Beauv.

G. phleoides (Nees & Meyer) C. E. Hubb.,
NITGRASS

G. ventricosum (=G. phleoides)

GLYCERIA R. Br., Mannagrass
G. arkansana (=G.
G. declinata Breb., LOW M.
G. grandis 8. Wats., NOT VERIFIED

7

var. arkansana)

G. notata Chevall , NOT VERIFIED
G. septentrionalis A. Hitchc, EASTERN M.,
floating m.

var. arkansana (Fern.) Steyerm. &
Kucera, ARKANSAS M.

var. septentrionalis, EASTERN M.,
floating m.

G. striata (Lam.) A. Hitche., FOWL M., nerved m.

GYMNOPOGON P. Beauv., Skeletongrass

G. ambiguus (Michx.) B.S.P., BEARDED S.,
broad-leaved beardgrass

G. brevifolius Trin, SHORTLEAF 8.

HACKELOCHLOA (=MNESITHEA)
H. granularis (=Mnesithea granularis)

HAINARDIA Greuter
H. cylindrica Willd.) W. Greuter THINTAIL

HEMARTHRIA R. Br.

H. altissima (Poir.) Stapf & C. E. Hubb.,
LIMPOGRASS

HESPEROSTIPA (Elias) Barkworth, Needlegrass
H. comata (Trin. & Rupr.) M. Barkworth,
NEEDLE-AND-THREAD
H. neomexicana (Thurb.) M. Barkworth, NEW
MEXICO FEATHERGRASS, New Mexico n.

HETEROPOGON Pers., Tanglehead
H. contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.,
TANGLEHEAD, retorcido moreno, barba
negra

NPC

TAC

IPC

NPC

NPC

NPC

NPW

NPW

IPW

NPW

NPW

NPW

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 23

a
10
1
1
1 2.3
3 4 7 10
1 2.3 5
3
2
2 6 10
8 9 10
7 8 9 10
2 6 7 10

H. melanocarpus Ell.) Benth., SWEET
TANGLEHEAD

HILARIA Kunth

H. belangeri (Steud.) Nash, COMMON CURLY-
ME i

SQUITE, creeping mesquite
H. jamesii (Torr.) Benth, GALLETA
H. mutica (Buckl.) Benth., TOBOSA, tobosagrass

H. swallenii Cory, SWALLEN CURLY -
MESQUITE

HOLCUS L.
H. lanatus L., COMMON VELVETGRASS

HOPIA (=PANICUM)
H. obtusa (=Panicum obtusum)

HORDEUM L., Barley
H. jubatum L. FFOXTAIL B., squirreltail grass
H. leporium (=H. murinum subsp. leporinum)
A. murinum L.
subsp. glaucum (Steud.) Tzvelev
subsp. leporinum, MOUSE B.
H. pusillum Nutt., LITTLE B., mouse b.
H. vulgare L., BARLEY

HYDROCHLOA (=LUZIOLA)
H. caroliniensis (=Luziola fluitans)

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 24

IAW

IPC

HYPARRHENIA Andersson ex E. Fourm., Thatchingrass

H. hirta (L.) Stapf, THATCHINGRASS

H. rufa (L.) Stapf. JARAGUAGRASS
IMPERATA Cirillo

I. brevifolia Vasey, SATINTAIL, congograss

I. cylindrica (L.) Raeusch., CONGONGRASS

KOELERIA Pers., Junegrass
K. cristata (=K. macrantha)
K. gerardii (=Rostraria cristata)
K. macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult, JUNEGRASS,
prairie junegrass
K. phleoides (=Rostraria cristata)
K. pyramidata (=K. macrantha)

IPW

IPW

2

i:

CUL

CUL

8 9 10

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 25

LAMARCKIA Moench
L. aurea (L.) Moench, GOLDENTOP TAC

LEERSIA Sw., Cutgrass

L. hexandra Sw., CLUBHEAD C. NPW 2. 6
L. lenticularis Michx., CATCHFLYGRASS NPW lan
L. monandra Sw., BUNCH C. NPW p) 6
L. oryzoides (L.) Sw., RICE C. NPW 12 3 4 5 67 8 10
L. virginica Willd, WHITEGRASS, Virginia c. NPW de 23: 24
LEPTOCHLOA P. Beauv., Sprangletop
L. chloridiformis (Hack.) Parodi, ARGENTINE NPW 2
S.
L. dubia (Kunth) Nees, GREEN S., Texas NPW 2: 4 5 67 8 9 10
crowfoot
L. fascicularis (=L. fusca subsp. fascicularis)
L. filiformis (=L.panicea subsp. mucronata)
L. fusca (L.) Kunth
subsp. fascicularis Lam.) N. Snow, NAW 1 2 3 4 5 67 8 9 10
BEARDED S.
subsp. uninervia (J. Presl) N. Snow, NAW 2. 3 5: 6. #:
MEXICAN. S.
L. panicea (Retz.) Ohwi subsp. mucronata NAW 1 2 3 4 5 67 8 9 10
(Michx.) Nowack, RED S., slendergrass
L. nealleyi Vasey, NEALLEY S. NAW 2 6
L. panicoides (J. Presl) A. Hitche., AMAZON S. NAW 1 2
L. scabra Nees , ROUGH 8. IAW 2
L. uninervia (=L. fusca subsp. uninervia)
L. virgata (L.) P. Beauv., TROPIC 8. NPW 2 6 7
L. viscida (Scribn.) Beal, STICKY S. NAW 10
LEPTOLOMA (=DIGITARIA)
L. arenicola (=Digitaria arenicola)
L. cognatum var. arenicola (=Digitaria arenicola)
L. cognatum (=Digitaria cognatum subsp.
cognatum
LEYMUS Hochst., Wildrye
L. triticoides (Buckl.) Pilger, CREEPING W., NPC 8 10
beardless w. CUL

LEPTURUS (=PARAPHOLIS)

L. incurvus (=Parapholis incurvus)

LIMNODEA 1. H. Dewey

L. arkansana (Nutt.) L. H. Dewey,
OZARKGRASS

LOLIUM L., Ryegrass
L. arundinaceum (=Festua arundinacea)
L. italicum (=L. perenne)
L. multiflorum (=L. perenne)
L. perenne L., PERENNIAL R., English r.,
ryegrass
L. rigidum (=L. perenne)
L. temulentum L.

var. temulentum, DARNEL R., poison
darnel

LUZIOLA Juss.

L. fluitans (Michx.) Terrell & Robinson,
WATERGRASS

L. peruviana Gmel., PERUVIAN WATERGRASS

LYCURUS Kunth, Wolftail
L. phleoides Kunth, WOLFTAIL, Texas timothy
L. setosus (Nutt.) C. Reeder, BRISTLY W.

MANISURIS (=HEMARTHRIA & MNESITHEA)
M. altissima (=H hria altissima)

M. cylindrica (=Mnesith ea cylindrica)

M. rugosa (=Mnesithea rugosa)

MELICAL., Melic

M. bulbosa Geyer ex Porter & Coult.,
ONIONGRASS

M. montezumae Piper, MONTEZUMA M.
M. mutica Walt., TWO-FLOWERED M., narrow

m.
M. nitens (Scribn.) Nutt. ex Piper,
THREEFLOWER M., tall m.

M. porteri Scribn., PORTER’S M.

MELINIS P. Beauv.
M. repens (Willd.) Zizka, NATALGRASS

MICROCHLOA R. Br.
M. kunthii Desv.. KUNTH’S SMALLGRASS

IPC

TAC

NPW

IPW

IPW

NPW

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 26

1

23 45 67

2.3) 4 36. 7

23) 415 z

2
a
2 3
5 a
7

8

8 9

8 9

10 CUL

CUL

10

MICROSTEGIUM Nees

M. vimineum (Trin.) A. Camas, NEPALESE
BROWNTOP

MISCANTHUS Anderss.

M. sinensis Anderss., EULALIA, Silvergrass

MNESITHEA Kunth, Jointtail

M. cylindrica (Michx.) Koning & Sosef,
CAROLINA J.

M. granularis (L.) Koning & Sosef,
PITSCALEGRASS

M. rugosa (Michx.) Koning & Sosef, WRINKLED
J.

MONANTHOCHLOE Engelm.

M. littoralis Engelm., SHOREGRASS,
dwarfstand saltgrass, keygrass

MONERMA (=HAINARDIA)

M. cylindrica (=Hainardia cylindrica)

MOOROCHLOA (=BRACHIARIA)
M. eruciformis (=Brachiaria eruciformis) Shaw et

al. 2011

MUHLENBERGIA Schreb., Muhly

M. andina (Nutt.) A. Hitche., FOXTAIL M.

M. arenacea (Buckl.) A. Hitche., EAR M., sand m.

M. arenicola Buckl., SAND M.

M. asperifolia (Trin.) Parodi, SCRATCHGRASS,
i eed

m., rough-leaved dropseed, rough-1

m.
M. brevis C. O. Gooding, SHORT M.
M. bushii R. W. Pohl, NODDING M.

M. capillaris (Lam.) Trin, HATRYAWN M.,
long-awned hairgrass, slender m.

M. crispiseta A. Hitchc., MEXICAN M.

M. cuspidata (Tort.) Rydb., PLAINS M.

M. depauperata Scribn., SIXWEEKS M.

M. diversiglumis Trin.

M. dubia E. Fourn., PINE M.

M. eludens C. Reeder, GRAVELBAR M.

M. emersleyi Vasey, BULLGRASS, bluegrass
M. expansa (Poir.) Trin, CUTOVER M.

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 27

IAW

NPW

IAW

NPW

NPW

M. filiformis (Thurb. ex 5. Wats.) Rydb., PULL-UP IAW
M.

232 4 5 6 7

2
2
7
7
7
4
20-3
2
7
2

8

CUL

M. fragilis Swallen, DELICATE M.

M. frondosa (Poir.) Fern, WIRESTEM M.

M. glabrifloris Scribn., INLAND M.

M. glauca (Nees) J. D. Jacks., DESERT M.

M. x involuta Swallen, CANYON M.

M. lindheimeri A. Hitchc., LINDHEIMER M.
M. metcalfei M. E. Jones, METCALF M.

M. mexicana (L.) Trin., MEXICAN M.

M. minutissima (Steud.) Swallen, LEAST M.,
sixweeks m.

M. montana (Nutt.) A. Hitche., MOUNTAIN M.

M. monticola (=M. tenuifolia)

M. parviglumis Vasey, LONGAWN M., small
glume m.

M. pauciflora Buckl., NEW MEXICO M.

M. polycaulis Scribn., CLIFF M., many-stemmed

m.

M. porteri Scribn. ex Beal, BUSH M.

M. pungens Thurb. ex A. Gray, PUNGENT M.,
sandhill m.

M. racemosa (Michx.) B.S.P., GREEN M.,
satingrass

M. repens (Presl) A. Hitchc., CREEPING M., red
m

M. reverchonii Vasey & Scribn., SEEP M.,
Reverchon’s m.

M. rigens (Benth.) A. Hitchc., DEERGRASS

M. rigida (Kunth) Kunth, PURPLE M., stiffm.

M. schreberi J. F. Gmel., NIMBLEWILL,
satingrass, Schreber's m.

M. sericea (=M. capillaris)

M. setifolia Vasey, CURLYLEAF M., bristle-
leaved m.

M. sobolifera (Muhl. ex Willd.) Trin., ROCK M.,
rock dropseed

M. spiciformis Trin, LONGAWN M.

M. straminea A. Hitche., SCREWLEAF M.

M. sylvatica (Torr.) Torr. ex A. Gray, FOREST M.

M. tenuifolia (Kunth.) Trin., MESA M.

M. texana Buckl, TEXAS M.

M. thurberi (Scribn.) Rydb., THURBER M.

M. torreyi (Kunth) A. Hitche. ex Bush, RING M.,
ringgrass

M. uniflora (Muhl.) Fern., BOG M.
M. utilis (Torr.) A. Hitchc., APAREJOGRASS
M. villosa (=M. villiflora var. villosa)

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 28

NAW 10
NEW 4

NEW 4

NPW 10
NEW 4 5 7

NEW 4567

NEW 10
NPW 5

NAW 10
NEW 10
NPW 10
NEW 10
NEW 10
NEW q 9 10
NEW 9
NPW 9 10
NPW 9 10
NPW 4 5 7 8

NEW 7 10
NPW 10

NPW a

NPW 1 4 at

NPW Te 8 10
NPW 10
NPW 4 5 7

NAPW 3 7 #
NAW #
NPW 10
NPW 7 8 9 10
IPW 10
NPW di:

M. villiflora A. Hitche. var. villosa (Swallen)
Morden, HAIRY M.
M. wrightii Vasey ex J. M. Coult., SPIKE M.

MUNROA Torr.

M. squarrosa (Nutt.) Torr., FALSE
BUFALOGRASS, Munro’s grass

NASSELLA Desv., Needlegrass
N. leucotricha (Trin. & Rupr.) W. R. Pohl,
TEXAS WINTERGRASS, Texas n., speargrass
N. tenuissima (Trin.) M. Barkworth, FINESTEM
. Wiry speargrass, wiry n.
N. viridula (Trin.) M. Barkworth, GREEN N.

NEERAGROSTIS (=ERAGROSTIS)
N. reptans (=Eragrostis reptans)

OPLISMENUS P. Beauv.
O. hirtellus (L.) P. Beauv., BASKETGRASS

ORYZA L.
O. sativaL., RICE

ORYZOPSIS Michx., Ricegrass

O. hymenoides (=Stipa hymen ides)
O. micrantha (Trin. & Rupr.) Thurb.,
LITTLESEED R.

PANICUM L., Panicum
P. aciculare
var. aciculare (=Dichanthelium
aciculare vat. aciculare)

var. angustifolium (=Dichanthelium
aciculare var. angustifolia)

P. acuminatum
var. acuminatum (=Dichanthelium
i var. i )

var. densiflorum (=Dichanthelium
: Pee ,

Dich, hol.

var. lindheimeri (
i var. li

‘)

P. agrostoides (=P. rigidulum)
P. amarulum (=P. amarum)
P. amarum Ell, BITTER P.

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 29

NPW a 9 10
NPW #

NAW 7 8 9 10
NPC 12 3 45 6 7 8 9 #10
NPW 10
NPC 7

IPW de 23» 4 6

IAW 1. 2:3 6 CUL
NPC 9

NPW 2

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 30

P. anceps Michx., BEAKED P. NPW 12 3 4 7

P. angustifolium (-Dichanthelium aciculare)

P. antidotale Retz., BLUE P. IPW 23:4 6 7 8 9 CUL
P. arizonicum (= Urechloa arizonica)

P. bergii Arechav. IPW 23 4

P. brachyanthum Steud., PIMPLE P. NPW lo 2.3

P. brizanthum (= Urochloa brizantha)

P. bulbosum Kunth, BULB P. NPW 7 10

P. capillare L., COMMON WITCHGRASS NAW 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10

P. capillarioides Vasey, SOUTHERN NPW 2 6

WITCHGRASS, slender panicgrass
P. ciliatissimum (= Urechloa ciliatissina)

hol. Prod

P. clandestinum (= Dich
P. coloratum L., KLEINGRASS IPW 3.4 5 7 CUL
P. commutatum (= Dichanthelium commutatum)
P. condensum (=P. rigidulum)
P. depauperatum (= Dichanthelium
depauperatum
P. dichotomum (= Dichantheli lich
var. dich otomum)
P. dichotomiflorum Michx., FALL P., spreading NAW 1 2 3 4 7 9
witchgrass
P. diffusum Sw., SPREADING P. NPW Qi 3) VALS. O78, 10
P. ensifolium (= Dichanthelium ensifolium)
P. fasciculatum (= Urochloa fasciculata)
P. filipes (=P. hallii var. filipes)

P. firmulum (=Setaria reverchonii subsp. firmula)

P. flexile (Gatt.) Scribn. in Kearney, WIRY NAW 3 4
TCHGRASS
P. geminatum (=Paspalidium geminatum)
P. ghiesbreghtii E. Fourn., GHIESBREGHT P. NPW 2 6
P. gymnocarpon Ell, SAVANNAH P. NPW 1 2.3
P. hallii Vasey
var. filipes (Scribn.) Waller, FILLY P. NPW 23 4 5 6 7 8 10
var. hallii, HALLS P. NPW 23 45 67 8 9 10
P. havardii Vasey, HARVARD P. NPW 7 9 10
P. helleri (= Dichantheli lig hes var.
scribnerianum)
P. hemitomon Schult., MAIDENCANE, NPW 12 3
Simpson's grass
P. hians Ell., GAPING P. NPW 1 2 3 4 6 7
P. hillmanii Chase, HILLMAN P. NAW 5 8 9 10
P. hirsutum Sw., HAIRY WITCHGRASS, giant NPW 2 6

witchgrass, hairy p.

P. hirticaule J. Presl,
WITCHGRASS

P. huachucae (= Dich
acuminatum)

P. lanuginosum (= D:
var. acuminatum)

ROUGHSTACK

P. laxiflorum (= Dich laxiflorum)
P. lindheimeri (= Dichantheli i var.

lindheimeri)

boli. A + holy.

P. linearifolium (= Dich if )

P. malacophyllum (= Dichanth elium
malacophyllum)

P. maximum (= Urochloa maxima)
P. miliaceum L., BROOMCORN MILLET, proso

P. muticum (= Urochloa mutica)
P. notatum (= Dichanthelium notatum)
P. obtusum Kunth, VINE MESQUITE,
grapevine-mesquite, wiregrass
P: oligosanthes var. oligosanthes C Dichanthelium
var.

P: oligosanthes var. serimerianum GC

var.

scribnerianum)
P. paludivagum (= aes ats
P. pedicellatum Sa h I Ul )
P. perlongum (= D: helium li ifolium)
P. philadelphium Bernh. ex Trin.,
oo WITCHGRASS, wood

witchgras:

P elcome ras (P. bergii)

P. platyphyllum (= Urochtloa platyphylla)

P. plenum A. Hitche. & Chase, CANYON P.

P. polyanthes (= Dichantheli ph Dp
var. isophyllum)

P. purpurascens (=Urochloa mutica)

P. ramisetum (=Setaria ramiseta)

P. ramosum (= Urochloa ramosa)
P. ravenelii (= Dichanthelium ravenelii)
P. repens L., TORPEDOGRASS

P. reptans (= Urochloa reptans)

P. reverchonii (=Setaria reverchonii)
P. rigidulum Bosc ex Nees, REDTOP P.

P. scoparium (= Dichanthelium scoparium)
th oli i
8

P. scribnerianum (= Dich
var. scribnerianum)

P. sphaerocarpon (= Dichanthelium

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 3]

NAW 10
IPW 2 6
IAW 5 8 9

CUL
NPW 23 45 67 8 9 10
NAW 1 3) “4505
NPW a: 10

IPW 2

NPW 1 2 3 4 ad

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 32

sphaerocarpon
var. sphaerocarpon)
P. tenerum Beyr. ex Trin. NPW 1 2

1} hol.

P. tennesseense (= Di
var. acuminatum)

P. texanum (= Urochloa texana)

P. trichoides Sw. NAW 2
P. verrucosum Muhl., WARTY P. NAW 12 3 7
P. villosissima (= Dichantheli i var.
villosum)
P. virgatum L., SWITCHGRASS NPW 12 3 4 5 67 8 9 10
P. werneri (=Dichanthelium li ifolium)
P. xalapense (= Dichanthelium laxiflorum)
PAPPOPHORUM Schreb., Pappusgrass
P. bicolor E. Fourn., PINK P., two-colored p. NPW 2 6 7 8 10
P. vaginatum Buckl, WHIPLASH P., NPW 2 6 7 10
mucronulate p.
P. wrightii (=Enneapogon desvauxii)
PARAPHOLIS C. E. Hubb.
P. incurva (L.) C. E. Hubb., SICKLEGRASS IAC 2
PASCOPYRUM (= EL YMUS)
P. smithii (=E. smithii)
PASPALIDIUM Stapf
P. geminatum (Forssk.) Stapf, EGYPTIAN IPW Te 2:3 5 6
PASPALIDIUM
PASPALUM L., Paspalum
P. acuminatum Raddi, BROOK P. NPW 12 3 5 6
P. almum M. A. Chase, COMBS P. NPW de 2
P. bifidum (Bertol.) Nash, PITCHFORK P. NPW 1 2 3
P. boscianum Flugge, BULL P. NPW J. 2
P. circulare (=P. laeve var. circulare)
P. conjugatum P. J. Bergius, SOUR P. NPW
P. conspersum Schrad., SCATTERED P. IPW 2
P. convexum Humb. & Bonpl. ex Flugge, NPW 1
MEXICAN P.
P. dilatatum Poir., DALLISGRASS, paspalum IPW 123 45 67 8 9 #10

grass
P. dissectum (L.) L.. MUDBANK P. NPW 1 2 3

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 33

P. distichum L., KNOTGRASS, jointgrass, Ft. NPW 1 3.4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Thompsongrass

P. floridanum Michx, FLORIDA P., big Florida p.,. NPW d, 2: B28 AS 7
big p.,

P. fluitans (Ell) Kunth, WATER P. NAW 1 2 3

P. hartwegianum E. Fourn., HARTWEG P. NPW 2 6 7

P. hydrophilum (= P. modestum)

P. intermedium Munro ex Morong & Britt., IPW
INTERMEDIATE P.

P. laeve Michx., ROUND-SEED P., field p. smooth NPW 12 3

p.
P. laeve var. circulare (=P. laeve)
P. laeve var. pilosum (=P. laeve)

P. langei (E. Fourn.) Nash, RUSTYSEED P., NPW 1 2-3 6
Lange's p.

P. lentiferum (=P. praecox)

P. lividum Trin. ex Schltal., LONGTOM, pull- NPW 1 2 6
and- be- damned

P. longipilum (=P. laeve var. pilosum)

P. malacophyllum Trin., RIBBED P. IPW 3

P. minus E. Fourn., MAT P. NPW 1 2 6

P. modestum Mez, WATER P. IPW 2

P. monostachyum Vasey, GULFDUNEP, singlee NPW 2 6
spike p.

P. notatum Flugge, BAHIAGRASS IPW de 2B AS 7

P. paspalodes (=P. distichum)
P. plicatulum Michx., BROWNSEED P.,, plaited NPW 1.2.3.4 6 F

Bers Walt. EARLY P. NPW ].- 2: 3

P. pubiflorum Rupr. ex E. Fourn., HAIRYSEED P, NPW 123 45 67 8 10
smoothseed p., hairyflowered p.

P. pubiflorum var. glabrum (= P. pubiflorum)

P. repens (= P. fluitans)

P. scrobiculatum L., INDIA P. IPW 3
P. separatum Shinners NPW 3
P. setaceum Michx.
var. ciliatifolium (Michx.) Vasey, NPW 1, 23
FRINGELEAF P.
var. muhlenbergii (Nash) D. Banks NPW 1 2. Be AOS 7
var. setaceum, THIN P. NPW 1 7
var. stramineum (Nash) D. Banks NPW 123 45 67 8 9 10

P. stramineum (=P. setaceum var. stramineum)
P. texanum (=P. plicatulum)

P. unispicatum (Scribn. & Merr.) Nash, NPW 2 6
ONESPIKE P.

P. urvillei Steud., VASEYGRASS, Urville's p. IPW 12. 345 a

P. vaginatum Sw., SEASHORE P., sand
knotgrass

P. virgatum L., TALQUEZAL

P. wrightii A. Hitchc., WRIGHT’S P.

PENNISETUM Rich., Fountaingrass
P. alopecuroides (L.) Sprenge., FOXT AIL F.
P. ciliare (L.) Link, BUFFELGRASS
P. flaccidum Griseb., HIMALAYAN F.
P. glaucum (L.) R. Br., PEARL MILLET
P. macrostachys (Brongn.) Trin., PURPLE F.
P. nervosum (Nees) Trin, BENTSPIKE P.
P. orientale Willd. ex Rich., LAURISAGRASS
P. polystachion (L.) Schult., MISSIONGRASS

P. purpureum Schumach., NAPIERGRASS,
elephantgrass

P. setaceum (Forssk.) Chiov., F.

P. setigerum (Vahl) Wipf,
BIRDWOODGRASS
P. villosum R. Br. ex Fresen., FEATHERTOP

PHALARIS L., Canarygrass
P. angusta Nees ex Trin., TIMOTHY C.
P. aquatica L., HARDINGGRASS

P. arundinacea L., REED C.
P. brachystachys Link, SHORTSPIKE C.

P. canariensis L., C.

P. caroliniana Walt., CAROLINA C., southern c.

P. minor Retz., LITTLESEED C.
P. stenoptera (=P. aquatica)

PHLEUM L.

P. pratense L., TIMOTHY

PHRAGMITES Adans.
P. australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud., COMMON
REED

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 34

NPW 2
NPW 6
IPW 2
IPW 3

CUL
IPW 23. 4 6 7 10

CUL

CUL
IAW 2.°3

CUL
IAW

CUL
IPW 2 6

CUL
IPW 2 3

CUL
TAPW

CUL
IPW 2.3

CUL
IPW 2.3

CUL
IPW 6 7

CUL
IPW 3 7 10

CUL
NAC 12: 3 6 7 10
IPC 7 10

CUL
NPC 8
TAC 6
TAC 12.3 a

CUL

IPC 1 3
CUL

NPW 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 35

P. communis (=P. australis)

PHYLLOSTACH YS Sieb. & Zucc.

P. aurea A. & C. Riv., GOLDEN BAMBOO IPC 3 7
CUL
P. aurosulcata,, NOT VERIFIED IPC
CUL
P. nigra, NOT VERIFIED IPC
CUL
PIPTANTHERA (=ORYZOPSIS)
P. micranthum (-Oryzopsis micrantha)
PIPTOCHAETIUM J. Presl, Needlegrass
P. avenaceum (L.) Parodi BLACKSEEDN,., black NPC 1 2 3
oatgrass, oats n.
P. fimbriatum (Kunth) A. Hitche., PINYON NPW 10
RICEGRASS
P. pringlei (Scribn.) Parodi, PRINGLE N. NPW 10

PLEURAPHIS (=HILARIA)
P. jamesii (-Hilaria jamesii)
P. muticus (=Hilaria muticus)

POAL., Bluegrass
P.annuaL., ANNUAL B.,, low speargrass, dwarf

fal

AC 12 3 45 67 8 9 #10

meadowgrass
P. arachnifera Torr, TEXAS B. NPC de Qe Be ASS 7 8
P. arida Vasey, PLAINS B. NPC 9
P. autumnalis Muhl. ex Ell, AUTUMNB., NPC 1 2 3

flexuous speargrass

P. bigelovii (Vasey) Scribn., BIGELOW B. NAC 7 8 9 10
P. bulbosaL., BULBOUS B. IPC 5
P. chapmaniana Scribn., CHAPMANN B. NAC 1 4 5
P. compressa L., CANADA B. IPC 5.6 9 10
P. fendleriana (Steud.) Vasey, MUTTONGRASS, = NPC 10

mutton b., fendler b.

P. interior Rydb., INLAND B. NPC 10
P. occidentalis Vasey, NEW MEXICAN B. NPC 10
P. pratensis L., KENTUCKY B., junegrass N/APC 1 5 9 10
P. strictiramea A. Hitchc., CHISOS B. NPC 10
P. sylvestris Gray, WOODLAND B., Sylvan NPC 1

speargrass

P. trivialis L., ROUGH B. IPC 6 CUL

POLYPOGON Desf., Polypogon, Beardgrass
P. elongatus Kunth, SOUTHERN B.
P. interruptus H.B.K., DITCHB.

P. monspeliensis (L.) Desf., RABBITFOOT P.,
annual beardgrass, rabbitfoot-grass

P. semiverticillatus (=P. viridis)
P. viridis (A. Gouan) M. Breistroffer, WATER
BENTGRASS

PSATH YROSTACH YS Nevski, Wildrye
P. juncea (Fischer) Nevski, RUSSIAN W.

PSEUDOROEGRERIA (=ELYMUS)
P. arizonica (=Elymus arizoncus)

P. spicata (=Elymus spicatus)

PUCCINELLIA Parl, Alkaligrass
P. fasciculata (Torr.) E. Bickn., SALTMARSH A.

REDFIELDIA Vasey

R. flexuosa (Thurb. ex A. Gray) Vasey,
BLOWOUT GRASS

RHYNCHELYTRUM (=MELINIS)
R. repens (=Melinis repens)

ROSTRARIA Trin.
R. cristata (L.) Tzvelev, ANNUAL JUNEGRASS

ROTTBOELLIA L.f.

R. cochinchinensis (Lour.) W. Clayton,
ITCHGRASS

SACCHARUM L., Plumegrass
S. alopecuroides (L.) Nutt., SILVER P.
S. baldwinii Spreng., NARROW P.
S. bengalense Retz., TALL P.

S. brevibarbe (Michx.) Pers.
var. brevibarbe, SHORTBEARD P.

var. contortum (Ell.) R. D. Webster,
BENTAWN P.

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 36

NPC 10
IPC i
TAC 12 3 45 67 8 9 #10
IPC 4567 8 10
IPC 10
CUL
IPC 8
NPW 9
TAC 2.3
IAW 2
NPW Le 2
NPW lo 2
IPW
CUL
NPW 1 2

S. coarctatum (Fern.) R. D. Webster,
COMPRESSED P.

S. giganteum (Walt.) Pers. SUGARCANE P.
S. officinarum L., SUGARCANE

S. ravennae (L.) L., RAVENNAGRASS

SACCIOLEPIS Nash, Cupscale
S. indica (L.) M. A. Chase
S. striata (L.) Nash, AMERICAN CUPSCALE

SCHEDONNARDUS Steud.
S. paniculatus (Nutt.) Trel, TUMBLEGRASS

SCHEDONORUS P. Beauv., Festuca
S. arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.

SCHISMUS P. Beauv.
S. arabicus Nees, ARABIAN SCHISMUS

S. barbatus (Loefl. ex L.) Thell., COMMON
MEDITERRANEANGRASS

SCHIZACHYRIUM Nees, Bluestem

S. cirratum Hack.) Woot. & Standl., TEXAS B.,
Texas beardgrass

S. littorale (S. scoparium var. littorale)
S. neomexicanum (Nash) Nash, NEW MEXICO
LITTLE B.
S. sanguineum (Retz.) Alst.
var. hirtiflorum (Nees) 8. L. Hatch,
HAIRY CRIMSON B.
S. scoparium (Michx.) Nash

var. divergens (Hack.) Gould,
EASTERN LITTLE B.

var. littorale (Nash) Gould, SEACOAST
B., seacoast beardgrass

var. scoparium, LITTLE B.
S. spadiceum (Swallen) Wipff, HONEY B.
S. tenerum Nees, SLENDER B.

SCLEROCHLOA P. Beauv.
S. dura (L.) P. Beauv., HARDGRASS

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 37

IPW 1

CUL
IPW

CUL
IPW 1

NPW 1 2 3

NPW 1 2 3

4 5.6 7 8 9 10

IPC 1 34'S 7 8 9 10

CUL
TAC 10
TAC 10
NPW 7 10
NPW 10
NPW 10
NPW 12
NPW 2 6
NPW 232 45 6 7 8 9 10
NPW 10
NPW 1
TAC 34S

SCLEROPOA (=DESMAZERIA)
S. rigida (=D. rigida)

SCLEROPOGON Philippi
S. brevifolius Philippi, BURROGRASS

SECALE L., Rye
S. cerealeL., RYE

SETARIA P. Beauv., Bristlegrass, Millet

S. adhaerans (Forssk.) Chiov., TROPICAL
BARBED B.

S. corrugata (Ell) Schult, COASTAL B.
S. firmula (= S. reverchonii subsp. firmula)
S. geniculata (=S. parviflora)

S. glauca (=S. pumila)

S. griesbachii E. Fourn., GRIESBACH B.

S. italica (L.) P. Beauv., FOXTAIL M,, Italian m.

S. leucopila (Scribn. & Merr.) K. Schum.,
PLAINS B.

S. lutescens (=S. pumila)

S. macrostachya Kunth, PLAINS B.

S. magna Griseb., GIANT B., giant foxtail grass
S. palmifolia (J. Konig) Stapf, PALMGRASS

S. parviflora (Poir.) Kerguel., KNOTROOT B.

S. pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult, YELLOW B.

S. reverchonii (Vasey) Pilger
subsp. firmula (A. Hitchc. & Chase) W. E. Fox,
NOTGRASS

subsp. ramiseta (Scribn.) W. E. Fox, RIO
GRAND BRISTLEGRASS

subsp. reverchonii, REVERCHON B.

S. scheelei (Steud.) A. Hitche.,
SOUTHWESTERN B., Scheele's b.

S. texana Emery, TEXAS B.

S. verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. HOOKED B., bur
b., foxtail grass

S. villosissima (Scribn. & Merr.) K. Schum.,

HATRYLEAF B.

S. viridis (L.) P. Beauv., GREEN B., green foxtail
grass

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 38

NPW

TAC

TAC

NPW

NPW

IAW

2. 3. 4c § 7 8 9

2. 3
2

6 7

4 7 8

2 5 6 7 8 9
2 6 7
2
2

10
CUL

CUL

10

CUL
10

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 39

SITANION (=ELYMUS)
S. hystrix (=E. longifolius)

SORGHASTRUM Nash, Indiangrass

S. avenaceum (= S. nutans)

S. elliottii (C. Mohr) Nash, SLENDER L., long- NPW 12 3 4 5 67 8 9 10
bristled i.
S. nutans (L.) Nash, YELLOW L, indianreed NPW 123 4 567 8 9 10

SORGHUM Moench, Sorghum

S. bicolor (L.) Moench, GRAIN S. IAW 2°34 6 7
CUL
S. x drummon dii (Steud.) Mills. & M. A. Chase, IAW 3.4 5 7 8 10
SUDANSGRASS CUL
S. halepense (L.) Pers., JOHNSONGRASS IPW 123 45 67 8 9 10
S. sudanense (=S. x di lii)
S. vulgare (=S. bicolor)
SPARTINA Schreb., Cordgrass
S. alterniflora Loisel. var. glabra (Muhl.) Fern., NPW 2
SMOOTH C., salt-marshgrass
S. bakeri Metr., SAND C. NPW 2
S. cynosuroides (L.) Roth, BIG C., salt-reedgrass © NPW 2
S. juncea (=S. patens)
S. densiflora Brongn., DENSEFLOWERED C. IPW 7
S. patens (Ait.) Muhl, MARSHHAY C., rush NPW 2
saltgrass
S. pectinata Link, PRAIRIE C., tall marshgrass, NPW 2. 4 5 7 8 9
sloughgrass
S. spartinae (Trin.) Merr. ex A. Hitchc., GULF C., NPW 2 3 6 7
coastal sacahuista, sacahuista
SPHENOPHOLIS Scribn., Wedgescale
S. filiformis (Chapm.) Scribn., LONGLEAF W. NPC 1
S. intermedia (=S. obtusa var. major)
S. interrupta (Buckl.) Scribn., PRAIRIE W. TAC 12.3 4° 5 7 8 9 10
S. longiflora (Vasey ex L. H. Dewey) A. Hitche., NAC ly 2.3
BAYOU W.
S. nitida (Biehl.) Scribn., SHINY W. NPW 1 7
S. obtusata (Michx.) Scribn., PRAIRIE W. NAC de 2, Be 45 7 8 9 10

SPOROBOLUS R. Br., Dropseed
S. airoides (Torr.) Torr., ALKALI SACATON NPW 2 6 7 8 9 10
S. airoides var. wrightii (=S. wrightii)

S. asper (=S. compositus)
var. asper (=S. compositus var.
compositus)

var.clandestinus (=S. compositus var.
clandestinus)

var._drummondii (=S. compositus var.
drummondii)

var. macer (=S. compositus var. macer)
S. buckleyi Vasey, BUCKLEY D.
S. canoviren (=S. compositus var. clandestinus)
S. clandestinus (=S. compositus var. clandestinus)
Ss. huilensis Valdes-Reyna, COAHUILA D.
S. compositus (Poir.) Merr.

var. clandestinus (Biehl.) Wipff & S.D.

var. composites, TALL D., longleaved
rushgrass, rough rushgrass

var. drummondii (Trin.) Kartesz &
Gandhi, MEADOW D.

var. macer (Trin.) Kartesz & Gandhi,
MISSISSIPPI D.

S. contractus A. Hitchc., SPIKE D.
S. coromandelianus (Retz.) Kunth, WHORLED
D.

S. cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray, SAND D.,
covered-spike d.

S. diandrus (Retz.) P. Beauv.

S. domingensis (Trin.) Kunth, CORAL D.

S. flexuosus (Thurb. ex Vasey) Rydb., MESA D.

S. giganteus Nash, GIANT D.

S. heterolepis (Not in TX see Brown 1993)

S. indicus (L.) R. Br., SMUTGRASS

S. jacquemontii Kunth, RATSTAIL

S. junceus (P. Beauv.) Kunth, PINEYWOODS
D., purple d.

S. macer (S. compositus var. macer)

S. nealleyi Vasey, GYPGRASS, Nealley d.

S. neglectus Nash, PUFFSHEATH D.

S. ozarkanus (= S. vaginift

S. patens (= S. coromandelianus)

S. poiretti (= S indicus)

S. pulvinatus (=S. leli

S. purpurascens (Sw.) Hamilt., PURPLE D.
S. pyramidatus (=S. coromandelianus)

S. silveanus Swallen, SILVEUS D.

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 40

NPW

NPW

NPW

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 4]

S. texanus Vasey, TEXAS D. NPW 8 9 10
S. tharpii_A. Hitchce., PADRE ISLAND D. NPW 2 6
S. vaginiflorus (Torr. ex A. Gray) Torr. ex A.
Wood
var. ozarkanus (Fern.) Shinners, OZARK NAW 4 5 7
D.
var. vaginiflorus, POVERTY D., NAW 1 3 4 5 67 8
southern povertygrass
S. virginicus (L.) Kunth, SEASHORE D., NPW 2
seashore rushgrass
S. wrightii Munro ex Scribn., BIG SACATON, NPW 6 7 10
Wright's sacaton

STEINCHISMA (=PANICUM)

S. hians (Panicum hians)

STENOTAPHRUM Trin.
S. secundatum (Walt.) O. Ktze., ST. IPW 12 3 4 6 7
AUGUSTINEGRASS CUL

STIPA L., Needlegrass

S. arida M. E. Jones, MORMON N., desert n. NPW 10
S. avenacea (= Piptochaeti )
S. clandestina Hack., SHARPLEAF N., mexicann. IPW 7

S. columbiana (= S. perplexa)

S. comata (=Hesperostipa comata)

S. curvifolia Swallen, GUADALUPE N. NPC 10
S. eminens Cav, SOUTHWESTERN N., tall n. NPC 10
S. hymenoides Roem. & Schult, INDIAN NPC 9 10
RICEGRASS

S. leucotricha (=Nassella leucotricha)

S. lobata Swallen, LITTLEAWNN,., lobed n. NPC 9 10
S. nelsonii (=S. perplexa)

S. neomexicana (Hesp ip i )

S. perplexa (P. Hoge & M. Barkworth) Wipff & NPC 7 10

Jones, COLUMBIA N., alpine n.
S. pringlei (= Piptochaetium pringlei)

S. robusta (Vasey) Scribn., SUEEPYGRASS NPC 9 10

S. tenuissima (=Nassella tenuissima)

S. scribneri Vasey, SCRIBNER’S N. NPC 10
THEMEDA Forrsk.

T. triandra Forrsk., RED OATGRASS IPW

CUL

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 42

THINOPYRUM (=EL YMUS)
T. hispidum (Elymus hispidus)
T. ponticum (-Elpmus ponticum)

TRACH YPOGON Nees
T. secundus (J. Presl) Scribn., CRINKLEAWN NPW 2 6 10

T. montufari of Hitchcock's Manual Of U. S.
Grasses, ed. I. (=T. secundus)

TRAGUS Haller, Burgrass

T. berteronianus Schult. SPIKE B., pricklegrass, IAW 2 6 7 10
goatgrass

TRICHACNE (=DIGITARIA)
T. californica (=Digitaria californica)
T. hitchcockii (=Digitaria hitchcockii)
T. insularis (=Digitaria insularis)
T. patens (=Digitaria patens)

TRICHLORIS E. Fourn._ex Benth., Rhodesgrass
T. crinata (Lag.) Parodi, FALSE R., multiflowered NPW 7 10
chloris

T. pluriflora E. Fourn., MULTIFLOWERED NPW 2 6
FALSER., four-flowered chloris

TRICHONEURA Anders.
T. elegans Swallen, SILVEUSGRASS, hairy- NAW 2 6

nerve grass

TRIDENS Roem. & Schult., Tridens

T. albescens (Vasey) Woot. & Standl, WHITET. NPW 23 45 67 8 9 10
T. ambiguus (Ell) Schult., PINEBARREN T. NPW 1, 2
T. avenaceus (=Erioneuron avenaceum vat.
avenaceum)
T. buckleyanus (L. H. Dewey) Nash, BUCKLEY NPW vi
Le
T. congestus (L. H. Dewey) Nash, PINK T. NPW 2 4
T. eragrostoides (Vasey & Scribn.) Nash, NPW 2 6 7 10
OVEGRASS T.
T. flavus (L.) A. Hitche.
var. chapmanii (Small) Shinners, NPW 1
CHAPMAN T.
var. flavus, PURPLETOP, redtop NPW b- 2: 3 4°35 7 8 9

T. grandiflora (=Erioneuron avenaceum vat.
grandiflorum)

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 43

T. muticus (Torr.) Nash

var. elongatus (Buckl.) Shinners, NPW 3.4.5 7 8 9
ROUGH T.
var. muticus, SLIMT. NPW 23 45 67 8 9 10
T. nealleyi (=Erioneuron avenaceum var.
nealleyi)

T. pilosus (=Erioneuron pilosum)

T. pulchellum (=Di hloa putchella)

T. strictus (Nutt.) Nash, LONGSPIKE T. NPW 1 2 3 4 5 7d
T. texanus (S. Wats.) Nash, TEXAS T. NPW 2 6 7

TRIODIA of Hitchcock's Manual of U. S. Grasses,
ed. I. @ TRIDENS)

TRIPLASIS P. Beauv.
T. purpurea (Walt.) Chapm., PURPLE NAW 1 2 3 4 5 67 8 9 10
ANDGRASS
TRIPOGON Roem. & Schult., Tripogon

T. spicatus (Nees) Ekman, AMERICAN T. NPW 7

TRIPSACUM L.
T. dactyloides (L.)L., EASTERN GAMAGRASS NPW 12 3 45 67 8 9 #10

TRIRAPHIS R. Br.
T. mollis R. Br., PURPLE PLUMEGRASS IPC 6

TRISETUM (=SPHENOPHOLIS in Texas)
T. interruptum_ (=Sphenopholi

interrupta)

TRITICUM L.
T. aestivum L., WHEAT TAC 12 3 45 6 7 8 9 #10

UL
T. cylindricum (Host) Ces, Pass. & Gib., JOINTED IAC 1 3.4 5 7 8 9 10
GOATGRASS

UNIOLA L.
U. latifolia (=Chasmanthium latifolium)
U. laxum (=Chasmanthium laxum)
U. paniculata L., SEA-OATS, beachgrass NPW 2
U. sessiliflora (=Ch hium laxum)

UROCHLOA P. Beauv., Signalgrass

U. arizonica (Scribn. & Merr.) D. Morrone & F. NAW 10
Zuloaga, ARIZONA S.

U. brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R. D. Webster,
PALISADE SIGNALGRASS
U. ciliatissima (Buckl.) R. D. Webster,
Ss.

U. fusca (O. Swartz) B. Hansen & Wunderlin,
BROWNTOP §., fieldgrass, browntop

U. maxima (Jacq.) R. D. Webster,
GIUNEAGRASS

U. mosambicensis (Hack.) Dandy, MOSAMBIC 8.

U. mutica (Forssk.) T. Q. Nguyen, PARAGRASS

U. panicoides P. Beauv., LIVERSEED GRASS

U. plantaginea (Link) R. D. Webster. PLANTAIN

U. platyphylla (Munro ex C. Wright) R. D.
Webster, BROADLEAF S.

U. subquadripara (Trin.) A. Hitchc., TROPICAL
Be

U. ramosa (L.) T. Q. Nguyen, BROWNTOP
MILLETT

U. reptans (L.) Stapf, SPRAWLING S.

U. texana (Buckl.) R. D. Webster, TEXAS S.,
Texas millet, Colorado grass

VASEYOCHLOA A. Hitche.

V. multinervosa os A. Hitche.,
TEXASGRA

VETIVERIA (= CHRYSOPOGON)
V. zizaniodies (=Chrysopogon zizanioides)

VULPIA C. Gmel., Sixweeksgrass

V. bromoides (L.) S. F. Gray, BROME 5S.

V. myuros (L.) K. C. Gmel., RATTAIL 8.

V. octoflora (Walt.) Rydb., SIXWEEKSGRASS
var. glauca (Nutt.) Fern.
var. hirtella (Piper) Henr., HAIR S.
var. octoflora, COMMON S.

V. sciurea (Nutt.) Henr., SQUIRREL 8.

WILLKOMMIA Hack.
W. texana A. Hitche.
var. texana, TEXAS WILLKOMMIA

FRINGED

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 44

IPW 6

NPW 123 45 67 8 9 #10
NAW 23 45 67 8 9 10
IPW 2 6

IPW 2

IPW 2 6

IAW 2 6

IAW

NAW 1 2 3 4 6 7

TACW 6

IAW 2 3 4 §

IAW 1: 2.3: 34 6

NAW 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
NPW 2 6

TAC 1 3

TAC 1 3 4 7

NAC 1 3: 45 W238

NAC L2. 3p 45 7 8 9 10
NAC 12 3 4 7

NAC 1 3 ASS 7

NPC 2.3

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 45

ZEA L., Corn
Z. mays L., CORN IAW 1.2 3.4 5 6 F -8 9 10
CUL
Z. perennis (A. Hitchc.) Reeves & Mangeld., IPW 2
TEOSINTE CUL

ZIZANIA L., Wildrice
Z. texana A. Hitche., TEXAS W. NPW 7

ZIZANIOPSIS Doell & Aschers.

Z. miliacea (Michx.) Doell & Aschers., NPW 1 2:3 4 6 7
MILLET, water millet, giant cutgrass,
southern wildrice

ZOYSIA Willd, Zoysiagrass
Z. japonica Steud, JAPANESE LAWNGRASS, IPW

z., Korean lawngrass CUL

Z. matrella (L.) Merr., MANILAGRASS IPW
CUL

Z. pacifica (Goudswaard) M. Hotta & Kuroi, IPW
OREAN VEL VETGRASS, mascarenegra CUL

ZULOAGAEA (= Panicum in part)

Z. bulbosa (=Panicum bulbosum)

2(1).

6(5).
6.

6).
1.

8(7).
8.
9(6).
9.

10(9).
10.

110).
11.

1211).
12.

1312).
13.

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 46

GRASSES OF TEXAS
GENERIC KEY TO GROUPS OR SELECTED GENERA

Culms woody (bamboo), perennial; flowering irregularly (not every year).....00.0e 2
Culms herbaceous, annual (somewhat woody in Arundo), flowering yearly or more
frequently. 3

Primary culms internodes cylindrical; primary culm branches 1; pseudopetioles usually less
than 2mm long

Primary culms internodes strongly flattened on 1 side (D-shaped), primary culm branches
typically 2; pseudopetiole usually 2-3 mm long

Leaf blades less than 1 cm ieee leaves in fascicles; spikelets unisexual, inconspicuous in

axils of fascicled leaves... g
Leaf blades more than 1 cm lone: leaves not in fascicles; spikelets perfect or unisexual,
usually

F

Second glumes with 5 rows of hooked spines on abaxial surface ....0..0.. cece Tragus
Second glumes without hooked spines on abaxial surface

Spikelets with unisexual florets only, staminate and pistillate spikelets conspicuously
different. Group A
Spikelets at least some with one or more perfect florets; if unisexual, then staminate and
pistillate spikelets not ly different

Florets 1 per spikelet
Florets 2 or more per spikelet on at least some spikelets 9

—l

Inflorescence a spike or spicate raceme or raceme (Aristida oligan MAG) scerscrroscesets Group
Inflorescence a panicle, some panicles spicate (depauperate specimens may be reduced to
a raceme, e.g some Bromus and Vulpia

Panicles open, contracted, or with racemose branches, but without spicate primary
unilateral branches........ sicpananinde sededecatonasnaenn as GROUPS
Panicles with spicate pam ary ‘unilateral ‘branches Group D

Reduced florets below perfect florets (both above and below in Uniola, C
Chasmanthuim, Phragmites, and tenium) 10
Reduced florets above perfect floret or all florets perfect 17

Reduced florets both above and below fertile florets 11
Reduced florets below fertile floret, or both florets red i 14

Second glumes dorsally awned Ctenium
Second glumes awnless or rarely mucronate from apex... 0.0... 0.0 c cece ee eee eee eee ee AD

Plants 1-4 m tall; infl plumose Phragmites
Plants about 1—2.5 m tall; infl not plumose 13

Disarticulation above glumes; plants of inland or woodland site: Ch hi
Disarticulation below glumes; plants of coastal dune Uniola

1410).

14.

15(14).
15

16(14).

1807).
18

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 47

Glumes both absent; spikelets appear to have 1 floret (also see Paspalum malacophyllum)
15

Glumes at least one present; spikelets have 2-3 floret: 16
Plants perennial, native; upper florets less than 6 mm long Leersia
Plants annual, introduced (cultivated); upper florets 7-12 mm long......... ce Oryza

Spikelets paired (except at rame or inflorescence or spicate raceme apex where spikelets
are in 3's), one sessile or subsessile and perfect, one pedicellate and sterile (Saccharum
both spikelets perfect), upper floret usually membranous or leaf-like; first glume nearly as
long as spikelet ( tribe) Group E
Spikelets not paired or paired: when paired spikelets both perfect; upper floret dissimilar
from lower floret or florets; first glume usually reduced or absent (except in Phalaris and
some Panicum species) (Paniceae tribe Ehrharta, and Phaltaris)... ..Group F

Inflorescence a spike or spicate raceme or raceme Group G
Inflorescence a panicle (depauperate specimens may be reduced to a raceme).......0..000- 18
Panicles of spicate primary unilateral branche Group H
Panicles of open, contracted, or rames but without spicate primary unilateral branches
sroup I
Group A

(unisexual spikelets only,
staminate and pistillate spikelets conspicuously different)

Plants dioeciou 2
Plants 7
Plants ascending to erect 3
Plants mat-forming, not ascending or erect 6
Plant height 1-3 m tall; rhizomes absent Cortaderia
Plant height 35— 60 cm tall; rhizomes present or absent 4
Lemmas 5—veined Poa
Lemmas strongly 3—-veined 5

Ligules a ciliate membrane 0.5—-1.4 mm long; inflorescences a panicle, lemmas
awnle: Allolepis
Ligules a minute fringe of hairs; inflorescences a spicate raceme or narrow panicle;
Lemmas awnless (staminate spikelet) or with twisted awn (pistillate spikelet)

. Scleropogon
Pistillate and staminate inflorescences similar i in ‘appearance: lemmas 3 veined

Eragrostis
Pistillate inflorescences in bur—like clusters and staminate spikelets in clusters on spicate
primary unilateral branches; lemmas 3—-veined Buchloé
Staminate and pistillate spikelets borne on separate infl 8
Staminate and pistillate spikelets borne on the same infl 9
Glumes absent; stamens 6 Luziola

Glumes present; stamens 3 Zea

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 48

9(7). Pistillate spikelets below staminate spikelets on the inflorescence branch, glumes

chartaceu 10
9. Pistillate spikelets above staminate spikelets on the inflorescence branch, glume texture

leaf like... ...... 1
10(9). Pistillate spikelets occurring singly in a hard bead-like structures (white to pale blue)

(cultivate Coix

10. Pistillate spikelets occur in cobs and no singly... 00.00. ee DP ripsacum
11(9). Staminate spikelets on lower panicle branches; pistillate spikelets on stiffly erect

upper branches izania
11. Staminate spikelets on base of branch; pistillate spikelets at apex of same branch..

izaniopsis

Group B
(1 floret/spikelet; spike or spicate raceme)
by Lemmas 3—-awned; spikelets more than 15 mm long Aristida
1, Lemmas awnless or with 1 awn; spikelets less than 15 mm long. 2

2(1). Spikelets in capitate clusters, usually within the leafy part of plant; spikelets unisexual...... ...

Buchloé

2: Spikelets elevated above leaves in elongated inflorescences not in capitate clusters; spikelets
with at least 1 perfect floret ... 3

3(2). Inflorescences with spikelets unilateral (on one side) on rachi Mi hi
Inflorescences with spikelets bilateral on rachis 4
4(3). Spikelets solitary, 1 per infl node 5
4. Spikelets 3 per infl node 7.
5(4). Plants rhizomatous, perennial, infl araceme. oysia
Plants caespitose, annual; infl a spike 6
6(5). First glumes present Parapholis
6. First glumes absent Hainardia
74). Glumes reduced to awns; inflorescence a spicate raceme (except Hordeum vulgare a spike)..
ordeum
7, Glumes not reduced to awns but rather obvious bracts; infl a spike Hilaria
Group C
(1 floret/spikelet;
panicles without spicate primary unilateral branches)

i Panicle spike-like; lemmas 3-veined Hilaria
b Panicles open or contracted but not appearing as a spike; lemmas 3- or 5-veined........ 2

2(1). Spikelets dimorphic (fertile spikelets mixed with and usually concealed by sterile spikelets;
osur'

lemma 5-veined, veins obscure Cyn us
2: Spikelets of similar morphology; lemmas 3 or 5 veined, veins distinct or obscure...........0..... 3
3(2). Lemmas 3-veined 4
3 Lemmas not conspicuously 3—veined, either 1-or 5— or more veined or veins inconspicuous....10

106).

8(7).
8.
9(8).
9.
10(3).
10.
1120).

11.

1211).
12.

1302).

13.
14(13).
14,
15(10).
15.
16(15).
16.
17(6).
17.
18(17).

18.

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 49

Lemma awn branched to 3—awns, sometimes the lateral awns greatly reduced (e.g. 1 mm
long) Aristida
Lemma awn unbranched or lemma awnless 5

Glumes both as long or longer than lemma (excluding awns) 6
Glumes, at least the first, shorter than lemma a

Lemmas awnless or awned from back, base, or cleft apex; glumes exceeding length of
emma Agrostis
Lemmas awnless or awned from entire apex; glumes nearly equal to lemma length «0.00...

1

Spikelet disarticulation below the glumes; rachilla extending above floret as a minute
TIStLE 55. tue aa crete Aenean da dearineenaatednantnas these sanaaeaaese dancers at ae ana eaennans ACIMMG
Spikelet disarticulation above the glumes; rachilla not extended above the perfect floret

First glumes with 2 awns; glume veins 2 (even-numbered) Lycurus
First glumes awnless or with 1 awn; glume veins odd-numbered 9

Veins of lemmas densely pubescent; lemmas awnle: op
Veins of lemmas glabrous to scabrous; lemmas awned or awnle

Lemmas indurate and completely enclosing palea for most of its length 00.0.0. c cee 11
Lemmas coriaceous, membranous or leaf-like, but not obviously indurate, usually not
enclosing the palea for entire length 15
Paleas longer than lemmas, grooved longitudinally; lemma margins involute oo...
Paleas shorter than or equal to lemmas, flat; lemma margins flat ce ree eee ee 12
Lemma margins greatly overlapping; paleas less than one-third lemma length........... Nassella
Lemma margins not or slightly overlapping; paleas one-third or more lemma length .......... 13

Palea apex flat, usually pubescent, shorter or equal to lemma length, veins usually
terminate below palea ape: Stipa
Palea apex keeled, usually glabrous, as long as lemma, veins terminating at palea apex

Y,

Lemmas more than 7.5 mm long; callus sharp:

yf ip
Lemmas less than 7.5 mm long; callus blunt Oryzopsis
Glumes absent. Leersia
Glumes present, at least the second 16
Glumes, at least the first, shorter than floret 17
Glumes both longer than or equal to floret 21
Lemmas 5—veined; plants of wet habitats or mesic habitats 18
Lemmas 1-veined; plants of mesic or xeric habitat: 20

Rachilla terminating at upper floret, not becoming a bristle; plants of wet area...

Rachilla extending above perfect(usually upper) floret into a bristle; plants of mesic areas

19(18).
19.

20(17).

20.

21(16).
21.
22(21).
22.
23(22).
23.
24(21).
24,
25(24).
25.
26(24).
26.
27(26).
27.

28(26).

28.

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 50

First glumes 0.1 — 1.1 mm long; plants perennial; lemmas acute Brachyel

First glumes 1.42.6 mm long; plant annual; lemmas bidentate Apera
Lemmas with a tuft of hair at base .Calamovilfa
Lemmas without a tuft of hair at base Sporobolus
Glumes and lemmas awnle: 22
Glumes or lemmas awned 24
Lemmas 1-veined; ligules a dense ring of hairs or ciliate membrane .........0....0... Sporobolus
Lemmas 5-veined or veins i pi ligules t 23
Panicle branches in verticels of dense whorls; panicles contracted Polypogon
Panicle branches in verticels or not in verticels but not dense; panicles open or contracted... ..

Agrostis

Glumes awned 25
Glumes awnless (awn-tipped in Gastridium) 26
Disarticulation above the glumes; glumes generally 3-veined Phleum
Disarticulation below the glumes; glumes 1—-veined Polypogon
Disarticulation of spikelet above glume: 27
Disarticulation of spikelet below glume: 28
Second glumes 4-5 times longer than lemma Gastridi
Second glumes shorter to longer than lemma but not more than twice as long............ Agrostis

Lemmas awned from below middle; inflorescence a tightly contracted cylindrical panicle..........

Alopecurus

Lemmas awned from near apex; inflorescence contracted but not tightly cylindrical........0.......
Limnodea

Group D
(1 floret/spikelet;
panicle with spicate primary unilateral branches)

Panicle branches digitate, sub-digitate or rarely verticillate 0.0.0.0 Cynodon

Panicle branches generally alternate but definitely not digitate

Spikelets borne on central axis of inflorescence as well as the branche Sched i

Spikelets not borne on central axis of inflorescence, occurring only on the branches............ 3

Lemmas 5—veined; paleas 3-veined Leersia

Lemmas conspicuously 1-3—-veined; paleas 2—-veined 4

Plants 50 cm or more in height; larger spikelets 6-25 mm long Spartina

Plants 49 cm or less tall; larger spikelets 4-5 mm long Willkommia

6(2).
6.
16).
7
8(7).
8.
9(8).
9.

10(8).
10.

110).
11.

120).
12.
1302).
13.

1413).

14.

15(14).
15.

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 5]

Group E
ANDROPOGONEAE TRIBE
(2 florets/spikelet; spikelets paired, some pedicels
without spikelets; reduced floret below perfect floret)

Inflorescence a spicate raceme, several to many per culm 2
Inflorescence a panicle of rames (rarely a panicle with a single branch).....0..00. ee 11
Upper lemmas awned 3
Upper lemmas awnless 6
Lemma awn less than 3 cm long Sch h
Lemma awn more than 3.5 cm long 4
Inflorescences more than 9 cm long (excluding awns) Trachypog
Inflorescences less than 8 cm long (excluding awns) 5

Spicate racemes composed of many spikelet pairs; inflorescences elongated not fan Shaped
.. Heteropogon

Spicate ra racemes es composed Es a rangle spikelet (rarely more) and 2 pedicellate spikelets;

inflorescences appear fan shaped Themeda

Tnfl

pubescent Elionurus
Inflorescences glabrous to scabrous

Basal leaf sheaths with stiff, sharp, papilla-based hairs to 3 mm long that irritate the skin;
plants annual Rottboellia
Basal leaf sheaths glabrous or with a tuft of pilose hair at apex; plants perennial or annual .. 8

Sessile spikelets not sunken into thickened rachis, rachis slender: 9
Sessile spikelets sunken into thickened rachis 10

Plants annual; culms much branched

Plants perennial; culms not branching above base Ei hl
First glume of sessile spikelets smooth on back; 1 axis flattened H. h
First glume of sessile eons with pits or rigs inflorescence axis ; anne or angled
but not flattened .. Sagat Acta ales hnedah wena War hacien ee ears retulin eens . .Mnesithia

Rame reduces to a triad of spikelets; lemma awn 10 cm or more long
Rame not a triad of spikelets; lemma awn less than 5 cm long or awnless...

Leaf blades with cordate clasping base; plants annual
Leaf blades without cordate clasping base; plants perennial or annual... 13

Spikelets, both sessile and pedicellate fertile 14
Spikelets not both fertile, sessile spikelet fertile and pedicellate sterile or pedicellate spikelet
absent. 17

Panicles subdigitate, central axis short; branches seldom rebranch; plants less than 0.5 m tall

o
Panicles with elongated central axis, branches may rebranch several times; plants more than
fall ese ingens 1

Spikelets falling in pairs (sessile and pedicellate with inflorescence branch)........ Saccharum
Spikelets falling separate from 16

16(15).
16.

17015).

17.

18 (17).
18.

190.7).

19.
20(17).
20.
21(20).

21

22(21).
22.

2(1).

3(2).

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 52

Inflorescences greater than 7 cm long; sheath margins connate, spikelets mostly awned .......

Inflorescence less than 6.9 cm long; sheath margins open; spikelets awnless ........... Imperata
Panicles of 2 to 7 paired or digitate or subdigitate rames, a spathe subtending inflorescence
bases can be present or absent; pedicels of upper spikelets without central groove or
membranous area.. ... 18
Panicles of more than 7 rames 2s (occasionally reduced to 3 branches i in 1 Bothriochloa
ischaemum), spathe not subtending inflorescences; pedicels of upper spikelet with or
without a central or area 20

Sessile spikelet at base of rames staminate and awnless Hyparrhenia
Sessile spikelets at base of rames bisexual and awned 19

Pedicellate spikelets about as large as sessile spikelets, apex broadly rounded; species
introduce

Pedicellate spikelets shorter and narrower than sessile spikelets or apex narrow end tapering
or absent; species native

POS

Glume margins setose, the hairs almost appear like spine: Chrysopogon
Glume margins not setose, any hairs not appearing like spine 21

Pedicels and usually upper branch internodes on the upper part of inflorescence ath a
central groove or area

Pedicels and upper branch internodes on the upper part of inflorescence without a

central groove or t area 22

Pedicellate spikelets absent, only hairy pedicel remaining Sorgh
Pedicellate spikelets present Sorghum

Group F
ANTHOXANTHUM, EHRHARTA, PHALARIS and PANICEAE TRIBE
[2 or 3 florets/spikelet; reduced floret or florets below perfect floret; panicle
inflorescences
(some spicate racames or racemes)]

Ear-like appendages at the margins of second lemma; disarticulation above the gulmes
Ehrharta

Ear-like appendages absent from the base of the second lemma; disarticulation above

or below the glume: 2

Glumes equal, 1 mm or more longer than fertile floret; 2 (occasionally 1) scale-like
rudimentary florets below fertile floret; disarticulation above glumes; upper floret

corlaceou: halaris
Glumes unequal (rarely equal, e.g. Panicum obtusum) or only second glume present

(in some species of Axonopus, Digitaria and Paspalum), if equal then reduced floret
as long as spikelet; disarticulation below or above the ae upper floret sacuuce

firm to indurate (except in Pennisetum and Cenchrus)... ss : nti hice ances.

Florets 3 per spikelet; disarticulation above glumes; fertile floret with dorsal awn

Florets 2 per spikelet; disarticulation below glumes 4

4(3).
4,

5(4).
5.
6(4).
6.
16).
7
8(7).
8.
9(8).
9.

10(9).
10.

110).
11.

12(7).
12.

1302).
13.
1413).
14.

15(14).

15.

16(13).
16.

1706).
17.

18(17).
18.
19(18).
19.

20(6).
20.

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 53

Inflorescence a spike or spicate raceme or raceme; spikelets embedded or not embedded in
: ae]

Inflorescence a panicle; spikelets not embedded into cavities of infl branche 6

Spikelets appear embedded in cavities of rachi

Spikelets not appearing embedded in rachis Paspalum
Panicles of spicate (or racemose) primary unilateral branches 7
Panicles open or contracted but not having spicate primary unilateral branches .................. 20
First glumes absent or reduced to a cup-like structure on all or some spikelets... 00... 8
First glumes present on all spikelet: 12
Spikelets subtended by a cup-like or disk-like ring; upper lemma mucronate............ Eriochloa
Spikelets not subtended by a cup-like or disk-like ring; upper lemma awnless ........0.0.... 9
Apex of upper lemma margins folded over palea, not clasping, appearing thin......... Digitaria
Apex of upper lemma margins clasping the palea, appearing thick oo... ieee

Lemma of the fertile florets with rounded surface facing away from inflorescence branch
axis Axonopus

Lemma of fertile florets with rounded surface facing infl branch axi 11
Lemma of lower florets awned; upper florets mucronate Echinochl
Lemma of lower florets awnless; upper florets rounded to obtuse to acute, not mucronate
aspalum
Ligules absent; plants annual Echinocht
Ligules present; plants annual and perennial 13
Glumes both awned 14
Glumes both awnle: 16
First glumes rudimentary; lower lemmas and second glumes silky villous... Melinis

First glumes well-developed; lower lemmas and second glumes glabrous or pubescent,
but both not silky villous...

Awn of first glumes mucronate or shorter than glume body; plants not stoloniferous

Awn of first glumes 6mm or more long; plants if Opili:
Upper lemma margins folded over palea, not clasping, appearing thin..........0..00. Digitaria
Upper lemma margins clasping palea, appearing thick 17

First glumes adjacent to primary branch axis; upper lemmas smooth
First glumes away from primary branch axis; upper lemmas smooth or rugose

.. Brachiaria
18

Primary branch extending beyond spikelet as a point or bristle
Primary branch not extending beyond spikelet as a point or bristle ....

Panicle branches appressed; upper lemmas smooth Panicum
Panicle branches ascending to divergent; upper lemmas rugose........0.. eee Urochloa
First glumes reduced to a cup-like structure subtending spikelet Eriochloa

First glumes bractlike, not reduced to a cup-like structure (minute in Melinis)..0.00.00000. 21

21(20).

21.

22(21).

22.

23(22).
23

24(21).
24,

25(24).
25
26(25).
26
27(24).
27
28(27).
28
29(28).
29,

30(29).

30.

31(30).
31

3(2).
3.

4(1).
4

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 54

Spikelets subtended by 1 to many bristles or flattened spines; bristles or spines forming

an involucre, or not fused

Spikelets not subtended by bristles or flattened spines; bristles or flattened spines not present
24

Spikelets disarticulate above bristles or spines; bristles persistent on
inflorescence (see Pennisetum glaucum) Setaria
Spikelets disarticulate with the bristles or spines; bristles not persistent on inflorescence ....23

Bristles antrorsely barbed Pennisetum
Bristles or spines retrorsely barbed Cenchrus
Upper lemma margins folded over palea margins, relatively thin and flexible.......0..00000. 25
Upper lemma margins inrolled (appearing to clasp) over palea margins, relatively

thick and rigid (except immature Panicum b 27
Rachilla pronounced between florets; first glume present Melinis
Rachilla not pronounced between florets; first glume absent 26

Anth

Pedicels shorter than spikelet

Pedicels 2 to several times longer than spikelet Digitaria
Second glumes gibbous at base; fertile florets on a short stipe Sacciolepis
Second glumes not gibbous at base; fertile florets without stipe 28
Ligules absent Fok hI

Ligules present 29
Inflorescences of spicate unbranched primary branche Urochloa
Inflorescences with branches that rebranch 30

Plants forming a basal rosette of leaves different from cauline leaves; culm simple in cool
season with a primary panicle inflorescence per culm, later becoming much branched wath,
small axillary inflorescences in summer and fal
Plants not forming a basal rosette of leaves; leaves at base similar to cauline leaves; culms
with a primary panicle inflorescence in summer and fall (see also Dichanthelium

pedicellatum).....0.0000 000. 31
Lemma of perfect florets ly rugose Urochloa
Lemma of perfect florets smooth or muricate not ly rugose Panicum
Group G
(2 or more florets/spikelet; spike or spicate raceme or racemes)
Spikelets in capitate clusters, usually within the leafy part of plant 2
Spikelets elevated above leaves, in elongated inflorescences not in capitate clusters............. 4
Lemmas 3—awned, awns ciliate. Blepharidach
Lemmas 1—awned, awns not ciliate 3
Lemmas acuminate, not bifid; florets 2-3; ligules a ring of hairs... cece Munroa
Lemmas bifid; florets 6-12; ligule a ciliate membrane Di hi
Infl unilateral spike: Bouteloua

Inflorescences bilateral spikes or spicate racemes or racemes

5(4).

6(5).
6.
16).
7.
8(7).
8.
9(8).
9.
10(9).
10.

110).
11.

120).
12.

1365).

13:

14013).
14.
15(14).
15.

16(15).
16.

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 55

Inflorescences a spike with 1 sessile spikelet per node (occasionally 2 spikelets per node in
(Elymus smithii) 6
Inflorescences a spike with 2 or more sessile oe per node (rarely 1 pana per node in
(Leymus triticoides) or araceme (Bromus)... Jen ea seal

Infl a raceme 7
Inflorescence a spike or spicate raceme. 8

Lemmas bifid, awned from between the lobes of the bifid ape Bromus
Lemmas entire, awn terminal Brach Hi

'E

First glume absent on all except the terminal spikelet Lolium
First glume present on all spikelets

Plants annual; culm bases soft 10
Plants perennial; culm bases firm 11
Glumes 1—-veined Secale
Glumes 5—11-veined Triticum
Spikelets spreading from rachis at 40E angle Agropyron
Spikelets appressed to rachis (less than 30 degree angle) 12
Ligules a ciliate membrane; lemmas 3-veined Tripogon
Ligules emmas veral-veined or veins i pi Elymus

Spikelets disarticulate in clusters as a complete unit; lemmas 3-veined, veins 0.0...

distinct; stolons or rhizomes present Hilaria

Spikelets disarticulate above or below the one but not in clusters; lemmas 5-7- veined,
veins indistinct, stolons not present... aera eh Roden eat cH we sate ot iat

Peath }

Disarticulation of spikelets below glumes

Disarticulation of spikelets above the glume: 15
Rhizomes present Leymus
Rhizomes absent 16
Glumes 2—5-veined Elymus

Glumes 1-veined

Group H
(2 or more florets/spikelet; inflorescence
a panicle of spicate primary unilateral branches)

Inflorescence a unilateral panicle appearing like araceme; primary branches short,
appearing subsessile to central axi Al.
Inflorescence with 2 or more spicate primary unilateral branches; primary

branches not short and not appearing subsessile to central axi 2

Inflorescence branches digitate, subdigitate, or verticillate
Inflorescence branches alternate or occasionally paired (Eleusine occasionally reduced to
1-2 branches per infl

Fertile florets 3 or more per spikelet 4
Fertile florets 1 or 2 per spikelet 6

43).
4.

5(4).
5.

7(6)
7
8(7).
8.
9(8).
9.

10(7).

10.

112).
1.

1211).
12.

13(12).

13.

14(12).
14,

15(14).

15.

2(1).

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 56

Inflorescence primary branches terminating in a bare point Dactyl
Inflorescence primary branches terminating in a spikelet 5
Lemmas 3-awned; panicle branches in verticels; second glumes 1-veined................ Trichloris
Lemmas awnless to mucronate, panicle branches digitate or subdigitate; second glumes 3-7-
veined Eleusine

Leaf blades without a midvein usually conspicuously distichous; second glumes (excluding
awn) equal to or longer than spikelet
Leaf blades with midvein, not conspicuously distichous; second glumes (excluding

awn) shorter than spikelet 7
Lower lemmas laterally compressed; caryopses triangular or sublerete,t in cross section ......... 8
Lower lemmas dorsally compressed, caryopses dorsally ie 10
Second glume awned Eustachys
Second glume awnle

Lowermost lemma awned Chloris
Lowermost lemma awnle: Cynodon
Lowermost lemmas 1-awned Ei spog
Lowermost lemmas 3—awned Trichloris
Lemmas obscurely 5—veined; plants annual D

Lemmas conspicuously 3—veined; plants perennial or annual 12
Fertile florets 1 per spikelet 13
Fertile florets 2 or more per spikelet 14
Spikelets in clusters of 3 per primary branch; upper spikelet with one perfect floret,

lower spikelets neuter or staminate Cath
a not in clusters of 3 per primary branch; all ua with a aus floret...

Jat aah solace enya rae weet .. Bouteloua
Glumes 8 mm or more long; lemma veins ciliate Trichoneura

Glumes less than 7.8 mm long; lemma veins glabrous or puberulent but not with spreading
ciliate hair 15

Lemmas glabrous, acute, awnless; spikelets not overlapping on inflorescence

Bara CGS eccastece asics esse ar caste cia ante dae nee stp aaaten saree teased tna ats cecacielrs cas alana Eragrostis
Lemmas glabrous or pubescent on veins or near the base, apex acute to obtuse or notched,
awned or awnless; when lemmas awnless spikelets overlapping on branches........Leptochloa

Group I
(2 or more florets/spikelet; reduced floret
at spikelet apex or absent; panicle inflorescence)

Plants with unilateral panicle: 2
Plants with rebranched panicles or multiple spikelets per primary branch... 3

Spikelets dimorphic (fertile spikelets mixed with and usually concealed by sterile SF
disarticulation below the glumes; glumes 3-9 veined; lemmas 3-veined.............. Sclerochloa
Spikelets of similar ee disarticulation above the ghimes gues 1- ce
lemmas 5- veined... ene debe tas Fa arse tice | aataneiat ands; CPROSUTUS,

3(1).
3.
4(3).
4.
5(4).
5.
6(5).
6.
7G).
7.

8(7).
8.

10(9).
10.
11(8).
1.
1211).
12.
13(12).

Is.

1413).
14,

15(14).
15.

16 (7).
16.

17016).
17.

18(17).
18.

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 57

Plants 2 —6 m tall 4
Plants less than 2 m tall 7
Spikelets 3.5-7 cm long; inflorescences not plumose Arundi

Spikelets less than 3.5 cm long; inflorescences a plume-like panicle 5
Plants without rhizomes (caespitose); glumes 1-veined Cortaderia

Plants rhizomatous; glumes 3- to many-veined

Lemmas densely pubescent; rachilla glabrou Arundo
Lemmas glabrous; rachilla villous Phragmites
Lemmas pl ly 3-veined

Lemmas 1 or 5- many-veined, or veins obscure (midvein may be conspicuous)............0.. 16
Veins of lemma glabrous or minutely scabrous; lemma base without long hairs................. 9

Veins of lemma pubescent (occasionally puberulent) to long hairy or lemma base with
long hair.

Lemma apex with a slight notch, midvein extending into a mucro; panicles contracted

ridens

Lemma apex without a notch, midvein not extending into an awn; panicles open or

narrow, 10
Second glumes 1-veined; caryopses not beaked Eragrostis
Second glumes 3-5-veined; caryopses beaked Diarrhena
Rhizomes present, well developed Redfieldia
Rhizomes absent
Paleas densely long-ciliate on upper half; plants annual Triplasis
Paleas not densely long-ciliate on upper half; plants annual or perennial 13
Leaf blades with thick white margins; inflorescences usually less than 4 cm long............
Leaf blades without thick white margins; inflorescences longer than 5 cm... 14
Lemmas with 3 awns, these 4mm long or longer Triraphis
Lemmas awnless or with single awns, if 3 awns then awns mucronate 15
Inflorescence a panicle of spicate primary branche: Leptochtoa
Inflorescence a panicle without spicate primary branche Tridens
Lemmas 9-or more awned 7
Lemmas 0-3-awned 19
Glumes 1-veined Pappop
Glumes 5-or more-veined 18
Lowermost lemmas 9-veined; lemma awns 9, subequal, plumose Ei

Lowermost lemmas 11-13-veined; lemma awns 11- 13, unequal, glabrous to scabrous...
eetnenes ottea

19(16).
19.

20(19).
20.
21(20).
21.
22(21).
22.
23(21).
23.

24(23).

24.

25(24).
25.

26(25).
26.

27(26)
27.

28(27).
28.
29(24).
29.
30(29).
30.
31(30).
31.

3231).

32.

33(29).

33.

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 58

Ligules a line of hairs or ciliate membrane 20
Ligules membranous for most or all its length 23
Lemmas 1-veined, apex entire Eragrostis
Lemmas strongly 7-9-veined, apex slightly bifid 21
Caryopsis apex with 2 persistent horn-like style bases, outline orbicular ............ Vaseyochloa
io apex without persistent horn-like ae bases, outline linear to peau
elliptical... chMiri eas bonateneestenaet tomasieaeinne actunee sa ch sehen ree ee
Plants annual; lemmas awnless or nearly so Schismus
Plants perennial; lemmas awned Danthonia
Glumes or lemmas awned 24
Glumes and lemmas awnless 36

Lemmas awned from back with a dorsal attached awn (see also immature Bromus

25
Lemmas awned from apex or from between the lobes of bifid ape: 29
Glumes 1.5 cm long or longer Avena
Glumes less than 1.5 cm long 26
Fertile spikelets more than 4 mm long; upper lemmas with a hooked awn... Holcus

Fertile spikelets less than 2.6 mm long (excluding the awns; upper lemmas without a
hooked awn)...

Spikelets dissimilar; plants with staminate spikelets and fertile spikelets; fertile spikelet

lemmas awned from near apex Lamarckia

Spikelets all similar; plant without both staminate spikelets and fertile spikelets; fertile
spikelet lemmas awned from below the middle

Lemma awn attached dorsally below midlength of the lemma Aira
Lemma awn attached dorsally just below the lemma ape: Apera
Lemmas bifid, awned from between teeth 30
Lemmas acute, not bifid, awned from ape: 33
Glumes and lemmas papillose or papillose hispid on back Rostraria
Glumes and lemmas glabrous to hairy but not papillose or papillose hispid... 31
Paleas adnate to caryopsis; lemma apices usually bifid Bromus

Paleas not adnate to caryopsis; lemma apices, entire (or bifid in Sphenoph olis interrupta).....
3

pean less than 8 mm long; plants annual; lemma apices entire (bifid in Sphenopholis
interu
Species more than 8 mm long; plants annual or perennial; lemma apices bifid.......... Bromus

Plants annual; stamen 1 aed 3) per floret; leaves less than 2 mm wide; lemmas
inconspicuously 5—veined fax6 .. Vulpia

Plants perennial, stamen 3 ber ‘floret; leavesan more e than 4n mm 1 wide; lemmas

5- veined 34

F

34(33).

34.

38(37).
38.
39(38).

39:

40(39).

40.

41(40).

41.

42(38).

42.
43(42).
43.
44(43).
44,
45(43).
45.
46(43).
46.

47(45).
47.

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 59

Spikelets strongly compressed, on dense 1-sided panicle branches; leaf sheaths

Dactylis
Spikelets not strongly compressed, not on dense 1-sided panicle branches; leaf
sheaths rounded, or not keeled 35
. Basal leaves with auricles; blades flat... bodes esses se ee SChedonnorus
Basal leaves without auricles, blades flat o or + involute o or Jupl Festuca
. Glumes longer than 1.7 cm Avena
Glumes less than 1.7 cm long 37
Glumes and lemmas spreading at right angles to rachilla, appearing inflated; pedicels
slender... ... Briza
Glumes and Jemimas ascending, not close to a right angle to rachilla, not appearing
obviously inflated; pedicels variou 38
Sheath margins connate at least one-fourth the length 39
Sheath margins free for more than three-fourths the length 42

Lemma veins uniformly developed and equally spaced (some prominent, some
inconspicuous except at apex.) Glyceria
Lemma veins uniformly developed and not equally spaced (most veins inconspicuous at
apex)

Spikelets strongly compressed on dense 1-sided panicle branches; leaf sheaths keeled and
laterally L Dactylis
Spikelets not strongly compressed on dense 1-sided panicle branches; leaf sheaths terete

Paleas usually adnate to caryopsis; lemma usually awned from between the lobes of

a bifid apex, some species awnless; caryopsis with tuft of hair at apex... Bromus
Paleas free from caryopsis; lemma awnless (Texas species), apex entire; caryopsis without
apical tuft of hair Melica
Spikelets dissimilar; plants with staminate spikelets and fertile spikelet; fertile spikelets

awned Lamarckia
ail all similar, plants without both staminate and fertile spikelets; fertile spikelets
awnless .. 43
Paleas colorless throughout 44
Paleas yellow, green, or brown, at least on vein 45
Second glumes obovate, widest above the middle, apex obtuse Sph enopholi
Second glumes lanceolate, widest below the middle, apex acute Koeleria
Lemma apex bifid 46
Lemma apex acute or obtuse, not bifid 47

Rachilla extended beyond upper floret; panicles narrow, congested Sphenopholi
Rachilla not extended beyond upper floret; panicles open, diffuse 0.0.0.0. Aira

Lemma apex obtuse to broadly acute; lemma veins 5, distinct or indistinct.
Lemma apex attenuate to narrowly acute; lemma veins 5 or more, often indistinct...

Hatch and Haile: Checklist of Texas grass species 60

n.

48(47). Panicles of stiff spicate primary branches; plants annual
48. Panicles of rebranched primary branches, branches not appearing stiff; plants annual or

perennial

49(48). Lemmas keeled on back (abaxial surface) Poa
49. Lemmas rounded on back (abaxial surface) Puccinellia
50(47). Spikelets with all unisexual florets; ligules a ciliate membrane Distichlis
50. Spikelets with 2 or more perfect florets; ligules t

51(50). Plants annual; stamen 1 (rarely 3) per floret Vulpia
51. Plants perennial; stamens 3 per floret 52
52(51). Basal leaves with auricles; blades flat Sched

52. Basal leaves without auricles; blades flat or involute or Jupli Festuca

LITERATURE CITED
Barkworth, M.E., K.M. Capels, S. Long, and M.B. Piep. 2003. Flora of North America. Volume 25.
Magnoliophyta: Commelinideae (in part): Poaceae, part 2. Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
Barkworth, M.E., K.M. Capels, S. Long, and M.B. Piep. 2007. Flora of North America. Volume 24.
Magnoliophyta: Commelinideae (in part): Poaceae, part 1. Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
Correll, D.S. and M.C. Johnston. 1970. Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas. Texas Research
Foundation, Renner.
Cory, V.L., and H.B. Parks. 1937. Catalogue of the Flora of Texas. Agriculture and Mechanical
College of Texas, College Station.
Gould, F.W. 1962. Texas Plants a Checklist and Ecological Summary. Texas Agr. Expt. Station,
College Station.
Gould, F.W. 1975. The Grasses of Texas. Texas A&M Univ. Press, College Station.
Hatch, S.L., K.N. Gandhi, and L.E. Brown. 1990. A Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Texas. MP-
1655. Texas Agr. Expt. Station, College Station.
Hitchcock, A.S. 1951. Manual of the grasses of the United States (ed. 2, rev. A. Chase). Misc. Publ.
200, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
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