D

| MORE RECENTLY DISCOVERED ;

* xr ; i que , i
‘ * ‘ " 4 ES »
$ ;

(ON the occasion of F publishing a Botanical Work “iio owes its
origin to. the labors of others, the. Editor deems it proper. briefly to,
state the cir cumstances which have thus led him to publish the ma-

; j elate Dr. Roxburgh, —

?

was for many years on terms of the closest intiinacy ; sand his WW k
having been frequently the subject of conversation, he is enabled to,
-say that Dr. Roxburgh repeatedly expressed. to him his eu nens
wish that it might be published in some future time ; and his ap- |
sprehensions that otherwise, imperfect and garbled copies of the =
work would be published by others not acquainted with him ; or

that if delayed, a part of his labors might be lost by others pub-

- Wishing descriptions of ‘the same, Jants which he had previously

. mamed and stai M HN

d

Ous as = was to publish this work however, he felt unwill-:

ing to attempt it, E his feturn | Europe should give him an op-
portunity of;

sé eminent botanists in Britain who do _
so much honor to the &cience, and enable him. fully to avail himself E
of their remarks ; a step which he deemed necessary to the perfect o.

tion of the dont although no immediate MA dec WAR X |
deir to offer... o d

-
& y ? ; i

mcn ^ $ *

Pin a little time thee Hace: which unhappily terminated ;
priving the world of bis mid compelled him to under

4 ET : ux = PREFACE. EI

have been only to the Cape. His declining state of health how- -
J ever, induced him to proceed as far as St. Helena. During his stay _
in that island, he, ever attentive to the interests of science, improve |
ed the opportunity by describing most of the plants he found grow-
ing there. After his arrival in England, whither he was at length —
obliged to proceed, he entertained considerable hopes of being able’
to put this work to the press+and once wrote to the Editor, thati in :
preparing it for this purpose he hoped to procure the assistance of |
one of the first botanists of the present day, Mr. Robert Brown. i
Death however soon prevented his accomplishing this object which |
he had so much at heart. 3 D. sd

The Editor had been i permitted by Dr. Roxburgh to otek

the view of leaving t the country. - On his arrivai at Cerlont he met | ]

with and described afew plauts there ; copies of which descriptions, 1

he kindly sent thence to the Editor at Serampore. ees

After waiting | more than a year after the news of Dr, Roxburgh’s

. death had reached Tadia, the Editor, being unable to learn that any 3

one thought of publishing this work, which his deceased friend felt |

. 80. anxious to put to press in an. unmutilated state, before the labors A
ot ken should render it useless. and obsolete; he formed.

‘lution of taking the risk of- the publication on himself; a Fhavi age 3

secured the co-operation of his various friends in Bac au immedi- 41
ately put it to press. E

The bcc motives which urged hið to dis step, were these. —
He in the first instance wished to secure to an old aud highly velis 5 |
| ed Friend the well. earned reward of upwards. of thirty years” | abor, 2
i in ihe description of more than Two Thousand Piants, natives of Fas- 3

tem A H a; a wor kin which none had anticipated 1 oe to an ae exec e

eoo

Pie S EI

^

PREFACR. —— Uc 26
ae - oo
‘tent, and which will form a monument to his memory more lasting

‘than the most pompous inscription engraved on tablets of brass ; but |

of which he would have been completely and unjustly de filed: had
“the work been suffered to remain unpublisiied. “This, was likewise,
strengthened by his desire to promote the interests of a science to
which he has been attached from the earliest period of his life, and

-

which must have suffered an almost irreparable loss had the labors of -

» Dr, RS been suffered to die with him. git

isi! Jupe

PE this meas the idito felt encouraged by another circum- -

“On

of ihe Honorable Cope 5 Batu’ c Garden
ed in numbering. among liis most intimate friends, and whose ability
and indefatigable zeal in conducting that Institution are so well
Tas che not ouly consented to assist in superinteuding this work
of his esteemed predecessor and friend, as it passed through the
press ; but in the most generous manner promised to insert tüereiu,
those numerous plants which have since been communicated to hiin
from all parts of Asia, and particularly from Nepala, a country the
' productions of which are as yet scarcely known to the European
3 world. This will prove such an addition to the original work ofthe
late D m Roxburgh, while it is fully congenial with its nature, that it
“cannot. but form a most desirable acquisition to every lover of this
pleasing iiis )oth. "

rris 7

Ia thus pablishing jns work of "^ii: deceased friend, the Editor
. feels assured that no one will impute to him motives of a mercenary
nature, who considers the expense and labor of printing a work, of
this nature, the limited sale it must necessarily have, and the li:tle
probability there is of a second edition of it being called. for either in
. Tudia or Europe : as in every new systematic work on general botany ,
or new editions of — ones, all the Pu describit parti-

t
EI

E 6 AE = PREFACE.

7

ES JE . PN z
e Floras published in the intermediate time, are invariably insert-
. Hence no work of this kind can be: published, at least in India,

| sa any well- founded expectation of its being- a profitable specula-

‘tion. Should any of the relatives of his late friend have an idea of

_ its being made such in this Anstance, however, the Editor will cheer- : ;
fully give up to them the whole edition, on their deírayiug the ex- —

o penses attending its printing and publication.

To Site acquainted with Botany, it is well known that many
changes have taken place in the nomenclature of plants, since the
late Dr. Roxburgh added the final touch: to his manuscripts.

zl
many instances whole orders have undergone a complete revision ;

“genera have been frequently divided into two or three; specific ^

names have | been changed ; = — have beem removed from one

ee er tl Ought it best to publish
his late friend's cere in state in which he left it; and to
add in notes such alterations as have been made by botanists with

whose improvementstibe author was unacquainted, or who have writ. .——
ten since his death’ The whole work therefore, corresponds exactly —

with Dr. Roxburgh's manuscript after it had received his last correcz

tion, with the exceptions just mentioned, and of such corrections of `

the labguage as were necessary, which in no iustance have been suf.
fered to make any alteration-in the sense, . Benet .P

- Es

The Editor kels gratified in bearing testimony. to the disinterest-
ed and highly liberal manner in which Dr. Wallich has. contributed.
bis assistance throughout the whole of this work ; and to his gene-
rosity in enriching it with a number of plants described by himself ; :

end easily to be recognised by the initials N. W.in the first folus

4

The amount of these, especiall y among scitaminezg and grasses would:

have been much more considerable had there beeh time to insert the u^

recent vast accessions of plants, which the Garden has received from

all parts of India, and which from his earnest solicitude to promote ae

. i interests of this pleasing and i important science, may be geasono,

‘ l k ke

RE PREFACE. ~~ M S T

£c ;

*

ey expected to bear a far greater proportion ve the whole m each

E

The Editor now submits the X. fe ike aa of fis ERA
i Friend, as the best tribute of respect he is able-to show to his me- . :

mory ;- —and to the candid consideration of all who are attached to up
the © interests wi yei science both i in a and Europe, remaining,

if P. yes Ys P "MO
E a uil n Fg

poc Turis, j

:

Pe a a

Class Ast.

MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

ME gin (tel ge. M. E

RES d growing to arte cae senio... Stigma incar, C
sule 3-celled : seeds several, naked. —

C. indica. Linn. sp. pl. ed. Willd. 1. 3.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Segments of the inner border of the corol
lanceolate, and bidentate.

Sans. TRG, Vuna-kelee, ERIM, Surva-juya.

_ Beng. Lal Surva-juya, the red variety, and Shweta Surva-juya, the
yellow.

Teling. Kristma-tamara.

Katu-bala. Rheed. mal. 11. p. 85. t. 43.

Cannacorus. Rumph..amb. 5. p. 177, t. 71. Jig 2. :

Common over India, and in flower and seed most part of the year.

Observation. _'The parts of the corolla are exactly alike in both
varieties. C. lutea of Roscoe, Mer einn ien, as in that,
the inner limb of the corolla is bifid. ns i

PHRYNIUM. Willd.

Anther single, terminal on a short erect filament, Siyke reste
to the tube of the corolla, Stigma infundibuliform. Copie 3-08
ed, 3-valved. Seeds solitary, ari

è MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Phrynium.

1. P. dichotomum. R. :
dio. dichotomous. Leaves cordate. | 1
Thalia cannaformis. Linn. sp. pl. ed. Willd. 1. 16.
Arundastrum. Tonchat seytam. Rumph. amb. 4. p. 22. t. 7.

Donax Arundastrum. Lourier. Cochin-ch. 15.

Sans. TH, Vula, TACT Godunika, AA’, Bhudra, siste, i
Bhudroudunee, SERSRT, Shurakasthika, qanmi, Kulyaninee, 1
HATA, Bhudra-bula, WET, Ghata, wet, Patee, TH#T, Vula- —
hwa. E Se |

Beng. Moocta-patee, Pattee-patee,* or Madar-patee.

This elegant shrub, is a native of Bengal, as well as of various —
other parts of India, &c. F — time thé hot season ; seeds PING ;
inthe rains; ^ .-—

Root ramous, woody, perennial. — Stems straig
simple to the branches, abou vi :
three to five, "or six feet high, wre beautiful, highly polished green
colour. Branches numeroüs, dichotomous spreading in every di- | 1
rection, smooth like the stem, but jointed at every division — Leaves ©
alternate, petioled, ‘ovate-cordate, smooth, ‘entire, acute, from 4 to — j
8 inches long; veins numerous, very fine and parallel — Petioles à
sheathing, except a small portion, one tenth,” orless, at the apex, | 1
which is round, and may be called tbe proper petiole —Racemes _
terminal, generally solitary, jointed, a little &exuous —Bractes glu-
maceous, in pairs on the joints of the raceme, each p irembricing $ I
between them a two-flowered pedicel.— Flowers pair’d} onacom- — i
mon pedicel, from the alternate joints of the rachis, large, pure i

white.— Pedicels clavate, thick, white, and fleshy, near: le apex two- 1
parted ; divisions unequal, with two glands at their ends like the rudi- - 1
ments of flowers.— Calyx above, three-leaved ; leaflets oblong-conic, 1
^* “Mats made of the t
“and refreshing, Mentum gm serae sem HN TÉ :
“ plant itself is said to bear the same name, Suspecting, however, this to be a misap- |
* propriation of the term, I have enquired of natives of the eastern parts of Bengal, |

* who assure me, that the plant is named — i
“is called Sital-pati,” , Colebrooke, x A I

Oke rion, iid fóm | 1

Phrynium. MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 3

tapering to an acute point, and much shorter than the tube of the
corol.— Coro! one-petalled, irregular. Tube funnel-shaped. Border
double ; exterior of three, equal, linear-oblong, recurved segments.
Inner elevated far above the exterior on a continuation of the tube,
and consists of five very unequal portions ; the exterior two are larger,
. obcordate, with waved, expanding margins ; the third or middle one
stands opposite to the first two, is broad, obcordate, deeply emar-
ginate, and of a middling size between the two exterior, and two in-
terior segments ; on the inside near the base a semilunar body which
‘projects inward between the anther and stigma; the inner two small,
and crown the mouth of the tube, closely embracing the stigma, and
ment of the interior border of the corol. — Anther ex ect, simple,
ovate-oblong. In this species, as well asin P. capitatum, the pollen
consists of remarkably large round grains.— Germ inferior, villous, 3-
celled, with one ovulum in each, attached to the bottom of its cell.
Style growing to the inside of the tube ofthe corol, and does not ap-
pear until above its mouth, when it enlarges, into an infundibuliform,
hooked stigma, surrounded with a lobate, callous margin, and direc-
ted in ap oblique manner toward the face of the anther, as if in search
of it, though separated by a callous projection from the base of the
middle division of the inner border of the corol.— Capsule broad-tur-
binate, size of a cherry, rugose, somewhat 3-lobed, 3-celled, 3-valved,
opening from the apex.—Seed solitary, round, resting on a small, par-
tial, scaly aril. Integuments two: exterior soft and spongy; inner nu-
ciform.— Perisperm conform to the seed, horny, tinged, blue; a fis-
sure penetrates. from the base pretty far up, separating the two ex-
tremities of the embryo. Fitellus ; none has been discovered in any
of the simple-anthered scitamines which have been examined by me.
; Jo pure white, hooked, with the convexity upward, which,

nds with the periphery of the seed. . a E

—

-

c AZ

Loc ies mi
; i

B _MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Phrynium, |

2. P. virgatum. R. | S
Stems simple. Leaves bifarious, lanceolate. Spikes terminal filis _
form compound. | i
A native of Malabar, from thence sent to the late Dr. Anderson of —
Madras for the Cardamom plant, and by him presented to the Bota- —
nic Garden at Calcutta, where it blossoms during the rainy season. Í
Root a stout, crooked, tough, fibrous, horizontal main body, with —
numerous, thick, strong fibers therefrom; every part void of odour. —
—Stems numerous, erect, 6-8 feet high, slender, jointed, lower joint
or two much swelled; invested in the sheaths of the leaves, fistulous ;
the largest are about as thick as a slender walking cane near the
base, and at the top as thick as a common quill.— Leaves bifarious,
short-petioled on their sheaths, lanceolate, polished; length from 6 —
to 18 inches.—Sheaths and petioles smooth and even, except the in-
side of the petioles, where there are a few long, soft hairs.—Spikes | |
terminal, two or three together, and they are very generally two, or $
three cleft, very slender, and often near a foot long, jointed, with a —
two flowered pedicel at each joint.— Flowers pure white, inodorus.— l
Bractes two or three at each division; and also embracing the two- H
flowered pedicels, size very various, but the shape ensiform,and chan-
nelled.—Calyz of three, small, distinct, acute, conic, leaflets.—Corol ~
with a very short tube; exterior border of three, nearly equal, oblong,
reflexed segments ; within are two which are unequal, and much larger ;
they form the conspicuous portion of the flower, one is obcordate,
the other is obovate; inner segments 3, and smaller, the two long- f
est of them form yellow margined hoods for the anther and stigma. —
—Filament inserted between two of the inner segments of the corol, —
erect. — Anther one-celled, ovate.—Germ inferior, hairy, 3-celled,
with one ovulum in each, attached to the base of the axis. Style
growing to the short tube of the corol, above free, and uncinate.
Stigma funnel-form.— Capsule oblong-obovate, size of a field-bean,
rugose, when ripe pale yellow, 3-celled, 3-valved. Partitions op-
posed.— Seed solitary, oblong ; a small lobate aril round the umbi-
licus at the base of the seed, Integuments two; exterior brown, and

Phrynium. MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 5

glossy, inferior membranaceous.—Perisperm conform to the seed,
and as in P. capitatum, &c. a brown substance runs up from the base,
into the arch of the embryo HP simple, hooked, with the con-
vexity upwards.

Obs. It is almost needless to persis that this plant has no relation
to that which furnishes the Cardamom of Malabar, viz. my Alpinia

Cardamomum.

2. PR spicatum. R.

Stemless. Leaves radical, bifarious, oblong. Spikes radical,
shorter than the petioles, meme bifariously imbricated.

. Plants of ii , were sent by Mr. Felix Carey from
Pegu, to the Tain icq: Lainetta lee So: iion in,
April and May.

Root perennial, Aon creeping Be a aia in "de A.
thick as a ratan; fibres numerous from the main body, and spread in
all directions.— Stem none, the sheathing petioles unite from 6 to 12
inches in extent, and resemble one, as in the Curcumas.—Leaves i im
little radical tufts, of three or four each, sub-bifarious, petioled, linear-
oblong; base broad and rounded; apex tapering, and sharp, both sur-
faces quite smooth; position nearly horizontal; length 6-10 inch-

"es, by 9-3 visis gis f a m the most exterior of the tuft sheathing,

with their upper part round and smooth, those in the centre, (one or.
two) have no sheath, and are from apex to base round and smooth;
general length of the whole from 6 to 12 inches, which is nearly the
height of the whole lant, the position of the leaves being nearly
horizontal.—Spi litary in the centre of the petioles, or lateral
from their base, shochaeduncled, sub-cylindric, acute, ap saiad
but little above the soil, imbricated on 1 opposite sides, with 4-8, al- al-
ternate, bifarious bractes, or sheaths; each embraces a small spi ike- _
let of four or five pairs of sessile, small, nearly white flowers, « on
the back, or interior side of the spikelet, which expand in successi-
on, beginning with the lower pair. Rachis flexuose, smooth.—. Brac
tes; exterior, or common, one at each joint of the spike, sub -cyli
dric, sheathing, smooth, and rather obtuse 5 interior, or proper one

v MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Phrynium.

to each pair of flowers.— Calyx 3-leaved ; leaflets lanceolate, smooth.
—Corol with a long, very slender, smooth tube. Border ; exterior of

three reflexed, oblong, obtuse segments; within these are two larger, :

round-obovate, erect, curled portions. Interior, or nectarium small,

and like the other species unequally 3-lobed.—Anther one-celled,
attached to the inner border of the corol.— Germ inferior, 3-celled,

with one oculum in each, attached to the bottom of the cell.—Style
blended with the tube of the corol, as in the other species described
by me.— Stigma uncinate, thick, and fleshy.—Seed vessel (not seen.)

UR e. "Leaves radical. Spikes simple, petiolar, solitary,
short-peduncled ; "bractes imbricated, truncate, many-toothed. 1
Pittuli-pata the vernacular name in Chittagong, where it is com-
mon in its cual state. Flowers i in Mesi a ec and bigger"

ripen

- Rot tuberous, &c. as in other scitamsnents j jit —Stem t none.

siie itigis iiiki at the bane! as at heap apii: smooth, entire, ie:
ly acuminate ; 12-24 inches long, by 4-8 broad. — Petioles longer than
the leaves, cylindric, smooth, the flower-bearing ones have a hairy j joint

near the middle, and from the joint up, a slit of between 2 aud 3 in-
ches in length opens on one side for the spike, its margins thin, and _
hairy.— Spike solitary, short-peduncled, simple, linear-oblong, 5-4 —
inches long, imbricated.— Bractes; exterior oval, truncate, with the
transverse apex many-toothed, smooth, each embracing several small,

pale, pink flowers, which expand in succession. Inner bractes small, 3
tod serre Ca sls and stan, a as in Pp. parviflo- 1
^to "he 1

bottom of its cell. ` Style; as in the other apaties; narri and

is blended with the tube of the corol, its apex free, thick, and hooked. l

Stigma gaping obliquely toward the anther.— Capsut
a large field bean, rugose, 3-celled, S-valved, op ning fr
— Seeds solitary, sitting on a parti , and attache
of the cell ; external tunic hard, brown, and poli

/

—— — SEVERUS TO REP

Phrynium. MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. p

form to the seed.— Embryo erect, simple, the apex hooked. Radicle
inferior; close to the umbilicus of the seed.

Obs, The simple, short-peduncled, imbricated, liubi- abioi spike,
bursting from the middle of the — parsi eg it out.

5. P. parviflorum. R, |

Stemless. Leaves radical. Heads of dees petiolary ; bractes
acute.

A native of the eastern parts of Bengal. With P.capitatum, it
blossoms about the beginning of the rains.

Root tuberous, horizontal, perennial, hairy, in other respects as in
P. capitatum, &c. —Leaves long-petioled, elliptically-oval, polished,

€ acute-pointed.— Heads of flowers sub-globular, sessile,

bursting from | the inner side of the petioles, near, or al vove their
middle, composed of many, imbricated sessile, distichous, compact,
simple, or compound spikes — Bractes ; the exterior two are broad-
ovate, and common to the whole head; the rest within smaller; all
are smooth, and end in a small, rigid, acute point.— Flowers in pairs,
small, nearly inconspicuous, yellow.—Calyz, coral, and stamen; as
in capitatum —Germ short pedicelled, smooth, but hairy round the
insertion of the calyx, 3-celled, and in this species I have only found
one of the cells fertile, in it is one oculum, attached to the bottom
of the cell. In capitatum all the three cells are fertile. Style as

in the other species, it grows to the tube of the corol, its apex free
and h Stigma infitndibatiform. |

Sepe

5, 0. capitatum. Linn. sp. pl. èd. Willd. 1. 17.

Stemless. Leaves radical, long-petioled, oblong. Heads of flow-
ers petiolary and terminal, glomerate. Bractes truncate, incurvate.

~ Naru-killa. Rheed. mal. 11. p. 67. t. 34.

' PhyHodes Placentaria. Lour. Cochin-ch. 16. 17.

' Kudali. Beng. which also signifies a Plantain. |

~ Anative of Chittagong, and of various other parts of India. From
the former place it was sent to the Botanic Garden at. Ce
Dr. Buchanan i in 1797. ‘Flowering tiite the rainy s ason,

ee

3 MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Phrynium. —

Roót perennial, tuberous like ginger, with long, fleshy fibres from l
the crown, and various other parts.—Stem none.— Leaces radical, 4
long-petioled, oblong, entire, smooth on both sides; length from 6 H
to 18 inches, and broad in proportion. Veins numerous, fine and pa~
rallel.— Petioles longer than the leaves, slender, round, smooth, tap- ^
era little from the base, and are there expanded into a sheath for those d

immediately within; such as are destined to bear the flowers have a E
joint alittle above the middle; immediately above this joint there is a i
swelling, which in due time is forced open on the inside by the grow- i
ing flowers exactly as in our Indian species of Pontederia. Ithow- i
ever sometimes appears, and even in the same plant, that some of the I
petioles, now scapes, extendno further than the flowers.— Flowers nu- t
merous, collected into a pretty large, sessile head, which bursts from F
the anterior margin of the jointed petioles, small, and nearly hid i
among the large bractes ; when they first expand in the morning rose- H
colour'd, gradually becoming purple by the evening.— Bracfes, ca- —
lyx of Louriero’s Phyllodes, several, collecting the small sessile lowers _
into several fasciculi of two, three, or four pair, each of which ex- _
pandin succession. The exterior one of each fascicle is large, sub- _
cylindric, of a firm texture, and reddish colour; apices truncate, —
with scariose, incurved margin; the rest are smaller, and more or less _
pointed.—Ca/yz superior, three-leaved ; leaflets ensiform, length of
the tube of the corol hairy about the points.— Corol one-petalled.
Tube fannel-shaped, scarcely perforated. Border double; exterior of —
three, equal, purple, spatulate, recurvate segments; interior more
elevated on a continuation of the tube, and consists of five, very un- H
equal segments ; the exterior two larger, round, curled, and ofa pale
rose colour ; the innermost one small, and running down the side of
the filament like a wing.— Filament solitary, short, inserted on the
mouth of the tube close by the free, curved end of the style. Anther |
Simple ; grains of the pollen white, large, and spherical—Germ infe-
_ Tor, oblong, very short pedicelled, hairy, 3-celled, with one ozulum —
in each, attached to the bottom of its cell. " cues a
liquely-incurved or hooked towards the anther,— Capsule short, trbi-

whe

sl à i L36y)53 al
Hedychium. MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 9

nate, three-sided; pretty smooth, size of a gooseberry, S Gia E w
three-valved, opening from the apex.— Seed solitary, nearly round,
smooth, dark grey, resting on a small, squamiform. aril, which i is at-
tached P and surrounds the short umbilical cord which unites the.
ed to the bottom of the partitiqn. — Integument double; exterior
pongy; inner thin and rather hard, adhering to the exterior, and to
the perisperm.— Perisperm conform to the seed, horny, tinged with
pale blue; a fissure replete with a brown substance penetrates from.
the base to a considerable distance upwards. — Embryo pure white,
ooked, with the EE [s.d oru or tepopds. with the

es € ad: m

í a Pe SS dis
x Corolla with a long, slender tube ; both borders Bse-páfiad : inner
resupinate. Anther double, naked. emul three-celled, three-valved.
Seeds numerous, arilled. Embryo simple, and furnished with both
oum. and vitellus.

1. H. coronarium. dini sp. . pl. ed. Willd. i P 10. Kn in teats .
3. 3. 73.

Leaves lanceolate. ‘Spikes compactly imbricated; |; segments of the
ft lip of the corol semi-lunar. ibed auc s ts pon
gue a iph. amb. 5. t 69: f. 8. pl s

<-nathh a ‘of the Mn also P them called: | Dóolala-cham-
A native of various ee and the scifi » provinces. -

owers during the rains ; TE wee iia E
L e cool season. i (AE i " 2 ee”

- Root horizontal, perenni; ies feshy, ania si EE

ns issuing from the cicatrices; taste simply herbaceous.-— Stems E
rect, 3-4 feet high, round, every where covered with the sheaths of the
leaves.— Leaves sessile, alternate, bifarious, lanceolate, tapering to 4 an
'vanescent point; above, adeep smooth green; below, s striated, pal
B ux

ces, about as thick as a man's thumb, fleshy, with fibrous ramifica- — —

3 = axis. Style sender in length sufficient to elevate ‘the large, hairy, |
oii

10 | MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Hedychium. 3

`

äi slightly covered with Sii: soft, white hairs; 9-19 incheslong, —
and about two broad.—Sheaths smooth on both sides, striated, termi- | 4
nating ina ligulated process, (as in many of the grasses) which is often :
two-parted.— Spike terminal, solitary, erect, linear-oblong, about the 1
size of the thumb, compactly imbricated with many large, oval, con-
cave, green, common, permanent bractes.— F/omwerslarge, pure white,*
very fragrant, 2-4 to each common bracte, but seldom more than one —
or two expand at the same time -—Bractes ; besides the common ex- - |
terior ones, already mentioned, there are as many interior as there are
flowers in the fascicle ; the largest of which is about half the length of
the common bracte, al envelopes not only the most foreward (ex- -
terior) flower, but all those of the same fascicle, gradually diminish- - :
ing in size; all have a sheathing base, -are membranous, and stria- -
ted —Calyx superior, one-leafed, a little inflated, contracted at the
pe a little hairy, enian half the length of the tube of the corol. -
-Con etalled. - Tube long and slender, from the apex of a4
3 = ‘exterior hetes recurved. ^ Border flat, double. © Exterior three- | 1
.parted; divisions equal, lanceolate, acute, membranaceous, striated. —
Interior resupinate, three-parted ; lower two divisions obliquely oval, 1
'short-clawed ; upper division broad, obcordate, banner- hike, with. i
the fissure deep, and the lobes roundish: ; margins waved ; towarc
the base tinged yellow.— Nectary ‘(of Kine: and Retzius) two short, |
fleshy, subulate bodies embracing the base of the style. — Fi la- ;
ment from the lower margin of the mouth of the tube, between th
insertions of the inner border of the corol, ascending ; upper. sid
channelled for the style, and inserted into the anther a little above
its base. Anther linear, sub-erect, two-lobed.— Germ : 'obsoletely -
three-sided, _three-celled, with many ovuía in each, attached to the ;

andular, » green stigma just about the apex of the anther. ;
— Capsule oblong;. thre three-valved, opening from the apex; ;
inside orange - coloured.— Seeds many in each cell, invested. in their
proper, multifid, crimson arl Integuments two.—Perisperm and
.—* A variety deeply tinged with Jiki is found in some of the interior provisicés
and another of a pale yellow colour: all are equally fragrant,

Hedychium. MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 11

vitellus together conform to the seed; the former occupies the lower
and exterior portion ; and the latter the upper and interior portion,

and is in immediate contact with the embryo c Embryo simple, sub-
cylindric, nearly as long as the seed.

Obs. This, to me, is the most charming of all the plants of this
natural order that I have yet met with; the great length of time it

continues to throw outa profusion of large, beautiful, fragrant blos-
soms, makes it particularly desirable.

2. H. angustifolium. R.
Testen meto ceri ec Spikes open; iocis of flowers sab’
: lo: — Mes oie

e T Ta

colit iker Se

Beng. Bhoo atk , ix n :

Native of Chittagong, Silhet, and the castor pate ror pe
where it flowers about the beginning of the rains, in June.

Root tuberous, horizontal, jointed, &c. as in the other scitamineous
plants.— Stems erect, 3-6 feet high, entirely invested in the sheaths _
of the leaves.— Leaves bifarious, sessile on their smooth sheaths, nar-
row-lanceolate, very fine, I may say filiform, pointed, smooth on both
sides ; length 10-14 inches, by 1-2 broad.— Spike terminal, erect, ri-
gid, 6-18 inches long, smooth. Fascicles of flowers generally three- -
fold, and spreading out considerably from the rachis .— Bractes, exteri-
or ofthe. fascicle cylindrical, linear ; interior, one to each lower, and
smaller.— ! s rather small, dull red { laterituus, ) generally about
four in the fascicle, and expanding in succession — Calyx superior, cylin-
dric, length of the tube of the corol; mouth equally three-toothed.—Co-
rol; tube slender, cylindric, about an inch long ; 5 segments of the bor-
der linear (sub-filiform,) variously revolute. Lip lateral, with linear,
channelled and two-parted lamina ; ; the segments thereof semi-oval.— -
Filament opposite to the lip, and twice its length, nearly straight,
filiform, grooved for the style. Anther two-lobed, naked.— Germ. oval,
a Aie iu Abre ce with many ovula i in each, attached ep

12 MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA, ` Hedychium. - 1
e |

3. M. gracile. R. ;

Leaves lanceolar. Spikes terminal, open ; mers solitary, scat-
tered ; segments of the bifid, sessile lip, semi-lanceolar, the other
five segments of the corol linear.

Khasee name, Kattia Laphya.

Obs. This is a slender species, about three feet in height, a native
of the mountains on the. North-East border of Bengal. Like the pre-
ceding two species it flowers in the rainy season. Its solitary-flow-
ered spike of white* corols with their scarlet filament, and its lan-
ceolar leaves, distinguish it from H. angustifolium.

Note. The following two species, dades since the Author of this 4
work left the Botanic Garden, are added by Mr. N, W: allich, the

present scale of that institution.

4 “Spike dong, villous, epe: Fascicle approximate and co-
pious, scattered or paired, three-flowered ; lip short-clawed, bifid,”
of equal length with the five linear sayniatite of the corol.

A native of the mountains North-East of Bengal, from whence
our indefatigable collector of plants, Mr. Matthew Robert Smith,
sent specimens to me in 1815, Flowering time the rainy season.

Khasee name, Kattia Ram Rait.

Stems upright, ‘slender, smooth, as well as the leaves, from ee? |
to three feet — Leaves flat, lanceolar-oblong, elevated from the back
of the sheaths bya very short petiole ; glaucous underneath, Sheaths —
terminated by an oblong, obtuse, closely adpressed, k 1 E
“Spike terminal, erect, cylindric, obtuse, from 10-12 | inc long;
all its parts covered with a short, sericeous down. me 1 re
mich shorter than the tube, of a reddish tnt; exterior or com=
mon, three, seldom two-flowered, flat ; interior, one to each flower, —
the base of which it embraces Flowers delightfully fragrant even :

when dry, less succulent t those of H. coronarium and angusti-
, : : Na Oe (00:15:80 SW. x
Ed, >, Rath

Hedychium. MONANDRIA MONOGY NIA. 18

folium, of a pale yellow colour.—Calyz very slender, somewhat -
shorter than the filiform, inch and half-long tube ; mouth obliquely
bifid .— Border smooth; segments linear, sub-clavate, spreading, half
the length of the tube; divisions of the claw, or superior segment
of the interior border, linear-oblong, obtuse.— Filament as long as
the tube, filiform, smooth, of a scarlet colour; Anther very short,
ovate, two-lobed.—Germ densely villous ; stigma slightly ciliated.
Obs. This beautiful species differs from H. gracile, R. (of which
the Rev. Dr. W. Carey has, favored me with a living specimen in
blossom), in the length and-villosity of its spikes, its copious fascicled
flowers, and the equal length of all the ee of the border. It

— s a larger plant. _ A ee x

5. H. speciosum. Wall.
Spike elongated, open, smooth; fascicles approximate ocattonale

two-flowered ; lip entire sessile, acute. A native of the same coun-
try with the preceding, and like all the species flowering in the rainy
season.

Khasee name, Kattia Lung Mutti.

Leaves very large, oblong-lanceofate, attenuate at both ends, mes
pointed ; margins slightly waved.—Spike terminal, large FTS
spreading and numerous.— Bractes; exterior very large, obtuse, as
well as the others, with a few white hairs at the end.— Interior, (ij:
opposite; that close to the rachis obtuse, with a few loothlets at the *
end ; the other much smaller, linear-lanceolate, acute.— Flowers pale >
yellow, fragrant—Calyxr cylindric, half the length of the tube; ©
mouth obliquely bifid, with two or three ottite, bearded teeth: Tube `
upwards of two inches long, filiform.— Er “segments linear, very -

_ long, of a greenish colour ; interior clavate. qu of equal length with ^
the interior segments, ovate, acute, tapering downwards.—- —“Filament
filiform, scarlet, somewhat EU than the tube; Anther joco

arched,

fined ws a well preserved ee and a few. eaves, only, w

$3i90t

14 WONANDELE MONOGYNIA. Kempferia.

ever point at out as the largest of the genus. The sessile, undivided,
and acute lips distinguish it from the other species.

KJEMPFERIA. Lim. gen. pl. ed. Schreb. No. 9.

Corolla with a long, slender tube, and both borders three-parted.
Anther double, with a two-lobed crest. Capsule three-celled, many-
seeded. i;

1. K. Galanga. Linn. sp. pl. ed. Willd. 1. 15.

Leaves sessile, round-ovate-cordate. Spikes central. PE ud
ments of the inner border of the corol oval.

Katsjula Kelengu. Feed. mal. 11. p. 81. t. 41.

Alpinia sessilis. Kon. in Retz. obs. 3. p. 62.

Soncorus. Ranh. amb. 5. E 173. t. m M 2

Beng. Einaria, dr Kaa tems d

A native of various parts of India,* ail common in gardens also.
Flowering time the rainy season.

Root biennial, tuberous, with fleshy fibres from the tubers.—Stem
none.— Leaves radical, petioled, spreading flat on the surface of the -
earth, round-ovate-cordate, between acute and obtuse; margins mem-
branaceous, and waved ; uppersurface smooth, deep green; below taper
and somewhat woolly, streaked length ways with ten or twelve slender
lines.— Petioles hid in the earth ; in short they are only cylindricsheaths _
‘embracing those within, and the fascicle of flowers, their mouths be-
ing crowned with a membranaceous -process.— Flowers collected in-
small fascicles, of 6-19, within the sheaths of the leaves, 4 ex] andi
in succession; pure, pellucid white, except a purple sp« |
tre of each of the divisions of the inner border, or lip. —i TG e
to each flower ; a larger exterior; and two within atthe Sides; all are
linear, acute, membranaceous, and half the length of | the tube of the:

This plant, whichis said to be very common on the moustainous districts beyond
Pitta Sick ge A find on further inquiry.tliat it is cultivated by the
Joomma (m ) Mugs, and by: em brought do 1 and sold in the markets to-
APER m iR UMEN as an ingredientin their be-

Rewpüri, MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. E15

corol. —Calyx length’ of the bractes —Corol. Tube long, fliform. Bor-
der double, both three-parted. Exterior divisions linear, acute. Interi-
or, upper two divisions ovate, erect; under one expanding, two-parted,
with lobes bifid.— Filament rg apex, two-parted, and recurved.

Anther replete with white pollen, crowned with a bidentate crest,
-or continuation of the filament above the anther. Stigma fuunel-shap-
ed.— Nectarial filaments of Konig two, filiform, erect, pretty long,
embracing the lower part of the style.— Pericarp; 1 never saw it
ripen. ;

Obs. The roots possess an agreeable, fragrant smell, and somewhat
warm, bitterish, aromatic taste ; the Hindoos use them not only as

git e, but also medicinally. x are quknoyn to our best
E o. in 1 London. e

Are cd me

- K. rotunda. Linn. sp. pl. ed. Willd.Y.15. ——
‘caves oblong, coloured. Spike radical, appearing before the

leaves. Upper segment of the inner border of the corol lanceolar,
and acute.

Malan-Kua. Rheed. mal. 11. p. 17. t. 9. ;
“Sans. AGAAT, Bhoo-chumpuca. See Asiate Res. iv. 242.
- Beng. and Hind. Bhooi-champa or Bhoo-champa.

This elegant plant is very generally found cultivated in gardens on
account of the beauty and fragrance of its flowers, and though no doubt
&nBtisp f various parts of India, yet I cannot say where it is indi-
genou Flowering time in our gardens March and April, at which

period the plant is totally « destitute of leaves.

Root biennial, , tuberous. —Stem none -— Leaves radical, petioled, ob
long, waved, smooth, generally coloured underneath ; about a foot long
in a good soil, and 4-6 inches broad.— Petioles sheathing, united in-
toa short stem, as in Curcuma.—Scapes just sufficient to. elevate
the flowers above the earth, embraced by a few common sheaths,
of a greenish pir colour. — flowers sessile, from 4 to 6 to the scape,

16 MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Kampferia.

only about half the length of the calyx Cady bE one-leaved, as
long as the tube of the corol, somewhat gibbous; apex generally
two-toothed, and of a dotted, purplish colour.—Corol. Tubelong, slen-
der, cylindric, nearly erect, obliquely funnel-shaped towards the mouth.
Border double, both three-parted. Exterior divisions drooping, line-
ar, with margins involute, pure white. Interior border, the two up-
` permost divisions erect, lanceolar, acute; colour also white, with
the margins slightly tinged with purple ; the remaining inferior one is
divided into two broad, obcordate, deflected lobes, of a deep purple
colour, particularly towards the centre, and base.— Nectarial fila-
ments of Konig as in K. Galanga.— Filament short, erect, broad, in-
serted on the base of the uppermost two interior divisions of the co-
rol. Anther linear, and enlarged with an ovate, two-forked, colour-
ed, somewhat recurved crest Germ ovate. SE - filiform. Stigma `
funnel-shaped. - De
Obs. Woodville Beene a at niet Ps. of his Medical Botany, that the
roots of Zedoaria longa, and rotunda are both produced by the same
species of plant, and are indiscriminately used in the shops : the for-
- mer, he says, are brought to us in oblong pieces, about the thickness
of the little finger; two or three inches in length, bent, rough, and
angular; the latter are roundish, about an inch in diameter, of an ash
colour on the outside, and white within. I have never met with any
of the roots of this plant that agree with his description of the long
sort, and. they are too small for the round; so that I must conclude.
they are the produce of some other plant: at the same. time Dr. Woods. f
ville’s observations on the same page, give me reason to think m i
o &edoaria may be the plant which yields, this round sort of
a

5. Kv angustifolia. B: S N UL a

Leaves radical, linear-lanceolate, waved. Spikeshid i ii centre of
the leaves. ^ Upper two segments of the i inner border of the corol
linear, oblong, obtuse. — d |

— Hind. Kunjan-boota, doo Medo -nébisha. =

-A native of Bengal, Flowering time the rainy season,

wed phe cc n Eee.
qw * H s PaT tme SY

Kempferia.. : MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. : 17

Di

Root biennial, tuberous, with numerous ramous fibres from every
part.—Stems none — Leaves radical „numerous, sessile, linear-lanceo-
late, keeled ; margins entire, and much waved; striated lengthways
with darker and lighter coloured green, smooth. in every part; 6-8-
inches long, and about one broad.— Spikes hid in the centre of the
leaves, bearing from 4 to 6 large, beautiful flowers i in succession.—
Bractes two or three to each flower; one or two interior embrace
the germ laterally, the exterior one is larger, all much pointed, and of
nearly the same length. — Calyx: superior, 0 one-leaved, half the length
of the tube of the corol,. „opening “obliquely, (spathe like,) near the
apex, whieh 1 isa gage mati piir y l; Tube very long, : and slen-

done, Re as in À E 4 A
and pistil as in thè last quoted species. i
Obs. The root is used as a medicine for. cattle, by the fe ri

Bengal.

4. K. ie is Re?
Leaves petioled, broad-lanceolate, smooth. ‘Spike central. Corol ;
with the upper segments of the inner border — the inferior one

much larger, and panduriform. ;

Zerumbet claviculatum. Rumph. amb. 5. Be 179. t. FA" li and I
could almost wish to quote Manja-kua, Rheed. mal. 11. p. 19. t. ii.
although referred to already by Linneus for Curcuma rotunda, a plant
Ihave never met with, if this be. not it.

From Sumatra, this beautiful plant was icai D. Charles Compe p.
bell to the Botanic Garden at falutis mhea it hlossomps during
the rains; chiefly in August. > -4 rs Meee >

Root perennial, tuberous like ginger, ien ofa a Vtlembly, bright yel- —
low colour ; from this, straight, slender, fusiform, paler coloured ; pos :
tions descend deep into.the soil .— Stems scarcely any ; height of ne
plant about a foot and a half.— Leaves. bifarious, . petioled, obl bl
acute, smooth; deeper green on the upper surface; veins p

‘tas

pretty. „conspicuous ; length nnii to, ed SEDE:

18 "MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. ; Kempferia,

the bifid ligula, deeply channelled, and from 9 to 6 or 8 inches long;

the lower portion sheathing, and forming something like a stem.—
Spike hid in the centre of the sheaths of the leaves, unilateral, being

imbricated on one side, (say the anterior,) with many, sessile, slen-

der, lanceolate, colourless, one-flowered pairs of (exterior and inte-

rior) scales or bractes.— Flowers pretty large, expanding in succes-—

sion, and rarely more than one at a time.— Calyx superior, membra-
naceous, irregularly three-toothed.—Corol; Tube long, and slender.

Border double ; Exterior of three, slender, lanceolate, nearly equal, .

straight, pale pink-coloured segments. Inner of three unequal porti-
ons; the two superior, or lateral, obovate, the colour and length of

the exterior three ; the lower, or lip, somewhat panduriform, much:

broader and longer than the former, and of a much deeper colour.—

Filament very slender. — Anther two-lobed, and crowned with an

: 3er ce-celled, each cell contain-
ing many ovula, attached to the axis. Stigma large, with a semi-
lunate opening, which has the straight portion of its margin three-

emarginate, recurved helmet.—Germ three-

toothed, and the semicircular one even.— Nectarial scales long, and :

slender.

5. K. ovalifolia. Roxb. -
‘Leaves oval. ` Spikes central, crest of the anthers laciniate.
A native of the peninsula of Malacca, and from thence sent, by

Major Farquahar, to the Botanic Garden at Calcutta, where it A

blossoms in July. Tt is an intermediate species, both with respect —

_ to size and habit, between K. Galanga and rotunda, and ough
be placed between them in the system. T = ee
Root tuberous, as in the other species tb GR

il.— Stems

“very short. I may say scarcely any.— Leaves few, bifarious, patent, |

oval, with a short acute point, smooth on both sides, about 6 inches
long, by 4 broad.— Spikes central, hid by the short sheaths of the
leaves, few flowered ; the flowers expand in succession, all pure white
except the purple lip.— Coro? nearly as in rotunda and angustifolia,
. the upper two segments of the inner border are obtusely lanceolate,

ESS Te ELSE. CMTE Ee VET erm ee Pee NIS

Kempferia. : MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 9

as in the latter ; the lip or nectarium of a deep variegated purple có-
lour, the shape cuneate-obcordate, and divided from the apex nearly
half the length into two long emarginate lobes.—Filament short.
Anther two-lobed, and crowned with a large, laciniate, erect, White
crest.— Germ three-celled, &e..as in the genus.

The fines iiie added dày Mr. N. Wallich.

Dried specimens of the following two plants were sent to me from
the mountains North-East of Bengal under the vou name, Kat-
tia a jorung ee time e and season. ©

E

pl s a Be EA |

"s on X
Caulesteit. E
nal, gently curved, unilateral. Crest of the filament entire. . e. MM.
The Root appears to send a number of simple fibres from its up- :
per part.—Stems simple, slightly ascendent, entirely invested with
long, membranaceous, striate, rather loose sheaths ; 8 or 10 inches -
long, like the leaves and bractes, smooth.— Leaves acute at the Base,
tapering from the middle into a very long linear point ; finely stfiat-
ed, from 3 to 4 inches long.—Petioles short, channelled ; within their
base an ‘oblong, membranaceous slightly hairy, entire Uta Spie
scarcely longer than the uppermost leaf, few-flowëéred.— Exterior
bractes large, two or - three-flowered, imbricating at the back of the -
spike ; interior, two, small, embracing the base of the flowers.—Flow-
ers about as large as those of K.G Galanga, expanding successively,
— Calyx short, cylindric, hairy.—Exter r segments sof thecorol short- `
er:than the interior ; all are, lanceolate, acute, spreading g. Nectary ot
inferior segment of the interior border, large, coi lo Filmen
short, linear, expanding above the anther into a anceolate, acute“
crest. —Anther two-lobed, linear; scarcely marginated by the base of
the en nn styles se and vh at the base of the topi

M mifi T

Leaves petioled, ovate, AP

as in the geniga jr seine
Aa pet :

amc v urob hus ING ADO S qSHOSO(fLS-

20 CO *OMONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Curcuma.

7. K. linearis. Wall. i20 : 4

~ Caulescent. - Leaves sessile, dks stig Flow. |

ers terminal, few... Crest entire.

Differs from the preceding species in thine a iihi wre,
Leaves scarcely one-third of an inch broad, tapering ‘into a filiform
point.—Ligule divided to their base into two linear spreading seg-
ments, which give the leaves the ébpscafiots of. Meine: stipuled.— . ;
Sheaths close. T

Obs. In the structure of their dtt thin: iid Haha

* flowers these two plants are so much like Kempferia, that I have not
considered myself warranted in separating them; though the cha-
racter of that genus as it now stands differs in the shape of the crest, |
which in our plants is perfectly. entire; -and on this account, resem-
bling that of Costus. Their, ‘general babit p par take ; of th that of Globba.
If fate e examinations, ‘especially, o f living specimens, should con-
firm them as species of Kampferia, the generic SIM ctor of this ge-
nus,as wellas of Costus, mi üg perhaps be advantageously modified
in respect , to the shape. o the filament, and the species of the form- é
er arranged in. the following. manner.

E. Stemless, : with. a divided crest, 5 angie

mt L—K. B Vus - mieu with à an entire

2,—ovalifglia, pa 6 Ife a ee. “forest

; ..S.—rotunda,. : a E 7 —linearis 45$ qois ati P.
K di pm =e ou. wate ue

i^n CURCUMA. Lom genept. ed. Sdrei- No. 8 8. a
sels with both borders three- ther » ba
TENS Capsule three-celled! Seed numerous, aril
simple, and eed with boil perisperm' ‘and vit Mi ii

Bulbs Ibs and palmate tubers aaa sn rovat iia
sad-lanceolar, a dark purple cloud down the mid-
- Flowers shorter than their bractes.

24 MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Curcuma.

of various leng th.—Spike tufted, 4 or 5 inches long, (so that its
apex is elevated nearly a foot above the surface of the earth ;) covered
with imb ricated, oblong, concave bractes, connected by the lower half
of their inner margins to the backs of those immediately above, form-
ing as many sacks, or pouches as there are bractes; the lower half
of these are broad, shorter, scarcely tinged with red, containing each
about three or four, beautiful, yellow, sessile flowers, which expand
in succession, and are embraced laterally by their own proper, smaller,
short, colourless bractes. The superior half of the large coloured
. ones, which form the tufts, are generally sterile, and of a deeper crim-
son, or purple colour, than those which contain llowers.— Calyz supe-
rior; scarcely one third the length of the corol, irregularly. three-
toothed, pellucid.—Corol fonnel-shaped. Tube alittle curved. Border
double; exterior three-parted, the two lateral segments equal; the |
third or upper one vaulted and crowned with as bulate | point ; colour
a very faint yellow. - “Interior th cc-parted ; lower segment, or lip,
‘proad, deep yellow, projecting, recurved, bifid ; ; upper or lateral. seg-
ments obovate, equal, pale yellow, nearly as long as the lip.— Fila-
ment short. Anther double, the lower end of each lobe terminating
in a long, sharp, subulate spur.— Germ beneath, hairy, three-celled,
with many ovula in each, attached to the inner "hngle of the cell.
Style slender at the base, embraced by the two nectarial filaments.
Stigma two-lobed, crowning the anther.— Capsule oval, smooth, of a
pale straw-colour, thin and nearly pellucid; three-celled; but with-
out any regular division into valves : when the seeds are ripe the elas-
ticity of the segments of the arils bursts the vertex into various | Ör-
tions, from whence the seeds are soon expelled .— Seed eral in
each cell, arilled; shape various, but the most prevai
Aril cut to the very base into several slender, unequ: e;
segments, which afe' ‘united to the seed round ‘the umbilicus. In-
teguments two ; exterior "'Spongy, with highij polished slippery, light-
brown Mv int ;eous. Perisperm pure white, hard
but friable, atid occupies the Iosta bell x of the seed. Vitellus clear-
eh, But Mas of a tougher consistence than the albumen; it

- Curcuma. MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 23

long as the seed, tending to be clavate, both ends truncate, the up-
per half lodged in the vitellus, and the lower in the albumen, or pe-

- Obs. The dry root powdered and mixed with the powdered wood
of the Cesalpinia Sappan makes the red powder called Abeer by the
Hindoos, and Phag by the Bengalees. It is copiously thrown about
by the natives during the Hooli, or Hindoo holidays in the month of
March. The root is also used medicinally amongst the natives.

In 1805, I gave some of the sliced and dried bulbous, and palmate
tuberous roots of this plant to Sir Joseph Banks, which he gave to -
Dr. Comb, who found that it was the real Zedoaria of our Materia

edica, and by the same means ascertained that the Zoot a Cur-
cuma doar, i is Zedoaria rotunda of the shops. ue ssa

9. C. Zedoaria. R. NS

Bulbs small, and, with the long palmate tubers, inwardly yellow.
Leaves broad-lanceolar, sessile on their sheaths, sericeous under-

neath ; the whole plant of a uniform green. ,

Amomum Zedoaria. Linn. sp. plant. ed. Willd. i. p. 7.

Sans. Sez s, Vuna-huridra, StUsil, Sholee, FULT, Vuna-
sista, SIT, Sholika.

Beng. Junglee, or Bun Huldi, delà turmerick.) .

Arab. Jedwar, or Zadwar.

- This beautiful species is a native, not only | of ense aay com-
mon in gardens about Calcutta,) but is also a native of China, and
various other parts of Asia, and the Asiatic islands. Flowering
time the hot season, the leaves appear about the same period, or
rather after ; for it is not uncommon to find the beautiful, large, rosy,
tufted spikes rising from the naked earth before a single leaf is to
-be seen. id

Root biennial, tuberous, &c. as in the es and Sonia of 2 a pre! :
ty deep yellow colour, approaching to that of turmeric. —Stem uo
ther than the sheaths of the leaves. — Leaves petioled,. broad-
olar, entire, underneath covered With s soft perce dex a, Wi

94 -MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Curcuma., Yo

particularly conspicuous when the leaves are dry.— The Scape rises
distinct from the leaves during the dry season, and often not only at
some distance, but also sometime before them; it is round, as thick
as a man’s fore finger ; length a few inches, and embraced by its own
short, proper, green sheaths.— Spike from 6 to 12 inches long, &c. —
exactly as in the last species.— Bractes and Calyx as in the before-

mentioned species.— Corol one-petalled ; at the base tubular. Tube

short, widening a little; its mouth shut with fine yellow pubescent
glands ; Throat ample. Border double; exterior of three pale pink-co-

loured, erect, oblong divisions ; the upper one more pointed, and in-

cumbent over the anther and part of the two upper divisions of the

inner border. Interior somewhat ringent, three-parted, fleshy, yellow ;

the lower lobe or lip longest, obovate, entire, projecting with a crown’
and erect margin, while a broad elevation of a deep yellow colour runs-
along i its middle; upper two divisions obovate, and with the upper

segment of the exterior border, forming a complete covering or dome
over the anther.— Filament short, inserted between the two upper

divisions of the inner border of the corol. Anther two-lobed, each
ending in a long, sharp spur at the base.— Germ inferior, &c. as in

the last. Style filiform. Stigma three-lobed, with a perforation in

the centre.

Obs. The plant when in flower is highly ornamental, few Mem
ing it in beauty ; at the same time it podsie a considerable degree
of delicate aromatic fragrance,

Dr. Woodville’s observation and quotations, at page 362 of his
Medical Botany, induce me to think that the roots of this plant are not
only the longer species of the Zedoaria found in the sho ps; but also :
the shorter or roundish, their form and size depending. on the man-
ner in which they may have been cut for drying: and I have lately
learned from Sir J. Banks, that the dried root of sus species aedi
well with Zedoaria rotunda. = 3

The Hindoos use the roots as a irte and also melicindliy;

they are sold in their shops, under tie Arabic name Judwar, or the -

Bengalce one of Bun Huldi. When fresh as well as when dry, they

` Curcuma. MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA, 25

are of a pale yellow colour; and possess at all times an agreeable
fragrant smell, and warm, bitterish, aromatic taste, whereas the roots
of Kempferia rotunda possess little cr nothing of these sensible qua-
lities, and are withal too rare in every part of India, where-I have
been, to allow me to think, any quantity of them can ever be collected
for exportation.

3. C. zanthorrhiza. R.

Bulbs ovate, with both palmate and pendulous tuben deep yellow,
Leaves sessile on their green sheaths, broad pne a Se
pee voug fem. the indie. | = ic oot:
tanic ‘Garden’ at eee in the year 1798, and only . owere« :
the first time in April and May, 1810. It is the only kind T rave
yet met with, which has its pendulous tubers inwardly of a deep yel-
low colour, like that of the bulb and palmate tubers. The sheaths

of the scapes and leaves are green. The coma large, and of a deep
purple, or crimson colour. Exterior border of the corol red. Leaves
broad-lanceolar, and oblong; there is a narrow purple cloud down the
middle of them, which penetrates to the underside ; the whole height
about four feet. .

4. C. elata. R.

_ Bulbs oblong, obovate, and with the numerous, large, incurvate,
; iare tubers, inwardly of a pale yellow. Leaves sessile on their
sheaths, oblong Anio underneath; the whole of an uniform green.

A native of Burma, and from thence introduced by Dr. W. Carey, |

into the Botanic Garden at Calcutta, ite it flowers in March and
April.

A full description of this species is unnecessary, as it resembles.
the other species already described, in every respect, except in i
as are pointed out in the definition, viz. its immensely large-
numerous bulbs and tubers, which are inwardly of a pale yell
Jour ; the latter run very near the surface of the ground, and are much

rg

56 : MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Curcuma. |

incurved. The pendulous tubers, as in every other species, except.
C. zanthorrhiza, are inwardly pearl-coloured ; every part above —
ground i is of a uniform green, the spikes excepted. "The leaves ap- 4
pear when the flowers begin to decay, and are larger than in any other
species I have yet seen; being from two to sliveis or even four feet
long, by one broad, and villous underneath; the whole height is
about six feet. The spikes are large, with a deep rosy, or even crim- `
son coma. Its external appearance resembles most C. Zedoaria,

. the roots however differ much, independent of their size. This plant
is altogether a larger species than that.

5. C. casia. R. :
Bulbs ovate, and with the eh tubers inwardly bluish. NEM 2
lanceolar, petoredy a deep ferruginous purple | cloud. down the mid-
i ate s to the under surface ; every other part green.

Neel-kunt’h 1, or Kala Haddi.
piers Rumph. amb. 5. p. 169.

~ This elegant, strongly marked species is a native of Bengal, where
it blossoms in May, while the greatest heat prevails, just before the
periodical rains begin: about the-same time the leaves begin to ap-

pear. In the deep ferruginous purple cloud down the middle of the -

leaves, it resembles C. Zerumbet, but differs wi in the colour of ©
the root,

Bulbs ovate. Palmate tubers mangpand generally simple ; fhese .
and the bulbs are inwardly pale. blue, verging towards grey, (ca -
sius of Willdenow's scale : ;) in some the blue is pretty deep. "m |
dulous tubers ovate, oblong, inwardly of a pale watery
and less fragrant than in the former two species. This in
case with aH the other species I have examined.— Leaves bifarious,
petioled, lanceolar, smooth on both sides, a deep ferruginous cloud
runs the whole length of the rib, and | penetrates through to the under-
side; every other part, petioles, and their sheaths, of a clear deep -

a

green colour; length about eì teen inches, by five broad. Petioles

- and ek- sheaths > fog ethe ^ es as long as the leaves, making e

Curcuma. MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 27

whole height of the plant about four feet.—Spikes lateral, appearing
with, or rather before the leaves, about as long as their scapes, toge-
ther about afoot long. Scales, lower fertile; bractes green, with a fer-
ruginous tinge. Coma deep bright red, tending to crimson.— Corol,
exterior border red ; inner yellow.

6. eruginosa. R.

. Bulbs ovate, and with the numerous palmate iubes, inwardly
wruginous. Leaves petioled, broad-lanceolar, smooth, above the
middle a faint ferruginous evanescent: cloud, on the Bpper suríace on-
ly% 2 ever, other part geb. os ccn uen
__. Avery stately species, wissen] rom Burma by the Rev. Dr. W.

Carey, into Bengal, where it blossoms in May, immediately af fter which
the leaves begin to appear. It is distinguished from all our other |
Curcumas by the internal zruginous, or verdigrease-like colour of its
ovate bulbs, and its short thick palmate tubers; while the oval pendu-
lous tubers, with which it abounds, are inwardly of a clear pale pearl
colour. The comose lateral spike is in this, as it is in the other spe-
cies. "The exterior border of the coro is rose-coloured ; the interior
deep yellow. The leaves are broad-lanceolar, of a firm texture, and
smooth on both sides ; length from two to three feet, and from six to
nine inehes broad. Petioles and their sheathing portions together
from two to three feet long ; which gives to the whole VH a woe
si, Spies: to an feet. | ,

7. C. (vga AR. ii

Bulbs and palmate tuber copious, Loon palo. fd. Sheaths
of the scapes, and leaves ferruginous-red, with a faint mark af: the
same colour on the middle of the 1 upper surface of the leaves.

A native of Bengal. Flowers in April and May. By attending
to the pale yellow very fragrant roots, and to the rusty reddish sheaths
of the scapes and leaves, this species will be readily known. _ The
leaves, as in most of the others, are broad-lanceolar, (thatis, th e: taj €
evi. toward each end ;) including the shcsibe: mi. etioles,

par UIS. =

$

28 MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Curcuma:

are four feet high, or more ; a very faint ferruginous tinge runs down -

the middle, which is very conspicuous in those that appear first in
the season; whereas it is scarcely to be observed in the latter. The
flowers are large, few in number, with the erterior border red, and
the interior deep yellow. The bractes to the fertile part of the spike

ferruginous, those of the coma few, and of a pretty bright crimson
colour.

8. C. rubescens. R.
Bulbs ovate-lanceolate, and with the palmate tubers inwardly pearl-
coloured. Leaves broad lanceolate, on red winged petioles, above
. the sheaths; rib red. Scape and scales red. Flowers longer than
their bractes. : a
A native of Bengal. Flowering time the months of April and May,
soon after which the leaves appear ; and decay about the begining -
of the cool season, in November. Every part has a strong, but plea- -
sant aromatic smell when bruised, particularly the root. |
Root of several, erect, solid, conical, pale straw or peail-coloured,
powerfully aromatic bulbs, which gave support to the former years
» foliage, and are strongly marked with the circular scars thereof; from
their opposite sides the scapes, «aud stems of the succeeding year
spring, which form similar new bulbs when those of the former year
decay; but during their existence, there issues round their lower
half, a number of strong fleshy fibres, many of hdi end in ovaté
or sub-cylindrical, pale white, slightly aromatic tubers, which also
pen with the original parent bulb.— Stems, as in the other iinde

the flowers begin to perish in wem (six or eight
-of them forming the above-mentioned. stems, of about three, or four
feet in height, leaves inciuded,) petioled on their sheathing base,
broad-lanceolate, cuspidate, smooth, strongly marked with parallel
veins; of an uniform dark-green, with the nerves or ribs red, from
"Awelveto twenty-four inches long, by live or six broad.— Petioles, and.

3^

Curcuma. MONANDRIA MONOGY NIA. |. $9

sheaths channelled, smooth, and of a deep red colour; a projecting
process on the inside marks, in all this natural order, the limit of the
sheath, and the beginning of the petiole.— Scape, radical, lateral, cy-
lindric, about six inches long, invested in several, dark reddish sheaths.
— Spike tufted, five or six inches long, erect; Coma less deeply co-
loured than in Zerumbet.— Bractes, or scales of the spike exactly as. -
in the other species, each embracing four or five flowers, which ex-
pand iu succession.— Flowers small, bright yellow, rather longer than
their bractes, fragrant.— Tube of the corol slender, its mouth com-
pletely shut with three eit uod grece not iiec i ina
Hpesuie, 7-5 n es

— Obs. uae. pude ixbori: of sev spies o
Curiis, yield a very beautiful, pure starch, like the Arro

oe T

produced from Maranta arundinacea and Tacca pinnati ifida, ah,
the natives of the countries where the plants grow, prepare and eat,
In Travancore, where some of these species abound, this flour, or
starch, forms, T am told, a large part of the diet of the inhabitants,
My C. angustifolia is another species which yields the same sub-
stance; and I have no doubt but the pendulous tubers of this spe-
cies yield it also, and equally good.

Since writing the above, I have received from Chittagone, Bha-

gulpore, and Mirzapore, plants of Cree other sorts, all Rice for
ie same POM

ec €. comosa. A
Bulbs large, oval, ánwardly pale ahehe Aoii ae fer
tile bractes of a pale pink colour; coma copious and rosy. Leaves

broad-lanceolar ; a faint ferruginous cloud above the siii at: the
earliest ones; every other part greet

A native of Burma. From Rangoon Mr. Felix Carey et ed
the Botanic Garden at Calcutta, where they thrive weil, and blos- -
som in May, at-which time it is by far the most tih, and the

largest of the genus, I have yet seen... T

Bulbs very large, oval, inwardly: of a pale ochra cons colour Pal
mate tubers scarcely any. Pendulous tubers poi

30 MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. - . Curcumas

ed to the bulb by uncommonly long, thick, fibrous cords.— Leaves
bifarious, petioled on their sheaths, }.aceolar, smooth, and green in
every part, except in those which <ppear first in the season, which
have a faint ferruginous cloud on the centre of the upper surface be-
. yond the middle; length two to three feet; the petioles with their
sheathing. bases measuring about as much more, making the whole
height of the plant five or six feet.—Spikes lateral, appearing rather
` before the leaves, short-scaped, large, clavate. Fertile bractes, of a
beautiful pale pink. Barren ones of the coma a deep, lively, rosy red;
on account of the beauty and size of this part, I have given it the
trivial name comosa.—Corol with the exterior border pink; inner
pale yellow.

10. C. leucorrhiza. R.

Bulbs ovate ; palmate | tubers. long and Sein, oc. the for-
mer they are "oid of a pale straw colour. Leaves petioled,
broad-lanceolar, ‘smooth, of an uniform. green in every part. Spikes
few-flowered, with a coma as long as the fertile portion. |

` Å native of the forests of Bahar. From Bhagulpore Mr. John
Glass, the surgeon of that station, sent roots to this Garden, under
the name Tikor; and observed that the plant is not cultivated, but
grows in the jungles, to the southward of that place. The process,
he says, for obtaining the starchy substance called Tikor, i is as fol-
lows. “ The root is dug up, and rubbed on a stone, or beat in a
mortar, and afterwards rubbed in water with the hand, and strained
through a cloth ; the fecula having subsided, the water is go =: |
and the Tikor, (fecula) dried for use.”

© This plant grows freely in the Botanic Garden
May. Here the palmate, or horizontal tube
straight, and often near a foot long ; they run dec
far. Their inward colour, as well as that of the bulbs, i is a very pale
ochraceous yellow, almost pure white. Pendulous tubers numerous,
oblong, inwardly pearl white. - - Leares broad-lanceolar, uniformly
cem about two be | s gp viisi ana of the james from Hra to

Curcuma. MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 31

four feet. Spikes lateral, the inferior fertile portion not longer than
the rosy coma. Flowers the length of the bractes ; exterior border
slightly tinged with pink ; inner yellow. In the structure of the fruit
it — perfectly with that of C. Zerumbet.

11. C. angustifolia. R.

Bulb oblong, with pale, oblong, pendulous tubers only. Leaves

petioled, narrow-lanceolar. Flowers = pun the bractes.
"Tikor of the Hindoos.

Found by H. T. Colebrooke, Esq. in the Eris d Ka the banks
of the Sue to Nagpore, and by him introduced into the Botanic Gar-

— den at Caleutte , where it blossoms in July. "The leaves : make -r
appearance at the same time with those of the other species
decay about the beginning of the cool season, in November.

Root, from a fusiform biennial crown issue many fleshy fi bres,
which end in smooth, oval, succulent tubers.— Stem, consisting of
a few pale-coloured, leafless, surrounding sheaths.— Leaves petiol-
ed, narrow-lanceolar, most acute, striated with fine parallel veins,
smooth on both sides ; length from one to three feet, (petiole and

‘sheath included,) which is in fact the whole height of the plant.—
Petioles from six to twelve inches long, the lower half or more of
which, expands into a sheath to embrace those within; the upper
half or proper petioles slender, and channelled.— Spike radical, from
four to six inches long, separate from the leaves, crowned with a
tuft of oval, lively purple, neuter bractes.— Bractes common below
the coloured neuter ones, ovate-cordate, obtuse, expanding recurv-
edly, each embracing three or four flowers, which open in suc-
cession.— Bractes proper boat-shaped, embracing the proper pe-
rianth, and germ of each flower. — Flowers large, longer than their
bractes, bright yellow, expanding at sun-rise, and decaying at sun-
set of the same day.— Calyx above, three-toothed, somewhat 3 in-
flated.—Corol, tube somewhat gibbous, contracted at the jouth,
and there shut with short hairs; ¿throat campanulate ; j ei

. der pale-yellow, consisting of one Wes eh. up; e eg

j

32 MONANDRIA MOXOGTYNIA. Curcuma —

and two lower, oblong, smaller, concave ones; inner border tbree-
parted ;, lower segment or lip with its exterior part sub-orbicular

emarginate, or bifid; upper segments obovate, cuneate, with the fia» —
ment, or short antheriferous segment, between them.—Anther as —

in the genus, double, with a spur from the lower end of each lobe,
—-Germ beneath, villous, three-celled, with many seeds m each.
Style slender, at its insertion are the usual twonectarial bodies. Stigma
globular, gaping on the anterior side. :

Obs. From the oval pendulous tubers, Mr. Colebrooke observes, a
sort of Starch or Arrow-root-like fecula is prepared, which i is solda in
the markets of Benares, and is eaten by the natives.

Sect. 2, Spikes central.
C. bnga. Linn. sp. pÉ ed. Willd. 1. 14. Retz. i 3. 78.
Bull small, aud with the numerous, long, palmate tubers, inward-
ly a a deep. orange yellow. Leaves long-petioled, broad-lanceolar,
; of an uniform green.
Amomum Curcuma. Gmelin. and Jacq. Hort. Vind. 3. t. 4
Manjella-kua. Rheed. mal. 11. p. 91. t. 11.
. Curcuma domestica major. Rumph. amb. 5. . p. 162. t. 67.
Carcumaa of Avicenna.
Dar-zard of Garcias.

Sans. zt, Huridra, wac, Huldee, way Peeta, dt 7
— Kanchunee, fax, Nisha, qgan, Vuruvurninee, eeu, Kri- a

mighna, acfafgar, Yoshitpriya, girante, Henson. T
Hind. and Beng. Huldee, Huludee, Pit-ras.
Heb. 23293. Kurkum.

Arab. Ürukus-sufr, ar
Teling. Pampee.

Pers. 3>4);, Zerd-chob.

Hulud, or Huludee. Mahrat. — — :
]s much cultivated about no and in al parts of Bengal.

Koenig's description published by Retzius, is so very exact and com-

plete, that there AND me e to add.

*

Curcuma. - , MONANDMIA MONOGYNIA. 38

4

; Cultivation. oiis MOR .molcits 1

The scot must beri rich; friable; arid so high as tiot'to be over-
flowed during the rainy season, süch as the Beiesloor about Calcut-

- tacall Danga. Itis often planted on land where sugar-cane grew the
preceding year, and is deémed.a meliorating.crop. The soil must
be well ploughed and cleared of weeds; &c..: -1t is then raised, in
April and May, accerding»as the rains begin to fall, into ridges, nine
or ten inches:high, and eighteensor twenty broad, with intervening
trenches nine or ten inches broad; » The cuttings or sets, viz. small
portions "ot the. MM; the ridges, at

1 weight obttib/frbsli motbosa leas. ditis LE MET

13. C. Amada. R. -

Bulbs conic, and with the palmate tubers; inwardly pale-yellow.
|" Leaves loig-petioled, broad-lanceolate, smooth Spikes scanty, few-
' flowered. The whole plant wiiformly green; <4)’

Amada of the Bengalees; which means manko-ginger, the fresh
root possessing the peeüliar smell ofa green “mango. It is used
‘medicinally bj tlie natives. | 1 mies: native oP Berigal.- ‘Fo wering

time the latter Part of the HINT 12 llodqueD eohado oS ssl

Root consisting of horizontal, diuine: sessile (übers ünited tö the

pide 2s fan Ovate-conic bulb of the same‘colour, which gives existence
>and support to the leaves, and spike : "from its sides and base long
- fleshy tibres issue, which penetrate deep into the'soil ; some of which
‘end ur obiohz, paler? (bentlulous) tubers Stemsno other than the
^ wnited sheaths of the leivess— Légvésradical, bifarious; petioled'above
© “their shiaths, ventricosé, latceolar, cuspidate, sttiooth on both sides;
length from six to eighteen inches, by three to six broad ; they decay
about the end of October, and appear again with | the first showers of
E dnce 3 ap The rr I divide into two. “portions : “the lower
er dies dung part irom i ax, to ae a inches long y and the appe or

PILSEN 1095Y8 i327 |

aiie sa io iiics

"$4 CMÓNANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Curcuma,
A
_ proper petioles, from three'to niue; the whole measuring in general, —
from one to two feet;-—Scape central, about sixinches long, invested —
jm several alternate sheaths:—Spike shorter than the scape, cyliudric,
«crowned with a tuft of loose, coloured, pale rosy, abortive, bractes.—
2:Brudtes oblong, imbricated, the lower half of their margins united
oto ‘the backs of the two next above, forming a pouch; for a fascicle
sof: four'or five, rather small, yellow flowersyawhich expand in suc-
secession; these have each a proper bracte, which embrace the tube |
' of the flower only, and may be called an inferior calyx.—Calyx su- |
*perior, unequally three-toothed.— Coro witha sleñder tube; its —
: amóuth shut with-tiwéè yellow hairy glands; fair: sub-campanulate. |
. Border double, both tliree-cleft, Xe. as in the other species.— Germ —
oval, hairy, three-celled, with several seeds in each; attached to their ;
. central receptacles, |

ey voli: €. irid} it a. R. ig} eese ot
Bulbs oblong, and with t the palmate t es inward. ly. of a deep yel-
low. Leaves long-petioled, broad-lanceolar. The whole Plant, (even
S spike. and. coma) uuiformly. green. sca
TT Tammon Giring seu Giri, Rumph. amb. i. Mus
gis native of Sumatra, and the,other eastern islands; from Bencoo- |
len Dr. Charles. , Campbell sent plants to this garden, where they
s: (grow luxuriantly, and blossom in July and August, a |
azii: _Root,consisting, like that of the other species, of. bulbs; and oak
yomateypendulous tubers 5, aromatic, and bitter, and employed by the
i5iMalnys-of Swnatra;to dye with.— Leazes petioled, broad-lanceolar,
sdsmooth; length-from one. to three. fests. the petioles, and sheaths -
^ thereof. ‘about, as long.— Spike central, large.— Bractes, even those
. oF the. coma, umieral green; ‘as iss ma et m
Mey pale yellow, |... a

* 235

FE

ey besa S 1 s
* dx e itt SU VAR L1

P2 sU Gsefi st OF xir 15605 crea

E montana, orom. RN. 351. Qo be vi modă

NE conic, with iic palmate tubers. dw ee gt t » 'pe-
ded, ‘oblong. * whole ] lant aiformly g green} éxcept the rosy
cua of the spike, 3

Curcuma. MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Ess

It grows in moist places, — the * Circar mountain. SFA-
ering time the rainy season. ~~ NUM en
Root pereunial, consisting of conical bulbs di lage in the re-
maining sheaths of the leaves, and ‘also of horizontal tubers, ' as in
ginger, &c. with large fleshy fibres from their base:-— Leaves radical,
three or four, petioled, their petioles from eight to twelve "itichés
long, enveloped ima few sheaths, forming something like a stein ; the
leaves themselves are oval, pointed, beautifully veined, sinooth,
from eight to twelve incheslong, and from five to six broad.— Spikes
rise from tlie centre of the petioles: parpi: is of their length,
and involved in its proper she | ous Profane’
ronis opes -obl m ow + half v t d
inner are united to the bir eiit the next withot
which contains from two to four flowers, each of mielan PaA
er wedge-formed membranaceous proper bracte. "l'hé coma or supe-
rior bractes large, waved, rose-coloured, and (generally). without
flowers.—Calyr as in the two former species:+ T'ube- of the corol
widening, somewhat campanulate; border double: =~Exterior threes
parted ; divisions equal, entire. Interior two-lipped } upper lip erect,
three-cleft ; under lip entire, roundish, border’ “waved,” and a hit
notched. mu no other than the middle segment of the upper
"x lip of the interior border of the corol ; ; anther two-lobed, linear, the
under point of. each lobe ending. in a long. sharp. spur. gi ji
low. Base of the style embraced with. the usual two "nectarial bodies,
which in this species are larger; 3 stigma, se fes is x d

somewhat marked. ae

5:36. Πretlikate. Rises wee! cen Se eA s evitan. ds -
Bulbs fusiform, with E E A distri
casă; oval, pendulous ones. Leaves petioled, oblong, reclinate.
~ Discovered by H. T. Colebrooke; Esq. in the interior parfsof —
India, where it blossoms during the rains. sipinos =i ni apt.
"Root a bulbous head, from which descend many fleshy "fibresg -
ending in large, smooth, oval tubers.—Stem none, but: the height of
E2 M EE

tbe whole pl (viz. the spike) is about six inches ; the leaves, being
‘reclined, add 1 thing to its height.— Leaves 1acical (in t.e auly
plant at jp. in my possession, from which this description 13
taken), four i in number, two ou each side of the spike, embracing it
::,elósely,. with the lower sheathing part of their petioles reclined,
alin: acute; margins: slightly waved; smooth on both sides;
length, exclusive of the petiole, about nine inches, and about four
or five broad.— Petioles, including the sheathing base, from three to
four inches lone deeply channelled, and smooth.—Spike from the
centre of the leaves, its short scape entirely hid by their sheaths, the
rest loosely imbricated, with large, ovate, obtuse, expanded colour-
ed bractes ; the superior sterile, and more deeply coloured as in ihe
other species of this family ; but here, and in no other that L have —
yet seen, are the whole deeply coloured.— Flowers small, of a dull —
dark pink colour, except the lower segment of the inner border,
which is tinged with yellow.—Caíyr inülated, obscurely three-
toothed, scaréely half the length of the tube of the corol.— Tube
of the corol süb-cylindric ; throat campanulate. The border, stamen,
and pistil, as. well as the nectarial scales of Koenig, as in the other
Spores already gastribei,

zx 17. C. petiolata, R.

Bulbs and. salmate tubers few and small ; inward colour zx yel-
low; tubers numerous, pendulous on short fusiform fibres. Leaves
1 i tic e ; oblong, ovate with the base rounded, (this is the only —
species, known to me, in which they have this form.) The whole €

- plant uniformly green, except the lilac-coloured coma of the spike.
A native of Pegu, and from thence sent by Mr. F. Carey to the

eee — where it blossoms — 3

»

uer

«Obs This species dian cons ae ou niis om ii my peres Cur-
eaves. ‘Lhe spike is central,
as in the other late. Dad species, ,its c coma small, and of a lilac
colour; the bractes very perfectly united almost to the road, ren

nd

Amomum. MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. ar

form apex, forming uncommonly deep pouches for the small yellow

Jlowers. .

AMOMUM. Schreb. gen. plant. N. 3

Corolla with the interior border unilabiate. Auther double, surs
mounted with an entire, or lobate crest. Capsule three-celled, three-

valved. Seeds many, ariiled... Embryo sinple, and furnished with
both perisperm, and vitellus. -

fore panier die sei. tere Willd. i. 8. |
j Leaves short-petioled, lanceolar. - Spikes half. immersed in the
earth, loosely imbricated with villous, lanceolate, acute, tite Bowered
bractes. Lip with the anterior margin three-lobed. Crest three-lol

Cardamomum minus. Rumph. amb. 5. p; 359. t. 65. f. dcus

A native of Sumatra, and other islands to the eastward of the Bay `
of Bengal, and sent by Dr. Charles Campbell from Bencoo/en, to
the Botanic Garden at Calcutta, where it blossoms in April.

Root perenuial, creeping under the surface of tbe soil, like that of
ginger ; butsmaller, less fleshy, more ligneous, and white ; from which
descend, aud spread, many fleshy fibres.—Stems about biennial,
several rising obliquely to the height of from two to.four ivet,
about as thick as a stout ratan, invested in the smooth, deep green
sheaths of the leaves.— Leaves alternate, bifarious, short-petioled
on their smooth stem-clasping sheaths ; from broad-lanceolaie be
low, to narrow-lanceolate at top, entire aud smooth ou both sides ;
point long, and very. fine ; length from six to twelve. inches — Spikes
radical, sessile, oblong, appearing amongst the stems, half immersed
in the earth, loosely imbricated with one-fowered, lanceolate, acute,
villous, nervous, scariose, ash-coloured bractes ; when old their brit-
tle tops are often broken off.—Bractes. Besides the exterior one-
flowered ones, just mentioned, there is an inner, striated, downy,
scariose, two-toothed, tubular one, (which I have sometimes consi-
dered an exterior and inferior calyx, and which Koenig som etir
called an àavolucre,) inserted round the base of the germ.—2

E: = JMONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Amomum.
4 ET :
opening iti accession, and not very conspicuous.— Cal yz, clavate, tu-
bular, downy, three-toothed, length of the tube of the corol. — Tube
of the corol, slender, and slightly mcurved. Ezferior border of three
sub-equal pellueid divisions. Lip, or inner border, rather longer than
the exterior great border, somewhat three-lobed, with acrenate, curled
margin ; middle lobe yellow, with two rosy lines leading up to it from
the mouth-of the tube.— Filament scarcely half so long as the border
of the corol, incurved over the mouth of the tube. There isa slender
subulate horn on each side ofthe base of the filament, aud nearly its
length. Anther double, large, fleshy, with a large, three-lobed, con-
cave crest; the infundibuliform stigma rising through a deep groove
between the two polliniferous lobes.— Germ beneath, downy, and
crowned with the two nectatial scales, within the base of the tube of
the corol ; inthis species they are short, and truncated. -
Obs. The seeds are to the taste agreeably aromati

tic, and are used
by the — ubstitute for the irae. Cardanon of Matabar.

2. A. angusti Vots Linn. spec. pl. ed. Willd. 1. p. 8.
: iama broad-lanceolate. * Spikes elevated, aei oii € com-
pact ; clavate bractes oblong, rather pointed, Lip obovate, cuneate,
entire. -Crest kriit n ;
Amomum angustifolium. Sonneral it. 9. f. 197. 7
A native of Madagascar. From the island of Mauritius Captain
Tennent brought plants thereof to the Botanic Garden at Calcutta, in
18029; where they grow freely, and blossom at various times of the
year. Evers. part of the plant, wher bruised, ‘or Wounded, ‘diffus
a strong, but pleasant aromatic smell. Hio PEE
"Root perennial, tuberous, ‘horizontal : riti fleshy’ fibres, togë-
ther with runners, issue from the crown, or bulb ; by these runners
the plant soon spreads, and by these it is easily multiplied.—Svems
numerous, straight, round, smooth, rising to the beight of from sit
to ten feet.— Leaves alternate, bifarious, eub-séssile on their sheaths,
broad-lanceolate, fine-pointed, smooth on both sides; length from
twelve to eighteen inches, and ‘from: about four to six broad. -

. Amomum. |. MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 9

Sheaths embrace about three quarters of the stem, are smooth, and
“rise in an obtuse process, (ligula,) above the insertion of the leaves.
—Scapes from the bulb, or base of the stem, where it unites with
the root, rather slender, from six to twelve inches long, and closely
imbricated with many, mucronate, smooth, sheathing scales. — Spikes
linear-oblong, about the size of a-man's thumb, imbricated with si-
milar, but larger seales than those ofthe scape; the inner more
deeply coloured.-— Flowers few, pretty large, and possessed ofa
» strong spicy fragrance.—Bractes ; proper two to each flower, linear-
oblong, inserted round the base. of the germ, like an inferior peri-
; anth.— Calyx superior, deep blood red, smooth on both sides, slit two
-thirds on the outside, apex obscurely three-toothed—Corol. Tube
Basie? about as long as the bractes." Exterior border red, consist-

ing of one large, erect, oblong, concave segment, which protects the —

anther and stigma ; and of two inferior, very narrow segments. Lip
obovate-cuneate,' entire, or slightly three-lobed, yellow; and about
as long as the exterior border — filament broad, particularly: toward
thé base, where it has a small, coloured hornleton each side. Anther
double, surmounted with a large, three-toothed. coronet.—Germ
clavate, obscurely three-sided, three-celled, with many ovu/a in each,
- attached to the partitions. Stigma funnel-shaped, somewhat bilabiate.
» Necturiat bodies of esp are here a and ems — the
Ro «jo wi "y
le gzis areis ("E Se ee ie dion os dié gis said: Sil orie
38. Ac bati. Pu '" sfpolut tole SA esate oil
^ "Leases sub-sessile, TS hom i even
ai wicks the'ground. — entzibosés: SUMMAE ae Cap-
cane echinate. + RTE A tic one ay
SA haiara Malay PR ‘Ms was niied il donot coat
“atò the Botanic Garden at Calcutta by Mr. W. Roxburgh, in 1802,
^ where the plants blõssom in — and muss cd théir seedin
"October and November. -
-18 Roöt perennial,” tuberous like ginger, vit many, thick, fl
^ übies.—Stezis alittle recurvatey. the thickness of a; walkin

"40 MOMANDRIA MONGYNIA. Amomum, |

slightly. pubescent ; from five to ten feet high. — Leaves alternate, bi- 3
farious, very short-peuoled, cordate-lanceolate, mucronate, smooth, .
dark-green; general length from twelve to eighteen inches, and from
three to four inches broad.— Sheaths half stem-clasping, villous on
the outside. Ligu/a short, aud of a semi-lunar shape.—Scapes issuing
-from the base of the stem, under the surface of the ground, where
At joins the root, diverging a little way under the surface of the earth,
anvested im oval, feshy scales; those next to the spike longer, and
more pointed.—Spikes obovate, rising obliquely among, or near the
stems, just so much as to elevate its lower-bearing apex above the
surface of the earth.— Flowers numerous, and expand in succession ;
prevailing colour deep orange. —Bractes, exterior one-flowered,linear- —
oblong, length of the tube of the:corol ; inner tubular with two-tooth- —
ed margin, aud inseried round the base of the germ, like an inferior |
perianth.-Ca/yx above, tubular, two or three-tootl ^—Corol, tube :
slightly incurved. Exterior border three-parted ; segments unequal, —
erect, oblong, ahi, the middle one larger, concave and incumbent :
over the fissute of the Inner border, together forming a campanulate —
tube. .. Lip, sub-rotund, with crenulate, curled margin, and marked
, With biesunfal crimson spots down the middle, on the inside.—Lila-
ment erect, witha hornlet on each side of its base. Anther two-lob-
ed; lobes a, and surmounted- with a. broad, : three-lobed -
crest.—Germ inferior, three-celled, with many ovu/a in each, attach- 1
ed to the inner angle. Stigma funnel-shaped .— Capsule the size of a
large nutmeg, oval, (not suleate as in Koenig’s Amomum of. Globba
erispa, Retz. obs. 3. p. 20.) but thickly beset with numer us, sto
- prickles, three-celled, threewalveds valves Seabyi(uatm T - rm as:
Globba crispa, Rumph. amb. 6. p. 187). Partiti mbra
“a= Seeds, many ineach celi, oval, sodth, bro unde 2
. pale, gelainous, isweetish-acid pulp or aril, utbmined: mih "t
woolly. lamen: is, ‘and attached to. a central, receptacle by very slender |
cords, which aie enveloped in the same gelatinous’ pulp which Sur-
¿Founded the ve de—Perisperat, white; cartilagingus.—Vitellus, near-
My spherical, lodged. about the egrets and.of a

( x ~*~ ^ i y Veo

eaa AER: re 9 PETS UM 5o
| MONANDRIA RE: Vi gris .

t A

did
fg’ w
e b

$ P ditus r textüre, ure.
es Tues

y d. " A. Sm Sian i

: Sips x Erba d mud.
la aves e ip dk
DNI

es T cve

Zd Tea

Rut tuberous, -— ie ginger, but. sw iud di Ne. 1 i

FS d Taaa Acie, ik: aboves pee a1

4 Sil gib pes large one eins enie pesi fest t n; s

x ?

42. Ros = MONANDRIA MONOGYXLA. eee ie Amon mee

| edi dob kim: is a small hortjek.. Auther double, or tw
n and crowned. "A a beautiful, broad, semi-lunar < crest. Ne

sii idelled, Mad, three-celled, with nci ts in cach, e 4
ed tothe inner angle, (aris). Style slender. Stigma funnel-shaped, 4
, | but shut transversely, except during anthesis Hee PEE almost glo- +
bular, size of a gooseberry, three-celled, three-valved, ornamented with. T
nine, firm, short, ragged (when old, and dry) membranaceous wings | $

Obs. The seeds possess a warm, pungent, aromatic taste, not un- 4

like that of Cardamoms, but by no means so grateful. |

5. A. dealbatum. R. Eus

Leaves: broad-lanceolar, Villousddderbeutit: bois cided, bractes
lanceolate, obtuse, (very perishable.) Exterior border vaulted. Lip
i round-oval, Crest of one, broad, truncated I lobe. Capsules ovate

| form the eastérm frontier of r Boa; Bot the former it has been intros E
ducedi into the Botanic Garden near Calcutta, where it grows luxurie | T }
antly, and flowers freely during the months of March and ae ad |
the seeds ripen in September and October. 3

— Roots perennial, tuberous, crooked, jointed, creeping, like cotati” :
quies, with strong, fleshy fibres; inward colour of the tubers pale 1
dull yellow, and when newly cut considerably aromatic.—Stems nu- -
merous, erect in the centre, and ‘oblique in the circumference o
i ‘the clump, from three to five feet high.— Leaves sub-bifarious, t he
_ lower sessile on their sheaths and oblong, the superior short-petiolec
‘and lanceolar ; all are very villous, and paler und erieath, length n

ie ‘to eats NE inches, breadth. from. three to six. x.—Sheath

-dfotitifih above: Scape short and imbricated wit scales, &c.—
-Bractes from ovate to lanceolate, obtuse, very perishable, pale, one
flowered. In this species there is no inner bracte, like an interior ca-
"Wye attached to the base of the germ, so general in this natural ot-

V 4 UE us
AUI T6 UNS
A WE sa Popa

= | : MONANDRIA oóoYNIA.

a part of the perisperm, ofa Fovidish shape, hard

chop |

F caters; NH de: white — Calyx superior, ETTA
E than the tube of the corol, three-cleft, and like the bractes very perish-
: able Corol y Tube short, the three exterior segments of the border |
E forma vault over the suthgs, they are linear-oblong, and nearlysequal. |
P Lip broad-oval ,emargináte ; mar marginscurled ; ; white, with a little yellow -
in the centre.— Filament short. Anther linear, crowned with am en-
- ^ tire, broad, ‘truncate, pure white crest.— Germ short:pedicelled; three-
1 celled, &c. dás in the’ genus.— Capsules ovate-oblong, size of a nuts ee
3 meg, hee e bee Un but 1 have not observed them sepa- —
: us, bitóra and diei.

g-
` bryo sub-cylindric,its apex immersed in the vitellus, ana e base atthe’

Obs. The seeds of this plant are insipid, whereas those of Amomum

1 - umbilicus.
y
4

E

of Cardamom.

E. | cde

FG AS A A ud qo dein ch

EC Leaves lanceolar, ‘smooth. " Spikes ind cinia vit a
3 ug subuilate point of the bractes, calyx, and : JMPPEF Segment of th :

of the corol. Lip oblong :

E WA Div of the lower range of n mountains En E the pl
E «of Bengal on the north, where i it grows. on i the degen
. 9f water between the hills. Fi lowering t in the B
E. ; near Calcutta, ecd and an

of the ‘soil, &c. as in the genus, and amply furnished. with jun
strong fibres. — Stems erect about. three or four feit igh

as thle d as s the litile finger. — Leaves s alternate,

E eaths, narrow-lanceolar, finely acuminate, deep gres

pers tuberous, creeping at; a. small ‘distance. dde. the

- ma. rimum, which is nearly allied to it, are aromate, ae pus fora sort

grr

L3
-~
LE

we : eem anrai inn tadien, $9 pd s ‘

i Bien hed kopijai pistons dod sii vides tal ney:
| tube so i corol. vw obs exterior hacer s of. Ups rin eg

yellow 1

"EN PDA a e
L g

margins a little o tulai, d deeper

frie EE EPI

hd dior ttle removed from the: axis. S

Sir rs ES 2 = Fa d 2 rg G

iao

T i vanes afe. infe carefully vee kn
i to the drugs ists, Who | à for

Rm ost
n d ber ioe

: Root tn r v fora a small extent ata E T

; Y sm ier $ “ve j 7 x aye des F. ui
M bos. ire oyanan anseeymae x gu x me
EU. JUN. : 5 : T E PB: 4 ` A.

E t. -dayation fiom o one to two. gears.— Leaves.

1 ds

S botes i ; * Jui colar, acuminate, smooth ; i fiom ten to. twelve: inches

— long,and from two tofow, hroad.— Spikes radical, imbricated, at first
clavate, afterwards bec ming roundish: ag. the fr uit advances. jar
from one to three à inches long, hid under the surface of the earth, m
embraced by numerous jmibricated, sheathing scales.— f lowers ofa.
- middliug size, pale yellow.— Bii irdan 'onc-flow cred, did
“concave, emóoth; qe eee inferio perianthy tubular, sheathing —
E. prece and nie bie of. the — emunt dme supetior, | $ 4

jections betwen it d the base of. the filament. Were LETT
incurved. Anther crowned with a three-lobed crest. —GGerm 3lló
— three-celled, ith many ovila ineach, attached to the axis. — Capsule
* ovate, size of alar ge nutmeg, rather fleshy; surface somewhat rugose,
q _three-v alv éd; three-celled ead, several iu each cell ; oval, endob--
à. 7 ovate are the niost prevailing forms.—Perisperm conform to the -
seed. EF itellus nearly round, occupying a considerable portion ofthe ^
ipe mm of. Dots enitn piss ise a

| UM Ts feet long, .: and $ ali lie col "f au
- polished. silver. underneath, - E iuflore: è à comp
s pkapbnas raceme nni the nag rion rà

us Ree which soon Perish j:

AU * s A Ser ad e cis
2x 3 ; A : à $ i i F = LB. S
* 2 z £ Ag?
Won a
io 7 uc oan e^ " Ea .

i

48^ M mE nagiisa doses (i E EM E

X — der: T : E aeii bot; ang, white segments, appa did
V ends. subulately from an obtuse apex; two lorge spurs between the.
M "base of the lip and that of the rather long filament; anther of two
x linear lobes, crowned with a very large, curled, semi-hinar crest.—- *

Sith both perisperm and vitellus.

t X OL suben eri aati smooth.

xm a OR NO P abre: ja
T ;

Germ villous, nine-ribbed, three-celled, &c. as in the genus. ipi:

sule long, narrow; ovate-oblong, three-celled, three-valved, surface
even and smooth, coloura brownish red, inside deeper and brighter. -
— Seeds many, “obovate; black, and pretty smooth, aril white: and:
fieshy. | Embryo simple, erect, length of ue seed, and furnished

"e p awe s ZINGIBER.

orate ee ; P SRT af :
. "i2 MEI esit es

2 K %

i E le Spikes radial, een Y Jo d

iioi; bractes acute. Lip three-lobed. ae E
. Amomum Zingiber. Linn. sp. pl. ed. Willd; 1. TRE TUM x
b n: vob ccu "uiae Shringuverm = st cargat pa A ;
enjabil. — BS c UH igo
E len, LT Hind. Aris or Ada The led rost S jonthe. ^. =
eng. Allam: © AS ceto geli

- Inschi, sel Inschi kua. Ricid; Mal. 11 pe 2E' t Eo ;

— Zingiber majus. Rumph. Amb. 5. p. 156. t. 66. fig. i py

This plantis universally known, and ultivated ov. 23
parts of Asia; where to be found i indige nous Tkn
ering wine en | ; but it i el;

iie -— cn
& i + ] zi i

í

dnt when’ ‘compared with the rest of this natural order.— Calya P

one-leaved, opening on one side, apex three-toothed.—

k- imooth
and amnual.— Leaves sub-sessile on their long, vaginated sheaths, bi-
-farious, lineàr-lanceolate, very smooth above, and nearly so under- '
neath. — Sheaths - smooth, crowned with a bifid. stipulary ligula.—
| Peduncles radical, solitary, a littleremoved from the stems, from sixto |

— margins coloured. - Lip three-lobed. | Bee:
Amomum Zerumbet. Linn. Sp. PL. ed. Wild. 1. q ti = KAKI

be Visus S ‘Butch, or mahaburee-butch.

1 i : / a w
Zingiber. ES EN mon ANDRIA NONOGYNIA- j E 2

A 4
Root substoun, bien — Stems erect, iad oblique, . invested i in
sheaths of the leaves ; : generally three or four feet high, | -

twelve inches long, enveloped in a few obtuse sheaths, the upper-

most of which sometimes end in tolerably long leaves.—Spikes, vb.

long, the size of a man's thumb.— Bractes. Exterior imbricated, one-
lowered, obovate ; smooth, membranaceous-bordered, faintly min.

i ed lengthways.. Interior solitary, euseloping the germ, perianthj anid

the: greater part of the tube of the corol.— Flowers ewe

double border; exterior of three, nearly equal, oblong segments. Lip |

three-lobed, and of a dark purple colour. Nectarial filaments of
Koenig large, subulate, fine-pointed.— Filament short. Anther ob-
long, double, crowned with a long, curved , tapering, grooved hornlet.
—Germ oval, three-celled, with many ovula in each. Style f filiform.
Stigma fuonel-shaped, ciliate, lodged just under the apex of the horn-
let of the anther. This famous plant is too well known to orga.
«t further description, :

* d z, zerumbet. A in Trans. of in. Soc. vi. 348.
Stems declinate, Leaves bifarious, sessile, lanceolar. Spike dee

"Toeduncled oval, compact, obtuse. Bractes. bros obovato obtuse,
E b

nt ;^ m

Katou-[nschi-Kua. Rheed. Mal. 11. . p. 27. tab. 13. tM
Lampujum. Rumph. Amb. 5. p. 148. tab. 64. fe he 3 * 4
Zinziber spurium. Kon. in Retz. obs. 3. 60. b

round wild i in pir woods about Calcutta. :

tub jous; arii die, inni whit
EI bitte aróaiitic taste. idm sia gine

“tive are en ‘veins mumierdus, dads pail I
green. above; pale underiea th. = Shealhs crowned witha large, bre: 4d
SPEEN emarginate yf icem solitary, a dinde we y

2s long, Gakalo s an istis alias Sites "ad ; obtuse, ocwili
Eje Adound. excavation ou their apex, about the size of a goose-cgg.—
Pus positus stia of. the: agr the erter ior ^ne fowpréi imbri

C L'un | - Nectarial, Lf lanieuts- of Kouig- i
z ) the orde aL : ERR) any. Anther large, double. ,with
dtslong, curved hori projecting over the lip. Stigma funaclsbaped,
E with "e distinct eps ee TOR
E T SURE AT. É X x Poe
WE NA. 7 Contender: RB. -
AS ; ot oan MERI De SE fi^ Peu -
yo ‘Leaves sessile, fitearhidcablite: Spices julia ibit

form, ó oS nire cie ineuntis Lini la
i uid, Vina Arnt 00 0 0

: and: Ben. Bun Ada, f nger.) ; Pes
E * Karpushpoo, (small | urmerick.) - Ac
: * ES ative of Coromandel, Bengal, and. Bal ar. Ylo
a | "Jus and bug ist, » seed ripe i in November a and een
e -Root perennial, tuberous, furnished:
em Sis aud jointed like emm nuch l
“yellow; possessing a 9g; not ve
A. un veni sic; nit

Bingibera MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA» 49

from three to five feet high, entirely enveloped in the imbricated -
sheaths of the leaves.— eaves bifarious, approximate, sessile on
their sheaths, linear-lanceolate, deep green above ; villous, and paler
underneath, where the nerve alsoishairy like the sheaths; length from
one to two feet, and about three inches broad —-Sheaths clothed with
exceedingly pungent hairs on the outside; their mouths ending in a
stipulary process on each side of the insertion of the leaf.—Scapes
radical, from six to twelve inches long, invested in several, oblong,
downy sheaths.—Spikes oblong, suobiliform, compact, shai p-point-
ed, closely imbricated with numerous obovate, acuminate, greenish
ferruginous (where exposed), villous bractes.— Flowers solitary, (that -
is, one to each bracte of thespike, and blossoming in: ccession,) large, |
every part of a pale, uniform, sulphur colour. — Calyx double ; ; the

exterior, smooth, spathiform, three-dentate one, may be considered a
bracte ; it is inserted round the base of the germ, w hich, as well as

the inner, or proper perianth, it entirely envelopes ; when forcibly
expanded, oval. Inner or proper perianth, superior, one-leaved, some-
what gibbous, membranaceous, three-toothed, on the outside divided
nearly half way down,—Corol. Tube slender, as long as the scale of
the spike, upper division of the exterior border boat-shaped, projecte
ing over the stamen; under two narrower and reflexed under the
lip. Lip three-lobed ; lateral lobes obliquely obovate, erect; middle
lobe nearly round, with the apex emarginate, and the border slightly
qaridi toS Auther ending in a long, subulate, recurved beak.

$ 2 rete: Rio ix Toe of Linn. Soc. 8. 348.

Leaves short-petioled, lanceolate. Spikes lax, halfi immer: sed in the
earth. Bractes lanceolate, coloured. Lip entire ——

Amomum roseum. Corom. pl, 2. N, 196.

` Teling. Bumacatchicay. ,

- 1s a native of the northern Circars, where it flowers in the rainy
season. E
| -Root biennial , horizontal, jointed, and white; with manyla ge fibres
Sens several, invested in the sheaths of the leaves, ks as in the

e

I men

£9 | MONANDRIA MONOQYNIA. Zingiber C
other scitamineous plants, abouttwo or three feet high, leaves includ-

ed.— Leaves somewhat petioled, bifarious, lanceolate, acute, tending
toone side, smoath, finely veined ; about twelve inches long, and from
three to four broad. — Spikes remote from the stems just appearing
above the ground when in flower, imbricated with lax, lanceolate, red-
dish, one-flowered bractes.— Flowers solitary, colour a mixture of red
and yellow.— Bractes, besides the exterior one already mentioned,
there isan interior one for each flower between itandthe rachis, which
is linear, with an obtuse, notched apex.—Calyz one-leaved, tubular,
above, membranaceous ; mouth toothed.—Corol; Tube cylindric,
erect, considerably nget than the bractes. Border double. J jeterior
three-parted ; in this plant the two approximated divisions are above,
linear, pointed, and recurved, sometimes revolute ; the lower division j
stands single, andi is like the superior two, linear and revolute ; all are /
ofa bright red colour. Interior, or lip single, broad, obtuse, reflexe
ed over the superior two divisions of the exterior border.— Filament,
aud anthers as in the other species. —Sty le rather longer than the
horn of the ‘anther. ‘Stigma perforated, and ciliate. — ''wo similar
awl-shaped nectarial bodies at the base of the style, are also present
here.

Obs. I = not found =~ be natives make any use of this s plant,

A

3.5 ligulatum. a de e

Leaves approximate, sessile, lanceolate. Spikes lax, more that
half hid in the earth, obovate, Bractes cuneiform, Lip bijih

À native of Hindoosthan, Flowering time in the Botanic Garden
the rainy season; the seeds 1 ripen in November and December.

Root jointed, running horizontally at some depth under the surface
of the earth, and furnished with long Heshy fibres from the joints; from
these joints shoots rise, and by them the plant i is readily propagat- 2
ed.—Stems about two feethigh, bending considerably to one side.— -
Leaves alternate, approximate, bifarious, sessile on their sheaths, from
cordate below to lanceolate toward the top of the plant, both sides
envath, and marked with parallel yesu under side paler green,

Sinribefs MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. ` 51

length from three to twelve itiches, and breadth about four—Sheaths
smooth; from the mouth of each rises a remarkably large long strap,
or ligula; which bv the growth of the Plant becomes bifid, and by age
scariose.— Spikes radical, half hid in the earth, oblong, loosely im-
bticated with ciimeiform, pink-coloured, one-fowered, exterior scales
ot bractes; and the same aumber of inner colourless, tridentate
shorter bractes ; or, as/they may be called, inferior petianths.—Calyr
superior; onesleared, spathiform, about half the length of the tube of
Ahe corel, irieg: »iarly tridentate.— Curol. Tube slender, the length of

ue

the. exterior r seali s id the hese incurved. . Ext "riót border of three,

low the twvo-lobed ks linear, hy above in rite usual long,
taper, curved, grooved beak — Germ oval, villous, three-celled, each
contaming many ovula attached to a central receptacle. Style very
slender, and so long as to elevate the. funnel-shaped, ciliate stigma to
àn equal height with the apex of the fitament.— Nectarial scales long
and slender, embracing the base of the style within the bottom ofthe `
tube of the corol.— Capsule ovate, size of a large olive, three-sided,
C fbr.celied, three-valved, opening from the apex down the angles ;
inside of the cells crimson.—Ca/yz leathery, striated, pale, dull yel-
lowish straw colour.— Seeds many, oval, blackish brown;.a little
rugose , arilled. Aril white, nearly complete, and ragged at the upper

end.— Perisperm conform to the seed, — aaghg -
dric, central, nearly as PS as the perapan.

.6. Z. rubens. 2
. Leaves lanceolaz. Spikes lex, half Seat in the e Bras. :
tes linear-lanceolate, straight. Lip narrow-ovate, entire. »
À native of the interior of Bengal; from the district of vungpori
Dr. Buchanan sent the plauts to the Botauic is Gi, vhere the;
blossom in August.

Root tuberous, Xc. as in the other peces Stems |
G2 Sy ;

52 MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Zingiber,

somewhat declinate, from two to four feet high.— Leaves alternate,
bifarious, sessile on their sheaths, smooth on both sides ; general
length about twelve inches, and from four to five broad.— Sheaths with
a large, membranaceous, slipulary process at the mouth.— Spikes sea —
veral from the base of the stems, where they joi the root, half ime ;
_mersed in the earth, sub-obovate; fastigiate, laxly imbricated with nu« a
merous straight, erect, linear-lanceolate, acute, involute, red, slightly 3 .
villous, exterior bractes. Inner bractes, or inferior perianth the lengh 1
of the tube, but shorter than the exterior bractes, and irregularh
tri-dentate.—Calyz superior, sub-cylindric, membranaceous, pellu- |
cid, most slightly villous ; mouth, three-toothed.— Coro with a longs -
slender, cylindric tube ; segments of the exterior border linear-lan«-
ceolate, acute, red. Lip ovate-oblong, entire, speckled with red and E
yellow.— Filament scarcely any. Anther of two long lobes, crowned.
with the long, characteristic, curved horn, which i is incumbent on and
reaches to the apex of the lip —Nectarial | filaments of Konig oblong,
and obtuse.—Germ hairy, three-celled, with many ovula in each, —
attached to the axis. Stigma funnel-shaped, and ciliate —Capsule

1. Z. squarrosum. R. . ! E
- Leaves lauceolar. Spikes squarrose, half immersed in the P 1
Bratt linear, with long, taper, waved, recurved apices. - threes
lobed, apex bifid. - ;
Anative of boss where it ripens its seeds in December. From 2
oon Mr. F. Carey sent the fresh roots, entire capsules, and ripe -
deed to this garden, where the plants from both the seeds Sameet :
grow freely, and the latter blossomed in August. d
< Root tuberous, as in ginger, &c „Stems herbaceous, Sosideribiy. s
recurvate, from two to three feet high, entirely hid in the sheaths of d
the leaves.— Leaves bifarious, sessile. ,lauceolar, smooth above, slightly 5
villous underneath, cuspidate, —Sheaths with two large conical pro-
cesses rising from their mouths, one on each side.—Spikes from the
base of the stems, three fourths hid in the earth, ovate, laxhy imbri-
cated, size of a goosc-ezz.— Dractes green; the exterior solitary, one-

&ingiber. MONANDEIA MONOGYNIA. 53
1

flowered, linear, concave, long, taper, waved, recurved. Inner, one
or two, (generally one), as long as the tube of the corol, with a three-
toothed apex.— Flowers pretty large, inodorous.—Calyz superior, &c.
asin the other species:—=Corol with a slender tube. Exterior border of
three, pink-coloured, lanceolate, acute segments. Inner, or lip twa-
lobed at the base ; apex bifid, colour a speckled mixture of purple,
red, and yellow. Filament short, anther and beak together nearly as
long as the lip.— Germ villous, three-celled, with many ovula in each.
Style and stigma asin the genus.— Capsule short-pedicelied, ovate, co-

nic, three-celled, three-valved, opening from the apex, inside of the

valves bright scarlet while fresh, Ver T ee
F. Carey, CS

: , when they reached me, perfectly dry, and then mea-

sured three inches in length, and one in diameter.) —Seeds many in

each cell, arilled, arranged in two rows, and attached to the inner .
edge of the partitions. Aril complete, fleshy, white.—Perisperm

conform to the seed. Vitellus covers every part of the embryo, which

is clavate, and nearly as long as the seed.

8. Z. panduratum. R.

Leaves petioled above their sheaths, broad-lanceolar, smooth;
ligula largeand scariose. Spikes radical, half immersed in the earth,
lax. Bractes lanceolate, Lip panduriform, with oval, emarginate
lamina.

_ This middling sized species is a native of the country about ad
goon. From thence Mr. F. Carey sent seeds to;the Botanic Gardea
in 1808, and in July, 1810, the plants raised fuae blossomed
abundantly. — .

+- Root ; numerous, long, PER A snes some of which ee E
into lanceolar tubers, as. in Curcuma; no palmate tubers, as id —
that genus. It possesses but little taste and no fragrance.— Sta/ks
erect, herbaceous, about three feet high.— Leaves bifarious, petioled
above their sheaths, broad-lanceolar, acute, smooth on both sides;! ro
six to twelve inches long, by three to four broad.— Sheaths smooth
above their respective leaves ; each ends in a ver ' lon,

P

$4 ^ MONANDRÍA M@NOGYNLY - Zingiber

smooth ligula Spikes radical, the lower half immersed im the soi
oblong, and rather loosely imbricated with lanceolate, coloured, co
cave, one-flowered, interior and extertor bri racteso—Fi ‘towers rathi
small, exterior border of three, nearly egual, lanceolate, acumina
pale red segthents ; inner or lip very pale yellow, panduriform, thi
is with two, pretty large, Pounded lobes at the base, and the lamina
hearly oval, : retuse, truncate, or emarginate. — Filament broad, and.
short. Anther double, and ctoviied with the usual beak: Ger
thrée-celled, with many óvula iu each, attached to the i inner angle.
of the cell. Stigma infundibuliform.

Observation by N. W. The Butman name is Ios. s
sule ripening in Ne ovember and December, ovate, triangular, acu
with flattened sides, smooth, pale, retuse at the base, and su

` rounded with numerous withered bractes; as large as a C
Valves thick sa Sent eure e inner surface waved, shinin
wetitricaie; SEE ie ares ‘at the bursting of the capsule adhe
ing to the inner angle of one of thevalves—Seeds obovate, horizon '
tal, in each cell about twelve, attached by small white fleshy placene
tas to the sides of the dissepiment, faintly aromatic.— Árillus milk-
white, leathery, loosely surroünding the seed, perforated at its top.
with a small toothed opening.—Integument simple, dark-purple,
smooth and shining, porous within and replete with a violetzc
loured juice : it enters the umbilicated base of the seed and
ceives the apex of the radicula.— Albumen white, amygdaloi
conform to the seed and occupying chiefly its lower half, ssb-oblii
ate above.—V itellus white and fleshy, turbinate, constituting almost.
entirely the upper part of the seed, erding below in a very thin sheath
which covers the substance ofthe embr '0.—Embrvo eylindric-ven-
tricose, as long as the seed, erect.—Cotyledon sub-cylindric, almost”
epee ivit thick, somewhat enlarged at its n. vamus
E 77 2. Spikes terminal. : d pL

9. Z. capitatum. R. = ; ee f
Herbaceous, leaves linear lanceolate, stem. stem-clasping. | Spike tere
minal, erect, strobiliform, tractes lanceolate. a

Zingiber. MONANDEIA MONOGYNIA, 55

A native of the forests of Roti lcund, from thence Colonel Thomas
Hardwicke sent plants to the Botanic Garden, under the vernacular
name Junglee Adruk. Here it flowers during the t "e aud the
seeds ripen in September aud October.

Root composed of many, long peduncled, oval, smooth, pale-co- f
loured, insipid, watery tubers, issuing from the base and sides of
the bulb, and palmate tubers, which are of a pale yellow colour,
apd somewhai spicy taste—Stems_ erect, round, enveloped i in the
sheaths of the leaves, which are often a little hairy; height of the
whole plant when’ in blossom, from two to three feet.— Leaves subs
bifarious, altesnate, sessile on deir ee, narrow-lanceolate, 2 A

REN he RO ETI ee Pe PT RT A. Yu 7

sheaths ‘of the supesióe "curet lin ear-oblong, 'omewt
form, manv-flowered. — Flowers sessile, large, pure yellow in every’ -
part.— Bractes in pairs, one-flowered, permanent ; exterior lanceolate,

concave, erect, longer than the tube ofthe corol. fgner ovate, skor-
ter, immediately enveloping the germ, calyx, and nearly the whole of
the tube of the corol.—-Perianth superior, one-leaved, about half
the length of the tube of the corol, membranaceous, white, two or
«o three-toothed.— Corol. Tube cylindric, narrow. Lip with two, oblong,
very distinct, expanding, lateral lobes; middle lobe very large, and
nearly round. Aniher with a very long curved beak.—Stignia
most plants of the order), funnel-shaped, with ciliate margins.— Nec-
tar ial scales (of Kt mig) , or homlet conical. — Capsule oval, three-sid- —
ed, with the angles rounded, pretty smooth, size of a small olive,
three celled, three-valved ; each cell containing : severa » black, shin-
ing seeds, enveloped ire deeply jagged, white ance pisperm cou» -
form to the lower half of the seed which it occupies, pure white, cartis
laginous. Vitellus above the perisperm, occupying nearly the upp
half of the seed — Embryo vertical, passing through the centre of bo : é
perisperm and vitellus, sub-cylindric, both ends obtuse, &c. in ever

ae er ae ee ee

2 ier
a6 MON ANDRIA MONORYNIA. Zingiber, $

10. Z, marginatum. R. E
Leaves sessile, lanceolate ; gula large and membranaceous. Spike |
| terminal. Bracies obovate, with trausparent, wribrinaceQu! mam
gin. Nectary three-lobed. :
Leaves bifarious, linear, recurved. Spikes terminal, lanceolar, come 1
pactly imbricated with lanceolate, oue-flowered bractes. a
A native of the interiorof Bengal ; in the Botanic Garden it biok :

soms in July and August, and'the seeds ripen in September and
October.

Root tuberous, as in common ginger, but inwardly yellows froma thet
tubers proceed the proper roots, many of which end in oblong, peler
coloured tubers, as in Curcuma.— Stems herbaceous, straight, from — $
four to five feet high, including the spike.—Leaves bifarious, lineaty

ved, smooth above ; with many adpressed, short, soft, white hairs -
underneath 3 from twelve to eighteen inches long, and only one inch
broad. Sheaths a little hairy; mouth crowned with a very narrow)
= membranaceous process .— Spikes terminal, solitary, of a narrow lane —
-ceolar shape, six inches long, and three in circumference, every pat |
EI compactly isnbricated with lanceolate, one-flowered bractes, which |.
are an iuch anda half long, and a little hairy on the outside.— Bractes
thterior, or inferior perianth shorter and broader than the exterior,
but like them stiff, and alittle hairy — Ca/yr superior, white, smooth; |
: mouth unequally toothed, little more than half the length of the brac-
. tes-—Corol exactly as in the other-species, only considerably longer i
the colour a tolerable bright, lively yellow. —Stamina with a short |
filament, and very long curved beak crowning the linear two-lobed an-
ther.— Nectarial bodies subulate.— Gera oval, hairy, three-celled,
with numerous ovule in each, attached to the axis. Stigma ciliate.—
Capsule. oval, size of a small olive, three-celled, three-valved. — Seeds
numerous, lucid, black, enclosed in a large white ragged aril. — Em-

éryo simple sub-lanceolate, base truncate, embraced by the ue
perm; the upper half by the vitellus, ;

Quid. ^. MONANDRIA MÓNOGYNLKE. 5?

COSTUS. Schreb. gen. No. 4.

Corolla with the interior border of one, campanulate, back-cleft

lobe. Filament lanceolate, with the double anther attached far below
dts apex. Capsule three-valved, three-celled. Seeds numerous, aril- -
led. Embryo simple, and furnished with both qq and vitellus.

ch C. speciosus. Smith in Trans. of Linn. Soc. 1.240. Linn. Sp. Pi.
ed. Willd. 1.11.

.— Leaves sub- sessile, spirally ori pou — vilkas un-
derneath. -

- -Tjana-Kua. Rheed. mal. 1. Pr 15. fs E
-siana speciosa. Gmel. 9. :
Herba ena hirsuta. Ron amb. 6. > 343.1. 64, n ae
Sans. RAR : :, Kemooka.
Hind. and Beng. Keoo.
Banksia speciosa of Dr. Konig, see Retz. obs. 4. 75. ;
This is one of the most elegant looking plants of the vituni or
der Scitaminea. It is 2 native of moist shady places, such as the low
banks of water courses, &c. Flowers during the wet season.

Obs. Kinig’s description agrees so well with my plant, that I have.
scarcely any thing to add: the chief differences are,
ist. Mine is generally from three to four feet high, mida spi-
rally, with the leaves spirally disposed up and round the stem. _,

2d. In this the spike is at all times erect, and rigid; from about
3 three to six inches long.

3d. There is nothing like a crown to the anthers; and

4th. The stigma-consists of two, broad, glutinous lips, which gape
wide while the pollen is shedding; between them is evidently seen
with the naked eye, the mouth of the perforated style; on the back
of the upper lip are seen the two white glands mentioned by König-
impute his not taking notice of the two large lips of the stigma, to
nis having examined the flowers sometime after they were gathered, :
_ when they coalesce.

The fresh roots are mee insipid. The natives make a preserve

yee

- from thence to the Botanic Garden near Calcutta, where the plants
: thrive remarkably well, and are in blossom during the latter half o

perennial, or. at least more durable than those of herbaceous

58 -MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. ` Alpinia.

of them, which they deem wholesome, and nutritious ; the dry root
does not at all resemble the Costus arabicus of the shops.

ALPINIA. Schreb. gen. No. 5

-Corolla with thei interior border unilabiate. Anther double, naked.
Capsule berried, three-celled. Seeds few, or many, arilled. Embryo
simple, aud furnished with both perisperm and vitellus.

"e Sect: 1. Inflorescence-terminal.

1. A. Galanga. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1.12. Roscoe in ps of
Linn. Soc. 8. 345.

Perennial. Leaves sessile, broad lanceolar. Punielé ina Lip
oblong, unguiculate; aper bifid. Capsule obovate, smooth, seeds few. -

Galanga major. Rumph. amb. 5. t. 63 = = =

Sans. E Koolunyoga, wae, Diii, stems:

na aes ty Koolunjuna, sacar, Soogundha, Het
Row Muhabliura-vucha. - do 289 :
Hind. Koolinjan. `
Arab. Kholinjan or Khoolunjan.
Dr. Charles Campbell, at Bencoolen, sent the roots of these species |

the hot season, April and May. Seeds ripen, though pg in No-
vember. -
Root perennial, tuberous as in ginger, Ke. possessing a faint :
aromatic smell, and strong pungent taste, like a mixture of pepper
atid ginger, accompanied with some degree of bitterness, and now —
ascertained to be the real Galanga major of the ‘shops.— Stems : :

plants, nearly erect, round, smooth ; general length, when i in flower,
about six or seven feet; and as thick as a slender ^ walking cane.
Leaves occupy from the middle of the plant upward; the lower
half being inverted in leafless sheaths only; they are Me
~ bifarious, lanceolár, margins white and somewhat callous, both sur- -

as

* *

Alpinia MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA- 59.

faces smooth; length from twelve to twenty-four inches, and from
four to six broad.—Sheaths smooth, with a short, rounded, ciliate,
stipulary process above the insertion of the leaf.— Panicle terminal,
erect, oblong, crowned with numerous, spreading, simple dichoto-
mous branches, each supporting from two to five, or six, pale greenish

white, somewhat fragrant flowers.— Involucre of Konig, in our plants
gméraly two-leaved, lanceolate, first withering, then falling before, or
while in blossom.— Bractes concave, solitary at the divisions, and sub-
divisions of the panicle---Calyx superior, sub-cylindric, smooth, white,
scarcely the length of the tube dd ms corol, mouth one-toothed.—
Corol. Exterior border of three, n early equal , linear, recurved, smooth,
pale greenish divisions. Inner border, or lip unguiculate, Somewhat T
ascending, so as nearly to meet the slightly declining: anther; | :
or ovate oblong, concave, apex divided into two- lobes by a We
deep, straight fissure ; margins incurved, curled, minutely laciniate,

white, with here and there a small reddish speck, and two recurved
fleshy, coloured hornlets at the base of the claw.— Filament rather
longer than the claw of the lip. Anther double, apex deeply emargi-
nate, projecting horizontally over the middle of the lip.— Germ be-
neath, smooth, oval, three-sided, three-celled, with only two ovula
in each cell, attached to the middle of the partition, Style filiform.
Stigma funnel-shaped, fringed ; while the flower is in vigorous blos-
som erect between the lobes ofi the anther, afterwards recurved under |
the anther.— Nectarial bodies (of Kénig) nearly square, fluted.—
Germ oblong, smooth, three-celled, with two ovu/a in each, attached
to the axis.— Capsule the size of a small cherry, obovate, smooth, deep .
orange red, three-celled, but entire, as no separation seems to exist, ;
the thin diy cortex crumbles, or breaks to pieces, without any -
tendency to separate into valves.— Seed. one, rarely two in each.
cell, much compressed, size of a grain of black pepper. Aril nearly -
~ complete, there being only an opening at the apex, thin, rather fibrous,
and of a dull white color. Integuments two, or three; exterior, | to

fibrous, polished, of a dark chesnut colour, a little wrinkled, $

dark brown ; between the two isa spongy punk of ET
— . Ha2- : Ses =

*

66 - MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Alpinia,

ri

and I cannot well say to which it most properly belongs.— Perisperm
white, friable, and very hard.—Enmbryo simple, dull white, (canus,)
roundish in the body of the perisperm, and with the narrow, conic
radicle, passing through it and pointing to the umbilicus.
Note by Mr. Colebrooke. — **'The root of this plant being ascer-

*' tained to be the Galanga major of the druggists, comformably with
“ what has been said of it by Rumphius, there is no doubt of its being —
* Kholinjan of the Arabs, termed in Hindee Culinjan. In Sanskritit
“ is called Culanjana, according to one authority, (the Rajnighantu 3) ;

“ but Sugaudha-vacha, sweet-scented Acorus; as also Mahabharis
"e gae, according to another [udian treatise, (the Bhava _pracasa.) E
“ IF the first name be genuine Sanskrit, which is however doubtful, f
‘ Ce similar names in other languages, including the European, mus
*' be derived directly, or immediately from it.”

2, ^. Allughas. Roscoe in Trans. Linn. Soc. 8. 346.
Leaves lanceolar, polished. Panicle terminal. Lip bifid ; lobes :
fetuse. Capsules spherical, (black,) one-valved, haraa
Hellenia Allughas. Linn. Sp. PI. ed. Willd. 1. 4.
Mala-inschi-kua. Reed. mal. 11. p. 99. i. 14.
Sans. ques :, Taruka.
Beng. Taruka, or Tara.
This plant is common near Calcutta, in low moist places, among
brush wood. Flowering time the beginning of the rainy season.
Root tuberous, biennial, or perennial, horizontal, brownish, with
| many pretty thick fibres, considerably aromatic.—Stem erect, slightly
compressed, entirely covered with the sheaths of the leaves; from three
to six feet bigh.— Leaves alternate, bifarious, petioled, oblong, end-
ing in a fine twisted point ; both sides smooth, and glossy; the under
side paler colour; veins numerous, straight, exceedingly fine, going off -
at an acute angle ; generally about a foot long, and four inches broad.
— Petioles sheathing with a stipulary rounded process rising above the i i
insertion of the leaf.— Panicle terminal, bending slightly to one side, E
— Flowers numerous, in succession, large, of a beautiful rose colour, '

inodorous,—Calyx superior, gibbous, leshy,. generally two or threes ; |

hd

~

Alpinia, — MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. ef^

toothed. ais oral one petalled. Tube short. Border double ; the er-
terior three-parted; divisions nearly equal, outwardly downy, con-
cave, particularly near the ends, pale greenish rose colour ; the su- -
perior one more remote. Interior border, or lip buio-chulyy with
two fleshy protuberances near the base ; divisions with two-toothed
apices and waved margins, colour a beautiful mixture of deep, and
pale rose.— Nectary (of König and Reiz.) two oblong, compressed,
fleshy bodies, embracing the base of the style.— Filament short,
broad, much flattened. Anther double, each lobe ending in an obtuse
horalet.— Germ inferior, globular. Style lodged in the grove of the

filament- Stigma clubbed, somewhat three-sided, obtuse, with acres-
. cent-like fissure, and ciliate wargin.— Capsule globular, inclining

to be three-sided, smooth, when ripe black, and friable, not opening -
by sutures, but crumbling to pieces, crowned with the permanent,
withered calyx, and coral, three-celled.

3. A. bracteata. R.
Leaves \anceolar, villous underneath. Raceme terminal, simple ; pe-
dicels, one-flowered. Bractes green,
A native of the Eastern parts of Bengal. In the Botanic Garden
near Calcutta it flowers in March. This is one of the smallest of our
East India Alpinias ; this circumstance, and the green bractes, imme- -
diately distinguish it from malaccensis, which is not so easily done in
a specific definition, Five
Root biennial, or perhaps, perennial, —Stems erect, about three
feet high, entirely invested iu the smooth sheaths of the leaves.—
Leaves bifarious, petioled, from ovate-oblong below, to lanceolar
above, fine-pointed ; the upper surface smooth, polished, deep green, 4
villous and paler underneath ; length from six to eighteen inches. =.
Petioles proper about an inch long, and deeply channelled. Sheaths ;
mud; rising a little above the insertion of ihe proper meua

62 /— MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. - Alpinia: |

manenttban in the other species, aud of a dull green colour, hiding the
calyx.— Calyx shorter than the bracte, open on the underside, biden-
tate.— Corol ; exterior border of three oval, nearly equal, white seg:
ments; lip somewhat three-lobed ; lateral lobes large and incurved in
toa tube round the stamina; exterior narrower, with a bifid apex, col
our a beautiful mixture of crimson and yellow, with a paler belt on . |
each side.— Filament short, with two curved spurs at its base. Anther
double, linear.— Germ oval, three-celled ; with many ovula in each
attached to the inner angle. Stigma funnel-shaped, sub-ciliate.

4. A. malaccensis. Roscoe in Trans. Linn: Soc. 8- 345.

Leaves lanceolate, petioled, villous underneath. Raceme terminal, -
simple. Lip obscurely three-lobed, with two spurs at the base, latera :
lobes incurved. Capsules obliquely spheriodal.

Maranta malaccensis. Linn. Sp- Pi- ed. Willd. 1. 14.

Galanga malaccensis. Rumph. amb. 5. p. 176. t. 71. Xr

A most beautiful and stately plant, a native of Chittagong, and |
from thence sent, by Mr. W. M. Maddern, to the Botanic Garden -
near Calcutta, where it blossoms in April and May, the very hot-
_ test time of the year; and ripens its seed in the rains.

Root perennial.— Stems numerous, (within four years, a single -
root encreased so much, as to produce about fifty,) from six to ten -
feet in height; those in the centre erect, in the circumference’ bend-
ing out; in two, three, or four years, the stoutest blossom, ripen
their seed and decay.— Leaves bifarious , petioled, lanceolate, acute;
margins. often waved, and slightly fringed with short brown hairs; |
upper surface smooth; under downy; length from two to three
feet, and from three to eight or nine inches broad -— Sheaths smooth,
embracing the stems completely, ligula ovate, obtuse, entire, vil-
lous. Petioles (I mean the space between the ligula and leaf), about
three incheslong and channelled. — Racemes terminal , Solitary, erect,
always simple; froin six to twelve inches long. Polis round, and -
villous. Pedicels short, villous, iiio n ered; the largest sometimes —
d a little from ihe hic of the flow Skee aes of at? or-

—- E^

E

Alpinia. MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. < 63

three, caducous, boat-shaped: leaves embracing the raceme.— Flowers
very large, a pure smooth shining white, except the inner border, or
labium, which is a beautiful mixture of orange and crimson.— Brac-
` tes, (or inferior calyx), gibbous, bursting on one side to the base, and
` partially on the other.—Calyx superior, one-leafed, gibbous, length
of the bracte, splitting into various portions.—Corol ; exterior bor-
der of three, oblong, obtuse, entire segments, of which the upper is
largest. Inner border or labium, very large ; when expanded, three
inches broad, and two and three quarters long, somewhat three-lob-

- 'ed, the two lateraf semi-circular and incurved i into | a S the middle

one smalier, more. Projected, curled, and sometimes ‘bifid ; from the

base om each side an incurved, sharp ve cni rent about as long.
as the large, broad, deeply bifid, obtuse, two-lobed roin ti i
of König; in most of the other plants of this order, I have found this -

part to consist of two distinct bodies here it is of one, very thick,

and short with itstruncated, apex tuberculate.— Germ inferior, obo-
vate, hairy, three-celled, with many ovala in each, attached to central

` receptacles. Style toward the apex hairy. Stigma rising erect
through the bifid apex of the anther, funnel-shaped, hairy. — Capsule
obovate, spheroidal, ‘size of a very large gooseberry, armed with

_ Short, sharp, stiff, slender bristles; when ripe nearly dry, and yellow,

_ three-celled, three-valved.— Seed numerous, ovate, oval, or obovate, -
immersed in a large portion of a soft pulpy matter, which in the im- —
mature state form distinct arils; on each side, and round the apex a
groove. Integuments two, browns and rather thin.—Perisperm car-
tilaginous, cloven at both ends by a brown spongy fissure, but deep-
est from the apex.—Vitellus, the centre of each of the superior limbs
of the perisperm, is occupied by a small, thin, oblong body of a clear-
er colour ; and widely distinct from both embryo and perisperm. |
— Embryo, the upper part crescent-shaped; with its horns projecting -
into thelimb ofthe perisperm, and in some degree into the vitellus. -
Radicle inferior, projecting straight from the convex, or under si
of the crescent, with its base to the umbilicus. |

- Obs. This is the most beautiful plant of ty hol r

e

į
z a

64 "MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Alpinia.

x

surpassing A. nutans, which I believe the Botanical Repository e co
siders a ree of Renealmia.

K^

$5. A nutans. Roscoe i in Trans. of Linn. Soc. 8. 346.

Leaves lanceolar, short-petioled, smooth. Racemes compound.
the lower pedicels being two or three-flowered, drooping. Lip broa
three-lobed, the lateral incurved into a tube; the exterior curled: and

bifid. Capsules spherical, opening on ae sides. Seeds few.

Beng. Poonnag-champa.*

S elcalsUs nutans. Andr. Bot. Repos. 5. th . 360.

Globba nutans, Linn. Sp. PI. ed. Willd. 1. 15. 8

This very elegant plant, a native of the Eastern Islands, was in
duced by the Rev. Dr. Carey, into the Botanic Garden near Calcul
ta, where it blossoms in April and May.

Root perennial, tuberous, Sc. as in the other species. Stems m mor
or less bent to one side, (a direction common to most of the plant
of this order;) from four to six feet high.— Leaves bifarious, $
sessile on their sheaths, occupying the upper half of the stems ,u
lower are broad lanceolar, the upper much narrower, all are entire,
and remarkably smooth on both sides; while young the margins vil-
lous; length from one to three feet..—Sheaths of the leaves smoot
with a stipulary bearded process, rising above the insertion of
leaf.— Racemes terminal, compound, variously curved, villous, about

` a foot long, drooping under the leaves.— Involucre of generally t

caducous, lanceolate, boat shaped sheaths.— F/oxers numerous,
large.— Pedicels two or three-flowered.— Bracteslarge, concave, pure
white, with a pink-coloured apex, smooth ; a common one to thet
or three flowers, and a proper, meet one to the pde and. hi

* From this name, which Dr. Baniak mentions as the Ape mni is vati
to suppose this plant to be the Poonnaga of the Sungskrita Materia Medica. Ifs
the following Sungskrita Synomina should stand before the Bengalee name, iath,
Poonnaga, "reus, Pooroosha, sis, Toonga, "mta, Pooman, HB, Patula, Z3 »
Rukta- -poethpa, satay, Poontiama: uUa. Rukta-renoo, Wt, Uroond. - “It
however doubtful whether this plant is the Poonvaga. Ed, 2

Lo Alpinia. ` MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA- 65

flowers, which expand in succession for a long time after the. first,
—Calyxz superior, colour of the bractes, three-toothed. —Corol with
a double border; exterior three-parted, pale pink, with deeper rosy
apices; upper piima oval, incumbent; lower, two linear-oblong,
xevolute, with the 3picen rounded. Inner 4 p large, ovate-cordate, Qb-
scwrely three-lobed, lateral lobes. Aucurved. into a large companys
late tube ; apex of the interior | lobe bifid, margins curled; at the base
are two spurs which, embrace, the. base ofthe style, colour of the whole .
a mixture of deep orange y yellow, with a dark crimson „ground; and

veins.— Germ.beneath, oval, hairy, three-celled, with many ovulain
each, attached, to the inner edge. of.

first expansion.of the flower erect through the fissure ofthe apex «
the ‘anther ; ; afterwards, as the style, lengthens, its a : Anyo-

lute; and throws the- -stigma under the anther.—N. "tar

.&wo, square, fluted, fleshy bodies Within the tube, on the apex o be

germ, embracing the base of the style.. . sig
Obs, This is no doubt one of the most gaudy of our East Indian

Scitamineg. At multiplies itself by the root very fast, grows quickly,

and continues to panes its numerous, large, elegant, drooping | pa-

i3 11653

whole year round} .. du

aca us Welt | fs pal
Leaves short-petioled, Ae polished. Racemes erect,

r our d. lap three-lobed, base spurless. Capsule buried. Seeds
numerous, angular. Aril evanescent. s :

Found, indigenous i in the forests oF Prince of Wales Island. by Mr.
W. Roxburgh, and from thence introduced i into ‘the Botanic Garden
near Calcutta, . where it flowers about the beginning of te rains,
. and ripens its. seed. from October till January. —
; Stems numerous, erect, involved i in the sheaths of the leaves, from
four to six feet. high, generally biennial, as they do not perish tá
after the. seed is ripe.— Leaves alternate, bifarious, short-peti

E, a Aem
ae ae | d a.

narrow-lanceolar acute, polished, and entire, from ten to i ^n

-

- 66 MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA- — -— | Alpima, |

four dieet long. Sheaths smooth, ending in a rounded ligula, above
/ the insertion of the leaf.— Racemesterminal, erect, compound, coni-

cal, many-flowered : peduncles a little downy. ^ Pedicels alternate, -
"short, villous, two, three, or even four-flowered. — Bractes of the

- pedicels, and pedicelli solitary, oblong, caducous.— Flowers numer-
“ous, large, drooping —Calyr longer than the tube of the corol, wideti-

Sing from the base ; mouth irregularly three-toothed, with the lower

"fissüre deepest, pure white. Corol. Tube much recurved, much

> shorter than the calyx; border double. Exterior three-parted ; supe- —
"rior divisions incumbent, oval, concave, inferior two smaller, linear —
* oblong, narrower than the superior one; all are obtuse and of a pure —
"glossy white colour. Lip or inner border, large, elegantly variegated -
"with erimson and yellow, surrounded with an orange-coloured edg-

ing; ; three-lobed:; the two lateral lobes simi-lunar and incurved into a

large sub-campanulate tube under the upper segment of the exterior —
border ; exterior lobe smaller,cirled, and bifid. In this species there -

hts
“are no spurs between its] base and ‘the filament, as in most of the other -

“species of this genus a lament nearly as long as the broad double
"a ther, which projects over the middle of the lip.— Germ round, vil-
“Jous, three-celled, with many ovula in each attached to the partitions

near the axis. Style filiform, embraced at the base by a single, truncate, -
` dentate, glandular body, (nectary of König, Retzius, and Willdenow.) -

Stigma funnel-shaped, ciliate, rising with a curve through the bifid a-
.pex of the anther.— Capsule berried, size of alarge gooseberry, deep
orange, or yellow, according to their state of maturity ; not opening

: spontaneously as in A. nutans, when dry, wrinkled, anda little hai- -
Tr ry — Seeds numer ous, angular, arilled. Aril complete, but thin, and
! perfectly dry scarcely traceable. Integuments two; exterior thin, -

nner dark brown, and spongy. — Perisperm cartilaginous, a deep
pit at the base, and adeep cleft from the apex down to near the mid-
dle. Vitellus as in Alpinia malaccensis, in the centre of each of the
superior lobes of the perisperm, is a somewhat clearer, distinct body,
as ifa continuation of the horns of the crescent of the embryo,” but
perfectly distinct, aud readily separable from them, and the’ pēri-

fr

Alpinia. MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 4,07:

sperm.— Embryo an invested crescent, with the cylindric radicle de-
scending from the convex side through the pt at the base of the pe-
risperm to the umbilicus?

Obs. This i is also a very elegant species, and holds a middle rank
between nutans and calcarata. S

7. A. calcarata. dine in Trans. of. Linn. Soc. 8. 347.

Leaves linear-lanceolar, polished. Spike ee — Lip
ovate-oblong, apex curled, and bifid. |

- Renealmia calcarata. Andr. Bot. Repos. 6. t. 421.

A native of China, and from thence introduced by Captain J. Gar-

nault, into the Botanic Garden near Calcuttain 1799; pese dia
luxuriantly in the common soil of the garden, and blossoms in
. March, April, and May, but more or less all the year. — ade ee

-Root perennial, horizontal, somewhat woolly, crooked, pale-colour-
ed, stoloniferous, fragrant, enveloped while young in short, alternate
sheaths ; when old marked with their cicatrices ; and furnished with
many fleshy ramous fibres.— Stems oblique, smooth; from two to four
feet high.— Leaves alternate, bifarious, short-petioled on their sheatlis,
uarrow-lanceolar, fine-pointed, entire, smooth on both sides ; length
frequently twelve inches, and the breadth from one to two.— Sheaths
of the leaves stem-clasping, smooth, with a stipulary process project--
ing above the insertion of the leaf.— Racemes terminal, solitary; erect,
compound.— Flowers numerous, large, generally in pairs or more, but
anding at different periods. —Bractes solitary, boat-shaped, white,
anio otaa ianh superior, three-toothed, white, smooth.— .
Corol with double border. Exterior three-cleft ; divisions equal, linear, -
expanding, pellucid, white. Interior, or lip ovate-oblong; large, deep-
ly coloured with dark purple veins on-a yellow ground, aper twos :
lobed, lobes rounded and curled; there are no lateral lobes in this
Species, nor are the sides much incurved; but two, incurved, sharp, E
subulate horns project from its two posterior angles and embrace the -
- base of the filament.— Filament single, opposite to the ig ;

corol, projecting, &c. as in the genus.— Germ piena
xr:

68 MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA.' Alpinia. "
celled, "wis many ovula in each, attached to the i inner angle of the
cells. Stigma funnel-shaped, ciliate. —Nectarial scales nearly four-
; sided, with apices crenulate.

1

8. A. spicata. R. : “ino basa .

Spike terminal, oblong, Complets imbricated with narrow lanceo-
late, acute bractes. S

_A native of Sumatra, from thesi x scere by Mr. Roxburgh

into the Calcutta Botanic Garden in 1808. Is the slowest growing |

and smallest of the genus in this garden. Flowering time the close of |
the rains. -
Root as in the other species.—Stems arising in an oblique €
tion to the height of about two feet, when from two to three years
old the flowers MR: apd after their functions are performed, the 2
pes fine-pointed, cem and margins smooth, length from six A
to twelve inches.-—Sheat/is of the leaves smooth, ending in along, .
bifid, or simple ligula.—Spikes terminal, strobiliform, compact.—
Bractes, the exterior imbricate, ensiform-lanceolate, one-flowered,
outside slightly villous. . Interior or inferior calyx, one-leaved, sub-
cylindric, length of the perianth proper, mouth obliquely truncate,
outside villous.—Calyx superior, like the inner bracte, and of the —
same length, &c.—Corol, exterior border of three, very acute, linear —
lanceolate segments. Inner or lip uncertain, as the only two spikes Í

sessile on their sheaths, broad lan- 2

have yet seen did not expand sufficiently, to allow me to ascertain —

its form.— Filament short, anther large, of two, long linear lobes with :
the style sunk between them.— Germ oval, very hairy, three-celled, :
with numerous ovudain each, attached to the axis. cis slender. Stig- —
ma; large, canus of two, gaping ‘unequal lobes, onn t i.

Sect. 9. Inflorescence radical.

9. A. cardamomum. R.
Scapes from thé base of the stem, compoundly flexuose, procum-
bent. Lip three lobed, vih calcarate i E eee :

Alpinia. MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. - - q89

‘Amomum repens, seu Cardamomum. Wood, v. 9. p. 365. t. 131..

. Amomum repens. Roscoe, Willd. and Sennérat. ;
Flettaria. Reed. mal. 11. p. 9. t. 4 and 5.

Cardamomum minus, Pharm. Lond. and "Edinburgh"

Sans. TAIAT, Prithweeka, "usn, Chundrírvala, VI, ae
fasse, Nishkooti, Vut, Buhoola.

Beng. Elachi, Elaich.

Ailum chedy of the MataDars, of the Malabar Coast.

Hil of the. Persians. a I |
| Kakulah, also Hal, of the Arabs. iu cu aig

Teling. Sana- allacci. papa siete Jus gara EE
2 seo = ER re and $.995.

rect, smooth , joined, A E j in the spongy "sheath of the leaves;
from six to nine feet high.— Leaves bifarious, sub-sessile on their
sheaths, lanceolate, fine- pointed, somewhat villous above ; and seri-

ceous underneath, entire ; length from one to two feet.—Sheaths
slightly villous, with a suede stipulary process rising above the -
mouth.— Scapes several (three or four) from the base of the stems,
resting on the ground, flexuose, jointed, ramous, from one to two .
feet Jong. Branches or Racemes alternate, one from each joint i of -

wey

scape, : sub-erect, two or three inches Jong. — Bractes solitary, obl
smooth, membranaceous, nerved, sheathing, one to each joint of the
scape, which embrace. the insertion of the racéme, or branch ; and
one at each of their joints.- x Flowers : alternate ; y ; shórt-pedicelled, soli-
tary at each j joint of the racemes, opening in succession for alength of |
time, as the 1 racemes s lengthen.— —Calyz above, widetiing to the three-
toothed mouth, about three quarters of an inch long, stristed with fine
nerves, permanent.— Corol- withering. Tube slender, as long as the -
calyx. Border double, exterior of three, oblong, concave, neatly ‘equal,
pale greenish white divisions. Inner lip or nectary obovate, mich
longer than the divisions of the exterior border ; margins somewha
led; with the apex slightly three-lobed, marked chi }
with purple violet pet ateach side of its insertion and clo

i - : x

70 / - . MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Alpinia,

base ofthe filament is a small acute hornlet, as in most ofthe plants

of this genus, and in several of the other genera of our other Indian
- Scitaminece.— Filament short, erect. Anther double, emarginate.—
Germ beneath, oval, smooth. Style slender. Stigma funnel-shaped.
— Nectgrial scales of Konig, subulate, almost half the length of the
tube of the corol.— Capsule oval, somewhat three-sided, size of-a
small nutmeg ; three-celled, three-valved.— Seeds many, angular.

Obs. ‘The following account of this interesting plant has lately. |
been transmitted to me by Captain Dickson, the commanding offi- |

cer of the district of Vynaad where the Cardomum i is cultivated, viz:
, “The Cardomum shrub is found in great abundance : among the

western mountains of /Vynaad, and is called by the natives of Mala-

bar Aifum chedy (the Ailum shrub). I cannot obtain any satisfactory

ed, it implies in the ‘Sanskrit language, celebrity, and eminence.”

beue

E ‘The shrub i is said to be produced : as follows. Before the E :

the peri al rains, in June, the cultivators of the

mencement of

Cardomum ascend the coldest, and most shady sides of a woody

“mountain ; a tree of uncommon size and weight is then sought after,
the adjacent spot is cleared of weeds, and the tree felled close at its
root. The earth shaken, and loosened by the force of the fallen tree

| shoots forth young Cardomum plants in about a month's time. I have ;
repeatedly enquired of the natives the means by which the Cardomum —
iet are first produced, and have invariably been told as already stat- |

. They attribute no other’ effects to the falling tree, which may

E a from any species, than such as are derived from its weight z

and strength, added to the shade and shelter which its branches $

ford to tbe young plants. I have heard it by some asserted that the
Cardomum like the famed Phoenix, would emerge from the ashes of —
any large forest tree; but these stories were uttered only byt = ige

norant, and are too absurd to require comment. -

“The shrub continues to grow in this manner until me the ut

rains of the fourth year, in February, when it has reached its ut-

* Itis €-— — corrupted from ald the citi name of the NA Ea f

niai ‘x T:
FEM Sii * c . $ " a2

4
derivation of the true import of the word Ailum,* unless, as is alleg- —

Alpinia, MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 71

most height, which varies from six to nine feet; four or five tendrils `
are now seen to Spring from its stem ner the root, and afterwards
the fruit is produced, which is gathered the following November ;
and requires no other preparation, than drying in the sun. The fait
1s anually collected in this way, until the seventh year, when it is usu-
al to cut it down, and from the trunk othersprouts arise, in the course
of the next monsoon ; which grow, flourish, and are cultivated as be-
fore. ' The husk with the seed T liave called the fruit, as 1t corre-
sponds with the native name. ‘The seeds are termed the i rice, and
the tendrils the threads of the plants 0.

«f do not hear of any varieties in the Pee ds now ves nin
you a specimen « of some just given to me by. the person who. farms .
the collection, ‘and accounted of an inferior growth. It ; may pobbe
“unnecessary to méntion, that this commodity yields to Gove

from 25, to 50,000 rupees per annum. The inhabitants use it as ake
neral condiment to their food, and it is likewise held in sacred estima-
‘tion for the purposes of sacrifice. Itis constantly chewed witb betle;
and some medicinal properties are ascribed toit when used in decoc-
tion for complaints of the bowels. I am assured, by all, that the seeds
of the Cardomum will never produce plants, and that it is Quly to be
Eos canh as eheu stated, or br cuttings.”

10. A. punicea. R. Lom. :

- Leaves lanceolate. Spikes radical, Danok E Tee ón-
"fire, ‘sub-parabolic ; base spurlesss...

A stately species, a native of Sumatra, from, ines sent by the
late Dr.C. Campbell, to the Botanic Garden near Calcutta, where. it
blossoms in March and April. |...

' Roots hard, and bifarious. : Suckers. numerous, running | far under
ie surface ofthe: earth.— Stems numerous, erect, or oblique, smooth,
~ swelled near the base ; general height about six or seven feet and. as,
thick asa slender walking cane.—Leaves sub-bifarious, short-petio-
.— led on their sheaths, lanceolate, rounded at the base, both
smooth ; from six to twenty. inches long,by from tires ix broa

72 A MONANDRIA MONOGXNIA. Alpinia, —

` Sheaths. idis on both sie fising. into a.sliort, ciliate ligula, — |

above the insertion of the short, semi-cylindric, proper petioles.—

Spikes radical, half immersed in the earth, sub-cylindric, pretty com- 42

pactly imbricated with from oblong to lanceolate, coloured, smooth,
one-flowered bractes.— Flowers large, colour a bright red, like the fin.

est carmine.—Bractes interior, ovinferior perianth, tubular, length of |
the tube of the corol; with an unequally two, or three-toothed month. _
— Perianth proper superior, tubular, length of the tube of the corol; |

mouth generally bifid.—Corol with long, slender tube hid within the
bractes, and perianths.— Exterior border of three, small, paler colour-

ed, lanceolate segments. Exp highly coloured, large, entire, horizontal, :
sub-parabolic, the Jower part broad, and encurved round the stamina; —
lamina linear, with entirely rounded, ‘or. slightly marginate apex.— a
Filament short, base.spurless, Anther. double, apex. bifid, and. na- 7

ked.— Germ three-celled, with numerous ovula in each, attached to "
ée s, a little removed. dam the axis. Base of p
the crois two. dapes. nectaries. Stigma a lamellate,

their respective recepta

ciated gape
ad :
'H. A. "Paidétiboon aati R.
Leaces lanceolar, villous underneath, Spikes radical, ma Ti ovate

3 T
1st 10:4

lanceolate. Capsules Mic, of an ovate oblong, conical shape, 4

and nine-winged. à

A native of the: hilly countries in. the vicinity of Silhet, pa or de | |
plantis called Do-Keswa. It blossoms about the beginning of the rains, d

in June, and the fruits ripen in September, when n hey are gathered, nd
sold to the dealers in drugs.

Leaves petioled above their sheaths, Vilis E icon under- af
neath, from two to three feet long, by two to four inches broad.— _
Sheaths villous, rising in an obtuse ligula above the -insertion of —
the leaf— Spikes radical, oblong, laxly imbricated, rising but little —
above the earth ; lower part, or scape hid im the soil, and clothed » with |

shorter scariose bractes.— Flowers numerous, large, red, fragrant.—

Bractes exterior, one under each flower, a lanceolate,’ ribbed; smooth, .

TT tie pnt epe tta arra

Alpinia, MONANDRIA BIONOGYNIA. 78

yellowish pink, interior, or inferior perianth tubular, length of the pro-
per perianth.— Calyx superior, length of the tube of the corol, tubular,
with three-toothed, coloured apex.—Corol ; Tube cylindric, long and
slender ; segments of the border linear-oblong, obtuse. Lip with pretty
broad cordate base, from thence tapering to its entire obtuse point,
much longer than the segment of the exterior border ; margins curled.
— Filament, anther, germ, style, stigma, and nectarial bodies, as in the
genus.—Capsules pretty long-pedicelled, ovate-oblong, while fresh
above an inch and a half long, and nearly one in diameter, somewhat
three-lobed, each angle marked with a larger vertical wing, aud two
smaller on the flatter sides, between the large ones, three-celled.—
Seeds numerous, obovate, with a groove on one side. Integuments two;
exterior soft, while fresh it may be called the succulent aril ; inferior
white and rugose.— Perisperm conform to the seed, white, and friable,

perforated by a spongy, brown substance above the embryo,—Vitel-
lus somewhat hyaline, rising on each side of the perforation like two
horns.— Embryo subclavate, its small end lodged at the umbilicus.

Obs. The form of the Capsule, which resembles that of Gærtner’s

Zinziber Ensal, and the acrid, aromatic taste of the seeds, induce
to conclude that this is the plant which produces the Cardamomum
medium of the writers on Materia medica.

12. A. linguiforme. R.

Spikes radical, linear, rather open. Lip linguiformn, bifid; pep broad, ;
and spurless; sides incurved.

À native of the interior parts of Bengal, where it blossoms during
the rains.

Root pnuk throwing off numerous suckers, gen run both
above, and under the surface of the earth, by which this species is soon
multiplied.— Stems many, erect, or nearly so, as thick as a man's fore-
finger,smooth, from four to six feet high.— Leaves bifarious, sessileon
their sheaths, lanceolate, smooth on both sides ; length, from uniti
twenty-four inches, by from four to five broad. Sheaths
little above the insertion of the leaf.—Spikes radical, solitary, thea]
only rising above the soil ,laxly imbicuei wid oblong eben

^

74 MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Gilobba.

exterior; and interior, one-flowered, green bractes ; besides the interi-

9r, proper, tubular, thin, colourless bractes or inferior calyx.—Calyy — |
superior, tubular, length of the tube of the corol; mouth three-tooth- —

ed, split quite down on one side ; colour from the middle upwards
deep red.— Corol ; exterior border of three, sub-lanceolate, obtuse, ted
‘segments. Lip sub-linguiform, the base broad, and axis incurved,
forming an envelope for the stamen, from thence projecting almost
horizontally, into a long linear, bifid lamina, with curled margins; co- .
lour yellow, with a little rea down the centre —Stamen as in the ge- y

nus.— Germ hairy, three-celled ; ovula many, attached to one fleshy :
receptacle in the inner angle. Style embraced. at the base by the

nectarial bodies, which are in this species bidentate. Stigma large, —
and red.

GLOBBA. ties iae Plant. N. 54.

Corolla with the interior porder two-lobed, or none. Filament =
ng ; base tubular, and winged witha cruciform lip. Anther

e

very ee 3

double, with an appendix, ornaked. Capsule one-celled, three-val- _ 4

ved. Seeds many attached to three parietal receptacles. Embryo
ups and furnished with both perisperm and vitellus. —

1. G. marantina. Willd. Spec. Plant. 1. 153.

Leaves lauceolar. Spike terminal, sub-sessile, strobiliform, bulbi- —
ferous. Aniher four-horned.

¿© G. marantina. Smith's Exot. Bot. 2. p. 85. t. 103. — Roscoe in
Trans. of Linn. Soc. 8 356.*

. Lompujum silvestre minus. Rumph. amb. 5. 150. t. 64. $ 2.

A native of the Moluccas, and from thence introduced intothe Bo-
tanic Garden near Calcutta by bits of the root found amongst the —
earth in which nutmeg and other plants were brought ma = ; :
na. Flowering time, in Bengal, the rainy reason. -= — E.

Root perennial, consisting of many, small, oblong, dur fibers;
united to the base of the stems.— Stems annual, about twelve or

eighteen inches high, somewhat recurved, inveloped in the sheaths of —

the leaves, the whole as thick as a rattan, and a little compressed. — A

© Ceratanthera amomoides. Hornem: Hort. "Hafn- P- 5.—N- wW.

LI t E

T M PERRO EE Te Te

Giobba. MONANDRIA MONOGXNIA. | 75:

Leaves bifarious, sessile on their half stem-clasping sheaths, broad-

lanceolate, acute, smooth above, soinewhat villous and whitish under-

= margins waved; length from one to six itches, the lower being
very small, and cordate.—Sheaths half stem-clasping, smooth, with
semi-lunate, projecting, bearded mouths, rising above the insertion of
the leaves.— —Spikes terminal, sessile, solitary, strobiliform, oblong.— -
Bractes numerous, ovate-cordate, the lower half, or more, and some- _
times even the whole, have each a single, small, brownish, sessile,
pointed, ‘ovate bulb in the axil; the superior are smaller and general-

ly embrace a single - flower ‘each. —Flowers nn; bright-yellow,
and fragrant—-Calys’ supe TTE i

rior three-parted, tiédrly equal, oblong, concave, si etext diner
of two lobes, which are longer by one third than those of the exte-
xior border, cuneate, and of a deeper yellow, reflected over the ante-
rior two divisions of the outer border. Lip elevated on a continuation
of the tube, a little above the former, consisting of two cuneate, re-
flected segments, united at the middle only. - The upper end conti-
nued into a very long, slender, incurved, grooved filament. Anther
double, with two horns from each side. —Germ beneath, round, tuber-
cled, oue-celled, ovuda parietal. Style slender, as long as the tube
of the corol and filament, and lodged in a groove therein. - Stigma
funnel-shaped:—Pericarp ; I have not found it come to matt
The little bulbs found in the axills of the lower bractes of the ‘spike,
readily — and thus the plant is abundantly psu.

dio

2. G. bulbi era. R- fouticust zs Pun
Stems bulbiferous. Leaves oblong. cenas tini e "in shor
er than the leaves, bulbiferous. ~- BS IERES

Teling. Conda poosbpoo. nit Eos ee "isi s E |
X native of the northern Circars. dug t dE

Me

Pm

3. G. orixensis. ie ug E w
Hates opionn, Panicle terminal. Anther naked. a

5 K^ a 9 e Hex UA. 2:

A

76 . - MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Globba.

_ Isa native of the moist vallies in the northern Circars, and flowers
during the rainy season.

Roots biennial.— Stems annual, bending obliquely to one side, as
in the case with most plants of the natural order, about two or three
feet long; lower part eivolved in a few simple sheaths, above with
the atthing petioles of the leaves.— Leaves alternate, bifarious,

very short-petioled, oblong, ending in a tapering filiform point, entire,

smooth, finely veined; from eight to ten inches long, and from two to
four broad.— Petioles short. Sheaths opening on the side opposite to
the leaf.— Panicles terminal, erect, oblong, thin, rigid.— Flowers ses-

sile, small, deep orange yellow.— Bractes solitary, one-flowered, oval, —

falling. —Calyx one-leaved, mouth three-toothed.—Corol ; Tube a lit-
tle curved, widening gradually to the mouth, twice the length of the
calyx. Border double ; exterior thrée-parted ; upper division largest,

sub-erect, concave; the other two inferior, and ovate. Interior of —
two, smaller, opposite, ovate lobes.—Fi lament very long, much curva

ed, base.tnbular, and ornamented with a large, orange-coloured,

two-lobed lip, or apron, Anther at the extremity of the filament, —

naked, double, or two-lobed.—Style embrated at the base by the
two subulate bodies (nectaries of Konig); above the tube of the co-
rol, it takes a curved direction like the filament, but is shorter, so
that the curve is less; its end passes between the lobes of the anther.

Stigma clubbed, half immersed between the lobes of the auther.— -

Capsule sub-globular, watery, fleshy, one-celled.—Seeds many.

4. G. Hura. R.

Leaves ovate-oblong. Racemes terminal, erect; pedicels tern,
three-flowered. Anther with a membranaceous crest.

Hura siamensium. Kön. in Retz. obs. 3. 49.*
Nat. of the peninsula of Malacca.

5. G. pendulà. R.

E

Leaves lanceolate. Racemes terminal, a much ges Y

than the leaves, pendulous. Anther bicalcarate. ;
* G. versicolar, Smith Exot Bot, ii. 116, tab, 117. a, 5 c, —N. W.

Giobba. MONANBRIA MOMÓGYNIA. 77

Found by Mr. William Roxburgh, on the Island of Pulu-Pinang.
Flowering time the rainy season.

Root fibrous.— Leaves lanceolate, smooth, fine-pointed. Sheaths —
` a little hairy on the outside.— Racemes terminal, solitary, compound,
very long, pendulous.— Pedicels remote, diverging, generally three-
flowered.—Bractes caducous; those of the pedicels solitary, oblong,
ciliate ; those of the flowers oval, ciliate.—Ca/yz campanulate, three-
toothed.— Corol ; Tube ascending, long and slender ; Border double.
Exterior three-parted, of these the upper one is concave; the other two
obliquely obovate, expanding, and flat. Interior border of two, oppo-
site, lanceolate, expanding lobes.— Filament very long, curved ; base
tubular and winged, with a bifid, cuneiform, yellow lip or apron, above.
it is grooved for the reception of the style. Anther two-lebed ; each
lobe bending in a long curved spur.—Germ beneath, oval. Style fili-
form. Stigma funnel-shaped, mouth ciliate.—I have not seen the
fruit.

6. G. Careyana. R. ap

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, villous underneath. ^ Racemes terminal,
compound, bulbiferous.—Corol with the two segments of the inner
border as long as the lip. Anther naked, suborbicular.

From Pegue this pretty Intle plant was introduced by Mr. F. Ca-
rey intothe Botanic Garden near Calcutta, where it flowers in August.

Root tuberous, about biennial, perishing at one end, and shooting
forth at the other. This may be considered the general habit of all the —
species.—Stems numerous, oblong, as thick as a slender ratag, about
eighteen inches high, and invested i in the sheaths ofthe leaves. — Leaves ;
sessile on their sheaths, alternate, bifarious, from broad-lanceolate
to ovate-oblong, very finely acuminate, villous underneath ; about
six inches long, by two broad.—Sheaths villous on the outside, |
scarcely ending in any ligula, but rising a little on each side.—Ra-
«emes terminal, erect, composed of little, alternate fascicles, of
about three flowers each, supported on very short, common pedice
each of the lowermost of them pde a sia. opes bulb, and

78- = | MONANDRIA MONOGYNTA. - G lobia:

two or three more between the. racemes and the leaves: ‘Flowers nu-

merous, small, of a deep orange-colour.— Bractes concave, acute, one

to each fascicle; and a smaller coloured one to each flower ; all ca-
ducous.—Calyz superior, tubular, three-toothed, coloured.——Corol;

— Exterior border of three, nearly equal, oval lobes; Luierior of two.

linear lobes, which are as long as the lip; soon after expausion they

are reflected back over the exterior border, but become involute
before the flower drops. Lipa little elevated above the five segments
of the exterior border, bifid at both ends.— Filament long, curved,
&c. as iu the genus. — Anther broad, ovate, or nearly round, with
its two polliniferous cells within, projecting at the sides a little
beyond its periphery, but without apy other kind of appendage,
as in most of the other species.—Germ round, rugose, one-celled,
containing many ovu/a, attached to three parietal receptacles. Style
length of the corol and filament, filiform, taking a more direct course
to the anther than the groove of the filament.
ed, ciliate.—Capsule globular, size of a large marrow-fat pea, wart-
ed, one-celled, three-valved.—Seeds several, attached to the middle of
the valves of the capsule, round-ovate, resting on a large spongy pe-
dicel. —Integuments two ; exterior firm, light brown, a little villous;
interior membranaceous.— Perisperm conform to the seed, hard, and
friable, even while fresh. Vitellus in smajl quantity, clear, lining the
inside of the upper part of the cavity of the perisperm so as to em-
brace the upper half of the clavate embryo.*

seg G sibulata. R. t

- Panicles radical. Filament witha subulate wing on each side near
Vitis; 3 anthers semi-lunar, winged,

Found wild in the forests of Chittagong by Mr. W. Roxburgh, and

by him introduced i into the Botanic Garden near Calcutta, i in 1801; 1

. where it blossoms in April, May, and June, during which period the
new foliage also appears above the ground. There i isa horas suc-

* G. racemosa. Sm, Exot. Bot, ii. 115. te 117. seems to come very near to this spe-
cies and to G. orixensis,—N. W.

Stigma funnel-shap- E

|

* G. purpurea, Andr, Repos, x, 615, Mantisia saltatoria. Curt. Mag. xxxii. , 29. i

=N., W.

?

Globba. ` . MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 79

P4

cession of flowers from the extremities of the lengthening branches of
the panicle, for nearly two months, which renders this lovely plaut
one of the most charming of the whole natural order that I have yet
met with. The specific name is taken from the shape of the wings of
the filament. - eae ! ;

Root perennial, composed of numerous, aitt: fleshy fibres,
some fusiform, some columnar.— Stems annual, bending a little to one

side; from one to two feet high.— Leaves alternate, bifarious, ses
sile on their sheaths, lanceolate, with a long, withered - filiform point;
villous on both sides ; length from six to nine iuches, and about one
and ahalf broad. Sheaths smooth, keeled; s ligula, or stipulary process
tr uncated.--Scapes radical, from three to four inches long, often several
arise from the same cluster of roots, erect, enveloped in three or four,
alternate, smooth, short sheath«.— Panicle erect, about a foot high,

| including the scape, and expanding nearly as much, the whole a very |
lively blueish purple. Ramifications alternate, long, simple, diverg-
ing, bearing in succession numerous, alternate, sessile, small, love- '
ly purple and yellow flowers. — Bractes solitary, light purple, smooth ;
those of the ramifications oblong; those of the flowers cordate.—
Flowers solitary, sessile in the axils of their proper bractes.— Calyx
superior, clavate, smooth, light purple ; mouth three-toothed, perma-
nent, with the lower half of the tube of the corol.— CoroZ ; Tube long
and very slender ; the lower half, which is inclosed in the tube of the
calyx, projecting horizontally; the upper half erect; at the angle, D
which those portions of the tube make with each disc and which is
nearly a right one, the flower drops, leaving the lower half to witber.
Border single and three-parted ; upper division erect, pressing on
the back of the base of the filament, oblong, boat-shaped ; lower
two divisions obliquely cordate, and reflexed, all the three are of a E
light purple colour. Lip cuneate, deeply two-parted, much larger i
than thé divisions of the exterior border, deep orange yellow, formin;
a ‘Pretty contrast st with the — dem. ple of every other part di the

reception of the siyle; near the pii are r very

x,

80 MONANDRIA MONO&YNIA. Globha, -

aubulate, diverging, recurved wings. In my other six species with ter-

minal inflorescence, these are entirely wanting, but the inner two-lob-

ed border is present. Anther double, and enlarged at the sides with
two, broad, reniform wings.—Germ beneath oval, with nine longi-
tudinal ridges, a transverse section exhibits one cell only, with nume-

rous seeds, affixed to three parietal receptacles. Style most slen-
- der. Stigma funnel-shaped.— Capsule globular, purple, size of a small,
cherry, six-ridged, one-celled, three-valved, opening spontaneously
from the apex. Receptacle a longitudinal ridge on the inside of each
valve.—Seeds many, minute, oblong, villous, connected by a large,
white, spongy membrane to the parietal receptacles.

8. G. spathulata. R.

Panicles radical. Filaments with a spatulate wing on each side
near the base ; anthers simi-lunar, winged.
` This second, beautiful species, with large azure coloured, radical
inflorescence, is a native of the vallieson the north and eastern bounda-
ries of the province of Si/het, and from thence was introduced by
Mr. M. R. Smith intothe Botanic Garden near Calcutta, where it
' flowers in April, at which time the fol |

ERN quer dm age begins to appear. At the
nes g of the cold season it perishes down to the root.

. Panicles radical, erect, oblong, from eight to twelve inches high, -
composed of many, diverging, simple, lengthening branches, every
part, bracte included, of a pretty, light azure colour.-— Bractes oval,
and oblong, concave, a larger one under each branch of the panicle, |
and one to each Bower.— Flowers numerous, produced in a continu-
| ed Succession for several weeks on the same panicle.— Perianth
superior, widening to its three-toothed mouth.—Corol ; Tube long,
slender, curved, and villous. Border three-lobed lakes nearly
equal and equally arranged, shape oblong, and concave. Lip 23 iD
G. subulata, but less divided ; yellow, as in that species.— Filament
long, slender, recurved, &c. as in the genus ; near the base, instead
of an a border to the corol, there is a spatulate, diverging wing
on eac side. From its shape the Specific name is taken, and rea-
dily distinguishes this species from subulate, which it a exactly

4

Hedychium.. MONANDRIA MONOGYNTAs — —

resembles when in flower. Arither with a similunar wing on each:
side — Germ one-celled, containing As d ócula," Steed to three.
pus rietal vecepaicles.® ; |
The poe plaut, which was omitted through an oversight in itë
proper place, viz, neat after Hedychium éoronarium, is here inserted >
at the end of the natur al order ef Scifamineg.
` Hedychium flavum. R. iu E
Leaves broad-lanceolar. Spikes terminal, imbricated. — Bractes .
about four-flowered ; interior. 7 cct of the orol linear; ip :
obcordate, with ; apex deeply PHONE ^ t
A native of thé vallies amongst the hills: near Silhet, whe 'e it is call-
ed Kattia-rityam by the natives. Flowering time the rainy season. <
+ Root tubcroüs, like that of most other Scitamtnee.— Stems erect
two or three feet high, and rather stout.— Leaves lanceolar, very fine
pointed, smooth on both sides. Sheaths smooth, with a very large, .-

smooth membranaceous stipula rising far above the mouth.—Spiketer~ |
minal, solitary, erect, oblong, imbricated ; length six or-eight inches.
— Flowers numerous, large, yellow, resembling those of H. coronari-
um, fragrant.— Bractes; exterior between oval and oblong, rather
obtuse, smooth, finely nerved, three-or four-flowered, about. two or.
two and half inches long and nearly one and a half broad. Interior, Te
one se. each flower and much smaller.—Calyr superior, nearly s as
- ig as the tube of the corol, membranaceous, inflated, obliquely two.
Orfhree-toothed, —Corol; Tube slender, length ofthe exterior bractes, ` s
all the five proper segments of the border linear, the i inner. two more .
. deeply coloured and obtuse. Lip or sixth segment, obcordate, € |
ly retuse, placed on the enterior or upper side opposite: to the
ment.— Filament linear, and together with the two-lobed anthe
about as long as the lip.—Germ hairy, thiee-celled, with - RE.
9oula i in each, attached to the i inner angle. Style length. of ‘ie có
"This beantiful plant is a second species of the genus Mantisia, which ha ia

by Dr. Sims, and confirmed by the #lastrious —
in Rev’ Nen Cyclopædia.—N. Ww. E

K.

; x

sz E. oium MONOGYNIA- Salicoggin: 2

rol... Siigma large, and lise ipii turbinate, size of anclivey - |
smooth, when ripe yellow, three-celled, three-valved. — Seeds a few,
etaboth, bright deep red, with a partial ragged aril of the same colour,
| —Embryo simple, sub-lanceolate, furnished with both pee and”
vitellus.* APCD >

3 * : y

CUT CUUSALICORNIA. Schreb. gen. N'ia 000078

| Calyx gibbous like an aril lining the inside of th the; cavities of the
fructifieation i in the joints. Carol 1 noue. Seed one. z
E S brachiata: Ro na 1

. Perennial, erect; branches. numerous, Fede joints . clubbed. |

Sota cylindric. Flowers senepicpont. mW d
, deling.Quoloo. n iea : el. OE
‘This seems an. dE plant; x nor can I collect what Dr,

d Konig thought it was. Itisa small, generally erect, perennial species,
growing plentifully on such low, wet, salt ground as is overflowed by.
tlie spring tides. Flowers all the year round. It should be compar-
ed with 5. herbacea. e
= Stems generally. erect, woody, about as thick as a. goose-quill, -
though sometimes at the base as thick asthe little finger; from twelve. -

to y eighteen inches dea Branches — d ami numer“ —

+10 January 1816 I sevaived roots. of this most eharminz species from Mr. Smith
at | which produced blossoms i in the Botanic Garden in October the follow-
ing year. Yt differs from H. coronarium, in regard to its flowers, which are
about one third smaller, having the inner segments of the corol Jinear-clavate, the
fissure of the lip narrow with straight sides, and its base contracted into alinear. —
claw, They partake not only of the yellow colour of those of Michelia Champaca, be i
possess. even the peculiar fragrance of the latter, only inaléss powerful and there”
fore more grateful degree. Tn statüpé and leaves both spevies are-alike, =)

‘Phe following quetation should be added to H> angustifolium, p. | li. — Edwards's,
Bot, Regist, n. 157.— zNotwithstandjng the opinion which this di tinguished bo nist.
has. expressed I am Ted to suspect that H. coccineum of Sir J. E. Smith (Reess new
Cyciopedia, im loco) isa distinct. species, of which I have examined the original
drawing, left by my inestimable friend and preiemnan dec Buchanan. “ar

Botanic Garden at SEEEN, W. E x

DE #
E ‘

Salicornia. MONANDRIA MONOGYNIM — 4$

dis, divided, and subdivided iu the «aine mantier; their extremities:
are the succulent, cylindrié jointed spikes —Joints of the spikes,
òr leaves, thick, succulent, annular, cap-like portions, that elosely:
| Surround the extremities of thefiliform, woody branchlets, tike beads’
strung on a thread ; above they are concave, with two opposite ele-
vations, the lower convex end of the néxt leaf above énters this con-
cavity; these elevations, like the branches, are decussated with
those of the next above aud below, with a ring.—F lowers conspicu-
dus, three-fold, (three on each side of ‘each joints): ‘opposites
Calyx, a flask-like fleshy substance, with'n longitudinal slit for the
stamen, and style; they adhere firmly to one another, and to the —
substance of the leaf, till the seed is xipe.— Corol none,- — Ste mens.
constantly. one. Auther sagittate.— Stigma two- cleft.—Capsule; mo^

other than the calyx now dry, which separates, and drops with its

single seed.

y 2. S. indica. Vahl. enum, pl. V. 10.
— Perennial, diffuse ; joints i dees Spikes cylindric ; flowers hid.
Beng. Jodoo Palung.
Teling. Quoia-pipaly.
This is also very common, and grows with the former on similar
troia. o

+%

— Stems and large branches woody, diffuse over an extent of some
feet ; the latter sometimes aiternate, sometimes opposite, those that
are young, aud covered with the leaves are ascending, or near], y erect.
—Joinis, or leaves longer than in the former species, | but i in other -
respects the same. Floral joints ar leaves, very short. —Spikes termi-_
nal ; cylindric, erect, obtuse. — Flowers i inconspicuous, opposite, three-
fold, hid by the upper margin of the next floral leaf below.—Calyz -
as in the former. — Stamen; in this species I have never been :
10 discover even the rudiments of one. — Pistil, &c. as in. the ormer.

Obs. Cattle will not eat these plants, although their taste is si y ;

saltish, These two species are very punte on = coast of Coro-
Ka

N x

*

*

-- . UMONANDRIA. TT Salicornia, —

mandel; where large quantities of the fossil alkali might no doubt be
madeat a low rate. Such manufactures deserve much encouragement,
= particularly here, where there are many more labouring people*. thaa
-çan possibly find employment. Large quantities of this substance are
-annually imported into England from the Mediterranean, for making ;
soap, glass, &c. .. It is worth about twenty-eight or thirty shillings
per cwt. and as labour is cheap on this coast, the alkali might be
made, I think,at so low a rate as to admit of its being sent to Eng-
land, and paying a freight of 10£. the ton, or more ;. provided it
-could be there importei duty free... , vilesh soii-daadis s iyi.

'* This was written before the famine of 1791, 2, ‘and 3; the case is now (1794) ditt

' ferent, as fully half, if uot noté d the labouring classes were carried off by that
“deplorable calamitye oe) os iatiigus tiek . leto
i3 eceocb REOR Gee d cor f
T 1.4
a -
ALOT
euo "t ee 3 y í f

i -
LUG iS

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|i t ^ nf
i ~ e Ji v2
~~
iry
=- * ad " Me
d E T
Vw pii : Aui
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ee ^ - Se ad e “ee
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3 ISHA "PE FEE T
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i i Li Gs Kaa € g x - à
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M ^ *5 fim T E i 5 eb WiELCGA Y >
"iw sv JN S Jie w Li $ i DIN Sevier VW.

+

wer : Fa | Class mE-
-DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA:

NYCTANTHES. “Sele. Boh ‘N. aie

aire

date, ES ‘two-celled, twosvalved. Seeds sie. que

erect. ‘without perisperm. a ae

r Aspe F> si. na. pA
PTs inn iS

FJ. k, arbor tristis. Linn. Spec. Plant. ed. Willd. 1. 35.

* Parlium arbor tristis. Gert. Sem. 1. 934. t. 51.
Scabrita scabra. Vahl. Symb. 2. 98. Gert. Sem. 9. 965. t. 138.
` Scabrita trifora. Linn. Mant. 1. p. 37.

- Manja pumeram. Rheed. mal. 1. p. 35. t. 21.
| Sephalica. As. Res. 4. 944.

| Sans. Hind. and Deng. Singahar, Sewly, Nibari Har inghan z
PO bat er this isa native al know not, for I have never found,

tay d be the reason we Fog no varieties of this most Midi fra»
grant plant, In our gardens it is found in the state of a large shrub, `
or small tree, Flowers, on the Coast, nearly the year round ; in
Bengal only during the rains. "The seeds ripen in the cold season.
Trunkerect. Bark scabrous. Branches numerous, spreading in eve- T
3 direction ; the young shoots alone are four-sided ; four cwn
cord-like nerves, under the bark, forming the viget ce adios oppo-
— site, short-petioled, cordate, those near the flowers oblong, poin
metimes entire, sometimes very grossly serate and: neti es
ee oe

ons ; P" MONOGYNIA. Jasminum.

lower parts are angülar; scabrous ; ; from three to feeitichiós long, and
from one t to three broad.— Infiorescence a large, terminal, leafy, cross«
armed, panicle, composed of small, five-flowered, terminal umbel- -
lets.— Flowers numerous, middle- sized, exquisitely fragrant, open at
sun-set, and fall off at sun-rise 5 the tube orange-coloured, and the
border white.— Jnvolucre to the umbellets four-leaved, leaflets in-
verse-cordate; opposite, sessile.— Calyx campanulate ; ; mouth a lit-
tle contracted, and lightly five-botched,- downy, withering, —Corol.
v — Tube cylindric, length of the calyx: Border spreading, froin five to eight,
but generaliy six or seven parted, contorted ; segments triangular, or

obliquely lobed, exterior margin scolloped. — Filaments scarcely any.
Anthers two-lobed, sitting within the tube —Germ above, compress-

ed. Stylelength of the tube, Stigma headed, glandular .— Capsule size
of a man's thumb. » nail, o obcordate, or nearly. orbicular, compressed,
two-celled, ‘two-valved, opening transversely from the apex. — Seeds
one in each cell, compressed, Kc. as described and figured by Geett-
nér; Í have not, , however, been able to detect any thing like a pege-
perin. :
Obs. The Bower of this tree are exquisitely fragrant, partaking
of the smell of fresh honey, and on that account the plant i is auch 3
esteemed; for when destitute of flowers it has but ; an indiffere ent :
pearance. —The orange tubes of the flowers dye a “most beautiful. |
buff or orange colour, with the various shades between them, accord
ing to the preparation, and mode of conducting the | “operation ; ii

unfortunately, , no way has yet been discovered of rendering. this el de,
gant colour durable, Ses . id vin : ns

B T E

'

JASMINUM Schreb. p N: 208. - sa
ea ae "ait: PI. gs %

' Corel salver shaped. Gon two-celled, one seeded.*. Berries one.
or two, superior. Seed slijary, . Embryo erect, withou

* In ali the speciés hinnati there is à £iolobed; t

with one seed in each, attached to the upper end of the aos and succeeded
by two one-secded bérries, when both come to maturity. V ia pufi iquaddo

Jaiman, DIAS2RIMA MONPGTN I ya az

ae s &ambac. Willd. 1. 35. Fk
_Shrubby, twining. Leaves opposite, sub-sessile from cor date to obs.
long, acute, or obtuse. Segmenis of. the calyx subulate.. Berries.
globular, S
„Magorium Sambac.. dines Enc snl iv..210.
... Of this we have three varieties, viz...

Ast. Single flowered Arabian Jasmine, which I pps to =
\ dass undulatum. Willd: 1. 36. ;

BEY siiregam-Mulla. diheed. mal. 6. p. 97. t. 55. Ses 5
Mallica, and Asphota;. As. Res.4. pP 245, are I suspect dot thie.

variety, The > first i is found in gens, though a waall ower, andthe,
second wild in hedges, &c. -— - |

- Beng’ Bun-mullika ; or nope |
ed. Double flowered Aralian Jasmine. Heus
Nalla-mulla. Reed. mal. 6. p- 87. t. 50. a

1

Jasminum Limonii folio E Burm. zeyl. 198. t. 58. f. % :
"Flos Manore. Rumph. amb. 5. p. 59. t. 30.
` Sans. Suptala, Nuva-mullika. See As. Res. lc.
A Beng. Bela, or mallika.
` 3d. Great double Arabian or Tuscan Jasmine. EXE
Beng. Mootta- -bela; Bura-bela, or Patna mullika. ^ — ^ - -
- Kudda-mulla. Rhed. mal. 6. p. 89. t. 51. zm
Flos Manore plenus. Rumph- ibid. es
Sep tal a. As. Res. l. c. 2 js Denier! gic
. All the varieties lower during the rains. diio, «o ig
The single variety of this plant, (which is the one described) i is one i
of the most: common in every forest on the Coast. © “Birds eat the
berries, and drop the seeds, which vegetate. In this way, I account ;
for its being so general. Flowers during the hot season. -
~ Stem and branches woody ; twining. Bark scabrous on old anis, —
—Leaves "opposite, short-petioled, cordate-ovate, or oblong-wave
sothetimes:scolloped, pointed, smooth, except when young
Gl oF the ‘veins on the back of the leaves” cin ue Pere

88 d ep m pIAKDRIA MONOGYNIA. ait

as in some species of Gardenia. Flos terminal, generally forme |
ing small, trichotomous umbellets, white, fragrant —Calyx border-
ed with from five to nine, long, subulate, permanent segments. Stig-
ma clubbed. Germ two-labed, one ovulum in each, attached to the:
lower part of the partition.— Berries: twin ; each round, smooth, —
juicy, 'oné-seeded, when ripe ofa beautiful shining black .— Seed con-
form to the berry; integument single.—Perisperm none.—Linbryo ,

erect.—Co/yledons conform to the seed.— Radicle small, inferior. ^: *
‘Obs. From this species we have the common double; and rose, or
great flowered, and full Moozaries, (Arabian, or Tuscan Jasmines D
these are always raised frónx layers, and have been improved by cul- -
ture into their present state as above noted. : 4
The plant that bears the common double sort still retains its
twining habits, but it is lost in the great rose, or full lowered sort:
here the branches are erect, or spreading, but never twining. | :
„Iam inclined to think that Nyctanthes undulata, Sp. Pl. 2. p38.
is only a variety of this species, arising from.soil, culture, &c. for
with the utmost attention, I could never discover any thing like &-
fixed specific cisci to distinguish it from Zambac, as the number

of petals or divisions of the corol are inconstant, and at most mark. 5
only the Nuits Pues ; ; E i

j :
2. J. scandens. Willd. 1. 37. : ;
- Shrubby, twining, and scandent, smooth,- Lenis ajii sim- 5
| ple, cordate-oblong, entire, taper-pointed. Corymbs terminal, glo~
bular, trichotomous. Calycine segments six or seven, bristlé-shaped,.
of the corol six to eight, lanceolate, very acute, — the ue of.
the. clavate tube. Stigma bilobate. |... +
Nyctanthes scandens. | Retz. obs. fasc. 5. p9. :
A native of the southern parts. of Bengal. The ee in the Bo- 2
tanic Garden near Calcutta were reared from seed sent from Chitta-
gong; which after they: were two years old began to blossom in Janu-

ary aud February; and: ‘continue. so to do, but have not produced
let seed. T | =

Jasminum, - DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 89-

Trunk none, but many, long, ligneous, at first scandent, but final-
E Awining, round, smooth branches ef considerable extent. — Leaves
' simple, opposite, short-petioled, cordate-oblong, tapering from near
. the somewhat re-entering base, fine-pointed, entire, smooth, and ra-
ther lucid on both sides; length from one to six inches, and from
“half aninch to two nib broad.—Petioles flattened, channelled —
| Corymbs terminal, sub-globular, dense, that which terminates the
larger branches more compound. — : Peduncles short, with the pe-
dicles still shorter, all are villous.— Flowers numerous, pure white,

delightfully fragrant.— Calyx villous, border of Hte or seven, bristle-
shaped, mein villous segments.— be

w ek are father shorter ance ie seg s ER tube e

ed, with one see eed 1 in each, attached to the thickened middle of the
| partition,

Es eeu Linn. Spec. Pl. ed. Wilid. 1. 37.
- Scandent. Leaves opposite, and a!ternate, lanceolate, villous on
both sides. Cory ymbs terminal. Corol eight or twelve-cleft; segments-

near. Sogna bifid.

4

Stem | us. à Msn es to a considerable. extent, or vm
" Bark of the woody parts light ash colour ; of the young shoots very
villous — Leaves. opposite, and alternate, shofi-petidi ed, from lan-
Ceolate to ovate-lanceolate ; very. soft with fine down i in both sides; -
— length from one to five inches.— Flowers terminal, from. im jl
toa large compound. corymb, pretty large, pure white, fra
Pedicels clavate, villous.— Bractes short, subulate, villous.—
Villous, five or six-cleft ; ; divisions short, and subulate,— Cor
“Weling towar ds tie mouth, pal macb h than the ;

Lis C -DIANDRTA MONOGYNIA. Jasminum. A

of from ‘six to twelve, linear, spreading divi with margins revo- ——
ute. — Filaments short. Anthers lodgéd just within the mouth of the "d
tube of the corol.— Geri turbinate. Style so long as to elevate the -
two lobed: stigma so as to make it level with the anthers.
Obs. Fhe species differs ffom my arborescens in being scandent, and |
in the shape of the leaves, as well as in the pubescence ; here they
are — -— villeus ; there cordate and —

a J. "pubescens. Linn. Spec. Pt. ed. Willd.1. 37. = T
Leaves cordate, dow ny. Umbels terminal, sessile many floweredy
Katu-Tsjiregam-Mulla. Rheed. mal. 6. p.95. 1. 54.
Nyctanthes multiflora. Burm. Flor. Ind. p. 5. t. 8. f. 1. :
Nyctanthes pubescens. Retz. obs. 5.'9.* d
Sans. Bra Madri tS: , Koondum. See As. Res. 4. 244.
- “Beng. Koonda. : 2
A very ramous shrub, brought originally frein China into the Com-
“pany’s Botanic Garden. It is also indigenous in Bengal. Is im
flower during the rains chiefly. - om AER
‘Stem scarcely any; branches numerous, covered with ash-coloured — :
bark; the young parts very downy.— Leaves opposite, short-pe-
tioled, cordate, entire, downy, particularly while young; the termi- —
nal ones crowded (involucre-like) round the umbels.— Umbeis ter- $
minal, sessile, tending to be trichotomous, containing from ten to e
thirty, sessile flowers; downy in all parts.— Voters large, pure |
white fragrant.— Bractes few, lanceolate.— Calyx six-cleft ; border
of. the orol from six to. ‘nine-parted ; divisions lanceolate —Stamens
within the tube. Anthers beaked.— Germ two-lobed, two-celled,
with one ovula i in each, MEE to the pne e. of the ori
Stigma enure, clubbed. ;
Obs. This is a goodly looking plant, its numerous, ae pure
white, fiint flower, oper ning in succession make it = desitoble-

awd, hirsutum, $m. Exot, Bot. ii, 117. t. „uns. E smulforum, An Ans. Repos vile
- 496.—N. W. a

Jüsminum. i: -"DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 9g

5 Si laurifolium. R.

Scandent, polished. Leaves optiéBti A R lucid, three»
nerved. Flowers axillary, and terminal, from one to five, long-pe-
duncled. Calycine segments six or seven; filiform ; those of the co-
rol from nine to twelve, linear, length of the tube. ©

A very elegant, climbing and’ twining , highly polished, shrubby
Speciés.; anative of the mountainous countries east of Bengal, where-
it lowers during the cool season...

— ced oe ya lanceolate, firm and glossy ; : margins

i dii. sometimes canat
terminal, sub-racemed ; long and slender.—Bractes e, subu-
late.— Calyx front five to seven cleft; segments long , slender, subul te,
and.smooth.— Corol. 'Fube twice the length of the calyx, sub-cla-

er,

vate ; &order of from nine to twelve, ensiform, spreading segments
Wis are as long as the tube.—S/amina within the tube.— Germ.
two-celled, with one ovuda in each, attached to the middle of the.
ee See and stigma clavate, scarcely reaching to the aiei.

i = ata tah. R. z i
z Shrubby, Leaves oblong, smooth, acute. Corymbs term
ed, crowded with ternate, subsessile flowers —

ja ors š Se ionia e BER RUE

Itis the first aipe ved dios Jasmine Y Tas (ois vimine,

.. TOtiíhat habit, Fs a native of the hills-near Chittagong, where it |
2 flowers. in April and May: p may be readily known, without. any otl

"E "by the des number of flowers s which form the little dense

13 JT trinerce, Fahl. “Symb. 3. p. 2.

at, polished. Leaves ovateilanceslate, lai

92 DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. ` Jasminum,,

ved bidon: Flowers axillary and terminal, solitary. Ca-
nts six or seven, subulate ; those of the corol six or eight,

See e of the us near Silliet, due itblossoms in March
and April, and the berries ripen in June.

_ Stem, aud branches. together, some fathoms in extent, running up,
and over large shrubs and trees. „Bark of the old woody parts.
ash-coloured and rather rough ; tender shoots polished deep green.
—Leaves opposite, petioled, Sante uei ie long, fine-pointed,
firm and glossy, three-nerved, three or four inches ni and one or.
one anda half broad. — Pelioles short, with a remarkable joint near the
middle.— Zowers terminal and axillary, solitary, sub-sessile, very
large, white and sweetly. fragrant — Calyx witha short, smooth tube,
border of about six subulate segments which are nearly half the.
length oí the. tube of. the. corol.—Corol ; Tube long, widening above.
the middle for the stamina ; Border of six to. eight slender, spread«
ing segments, which are an inch and a, half in lengtb.— Filament -
short, - Anthers linear, lodged about the middle of the tube of the: e
corol —Germ oval, two-lobed, two-celled, with one ovudum i in each, —
attached to the partition. shk length of the tube of the corol, 2
Stigma bifid, . — x

Obs. The flowers were solitary the first year the Pres were in

the Botanic Garden, but daring the rainy season of the scoti bee E
there were usually nine. "

bracteatum.R. =. i Jin qa
- Twining. Leaves opposite, ovate-oblong, ow T Flowers
in stapia fascicles of three, five, oreleven flowers. Calycim
segments from five to sev en, subulate ; those of the corol from five io,
eight, oblong, with rounded acuminate apices. Style longér than the z
tube. Stigma entire. F
A native of the island of-Swmatra. From. Bencoolen’ Dr. c
‘ fort sent plants to the Botanic Garden, under the name Coast i

Jasminum, DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. $3

Jasmine. In Bengal they blossom during the cool, and the begin-

ning of the hot. scason ; the seed ripen.in April.

_ Stem scarcely any ; branches numerous, ligneous, climbing and twin-

ing, extending up and over trees of considerable size; tender parts

round, and clothed with much, very soft, short, pale green down.— -
Leaves simple, opposite, short-petioled, ovate-oblong, acute, entire,

dewny, two or three inches long, and one or two broad.— Flowers

numerous, pretty large, white, casei, ia terminal fascicles of ge-

nerally three, or five, subsessile ones, or growing on short, axillary

branchlets ; ;embraced by one, « or two Annot juge bries: aud d by a

greater number, sien the fines: 1 e :

in Opposite: pairs of F thie fowered pea eee
always two, generally unequal pairs, of an ovate-cordat
under each fascicle, and some small subulate ones within them, 2
all villous, like every other tender part of the plant.—Calyx dow-
ny. Tube short. Segments five, six,or seven, subulate.— Corol smooth.
_ Tube twice the length of the calyx, sub-cylindric. Border of from
five to eight, oblong segments, rounded at the apex, with a small
Pont in the middle.— Germ two-celled, one ovula in each. Style

longer than the tube of the corol. Stigma entire, linear, with a Eolo.
on « each side.— Berries one or two, united from the middle dow

size of a large pea, oval, smooth, succulent, and of a
olour when ripe; one-celled.— Seed single, oval. Indeguments —
“two; exterior composed of woolly fibres ; inner thinner and more

tender, both dark Areni R Puspen.
Cotyledonsconform: tothe mete grati, Pisis two-lob z
e inferior, |.

“9-5. latifolium. Ro 5
- Shrubby, twining. - Leaves opposite, CER cordate. Ci ]
timini, | calycine segments from five to seven, subulate ; those |

rol from. ten to twelve, inest, aud cuspidate,
ee eer

94 i DIANDRJA MONOG TOGYNTA. Jasminum. *

‘Teli Adisicmulli.
To the best: ofr my knowledge, this species isa native of the moun-
f nous parts ¢ of the Circars only. It is much larger than the other.

species, though like them it hasa woody twing, or climbing stem, a
Leu ipis rade in general straight and spread. Branchlets oppo- i
site smooth —~ Leaves opposite petioled, varying from oblong, to
broad-cordate, ‘pointed, entire, smooth ; size various.— Cor -ymbs-

terminal, divided by threes, diffuse.— Flowers large, white, fragrant. z
— Calyx with a shòrt tube, and seldom more than five-cleft border:
—Corol tubular; border from eight to twelve-cleit; segments sleu-- |

der, and patent.— Berries one or two ; when single oblong ; when

two kidney-shaped.

10. J. nibus: a . TM PI Jig m

Arborescent.- Leaves opposite, and three-fold, one. dówny= 4
Flowers terminal, numerous, corymbiform, border from teb to twelve- v
cleft. Stigma iwo-lobed. i t

_ Sans. Guat Suptula, amtaa N uva-mullika.

peców Bura-koonda, Nuva- mullika.

Nyctanthes grandiflora. Loureir- Cochinch. 96.

_A native of the more elevated parts of Bengal, where it blossoms
about the beginning of the hot season. v lod o M
Trunk scarcely any ; branches many, stout, woody, bona coe :

vered with. smooth, -asb-coloured bark ; young. shoots round, and y
ne hat, villous. Height of the ace tree ten or twelve feet.— — —
CAVES « posite, rarely three-fold, or alternate, dipl
ovate-cordate, acuminate ; margins entire, and often waved, smooth. ee
on both sides; length from two to > fout inches, and from, one | H

ers on raia trichotomous, thrce-ilowered ERO often cos
ing large, corymbiform | panicles; they are large, white, and ve,
fragrant.— Bractes subulate, villous.— Calyx crowned with five or -
six subulate, incurved, villous divisions.— Corol. Tube longer than
the calyx. Border of ten or tw elve, somewhat acute, linear divisions. |

Jasminum. ` DIAWDRIA MONOGYNIA. ; 95
TS

— Anthers ovate, within the tube.—Germ turbinates two-lobed, two- `

celled, with one ovula in each, attached to the upper part of the

icc PHI enl two-lobed, about p way up the tube of the

€orol. À

-. Obs. "This species is nearly allied to my J, lati ifolium, and indeed
the only specific difference 1 have yet been able to observe, is, that
this species hiri no tendency to twine or climb ; that is twining.

Flowers terminal, or
three ; corol eight or nine-parted. Berries single, ovate, es
Nyctanthes triflora. Burm. Ind. 4. t. 9?
^J. vimineum. Willd. loc. cit.
. Katu-pitsjegam-Mulla. Rheed. mal. 6. p. 93. t. 53.
This is much like Burman’s figure quoted above, but does not ac.
cord with his character of alternate leaves; it is very common, and at
the same time one of the most beautiful species of Jasmine I know.
It abounds in every forest on the coast of Coromandel. Blossoms -
during the hot season ; buti m a state of cultivation flosei ers are Jc
the greatest part of the year. — :
and branches woody, twining, smooth Loan spline on
Of the shrub, short-petioled, ovate-oblong, or oblong,
sometimes. nearly cordate, finely-pointed, smooth, shining, Bn. ve-
ry deep green, veinless,— Flowers terminal, generally thr.
duncled, fares: white, with a faint tinge c of red, star-shaped, having =
Peculiar but very pleasant fragrance.— Peduncles clubbed, smooth.
Calyx ; tube short; segments acute.—— Corol ; border generally eight
9r nine-parted; divisions iiie NR short. —— a
late. — Berries oblong. - de
Obs, d have for many years cultivated this species. It gi ;
sily in every soil aud situation, is. “gage toni iuis it leaves, ES

aol, ofa a shining deep green,

19. J. poe one | e
— Bcandent. Leaves sub-sessile, uc aa peck Mir: tere
i minal, from three to five, short-peduncled. Calycine segments from. i

seven toeight, subulate, one-sixth the length of the en long onda ae

tube of the corol. Berries ovate.

A native of the Malay Archipelago, differs i om all the other Ine, 2
dian species hitherto examined by me in the gr eatlength of its slender.

tube, which is three times longer thau the seveu or eight, lanceolate ig

segments s its border.

Shri by, Mamm ioe chica polished, For Flowers from three : 2
to many ^ terminal. - Border of the corol of from six r to eight, linear, x
acute segments, equalling the tube in length. 2 49

; Native. place, the Friendly islands, and the eastern Aici pehia De
Pec E lowering time in the Botanic Garden the hot season. It does
' not ripen seeds in Bengal. . i paige

Trunk scarcely any; branches many, stout, ligneous, rouhdy Er
smooth ; branchlets spreading in all directions.— Leaves simple,’ ope: t4
posite, short-petioled, oblong, entire; highly polished on both sides; —
two Anches long, and about one broad.— Flowers. terminal, ; E
hree to a decussate panicle, with its- ; ramification trifid. Pedicels 3
clavate, round, ‘smooth — Bractes minute, subulate. —Calys, campa- :
nulate, » with a five-toothed border.— Corol ; tube, many time longe -
he calyx. - Border from six to eight-parted ; eia e ra

cute, about as long as the tube. —Anthers half erect. - Style d
shorter A half than the tube of f the corol. LE c two-cleft T

near,

Shr ubby, twining. Se misa; leaflets onu; die pair ı mi
'* Curt. Bot. Mag, Vol, xxv. | 980.—N. W. LIRE. t

Jasminum. | PIANDRIA MONOGYNTA.. 97

nute or wanting. Border of the calyx with five, obscure, glandular
teeth. Coro! seven-cleft. Berries globular. tee
. Sans. quib Magudhee, afaat, Gunika, afaar Yoot'hika,
HATI Umbustha. See As. Res. iv. 246.
Beng Juthi, or Jui.
This species is a native of various parts of Iudia, but not common.
Its habit is twining, with a woody stem, and branches. :
. Leaves opposite, ternate. Leaflets, the pair very small, standing
opposite, sometimes wanting; the terminal one at least ten or fifteen
times larger; all ovate, entire, with a minute point, smooth, except
when young when they are downy —Corymbs terminal, always three-
forked, dense.— Flowers small, white, sweet-smelling, though less fra-
grant than those of the former species.—Calyr five-notched, with 2
round firm glandular process on the outside of each. — Corol ; ; border
from five to eight-cleft, divisions oblique, obtuse. Stigma clavate,—
Berry exactly as in Sambac.

15. J. lanceolaria. R.

Shrubby, erect. Leaves ternate ; leaflets lanceolar. Corymbs ter-
minal. è
I native of the jungles or copses of Silhet, where it blossoms in
ay.

38 J. paniculatum. R.

Shrubby, erect, every part polished. ie ternate ; leaflets oval,
obtusély acuminate. Panicles terminal.

Sam-yeip-sou-hing of the Chinese.

From Canton in China this fine erect, shrubby, highly pdi
Species was received into the Botanic Garden, where it blossoms -
during the rains. The leaflets are from oval to oblong, with an ob-
tuse point, polished, of a hard texture. The flowers are small and
po but numerous, on terminal pretty large P eec J pani-

» 0M

98 .DIANDBIA MONOGYNIA. Jasminum

Vw. Je chrysanthemum. R.

Shrubby, erect. Leaves alternate, pinnate ; leaflets three, five, or
seven, lanceolate. Corymbs sub-terminal. Calycine segments atte-
nuate.

Hemapushpica, or yellow yuthica. As. Res. iv. 246.

Sans. Zag RAT, Hema-pooshpika.*

"A native of the mountainous countries north of Hindoo:tan. Colo-
. nel Hardwicke found it on his Journey to Sirinagore, (see As. Res.
vi. 349. Jasmmum, No. 3.) and Dr. Buchanan m Napaul. Tn the.

Botanic Garden it grows freely from cuttings, and becomes a stout,

erect ramous shrub, even a small tree, without the smallest tenden-
cy to lean, or twine. Flowers more or less the whole year; but, like
the other species, the proper season is Apriland May, at which time -
it is the most desirable Jasmine Ihave yet seen.

Stem stout and woody, in plants seven or eight years old as ihiok:
as a man's leg. Bark smooth ash-coloured. Young shoots erect, flex-
uose, angular, smooth; height of the shrub from eight to twelve
feet.— Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate; at the base of the young.
shoots ternate or even sometimes solitary. ^ Leaflets two, or more
generally three pair, and a terminal one ; opposite, lanceolate, smooth,
dark green, but not glossy; length from one and a half to three inches,
—— Corymbs generally terminal, from ten to twenty-flowered, as in. the
figure of Jasminum odoratissimum, in Curtis’s Bot. Mag. No. 985.
_—Flowers large, bright yellow, delightfully fragrant.— Bractes ensi-
form.— Calycine segments five, alternate, nearly as the tube of the ca-
lyx.—Segments of the corol five, oval, obtuse, length of the tube.—

Filament short. — Anthers linear, with their apices rather above the
mouth of the tube of the corol.—Germ two-celled, with two. ovula in

each, attached to the middle of the partition. Sate half the e ‘
of the tube. : Stigma clavate.

38. J. grandiflorum. Linn. Sp. PL. ed. Willd. 1. 41.

Shrubby, scandent (in India). Leaves Opposite, mw; exterior
three or five leaflets confluent. Peduncles terminal.

* Agee-Soa in Nepala,—N, W.

*

Jasminum. DIANDRIA MONOGYNYA. -99

Catalonian, or Spanish Jasmine.
Pitsjigam mullo. Rheed. mal. 6. t. 52.

Sans. BHAT Soomuna, aita Malutee, ara, Jatt.
Beng. Jatee.

This plant I have only found in gardens, where it flowers greater
part of the year;

19. J. heterophyllum. R.

Shrubby. Leaves alternate, petioled, simple, sometimes temate,
ovate-lanceolate, waved, lucid, finely acuminate,

/ À stout shrubby species, a native of Napaul. In the Botanic Gar-
den its branches are weak and variously bent; the bark roughened
with little elevated gray spots. While the plants are young the leaves
are for the most part ternate, afterwards they are simple. ~ Kat

2

20. J. dispermum. Wall.

Shrubby, scandent, smooth. Leaves opposite unequally ternate;
. leaflets ovate-oblong, acuminate, five-nerved. Corymbs terminal snd
- lateral, brachiate.—Calyz campanulate with subulate teeth. Seg-
ments of the corol oblong obtuse. Berries twin, two-seeded !

< A native of Napaul, where it is called Gooje-Soah.

X appears to be a ramous rambling shrub, with slender, four-sid-
ed, dotted, divaricated brauches.— Leaves distant.— Leaflets mem-
branaceous, rounded and sometimes slightly retuse at the base, ta- -
pering into a long acumen ; besides the short five-nerves at the base,
there are a few remote subtransversal ones from the rib, which all
unite into a waved submarginal vein. The terminal leaflet is about

four inches long; the others three-times smaller, subsessile.—P. e-
` tioles slender-grooved, curved, an inch long, not articulated —Co-
rymbs ovate, with opposite, four-sided, three-flowered peduncles ;
and two opposite subulate bractes at their base.—Flowers large fra-
grant, white. Tube clavate, about an inch long. Border five-parted, —

* "This “hrab has been in the garden about sixte : without pat hari | I
Weed any flowers,—N. W. ^ D b ar Vrat

100 — DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. PAiülyrea

half the length of the tube.— Berries about the size of a small olive,
of a dark purple colour ; their skin separating, transparent.

~ Obs. In March 1818 I received specimens with flowers and ripe -
berries from the Honourable Mr. Edward Gardner, the resident at

Katmandu in Napaul, to whose uuremitting kindness and exertions
the Botanic Garden owes a very great accession of the most rare and
curious plants, natives of that interesting country. - "This handsome
species is very distinct from the preceding one, but seems to approach
to J. didymum, Forst. aud J. divaricatum, Brown Prodr. i. 521.

PHILLYREA. Schreb. gen. N. 94.

‘Calyx four-toothed. Corol one-petalled, four-cleft. Germ two-cel-
led, two-seeded. Drupe or Berry superior, one or two-seeded. Em-
bryo inverse, and furnished with a perisperm.

Y. P. paniculata. eios

"Arboreous. Leaves opposite, disi entire, smooth. dee

dle ‘terminal.

A native of China, and from thence introduced into the Botanic
Garden near Calcutta, before 1793. Now, 1802, they have grown to
be beautiful small trees, of from fifteen to twenty feet in height,
clothed almost to the ground, with numerous, opposite, spreading,
and drooping branches, covered with smooth, ash-coloured bark.
Leaves opposite, petioled, drooping, ovate, and ovate-oblong, sides
‘incurved, entire, leathery, smooth on both sides, above a shining deep
‘green, underneath glaucous, with two or more obscure glands near
their base: length four or five inches, breadth from two to three.— Pe-

_ :tioles short, recurved, channelled.—Stipules none.— Panicles termi-

nal from the exterior axills, ramifications thereof opposite, and
smooth.— Flowers very numerous, rather small, , pure white, some-
what fragrant.— Bractes minute, caducous.—Calyr obscurely four-
toothed.— Coro one-petalled ; tube short; segments linear, revolute,

smooth.— Filaments opposite, inserted into the bottom of the tube —

Phillyrea. ` DIANDRIA~ MONOGYNIA. 101

of the corol, and about as long as the segments of its border. Anthers’
incumbent.— Germ above, but lodged deep in the bottom of the calyx,
two-celled, with two ovula in each. Style short. Stigma elavate,
entire.— Drupe size of a small French bean, obliquely obovate,
smooth, generally one-celled,— Nut solitary, with the rudiment of a
second, but I never saw more than one come to maturity; pointed at
the base, furrowed on the outside, covered, with a thick, somewhat
-indurated envelope, though scarcely hard enough to be called a nut.
Embryo i inverse, lodged in a pearl-coloured amygdaline perisperm.

Obs. Ligustrum Japonicum. Thunb. Flor. Japan. P. 17. F. 1. is a
tolerably good representation of this tree; but the one-seeded nut,

short style, and clavate stigma of my piant, will not. allow me to
think they can be the same.

9. P. robusta. R.
Leaves ovate-oblong, entire, acuminate. Panicles terminal, large
and spreading. Berries sub-cylindric, one-seeded.
. Bhooeemoora, the vernacular name in Si/het, where it grows to
hs a very large tree, and furnishes the natives, Kc. with very hard
.durable wood. Flowering time June and July; the seed ripen in
January and February. -
Young shoots void of pubescence, but dotted with small whitish
specks.— Leaves opposite, short-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, entize, smooth; three or four inches long, and one or one and a
half broad.— Panicles terminal, large, very ramous; ramifications
four, round, and villous.—Flowers oblong, acute, villous.—Calyr
bowl-shaped, four-toothed.— Coro! campanulate. Tube very short;
border four-parted .— Filaments short, inserted on the little tube of the
corol opposite to each other. Anthers oblong.— Germ superior, de-
pressed, two-celled, with two ovula in each, attached to the top of
the partition.— Style and stigma clavate, apex flat and emarginate.—
— Berries (for they can scarce be called drupes) sub-cylindric, smooth,
‘succulent, dark olive-purple, size of a large berberry, rarely m more
than one-celled.— Seed solitary, conform to the bens: Int.

a

102 DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Millingtonia, —

two's éxterior fibrous, and striated: inferior rather thick, brown,
adhering: to the perisperm.— Perisperm conform to the seed, oily.—

Embryo straight, nearly as long as the perisperm, inverse. Sag

dons lanceolate. Radicle cylindtic, superior.

MILLINGTONIA. R.

Caiga three-leaved, calycled. Corot three-petalled, nectarif scale _
-on the inside of each. Germ two-celled, two-seeded. Drupe with

one, or two-celled, two-valved, nut seed solitary. Embryo curved
and folded, with little or no perisperm, and with a curved inferior ra-
dicle.

Having found it necessary to deprive our countryman the late Sir
Thomas Millington of the genus assigned to his memory by the

younger Linneus, (Supl. 45 and 201) because, on finding the ripe -

seed vessel of the only species thereof, I ascertained it to be a true
Bignonia as I suspected; I have therefore restored that re-
spectable name to the system, under a different dress, by giving it to
the two trees which at present constitute this strongly marked fa-

mily, and, which I am inclined to think, have not, until now, been ©

described.*

1. M. simplicifolia. R.
Leaves alternate, simple, broad-lanceolate. :
A large tree, a native of Silhet, where it is called Dantrungee by

the natives ; the timber is used for various purpose. Flowers in Fe-
bruary and March ; seed ripe in J uly ; and August.

- Leaves alternate, petioled, broad-lanceolar, tapering most toon.

the base, entire, or very remotely subserrate, in very young plants

completely serrate, rather acuminate, smooth ; veins simple and pa-

raliel; from six to twelve inches long, by three or four broad.—.Panicle
. terminal, large, oblong, rather open, composed of many, alternate
. decompound, long, patent, brown, villous branches.— Flowers nu-
merous, sessile, very minute, yellow.— Bractes oblong, clothed with

* Millingtonia, Donn, Hort, Cantab. is Roxburgh's Flemingia.—N. W.

:
Millingtonia. DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 103.

m Id

ferruginous pubescence. —Calyx three-leaved, independently of two
orthree minute, villous bractes, like a calycle ; leaflets ovate, smooth,
. permanent.— Petals three, broad-ovate, waved, twice the length of
the calyx, permanent.— Nectary a variously lobed, smooth scale from '
the base of each petal on the inside, they form a dome over the pis-
tillum, and round the base of the germ is found a flat, triangular
body, with its angles bidentate.— Filaments two, opposite, incurved,
inserted without the interior, three-angular nectary ; bifid, the in-
ner lamina supporting on its apex a patelliform receptacle, on which
the two-lobed yellow anther rests. Exterior lamina bifid, segments su-
bulate, rising rather higher t than the anther. — Germ superior, two-
celled, with two ovula in each, attached to the thickened middle of the
partition. Style single, short. Stigma obscurely two-lobed.. —Drupe.
size of a pea, nearly round, succulent, smooth, black, one-celled. Nut
conform to the drupe, rarely more than one-celled, hard, cell some-
; what angular; the second or abortive cell always traceable.— Seed.
solitary, concave on the side next the abortive cellof the nut, hem-
ispheric on the other. Integument single, membranaceous,— Peri-
sperm none.— Embryo curved, and doubled, as in the Convolvulacee
With a curved inferior radicle.

-. 2. M. pinnata. R- | 39)
Leaves alternate, abruptly pinnate ; sleaflets fobi six to twelve p
sub-opposite, lanceolate. >
Batiwa, the vernacular name in Silhet, where it in lidifeious
growing to be a middling: sized tree, the wood of which is employ-
ed by the natives in constructing their houses... Flowers in nad
and May, The seeds ripen in September. irs
Branchlets smooth.— Leaves alternate, abruptly-pinnate ; fol. six
toeighteen inches long. Leaflets from six to twelve pair, sub-opposite,
mort-petioled, lanceolate, remotely serrate, acuminate, smooth,
to six inches long, by one or one and a half broad — Panicles ter-
minal, very large and very ramous, a little hairy.—Bractes minute.—
s numerous, small, white, — Calyr three-leaved with two.small- *
er ones under them, which may be called bractes or a calycle ; or,

*

104 DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. . Olea.

the calyx may be called five-leaved.— Nectary, from the inside of the
pase of each petal arises a variously lobed, ragged leaflet or scale

which is incurved over the germ ; besides which round the base —
of the germ is a small, three-sided cup with bidentate angles.— Fi- -
laments two, opposite, length of the germ, short, broad, with enlarg- .

ed apex ; from the base on the outside, rises a broad, tridentate scale,
of about the length ofthe filament. Anthers twin, each lobe globular,

opening transversely on the inside.— Germ superior, cordate two-.

celled, with two ovula in each cell, attached to the partition. Style
short. Stigma small, bidentate.— Drupe size of a pea, smooth, black,

succulent, one-celled. Nut roundish thick for its size and very hard, —

rugose, one celled, two-valved, with a projection into the cell oppo-

site to the remains of the style on one side near the base, which .

marksthe abortive lobe.—Seed solitary, conform to the nut. Integu-
ment single, membranaceous.— Perisperm none, or in small quanti-
ty, and blended with the integument.— Embryo curved, and folded

up nearly as in the Convoloulacee. Cotyledons ovate-oblong. Radicle
inferior, curved.

!

OLEA. Schreb. gen. N. 95.

Corol and calyx four-cleft. Germ two-celled, two-seeded. Drupe —

superior, one-seeded. Embryo inverse and furnished with a peri-
sperm.

1. O. fragrans. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 4. 6.

Shrubby. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, slightly serrate. Peduncles

ill : ` wg
: Olea fragrans. Thunb. Jap. 18. t. 2. góod,

A native of China, in the Botanic Garden it blossoms during die

cool season.

2. O. paniculata. R.

Leaves opposite, petioled, oblong, entire, "— Panicles axilla-
ty. Bractes deciduous. Lobes of the stigma divaricate.

Se re pe ay TE ee K E RE

Olea. DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. ; 105

A small tree ; a native of the Circar mountains, Flowers during

the hot season. ;

Leaves opposite, eer oblong, waved, entire, running down
the petiole, smooth on both sides, firm, about five inches long, and
two broad. —Petiles an inch and half long, smooth, flat above.
—Stipules none.— Panicles below the leaves, and also from the ax-
ills, small, thin, brachiate.— Bractes small, nearly sessile. — Calyx
four-cleft, small.— Coro one- petalled ; tube shorter; border four-
cleft; divisions oblong, spreading, concave ; apices dui and incur- -
val. is Ra two, opposite, ‘short, Anthers large, oblong, erect.
—Germ superior, round.— Style very short. ‘Stigma two-cleft ; divi-
- sions entire, acute. T fruit not observed. :

3. O. dioica. R.

Arboreous, dioicous. Leaves opposite, short-petioled, oblong,
serrate. Panicles axillary. |
: Atta-jam, the vernacular name in Silhet, where it is indigenous; also

. on the hills of Chittagong. In both places it grows to be a pretty
large tree, the timber of which is reckoned excellent, and put to
many uses by the natives. Flowering time the month of March and
April ; fruit ripe in July.

_ Bark of the old ligneous parts ash-coloured ; of the young shoots
smooth and green.— Leaves opposite, short-petioled, oblong, tapering
equally at each end, remotely, and acutely serrate, acuminate, smooth,

- from four to eight inches long, by from two to four broad.— Stipules,
the oval concave scales of the buds only.—Panicles axillary, and op-
posite, below the leaves, thin and notabove half their length.— Male
flowers more numerous, small.—Calyx four-toothed.—Corol one-pe-
talled, tube very short; border four-parted.— Filaments two, very
short, inserted on the short tube of the corol. Anthers oval, hid in the
corol.— Germ none, a small two-lobed gland supplies its place.—
Female on a separate tree, (probably HERMAPHRODITE, and in that
“Case, all the corols with the stamina, must have fallen off at a very

bt

106 _ PIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. —. Chionanthus.

eaily period; which [ have no reason to think was the case, as they.
were examined at what I consider a proper age, and no traces of the -

place where a corol grew could be found.)—Ca/yz as in the male.

— Corol none.— Germ superior, ovate, two-celled, with two ovula
in each, attached to the top of the partition. Svyle short. Stigma
two-lobed.— Drupe nearly round, in size and colour much like the
common sloe, Prunus spinosa, one-celled. Nut conform to the seed,
thin and rather brittle than hard, one-celled.— Seed solitary, conform
to the nut. Integument single, thin.— Perisperm conform to the seed, —

- firm, pearl-colour.— Embryo inverse, shorter than the perisperm,

- and considerably narrower. Cotyledons ovate-lanceolate. Radicle su-
perior, -

CHIONANTHUS. Schreb. gen. N. 26.

Calyx four-parted. Corol one-petalled ; segments long. Germ two-

celled, two-seeded.— Drupe superior, one or two-seeded. Embryo |
inverse without perisperm. ici. iis ;

1. C. ramiflora. R.

Arboreous. Leaves opposite, broad-lanceolar, entire. Panicle be-
low the leaves.

-

A native of the Moluccas. Flowering time March and April. Seed
ripe in September. :
Trunk erect, bark smooth, ash-coloured ; branches opposite; young — |
shoots smooth, and round.— Leaves opposite, petioled,broad-lanceo-
lar, entire, acute, smooth on both sides ; length about six inches.— _
Petioles channelled, smooth, about an inch long.— Panicles oppo-

site, from the naked branches below the leaf-bearing shoots, ovate, -
brachiate, much lon 2

a j +
Flowers numerous, s

x

ger than the leaves, smooth in every part.—
mall, yellow.— Bractes opposite, lanceolate.—
Calys four- parted.—Corol to the base four-cleft, consequently there
is little or no-tube, segments of the border lanceolate, with incurv-
ed margias.— Filaments short and thick, inserted both on the base

Chionanthus. ^ mPIANDRIA MONOGYXNIA. 107

of the corol and the receptacle. Anthers a poleniferous groove on
each side of the short, thick filaments.— Style scarcely any. Stigma
four-lobed.— Drupe oblong, one-celled.— Nut oblong, striped, one-
celled. Perisperm none; Embryo in inverse. - Cotyledons conform to
the seed. ` : ;

2. C. Zeylanica. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 47.

Leaves opposite, short-petioled, obovate, entire, smooth. Racemes
axillary, often compound ; flowers ternary. Bractes ovate.

Linociera purpurea. Vahl. En. Pl. 1. 47. - r

Said to be a native of Coi

s. €. disehótónta: R. 95 ; : ; = S

Shrubby, dichotomus. Leaves cuneiform-lanceolar, recurved, en-
'tire. Racemes axillary ; pedicels three-flowered. ;

Native place Coromandel. The Asiatic synonima are uneertain. -
Flowering time in the Botanic Garden the month of March.

Trunk short ; bark dark ash-coloured, with many, elevated, light-
er coloured specks. Branches dichotomous throughout, very nu-
merous; height of the shrubs in the Botanic Garden, about seven feet
in seven years.— Leaves opposite, short-petioled, broad-cuneiform
lanceolar, entire, rather obtuse; surfaces smooth, texture hard; three
inches long by one broad ,— Racenes axillary, solitary, scarcely half
the length of the leaves. Pedicels sub-opposite, diverging, three-flow-
ered.— Flowers small, white, inodorous.—Calyr four-parted ; seg-
mentsovate, obtuse, villous.—Corol, the segments can scarcely be said
to be united at the base, except by the filaments, which are inserted on
` the bases of two, and in that manner form two pair ofsegments;they: are
nearly exact, taper a little, and have their margins much incurved.—
Filaments two short. Anthers large, with bifid apex. —Germ four-
sided, ovate, two-celled, with two ovula in each attached to the mid-
dle of the partition. Style short. Stigma obscurely two-lobed,—
Drupe superior, oval, or short obovate, size of a black currant, 8 sce

culent, when ripe purple, one-celled.— Nut Mount nde and
N2

108 DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Chionanthus.

tender, marked with four ribs from the apex to the base, with four
small, imperfect ones between, one-celled.— Seed solitary, conform
to the nut. Ditegument single, thin, and tender.— Perisperm none. -
Embryo inverse. Cotyledous conform to the seed.—Radicle patel- —
liform superior. ES.

A. C. ? smilacifolia. Wail.

Shrubby, scandent, with four-sided branches. Leaves oval, acu-
minate, three-nerved, gloucous. Panicle terminal and asillary, ra- j
mous, brachiate. :

A native of the forests of C Man where it is called Chunala-
ta. In the Botanic Garden it blossoms in April.

A rambling ever green ramous shrub, with ash-coloured separat-
ing bark.— Branches long and slender, acutely and exactly four-sid- |
ed, as well as the other parts of the plant gloucous, smooth.— ~
Leaves opposite, spreading, petioled, five to seven inches long,
about three inches broad, acute at the base, firm and leathery, upper
surface undulated (bullate) between the principal vessels, nerves and |
rib much elevated on the pale under surface, and uniting a little
above the base ; ; veins a few, reticulated. There are two additional
very thin nerves originating at the insertion of the petiole, which to-
gether with the preceding larger ones run along the margins of the
leaf, forming two arched sub-marginal veins on each side.— Petioles
scarcely an inch long, round, channelled above, articulated at the
_ base.—Stipules none.—- Panicles short-peduncled, pyramidate, acu-

minate, ramous, brachiate, about the size of the larger leaves.—

Peduncles four-sided, much sub-divided, the upper ones sub-alter- —
nate ; pedicels pubescent, slightly flattened.— Bractes lanceolate, ve-
ry small deciduous, opposite under each subdivision of the pa- ;
nicle.— Flowers small, almost scentless, ternate, sessile, smooth,
greenish yellow.—Calyz urceolate, inferior, with four lanceolate
acute erect, purple-margined teeth.— Corol infundibuliform, some-
what fleshy. Tube twice as long as the calyx, large, obscurely four-
sided, Limb four-parted, longer than the tube, spreading ; divisions

Schrebera. DlANDRIA MONOGYNIA., 109

linear clavate, equal, contracted at their base, thickened blunt and

slightly vertical at their end., .ifouth shut up by the anthers.—fi-

laments two subulate, inserted above the base of the tube.—Anthers

fleshy, with marginal cells, erect, scarcely elevated above the tube,
between two opposite fissures of the border.—Ovarium ovate, two-

celled; ovula solitary inserted at their base.— Styles (Stigmas ?)

two, sabulate, acute, parallel, very short.

Obs. This elegant shrub was introduced into the Garden in 1811,
and commenced blossoming five years afterwards. Not having ob-
served a single fruit Iam doubtful of its identity with Chionanthus,
under which however I have ad interim placed it. The erect posi-
tion of the ovula seems to indicate thatitbelongs tothe family of Jas-
mine, as limited by Mr. Brown in his matchless Prodromus Flore
Nove Hollandie ; in which case it may perhaps be found to consti-
tute a new genus. The estivation of the corol is valvate.—N. W.-

SCHREBERA. R.

Calyx bilabiate. Corol salver-shaped. Capsule superior, turbinate,
two-celled, two-valved. Seeds several, membrane-winged.

S. swietenioides. R. Corom. pl. 9. N. 101.

Teling.. Mucaadi.

Tam. Mogalinga marum. — —

A large timber tree, a native of vallies over thie adit tethers parts
of the Raja-mundri Circar, Balaghata mountains, &c. Flowering
time the beginning of the hot season.

Trunk erect. Bark scabrous. Branches numerous, spreading in
every direction, so as to forma large beautiful shady head.— Leaves
nearly opposite, petioled, pinnate with an odd one,. about a foot
long. Leaflets, three or four pair, opposite, short-petioled, the -
lowermost largest, and obliquely-ovate, or cordate, while those to- _
Wards the apex become narrower ; all are entire, pointed, smooth on
both sides, and about three or four inches long.— Petioles round,

“smooth.— Stipules none.— Pawicles terminal, thin, trichotomous.-
Bractes small, caducous Flowers rather small, white: and brown

110 onan: MONOGYNIA. : Eranthemum.

variegated, very a dating the night. a Cales beneath, tübülaf,
somewhat two-lipped; dips nearly equal, emarginate, sometimes -
there are two lateral toothlets, one on each side in the fissures which
separate the lips.—Corol one-petalled, salver-shaped. Tube cylindric,
three times longer then the calyx. Border spreading, divided into.
‘five, six or seven cuneate, truncate segments.— Filaments two, short,
inserted below the middle of the tube. Authers oblong, hid within
the tube of the corol.—Germ above, oval. Style a little longer than
the tube. Stigma bifid.— Capsule large, pear-shaped, size of a pul- E
let's egg, scabrous, very hard, two-celled, two-valved, opening from ;
the apex.—Seed four in each cell, they are irregularly oval, and
compressed, with a long membranaceous wing. E
Obs. The wood of this tree is of a grey colour, very close-graimal PE
heavy and durable. It is reckoned less subject to bend or warp than
any other hereabouts ; on which account it is employed by. weavers

in many parts of deir looms, particularly the beam. fti is also used —
for a great variety of other purposes. 2

I am inclined to think it would answer well for scales to NE
matical instruments ; it does not look so well as box, but its not be-
ing subject to warp may render it fitter; though not so handsome. |

ERANTHEMUM. Linn. Flor. Zeyl. 15.

Calyx five-cleft. Corol hypocrateriform ; border regular, or near-
ly so. Filaments four, two of them sterile. Capsule two-celled, two-
valved, bursting with elasticity opposite to the partition.

1. E. montanum. R. =
Shrubby, diffuse. Leaves oblong, acute. Spikes cael, aes

tes linear, hairy.
‘Justica montana. R. Ot PI. 9. N. 176. PA
A small, straggling, jointed, under shrub ; a uative of the Circar
.mountains, flowers during the cool season. i
Stems many, striated, jointed, smooth, leaning on the ground, and
rooting at the joints, young shoots four-sided.— Leaves opposite,

Eranthemum. - PIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 111

petioled, oval and oblong, pointed, running down the petioles, from
three to four inches long, and about two broad.— Spikes many, ter-
minal, erect, slender. Peduncles four-sided.— Bractes exterior op-
posite, decussate, linear acute, hairy, one-flowered. Bracteoles two
to each ilower, pressing laterally the calyx, and like the exterior,
but much smaller.— Flowers opposite, solitary, decussate, very pale
blue.—Calyx five-parted ; seg ments ;subulate.— Corol with a very
long, and very slender tube, border of five equal obovate truncate, -
` pale blue segments.— Filaments. short. Authers single, oblong, with-

in the tube of the corol.—Style length. of | the tube of the corol. Stig-

ma unequaliy bifid, appearing just without the tube. — Capsule li-

near-obloug, compressed, pointed, two-celled, two-valved, opening
across the partition, with an elastic jeik.— Seeds two in each, com-

s pressed.

9. E. pulchellum. Andrews. Repos. vol. i. 88.
` Shrubby, erect. Leaves ventricose-oblong. Spikes terminal, im-
bricated. Bractes ovate-oblong.

Justicia pulchella. Roxb. Corom. Pl. 2. No. 177.

Justicia nervosa. Vahl. En. Pl. 1. . 164.

Beng. Kaila-Jati.

Hind. Gool-sham.

A most beautiful, stout, flowering shrub; a native of dry: uncul-
tivated, shady | places, over various parts of India, flowering time the |
cold season. It is generally in its full beauty in February.

—— Stems many, erect, and ascending, or nearly so ; two or three feet
high. Branches many ; young shoots four-sided, smooth.— Leaves _
Opposite, short-petioled, oblong, waved, pretty smooth ; from six to
nine inches long, and from three to four broad ; they are of a much
deeper and brighter green than in E. montana, which this resembles.
Most.— Spikes terminal.— Bractes disposed as in the former, but.
larger, broader, ciliate, and much sagre to each quac

via s PI ANDRIA MONOGYNIA. ^". Eranthemum. |

as in the former but larger, and of a deep bright blue pup :
E Gd and seeds as in E. montana.

3. E. suffruticosum. R.
. Shrubby, erect. Leaves, ovate-oblong, smooth. Spikes termival;
bractes wedge-shaped, naked. Stamens within the tube.

4A native of the Andaman islands, from thence several plants
were brought to the Botanic Garden, by Colonel Kyd ; and are now
(March 1797) in blossom. It is a small shrub, and of slow growth.

"Stem and branches sub-erect, jointed; the younger somewhat fout
sided and a little hairy.— Leaves opposite, short-petioled, oblong,
and ovate-oblong, somewhat repand, smooth on both sides.—Spikes
terminal, flowers opposite.— Bractes three-fold, one-flowered, the
exterior large, wedge-shaped, and naked; the interior daggered.— Co-
rol ; tube length of the exterior bractes. Border regularly five part- |
ed, pale blue.— Stamens two, abortive filaments issuing from the
base of the two fertile ones. Anthers half hid inthe tube of the corol.

4. E. diantherum. R.
Suffruticose, erect. Leaves broad-lanceolar, smooth. Racemes

terminal, in axillary, peduncled umbellets, Cored somewhat bila-
biate. Anthers twin. .

A small delicate, perennial plant, brought from the Moluccas in
1800, blossomed in the Botanic Garden in September 1801. -

Stem curved, simple ; branches few in our small young plants.—
Leaves opposite, petioled, ovate-oblong, entire, obtuse, destitute of.
pubescence, somewhat bulate ; about two or three inches long, by
oue broad.— Flowers numerous, collected on small, long-peduncled,
axillary umbellets ; and in opposite fascicles, or solitary, on a long
terminal, slender, erect raceme; small, white, with a slight ting?
of red, and some minute red spots on the base of the middle divisi-
ons of the under lips.— Bractes, a single, ensiform one, at ee base

Eranthemum. DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. '— M3

^

of each peduncle, with one or two, still smaller, about the middle
of each pedicel.—Ca/yz divided almost to the baseinto five slender,
acute divisions.— Coro! ; tube long, slender, and curved. Border
sub-bilabiate : upper lip erect, two-parted ; lower three-cleft ; all. the
five segments equal .—Filaments four, short, in the mouth of the tube,
two of them very minute, and abortive. Anthers erect, twin.—Cap-
sule with two, or four, somewhat scabrous flattened orbicular seeds.

Obs. Is nearly allied to my E. racemosum, but differs from it in
having long, slender-peduncled fascicles of flowers in the axills of the
leaves, as well as in having from one to three or more flowers on
each of the lower opposite peduncles of the. racemes, while in that
there is only one; and lastly, in having Beseperiipat ty meee
ly two-parted, which in that is three-cleft. - + divest din

5. E. racemosum. R.

Suffruticose. Leaves oblong, ventricose. Racemes terminal ; “coro
somewhat bilabiate, both lips three-parted.

A small, under shrub, of great beauty, brought into the Botanic
Garden from the Moluccas, in 1798 ; and blossomed in N ovember,
1799.

Stem small, with a few, slender branches ; height of the whole
plant a about two feet.— Leaves opposite, petioled, oblong, ventricose,
and running. down ou the petiole, entire, and pretty’ smooth ; from
two to three inches long, and broad in proportion.— Racemes termi-
nal, some of them long, and slender ; others shorter.—Flowers op-
posite, pedicelled, approximate, pretty large, colour a pale pink, or
white, tinged with red.— Bractes subulate, one at the base of each
pedicel, and two on it.— Calyx; divisions equal, and subulate — Carol
infundibuliform ; border somewhat bilabiate; both lips three-parted,
the under one mente larger.—J@laments four, short, . inserted ee:
Within the mouth Vilis am two of. dha indie an, abor :
e Ani emet:

b kc: > PE fa BR ep teen
pe Y * SAF Ee E kon dot. Mo SL EE ae

114 - DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Eranthemum.

t 6. E.: .sBailrioides. Roxb.

- Shrubby, erect. Leaves ovate oblong, smooth. Spikes wiii ;
- Bractes wedge-shaped, naked. Stamens within the long slender tube,
adjomed to them are two abortive filaments.

- A native of the Andaman Islands, from whence several plants were
brought to the Botanic Garden, by Colonel Kyd, which blossom in
March: It is a small shrub, and of slow growth. ;

Stem and branches sub-erect, jointed, the younger somewhat four-
sided, and a little hairy.— Leaves opposite, short-petioled, oblong
and ovate-oblong, somewhat repand, smooth on both sides.— Spikes
terminal; flowers opposite.— Bractes three-fold, one-flowered, the.
exterior large, wedge-shaped, and naked ; the interior daggered.—Co-
rol; tube length of the exterior bractes. Border regularly five-par«
ted, pale blue.—$S/amens, two abortive filaments issuing from the
base of the two fertile ones. Anthers half bid in the tube of the
corol. l ' i

7. E. strictum. Colebr.

. Suffruticose erect pubescent, with ascending decussate simple
branches. Leaves lanceolar, obscurely crenulated. ` Spikes terminal,
slender, much elongated. Bractes opposite, fourfold, remote, one-
flowered. :

A native of the mountains near Sylhet, and from thence intro-
duced into the Botanic Garden in 1813, where, it produces its
beautiful large blossoms in succession iu the months of January,
February, and March.

Bengalee name Neel-V asooka.

A. small shrub of about four or five feet in Bishi, slightly alii
with short hair.—Stem almost round, jointed, sending forth four-
sided slender branches in remote pairs.— Leaves about four inches
long, acute at each end; their margins somewhat revolute and cre-
nulate, smooth and shining, of a peculiar greyish-green colour above,
very pale, with prominent, hairy, and reticulated nerves and veins be-
low. ‘The uppermost or floral leaves, at the base of the spikes, ap- —

Justicia, DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 115

proach to the sizeand figure of the bractes.—Peftoles about an inch
long, flattened-nbove, and slightly marginated by the decurrent base
of the leaf.—Spikes solitary, erect, from one to two feet long.—
Rachis sharply four-sided, almost four-winged.— Flowers large dark-
` blue, opposite in alternate pairs, which become remote as the spike
elongates.— Bractes adpressed imbricating, with their ends cune- `
ate-lanceolar, dark green, acute, ciliate, about an inch long ; the
lowermost barren and becoming floral leaves.—Jnterior two very
small, scarcely longer thanthe five calycinesegments, ana like them
linear, pubescent.—Tube of the corol slender, pubescent slightly
enlarged towards the mouth, about twice the length of the outer
; bracte.— Segments obovate truncate spreading and flat, equal, very
pale below.— Two filiform barren stamina between the Jilaments,
Anthers in the mouth of the corol with parallel cells.—N. W.

JUSTICIA. Schreb. gen. N. 35.

Coral one-petalled, irregular. Capsule superior, two-celled, two-
valved, bursting with elasticity contrary to the partition.

Sect. 1st. Anthers single.

|. 1. J.. Ecbolium. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Wilid. 1. 85.

Shrubby, erect. Spikes terminal, four-sided. Bractes oval, ciliate. .
Corol bilabiate, tube filiform ; upper lip linear, reflexéd, with bipartite
apex. Capsule two-seeded. « 2613

Carim curini, .Rheed. mal. 2. t. 20. €

Hind. Oodoo-jati. | z

A natiya of our Indian forests. flours the greatest part of the
year. |

Stems several, woody, straight, round, smooth, jointed, and swell-
ed above the joints; from two to four feet high.— Leaves opposite, .
Petioled, oval, tapering a little towards each end, smooth, a little
waved.— Spikes terminal, four-sided, imbricated with four rows af ?
large, oval, sharply serrated, waved, one-flowered, bractes.— 7 j=
ersa pale blue or azure colour.— Coroi ; tube p long and slender,

02

116 ces . DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. `. Justi —

upper lip linear, reflexed, becoming revolute, apex bifid; under lip
very broad, three-parted.—Anthers simple, linear, erect.— Stigma :
rene ciliate.— Capsule two-seeded. PE

-

2. J. thrysiftora. R. be:
Shrubby, erect, smooth. Leaves lanceolar, drooping. Racemes |
terminal, flowers verticilled, Corol sub- bilabiate, clavate, ten or
twelve-seeded. 7 20D
"This beautiful stately species is a native of the interior part of
Bengal, and from thence was. introduced by Dr. William Carey,
into the Botanic Garden, where it flowers 1 in January and February ;
and the seeds are ripe in March and April.
Root ramous.— Stem straight, woody. Branches nearly str aight, ge
neral ‘height from four to eight feet ; 3 woody parts round and cover- -
ed with smooth ash-coloured bark ;. young shoots smooth, swelled
at the insertion of the leaves, somewhat four-sided, and tinged with
"dull puiple —Leaves opposite, ‘short-petioled, drooping, lanceolat,
‘entire, smooth on both sides, of a firm texture, the upper side deep
green, the under side pale ; length from four to eight inches, and -
from one to two broad. -- Racemes - terminal, often solitary, though
sometimes two, or even three-fold, ‘thyrsiform, shape of the flame -
of a candle, crowded with large orange-coloured flowers.— Pedicels
four-fold, verticilled, ‘approximate, one-flowered, ‘shorter than. the.
divisions of the calyx.— Bractes three-fold, subulate ; the inner two
permanent, and inserted on the base of the pedicels ; ‘the exterior
_ single one larger and caducous.—Calyx simple, five-cleft, to the base
divisions equal, straight, subulate, half the length of the tube of ! the
Spral, oraal ghost an inch dong, Tubei incurred A nme lates

t.

Justicia. DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. eg es 117

—Style scarcely so long as the stamina. Stigma entire.—Capsule
liaear-clavate, smooth.—Seeds five or six in each cell.

Obs. This is one of the most beautiful species of Justicia I have
yet met with in India, even wen only in foliage. It grows readily
from cuttings.

3.9. vitellina: R:

Shrubby, erect. Leaves Wivàd-langopiar; reflexed, smooth. Ra-
cemes terminal, cylindric: ; flowers opposite; below fascicled, about _
the middle tern, and above single; sub-ringent, with ample-campa- -
mulate throat. Capsule linear, few-secded. — .

A native of the hilly parts of pieces where it blossoms i in Fe-
bruary and March. dpa

Stems scarcely any; but several, erect, stiff, short deren A |
their ultimate tender divisions four-sided, the angles sharp, and rather
tough ; whole height of full grown plants about three feet.— Leaves
opposite, short-petioled, reflexed, from oblong to- lanceolar, -entire
and pretty smooth ; length from two to four inches, by from one to two
broad.— Racemes terminal, solitary, rigidly erect, cylindric; from
three to six inches long. Rachis four-angled.— Flowers rather small,
colour yellowish pink, on the lower part of the raceme in opposite
fascicles, about its middle in threes on common very short peduncles
and pedicels ; above single.— Bractes to the single flowers solitary,
_ to thelower three. —Calyz single, five-parted ; divisions broad-subu-
late. —Corol with the tube shorter than the calyx, and an ample-
campanulate throat ; border sub-bilabiate ; upper lip projecting almost
horizontally, bifid ; lower lip broad, and three-parted. — Filaments
much curved, hairy near the base. Anthers single, linear, lodged

under the upper lip of thecorol — Germ two-celled, about four ovula
in each.—Stigma simple, obtuse. — Capsule linear, smooth.

Iur R. i:
oH erect, smooth. Lessespposites ovate-lanceolate.. «ii

11$ DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. - Justicia. |

terminal, and axillary. > Flowers remote. Coro? with filiform tube,
and bilabiate border. - |

This very pretty plant, a native of the great Andaman, was
broughtfrom thence to the Botanic Garden, by Capt. Stokoe: Flow-
ering time the beginning of the hot season.

Stemerect,round, smooth, while young swelled above the inser-
tions of theleaves.— Leaves opposite, short-petioled, oblong, waved,
‘smooth and shining on both sides.—Spikes numerous, terminal, and
axillary, spreading, with a considerable recurvature, longer than .

the leaves, round, and smooth.—Flowers opposite, remote, pure

white.— Bractes, three small ones to each flower, shorter than the :
calyx.—Corol ; tube long, straight, filiform ; upper lip of two, erect,
wedge-shaped divisions united below the middle; under lip three-
parted ; divisions broader and pointing downwatds-=- Filaments
short. Anthers just. without the tube.

s iih: Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 88.

Shrubby, erect. Leaves broad-lanceolate, pointed. Racemes, sub-
globular. Tube of the corol widening, vertically opis margins
of the segments of the border revolute.

Tsjude-maram. Rheed. mal. 6. p. 111. t. 60.

Folium bracteatum. Rumph. amb. 4. p. 73. t. 30.

A large, elegant, ramous shrub, common in gardens, and one of our
finest ornaments. I never saw it wild; is in flower most part ofthe year.

Leaves opposite, short-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, smooth-pointed, -
generally variegated with large white spots, though sometimes of a
uniform green, and we have a variety with the leaves uniformly ferru-
ginous.— Racemes terminal, short, erect, smooth.— Flowers large,
generally of a beautiful crimson colour.— Bractes opposite ; below

three or four-flowered ; above one-flowered.—Corol, throat com-

pressed, divisions of the border soon after they expand becoming

spirally revolute, with their inside wrinkled, and — oma- |
mented with small- chrystalline: specks, -

Justicia. DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 119

6. J. paniculata. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 89.

Herbaceous, erect, four-sided, brachiate. Leaves sub-sessile, lan-
ceolate. Racemes terminal ; flowers secund erect. Corol bilabiate ;
lips linear, revolute. Anthers coalesced, and bearded at the base.—
Capsules linear, many-seeded.

Beng. Kala-megh, Kalup-nath, or Muha-tita; the last name im-
plies King of bitters, and a very powerful, much esteemed: one it is.

Kreat is the name by which it is known on the Malabar coast,
&c. where it is much used in medicine, and : is the sone of the fa-
mous Nbstrum, called Drogue amere.

. Cara-canirum. Rheed. mal. 9. . p. 109. t be

` Teling..Nella-vemoo. — —
` A native of dry ground, under tlie shade of trees, bushes, &c. Flow-
ering and seed time, the wet and cold season.

Stem erect, generally annual, at least down to the root, branchy ;
slender, four-sided, jointed, smooth, one to two feet high. Branch-
es opposite, cross-armed, four-sided, spreading.— Leaves opposite,
short-petioled, lanceolate, entire, smooth ; two or three inches long.
—Racemes terminal, and from the exterior axills, horizontal, long
secund, four-sided.— Flowers remote, rose-coloured, long-pedicel-
led, alternate, erect, downy.— Bractes, a large, exterior, opposite
pair ; within the flower-bearing one there are two smaller, embrac-
ing the base of the pedicels.— Corol, bilabiate. Tube recurved;
lips linear, and reflected ; the; superior broadest, three-toothed ; the
inferior two-toothed.— Filaments as long as the lips of the corol,
Projecting, hairy. Anthers very flat, obovate, firmly united at the
base, and three-bearded .— Capsule erect, Pics bury: — Seeds three
or four i in cach cell, n s ;

fe? echioides. lon Sp. Pl. ed. Wild. 1. p: 87. | me
Aunual, erect, four-sided, hairy. Leaves sessile, decussate, ob-

long and linear.- Spikes axillary, recurved over the bosoms of Le i
ves, secund. Capsule oblong, with diu verrucose seeds. -

120° Pe DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Justicia.

Peestumba. " Rheed. mal. 9. t. 46.
—A native of Coromandel, and generally found on old walls ;
dower all the year.

—Stem annual, erect, four-sided, hairy, with ascending, ese
similar branches from the base ; whole height about a foot,— Leaves
opposite, decussate, sessile, from oblong tolinear, obtuse; recurved,
hairy ; from one or two inches long.— Spikes axillary, spreading out `
over the bosom of the leayes, and in general shorter than them; in
luxuriant plants compound.-- Bractes opposite, small, lanceolate, hai-
ry.— Flowers alternate, sessile, erect, upper lip purple, the rest white.
, —Calyz of five, long, hairy, ensiform divisions,—Corol bilabiate. d
Tube sub-cylindric, upper lip erect, broad, and trifid, under lip mare
rower, recurved, and bidentate. Filaments projecting, straight, and
about as long as the lips of the corol. Anthers simple, united and
_ bearded at the base.— Capsule oblong, erect, hairy, length of the ca-
site generally two in each cell, oblong, rough.

=

8. zi polysperma. R.

„Annual, creeping, round, jointed. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, dow-
ny. Spikes imbricated. Bractes three-fold, one-flowered, woody.
Capsules with from twenty to thirty seeds.

Beng. Chhota-micheta. E

Is a native of Bengal ; appears during the cold season amongst
grass, &c. uncultivated places. ;

- Stems diffuse, or creeping, very ramous, six to Hage ty inches long,
round, jointed, a little downy.— Leaves opposite, sessile, lanceolate, e
entire, downy.— Spikes terminal, and axillary, imbricated with opp: "
site, decussated flowers, and bractes.— Flowers small, pale blue— —
Bractes three-fold, one-flowered, the lower one broader a little than
thé two lateral, ali are w oolly.— Calyx woolly.— Capsules [ness con-
taining from iMt to thirty, < small Folio quis seeds.

y E J. acaulis. Lin SP. Pl. ed heed E Reto Carn pi
127. ; d

Justigia.. | DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 12i-

Root perennial, stemless. ` Leaves radical, sessile, ovate-oblong,
crenate. Spikes ouem nijat: Corol ringent. Capsules many-
seeded.

Elytraria crenata. Vahl. Enum. plant. 1. iea

Teling. Nella mura.

Grows on pasture ground, generally under the shadé of trees.
Flowering and seed time the wet, and cold season.

Root perennial.— Stem none.— Leaves radical, spreading close on
the ground, sessile, wedge-form or oblong, crenulated, rugose, woolly
on the under side ; from six to twelve inches long. — Spikes radical,
several, às long as, or longer than the leaves, ascending, imbricated :
from tgp to. bottom, with small, rigid, pointed bractes, each of the
superior ones embracing a flower, and two small lateral bract
-Flowers small, white.— Calyz five-leaved , the superior leaflets idi t
the largest.— Corol; tube cylindric, recurved ; upper lip vaulted, un=
der lip broad, three-parted, with the divisions two-parted.—Cap-
sules conical, eight-seeded.— Seeds kidney-form.

Sect. 2. Corols bilabiate. Anthers double. ~

10. J. nasuta. Vahl. Symb. 2 . 15. Linn. Sp. Pi. ed. Willd. 1. 90..

Shrubby, erect. Leaves short-petioled, lanceolate. Panicle axil-
lary and terminal. Upper lip of the corol linear, and bidentate ; A
der lip broad, three-lobed.

"Pul-colii, Rheed. mal. 9. 135. t. 69.

~ Sans. atearqut, Fere

Beng. Jooi-patia.

Teling. and Tamul. N aga-mulli.

. This species I have only found in gardens : from whence i it origi-
nally came, I cannot say. Flowers all the year round, but never ri-
pens its seed, owihg, I imagine, to its being always propagated by -
cuttings, layers, or slips. It grows to be a large thin shrub, of u
or more feet in height. :

Root woody, pameds Spo many, erect, ramous, ee uA c woo-

- >

E ss ,

122 DIANDRJA -MONOGYNIA, Susticia,

dy parts round, and covered with pretty smooth Ukay bark ;
the tender branches, and young shoots. jointed, smooth, and obso-

letely six-seeded.— Leaves opposite, petioled, broad-lanceolate, :
point obtuse, above smooth, below a little downy, entire ; from two i

to four inches long, and from one to two broad.— Panicles corym-
biform, axillary, dy terminal, always three-cleft, as also the sub-
divisions.— Peduncles and pedicels short, round, a little dówny.—

Bractes minute. — f lowers small, white.— Corol with a long, slender

compressed tube; under lip broad, three-cleft, upper lip erect, lines —

ar, sides Ted. apex bifid.— Nectary, a fleshy ring surrounding | d

the base of the germ.— Anthers without the tube, twin — Capsule; —

zi have not seen it.

*.

Obs. Milk boiled on the roots, is reckoned, by the Indian physici- j 4

ans aphrodisiacal, and as such often. employed ; for no medicines |
are more sought after by. the natives of India than those which: are r

imagined t to belong to that class. |...

"T'he roots rubbed, with lime uit aes pepper, are ats E rs ü

ten with good effect, to cure the ^réag worms, or Herpes miliaris,,

which i in India i is a most troublesome disease, and very common.
They are also used for. the bite of poisonous snakes; hence the

Telinga and Tamul name ‘Naga mulli, or Jasmine of the "Cobra

de. capella : ‘Naga i is therefore prefixed to the name of most. of their s
antidotes, or medicines supposed to destroy the effect of poison, : and d
occurs very often in their writings. For like the ancient Physicians E

of Greece, Rome, &c. those of India at this. day, make poisons, and

:

-

their antidotes, a very chief part of their studies; but from the seem- : :

ing inactivity of a very large share of them, we may safely conclude,
that their practice is equally frivolous with that of the 2 ancients, and

ought to be discouraged as as much as possible ; because atleast, ther ue

: RE: the application of ı more efficacious remedies.

= fe Qi gv

IDE "ideis R. ; l
Shrubby, erect. Leaves petioled, lanceolar, smooth. Fascicles
terminal, panicled, clammy, from two to four-flowered, embraced

Justicia. DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. — 122

by many, long, ensiform, bractes.. Tube of the corol curved, and
twisted ; upper lip three-dentate, under lip entiré.
This beautiful shrub, is a native of the Silhet district, where it is

called Toogee. Flowering time the cold season.

. Stems erect, or nearly so, branches round arid smooth, and while t
. young, swelled just above the insertion of the leaves; whole height

from two to four feet.— Leaves opposite, petioled, lanceolar, (that
| is tapering equally at each” end) entire, acute, smooth ; from three
or six inches long by one or two broad. —Flowers numerous,
large and rosy, collected in numerous, t minal, clammy fasicles
of from two to four each, and embraced - by i numerous, ensiform, ,
clammy bractes, like a common calyx, and longer than the p proper
perianths ; the whole forming a pretty large panicle at the. end of
each branch —Calyx five-parted ; segments ensiform, smooth. ae
vol; tube long, slender, curved outward, and like my J. speciosa, late-
brosa, &c. has a half twist ; which, as in the orchidee, brings the lower
lip uppermost. Border Wilibiife lips nearly equal, oblong ; the su-
perior, in its inverted state, three-toothed ; the inferior entire.—
Filaments from the mouth of the tube of the corol; shorter than the
lips, and projecting straight over the under one. Anthers double, one
at the end of the other, forming one straight liné ; the exterior half
of the posterior one being attached to the apex of the E ad
to o the nese of the erie anther.

12. 3. speciosa. R.

Perennial, erect. Leaves othe totaal: eis axillary and
terminal, proliferous, few-flowered. Bractes opposite, foliaceous.
‘Corol bilabiate, tube curved, and twisted ; LM equal ; upper « one
tridentate, lower one bidentate.

— Anative of the interior parts of Bengal, where it blossoms during
the cold season, -— is then 'one of the greatest ornaments a fis :
forests. : ums i j ES

Stems erect, je. bia few, and erect. Bark ste lig-
ins RE s EE iuum ELE

AL met

124 - DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Justicia. — Y

-

nous parts ash-coloured ; of the young shoots hogi and green,
— Leaves opposite, decussate, petioled, ovate-cordate, entire, ra-

ther obtuse, a little wrinkled; from one to four inches long.—JPe-

duncles axillary, often proliferous and much longer than the petio- a

les, supporting two, or three flowers.— Flowers large, beautiful, -
bright carmine colour. —Bractes, or floral leaves opposite, sessile,

from ovate to lmear.—Calyr simple, divided almost to the base —

; 4

into five ensiform, equal portions.—Corol ; tube long, slender, curve ^

ed, villous, and somewhat twisted ; upper lip linear-oblong, recurv-

ed over the tube, apex three-toothed, at the base some dark colour-

ed spots ; under lip broad lanceolate, pointing directly to the earth, ur

apex slightly two-toothed.— Filaments inserted in the mouth of 2 ; ]
tube of the corol, nearly as long as its border, and, with the lower —

lip, pointing downwards. Anthers double, linear, purple, with pale |
coloured pollen.—Style as long as the stamens, and beyond the tube —
taking the same direction with them. - Stigma slightly emarginate.
— Capules pedicelled, with two seeds in each cell.

AS tinctoria. R. 1

Shrubby. Leaves petioled, ovate-oblong. Flowers ee hel
cicled, involucred. — An/Aers linear.

1

Folium tinctorium. Rumph. amb. vi. eae tab, xxii, f. 1.

Beng. Batia-rung. i
Found in the woods about Calcutta, in full lower in October.
Stem scarcely any; branches numerous, sub-erect; young shoots.

. jointed and swelled above the joints, round a little downy — Leaves >

opposite, petioled, oblong, entire, covered with a little harsh pubes- —
cence, two to three inches long. — Peduncles terminal, forming. the
exterior axills, each supporting some few fascicles, of four to six- ses-
sile fowers.— Bractes of the peduncles and pedicels opposite, those.

of the flowers, or rather, the involucres subulate, opposite, sessile, b

near oblong, cordate, entire, unequal ; the upper one being the larg-
` est, and incumbent over the others, and the flowers they contain : iof.
the calyx small.— Flowers sessile, large, of a beautiful deep pink co-

"

Justicia. — — DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. * 125

lour, opening in succession.— Calyx five-toothed.— Corol, tube length
of the largest involucres, filiform, having a small twist near the apex.
Border two-parted, both divisions oblong, the upper one three-tooth-
ed.— Nectary a gaping cup in which.the germ rests.—S/amens pro-
jecting. Anthers two on each filament. —Siyle rather longer than
the stamens. Stigma obtuse.
é

14. J. bivalois. Linn. S. Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 89.

Shrubby. Leaves lanceolate. Peduncles axillary, and terminal,
three to six cleft ; lateral pedicels often trifid ; ultimate divisions bear-
ing a small head of sessile flowers, between eg unequal, linear
bractes. Capsule clavate. _
oe native of the Moluccas. Be : E.

- Folium tinctorium of Rumphius, quotted ondar the pocos.
species, does not so well agree with J. bivalvis. I think Adel-
Odagam, Rheed. mal. ix. 81. t. 43. belongs to neither of them.

“15. J.-chinensis. Vahl. En. Pl. 1. 110. |

Perennial, retroflex, Leaves cordate. Umbellets axillary, from
three to five, and with the pedicels (from three to five), distichous,
involucels obovate, unequal. Capsules round and thin.

_ J. chinensis, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 80. Burm. ind. 8. t 4.
Ff. 1. is bad if intended for this plant.

A middle-sized, straggling, suffruticose species introduced from:
China j into the Botanic Garden, where it flowers from August, till
December. :

Stem scarcely any ; branches. Vus senrosly ligneous, straggling
aud. ascending, slender, somewhat six-angular, pretty smooth ;

^ striking root where they rest on the ground ; from one to two feet
long.— Leazes opposite, petioled, ovate-cordate, entire, somewhat
acuminate, smooth, from one to two inches long.— Peduncles axillary,
j from three to five in each axil, distichous; of various length, each sup-
, Porting a little, distichous umbellet of from three to five, one or two-
flowered, short pedicels.— Involucres of the pedicels two, subulate,

ku

126 DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Justicia.

opposite, `of the flowers two, scie; unequal, obovate, or oblong-
ventricóse, embracing between them one or two, complete flowers,

and one or tworudiment.— Bractes (or inner calyx), ensiform, two to

each flower, and rudiment.— Flowers small, pale-pink.—Calyr five-
parted, segments ensiform.—Corol ; tube length of the involucres, a
little twisted.— Border bilabiate, upper lip linear, three-toothed ;
under lip oval, and slightly emarginate.— Anthers two on each fila-
ment, purple.— Capsule pedicelled, small, flat, round, vinous two-
celled, with two thin round seeds in each cell.

Obs. I have two varieties (if not distinct species) from the Coast :

of Coromandel.: In the first, the leaves are much narrower, and run
more down on the petioles, and, with the bractes of the flowers,

longer, more cuspidate, and ciliate. In the second variety, the leaves ;

‘are cuneiform-lanceolate, and the bractes of the flower broad-oft

ae x cali SÉ S : pe "A

36. $ v ee Kon. MSS.
Herbaceous, branches straggling, round, PERTE dl petio-

éd, cordate-oblong, pointed. ^ "Tube of the corol twisted, lips al~

most equal; the upper one prisco the lower one bidentate.
Seeds solitary.

Grows always among bushes, or under ide shade, in a 2 dry barren i

soil. Floweri ng time, the wet and cold seasons.
Root perennial —Stem scarcely any ; branches many, straggling,

weak, round, smooth, jointed, ramous.— Leaves opposite, petioled, !

_cerdate-oblong, pointed, entire, smooth ; size very various.—

' Flowers terminal, large, of a bright red. eohi aiT numerous,

lanceolate,—Calyz single.—Corol ; tube twisted at the middle; lips
equal, linear ; the upper one three-toothed and the under one emar-
gmate.— Stamens a as long as the lips of the corol, projecting- along

the under lip. .Anthers double.—Stigma "o two-
‘seeded, one in. each cell.

eh

Justicia, — DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 127

17. J. bicalyculata. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 81.
Annual, erect, six-sided, scabrous. Leaves short-petioled, ovate-

cordate, oblong, pointed, calyx double; tube of the corol twisted;
border bilabiate, seeds solitary.

Dianthera malabarica, Suppl. 85.

J. malabarica. Ait. Hort. Kew. 1. 97, :

J. ligulata. Lam. illustr. 1. 40. t. 12. f. % Cavan. icon. 1. 52.
i71. ird | :

Beng. Nasa-bhaga.

Teling- Chebiera. .

A poor looking plant, a ‘native of rubbish, oad sides, a and Lhedges
Flowering time the wet, and cold s seasons. —

Stem . erect, annual, ramous, six-angled, jointed, scabrous, and .
hairy, from three to five feet high.— Leaves: opposite, petioled, ovate-
cordate, hairy, somewhat scabrous, size very various.— Flowers ter- |
‘minal, and axillary, numerous, red, generally three-fold, orratber sub-
panicled, and divided by threes.— Bractes small.—Calyx* double, or
rather some bractes embracing the proper perianth.— —Tube of the
corol. with a half twist about the middle ; upper lip narrowest, line-
ar, three-toothed ; lower lip broad, oblik, emarginate. — Filaments
shorter than the corol, projecting along the under lip. Anthers red,
two ae each filament — Capsules four-seeded, two in each cell.

sefi . Sect. 3. Corols ringent. Anthers double, « o mie
d J. Adhatoda. Willd. 1. e ue ine =
b-arboreous. Leaves broad-lanceolar. Spikes short, Káng pida.
cled; ; exterior bractes ovate, permanent. A rae: ringent, das ne HD íi
vaulted, and Ae 5
Sans. Iaa Vidyumatri, fidt Singhee, sig ar + Vas, gus
Mes Boa: ‘Uturoosha, fex Singhasbya, s arga» pr :
a, ka, aif sraeqq., Vajiduntuka. ee T me
Hind. and Beng. Bakus, Vasooka. - : ra is: p Eur

dif 21

* The "iir calyx may be called common, for tdm are ed mime s
* more than: one e flower i in. it, which often B ipande kage ows F

128 ‘DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Justicia. -
ki s

This small tree or large shrub, is common over most parts of |

India. Flowering time the cold season. E

Trunk straight, bark pretty smooth, ore R Ey sub-

erect with bark like that of the trunk, but smoother.— Leaves oppo-

site, short-petioléd, broad-lanceolar, long, taper-pointed, smooth on-

both sides, about five or six inches long, and one and a half broad.

_— Spikes from the exterior axills, solitary, long-peduncled, the whole ;

end of the branchlet forming a leafy panicle, flower-beari ing portion
short, and covered with large bractes.—Flowers opposite, large,
with small ferruginous dots; the lower part of both lips.streaked —

with purple. — Bractes three- fold, opposite, one-flowered. Exterior
one of the three, large, ovate, obscurely five-nerved. Interior pair, :

much smaller, and sub-lanceolate ; all are permanent. — Calyx five-,
parted to the base; divisions ibd equal— Corol rimgeut. Ti ube
short ; throat auper upper lip vaulted, emarginate ; lower lip dor ee

and deeply three-parted; both streaked with parie — Filamenta: es

long, resting under the vault of the upper lip. Anthers twin.
Obs. The wood is soft, and esteemed very fit for making charcoal
for por pow der,

19. J. decussata. "ut : ics tbe

Shrubby, erect ; branches twiggy, villous, and Jeca, eaves
from ovate to oblong. Flowers in opposite. fasciculi on the leafless |
branchlets.: Anthers-double, all calcarate.

A tall, stout shrubby plant, a native of the country aide Ran-

goon ; and from thence introduced into the Botanic Garden, where a

it is in flower during the mouth of February and March.

Stem straight to the top of the plant, ligneous ; in two yéars, od |

plants as thick as a "walking cane. Branches regularly Lam.
straight, all the younger shoots villous, and as they shoot : into flow-
er nearly leafless.— Leaves | short-petioled, ovate-oblong, entire, pret-
ty smooth ; from three to twelve inches long — Flowers in numer-
ous, a little opposite . fascicles, of three to six, appearing subverti-
celled, over the slender, leafless twigs, subsessile, pale rose colour.- pss

- *

Justicia. -DIANDRIA: MONOGYNIA. 129:

Bractes numerous, slender, and very downy.— Calyz five-parted ;
segments ensiform, villous.— Corol ringent; tube gibbous near the
base ; upper lip sub-lancéolaté, concave, erect; under lip broad and
three-lobed.—- Filaments nearly as long as the upper lip ; apex much
enlarged. Anthers two on each filament, all with a calcarate base.—

Germ oblong, sitting in a large, glandular, yellow ri ring. = the length
of the nihi, Stigma tele |

20. Diisi * Linn. 55: Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 87.
"Shrubby, diffuse, smooth. Leaves ore. T sa ter-
mine sub-verticelled. Lower anthers — eat

Wada-Kodi. Rheed. mal.9.p. 79.1.49. 0 0
"éUtenifirüióa: Rumph. Amb. 4. p. 70. t. ug — IÜÁà
Beng. Jugut-mudun. j o ASSET han ia

A handsome shrub. I have never met with it wild, butin gardens
itis common, and grows readily from slips and cuttings ; it is in flow-

er during the wet season chiefly. I am told it is indigenous on the
Malay Islands. |

- Stem scarcely any. Branches numerous, long, straggling, except
` when kept cut, they are then more erect. Bark of the young parts
. generally dark purple, and very smooth ; in some varieties green.—
. Leaves opposite, short-petioled, lanceolar, obtuse, frequently a little

scolloped, smooth ; nerve and veins dark purple, from three to ‘six
inches long, and from half an inch to aninch broad.—Spikes terminal,
erect, verticelled .—Anthers double, the lower ones have a pe

. process projecting downw ards and outwards, wee

Fea

te d Baa Linn. Sp. PL ed Wind. L yë
a Shrubby, Leaves sub-ovate. Spikes terminal. pire white, with

Willdenow has spoiled this name. Linneus wrote it Gandarosss which is near-
Tw truth. The word is HArF Gundharusas —— z P
TM S A. : Q

s ; 1

155 DIANDRIA WONOGYNIA. Justicia.

green veins. Corol ringent. Anthers two-lobéd, the lower calca-
raté. Seeds turbercled, two in each cell.

Bem-Curini. Rheed, mal. 2. p. 33. t. 21.

A perennial species ; a native of Coromandel. Flowering time the
dry season chiefly, though it is more or less in blossom all the yu
particularly when in a cultivated state. «

Stems several, while young, erect by age, leaning i in various direc-
tions, round, smooth, swelled above the joints, the height of the
whole plant from two to four feet.— Leaves opposite, petioled, nearly
ovate, entire, or slightly waved, smooth on both sides ; length 1 from.
one to six inches.— Spikes terminal, secund, sub-cylindric, erect.—
Bractes of the rachis opposite, ovate-oblong, villous, white with green
veins, the posterior one always abortive ; those of the flowers oppo-
site, and resembling those of the rachis, but narrower.— Flowers pret-
ty large, whitish, with rose-coloured veins. —Calyz single, five-cleft ;
divisions ensiform.— Corol ringent ; upper lip vaulted, and two-tooth-
ed; lower three-parted.— Anthers twin , the lower one with a spur
from the lower end. — Capsule longer than the calyx, villous —Seeds

two in each cell, tending to be round, rough with numerous sharp
punte

22. J. ramosissima, R. 4

Shrubby, creeping, very ramous. Leaves sub-ovate. Spikes termi»
nal, secund. Bractes lanceolate, Lower lobe of the anthers calcâs
fate: €

A native of Coromandel. Pcr time, in the Botanic Gar-
den, the cold season. E

Stem none, branches numerous, rising in every direction, as well |
as spreading on the ground, and striking root at the swelled joints ; E
the tender parts striated, and slightly villous.— Leaves opposite, pe
tioled, sub-ovate, rather obtuse, tapering down the petioles nearly to.
their base.— Spikes termimal, secund, erect, many times longer that
the leaves.— Bractes in opposite pairs, lanceolate, coloured green
and white ; the posterior one of the rachis always abortive, the othet

"

ee Salient: x:

Justicia. DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 431

‘two are calycine.— Flowers scarcely longer than the bractes, dull white,
with a few rosy veins on the centre of the lower lip.— Calyx of five
linear-lanceolate, acute segments.—Corol ringent ; upper lip vaulted,
with a bidentate apex ; under lip broad, and three-cleft.—Anthers
double ; ; lower lobe with a long curved, sharp spur.— Capsule ob-
long, four-seeded, very protuberant at the seeds. — Seeds nearly sha-
rical, rugose.

Obs. In the foliage, spikes, flowers, and capsules, this species is
exceedingly like J. Betonica, which however, is always a tall, erect

plant, with coloured bractes, while this is very bushy, spreads on

the ground, and strikes root abundantly t Neuss the bractes

23. J. tranguebariensis. Linn. Sp. Pi. ed. Willd. 1.99. =
Herbaceous. Leaves round, or broad-cordate. Spikes terminal,
four-sided, occasioned by four rows of roundish ciliate bractes. Flow-
ers solitary, in two rows on the fore-part of the pend Anthers cal-

` carate,

Common amongst bushes on a dry barren soil, over the coast of
E andei: Flowering time the wet, and cold season.

Roots perennial, somewhat granulated.—Stems 1n young plants
erect, in old ones uncertain; branches annual, small, ‘straggling,
round, a little downy, jointed, and swelled above the joints, from .
one to two feet long.— Leaves opposite, short-petioled, oval, orround,
entire, pretty smooth.—Spikes terminal, peduncled, long, erect, ge-
nerally four-sided, occasioned by four rows of orbicular, short-pe-
toled, opposite, ciliate bractes; besides these there are a pair of
small pointed ones which press ihe calyx laterally.— Flowers a mix-
ture of pale yellow, and red; standing in the axills of the two
Tows of bractes that occupy the fore part of the spikes; on the back |
part they are generally wanting.— Calyx single.—Corol; upper lip
emarginate, erect ; under lip broad, three-cleft. Anthers doni n.
lowermost calcarate. — Seeds two in each cell, bent. EU

Q2 :

^ 3329 EET DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA- Justicia. —

94. J. T Kon. MSS. . EN ae
_ Herbaceous, erect, branchy, round, uei Leaves petioled, |
ovate, pointed. Peduncles trichotomous. . Upper lip of the corol
vaulted, Lower anthers calcarate. Capsules four-seeded.

A native of similar places with the last described. Flowering time
the same.

Root perennial ein several, erect, branchy ; annual; round,
smooth, jointed.— Leaves opposite, oblohg-cordaté; pointed, eiitire,
smooth.— Panicles axillary, small, threé-forked.— Flowers rose-co-
loured, yellow, and whitish green mixed.—Bractes small, pointéd ;
generally two below every division of the panicle, and two or three
pressing upon the calyx.— Culyr single.—Corol ; tube short, widen-
ing; upper lip erect, vaulted ; under lip broad, and three-parted.— —
‘Filaments concealed under the upper lip. Anthers double, the lower
ones igalearia.- Signa ded bifid dcc four-sided, two ue.
in each cell.

25. 3.1 tomentosa. R. ci
^ Herbaceous, sub-erect, hairy. Leaves lanceolar, tomentose. Spikes
terminal, strobiliform. Anthers distinct. Capsules conic, four-seeded.
A native of wet, rich, niei. ground. Flowering time the wet
and cold seasons. 7
Root nearly spindle-formed, perennial.— Stems several, sub-etect, —
round, hairy, from one to two feet high. — Leaves opposite, petioled, 2e
broad-lanceolar, entire, very downy ; the lower many times larger
than the upper ones, the former being often twelve inches long, —
and the latter (or floral leaves) not more than one.— Spikes termi-
nal, oval, strobiliform, sessile on little terminal branchlets.— Flow- -
ers small, bright, bluish purple.— Bractes numerous, imbricated,
oval, pointed, concave, hairy, one-flowered — Calyx four-cleft ; the
lower leaflet two-cleft .—Corol; tube gibbous on the under side, con*
tracted at the mouth ; upper lip ovate, half two-cleft, divisions point-
ed; under lip very broad, three-parted.—Anthers twin, equal, oval.

Justicia. DIANDRIA:.MONOGYNIA. > 133

—Stigma two-cleft; segments broad.—Capsules pointed; eight-
seeded,

26. J. orixensis. Kön. MSS:

Herbaceous. Branches straggling; foursided. Leaves cordate, te-
pind. Spikes terminal. Bractes orbicular, ciliate. Capsules length of
the bractes; containing about four echinate seeds.

Obs. Itis a native of high, dry, gravelly ground, in the vicinity of
Samulcota. Is *üy like Y ier aet A 3

27. J. repens. Linn. Sp. PL ed. Willd. 96. Corom. PL. 2. No. 152,
Herbaceous, diffuse. Leaves sub-sessile, lanceolate. Spikes axilla-
ry and terminal, compressed. Bractes ovate, white, membrane-b jor-
dered, posterior rows neuter. Lower anthers crescent-shaped. '
— Adhadota. spicata flosculos ex foliolis membranaceis producens.
Burm. Zeyl. 7. t. 3. f. 2 ;

A native of pasture ground. Flowering time the wet and cold-
Season.

Root perennial.—Stems many, diffuse, round, jointed, smooth,
sometimes rooting at the joints ; one to two feet long.— Leaves op-
posite, short-petioled, broad-lanceolate, entire, sharp-pointed,
smooth.— Spikes axillary peduncled, erect, somewhat compressed,
secund »—Bractės; exterior, four rows, oval, with a broad, white,
membranaceous margin ; the two rows on the back of the spike neu-
ter; the two on the fore part embracing the flowers; the calyx of
each flower is also embraced laterally by two inier lanceolate
bractes.— Flowers alternate, pale rose-coloured.— Corol, stamens,
pistil and capsule as sin J: P which it much resembles. : A^

28. J. procumbens. Linn. Sp. PI. ed. Willd. 1. 87.

Root perennial; branches diffuse, herbaceous. Leaves sessile,
from orbicular to linear-lanceolate. Spikes terminal, Pe s

; Bractes lanceolate, rigid. Lower anthers calearate. ©
Euphrasia, Alsines angustiore folio, &c. Pluk. Alm. 142. t. 56. f. 9.

po (0 UPIANDRIA moxoetsra. - Justicia

Nery common. on pasture ground over the coast of Coromandel,

flowering most part of the year.
Root often perennial.— Stems many, spreading, jointed, fve-

ed, often rooting at the joints, extremities sub-erect ; size very various,
but generally from six to twelve inches long.—Leaves opposite, sub- -
sessile, from round to linear-lanceolate, entire, a little downy ; size
various.—Spikes terminal, erect, four-sided.— Flowers opposite, —
decussate, small, rose colour.-— Bracies three-fold, lanceolate. —Ca-

- dyx; upper divisions very minute.—Corol ; tube short; upper lip erect, —
two-cleft; under lip broad, three-parted.— Nectary a yellow ring —
Sarrounding the base of the germ.— Anthers double; the lower dt
carate or sharp-pointed.— Stigma slightly bifid.— Capsules four MN |
ed, two in each cell.

Obs. When this plant grows in wet places, it secms doge
another | species, being many times larger, nearly erect, with linear-
lanceolate leaves. — 1 believe Dy. Konig described this variety : as s
distinct species, under the name of J. juncea, or graminea,

29. J. quinqueangularis. Kön. MSS.

~ Perennial ina dry soil; branches five-sided. Leaves sessile, lanceo-
late. Spikes terminal. Bractes linear. Capsules rather larger t ‘than
the bractes, four-seeded.

A native of the borders of rice-fields about Samulcota. Iti is but
little removed from procumbens, when growing in the same soil. zu

“$0. J. picliduta: Corom. Pi. EE IAS ees oe?
Herbaceous, diffuse. Leaves short-petioled, lanceolar. ikes
: sessile, secund. Bractes five-fold, broad, white, membrane-border-
ed : lower anthers calcaraté,
Compare with J. . parviflora. Retz. Obs. 5. p...
_ Avery beautiful, delicate, diffuse species, growing in shady ae
Flowering time the cold season.

Stems many, diffuse, Bliform, round, smooth, jointed, Bode. :

*

Justicia. DIANDBIA MONOGYRNIA. 135
alternate.— Leaves opposite, short-petioled, depending, lanceolate, -
entire, smooth ; the pair are generally unequal in size.—Spikes axils
lary or terminal, sessile, much shorter than the leaves, secund, ge-
nerally three together, the middle one largest.— Flowers 5 very small,

bright blue.— Bracies, to each flower five, of different sizes, oval or
lanceolate, with beautiful white, membranaceous margins.— Coro? ;
upper lip entire, acute.—Anthers, the lower one of each filament

has along obtuse horn from the usda pla four-seeded,
two in each cell. . 3

i

| (81. &, lamifolia. Kön. MSS. :
Whole plant very downy, procumbent, saisit Leave oval. Spikes
terminal, imbricated, Calyx four-leaved. t | sE
Found in the vicinity of Calcutta, in uncultivated diady RA e
— Root fibrous.—Síems and branches very numerous, round,
spreading close on the earth, clothed with long soft hair, and down,
somewhat glutinous, length from one to three feet.— Leaves oppo-
site, sub-sessile, oval, entire, clothed and glutinous like the branch-
ês; about an inch long.—Spikes terminal, oblong, closely imbricat-
ed with the bractes, and flowers.— Flowers numerous, small, varie-
gated with deep and light purple.— Bractes ovate, one-flowered,
hairy, clammy.— Calyx four-leaved, the under leaflet with its apex
bifid —Corol ringent. Tube gibbous ; throat compressed ; upper lip |
two-parted, and streaked with deep purple; under lip broad, and
three-parted.— Filaments short, inserted into the mouth of the tube.
Anthers twin, singly oval, and all equal. —Stigma of two, —
spreading lobes,— Capsule conical.— Seeds eight or ten, roundish. ©
Obs. Tt has the calyx of a Barleria, and the stamina of a Diei ;
thera. Mr. R. Brown informs me that he thought i it es elong
to a new genus, which he calls — i

p. e spines verticelled with their apices vis, —

PIANDRIA MONOGTNIA. G ;atiol

ioled, ovate. Flower amongst the verticils of spines, sube

“Hind. Custoola.
| Found by Dr. Hunter i in the vicinity of Ougein, i in seed and flow-
er dn March.

GRATIOLA. Schreb. Gen. N. ST.

‘Corol one-petalled, irregular. Sterile filaments two, affixed to the
lower lip of the corol. Anthers double, and connected. Capsules
superior, two-celled, two-valved, Seeds numerous,

1. G. amara. .R. AV
' Annual (in Bengal), creeping. Leaves petioled, cordate, serrate.
Peduncles axillary, four to six flowered, Calyx four-leaved, exterior —
pair cordate, inner subulate, apices of the sterile filaman
Capsule ovate, hid in the a a vs :
< Caranga amara. V. akl Enum. rol. le 100, j
Serratula amara. Rumph. amb. 5. p. 459. t. 170. 4 l. whic a ;
been quoted by mistake, I presume, for Scutellaria indica.
"This pretty plant has been accidentally introduced into the Bota-
nic Garden, among spice and other plants from the Miluceh
Flowering time the cold season. £
_ Root fibrous.—Stems and branches creeping, with their extremis
ties sub-erect, four-sided, coloured, smooth. — Leaves opposite pe^ —
tioled, cordate, deeply serrate, somewhat rugose, of a soft texture
but free of pubescence, general length about two inches. — Pedun- :
cles axillary, solitary, rather longer than the petióles, supporting ^ s
their extremities, two or three pairs, of opposite pedicelled flowers
—Bractes small, oblong, one under the insertion of each pedicel.
—Calyz of two pair of opposite leaflets ; exterior ‘pair large, yee
date, often notched ; the upper one larger, and incumbent over the
rest of the calyx, and all the corol except the under lip, inner OY la

teral pair, linear-lanceolate, and much smaller than the exterior

Gratiola. BIANDRIA MONOG&YNIA. 137

pair.—Corol bilabiate; tube contracted at the middle; upper lip
straight, narrow, with a two-lobed apex ; under lip broad, three-lobed,
drooping.— Stamina, the fertile pair of filaments lodged under the
upper lip of the corol with twin anthers, adhering by pairs, the sterile
pair from the under lip, with large yellow, free, clavate apices,—
Stigma two-lobed — Capsules ovate, two-celled, hid between the
exterior leaflets of the calyx.— Seed numerous, very small.*

Obs. As Rumphius observes, the leaves of this plant are exceedingly
bitter, and might, no doubt mo valuable purposes in medicine.

9. G. grandi Mora. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Wi lid. 1. 105. Ein; PI. 2.
N. 179.

Annual, creeping. Leaves feste: broad.lanceolate, Peur ser-
rate. Flowers axillary, solitary. Capsules linear. ae

A native of moist places. Flowers during the wet and cold seasons,

Stems several, annual, creeping, four-sided, smooth; from six to
twelve inches long.— Leaves opposite, sessile, oblong, dedecus
pointed, smooth.— Peduncles axillary, about half the length of the
leaves, erect, one-flowered.— Flowers light blue.— Coro! ; tube cylin-
dric, upper lip entire; under lip broad, three-parted.—Ctamens, the
two fertile filaments lodged under the upper lip, approaching arch
ways. Anthers twin, united ; the sterile filaments resting on the un-
der lip and adhering to it, yellow, curved.— Capsules lanceolate, longa
er than the peale;

3. G: alata. R.

Annual. Leaves petioled, ovate, jerret d ibati Racemes termi-
nal. Calyx five-toothed, and five-winged. Sterile flent free. o"
sule linear, hid in the calyx. :

À native of the Moluccas, is one of the largest of our India Com
tiolas, and readily known by the five large membranaceous singe D
Which run the whole length of the calyx.

* In November 1815, I received specimens of this plant from*Silhet, ender the
e name Khai-Nim. It is used medicinally there.—N. W, v abe
R

138 DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. - Gratiola.

4. G, involucrata. R.

Leaves unequally petioled, snund.cordabe, with ino rounded
lobes, many-nerved, serrulate, villous. Flowers collected into long |
peduncled, bracted heads. Sterile filaments free. Capsule hid in the
. villous, gibbous, five-toothed calyx. |
This species is also a native of the Moluccas.

5. G. rotundifolia. Linn. Sp. "t ed. Willd. 1. 108. Cor. Pl. 3.
N. 204.
Annual, erect. Leaves sessile, round-cordate, serrate-dentate.

- Peduncles axillary, solitary, longer than the leaves. Capsules globu-
ad ; - Es
A native of moist places, appearing and flowering during. the
wet and cold seasons. ;
Stems erect, four-sided, from four to six inches high. — Leaves
opposite, sub-sessile, round-cordate, serrate, or notched, a little hai-
ry.— Flowers axillary, or between theleaves, white. Peduncles long-
er than the leaves.— Coro? ; stamens ; and stigma as in the forc :
species— Capsules round, as high as the calyx.

6. G. integrifolia. R.

Annual, while young straight, afterwards ‘straggling, four-sided.
Leaves sessile, ovate, three-nerved, entire. Peduncles solitary, axilla-
ry,one-flowered. Capsules the length of the calyx. |

Tsjanga-pupum. Rheed. mal. '9. t. 57.

À native of -Bengal, where it appears as a weed in sodam, dur-
ing im. rains.

7. G. fuckin, Linn. Sp. Pi. M Willd. 1. 103. Ind. Pl. 3. N. 202.

Annual, spreading, four-sided: Leaves petioled, ovate-cordate, -
serrate, Flowers long-peduncled, axillary, and terminal. Capsules —
ovate, hid in the calyx. i

Crusta olle minor. Rumph. amb. 5. p. 460. t. 170. f. 3.

Annual, and like the rest, appearing in moist poe: dg s '
rainy season, ;

Gratiola. DIANDRIA MONOGYNÍA. 139

Stem scarcely any. Branches generally opposite, diffuse, four-sided,
from six to twelve inches long.— Leaves short-petioled, cordate, ser- .
rate, smooth.— Flowers terminal, and also from the exterior axills,
long-peduncled, of a bright deep blue colour.— Capsules ovate, rather
shorter than the cal yx.

8. G. veronicifolia. ie Sp... Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 103. -Corom. PI..
N. 154.

Aunual, while young d afterwards creeping. Leaves sessile,
lanceolate, serrate. oe terminal. Flowers opposite. Supe li-
near.

Crusta olla major. Rumph. x 5. p. 460. t£. 170. o. f. o.

A mative of similar places with the last described ; p aris time
the same. :

Stem several, creeping. Branches erect, four-sided, snos "foin -
six to eight inches long.— Leaves opposite, sessile, decussate, ob-
long, glandular, smooth, fleshy, finely and most sharply serrate ; ser-
ratures ending in a minute bristle.—Racemes terminal.— Flowers
opposite, decussated, of a violet colour. — Corol, &c. as in ue last

species.

9. G. racemosa. R.
Annual, erect. Leaves sub-sessile, linear-lanceolate, entire. Ra-

temes terminal, brac 'hiáte; Flowers long-pedicelled. Capsules linear, :
three or four times longer than the calyx. ;

A native of cultivated land over various parts of India, aes
in Meters season.

10. G. Vm cq Linn. A PI. als Willd. 1. 105. Coram. PL

2. N. 155. :

Annual, sub-erect. - ber leaves opposite to each other or toa

one-flowered peduncle, lanceolate, serrate. Capsules med :

G. oppositifolia: Retz. obs. t. 4. N. 5. er SRTA

A native of moist pasture ground. pato S d = the i
Wa eo

140 ; DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA- Gratiola, |

Stems several, Sui: erect, ramous, four-sided, smooth ; from three
to six inches high. —Leaves sessile, opposite to each other, ora
flower, | linear-lanceolate, serrate, smooth.— Peduncles leaf-opposed,
or opposite to each other, short, horizontal, clubbed.— Bractes $0-
litary, embracivg the insertion of the peduncle, — Flowers small,
blue.—An'hers two pairs united. Sterile filaments small, white.—
Capsules linear, twice the length of the calyx. |

. G. serrata. R:

=e erect, four-sided, smooth. Lh opposite, stem-clasp-
ing, oblong, smooth, most acutely serrate. Racemes in the division -
of the branches, aud terminal, long-peduncled. Capsules linear, di-
verging. |

Beng. Bhoomi-nim.

Pee-tsjanga-puspum. Reed. mal. 9. t. 59. is exceedingly like
this plant, though quoted by Linneus for Ruellia antipoda, which I
have never met with, if this be not it. |

A native of Bengal, and in flower during the rains. .

Root annual.— Stem erect, four-sided, ramous, smooth, from. two
to eight inches high.— Leaves opposite, sessile, or stem-clasping, ob-
long, very obtuse, most acutely serrate; smooth on both sides.—
Racemes solitary, terminal, and also from the divisions of the plant,
on long, four-sided peduncles.— Flowers opposite, short-pedicelled,

verging, pink-coloured.— Bractes lanceolate, the lower pair of the ra-

cemes dentate.— Calyz parted half way.—Coro/, upper lip. small,
inc usa Desa se THEE lepeeolate, twice the length ot the calyx.
e

12. G. ptas, R.

Annual, creeping. Leaves opposite, from oblong to round, ser-
rate. Racemes terminal. Sterile filaments free. Capsule linear. :

A native of the Moluccas ; from thence introduced dito the toe
nic Garden, where it blossoms during the rains.

Stems and branches round, smooth, and creeping close to the -
earth, with short, (about an inch long) floriferous, erect shoots.—
Leaves opposite, sub-sessile, on the creeping shoots round, on the

Gratiola. BIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 141

erect flower-bearing ones oblong, with rounded apices ; all serrate,
and smooth on both sides.—Peduicles or racemes terminal, on the
short, erect shoots, bearing several, approximate pairs of short-pe-
dicelled, opposite, large, pale bluish pink flowers.— Bractes opposite,
one-flowered, ovate.— Calyx five-leaved.—Corol with an enlarged
throat, and ringent border ; upper lip of one pale coloured segment ;
under lip broad, deeper coloured, and three-parted.— Sterile fila-
ments large, yellow, clavate, with the apices a little recurved, per-
fectly free.— Stigma of two, thin, broad, round lobes.—Capsule li- —
near, as long as the calyx, two-celled, two-valved.

13. G. parviflora. R. Cor. Pl. N: 203.

Annual, erect, ramous. Leaves sessile, ovate-oblong, three-ner-
ved, serrate. Flowers long-peduncled, solitary. Sterile filaments two-
cleft. Capsules oblong. |

Stems erect, ramous, four-sided ; with their angles acute, about
six inches high.— Leaves opposite, sessile, ovate-oblong, slightly ser-
rate, acute, when large three-nerved.— Flowers axillary, solitary, long- -
peduncled, small ; I have seen some plants with white flowers, and
others with blue ones.—Anthers twin. Sterile filament two-cleft,
each division headed — Capsules rather oblong, pointed, longer than

the ays

7

44. G. Monnieria. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 102.

Annual, creeping. Leaves sessile, long, obovate, entire. Pedun-
cles axillary, solitary, one-flowered. Calyx seven-leaved. Corol cam-
panulate ; stamina four.

Beng. Adha-birni.

Teling. Sambrani-chittoo. tag

A native of moist places, borders of brooks, kc.. Bienia time
the wet and cold seasons. ;

Stems several, annual, creeping, round, jointed, very ramous,
smooth, succulent.— Leaves opposite, sessile, obovate, wedge-shap-
ed, or oblong, smooth, entire, obtuse, fleshy, dotted with. minut
Een on pedi alternate, mim smooth, short-

142 / — DIANDRIA MONOAYNIA. ` Gratiola. —

er than theleaves, one-flowered.— Flowers blue.— Bractes two-awled, 3
pressing on the calyx laterally.— Calyx five-leaved, the exterior three —
leaflets large, oblong, the two interior small, linear, all are concave, ,
smooth, pointed and permanent.—Coro/ companulate ; border five-
` parted, nearly equal.—Stamens as in Didynamia.— Anthers two-
cleft, at the base, blue.—Stigma large, somewhat two-lobed e
sule ovate, two-celled, two-valved.— Seeds very numerous. *
Obs. This plant certainly ought to be placed in the 14th class,
it has no one claim, that I can ebserve, to a place in this genus.*
The natives use the expressed juice mixed with Penot
rub on parts affected with rheumatic pains.

15. G. hyssopioides. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed, Willd. 1. 104. Corom. Pl :
Q N. 128.
Annual, erect. Leaves ensiform, stem-clasping, much shorter than —
the stem joints. Peduncies axillary. Capsules linear-oblong. Po
G. hyssopioides. Kon. in Retz. obs. 4. p. 8. Linn. Spec. Pl. ed. —.
Reichh. i. 48. Appears with the former species during the rains. .

16. G. Juncea. Corom. Pi. 2. N. 129.

Annual, erect, columnar, nearly naked. Lower leaves lanceolate,
stem-clasping ; ; above minute. The two pair of anthers not united. —
Capsules globular,

Like the rest, this species delights i in a wet situation, where it
appears and flowers during the rains. po

Stem erect, almost simple, tound, jointed, smooth, from six to.
twelve inches high.— Leaves opposite, stem-clasping, lanceolate, —
obtuse, entire. Floral leaves minute, triangular.— Peduneles axillary,
solitary, one-flowered.— Flowers rose-coloured, small.—Anthers -
twin, not united. Fhe sterile filaments in this species stand be-
tween the fertile ones, and are very small.— Capsules globular. —

17. G. cuneifolia. R. ;
Annual, erect, simple, nearly idit Io one pair at the i,

ot - Monniera Browne, Herpestis Rob. Brows.—N. W. $

Utricularia. PDIANDRIA MONO&YNIA. 143

| aiitra, obttise; above one or two minute pairs. Flowers solita-
m long peduncled. Capsules round.
A native of wet places on the coast of Coromandel, and RAT
allied to G. lobelioides, and juncea.

18. G. lobelBhacs. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 104. Retz. obs. 4. 7.
Vahl. enumer. 1. P. 92.

Annual, on the lower part of the simple stem grew from two to
four pair of approximate, lanceolate, entire, sessile leaves. Flowers
toward the apex, remote, solitary, long-peduncled: Capsules round.

A native of eet growing in wet gilacek des the rainy
season.

UTRICULARIA. Schreb. Gen. N. d1..

Calyx twó-leaved.— Corol ringent, and generally delia Cap- ,
‘sule superior, one-celled. Seeds numerous.

1, U. stellaris. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 118.

Floating, leafless. Scape with a verticil of bladders. Coro] with-
out a nectary.

Teling. Natsoo.

Grows in sweet waters, appears and flowers during the rains,

Root conferva-like, swimming in, and not on the water; I have -
always found small utriculi adhering ‘to its filaments ee sub-
erect, simple ; raceme above the verticil of bladders, which rest on
the surface of the water.

2. U. fasciculata. R.
Floating. Leafless, scapes naked ; racemes four to eight flower- -

© ed. Utriculi sub-ovate, two-horned, scattered amongst the fibres of
the root, Nectary horn-shaped, ascending to the’ edge of the unga ais

lip. Capsules beaked, i rare
Teling. Natsoo. ;

Beng. Janjee.- gene. E Eo z2

144 DIANDRIA MONO&YNLA Utricularia | :

Found swimming in stagnant water in the vicinity of Calcutta,
at the end of the cold, and beginning of the hot seasons.
|... Stem jointed, length various, but often extending some feet,.—
Radicles most numerous, in alternate fascicles, multifid, filiform, —
armed with minute, acute, bristles pointing forward.— Utriculi scat-
tered, semi-ovate, dotted, becoming black by age, with two horns -
from the mouth.— Scape erect, from four to eight inches high, bearing
generally from four to eight, alternate, large, yellow, pedicelled flow-
ers.— Bractes ovate, obtuse, one-flowered.—Calyr of two large,
permanent leaflets.—Coro] as in the genus. Nectary horn-shaped,
blunt, nearly as long as the under lip, and bending up to its margins. -
—Capsules conical, pointed, reflected.

8. U. biflora. R.

Floating, leafless. Scape naked, two-flowered. |Utriculi ovate,
with filaments from their apices. Nectary horn-shaped, Lo
long as the under lip. Capsules globular, erect.

Beng. Chota-janjee,

Found with the last described in stagnant water near Calcutta,
during the same seasons. A much smaller plant. |

Root of a few, scarcely compound, filiform fibres, and some scat-
tered, subulate nigrescent utriculi, with two or more filaments from
their apices, or mouths.— Scape about three inches high, filiform,
naked, generally two-flowered.— Flowers yellow, small.—Calyx and
corol as in the genus, with the faux closed, and a horned, ascending
nectary as long as the under lip.—Capsules globular, erect.

Addition by N. W.

4. U. nivea. Vahl. Enum. i. 203. ite
Naked, suberect, filiform. Scape with a few gibbous scales, ¢ end- i
ing in a few-flowered raceme. Bractes three-parted, the middle seg-
ment adnate and sharp at both ends, the lateral ones minute. Necta”
ry ascending longer than the lower lip. Capsules globular nodding:

^

Lycopus. /" . DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. - Hä

CSS

- L found. this delicate plant growing among rice in. the vicinity of

' Serampore during the rainy season. =
Root consisting of a few capillary simple and short fibres. —Scape :
about six inches long, sometimes divided in two equal br anches, when
fruit-bearing n and tw ining. — Flowers from four to eight, white
with a yellowish entire palate, very smallon short alternate pedicels,
- Calyx permanent, of two orbicular segments, the uppermost larger
and concave.— Upper lip very short, linear erect, ending in two |
toothlets; lower lip ovate, larger. Spur almost twice as long as the

lower lp, conical. — Capsule | c: c ix Sd he =

e 4
we Ro E Aue SES nt ai aos

i

" E LYCOPUS. uik Ea N. 44 idis ge Painal o

Corol four-cleft, with one. of the divisions emarginate. - Stamina
distinct. Seeds four, retuse.

1. L. dianthera. Buch.

Annual, erect, four-sided. Leaves petioled, thomb-ovate, serrate,
Calyx bilabiate. ;

A native of Nepala ; from thence Dr. Buchanan sent the seeds

to this garden, (in 1802,) where the plants thrive during the cold
season, and blossom in March and April.

. Stems annual, straight, four-sided ; sides slightly g grooved ; + angles
somewhat hairy. Branches axillary, decussate, four-sided, &c. like
the: stem ; height of the whole plant from one to two feet.— Leaves

opposite, petioled, declined, rhomb-ovate ; anteriour margins serrate,

dotted with minute, darker green glands underneath, general length
about one inch, or less.— Racemes terminal — Bractes opposite, lan-
.ceolate, one-flowered.— Flowers pedicelled, small, very pale pink,
almost white.—Calyr bilabiate ; upper lip ascending, tridentate ; low-
er lip bipartite, and, defended with hair on the inside.— Corol ; ; tube
Short, somewhat four-sided ; upper division of the border broad. and
emarginate ; lateral two of the same length, but narrower e d
Circular ; under one large, and nearly round.— Fi uments four,

in the ae of the tube of the corol—z Ln
8

146 | . ^ DIANDRIA MONOETNIA. Sabi
ments, and tending to te so on the shorter ones, but very — and ;
abortive.—Is nearly allied to Thymus.

SALVIA. Schreb. Gen. N. 50.

< Corol irregular. Filaments two-forked ; anthers € on the superior dE
ones. Seeds naked.

; 1.8. bengalensis. Kon. Mss.

Shrubby. Leaves linear-ovate, lanceolate, entire. Racemes vertie —
celled, verticils distinct, many-flowered. An anther to each division —
of the filaments.

- The natives on the Coromandel Coast have no name for it. From

Bengal it was introduced into the gardens on the Coast a few years e

ago, by Mr. Parsons ; and is only found in gardens, where it grows.
to be a large, strazgling shrub. :

Trunk seldom erect, woody, sometimes as thick as a man's arm.
Bark cracked, and peelling off in irregular pieces. Young shoots dow- |
ny, round. — Leaves as in salvia officinalis.— Racemes CUTE, often

compound, verticelled. ‘Verticils approximate, globular, many-flow-
eréd.— Flowers white.— Calyz gibbous, downy, three or four tooth-
ed.--Corol, both lips recurved, or spreading.— Stamens, there are
sometimes three or even four filaments, with their extremities ue
each division bearing an oval proper anther. :
Obs. The leaves of this plant smell and taste considerabl y stronger, =
I think, than those of S. quomm and are applied to the same uses. s:

/

_ 2. S. brachiata. R. ` :

Aunual, erect, brachiate. Leaves oblong, crenate, tomentose. Ro- ;
cemes verticelled ; verticils six-flowered ; seeds elevated ona recep- "s
tac le. ;

15 a native of moist places, over various parts of India. Flower-
ig ume the cold season. |

Stem annual, erect, ramous, four-sided, four-grooved, downy „from

4

Veronica. DIANDRIA :MONOG'YNIÀ. a4
/ *

one to two feet high. Branches opposite, cross-armed, ascending.—
Leaves opposite, petioled, running down on the petioles, oblong,
irregularly crenulate, waved, rugose, a little downy ; two or threeinch-
es long.— Racemes terminal, long, verticelled. Verticils six-flowered,
six-bracted.— Flowers small, pale purple. Stamens as in the genus,
with the rudiments of two additional sterile filaments between the
large pair.—Germ elevated on a large fleshy receptacle.—This plant |
is slightly aromatic.

3. S. lanata. R. wee

Herbaceous, four-sided, Seife Leaves sessile, oratesoblong, en-
tire woolly. Flowers verticillate.

Found by Colonel Hardwicke on the most clavate doiak: near
Adwaanee, on the road from Hurdwar to Sirinagur. -It is his S.
integrifolia. See Asiatic Researches. vol. 6. p. 349.

Obs. Salvia rosea of Vahl, is the same as S. coccinea, an Ameri-
can plant, which though in a manner naturalized here has no o right to
a place in this Flora. |

i VERONICA. -

aol four-cleft, the lower segment smaller. Capsules two-celled.

iy. diis. Wail. — ond
- Smooth, erect. Leaves linear-lanceolate, waved, unequally serra-
ted. Racemes terminal and axillary, elongated. Dod "covered —
with short glandular hairs. s ;
This little plant was discovered in the Tutraye by Mr, W. Jacky. ;
assistant surgeon on the Honourable Company's Bengal establish-
ment; who most obligingly communicated the following description.
Root creeping. —Stem herbaceous, erect, fistulous, round, smooth,
ramous.— Leaves opposite, sessile, stem-clasping with their broad:
base, linear-lanceolate, acute, gradually narrower towards omg
with waved, unequally serrated margins, smooth,—

illary and terminal. —Peduncles 4* elici; -r th s ort,

T" N
*

145 ze BIANDRIA MONOGYNTA. Do erka.

dular hairs.—Bractes linear, acute, smooth, entis one under each
| pedicel.—Calya deeply four-parted, smooth, persistent, with straight,
lanceolate, acute segments.—Corol white, alittle shorter than the ca-
lyx; tube very small; three segments of the limb ovate, acute, equal;

the fourth and lowermost shorter, lanceolate.— Stamina two, upright,
short. . Anthers oblong.— Pistil-as long as the stamina. Stigma Caa
pitate.— Capsule roundish, compressed, with a furrow. on each side,

emarginate at the top, beset with glandular hairs, two-celled. Seeds | :

numerous, minute, round.—N. W,

An

© BOERHAAVIA. Schreb. Gen. N. 18.

Calyx inferior, gibbous, entire, permanent, and becoming ane —
velope for ihe seed. Germ one-celled ; ovula single, erect. Coral .

eampanulate, inserted on the-calyx. Seed solitary. Embryo condi du

piae with us mes, ow cce uda Ree f
igni nz corn -—5 T x
acid: Ee dub fauc. E afa

Root fusiform, perennial. Pancha procuinbenkt jma me :
variously cordate, covered with a silver coloured pellicle underneath, ——
Flowers terminal, in long-péduncled heads. Stamina three. |

, Sans. gam Poonurnuva, gru Shotughnee. . sis ue
~ Peng. Gadha-poorna, the red variety; and renean be

white one. E
Talu: dama, uo. mal. 7. p. 105. t. 56. good fe i a young, luxu i
ant plant... Sisexbs i dE
B. diandra, and erecta, Bas Flor. Ind, p3. t. 1.seem 1 to be our - |
plant, taken at different ages... y
B. erecta. Gert. Carp.ii.909. t. 197, .. io OSes A deg qM RO
"This species, whatever it may be, whether diffusa; eis repans: |
da or diandra, or all of them, is the only one I have yet found in In-
dia. It is not only common every where, but is óne of the most trou-
blesome weeds we have. The long, fusiform, cope roots, strike .

80 deep, as to render it no easy task to dig them wor d “ee
blossoms and ripe seed the whole e year, age e in ce

“Boerhaavia. DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA, : 249
Root perpendicular, fusiform, slender, perennial. Stem none;
-branches many, herbaceous, with alternate, bifarious, round, smooth,
jointed, often coloured branchlets spreading close on the ground, to
an extent of many feet in a good soil but never striking root.— Leaves
Opposite, unequal in size, one of the leaves being alternately smaller
in each pair; petioled, variously cordate, margins fore or less
‘scalloped, waved, aud often coloured ; sometimes acute, sometimes
obtuse; all are smooth above, and covered with a silver coloured
pellicle underneath; size very various.—Petioles shorter than the
leaves, channélled.—Pedunieles’ solitary, from- the naked swelled
joints between the leaves, but nearest to the-small leaf. ‘At the ends
of the branches, where the joints approximate, they are so-numer-
ous as to forni a panicle, each supporting, from’ one to five, « Paix
‘small heads of sessile, red or white, minute flowers.— Calyx (ap-
parently the germ), beneath, five-sided, covered with headed ; latin-
ous glands; mouth entire, and much contracted.— Coro? campanu-
late, plaited, inserted on the crowniof the calyx.— Nectary, a small
fleshy, three-toothed cup, surrounding the base of the germ, in the
divisions of which the-filaments are inserted. — It requires a pow
erful lens, and much patience to understand the structure of this part

_ Of the flower.— Filaments generally three, as-long as the style. An-

thers of two round lobes.—Germ oblong, hid in the belly ‘of the ca-

lyx, one-celled ; ovulum single, attached to the bottom of the cell.
Style slender. Stigma peltate — Pericarp turbinate, five-sided, cover-
ed with clammy pedicelled glands, &c. pe as in pura fi~
gures of his Boerhaavia erecta.

Obs. There are two varieties of this plant in Bengal ; ; one with
red, the other with white flowers; in other respects they are the same.
In the St. Helena plant, B. repanda of the hortus bengalensis, the
leaves are more angular, the inflorescence terminal, racemes i vM

celled, with c oue bracte an to each pedicel,

ge £5

1

150 ANDRIA. MONOGYNIA,

izicgeee a FRAXINUS. :
po cosa Celje none, or four parted: -Cor ol none, or ive:
petal. Samara one-seeded, with lanceolate wings. | "i ji
iis F MEA R. nd

ibash with erect. branches. Leaflets from three to seven,
icine serrate. Panicles axillary, and terminal. Flowers without -
petals.» - i
A native of China, from thence introduced into the’ Botanie Gar
den by the late Col. Robert Kyd, prior to 1793 ; where they blos -

som in April, but have not produced seed, or even full grown vs
vessels. ;

;

Our small trees have little or no runk ; but several, erect, straight —
branches and - branchlets; giving an entire height of from ten to -
twelve 4 feet.— Leaves opposite, pinnate, and ternate. Leaflets from —
three to seven, opposite, lauceolar, serrate, smooth. - The! pars
short-petioled, much smaller and. shorter in proportion to-theit -
breadth than the terminal one, which is protruded on a longer. wings |
ed petiolet -—Petioles channelled, sometimes with a marginal wing: -
—Panicles axillary, and terminal, small, drooping, and composed of —
most slender, simple, and compound, sub-verticelled ramifications:
—Calyz, in all, four-toothed.—Corol none.— Fi laments in the com:
pletely hermaphrodite flower much longer than. the calyx. © In the
female wanting, or abortive, and hid within the calyx. Male flowers
not f found —Germ ovate. Style long, and curved, - Stigma emar —
ginate. | wedi toy coll

gS F. flüribumda. Wall.

“Leaflets oblong, tapering, acuminate, acutely and unequally s serras
ted; male flowers with a corolla.

*
RB oU

3 os

"A native of Nepala, from whence I received specimens sith "dn

flowers and others with seeds, in April, 1818, under the name,
Kangu and Tahasee,

Grows to be a large tree with smooth, ARETE “cowed

Ligustrum. DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA, - def:

branches ; branchlets compressed.—Leaves opposite, with three
_ pairs of smooth leaflets, which encrease somewhat in size, the ter-
minal or odd one being the largest, ovate and equal; they vary in
their figure from oblong to ovate-oblong, measusing from three to
four inches, about one inch distant from each other, acute and more
or less unequal at the base, tapering into a long narrow serrated
acumen, perfectly smooth above, reticulated and nerved below.—
Petioles slender, grooved, opposite, terminal -one an inch long.
— Panicles terminal, showy and large, compound, smooth, loose,
interspersed with. a few floral leaves, with opposite branches and
branchlets and long slender racemes consisting of innumerable short
peduncled or sessile fascicles of white scentless flowers on capillary `
| pedicels.—Calyr truncated, four-toothed.— Petals very long, linear-
clavaie.— Filaments capillary, almost as long as the corolla; anthers
linear, erect.— Rudiment of the female organs none.— Capsule line-
ar, about an inch long, one-celled ;; wing scarcely two lines broad,
veined and marked with elevated dots, slightly retuse at the apex.
Seed solitary, possessing a bitterish somewhat. aromatic taste; in
other respects like Fr. excelsior, Gert. Carp. i. 222. tab. 49.
- Obs. I have not seen the female flowers of this ornamental tree
hich unquestionably comes near to F. Ornus (the Manna or
Flowering Ash), differing chiefly in having taper-pointed, Eel
enin leaves.—N. Ww.

"

LIGUSTRUM.

Corol four.cleft. Berry superior of two cells with two seeds i in
each cell.

1. L. nepalense. Wall. | se
— Leaves ovate, or ovate-oblong, acuminate, villous bilow. Pani.
cle terminal, villous, consisting of sub-erect crowded racemes. ©
A native of the mountains of Nepala where it is called Goom-
gacha and grows to be a consìderable tree, producing profuse clus-
ters of White, sweet smelling flowers from un to oup berr
ripen in four to six months, |

Pose de 7 e

152 DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.: Ligustrum; —
- Branches round, opposite, ash-coloured, dotted with callous spots;
all the younger parts covered with abundance of soft hairs -~— Leaves |
opposite, spreading, on very shert channelled petioles, varying cone
siderably i in size and figure, mostly ovate with a rounded base, somes
times oblong orlanceolar, generally tapering into along apex, terminas
ted bya short cylindric point ; from one to two, or even three inches
long, of a firm texture, shining above, densely villous underneath, when _
old entirely smooth, with very fine remote nerves communicating with
each other in reticulated arches near the margin.— Panielesomewhat _
contracted, ovate, from four to six inches long, sessile; consistingof —
pretty crowded racemes, the uppermost very short and alternate—
Peduncles round, villous, with a deciduous small lanceolate braet une p
der each division.— Flowers short-pedicelled, smooth, disposed in
small bunches.— Calyx truncate, with four hardly discernible teeth. —
—Corol ; tube equalling the calyx ; segments of the limb spreading, lan- E
ceolate, acute, twice as long as the tube.— Stamina almost as longas |
the corol ; filaments inserted within its mouth between two opposite
fissures ; anthers oblong, bursting lenethways on both sides.—P' istil
shorter than the stamina, smooth ; ovarium roundish, two-celled, with
two pendulous ovula in each cell ; style short; stigma fleshy, oblong,
acute.— Berries oval, dark blue ‘with a beautiful bloom on them, ra-
ther smaller than coe of the common Privet ; pulp brown. — seeds.
one or two; cotyledons broad-ovate. In other respects like those of
: Ligustrum. Gert. Carp. ii. 72. tab. 92. 2
Obs. This species differs from L. jeponicum, Thunb. and lucidum, ;
Ait. in the figure and villosity of its leaves and the contracted shape |
of its panicle, [t may perhaps be found the same as Li. sinense, Lout.
especially if the racemes, which in the flora cochinchinensis are at-
tributed to that tree, are considered as panicles, which indeed has d

been done by the illustrious author of that article in Rees’ s N ew or
clopzedia.

A

I possess specimens. taken from old branches, with 1 more re exp nde
panicles, which together with the leaves are perfectly moat —N. W. A

VERBENA, See Didynamia Angiospermia, 7 rS

Piper, prANpRIA TRIGYNIA, SE 153
TRIGYN IA.
PIPER. Schreb. Cd N. 59.

_ Ament filiform, imbricated with peltate scales. Corol none. Germ
one-celled with a single, erect oculum. Berry one-seeded. Embryo
inverse, and furnished with an ample perisperm,

1. P. nigrum. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 159.
Leaves bifarious, obliquely ovate-cordate, acuminate, polished,
from five to seven-nerved.
Pepper-vine. Marsden’s History oF rated p. 105.
Molago-codi. Rheed. mal. 7. 23. t. 12. Se
Suns. FHtsj, Vellojung, atá, Macaa ia Murichung,
Fras, Kolukung, waraaat, Krishnumooshunung, stat ze
muputtunung.
Hind. and Beng. Murich, or Gol-murich.
Tam. Moloovoo-kodi.
Pers. Pilpil.
Arab. Filfil.
` Malay. Ladda,
` Cultivated in various parts of India, and its Islands.

X P. trioicum. R.
" T rieecous, shrubby, rooting. Leaves pituious: obliquely-ovate,
acuminate, from five to seven-nerved, glausous. Aments leaf-opposed,
cylindric, pendulous.
Teling. M urjal-tiga. :
Roots long, striking deep into the eir Diak jointed, winding,
when old woody, and scabrous, running along the ground to a great

extent, or up trees, &c. when trained to them; from each joint. :
issue roots which take firm hold of Whatever they meet with.

` Branches numerous, alternate ; the young ones smooth, the o!
2 and scabrous like the stem.— Leaves alternate pe

1

154 DIANDRIA TRIGYNIA. Piper.

nerved, (generally five,) above, smooth and glossy, below, lighter
coloured, often somewhat bubbled, from four to six inches long, and

from tw» to four broad.— Pefioles channelled, smooth, an inch or — —

an mch and half long.— S?ipules solitary, spathiform falling off when
the leaf begins to be unfolded.
MALE PLANT. Calyxan ament,leaf-opposed, peduncled, filiform,
pendulous, closely imbricated with five spiral rows, of fleshy, oval, —
oue-ilowered scales.—Scales oblong, peltate, sessile, one-flowered.
— Corel none.— Filaments three, very thick, and very short, scarcely _
elevating the anthers above the margins of the scales of the ament, -

Aathers four-lobed.— Pistil, in some, a minute cylindric gland in the : : :

cenire, in others, not the smallest rudiment of one.

FEMALE PrawT. Calyx an ament, leaf-opposed, shorter, thicker, :

and more rigid than in the male, imbricated with three spiral rows of A

scales.— Scales as in the male.—Corol none.—Stamens none.— |
Germ sessile, globose, immersed in the substance of the ament. ;
Style uone. Stigma three-lobed, white, glandular.—Pericarp, a
small, round, red, somewhat fleshy berry.— Seed one, globose.
Uús. When I described the three vines included in this one species,
I had not seen Piper nigrum, and took it for granted that this was it;
but as soon as I had an opportunity of seeing that famous plant, Í
was immediately convinced that they were distinct species. In frioi- —
cum, the leaves have a‘ glaucous appearance, which readily distin- —
guishes it from P. nigrum, which has shining dark green leaves. —
This vine I bave found wild amongst the chain of mountains directly :
north from Coringa, in the Raja-mundri Circar. It delights ina moist, id
rich soil, well shaded with trees ; to them it adheres most firmly, by a
means of the roots which issue from the joints. Flowering time, in
their wild state, during the latter part of the wet season, Septem- dd
ber and October. The pepper ripens in March, With me, ina —

cultivated state, they flower almost all the year round, but chiefly -
during the forementioned petiod.

l have not met with any author, or any sort of information, that y
could lead me to think black pepper was the produce of a dioecous -

Piper, DIANDRIA TRIGYNIA. 155

plant, (male and female on distinct vines,) till upon examination, I
foundit was so. Attention to this circumstauce will, I think, reader
the culture of pepper much more certain, and successful, viz. by
planting to each prop tree a male and female plant, the male on the
sides from whence the most prevailing wind blows ; and the female
on the other. '

The vegetable world is full of proofs that the sexual system of the

immortal Linneus is founded on the soundest principies; aud not a

` single plant have I ever found in India, that does not corroborate this
fact. ‘The Arabians from time immemorial knew, that to reader the
female date-tree prolific, it was necessary to bring it in contact with
the male; which they do by making a slit in the spathe of the female
flower, just before it is ready to burst and thrusting therein a branch
of the male spadix. I have therefore the utmost reason to conclude =
the pepper vine will be much more productive, if the above mentioned
circumstance be attended to, by the cultivators. I think, if the Malays
on Sumatra had known it, the accurate Mr. Marsden, would not
have neglected mentioning so material a circumstance, when de-
scribing this plant, and the method of cultivating it there.

Soon after the above description was made, I found a third vine
bearing aments with hermaphrodite flowers ; or hermaphrodite and
female flowers mixed on the same aments. At the same time I found
that the pepper of the female vine did not ripen properly, but drop-
ped while green, and immature from the plant, and that when dried it
had not so much pungency as common pepper, whereas the pepper of
this third sort ripens perfectly, when dry is exceedingly pungent, and
has been, by pepper merchants at Madras, reckoned equal, if not su-
perior to the best pepper of the Malabar Coast, or Ceylon ; conse-
quently this must be the sort that is found cultivated ; the oM two —
being, I conjecture, entirely neglected. - :

This hermaphrodite plant grows wild, with the male and gem
in the moist, uncultivated, over-run shady vallies, up amongst the $
mountains ; and also upon the mountains, where springs k keep
moist, Such = are common in the cliffs sii the rocks,

a3

"m?

156 DIANDRIA TRIGYNIA. Piper.

the vines thrive with the greatest luxuriance. In its stem, branches,
leaves, and stipules, it agrees perfectly. with the other two. The
aments are also the same in every respect, except that here are four
spiral rows of flowers ; the scales of the ament are as in the other two,

viz. the male and female plants.— Samen, generally two, fleshy, —
clubbed filaments, shorter than the germ, and placed laterally,'so as ;
to press upon it. -It frequently happens that they are entirely want-
ing, oronly one is present. Anthers two oval pits in the apex of
each filament.—Gerzz' globular, immersed in the substance of the |
ament. Stylenone. Sligmas three, spreading.— Berry globular, size
of a small pea, red, smooth, one-celled. — Seeds solitary.

3. P. longum. Willd. 1. 161. :

Dioecous, shrubby, creeping. Lower leaves petioled, "broad-core a
date, floral leaves sessile, stem-clasping, rnt cordate; all are from 2
e to nine-nerved. m l

Catto-tirpali, Rheed. mal. 7. . p. 21. t. 14.

Sans. sagt, Krishna, BARRY, Oopukoolya, FEL eb Videhee,

are, Magudhee, SUT Chupwla, qup Kuna, urb Ooshu-

na, f: um. Pippulee, Te}, Shoundee, rtt, Kola.

Beng. Pippul, the root rmi.
English. Long-pepper. |
Pippul-chittoo is the Telinga name of the plant, and Pippuloo |
the pepper.
The plant I have found wild amongst bushes, on.the on of wa- l
ter courses, up towards the Circar mountains, It flowers and bears
fruit during the wet, and cold seasons. 2
.. Root woody, perennial.— Stems. many, creeping, jouited: pe
Joints swelled ; young shoots downy. Branchlets bearing the fruit are
erect, with the leaves sessile, or nearly so.— Leaves on the creeping
branches largest, petioled, broad-cordate, seven-nerved ; on the e: ect,
fruit-bearing branchlets (floral leaves) stem-clasping, oblong-cor-
date, five-ne; ved ; all are smooth, . somewhat wrinkled ; below pale
een; ; Size various.— Stipules of the petioled leaves two, joining

“P iper. ; DIANDRIA TRIGYNIA. 157

lengthways to the petioles, lanceolate; of the sessile leaves within
the leaf, single, spathiform. —

FEMALE FrowERs. Ament sessile, leaf-opposed, peduncled,
erect, cylindric, imbricated with five, or more, spiral rows of small,
orbicular, permanent, peltated, one-flowered scales.— Ca? none.—
Corol noue.--Stamens none.— Germs numerous, aggregate, sessile,
sub-orbicular. S'yle none or exceedingly short. Stigmas three or
four-lobed.— Pericarp aggregate, sub-cylindrical, composed of firm-
ly united, one-seeded drupes.— Seed ovate, smooth.

Obs. Tt is in Bengal only, so far as I have been able to learn, that this
plant is cultivated for its pepper. When the pe: per (ament) is full
grown, itis gathered and daily exposed to the sun, un Iur
dry ; after which it is packed up in bags for sale. — —

The roots, and thickest parts of the creeping stems, when cut into
small pieces and dried, form a considerable article of commerce
ali over India, under the name of Pippula moola ; forwhich purpose it
is particularly cultivated in many of ‘the vallies amongst the Circar
‘Mountains. This sort is more esteemed, and bears a higher price

‘than that of Benga’; where by far the largest proportion is cultivat-

ed. tis, as well as the pepper, chiefly employ ed medicinally, and
the consumption of both these drugs is very great.
- Curtivation 1N Bencau. The long pepper is not propagated
by seed, but by suckers, and requires to be cultivated upon í rich,
‘high, and dry soil. The suckers are transplanted soon after the setting
in of the periodical rains, and the pepper (which is preserved merely
by drying it in the sun), is gathered i in the month of January, after

_ Which the stalk, and branches of the plant wither, and the roots only

‘Temain alive. A bigha of land (the third of anEnglish acre) will yield ee

‘in the first year about a maund (eighty-four pounds) of the pepper, in E
the second year four maunds; and in the third six ; after which, as the 2
Ec becomes annually less and less productive, the root
grubbed up, dried, and sold ; and fresh roots, or young sh
set in their stead, the earth requiring merely a slight coves
nure, The plants are never to be ete sad

1 58 DIANDRIA TRIGYNIA. Piper.

ment of the hot season the roots are to be carefully covered with _
straw to preserve them against the heat of the sun. - The plants
should be set about five feet asunder. Large quantities of this pepper
and also of the roots are exported to Bombay, aud Surat; where
both are in great demand, the first for culinary, the latter for medi-

cinal purposes. The Ryots in this part of the country, usually sow
radishes, or barley, or plant brinjals (Solanum melongena), in the in-
termediate space between the plants.

4. P. Chaba. W. Hunter in Asiat. Res. ix. 391.

Shrubby, creeping. Leaves short-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, base -
unequal, scarcely triple-nerved : aments leaf-opposed, erect, cylin-
drico-conical, firm and fleshy. 24

Sans. Gaj Chuvyung, wo Chuvika, db Chuvee, wa : |
Chavikung. — 2l
- Beng. Choee. =

Piper-longum. Rumph. amb. 5. p. 333. t. 116. f. 1. d

Obs. Cattu-tirpali. Rheed. mal. 7. p. 27. t. 14. represents a very. ? Fl
different species, the fruit of which is also used over the continent feo
of India, and particularly in the western part thereof, as long pep-
ger, and is much cultivated in Bengal, chiefly for its root, which the
natives call P?ppula. Woodville’s figure, in his Medical Botany, no
very bad, for it answers neither to this, nor P. longum, Linn. Sp. P E S

ed. Willd. 161. which may be called the long pepper of the continent = .
of India. Blackw ell’s figure i is still worse. j

5. p. Darcan. R. E
Leaves ali petioled, broad-cordate, from five to seven-nerved, ob. A

tuse; lobes of the base large, equal, circular. Aments erect, short-pe-
duncled, coiumnar, male flowers tetrandrous.

, A native of the mountains on the North-west border of Bengal, n

where the natives call it Pahari peepul, or mountain long-peppet zo
and use it, both green and ripe, in their dishes. In the Botanic pw D.
den it blossoms, and the berries ripen during the rains. |

Piper. DIANDRIA TRIGYNIA. 169

Root perennial.—Stem or rather branches creeping on the ground,
or rooting on trees like Ivy, and most of the East India species of pep-
per; all the young parts polished.— Leaves alternate, petioled, equal
ly-cordate, obtuse, from five to seven-nerved, smooth, from three to
five inches long, by from two to four broad.— Petioles from one to two
inches long, erooved.— Stipules interfoliaceous, Kc. as in the genus. —
Male aments \eaf-opposed, short-peduncled, or columnar, slender.
Scales one-flowered.— Coro! noue.— Filaments generally four, oval,
fleshy, very short. Anthers one celled.-— Germ none.—- Female
aments on a different plant, leaf opposed, short-peduncled, cylindric.
— Germ oval, one-celled, ovula single, erect, that is, attached direct.
` ly to the bottom of the cell. | =

6. P. peepuloides. R:
Leaves equally-ovate, and ovate-lanceolate, short-petioled, from
three to five-nerved, smooth, acuminate. Aments sub-sessile, cylindric.
Pippul the vernacular name in Silhet, and on the adjacent range
of mountains where it is indigenous, and considered the Pippul,
or long-pepper of that country, aud as such is used in medicine,
&c. It differs specifically, no doubt, from the long-pepper plant of
lower Bengal, as well as from that of Rumphius, called P. Chaba
by Dr. W. Hunter, who fouud it common on the Island of Pulo-
Pinang. It is immediately known from P. longum by the shape.
of the leaves, as well as by their being all equally petioled ; and.
from P. Chaba, : by both sides of the base being equal, or near-
ly so ; whereas in Chaba the lower side is much larger and longe;
Root perennial.—Stems and alternate branches creeping, young
shoots smooth.— Leaves alternate, short-petioled, from ovate-ob-
ng, to lanceolate, entire, acuminate ; generally five-nerved, of which. a
the exterior two are minute, and when absent the leaf is perfectly
three-nerved, from three to five inches long, by from one to threebroad. _
—Stipules stem-clasping, and petiolary— The Female aments have
only been found, which induces me to think this species is di
cous, as most of them are; they are short-peduncled, solitary, and

directly opposite to the leaves.— Berries smaller than in common

LI

160 DIANDRIA TRIGYNIA, Piper, |

black-pepper (P. nigrum) obliquely oval ; pulp in small quantity, one-
_celled.—Seeds solitary, conform to the berry.—Perisperm conform _
to the seed.— Embryo minute, lodged in a little hollow in the apex. S
ef the. perisperm. 3

3. P. Betle. Linn. Sp. Pi. ai: Willd. 1. 159.
Perennial, dioecous, creeping. Leaves alternate, bifarious, c core
date, from five to seven-nerved, smooth, entire. Female aments sub
cylindric, drooping. : E
P. qui saururus, &c. Burm. Zeyl. p. 193. t. 83. f. 2. E 4
Deetla-codi. Rheed. mal. 7. 29. t. 15. : E
Sans. qu qab Tambooluvullee, qu. «p Tamboolee, a 2M
qu ^ Naguvullee. 5 MM
* Hind. and Beng. Pan. |
I have never met with this plant in its wild state. It is much ul a
tivated over India and the Malay countries.
Root woody, ramous.— Stems woody, creeping on the earth, or
rising up trees, poles, &c. when carefully trained to them; smooth T
in every part ; innumerable roots issue from the joints, by which the ie
plant is well supported after they have taken hold.— Leaves alternate, i
petioled, bifarious, from broad-cordate to obliquely ovate-oblong, |
somewhat poiuted, from five to seven-nerved, entire, smooth; from
four to six inches long, and from two to four broad.— Petioles of va-

rious lengths, and channelled.—Stipules as in P. nigrum.—Female
aments leaf-opposed, peduncled, filiform, sub-pendulous, closely.
imbrica'ed with several spiral rows of scales, and corollets, exactly T
as in P. trioicum.—The male flowers I have never found. 2 7
Obs. The plants are constantly raised from the slips, and cuttings,
ess are care 'ully planted in a rich moist soil, well inclosed, and sha ;
ed, so that they are in great measure, protected from both sun and A
wind. In some places, small plantations of Æschynomene grandi- d
flora, are made to train them to, and to keep off the sun; in others |
poles are employed for the first, and a thin shed of mats over them.
for the latter purpose, they require to be frequently watered Bunt

Piper. DIANDRIA TRIGYNIA. : —. 161

- dry weather. _ Every history of India describes, and every body
knows, the use the Hindoos of all ranks make of the leaves of this

plant.

8. P. Cubeba. Gart. Carp. ii. 67. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 159.
Shrubby, creeping. Leaves petioled, ovate-lanceolate, Scarcely
triple-nerved. Aments leaf-opposed, on peduticles longer than the
petioles. Berries pedicelled. E. ee
Piper canninum. Rumph. amb. 5. t. 98. f. 2.

A native of Prince of Wales Island and the. countries to the east-
ward of the Bay = euge s
9. P. ohm R. guia. nu dem ee
Creeping, every part very woolly. Leaves petioled, Suc
late, scarcely three-nerved. Aments p anc one-peduncled, as
~ long as the petioles. Berries pedicelled, clavat

A native of the Malay Archipelago.

. 10. P. methysticum, Linn. Sp. PI. ed. Willd. 161.

- Leaves short-petioled, from salient to obliquely re-entering, cor-
bo, from seven to nine-nerved, entire, smooth. ;

A native ofthe Malay Archipelago. There is no doubt but fisi B
the Sirium decumanun. Rumph. amb. 5. t. 97. but whether it be the
_ South sea Island intoxicating species, I cannot take upon me to saya
The. leaves are often a foot long, by six or eight inches broad, on

sheathing petioles not more than an inch long. I have not seen the
fruit. :

11. P. arborescens. R.
...- Arboreous, creeping. | Leaves petioles, ovate-elliptic, acute, five- —
: : nerved. Aments leaf-opposed, long i Seana PIMIMBE, on peduncles,
about a as long as the petioles. i ;
‘Sirium arborescens tertium. Rumph. amb. 5. t. oe fi i.
A native of the Molucca Islands.

Meo li I Ton A ud 3 [3

eS C DIANDRIA TRIGYNIA. | Piper, -

18. RÀ; lanceolatum. R.

Shrubby, creeping. Leaves short-petioled, broad- Labiceotnie: proa

minently five-nerved, smooth. — pases long-peducicletag
filiform. - ;

“A native of the Moluces Islands.

18. p. Malamiris. Linn. Sp. Pl ed. Willd. 160. dr

Shrubby, creeping. Leaves rather long-petioled, from salient to
re-entering, cordate, five, or seven-nerved. Aments leaf-opposed, -
filiform, on peduncles that are generally shorter than m peties e

Amalago. Reed. mal. 7. t. 16.

Sirlum. Rumph. amb. 5. t. 116. Ff: 2. is nadoubt P. Betle, cone

sequently must be excluded from the list of synonyms belonging to
this species.

=. 14. FP. rostratum. R.

=. Creeping, tender parts hairy. Pets ‘short-petioled, obovate,
cuneate, obtuse-pointed, villous, five or seven-nerved, downy, meet-

. ing above the base. | SSN leaf-opposed, linm Bere 5,
ries beaked. `

À native of the Moluccas,

15; P. di iffusum. Vahl. Enumer. Pl. 1. 333. d 7x

Leaves long-petioled, round-cordate, sharp-pointed, five or se-
ven-rierved, smooth. Aments cylindric, short-peduncled.

Sirium frigidum. Rumph. amb. 5. 345. t. 119. f. 2.
: A native of the Moluccas.

- 16. P. sarmentosum. R.

Erect, ramous at the top, sarmentose. Leaves from rnia.
to oblong, smooth, five-nerved, the superior ones sub-sessile. dmt
leaf-opposed, short-peduncled.

P. latifolium. Hunter in Asiat. Res. ix. 399.

Gadu, Cando, or Gadukh, of the Malays, -

*

Piper. DIANDRIA TRIGYNIA. - 163-

4

. A native of the Malay Islands, and brought by Mr. Smith into
the Botanic Garden, where it thrives luxuriantly, and is in fruit most -
part of the year.

Stems erect, from six to eighteen inches high, ramous at top, joint-
: ed, and smooth. Sarmentose shoots ofa great length, issuing in abun-
dance from the top of the root, and the lower part of the stem, by
which the plant is quickly propagated to any extent.— Leaves alter-
nate, thé lower ones petioled, broad, re- entering, cordate ; the upper -
ones sub-sessile, obliquely-oblong ; all are smooth on both sides,’
and shining on the upper one.—Aments solitary; opposite to the
leaves, short-peduncled, oblong, very small, being rarely more
than a quarter of an inch long.— Germs oval, one-celled, ovulum one
attached by the base to the bottom of the cell.— Fruit comipound, sub-
cylindric, about the size of an infant’s finger, when ripe softish, and

of a dark green or livid colour. Berries numerous, most of the .

germs prove abortive, one-celled. Seed solitary, oval, attached to
. the bottom of the cell. Integuments single, thin, light brown.— -
Perisperm conform to the seed, friable —Embryo shape of a small

broad inverted cone lodged in the apex of the perisperm. Radicle
superior.

17. P. angustifolium. R. :
Scandent, or creeping, smooth. Leaves sessile, obliquely-lanceo- |
late, very smooth. Aments leaf-opposed, —
B native of the Malay teras
+
18. P. saratile. Wall.
Stems furrowed, creeping, with villous joints and fascicled sub-
erect branches. Leaves sub-sessile quatern, obovate-cuneate, fleshy,
Convex and villous beneath, with three-coloured nerves, veinless,
`- Spike terminal, filiform, elongated, pedunded. = — Bars
. A native of the neighbourhood of Katmandu in N apala,’ -— EC
j gon on rocks and blossoms during the first four months of the s year,

ÅA small necu probably pe. qe which de
U2 pw.

164 DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. ` - Jasminum.

considerable extent, sending forth fascicled, sometimes single, oppo-
` site or alternate branches from each joint, which scarcely rise four,
inches above the surface on which the plant grows.— Stems thread-like,
pubescent, with four or five furrows ; branches once or twice sub- ——
divided into small opposite branchlets.— Leaves generally quatem,
rarely tern, four or five lines in length, obtuse, cuneate at the base,
shining and somewhat concave above, with copious short hairs below, —
. slightly ciliated, without veins or ribs, and losing even the three pale- —
coloured nerves when dry; the lowest verticils many times, the others
twoorthree times shorter than the interstices between the joints.— 4
Leaves of the young shoots linear-oblong, measuring sometimes an 2 |
inch in length. —Petiols very short, villous, erect, with a gland-like $^
body in their axils, villous — Spike terminal, very slender, from an E
inch to an inch and a half long, round, villous, excavated on its sure —
face with innumerable small pores in which the flowers are loath A
ona peduncle about half.its length... . :
— Obs. All. the parts of this elegant little species Jae a faint pun- :
ees taste. I have not been able hitherto to examine its ipu of
fructification in a satisfactory manner. : à

Addition to Jasminum heterophyllum, p. 99. —By. N N. Wh 9

. Since the above page was printed I have through the kindness of :
‘the Honourable Mr. Gardner been favored with flowering speci- 2
mens of that interesting species which have enabled me to add the D
following description. |

t

- J. heterophyllum. R.

Arboreous. Leaves alternate, petioled, simple or ternate, from obi
-Tong to broad ovate, acuminate, waved, lucid, firm. — Panicles | ter- "
minal, spreading, trichotomous, fastigitate.—Calyz . urceolate wih
` subulate teeth.— Segments of the corol ORRE, equalling the tube:

Nepala names, Gooje. and Javana.

It grows to be a midling- sized tree with long branches which. have
_a téndency to become rambling. Leartes varying so much in size; 3
“well às figure, as to appear to jore? to Meno mos ME m

dumm. gus DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. : 165

reality they are the produce of one sd the same tree, only taken from
differently aged branches ; oblong and tapering, some times ovate-
oblong, or even very broad-ovate almost cordate, generally alter-
nate, in younger shoots opposite, from three to six inches long, two
to three or even four inches broad, terminating into a long acumen,
rounded, sometimes unequal at the báse, perfectly smooth, shining
above, pale below, witha very elevated rib, and long, sub-opposite,

. oblique, arched nerves which unite into sub-marginal reticulated
veins. The leaves are. promiscuously single and ternate, or even
binate on one and the same branch ; but in general they have a ten-
dency to become ternate on younger branches.— Petiols slender, groo-
ved, as well as the peduncles covered with short hairs, which occa-
sionally continue along the principal vessels on the under side of the

Teaves ; from one to two inches long; partial ones, short; they are all

articulated at both extremities.— Panicles more or less elevated

above the leaves, large, spreading, many times branched, the first
divisions being long, the subsequent ones gradually shorter.—Pe-
duncles slender, lax, together with the calyx hairy, with subulate de-

. ciduous bractes under each ramification.— FJowers very. numerous
and dense, ternate, yellow, delightfully fragrant, elevated on longish
pedicels to nearly the same level; the intermediate ones sessile.—

Tube of the corol about half an iil long, cylindric, striated. pre
mens slightly elevated above the mouth. see

Obs. This ornamental Jessamine is probably the hine of the
euis, genos as I am informed, to a considerable tree, —N. W,

^ Class 8d.
TRIANDRIA |
MONOGYNIA.
VALERIANA. Schreb. Gen. N. 60.

-Calyx none. Corol superior, one-petilled, gibbous on one side of —
the base. Seed one.

SS FORES Sir W. Jones i in Asiat. Res. vol. ii. p. 405, and.
vol. iv. p. 109. Roxb. ibid. 433. >
_ Flowers triandrous. Leaves entire, four-fold, the inner radical pair
petioled, and cordate; cauline eeainsleneoeleie. Seeds crowned with —

a pappus.

V. spica. Vahl. En. Pl. 9. 13.
7

-.. €. V. Hardwickii. Wall. |
.. Triandrous villous. Radical leaves numerous, fleshy, ovate-cor- —
date, acute, unequally sinuated, on long groved petiols ; cauline sessile —
small, opposite, remote, pinnate or laciniate at the base. Cor ynb : i
terminal gradually elongated ; pedicels dichotomous, Seeds crown-
ed with a downy pappus.
Valeriana, Hardy. in Asiat. Res. vi. 350. : B
A native of the mountains of Sirinagur ánd Nepala ; where: p
: blossoms i in the beginning of the year. 2 4e
Newarree Name, Chammaha Soa. mua o A
Root fleshy, as thick as the little finger, ceni outa ut. num- i:
ber of pale, cylindric, slightly pubescent fibres.—Leaves numerous, —
spreading in all direction, from one to three inches long, with slight- |
ly waved and unequally repand, sometimes deeply gashed, margins, —
Sed on both sides with very mate soft hairs, pes and .—

»'

Veleriana, TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. — 167 -

somewhat shining above; very pale with fleshy prominent rib ;
and nerves and slightly reticulated veins below; the lobes at the
base more or less marked, sotnetimes decurrent or entirely wanting.
As the stem grows in length they are elevated with it a few inches
above the ground.and are then perfectly opposite in very approxi- ©
mate pairs.—Stem leaves, two to three or even four very re-
mote pairs, pinnate- or pinnatifid, the terminal leaflets lanceolate,
Sinuate-dentate about an inch long, the others in one or two pairs
linear-lanceolate, very small.— Petiols cylindric, pubescent, with a
deep channel above, tapering from a broad aud thick base, twice or
thrice longer than the leaf,—Svems several, erect, striated, fistulous,
slightly villous, from one to four feet high, as thick as a good goose-
quill.—Corymb terminal, crowdedat first, but afterwards much length.
. ened, with opposite slender pubescent peduncles, the lowest one or +

two pairs of which are generally distant and appear like smaller -

axillary inflorescences; pedicels three or four times forked, capillary,’
' ending into short, few-flowered or crowded racemes.— Bractes linear
x ‘opposite under each subdivision of the corymb ; lowermost almost as
-long as the peduncles.— Flowers very small, pale, with scarcely any
other calyx than an elevated margin at the top of the.ovarium. Corol
-funnel- shaped with a five-cleft regular border; its tube naked at the
base, villous within.—Seed compressed, with a series of white hairs
in the furrows of the ribbed side; in other FOTO like that ot M
rubra. Gert. Carp. ii. p. 95. t. 86. A
— Obs. Y have received abundance of Specimens with flowers and
fruit from the Honourable Mr. Gardner. He also sent me roots of
this interesting plant, which at present (May 1818), are shooting
_ forth numerous large fleshy leaves. Its fibrous root acquires on being
. dried a strong smell like that of the common valerian and appearing-
. tobe permament. It is used medicinally by the natives of Nepala.
"The flowers and seeds seem like those of V. Jatamansi, butin |

: regard to the root and leaves the two puis differ widely. -N.W

168 - ` TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. E: Olaxe

OLAX. Schreb. Ein N. 61.

Calyz € entire, Tee three-petalled. Nectary ofa few alon fi-
laments inserted on the petals. Germ one-celled ; oculum one, erect,

Drupe half hidin the enlarged calyx, one-seeded. bry ‘inverse,
and amply furnished with a perisperm.

^1. O. scandens. Corom. Pl. 9. N. 102.
Shrubby, scandent. Leaves ovate-bblong. Petals and m à
filament bifid.
Fissilia psittacorum. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 194. ` |
Roxburgia baccata. Konig’s Mss. -
Teling. 'Turka-vepa. ais
A large, roads, climbing shrub, a native of forests. Flowers all -
the year round.
Trunk leaning, often as thick as a man's thigh, Branches numer-
ous, climbing. =T. horns one here and there over the old woody. parts
| only, very large. and strong, shaped ] like the horn ofa Rhinoceros.— -
Leaves alternate, bifarious, petioled, oval, entire, smooth, about two |
inches long, and one-broad.— Racemes axillary, solitary, half the length
of the leaves, few-flowered .— Flowers small, white.—Calyz cup-form,
‘entire, permanent, and enlarging with the fruit.— Petals three ; one?
two, or all three half two- cleft ; divisions linear, spreading —Nectary,
a bifid, filiform, yellow bails. rising from the inside of the base of
each division of the petals.— Filaments three, short, standing between
— the nectaries, inserted into the petals below their fissures. Anthers
oblong.—Germ superior, ovate, one-celled, containing one ovulum
attached to the sare of the cell. Style length. of the corol. —Slig-
sa simple.— Drupe or berry globular, three-fourths covered with -
the enlarged calyx, yellow, pulpy, one-celled. Birds are fond of
them.— Seed single, globular. Integuments, two ; exterior nuciform;
inner one white and spongy. |, Perisperm conform to the seed; amyg*
daline. Embryo inverse, minute, lodged in the apex of the peris-
perm. Cotyledons two, equal, minute, semi-linear. Radicle large
than the cotyledons, oval, superior. —

Hippocratea, TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. -169

- 2. O. imbricata. R. ;
Shrubby, scandent. Leaves bifarious, from ovate-lanceolate to
oblong, entire, glossy. Racemes axillary, before the flower expands
bifationsly imbricated, (like the spicule in Briza.) Drupes ovate.
A very large climbing shrub, or tree, if any scandent plant can be
so called; a native of Chittagong, where it flowers i in the hot sea-
son, >

LOEFLINGIA. Schreb. Gen. N. 71.

- Calyx five-leaved. Corol five-petalled. Capsules superior, one-cel-
led, three-valved.- ers T
.. 3. indica. Tio Sp. Pl. ed. Will. 1.191. Retz. Obs. -

Annual, diffuse, branchy. Leaves sub-verticelled, cuneiform `
Flowers terminal: Style three-cleft. Calyr fleshy.
~ Pharnaceum depressum. Mant. 564.

.À small, diffuse, annual plant; appearing and flowering in the
cold season. $

Stems many, pressing on the ground, branchy.— Leaves opposite.
- sessile, with many smaller ones from their axills, which makes them
appear verticilled, oval, smooth, from a quarter to half an inch. long.
—Stipules four-fold, membranaceous, with many small similar scales _
about. the flowers.— Flowers sessile in the divisions of the branches,
and terminal, Petals iner, with three or four-toothed apices.

HIPPOCRATEA. Schreb. Gen. N.73. |
Calyx five-parted. Petals five. Germ three-celled ; ovula a few, Er.

attached to the axis. Capsules three, one-celled, two-valved. Seeds
Piembrane-winged. Embryo erect, without perisperm, »

LH. indica. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 198. Corom. Pl. 2. Nass
Shrubby , climbing by tendrils. Leaves oblong, venticgat EPDE ai
= axillary. Capsules po m y po

Neu ie am
T uu WT

-*70 - TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. — ‘Hippocrates

A large, twining shrub, native of forests, hills, and wild uninha-
bited'places, over varioüs parts of Indja Flowers about the Ba
-ming of the hot season.
© Tendrils simple, woody.— Leaves dppelitü TaS, —
pointed, serrate, smooth, shining, about two inches long.—Panicles
(Umbells) axillary , Opposite, peduncled, about as long as the leaves,
dichotomous, expauding.— Flowers numerous , very small, ofa rusty
yellow colour.— Bractes minute.— Petals linear-oblong.— Germ gu.
perior, three-lobed, three-celled, with two ovula in each, attached to
the axis.—Style shorter than the stamens.— Capsules from one to
three, oblong, one-celled, one-valved.— Seeds two, broad-winged,
affixed to the bottom of the capsules by the apex of the wing. |

-
4^. 7
x.

2. H. -obtusifolia. R.
“Shrubby, climbing by the help of cirrhose branchlets, 2
clliptically-oblong, entire, obtuse. Dini terminal and axillary.
Capsules obovate, four-seeded. —
c A native of the coast of- Cetocisadel. Plowetiag time in the
Botanic Garden, March and April; the seeds take one ho to
Épénsc- sta ,

Stems and larger bibihis ligneous, and covered with cedit
spongy grey bark, climbing to a great extent by the help of the -
smaller, round, smooth, diverging, opposite branchlets, which take

a‘turn, or two round their supporters.— Leaves opposite, short-petio-
led , oblong, entire, (ate luxuriant leaves are sometimes obscurely ser-
rate,) obtuse, firm, polished, length from three to four inches. uu
of the leaves four-fold, minute, subulate; those of the branchlets larger»
— Corymbs terminal, or from the exterior axills, often compoundly `
dichotomous, and shorter than the leaves.— Dractes minute, ovate»
— Flowers small, pale greenish yellow.—Calyx five-leaved.— Petals
five, ovate-lanceolate. — Nectary, a large, fleshy receptacle receiving -
the base of the germ; its margin becomes thin, and is divided into
three, tapering, antheriferous: segments, which are at first erect, but

soon become revolute „— Filaments no other than the three seg- -

ments of the nectary, Anthers of two, — one-celled lobes.

AHippocratea. TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 171

Germ three-lobed, immersed in the thick, fleshy nectary, three-
celled, each cell containing several seeds, attached to the axis.—Siyle
the length of the filaments ; stigma three-toothed.— Capsules three,
obovate, thin, smooth, slightly veined, about two inches long, by
one and half broad, one-celled, two valved.— Seeds generally four in
, each: capsule, two on each#ide, lodged about its middle, of a nar-
row-obiong shape, with a large, oblong, membranaceous wing pro-
ceeding from the base, and attached by its extremity to the very base
of the capsule. Integuments two; exterior a very thin, smooth mem-
brane ; interior rather Mick and cake oni spongy.— Perisperm none.
—Embryo erect. Cotyledons oblong, pale green while feeent Plu-
mula two-leaved. Radicle short, inferior. = x d
Obs. In the following species there are onby t two o beds i in "A
capsule, in every other respect it resembles exactly this species.

3. H. arborea. R.
Sub-arboreous, with climbing branches. Leaves opposite, oblong,
serrulate, cuspidate. Corymbs axillary. Capsules linear-oblong, two-

seeded,
_ B. Katha-paharia.
-— A native of the interior parts of India. — It blossoms in July, and
the seeds ripen in March. |
Trunk tolerably straight, but short, about as thick as a man’s thigh,
Covered with smooth, dark brownish ash-coloured bark. Branches
and branchlets spreading and climbing to a great extent, young
shoots TOR. and smooth, indeed highly polished ; - many of them
- form the claspers.— Leaves opposite, short-petioled, drooping, ob-
long, taper-pointed, serrate, very smooth on both sides ; from six
to seven inches long, and about three broad. —Stipules none, but two
9r three small, dark bfown, scaly gems are found in each axil.—Co-
tymbs axillary, dichotomous, with a pedicelled flower in the divisions.
—Bractes opposite, small, permanent.— Flowers very numerous ü
small, pale greenish yellow.— Ca/yz beneath, generally four, oug
| Sometimes five or even:six-parted ; divisions rounded, and only about
-half the length of ‘the corol.—Corol inii five, or r sispetaed (six
y2 ;

is the most common, and I suppose the natural number,)ina dou. .
ble series, equal, ovate-oblong, smooth. Nectary a three-sided, fleshy
cup surrounding the insertion of the stamens and germ.— Filaments
three, membranaceous, shorter than the corol. Anthers four-lobeds it

—Germ ovate. Style short. Stigma sim ple.— Capsules three, cus

neiform, striated, three inches long, and about one and a half broad,

oue-celled, two-valved ; valves exactly boat-shaped.—Seeds two, ovate,

| Compressed, enlarged with an oblong, soft, thin, spongy wing, the ats
tachment is between its apex and the base of the capsules. Integus
ment single, ochraceous.— Perisperm none.— Embryo oblique, come —
pressed. Cotyledons conform to the seed, yellow. Plumula twos -
lobed. Radicle oval, sub-inferior. g :

á po JOHNIA. B. . i

Calyz inferior, five-leaved, or five-parted. Corol five-petalled. Nec-
tary or receptacle of the stamina and pestillum sub-globular. Germ —
three-celled ; ovuda one or two in each cell, peltate. Berry one or
more-seeded. Embryo without perisperm, direction various.
In honour of the Rev. Dr. John of Tranquebar. Itis nearly
allied to Salacia. Gen. Pl. ed. Schreb. 1380. I

ts proper place is .
probably the third order of this class. : PP

1. J. salacioides. R. à
Leaves opposite, broad-lanceolate, entire, firm and polished. E.
Calyx five-leaved. Petals sessile. Anthers sessile on the three divis 2
. sions of the nectary. ` Lon Un ne i
: A native of Tipperah, Chittagong, and otber parts of the eastern. i
frontier of Bengal. It flowers in the Botanic Garden during the hot

-season ; and the fruit ripens about the close of the rams, |. =
A large, very ramous shrub, with its branches spreading much, -
and often drooping elegantly. Bark of the ligneous parts brownish
and somewhat scabrous, that of the young twigs smooth, eee
Leaves opposite, short-petioled, recurved, broad-lanceolate, ne
tire, firm, polished, obtuse-pointed; about four inches long, and-

Johnies - -TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. irs —

half as much broad.—Stipules minute, caducous.— Peduncles —
axillary, several, longer than the petioles, one-flowered.— Flowers
small, deep greenish orange colour.— — Calyx of five round, villous
margined, minute leaflets.— Petals round, sessile, with the margins
recurved.— Filaments no other than the three, short, triangular seg.
ments of the tleshy urceolate uectary, elevating tbe three, large, twin
anthers even with the stigma.— Germ above, conical ; three-celled,
with two ovula in each, attached to the axis.—Style scarcely any ;
stigma acute.— Berry size of a crab-apple, round, smooth, dull.red.
Pulp i in considerable. quantity, white, of a a^ soft, tough, gelatinous

aoe

consistence, and eaten by the natives.—Seeds two, or three, separa-
ted by a thick partition of pulp ; ; transversely oblong ; flat on the in-
side, convex on the exterior. —Integuments, single, spongy, brown.— _
Perisperm none. Embryo consisting of two equal cotyledons, con.
form to the seed, and until vegetation begins, so firmly, and closely
united, that they seem to be of one entire piece.—Radicle small,
lodged at the umbilicus, relative, centripetal.

2. J. coromandeliana. R.

Leaves opposite, serrulate, sciet Cayo. five-toothed. Petals
unguiculate.

A small, straggling tree, or rather a ‘eae climbing shrub, a native
of forests and mountains of Coromandel,

-Leaves opposite, short-petioled,. oval, smooth, ieee
times most | slightly serrulate ; about three inches long, and one and
a half broad,— Peduncles axillary, several, bowing, one-flowered.—
Calyx inferior, one-leaved, five-cleft. — Petals five, clawed, round, or
oval, spreading —Nectary a large globular, fleshy receptacle, elevat-
ing the stamens and pistiL— Filaments three, spreading, shortér than
the petals, inserted into the top of the nectary round the germ. An-
thers small, twin.— Germ half immersed in the nectary, thr led, -
With one or two opula in each, attached to the axis. Sty/every. short. |
Stigma simple. Vii Berry superior, globular, upon the remaining ne
tary; or receptacle, size and colour of E small red cheny P one-celled, |
one-seeded.

-

4

174 (— ERIANDRIA MONOGTYNIA. Comi

— IRIS. Schreb. Gen. N 97. 3

Coral six- petalled, petals unequal, alternate, jointed and spreading.
- Stigmas petals, from cowled to bilabiate,

1. I. chinensis. Curtis’s Bot. Mag. N. 373. .

Root creeping. Leaves ensiform, drooping, scape ramous, ma-
ny-flowered. :

This elegant species “has been introduced from China, into the
Botanic Garden, where it thrives best in cool, moist, shady situs-
tions. Flowering time the beginning of the hot season, viz. March |
= April. aa
MOREA. Schreb. Gen. N. 80. *

Corol six-petalled ; the MET inner spresti and narrower. Stig- -
ma B Sees! dida

1. M. disini. ae om Pl. ed. Willd. 245. Thunb. Diss. N.19.
Herbaceous, stems compressed. Leaves bifarious, ensiform.
umbels terminal, proliferous, all the six-petals expanding. °
— Belameanda-shular mini. RAeed. mal. 11, t. 37.
Ixia chinensis. Curt. Magaz. 171.
Pardanthus chinensis. Annals of Bot. 1. 416.
Beng. Dusbaha, or Dusbichundi. ; i
A native of India, China, &c. Flowers in the rainy season in the -
Botanic Garden near Calcutta.
-~ Is common in gardens over India, where it macie during t the |
rains, and ripens its seeds in the cold season. “oe

COMMELINA. Schreb. Gen. N. 86.

qo inferior, three-leaved. Corol three-petalled, often dissimi-
lar. Nectaries or sterile filaments three, with a cruciform head. Cap-
sules two or ihree-celled. Seeds one or inore. aps npe ond
furi ished with a perisperm. ic Leach a. % ca

~

Commelina. A TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 475 -

“1. C. communis. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Wilid. 1. 249.

Polygamous, creeping. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, smooth ; spathes
many flowered. Petals unequal. Anthers dissimilar. Capsules 1 trie
coccous. F 2 ora A.

Beng. Juta-kanshira.

Ephemerum dipetalum. Komp. aman. p. 988, t. $89... -

This species is common over the low moist parts of India; fow-
ering time the rainy season chiefly.

_ Root fibrous.— Stems numerous, creeping, I ahis, jointed; i

round, smooth ; length very various.— Leaves alternate, sessile on

tubular, vaginated sheaths, ovate-lanceolate, acute; margins waved ;

smooth on both sides, with delicate, parallel veins runing length ways

` on the under side; from two to four inches long; mouths of the -
sheathing petioles a little ciliate.—Spathes terminal, or sub-fasicled, -
semi-cordate, exu

Y

.2. c. bengalensis. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. ‘Willa. 1. 250.

_-Polygamous, creeping. Leaves cordate. Spathes three-flowered.
Petals unequal. Anthers dissimilar. Capsules three-celled, six-seeded.

Ephemerum bengalense, &c. Pluck. 1. 97. f. 3.

Deng. Kanshira, also Kanuraka. —

Like the last described, this species is a native of wet places : over
Bengal, but much scarcer and smaller; flowering time the. same.

Stems creeping, dichotomous, jointed, hairy.— Leaves iie
peticted, cordate, nervous, a little hairy, about an inch long and three- ——
fourth of ; an inch broad.—Petioles sheathing, bairy, aud ciliate.— '
Spathes terminal, and axillary, of a shape between that of a short, in-
verted cone and falcate ; open on the upper side only ; each contain-
ing a common peduncle of two hermophrodite flowers, and a Idhg-pe-
duncled male one.—Flowers small, bright blue colour. —Calya as i
E in the furmer.—Corol three-petalled ; two of them larger, ndlosg- -
clawed, as in the former species, the third small, and sessile, but -
coloured, — Nectary, stamens and pistil as im C. communis, - ny
the style i is here beautifully spiral. — Pericarp threc-celled, t three-valv- .
ed, with generally two seeds i in each cell, -

176 - TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA: Commelina,

3. C. molucca na. R è -

. Annual, creeping. Ius sessile, ida about f ve-nerved. Flow-
ers terminal, solitary, sub-sessile. Petals equal.

A native of the Moluccas. ore with Vahl’s. C. altenuatas

4. C. salicifoBa: R.

“Polygamous, creeping. Leaves narrow-lanceolate. Petals three,
equal. Spathes from four to six-flowered. Anthers dissimilar. Cap-
sules pointed, three-celled, six-seeded. 2

Sans. qa sat, Langulee. eos

- Beng. Panee-kansh?ra. - :

Found with the former in wet places near Calcutta, it is also: a
native of the Coromandel Coast : ; lowering time the wet season. ©

Stems creeping to a great extent, ramous, round, smooth, jointed,
very succulent.— Leaves alternate, sessile on their cylindric sheaths,
narrow-lanceolar, a little hispid on the upper side and margins,
_ when the finger i is drawn backward ; from four to six inches long, and
: not quite one inch broad. dibus cylindric, striated ; it ci-
liate.—Spathes leaf-opposed, long-peduncled, semi-cordate, long-
pointed.— Flowers hermaphrodite, and male: ; large, ofa beautiful deep
azure colour, disposed as in the former species, only there are few-
er to the common shorter peduncle, and often two on the longer one.
—Calyr as in the former.— Petals three, equal, except that the low- ~

er one having a shorter claw is nearly sessile. — Nectaries, stamens,
: and pistilum, as in the former — Capsules oblong, pointed, three-cel~ ;
led, three-valved, with two seeds i in — Cattle are. fond of this a
apa :

S. c: nana. R. ; : ie
Creeping. Leaves die dint iced stem-clasping. - Flowers
deii sub-panicled. Petals = Capsules three-celled, many-

A native of wet plates a over er Indi i it appears during the riy snd i
cold season,

Commelina. TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA, 177

Root annual.— Stems or branches creeping, envelopedin the sheaths
of the leaves ; from three to six inches long.— Leaves stem-clasping,
sheathing linear-cordaté, somewhat ciliate, and waved; sheaths a..
little downy.— Flowers terminal, sub-panicled, small, bright blue.—
Calyx equal, permanent.— Corol of three, roundish, equal petals.
Nectarial filaments as in the other Indian species, but naked.— Fila-

ments three, from the middle downwards clothed with hairs, converg-

ing over the stigma. Anthers blue.— Style shorter than the stamens,
straight and tapering. apni three-celled, with from three to six-
seeds in each.

Obs. Were the style longer, or even spirally bent, I should ave cx con-
cluded this plant to be Commelina spirata. Mant. 2.p . 176. Burman’ s

- figure of his C. diffusa. Flor, Ind. tab. 7. f. 2. is so bad that no
comparison can be made ; they may be the same. 7

6. C. nudiflora. Linn. Sp. Pi. ed. Willd. 1. 252.

-— Frequently creeping. Leaves linear, sessile, sheathing. Flowers
terminal, racemed, diandrous. Petals equal. Capsules three-celled ;
cells two-seeded.

Beng. Kanduli.

Tali-pulli. Rheed. mal. 9. t. 63.

Tradescantia malabarica. Sp. Pl. 419.

A native of most of the warmer humid parts of India. Flowering
time the rainy season. .

‘Stenis 1 none, but it has many short, creeping, smooth , jointed bran-
ches, with their flower-bearing extremities sub-erect.— Leaves alter-
nate, sessile, linear, sheathing, smooth, excepting a few fine hairs about
the mouths of the sheaths.—Racemes terminal, long-peduncled, co-
tymbed, bearing on their upper side many small blue flowersin succes-

sion.— Bractes solitary, one-flowered, concave, caducous.—Calyx ‘Ge

three-leaved , equal.— Corol of ihree, obovate, equal, blue petals. Neca E
tarial filaments with a very few, moniliform, blue hairs ; cor
two, .clavate..— Fi laments three, two. of thein ascending, larg:
thicker, well clothed with beautiful jointed. blue hairs, Anthe P
ope pile

`

1378 TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Commelina,

oval, the third lames sterile. Style S ascending.— Capsules
three-celled, with two scabrous seeds in each. £s

^
asas : '

7. C. cespitosa. R. = |
Polygamous, creeping. Leaves lanceolate. Spathe cordate, pee
:duncled, few-Bowered ; ; petals nearly Ae Capsules three-celled,

with one or two seeds in each.

A native of Chittagong, from thence the plants were sent to the
Botanic Garden by Mr. W. Roxburgh. It is in blossom most part -
of the year. a

Stems and branches numerous, slentdar, smooth, jointed, creeping.
close over a space of some feet and striking deep root at the joints.
Leaves alternate ; sessile on their smooth cylindric sheaths, ovate
lanceolate, the upper ones narrower. and longer; all are entire, and
smooth on both sides.—Sheaths, besides the usual leaf-bearing one,
there is a second or inner annular one wherever there is a peduncle. |
— Peduneles- solitary, leaf-opposed, about an inch long, round, and
smooth. Spathe cordate, or rather semi-cordate in their natural fold-
ed state, each embracing two common pedicels ; the superior one bear-
ing two, three, or four, pedicelled male flowers; and the lower about
as many hermaphrodite ones ; all blossoming in succession.—Caly?
of three, equal, obovate, concave, pale blue, pellucid leaflets. —Pelals a
three ; the upper two reniform and pedicelled ; the lower one cordate,
and sub-sessile, all of a most beautiful light blue colour. Ne ctaries
three, erect, on the upper side opposite to the stamens.— Filaments —
three, equal, ascending. Anthers, the middle one larger, and sagittate.—
Germ ovate, (in the male flowers wanting.) Style ascending, as long
as the stamens. Stigma incurved, simple.—Capsules oblong, threes
celled, with one or two seeds in each. vC

8. C. scapiflora. R. UM eee
Root perennial. | Rtacemes, radical, erect, with alternate, many-

flowered spathes. Petals equal. meti in a tuft, ensiform. -
Beng. Kurelli. .

vom * ^

-

Commelina. ; TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 179.

A native of Hindoostan and introduced into the Botanic Garden
by Colonel. Hardwicke, where it blossoms in March and April, at
which time the plant is destitute of leaves, nothing being seen but
the racemes ornamented with large lively blue flowers round the apex.

Root perennial, composed of several, smooth, elongated tubers,
with a few filiform radicles.—Stems none, except the sheathing bases

of the leaves which appear a month or two after the flowers ; these
are ensiform, waved, acute, smooth, and marked with several vinis
veins ; length from four to eight inches, breadth about one.—Ra-
-cemes diem erect, straight, smooth, invested at each of the re-
mote two or three joints, with a smáll, solitary. sheath ; ; these sheaths -
toward the top are more approximated, each of them there embrac-
ang the insertion of a branchlet which bears several pedicelled fow-
ers.— Ca/yx the three leaflets thereof broad- lanceolate, and consider- .
ably shorter than the corol.— Pe/a/s equal, round, concave.— Necta-
ries alternate with the stamens, hairy.— Filaments three, alternate
with the petals, longer than the filaments of the nectaries, and like
them hairy about the middle. Anthers blue.— Pistil declining. Stig-
ma minutely three-toothed.

9. C. herbacea. R. E.

Herbaceous. Stems jointed, ascending.. Leaves lanceolate, die-
iles terminal. Petals equal. Capsules three-celled, many-seeded.

—À native of Sumatra, from. thence introduced into the Botanic
Garden by Dr. Charles Campbell, wie it blossom and Seems its
seeds during the whole year.

Root perennial; consisting of long, firm, thick fleshy fibres. Stems —
‘Several from the same root, herbaceous, jointed, ascending, round,
Smooth, much swelled at the joints, from two to three feet in height, i.
nearly the whole enveloped in the sheath of the leaves.— Leaves alter- ' -
“nate, sessile on their sheatlts, lanceolate, smootb, slightly marked. with 7
five parallel nerves, margins entire, waved, somewhat membranace US,
and coloured, Sheaths shorter than the joints, striated, and sm 20

cept afew white hairs round their mpais A ss, terminal E
: wW 2° RA PA T E. T td.

NN

7

. 180 ' TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. i . Sonerila,

are also smaller ones from the superior axils, which are sub-globular,
and smaller. Ramifications alternate, at first divaricate, afterwards
recurved.— Flowers numerous, small, short-pedicelled.— Bractes trian-
. gular, acute.—Calyr, leaflets three, equal, oblong, concave, spreading,

fleshy, furrowed on the outside.— Petals three, equal, oval, much larger
than the calyx, concave, entire, spreading and of a delicate translucent

pale bluish white.— Nectarial filaments alternate with the longer sta-

mina, bearded (like the latter) towards the base, with delicate, slight
blue hairs, and crowned with large incumbent, three-lobed, yellow

glands.—Germ somewhat three-sided. Style oblique, length of the fi-

Jaments. Stigma small, crowned with a tuft of hairs.— Capsules three-

celled, three-valved, with generally from four to six, or seven, angus

lar, rough seeds in each cell. Embryo lodged in a deep pit, in the

back of the seed, small, oval. Ae

SONERILA. R.

Calyx superior, three-toothed. Petals three on the mouth of the -
calyx, alternate with the stamina. Germ three-celled, cells many-
seeded, attachment central. Capsule three-celled. Seeds numerous,
minute.

3. S. maculata. Roxb. !

Leaves opposite, unequally-cordate, brisde-potted; serrulate, cili- ”
ate. . :

Soneri-ila. Reed. mal. 9. p. 127. t. 65.

"Sootli, the vernacular name in the Khassee language.

It is indigenous amongst the mountains on the North-East bor-
der of Bengal, and used by the natives as a potherb.* Fiowering ume
‘the beginning of the rains. In its natural character it agrees dms
exactly with. Burmannia.

Root fibrous.—Stem short, being odi a few inches high, P
when old leaning much, branches opposite, longer than the stem; the
lower reciinate, with their apices resting on the ground and striking

* Ihave had specimens fcom Nepala under the name of Lushee Sowa.—N- v.

Sonerila, TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 3181

root, all are nearly round and bristly ; height of the whole plantfrom
_ six totwelveinches.— Leaves opposite, long-petioled, more or less un-
equally broad ovate-cordate, nerved, bristle-serrulate, pointed, surface
bullate, and marked with numerous small white specks, from the
cent. e of each rises a slender, subulate, bristle ; veins and nerves brist-
ly, length from two to six inches, by from one to three broad.— Ra-
cemes axillary, spiral, their peduucles as long as the petioles, deeply
coloured and hairy.— Flowers springing from the upper convex side of
the raceme, short-pedicelled, red, bristly.-— Bractes subulate, mi-
nute.— Calyr superior, three-sided, and tubular ; mouth three-tooth-
ed, permanent.— Petals three, lanceolar, inserted into the mouth of
the calyx, alternate with its segments, smooth on the inside, on the
outside are frequently found some slender bristles. Nectary of three,
laciniated scales round the base of the style.— Filaments three, alter-
nate with the petals, and about their length. Anthers sagittate, one-
third as long as the filaments, until the flower has been expanded some
time they are inverted within the tube of the calyx, afterwards erect.
—Germ clavate, three-sided, three-celled ; ovula numerous, attach-
ed to their respective receptacles, rising from the axis, exactly as in
Osbeckia chinensis. Gert. Carp.9. t. 196. Style length of the stamens.
Stigma simple.— Capsules erect, three-sided, clavate; pedicel includ-
ed, about half an inch long, three-celled, opening at the apex.—
Seeds very numerous, and too minute to admit of my ascertaining
their internal structure. | :

*

2. S. emaculata. Roxb.
Leaves opposite, unequally narrow-cordate, acute, bristly, but
void of spots, serrulate, ciliate. i :
E native of the Khassee mountains on the North-East border of
Bengal, where it flowers in J uly, and differs from the preceding
Species, in the leaves being destitute of the little round white spots,
into which the bristles are inserted, (viz. one in the centre of each
. Spot.) It is also less robust than that plant, with longer peduncles to
the racemes, which are sometimes leaflet-bracted at the middle.
The flowers, and seed vessels are alike. — r U f

182 / TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. ; Sonerilt.

3. S. angustifolia. Roxb.

Leaves opposite, unequally oblong-lanceolar, serrulate, hairy.

A native of the mountains on the North-East border of Bengal,
and like the two former species in habit, but the shape of the leaves —
widely different, and only a little hairy. E

4. S. moluccana. R.

Sub-caulescent. Leaves in pairs, entire, bay: one minute and )
nearly round, the other unequally cordate. Racemes umbelled.

A native of the Molucca Islands. | :

5. S. squarrosa. Wall.

Steins short, cylindric, marked with numerous stipulary inoffen-
sive prickles which are deciduous, together with the sub-sessile crowd-
€d, sub-verticilled, cuneate-lanceolate, serrulate, smooth leaves.

Growing among ferns on the Khassee mountains, where it is cal-
led Tearanga. It blossoms during the rains. a

This little perennial plant rises to the height of from four to six in-
ches.— Root consisting of capillary fibres.— Stem ash-coloured, about
the thickness of a crow-quill, erect, marked with large elevated tu- -
bercles to which the leaves were attached, and innumerable small,
subulate, axillary sub-erect prickles which together with the leaves ;
are deciduous leaving the lower portion of the plant naked. They -
are about two lines long and interspersed with small elevated dots.
—Branches few, simple.— Leaves of a dark green colour, sometimes
2 verging towards brown, crowded near the top of the plant, spread-

ing, somewhat fleshy, slightly dotted, Veinless, scarcely above half
an inch long , acute, with adpressed, bristly, purplish serratures, en-
tire toward their base and tapering into a very short flat petiol which
articulates with the corresponding tubercle of the stem or branch.
—Stipules, two axillary, opposite, prickles.— Raceme terminal oF
axillary on a filiform peduncle, two or three times longer than the
leaves.— Flowers unilateral on short pedicels, large in comparison
Yih the size of the pe rose-coloured, imbricated — es

€

t

— Xyris. TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA, 3123
- tivation.—Calyz slightly coloured, with pubescent angles and the

segments obscurely keeled. — Petals oval, acute, contracted at the
base and inserted into the mouth of the calyx so as to occupy its
whole circumference.— Filaments naked.— Anthers beaked, subus
late, with a cordate base, bilocular, opening on both sides along
their whole length.

Obs. I received this pretty little plant from my indefatigable and
zealous assistant, Mr. Smith at Silhet, in 1817.) It seems to thrive
very well on an elevated bed, in a soil mixed with pebbles, and while
I write this, in July the following year, it commences shooting out
numerous fresh leaves from the top of the stem and branches. ‘The
structure of its flowers agrees entirely with that of the first species 5 ;
but they are about one third smaller in size. —N. W.

XY RIS. Schreb. Gen. N. 89.

- Head with roundish one-fowered scales. Perianth beneath,
three-leaved. Corol three-petalled, equal, waved. Neclaries three,
bifid.” Capsule one-celled, three-valved. Seeds numerous, on paries
tal receptacles.

1, X. indica. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 254.
~ Leaves ensiform. Heads globular ; scales round.

Kotsjiletti-pullu. Rheed. mal. 9. p. 139. t. 71.

Beng. Cheena ghauza. Dabi dooba.

Grows on a low clayey soil, over many parts of Coromandel, and
Bengal, Flowering time N ovember and phe com ripen in
January and. February.

Root fibrous, annual.— Leacés indicat bifarious, straight, sword-
shaped, on one edge slit into a sheath for the scape, pointed, smooth 5.
from six to twelve inches long.— Scape naked, round, ‘striated, ec
length of the leaves, each supporting a round, flow er-bearing head.— .

sa beautiful bright yellow.— Bractes, or scales one-flowe E
orbicular, concave, hard, smooth.— Calyx three-leaved, hid pond j
the s scale, membranous.— Petals inar each. ema ipud onan Singer

184 TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA« | JFuirentt,

just long enough to raise their expanding, oval, crenate borders above
the scales.— Nectary, three filaments inserted, alternately with the pes
tals, round the base of the germ ; apex two-cleft, each division end»
ingin a pencil of fine yellow hairs ; adhering firmly at the cleft to
the edges of the petals, near the apex of the claws.— Filaments
three, short, broad, erect, inserted on the inside of the apex of the
claws of the petals. | Anthers twin, erect, united by a continuation
of the filament.—Gerzi superior, three-sided. Style length of the claws’
of the petals, from thence three-cleft. Stigmas torn.— Capsule three-
valved, one-celled. Seeds numerous, attached to a heel down the
inside of each valve. :
Obs. The following account of the virtues of this plant I have been
favoured with, by the Honourable John Hyde, whoinforms me that
“the natives of Bengal esteeia it a plant of great value because
they think it an easy, speedy, and certain cure for the troublesome
irruption called ring worms." This accords with what Van Rheede
says of it, at page 139 of the 9th volume of the Hortus Malabaricus,
viz. Foliorum succus cum aceto mixtus impetigini resistit. Folia
cum radice oleo incocta contra lepram sumuntur. |

FUIRENA. Schreb. Gen. N. 90.

Ament imbricated on all sides with tailed scales. Coral threes
petalled. Seed naked. j^

3. F. ciliaris. R.

"Dil: erect, about twelve inches, columnar, jointed; leafy. Leaves
hairy. Heads axillary and terminal. Scales very hairy. —
three. Seeds three-sided. Be c

Scirpus ciliaris. ae Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 309; Rottb. gram. hr |
t. 17- f. 1.

Teling. Elagabora gaddi.

A native of moist places on the Coast of "Coromandel, aia -

_ Scirpi, &c.
- Root. fibrous.— Culyis nearly abet, about a foot high rout

Kyllingia. TRJANDRIÁ MONOGYNIA. 185

striated, leafy, jointed, butnot piped.— Leaves sheathing, shorter than
the culms, hairy, ciliated on the margin, concave on the inside, not
keeled.— Heads sub-globular, compound, axillary, and terminal, the
terminal one is considerably longer, they are composed of several oval,
imbricated, many-flowered, sessile spikés. Involucre of the termi-
_ nal head one or at most two small leaves ; of the others, nothiag more
thau the sheath of the leaf from whence they issue.—Scales of the
ameuts, or spikes, corol, &c. as in the genus. aes

— KYLLINGIA. Schreb. Gen. Ng.
Ament imbricated. - Flowers with calyx and corol of two chaffy-
valves each. Seed one. oe mins SH

1. K. monocephala. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 256. Vahl. in PI.
2. 579.

Rottb. gram. 13. t. 4. f. 4.

“Culms six to eighteen inches high, triangular; head terminal, sin-
gle; involucres three or four. Seeds cbcordate, without angles.

Pee-Mottenga. Rheed. mal. 12. p- 99. t. 53.

- Gramen capitatum. Rumph. amb. 6. p 8. t. 8. f. 9.

Beng. Sweta gothoobi ; Nirbishee, its fragrant aromatic root being

accounted an antidote to poisons, xs

.. Common over India om low shady pasture grouud, when totally
shaded the beads are generally more green, which is rather uncom-
mon. :

Root fibrous, and stoloniferous.—Culms erect, from six to eigh- ;
teen inches high, generally about eight; three-sided, smooth, make C
*d except near the base; ai cles sharp, and sides hollowed.— Leaves —

thing, as long as the culm, smooth, sharp keeled.—#ead ternis —
hal, sessile oval, generally white.—Jnvolucre three-leaved, unequal,
the largest leaf as long as the culm. Back of the glumes of the | oro
hispid.— Stamens three. Stigma three-cleft.— Seed obliquely
"^; much compressed, smooth, light brown. —

186 — : XRiAKDRIA HONOGYNIA. Kylingád.

o. K. triceps. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 256.

Culms from six to twelve inches high, three-cornered. Heads
terminal, sessile, from three to six ; involucres three or four; i florets

diandrous ; ; Seed oblong, without angles.

Mottenga. Rheed. Hort. mal. 19. p. 97. t. 59.

A native of low shady pasture ground.

Root somewhat tuberous, with capillary fibres.— C pide straight,
from six to twelve inches high, smooth, naked, except at tle base, ob. -
tusely three-sided ; angles, rounded. — Leaves sheathing, nearly as long
as the culm, snióoth.— Head terminal, composed of from three to six
sessile, oval, white spikes, the largest one is in the centre, the rest in
the circumference.—Jnvolucre as in K. monocephala. — Stamens sel
dom more than two.—Stigma two-cleft.— Seed oblong, much com-
pressed, white, no angles. hs

Obs. It differs from K. fimocepkela. not only in hand a com-
pound bead but in being diandrous, with a bifid style, and oblong lan:
ceolate seed. I have found luxuriant plants with more than ene
foward the calyx,

»

S. K. umbellata. Lina. Sp. Pi. ed. Willd. 1. 257. Rottb. ame
15. t. 4. f. 9.

Culms from one to two-feet high, tiiéei iiid: umbel of disti
and peduncled, cyliùdrical, ragged spikes, involucres — inves d
Jucels none. Seeds three-sided, linear-oblong. E

-Kol pullu. Rheed. Hort. mal. 12. t. 63. -
© Mariscus umbellatus. Vahl. Enum. ÁN 2. 376."

Beng. Bura-gothoobi.

A native of wet or marshy places. ^s
- Root tuberous, rust-coloured, with rust-coloured 1 fibres. "o 3
‘erect, from one to two feet high, three-fourths naked, three-sided,
smooth.— Leaves sheathing nearly asilong as the culm.—Umbel ter-
minal, sessile, composed of sessile and peduneled, cylindrical spikes

f numerous diverging divae heen ents many leased, ji

*

Tunga. TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 187

unequal; the largest leaf often as long as the culm; partial, none.
Calyx and corol, &c. as in the genus. Seeds three-sided.

_ Obs. As this plant wants the partial involucre it may be K. sue
matrensis of Retzius.

3 dd

4. K. cyperoides. R. |
~ Culins from six to- eight inches high, three-sided. Umbel com-
pound, consisting of globular heads of numerous spikelets, involucre
three-leaved. Seed oblong, three-sided. 2

An elegant cyperus looking small species, a native of moist pasa
ture ground. : š So m
, Atvot fibrous. — Culms erect, twosthirds naked, from six to eight
inches higb, three-sided, smooth.— Leaves sheathing, as long as the
culm. Involucre ; universal, three-leaved, very unequal, the largest -
leaf being as long as the culm, and the smallest one inch, partial,
minute.— Calyr, corol, &c. as in the genus, excepting that there are
sometimes two flowers in thé same calyx.

E ON

TUNGA. R,
Ament ovate, imbricated on all sides. Calyx one-valved, one-
flowered. Corol two-valved. Seed naked. i

The plants which come under this definition I cannot by any
means reconcile to the character of Schaaus, nor indeed to Any genus
; m to me. I have therefore constituted a new one of them, un-
der th Telinga name Tunga, which is applied to the whole family
; of Calamarie. Linn. Cypervidee. Juss. This genus is probably the
same as Vahl’s Hypaelyptum. pi s uc :

=

*

VT. triceps Re | 271 aibi
` Culms from four to eight inches high, a little compressed; spth E
d ° or three, terminal ; 4nzolucre two-leaved, ee ot

-T A native ‘og Coromandel, growing with other cyperi.
S. Root fibrous. — Culms erect, mostly naked, from four to
shes high, a little compressed, smooth.— Leaves she thing,
TUS eam rete Bese Ua coss See

»

188 TRIANDRIA MOXOGYNIA. Tunga

nearly as long as the culm.—Spikes terminal, generally three, sessile,
oval, imbricated with innumerable small rust-coloured flowers.—
Involucre twó-leaved, the largest is often erect, and looks like a cone
tinuation of the culm, it is from two to three inches long ; besides
these there are two or more oval, lateral, scales.—Calyz, a scale,
single, nearly as in the seirpi, one-flowered, wedge-shaped, striated.
—Corol two-valved, membranaceous, shorter than the scale.—Sta-
mens three.— Stigma three-cleft.—Seed oblong, three-sided, with-
-out bristles.

2. T. laevigata. R. ;
‘Culms from one to two feet high, three-sided. Spikes several,
terminal. Jnvolucre three-leaved. a
A native of moist vallies. | |
Root fibrous. Culms erect, from one to two feet high, nearly
naked, three-sided, smooth.— Leaves numerous, sheathing, half as
long as the culm.— Head terminal, generally composed of about se-
ven oval, sessile, closely imbricated spikes.— Involucre two or three-
leaved, very unequal, the largest from five to eight inches, the short-
est one, or one and a half.—Calyz as in T. triceps, only sometimes
three-lobed at the apex.— The rest as in T. triceps. |
3. 'T. diandra. R. Bi
à Culms leafy, two or more feet high, three-sided ; corymbs termi-
nal; involucres alternate. Flowers diandrous. Style two-cleft.
"A stout, erect, smooth, long-leaved species; a native of Amboyna.’
Culm jointed, three-sided, smooth.— Leaves one at each joint,
sheathing, rising much higher than the culm, linear, smooth, acute,
three-nerved, about three feet long.—Corymbs terminal, decom-
poutid or more.— luvolucres several, the largest at the first
division of the corymbs, and like the leaves of the culm, but.
smaller; spikelets oval, minute, composed. of many small brown

*

imbricated flowers as in the scirpi.—Calyz, a glume, roundish,

w

sinooth.—Corol ; the two valves, small, placed transversely with

Schenus. IRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 189

respect to the calyx, and smaller than it.— Filaments two, one
rising laterally from the bosom of each valve of the corol; an-
thers linear. Germ oblong, style deeply two-cleft. ^ Seed oval,
rather longer than the calyx. Boos

| SCH(NUS. Schreb: Gen. N. 92.

Calyz, or Corol, glumes several; seed one, naked.

1. S. articulatus. R.
Culms three-sided, erect, from four to five feet high, jointed, leafy.
| Corymbs terminal and axillary, compound and decompound, Style
undivided. Seed obovate, beset with bristles, and crowned with the
conic base of the Style. ' lin Tne aD
Teting. Konda-tunga. 451
A naive of marshy places up amongst the Circar mountains. It
may be referred to Vahl.’s Rynchospora Enum. Pl. 9. 229.
à Culms erect, three-sidea, leafy, jointed, smooth, from four to five
feet high, angles sharp, between the joints fistulous.— Leaves ofthe |
toot as long as the-culm, smooth, except that the margins are a
little hispid, slender considering their great length, those of the culm
from five to eight, sheathing, shorter than those of the root.—Um-
bels the terminal one decompound, those only from the exterior ax-
ils compound.— /nvolucre of the terminal umbel, from three to
ut-lea ed, about as long as the umbel, leaf-like; the axillary um-
bels have no involucre, or, at most, a very trifling one.— Flowers
sub-solitary, chesnut-coloured.—Calyz none. Corol; petals four.
Style undivided, with a permanent conical base.— Stigma entire,
Tete. Brisiles, six permanent ones surrounding the germ.— Seed.
* little compressed, crowned with a large brown, spongy, conical -
body, the base of the style. ^ sz j
` Obs. There is frequently a very slender male flower within
large or inner glume of the corol ; it consists of one glume o1
- ES stameus. The plant is so very coarse that cattle

3190. |. — TXRIANDRIA-MONOGYNIA. Cyperus.

ges E aly bom | CY P ER US.

dise ehaffy, bifariously imbricated. Coro? none. Seed em
naked.
Sect. lst, WU culumnar Culms. os
1. C. setaceus. Linn. Sp. Pl.ed. Willd. 1.269. Retz. Obs. 5. p. 10.
Culms setaceous, from two to three inches high; spike terminal,
solitary, naked. —

A native of Coromandel, appears and flowers _during the rainy `
season chiefly.

© Q. C. mucronatus. Linn. Sp Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 273. Retz. Obs. 5. 10.
Cuíms from six to. eight inches high, round, į incurved, half naked.

Spikes lateral, sessile. | Zncolucre one-leaved, beides ihe conunüas
tion of the culm. Seed oval, rounded.

__A native of moist sandy places, over various parts of India.

"Root creeping, invested in brown sheaths.—Culms half naked, issu-
= singly from the root atsome small distance from each. other, neatly |
round, ascending, from six to eight inches long; the lower half is in-
volved in the aaah ‘of a single, short leaf. — Leaf sheathing , generally
one to each culm, which is only about half its length —Head
about an-inch and a half below the extremity of the culm, it
consists of five or ‘six small, oval, ten or twelve-flowered spikes. -
—Involucre one-leaved, aont as long as the spikes; -besides these,

there are some. small, chaffy, calyx-like scales,— Seed naked, oval,
compressed, white,

S: 6, Witerals: Forst. dune 13. N. 48:777 yc
-Culms erect, columnar, from eight to twelve inches long, naked;
Shed of five or six sessile spikes beneath the Dub. iA 3 of the
culm; Stigma bifid ; Seed oval, compressed, | :
A native of Cooma |
Root creeping, dark rusty. brown — Culms straight d uet
erect, from eight to twelve inches high, round, and naked.— Leaves

no other than a short sheath or two, embracing the base of each culm,

Cyperus. — TRIANDRIÀ MONOGYNIA. 191
= Spikes sessile, five or six, forming a small head on one side
of ihe culm about au inch and half below its apex. IJnvolucre, a
minute, subulate leaflet immediately under the spikes, aud of tbe
same length with them.— Scales of the spikes numerous, ovate-ob-
long, white, smooth and rather obtuse.— S/amina three.—Stigma
bifid.— Seed oval, flat on the inside, and convex on the exterior, lead-
colour or grey, and smooth.

Ubs. ‘ibis differs from the plant sich I consider to be C. mus
cronatus of Retz. fase: 5. p. 10. in being perfectly erect and destitute.
of folage; whereas that species has leavés, is smaller, and al ways
ascends m a curved direction; in that the scales of the spike are acute,
iu this obtuse, in other respects they are very much alike. At pres
sent I am inclined to think C. mucronatus of Vahl. and Rottboel ı may
be referred to this, consequentiy Willdenow's C. mucronatus. 8p

*

Pi. 1. 273. includes these two species. i ae

4. C. nudas. R

Culm from three to four feet high, round, naked, inwardly inter-
cepted. Leaves none; Umbel compound ; involucre a see
three-cleft. Seed three-sided. T

A native of stagnating, or slowly running sweet water over India,

Root perennial, fibrous.—Culms erect, round, naked, articulated,
smooth, from three to fcur feet high, above as thick as a common |
large « quill .— Leaves no other than a rusty coloured sheath or two
embracing the base of each culm.—Umbed terminal, generally com-
Pound, though sometimes decompound.—Involucre several small
chaffy scales.—Umbellets long, slender, peduncled, bowing, com- on
Posed of from eight to twelve linear, sessile, rust-coloured spikes—

Incolucels like the involueres.— Seed sub-linear, three- — sm 10
light brown. e

ES c. semi-nudus. R. s a
"ums from two to six feet high, pou en din ;

\

4
"AES z t
;

195 TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Cyperus. —

top, naked. Leavesnone. Umbels decompound, with an involucre !

half its height. Stigma three-cleft; Seed three-sided.

Beng. Gola-methee.

Teling. Godoo tungz kooda. _ .

This species is with the former a native of wet places.
_. Root perennial, creeping, fibrous.—Cudms erect, from two to six
feet high, round, smooth, naked, except at the base, which 1s embra-
ced by three or four sheaths.—Leaves no other than the sheaths
just mentioned.—Umbels generally decompound, erect.— Iuzolucre
three-leaved, equal, shorter than the umbel, sides and keel hispid,
—Unmbellets and partial umbellets peduncled, composed of linear- —
lanceolate, yellowish spikes. Seed three-sided, smooth.
— Obs. Cattle are not fend ofit, and itis only eaten occasionally
by buffaloes. |

— Sect. ed, with a three-sided Culm.

6. C. dubins. Rottb. gram. 20. t 4. f. 5. Linn, Sp. Pl.ed. Willd.
1.973.

Cuim from six to twelve inches high. Head terminal, rouse
dildo. Involucre of four or five long leaves, some of them longer
than the culm, &

Cyperus longus, Rumph. amb. 6. p: 5. 1. 9. f. 1. AC

C. kyllingeoides. Vahl. Enum. Pi. 2. 319.

« Teling. Tagada tunga.

__ Beng. Chhota-gotboob?, > . !

"This species is much like Kyllingia mouocephala, and is with it it

a native of shady, moist pasture lands.

Root, a somewhat tuberous head, with many utei b
dary fibres.—Culms erect, from six to twelve inches high, three-side -

, ved, smooth, the lower died or fourth part involved iu the sheaths of ;

the leaves.— Leaves sheathing, radical, embracing the base of the

culm, very smooth, many of them longer than the culm.- — Head glo-

bular, size of a large cherry, composed of humerous, lanceolate,
sessile, white-pointed spikes.—Incolucre four or five-leaved,

Cyperus. TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 193

equal, some of them longer than the culm.— Seed three-sided, point-
ed, dark rust.coloured, smooth.
Obs. Cattle eat it.

7. C. monocephalus. R-
— Culms from twelve to eighteen inches high, straight; Head ter-
minal, ovate, compound; Involucre, from three to four-leaved ; spikelets
ovate. Style undivided. Seed three-sided, Sates on a spongy re-
ceptacle.

Beng. Gothoobi. pup T

A native of low wet places over Tani Vidi ec c

Root fibrous.—Culns straight, three-sided, nucon height
from twelve to eighteen inches.— Leaves three, four, or five, inves.
ting with their sheaths, the lower part of the culms straight and
smooth, length various, the longest about as long as the culm. In-
volucre, leaves several, diverging, of very unequal lengths, the long-
est as long as the culm, and the shortest about an inch.— Heads
terminal, composed of a larger one in the centre, and four or five
smaller ones in the circumference, all rigidly sessile.— Spikelets ovate,
incurved, ten or twelve-scaled, each spikelet embraced on the under
Side by an ovate-cordate, smooth, dark brown, bracte.— Scales boat-
Shaped, pointed ; keel greenish ; sides deep, polished, chesnut colour.
—Stamens three. Style simple and undivided to the extremity. —
Seed three-sided, elevated on a spongy whitish receptacle.

Obs. The undivided style and spongy receptacle of the seed dis-
tinguish this from all the other species I have yet found i in India.

.. 8. C. diffusus. R.
Diffuse, from two to four inches bigh. Heads MET. glomerate,
sessile ; spikeletsincurved. Scales daggered. Involucre méy eOe
‘Mulen-pullu. Rheed. Hort. mal. 12. p. 101. t. 54. —
A native of moist pasture ground. l a
. Root fibrous.—Culms three-sided, several, diffuse, from w
four inches long, smooth, — the base leafy, and

194 TRIANDRIA MCNOGYNIA, - Cyperus,

' ehesnut duos. — Leaves sheathing, two or three embracing the base
of each culm and about the same length. Head terminal, ses-
sile, composed generally of one large capitulum in the centre, and
four or five in the circumference; these are again composed of
small, incurved, from eight to twelve-flowered spikes. Involucre -
many-leaved ; the exterior three larger, being as long as the culm or -
longer.—Stigmas two, revolute. Seed three-sided.

9. C. squarrosus. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 274.
-Culms erect, from four to six inches high, leaves as Jong as the -
culms. Mead terminal, glomerate, round. Involucre many-leaved, n

Scales with acute, recurved poiuts.
C. pygmaus. Rottb. gram, 90. t. 14. f. 4.
A native of Coromandel. ~

10. c. aristatif. Linn. Sp. PI. ed. Willd. 1. 275. Rottb. gram.
93. t. 6. f i.

Culm from three to six inches high, with chap: angles. - - Heads
generally single, and sessile ; scales with a long recurved point. In-
wolucre three-leaved.

Scirpus intricatus. Mant. 182. !

A native of moist pasture ground. Ttis in general from three
to six inches high, though sometimes I have met with luxuriant
specimens ten inches in height. $

Root fibrous.—Culms erect, from three to six inches high, three-

` sided, two-thirds naked, smooth; angles sharp. — Leaves sheathing,
erect, short, smooth ; sheaths purple.— Head generally simple, and
sessile, though sometimes, there i is a second, which is peduncled

; and in the larger plant above mentioned there are two or three ses--
sile, and two or three peduncled, they are composed of small, ses
sile, ragged, from. six to eight-flowered spikelets.—Jnvolucre three
or four-leaved, broad, unequal, the largest being about the length of

.. theculm.—Calyz, scales tapering to a long, fine recurved point, which

_ gives the spikes the ragged appearance they have, Seed three-sid-

S

Cyperus, . TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 195

_ 11. C. pectinatus. R.

Culms three-sided, leafy, from eight to twelve inches high, straight,
Umbel terminal, sessile. Involucre length of the umbel: Spikes all
sessile, linear, pectinate, scales mucronate. Seeds three-sided.

A native of Coromandel. ¢

Culms erect, straight, three-sided, leafy toward the base; from
eight to twelve inches high.—Uinbel terminal, simple, sessile, globu-
lar, composed of about twelve sessile, linear, diverging spikes.— Into-
lucre from two to three-leaved, the longest leaflet about as long as the
umbel.—~ Scales with long, acute, recurved apices.— Stamina three.—
— Style with a three-cleft apex.— Seed obovate, three-sided, smooth,
- dark ash-coloured, ; a. a

12. C. niveus. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 973. Retz. Obs. 5. p...
Culms from five to eighteen inches high. Umbels or rather heads,
sessile. Involucre two-leaved. Style three-cleft. Seed three-sided.

A native of shady moist pasture land. -

Root creeping, fibrous.— Culms erect, from five to ten inches high,
mostly naked, three-sided, smooth.— Leaves surrounding the base of
the culm, sheathing, those that are nearest the root are little more
than sheaths, those within are nearly as long as the culm, and waved.
—Umbel terminal, simple, sessile, about an inch each way, com-
Posed of linear, many flowered, sessile spikes.— Involucre two-leave
ed, length of the spikes,—Seed ihree-sided: .

13. C. jemenicus. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 981.
Culms from two to four inches high, obscurely three-cornered ;
base bulbiferous. Unbels simple.. Involucres and spikelets alternate.
Scales acute. Seed roundish, three-sided. | r
S uri-gaddi isthe Telinga name of the plant, and Puri-dumpa that
Of the roots, | À |

SA native of dry sandy pasture ground near the sea. |
Root bulbiferous, stoloniferous. When the small oval bulbs.
taken up entire they appear covered and entirely surrounded s t

are

: riu

195 — WRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Cyperus,

three, or four black and brown, longitudinally striated sheaths,
which burst and fall off in succession. There are many capillary
fibres issuing from the base of the culm. The stolones generally push
their way up through the sheaths, and out at their mouths, run ho-
rizontally, producing from their extremities the new plant. Onremov-
ing the sheath a small truncated, pointed ball is observed, resting in
the upper side of the base of the culm, which (onion-like) is form-
ed by the united sheaths of the leaves. This little bulb, which is

slightly connected to the base of the culm on which it rests, is the

eatable part; it is composed of two or three coats, and about the size
of a pea; when its proper exterior brown membranous sheath is
removed, it is very white, inviting to the eye, and pleasant to the
taste.— Culm erect, two-thirds naked, between round, and three-sid-
ed, two, three, or four inches loug.— Leaves a few, filiform on.the
upper side, grooved, four or five inches long, below the surface of
‘the earth, their sheaths form the little firm culm above-mentioned;
from its head the capillary roots and stolones issue. — Umbel simple,
composed of from six to ten sessile, linear, diverging spikes. —Ino-
lucre generally three-leaved, unequal, the largest twice as long as the
spikes ; they issue not as usual from the same point, but alternately
one above another.—Scales oblong, striated.— Stigma two-cleft.—
Seed roundish, three-sided, grey. |
Obs. 'The little bulbs are gently roasted or boiled, then rubbed be-
tween the hands or the folds of a cloth, to take off the sheaths, which
is all the preparation the natives give them, to make thema pleasant

wholesome part of their diet, which they have frequent resource to;
particularly in times of scarcity. Some dry them in the sun, grind -
them into meal, and make bread of them, while others stew them

in their curries and other dishes; they are palatable, tasting like a roast
ed potatoe. I wish they could be enlarged by culture, when they
might soon prove a valuable acquisition, for on account of their
smallness, it is troublesome and tedious gathering and cleaning any
quantity of them.

Cuperus. TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. (o1. 99

14. C. polystachyos. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1.275. Rottb. gram.
39. t. 11. f. 1. V aM. Enum. pl. 2.315.

Culm twelye inches long, leaves short, umbel compound, sessile,
crowded. Involucre many-leaved. . Style two-cleft. Seeds linear,
obcordate, without angles.

Gramen cyperoides, &c. Pluck. mant. 97. tab. 416. fig. 6. is not
unlike this plant.

A native of moist pasture land, of Bs &c. .

Root fibrous.— Cuéms erect, about a foot high, simple, three-sid.
ed, smooth, lower part involved in the sheaths of the leaves. — Leaves
shorter than the culm, smooth.—Umbel terminal, compound, crowd-
ed, sessile, about an inch each way. Umbellets sub-sessile,
crowded, composed of numerous, sessile, linear-lanceolate spikes,
—Involucre from four to six-leaved, unequal, the longest being
from six to eight inches long, and the shortest only one.—Stigma
two-cleft.— Seed compressed, oblong-obcordate. _

15. C. punctatus. R.

Culms from two to six inches high, shorter than the leaves. Uribe]
compound. Involucres longer than the leaves. Seeds oval, com-
pressed, dotted.

Gramen cyperoides elegans, &c. Pluck. t. 192. f. 3.

A small elegant species; a native of moist pasture ground.

Root fibrous.— Culms erect, from two to six inches high, halfnaked,
three-sided, smooth.— Leaves sheathing, the lower ones little more
than the sheaths, the superior ones bcr than the culm.—U»nbel
terminal, compound, about an inch each way. Umbellets some sessile,
some peduncled, composed of linear, many-flowered spikes.—Invo-

lucre from three to four-leaved, unequal, longer than the culm; scales

daggered.— Seed compressed, obovate, beautifully marked with w bite
dots, on a dark-coloured ground, hence the specific name.

Obs. In Königs catalogue he called this C. pygmaus, but Retze E
its says the culm of that species is round, Whereas in this plant ii
three-sided, — . : : E

193 TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. B. Cyperus,

16. C. capillaris. Kön. Mss. :
Culm filiform, from one to two feet high, umbel of one sessile, and
(two pedicelled umbellets. Involucre three-leaved, filiform, florets
diandrous. Style two-cleft. Seed obovate, without angles.
A native of moist pasture ground. |
Root fibrous.— Cul;ns erect, from twelve to eighteen inches high,
three-sided, filiform, three-fourths or more naked, smooth.— Leaves
sheathing, generally two to each culm; the lower one short, the su-
perior one as long as the culm, very slender and smooth. —Umbel
small, compound, generally composed of one sessile, and two pe--
duncled umbellets, these are again composed of linear, many-flow-
ered spikes. — Involucre three-leaved, filiform, the largest is longer -
‘than the culm ; the shortest about an inch long, and the other be-
tween the two.—Scales membranaceous, obtuse.—Stamens two.— .
Style two-cleft.—Seed obovate, compressed, brown, pretty smooth,
half hid in the rachis. ioco |

17. C. compressus. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1.989. Vahl. Enum.
Pl. 9. 394.
-Culms from six to ten inches high} shorter than the leaves, ue
blunt. Umbel simple or compound. Involucre three-leaved. Scales
daggered, Seed obcordate, triangular.

Gramen cyperoides rarius, &c. Pluck, t. 192. X: ^i

Beng. Chooncha.

Teling. Salitunga.

- Delights in a moist soil. :

Root fibrous.— Culms erect, from six to ten inches high, two-thirds
naked, three-sided, smooth; angles blunt.— Leaves numerous sheath-
ing; many of them longer than the culms, smooth and glossy.—Um- -
bel terminal, simple, or compound ; when compound the umbellets.
are peduncled ; from one to three ; and consist of from three to siX,
green, linear, sessile, many-flowered spikes.— Involucre three-leaved,
smooth, the largest of them is nearly as long as the culm.—Scales
acute.— Seed turbinate, three-sided , smooth, dark-brown colour.

Obs. The upper flowers of the spike are incomplete.

Cyperus. TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 199

38. C. castaneus. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 278.

Culms from two to six inches high, length of the leaves. Umbels
generally compound; length ofthe involucre. Scales with long recurv-
ed points, monandrous. Seed rugose, obtusely triangular.

A most beautiful delicate, small species ; delights in moist, san-
dy, pasture land. :

Koot übrous.—Culms erect, from two to six inches high, naked,
three-sided, smooth.— Leaves sheathing, filiform, scarcely so long as
the cuim.—Umbel terminal, one or one and half inches, simple, or
compound, but m general composed of from one to five small pedun-
cled umbellets ; and one or two sessile ones.— Spikelets linear, many-
flowered.—Scales three-keeled, with a recurved point, green keel
and chesnut- coloured sides. Aa: single, (at. least I have not
found more. je two-cleft.—Sced obtusely three-sided, S:
lugose.

19.C. di formis Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 280. Vahl. Enum.
£757.
Culm from nine to eighteen inches high, angles sharp. — Umbels
compound, umbellets globular, spikelets crowded. — Involucre from
two to three-leaved. Scales imbricated. Seed obovate, three-sided.

Gramen cyperoides, &c. Pluck. aln. 192. f. 3.

Beng. Behooa.

Grows equally i in either a dry, or wet sandy a.

Root fibrous.—Cudms. two-thirds naked, erect, from nine to eigh- `
teen inches high, three-sided, smooth, angles sharp .— Leaves sheath- ,
iug, as long as the culm, keeled, smooth. —Umbel compound, small,
being only about an inch and a half each way. Umbellets from two -
to four, sub-sessile, and from two to four longer or shorter peduncled, -
globular, composed of innumerable, very small, oval spikes.—In-
tducre from two to three-leaved, very unequal, the longer being. half
as long as the culm; and the third (when present) less than an; incl `

Tales imbricated, margins membranaceous,— Seed i

A

200 TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Cyperus.

20. C. pumilus. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 282. Rottb. gram.
99. t. 9. f. 4. Vahl. Enum. Pl. 2. 336. :

Culms about six inches high, angles blunt. Umbels compound;
umbellets sub-globular. Spikelets, Scales daggered.

Delights in a moist soil. :

Root fibrous.— Culms erect, six inches high, half naked, obsolete-
ly three-sided, smooth, angles rounded.— Leaves sheathing, shorter
than the culm.—Umbel compound, umbellets from three to six, shorter `
or longer peduncled, globular, composed of ten or twelve linear, ma-
ny-flowered spikes.—Invoducre three or four-leaved, unequal, the

largest as long as the culm. Scales acute.

91. C. cruentus. Lian. Sp. Pi: ed. Willd. 1. 975. Rottb. gram.
21. t. 5. f. 1. x :

Culms three-sided, from sixto twelveincheslong. Leaves sub-radi-
cal, umbel compound, involucre three or four-leaved. Scales obtuse,
flowers diaudrous. ' Style two-cleft. Seed round and smooth.

A native of low pasture land all over Bengal, &c. where it is found
growing in tufts during the rainy season. - Like most of this natural
order.

Obs. Cattle rarely eat it, except when pressed by hunger.

99. C. incurvatus. R. :

Culms triangular, base leafy, incurvate. Umbel compound. , Invo-
lucres two or three, incurvate. Spikes needle-shaped, inc
Scales oblong, obtuse. Stigma three-cleft. — — N-r-- a.

A native of the moist banks of the Ganges. Flowers: during the
cool season. ' ji |

Roots creeping, stoloniferous, with dark-coloured fibres.— Leaves :
ensiform, polished, shor'er than tbe.culms.— Culms slightly incurv
ed, leafy round the base, triangular, with sharp angles, concave
Sides, and from one to two feet high.— Jnvolucre two; OF "three*.

leaved, incurved, one of them two or three times longer than ae |
umbel—Umbel compound, spikes needle-shaped, incurved.—

Cyperus. “WRIANDRIA MONOGYNTAL 20L
oblong, obtuse, with a green rib.—S/amina. three.— Germ oblong.
. Stigma ihrée-cleft.— Seed linear, oblong, three-sided,smooth, brown.

23. C. toriuosus. Kon. Mss.

~ Culms obtusely three-sided, from six to eight inches high: Umbe?
compound, length of the involucre. Spikelet linear, incurved, (low-
ers diaudious,- Seed obovate, compressed, without angles.

— A-native of moist pasture ground,

= Root somewhat tuberous, with filiform fibres-—Culms erect, from
six to eight inches high, naked, three-sided, smooth.— Leaves radical,
shorter than the culm.—Umbel compound. Umbellets from four to
eight, shorter and longer peduncled, composed of large, linear, many-
flowered, chesnut-coloured, curved spikes.—Incoluere three-leaved,
longer than the umbel.—Stamina two. a ite ob-
cordate, compressed, smooth. i g

24. C. rotundus. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 283. Fahl. doen.
Pi. 343.
Root tuberous. Culms from one to two feet high, obtusely three-
sided. Umbel compound, spikelets alternate ; involucre three-leaved,
length of the umbel. Seed angled.
C. rotundus. Rumph. amb. 6. p. 1. t. 1. fig. 1. 2
C. hexastachyos. Rottb. 98. t. 14. f. 2.
Sans. ZAT, Moosta, FRA, Mansiides,
Beng. Mootha.
Teling. Shakastunga. 3
i Thi is by far the most common species we den in India ; it de~
lights i in a moist sandy soil, though it gfows abundantly every where.
^. Root tuberous, with filiform fibres, tubers about the size of filberts
v acorns, of irregular form, outwardly a dark brownish rust colour ;
inwardly firm, tender, white, and very fragrant.— Culms erect, from one —
to Sto feet high, naked, three-sided, smooth, with the angles. rounded. j E
aves radical, or only investing the base of the culm, sheathing,
‘orter than the culm, smooth, glossy.— nicis terminal, compound
Z

^

203 "TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. —— Cyperus;

in very luxuriant plants, sometimes decompound, from two to three
inches each way. Unmbellets from two to eight, all having peduncles
“of from one-fourth of an inch to two inches long.— Involucre general-
Jy three-leaved, unequal, smooth, the largest is only a little longer
than the utnbel.—Spikes linear, sub-sessile.— Serd obsoletely eis.
sided: brown, a little rugose..

Obs. Cattle eat it. Hogs are remarkably fond of the roots. Meo
and powdered they are used as a prefume at the weddings of the na-
tives. Itis by far the most troublesome weed we have in our gardens,

- there is uo extirpating it as every little bit of the root grows rea -
dily. .

25. C. panic R.

Culms from three to four feet high, sub-rotund at the base, three»
. cernered above. Leaves few. Umbel compound and decompound.
: Spikelets filiform, many-flowered. Seeds See seer.

Beng. Nagur-Mootha.

"Ihis most delicate, tall, slender species, I have only found in
low wet places, in the vicinity of Calcutta.

Root somewhat tuberous, with many dark-coloured villous fibres.
—Culms naked, except at the base, straight, generally three or four
feet high, slender, tapering much, toward the base nearly round,
becoming more and more three-sided, till they are acutely so at the
umbel.— Leaves one or two at the base of each culm, slender, about

` one third the length of the culm.—Umbel compound and decom-
pound, very smail for the height of the plant, generally composed
of one sub-sessile umbellet, and three or four, on.naked, smooth,
filiform peduncles, of different length, and these again composed of :
from four to twélve, most slender, long, filiform, many-flow
spikelets.— fnzolucre three-leaved, the longest about the length of the
umbel, the other two shorter, all slender, and tapering to most acute
points.— Scales membranaceous.— Stamens map erc three
— Seed ihree-sided. — ;

Qis. {ts naked delicate form, smal and compound umbel, short

Cyperus. TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. $03

‘slender leaves, and scanty involucre, immediately distinguish i it from
all the other Indian species I have yet met with.

26. C. tuberosus. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willa. 1. 281. Rottb. gram.
|. 8. t. 7. J. 1. Vahl. Enum, Pl. 9. 340.

Root tuberous. Leaves imear, length of the culms. iei com-
pound, or decompound. bid three-leaved, longer than the um-
bel. Style three-cleft. Seed oblong, three-sided,

This seems to me to be only a luxuriant variety, if so much, of

C. rotundus. It grows in the same places, the roots are tuberous,
&c. in cahit I can scarcely perceive any difference.

27. C. tenuiflorus. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 284. Both. - gram.

80. t. 14. f 1. Vahl. Enum. Pl. 9. 374.
__ Culm from two to four feet high, sharp angled. Involucre three or
four-leaved, much longer than the decompound umbel. Spikelets

alternate. Scales obtuse; seeds obcordate, three-sided.

Teling. Gelleba-tunga.

Ei in standing sweet water.

Root creeping, with ramous fibres.— Culm erect: froin four to six
feet high, naked, three-sided, smooth ; angles sharp.— Leaves most-
ly radical, shorter than the -culm, deeply channelled, smooth —
Unbel terminal, decompound, from four to eight inches each way.
—All the umbellets peduncled, oblong, spreading, compased of
alternate, sessile, lanceolate, from twenty to thirty-flowered spikes.
ey three or four-leaved, very unequal, the largesi being
from one to two feet long, and the shortest about one or two in-
ches.— Scales obtuse, apex often emarginate and membranaceous.
—Seeds. CODE obovate. ?

28. C. strictus. R.
Culms about twelve inches high, stiff and straight, iboli than the .

leaves; angles sharp. Umbel decompound, straight, flowers aao-
drous, Seeds obovate, compressed, without angles, e

Delights in a moist uncultivated soil.
Z2

204 enituit Cyperus.

tae Mires forthe dakoi, sao nes bees polly radicem
sheathing, many of them longer than the culm, erect, rigid, much

keeled, smooth.—Umbel erect, linear, thin, sometimes decompound, :
though in general only compound. Umbellets, one or t wo sessile; and
from three to eight with peduncles of unequal lengths ; the largest
peduncles are compouud.— Involucre from three to five-leaved, very
unequal; the largest nearly as long as the culm, the smailest not
more than an inch long.— Spikes sessile, lanceolate in small plans,
in large ones linear.—Stamens two.— Style two-clefi. —Seed com

I ;
pressed, obcordate. ! moo

99. C. flavidus. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1,279. Retz. Obs. 5. sas

fa

Vahl. Enum. Pi. 2. 334. wol, bmw

Culms from six to eight inches high, generally ‘ante than the
leaves. Umbel decompound, longer than the involucre ; umbellets |
globular, spikelets crowded ; flowers monandrous. SE obcordate,
three-sided.

"This is a small delicate species, a native of moist puo on the
coast of ‘Coromandel. fcn

Root fibrous, dark purple —Culm erect, from six ‘o bight inches
long, naked, three-sided, smooth.— Leaves sheathing, very short, em-
bracing the base of the culm.—Umbel compound, or decompound, ;
from one to two inches high, umbellets one or two sessile, and from
two to eight on peduncles of various lengths, the highest sometimes
bears a small partial umbellet. Involucre two-leaved, shorter than
the umbel. Spikes lanceolate, chesnut-coloured, flowers ine
drous. Seeds white, short, three-sided, a little er. xx oe

ETER ae

|. 80. C. Iria. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 986. Fahl. Enum. 9. 360.
Culms from one to two feet high, angles sharp, umbels decom
pound, shorter than. the involucres ; spikelets alternate ; flowers v
ther distinct, scales imbricated. Seeds phovate, angular. ^

P

f.

Ee

Cyperus. TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. i =:205

Ira. Rheed. mal. 19. p. 105. t. 56. does not very well agree with
amy plant. : SAN ,

-. Gramen cyperoides, &c. Pluk. Almag £. 191. f. 7. is much
more like this plant than the above-quoted plant of Van Rheede.
& Beng. Bura-choocha. > ; ae :

Is a native of moist, cultivated lands. ET 3
_ Root fibrous.—Culms erect, from one-to two feet high, four-fifths

naked, three-sided, sharp-angled.— Leaves sheathing, nearly thelen3th
of the culm, keeled, smooth.—Umbe/ decompound, from two.to four
inches high, umbellets from four to eight, one or two sessile, the
test unequally peduncled ; partial umbellets lanceolate, raceme-
like, being composed of alternate, linear, from six to twelve-flower-
ed spikes.—Involucre from three to four-leaved, | the largesi. two or
three times as loug as the umbel.—Scales imbricated, with mem-
branaceous sides.— Style‘ two-cleft.—Seeds. three-sided, length of
the scales. :

Wes ci

. 31. C. tnundatus. R. í
—— Culins from two to four feet high, exactly triangular. Leaves as
long as the«culms. uvolucre from four to five-leaved, one vei y long.
Umbel decompound. Spikelets lanceolate. Stamens two. . Style
two-cleft.. Seed obcordate, a little compressed.

Benz. and Hind, Patee. c uide aaa ;
~ Found in great abundance on the low banks of the Ganges and
rivulets near Calcutta; where the tide rises high over it, it thrives
most luxuriantly and helps much to bind, aud protect the banks
from the rapidity of the water. ro

Root jointed, creeping, stoloniferous, perennial.— Curs erect,
from three to- four feet high, exactly three-sided, about as thick as

~ 906 - FRIANDRIA MONOBYNIA. Cyperus..

: s erect, about a span long.— Spikelets sessile, diverging,
lanceolate, rigid, obtuse.— Style two-cleft.— Seeds obcordate, a little
: — smooth.

se. C. Pree Rottb. gram. 31. t. 7. f. 3. Linn. Sp. Pl e
Willd. 1. 984.

Culms from three to four feet high, naked. Leaves scarcely any.
Umbels decompound; involucre three or four-leaved ; involucels seia- .
ceous. Spikelets filiform. Seeds oblong, compressed. . X

Beng. Chumati Patee. a

Is common on the banks of the Ganges, and serves, with C. inum-
datus, the same useful purposes, though in an inferior degree. - -

Root jointed, creeping, stoloniferous, perennial—Cudms erect,
naked, smooth, three-sided towards the apex, sides concave, from
two to four feet high, and about as thick as a goose quill. Leaves
one or two, sword-shaped, very short, involving with their sheaths,
the base of the culm.. Universal involucre three or four-leaved, very

smooth, the longest twice the length of the umbel ; partial : minute,
setaceous.—Umbel decompound, composed of one sessile umbel-
let in the centre, and from four to eight spreading, compound ones

-in the circumference, supported on fine, compressed peduncles
of unequal lengths.— Spikelets filiform, from ten to twenty-flowered.
— Scales obtuse.—Stamens three.— Seed. oblong, compressed. -

Obs. Its naked, exactly three-sided culms, and scarcity of short
leaves readily distinguish it from all the other species I have jene.
scribed. C. tegetum has the angles rounded, and no leaves.

HN
E

i

33. C. procerus. Rottb. gram. 99. t. 5. f 3.

Culms from three to six feet high, angles sharp. Umbel decom-
pound. Involucres none ; spikelets alternate, linear, flowers ¢ dian-
drous. Seeds obcordate, compressed, without angles. —

Pota-pullu. Rheed. mal. 18. p. 93. t. 50.

Is a native of moist vallies, rivulets, See amongst the moun-
tains. |

s%

jperus. TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 207

Obs. In Bengal this plant, or one exceedingly like it, (for it differs
from it only in having three stamens, the culm, leaves, umbels,
scales, and seeds being the same) grows on the banks of the Ganzes
and so low as frequently to be entirely under water during the high
tides ; yet it thrives and helps to bind the banks of the rivers where
it grows and is one of those plants that prevent their giving way
so much to the rapidity of the streain as they otherwise would do.

34. C. spinulosus. R. :

Cuims fom three to five feet high, rigid. Umbel scarcely decom-
pound; spikes long, and short-peduncled, globular, spikelets rigid,
from three to four-tlowered ; involucre and involucels mareg

Teling. Kurra-tunga.

A large strong coarse species, grows in ditches and water courses,
Root fibrous. —Culms erect, from two to five feet high, very rigid,
‘obsoletely three-sided, smooth, four-fifths naked.— Leaves sheathing,

length of the culm, rigid, striated, margins hispid.—Umbe terminal,
decompound, from six to eight inches each way. Umbellets with pe-
duncles of various lengths, composed of peduncled, globular heads,
and these again of numerous small, sessile, linear, lanceolate, rigid,
spinulous-pointed, from three to four-flowered spil.elets.— nvolu«
tre from four to six-leaved, unequal, the largest being from two to
three feet long, and the shortest about the same number of inches,
margins hispid, like those of the leaves. Involucel from three to six-
- leaved, length of the umbellets.— Scales linear.

Obs. [have mot seen the pistil nor seed. It is a remarkably coarse
species ; no animal eats it.

-. 95. C. elatus. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 987. Vahl. Enum. 2. 363.
~~ Culms from six to twenty feet long, sharp-angled. Umbel scarce-
ly decompound. Spikes all sub-sessile, linear, erect. Spikelets most
humerous, alternate, from six to eighteen-flowered, anthers ending
in a thread. Seeds oblong, three-sided. gm
Beng. Gol-mulunga.
Teling. Rakisha.

308 TÀIANDRIA MONOGYAIAT Copes

- ‘This'is by far the largest species on the coast of Coromandel. It
e in sweet standing water. : id

* Root fibrous.--Culms erect, from six to twenty feet high, elt
thick in proportion, naked, except near the base, three-sided, angles
sharp, rigid and ‘scabrous, so as to cut the hand readily, other parts
pretty smooih.— Leaves sheathing, in small plants, as long as the
culm, abdut an inch in diameter at the broadest part, triangularly
concave, wih the keel and margins sharply serrate —Umbel. termi-
nal, dec: mpound, erect, small for the size of the plant, being only
about à ivot nigh in middle-sized plants. Unmbellets one, or two, sub-
sessile and irom eight to ten peduncied, composed of erect, linear,
short pedicelled, compound spikes, of simple, sessile, lanceolate, from
six to tcu-iiowered spikelets which surround every part of the com-
pouud spikes. —lavolucre three-leaved, with some smaller within
these thr ree, margins and keel as in the leaves.— Inzolucels small,

one-third the length of the umbellets. —Scales membrane-borderedy
acute. —Filaments three, membranaceous. Anthers ending ina
thread. — Seeds three-sided.

36. e. umbellatus. Vahl. Enum. PL 2. 362.
Culms ‘rom four to. Sis feet, blun: angled. Umbel deserit 6
spikes all sate sessile, linear, spreading ; spikelets numerous, alternate,
from three to four-Aowered, | Seed elliptic, three-sided.
" Teling. Pedda shaka.
_ A large species, growing in standing fresh water.
“Root kbr ;us.— Culms erect, from four to six feet high, pretty
smooth, naked, except at the base, obsoletely three-sided, angles
rounded, sides hollowed.— Leaves mostly radical, sheathing, the long-
est of them about as long as the culm.— Umbel decompound, - :
. ing, about six inches each way. Umbellets, two or three sub-
and from five to ten on pretty long peduncles of unequal lengths ; dey
are composed of small partial, short-pedicelled umbellets of three
to six linear compound spikes, composed of numerous, small, sessile,
from three to four-flowered, simple spikelets. Involucel from three

e

-

Cyperus. ,TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 209

to four-leaved; of the length of the umbellets.—Jnvolucre from three
to six-leaved, unequal ; the longest from two to three feet, the short-
est as many inches\-—Seeds three-sided, smooth..

37. C. digitatus. R. ,

- Culms from one to six feet high. Umbel decompound, fastigiate,
Involucre and. involucels many-leaved ; spikes digitate, linear, spike-
lets diverging, many-flowered, scales with long xecurved points.

A middle sized species ; grows 4n marshy places, ditches, &c.

Root, a somewhat tuberous head with many fibres —Culm erect,
from one to six feet high, mostly naked, smooth, - three-sided. —
Leaves sheathing as in the other species, their margins slightly armed
with minute prickles.—Umbel compound, or decompound, from two .
to four inches high.— Umbellets sessile, and peduncled, composed. of
erect, compound'spikes, of small diverging, linear, acute, from four

to six-flowered spikelets.— Involucre many-leaved, unequal, most of

. them longer by far than the umbel, margins armed like the leaves.

—Involucel many-leaved, length of the umbellets.— Seed three-sided,
oblong, with grooved sides.

Obs. In Bengal I. have met with this species six feet high, with
à decompound umbel, a foot or more every way, and with from `
twelve to twenty-four flowers to the spikelets, the culm betweeu
round pend three-sided, and in the largest almost men round. |

E. € verticillatus. R. : |

Culms four feet high, three-cornered, leafy at the base. Umbel de-
compound ; involucre many-leaved, involucels filiform, spikes of the
umbellets verticelled ; spikeletg . ROM: Scales Am a junk -

Point. Seed linear, oblong, three-sided. |

— Beng. Burethi. :

Found during the rains, in wet tis places, in the vicinity of Cale

Root perennial, PGE E tuberous, with numerous

loured, am spongy | fibrés.— Culms naked, percept ps ati le
AR

210 ^ TRIANDRIA MONOGTYNIA. Cyperus.

from two to six feet high, and about as thick as a stout quill, abso-
lutely three-sided, smooth, shining, deep green.— Leaves, one, two, |
or three at the base of each culm, and about the same length, keel-
ed, somewhat spongy, very deep green, whitish underneath, mar- .
. gins armed with minute, short, sharp, acicule, pointing forwards.
—Unbel, compound and decompound. Umbellets many on smooth
somewhat angular peduncles of various lengths, composed of from
- five to eight cylindric, spreading spikes in a verticel, witb an erect,
sessile, simple or pedicelled compound one in the centre.—Spikelets '
most numerous, imbricated, lanceolate, from eight to twelve-flower-
ed.— Involucre many-leaved, some of them nearly as long as the
culm, and like the radical leaves keeled and armed on the margins.
— Involucels scarcely so long as their respective umbellets. — Scales
of the spikelets boat-shaped, with membranaceous margins, and
sharp thickened points c Damen three. — Seed oblong, obsoletely
three-sided.
Obs. This species comes near Rottboell’s Cyperus alopecuroides.

39. C. distans. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 988. Vahl. Enum
. PER. 362:

Culms about three feet high, three-cornered. Umbel qa
with the involucre and involucels many-leaved ; spikelets linear, alter-
nate ; flowers distant, with obtuse scales, Seeds oblong, three-sided,

C. elatus. Rottb. gram. 37. t. 10.

Beng. Panee-mulunga.

Is a native of wet places around Samulcota.

Root fibrous.—Culms erect, two feet high, four-fifths or more
naked, three-sided, smooth ; ; angles blunt.— Leaves from two to four,
embracing the base of the culm, and nearly as long, sheathing, deep".
ly grooved above, and keeled below, smooth.—Umbel decompound,
from four to six inches high. Umbellets some sessile, and from four
to eight, with erect peduncles of unequal lengths. Partial umbel-
letsoblong, raceme-like, being composed of alternate, needle-like, di-
verging spikes,—4nvolucre from three to six-leaved, unequal ; the

Cyperus. TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA« 21}

largest about a foot, or fifteen inches long, all are smooth.—Invo-
lucels three-leaved, length of the umbellets.— Flowers remote, scales
obtuse.— Seed three-sided.

40. C. tegetum. R.

Leafless, culms from three to six feet high, angles rounded, umbel
decompound. Jnvolucre as long, and longer than the umbel ; invo-
' lucels chaffy. Spikelets linear-lanced, alternate. Seed clavate, three-
sided. =

Hind. and Beng. Madoor-kati.

Is common in ditches, borders of lakes, &c. in the vicinity of Cal-
cutta during the rains. 7 e a

Root creeping under ground, perennial.— Culms naked, gene-
rally from three to six feet high, obsoletely three-sided, smooth.—
Leaves no other than two or three sheaths embracing the base of the
culms.— Uribe! decompound ; umbellets sub-sessile, and on pe-
duncles of various lengths, sub-erect.— Involucre about four-leav-
ed, one or two of them longer than the umbel.—JInvolucels minute.
— Spikelets alternate, linear-lanceolate, many-flowered.— Seeds elip-
tically triangular. ~ ; ;

Obs. Those elegant, useful, durable, large mats so common on
the floors of rooms in and about Calcutta, are made of the culm of
this plant. When green they are split into three or four pieces,
Which in drying contract so much as to bring the margins in
contact, or to overlap each other; in this state they are wove.

41. C. alopecuroidus. Rottb. gram. 38. t. 8. f. 2. Vahl. Enum. .
Pi. 2. 368.

Culms from four to five feet high. Umbel decompound ; involucre
; three-leaved, spikes nodding, spikelets alternate, many-flowered.
Wara-pulla. Rheed. mal. 19. p. 77. t. 42. d
Cyperus glomeratus. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 12.277. .—
This is also a large species, and a native of the same places. ;
Root fibrous.—Culms erect, from four to five feet high, except

Aa2 : ae aF

rd

ei^ 7C FRIAKDRIA MONOGTYNIA: cr
at the bases three-sided, smooth i— Leaves/as in the other species — ——
Umbel decompound, drooping, from six to twelve inches high. . Um-
bellets one or two sub-sessile, and from four to eight with peduncles”
of various lengths. Partial umbellets peduncled and composed of
beautiful, linear, bowing, compound racemes of lanceolate; many-
flowered, chesnut-coloured spikelets. — Involucre three- leaved, une-
qual. Involucels, small, frequently only — scales.— Seed three”
sided, smooth. ii
Obs. i have seen small plants with the umbellets small, dense T
and globular. m

49. C. nudus. R. :

Leafless, Culms from four to six feet high, three-cornered. thai
bels super-decompound, naked. — Involucres, and involucels chaffy 5
spikelets idee. ——— Seed Taming, compressed without an=-
E |

. Beng. Goola-Methhi. T dé ones

A native of low wet Peut over i Bep Flowers during the
rains. oe
‘Root perennial, somewhat tuberous.— Leaves no other than a
short sheath or two, whick envelope the base of the culm, the up-
permost one sometimes ends in a short ensiform: leaflet.—Culm _

- about five feet high, ‘naked, smooth, bright-green, three-cornered, |

with the angles rounded. MEUM three or four, sub-lanceolate, :
erect, about one-fourth thé length of the umbel.— Umbels decom-

` pound and super-decompound, with the sub-divisions, and slender, - 2

smooth, compressed peduncles of various length. — Spikelets. alter- F

nate, subulate, of a bright brown colour, each bearing from. twenty Iu

to thirty flowers.— Stamens peter — — Seed E A
compressed, without angles. Hs

Obs. This species is very like C. idm and about the same size,
though I am informed, never used for mats, as that is. To know it

| from. C. tegetum attend to the involucre, which in this is only about
fnr. the length of the. umbel, but in that as long or longer.

> Scirpus. | TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 213
43. C. Haspan. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 287.
Culms from four to sixteen inches high. Umbel super-decom-
. pound, involucre two-leaved.' Seeds globular, white.
- Gramen cyperoides madasarpatanum, &c. Pluck. alm. 192. F. g.
Teling. Poo-cushalic.
An elegant small species, a native of cultivated moist places.
Root fibrous.—Culms erect, from four to twelve inches high,
three-fourths naked, obsoletely three-sided, smooth.— Leaves sheath-
ing, often as long as the culm, very slender.— Umbel super-de-
compound, in small plants as long as the culm. - Umbellets one or
two sessile, and from four to six peduncled. Partial umbellets of
the first and second degrees pedicelled. — Involucre generally two-
leaved, unequal, the longest rather longer than the culm; involucel
a few chaffy scales only.—Stamens two or three.— Seed sub-globu-
lar, pure white, smooth.

SCIRPUS. l0

- Glumes chaffy, imbricated on all sides. Corol none. Seed one.

Sect. 1st. Without leaves.

“1,5. tuberosus. R. ;
— Root tuberous. Culms culumnar, jointed, leafless. Spikes te termi-
nal, cylindric, naked. Scales oblong. Base of the style cordate. Seed
cordate, beset with glochidate bristles. —
N Pi-tsi, Maa-tai, Pu-tsai, or Pe-tsi, or water chesnut of the Chinese;

. Tt is mentioned by Abbe Grosier under the first name, and under
the other appellations was tr ansmitted from Canton, by Mr. Dun- —
can, at the desire of the Governor General, for the Company's. ^

Botanic Garden, fier it blossoms about the close of the rains, in ;
September. «

Root fibrous, with stolonifersus shoots and round turni
tubers.— Culms erect, naked, slightly twisted to the right,
intercepted by slender membranes, distant a line,

from each other, every eight o or ind s here, partiti

214 TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Scirpus. —

firmer texture than the others and visible onthe outside, even when the
plant is growing.— Leaves none except a slender short sheath or two
at the base of each culm.— Spike terminal, solitary, cylindric, naked.
—Scules oblong, membranaceous margined.—Stamens three.— Style
‘two or three-cleft, at the base swelied out into an ovate-cordate, com-
pressed shape.— Seed obcordate, surrounded with glochidate bristles.
Obs. For the economical uses of the tuberous roots of this plant, I
beg leave to refer to Abbe Grosier, and other historians who have
had opportunities of observing in what manner they are employed
by the Chinese, and to the following extract from Mr. Duncan's
letter which accompanied the plants.
“The Maa-tai, Pee-tai or Pi-tse of Abbe Grosier, the water-ches
* nut, grows in ponds, which are manured for its reception about
* the end of March. A pond being drained of its water, small pits
“are dug in its bottom, these are filled with human manure, and
* exposed to the sun for a fortnight; their contents are then inti-
* mately blended. with the slimy bottom of the pond, and the slips
* or roots of the plant deposited therein ; the water is now retum-
“ed to the pond, and the new crop of tubers come to perfection
* by the beginning of September.
“This nut is in high estimation among all ranks of Chinese,
* not only as à pot root, but also a medicine. It is eat either boiled
*orraw. [will not vouch for the truth of the singular virtues as-
** eribed to the Maa-tai, but just relate one of the most plausible.
“ The children here often play with cash in their mouths, which
* sometimes slip down into the stomach, and bring on alarming
» en hptbms. The nut is immediately given in quantities, either raw
* or boiled, and they say it never fails to give relief being consider-
* ed as specific which has the effect of decomposing the metal."

2. S. plantaginus. im. Sp. Fi, d Willd. 1. 291. Rottb. gra"
45. t. 15. f. 9. Vahl. Enum. Pl. 9. 951. Retz. Obs. 5. 14.
Culms, culumnar, from two to four feet high, intercepted. Spike

Scirpus. TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. — 215

terminal, nakad, sub-cylindric ; scales oblong, obtuse. Seeds beset
with bristles.

A leafless, rush-like species ; it grows in shallow standing sweet
water.
. Root stoloniferous, with thick, spongy, and capillary fibres.—
Culm erect, round, smooth, naked, except the lower part, which is
covered with a membranaceous sheath or two; inwardly intercepted
with transverse, rigid sep'ums, at every inch and quarter, besides
numberless, irregular, smaller ones between.— Spike terminal, cy-
lindrie, two inches long, naked.— Scales obovate, smooth, a little
keeled, margins membranaceous.—Stamens three, with bristles 1n»

_termixed round the base of the germ.

3. S. tumidus. R. , :

-Culms from two to three feet high, round, regularly intercepted.
Spike terminal, cylindric. Scales broad-lanceolate. Seeds beset
with simple bristles.

This species is very much like the last described, end a native
of similar places, but much rarer.

Root, the same.— Cum erect, three feet high, round, smooth, na-
ked, seemingly swelled, intercepted with a conspicuous transverse
Partition every sixth of an inch.—Leaves none, but sheathes as in _
the former. —Spike single, terminal, erect, cylindric, an inch long.
—Scales broad-lanceolate, acute, a little keeled, otherwise smooth,
—Stamens, bristles, &c. as in the other species.

4. S. spiralis. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Wilid. 1. 290. Rottb. gram. 45.
t. 15. f. 1. Vahl. 2 252.

Culms from two to three feet high, Poeme Spike terminal,
naked, cylindric, obtuse. Scales lapped. Seeds beset with bristles.

isis a native of the same places with the last described.

Root stoloniferous, &c. as in S. plautaginus.— Culm erect, from
two to three feet high, naked, three-sided, angles sharp, smooth,
Rot articulated, nor inter rupted inwardly.— Leaves none, buta sheath
"two embracing the base of the culm.—Spike as in ae plantagi-

1

M

Lx
»-

216 — TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

nus, büt tlie flowers are more numerous.— Scales imbricated seeme —
ingly- without order, smooth, lapped, margins broad, and membras |—
naceous.— Stamens, bristles, &c. as in the two procedos species.

\

ae aritmii: R. 2 toad
ine fróm two to three feet high, triangular. ‘Spike terminal, —
tapering, acute ; scales somewhat acute ; seeds bristly. Rc r

-

Grows in similar places to those "ih produce the two last spe» -

cies. 2 ;
Root as in the last species.—Culm three- sided, from two to three /

feet high, naked, smooth ; angles very sharp, even almost winged— ——
Leaves no other than a sheath or two involving the base of each culm,
—Spike terminal, &c. asin the two former. — Scales disposed spiral :
ly, oval, somewhat acute, striated, margins membranaceous. —Hila- k
ments membranaceous. Bristles, &c. as in the former two. - de

Obs. It differs from, S. spiralis in having. the angles of the culm —
sharp. In having the flowers few and disposed spirally. In having —
band striated, oblong and somewhat pointed. > —

6.8. P: R. ;
| Culms from one to two feet high, three-cornered. Spike emi
sub-cylindric ; scales obtuse. Seeds bristly..
A species resembling the last, and growing in similar Fr
Root as in the species already mentioned.— CuZm erect, one 1
two feet high, smooth, three-sided, angles rounded. — Spike. as in
the former.— Scales smooth, obovate.—Stamens, bristles and p
as in the last four species. |

7- S. incurvatus. R. -
Culms in tufts, culumnar, from six to nine inches high, ‘conan et i
less, intercepted. Spikes i in a globular, naked verticil near the bet- j
of the culm. Stigma. trifid. Seed three-sided. E.
E. uative of moist places near Calcutta. Flowers during dec ;

Scirpus. ‘TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA, - o *»-

- Root of rust-coloured, capillary fibres.—Cudms numerous, from,
their incurved shape forming nearly a globe, leafless, round, smooth,
iuterceptéd at every half inch or less; general length from six to eight
inches, and thicker than a crow quill.— Sheathes a few between the
spikes and root.—Spikes numerous, sessile, ovate-oblong, forming a
round verticil about an inch and a half above the root. — Scales round,

. ovate-obtuse.—Seed ovate, triangular. : |

~

8. S. articulatus: Linn. Sp. Pl.ed. Wilid.i.290. Vahl. Enum. ii.258.

Cuims from twoto four feet high, culumnar, intercepted with con-
spicuous partitions. Spikes pointed, crowded Se a head e ihe
hase. Seed naked, three-sided. t s a ae
— Tsjell. Rheed. mal. 19. p. 135. t. 71 aie quu.

Hind. and Beng. Putputi-chechka. ea

Teling. Lutti-pitta-allie.

"This is also a native of standiag sweet water.

Root :toloniferous, and fibrous as in the former.—Culm erect, from.
two to four fect high, round, smooth, naked, intercepted inwardly
by transverse septums at every inch, or half inch; they are conspi- .
cuous on the outside, even while the plant is growing.— Leaves no
other than a short sheath or two, involving the base of the culm.— -
Head lateral, near the base of the culm sessile, sub- globular, com- ;
* posed of many, (fifty to sixty) oblong-pointed, sessile, many-flowered e
spikes.— Scales broad-cordate, a little pointed.— Stamens three; the
bristles of the foregoing five species are here wanting.—Style slight-
y two-cleft. —Seed three-sided, smooth, white.

9 s. subarticulatus. ER. T
from two to three feet high; culumnar, intercepted edi ie
conspicuous partitions. Spikes obtuse, crowded into a head near 2:
the base, Seed three-sided, pointed:
-A native of the same places with the former. 5
Root resembling that of the preceding species. —Culm re

two to three feet high, round, smooth, na
“Bb TE

»

Ee es this species, as in those with single, terminal, cylindric s

218 : /— TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA, Scirpus. —

quarter of an inch by-a slight membrane ; their places do not appear
externally even when the plant is dry. — Leaves no other than a sheath -
- or two.—Head lateral, near the base of the culm, sessile, globular, -
composed of many, (about one huudred) small, oval, obtuse, sessile,
many-flowered spikes.— Scales oval, membranaceous.—Seed sheen yo

sided, white, smooth. E |
TO. s. dubius. R. | :
Root tuberous. Culms naked, thier intéftepted with. numer- d

ous partitions. `

Teling. Allike.

'— Roots tuberous, with stolones and numerous fibres jd from, ;

: bent; outwardly of a dark dusky colour, inwardly white. m ;

erect, cylindric, smooth, about 2 foot long.

Obs. I have never met with flowers of this plant which i is am
tive of wet sandy pasture ground, and was formerly considered ass
species of Isoetés. The natives boil and eat the roots which er Ms
anaes et 2. RE MS

- 31. S. capitatus. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 294. Z ahl. ii» 250. a
Culms naked, from four to eight inches high, culumnar ; ; em A
terminal, globular. . Seed black, roundish, bristle-beset. - ;
| S. caribeus. Rottb. gram. 46. t. 15. f. 3. STUN prn aif
A native of barren, sandy, moist places. | gue
Root. fibrous.—Culms erect, from four to eight inches high, round,
soos: naked.— Leaves no other than a sheath or two.—Spiketer
minal, naked, ‘sub- globular ; permanent bristles surround the pt

2

. Style two-cleft.— Seed —— ssi — shining ac

38. S. jenecda R es ;
Culms from one to three feet. lig, culumnar. Spikes oval, fem P
three to five in a sessile head, far below the apex. 4 roui adii M
_ „beset with bristles. . :
ES native of wet and marshy places, -

Scirpus. TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIAs .. 219

Root fibrous. Culms erect, from one to three feet high, naked,
round, and slender in proportion to the height, striated, otherwise
smooth.’ Leaves none, except two sheaths embracing the base of
each culm. Spikes from three to five, lateral, sessile, oval, naked,
. from four to six iuches, below the apex of the culm, which is erect,
and like that below the spikes. Incolucre none. Slamens three,
iutermixed with bristles. Stigma two-cleft. Seed obcordate, com-
pressed, smooth, white.

15. S. dio mae Linn. gj. 1 Phd. Willd. i-308. Fahl. Enum. i ii.
256,

Culms can gi six tp tw ie inches Mich; thrée-comered. Spies pe-
duncled and sessile below the apex. - ‘Seed black, siis: sub- :
triangular. pe.
ŽA native of sandy ground. :
= Root fibrous.—Culms ereét, from six to twelve inches high, firm, -
. naked, three-sided, striated, with rounded angles, above the spikes

- half round, with a groove on the flat side. Spikes lateral, sessile

nd peduncled, naked, from six to twelve, oblong, many-flowered. -
Nectarial bristles of the germ wanting.— Seed somewhat three-sid-
ed, black, with usse spots.

34 $. ome; R.

Culms in tufts, erect, two feet high, naked, acutely eser
Spikes: from eight to twelve, sessile just under the straight three-
~ Winged apex. Germ embraced by six long, slender bristles, besides
_ the three-broad filaments. ` ae
Native of pbiktagang, v where like most of the order, it delighsin xi

' Wet ground. ded 3

15. S. supinus. Vahl. Enum, Pl, ii. 957: es
RR in tufts, curved, three-cornered, generally naked. - Spikes Eus
| Several, under the grooved apex, sessile and peduncled.- Incolucre
‘one-leaved, besides the apex of the culm, Seed three-s i
versely rugose on the back, black. 2 d a
Š lateralis. Linz. Sp. Pl. ed. "iid. i. 302: t Obs. ^

220 J TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA, © Svirpus. i

- Found growing in tufts, in wet places, in the mine of Coloni,
. during the. cobl season. f
Root of brown capillary fibres.— Culms numerous, about a foot ;
_ high, curved, three-cornered, angles rounded, above the spikes i ine A
curved, and deeply channelled.— Leaves rarely any other than a few
` short sheaths, investing the base of the culms, and they- generaly
end in an ensiform point, when present solitary and like the culm |
above the spikes.— Spikes many, peduucled and sessile, considera- -

bly under the apex, oblong.— Scales ovate, mucronate, vid ag d
chaffy margins.— Seed three-sided, black, transversely rugosee —— —

16. S. globulosus, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 301.
Culms from one to two feet high, nearly culumnar. Umbel |
pound; involucre shorter than the umbel. Seed long , obovate, sm
Teling. Billapa. — : Feeds
A native of wet sandy places. - i
— Root fibrous.—Culms erect, from one to two feet high, as dil E
2crow quill, a little compressed, smooth , except near the base w which
is involved in, from three to five, large, pointed sheaths,— Umbel ter
minal, small, compound. Spikes oval.— Involucre two-leaved, un-
-equal, erect, shorter than the umbel.— Filaments three, broad, and
membranaceous.— Style broad, margins fringed. Stigma two j-cleft.
— Seed — eta smooth, light brown, —

37. S. pectinatus. R. ; E :
Culms from three to four feet high, culumnar, Panicle lateral, j us

: below the straight subulate apex of the culm. Scales daggered- Stig-
ma two-cleft. Seed roundish, beset with four pinnate bristles.
Grows chiefly i in marshy places, where the soil is sandy. o EA
Root fibrous.— Culnis erect, from three to four feet high, as tick 2
asa quill, naked, round, smooth.— Leaves no other. than a de.

_ or two round the base of each culm —Umbel lateral, ‘about its p.
own length. below the apex of the culm, compound, rarely. decom- E
> — pes. oblong —Aacoluere n no other thant the: te

"Seirpus. _ fRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA: 921

mination of the culm, which. is erect and about as long as the um-
bel. Scales chaffy, daggered.— Stigma two-cleft.— Nectarial bris-
tles two on each side of the germ they are beautifully pinnate and
permanent.-—Secd obovate, compressed, smooth, brown, embraced
by the nectarial bristles.

18. S. Ee. R.

Culms, from six to nine inches high, somewhat five-sided. Umbel
terminal, compound ; involucre chafty ; d fes monandrous. Seed
obovate, triangular. s ;

À native of pasture ground. - =

Root fibrous.— Culms erect, four six to nine didi high, naked,
somewbat fenida slightly striated, otherwise smooth.— Leaves
no other than a sheath or two.—Umbel terminal, compound, small,
- erect.— Involucre, a few small chaffy scales, with long tapering points,
— Stamens single.—Stigma three-cleft.—Seed somewhat three-sid<-

ed, white : scabrous. |

T i: Sect. 9d. With leaves.

19. S. atropurpureus. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 294,
- Grows in small tufts. Culms from three to four inches high, seta-
ceous, erect, culumnar, longer than the leaves. "pie enit:
E S solitary, oval. = i VOR
CA mative of poor, wet sandy, pasture land. ;

- 90. S. minimus. R.

Grows in tufts. Culms from one to two inches long, setaceous,

_ *۟rved, shorter than the leaves. Involiccre three-leaved. Spikes

terminal, globular, squarrose, about as long as the involucie. -g T |
— Found with S. atropurpureus on poor, wet qued — Gru

21.5, mbnostachajos: Kan. * E

— Culms straight, from six to twelve inches long, : culomnar
terminal, solitary, naked, scales roundish. Seed. ob.

Delights i in _— sandy pasture myles

Š

229 TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIAs _ Scirpus.

Root fibrous, purple-coloured.—Culms erect, from six to twelve
inches kigh, round, smooth, three-fourths or more naked.— Leaves
sheathing, nearly as long as the culm, filiform.— Spikes terminal,
single, naked, oval ; flowers few.—Scales sub-orbicular.——Style broad,
with downy margins. Stigma two-cleft.—Seed obcordate, com-

pressed, smooth, light brown.

22. S. strobilinus. R. E Me
Culms two feet high, three-sided, base leafy. Leaves triangular. ——
Spike lateral, solitary. Scales cordate, cuspidate. Siigmas two- *
cleft. Seed roundish, beset with bristles.. : T
A native of the soft, wet banks of the Ganges. Flowering time ae
the cool season. Ni
Root stoloniferous, with pale-coloured: nec A, simple, Coe
straight, about two feet high, three-sided .— Leaves two or three, |
fferent sizes, embracing the base of each culm, the longest near- ee
ly the length of the culm, keeled and deeply chaunelled, smooth. —
— Spike solitary, lateral, one-third part of the culm below its apex, / d
-ovate-oblong, about oneinchin length., Involucre one-leaved, besides. i
the continuation of the cuim, length of the spikes.— Scales cordate,
euspidate, smooth.— Stamina three, with about double the 'number ; 2
of bristles between them.— AntAers linear, when old spirdl.—Germ.
obovate. Stigma two-cleft.— Seed flat, particularly on the inside, -
roundish, obcordate, crowned with a minute portion of the: remain- a
ing style, and embraced by about six slender, soft, permanent bris- F :
- E are about the same length. p ber

uL MET

23. S. scaber. R.

Culms erect, from four to eight inches high, ee Spikes te ter-
minal. Scales oblong, urine. Stigma bifid. E pepe ;
scabrous. GP

eat

` Compare iih 8. tides: Retz. Obs. 5 iv.p.1 kc ;
E nid pto T Dn rot on sine coast of Gates :
dee tig? <u C necu oom

—— Seirpus. TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 493

Root composed of dark purple capillary fibres.- Culms erect, from
four to eight inches high, four-fifths naked ; angular, smooth.— Leaves
sheathing, mostly radical, filiform, half the length of the culm.—
"Spike single, erect, oblong, many-flowered. — Involucre two or three-
caducous scales, shorter than the spike.— Scales « oblong, apex round-
ed, falling as the seeds ripen.—Stamens generally two. — Stigma
two-cleft.— Seed SECO QU Puer shone, lead-coloured, rugose. ,

% =a .

24. S. iei Kb Áo Je oHG
Culms erect, from six to twenty-four dickes high, & filiform. Spikes
from two to three, terminal, sessile, and peduncled, i iny vo oluc ;
roundish. Seed obcordate, with a callous dae =

` Teling. Khooshi-tunga. : :

Beng. Keco dung : Fes

Delights in a moist rich soil, grows in large distinct tufts.

Root fibrous.._Culms sub-erect, four-fifths naked, very slender,
| filiform, somewhat five-sided, smooth.— Leaves sheathing, in large
plants long, slender, and often twisted a little, in small plants
more rigid.— Spikes two or three terminal, ovate; one is always
‘Sessile, the other one or two peduncled. -cisulitone one or two-
leaved, about as long as the peduncled spikes.— Scales nearly or-
bicular. —Stamens and style as in S: monostachyos: Seed: “ae
. date, compressed, white, with a thick callous ron

25.8, schanoides. Kin. Retz. Obs. v. 14, E

Culms erect, from six to twelve inches long. Spikes one or two, ttv s
minal, naked, acute. Scales pointed. Seed. Se sates: 3

Beng. Moormoori. ` de^

` A native of dry pasture ground, qva; ARS der. :

Root fibrous.—Culms sub-erect, from six to twelve: inchesbi h gh, i, E
three-fourths naked, filiform, a little compressed, part i
. Wards the tops, and striated.— Leaves as in the fotu z
Rérally single, though there are sometimes two, inw
is peduncled, fev-flowered.— Intoluere. entire

224 | qRIANDRIA MONOGYN TAs p Seirpus; |

large, with a large keél and sharp point. —Style enlarged at the basé.

Stigma three-cleft. — Seed three-sided, very scabrous, pearl-coloured.

p

06. S. tristachyos. Vahl. Enum. ii: 954.
Culms from six to eight inches long, slender, curved, ‘striated.
-. Leaves shorter than the culms. Spikes from two to four, oblong. In-
volucre two-leaved, one longer than the spikes, apparently a conti- -
nuation of the culms. Style two-cleft, villous. Seed obcordate.

A native of Bengal, appears during the cool season in low moist. ;

places.
Root fibrous, brown. —Culms numerous, in tufts, slender, Vale
ously bent, though nearly erect, slender, grooved, particularly dep |

on the opposite sides, from six to eight inches high.— Leaves few, 5

subulate, hard, half the length of the culms.— Spikes generally dier
varying bowever from one to five, sometimes short-peduncled, ob-
long.—{nvolucre, two-leaved; one erect, longer than the spikes,
seems a continuation of the culm.—Scales oval, somewhat mue
cronate.—Germ cordate. Style villous. Stigma two-cleft.

Obs- It differs from Rottboell’s plant in having the scales mucro-

: nate, and the signe two-cleft ; yet I think ur must be the same.

=

P S. squarrosus: Linn. Sp. Pl.ed. Willd. i. 308. Rottb. gram,

40. t. 17. f. 5. IN
Culms from three to six inches long. Spikes three ; involucre ;

bic Scales — in a "€ recurved ind horn. Sak ane

- Motta-pullu. Rheed. mal. 12. P 72. ü 58.
Beng. Goo.

A small delicate species, growing in distinct tufts on dry sandy | ;

pasture ground,

Root fibrous.— Culms numerous, bent in various Fr Dans from 4

three to six inches long, four-fifths naked, round, smooth, filiform.

; — Leaves a few only, sheathing, shorter considerably than the culm. | x
_ Spikes terminal, generally three, sessile, oval. —Involucre t two |

= -

a

~

+

Scirpus. | TRIANDRIA MONOGYNYA. - 225

leaved, the largest about an inch long; being nearly erect, it appears
a continuation of the culm.—Scales numerous, terminating ina
long, b hey, recurved ipee — Seed three-sided, oblong, smooth.

28. S. ien: Linn. sp Pl. ed. Willd. i. 311. Rottb: gram.

50. t. 14. f. 3.
^^ Culms erect, from three to six inches high, angular. Head ter-

iinal, of three to five spikelets ; 5 involucre from two to three-leaved 4
scales acute; monandrous. Seed roundish, Mae

A native of sandy pasture ground. : ;

- Root consisting of capillary PE ced CE ‘straight, from.
three to six inches high, angular, smooth.— Leaves. filiform,as ina i
as the culm, woolly near the mouth of the sheaths — Head terminal, |
sessile, composed of from three to five small, sessile, few-flowered
spikes.— Involucre from two to three-leaved. Scales pointed.—Sta-
Wen single — Stigma three-cleft.— Seed three-sided, short, thick,
mon, white,

.. 99. S. antarcticus. Lae Sp. Pi. ed. Willd. i. 310. Vahl. Tes
ij. 961, :
Culms erect, from three to six inches high, ioni: Head termi-
_ nil, of many spikelets. Involucres from two to three-pointed. Se,

—. three-sided.

T Grows on sandy pasture ground.

Root fibrous. — Culms erect, from three to six inches high, round,
emooth.— Leaves. radical, embracing the base of the culms, sheath-
» half the length of the culm.— Head or Umbellet t terminal, glo-

, composed of numerous small, sessile, few-flowered, coni- .
E Pointed spikes. Involucre-from two to three-leaved, eme se
= of the head. Scales pointed. i em three-sided, smooth. "en

* This is Isolepis barbata, R. ‘Brows, prodr. nov.-holl. I. 222.—1 have had
Nepala, where it is common during the rainy seasou, forming :
ae man of the sheaths, as well as their idein beasties "

e

226 |. TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA« Seit

30. S. argenteus. Kön. Rottb. gram. 51. t. 17. a 6. ins ipo Pl.

ed. Willd. i. 811.

Culms sub-erect, from four to eight inches high, semicculummar
Head terminal, of many sub-sessile spikelets ; involucres from two to
three, scales obtuse, monandrous. Seed roundish, compressed.

Fimbristylis argentea. Vahl. Enum. ii. 294.

Found on sandy pasture ground, growing in large tufts, with the
exterior culins of the tuft curved. 3 i

Root fibrous.—Culs erect, or ascending, mostly naked, from
four to eight inches high, round on one side, and flattened on the
other, sometimes with a groove on the flat side.— Leaves as in the
former species.— Head or Umbellet terminal, composed of fromfif- —
teen to twenty cylindrical, obtuse, sessile, silver-coloured, many-
flowered- spikes.—Involucre two, three, or four-leaved, unequal—
Scales oblong, obtuse; keel green, the rest silver-coloured. —8Sta--
men single — Stigma. two-cleft. Beed obcordate, compressed,
smooth, pearl-coloured.

31. s. glomeratus. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 296.

Culms six. inches high, semi-culumnar. Leaves numerous, from
one to two inches long. . Umbel composed of from six to twelve
ovate spikelets. Involucres and incolucels the length of the spikes

Hind. Bura Nirbishee.

Native of Coromandel and Bengal. `

39. S. arvensis. Retz. Obs. iv. p 11.

Culms from six to twenty-four inches high, compressed, furrowed
Leaves tortuose. Umbel simple. Involucre one or two-leaved, short- |
er than theumbel. Scales omur; diandrous. Seed obcordate, s
and dotted.
` A native of various parts of — i ep in n low th places
during the rainy season.

Culms about six inches high, "compressed, and furrowed —
Leaves radical, or — the lower portion of the culms, narroWa

Scirpus. TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA- 297

a little twisted, and nearly as long as the culms.—Umbel generally
simple, of from four to six sessile, or pedicelled, ovate-oblong brown
spikes; sometimes one of the pedicels supports two spikes.— In-
volucre one or two-leaved, small and shorter than the umbel.—
Scales of the spikes ovate, chaffy.— Stamens two.— Style thick at
the base; aper two-cleft, and villous.— Seed abcordate, furrowed
longitudiually, and dotted with white on a brownish ground.

$3. S. tenellus. R. |

Culms twelve inches high, leafy, sub-cylindric. — Umbels thin,
scarcely compound. Involucres minute. Style with enlarged base.
Stigma three-cleft. Seed obovate, dotted, pearl-coloured.
. A native of Coromandel. Fine es E
Culms many, uncommonly slender, erect, about a foot high, to-
ward the base invested with the sheaths of a few slender leaves.—
Umbel very thin, composed of one sessile, oblong spike, and of
from six to twelve or about half the number of pedicells of various
lengths.—Involucres minute, the longest scarcely exceeding the
sessile spike.— Scales boat-shaped, scariose, with a short point.—
Style swelled at the base to the full size of the germ ; this swelled
part, however, is not more permanent than the rest of the style. Stig-
ma trifid.— Seed obovate, obscurely three-sided, much dotted, pearl-
Coloured.

34. S. (Rhynchospora ?) mollis. Wall. —
Culms roundish, erect, longer than the narrow, setaceous, villous
leaves; umbel composed of about seven unequal, one to three-spiked
tays; involucre about. five-leaved, shorter than the umbel, villous;
‘Spikes oblong scales; ovate, sub-aristate; smooth. - eu
À native of Nepala, where it is found during the rainy seasom .
: creeping, brown.— Cu/ms one or two feet high, jointless,
Slightly furrowed and hairy, somewhat compressed at the top.— Leaves.
a few towards the base of the culm, five or six inches long, chan-:
helled above, with long membrane-margined, very hairy sheaths.-
€c2 IRI KE i

998 JFRIANPRIA asd Scirpus, 2d

Rayos dis ümibel from half an inch, to one ánd. a half inches long,wih |
one or two sessile spikes among them.— Leaves of the involucre- ses
taceous, hairy, one or two, as long as the rays ; the rest as well as
the involucels shorter than the brown, acute, from three to six lines-
long spikes.— Scales smooth, broad-ovate, with a greenish rib ending |
in a short round point; the lowest smaller, two or three of them
abortive.—Stamens three, short.—-Ovarium minute, surrounded by - :
three long, hairy bristles. — Style compressed, hairy and ciliate hc
a broad cordate articulate base.

Obs. The habit of this grass is that ofa E imbristylis pile dd
however it differs in having several long, curved bristles attached to
the base of the ovarium ; it seems fhedefdim to be a rc
cies of Heg —N. ,W.

` 35. S. tridentatus. R. i
Culms straight, from two to five feet high, angular. Umbel ad.
pound; involucres from two to three; spikelets pointed ; scales ps
jagg ved and daggered. Secd roundish, three-angied, and bristly.
Cotiifiaté with S. maritimus.* | ICT d

Teling. Goorapa-shaka-tunga.
Grows in water courses, ditches, &c. ends the water is fresh;
never m salt, or brackish water. : ; ;
Koot stoloniferous with some small tubers, and many “fibres. ee
— Culms erect, rigid, leafy, jointed, from two to five feet high, threes - :
sided, smooth, angles sharp.— Leaves numerous, sheathing, sub-erect, -
rigid, keeled, smooth.—Umbel compound, small for the size of the —
plant.—Involucre from two to three-leaved, erect, unequal, the dd
est being three times the length of the umbel, and the shortest equal- —
ling the latter.—Spikes lanceolate or cylindric, large ; some ni :
some “peduncled — Scales three-toothed, the lateral ones torn; the
middle one long and subulate, keel'green, the rest rust-coloured.
wer three-sided, short, thick, — — MÀ dei ihe
ase.

Obs. I believe König called it 4 maritimus vindi, but the form

(0 Scirpus. TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 929

| v the seeds and jointed culm, will, 1 think, render it a A well
marked and distinct t fpe

30. S. strictus. R.

Cuius straight, from twelve to eighteen inches high, culummar,
Vrubel compound. Involucres chaffy ; scales: obtuse, diandrous and
roundish, compressed. l

Grows ona moderately dry, hard, barres, sandy soil. )

. Root fibrous.— Cuims straight, naked, rigid, from twelve to eigh-
teen inches high, round, very smooth. — Leaves radical, short, rigid,
but smooth.—Umbel terminal, sometimes decompound; contracted,
seldom more’ than two inches long, and one broad.—Involucre from
» two'to four, small, chaffy, tapering sheaths.—Spikes ovate, small,
many-flowered. —Scales with a broad, white, membranaceous bors
der.— Stamens two.— Stigma two-cleft.—-Seed much Compre
ies, dotted with brown.

` 97. S. brevifolius. R.

~“ Culms erect, from six to eight inches high, semi-culumnar. Un.
bel decompound ; involucels chaffy ; scales cuspidate, monandrous.
Stigma bifid. Seeds obcordate, striated. ES

. Is found generally on low sandy pasture ground.
Root fibrous.—Culms, erect, mostly naked, from six to eight
ches high, flat on one side and rounded on the other. —Leaves

sheathing, short.—Umbel terminal, decompound.— Involucre from
_ two to three-leaved, shorter than the umbel.— Spikes small, oblong;
while young sessile, but when old appearing peduncled, the scales

and seeds gradually dropping off and. leaving ! the ‘rachis naked.— =
Scales keeled and pointed.— — Stamen single. — Style. broad, enlarg--

ed at ihe base ; above, the margins are hairy. Stigma. two-cleft 7

Seeds obcordate, convex on the outside, flat on the inner, . é e,

striated. a
Obs. The single stamen and. striated seed are the es

buy

Xa, TE nich resembles Rottboel’s x7 of Sedi ho t

E os

*

"280 -TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Scinpus, -

that species is. described by Vahl as having three stamina: (see.
Finbristylis dichotoma, — ii. p. 287,) consequently they must
be different.*

$8. S. astivalis. Retz. Obs. iv. 12.

Spikes rounded, subsquarrose ; involucre six-leaved, longer than
the compound umbel ; scales monandrous. F ail. Linum, li, 988.
(under Fimbristylis.)

I received this elegant little grass from Nepala where it grows in
low fields during the rainy season. ;

Obs. My specimens agree perfectly with the descriptions quoted -
above. 'They are three inches high; spikes oblong, obtuse, mea-
"suring about three lines in length, with villous scales which end in
along, recurved, scabrous awn as in S. squarrosus.. Ovarium den-
ticular, obovate, smooth, shining, pearl-coloured, covered almost to
its base with numerous loosely adhering, white, flat fascicles of villi,
which proceed like rays from the enlarged base of the smooth, bifid
style, and serve to keep the latter attached to the seed. This is? -
second instance of a singular structure, observed by the immortal au-
thor of the Prodromus flore nove hollandie, in another species of
Fimbristylis, (vol. i. p. 925).—N. W.

: ł

39. S. diphyllus. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd.i. 301. -—

... Culms erect, from one to two feet high, semi-culumnar. Umbel
decompound; scales obtuse, diandrous. Seeds roundish, obcordate, |
smooth. - a ee

` Fimbristylis diphylla. Vahl. uai ii. 249.

Delights i in a rich wet soil. |

Root fibrous—Culms erect aves dii naked, from one to two.
feet high, sometimes a little compressed .— Leaves chiefly radical,
half the length of the culm, rigid.—Umbel terminal, decompound.
ES ee twoor four-leaved, the larger about the length of the um-

* Ihave received specimens of this grass, which undoubtedly is a Fimbristylis

from Nepala; itis intermediate between F. dichotoma and glauca, Vahl, differing from
both en monandrous.—N. W.

Scirpus. TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 231

bel, partial involucres small.—Spikes numerous, oblong, some ses-
sile, some peduncled, exclusive of the naked rachis of those that
are old, dark brown.—Seales oblong, obtuse, dark brown.—Sia-
mens two.-—Stigmas two-cleft. Seed obcordate, much | compress-
ed, smooth, brown.

40. S. (Isolepis) densus. Wall.

Culms tufted, setaceous as well as the short leaves; sheaths beard-
ed ; umbel decom pound with unequal capillary rays ; ee squar-
rose, awned ; spikelets oval , long-peduncled, except the central ones.

Native of Nepala ; in vigour during the rains.

A most slender, glaucous, capillary, spreading, smooth grass,
_ which forms extensive and dense tufts. Root grayish, consisting of —
innumerable long fibres. Culms from six to twelve inches high, three-
ornered.— Leaves three or four near the base of the grass, aud a great
many radical ones, three or four times shorter than the culm; sheaths :
short, flaccid, brown, with a number of long curved hairs at their
back and mouth. Rays about five, unequal, mostly an inch long;
some of them bearing a few-spiked umbellet, others supporting only
asingle spikelet. Scales of the involucre chaffy, brown, imbricating,
one of them often ending in a capillary leaflet.—Spikelets very
small, brown, somewhat angular, consisting of oval, keeled, pointed
scales.— Seed obovate, sharply three-cornered.— Bristles none. —

Obs, The root, culm, leaves and sheaths of this elegant little grass
are exactly like those of Isolepis barbata, (see above ;) the inflores-
cence, however, is totally different. —cN. W.

41. S. miliaceus. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed: Willd. i. 805. - Rott. gram

57. t. 5. f. 2. Retz. Obs. 5. 16.
Culini erect, from one to two feet high, sidi Gotta Umbel

decompound ; involucres and involucels Bore than the rump "n |
"mbellets. Seed obcordate, striated.
Fimbristylis miliacea. Vahl. Enum. ii. 987.
This species delights in wet pasture ground.

»*

232 = dFANDHIA MONDOYNTA. «Sa

- Root fibrous. Culms erect, from one tc two feet high, seven-
eighths naked, generally round, though sometimes alittle compress-
ed, and chiefly near the apex striated, um smooth.— Umbel de.
. compound, very thin.—Involticre three or five-leaved, unequal, but `
the largest is seldom so long asthe umbel. — Incofucels like the invo-
lucre, but much smaller.—Spikes sessile, or peduncled, oval, ruste —
coloured, many-flowered.— Scales broad, alittle pointed, very con- `
cave.—Stamens two or three.— Style enlarged at the base, broad,
with hairy margins. Stigma two-cleft.— Seed obcordate, compress- -
ed, pearl;coloured, striated, without bristles.

42. S. complanatus. Vahl. Enum. ii, 279. Retz. Obs. 5. 14.
Culms sub-erect, from one to two feet high, edged. - Umbel from
compound tosuper-decompound. Involucre two-leaved, erect; scales.
lanceolate. Seed obcordate, dotted. iir
Hind. Kuratéya-juvani, Put
_A native of moist or wet sim ; ;
- Root fibrous.—Culms nearly erect, but waving a little, (soil one
to two feet high, naked, except at the base, compressed, two-edged j. |
edges sharp, and turned different ways, striated, smooth, often a-
little twisted.— Leaves radical, or embracing the base of the culm,
nearly as long as the culm, linear, wayed, often a little twisted, .
apex abrupt.— Umbel super-decompound, dense.— nzolucre two- Ln
leaved, opposite, erect, unequal, the longest about the length of
the umbel. Involuceis chaffy, ending like bristles.— Spikes. sessile, pi.
or short-pedicelled, oblong, few-flowered .— Scales sust-coloured, E
gir ek obcordate, rugose, wit << G

43. S. tetragonus. R. z
Culms from one to two feet high, four-angled. Uribel decom- :
pound and super-decompound. Involucre and involucels | | bis

scales roundish, diandrous. Seeds round.
Hind. Baraj is

Teling. Murcushalee. ~
Grows with the other species on moist pasture ground.

pur

Scirpus? | FRIANDRIA MONOTNTA] ae

Root fibrous.—Cuims nearly erect, from one to two feet. high
naked, except at the base, four-sided, smooth.— Leaves radical, and”
about the base of the culm; bifarious, tapering, nearly as long as the
culm.—Umbel super-decompound, rather thin, and of an irregular
form.—Involucre and involucels small, bristle-like.— Spikes’ mi-
nute, ‘globular, many-flowered. — Stamens, ftom one to two, rarely

tliree —7Sfisma two or three-eleft.— Seed nearly globular, compress -
ed on the ed scabrous, white. Eea

-

44. Sc. eene Vahl. Bam: ii. afos Ponit.

Culms from one to two feet high, five-angled. - Unlel super-de.-
compound ; 3 involucre much shorter than the unibel; ‘seales-oval
monandrous. Seed ‘three- sided, rugose. ^ - E eec ^

UR native of similar places with the last: species. EE ae

` Root fibrous.— Culms as in complanatus, and tetragonus, and of
the same height, but in this species-always five-sided. The angles
Sarp and the sides: concave: — Leaves as in Sc. complanatus:—Um-
bel super-decom pound, . rather thin, and unequal as in Sc. tetrages
nus.—Tnwolucre three-leaved, the’ largest ‘about the length of the
umbel.— Spikes mostly pedicelled, oval, very small, few, from six to
eight-flowered.— Scales oval —Stamen one.— Sopa r
Sed oblong, three-sided, rugoso: | "

" PE

Sits gg pra
x.

45, Se. palles m : IE
Cülins from six to ten ichs high; duis. Unbel ipee.
: compound, rather shorter than the involucre;. monandrous Scales
obtuse. Seed obcordate, without angles, ‘streaked, and wrinkled.

A native of low pasture ground. * 3

~ Root fibrous.— Culnis nearly erect, from six to ten —
mostly naked, nearly round and'striated. — Leaves sheathing, as long.
35 the culm, concave ; edges sliglitly serrulate, somewhat woog
Umbe: terminal, super-decompound, large in proportion t to th
of the plant.— Incolucre two-leaved, nearly erect, opposit
"Mighty seralate, longer than = few small scales

Dd

234 ZRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA, Scirpur,

ed.—Spikes, very minute,— Scales oval, concave.— Stamens solitary.
—Style two-cleft.—Seed obcordate, a little compressi, eis
Rested, and wrinkled transversely, .

46. Sc. anceps. R.

Culm erect, twelve inches high, i tcd Iuvoluere tnde
ed, shorter than the super-decompound, four or ave rg inet ae
umbel.

Beng. Joopi.

A native of Bengal.

47. Sc. comosus. Wall.

Glaucous. Léaves radical, together with those of the involvert
very long, channelled, ending in a triangular capillary acumen.
Corymb super-decompound, nodding. Spikesgeminate or ternate, se5"
apost crowned with the long straight silvery hairs of the seeds.

sA native 2 of "Nepala, where it is found among rocks. during the
rains.
- Root fibrous a Gales many, SAR erect, Eo six. to en oe or
more inches long, very slender, s scarcely thicker than. a crow-quill,
obscurely three-cornered, smooth, naked.— Leaves radical, numerous,
embracing the base of the culm with their short brownish, membra-
naceous sheaths, which burst on one side ; generally twice as long 25
the culm, very narrow, slightly keeled, channelled above, the margins
and keel scabrous, ending ima long three-cornered point.—'^
thesiinal unilateral and slightly nodding, composed of about twelve
— unequal, slender, somewhat flattened, smooth rays from three tosis
inches Jong, surrounded at the base with a short, brown, narrow,
ineshesld: ochrea ; they end i in partial, more or less compound um-
bellets, consisting in general of four or five simple or. divided short-
capillary peduncles.—Involucrum consisting of five very long leave»
resembling the radical ones, but somewhat broader at their bases
embracing the apex of the culm with their brown, membrane-winge
ed insertions; the largest Hei from twelve jo: ighteen ince?

Scirpus. TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 239

—Involacels consisting of a few chaffy, brown, subulate scales..
Spikes very numerous, about three lines long, terminal, or lateral,
sessile, geminate, sometimes ternate ; some single pedicelled ones are
crowded in the centre of the general and partial umbels.— Scales’
lanceolate, keeled, brown, with short subulate points; the lowermost
broader and sub-aristate, barren.— Ovarium linear, oblong, surround
ed at the base by about twelve silvery, shining straight hairs, which’
are twice as long as the scales. — trifid, scabrous, shorter than
the hairs. © 1

Obs. 'This beautiful grass, which I have —R( both from vm
mandu and Gossein-Than, an uninhabited place’ at the foot of the’
Himalaya mountains, from whence Mr. Gardner, the Honourable:
Company’s Resident at Nepala, has sent me the most rare plants,
comes near Sc. eriophorus and like that connects the genus Scirpus
with Eriophorum. It differs in its shorter and smaller stature, and
in haviag oblong sub-cylindric spikes. Perhaps it is only a variety
of that species Pw. W.

48. Sc. Kysoor. R.

Culms from five to six feet high, triangular, and hispid. Umbet
super-decompound. Spikes ovate. ` Seed tte ———
crowned, and beset with five villous bristles. ` ih
eng. . Kesoor or Kesooree. ; | aes

Common i Bengal, growing on the batter’ of lakes, ponds, a
of fresh x water, in flower during the latter part of the rains. -

vé to each ‘culm, and tick their length, i Was a it Ar pass;

above that | part deeply channelled, with the margins and keel.
while | young, somewhat hispid, and the points long and subuk og
ete, ey og ee n about es &

|| Dag

^q36 TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIÀ- l Scirpus}

brown.—-Seades roundish oval, concave, chaffy, brown, smooth; the.
aXib-or 1 nerve ending in.a subulate point beyond the rounded apex.
— Stamens three on the.exterior side of the germ, one-bearded bris- _
tle between each. filament, aud three on the back, making in all five,
Germ ovate —Style with swelled, permanent, cordate base.—!
Stigma three-cleft.—Seed oblong, three-sided, bdo at
five-béarded bristles.

Obs. It approaches Sc. grossus, Fall. Pm. ii. 270.; the but
marks to distinguish them by, are the bristles which embrace thegerm,
and continue with the seed; bere they are five iu number and vil-
lous, there six, and barbed, or armed on the margin, with sharp bris
tles: pointing backward. My Sc. marimus.is-a much larger species,

_-and the germ destitute of bristles.

aii Scignosms. Fal. Enum. i ii. eer. yb "eo

Culms, erect, from | six-to ten feet high, triangular. Deg spe.
decompound. Seed three- sided, beset with six, backwardly tipid,

bristles.

Exclude Sc. grossus. Retz. Obs. v. 15. which I „presume is my Se.
maximus ; the germ and seed being there destitute of the “bristly i in-
volucre. To which of these Sc. grossus, Linn. Suppl. ought. to be.
referred, I cannot say.

This, next to Sc. maximus, is $ far the largest species ] Thavee ever.
met with. It grows. in standing sweet water. i a
“Culm erect, mostly naked, from six to ten feet. high; three-side
angles sharp, sides concave -— Leaves radical, and round the base of

the culms sheathing, much keeled, almost as long as the ‘culms
edges slightly scabrous.—-Umbel super-decompound,, five or E
inches each way.— Involucre. three-leaved, the largest about two feet
the. shortest six inches, they taper to a long, acute point; n argin,
pretty smooth.—Involucels chaff fy, — Spikes oblong, " dark-brown,
many-flowered.- .—Stamens three, with two bristles between each pait_

— Style: tliree-cleft.— Seed three-sided, embraced by: the six enlarge".
— which are armed on jw vini bent back, shot.

$

-

| Genera re Calamari by Linneus, and ihe

Scirpus. TRIANDAIA MONOGYNIA. ‘ Bor,

te uns

BO. Sc. wai sit mikis er *
Culms straight, from six to fifteen feet high, tiitigntir. Umbel

décompound ; spikelets roundish. Seed Secene; three-sided, with-

out bristles.
. Sc. grossus. Retz. Obs, v. 15. and probably Linn. Suppl. p. 104.

Teling. Booda-tunga.

Is found only én pretty. deep, standing, sweet water.

Root fibrous, and stoloniferous.—Culms erect, most rigid, naked,
except at the base, from six to fifteen feet high, and from one td two:
inches in diameter, three-sided ; angles very sharp ; sides somewhat s
concave.— Leaves, mostly radical, almost as long : as the culm, much !
keeled, (a transverse section appears like the letter V): à i00! i
side only a little striated—Umbel super-decompound, | gene:
about a foot long .— Involucre, from three to four-leaved, the largest

from three to four feet long, the smallest from three to four inches,
smooth.—Involucel chaffy.—Spikes minute, ovate, few-flowered.—

Scales broad, and short.—Stamens three .— Stigma three-cleft.—

Seed three-sided, without bristles, which easily distinguishes it from

1 the last Sc. grossus.

. Obs. T have not in any of the foregoing genera of Cyperoidee

taken notice of the sheaths which embrace the base of the peduncles

and pedicels of the umbels, and their sub-divisions ; because they

ame common to all, and so much alike, that I do not think they

can convey any information. Nor have I attended to the form of
those peduncles and pedicels ; because I have not found it uniform.
The culm, inflorescence, involucre, and seed, are I think, the best.
marks to discriminate the species by, particularly the culm and

. Seed. . The number of stamens and divisions of stigma, sometimes
: vary even in the same p much 1 more in different base of d

same species. ^ ny
Nearly the whole of the plants belonging to the six fore 5

asa o ORIANDKIR BUYNTA: Cenchrus

their seed during the rains, find the beginning of the cool season,
TN are in general meted ae cattle.

-DIGYNIA.
_ PEROTIS., Schreb. Gen. NATA.

~ Calyx none. Coro? two-valved ; valves pio and awned,

“YP. latifolia. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 324.

Culms piped, from nine to eighteen inches = Leaves short
waved, and ciliate. — Raceme cylindrical.

` Tsjeria-kuren-pulla. Rheed. Mal. 19. 117. t. 62. E

Anthoxanthum indicum. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 157. 2s

| Saccharum spicatum. Linn. Sp. PI. 19. E.

"Isa native of high, T sandy barren ground, over the « coast of
Coromandel. ^

Root fibrous.— Cutms at the LAC resting on the ground, and there
branchy, above erect, leafy, jointed, from nine to eighteen inches
high, smooth. — Leaves sheathing, short, broad at the base, margins .
waved and hispid ; sheaths about half the length of the joints ý
—Racemes (not spikes) terminal, erect, cylindrical, lead-coloured.—
Flowers numerous, diverging —Calyz, two-valved, both awned, and
are totally destitute of hairs round their base, or any where guess
Corol two-valved, very minute. Seed...... — eS

Obs.: Cattle.are not fond of this grass. .—

"CENCHRUS. Schreb. Gen. Ne 1594. P od

Involucre clonia and four-flowered. - Calyz from two to. threes.
valved, one or ha a D ; d

E i5 biflorus. qu
Spikes simple, kae Tecolucres two-flowered segments. sue
bulate, hooked, and hairy within,

Baccharum. — TRIANDAIA BIGYNIA: 239
„A native of the interior, elevated, dry parts of the Coromandelcoast;

Culms straight, from six to twenty-four inches high, smooth.—
Leaves long, slender, somewhat scabrous ; mouths of their sheaths a
little hairy.—Spikes terminal, solitary, simple, cylindric, from threa
to four inches long. Rachis flexuose, three-sided.— Flowers numere
ous, solitary, alternate.—Jnvolucre two, rarély one-ilowered; multi
fid, divisions longer than the flowers, subulate, grooved on the back,
inside hairy, apex slightly hooked, | Both flowers hermaphrodite.—
Calyx three-valved, one-flowered, the exterior one smaller, all are
thin, smooth, nerved.— Coro two-valved, valves hard, acute, but not
awned, iu length nearly equal, and scarcely kager than as s calyx, —
Seius three DNA two, plumose. puru

CET

d

SACCHARUM. Schreb. "Gan N. 104. — gd

Calyx one-flowered, two-valved, girt at the base with wool ; coro?
uncertain. ;

F S. cylindricum. Linn. Sp. PL ed. Wi ild. i i, 393.

Culms from one to two feet high, shorter than the leaves. Pant-
cle linear, white with the wool of the calyx. ` Coro and calyz two-
valved and diandrous. gee : : Koss pe
d Lagurus cylindrica. Sp. Pla —— % ea
y B. Thunbergi, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd.i. 393. Retz. “Obs. v p. dm

ón caricosum, Rumph., amb. 6. 17. t. 7. PE

Beng. Ooloo. |

Teling. Baroomhiss. i
- Is a native of moist, stiff, uie ground, and particularly coms
mon over Bengal, where the fields are white with it when i in flow-
er, after the first rains in April and May.

Root creeping at some depth under the surface —Culms erect,
Simple, from one to two feet high, leafy, jointed, joints bearded.—
Leaves, those of the root or lower part of the culm are m |
than the culm, tapering equally towards each end, smoot

- $40 ; TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA i Saccharum}

the eulm are little else than sheaths.— Panicles terminal, cylindiic,
from three to four inches long, composed of small, erect brauch-
lets, of a bright cotton-like whiteness; from the quantity of wool
that surrounds the insertion of the flowers.— Flowers pedicelled, ge-
nerally simple.—Ca/yx two-valved, with here and there a long pe
hair.—Corol, two-valved, minute.—Stamens two.

Obs. Cattle are not fond of it, particularly when old. It is uid
in the marriage ceremonies of the Telingas. In Bengal it is —-
used for thatch. |

-. €. S. spontaneum. Linn. Sp PL. ed. Willd. i. 32%. |

Culms from five to fifteen feet high, ^ Leaves involute when dry.
Panicle linear, spreading, verticilled ; ramification simple, c calyx ci-
liate. Corol one-valved. . 43] :

Sans. Kan 5. .s Te oe

Hind. Kagara.. == : mme

Teling. Relloo-gaddy.

— Grows on the banks of rivers, in hedges, and on moist, uncultivas
ted land; in a good soil, it is frequently from ten to fifteen. feet
. high, in a poorer soil, from five to ten.

Root perennial, creeping very deep in the ground. i ane
nual, erect, leafy, round, lower parts perennial, and as thick as the
finger, annual shoots about as thick as a common quill, solid, height
various as above observed.— Leaves sheathing, remarkably long and
narrow, but firm ; margins hispid ; a transverse section appears ue
scent ; sheaths with their mouths woólly.— Panicles terminal, spr
ing, erect, oblong, from one to two feet long, composed of verticil-
Xu filiform, simple, (except the lower verticil or two;)- spiked ra-
cemes ; spiked, because half the flowers are sessile, and half pedicel- t

. Jed. The i immense quantity of long, bright, silver-coloured ¥
which surrounds the base of the flowers gives this species à most
conspicuous, gaudy appearance.— Flowers paired; one-pedi
. the efte sessile.— — Calyx NET margins mem sor si

E

M

Saccharum. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. ; 241

rounded with many soft, very long, sil ver:coloufed hairs.— Corol one-
valved, ciliate, acute, membranaceous.— Stigma feathery, purple.

- Obs. | have not seen the ripe seed. Itis so very coarse that cat-
tle do not eat it, except while very young. It makes good mats for
various purposes, and is used to thatch houses. _

3. j. S. fuscum. R. :

Erect, from five to eight feet high. Laoottsnbinhceolati, smooth.
Panicle spreading, verticilled ; ramifications compound. Flowers

paired, both pedicelled, wool of so vag short and M Corols
three-valved.

Beng. Khuree or Pato-Kbwree.

A native of damp places over Bengal. Tione ui the rainy
season.

Culms erect, from five to A feet high; as thick as the little
finger, hairy near the top.— Leaves sheathing, linear-lanceolate,
smooth in every part, except the margins of the sheaths, which are
fringed with much soft hair; length about three or four feet, breadth -
about, or under two inches.— Panicles from one to two feet long,

erect, linear, verticilled, except toward the apex ; ramifications com-
pound; ramule nodding.— Flowers paired, one short-pedicelled, the
other longer, both hermaphrodite ; wool of the pedicels, &c. short
and in small quantity.— Calyz with ciliate margins, otherwise smooth
and shining.— Coro/ three-valved, of which two are equal and nearly
as long as the calyx, the third minute, all much ciliated Seed long;
obovate, brown, smooth.

Obs. The natives make their pens of the culms of this and the

| Saving petis and use it for screens and light fences.

4. S. B COME AQ j

Lower portion of the culms procumbent, and perennial. Dus
narrow, channelled. Panicle oblong, n with ML serie

led ramifications, corol one-valved. :

Beng. Khuree.

Ee

-242 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Saccharum,

. A native of Bengal, where it delights in low wet places, blossoms
Bec the close of the rains, and the beginning of the cold season. .
- Root perennial.— Culms of great length, i. e, from eight to sixteen
ormore feet long, one half or more, generally resting on the ground, and :
| striking roots at the j jomts ; ; this portion is often as thick as the lite
tle finger, and perennial ; the extreme portion erect, straight, and
. taper to ihe thickness of a crow-quill at the panicle ; filled with pith,
in every part.— Leaves from one to six feet long, very slender, point-
ed, channelled, bottoin of the channel white, margins most acutely . ;
hispid, mouths of the sheaths and for. some way above them-bearded
with much soft white hair.—Panicles ovate, or oval, erect, large
Ramifications coloured, verticilled, compound.— Flowers approxi-
mate, paired ; one sessile, the other pedicelled, both girt with much,
pure white, soft hair.—Calyr two-valved; inner valve ciliate.—
Goral one-valved, ciliate.

5 S. Officinaran... Linn. Sp. PI. ed. Willd. i. 21.

Culms from six to twelve feet high. Leaves flat. Panicle pue
spreading ; branches alternate, decompound. Corol one-valved. —

- Sans. xu Ikshoo, Tara, Rusala; the light-eoloured varieties;
dus: Poondra, aud qtnca, AE the red.

* Beng. “Ik, Ook, Ak. Kooshiar, also Poori and Kullooa the t wo x
pale varieties, and Kajool the red. punc

Teling. Cherukoo-bodi, or Cherdteoksduliodt Y id

Where wild, I do not know.— Panicles terminal, SENE erect,

oblong, from one to three feet long, of a grey-colour, from the large —

quantity of long soft hair that surrounds the flower. Ramifications al-
ternate, very ramous, expanding.— Rachis striated.— Flowers herma- —
phrodite, in pairs ; one sessile the other pedicelled .— Calyx two-leav--
ed, smooth.— Corol one-valved, smooth, membranaceous, rose-CO-
loured.— Stamens and Pistil as in the genus. I have not seen the seed.

- Obs. Itis much cultivated i in the Rajamundri Circar, where they
only make a coarse sort of brown raw sugar, which is sold on ‘the:
` spot for about three half-pence E ione The cane is culti a

s

Saccharum. —— SRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 943

om their best lands, which can be easily watered; but, unless the
farmer pleases, not easily flooded during violent rains. — —

The land is first well ploughed during the month of April and bie.
ginning of May. ‘Phe field is then flooded from the river, if there -
is not sufficient rain; the upper part of the cane is then cut into
two lengths of one or two joints each, (the lower part of the same
canes are employed to make sugar from) these are placed over the
wet field, at about fifteen or eighteen jnches asunder, in rows, the -
rows about four feet from one another, and trode under the soft
wet surface with the foot; in six days after the plántiug, the field
| ‘is again flooded, if there has not been rain.. In about eight days

more the shoots appear; the land is soon after slightly. hóed, and

weeded. A month after the planting some rotten chaff, or other | such
manure, is scattered about the young plants, Every ten or fifteen
days, if there be not sufficient rain, the field is watered ; two months
from the planting, some stronger manure is strewed about the plants;
and every fifteen or twenty days the field is slightly hoed, aud the
weeds rooted out.
- During the wet season, drains must be made, to carry off the su- i
‘ perabundant water. By August or September, the cane will be from
three to five feet high; in each shoot, the produce of every cut-
l ting, which may contain from three to six canes, a straight I bamboo
is stuck into the earth, in the centre ; to this the canes are ‘tied | by
their leaves. In this country the leaves are never stript from the
cane, but as they wither are tied round them, This must impede
the freé circulation of air, which may be conceived hurtful. In
January, viz; between nine and ten months from the time they weré
t oii the cane, when stript of its leaves, and the useless top cut
off, will be about as thick as a good stout walking « cane, and from |
four tó six feet long 7 they then begin to cut the caue, express ‘the
: Juice, ax boil me TE WiN i is — the natives here, a Very sim-

Wii it. M 2

In Bengal there are three varieties cultis ine.
ass;

~

‘viz,

t

944 . TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Saccharum,

described ot common yellow cane, called by the Bengalees Poori.
Secondly the purple cane called by them Kajooli, which is said to
yield juice one-eighth part richer than the yellow cane ; but the su-
gar thereof is always of a dark-colour. The third and last is a very
large, light-coloured cane, called Kullooa, which grows iu a low
swampy soil, where neither of the other two will succeed ; its juice
is still weaker than that of the yellow cane; but it has these ad-
vantages, that it grows to a much larger size, and where neitherof
the other two will thrive. It is therefore much cultivated, because

the other sorts planted on higher situations are apt to suffer from
drought. ;

6. S. sinensis. R. :

Culms from six to ten feet high. Leaves flat, with "en
panicles ovate, with simple and compound verticilled branches. Co-
rol of two valves on the same side.

| Stem erect, jointed, whole height from ten to fifteen jest ; the gu
“est part covered with the sheaths of the leaves; joints from four to '
eight inches long, and from two to three inches in circumference,
colour pale brownish yellow.— Leaves sub-bifarious, tapering from the
base, to a long, fine, point; plain, smooth on both sides; margins
armed with numerous, small, very acute spines pointing forwaid,

length from two to three feet, and about an inch and a half broad at
the base.—Sheaths smooth, with a small ligula, or stipulary ring
round the inside of the mouth.— Panicle ovate, erect; branches, sim-

ple and compound, sub-verticilled, reclinate, long and slender. In $.
-officinarum the branches of the panicle are scattered over the com-
mon rachis and are decompound, and super-decompound ; on this
I rest the most obvious specific deference, independent of the addi-
tional small inner scale, or valve of the corol.—Calyz, and its sur-
rounding wool, as in the genus.—Corol of the two valves on the
same (anterior) side, the inner one very small.— Nectary of two, largo
broad, cuneate, crenulate, fleshy scales, which occupy the two pos-
terior sides of the germ, opposite to the two valves of the corol.

Saccharum. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 245

Obs. This new species, for such it appears to me, was introduced
from China into the Botanic Garden, at the close of the year 1796,
in hope of fiuding it in some respects better than the common cane
cultivated over India. lt promises considerable advantage ; particu-
lal; from its being so solid, and hard, as to resist the forceps of the
white ants, and the teeth of the jackall, two great enemies to our
East iudjan sugar plantations. At the same time it bears drought
much better than the sorts in general cultivation. , It produces a
profitable crop even to the third year; while the-common cane of
India must be renewed every year. It is also — to yield j Juice of
a licher quality. - ;

This seems to be the sort sihgloyed à over China t fà midi their
sugars, as appears from the following extract of alétter from Mr, A,
Duncan, surgeon to the factory at Canton, to Richard Hall, Esq.
President, &c. of the Select Committee, dated Canton 96th October,
1796, which accompanied plants of this cane from China; explain-
ing the mode of cultivation and manufacturing the pem iu the pro-
vince of Canton,

= Sugar canes. A first and second sort are cultivated i in the pro- .
“vince of Canton ; the former being small, compact and highly Sac-
* charine, is manufactured into sugar, whereas the latter, being of a
“larger size, and looser texture, is geuerally cut into joints, aud eat
Re. the natives, either raw, or gently heated. ui ce.

— “The culture of sugar canes commences about the aiii of
“ Marchor beginning of April, in proportion to the temperature of
“the weather, when a good, light, sandy soil is thrown up into beds
* of about four feet diameter leaving intermediate spaces of one |
“and a half, which serve as drains and passes for the husbandmen.
“ A composition of human manure and wateris thrown overthe beds;
“after which the tops of sugar canes, fifteen inches long, (the Chi.

“nese are here economical) are planted in a slanting position, and -

occasionally watered at sun set, till the young shoots rise a cubit
a high, when the husk and refuse of the ground nut, or of some oleagi-

" Dus seeds after the oil is extracted, are well beaten into a' kind of.

2416 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIAc = Saccharum,

** powder and put round the root of the plants, in small quantitiesand
- * afterwards covered over with earth. The canes are now left to the
fertility of the soil till they arrive at maturity, except when it proves ©
* such a dry season, that watering becomes requisite, and are cut
* down about the Istof November. The first sort planted in the |
- * foregoing manner, generally yields three. crops, while the second
* requires fresh planting. - Du
** The sugar canes are now removed from the sraond to the mill
ú for expression. The juice, being extracted, is carefully strained,
* mixed with a small quantity of lime water, then poured into large.
* warm iron pans, placed on a plat-form of brick work, with fire
« places below; it is now boiled for a length of time, and being ,
* removed. from the fire, and allowed to cool, it is a second time
* strained, -and being again returned to the pans, the boiling is Te
« peatéd for once, or twice, till it acquires a saccharine consistence.
“The sugar, still very moist, is now put into cylindrical j jars, , which
“have a small hole in each of their bottoms, for the purpose of
* draining; aüd their tops being covered over with from half an
- inch to an inch of clayey moist earth, these are placed on stands,
* and remain for three or four days ; when the old earthen covering
‘is removed, and a fresh one puton. 'T hey continue in that situ- :
* ation for three or four days more, the covering is- then. taken. of,
“and the sugar being sufficiently clarified is removed from the jas
“ and spread out on flat baskets, exposed to the sun till dry; when.
“it is fit for use. T
= The mill for expressing the j juice; of which I have sent a uvery
` “ exact miniature model, appears so ) far as I recollect, preferable t to
“those used in India. The machine is wrought by a.
“yoked to the small end of the crooked beam, ^ while its. thick end is
_ “ fastened to the long axle of one of the cylinders. The canes hav- -
= Po: undergone one expression, and bemg consequently i ina splitstate X.
‘are not thrust a second time through till ali the i irons are gFe2"
“ The cylinders are not always of the same dimensions; those I ex
“amined were two cubits high, and one and two-thirds in diamet

*

Saccharum. ; TRIANDRIA DIGYNIAs 247

“these-are the common size; I am however told they are sometimes

“much larger.”

To pomt out the benefit that may accrue to the cultivators of -

this sugar cane, | need only add the following copy of a. letter from
Mr. Richard Carden, superintendant of the Honourable Compa-.
ny’s Rum and Sugar works at,Mirzapore Culna in Bengal, to me,
dated 13th August, 1801, soon after the introduction of the cane.
<“ With respect to the produce of the common Bengal sugar canes,
“I have never been able to collect an account that can be depended
* upon ; the natives generally manufacture the juice into Jaggery in
“my neighbourhood, which yields them- nearly 14 cutcha mauids,
“ot 60 sicca weight, per bigha on an average ; and a profit of about
“il or 19 rupees per bigha. . Neither the white ants nor jackalls,
“have committed any depredations on the China canes that I have |
“planted, although the latter have often been seen among them, `

“which certainly gives these canes a decided preference to the Ben. .

“gal sugar canes. I do not think the China ones degenerate in the
“least, nor do they improve ; they appear to me to remain nearly
"in the same state. If planted at the same time the natives put
“their canes into the ground, they will not make such good returns
“as the Bengal sort; but planted in the West India mode, in the
“month of September or October, and suffered to remain on the

“ ground ull the December or January twelve months, they will then

» yield double the returns of what the Dengal canes do, which is
“ owing in part to the length of time they are in the ground, and -
“principally to the ants and Jackalls not destroying them, whereas
“if the Bengal cane was to remain so long on the ground, the na-
“tives would have great difficulty to prevent the greatest part of -
“them from being destroyed, and the young. shoots would suffer "7
“much from the hot winds, and ants, which T witnessed the seco
“year T came to Mirzapore; but the shoots from the China canes
VE cut last Janüary, stood the last hot season uncommonly: well,
ae will next January, I have reason to believe, from the pn d
"appearance, make half, or | piani - giant of

,

wn 0 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. - ~- Saccharum.
“sugar they did last January ; and that with the trifling expence
* of clearing the ground twice ; cutting, and manufacturing the juice.
* | should be extremely happy to have sent you a more particular
* account, but that is not in my power, as the native statement is
«not to be depended upon. I did purchase twelve cottas of the
«best Bengal canes last January, merely as an experiment, which

* yielded just half the quantity of sugar my China canes did.”

7. S. procerum. R.

Perennial, from ten to twenty feet high, erect. Leaves ensiform,
“with a white rib, and hispid margins. Panicle diffuse, with verticil-
led, compound and decompound branches. Corol of the pedicelled
flower two, and of the sessile three-valved, with the inner one re-

tuse. .
Beng. Teng. . es RU dad
A native of Bengal, and by far the most beautiful of the genus
I have yet met with, It comes nearest in appearance to S. Oficina-
rum, but is a taller and much more elegant plant. Hee
` Culms perennial, straight, simple till the second or third year, then
branchy, about as thick as a slender walking cane ; joints from six
to twelve inches long, and filled with insipid pith ; height of the whole
plant, when in flower from ten to twenty feet.— Leaves from three
to five feet long, tapering to a long and very fine point, the greatest
breadth is at one or two feet above the sheath, and is there from one to
two inches; nerve white, margins hispid.— Sheaths bearded round -
: mouth; and at their insertion on the outside.— Panicles large, from one
to'two feet long, ovate, erect, composed of numerous expanding, sub-
verticilled, compound, woolly branches, when in blossom much ex-
panded , afterwards they become erect, and pressed in on the common -
rachis, forming a dense | cylindrical panicle, and I have repeatedly
observed this variation in the form of the panicle at different eriods
to run through the whole genus.— Flowers in pairs, one sessile, the
other pedicelled.— Calyx purple, woolly.—Corol of the sessile flow-
er three, of the pedicelled two-valved, all are exceedingly delicate, and
the third valve of the sessile flower is retuse. bx

Saccharum. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. ye -249

Obs. The seeds or culms are long, strong and straight, and employ-

‘ed by the natives s for skreens, and various other economical purposes.
* i

"

8. S. sdra. R. ex 3
Erect, fr om eight to twelve feet high. Leaves flat with Sfc
margins, Panicle dense, sub-verticilled ; ramifications decompound.
Flowers paired, one of the pair did Corol tliree-valved.
Sans. 7 ‘st, Goondra, q Se) ps Wr, Shura.
Beng. ‘Shur. — . RS E
or Asiat. Res. iv. 247, ; Pm A e dy
Found. in the vicinity of Calcutta’ but salles: rare, whereas s.
X spontaneum (which Sir William Jones mistook for Sara) is ery m
mon every where. It is readily distinguished by being a stronger
‘teed, the leaves much larger, with very hispid margins, the Tà- -
mifications of the panicle decompound, and a coro! of ihree-valves, -

Culms perennial, erect, from six to sixteen feet high, often-near the
base as thick as the little finger, sinooth, remarkab! y strong.—
— Leaves, the lower ones from four to eight feet long, and narrow ;
the superior ones sh orter, broader, tapering from the base to a most .
Z ^ fine point, strong, and rigid; concave above, margins hispid.— Sheaths
from twelve to eighteen inches long, with a tuft of hair above their |
“Mouths on the inside. — Panicle dense, when in flower open, when in -
-seed condensedand of a lanceolate shape, from one to three feetlong;
branches decompound, or more; the inferior alternate, the superior
sub-verticilled with generally three sharp angles armed with small
«stiff bristles besides, long white silky hairs.— Flowers paired, one
sessile, the other pedicelled. —Calyx two-valved, clothed with mie a |
ud white, sis hairs. — Corol three-valved, fringed. ark

9. S. dta. R. pt
Culms from ten to sixteen feet high. Leaves iat with | |
“Gina. Pesca linear, crowded. . Calyces vastis t RM tw ) and.

Y m

d.

250 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. : Saccharum, —

Kerpa. Hort. mal. 12. 85. t. 46. seems to be this, rather than Ss.

spontaneum.

Teling. Konandiatemoo. mp

A very high beautiful species, a native of vallies 5 compare with
S. Arundinaceum.

. Root creepmg.— Culms many, erect, from ten to sixteen feet high,
towards the base perennial; ligneous, inwardly spongy, (not piped)
' smooth, round, without any groove, or hollow any where, about au
inch in circumference at the thickest part which is ücar the middle.
— Leaves alternate, sheathing, remote, remarkably long and narrow, /
but firm, tapering from the middle towards. each end ; margins armed
with very sharp spines, mouth of the sheaths woolly. — Panicles
terminal, crowded, when the flowers are on the decay linear, oblong, -
erect, eighteen inches long, three in diameter, and composed of -—
tiful cream-coloured, downy, short, sub-erect, ramous, sub-verticel |
: spiked r racemes.— Rachis round, striated. — Flowers in pairs, one ses-
sile, the other pedicelled, both hermaphrodite. — Calyx one-flowered,
two-valved, both valves pointed, and covered with much long, € cream-
coloured soft hair as well as their pedicels, and particularly round |
their insertion.—Corol of the sessile flower three-valved, of the pe-
dicelled lower two-valved, membranaceous, white. I could not ob-
serve any nectary.—Stamens, &c. as in the genus.— Seed dii
smooth, clear whitish yellow. : u

Obs. Cattle do not eat it. A

10. s. Munja. R. CM d

— Straight, from eight to ten feet high, evety part smooth, iit m
‘the inside of the base of the hispid, margined, long, linear, — :
nerved, channelled leaves. Panicles large, oblong, spreading ; J
-es thereof verticelled, and super-decompound. Pss all bem :
` phrodite. Corals two-valved. o o
~ Hind. Munja. See Asiat. Res. iv. 248. "

-A native of the countries: about Benares where aS natives ae e :
ropas of it. = the Botanic. Garden it blossoms in Norah di

me co» -

*

Anthistiria. | TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. - 251

never saw it, nor, so far as I can find, is it known so low down as

Bengal, otherwise I might have thought it Kénig’s S. bengalense. .

Lod

oS canaliculatum. R. i
anne erect, (from eight to twelve feet high.) Leaves subu-
late, deeply channelled, very long. Panicles linear-oblong, ramifica-
tions simple, and verticelled ; calycine valves with thick callous
base and fringed margins, corol one-valved. :
A most beautiful stately species, a native of Bengal in most thick- ,
est, &c. where the soil is rich, flowering in August and September.
Culms about as thick as a common ratan, incrusted with a white
substance under the sheaths ; filled with pith c Lands from five to
seven a flt long, semi-cylindric, no where. thicker than a pack thread,
ed at the mouth. — Panicle sub-eyiindric. about two feet longis wav- |
ing with its immense quantity of silver-coloured long, soft hair, to
every breeze.— Flowers paired, one sessile, the other pedicelled. Ca-
lycine valves are remarkable on account of their large thick smooth

callous base.

ANTHISTIRIA. Schreb. Gen. N. 1567.

d nous. E one-valved, seven-flowered, hermaphro-
dite, solitary, with a two-valved, one-flowered calyx, and corol of one —

valve and an awn. Accessary florets male or neuter, six ; four ses-
sile resembling a inm aud two pedicelled, ae structure various.

A. ciliata. Linn: Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. iv. 899. [ :
Erect. Leaves taper from the ciliate base. Accessary florets two |
= three-valved neuter, exterior valve of the sessile flower pup, :

. Ciliate near the apex.

4. ciliata. Gaert. Carp. ii. p. 465. t. 75. cd m Ee
An erect annual species, a native of various parts of Indi
Peats about the close of the rains, in October and Noven

Continues during the cool season. E aii; emai dd yo. us
: pra r (o, TAR E

95a. : TRIANDRIA DIGYNYAL — Anthistiria, —
i :
Culms erect, about two feet high, i in our rich soil of Bengal, more. E
slender than a crow quill, smooth, and often coloured — Leaves few,
ensiform ; broadest at- ‘the base and there more ciliate, particularly D.
_ thesmail floral leaves.—Sheaths much shorter than the joints, smooth, .
and carinatéd on the back.— Lizula short and chaffy.— Panicles
sometimes drooping, though in general erect and composed ofa
few, rather remote, axillary branches. — Involucres longer than the
flowers, smooth, cuspidate. se
HERMAPHRODITE FLOWERS bearded at the base — Calyr two ie
valved; valves hard, obtuse, and somewhat hairy, by age changing. A
from střaw colour tò dark brown. — Corol one small, pellucid valve, —
and a very strong, long, thick, brown, hairy awn on the opposite side 2:
—Stazma three.—Styles two, with ochraceous plumose stigmas, ;
which become brown. by age. — Nectarial, scales large, with du 5
truncate apices. - ; . aii i :
-ACCESSARY FLORẸTS six, all neuter.— Calytes woski hose —
of the sessile four, papillose, ciliate near the apex ; those of the upper

, pedicelled two, smaller and rc Caron none, or of one, mado 2
kyaine valve.—Stamina none, —— a TAA E

e. A. polystachya, R. Soe ud
* Culms numerous, sub-erect. Leaves tipet from their iab -
base. Accessary Jlorets three-valved, male, exterior =
sessile four, papillose, ciliate near the apex. ` id
e native of Bengal, and with the other Species which are natives
of the same country, appears at the close of the rains, in October
and November. :
Culms many; annual, erect, or Aadi, ioak qu one
.. two feet high.— Leaves about the length of the joints of the
-taper from the base, and there sometimes sub- ciliate. — Pa
slender, erect, or nearly so, composed ‘of a few alternate, a E
branches. — Involucres longer than the flowers, smootb, sub-aristate oe
HERMAPHRODITE FLOWERS bearded at the base.— Caly=
valved, both hard, a little hairy awn on the opposite: side.— oro

| Wed with a long, strong, hairy awn on the opposite side

t /

z1

au ‘| TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA: | 255

Accussary FronETSs six, all male. Calyces two-valved, the.
exter ior one of the four sessile florets papillose, ciliate near the apex.
— Corol of one transparent valve. — Stamens three.—Pistil none,

3. A. scandens. R. ; 7
Perennial, 1àmous, scandent, geniculate, emitting roots from the
joints. Floral leaves: with the base ciliate. Panicles copious, shag-
gy. ` dnvotucies smooth. Accessary Jiorets two-valved, neuter ;
exierio valve of the sessile four, papillose, ciliate. near the apex.

A native of. Bengal; flowers during the cool season. —

- Koot perennial.— — Culms scandent, running to an extent of many
feet, smooth, ramous, jointed, and coloured, from the joints numer-
. ous roots issue, aud enter the ground if not too far removed. from
Re ves ensiform, the floral ones much shorter, and ciliate at the
base.— Panicle terminal, composed of erect ramifications of numer-
ous, rather reinote fascicles of axillary, short. pedicelled umbellets,
- each of which is furnished with a boat-siaped spathe or bracte,
aud consists of four, sessile, neuter, two-valved florets in a verticil ;
above these are two more, ,but much smailer, on short pedicels,
With oue sessile, awned,. hermaphrodite one in the centre, ona
short scaly receptacle.—Calyr two-valved, the exterior valves of .
thes lower four neuter florets bearded, of the hermaphrodite ones
boat-shaped, and very obtuse.— Corol of the hermaphrodite fow-
er two-valved, with a long, ferruginous, straight arista.

Obs. It differs from A. ciliata in being an extensively scandent,
is pint: |
"Ari pm R. gy TE d

Culms leaning, geniculate. Leaves dine. Involucres five-lower-
ed, two awned hermaphrodite ones, and three ciliate male ones.

This i is one of the smallest of the genus, a native of newly mad
Pasture land in the vicinity of Calcutta, where i it tappis about the
close of the-rains, and during the cool season. -

254 ' TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. datis t

Culms annual, erect, or leaning, geniculate, smooth, and colour- ;
ed; from twelve to twenty-four inches high.— Leaves ensiform, soft
and hairy. Sheaths much shorter than the joints.—Panicles co-
. pious, hirsute, composed of numerous small umbells and these in
general of five or more umbellets, the former with a common
cymbiform, bristly involucre, and the latter with a small, proper -
characteristic involucre, equally bristly ; all the bristles have a round |
bulbous base.— Umbellets five-flowered ; the two hermaphrodite ones $
awned, and the three male ones pedicelled, and awnless; one of
the former is sessile below, with a pedicelled male one by it; the
other elevated on a common peduncle, embraced by the other two
` male ones on their proper pedicels, - in all of them the calyx: is
| two-valved; no corol, the arista i in the elma flowers: v
captain

Obs. This species may bé inaid distinguished by its alit
lets being composed of two hermaphrodite awned florets, and three
male ones. In all the rest, which I have met with there is one
awned | hermaphrodite, and six male, or neuter florets in the um T

bellet.

i A. prostrata. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. iv. 901.
Creeping. Leaves scarcely longer than their sheaths. T
smooth. Accessary florets male, with a two-valved — calyx and e
. one-valved awnless corol. Xe *
A common grass, delighting in rich pasture g ground. E
' Culms | creeping, or leaning on other plants, filiform, ramous, winds Ü
ing from j joint to joint, round, smooth, from one to three feet long-— Í a
Leaves below, and on leafy shoots bifarious, small, „particularly the f for xr
ral ones, smooth. — Sheaths short, compressed.— Panicles thin, leafy. d
— Flowers numerous, collected in little pedicelled, involucred. fee ze
cles from the axils of the exterior leaves. Fascicles, or umt :
their peduncles are jointed near the apex, and from thence yw v
embraced id a long, ae sheath or involucre. Flowers, of

Anthistiria. - TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 255

umbellet seven; one hermaphrodite or female, and six male; four
of the male florets on their proper short pedicels surround a com-
mon pedicel which elevates the hermaphrodite or female one, and |
the other two male florets; these last two have also their proper
pedicels : all their insertions are surrounded with hair.
HERMAPHRODITE TWO, OR FEMALE THREE FLOWERS. Calyx
two-valved, pointed.—Corol one-valved, a pretty long twisted awn
occupying the place-of the other.—S/amens three, or none.— Male
flowers, four at the base, and two embracing laterally the hermaphro-
| dite, or femiale flowers, each of these two has its proper pedicel.—
Calyx two-valved, lanceolate, hairy.— Coro? Sne valvsad? Stamens

4

three.
Obs. It often ria bs that there are two ichaspiedi, din

male flowers in the fascicle ; ; in that case one of the usual lateral :
pedicels supports the additional two flowers.

6. A. cymbaria. R.

| Erect, ramous. Leaves many times longer than their sheaths.—
Involucres smooth.— Accessary florets male, with à two-valved, cili-
ate calyx, and a one-valved, awnless corol.

‘Andropogon cymbarius. Linn. mant. 303. Sp. Pl.ed. Wilid.i iv. ose

Teling. Pedda Ghella. |

This is a large ipea I have generally found it amongst bush-
es on mountains.

Culms many, erect, from three to six feet high, very ramous,
smooth, solid, ligneous, joints smooth.—Leaves large in proportion
to the size of the plant.— Panicles linear, leafy, erect, composed of
innumerable. bracted, fascicles like those of the last described —_
Bractes boat-shaped, ending i in a very long, subulate point, some- ;
times coloured, and in luxuriant plants fringed with many long ri-
gid hairs.—Flowers seven in each fascicle or umbellet as in the
last, and disposed exactly in the same manner, only here the four
male flowers that surround the base, of. A e common se are
sessile, i

256 © THE DIG YNIA. C Antlaliria,

HERMAPHRODITE Peaki: Calys two-valved.— Valcelets
nearly equal, ‘obtuse, smooth, of a firm texture.—Corol one-valved,
“the place of the second is occupied ‘by a long twisted awn =

mens three, &c. as in thesgenus. :

"Marr Fiowers. Calyx two-valved, the exterior dui fringed
with many strong hairs about the apex.— Coro! oñe-valved— Sta»
mens three." ;

32, 3. arundinacea. R. 2
__. Perennial, straight, from six to twelve feet high ; leaves from fon to
s “eight feet long, accessary florets male, with both calyces and cord
_ two-valved ; the exterior valvelet of the former shaggy.
A native of Bengal. Flowering. time the beginning of egal
season. _ = fa
-. Root perennial.— Culms ~A jointed, glaucous, bet ve ny
‘joints much contracted, round and very smooth, the lower jomis
the large plant as thick as the fore finger ; every par: filled with white
spongy pith ; height of the whole plant when in flower, from six to
sixteen feet. In the Botanic Garden where the soil is rich some t
plants are full sixteen feet high.— Leaves from six to eight feet long -
slender, deeply channelled toward the base, recurvate, m margins his-
pid. The radical ones are bifarious, the floral ones alternate,
sheaths smooth, compressed, much shorter: than the joints of the
culm.— Panicle, the whole upper half of each culm may be so Je x
ed, and is composed of numerous, axillary, very ramous branches |
; bending elegantly to one side, particularly with a breeze of và
— Bractes one to each umbellet of flowers, boat-shaped.— Um mp
lets numerous, long, slender, pedicelled, drooping, each one is com
posed of four, sessile, awnless accessary male flowers surroi
and inserted on a short clavate pedicel, which supports an herm
| phrodite awned flower, and two pedicelled awnless ones. - X.
Mate FrowEns. Calyx, glume, two-valved, the exterior wie
.' elothed with much diverging fulvous hair, making it quite shaggy —
^ Corol, glume, two-valved, linear, membranaceous.—Nectary € oft »
cuneate, truncated scales,— Stamens three.— Pistil none. — |

*

Andropogon: TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. $T
t
HERMAPHRODITE Flowers. Calyx two-valved, villous.— Co-
rol one-valved, a long arista occupies the piace of the usual secoud
` valve.— Neciary and stamen as in the male.— Germ oblong ; ; styles.

two, villous.

: ANDROPOGON. Schreb. Gen. N. 1566.

Polygamous. : Flowers in pairs, hermaphrodite, sessile.— Calyr
two-valved, one-flowered.—-Corol for the most part two-valved, and
generally awned. Male, or neuter pedicelled.—Calyz as in the her-
maphrodite.—Corol for the most part two-valved, inea, a awn-

less, A

: ` Sect.1st.. With terminal spikes.
t y N —
1. A. serratus. Retz. Obs. v. 91. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. iv. 903.

Spikes solitary, or paired, imbricated with sessile, hermaphrodite,
awued flowers on the outside, and two rows of aw nless pedicelled '
male oues on the inside.

Sans. gat, Vence, gr, Khura, net, Guree, nit, Uguree,
grw, Khuraguree, "ub Qusgyree, 2 Saag Devutaia,
WAR, Jeemoota.

beng, Detara, or Detta.
_A native of pasture ground. Flowers during-the cold season: 3

Culms at and near the base creeping, branchy,. with only about ~

a foot. of their flower-bearing extremities erect, and as thick as a
: sparrow’ 8 quill, round, smooth, joints slightly villous. —Leaves small,
inside a little hairy, mouth of the sheaths hairy.— Spike terminal,
generally solitary, though sometimes there are two or even three; when
Siugle, loug-peduucled, when two, each has a very short, erect pedicel;
the spike: or spikes are about an inch or an inch and a half long.
~Flowers i in pairs, numerous, imbricated, on one side are two rows.
of. ‘Sessile, hermaphrodite ones, and in the other two rows of. pedi-
celled ones ; male rachis; waved, jointed and hairy. Hermaphrodite

flowers sessile.—Calyces two-valved, the exterior: one broad, com.
G E

* cai

258 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA; Andropogon, |

pressed, striated, a little hairy, rounded at the apex ; margins fringed

with hairs ; ĉnvolucre smooth, glossy, keeled, pointed.— Coro! of the”

liermaphrodite flower one-valved ; the arista which is pretty long and”

twisted, occupies the place of a second ; that of the male two-valved,

the inner one slender and bifid. ; E
Obs. Cattle ae eat ue but not greedily,

E A. contortus, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. iv. 904. à

" Moncicous. Spikes solitary : ieri ior flowers male or neuter 5
and awuless; superior flowers one female and awned, the other.
male and awnless. ;

Teling. Yeddi..

oid in tufts on rich pasture jõid.

Culms near the base spreading a little, there compressed E ra-
mous , the rest from one to two feet high, erect, round, and smooth; z
joints smooth.— Leaves below bifarious, middle-sized, upper ‘side T
scattered with a few hairs, margins and mouths of the sheaths hairy.
— Spikes always single, terminal, bowing, cylindric ; rachis jointed,
waved, round, below where it is occupied by the male and neuter
flowers God ; above where tlie female flowers are, itis “covered E
with much, shor. brown hair.— Flowers numerous, imbiicátéd: an
pairs ; on the lower half of the spike they are all neuter; or male; and
awnless, one sessile, one pedicelled ; on the upper: half —
flower is female, and the pedicelled one male.

Mare or neuter Flowers. — Calyx two-valved, naw e.
exterior valvelet green, and covettd with stiff white hair, inier mé
membranaceous, and smooth, except the margins, ere Res b.
ciliate. ~ Coro! two-valved, membranaceous, bead gins slightly cili- A
ate. Stamens three or none. ~ BORA EEE iain 2 :

Femaue Frowers: Coly incivibved desi" rigid, êm
bracing the corol on all sides, brown, a little hairy.—Corol oiva” T
ed, small, e: qe as he s oiher i 1s "— $5 a -— — — 7
éd arista, 45 Hose

NC ME i wit ore Sones “pee he detin € E x apibus e d
ud Mo be Bu REPS ete ID a "uds. 4203507 ao iem down

Andropogon. SRIANDRIA DIGYNIA, 259

| Ba As tenellus:
* Filiform, pes — flowers paired. the sessile ones herma-
phrodite, and awned ; the pedicelled ones neuter, and awnless ; ex-

pm

terior valves of both calyces oblong, striate, hairy, and three-toothed,
neuter corol of one minute valve.

-= A most delicate tall grass, a native of Bengal, where it appears
in hedges, &c. during the cool season.

Culms from two- to three feet long; at the base resting on the
ground, ramous, scarcely so.thick as'a pack thread; joints villous.—
Leaves slender, a few hairs. toward the base.— Spikes paired, erect,

| short-pedicelled ; outside imbricated with two rows of sessile, awn-
ed, hermaphrodite flowers ; inside: with rows of pedicelled, awn
less, neuter ones:—Rachis jointed and hairy.—Calyces two-valved;

exterior oblong, three-toothed, striated, hairy; interior acute, threes -
nerved, that of the neuter flower shorter.-— Coro! of the hermaphros
dite? flower one-valved, with a long brown awn on the opposite;
oF inner side; that of the neuter flower single, and very minute.

- 4A, binatus. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd: iv.918. Retz. Obs. ¥. 242
-—Slender, towards the base creeping ; spikes paired, incurved, flow-
ers paired, the sessile ones hermaphrodite, and awned, the pedicel-

; led ones male, with an awnless, two-valved corol. |

_ A native of Bengal, appears during the cool season.

Guns very slender, toward the base ramous, and creeping ; ; joints
witha scanty short beard.— Leaves slender, somewhathairy toward the
base.—Spikes paired, on a long filiform peduncle, short pedicelled,
somewhat incurvate ; outside imbricated witli two rows of sessile,
àwned, hermaphrodite flowers, inside with two very distinct (for they |

. are separated by a deep groove) rows of pedicelled, awnless, male
dnes.: Rachis jointed, and hairy —Calyces of both two-valved; erte-

= rior oblong, hairy, ciliate, five to seven-nerved, edges thin, apex 9f.

: the male tridentate, of the hermaphrodite obtuse. Jnner : ives
acute, three-nerved.— Corel of the hermaphrodite flower of one hya.
BAe ‘on the outside and an arista for the other ; of the male one

Gg2

1

"wg CCTRIANDRIA aean Andropogon:

of two very unequal hyaline valves.— Styles two ; stigmas purple; vil -
loüs.— Seed oblong, smooth. "E

g DA: sonja behu R. Dep ka
Straight, very ramous, filiform. Spikes conjugate, both flowers —
hermaphrodite, and both awned ; exterior valves of the —_ lan-
ceolar, and copiously ciliate. ; d
A native of Bengal, and the smallest of the genus Ihave pii ipet i
with. Flowers during the cool season.‘ "m
Root a few very slender; brown fibres.— Culms in Es ni sexy
ramous, filiform, erect, smooth, even the joints 5 from six to twelve —

inches high.— Leaves minute, a few hairs near the base, —Spikes al-

ways exactly paired as in most species of {schæmum; erect, faton
the inside, where they touch each other. Rachis winding, and. clothe
ed with long, silver-coloured hairs, length about an inch —bPow
ersin pairs, one sessile, one pedicelled, both hermaphredite, and both Bo
awned.—C alyces two- valved, one-flowered ; exterior valve in both -
lanceolate, with the margins copiously c ABS, two-valved 5
valves transparent, and brown, that (the inner) which gives support —
to the arista, bifid.—Stamezs three. Styles two. Stigmaslongand — —
pun. = "Lac itai 1

6. A. filiformis. R. nera Kon ; | d ie
. Filiform, annual, erect. | Spikes paired. Flowers all sessile, soli-
tary hermaphrodite, diandrous, with a còrol of one valves which cady :
in a long awn. M

This is the most délicate species I have ‘yet 1 met with “appears e
in small tufts, on pasture land near Calcutta, j in the months of Onhee
ber, Nov ‘ember, and December.

Culms numerous, filiform, smooth, erect, Pome nine to twelve inches,
high.— Leaves small, slender, and mooth.— Spikes two, terminal, flic ——
form, sc arcely two. inches long.— Flowers all hermaphrodite, solitary, — us
sessile, no pedicelled flower being found, no pubescence about tbe —
calyx, no rachis.— -Calyx two-valved, one-flowered. —Corol of one —

$-

„Andropogon, /— WRIANDRIA DIGYNIA; _ NN

Jarge, awued valve.— Stamina two, one of the anthers larger.—
Germ ovate,—Styles two.

X
4. A. tristachyos. R.

` Spikes three, both flowers hermaphrodite, and both awned. Caly-
ces lanceolate, ang ciliate,

A delicate, beautiful species, found. on newly laid down padtat
ground in the vicinity of Calcutta, and in foment in October, No-
vember, and December. ^ à

Annual, with numerous, nearly straight, erect, smooth; ibiitor,
pithy culms, of from one to two feet in height.— Leaves taper from
the base, most acute, about as long as the joints of the culms some
few long soft hairs on thé inside near the base.—Sheaths. smooth,
shorter than the joints.— Spikes two, rarely three, and I have not
seen four, one sessile the other two a little more elevated on a com- |

mon pedicel, expanding ; f. om two to three inches long. . Rachis
jointed, winding, and hairy.— Flowers in pairs, one sessile, the other
pedicelled, both hermaphrodite, and both. awned.—Calyces two-
valved ; valcelets lanceolate, ciliate; backs smooth, and brown.—
Corol of two, small, pellucid, brownish valves, the inner of each,
ends in a long, brown arista, oad from the bifid apex of the
valvelet, - l

. 8. A, tridentatus. R:
‘Spikes paired, hirsute, both flowers hermaphrodite, sui roed,

. Calyces shaggy, exterior valves cuneate, truncate, tridentate, Corols
fourvalved.. TS i

24 delicate, rather tall species : a native of Coromandel.
Culms straight.— Leaves small.— Spikes terminal, paired, sessile,

i lanceolate, shaggy .— Flowers in pairs; one sessile, the other don
Pedicelled, both hermaphrodite, and both awned. —Calyz, exterior
Valves in both flowers cuneiform, with apices truncate, triden-
tate, back striated ; middle part, as well as the margins from thence

down and the base bearded with fulvous hairs ; inner vere loogerthan

ge ÍPRIAWDEIA DICYNTA. —— ‘Andropogon;

| — P" a pretty long arista, margins amply fringed with |
long | fulvous hairs.— Coro? in both flowers four-valved ; the exterior
one on the inside bifid, - awned.

hi

~ Qo AL lanceolatus. R. ;
Leaves lanceolate, with cordate stem:claipiig base, iacit.

Spikes tern, peduncled. . Sessil@ or hermaphrodite flower awned,
‘with the margin of the exterior valve of the seni acutely pectinate, -
serrate. — Let
A native of Cotomandel, and very much: like: Paidin jetiquátn.

Culms scandeut; or creeping, emitting roots from the joints, senis
perenuial.— Leaves lanceolate, base eordate, and'stem-clas ping, apex
acute, smóóth on both sides, but the edges from the middle dows,
bristle-ciliate.-— Spikes terminal, two, three, or four, peduncled. Ra*
chis and pedicel of the male flower somewhat woolly.—Cadyeeslaü- —
‘cedlate ; esterio dalte; and chiefly that of the hermaphrodite sessilé |
flower with the margins minutely and acutely péctinate-serrate.—
Corol in acces wide arista in the Made uer ome
"qo. A. wann R: Dice Nisan Madii

- Climbing, spiked from three to six,” iin Bede: basis |
‘male corols one-valved, aud awnless, hermaphrodite ones with a &
one-valved corol and an awn. m n ?

Grows commonly in hedges, and on that account scandent ; be
pears and flowers during the rains. ` ee
- * Oulmslong, ramous, creeping, or climbing over eal ke. eui

. ting long roots from the joints ; smooth and deeply grooved on L
side; flower-bearing extremities erect, and about one or two feet
> Yong; ; joints woolly.— Eeaces sometimes a little hairy on the upper -
side, moutlis of the sheatlis membrane-stipuled, and hairy.— id x t
. generally from three to six, terminal, short pedicelled, sub-panicled
flowers in approximate pairs; one hermaphrodite, and sessile, the |
other male, and pedicelled. In both the calyx is of vo lancent
jomewhat hairy valves. In the hermaphrodite one the corol: is xi i

Andropogon: TRIANDRIA LDIGYNIAS —.—— 208

one valve, and the place of the second valve is occupied by a long
twisted arista, . In the male one it is two-valved. ^
Obs, It is a coarse gne. Cattle are not fond of ito

11. A. pertusus. Linn, Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. iv.992. |

Near the root creeping. Spikes from four to eight, digitate, pes
dicelled, exterior valve of the, sessile, awned, hermaphrodite calyx
with a pit on the back ; male or neuter corol one-valved ,

Holcus pertusus. Kin. Linn. Mant, : 301. See e:

- Is found on old | pasture ground, which i is case shaded ^n trêese

Culms creeping near the base, &c. as Ip the last two species ; joints.
bearded.— Leaves small, ciliate; mouths of the sheaths bearded.-
Spikes from four to eight, in other respects exactly as in the last spe-
cles .— Flowers, the specific mark is to be found in the pit of the exte-

ror valves of the calyx of the hermaphrodite flowers, as in A. stric- -

tus; and A. punctatus, to be described ; an arista occupies the. place
of the second valve of the corol ; the valvelets. of the calyx are both.
awnless,

. Obs. I should doubt this — Kie s Holcus pte rg he bd
not Rented it out to mé himself, :

EO A. Bladi. Linn. p Pi, «i. Willd. àv, 920. .. Hat m
_ Sub-scandent ; ; joints pubescent. Spikes from three to six, ii
panicled, Calyces lanceolate; male corols. two-valved ; sherpa:
dite ones one-valved with an arista; Powers pares
Beng. Loari. - ,
A native of dinis and road earl ut. chiefiy a old petu
ulna as in ‘the dice andit aueciess deinft much mishi
eaves. the same.— Spikes from four to eight, short-pedicelled, ine-
Strled. round’ the last half. in each of the. culms; i in other respects
they are. as in the last described species.— The flowers. resembles
those of that species, but are a little more e remote Cal anb Çbreli
same as in A, scandens, ; à

LI

264 m TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA, Andropo, 'epogon. ns-

13. A. Ischemum. Linn. Sp. PT. ed. Willd. iv. 921. °

Spikes from six to eight, fascicled, peduncled ; rachis hairy. Flow= — |

grs lanceolate ; hermaphrodite, sessile, and awned ; male pedicelled —

and awnless ; calyces acute ; exterior valve hairy. |
A native of Coromandel, a stout, erect species, with a branch —

from the axil of each of the superior smooth short leaves, having
much the appearance and habit of Bladhi and pertusus; from the
former it differs most conspicuously in the valves of the calyces.
being acute, whereas in Bladhii they are broad and rounded ; and
from periusus in the want of the pit on the back of the exterior.
valve of the hermaphrodite flower.

Sect. Le With long peduncled, axillary spikes.

14. A. E R. c3
— Ereet, filiform, with erect, filiform, branches at the top.- "dpi.

solitary, flowers hermaphrodite, and female ; exterior valvelet of ihe ,
calyces and corols of both awned, Hiedhiaphisdite: monandrous. =
— A native of mountainous countries. B j
Culms many, ramous, filiform, straight ; about a foot high, round
and smooth.— Leaves small, base and mouths of the sheaths hairy.—
Spikes generally solitary, terminal, and from the exterior axils, long- -

peduncled, straight, about an inch long.— Peduncles, filiform, joint- $ |

ed, and spathed at the middle. ^ Rachis jointed, winding, hairy —
Flowers numerous, iubricated in pairs; one, the |hermaplirodite;s si
sile and the other, female, pedicelled. — ited 4
HERMAPHRODITE FLOWERS sessile. Calyx einai, nar
]y equal, exterior valvelet ending in a long slender arm, the inne ds né
with its apex obtuse, and bearded.— Corol, exterior valve ehdi
long slender awn.—Stamen one.— Styles two, &c. as iu the’ ant
FzMALE Fiowers pedicelled. Calyx abd córol as in the hér-
maphrodite ones; only the inner vane ng the bhp is P dud
bearded, i ; ; à j oru n 3 i Sar a

#

: # Tur
Andropogon. @RIANDRIA DIGYNIA- 265

T dl

15. A. strictus, R.

Straight, ramous at the top; base of the leaves ciliate. Spikes
fascicled on their own proper pedicels; exterior valvelets of both
calyces pitted ; inner glume of the hermaphrodite corol awned.

A native of mountains, and their vicinity.

Culms straight, ramous, about two feet high, and as thick as a
sparrow’s quill, round and smooth ; ; joints bearded.— Leaves slender,
alittle hairy, and ciliate near the base ; mouths of the sheaths stipul-
ed.— Spikes from three to six, long-pedicelled, and collected on
a common. peduncle, one of which is terminal, and one or two more `
from the next one or two exterior axils; very slender, perfectly
erect, and about an inch long. Rachis asin the former species.— Pe-
dicels most fine, straight, two inches long, jointed near the base, where
afine slender spathe begins.—-Flowers in pairs; one hermaphro-
dite and sessile; the other small and pedicelled.

HrnwAPHRODITE FLowEms sessile. Calyx as in the genus,
except that the exterior large valvelet has a large pit in it, as in An-
dropogon pertusus.— Corol, inver valve slender, ending in a long
twisted awn.

Mate Frowzn pedicelled. Calyx one-valved, and pitted as in
the Hermaphrodite flower.—Corol two-valved, awnless.

-

16. A. polystachyos. R.
Straight, spikes numerous, axillary, simple, each elevated on along -
jointed, sheathed peduncle. Flowers, inferior pairs male and awn-
less ; one of the superior ones is aa and amply awned, the other
male and awnless.
A native of the Peninsula of India. The flowers greatly resemble —
those of A. contortus, ‘but the habit of the grasses is very different. —
Culms straight, ramous.— Leaves ensiform, straight, acute, Ciliate —
at the base.—Spikes simple, many together on the axil of the leaves,
tach elevated high on its long, filiform, jointed, sheathed peduncle,

length from one totwo inches.— Flowers paired, those on the lower
Hh :

- 3966 (00 T p XRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. .— Andropegon.

two-thirds of thé spike are all male, and awnless, and, as usual, one
- of them sessile, the other short-pedicelled ; superior pairs, theses-
-sile one of each of these is a slender female, amply bearded at the
base with much dark brown hair, which is the more conspicuous as
every other part of the spike i is smooth ; the other short- pedicelled,
male, and awnless, like the inferior pairs. :
Marx Frowers: Calyx two-valved.— Corol two-valved:—Sta-
mina three.
. FeMALE Flowers. Calyr of one linear, striated, hard, dark-
brown valve.—Corol one-valved with a very long, twisted awn on
the other side.—Stamina noue. Styles two.

Sect. 3d. Panicles naked, and terminal.

17. A. aciculatus. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. iv. 906.

Creeping Leaves shorter than their sheaths. | Panicle linear-obs
long, erect, ramifications three-flowered, one hermaphrodite, sessile,
and two male, peduncled.

Gramen aciculatum. Rumph. Amb. 6. t. 5. Fa good.

- Raplis trivalvis. Lour. Cochinch. 676.

Kudira-pullu. Rheed. Mal. 12. p. 97. t. 43,

— Sans. aleat, Shunkhiuee, uuu Chora-pooshpee, Staats
Keshinee.

Beng. Chora-kanta.

Grows on barren, moist, pasture ground ; its seeds are exceeding.
ly troublesome to those who walk where it grows, as they stick in
the stockings and produce a disagreeable itching.

Culms straight, simple, from one to two feet high, round and smooth
— Leaves small, waved, with the margins prickle-ciliate-—P aniclé
terminal, erect, linear-oblong, from two to three inches long: Ra-
mifications (or rather peduncles) verticelled, simple, three-flowere¢s
-nearly erect; apex armed with short stiff hairs.— Flowers, one #-
sile, herniaplirodee and two pedicelled male ones on each peduncles

HERMAPHRODITE FLOWER. Calyx two-valved, nearly equal; -
the inner one énds in a short arista, and has the keel scabrous ; P ¿hese

x « TP in $ PEP
Andropogon. - TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 2607

involved in brown short hair. — Corol two-valved, the inner one end-
ing in a short rigid arista.—Stamens three, &c. as in the. genus. `
Marr Frowers. Calyx and Corol as in the male, except that
there is no arista to the corol.

Obs. It is of a very coarse nature, Inever found it touched by
cattle.

|. 38. A. verticillatus. R. ;

Erect. Leaves long, and very hairy; Panicle conical, ramifications,
verticelled, three-flowered; one hermaphrodite, sessile, With two
awns; and two-pedicelled, male, with one awn each. .. ie

A native of mountains, flowering about the end of the wet season.

Root woody, perennial.— Culms erect, simple, very leafy, smooth,

round, towards the base solid, as thick as a small goose quill ; from.
four to six feet high. — Leave’ approximated, eighteen inches long,
and Bree quarters ct an inch broad ; margins set with minute spines,
and particularly hairy on the inside near the base.—Panicles erect, .
conical, lax, from eight to ten inches long, composed of many ver-
ticelled, most simple, filiform, waved, bowing, three-flowered brauch-
€s, as in A. aciculatus.
Hisuarn&oprrE Frowers sessile. Calyz, glume one-flowered,
two-valved, iuner valve awned, both hairy, having the base surround-
ed with much brown hair.—Corol one-valved, a long twisted awn
occupying the place of the other.— Stamens three.—Siyle yellow.

Mate Frowers pedicelled, one on each side the hermaphro.
dite one; pedicels covered with brown hairs.—Calyz, exterior valve a
little hairy, and aw ned, base involved in short brown hair.—- Corel.
Two-valved.—- Stamens three.

19. A. saccharoides. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. iv. 912.

Sub-erect. Leaves remarkably long. Panicle obiong, composed .
of simple, alternate, filiform, short-pedicelled, ereet, patent branch-
' €S; neuter florets two-valved and pedicelled. cts
A large, leafy, sub-erect species; a native of the mountainous’ -

Parts of the northern Circars. i
Y Hh2 i :

268 | : ^ WRIANPRIA DIGYNIA. _ Andropogon.

I am not possessed of any other description of Swartz's A. sac-
charoides than the specific character, as it stands in Willdenow’s
edition of the species, which agrees with my plant; I therefore cone
clude they are the same.

,

. 90. A. Ischemum. Linn. Sp. Pi. ed. Willd. iv. 921.

Spikes from six to eight, fascicled, peduncled ; rachis hairy. Flow-
ers lanceolate, hermaphrodite, sessile and awned; male pedicelled —
and awnless ; ; calyces acute, exterior valve hairy. ;

A native of Coromandel. Itis a stout erect species, with a branch
from the axil of each of the superior smooth short leaves; it has
much the appearance and habit of Bladhii, and pertusus; from
the former it differs. most conspicuously in the valves of the caly-
ces being acute, whereas in Bladhii they are broad and rounded ;
and from’ pertusus in the want of the pit on the back of - exte-
rior valve of the hermaphrodite flowers. i

“er. A. punctatus. R. |
: Erect, simple. Leaves large, long, and numerous. Panicle of
numerous, simple, secund ramilications. Exterior valves of the
calyces of both hermaphrodite and neuter flowers pitted.
This is a mountain grass.
|. Culms from two to four fee: high, without branches, below bent
towards the earth for half a foot, often erect, entirely surrounded
with the sheaths of the leaves; not piped, but replete with spongy
pith.— Leaves numerous cies with some long white hairs scattered
over them near the base ; mouths of the sheaths supuled, bearded,
and woolly, — Panicle erect, oblong, from four to five inches high,
composed of many, erect, short-peduncled, filiform, secund, spiked
racemes; rachis and flowers exactly as in A, fascicularis ;- except
that bus the outer valve of the calyx of both flowers has a pitin the
middle.—The coro] of the hermaphrodite flower wants the inner
valve, i in its place is a pretty long twisted awn.

Andropogon. . ZRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 269

22. A. fascicularis. R.

Erect, ramous. Panicle composed of fascicled, simple, or divided
branches. Flowers paired; hermaphrodite ones awned ; neuter ones
awnless and without a corol.
| Teling. Kunda-jeri. .
| A native of mountains.

Culms erect, jointed, smooth, rather thicker than a crow's quill,
from three to five feet high, sulcated, mostly naked, rush.like, not pip-
'ed.— Leaves from three to four, small, remote, retrorso-scabrous;
mouths of the sheath hairy ; from each sheath springs a short panicle-
‘bearing branch. — Panicle terminal, six inches long, erect, fascicled ;
fascicles remote, alternate, composed of several erect, filiform, often.

Tamous, secund spikes, or spiked-racemes.— Flowers in pairs ; the
hermaphrodite ones sessile ; the neuter peduncled. Common rachis
‘round, smooth ; partial one undulated, jointed, compressed, woolly, -

Hermapuropire FLowER. Calyx, glume one-flowered, two-
valved, smooth, awnless, base surrounded with wool.—Corol, ex-
terior valve the length of the calyx; inner short, bifid, with a long
‘twisted awn from the fissure. Neuter floret small, its pedicel wool-
ly, length of the hermaphrodite tlower.—Calyx two-valved.— Ce-
rol none. VEM

23. A. muricatus. Retz. Obs. iii. N. 95. and v. 20.

Erect in all situations. Leaves sub-bifarious, long, narrow, and

| rigid. Panicle verticelled, ramifications simple, expanding, herma-

, Phrodite and male flowers awnless, with muricate calyces, and co-
rols of three valves.

| Sans. deat, Veerunung, Jtag, Veeruturung.

f

Beng. Bena, the name of the plant, and -Khuskhus the root.
Tam. Woetiwear.
|. Virana. Asiat Res. vol. iv. p. 906. :
l It is very common in every part of the Coast and Bengal where it
Meets with a low, moist, rich soil, especially on the banks of water
| S9urses, Kc, $e ; 3

270". COTRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Andropogon.”

Root of many perennial, long, spongy, brown fibres.— Culms ma-
~ ny, smooth, simple, rigidly erect, a little compressed at the base, jointed,
smooth, inwardly spongy ;-from four to six feet high and as thick as 5
a goose quill.—- Leaves near the base bifarious, narrow, erect, from: :
two to three feet long, pretty smooth, rigid.— Panicle from six to
twelve inches long, conical, composed of numerous spreading, short-
peduncled, simple, linear, verticelled spiked-racemes. Rachis of the.
spiked-racemes jointed, winding, naked.— Flowers paired, awnless, À
one hermaphrodite, sessile; the other male, and pedicelled ; inser- —
tion nearly naked.

HERMAPHRODITE FLOWER.: Calyx two-valved, nearly equal, ©
muricated.— Corol three-valved, membranaceous.— Nectary, two ob- - :
cordate scales embracing the germ and insertions of thefilaments.— —
Stamens three.—Stigmas. feathery.

Mate Frower. - Calyr as in the hermaphrodite Cre m
valved. — Nectary as above, — Stamens three. :

Obs. 'The roots, when dry, and then gently moistened, emità —
pleasant kind of fragrance; they are employed to make large faus,
commonly called Vissarees ; and also to make screens which are placed i
before windows and doors, which being kept moist during the hot —
winds render the air that passes through them, both cool and fra- :
grant. See Observation on Aristida setacea. The grass is often
employed for thatch. sig eet |

. Dr. Kénig was too accurate a Botanist to describe this very con-

. spicuous plant under two. names, viz. A. squarrosus. Linn. Sp. PL: 5
. Willd. iv. 908, and A. muricatus; the former is evidently a very dif |
ferent species, and found by bim in Ceylon, floating on pools of wa-- -

ter; whereas A. muricatus (which I formerly called aromaticus)iS ——

/always rigidly erect, whether growing in water, or on dry land. Its —
' root is delightfully aromatic, as mentioned by Konig himself, and by —
Sir William Jones, particularly when moistened with water. 4.
I am inclined to think Konig’s Andropogon squarrosusis my Pa-
nicum paludosum ; a species with thick spongy culms which is ge*- |
uerally found swimming on pools of sweet water. Cui oma

x

Andropogon. TRIANDRIA DIGXNIA- Ac

. 94. A. glaber. R, “i ;

Erect, ramous, smooth. Panicle ovate, verticelled ; ramification
simple, two or three-cleft. Flowers paired, the hermaphrodite ones
.awned, with the calyx pitted ; the male ones neither pitted nor awned,
with a two-valved corol,

Beng. Gundha goorana.

Found thinly scattered on rather elevated. spots.over Bengal.

Root perennial, —Culmssub-erect , Very ramous, smooth, from three
to four feet high.—- Leaves glossy, smooth in every part.— Panicles
. ovate, verücelled; ramifications simple, and two-cleft, or even three-
cleft sometimes.— Flowers paired ; the hermaphrodite ones sessile
and awned ; the ma/e ones pedicelled, and awnless.

HERMAPHRODITE FLOWERS. Calyx two-valved, smooth, pur-
ple-coloured ; exterior valve pitted on the back.— Corol one-valved,
along awn occupying ‘the place of the second.

Mace Frowkns nearly as large as the female.— Calyx not pitted.
—Corol two-valved,

,95. A. montanus. Re

-Shrubby near the base, creeping. Leaves long and slender.
Panicle sub-verticelled ; ramifications ramous ; Stowers paired, the
hermaphrodite ones awned, the neuter awnless, with. a corol of
one valve,

-Teling. Auroots hangali.

À native of mountainous countries.

Culms many, below resting on the ground and rooting, round,
smooth, from three to four feet high, and as thick as a large crow-
quill.— I eaves long and narrow, a little hairy on the upper side near

the base only; mouths of the sheaths bearded.—- Panicle terminal,
conical, from four'to eight inches long, com posed of many, ramous,

_ Sub-verticilled spikes, or rather spiked-racemes ; ; rachis windiug,
jointed, a little hairy.— Flowers as usual, in pairs, an hermaphrodite
one sessile ; and a neuter one pedicelled. ;

Hermaruropirs FLOWERS, Calyx, two-valved,. the exterior

272 F /— TRIANDRIA BIGYNIA. ~ andropogon.

one a little hairy.—Corol one-valved, a twisted awn two or three
times the length of the corol supplies the place of the other.—Neu-
ter ven like the hermaphrodite ones, but without arista.

96. A. bicolor. R.

Erect. Panicle diffuse, with espasididel decompound and super-
decompound branches; hermaphrodite calyces with smooth backs,
and fringed margins; corol three-valved, and £wned, calyx of the
neuter flower hairy with a two-valved corol. |

Holcus bicolor. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. iv. 929.

Beng. Kala-deodhan.

Hind. Kala-jooar.

Teling. Muka-janoo, and Muka.janoolar the grain.

I have only found it in a cultivated state.

Culms generally single, straight, round, smooth, from four to ten.
feet high, and as thick as the finger or thumb, mostly covered by the
sheath of the leaves.— Leaves from one to three feet long, and from
one to three inches broad, smooth ; mouths of the sheaths bearded.
— Panicle erect, oval, dense, composed of many ramous, expanding, -
sub-verticelled branches, the various ramifications angular and very
hispid when the finger is drawn backwards ‘over them, their flow- ,
er-bearing extremities hairy. — Flowers paired, and, as in the genus,
the sessile one is hermaphrodite and the pedicelled one neuter.

HenMAPHRODITE Frowers sessile. Calyx, valvelets nearly
equal, with'the back smooth, and as they ripen becoming ofa shining
black, with many white-hairs round the margins (ciliated. )—Corol
three-valved, fringed, the second or solitary valve ending in a short
twisted arista.— Seeds oval , brown, smooth, "e signi an —
on the back near the base. ;

Neuter Ftowrns pedicelled. Calyx stated; hairy.— Corol |
two-valved, awnless.—S?&mens none. - ia

Obs. This and the following species A. Sorghum seem to me to
possess more of the character of Andropogon than of Holcus. I have
therefore changed their places from the latter to the former.

udropogón. . TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. . Ua

i

27. A. Sorgiiui: Bis i

Erect. -Panicle contracted dense ; hermaphrodite calyces aie
Corols three-valved, awned. i

Holcus Sorghum. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed.JVilld. iv. . 999.

Beng. and Hind. Jooar.

Leung. ‘Vella, or Konda (white) janoo the name of the png,
and Fella-janoolar the grain. |

Obs.: This aiso 1 have only foad ina cultivated s state. lt differs
from the former. > ayh

Ast. In having the panicle contracted, very dense, and. less regu-
ete verticelled. — z ' | :

24. In having the glumes of the calyx of a whitish green colour
and very woolly.

Sd. In having ikala to the neuter flowers.

[here are two other sorts, which I take to be only varieties of E

the last ; their names in Telinga are Pacha (green) Janoo and Yerra
(red) Janoo. s

These last two with their varieties are much cultivated on a

ua

rather elevated, good soil. Seéd time October ; and harvest time Ja-
nuary. The produce in good soil is often upwards of an hundred-fold.
. The grain is much used for food. -Itis probable that through the
whole of Southern Asia as many of the inhabitants live on the va-
rious kinds of dry or small grain, as upon rice, and they are reck-
oned fully as wholesome as that is. P
All kinds of cattle are remarkably fond of the straw E A :

standing j its thickness, and „solidity. a A

a

98. A. cernuum. R. i

Erect, from five to fifteen Met high; lower haif with verticels of
roots from the joints. Panicles oval, with numerous, long, com-.
pound, cernuous branches ; ; glumes iiis and fringed ; corol three
valved and. fringed, the inner scarce awned. ap ee
Holcus cernuus. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed.Willd.iv.930.- =
This species e, (or variety of Sorghum,)i is the kind cultivated is

habitants of the nas poora, Koonkee, and other mountainous districts
li i i

Pa

274. -© TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA: - Jndropógón, ——
immediately east of Bengal. ‘Fhe grain is milk white; some of itwas -
sown in the Botanic Garden, during the early part of the rainy seas
son of 1812, and in November the plants were from ten to fifteen
feet high, sevér al ramous stems arising from the same root, or grain -
-of seed ; all the joints of the lower half of the original stems which
dre as thick as a slender walking dane, throw out copiously verticels
of roots from all the joint, the lower ones near the soil enter it, and -
give additional support and nourishment to the plants, which are of —
two, or more years duration, if suffered to remain ; the leaves are
ftom twenty to forty inches long, by two or three broad; softand smooth,
the rib white on both sides. Panicles large, oval on the more slen--
der branches, and in those, while in flower eréct ; but in such as
. terminate the primary stems the form is obscure, from the drooping
- habit of their branches. The flowers agree with those of Sorghum, ;
except ‘that the awn is so/small and short as to be hid within the -
glume of the calyx; ; the neuter flowers are very minute, and consist.
of only one of two slender, villous, calycine glumes. ‘The grain of
this plant is the staff of life of those wild. savare mountaineers, who
inhabit the above mentioned countries, where it is one of the few
articles cultivated by. them. Cattle are fond of the straw, or rather

*

canes.
29. R sa Ap df: R. f
Erect, Panicles verticelled, with ramifications drooping. Calyz
hairy, corols awnless ; — three-valved, neuter one-valv- -
, ed.
flolcus RENE Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. iv. - 930. `
`- “Hind. and Beng. Deo-dhan.
Is much cultivated over various parts ‘of baat during the rainy
and cold seasons upon land which is too high for rice.. ka
Root ramous.— Culms erect, round, jointed, sometimes ramous,
lower joints radicating, from eight to twelve feet high, three or fout -
inches in circumference near the base.—Leav es bifarious, sheathing
sword- depen, margins hispid, the rest smooth, with a white nerve

os Andropogan. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 275
on the upper side, three feet long, and three or four sitios broad.
Sheath as long as the panicle is when young, : afterwards the whole
is completely bent down from the w eight of the seed.— Flowers pair-
ed, one hermaphrodite, sessile ; the other neuter, and pedicelled,
HERMAPHRODITE Frowens sessile. Calyx one-flowered, two-
-valved, the solitary valve

valved, both valves hairy.

daggered ; dagger, shorter than the calyx.—Seed oval, white.
NEUTER Flowers pedicelled.. Calyx | two-valved, hairy.—Co-
rol one-valved, awnless. — Stamens none. ;
Obs. The only circumstance that renders me uncertain whether
this is Holcus saccharatus of Linneus is the total want of the arista
in n the — flowers; in other respects they agree, s z

.30. A.-larus. disi Sp. Pi. ed. Willd. iv. 907.

" Erect, from one to fifteen feet high. Panicle ovate, lax ; rami-
yitións sub. verticelled, compound and decompound. Calyx hairy ; ;
‘corals fringed, those of the her maphrodite three-valved, and awned.

Beng. Kula- moochg. | :

Peling. Gaddi-janoo. 2

Grows in hedges, on banks of water courses, and on land that has
lately been in cultivation.

Root somewhat woody, perennial .— Culm near the base bending
to the earth, and there ‘pooting at the joints, the rest erect ; the
whole is of a firm ligneous texture, inwardly spongy, jointed, round
` and smooth ; below naked, above covered by the sheaths of the
leaves. In Medus on the banks of the rivers, &c. where the soil
is good, it is often from ten to fifteen feet high; while on a barren
dry soil, not more than one or two. — Leaves long, smooth, except
the margins, which ae scabrous.— Panicle very large, oval, often
bowing, rather thin, ‘composed of sub-verticelled, ramous, spread- A
ing branches, with woolly insertions ; the branchlets of the branches
are composed of four or six pedicelled, spiked racemes. Rachis of |
the spikes jointed, &c.— Fi ‘lowers paired, &c, as in the other species.

HERMAPHRODITE F LOWERS sen. Calyx two-valved ; ; valve-
li 3 2$

276 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. |. Andropogon,

lets. equal, hairy.— Corol three-valved, membranaceous, margins |
fringed with hairs ; the second one retuse, with a pretty long twist- - |
ed arista ; the inner one very small.— Nectar, 'y as in the Jast species. A $ ;

MALE Fiows Rs pedicelled, Calyx asin the hermaphrodite. x,

Corol two-valved. j

de miliaceus. R.

sd from six to ten feet high. Pond ample, lax ; ; ramifica- UK

tions verticelled, expanding, or drooping. ^ Coro! three-valved, in

both hermaphrodite and male flowers. . ^. E
The seeds of this most beautiful stately grass were sent me from

Lucknow, by the late Gen. Claude Martin, under the name of hill
grass. It being a native of the mountains. north of Oude. ‘It blós- i

soms iņ this garden during the latter part of the rains. —
Culms exect, ramous, smooth, the largest of them nearly as-thick

as the little finger, general height (in the rich soil of the’ Botanic é
Garden) about ten fcet.-- Leaves ensiform-lanceolate, soft, and.

smooth, except the margins, which are armed with minute sharp

bristles, pointing forward, general length trom two to three feet, and -

"from one to two inches broad near the base, where. broadest.—
Sheaths smooth, except at the mouths, and there bearded on both
sides.— Panicle very large, erect, with long, slender, smooth, ele-
gantly drooping, verticelled, compound, and decani ramifica-

tion.— Flowers in pairs, as in the genus; one hermaphrodite, and -

sessile ; the other male, and pedicelled.—Calyr two-valved, one-

dred, oval, rather obtuse, and hairy, but without the charactet- — —
istic woolly, or hairy involucre round the base of the Bowers.— Co-

`- rolin both sorts three-valyed, membranaceous, and fringed, soms-
times the hermaphrodite flower is awned. Nm two, foris |
broad, truncated, fringed scales. ^b os

Obs. ln habit this beautiful species comes: near my Andropogon
tumbuckianus, from the Gape of Good Hope, but is more eleganti
the panicle. : ts

1

Andropogon. -` >` TRIANDRIA DieyNia.. ` "925
é f ` %

Sect. 4th. Panicles foliaceous.

39. A. pumilus: R. = ; $ i
Frect; twelve inches high; pauielés composed of numerous
axillary, and terminal, conjugate spikes, on loig, jointed, sheathed -
peduucles. Calyz of, the sees hermaphrodite, flower awned,
cuspidate. ` i :
A native of Coromandel, and one of the RM of the genus.
Culms ramous; erect, smiooth.— Leaves rather small, particularly
the tloral ones, which are little. more than. lar rye sheaths. — Panicle
: composed of numerous, axillary, and terminal, conjugate, hirsute,
'secund spikes, *elevated on slender, jointed peduncles, embraced
Ry. many delicate, chaffy bractes at the base, and bya sheath from |
the joint upw ards. — Flowers i in pairs on the joints of the hairy rachis,
one sessile and hermaphrodite, the other peduncled and male.—Ca- —
dye two-valved, that of the hermaphrodite flower cuspidate.—Co-
S "tol. one-valved, an arista occupies the place of a second in the her-
die flower. :

$3. A. parviftorus. R.

Ascending. Leaves linear, | Panicle leafy, thin ; eels soli-
Bc. with proper, Jointed, leafy spathes ; borh «end awned, ‘the
pedicelled one a rudiment only. a

A very beautiful most delicate species, a native of pasture land —
up amongst the Circar mountains and dio of the mountains them-.
selves,

Culms very doen Se ascending, filiform, bod a foot, or a foot
“anda half. high — — Leaves numerous, small, linear, rather obtuse, _
mouths of the shtaths stipuled. -— Spikes axillary, minute, peduncled, ;
^ generally one or two, rarely three. Rachis jointed and waved as in —
the other species, but here it is smooth, except at the insertions of
the: flowers,— Peduncles most slender, jointed at the middle, from -

Whence a small spathe ascends, which generally hides a part f its
Spike.— Flowers in pairs ; one hermaphrodite and sessile, es other
PY the rudiment « of a floret on a long clubbed Neen S

978 E TRIANDRTA DIGYNIA. - | Andropogon.

34. A. SONS. Linn. sy. PI. ed. Willd. i iv. 915. :
Perennial, erect. Panicle sub-secund, linear, leafy ; spikelets
thereof paired, on a common, spathed pedicel, with proper pedicels .
and spathes ; flowers of both sorts awnless, the male corol one-valv-
ed. 5 . 3
Sans. qium Malatrinukung, waa, gman
Beng. Gundha-bena. um
. Ramacciam. Rheed. Hort. mal. 19. p, 137. t. 79.
Scheenanthum amboinicum. Rumph. amb. 5. p. 181.¢. 72 of By
Scheenanthus, or Juncus odoratus of the Materia Medica.
On the Coast I have only found this elegant valuable species in
a state of cultivation, few gardens being without it; I have but
twice found it in flower and both times during the rainy season." -
Roof per ennial, young propagating-shoots i issue from tlie axils of
the leaves that’ surround a short, sub-ligueous leaf-bearing culm.—
_ Culms from five to seven feet high, erect, simple, smooth, about as
_ thick as a goose quill.— Leaves many, near the root bifarious, few.
on the upper part of the culm, of a soft texture, pale green CO7
lour, slightly. scabrous, on the margins when drawn backward
against the fingers, otherwise smooth ; from three to four feet long
including their sheaths, and about three-quarters of an inch broad.
Floral leaves small.— Panicle linear, a little bent to one side, com- `
posed of many fascicles of spikes that are both terminal, and from
the exterior axils.— Spikes generally paired on a common pedun-
cle, with a common boat-like spathe, or involucre at the division ;
each has also its proper pedicel, and both spathe-shaped. Rachis
articulated, much waved, hairy.— Flowers in pairs, one hermaphro-
dite and sessile, the other male and pedicelled ; the last hermaphro- -
dite flower of each spike has two males ; below, only one male, 35.
, the rachis occupies the place of the other ; this is the case with most
of the species of the genus. ; j ;
HERMAPHRODITE FLowrnms sessile. Glume girt at the base
with wool, &c. as in the family.—Coro/ two-valved, awnless. Nec-

* In the Norih of Bengal large tracts of waste land are covered with it. Ed -

Andropogon. _-YRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 27$

tary, two, broad, short, wedge-formed, obliquely lobed, crenulated
bodies embrace the insertions of the filaments and the forepart of
the germ.

' Mare Frowers pedicelled. Calyx, glumes as in the hermaphro-
dite ones.— Corol one-valved, awnless. Nectary as in ae xime
phrodite.— Stamens three. |

Obs. 'The fresh leaves are much used as a 4 substitute for tea. The
white succulent centre of the ieaf-bearing culms is oer put into

Curries, to give them an agreeable flavour.* y

tas: A. PE Philosoph. fia Vol. 80. 284. t. 16.
‘Perennial, erect. Leaves long, and very slender. Panicles linear; -
spikelets paired, five-jointed, with common spathes ; hermaphro-
dite flowers awned; male óne-valved and awnless. 3

Beng. and Hind. Ibharankusha, Iwarankusha, Kurankusha. ;

Iwarancussa. Asiat. Res. iv. 109.

A native of the skirts of the northern mountains of India. Dr.
Blane found it between the river Raptee and the mountains, and
Dr. Boyd about Hurdwar ; it is therefore probably a native ofa very

xtensive tract along the skirts of that range of mountains which

_ bounds the plains of Bengal, Bahar, d &c. Flowering time
the ramy season. Ex
It grows in large tufts, each tuft composed of a number of plants
adhering together by their roots. 7
Root perennial, the principal parts thereof are thicker than. acrow’s
quill, and marked with cireular cicatrices, from these issue many
- small, firm, aromatic fibres.— Culms erect, generally simple; from
_ three to six feet high, smooth in every part, not hollow, but filled
with a light spongy substance.— Leaves, those near the root long-
er than the joints of the culm, margins hispid when the finger
is drawn backwards over them, otherwise smooth in every part.
— Panicle axillary, and terminal, or the w hole may be reckoned a-

» . * The natives of the: Molucca Islands extract a Sitom. tasted. essential oil
from the leaves, Ed. ‘

4;

a OA 02 CARTTRIANDRIA-DIGYNIA. Andropoge i

e

long, Sear rect) or Siig PRENA VUE composed of
numerous, (many. of them proliferous,) fascicles. of slender, pedic&l- . |
Jed, thin spikes of five joints; each fascicle is furnished with, its
| own proper, boat-shaped-spathe, besides many chatfy bractes with-
ja i among the imsertions. of the. pedicels; and -a proper. e
to each pair of spikes.— Fi lowers on the body of the rachis paired; |
one awned, hermaphrodite, and sessile ; the other awnless, male, and
pedicelled, the terminal florets are three, one hermaphrodite, sessile,
and awned ; the other two male, pedicelled, and awnless. 4. —
- HERMAPHRODITE. Calyx one-flowered, two-valved, base git 2
with wool, as is also the rachis, and proper pedicels.—Corel t two- =
: valved, and fringed ; inner valvelets two-parted, with a short arista

in the fissure. Mike: y two, minute, leaflets embracing the e

xx

laterally.— Stamens, pistil, and seed, as in the genus.

Marr. Calyx asin the hermaphrodite. Coro? 2d
tary aud.stamens as in the hermaphrodite, no pistil.

_ Obs. This species comes remarkably, near to A. - Schænanthus both
in habit and tastes =. PEEL]

For the virtues of the roots of this xg see Dr. Blane’ ‘s account
| thereof i in the second part of the 80 volume of the Philosophical
‘Transactions of the Royal. Society. of- London ; also Asiatic Re-
searches iv. p. 109. The virtues seem to reside almost entirely. in.
the larger parts of the root, marked with áanular cicatrices, the taste
is bira aromatic, with some degree of bitterness,

T
z

36. A. Martin. R.

- Perennial, erect, Pani: "les linear, sub-secund ; spikelets pot es

three-jointed, with common’ spathes only ; Jeeps: carols

of one vaive, and an awn; male awnless: | ;

A native of the high lands of Balla-ghat, Genet M artin collee

ed the seeds while there with the army, during the last war wil =
Tippoo Suitan, and has reared abundance of it at Lucknow.

It is also now plentiful iu the Company's Botanic Garden, rais-

ed from seed sent from thence by that gentleman, Ww hose name have

et asa specific one for this elegant quas

*

Paspalum, ^o MRIANDNIA DIGYNIA. á E

Root perennial, with long wiry fibres.—CuZms erect, from three

to six feet high, often ramous, smooth, filled with a spongy pith.—
- Leaves very long, tapering to a very five point, smooth in every
part and of a soft delicate texture.—Sheaths shorter than the janes
on full grown plants, with a membranaceous stipulary process at
the mouth.— Panicles as in A. Iwarancusa ; spikelets paired, but
with only three joints.— Flowers also paired, &c..as m the former
. Spécies, only there the lowermost pair on the most sessile of the two

spikelets are both male, and one of them. rests upon a smooth, con-
vex, callous receptacle instedd of a pedicel. —Rachis jointed, and
woolly «— Calyx as in A. Iwarancusa.—Corol one-valved, a long
black awn occupies the place of the other, which has two small fi-
laments near its base. Nectary, &c. as in the foregoing species.

Obs. General Martin, who sent me this grass from Lucknow,
writes to the following effect:

* I took particular notice of a sort of long grass which the cattle
"were voraciously fond of, which is of so strong an aromatic aud
pungent taste, that the flesh of the animals, as also the milk and
butter, have a very strong scent of it. Of this grass L send you a.
small stalk, some roots, and seed ; if you taste the latter, though oid,
You will find it of a very pungent aromatic taste.”

PASPALUM. Schreb. Gen. N. 81,

Calyx oy llweréd, two-valved, valvelets rounded, equal. Corol
of two-valves, and like the calyx. Seed adhering to the corol.

1. P. scrobiculatum. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 330.

Spikes, axillary and terminal, sessile, alternate, erect. Flowers al-
temate, in two rows, or crowded, smooth, Calyces from three.
to five-nerved. Culms dies two feet high, smooth. Seed round,

smooth. -
Sans, & QUE Mifudcadids STER Kodruva. |
Beng. Koda.

Hind. Koda-ka-choul. - ; ; E »
Teling. Aruga. | )
Ji

‘282 — TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. | ‘Paspalin

This is cultivated by the natives over many parts of India. — It
delights in'a light, dry, loose soil, but will grow in a very barren -
one. Time of cultivation the rainy season.

Root fibrous.—Culms erect, ramous, jointed, smooth ; about two
feet high, involved in the sheaths of the leaves.— Leaves sheathing,
bifavious, longer than the culm, evefy part smooth. Sheaths longer
than the joints, often embracing the spikes like a spathe.— Spikes
axillary and terminal, from two to four, alternate, sessile, erect, se-
eund.— Rachis broad, membranaceous, with a waved keel on the in-
side.— Flowers oval, alternate, in two rows; in luxuriant plants
the flowers are crowded without order.—Calyz, exterior valve three-
nerved, interior valve five-nerved.— Seeds brown, smooth, size s
that of hemp. a

Obs. The seed is an article of diet with the Hindoos, particularly’
with those who inhabit the mountains and most barren par M
country, foritis in such couatries only where it is cultivated, be-
ing an unprofitable crop, and not sown where others more beneficial
will thrive. I have eaten of the boiled grain, and thiuk i it as palata-
ble as rice. E ge x

2. P. Kora. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed, Willd. i. 332. — 3 Aa

Spikes terminal, alternate ; ; flowers alternate, in two-rows, smooth. -
Calyces from three to five-nerved. Culms below procumbent, from 3
one to eight feet high. —

P. orbiculare. Forst. prodr. N. 35.

Hind. Kodu. i

Teling. Neer (i. e. water) Aruga.

A native of the borders of water courses. i

Root fibrous, annual.— Culms resting on the powi near be
base, above ascending, branchy, jointed, smooth ; from one to three —
feet long.— Leaves as in P. scrobiculatum, but shorter. Spikes
generally two, or three, though in very luxuriant plants I have
- seen seven or eight, terminal, sessile, horizontal, and erect, the m" 4

as in a the last described species.

Paspalum. - : TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA, : 283

Obs. Cattle are very fond of these two species, whether green or

d

da: P. ongiforum: Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 332. Retz. Obs.

—Nul5;

- Spikes paired, ra horizontal. Calyces oblong, obtuse,
smooth. Culins creeping.

Teretu-pullu. Rheed. mal. 12. p. 81. t. 44.

Paspalum dongiflorum. Retz, Obs. iv. p. 15. ant

_A native of low pasture ground. Compare it with P, distil.
Ins. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i 4. 599. Sut. T -

Root. creeping. —Culms creeping, with ‘dice extremitign ascends *
ing six or eight inches high, jointed, smooth. — Leaves. sheathing,
alternate, bifarious, short ; mouths of the sheaths bearded. —Spikes
paired, terminal, sessile, spreading, secund.— Flowers in two rows,
alternate, oblong, somewhat paired, smooth.— Calyx and corol with-
out nerves,

. 4. P. longifolium. R. /

Erect, simple. Leaves as long as the culms. Panicle of many
simple, alternate, diverging spikes scattered round a three-sided
tachis. Valvelets of the calyx three-nerved. Seed oval, lucid, a
marked with minute pits.

Oh what country this is a native is uncertain. It appeared i in the
Botanic Garden in 1807, in a place where plants from Sumatra
bad been planted, it is therefore more than PARERE Y that the seeds
Vere in the earth. m es

Culms several from one root, simple, straight, jointed, nearly |
erect, round and smooth, height of the whole plant when in flower
above three feet — Leaves long, viz. from one to three feet, sheaths
included, slender, acute, smooth, except the edges when rubbe
backward, Sheaths longer than the joirits of the culm, and: sn
*Xcept at the top, where there are a few, long, soft hairs near the
short seariose ligula.— Panicle composed of fton twelve to twenty-

Ji 2

681 N — TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA; Lappago.

four, simple, diverging spikes, scattered alternately round a three-
sided rachis, nearly a foot in length Spikes sessile, with a few,
long, straight, white hairs round their insertions, about three inches
long. Rachis flat, with a waved keel on the underside, and coloured,
waved margins.— Flowers in numerous, alternate, imbricated pairs
on the underside of the flat rachis, on unequal, short-pedicels.—
Calyx of two, very equal, oval leaflets with a nerve or rib round the
margins, and one down the middle.— Seeds oval, dotted with i innu-

mezable, small pits, shining.

LAPPAGO. Schreb. Gen. Nisi 7

Calyx from two to three-valved.—Corol two-valved, resupine. . y i

1. L. biflora. R.

Culms creeping. Pedicels two-flowered ; inner. vals of the
calyx armed with hooked. bristles.

Phalaris muricata. Forsk. descript. 202.

it is a small, prostrate grass, a native of the dryest niii god : 5
on the Coromandel Coast.

Culms pressing on the earth, and striking root from the joints from
six to twelve inches long, ramous.— Leaves short, margi
and waved ; mouths of the sheaths bearded — Racemes term m.
ple, from one to two inches long -—Pedicels short, diverging, twor
flowered.— Flowers lanceolate, echinated on the back, oF outside,
5 diverging on all sides round the rachis, which is waved, angular, "
striated, and. downy.— Calyx one-flowered, two-valved ; the exterior
valve very minute, second or inner valve, (for there is no other)
lanceolate and completely embracing the coroi on all sides, 0n the
back and sides covered with many, strong, hooked pristles.— C^
rol two-valved, membranaceous, Ne = scales argo ont z
Pistil, c. as in the genus. :

Panicum. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 285

PANICUM. Schreb. Gen. N. 107.

Calyx, Glume one or two-flowered, three-valved : exterior valve-
jet minute; seed adhering to the corol.

Sect. 1st. Spikes simple.

1, P. indicum. Mant. 184. Retz. Obs. iii. p. 9.

Culms from four to eight inches, ascending from a repent base.
Spikes sub-cylindric, naked. Calyx smooth, no involucres.

P. conglomeratum. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 341. does not agree
with our plant in having cylindrical spikes with flowers equally dis-
_ posed on all sides. This is a very small species, a native of Coro-
mandel. :

... 9. P. barbatum. R.
~ Culms from three to five feet high ; very ramous at top. Leaves lan-
ceolate. Spikes simple, cylindric. Involucrets simple, and bearded,
surrounding on every side a single flower ; seed smooth,
s - This species sprung up in beds, in the Botanic Garden where
earth had been thrown that came from Sumatra, or Amboyna.
"Compare with P. polystachyon. Linn. Sp. Pi. ed. Willd. i. 335.
_ Root annual in Bengal.—-Culms erect, about five feet high, sim-
- ple, till near the top, there very ramous.— Leaves lanceolate, often |
à foot and a half long, hispid on the margins, otherwise smooth ; 9
_ the sheaths about half the length of the joints, with a few siugle
"hairs at the mouth.— — Spikes terminal, and solitary (though from the
humerous ramification of the top of the culms the whole may be
called a large leafy panicle). sub-cylindric, about three or four anch-.
es long.— Involucrets of two sorts, the longest about twice. jhe. |
length of the flowers with their lower half bearded , (hence | the : speci- :
fic name, which for the same reason is also applicable to my Pani-
cum holcoides,) the innermost one is in this species. about d t ibl
the length of the other five, six, or seven ; all are of a reddish |
colour from the bearded part to the point. B The other sort of in-

-

J

286 TRIANDRIA DIGYNI A» Panicun.

volucrets are simple and about the length of the flowers. The
two sorts surround on all sides a single flower.— Calyx one-flower-
ed, exterior valve very minute.— Seeds smooth, slender and-pointed.

Obs. It differs from my P. holcoides in the culms being very ramous
at the top only, and in the leaves being lanceolate ; from polys/a-
chyon it differs, Í think, in having two sorts of involucrets equally dis-
posed round the flower, aud in the leaves being lanceolate and smooth.

3. P. spicatum. Á.

Erect. Spikes cylindric. Involucreshairy, surrounding from one to
ihreeawnless polygamous flowers, Calyces two-valved, both shortet
than the corol, the inner longer and retuse,

Holcus spicatas. Linn. Sp. Pi. ed. Willd. iv. 928.

Gramen paniceum, Pluck. &c. alm. t. 32. f. 4. good, ;

Hind. Bujera, or Bujra. TE

; Pene a-G antee is. _ TERME name of the plant, and Cantilo, *

I ui ay found this i ina aeta | state. It is sown "m à
the beginning of the rains, viz. the end of J une, and the beginning of .
July, and ripe in September. 5

Culms several, if the soil is good, from the same grain of x
erect, with roots from the lowermost joint or two, round, smooth,
from three to six feet high, and nearly as thick as the little finger.
— Leaves alternate, sheathing, broad and long; mouths of the —
sheaths bearded.— Spikes or rather racemes, terminal, cylindric, erect, -
as thick as a man's thumb, or more, and from six to nine inches 3
long. Pedicels generally two-flowered, though sometimes only
one and sometimes as many as four.— Flowers surrounded with ma-
ny, woolly, hispid purple bristles or involucres, about the length of
the flower Calyx two-flowered, one hermaphrodite the other male,
two-valved; exterior valvelet minute, interior nearly as long as "the
corol, retuse, both awnless.-—Corol of the hermaphrodite flower
two-valved, of the male one-valved.— Szyle single. Stigma apes

cleft, feathery. —Seed obovate, =o smooth, m

ix

Panicum, TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. °287

© Obs. It agrees perfectly well with our Indian species of Pani.
cum, on that account I have transferred it to that genus.

' This species is much cultivated over the higher lands on the
Coast of Coromandel. The soil it likes is one that is loose and
‘rich ; in such it yields upwards of an hundred fold, the same ground
will yield a second crop of this or some other sort of dry grain dur-
ing October, November, December, and January.

The Hindoo farmer knows four other varieties of this species,
all of which he cultivates. "Their Telinga names are 1st. Pitta (birds)
Gantee; 9d. Munda-boda-Gantee ; Sd. epit ton ; and
4th. Yerra-Gantee. j

Cattle are fond of the straw, and the grain is a very ku
ticle of diet amongst the natives of these parts.

A, P. incolucratum. R.

Erect. Spikes cylindric, numerous, scattered, two-flowered, al-
ternately longer and ciliate; shorter and smooth. Calyces two-valv-
ed, the exterior one minute, the inner one shorter than the corol,
and emarginate.

A native of mountains chiefly, where it grows wild.

Culms as in the last species, from two to four feet high; joints
woolly.— Leaves, mouths of their sheaths bearded .— Spikes as in P. !
spicatum, but the pedicels smaller, two-flowered — Involucre, many
bristles surrounding on all sides the flowers, they are of two sorts,

— simple ones awled, and longer ones with fringed margius.—Calyr
one or two-flowered ; valvelets as in the last species.— Coro/, when
there is only one to the calyx it is hermaphrodite, when, two, one
hermaphrodite the other male as in the last species — Styles two. —

Obs. I know of no use this is put to at present ; it may be Pani-
cum spicatum in its wild state, though it is more like my Pani-
cum hee in its ee w " ns

5. P. iin. Linn. Sp. Pi. ed. Willd. i. 335, a
‘Culms erect, from one to three feet high ; onotweet one bundle of

f:

288 : TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Panicum,

hairy bristles, one-flowered. Flowers generally polygamaun Seed

transversely rugose.
Beng. Pingi-natchi.
Teling. Naka-kora. . aD
'This species is generally found on cultivated lands, growing
amongst the different sorts of small or dry grain. ;
Root fibrous.—Culms sometimes near the base restiug on the
ground, aud striking root ; the rest erect, ramous, smooth, a little
compressed ; from one to three feet high.— Leaves sheathing, nearly,
Bifarious, smooth; mouths of the sheaths hairy.— Spikes terminal,
columnar, from two to six inches long.— lowers solitary, or joined à
to the rudiments of one or two more, short-pedicelled, numerous.
—Involucels longer than the flowers, consisting of one bundle of i
hairy bristles which issue from the middle of the underside of the
pedicel.—Calyx generally two-flowered, in which case one is male,
| the other hermaphrodite, with its corol, as in the family. "The male
corol consists of one membranaceous glume between the inner va. Nec
of the coro] and inner glume of thé calyx, it has. three stamens
only. -
Obs. It may probably be P. helvolum of the Supplementum Plam
tarum. P. 107. Ko
In India we have two or three varieties of this. coarse grass, can
-any of them be Alopecurus : gach add the small reddish one comes very,
near it.

.. 6. P. holcoides. R.

Erect. Incolucels numerous, scattered, one: floswered, alternate-,
ly one longer and woolly, and another shorter and smooth vimm
sometimes polygamous. — Seed oblong, smooth, resembling ga
grain of common oats.

Beng. Swati. - k

Grows, with the former, on cultivated lands, but choy up ?
amongst the mountains. 5

Rost fibrous.— Culms erect, ramous, i om two to four. feet igh, |

»
t

mn. OTRIANDRIA brGYXNIA. ^ "989.

round, smooth.— Leaves sheathing ; sheaths half the length of the
joints; mouths bearded.—Spikes as in P. glaucum, but larger.—
Flowers solitary, short-pedicelled, without order.—Involucels, nu-
merous, bristles entirely surrounding the flower; of two sorts,
the largest twice the length of the flower, and woolly from the
middle down, the other sort are smaller , and without wool or hairy.
— Calyx one or two-flowered, as in the last ; exterior valve minute,
the other two as long as the corol, of which the apex of the exteri-
or one is somewhat three-toothed.—Seed smooth, Ter like com-
mon oats, but smaller. — .
Obs. It differs from P. polystachyon in having the involuce!s

scattered round. the pedicels aud flower. It. ass: therefore =
Kumph’s sens. caricosum. vol. vi. t. 7. J: 9. A ;

me. P. interruptum. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 341.
= Culms above water erect. Spikes simple, cy lindric. ; flowers crowd.
ed, smooth, polygamous; seed smooth, | A
“Beng. Nardula.
Teling. Wola. ` e
A very large species, grows in deep standihg water.
Culms ramous, those parts under the water swelled, as thick as
the little finger, with many fibres from the joints; the parts above
the water erect, about as thick as a common quill, from two to four
feet high, smooth, involved in the sheaths of the'lcaves. — Leaves,
sheaths longer than the joints, smooth. — Racemes or spikes simple,

erect, columnar, from four to six inches high.— Flowers small, oval,

pedicelled, numerous, generally ı many, , from nearly the same place.
— voluere entirely wanting — Calyx. two, inner glumes striated,

dns
*

from six to seven nerved. — Corol, the small flower is er here. =
Mod oblong, smooth, shining white. X—

\

Pi P. curvatum. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 359. : D Lm
Culms erect. Spikes curved ; apr pie eon herma-
Wil; eed smooth. - dt PT a pot

E: : See,

E eX ss . m

290 075 0 STRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. `, „Panicum —

"Grows about the borders of lakes. METTE eas
Culms numerous, ramous, erect, as thick as a crow iha from’

two- to three feet high, smooth.
‘der, and smooth.—Racemes, or spikes columnar; lower part some- | i
what ramous ; branchlets adpressed.— Flowers numerous, covering a
most completely every part of the racemes, pedicelied. oval —Calyz,
two inner glumes | striated,— Corot no an only one herpes.
dite.— Seed smooth, shining, white, jf

- Obs. This may be only a variety of P. P Hp

9. P. dimidiatum, Linn. Sp. Pi. ed. Willd. i. 339... - om
“pikes secund, jointed ; jomts excavated, daggered. on alternate
sides of the apex, from one to five-flowered. Colye, bwo-flowerel,
oue hermaphrodite, the other male. i |

A native of the Peninsula of India, scarce. .-

Culms short, oblique, smooth ; whole height from six x to twelve =
inches.— Leaves slender, adicit. obtuse, rather broad toward the —
apex.— Spikes solitary, secund, jointed, smooth, from three to five
anches long. ^ Joints of the rachis from eight to twelve finm
cavated for the reception of tlie flowers, except the lower one or
two, wich a are longer; in all except these a long sighs S. a.

two or - three only one. — Calyx two-flowered, "acri; y x
both sessile one herma pee the other male ; valves nan f

valves nearly ke gero of the male flower much mar, the ades —
- of the exterior one (which may be called the inner valve of the calys |
if i: be allowed, to have three), with she aides bent. in at right angles
TM three.— Germ in the hermaphrodite lower esis |

Leaves numerous, very long, slen- i

c

Panicum. —— TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 201

wndivided fora short distance. Stigma plumose.—Seed oblong, dark
brown, dotted; on the anterior side near the base is an oblong e
vated mark. — .

Obs. Dr. Rottler, of Madras, an excelient Botanist, obliged me
with the only specimens of this rare grass which I have yet met
' with, and had he not informed me that this was considered to be P,
dimidial um I should have been inclined to have taken it for an ie
chaemum,

Sect. 2d. Spikes paired, ;

.10. P. conjugatum. eos

Spikes conjugate, secund. Fi lowers solitary, sessile, awnless. Co-
rol, with an acceséary neuter valve. -< :

A slender, soft, villous, half créeping species ; ; a native of Coro-
mandel. It differs from P. distachyon in the number of the, spikes
being constantly two, and the flowers always solitary and sessile.
To these-marks of distinction may be added that the valves of the

eal} x are three-nerved, and the accessary one pieds large.

~

"Ur p squarrosum. Linn. sp: Pl, ed. Willd. i. 345. Retz. Obs. iv.
15. and v. t. 1. : :

Culms creeping, from ten to twenty inches iu Spikes SE
horizontal, rachis articulate ; flowers i ina fuscicle on the upper: end:
: of each joint of the rachis.

Cenchrus muricatus. Mant. 302.

. P. dimidiatum. Burm. Ind. 25. t. 8. yw
_ A native of dry sandy ground near the sea.
. Culmsbr ranchy, creeping, with- their lower-bearing extremities sub.
erect; from ten to twenty incheslong.— Leaves short, butratherbroad,
and covered with soft hair; shéath large, downy, involving most of
, the cilms.—Spikes two, terminal, spreading, horizontal, or ascend-

A

ing like a pair of horns, secuud. ^ Rachis composed of from four _

hd eight, oblong jut divided by a waved ridge ; jon each side of
Kero :

G

292 | TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA, - Panicum,
the ridge membranaceous.— Flowers collected in sessile bundles of
from four to eight, alternately disposed on the upper end of each t
joint. —Calyz, the exterior one minüte, and lanceolate ; the second
large, embracing loosely the corol, pointed, and ROM ; the inner
one nearly as small as the exterior, tapering from the base to a fine
pojnt, three-nerved ; margins fringed, of a chaffy texture.— Corol as -
in the genus, and rather longer than the inner glume of the calyx, —
here is a third neutral membranaceous valve, as in many species of |

this genus.

»

«. Sect. 3d. Spikes etes

12. P. dactylon. te b. Pi. ed. Willd. i. 349.

Smooth, creeping. Spikes digitate, secund, cae gibbous on one .
side, and twice as long as the calyces. . i

“Agrostis linearis. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 375. Retz, Obs, i iv.
N. 51. Sir W. Jones. Asiat. Res. iv. p. 248. |

Sans. Sat Doorva, Way aa Shutupurvika, asada. Su.
- husruveery ya, ATH at, Bharguvee, GED Caen, bunk Ununta,
Beng. Doorba, `

Teling. Ghericha. Ef
Tam. Arugam-pilla. " . : PEE Ro

This is by far the most common and useful grass in Inda. It
grows every where abundantly, and flowers all the year, —

Root creeping.— Culms creeping, with their flower-bearing branche
lets erect, from six to twelve inches high, smooth.— Leaves small, - T
. and smooth.— Spikes. from three to five, terminal, sessile, filiform, ©
expanding, secund, from one to two inches long. - - Rachis waved. -

— Flowers, alternate, single, disposed i in two rows on the underside.
—Calyx much smaller than the corol.—Corol, the large « or exterior
valve boat-shaped, keel slightly ciliate.—Stigmas villous, purple. zi
_ Obs, This most valuable grass forms three-fourths of the food of
our borer and cows in India, Iti is ae the brahmuns of the Coasts

e , iin E:
idm

i Panicum, TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 293

held sacred to oGunesha, (the Janus of im ancients,) under the name
of Beorteali.:

13. P. aegyptiacum. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 543.
'. Creeping at the base. Spikes from four to eight ; corymbed, smooth.
Flowers paired on unequal pedicels; accessary valve of the calyx -
minute or wanting, the other two very unequal, nerved, and ciliate
on the margins. only. $ x : |
Obs. Is rather a scarce grass in India, and grows in tufts. Cattle
do not seem fond of it, whereas all are fond of P. dactylon.

14. P aliie. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 344..

.. Culms creeping at the base. Spikes sub-digitate. Flowers paired,
one sessile the other pedicelled; inner two valves of the calyces |

equally long, and bearded with four woolly ridges; third minute.
— Hind. Makurjalee. —

Teling.-Shangali-gaddi: £

It delights’ most in newly laid down pasture ground.
~ Culms creeping, with one or two feet of the extremitieserect, these
ramous, round and smooth.— Leaves sheathing, short for the size of

, 3 . =." E m | os he . & i
the grass ; margins ciliate near the base; sheaths sometimes alittle —

_ hairy, shorter than the joints of the culm, their mouths rise above
the insertion of the leaf, stipule-like, as in Dr. Smith's Erharta
calycina, but here it is entire.—Spikes or rather spiked-racemes,

from four to ten, digitate, expanding, secund.— Flowers paired, one
sessile, one peduncled.— Rachis three-sided, waved.—Calyz, exterior
valve, most. minute. Interior two many-nerved, four of the nerves are
clothed with very long, white, soft hairs. :

Obs. Small plants on a poor soil, have much the (— of A

Agrostis radiata. Cattle are — fond of this grass. ! d
15. P. filiforme. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 343.

‘Creeping, filiform, smooth, Spikes, e two to ced vib-digi-
| :

*

b. a -

99g" - j | TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. ~ > Panicum.

E xe ~

tate, filiform, secund ; flowers paired, one sessile the other pedicel- >
led. Calyx with the accessary valve, minute ; inner one half the length
of the corol or middle one ; these last two are three-nerved, and vil- —

lous on the margin.

From China it was brought to the Botanic Gatien, cheat

thrives: well, and biossoms the whole year, but chiefly during the —

rains.

tion next.the spikes erect, naked, coloured and filiform.—Leaves

soft and small, ciliate, with a few long hairs at the base.—Spihes gê- 4
-nerally from two to four issuing from the same point, very slender,
secund. Rachis flexuose.—Flowers, in a pair, ode sessile.—Calyr
one-ilowered, flower hermaphrodite; accessary valve exceedingly
minute, but by careful observations may always be found; second

valve as long as the co:ol, the inner one only half their length, wh t
_is one of the best specific marks ; these two ha e three smooth nerves

on the back, and their margins are slightly bearded. —Corol. two.

valved.

+

16. p. lineare. Linn. Sp: Pi. od, Willd. 1. 844.

Culms ramous, creeping, very delicate, and smooth, a large por- .

Sub- erect, smooth." Spikes from two to six, ‘digitate, pow ur

Flowers all hermaphrodite, awnless, and pedicelled. Calycine valves, p i
the. accessary one minute; the inner two equaliing the corol, and. Z

three-nerv ved.

P. lineare. Burm. Ind. p. 25. t. 10. J.B i eem uuu. :

tation of this pretty delicate grass. - i
A native of China, accidently introduced from thence into th

. Botanic Garden, where it is in flower the whole year; but like most -

other grasses most luxuriant during the rains." It has a great re- An
but Eo

poig: ;

semblance to P. dactylon, ciliare, filiforme, and. aegypticum,
. does not creep like them. The flowers are less regularly paired,
minute, smooth, and obtuse, the two inner valves. ofi the calyx eq
"and. as long as the corol, and the accessary one very minute,
to be found, ` : tue den A

pi
ae

UE ES TRUE DE

ap Ter RE y. LUN

or sat :

5 / -
«Punicum. , TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. i .295

17. P. cimicinum. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 344.
Culms erect, hairv, from one to two feet high. Racemes pe-
di uncled, corymbed ; flowers polygamous, i in pairs; exterior valvelets
of the c: alyces fringed ; corol awned.

Milium eimicinum. Mant. 184.

A rare plaut, native of ground that has been lately in cultiva-
lion, t

Culms from one to two feet. high, sub-erect , hairy.— Leaves short
and broad, hairy, and fringed round the margin; sheaths also hairy.
—Racemes from four to ten; when more than four or five, the rest
-are elevated on a common peduncle above the point from. whence
the first. four or Bee issue; all are pedicelled, bowing, secund.— ;
Vloxers i in two rows and in pair s, scarcely ever siugle.— Calyz, bor-
der of the i inper valve fringed, with red hairs —Corol, the arista is
sometimes wanting, aud its valves three-nerved ; in ming meres is a -
: second, or male floret as in spe species of Fanicum.

is) PI ET R.

Sheaths of the leaves bristly. Spikes numerous, corymbed. Ca-
lyces two-valved. Seeds oblong, smooth. : `

Teling. Cheepa- bora-gaddi. x

Tis species I have found only in tlie ds amongst: the Circar |
mountains ; it grows toa great size in stand’ng sweet water.-

*

Culms of great extent, creeping, or floating, with their extremi-
ties efected above the water; on dry ground I have also found it,

where it is in general from one to four feet high.—
grasses ; sheaths covered with stiff white hairs,— cone cory mbed,
| numerous ; From four to eight inches long, filiform, sub-erect, se-
cund, level-toped. Rachis, common striated ; partial three-sided.
— Flowers oblong, in to rows, paired ; one very short pedicelled,
the other longer.—Calyz two-valved ; the exterior valve small, the
Other as large as the corol, and siriated, but no third oF inner
valve.— Corol as in the family.— Seed oblong, smooth white.

e96 , Um TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Panicum,
Sect. 4th. Spikes alternate on one side only of a common rachis.
A9. P. brizoides. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 338. |
Culms sub-erect. | Leaves short. Spikelets remote, adpressed.
Flowers oval, solitary, polygamous; inner two-valves of the calyx:
equal ; néctarial petals long ; seed ovate, pointed, rugose
P. flavidum., Linn. Sp. Pi. ed. Wiild. i. 359. Ketz. Obs. iv. 13.
appears to be the same plant growing on a barren soil; this was
the opinion of König.. P. flaccidum of the Banksian Her barium
seems the same, or a variety only.
Teling. Oda, or Woodoo-gaddi.
It is common in every soil and situation, even in deép water ; in
one that is rich and moist, it 1s often from two to four feet lohg,
." and agaia on one that is dry and barren only as many inches. | It
grows in tufts, various parts of it are often tinged purple. pes

4

Culms near the base resting on the ground, and rooting above, re-
gularly ascending, compressed, smooth.— Leaves bifarious, saat
their length differs: much; mouths of the sheaths bearded.—
: Spikes compound, secund, their length various according to the
size of the plant. Spikelets secund, number very various, alternate,
erect, pressing on-the common rachis ; below they are often two or

three times their length from each others above less remote. Ra-
chis, common, somewhat three-sided, with a groove on the outside
where the spikelets rest.— Flowers always disposed in two rows, —
sub-globular.—Calyx two-flowered. luner valve the size of the co-
= middle valve rather shorter ; all are striated with, green nerves, E
— Corol one hermaphrodite, and one male, as in some of the spe- E
cies already described, always present, except in very: mmut plants,
ánd even then the stamens of the second floret are only sometimes -
wanting. —Nectary, 1 in each two obovate sgales.— Seed short, oval,

pointed, slightly = "

90. P. las fin: Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 338.
Culms from two to three feet high, creeping at the base. Leave

1

LI A E

Panicum, TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA, 297

long. Spikelets numerous, approximate, longer than the i ipai:
Flowers hermaphrodite, oblong, two exterior valvelets of the caly-
- ces minute ; seed oblong.

Béng. Peti-nar.

Teling. Doosa. : A

Bah i in a moist rich soil, such as the banks o£ water-cours-

_ es, borders of rice fields, &c.

Culms at the base creeping, above nearly erect, round, smooth,
from one to four feet ‘long, including the part that rests on the
ground.— Leaves smooth, except about the mouths of the sheaths
where they are bearded, and sub-ciliate.—Spike compound, se-
cund, exceedingly like that of P. brizoides, only here it is generally

de: lon gab, with often as many as twenty-five or thirty spikelets ; their dis.

tance from one another is not so regular and is generally less than
their own length.— Flowers disposed in two rows on the outside of
the spikelets, which are oblong.— Calyx one-flowered, the two ex-
terior valves very small,— Seed oblong, pointed, pon:

fl. P. posed uim Linn. Sp. Fl. ed, Willd. i..331.

Culms, creeping. Leaves lanceolate, mouths of their sheaths.ele-
Vated and bearded. Flowers hermaphrodite ; valvelets of the caly-
ces equal, the exterior.one awned. Seed smooth, oblong.

P. aristatum, of the same author, seems the same grass... -

Compare with P. compositum. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 346, .
In the Banksian Herbarium the same species js labelled P. un-
guinosum. -Grows under the shade of trees.

Culms creeping, ramous, with theiz extremities, from one to two
feet high, sub-erect.— Leaves lanceolate, waved, often tinged with
Purple; sheaths shorter than the joints, hairy; mouths elevated,
Stipula-like; and hairy.— Spikes composed, secund ; fiom six to
_ twelve inches long. Spikelets alternate, somewhat remote, secund,
direction between expanding and adpressed. Rachis, common and
partial three-sided.— Flowers. generally paired, one-sessile, the other

short-pedicelled;. insertions often surrounded with hairs, when single
L1

*

"uu — ` TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Ponictm, -

there is an awn, or the rudiments of a second floret accompanying it.

—Calyz, the exterior glume as large as the next within it, and end-
ing in a long waved, purple awn ; exterior glume rather longer.—

Corol no neuter, nor male floret Bend oblong, smooth; slightly n

three-nerved.
Obs. Càttle are not fond of it.

28. P. Burmanni. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 339. Retz, Obs.
- nN. 96. i i,
+ Culms, creeping. Leavés lanceolate, hairy ; flowers hermaphro-

dite; all the valvelets of the ides hairy, and awieds Seed slen-

der, smooth, pointed.
P. hirtellum. Burm. Ind. 94. t. 19. f. 1.
Hippogrostis amboinica. Rumph: amb. vi. p. 14.t. 5. f. 9.

This species is always found ow ‘pasture g ground, ander the shade

of large trees.

Culms, creeping, branchy, with their extremities erect.—Leaves_

sheathing, lanceolate, waved, hairy; sheaths half the length of the

joints ; very hairy.— Spikes compound, secund, erect. Spikelets from-
four to eight, alternate, secund, adpressed. Rachis, common and par- ,
tial three-sided.— Flowers generally pairéd; one sessile the other .

pedicelled.— Ca/yrz, the two' exterior glumes are hairy, and have
long awns , that of the inner is shorter and smoother.

`

—93. P. stagninum. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 337.

Culms, from one to four feet high. Leaves smooth. Flowers po-
lygamous, three-fold, sub-sessile. ` n hh and hispid ; a

valvelets awned. TEDS

. Beng. Dul.
T: bie. Peddu-woondooi cin
Delights in wet, cultivated, paddy lands.

Culms, towards the base’ r esting on the ground, and striking root ; :
above erect, which part is from one to four feet high.— Leaves $

smooth, soft, with only the mouths of the sheaths ciliate.— Spikes

x

SSE Oe ee en | NER 7

Panicum. - TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA: - 999

compound, secund, erect. Spikelets alternate, sessile, secund, ex-
panding a little. Rachis, both common and partial three-sided.—
Flowers, very numerous ; three-fold below, above in pairs, all ses-
sile, or nearly so ; their insertion surrounded, with smail bristles, in,
volucre-like.—Ca/yz, only the inuer valve awned, all striated, hairy
and hispid.— Coro, complete ; male florets, besides the usual herma-
phrodite one. ` ee : pr

Obs. ‘This is a coarse species. Cattle are not fond of it.

24. P. crus corvi. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 337. .

Culns, creeping at the base. Leaves downy. Spikes from six to
ten, three times longer than their interstices. Calyces downy. Corol
three-valved. Seed oblong, obtuse, smooth. aoe

A middle-sized, delicate, rare species, found on pasture ground.

Culms, filiform, creeping at the base, above nearly erect, ramous,
— Leaves. soft, downy; sheath hairy.— Spikes compound, secund,

from one to three inches long. Spikelets from four to twelve, alter-
nate, adpressed, secund, about three-fourths of an inch long ; some-
times there is a very small ramification at the lower part of one or

two. Rachis, common, two-furrowed ; partial, three-sided, downy,

Flowers paired, or single, in two rows; both pedicelled ; pedicels
hairy, of unequal length, but both short.—Calyx striated, very
downy.—Corol, the neuter valve is here present.—Seed oblong, :

smooth, shining white.

25. P, colonum. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 338.
Culms, creeping at the base. Spikes from six to ten, short. Flow-
ers three-fold, sub-sessile. Glumes of the calyces three-nerved, y
- Corol three-valved ; seed roundish, smooth, three-nerved. Sisk
Beng. Shama. There is a reddish variety, called Lal-shamq. ——

T. eling. Woondoo-gaddi. ET. soe SE a da

Delights in rich pasture ground. LE e
Culms, below resting on the ground, and rooting; above sub-erect, 4
that part is from one to two feet high, branchy, a little compressed, -

; L12 ie

E T

900 — TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Panicum,

smooth.— Leaves bodie to i bifarious, short, smooth, tapering
from the base to a sharp point.— Spikes compound, secund. Spikes
lets, fram six to twelve, alternate, somewhat remote, secund. Rachis,
both common and partial three-sided; the two sides from whence
thé spikelets issue concave.— Flowers two or three from the same -
point, generally three ; all sessile, or very nearly so; sometimes -
few smali bristles mixed with them. — Calyx as in the genus, all the
glumes three-nerved, a little hairy, and scabrous.— Corol, the neu-
ter valve is here present, but no stamens.— Seed broad, oval, smooth, ly.
a little pointed; three-nerved.

Obs.. Cattle are very fond of it, yet it is not deli in these
parts. E E

26. P. grossartum. Lian. Sp. PI. ed. Willd: i. 349.

Culms, creeping. "Leaves soft and downy. Spikes from six to ten;
flowers solitary, sub-sessile. Corol three-yalved. Seed oblong,
acute, transversely rugose. es | z

-Loves fresh pasture ground,

Culms, iù a good soil creeping to a great length, in a pasi soil
nearly erect — Leaves, tapering from the base toa fine point, some-
what downy, and very soit. — Spikes compound, secund. Spikelets | :
from four to twelve, alternate, secund, expanding on one side, most
simple, in two. rows. — Calyx pretty smooth, — Corol, the neuter
valve is always present. Nectar y a rugose gland between the germ
and exterior valve of the corol. — Seed oblong, white, slightly Po
in à transverse directión. >

_Ubs. The form and rugosity of the seed distinguish it from P. :
colonum, the flowers also are ium single, there two or three n
the same point, Va

27. P: iinDfetuo Linn. sp. Pi: E Willd. i. 343. .

Culms, at the base creeping. Leaves soft. Spikes, from dom

.. flowers paired on a common pedicel. ` Corol three-valved. —
'.. ovale, longitudinally streaked, and transversely rugose.

Panicum. ——— TRIANDRIA BIGENI., . B04

This is also a native of pasture ground, but chiefly that which is
shaded. It is exceedingly like the last described species.

Culms, creeping, &c. as in the last.— Leaves also the same.—
Spikes, the same as in P. grossarium. Spikelets. or rather racemes,

'Cothe lower one or two sometimes branchy in luxuriant plants. Rachis,

common striated; partial tbree-sided,. and. downy.— Flowers, the
inferior ones in pairs, upon a short, common pedicel ; besides, hav-
ing their partial pedicels, one of which is nearly as long asits flowers ;
above they are often single, and somewhat remote ; hairs surround
the insertion of all. —Calyr hairy.—Corol, the neuter. valve is here
present. —Seed ovate, a little ees supose; like that of the last
species.

Obs. Fhe chief character çonsists in the E foran of the ra-
çemes being paired ön a common peduncle, with pedicels of =
unequal lengths and hairy involucres.

98 P. cuspidatum. R. -

Creeping near the base, wholly smooth. Leaves linear, without
ligula. Spikes compound, secund ; spikelets adpressed, secund; ; flow
ers from one. to three, equally sub-sessile, all hermaphrodite; valies
of the calyx three-nerved, and cuspidate. Seed cuspidate.

A native of Bengal. Found i in a rich moist soil, in e and
seed in April. f T ea

“Culms, numerous in’ luxuriant tufts, creepingnear the vga root, |
then ascending to about two feet in height, ramous, smooth.—
Leaves ensiform, smooth, with coloured margins. Sheaths shorter than
the joints, smooth, and completely destitute of ligula.— Spikes com-
pound, secund, slightly recurvate, with the secund spikelets on the -
convex side pressing on the common, three-sided, hispid rachis ;
often of a dull purple colour.— Flowers, from one to three together, -
and equally sub.sessile.— Ca/yr, all the glumes three-nerved, and
cuspidate, and generally armed with a few minute bristles.—Coroé
thiee-valved ; the third or accessary one iro pe and néu-
Ver. — Seeds t smooth, cuspidate.

LI

302 ‘TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA." Panicum.
Sect. 5th. Spikes alternate on all sides of a common rachis.

29. P. setigerum. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 338. :

Culms, below creeping, sub-ligneous. Leaves with cordate base |
and ciliate margins. — Insertions of the spikelets and flowers bristly, ;
Corol three-valved. Seed oval, transversely rugose,

Beng. Bura-jal-ganti. Y

P. setigerum, Retz. Obs. iv. 15.

Grows: amongst bushes or uuder the shade of trees.

Culms long, straggling, rooting when they rest omthe ground, firm,
almost woody towards the base, but small,'and ver y smooth ; joints
downy.— Leaves sheathing, broad-cordate at the base, tapering fiom

thence to the point; margins ciliate, and waved; mouths of the -

sheaths bearded.—Spikes compound. Spikelets from four to twenty 5

a

secund, spreading, disposed equally on all sides. Rachis, com- —
mon four, five, or six-sided, partial three-sided. — Flowers paired ;
pairs alternate, i in two rows, one sessile, one pedicelled, intermixed -
with many long’ strong hairs, like am involucre. — Calyz, the two in-
ner glumes downy aud striated lengthways with many green nerves. —
— Corol, the neuter membr anaceous valve always present, but no sta*.
mens.— Seed oval, transyersely rugose.

Obs. When exposed to the weather, the leaves are of a imate
shining deep green, when under trees, of a pale colour, : soft, and:
somewhat downy, which made me long think they were different
penes Cattle are fond of ite VS |

80. P. - repens. Linn. Sp. Pl, ed. Will. i i, 347.

Creeping. Leaves broad, wayed, base cordate, stem-clasping, and
ciliate. Spikes from four to ten, equally disposed on all sides. Fiow
ers awnless ; involucre bairy, Corol three-valved. ;

T: repens. Burm. Ind. t. 11 . f: 1. islike this, only tl the partial spikes ;
are rather too long, and the leaves too narrow. . A fice

Common about the beginning of the rains on cultivated land, in.
gardens, &c. near Calcutta, It isa pretty, sespitoss species which..
cattle are fond of.

Panicum. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA, 303

Culns, creeping to the extent of from one to two feft, e geniculate,
smooth, often coloured.— Leavés lanceolate, base cordate, stem-
clasping, and ciliate. Sheaths shorter than the joints, somewhat hai-
ry.—Spikes from four to ten, small, short, sessile, secund, equally
inserted on the*four or six-sided, villous rachts.— Flowers ges
nerally paired, and both unequally pedicelled, with an involucre
of long soft hairs on the outside of the pedicel.— Calyz, exterior
valve minute, and truncate, the inner two equal, five-nerved. —Co-
rol, with a neuter valve. | ae : ene

81. P. hirsutum. Kin.
Leaves broad-lanceolate, with cordate, stem-elasping base, wave |
ed, ciliate, and hairy. Flowers, polygamous, solitary, sessile. Seed
ovate, transversely rugose.
Hind. Jal-ganti,
Teling. Salla-woodoo.
Is found on the borders of cultivated land, on pasture ground, &c.
Culms, spreading at the base ; resting on the ground and rooting 5
. above ascending; joints downy.—Leaves broad, base cordate and
embracing the culms, much waved, hairy, with the edges ciliate ;
sheaths also hairy with a thick beard round the mouths.— Spikes
composed of six or twelve, simple, alternate, secund, expanding `
spikelets, surrounding a common, four or five-sided, hairy rachis,
— Partial, rachis three-sided, hairy — Flowers in two rows, single,
alternate, sessile, often intermixed with bristles.— Calyx, all the
valves hairy and striated.— Corol ; a complete, one-valved male flo-
ret in the same calyx with the hermaphrodite.— Seeds ovate, trans-
versely rugose, white, daggered. j
Obs. Cattle are very fond of it.

$

39. P. tomentosum. R. i
Culms, sub-erect. Leaves hairy ; spikes from ten to twelve, ob:
long, from six to eight-flowered, intermixed with hispid bristly i invo- .
lucels, Seed ovate, transversely wrinkled. —

804 — — *RiANDEIA DigYRTÁ. — Panicum.

.

This is a delicate, rare-species, found growing in tufts; or dry
pasture ground over various parts of India. | *

_ Culms, ascending, compressed towards the base; branchy, fron
twelve to eighteen inches high.— Leaves soft, covered with much.
long, soft hair; sheaths half the length of the joints ; mouth beard.
ed.— Spikes compound, terminal, consisting of ten or twelve (genes.
rally alternate; though sometimes in pairs) spikelets of six or eight,
flowers, intermixed with hispid bristles, they are not placed onone
side, but round the common rachis, which is generally three-sid-
ed.— Calyx, the two interior valves five-nerved ; the second, half’
_ the length of the corol, as in P. glaucum.—Corol has a third neu-
ter valve.— Seed transversely wrinkled, as in P. glaucum.

.8$. P. verticillatum. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 334. DA

| Spikes cylindric. Spikelets quatern, sub-verticelled. [ncolucels,
backwardly hispid bristles. Seeds oblong, three-nerved, and rugote.

Hind. Dora-byara. |

Teling. Chicklenta. E /

Delights i in a rich soil in out of the way corners, where there is
rubbish, &c. ;
_ Culms, below resting on the ground and striking root, above weak, `

often leaning over to one side, smooth, length of the Merc e

from one to two feet, and that of the more erect culms from oue to
two feet. — Leaves sheathing, linear-lanceolate, a little downy ;mar-
gins hispid when felt backward’) mouths of the sheaths hairy- P Ü
' Spikes columnar, compound, from three to four inches long, ge 2 3
nerzlly matted together by means of the bristly i involucels.—Spike- —
lets or rather racemelets, tending to be verticelled, generally f four in is
the verticel, composed of three or four short-pedicels, each b:
a few flowers ; all intermixed with very stiff bristles (Tucolucel t ame
ed with pum stiff, recurved points, by which they adhere
to every thing that touches them.—Ca/yz as in the family. ee
a third neuter valve, but no stamens to it ,— Seed ibree-nervely à zy
aliis v waved across, af

Panicum, (7 TRIANDRIA DIGYMIA; 305.

Obs. Cattle will not eat it, so that it is reckoned'à troublesome--
weed wherever it is found.

Plants reared from English seed, were not near so luxuriant.as
those of India, but evidently the same species, . Thunberg's large.
cultivated variety is certainly Panicum italicum... Curtis's figurein^
his llora Londinensis 1s represented with the leaves broader at the
base than our Indian plant, or even.than in piapta. reared in India
from English. seed. ;

34. P. italicum. Linn. Sp. PI. ed. Willd. i. 336.

Culms erect. Spikes nodding ; spikelets scattered, ovate; pedicels
fiom two to three or four- flowered, with smooth bristles i intermixed,
Seed. ovate, three-nerved.

Panicum. Rumph. Amb. v. p. 202. t. 175. f. 2.

Sans. ay Kangoo, thay, Priyungoo.

Beng. Kungoo, and Kungnee,.

Hind. Kora.

Teling. Kora ; Koraloo, the grain.

This is one of the plants called dry or small gram. Tt is cultivat-
edin many parts-of India, and requires an elevated, light soil. I ne-
yer saw it wild. i 5

Culms several from one grain of seed, erect, from three to five feet:
high, round, smooth; roots issuing from the lower joints. — Leaves,
margins backwardly hispid ; mouths of the sheaths bearded.— Spikes
compound, &c. There is more or less ofa third, or neuter valve on.
the corol.

Obs. Small plants have the spike more erect, and uniform, with
out vacancies between the racemelets.

The seed is an article of diet with the natives. — Tt delights in a
light, elevated, tolerably dry soil. Seed time for the first crop, about
the month of June and July ; harvest time in September; produce
about fifty-fold in a favorable season. A second: crop may be hac
fom the same ground, between E ert and the cpd of January,

S£ E » 5 " 25 i
308 WRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. -

35. P. strictum. R. S UN ey
Culms straight, from two to three feet high. - Spikes compound -
cylindric, straight, with numerous expanding spikelets. Glumes of
the calyx hairy, and acute. — Corol three-valved, the innermost one
awned. ; a pale
Beng. Gang-bena. puo
A native oi Bengal, where it is found, though rarely, on dry bar-
ren spois. diog t h
Culms straight, from one to three feet high, slender as a crow quill,
hairy, particularly at and near the joints.— Leaves short, straight,
broadest at the base, and from thence tapering to a fine point ; a
little hairy, particularly underneath.—Sheaths more hairy, their

lets.— Calyx, valvelets acute ; two exterior with a few straight hairs,
inner one smooth ; corol-like.— Coro] three-valved, the inner and a
smaller one awned. . CHE

x

36. P. hispidulum. Retz. Obs.v. p. 18. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd.i.346 —
Culms erect, from three to four feet high. Spikes panicled, erect,
lanceolate ; spikelets secund ; flowers two-fold, both sub-sessile; ;
valvelets of the calyx bristly, the middle one daggered, the inner o% l x
awned ; corol three-valved ; seed ovate, pointed, polished. — aem
! Beng. Bura-Shama. 6e m
Grows on the borders of rice lands, and rich moist places.
ver cultivated nor made any use of. ; BT
Culms erect. with a few erect branches.— Leaves long, marrow 4
fine-pointed, smooth.—Spikes straight, panicled, composed eii ;
merous, secund, erect. spikelets, surrounding the common four, 2
five, or six-sided rachis.— Flowers numerous, almost always (99. |
together and equally sub-sessile.—Ca/yr, all the three valves m i:
with numerous sharp bristles issuing from the nerves of the glume* ;

— Panicum. ERIANDRIA DIGYNIA. :307

The two exterior ones with sharp subulate points; the inner one
ends in a pretty long , strong, hispid arista.— Corol, with a third, mem-
— neuter valve.— Seed ovate, pointed, polished.

© Obs. It comes near my P. fr —— and may probably -
the same in its wild state,

_ 87. P. frumentaceum. R-

- Culms erect, from two to four feet high. Panicle erect; spikes
secund, incurved ; flowers three-fold, unequally pedicelled. Valve-
lets of the calyces daggered, or awned ; seed ovate, smooth.

Sans. Sg mao "Shyamaka.- < ; cU

Beng. Shama.

_ Teling.. Bonta-shama ; shamaloo, the grain.

"This L have only found in a state of cultivation, it delights i in

£

a light, tolerably dry, rich soil; the same ground yields two crops
between the first of the rains in June, July, and the end of January.
Culms erect, ramous, a little compressed, smooth, from two to
four feet high.— Leaves large, margins hispid.— Panicle erect, ob-
long, rigid, composed of numerous, secund, condensed, incurved
; spikes; they entirely surround the common rachis and sometimes
tend to þe verticelled. Rachis, common five or six-sided, a little hai-
ty; partial three-sided, waved.— Flowers almost always three from
the same point, one sessile, the second short pedicelled, and the third
: a little longer pedicelled.—Calyx, with all the glumes three-nerved ;
the two large daggered.— Corol, with a third neuter valve.—Sced
ovate, pointed, smooth. - |
` Obs. "There are several varieties of it known to the Hindoo far-
mers, The seed is wholesome and nourishing, it is au article of
diet, particularly amongst the lower classes of the natives, -It yields

; icm fifty-told i in a good soil. . Cattle are fond of it.

| Sec. 6th. Panicled.

~ 38. p. trigonum. Linn: Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 859. ps

Culms creeping. Panicle halved. Leaves itipsleds Pedicels two-
Mm 24

-308 (— APRIANDRIA DIGYNTA; Panicum —

“flowered. Inner valve of the calyces vaulted ; corol thr dim

j

‘Seed, half round, smooth. n ited
Grows on pasture ground, under the shade of trees, c. — = ~
. Culms creeping, filiform, from one to two feet long, with a few

jnches of the extremities erect.— Leaves lanceolate, soft, a little

downy ; sheaths ciliate, with a stipule-like process.— Panicle halved,
oblong, smooth, composed of from three to ten ramous branchlets,
rising on one side only when the plant is small; pedicels two-flow-
ered. -Partial pedicels unequal.— Calyx, inner valve cucullate, ob-
tuse ; all.the valves striated and hairy.—Corol, with a neuter, but
small valve.— Seed smooth, obtusely and obliquely three-sideds.

39. P. patens. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 352. ;
Culms creeping. Leaves with a cordate base. Panicle oblong.

Pedicels one-flowered. The three-valvelets of the calyces €
Flowers polygamous. Seed, flat on one side, smooth.

.. A small, delicate, creeping species ; it delights in shady pasture z

ground. xi. TU
~ Culms like those of P. trigonum.— Leaves broad, with a cordate
sheaths hairy,

^ pase, from thence tapering to a fine point, downy ;
their mouths want the stipule-like process.— Panicle sm
smooth.— Flowers oval, solitary.— Calyx, two-flowered, the three.
valves are nearly equal, all smooth but striated ;
appearing more like a second valve to the male floret than one o

calyx, and the more so as it drops off with the seed, Jeaving the twe oe
exterior ones behind.—Coro/, one male, or sometimes one neuter, E

Wes

and one hermaphrodite.— Seed oval, smooth.

- 40. P. brevifolium. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 953. -

Culms creeping. Leaves lanceolate, cordate. Panicle ovate, Very
valve-

ramous, partly hid in the sheath of the exterior leaf, second

let of the calyces bearded ; cor ol three-valved. Seed ovate, smoothe

Grows, with tlie two preceding species on shaded pasture grows

and is very much like them, — dac ee ee

all, about —

one and a half or two inches long, oval, ramous; ramifications

the inner one ——

Panicum. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIAs -^ 309

- Culms creeping, asin the two last described species, but rather more
robust.— Leaves broad, and somewhat. cordate at the base, waved ;
margins of the sheaths ciliate-—Panicle, the lower part always

confined within the sheaths of the extreme leaf, oval, from three
to five inches long, composed of numerous very fine capillary ra-
mifications, the common rachis and larger branches very woolly.
— Flowers obliquely-oval, numerous, on very fine, long pedicels,
—Calyx, the exterior valve lanceolate, the second boat-shaped, with
_ the outside covered with very long soft wool, the third oval.—Co-
rol, with a neuter valve, but no stamen,— Seed oval, smooth, white,

41. P. tenellum. R

Culms ascending. Leaves long. Panicles oblong, very ramous.
Flowers solitary, remote ; second valvelets of the calyces recurved,
and pointed. Corol, three-valved. Seed oval, smooth, five-nerved.

Grows on pasture ground, borders of cultivated lands, &c.

Calms many, branchy, near the ground prostrate, rooting at the

joints, the rest ascending ; from one to two feet high, and as thick
as a sparrow's quill.— Leaves soft with white hairs.— Paniclesoblong,
generally as long as the rest of the plant, thin, composed of expand-
ing, capillary, ramous branches.— Flowers remote, oval, small.—Ca-
lyr, the glumes striated, otherwise smooth.—Corol, with a third
neuter valve.—Seed oblong, smooth, light-brown, five-streaked.

49. P. serrulatum. R.

Culms erect, from two to four feet high. - Leaves sword. shaped,
with serrulate margins, Panicle, spiked valvelets of the calyces
sharp-pointed; Seed smooth, oblong.

-A large erect, coarse species; a native of moist valleys.

- Culms erect, ramous, from two to four feet high. Leaves some-
what cordate at the base, from thence tapering to a point, margins
ciliate ; sheaths as long, or longer than the joints, smooth.— Pani-
cle erect, linear, composed of erect, linear, ramous ramifications,
Which stand somewhat remote, particularly below, so that the pa-

ndi i

310 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Pa idi;

nicle appears to be a compound, interrupted spike.— Flowers lance- |
olate.—Calyz, glumes lanceolate, very acute, the two inner ones — —
somewhat hispid on the back.— Coro/ single, berina piroga
oblong, smooth, white id

43. P. paludosum. R. 1

Culms erect, from two to three feet high. Panicle erect, ovate,
thin; ramifications few, three-sided, with sharp hispid angles; pe-
dicel two-flowered ; valvelets of the calyces cuspidate. Corol three-
valved. Seed oblong, smooth.

Beng. Boruti, and Kulus-nar.

Teling. Soda.

It grows generally in sweet water amongst the Circar mountains.

Culms erect, from two to three feet high, swelled under the water,
and there emitting roots from the joints.— Leaves erect, acute, re-
trorso-hispid ; sheaths longer than the joints, with a thick bearded
mouth.— Panicle oval, diffuse, thin, composed of scattered, sub-al-
ternate, ramous branches; all nearly triangular, the angles sharp,
and armed with fine points.—Flowers oblong, pointed, m pairs on
a common pedicel with unequal partial pedicels.—Calyz, exterior
valve short, broad, involving the bottoms of the others. —Corol, v sn

asmallneuter glume, always without stamens.— Seed oblong, smi
brown.

Obs. This grass is of a coarse nature; cattle are not therefore fond

of it. When it grows on dry ground, the grass is much smaller ; but
the panicle larger. -— :

esi

44. P. uliginosum. R. — Je 1

Culms erect, from two to four feet high. Panicle thin; verifies oe.
tions four-sided, smooth ; flowers polygamous; solitary ; ; seed oblong,
smooth.

Beng. Burunda.

Teling. Gundru.
= A native of the moist borders of rice fields, in init: ground.

PTT a Oe oe

Panicum. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA: ~ $11

. Root fibrous, white.— Culms many, ramous, below resting on
the ground and rooting; above erect, a little compressed, smooth ;
from two to four feet high.— Leaves short and sharp, inside a lic
tle downy; sheaths shorter than the joints; mouths bearded. In
paludosum they are surrounded on the inside with hair. Here the
ramifications are compressed, and somewhat four-sided, there trian-
gular, and hispid.— Panicle more contracted than in paludosum.—
Calyx the same.— Corol, with a complete male floret.— Seed oblong,
smooth. : : |
Obs. To distinguish it from P. paludosum, attention must be

. paid to the leaves, ramifications of the panicle, and male florets.

-~ 45. P. sarmentosum. R. :
-. Perennial, inane, hairy, sarmentose, with sub-erect, floriferous:
— shoots from the joints. Panicle patent. Flowers solitary ; calyces
smooth and obtuse, containing one hermaphrodite and one neu-
ter floret.
A native of Sumatra; and from thence introduced by Dr. Charles
Campbell into the Botanic Garden in 1804, where it grows luxu-
riantly, and blossoms throughout the year. s
© Culms round, sarmentose, and of great length, inane, with 1 near-
ly erect, frequently ramous, floriferous shoots of about two or three
feet in height rising from the joints; every part clothed with
much soft hairy pubescence, particularly the runners.— Leaves en-
_siform, soon becoming reflex, margins hispid, length from six to
twelve inches, from half to three quarter of an inch in breadth at
the broadest part. Sheaths rather longer than the joints.- -Pa~
nicle terminal, ovate ; composed of many, single, alternate, patent,
Compound, smooth branches.—Flowers very numerous, awnless,
Smooth, solitary, pedicelled.—Valves of the calyx three, obtuse,
slightly marked with green nerves, the exterior one long, Cones
à two-valved hermaphrodite flower, and a small neuter one,

:46. P. miliare. Lamarck.
Culms erect, ramous, from two to three feet high smooth, Pa: az ;

$12 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Pantewtit

nicle thin ; flowers paired on a common pedicel, with unequal par-

tial pedicels ; corol three-valved ; seed ovate, smooth, five-streaked,
. Teling. Nella-shama. Nella-shamaloo, the grain.
This species I have found only in a cultivated state, it is one of
the sorts of dry or small grain which is generally cultivated on an
elevated, light, rich soil.
~ Culms, many from the same seed, erect, branchy, round, smooth,
from two to three feet high.— Leaves smooth.— Panicle oblong,
- beautifully bowing with the weight of the grain ; branches alternate,
ramous ; capillary, angular, hispid.— Flowers oval, paired upon a
common pedicel, with unequal partial pedicels.— Ca/yces, glumes
smooth, striated lengthways with nerves,—Corol, accompauied by
a neuter valve.—Seed oval, striated, smooth, shining brown. _ : ;
Obs. The seed is an article of diet with those Hindoos who inha-
bit the higher lands, - Cattle are fond of the straw. T

47. P. miliaceum. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 348. :

Culms erect, ramous, from two to four feet high; the whole plant.
very hairy. Panicle oblong ; glumes of the calyces cuspidate ; corol.
three-valved ; adventitious valve two-toothed ; seed oval, smooth,
five-streaked. isse yl

Sans. Alga, Vreehibheda, NT: Unoo.

Hind. and Beng. Cheena. es

Teling. Worga ; Worglo, the grain. icai
—. "This is another of the cultivated cerealia ; the same soil suits it
as is proper for the last described species. Time of culture imme
diately after the rams. A era - i

Culms many from the same seed, erect, ramous, very hairy ; from

two to four feet high.— Leaves large, with Tong sheaths, which in*
volve most part of the culms, every part covered with much white -
hair.—Panicle as in the former, only here and there a few

hairs.— Calyx all the three glumes are much pointed.— Corol the
neuter valve is here emarginate. Nectary two, triangular, emargin-

a EA F ETAG, KE E Ae

Panicum TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 313

ate bodies embrace the germ laterally.— Seed oval, mouth brown
ish, with smooth, coloured streaks lengthways, as in the last.

48. P. tenue. R.
—. Culms erect, ramous ; from one to six feet high. Panicle thin,
flowers paired on a common hairy | pedicel, with unequal partial pe-
dicels ; Corol three-valved ; Seed ovate, transversely waved,
: This is a wild species, which grows amongst the Circar mountains.

Culms erect, sometimes resting on the ground, and striking root
there, ramous, smooth, from one to six feet high.— Leaves large ;
upper-side hairy; edges armed with . very sharp points. Sheaths
shorter than the joints, hairy, with their moutlis bearded — Panicle
erect, till the seeds are ripe, then, as in the cultivated sorts last de-
scribed, bowing from the weight of the grain, it is composed of al-
temate, compound, nearly secund racemes. Rachis, common from
four to five-sided ; partial three-sided, winding, and hairy.—Ca/yz,
glumes many-nerved, otherwise smooth.—Corol, the neuter valve is
here present, and in luxuriant plants, the stamens also.—Seed oval,
transversely wrinkled, which distinguishes it from all the other paui-

cled species.

Li

M

- 49. P. plicatum. R.

Erect, herbaceous, harsh with stiff hairs. Leaves ritchie? pli-
cate. Panicle lanceolate, ramifications compound, flowers paired,
polygamous. `

Introduced into E Botanic Garden, tod the Island of Suma-
tra. Flowering time the beginning of the cold season. —

Root perennial .—Culms erect, or ascending, below as thick as a
8^0se quill, and tben somewhat compressed ; every part filled with |
Pith —Leaves sub-bifarious, expanding, lanceolate, plicate, a little
hairy; from six to twelve inches long, and from one to two broad. n
—Sheaths about the length of the joints of the culms, armed. with
sharp, rigid hairs ; mouths ciliate.— Panicle oblong, lax ; lower ra-

314 : “BRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Panicum.

mifications rather remote, above approximate, and composed of
unilateral short spikelets.— Flowers solitary, paired, or threefold,
when more than one they are on pedicels of unequal lengths ; some-
times there is a single coloured bristle from the pedicels of the ex-
terior flowers.— Calyx three-valved, two-flowered, one of the flow-
ers male, with a corol of one membranaceous glume ; the other her-
maphrodite, and having the usual two-valved corol.— Seed oblong,
rugose on the convex-side.
Obs. It is of too coarse a nature for cattle, but its foliage make

it ornamental in the shrubbery, or flower-border.

50. P. nervosum. R.

- Erect, from three to four feet high. Leaves Janceolate, plaited;
sheaths longer than the joints, with the mouths bearded. Panicle vee
ry thin, composed of long, simple, filiform, remote branches. Flow-
ers generally single, with a neuter valve to the corol. ca

From Nepala Dr. Buchanan sent the seed to the Botanic Gar-
den, where the plants blossomed in October, just one year from the
time the seed Was sown. : gis cs ege d RAO

Root perennial.— Culms erect, slender, completely invested in the-
sheaths of the leaves, except from six to twelve inches below the
panicle; height three or four feet.— Leaves lanceolate, plaited; 2
little hairy, particularly near the base, from six to twelve inches long, |
and one and a half broad.— Sheaths longer than the joints, a little
hairy ; mouths bearded.— Panicle very thin, and composed of ong,
simple, filiform, drooping branches. Spikelets remote near the
base, secund, bearing a few alternate, generally single flowers:
— Calyx three-valved, smooth, from three to seven-nerved.— Cora :
with a third neuter valve, but no stamens. sho nue Dnm $

Obs. In foliage this agrees very exactly with my Panicum plica-
tum, but differs widely in the panicle. : dsl os

"ES

51. P. costatum. R. : :

Culms creeping. Leaves lanceolate, plaited, very hairy, 4 also

“Panicum. nee TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 315

their sheaths, which are shorter than the joints. Panicle compos-
ed of short expanding, secund, spiked-racemes. Flowers polygamous,
Introduced into the Botanic Garden from the Mauritius, by Cap-
tain Tennant, in 1802. ' |
‘Culms creeping, throwing out numerous strong roots from the
joints; length from three to six feet.— Leaves lanceolate, plaited,
hairy ; about six inches long, by one broad.—Sheaths shorter than
the joints, very hairy.— Panicle oblong, smooth, composed ofsome-
what compound, secund, spiked-racemes, with here and there an
arista-like coloured bristle —Calyx three-valved, smooth, from
three to five-nerved.—Corol three-valved, two-flowered i the exte-
tior floret one-valved and male. Seed transversely rugose.
Obs, In the foliage this is perfectly like my P. nervosum and pli-
tatum.

52. P. montanum. R.
Culms erect, smooth, from three to four feet high. Leaves lan-
teolate, unequally divided by the nerve. Panicle oblong ; ramifi-
cations capillary, straight. Corol two-valved ; Seed smooth, oval,
e-nerved on the back. : !
A native of the Circar mountains,
Root fibrous, from a ligneous perennial head.— Cu/ms erect,
Smooth, of a firm woody texture, as thick as a crow quill, and three
lo four feet high.— Leaves lanceolate, large, beautifully striated
lengthways, somewhat hairy, lower margins next the mouths of the
ath ciliate ; the nerve divides the leaf unequally, which is an -
. "common circumstance in grasses. — Panicle linear, oblong, from *
twelve to eighteen inches long, composed of straight, sub-erect,
"apillary ramifications.— Flowers small, oval, remote.— Calyx as in
Benus.— Corol as in the family ; this is one of the few instances
of the want of a male or neuter floret.—Seed smooth, brown, with |
Stripes. / =
"b Nn2 5

316 | TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. E Milium,

PHLEUM. Schreb. Gen. N. 128.

-~ Calyx two-valved, sessile, linear, truncated, with a bi-cuspid tip.
Corol inclosed.

1. P. crinitum. ndm é

Grows in tufts; Culms ascending. Panicle linear, crowded with
innumerable soft, bearded ramifications ; both glumes of the calyx
awned and ciliate, and the large glume of the corol awned.

A native of Nepala, and of the northern part of India.

From the former country it was introduced into the Botanic Gar-
den by Dr. Buchanan ; and from the latter by Col, Hardwicke.

Culms numerous from a single root, ascending, length from six
to twelve inches, round, smooth, and involved in the sheaths of the
leaves, which are longer than its joints.—Leaves ensiform, from
three to six inches long, smooth.—- Panicle linear, oblong, dense,
exceedingly soft from the immense number of most delicate, pale-
coloured awns.—Flowers minute and numerous.— Caly«; glume
one-flowered, two-valved; valves nearly equal, with a most deli-
cate, long, soft arista from the apex; hairy, chiefly on the back,
and methbranaceous ciliate mar gins.— Coro! two-valved ; valves ob-
tuse, much shorter than the calyx, as in general a very minute awn
issues from the apex of the larger valve.—Seed smooth, oblong,
but obtuse.
; Obs. In the cold season of 1802.-3, I reared the same grass from
seed sent from England by A. B. Lambert, no

*

MILIUM. Schreb. Gen. N. 10.

Calyx, poen one-flowered, two-valved. Coral evo p
than the calyx. ` Es

& i

1. M. filiforme. R. T T
Creeping, smooth. Leaves short, with a stipulary process »

Milium. ` TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA, : 317
*

the mouth of the sheath. Racemes two or three, terminal, erect ;
flowers alternate, solitary, awnless. i
- Hind. Kanka juriya.

Grows on pasture ground, is a small, delicate species, has much
the appearance of Agrostis linearis.

Culms creeping, except a sniall flower-bearing portion, which is
erect, round, smooth ; and from.six to twelve inches high.—- Leaves
small, smooth ; mouths of the sheaths stipuled.— Kacemes two or
three, terminal, sessile, erect, secund. Rachis membranaceous, a
little waved.—- Flowers single, alternate, imbricated in two rows, awn-
less.—Calyz, glumes nearly equal, membranaceous, a d ayy. —
Corol, valves rigid, smooth.

.g. M. geo R.
Culms sub-erect, smooth, — Racemes sub-digitate ; ; flowers three-
fold, on unequal pedicels.
- Panicum sanguinale. Burm. Flor. Ind. t. 10. f. t.
Beng. Chiri-chira.
A native of pasture ground, |
Culms sometimes creeping near the base, the rest erect, smooth,
and about a foot and a half high.— Leaves long, narrow, smooth in
: every part.— Panicle racemed, sub-erect. — Racemes from four to
eight, secund, erect, rachis three-sided.— Flowers generally in threes,
though sometimes in pairs or in fours, all have pedicels of unequal
length, —Calyz and corol as in the last pep :

8. M. ramosum. Y uc Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 361.
Smooth ;-culms sub-erect, from two to four feet high. Panicle
o six or eight, remote, with somewhat ramous branches ; fien pair-
| ed on common pedicels. Calyces pointed, and very hairy.
Found growing in large tufts, on moist, rich pasture ground.
Root creeping.— Culms from one to four feet long, spreading near
the base, and striking root at the joints that rest on. the ground. —
Leaves smooth. — Panicle oval, very thin, composed ofa few, from

Š

-

318. | THIANDRIA DIGYNIA. — Agrostis.

four to eight-compound, spreading, secund, racemes. Rachis of the
racemes three-sided.— Flowers below, on a common-pedicel, be-.
sides which each has its proper pedicel, but of unequal length ; above
single.— Ca/yz, valves equal, pointed, and very hairy.—Corol, the
exterior valves ends in an awled point. ;

AGROSTIS. Schreb. Gen. N. 111.
Calyx, glume one flowered, two-valved. Corol two-valved, larger:

than the calyx.

1. A. coromandeliana. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd.i.374. Retz. Obs.
iv. N. 52.
Culms from four to eight inches high. Panicle verticelled ; rami-
fication simple, secund; inner valve of the calyx as long as the co-
rol; exterior valve minute. Seed naked, obovate, rugose. —

Teliug. Yellika-tungoo-gadi. l :

A native of pasture ground. i i
Culms spreading near the base, then ascending, from four to eight

inches long, mostly involved in the sheaths of the leaves.— Leaves
rather broad, waved and slightly ciliated ; mouths of the sheath beard-
ed.— Panicle oblong ; large for the size of the grass, composed of
expanding, simple, verticelled, secund racemes.— Flowers awnless, |
generally in pairs, unequally pedicelled.—Calyr, « exterior valve small,

like that of the accessory valve in Panicum. Inner as large as the

corol, and gaping with it when the seed ripens.— Seed, it drops ùn-
covered by the corol, leaving it and the calyx in their places; it is
of an TUM oval form, broui and Faer on weg

9. A. tenacissima. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 974.

Smooth, creeping. Leaves minute. Panicle filiform ; exterior
valvelet of the calyx shorter than the corol.

Teling. Toema-gerika.

A small, rigid species ; growing on old, poor, stiff, geet grou

where it forms extensive plants of tenacious turf.

Agrostis, TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 319

Culms ramous, creeping to a great extent, with from four to eight
inches high of their flower-bearing extremities, erect, smooth, filiform,
and very 6:m.— Leaves very small, and smooth.— Panicle erect, li-
near; ramifications and flowers adpressed, from one to two inches
long.—Calyr, exterior valve smaller than the interior. — Coro/ as large
and long as the inner valvelet of the calyx. :

SA Matrella. Lina. Sp. PI. ed. Wilid. 1. 366.
. Creeping. Leaves pungent. . Spikes terminal, solitary, few- flow.

ered. es
A native of the barren sandy lands, n: near the, sea. on n the Coast of

Coromandel, | gk SA

... 4. A. diandra. Linn. Sp- Pl. ed. Willd.i.371. Retz. Obs. v. N, 37. —
Smooth ; culms erect, from one to three feet high. Panicle linear,
branchlets short, expanding; flowers paired, diandrous. Calyx scarce-
lyhalf the length of the corol. Seed naked, Dhoyate, rugose.
Beng. Bena-joni.
A native of moist pasture ground, in the Abt of Calcutta.
Culms nearly erect, from one to three feet high, almost cover-
ed with the sheaths of the leaves.— Leaves narrow, tapering to
a fine point, smooth ; mouths of the sheaths slightly bearded. — Pa-
nicle linear-oblong, bowing a little, often a foot long , composed of
expanding , alternate, compound, seemingly simple racemes.— Flow-
-ers in pairs on a common peduncle, but unequally pedicelled.—Ca-
lyz, valves equal, scarcely half the length of the corol, smooth,
membranaceous.— Stamens two. Seed narrow-obcordate, dropping
| from the calyx and corol, brown, obtusely rugose. -

5. A. maxima. R. ; :
Culms erect, from four to twelve feet high. Panicle ovate, ex-

panding. ^^ Calyces minute, exterior valyelets of the coro] fringed
with long hairs.— Stamens two.

320 (CFRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. — -Holeus.
— “This is the largest species I laid ; itis a native of hedges, &e.
amongst the mountains.

Root ligneous, perennial.—Cu/ms erect, from four to tweli feet
high, often as thick as the little finger, round, and smooth, inside rê-
plete with a fibrous spongy substance.— Leaves smooth, from one to
two feet long; and:from one to two inches broad at the base, taper-
ing from thence to a fine point.— Panicles erect, oval, or oblong,
from one to two feet long, composed of alternate, ramous, filiform, :
expanding or bowing bitches: —Calyz, valves equal, four times short-
er than the corol.—Corol, exterior valve fringed round the ty
with long, soft, white hairs.—Stamens two.

Obs. The leaves of this plant are much more like those employ:
ed by the Chinese to neck up various articles with, than any other

I have yale, Bob NA D x eL udi

QUSE

-HOLcUs. delia: Gen. N. 1565. |

vei : Calyr, glume two- valved, one to three-flowered.
Corol, glume two-valved, the hermaphrodite awned — Stamina three.

Styles two.

|. 3. H. nercosus. R.

Erect, hairy. Panicle oblong, obo three, and. EN i cus-
pidate, two-flowered; flowers both sessile, one hermaphrodite and.
awned; the other EE and awnless.

A native of Coromandel,

‘Culms erect, ramous; long, wiry roots issuing from the lower

- joints.— Leaves and their sheaths papillose, hairy .— Panicles oblong, .
smooth. Ramifications alternate, simple. — Flowers paired ; one ses-
sile, the other pedicelled.— Calyces two-flowered, three to five-nerv-
ed, smooth, straight, cuspidate, longer than the flowers. — Corol in
both two-valved, the exterior floret male, large, and awnless, the in-
per minute, hermaphrodite, and awned. — Stamens three. —Styles :

two, in the hermaphrodite.

Ischemun. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. _ \ 821

5€. H. ethatus. R.

Erect, hairy, panicle linear, hirsute. Glumes papillose, ciliate, two-
flowered, both flowers sessile, one hermaphrodite and awned, the
other male and awnless.

A native of Coromandel. i

Whole plant about a foot high, erect. The culms with bearded
joints.— Leaves rather large, hirsutely papillose, as are also their
sheaths.— Panicles linear, shaggy with the numerous hairs of the ca-
lyces.— Calyx two-valved, two-flowered; valves- nearly equal, con-
siderably longer than the flower, backs covered with little warts, from
each of which arises a very conspicuous hair ; apices cuspidate, and
recurvate.—Corol two-valved in both.— Exterior floret rather larger,
male, or male hermaphrodite, and awnless ; inner hermaphrodite and _
awned.— Stamina three.—Styles two in the hermaphrodite, in the

male hermaphrodite the rudiments of two, but no germ.

i

ISCHÆMUM. Schreb. Gen. N. 1569.

Polygamous. Calyx two-valved, two-flowered. Corols two-valved.

1. I. aristatum. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. iv. 939.
. Annual. Leaves sword-shaped, ciliate and hairy, with coloured
margins, Spikes paired, secund. All the calyces two-flowered ;
valves striated ; exterior of the sessile flower with a bifid membrana-

€eous border round the anterior margin ; an awned hermaphrodite
floret in each flower.

A native of newly formed pasture land, in various parts of India,
appearing about the close of the rains. Iti is a scarce grass, and does
not appear to be fit for cattle. s

Culms at the base resting on the ground and there rooting, ramous ;
erect portions from one to two feet long, slender, with woolly joints.—
Leaves length of the spikes, ensiform, broadest at the base and there
cordate, hairy, ciliate, with hispid, coloured margins. — Spikes two,
terminal, secund, from one to two inches long. Rachis flexuose, joint-

Oo

*

322 CTRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. o Ischemum,

ed, three-sided, with the angles very hairy.— Flowers in pairs, one
sessile, the other pedicelled, Pediced three-sided, and ciliate.— Ca-
_ yx of the sessile flowers two-valved, two-fiowered ; one floret herma-
phrodite, the other male. — Exterior valve striated, with its anterior
margins and apex enlarged with a broad, membranaceous, bifid bor-.
der; inner valve boat-shaped, keeled, ciliate, and sub-aristate, one
floret male, the other hermaphrodite.—Corol, glumes of each floret
two-valved ; the exterior one of the hermaphrodite floret bifid, witha -
Jong arista in the fork.—Calyx of the pedicelled flower two-valved,
two-flowered ; valvelets equal, boat-shaped, keeled, ciliate, and sub-
aristate; one floret male, the other hermaphrodite.— Corol, as in the
sessile flowers, and also awned in the same manner.
Obs. I am not certain that this is the original I. aristatum of i

neus and Retzius.

pem

2. I. rugosum. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. iv. 940.

Erect, ramous. Leaves lanceolate ; spikes paired, both-flowers
awned; calyces oblique, obtuse, hard, and transversely rugose.

Is generally found growing among rice, and is so much like
it, the inflorescence excepted, that they are not, till in flower,
to be distinguished.— Leaves large, smooth ; mouths of the sheatlis
crowned with along, two-parted ligula. ede terminal, and from
the exterior axils paired, erect, from two to three inches loug. Rachis |
jointed.— Flowers in pairs ; ; one sessile, the othér on a short, thick,
angular clubbed pedicel. ;

SESSILE FLOWER. Calyr two- flowered, two-valved ; valvelets
in size nearly equal, the exterior one rugose, and very hard; one of
the florets hermaphrodite, the other male, each with two membrana-
ceous valves; the inner valve of the hermaphrodite flower has a long
twisted awn issuing from the middle of its back.

PEDICELLED FLOWER smaller. Calyx as in the other, but con-

taining two male flowers, one of which is also awned.

*

3. L sei isagittatum. R. ;
Aunuil. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, semisagittate. Spikes paired, -

i

Ischaamum. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. ; 323

` sectind, all the calyces two-flowered, exterior valvelets transverse-
ly rugose ; hermaphrodite floret of the sessile lower awned.
-A native of newly formed pasture land in Bengal. -- It is a rare
grass, appearing about the close of the rains. $
Culms ramous, resting on the ground near the base, and there
striking root at the joints; the sub-erect portion from twelve to eigh-
teen inches, very delicate, firm; and smooth.— Leaves short, broad-
ensiform, or rather ovate-lanceolate, with a cordate base, and one of
. the lobes generally projecting considerably beyond the culm ; mar-
gins slightly hispid, length one and a half or two inches.— Spikes
two, terminal, sub-secund, an inch and a half long. Rachis jointed,
scarcely flexuose, three-sided; angles hairy—Jowers in pairs, one
sessile, the other sub-sessile, both with their base bearded.—Caly-
ces of both flowers almost alike, two-flowered, two-valved ; exte
nor valvelets obliquely-lanceolate and rather obtuse, the lower gib-
bous half transversely rugose, as in I. rugosum, upper portions triat-
-edlengthways ; margins of the lower rugose portion notched ; of the
upper striated part ciliate; inner boat-shaped in both, one floret is
male, the other hermaphrodite.— Coro/, glumes of each floret two-
valved ; the exterior valvelet of the hermaphrodite floret bifid, with
a long arista in the fork. -
Obs. It ought to be compared with I. barbatum.
4.1, conjugatam. R. :
Partly creeping. Leaves short, acute, with broad cordate base.
Spikes conjugate, seemingly united. Lowers paired, with the exte-
-tior valves of both calyces even, and very woolly; the sessile one
hermaphrodite, awned. TENE |
—À native of pasture land in the vicinity of Calcutta, appearing in
the cool season.
Culms very ramous, creeping near the base, filiform, smooth,
length from six to eighteen inches, generally purplish.— Leaves with
broad cordate base, from thence tapering to a fine point, sheaths

tmooth.— Spikes conjugate on a slender, clavate, purple peduncle;
002 à

324 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. | dchemum.

united at the base, at all times continumg close as if one. Ra-
chis very hairy, and jointed.— Flowers from four to eight pairs on
- each spike, one sessile, the other sub-sessile.— Calyces nearly alike,
two-valved, two-flowered ; the exterior valves even, acute, and un-
commonly woolly on the backs ; the inner boat-shaped, acute, and
smooth. In each, one of the florets is hermaphrodite, the other
male.—Corols all two-valved, hyaline ; the inner valve of the herma-
phrodite tloret in the sessile flower bifid and awned.— Stamina three.
—Styles two. .

5. I. geniculatum. R.

Stems geniculate, creeping, smooth, Leaves ensiform ; spikes con.
jugate, apparently only one. — Calyces two-flowered, smooth, and
crested ; with the hermaphrodite flowers awned. m

A small species, a native of Bengal. Flowering time the. codl
season, -

- Culms polished, from one to two feet long, very ramous, diffuse,
geniculate; joints large, emitting smooth, very brown roots.—
Leaves small, ensiform, smooth ; sheath smooth, and shorter than
the polished joints of the culm.— Spikes terminal, conjugate, gene-
rally so close as to seem only one, smooth, about au inch long. Rachis
jointed, flexuose ; angles sharp, and sometimes hairy.— Flowers pair-
ed, one sessile, one peduncled.— Calyces, both two-flowered ; one
hermaphrodite and awned, the other male and awnless,: Exterior
valve of the sessile foke enlarged with two, hard, serrulate crésts,
one on each side of the apex; inner- mucronate, with a similar
crest on the back, under the apex; of the pedicelled flower both
are boat-shaped, mucronate, or sub-aristate, and the exterior one
crested on the back under the apex; all are smooth and marked
with green, longitudinal veins. —Corols two-valved ; the exterior valve
of the hermaphrodite flowers bifid and awned.

6. I. tenellum. R. j
` Çreeping near the base. Leaves rpi iini: exterior

j

Ischeemum. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. d 325

valve of the sessile flower truncate, the rest cuspidate, hermaphro-
dite lower alone awned.

A weak straggling species.

Culms weak, creeping and ramous towards ‘the base; towards
the heads erect ; the thickness of a pigeon’s quill ; joints bearded.
Leaves a little hairy near the base, mouths of the sheaths ligulate,
and hairy.— Spikes paired, &c. as in the last species.— Flowers pair-
ed, &c.. Calyx of the sessile flowers two-valved, two-flowered ; exte-
rior valve retuse and bordered ; inner valve ending in an awled point. —
Flowers two, one hermaphrodite with a two-valved corol, the exte-
rior of which ends in an arista, the other is male with an awnless
two-valved corol.—Calyz, of the pedicelled flower both valves alike,
and ending in an awled point; it contains a single flower, which is
sometimes hermaphrodite, and sometimes male, with the rudiment
only of the second flower.

7. I. repens. R.

Creeping. Leaves short and acute, Spikes paired. Flowers all
polygamous and awnless ; glumes of the calyces smooth and cuspi-
date. Rachis smooth.

A native of Pulo-penang.

Culms creeping, flexuose, smooth, from one to two feet long.—
Leaves bifarious, sword-shaped, short, rigid. =. Sheaths as long as
the joints, a little hairy, with a stipulary process at the mouth.—
Spikes terminal, paired, uniting a little above what seems to be
their base. - Rachis jointed, three-sided, smooth.— F/ocers about six
pair, one of each pair sessile, the other peduncled, both the pedicel-
led and sessile one consisting of a two-flowered, two-valved, rigid,
acute, smooth calyx.— Flowers polygamous, one hermaphrodite, the
other male, both awnless, each floret having a corol of two acute
valves. ;

Rik cuspidatum. R
inl on sweet water sith a salad of the lapi of the plant

326 : TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Apluda. `

emerging. Leaves linear, smooth. Spikes three-fold. Exterior |
valve of the calyces with a long, waved, ensiform point ; all the co-
rollets two-valved, and awnless. bu

A native of Bengal, where it is found floating on pools of m
water, and blossoming about the close of the rains in October;

Culms appearto be pereunial, a fathom ortwo long, jointed, as thick
as the little finger, floating.— Leaves linear, acute, from one to two
feet long, margins backwardly hispid, in other respecis smooth.—
Spikes terminal, three in the only plant that has yet blossomed in-
this Garden, each about six or eight inches long, a little compressed;
when the flowers expand about noon they appear like Chevaux de
frise, at other times they appear smooth.— Flowers in pairs, one ses-
sile, containing one hermaphrodite, and one male floret, the otlier
pedicelled and neuter, or with two male florets — Calyx two-valved;
exterior valve rigid, with hispid margins and long, fat, waved, his-
pid-margined, ensiform points; inner valve boat-shaped with a flat
hispid keel.—Corols of each floret two-valyed.

APLUDA.

Polygamous. Involucre one-valved, —— e one-sessile, the -
other pedicelled with a pedicelled neuter rudiment. .— Calyces two-

flowered, the sessile one polygamous, the pedicelled one the same,
or with male only. Corols two-valved.

1. A. aristata. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. iv. 938.

Perennial, creeping, or scandent. Leaves lanceolate. Herma-
phrodite flower awned. — . |

Beng. Goroma. -

Teling. Pootstrangali. g

Is commonly found in hedges, under the shade of trees and such
like places. ;

Culms creeping, or climbing, as thick as à crow-quill, jointed, co*
loured, the lower part naked, inwardly spongy; from the joints
spring, erect, ramous, flower-bearing branches of from one to seven

pitis. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 9397

i feet high — Leaves very elegant, somewhat bifarious, sheathing, pe-

tioled, linear-lauceolate, backwardly hispid; from six to eighteen
inches long ; sheaths smooth, mouths short- stipuled. — Panicles ter-
miual, and bon the exterior axils, or, the whole may be considered,
as oue linear leafy panicle.— Bractes three-flowered, boat-shaped,
with an awned point.—Flowers, one of the three sessile, or rather
sitting on a globular receptacle, consisting ofa common, two-flow-
ered calyx, one of which is sessile, awned, and hermaphrodite ; the
other sessile, male and awnless ; just without the calyx on each | side,
there is a bent, compressed pedicel, one of these supports a com-
mon calyx, with two male, two-valved, awnless flowers, the other puy

the rudiments of one or more florets. ;

9. A. geniculata. R. :
Perennial, creeping, or scandent, intricately geniculate. Leaves
_Tanceolar. In each calyx one hermaphrodite, and one male flower,
all awnless.

Found on the banks of the Ganges in flower during the latter part
Of the rains and the cool season.

Culms creeping, or climbmg amongst bushes, reeds, &c. to an
extent of many feet, smooth and slender, bent at angles about a span
distance at the swelled joints, emitting numerous wiry roots, fill-
ed with spongy pith, the thickest about the size of a crow-quill.
— Leaves linear lanceolate, and smooth, but much smaller than
in A. aristata. Sheaths shorter than the joints. Ligula lacerate.— Pa.
nicles terminal, composed of numerous slender branchlets of distinct
fascicles of flowers, each fascicle containing many short pedicelled,
three-flowered, boat-shaped, cuspidate, smooih bractes or involu-
cres.— Flowers one of the three sessile, containing one hermaphro-
dite, and one male floret; the other two elevated or broad sulcate;
Proper pedicels, one minute and abortive, the other polygamous as
in the sessile flower.— Calyces of both the sessile and pedicelled
flowers two-valved, two-flowered.— Corol in all of them two-valved ;
valves unequal, exterior one thin, and transparent,

398 ` TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. — Melica.

Obs. The accurate Gartner, Carp. vol. ii. p. 466 t. 175 gives to
the sessile flower of A. mutica, one hermaphrodite, and one female
floret, and to the pedicelled one two male ones, consequently this
must be different, and a second awnless species.

AIRA. Schreb. Gen. N. 119.

Calyx two-valved, two-flowered, without the rudiment of a third.

1. A. filiformis. Kon. Mss.

Smooth, erect, one foot high. Leaves ensiform. Panicles ob-
long, compound, of simple, linear, secund racemes.

A native of pasture ground.

Culms erect, mostly naked, round, smooth, about a foot high.—
Leaves small, smooth ; mouths of the sheaths enlarged by a mem-
branaceous, torn process.— Panicle erect, thin, oblong, composed of
alternate, simple, one-ranked, filiform, expanding racemes. —Flow-
ers in two rows.—Calyx two-flowered, large.

MELICA. Schreb. Gen. N. 113.

Calyx two-valved, two-flowered, with the rudiment of a third.

~

1. M. digitata. R..

Culms from four to five feet high. Spikes terminal, expanding,
mostly five-fold. Calyx one-flowered ; outer valvelets of the coro!
and rudiment awned.

A large beautiful species, a native of hedges, thickets, &c.

Culms near the base procumbent, but when supported by bush-
es erect and often from four to five feet high.— Leaves upper side
somewhat hairy ; mouths of the sheaths bearded.— Spikes four or five,
digitate, secund, spreading, filiform, from six to nine inches long,
hairy at the base. Rachis three-sided.— Flowers in two rows, S657
sile, awned.— Calyx one-flowered ; glumes unequal, the interior be-
ing three or four times longer than the exterior, and short-awned.—
. Corol, valves unequal, the largest has along awn issuing just below

Melica. "CTRIANDAIA DIGYNIA. -329:

its apex ort the écide = Corpuscle, or neuter floret pedicelled, and.
awned.
| $
2. M. refracta. R.
Perennial, ascending. Leaves lanceolate. Panicle ovate, with the-
ramifications refracted. Petals bearded, with stiff refracted bristles..
A native of the Moluccas, and from thence introduced amongst
other plants, into the Botanic Garden, where it blossoms daring the.
cold season. _ . |
Root perennial.—Culms ascending, from one to three feet long,
round and smooth.— Leaves lanceolate, smooth; sheaths smooth,
scarcely bearded at the mouths.— Panicle terminal, ovate; rami üfica-
tions somewhat compound, aud refracted like the drooping branches.
of some species of Pinus,— Calyx smooth, two-valved, two-flowered,,
3 with an abortive third, or the rudiment of one.—Corol, exterior glumes, —
chiefly of the second flower, bearded with refracted, sharp, stiff bris-
tles which fix to évery thing that touches them.

3. M. diandra. R.

‘Smooth ; culms from two to four feat high. Leaves lanceolate. Pa-
nicle of Siti simple, expanding racemes ; flowers awnless, diandrous.

Poa malubarica. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 394.

' A native of mountains on the Coromandel Coast.

Culms ascending, from two to four feet high, firm, smooth, about
as thick as a fine quill.— Leaves bifarious, lanceolate, striated,
smooth ; margins waved, unequally divided by the nerves, about an
inch ind half broad, and six inches Jong.; mouth of the sheaths
Projecting above in a membranaceous process.—Panicles large,
thin, oblong, bowing a little, composed of sub-alternate, simple, -
Spreading. racemes.— Flowers awnless.—Calyz two-flowered, with .
the characteristic corpuscle, which is also here pedicelled, but awn-
less.—Coro/, exterior valve of the inner one has its margins. and ,

“el elite. Stamens two. :
Pp

`i

330 YRIANDRIA DIGYNIA, Chloris,

4. M. latifolia. R.

Perennial; culms erect, simples from bar to eight feet M
Leaves lanceolate. Panicles large and open, with alternate, compound
drooping branches.

A native of the Garrow hills, from thence it was Beoinght to the T
Botanic Garden, by Mr. Robert Kyd, where it blossoms in March,
at which period and indeed at all times it is one of the most elegant
plants in the whole order.

Stems very numerous from the same root, erect, straight, ani al-
ways without branches, more or less invested in the sheaths of the
leaves ; very smooth, texture. remarkably hard, and filled with firm.
pith, generally about as thick as a goose quill, and when i m flower

from six to eight feet high. — Leaves sessile on their sheaths,
olate, smooth ; from six to twenty inches long, and from one to four

broad. They are much like the leaves employed by the | nn
3 put between the boxes and lead canisters in which their bas are
packed.— Seed ventricose-oval, smooth, both ends 1 rather p

CHLORIS.

Polygamous. Dai two-valved, from two to six-flowered; ; herma-
phrodite flowers sessile ; male, or neuter ones pedicelled. Corol of
the hermaphrodite flower two- valved; of the male, or neuter one-
valved, all of them awned.

3. C. tenella. R. cix
. Spikes solitary ; Spikelets with three or four t hermaphrodite awn- :
ed-florets, and a neuter rudiment. :
A native of the Peninsula of India. oe

Culms delicate, erect, smooth, about a foot high.— Leaves rather: d |
large in proportion to the rest of the- ‘plant, smooth, and soft:— nds

Spikes solitary, secund, scarcely two inches long. — Spikelets alter-
nate, and alternately pointing two ways .— Flowers of the spikelets,
or to each calyx, three, four, or five, all hermaphrodite, (at least in
the rather vind state in which 1i have found this rare species) € a

4 5
»

Chloris, TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 331

cept the innermost one which is a one-valved corpuscle or rudi-
ment, as in Melica.— Calyx from three to five- flowered, two-valved ;
valvelets unequal, broad lanceolate, smooth, acute, permanent.—
Corol of the hermaphrodite two-valved ; exterior valvelets obcordate,
cucullate, awned ; margins smooth, bi with three hairy nerves on
the back and ides; ; interior oblong, with edges ciliate and always
awnless,

2. C. montana. R.

Spikes digitate, secund, united at the bie: hermaphrodite flow-
er ciliate, and awned ; neuter of three awnless (NE TU E E
__ This a native of mountainous tracts only. It differs fidit Chl. bar-

“Vata only i in the following respects. 1st. ‘The spikes are in tiámibét-
from four to six, and united into a common flower-bearing rachis
- near the base. 2d. The neuter floret has a tbird awned valve and
the awns are all straw-coloured.

+

3. C. barbata. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. iv. 926.

Spikes digitate, secund ; hermaphrodite corol ciliate, and awned,
neuter of two awned valves.

Andropogon barbatum. Linn. Mant. 302. 588.

Konda-pulla. Rheed. mal. 12. p. 95. t. 51. |

Grows in large tufts on pasture ground, &c. very common every
where, DENS |

Culms, below creeping, and ramous, the joints perfectly smooth.
— Leazes near the base bifarious ; margins near the base and mouths -
of the sheaths ciliate.— Spikes terminal, from six to twelve, sessile,
secund, expanding , from one to two inches long. Rachis striated,
not hairy, nor jointed. — Flowers pedicelled, alternate, i in two rows
on the outside of the spikes.—Calyr two-flowered, two-valved,
Tüembranaceous and awnless. The lower flower is sessile and her-
maphrodite, its corol consists of two unequal ciliate valves, the
base of which is ‘surrounded with hairs, the exterior one ending in

à long, coloured awn. The other floret I have — found neuter ;
$ P p2

332 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. — Pommereulla; —

“~

it stands om a. short pedicel and consists-of two obcordate, awned:
valvelets ; awn and. margin of the. valvelets coloured.

Obs. Cattle eat it tillin flower ; after whicli Lneyer. saw.any animal,
touch it. ;

“4, C, polystachya. R.

Spikes from ten to twenty, fascicled. Exterior glume of the her- -
maphrodite flower with ciliate margins; neuter florets two, with sins
gle smooth valves. ;

A native of the Peninsula of India.,

Culms below procumbent for a little way, then erect, and about.

two feet high.— Leaves as in other grasses, and smooth,—Spihes —
about sixteen, in a terminal, sub-fastigiate umbelliform fas cle,
secund with the alternate spikelets, or flowers pointing to opposite
sides, length from two to three inches.— Ca/yx of two, unequa í
ceolate, boat-shaped, smooth, permanent awnless. valves, Fahich:
contain one, two-valved, hermaphrodite, awned flower; and two
peduncled, one-valved, awned, neuter florets. The exterior, valvelet
of, t the hermaphrodite flower has its margins ciliate.

POMMEREULLA. Schreb. Gen. N. 97.

Calyx, glumes two-valved, from three to four-flowered ; ealceles
four-cleft, awned on the back.

i P. Caie Linn. Sp. Pil, ed. Wilid. i. 314. y Fald Te. Pl.
ii, 393. R. Corom. Pli. N. 131. .- |
A very singular, small, rare grass; growing under. bushes on ade so
uncultivated ground. =
Root, Culms, and Leaves, as described by Konig, but mine hast the, ;
spike compound and secund, the rest as he says, alba base. abvollu-.
ta folia sub-spatheformi.—Spiculis distichus, each having an invo".
lucre of two, lanceolate, acute, membranaceous valves. Witbin nest;
two valves, is a short, clubbed, downy pedicel supporting ! the par til.
spikelets of four flowers, with their common calyx, it is joined. to »

t

ea

Poa: ATIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 333°

the. involucre. by: an-articulation. and*dreps: off most: readily, par-

. ticularly when dry, leaving'the involucre attached to the rachis.—

Calyx, Corol, and. Stamens, are as Konig describes them; but the
germ is obcordate, and there are always two styles with feathery re-
curved stigmas.—Seed as he describes it.

POA, Schreb. Gen, N. 114.
Calyx two-valved, containing: many. fioimett of two. unequal. valy-.

lets disposed alternately on distichous spikelets..

1. P. bifaria. Vahl. symbol. ii. 19. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd.i; 401.
Smooth; culms straight, from one to two feet high. Spike ter-

minal, straight; secund.: Spikelets sessile, alternate, bifarious, the
inferior from four to six-flowered, above many-flowered.

^ Feling. Wooda-tallum.

- "Y believe Konig called it Poa malabarica.

~ Grows on. mountains and. other. dry situations.

‘Culms»straight; simple, from twelve to twenty-four inches high, a
little compressed, smooth.— Leaves small, smooth.—Spikes straight,
secund, from four to eight inches long. Spikelets alternate, sessile, -
lanceolate, in two spreading rows, though issuing from one side of
the common rachis.—Calyz below, from four to six-flowered ; above
many. flowered.

2. P. chinensis. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 395+
Smooth, from two to four feet high. Panicle-of many alternate,

simple, expanding, secund ramifications ;. Spikelets SU: eltirt-

pedicelled, from four to six-flowered.

Beng. Bura-pini-nuti.

A large, beautiful species, growing on the borders of wis courses,
and places where there is much moisture.

Culms ramous, creeping near the base, above: Mid from

two to four feet high, — part smooth; and a little compressed.

*

334 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. - : Poa.

_ Leaves as in other grasses, smooth ; mouths of the sheaths bearded.
—Panicle large, oval, composed of long; alternate, filiform, simple,
expanding, secund branches. Spikelets alternate, from four to six-
flowered, short-pedicelled, expanding, in two rows from one side
of the simple branches.

3. P. procera. R.

Smooth, erect, from three to five feet high. Ligula large; rami-
fications of the panicle simple ; spikelets pedicelled, rather ropan
linear, many-flowered. ,

Teling. Rewa.
Delightsin a moist rich soil.

Culms nearly erect, branchy, from three to five feet high, ron pur

smooth, much covered by the sheaths of the leaves.— Leaves long,

slender and smooth. Sheaths longer than the joints, with their mouths |
crowned with a long ragged membranaceous procesi- Panicle

large, from nine to eighteen inches long, oblong, bowing a little,

composed of numerous; long, filiform, expanding racemes, scatter-

ed round the common rachis; which is filiform, waved, three-sided,

and hispid.. Spikelets alternate, pedicelled, linear, remote, many-
flowered. | agi)

4. P. cynosuroides. Linn. Sp Pl. ed. Willd. i. 393.

Smooth, straight, from one to three feet high. Leaves long and.
acute. Panicle straight, sub-cylindrical ; ramifications horizontal,
spikelets depending, from six to twelve-flowered. 2

Uniola bipinnata, Linn. Sp. Pl. 104. :

Sans NS. RR, Koosha Ras Kootha, gä, Dubha, afa Puvitrung. >

Cusa or Cusha. Asiat. Res. iii. 255. and 490. and i iv. 949. Pa:

Beng. Koosha. Y

Telinz. Durbha, Dubha, or Durpa. —

A strong coarse species, a native of dry barren ground.

Root creeping, perennial.—Culms straight, rigid, round, smooth,
from one to three feet high. Leaves numerous, very long, chiefy 3

Be ——-— TRIANDRIA DI&YNIA. 335

about. the base of the culms, rigid margins hispid.— Panicle erect,
linear-oblong, often tending to a conical form, composed of many
- somewhat three-fold, verticelled, horizontal, short, rigid, secund ra-
mifications. Spikelets many-tlowered, depending, in two” rows,
from the under side of the ramifications.— Coro/, valves pointed, the
- inner one rather the lar gest.

Obs. It is employed by the brahmuns i in their religious ceremo-
nies. Cattle do not eat it. Can this be Gramencapillaceum, &c. Pluk.
Alm. p. 17 6. t. 34. Fig. 2.—Cusa, or Cusha, the Sanscrit name of this
much venerated grass, was given toit ata very early period, by the Hin-
doo Philosophers, and believed, by Sir William Jones, to have been
consecrated to the memory of Cush, one of the sons of Ram.” See
Asiatic Researches, vol. iii. p. 490. If so, we have here a very anci-
ent precedent for the present very convenient practice of giving such

arbitr ary names to plants, and to their families,

5. P. ciliaris. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd: i. 402.

Smooth, sub-erect, from one to two feet high. Panicle contracted,
linear, with the lower ramifications remote. Spikelets from six to
twelve-flowered; inner valvelets of the corol ciliate. |

Delights in the same soil'and situation with the last described
Species. ;
- Culms near the base procumbent, above erect for one or two
féet.— Leaves as in the last.— Panicle linear, from three to six
iuches long, the ramifications short, those of the lower part stand at
some small distance, their insertions are not hairy. —QCalyx from six
to twelve-flowered, not ciliate.— Corol, only the inner valve ciliate.
TEN 2 EH D

p:

iea slender, fivin twelve to eighteen inches high. Leaves slen-.
der. Panicle cylindric, crowded with short, adpressed, ramous, al-
ternate branches; spikelets from six to twehseslowered flowers di-

audrous, i inner valve of the corol ciliate.

"$36 - "EYANDKIA DIGYNTA. ‘Poa.

From ‘Canton in China the: seed was received into the Botanic
"Garden, where the plants grow freely and blossom during the rains
and the cool ‘season. |

4. P. ciliata. R.

Smooth, sub-erect, from one to two feet high. Panicle columnar;
spikelets from six to twelve-flowered ; margins of all the valvelets of
the calyces and corols ciliate. Seed globular.

- Is generally found on a poor dry soil.

- Root perennial.— Culms erect, rigid, smooth ; from one to three feet
high.— Leaves smooth, mouth of the sheaths downy.— Panicle colum-
nar, from two to four inches long, branches thereof crowded, inser
tions hairy, spikelets from six to twelve-flowered.—Calyz, margins
ciliate.—Corol, the margins of both valves much ciliate, the exterior .
. one has three nerves and is pointed, the inner one two-nerved.—Seed
obovate, smooth, brown, dropping from the corol when ripe.

^8. P. interrupta. Kon. Mss.
Erect, smooth, from one to three feet high ; ramifications of the li-
near panicle short, and collected into remote fascicles. Spikelets
from six to twelve-flowered. Seed obcordate.
Teling. Nakurnaral.
Grows about at the borders of rice fields.

-Clums generally erect, from one and a half to three feet high, round,
smooth.— Leaves narrow, long, sharp, and smooth.— Panicles erect;
from six to twelve inches long, linear ; ramifications sessile, nearly
erect, remote, particularly those of the lower part, where they 9r? -
often twice their length asunder ; one, two, or more from the same
point, which makes it appear verticelled.— Spikelets minute, pedi-
‘celled, from six to twelve-flowered.—Corol, valves .einobth.-5 Sed |

as in the-last two'species.

:9. P-nutans. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 895. Retz. Obs. iv. 19+
Erect, smooth, from three-to five feet high, panicles contracte"?

Poa. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. _ 337

ramifications adpressed, fascicled, and approximated. ^ ^ Spikelets
from eight to fourteen-flowered ; seed oblong.

Teling. Urenka.
= Delight in a rich, moist soil, such as the athe of water courses,

borders of rice fields, &c.

Culms erect, from three to five feet high, generally simple, round,
smooth.— Leaves narrow, long,.sharp, and smooth.— Panicle linear,
from one to two feet long; ramifications filiform, peduncled, ad-
pressed, one, two, or more from nearly the same place, but seldom
so far asunder as their own length. Spikelets pedicelled, from eight
to fourteen-flowered.—Calyr and corol smooth Sed oblong,
smooth, brown.

Obs. The best mark to distinguish it from the last species is ‘the
form. of the seed, which in that is obovate, iu this oblong. Cattle are
not fond of any of these tall, erect, coarse species.

10. P. diandra. R.

Erect, smooth. Leaves long, fine-pointed ; panicle linear, half the-
length of the whole plant; ramifications scattered, compound, expand-
ing, smooth ; spikelets from four to eight Howered. - Flowers dian-
drous.

A native of Bengal, where it blossoms during the cold season.

Culms erect, growing in tufts, with few branches, smooth ; ; height
ofthe whole plant in a good soil, from three to six feet.— Leaves from
one to two feet long, smooth in every part, tapering to a long fine
point.— Panicle linear, half the length of the whole plant; ramifica-
tions thereof scattered, expanding, smooth, compound, from two
to three inches long.—Spikelets lanceolate, small, smooth, from.
four to eight-flowered.—Corol, with both valyes smooth, and rather
obtuse.— Stamens two. Anthers puipie:

11. P. viscosa. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd, i 398. Retz. Obs. iv. p.90.
Culm ascending, from mine to eighteen inches high, clammy. `

P, anicle linear-oblong ;_ rami ifications verticelled, short, spreading ;
Qy

69

38 — TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Poa,

spikelets from three to twelve- maa inner glumes of the corol
ciliate. ; i
This species grows in tufts on dry pasture ground.

Culms numerous, spreading, with their extremities asceriding, ra-
mous, from nine to eighteen inches long.— Leaces small, margins in-
volute ; sheaths shorter than the joints, with their mouth surrounded
with long, slender, white hair.— Panicles linear-oblong, from two to
four inches long, composed of short, sub-verticelled, sessile, expand-
ing ramifications.— Calyx from three to four-flowered. —Corol, inner
valve ciliate. wae
= Oós. Every part of the plant is covered with tenacious gluten. -

12. P. tenella. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 395.

Erect, smooth, from one to two feet high. Panicle linker alder,
verücelled. Spikelets pedicelled, from four to six-flow ere smooth

A native of pasture ground. 5

Culins erect, rouud, smooth, from one to two fect high.— Leaves

smooth, mouth of the sheaths much bearded.—- Panicles tinear-oblong,

.. composed of verticelled, filiform, expanding, ramous branches, hav-
: ing always at their insertions and sub-divisions a few fiue, long hairs.
Spikelets pedicelled, from four to six-flowered.— Calyx and corol
smooth.— Seed. oval, brown, smooth, falling from the corol when
ripe, as do all the other species of this genus that I have yet seen.
—. Obs. The anthers shine through the valves, as in P. punctata,
and indeed in most, if not all the Poas. ee

33. P. plumosa. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 403. Retz. Obs. —

Sub-erect, smooth. Panicle ovate-oblong ; ramifications aie
horizontal ; insertions hairy ; ramuli depending. Spikelets pedicelled,
from four to six-flówered ; inner valvelets of the corols ciliate. — .

Tsjama-pullu. Rheed. mal. xii. p. 75. t. 41. o

Gramen fumi. Rumph. Amb. vi. p. 10. t. 4. f. 3.

Is found growing in tufts on pasture ground. -

Culms filiform, many, ramous, spreading a little at the base, above
| erect, T- one to two feet np round, sinooth.— Leaves, months —

Poa. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 339

and margins of the sheaths fringed, with long delicate white hairs.—
Panicle oblong, composed of many, capillary, alternate, horizontal,
ramous branches, their insertions and sub-divisions are fringed with
a few, fine, white hairs. Spikelets minute, pedicelled, depending,
from four to six-flowered.—Ca/yr smooth.— Corol, inner valve fring-
ed with hairs in the back.—Seed oblong, brown, smooth. —

14. P. punctata. Linn. Sp. PI. ed. Willd. i. 395.

Erect, smooth, from six to eighteen inches high. Panicle oblong;
ramifications simple, expanding, lower ones verticelled. Spikelets
from twelve to fourteen-flowered, smooth.—Seed eS Song.

This species grows in tufts on pasture ground.

Culms erect, generally simple, round, smooth ; from six to eigh-

< teen inches bigh. — Leaves small, smooth; mouths of the sheaths
bearded.— Panicle oblong ; rvmifications simple, expanding, the
lower ones collected into one verticel ; above alternate.— Spikelets
pedicelled, rather remote, linear, from twelve to fourteen- flower-
ed.— Calyx and corol smooth, thin, showing the unexpanded an-
thers and stigmas through them.— Seed oblong, smooth, brown.

15. P. elegans. R.

Sub-erect, smooth, from one to lire feet high. Panicle oblong,
nodding ramifications solitary, ramous, adpressed. err EN
eight to twelve-flowered. Seed globular.

A very elegant, tall, delicate species, a native of moist castes
“ground. :

“Cullis simple, at the base spreading for a few inches, the remain-
ing partis erect, round, smooth ; from one to three feet high. — Leaves
few and very small, smooth i in every part, except the mouth of the -
sheaths, which are bearded.— Panicles linear-oblong, nodding, com-
Posed of erect, adpressed, distinct, somewhat remote ramification,
each of which forms a small, but similar panicle. Partial rachis
With the angles hispid. Spikelets pedicelied, linear, from eight to

z twelve-flowered, purplish.—Corol, outer valve three-nerved. — Seed
globular, smooth, and brown. .

+

Qq2

310 TRIANDRIA DIGYNTA. - opos.

16. P. multiflora. R.
` Sub-erect, smooth, from six to eighteen inches high. Panicle
longer than the rest of the plant, nodding. Spikelets crowded, from
fifty to seventy-flowered. Seed globular, 3

Is found on dry elevated places.

Culms nearly erect, naked, except at the base, from six to twelve
inches high, round, and smooth.— Leaves one or twọ near the base `
of each culm, short; mouths of the sheaths a little hairy .— Panicle
oblong, bowing ; ramifications sub-sessile, short, filiform, simple, ,
the lower collected into one or two remote branches ; the upper ones
alternate. Spikelets pedicelled, very long, linear, from fifty to seven-
ty-flowered.—Calyx smooth, obtuse —Ccrol smooth, outer valve
three-nerved.— Seed round, smooth, brown.

17. P. unioloides. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 393. Rete..Obs-¥- 19.

Erect, smooth, from one to two feet high. Panicle ovate ; rami- -
fications short, simple, below fascicled; above solitary, horizontal 5
spikelets long-pedicelled, from sixteen to twenty-flowered.

, oblong. Se

Beng. Konee. “is

_ A most elegant species, a native of dry elevated situations.

- Culms, below ramous, with a small portion resting on the ground,
the rest erect, and from one to two feet high, round and smooth —
‘Leaves few, small, and smooth; mouths of the sheaths bearded.— 5
Panicles half as long as the whole plant, erect, oblong, thin; ramifi-
cations peduncled, filiform, disposed as in multiflora. Spikelets ovate,
from sixteen to twenty-flowered, generally of a bluish purple colour. —
Corol, outer valve three-nerved, as in P. multiflora.— Seed oblong, —

smooth, brown. e

18. P. flexuosa. R.
Sub-erect, flexuose, noddiug, smooth, from eighteen to twenty-four
inches high. Panicle ovate, crowded ; ramifications solitary, «f

‘Poa. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 341

mous, expanding, insertions hairy, spikelets twenty-flowered. Seed
globular.

A pretty large species, growing in tufts on old walls, so exactly
resembling P. unioloides as to be easily mistaken for it. It has much
the habit of Briza Eragrostis.

Culms sub-erect, winding, round, smooth; from one and a half to
two feet high.— Leaves much larger than in the last species, and the
mouths of the sheaths more hairy.— Panicle oval, very large, gene-
rally more than half the length of the whole plant, branches alter-
nate, nearly horizontal, ramous, with a brown, hairy gland in the axil
of each division of the panicle.— Spikelets white, or pale green,
lanceolate, large, about ino fov ered.— Seed globular, brown, z
and smooth.

19. P. paniculata. R.

Erect, smooth, from two to four feet high. Leaves long; mouths -
of their sheaths bearded. Panicle oblong ; ramifications most nu-
merous, filiform ; insertions hairy. Spikelets from four to sixteen-
flowered; valvelets of the calyces ciliate. Seed globular.

Culm süb-erect, round, and smooth ; length from one to two feet
high to the panicle, which is about the same length, making the
whole height from three to four feet-— Leaves large, mouths of the
sheaths very hairy.— Panicle oblong, very large, composed of numer-
ous, ramous, filiform, expanding branches, their insertions and sub-
divisions involved in fine, long, white hairs. Spikelets long-pedicel-
led, linear, from four to sixteen-flowered.— Corol, outer valve round at
- the apex, and three-nerved ; inner one slightly ciliate on the back.

20. P. gangetica. R. le

- Grows in very dense tufts, Panicle thin ; spikelets linear, from
thirty to forty-flowered.

A native of the banks of the Ganges, but scarce.

Culms numerous, and ramous, growing in crowded tufts, smooth
in every part, general length about a foot.— Leaves few, small, and
smooth. Panicle ovate, composed of a few, remote, alternate, sub-

é

342 uc TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA, Dactylis.

diverging branchjets, each supporting a number of heaped, linear,
acuminate, smooth spikelets, of from twenty to fifty-flowers each;
as they advance. from the apex the lower-florets drop, leaving the
zigzag rachis naked as they ripen.—Calyx, both valves smooth -
obtuse.— Seed oval, smooth, brown. ;

DACTYLIS. Schreb. Gen. N. 117. 2

Calyx two-valved, compressed, one valvelet larger, keeled. Seeds

few.

1. D. lagopoides. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 410. Burm. Indes
£; 12. f..9. .

‘Creeping. Leaves rigid, with spinescent points. Heads globular.
Calyces from six to eight-flowered, hairy, as are also the corals ; an-
thers blue. Me ii

It is generally found growing on a salt Sandy soil near the sea.

Culms creeping to a great extent, with from four to eight inches of
the flower-bearing portions, erect, they are of a firm, ligneous tex-
ture, round and smooth, every part of the erect portions covered by
the sheaths of the leaves. — Leaves numerous, small, approximate,
firm, acute, résembling thorns.— Head; or spike terminal, short-pedi-
celled, globular, composed of many, closely crowded, sessile, round-
ish spikelets.—Calyr from six to eight-flo wered ; glumes equal,
shorter than the flowers, obtuse and hairy.—Corol two-valved, exe
terior striated, hairy, and. obtuse; inner membranaceous, involving
the stamens and: pistillum.—Stamens three. Anthers blue...

2. D. brevifolia. Linn. Sp. Pi. ed. Willd. i. 410.
Creeping, ramous. Leaves short. Heads sub-globular, composed

of three, secund spikes. —— Calyces acute, from six to twelve-flow- eM

ered. — Corols hairy, acute.
It is found on dry sandy ground at a small distance from the sea.
Culms spreading, ramous, creeping, with their flower-bearing €X- _
tremities ascending, from six to twelve — long. Serge E

t

Eleusine. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. - 348

nerally opposite. Leaves short, with their margins ciliate.— Head
or spike terminal, long-peduncled, globular, composed of.two or
three, sessile, secund, short spikes, which are again composed of two
rows of alternate, from six to twelve-flowered, sessile, ovate-oblong
. spikelets.—Calyz, from six to twelve-flawered, equal, acute, striat-
ed.—Corol, outer valve keeled, acute, three-nerved, very hairy near
the base, inner. valve as in Poa, with its back ciliate.— Seed oval,
compressed, smooth, and brown; dropping from the corol when ripe.

Obs. Both these species are of 4 coarse nature: .

The Linnean definition of the genus does not. accord well with
the only two species I have met with in India. "That of Foa agrees
better with their essential character; and had not Burman, i in his
Flora indica, made them'both belong to this genus, I should certainly
have considered them as species of Poa, though in their general
habit they by no means agree with the elegant plants of that genus,
When I had an opportunity | forgot to examine the seeds in a
sufficiently exact manner. — I suspect they have the aril of the fol-

lowing genus, because they have much of its general habit.

ELEUSINE. Gart. Carp. i. p. 7.*
Calyx two-valved, containing many flowers of two equal valvelets.
Seed with a complete membranaceous aril. -

1. E. Coracana. Gert. Carp. i. 8. t. 1.

Culm; erect, from two to four feet high, compressed. Leaves
bifaious. Spikes digitate, incurved. Calyces from three to six-
flowered. Seed round.

. Cynosurus Coracanus. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 415.

Tsjetti-pullu. Rheed. Hort. Mal. xii. p. 149. t. 78. `

Panicum mod seu Naatsjoni. Rumph. amb. v. p.903.1. ee
D m |

It is called N utchanee by ecient on the Comia Coast.

“I adopt Gertner’ s name on account of the aril, which envelops the seed, and

the total want of the involucre of Cynosurus i in all the Indian species that I have
yet met with,

344 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA; Eleusine.

pva or early Soloo, is the Telinga name of the grain, -
Sodee the name of the plant.

Beng. Murooa.

Raggee of the Coast Mahomedans. é

"This species is cultivated during the rains. I never saw it wild,

Culms erect, generally several from the same grain of seed j from.
two to four feet high, a little compressed, smooth.— Leaves bifarious,
large, smooth; mouths of the sheaths bearded.—Spikes, from four to :
six, digitate, incurvate, secund, from one to three inches long, com- —
posed of two rows of sessile, from three to six-flowered spikelets. Ka-
chis compressed, a little waved.--Calyx from three to six-fowered,
exterior glumes twice as long as the interior; both are keeled, ob-
tuse, and membranaceous-margined. —Corol, valves nearly equal.—
Seed globular, dark brown, a little wrinkled, covered with er

lucid, membranaceous aril.

$

.. 9. E. stricta. R.

Culms erect, from two to five feet high, compressed. Leavesbi- —.
farious. Spikes digitate, straight. Calyces from three to six-flow-

ered. Seed round.

Teling. Pedda, viz. great Soloo.

Hind. Raggee.

This is still more cultivated than the last, and differs from it on-
ly in having the spikes straight, being generally of a larger size, and
more productive, the great weight of the seed, when full grown bends
the spikes down into a horizontal direction.

There is a variety of this straight-spiked sort, which the Tenge
farmers called maddee rooba soloo; it grows to still a arges size,
with a greater number of straight spikes.

They ail require a light rich soil, on which the water does not
. remain after heavy rains. The first or early sort does not require -

so rich /a soil as the other two, it is sown earlier by which means |
' the same ground yields two crops. From July to January inclu-
Sive they reckon on an increase of about one hundred : and twenty,
fold if the soil and season are favourable.

Eleusine, . "TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. ; 345

< The second sort requires a richer soil ; itis sown later in the sea-
son ; its increase is greater. i :
The third sort, maddi ruba soloo, - requires a still idie soil; wm
fit for it is.scarce, and the rent high. I am ‘informed that it is nearly -
twice as much as that of land fit for the first sort, the increase of this
kind is prodigious, five hundred fold, the farmers say, if the season
and soil are favourable. -

About twenty years ago, there came up accidentally among st some
rubbish in my garden at Samul-cotah, two tufts, of this plant, each,
upon examination, | found to be the produce of one seed, each had
, twenty-five culms, and each of these culms had on an average two
lateral branches making in all seventy-five culms and branches, each
produced upon an average, six spikes, (for they had from four to
eight) in all four hundred and fifty spikes, each of these had at a me-
| dium sixty spikelets, and each spikelet ripened on an average three
or four seeds, total*produce eighty-one thousand. I was myself par-
‘ticularly attentive in counting the above produce because it was so
astonishingly great. |
- li the Rajamundry Circar, where these observations were made,,
the soil is in general rich, and the season favourable,

- $. E. egypticai R. à az
- Culms with a creepmg base, from one to two ste hight. Spikes:
four-fold, cruciate. Calyces daggered, from three to four-flowered.-
‘Seed oval, somewhat three-sided, and transversely ips
Cynosurus egypticus. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd:i. 416.
.. Gramen vaccinum. Rumph: amb. vi. p. 10. t. 4. fil.
~ Cavara-pullu. Rheed. Mal. xii. P By tO —
Hind. Makura-jali. dix cR
` Grows in pasture ground, and by road sides, E
Culms, creeping near the base; the remaining part nearly erect
for a foot, or a foot and a half, ramous, a little compressed, aud
smooth.— Leaves fringed with hairs.— Spikes terminal, from three to.
fie, ee, secund, &e, as in E. — Calya | from three
A Br j

LI

`~

sb —— dPÉEXRDRIACHIDYNDA. — Eleusine:

to foui-flowénid ; glums acute, pladiouterdy the exterior one which 2
ends in a short awn.— Corol, outer valve very acute.— Seed oval,
somewhat three-sided, wrinkled, arilled, but in this species the aril
isso thin liiban asto be ofteù removed by the time the midh
full grown. ;
Obs. Cattle are fond of it.

cA E. indica. Gert. Carp. i. p. 8. t. T.

Erect, smooth, from one to two feet high. Leaves bifarious. spite
from five to seven, digitate. Calyces from three to five-foweret, i
seed oblong, three-sided, rugose. :

Cynosurus indicus. Lina. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. LA

Hind. Mal-aukuri. . ^ : wr

Feling- Kuror, viz. wild soloo. -—

- A common coarse species, found growing in large tufts on | pas- .
ture ground, road sides, &c.

` Culms ascending at the base, famous, a little compressed, dioi:
from one to two feet high.— Leaves bifarious, large, with a fewlong
white hairs scattered over the insides and sheaths.—- Spikes tetmi- f
nal, from three to SIX, expanding ; one generally standing single
a little below the rest, linear, secund, from two to four inches long;
insertions glandular and hairy, spikelets in two. fows on the undér-
side.— Calyx fromi three to five-flowered; glumes equal, as long 99 — —
the flowers, smooth and rather obtuse.—-Coroól, valves smoótb, ob~ ;
tuse.— Seed obtusely three-sided, rugose, arilleds z

Obs. Cattle are not fond of it.

5. E. verticillata. R. F^

Erect, smooth, from one to four feet high. gom bifarious. A
Spikelets numerous, panicled. Calyces from eight to twelve-flowet-
ed; glumes daggered ; seed oblong, wrinkled. — — 2 :

It is a native of moist pasture ground. =

Culms erect, round, smooth, from one to four feet high.— Leaves ;

as in tlie last described.— Panicle erect, oblong, composed of many

Arundo, TRIANDRIA DIGYNIAs — -

serticelled, expanding, round, sessile, linear spikes, much resembling
those of E. indica; spikelets imbricated in two rows on the under side `
| of the spikes.—Ca/yz from eight to twelve-flowered, corolJike.—Co-

rol, exterior valve ending in a long dagger, inner valve membranace-
ous.— Seed oblong, wrinkled, arilled ; in this species the aril is fully —
35 delicate as iu E. agyptioga sud is nenly found whole on the p
guo or ripe seed, -

$ E. calycina» R. :

— Erect, from two to three feet high: Panicle E Spile numer»
eus, alternate; glumes of the calyces equal, many times larger tham
those of the coral, tala three-Bowened, Seedalnnanea mie
led. cT

Teling. due cube idie:

Grows in small tufts ou dry pasture osi but escono amongst z
bushes.

Culms erect, generally about two feet high, much covered by the
Aeaves.— Leaves very thinly scattered with hairs,—Panicle linear,
eréct, from eight te twelve inches long, composed of many sessile,
*xpandinz, alternate, secund spikes; spikelets occupying, as in the
other species, the under side’ of the spike.—Ca/yr generally three-
flowered, glumes equal, twice as long as the three flowers they eme
_ brace, each ending in a long, sharp dagger.— Corol, valves obtuse,—
Seed three-sided, wrinkled. I cannotsay that I have seen the aril ia
this species, though I have often looked. fori it; it may therefore be a

— species of Dactylis

ARUNDO. Schreb. Gen. 194.
Calys two-valved, containing one or more two-valved flowers,
surrounded with long liairs.

1. A. bifaria. Retz. Obs. iv. 21. Linn. Sp. Pl. ad Willd. i: 455.
ane Snath, leafy, from twelve to Se feet high. Panicle
n : :

i

—

$48 (0 TRÜANDRIA DIGYNIAL — Arundo:

. erect, linear, oblong, dense ; calyces, three-flowered, much longer
than the florets; glumes of the corol woolly. ee
Teling. Patoo-ederoo. . . x A ee
“ds found chiefly among bushes « on ics banks of rivulets, lakes, i
&c. ön the Circar mountains. ;
— — Culms sword-shaped, smooth, about ten to fifteen ‘inches long |
and from one to two broad.— Panicle erect, oblong, very much crowd-
. ed with innumerable ramifications, which stand.erect and press -
close on one another while in seed.— Flowers erect, on a common
woolly pedicel within the calyx.—Calyr_ three-flowered; glumes
equal, pointed, larger than those of the flowers:—Corol, -exterior
valve twice the size of the.inner one, it is pointed and woolly on the
outside, abi.
Obs. The leaves seem to be one of those sorts with which: the Chi-
nese line the inside of their pe cH tubs and other oe

3$. e Riria: Livi: Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 456. Retz. Obs. i rye ee
--Erect, smooth, leafy, from eight to twelve feet high. - Panicle -
loose, 'verticelled. Calycés, from three to four-flowered, exterior
. glume of the corols three-nerved, and daggered. -> —
- Sans: qg, N uda, aq, N ula, Wat, sips WER Potu-
gula. S : i
Beng. Nal, Nuk: | d ^
T. eling. Naga-sara maitantos. E TEAR z pe.
Is a native of similar places with thre last described. ^ 3
Culms erect, ramous, from eight to twelve feet high, : ‘and as thick as
the last, round, smooth, entirely covered with the sheaths of the leaves.
— Leaves approximate, sword-shaped, smooth, from twelve to twen- ;
ty-four inches long, and one or one and a half broad; mouths of the
sheaths bearded.— Panicle bowing with the wind, but if not disturb- -
ed erect, oblong, composed of many filiform, erect, (in luxuriant |
plauts: drooping,) sub-verticelled, ramous branches.— Rachis of the
` branches angular and hispid.— Florets alternate, on a longer com-
. mon woolly pedicel than i in A. bifaria, within the calyx.— Caly? from |

Arundo — — TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. i peg 349

T to five-flowered ; “plates duit; the largest shorter than the
exterior valve of. the corol.— Corol, exterior valve three-nerved, taper-
ing into long fine subulate points, inner valve scarcely half so long.
—Stamens often only two, and the pistil is frequently wanting.

Obs. It does not agree with Retzius's description of A. Karka in.

the number of flowers in the: calyx. Pipes are made of the culms,
particularly those used by the pee m Puy about the dancing
snakes, .

In Bengal it is more Juxuriant than on thé’ Cii "The common
: Durma mats of that place are made of the stalks split open. Vessels
from the pot of Calcutta are kaemy dunnaged With them.

“eS: A. bengalensis. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 455. Retz. Obs. Y. E

` Culms from six to ten feet high, fistulous. Leaves bifarious, -

sword-shaped, drooping. Panicle lax ; valvelets of. the calyx equal,

from two-to three-flowered; exterior valve of the eorol woolly, dag- —

gered, and three-nerved.

` Beng. Gaba-nul.

This elegant species is found growing in ditches, &c. low places

in the vicinity of Calcutta, where it blossoms daring. the month of
October and November. oa í

' Culms erect, from six to ten feet high, fistulous.— Leaves very
numerous, approximate, bifarious, drooping, sword-shaped, from one

to two inches broad at the base, from thence taper to a fine point;

smooth on both sides, and.in the margins.—Sheaths also smooth,

with along membranaceous margin round the mouth.— Panicle oval,

lax, from oue to two feet long, erect; ram fications alternate, ramous,

drooping a little.— Flowers pedicelled, scattered.—Calyr two or
three-flowered ; valves tiearly equal, and of the length of the flow-

ers. — Corol, exterior valve three-nerved, and woolly on ‘the back,

With a very fine, long, taper point. - Inner valve small and smooth.

——Nectari y two, cunei-form scales embrace the germ on the two sides.
Obs. The wool which girds the base of the corol, in most of the

species, į Is in this spec! ies, found grow! ing on n the back ot its exterior
valve,

+

350 — Ed TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. E

| ARISTIDA. Schreb. Gen. N. 195.
07 Caylx two-valved, one-flowered. Corol one-valved, with three
awns at the top. - | ! Mess

T. A. sétacea. Retz. Obs. iv. 22. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Wilid.i. 468.
Erect, smooth, froin two to four feet high. Panicle linear-oblong,
«composed of fifteen to twenty sub-alternate, erectish ramifications. -
Teling. Shipur-gadi. - :
"Grows in a dry, barren, binding soil. ee ES
Root perennial.—Culms straight, generally simple, from two fe
four feet high, and.about as thick as a crow quill at the base, solid,
„and of a very firm ligneous texture, round aud smooth.—Leaves fw,
arrow, margins involute, nerveless, smooth.——Panicle bowing with
the wind, linear, from six to twelve inches long, composed of sub,
sessile, remote, adpressed ramifications, —Calyz, corol, &c. as im.
the family, except that the three awns are erect. VR
Obs. Cattle do not eat it, yet it is very useful. The Telingapa-
gper-makers construct their frames of the culms; it also serves tomake -
brooms and tooth-picks. It is employed in. preference to other grass-
«es for making the screens called Taities, for this purpose itis spread
Ahin on-bambooframes, aud tied down, these placed on the weather
side of the house, during the hot land winds and kept constantly wae.
tered duriag the heat of the day, renders the temperature of the ais
in the house exceeding pleasant, compared to what it is without.

. Phe’ Thermometer in the eut side exposed to the wind, but note —
the sua, will then be at eae hundred or one “hundred and fifteen
degrees, or even more; and within, ifthe Tatties are properly dies
posed and well watered, they will keep it down to. from eighty-five .
to ninety, with two er even three rows of Patties, made very thin,
aud all kept well watered, the Thermometer, when it blows hardy —
may be brought down to eighty, but then it is absolutely chilling,

, and disagreeabl y cold. The difference between the open air and this
réfreshed air, is to the feeling inconceivably great. The There

fe

Manisuris. | TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. - |. goa

meter in the sun; a£ this season rises to from one hundred and thirty
- to one hundred and forty. "This contrivance we received from Bengal,
and by it the hot season which used to be so much dreaded, is now
tenderéd to those who can keep within doors tolerable. I have never
observed any bad effects from this cool moist ait ; however the hot
season is the most — of the whole year.

g A. Hisa Linn. Sp. Pi. ed. Willd. i, 459.
Culms diffuse; about two feet long, — Panicle oval, large, thing
tamificalions spreading, two-forked.
"Teling. Shilpuroo-kalli.
This species is a native of the same soil with the last described... :
Culms depressed, stragsling, crooked, rigid, somewhat brachys
about two feet long.— Leaves as in the last species. Panicle large,
‘oval, thin; direction various, composed of diverging, génerally twda-
deft peduncles avd pedicels.—Calyz, corol, Xo- as in the genus. —
Obs, This species is of no use that I know of.

-S. A. depressa. Retz. Obs. iv. 22. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 461...
Ascending, ramous, from twelve to eighteen inches long. Pani-
tle linear, of six to Aight alternate ramifications ; punc of the caly- f

ces keeled. — —
Teling. Nalli-pootiké. AT
Is found upon the same kind of Jeu with the two ns speci
Culmsbelow depressed, ramous ; above ascending, filiform, round, .
smooth, solid, rigid ; from twelve to eighteen inehes high.— Leaves _
as in the former .— Panicle smaller, and with fewer ramifications
than in A. selacea.— Calyz, the glumes have a large green keel.—
: Coro], &c as in the genus. —-
w This is also s so far as T know, tecil useless,

MANISURIS. Schreb. Gen. N. 1570.

Polygamous.. Rachis jointed. Hermaphrodite calyx MoA £

. me-flowered. Corol two-valved, less than thé calyx. Male, or neu-
| ter čalyx two-valved, one ‘or two-flowered. - Coral two-valy ed.

xc y ih i a MET. UA pugil
T D E po CTRANDIIA. DIGYNIA. C Minis.

| a ds M. Murus Linn Spe Pl. ed. Willa. iv. 945... Corom. Pie 2,
CINE. 0 arias t S
ulms c creeping, ndo, from nine to tighten inches high, Spikes
ay solitary ; ; exterior valve of the hermaphr odite calyx panduriform and
emarginate ; male calyx two-flowered. ea =
Teling. Nalla-punookoo. ;
Is a native of dry elevated sandy ground. *
Culms several, ramous, diffuse near the base, rooting at the. joints,
extremities ascending, from nine to eighteen iüches long, as thick
as a crow quill, compressed, smooth, not piped.— Leaves small and
smooth; mouths of the sheaths increased by a lacerated membra-
naceous border or stipule.— Spikes solitary, terminal, and from the
exterior arils peduncled, secund, jointed, smooth, alittle compress-
ed, from one to two inches long.— Peduncles articulated, and bract-.

ed at the middle. — Flowers, the hérmaphrodite ones occupy. a Wav- a
ed row- of pits on the four sides of the ds while. iaa; ones.

~

possess two sides, the back i haked -> oclo e Beles z
HERMAPHRODITE FLOWERS. Calye &Gxalved, ónccoweréd ;
— the exterior valvelet has a broad coloured margin, which is emargi-
nate, and deeply indented ‘at the sides, like a fiddle ; inner valvelet
oblong, lodged ina pit of the rachis.— Coro two-valved, membra- _
naceous. Nectary | two obcordate, crenulated scales embrace the E
germ.—Stamens three. Styles two.
Marg rrowERs. Calyx two-flowered, two-valved, valvelets |
E nearly equal, boat-shaped .— Corol with two o membranaceous valves.
Stamens. three ae none. |
Tw M. D Linn. xi Pi. ed. Wilid. 3r 04e Coron: PL mde
N. 118. |
Ramous, sub-erect, btn, sd oue 1 to two feet high; "pis m.
cicled. Hermaphrodite calyx oval, and rugose ; male or neuter one-
_ flowered. Io : ;
‘Grows among bushes. : . 3
|, Culms very ramous, nearly erect, filiform, do from one to two.

| Rottbællia, TRIANDRIA PIGYNIA. 353

! ;
| feet high.— Leaves numerous, very hairy, stiff and sharp.— Spikes
terminal, and axillary, peduncled, several together, small, compress-
ed, from half an inch to an inch long.— Panicles as in the former.
Rachis jointed, much waved, and excavated #% in Rottbeellia.—
- Flowers from four to ten of each sort, their situation exactly as in tlie
_ last species, viz. the hermaphrodite occupy the forepart, while the
male, or neuter are placed on the sides, the former are > globular, and
the latter lanceolate. E
HERMAPHRODITE riowers. Calyx one- flowered, two-valv-
ed, exterior valve round or rigid, and very rugose ; ; inner valve less
rigid. —Corol two-valved, membranaceous.—Stamens xm 0s
wo,
Mazz. or NEUTER FLOWERS. Calyx byro-valvéd. one- flowered.
yet two-valved. —Stamens three or none.

ROTTBG:LLIA. Schreb. Gen. N. 1572.

Rachis (generally) jointed, variously excavated for the reception of

one, or two flowers in a two-valved calyx, in each excavation.

~ AR. glabra. R eee
Near. the base creeping, with extremities erect, sthooth. Leaves
- bifarious, all hermaphrodite. Calyx: one-flow ered, corol three-valved.
— Beng. Buksha. '
A native of Bengal, where it grows on pasture lands, the borders
: dhs rice fields, and other moist places. Cattle are. fond of it.
a Culms jointed, smooth, compressed, filled with pith, creeping
Near the principal root for a foot or more, the remaining part from
Me to two,-or even three feet, erect.— Leaves alternate, bifarious,
— Approximate, short, spreading, ensiform, smooth.— Sheaths shorter -
| Chan the j joints of the culm, smooth .—Spikes axillary, solitary or in |
pairs, with a solitary terminal one, subulate, three-sided, smooth,
| hort-peduncled, the peduncles with generally a part of the spikes |
: in the sheaths of the leaves; general length from two to three -
a itches. — Flowers opposite, in genera! all, or the greatest part herma-
: as

a

354A. mmüpm oiov. © Rliberllia.

prid ed à as long as s the joints ‘of the rachis .— Calyx one-flower-
ed, two-valyed, smooth, cartilaginous. ` The exterior valve of one
of the pair obliquely emarginate, the other acute —Corol, the her-
Ps maphrodite and male three-valved, one valve on the inside, and two
on the outside ; all tinged with —€ red at the base.

2. R. compressa. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 465. Corom. Pri ii EL
156. Retz. Obs. ii; 19. — ,
Culms climbing, from five to twenty feet high, smooth, compress-
ed; spikes axillary and terminal; rachis jointed ; flowers opposite,
- hermaphrodite calyces one-flowered. ^ Corol three-valved.
Beng. Pansheroo. ;
- Teling. Shervoo, i. e. lake panookoo.
Is found on the borders of lakes, amongst other roots of long grass,
and brush wood. . | f =
Culms” several, creeping or Neng ramous, compressed, from

X

x: ive to twenty feet long, ‘piped, smooth, ~about as thick as a com-

mon quill, and very hard.— Leaves numerous, bifarious, small for the
size of the plant, smooth and soft ; sheaths short, compressed, and
smooth.—Spikes peduncled, terminal, and from the exterior axills,
generally from two to five together, compressed, a little smooth, from
two to four inches long.— Peduncles articulated at the middle and
there bracted, lanceolate, chaffy, bractes also surround their inser-
tion. —Flowers all hermaphrodite, opposite, decussated, lodged in
the excavations of the jointed rachis. — Calyx one-flowered, two-
valved, valves nearly equal; the flowers have alternately their valves
_ pointed and somewhat longer than the excavation in the rachis, both
cartilaginous;—and obtuse, equal to the pits in the rachis, with the ex-
terior one only cartilaginous.—Corol three-valved, valves membrana-
ceous. Nectary, two triangular bodies: embracing the base of the
stamens and germ.— —Stamens three.— Styles es — p

E c. R. exaltata. Linn. Sp. Pi. ed. Willd.i i. 466. Corom: Pi.2. N. 157.
Polygamoas. Culms erect, hirsute, from six to ten feet high.

*

i w

e a

Rottbællia. IRIANDRIA DIGYNIA, $55

Spikes solitary, secund. Polygamous flowers on the front with neuter
“ones on the sides. A am
— Beng. Bura-swooate. 4 . :
Teling. Konda panookoo.
A native of mountains.
Root consisting of strong woody fibres.— Culms erect, ramous, à
little compressed, inwardly of a spongy nature, from six to ten feet
high, and as thick as the little- finger near the base, were they are
armed with strong and short, white bairs .— Leaces large and numer-
ous, smooth on the outside, and hairy on the inside ; margins bispid,
sheaths very hairy ; hairs elevated on glandular points, very stiff and
sharp. — Spikes: terminal, and from the exterior axills, generally. soli-
tary, cylindric, &c.— Flowers of three sorts, hermaphrodite, male, |
and neuter, the first and second occupy alternate pits or one side of
the spike, while the neuter stand on each side of them, so that the
spike may be called secund .— Calyx of the hermaphrodite and
male floret two-valved.—Corol.as in the last.—Stamens; &c. as in
- the genus.-- Calyz of the neuter flower tw o-valved, valvelets oblong.
` —Gorol, glumes two, membranaceous.

4. R. corymbosa. Linn. Sp. Pi. di Witt. i. 446. Corom. Pi, ii.
N. 181.

Polygamous, erect, sina from three to five fests Dipl: ‘Spikes
fascicled, terminal and axillary ; rachis jointed; flowers alternate, on
opposite sides of the spike. Calyces generally spes

Teling. Pedda-panookoo. —

R. punctata. Retz. Obs. iii. 12.

Aegilops eraltata. Retz. Obs. ii. 27.

A native of low rich pasture ground, grows in erect tufts. —

Culms many, straight, mostly naked, the sheaths of the leaves be-
ing short and covering but a small part of them; round and smooth, _
from three to five feet high, and like those of the last species,
very firm, and not piped.— Leaves a few, from six to twelve inches
long ; margins soniptimes, fringed with a few hairs ; sheaths short

/

356 cem — TRIANDRIA ‘DIGYNIA. Rottbeellia
i

and smooth. Spikes terminal and from the exterior axills several,
peduncled.— Peduncles filiform, curved, jointed near the base and
there bracted, besides there are chaffy, filiform bractes at their inser-

tions.— Flowers alternate in two rows ; one row on each side of the
spike.— Calyx two-flowered, two-valved.—Coro/, one hermaphrodite
within, and one male without, each has two valves, sometimes there
is only one hermaphrodite floret, in which case it has three valves.

5. R. perforata. Corom. Pl. ii. N. 182. 1 igo»
Culms erect, smooth, from thrée to five feet high. Spikes soli-
tary, below the flowers are opposite, and the rachis perforated.
Calyx generally two- flowered; one flower male, the other herma-
phrodite.
Peng. Kurki.
- Teling. Panookoo. = | dh
; This species is rather scarce, it grows on low rich pasture prid:
‘Culms many, erect, simple, round, smooth, jointed, but not piped >
from three to five feet high, and about as thick as a crow quill.—
Leaves small for the size of the grass, slender and smooth ; margins
hispid ; mouths of the sheaths and a little way up the base of the
leaves woolly.—Spikes terminal, and from the exterior arills, solitas
ry, peduncled, round, smooth, as thick as a crow quill, and from Lo
three to six inches long; where the flowers are opposite, : there isan d
oblong perforation of the. rachis, so that the backs of the inner glumes, =
of thé calyx touch one another —Flowers in pairs, nearly opposite
on the lower half or more of the. spike ; above alternate, sometimes 3
all hermaphrodite, sometimes hermaphrodite and male mixed.—.
Calyx one or two-flowered, two-valved ; valvelets simple ; the exte-
rior one rigid, the interior one firm and white, both obliquely. linear-
oblong.—Corol, when single, hermaphrodite, and three-valved ; , when
double the exterior one is male, in which case the two have four |
. valves, viz. two valves each ; all membranaceous,. in shape conform- -d
: Án to that of the calyx, but smaller. -= at 2

»

P

` Roitbeliia. SRIANDRIA BIGYNIA, 357

' 6. R. setacea. Corom. Pl. ii. N. 132.

eiiis H E
Erect, setaceous, smooth, from two to six inches high. Spikes
solitary, terminal, unilateral ; rachis not joined. Calyces one-tiow-

eed. Corols two-valved, hermaphrodite.

bw on old walls. ex d ;
Culms many, erect, ramous, filiform, smooth, from two to six

inches high. — Leaves, inside a little hairy, in size proportioned to

the plant.--Spikes terminal, solitary, awled, secund, about an inch,

or an inch and a half long. Rachis excavated on one side, but not

joined. — Flowers, they are all hermaphrodite, imbricated transvers-
ly on the excavated side of the rachis —Calyr one-flowered, two-
valved ; valvelets equal, membranaceous margined .— Corol two-valv-
ed, membranaceous, hairy .— Stamens three.— S£yles two.

7. R. Thomea. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd.i. 464. Corom. Pl. ii. N.138.

Erect, compressed, about two inches high. Spikes solitary, ter- ;

ex minal, two ranked. Rachis not € Calyces one-flowered. Corol

: tWo-valved.

R. Temes and pilosa. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willa. i 1. 464, 5. are, I
suspect this very species. Ed

_ Grows, with the last species, on old walls.

| Culms minute, erect, compressed, about an inch high, exclusive

| f the spike, and two with it.— Leaves bifarious, numerous.— Spikes

terminal, solitary, subulate, distichous, compressed. Rachis wav-

. ed, excavated on the opposite side, not articulated.— Flowers all

hermaphrodite, disposed alternately in the excavations ofthe rachis.

—Calyx one-flowered, two-valved ; exterior valvelet rigid, linear ;
intérior boat-shaped, and less rigid.— Corol two-valved, membrana-
€eous, hairy, — Sfamens three.— Styles two.

t

8. R. biflora. R. ; ; zi
Setaceous. Spikes simple, subulate ; rachis not articulate, but bi-

fariously excavated for the reception of the two-flowered spikelets.

A native of ihe peninsula of India ; and in size and appearance ve-

*

. $58 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Hordeum.

^

` ry like R. Thomea and setacea ; and were they not two-flowered in
the same calyx I should no doubt have taken it for R. incurvata, ;
Linn. r ; ; E ipd
Culms scarcely more than may be called the scapes of the spikes,
the whole plants being but two or three inches high.— Leaves ma-
ny, filiform ; rachis rigid, and with the sheaths somewhat pilose.—
Spikes terminal, solitary, subulate, about two inches long. Kachis
not jointed, but alternately excavated on the opposite sides for the
reception of the flowers.—Calyx two-valved, two-flowered; valves
. very unequal, the exterior being many times larger than the inner -
one, which is a minute scale in the bottom of the excavations of the
rachis, and not readily detected.— Florets two in each calyx, both
hermaphrodite, one-sessile and the other short pedicelled, each with
a corol of two equal membranaceous, smooth valves.

HORDEUM. Schreb. Gen. N. 129. — x

Calyx lateral, two-valved, valves narrow, accuminate, distant, als
together forming a six-leaved involucre, one-flowered, by threes at
each toothlet of the rachis. .

1. H. herastichon. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Wilid. i. 473. |
^. All the flowers hermaphrodite and awned, placed regularly in six
rows. x ; : |

Sans. a7:, Yuva, ferra Situshooka.
- Beng. Juba. — epee :
. Arab. She-eer. X e ; di.
` This species is much cultivated in most of the temperate parts
of Hindoostan during the cool season.

Obs. I have had specimens and abundance of seeds of this and al-
so of what I consider to be Siberian Barley (H. coeleste) both ga-
thered in 1818 in Tartary, the latter in Dapa, by my highly esteem- -
ed friend Capt. W. S. Webb, surveyor at Kemaoon, who has favored
me with the following observation on them: “These two sorts of
Barley are called Oo-a, and deserve to be particularly examined.

They are not known in thedow lands of India, produce the hardiest

— Mollugo. - — | TRIÀNDRIA TRIGYNIA. 359 -

of all grains, and are most nourishing, as the lusty "T'artars almost
exclusively live upon them and Tea. ` ‘The grain Cleared from the
husk resembles no kind of Barley that 1 am acquainted with, and
if they should prove new species might from their defiance of ‘cold
and many good qualities be a valuable acquisition in the Highlands
of Scotland,” —N, W.

TRITICUM. Schreb. Gen. N. 130.
Calyx two walad; politary, generally Pee fonas: =

1. T. astioum. Lien. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 476. | |
Calyces four-flowered, ventricose, smooth, imbricate,. awned, à
Sans. TU, Godhooma, EAT: Soomuna, ;
Beng. Gom. ad; ka
Hind. Givon.
- Pers. Gundum.
Arab. Burr.
-Two varieties are.very generally cultivated in the interior and
northern parts.of Hindoasian duni the cool season.

9. T. Aybernum. Linn, Sp. Pi. ed. Willd. i. 477.
Calyces. four-flowered, ventricose, even, imbiicated, with little or

no awn.
Two varieties of this species are also cultivated in the northern

parts of Hindoostan during the cool season. `

"e TRIGYNIA. =

E:

MOLLUGO. Schreb. Gen. N. 139.

'Valys five-leaved. ‘Corol none. Capsule superior, thressealted,
liree-valved, many seeded.: Embryo Weber and furnished with 4

perisperm.

300 . z TRIANDRIA TRIGYNIA. . / Houttuynia.

1. M. pentaphylla. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 499.

Annual, diffuse. Leaves verticelled cuneate-lanceolar ; flowers '

panicled. —
Hind. and Beng. Khet-papara.
Teling. Veri Shadrasi. -
À common weed in gardens throughout India.

9. M. triphylla. Lour: Cini 79.
Annual, diffuse ; branches angular, smooth. Leaves sub-verticill-
ed, lanceolate, anak Panicles of long dichotomous racemes of
alternate flowers ; seeds dotted. :
Beng. Jul-papara.
Alsine multiflora. Pluk. Phyt.21. t. 259. f. 29. good.
Mallugo stricta. Linn. Syst. 129. is probably the same plant, if
so, the specific name is a very improper one. Is also a weed in gar-
deus all over India. 2

5. M. arias, Linn. Sp. PL ed. Willd. i i 492. .:

' Annual, diffuse, dichotomous, smooth. Leaves sub-verticelled, ses- -

sile, cuneiform peduncles inserted amongst the leaves, one-flowered.
. Seed furrowed along the back.

Obs. Found over most parts of India, and a common weed in our —

gardens during the dry season chiefly.

| - HO UTTUYNIA.

| Spathe four-leaved. Spadix oblong, covered with naked flowers. e

Capsule one-celled, many-seeded.

$

-1. H. cordata. Thunb. ER 12. et. 034. t 26. Sir. J. E. Smith in 3

Rees’s Cyclop. in loco.
Polypara cochinchinensis. Lour. Cachan ed. Willd. i. p. 78.

A native of the valley of Nepala, where it grows in very great -
abundance, blossoming during the hot and rainy seasons, and pro-
. ducing Bee seed from Augur to the end of February. "The m i

-

Hawttugnie: TRIÁNDRIA TRIGYNIA 361

Mr. Gardner has likewise sent me specimens gathered in the vici-
nity of. Gossein ‘Than (also called Neel-kuntha) in Nepala. I have
been favored with specimens found by Dr. G. Gowan, the superin-
tendent of the Botanic Garden at Saharunpore, on his tour to the
‘Sewalic mountains.

» Name in Nepala, Kala or Kullum-Soa.

An erect, slender; pretty smooth, from two to three feet high, an= |
nual plant ; rising from a long, thin, somewhat creeping root, with
many short, capillary; verticilled fibres.—Stem round, slightly zigzag,
about the thickness of a common goose quill at its base, with ob-
Scute, remote, pubescent, leaf-bearing joints : generally simple, though
sometimes sending forth several short undivided branchlets toward.
its summit.—.Leaves petioled; alternate; spreading, broad-cordate,
with rounded distant lobes, acuminate, entire, from two to three
inches long, dotted with copious semi-pellucid points, glaucous, and
While young slightly furfuraceous below, reticulated, five-nerved, the
three middle nerves generally uniting near the petiol.— Petio/ stipu-
lary slender, channelled, about half as long as the leaf, into the
base of which it gradually widens.—Stipules membranaceous, flac-
cid, oblong, obtuse and rounded, slightly ciliated and sometimes
marked with a few toothlets, scarcely stem-clasping at the base, hav-
ing their petiol inserted about the middle of their back, persistent,
the lowermost forming remote bractes on the base of the stem.— -
Peduncles leaf-opposed and terminal, naked, solitary, club-shaped,
generally longer than the petiol, sometimes reaching to the middle

: Of the leaf. — Spalhe consisting of four equal, white, spreading, per-
sistent, obovate or cuneate, obtuse, smooth, veined leaves, during the
&slivation imbricating in the shape of a cone, about six lines long.—
Spadiy cylindric, much lengthened as the flowers decay, generally
twice as long as the spathe and when fruit bearing sometimes mea-
suring an inch and a half. Flowers very numerous and small, close
together, covering entirely the spadix, which they render oblong and.
obtuse, sub-verticilled, destitute of both calyx and corol.— Filaments

tariably three, subulate, somewhat longer than the pistils, i inserted. 7
TE »-

362 TRIANDRIA “TRIGYN iA Houttuynia.

on the angles of their ovarium, a little above its base —Anthers erect,
oblong, two-celled, bursting lengthways along their margins. —Qze-
rium round, three-cornered, most slightly pubescent, one-celled, ma-
ny-seeded; ovula attached to the sides of the cavity. — Styles three, |
persistent, rising from the apex of the angles on-the ovarium, above
the insertion of the filaments, leaving its vertex naked and somewhat
depressed ; they are spreading awl-shaped, acute, marked along the
upper part and the furrowed inside (the stigmas?) with numerous `
short papillz.— Capsule about the size of a mustard seed, brownish
green, of the same shape as the óvarium, membranaceous and uni-
locular, bursting at the top, with a triangular opening reaching half
way up the styles.— Seeds about eight, brown, smooth, striated, ob-

. long, acute at each end, somewhat darker coloured: at their bases,
which are attached to three parietal, oblong, elevated placenta al~
ternating with the angles of the cavity. — Integument single, crusta-
ceous. Embryo minute, lodged in a copious milk-white, mealy
perisperm, towards the umbilicus, centrifugal.

- Obs. Fo the numerous $padices which I have examined I have
with Father Loureiro invariably found three stamina and as masy
styles attached to each ovarium, the former above the base, the lat
ter at the apex of its angles ; I have therefore not hesitated continu-
ing this most interesting plant in the very class and. order where it
has been placed in the flora of Cochinchia. As there is no reason:
for considering it at all different from the original Japan plant Lam
at a loss to. account for the difficulty which the celebrated Chevalier
Thunberg experienced in determining its station in the sexual sys
tem ; nor can there at present be any doubt of its neither belonging.
to Heptandria, Polyandria, or Monoecia, —— ;

The seeds are so small and their embryo proportionably minute
that Í have not been able to ascertain the structure of the latter;
they appear to me however, i to bear great resemblance to those of .
Tacca and Aristolochie, to which family the plant is still further ale
lied by the epigynous insertion of the stamens. But its
affinity seems to be to the Aroideæ, forming an additional cone
necting link between the twe mentioned families. ‘The! leaves m

Houttuynia. TRIANDRIA TRIGYNIA. 363

much like those of Aristolochia Clematitis, as has been justly re-
marked by the illustrious author of the article Houttuynia, in Rees’s
Cyclopedia. '

~ The plant is used while young as a potherb by the inhabitants
.. ^f Nepala as well as those of Cochinchina. Loureir. 1. cit.—N. W.

Class fih,

TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

RHOPALA. Schreb. Gen. N. 144.

Calyx none. Corol four-petalled, bearing the stamina show the
middle. Nectary four-scaled. Germ oue-celied; ovula two, attach- -
ed to one side of the cell. i :

ICE moluccana. Brown. Linn. Trans. x. p. 191.

Leaves alternate; sub-sessile, oblong, entire, racemes axillary, and
from the branchlets, longer than the leaves, ease scales naked.

A native of Pulo-piuang, ose |

` As my description is taken from dry specimens J I cannot ied
whether it be a tree or shrub, but the large woody specimens evi-
dently show it to be perennial — Leaves shor:-petioled, alternate, -
obovate, oblong, obtuse-pointed, entire and smooth on both sides,
six or more inches long and less than three broad.— Stipules none,
Racemes generally solitary, from the naked woody branchlets below
the leaves, very long and completely clothed to the base with numer-
ous beautiful, diverging, pretty large, delicate flowers. —Bractes
minute.— Calyx none. — Petals four, very long and slender, n near the
apex they expand into a concave lanceolate shape for the reception of
the stamens, they first open in tbe middle then at the apex, and soon
after become revolute, Nectar Y, four scales embracing the lower
part of the germ.— Filaments four, short, inserted into the petals
: fee the middle. Anthers linear, ot: in an ag cee direction

*

Rhopala. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. ` 265

to the petals.— Germ above, ovate, style long and slender. Stigma
clubed. |

—— 2, R. serrata. Brown. Linn: Trans. x. p. 192.
~ Leaves alternate, sub-sessile, oblong, serrate. Racemes axillary; '
pedicels two-flowered. — Nectarial scales ciliate. |
A native of the Malay Archipelago.

My description and drawing being from dry specimens, I cannot
say whether it is a tree or shtub.—Young shoots clothed with fér-

ruginous down.— Leaves alternate, short-petioled, oblong, acute, tam
pering at the base, serrate, firm and smooth on both sidés; from
four to six inches long, and from one to three broad. — Spikelets rone.
—Racemes axillary, solitary, shorter than the leaves, clothed with fer-
Tuginous dow n.— Pedicels two-flowered. — Bractes minute, cordate,
oue at the base of each common pedicel. — Calyx none.— Petals
few, long, slender, clavate; from the middle downwards, their sides
touch, and form à slender tube.—Nectarial scales four between the
base of the petals and germ, obcordate, ciliate —Filaments four, in-
seited on the petals, about one-third below their apices. — Anthers -

ovate.— Germ superior, very:hairy. Style as long as the corol.
Stigma clay ate: Seed vessel not seen. ;

8. R. excelsa. R. , invi d
Leaves alternate, short-petioled, cuneate-oblong, obtuse, pointed,
smooth, with a few large blunt serratures near the apex.— Kacemes '
` axillary and terminal; as long as’ the n downy og Nott bript
scales four, distinct, and naked.
A large timber tree, a native of the forésts of Chittagong, v ens d
it it Rowers in March and April. : : te
‘Trunk of the full-grown trees about four feet in circumference;
covered with dark-coloured, scabrous bark; branches numerous,
spreading far, and dividing much ; young shoots clothed with ferru-
ginous down,— Leaves alternate, short-petioled, cuneate-oblong,
obtuse-pointed ; interior murgins generally. with ay two, * “three

385 FETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Bhopala,

large, blunt serrature on each side, texture firm and polished;

length from four to six inches, by two or three broad. — Racemes
axillary, and terminal, but chiefly the. former, one, two, or three
together, nearly as long as the leaves, straight and simple, densely ;
cloathed with ferruginous down. Pedicels short, two-flowered. 4
‘Bractes, a small oval one at the base of each common peduncle and
one about the middle of each pedicel. — Flowers numerous, crowded,
small, yellowish green.—Calyr none. Petals four, linearly spatu-
late, revolute. Nectarial scales four, rounded, smooth and distinct,

—F; ilament short, inserted on the petals. Anthers linear. —Germ

oblong, very completely a ABS with long, redifieh brown hairs,

one-celled and containing two ovula attached a little to one side of
the bottom of the cell. Style filiform. Stigma clavate, entire.

4. R. robusta. R. uo o

Leaves alternate, sessile, cuneate-oblong, smooth, remotely sera
yulate- Racemes axillary, and below the leaves, smooth. rus a
smooth four-toothed cup.

Joweea, the vernacular name in Silhet where it is indigenous, and
grows to be a large, stout timber tree. Flowering in June.
' Young shoots smooth — Leaves alternate, sub-sessile j , cuueate-ob-
long, obtuse- pointed, remotely and acutely serrulate, smooth on
both sides, about twelve inches slong, by five or six broad. —Racemes
axillary, ahd below the leaves, one, two, or three together, about
half the length of the leaves, smooth. Fedicels short, two-flowered,
— Bractes smooth, one at the base of each common pedicel, and
one about the middle of each of the proper ones.— Flowers numerous,
pale, g greenish yellow, and fragrant.— Calyx none, Petals four, lineat-
iy spatulate, smooth, revolute.— Nectary one-leaved, cup-shag
obtusely four-tóothed, with the margins somewhat Mi p
auperior, oblong, smooth, one-celled ; ovula two, attached to one
side of the cell. Style biiform. Stigma clavate, entire.*

.* Both this and the preceding species are distinct from R. cochinchinens*
Brown. Linn. Trans. x. p. 192.—N. W.

t

Dipsacn,. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA ^. 4867

DIPSACUS.

Common calyx many-leaved ; proper supérior, single. — Recepid-
cle chaffy. :

1. D. inermis. Wall.

Leaves oblong, serrate, villous, petioled, sub- lobate ; cauline cons :
nate; Acads globular, villous; chaff cuneate, subulate- acuminate,
scarcely longer than the tube of the corolla. -

DB? with all the leaves pinnatifid-lobate.
Grows wild at Katmanda and Gossain Than, frotü whence
Mr. Gardner has sept me specimens and seeds. Dr. Gowan has
likewise found it to the Northward of Saharunpore. Blossoms dur-

ing the rainy season.

Nepala name, Barberi and Goja.

Root strong, fibrous, ash-coloured.—Stem erect, slender, fistu.
lous, four or more feet high, many-sided, brachiate, the lower half
densely clad with reflexed soft hairs, the upper sparingly beset witlr
inoffensive bristles, chiéfly along its ribbed corters. Leaves une-
qually and doubly serrated, soft and villous on both sides, with a
few scattered bristles ; radical about a foot long, three inches broad,
acute, tapering much downwards and sub- Leet on their equal+
ly long slendér petiol ; sometimes with a deep lobe on one or both
sides of their base ; ; those of the stem consisting of two or three
remote pairs, five or six inches long, acuminate, undivided, generally
more bristly than the others, connate at their base and forming
there a short cup.— Peduncles very lon, and slender, few, erect,
Mostly with a pair of narrow short leaves at their middle.—Heads
Rearly round, obtuse, an inch in diameter; involucre consisting of six
9r eight linear channelled recurved ciliate leaves, an inch long.— Re~
€ptacie ovate, marked with square impressions for the i insertion of
the flowers, beset with membranaceous pale, hairy, € "un eate à
Spreading scales, with a rounded apex ending in a ‘straight liste
Purple-coloured lanceolate acute point, which is as long as the lz-
Mina itself. Corolla yellowish. white, pubescent, with four aluiost

368 TPTRANDRIA MONOGYNIA) Hedyotf,

equal Jaeinize.— Stamina spreadiug;' 1ó&8g.— Seed precisely as ia D;
laciniatus. Gart. Carp. ii. p. 40. t. 86. ;

Obs. The plant is apptoaching to D. pilosus, but'seems to differ
sufficiently in the form and size of the leaves, and involucrum. I
am doubtful whether the variety suggested above may not form &
distinct, species. It seems on the whole to be smoother, its leaves
‘deeply pinnatifid or pinnate at the base, with acuininate lanceolate

'seguiehts.—N. W.

h

HEDYOTIS. Schreb. Gen. N. 153,

Calyx fóur-partéd. — Corol one-petalled, funnel-shaped. Capsule
inferior, two-celled, many-seeded. Receptacles adhering to the par-

tition their whole length. Embryo pent it a: and furiiished witli
M pes id

a perisperm.
E. = hispida. Rete. aes iv. p. 03. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. will. i.
565.

Diffuse od rooting at the dofus Leaves sessile, lánceo-
Vite, with hispid margins. Flowers axillary, crowded.

.. Jt sprung up and blossomed in December in the Botanic. Gar-
den, amongst plants introduced from the Moluccas, in 1798-9.

Stem none, but several square, creeping branches, with their
floriferous extremities ascending.— Leaves opposite, sub-sessile,
lanceolate ; margins hispid, and entire, smooth, from two to three
inches Yong ; the connecting membrane divided into many subulate
portions.— Flowers axillary, y, sessile, small, white .—Capsule roundish,
two-celled. — Seeds numerous,

2. H. pes R. tes 1s |t

_ Weak, straggling, jointed, round, smooth, pe oe lan-
ceolite, smooth. Flowers sub-verticilled, short-peduncled. —
. A native of the Malay Islands. ada i

Hedyotis. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 269

a9. H. scandens. R. | vid

Perennial, scandent, round, smooth. ` Leaves broad lanceolate.
.. Panicles corymbiform, terminal; mouth of the tube of the corol and

apex of the style bearded. wog

Gujee, the vernacular name in Silhet, where. it is indigenous;
flowers and ripens its seed during the hot and rainy seasons.*

Stems and branches perennial, round, smooth, scandent.— Leaves
short-petioled, broad-lanceolate, smooth, entire.—Stipules cup-sliap-
ed, connecting the leaves, with a short process on each: side between
the leaves.— Panicle corymbiform, terminal, sub-globular, through-
out trichotomous, all the ramifications a little villous.— Bractes li-
near, spreading.—Calyx four-toothed.—Corol with the tube longer
than the calyx, its mouth and the base of the four linear segments of
the borders of the corol very woolly.—-Germ oval, two-celled; ovula
numerous, attached to the sub-globular receptacles, rising from the
middle of the partition. Style longer than the corol, apex woolly ;.
stigma two-cleft,—Capsule ovate, two-celled, many-seeded. 1

4, H. lineata. R.

"Annual, diffuse, hairy. Leaves sessile, ventricose-lanceolar, lon-
gitudinally marked with simple, parallel veins. . Peduncles axillary,
two or three together, pretty long, many-flowered. Capsula round,
hairy.
‘Native of omen ms where it blossoms during the rains. ee

5. H. Avsicilüpi: Linn. .

Sub-dichotomous diffuse, adscending, villous. Leaves lanceolate,
sub-séssile, smooth above, many-nerved below. Flowers subsessile,
densely whorled. Capsules villous. Vi rud

Mariguti. Rheed. Hort. Mal. x. p. 63. t. 32. F

À native of Silhet and Nepala, where the plant blossoms ie
the hot and rainy seasons. From the former place the plant was

> Itis very common about Katmandu where it blossoms from December to March.

Native nane Gookee.—N, Ww.
Uu

8% TEPRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Hedyotis. .

introduced in 1815 in the Botanic Garden near Calcutta, by Mr.
Daitari 1:

Beng. Muttia-lata.

Root fibrous.— Stem short, woody, divided into many slender ge-
nerally once or twice dichotomous roundish or slightly four-sided
branches, measuring a foot in length, densely villous sometimes
rooting at the base.— Leaves lanceolate, tapering and acute at both
ends, an inch or an inch and a half long, even above, with several
oblique villous nerves underneath, margins scabrous; pairs approxi-
mate and exceeding in length their interstices.—Petiols very short,
the uppermost somewhat longer, hispid, uniting into a membrana-
ceous, villous, stipulary membrane, which is terminated by long his-
pid ciliz..— Flowers small, crowded into sessile, globose, axillary, €o-
pious, villous, verticils, concealing, but scarcely longer than the peti-
ols and rendering their stipules reflexed.—Lacinia of the calyx li-
near.—Tube of the corolla scarcely longer than the calyx.— Lacinie
lanceolar acute.--Throat pubescent.— Stamina exserted, erect,
shorter than the limb of the corolla, with pubescent filaments —Style
barbate.— Stigma oblong.— Capsule small, round, slightly furrowed.
— Dissepiment entire.— Seeds many, three-cornered, shining, brown.

Obs. I took this plant to be H. nervosa, Lam. or hirsuta of the
same author, until I discovered that Sir J. E. Smith had | proposed
them as varieties only of H. Auricularia ; Rees's Cyclop. inloco.—
The branchy dichotomous habit of my plant, its hairy petiols and
capsules are wanting in them all and may perhaps be deemed sufli-
cient to form it into a new species, which I am unwilling at present
to add to this difficult genus.. It differs very little, perhaps only in the
rounded branches from the species described by — as Ret-
. zius's hispida.

I have not cited Burman's Valerianella palustris, 'Thes. Zeyl. 227.
p. 108. f. 1. because it does not well agree with Rheede’ s or my
plant.—N. W. ` ; 5

6. H. ulmifolia. Wall,
^. Decumbent, hispid with short spreading dense hairs. Leaves

.321

™ 4

. Hedyotis. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

ovate-lanceolate, nerved and plaited. - Corymbs peduncled, aggre-
gate, axillary, opposite, shorter than the leaves, open. Flowers pedi-
celled, mostly ternate. Calycine segments very long.
Sent to me from Nepala by the Hon. Mr. Gardner; time of
blossoming the rainy season. -
Root fibrous, strong.—Stem' short, woody, divided into several
simple, long, very hairy branches, rounded, smoother, and joint-
ed towards the base, somewhat flattened. at their upper-ends.—
Leaves in approximate pairs, from two to three inches long, some-
what more than an inch broad, acute at the base, attenuate and
acuminate at their end, rough and hairy on both sides, with many ap- '
proximate, parellel, downy nerves, deeply furrowed and plaited'above, a
acquiring on being dried, as well all the younger parts, a yellow ap-
pearance.— Petio/s half an inch long, broad aud slightly marginated,
furrowed.—Stipule broad-lanceolate or triangular, as long as the .
| petiols, adpressed, tapering into a very long, sometimes bifid, or tri- —
fid, hispid acumen.— Peduncles slender, an inch long, several in each
axil, erect, once or twice trichotomous, with subulate bractes under
each division.— Flowers rather large, pedicelled, mostly in threes.—
Calyx round, hispid, with four lanceolate persistent lacini, almost
as long as the smooth tubular corolla, the segments of which are li-
near-lanceolate, acute-—Stamina short. Filaments and Style pubes-
cent, Stigma two-lobed.— Capsule globose, as large as a Coriander
seed, crowned, hispid, many-seeded,
Obs. In ġeneral appearance and in the leaves this species agrees
with H. capitata, Lam. ; but it differs in having opposite aggregate

corymbs, ard in the flowers not being capitate.

7. H. gracilis. Wall. v
Erect, slightly scabrous, with lengthened, sub-dichotomous, naked
branches. Leaves linear. Stipules truncate, fimbriated, at last naked-
Peduncles terminal, very long, tern, sub-panicled. — Stigmas linear.
H. stricta, Wall. in Asiat. Res, xiii. p. 369. ;
_ A native of the Turrace and of Nepala; sent to me from the
: Uu2 i za

372 TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Spermacoce,

former place: = Mr. Assistant Surgeon William Jack, from thes Jata
ter by Mr. Gardner. Flowering time the hot season.

Nepala name Goshega-soa.

Obs. I take this opportunity of correcting an error which I com-
mitted in the description reférred to above by calling my plant H.
stricta: a name which had already previously been given to a dif.
ferent species from Sierra Leone, by Sir J. E. Smith, in Rees’s new
Cyclopedia, aud which therefore I have altered to gracilis, |

SPERMACOCE. Schreb. Gen. N. 155. p

Calyx four-leaved. Coro! funnel-shaped. Capsule inferior, crown- |
ed, two-celled, two-valved. ^ Seed solitary, longitudinally furrowed
on the inside. Embryo erect, and furnished with a perisperm.

1. S. sumatrensis. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd i. 571. Retz. Obs.iv. 93.

Shrubby, erect, four-sided. Leaves lanceolate, remote, short-petio-
led... Gorymbs terminal, decompound. seems PURE from the

base. nd E.
A native of moist places amongst the Cosas. füouhtelié Flowers

during the rainy season.

Stem erect, woolly, obsoletely four-sided. Branches ‘opposite, four-
sided.— Leaves opposite, spreading, short-petioled, lanceolate, dow- —
ny; size very various.— Stipules connecting, membranous, two or
three-toothed.—Umbel compound, terminal.— Flowers. white, very
small.—Calyr four-leaved.— Corol with short, gibbous tube.—Cap-
sule oblong, two-celled, two-valved, Swope from the base.—
Seed solitary.

Obs. This species ought to be Carelally compared with. Hedyotis
fruticosa, Retz. Obs. ii. 8 ; and the capsule of the same. species. in
Linn. Flor. Zeyl. N. 63. KAEN be well examined.* The stipules:
seem the chief difference. In my plant they are always a lacerated

connecting membrane. ; 5 152 ie d

>: The reader is a to — = otim on this plant in Rees's
Cyclopzdia, Vol. xvii—N. W.

— "fpermacoce. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 373

Knoxia corymbosa, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. p. 582, which he
considers as Gartner's K. stricta, appears to me to be this plant.
. Indeed the two genera Spermacoce and Knozia differ so little from
one another as to induce me to think one of them might be spared.

2.'S. teres. R.

Shrubby, erect, round, villous. . Leaves opposite, remote, lanceo-
late, entire, villous. Corymbs terminal, decompound, alternate ; di-
visions becoming spikes when in seed. Stamens erect, but hid. in-
hairs. Style twice the length of the corol.

Knosia umbellata, Banks. Herb.

Found by Dr. Buchanan in the woods of Koorg, from whence —
he sent the seed to the Botanic Garden, where the PH thrive
well, and blossom during the rainy season.*.

“1

Stem erect, perennial, round, while young digis Branches
Opposite, a little inflected, round and villous, height of the whole
plant about three feet.— Leaves opposite, short-petioled, lanceolate, -
downy, entire; length from two to four inches high.— Connecting
Membrane with several erect, filiform divisions ; when they accom-
pany the divisions of the inflorescence, they are more numerous, and
may be called an involucre.—Corymbs terminal, brachiate, with the
ultimate divisions lengthened into short spikes by the time the seeds
are ripe.—Corol, mouth of the tube shut with much long white hair,
Which entirely conceals the large, erect anthers lodged amongst i
Style erect. Stigma two-cleft with divisions involute.

Obs. This has much the habit of Hedyotis friticosa, but differs
Widely i in the stipules, (even if the pericarp of that plant should be that -
ofa Spermacoce,) and in the form of the stem and branches. Itis also

3 Very like S. sumatrensis, but there the branches are four-sided, here
perfectly: round; there the tube of the corol is smooth, short UM
gibbous, here cylindric, and shut with hairs; finally the capsule is
there bipartible, opening from the base, with oblong brown seed, in

*Thave received specimens of this and the preceding species from Nepala, D.
tying, Met, a little i in their character from those described above-—N- W-

*

374 ae: TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Spermacoce,

reality it is that of a Knoxia ; here it does not open spontaneously,
aud has black round seed.

3. S. exserta. R, ! PA

Shrubby, straight, tender parts villous. Leaves remote, opposite,
petioled, lanceolate; corymbs terminal, decompound. Stamina
and the bifid stigma exsert. Capsule oval.

A native of the Circars, where it blossoms in October and No-
vember. ' :

Obs. Is nearly allied to S. teres, farther exatnination may prove them
the same.

4.5. glabra. R.*

Shrubby, round, smooth, erect. Leaves linear-lanceolate, smooth.
Corymbs axillary, compound ; styles hairy. Stigma clavat oe
globular, smooth. x
. A native of Pulo-pinang, has much ic habit of a sie grass
or slender bamboo, the situation of the leaves excepted.

Branches round, smooth, straight, jointed, in the dry specimens
fistulous.— Leaves opposite, sub-sessile, linear-lanceolate, smooth,
entire, length from four to six inches: ; connecting membrane with
unequal awned processes from its mop .— Peduncles axillary, | bear-
ing several cross-armed, minute umbellèts or headlets of small cream-
coloured flowers.— Bractes minute.— Corol bell-shaped, mouth of
-the tube hairy.— Style longer than the corol, hairy. Stigma clavate,
grooved.— Capsule globular, smooth, size of a large pin’s head.

.. 6. S. levis, R.
Biennial, straight, round, smooth. Leaves sub-sessile, lanceola.
Corymbs terminal. Anthers hid in the bearded mouth of the infun-

dibuliform- corol.
A native of the interior of. Bengal; in the ^Botauic oc it

* This name was previously p to an American distinet species by PW :
wath. Ww.

Spermacoce. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 375

blossoms and ripens its seed from September till February and is
by far the prettiest Spermacoce I have yet met with.

Stems erect, perfectly straight, round, smooth. Branches oppo-
site, and like the stems, whole height about threé feet.— Leaves op-
posite, sub-sessile; lanceolate, smooth, entire ; from one to three inch-
es long.— Connecting membrane divided into several subulate seg-
ments.— Corymbs terminal, compound and decompound.— Flowers
numerous, large, pale pink.— Dractes small, and at the divisions of
the corymbs chiefly.— Calyx one of the four segments large, all the
segments permanent.—Corol funnel-shaped, before expansion the
apex is large, with four-horns ; after expansion these projections form
aconical knob under the apex of each segment. Mouth of the tube
bearded.— Filaments short; anthers linear, just within the tube.— .
Germ two-celled, with one seed in each, attached to the top of the
partition ; style longer than the tube of the corol; stigma bifid,
segments revolute.— Capsule oblong, crowned, two-celled, two-valv-
ed; valves keeled on the back. Seed ole, longitudinally groov- .
ed on the middle of the inside.

Obs. It may be readily distinguished from S. teres (the only
species known to me that it can be mistaken for) by its smoothness,
greater size of the flowers, and the segments of their border being
enlarged with a conic knob on the outside of their points.

v

6. S. lineata. R. z E

Erect, ramous, hairy. Leaves short-petioled, lanceolate, acuminate,
linear, Stipules triangular and shaggy. Heads axillary on trichoto-

. Mous short peduncles ; stamina protruded.

A native of the Moluccas. The lineate, hairy, very acute, taper-
ing leaves, long shaggy triangular stipule; and small peduncled heads
of axillary flowers readily distinguish this species from all the other `
East Indian species known to me.

7. S. nana. R, ;
Erect, simple, nearly round and smooth ; /eaces petioled, lanceo-

late, entire, smooth; flowers axillary and terminal, sessile, crowded.

1
File vote
"

376 TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA, Spermacoce.

:: A very small species, less than six inches high, a native of the”
Island of Honimoa.
8. S. stricta. Linn. Sp. Pl. p Willd. i. 518. A
' Annual, erect, four-sided.. Leaves sessile, lineari A ; flow-
ers in dense, globular, axillary verticils ; capsules scabrous, gaping
at the apex. :
Teling. Sookukada. ; : i5
An annual, a native of wet rice fields, mpra and flowers during,
the rainy season... -
Stem erect, branchy, four-sided, about a foot high, angles acute en
.scabrous. Branches decussated, stem-like, but slender ia
opposite, sessile, lanceolate, entire, a little scabrous.—Stipule, a con-
necting membrane, ciliate.— V erticils globular. Involucres. leaf-like,
— Flowers most numerous, minute, white.— Tube cylindric.— Stigma
dieit Colo two-celled, opening at the apex.—Seed solitary.
9. s. pto R
Diffuse, | very downy. Leaves asi ase or oblong, ribbed. i
Flowers crowded on little Eme Keron umbellets- Sening
protruded. ! HORER
Hedyotis Auricularia. Linn:* po den ju Barton
Supposed to be a native of the Moluccas, as the Slant sprung up! in
the Botanic Garden, from-some earth brought with the spice plants

from those Islands in 1800, It blossoms and ape its seed during
7

: the greatest part of the year.
Root biennial, if not perennial. — Stems or rather branches many,

diffuse, round, from one to three feet long, clothed with long, soft |
diverging hairs,— Leaves opposite, sub-sessile, broad-lancedlate, en-
tire, ribed with numerous large, simple, parallel veins ; ; downy 9,

both eee from two to three inches long, and about one broad i

^* This is. unquestionably a distinct plant from that described ios, icis tat :
- and leaves resembles my Hedyotis ulmifolia.: See above, p.910—N. We o

-

Epermacoee. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. I a7

connecting membrane with generally three, unequal, slender, subu-
late divisions.—F/owers axillary, numerous, pale pink, very small,
crowded together into small round heads, on short peduncles, and
pedicels the whole forming little, proliferous, villous umbels.—Jn-
volucre and Involucels annular, villous, from three to six-parted.—
. Calyx, divisions equal, acute, hairy.—Corol funnel-shaped, hairy
on the outside and in the throat of the tube ; divisions of the border
recarved.— Stamens protruded beyond the mouth of the corol Germ
bensath, broad-turbinate. Style about as long as the tube of the
corol. Stigma two-cleft, villous.—Pericarp with two seeds.

10. S. semierecta. R. ;

Stem variously bent, but ascending, square. Branches brachi-
ate, alternately smaller. Leaves ovate. Flowers in small, compact |
verticils. — Stamens and style inclosed. Capsule tarbinate, hairy.

A native, I suppose, of Sumatra, as the plant from which this
description is taken sprung up in a bed, where earth from that Island
had been thrown, and in one year was about a foot and a half high.

The lower branches brachiate ; the superior often solitary, they are
all very exactly four-sided with angles sharp and somewhat hispid ;
in other ‘respects they are very smooth.— Leaves opposite, with
smaller ones in their axills, short-petioled, ovate, accuminate, entire,
very slightly scabrous, particularly the margins, with nerves and veins
on the underside.— Connecting membrane divided into several fili-
form portions.— Flowers numerous, very small, white, sessile, col-
lected into small compact, round verticills.— Coro], divisions of the
border bearded in the centre.—Anthers within the tube. .

11. S. scabra. Linn. Sp. pl. ed. Willd. i. 579. -

Annual, diffuse, round, hairy. Leaves opposite, sessile, a, obo-
vate, the hairy margins much curved, and somewhat curled. Flow- `
ers axillary, sessile. Stamens and style erect.

Tardavel. Rheed. Hort. Mal. 9. p. 149. t.76. The leaves however

are a little too sharp for our Coromandel plant.
VY

7998. CTETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA, Spermacoce,

Stem short and generally annual. Lower branches opposite, supe-
rior alternate, round, coloured, very hairy, somewhat scabrous, weak,
spreading and variously curved — Leaves opposite, sessile, round,
‘obovate, or nearly oval, somewhat acute; hairy on both sides, edges
recurved and more or less curled.— Connecting stipule with three,
four, or five filiform processes.— Flowers axillary, generally in pairs,
though often several together, but expanding in succession, sessile,
small, purple.—C«/yr, the four divisions or in this species rather
leaflets, lanceolate, nearly as long as the tube of the corol.— Corol
sub-campanulate, half four-cleft.— Stamens as long as the segments
of the corol.— Style as long as the stamens. Stigmas two, two-lobed,
segments revolute.— Capsule oval, two-celled. -Partition membras
naceous.— Seed solitary, oval, equally: obtuse at each eud,-

2. S. articularis. Linn. Sp. PI. ed. Willd. i. 572.

d diffuse, four-sided. I eaves opposite, sessile, broad-lan-
:ceolate ; connecting stipules from three to five-bristled. Flowers ver-
ticelled. Coro? iufundibuliform, four times longer than the calyx.
Stamens and style erect.

A native of the sandy soil on the Coast of Coromandel near the
sea, and in flower the greatest part of the year.

Root generally ennual.— Stem scarcely any, but many dive
straggling, four-sided, alternate, hispid branches from one to two
feet in length.— Leaves opposite, sessile, lanceolate, a little bairy ;
veins simple, from one to two inches long, and half an inch broad.

— Connecting stipules cup-shaped, with from three to six bristles from
each side —owers axillary, sessile, two, three, or four expanding
iu succession from the same áxill. — Calyx with slender, linear divis
sions.— Corol iufundibuliform. - — Tube slender, three or four times
longer than the calyx.—Stamens erect. —Sligma erect, bifid; _lobes
broad, and revolute. — Capsule two-celled, partition membranaceo.
— Seed solitary, oval, furrowed on the flat side.

41
*

Spermacoce. ^. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. - 379 .—

13. S. hispida. Linn. Mant. 558. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i, 579.

Annual, with diffuse, obsoletely four-sided, hairy branches. Leaves
obovate, cuneate, waved, scabrous. Flowers verticelled, two, three,
or four iu each axil. Tube of the corol twice the length of the calyx.
Stamens and style erect.

Teling. Madana- banik

„Galeopsis zeylanica. Burm. Zeyl. t. 20. f 3. agrees pretty well
vili my plant except in the numerous pedicelled flowe:s.

-Common on the sandy lands near the sea on the Coast of Coro-
mandel. -

14, S. pusilla, Wall.

Erect, simple, four-sided, scabrous, with short hairs.— Leaves sese.
sile, linear, smooth and silvery beneath, rather shorter than their ina
terstices. Stipuldry cilie very long. Vi erticils capitate, Stamina ..
exserted. Capsule villous at the top and bursting there in two bifid
valves. -

— Native of the Valley of Nepala ; discovered by Mr. Gardner dur. i
ing the rains. -

Root small, fibrous.— Stem single, undivided, four-sided, filiform,
from four to six inches high, as well as the upper surface of the leaves,
Tough with short, whitish, subulate hairs; erect, somewhat adscending
‘at the: base.— 1 eaves about an inch long, spreading, tapering into a
point, dark-green above, smooth and of a silvery white colour below, .
with an elevated hairy rib ; nerveless; above the base they are a little
contracted, thence they widen i into an ample membranaceous trunca-
ted stipula which is crowned with five capillary long ciae. Flowers
very small, pale, sub-sessile, crowded together into four or five dense
axillary veriiciis, of which the uppermost are larger and capitate’
and supported by four reflexed floral leaves.— Segments of the calyx
erect, linear, as long as the filiform, smooth tube, deciduous. Throat
of the corolla wide ; lacinie lanceolate, equalling the spreading fi-
laments, Ovarium obloug, slightly compressed, with a longitudinat

furrow on each side, smooth at the base, villous at the P or.
Vv2z id +

380 (— TETRANDRIA SIOXOdYNIA. Hy drophylas.

sule ovate, chartaceous, bursting at the apex in two bifid slightly
recurved valves. Dissepinent evanescent. Seeds two, linear, with
a ventral furrow.
Obs. The description of Crateogonum (amboinicum) minus s.ve-
rum, Hort. Amb. vi. p. 25 agrees well with this plant; but it
has been quoted under Spermacoce stricta of the younger Linneus,
which differs in having lanceolate lineate leaves and a branchy stem.
‘The same plant has been cited by Sir J. E. Smith under his Hedy-
otis verlicillata (Oldenlandia, Linn. Munt.) in Rees’s Cyclopedia,
On these grouuds I conclude that Rumphius's plaut is different from
mine, which approaches to S. /inifolia, Vahl, and remota, Lam.—S.
«ana of Roxburgh differs in being smooth on all its parts, and in
having petioled leaves.—N. W.

HYDROPHYLAX. Schreb. Gen. N. 159.

| Calyx four-parted ; corol companulate. Germ two-celled, one
seeded, inferior. Capsule inferior, angular, two-celled. Seed soli-
tary ; embryo erect, and furnished with a perisperm. -

3. H. maritima. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 581.

Sarissus anceps. Gert. carp. i. p. 118. 4. 25. f. 4.

Diodia orientalis. Kön. Mss.

A native of the sand hills along the shores of Coromandel and.
Malabar, where it is in blossom most part of the year.
—. Root perennial.— Stem none, but many long, slender, variously
bent, stragling, round, coloured branches running over the sand and
often striking root from the joints.— Leaves opposite, approximate,
short-petioled, froma deep, stem-clasping, dentate cup.— Flowers za
illary, sub-sessile, one or two together, of a pale pink colour.—Calyt
above, four-parted ; divisions ensiform, permanent.—-Corol compant=
late, tube hairy on the inside near the bottom, the four divisions of the
border ovate, spreading, with their apices somewhat revolute —Fi- .
laments four, erect, shorter than the corol, and inserted on the mouth

of its tube, opposite to its fissures. Anthers purple.— Germ onions:

Gülün. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA, - 381

Style length of the corol ; stigma of two round lobes.— Pericazp
when ripe a dry berry of a lanceolate shape, crowned with the re-
maining calyx, two-celled with a single linear oblong seed in each,
as detailed and figured by that very eminent and most accurate ha-
tanist Geertuer.

GALIUM.
Corolla of one petal, flat, superior. Seeds two, roundish.

1. G. asperifolium. Wall. - a

Leaves iù sixes, cuneate-oblong, retuse with a subulate poinf,.
very spreading, short-petioled, scabrous above, with hispid rib and
margins ; stem villous, four-sided, branchy, flaccid ; panicles slender 5.
corolla awned ; ocarium smooth.

A native of Nepala from whence this and the following species.
were introduced into the Botanic Garden at Calcutia in 1818, by
the Hon. Mr. Gardner.

Stem four-sided, strong, clad with copious soft recurved hair 3
branches numerous, weak and leaning ; joints slightly swelled.—
Leaves mostly six in each whorl; those below remote, oblong-cune- -
aie, an inch aud more long, those above smaller and closer together,
almost reflexed, cuneate; all are tapering at the base into a very short
petiol, retuse or rounded at the end and invariably terminated by a
short triangular withering greyish point ; above dark-green, shining,
scabrous, with short stiff hair, below pale and soft, except along the
recurved, entire margins, and elevated rib, which are beset with stiff
hair: Panicles lengthened, with ternate or opposite, copious, small
floral leaves. Flowers fascicled. Corolla large, expanding ; each
lanceolate segment ending in a capillary point. Style half-cloven, .
Stigma capitate. Ovarium perfectly smooth. em

Obs, This species has mich of the habit of G. Mollugo. The
Stem and branches are very soft, while the leaves possess a Consi»
derable harshness on account of their stiff hair ; the epidermis ee
Parates partly from their upper surface when dry, assumes a greyish

382. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. ~ ——— Galiume,

shining colour and has the peculiar roughness of some of the species,
of Cordia.—N. W.

8. G. Aparine.

Leaves in eights, lanceolate ; keels scabrous, with prickles point-
ing backwards, Joints villous, Bruit hispid. Linn. P Pl. ed. Willd.
i. p. 597.

In the Botanic Garden at Calcutta it blossomed freely in March,
1819. x gf $3

The description of this wel known species, Shiel Miller and
Lamarck have given, agrees well with the Nepala plant. | 1t inéa-
sured when in flower about two feet in length, with abundance of
weak opposite or alternate branches, by which it supported itself on.
the nearest plants. The stem-/eaves in whorls of six or seven, from an.
inch to two long, about two lines broad at their middle, and from,
thence much tapering. "The upper ones smaller, generally in sixes
or fives, but all equalling their interstices, upper surface scabrous,.
the margins and keel as well as the sharp angles of the stem and.
branches beset with pellucid recurved prickles. — Peduncles axillary,
mostly opposite and three-flowered.— — Calyx imperceptible. —Co-,
rolla exceedingly small, of a yellowish tint,— Styles two. —Fruit
thickly beset with hooked bristles. —N. W. . i

3. G. elegans. Wall.

Leaves in fours, ovate or round-ovate, obtuse, three-nerved, soft,
hairy with villous nerves ; stems diffuse, hairy; punicles trichotomous;
seeds beset with hooked bristles.

A native of Nepala, from whence I received spécimens in m

from Mr. Gardner. . die

Root slender, creeping, red, with verticilled fibres.—Stems weak,

_ elongated, four-cornered, two or more feet long, very villous while
young, afterwards smoother, having only some roughish slightly res
curved hair along the corners ; with a few ‘alterna‘e branches—
Leaves about half an inch, sometimes an inch long, sessile, entire;
mostly shorter than their interstices, sightly tapering towards the
base, dotted and hairy above, smoother below; the uper 2d

Rubia. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. | $83

gins and elevated nerves very villous.— Panicles divaricate, termi-
nal or axillary, generally opposite, with some pairs of opposite small .
leaves. — Kamifications divaricate, trichotomous, filiform, with mi-
nute bractes at their base.— Divisions of the corolla lanceolate, acute,
-one-nerved.— Seeds round, covered with copious soft, hooked bris»
.tles.—N. W.
: |
RUBIA. Schreb. Gen. 164.

Calyx scarcely any. Corol one-petalled, from four to five parted.

Berries inferior, twin. Seeds solitary. Embryo R and furnished

with a perisperm.

TER Muijista. R

Perennial, scandent. Leaves four-fold, long-petioled; cordate,
cate, from five to seven-nerved, hispid. Corol flat, five-parted, pen-
fandrous. ^ Fleming in Asiat. Res. xi. 177.

— Sans. Klagt Muvjistha, faaea or faqay, Vikusa, fatit,
Jingee, HAST. Sumunja, qe IRT or temm Kalume-
Shika, HFT 4uft, Mundookuyurmee, utet or stat Bhun
deeree or Bhundiree, AIT, —— SUIS CT, Yozunuvuilee.

. Beng. } Munjit or Munjistha.
A native of N epala, and other mountainous countries, north and

north. east of Bengal. It grows in the Botanic Garden at Calcutta,
but requires uncommon care to keep it alive — the rainy sea-

son and has never blossomed there.
Root perennial.— Stems woody, scandent climbing over trees and

bushes. Branches cross-armed, from the axill of the large pair of
leaves, jointed, swelling at the joints, hairy for a little distance be-
low them, four-sided ; angles sharp and armed with small, recurved
‘prickles; the exterior cortex, which forms these angles, drops off by
age, leaving the longer branches and stemstound, and covered with —
à soft reddish somewhat downy bark.— Leazes four-fold, petioled,
"one of the pairs always much larger, viz. about double the size of the
Other, and with longer petioles, all are beautifully cordate, entire,

384 TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIAS. — Rubia,

acute,. pointed, generally five or seven-nerved, though in the largest
there are sometimes nine, and in the smallest three, or even sometimes
obliterated; these nerves are armed with small recurved prickles, like
those on the angles of the braucllets ; both sides channelled.—Pa-
nicles terminal, oblong, composed of numerous, opposite, sinall, sub.
globuiar, trichotomous panicles from the axill of the floral leaves.
—FPeduncles and pedicels four-sided, smooth.— Bractes opposite,
sessile, long, cordaté.— Flowers numerous, minute.— Calyx, if any,
so minute as not to be visible.— Coro! flat, five-parted ; divisions
lanceolate, acute, with points inflected.—Siamens five, shorter than
the corol.— Germ beneath, twin. Style scarcely any, stigma large,
two-cleft. — Berries two, or one; the second not always coming
to maturity, globular, size of a small grain of pepper, smooth.—
Seed single, round, smooth, with a deep pit on one side. —

Obs. It differs from R. cordifolia in being pentandrous.* | The
roots, stems, and juges branches are used to dye red with, -

2. T alata. Wall.

Leaves lanceolate, three-nerved, petioled, quatern, very scabrous.
Stem and br anches four-winged prickly. Flowers pentandrous, hispid
in trichotomous, „elongated, straight, axillary, and terminal corymbs.

A native of Nepala, from whence Mr. Gardner sent me speci-
mens. It blossoms in June.

Root red.— Stein several feet long, apparently yig strong, =
gether with the opposite or verticilled branches four- ordered, and
four-winged, the w ings beset with short, recurved prickles, other wise
pretty smooth ; ; joints remote.— Leaves spreadinz, quatern, unequal,
from an inch to an inch and a half long, much shorter than their ine
terstices, rough on both sides, especially along their margins, fur-

* Istrongly suspect that R. eordifoli.t, Linn. Mant. is this very plant, especially a$
Lamarck observes in his description that the flowers are four and five-cleft; Encyc:
Bot. ii. 606. The plants agree in every respeét. In the numerons specimens which
have been sent to me by Mr. Gardner from Gossain- Than and Katmandu, and bf
Sir Robert Colquhoun from Almora I have sine found the flowers pentandr out.
~N. W. n p

lorg. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA.- j 385

towed above; tapering towards the apex and pointed, rounded afthe .

base, the lowermost sinall whorls ovate, sub-sessile.—Petiols about
one-third the length of their leaves, deeply furrowed, smooth above,
the sides margined, almost winged and with the keeled base prickly,
apex contracted and jointed. — Peduncles lengthened, straight, four-
winged, twice or thrice’ bichotomous, hispid. -~ Bractes mostly ter-
_ mate, lanceolate, sessile, hispid ; the uppermost opposite, very small.
—Flowers in. peduncled fascicles. Calyx imperceptible. Corolla

flat, white, hairy on the outside ; segments five, lanceolate, acuminate, -

Stamina: and style very short. Stigma capitate.—Ovaria slightly
tere = We 3 a ois £v fg piden ing xs

(IXORAS Schreb. Gen. N. on

Calyx four-toothed. - " Corol one-petalled, funnel shaped. t Tube
Tong, with the stamina in its mouth. Germ two-celled, one-seeded,
lateral. — Berry inferior; two- -seeded. © Embryo erect, curved, and

furnished with a perisperm, "

= 1. E €oceinea. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 609.

Shubby. Leaves oblong, cordate, sessile, acute, smooth, entire.
Segments of the corol ovate-lanceolate, a acute. Berry crowned with
me shut segments of the nt ey die is ea

~ Schetti. Rheed. mal. ii. p. 17.1. 19. is a pretty sed omc of it,
but the description of the colour of the flowers does not so well
agree, dee nb X

“Jasminum flore —— Burm. Lp. jb: ti 81, good.

Inthe Tanjore country and in China I have found this most beau-
fl shrub i in great abundance in its wild state. Iu a cultivated state

vers all the year round. I have had it eight years in my garden
and it is not more than ‘three or four feet high, with omni
branches, but scarcely any thing like a trunk. : =

* Sir William Jones observes ( Yia. Res. iv. 251), that no Indian ew was. ever
named IXORA ; he adds at the same time that Iswara, which is indeed a title of Shiva
Would be a very improper. ios mtd of a plant which has already aclassical name.

: Ww

386 ; TÉTRANDRIA MONGGYNIAS rora:

Leates opposite, sessile, approximated, decussate, oblong, pointed,
entire, smooth, shining, from three to four inches long, and one -
and a half broad.— Stipules within the leaves with an awled process
on each side.—Corymb terminal, three-forked.— Bractes small, rigid;
— Peduncles and pedicels short, coloured.— Flowers numerous, pretty
large, bright scarlet, inodorous.—Calyr four-toothed ; divisions
acute.—Corol, stamens and pistil as in the genus.— Berry size of a
small cherry, red, juicy, two-celled — Seed solitary, convex on one
side, and flat on the other. :

‘Obs. Flamma sylvarum. Rumph. amb. iv. p. 105, t. 46. n dell
bad representation of this species, and much more like my Irora

fulgens. I have therefore doubtfully quoted it for that plant.

2. I. Bandhuca. B. i *

_ "Shrubby, spreading. Leaves oval, stem-clasping. Corymbs. crowd
ed ; segments of the corol ovate, obtuse. Berri crowned with the
open calyx. -

Asiat. Res. iv. p. 950.

- Sans. cea, Ruktuka, SIR Bundhooka, or duds , Bundhoo-
ka, a pras Bundhoojeevuka.

Beng. Rungun, Rujuna,

A very elegant, uncommonly ramous, bushy shrub, 2 native of
Hindoostan. Sir William Jones observes that the flower is often
mentioned by. the best Indian Poets. It is in flower the whele yeat
but chiefly during the rains, when it is highly ornamental.
` Stem none, but ‘branches innumerable, which divide much and
spread.close on the ground, forming a large hemispherical bush.—
Bark ofthe large branches dark brow n, and rather scabrous; that: of .
the young shoots, smooth, and green.— Leaves opposite, stem-clasp-
ing, oblong, obtuse, with a small point, entire, firm, smooth « on both
sides.— Stipules interfoliaceous, annular, with a subulate process 08
each side —Corymbs terminal, crowded, divisions many, but T
—'lowers numerous, when they first open scarlet, changing #
derwards to ‘crimson.— Bractes opposite, conic, acute. —Calys su

Irora, . TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. | 387

perior, four-toothed, coloured, permanent.— Coro! with a very long
slender tube; segments of the border four, ovate, rather obtuse,
Spreading.— Filaments four, short, inserted without the mouth of the
tube, spreading, anthers linear, spreading.—Germ two-celled, with
one seed in each, attached to the middle of the partition. Style
length of the tube of the corol. Stigma bifid. — Berry spherical, size
of a'large pea, smooth, fleshy, when ripe purple, two-celled,— Seed
solitary, oval, convex on the outside, flat, with a deep pit on the
inside. Integuments two ; exterior nuciform, 2 inner membranaceous.
—Perisperm conform to the seed, cartilaginous.—Embryo erect,
curved, nearly as long as the perisperm. Cotyledons reniform, cor-
date, Radicle cylindric, longer than the cotyledons, inferior. l

Obs. This species is pearly allied to I. coccinea, but differs i in the
following respects :
. Ast. This is a very ramous spreading bush, that much less so,
and nearly erect.

2d. In this the leaves are stem-clasping, and obtuse; in that
sessile and acute.

3d. In this the segments of the border of the corol are ovate, and
rather obtuse ; in that ovate-lanceolate, and acute; and lastly, |

4th. The calyx on the fruit is open in this Species, in that shut in-
to a conical point. —— — T

c8. L fulgens. R.* Peur

Shrubby. Leaves sub-sessile, lanceolate, acute. Corymts te fermi
nal highly coloured. Segments of the calyx cordate. Tube of the
corol long and filiform, with smooth contracted mouth ; segments
lanceolate, and larger than the erect stamens. Berries twoJobed»

Miete diia Rumph. amb. iv. 105. t.. 46? pretty good.

» This elegant, highly ornamental shrub is a native of the Molaciaa
and from: thence was introduced into the Botanic do. where- it

blossoms most part of the year.

79 E longifolia, Sir J. E. Smith in Rees Cyclopædia.—T. Leiccoata, Lam, rio

Bot. iii. 343, exclus. omn. synon. preter Rumphium.—N. W» -
Ww?

- "383 ' FETRANDRIA MONOGYXTA. Teor,

- "Trunk short, soon dividing into many strage gling weak branches,
covered with smooth dark-brown bark. Leaves opposite, shorts
pétioled, lanceolate, entire, acute, smooth on both sides; from six
to eight inches long, and from one to three broad. ` Stipules con-
necting, with an acute point on each side. Coryinbs terminal, com-
posed of short, decussate, highly coloured branches, and branchlets,
supporting numerous, short-peduncled, long-tubed, pretty large,
scarlet flowers, with the four segments of their border acute, and
broad-lanceolate, stamens erect. Berry two-lobed, size of a mar-
rowfat pea, smooth, when ripe of a deep purple, two-celled. Seeds
solitary, nearly round, convex on the back, witha deep cavity on the
inside, and from thence attached by a thick short cord to’the centre
of the partition. Integuments two, the exterior corresponding with
what Gartner calls the arillus in Coffea, ash-coloured, and firm like
parchment ; the inner membranaceous, and darker coli

risperm conform to the seed, pale blue, and of a soft cartilaginous
consistence. ` Embryo erect, one-third shorter than the [enge
curved. Coipledons two, cordate. Radicle sube eu, p. 4

*
nia 43h
iit 2i

4. = stricta. R.*
~“ Shrubby, straight. | Leaves sub- sessile, atur: Cyndi dine |
compound, hiweanbesin. Lacinie of the corol round, spreat d
Anthers bristle-pointed.
Ixora coccinea. OP oe Cochinch. 90: Curtis 5 Botaniosh Mage
zines No. 169.»
- Flamma sylvarum. peregrina. Ramp. aur iw. 107.4 t t AT. d
"This beautiful plant was. brought to the Botanic Garden from
Melitta in 1798, where it i is in constant. blossom. the ychole
round; but rarely ripens its fruits. The plant; when i in fi
highly ornamental, though by no means so gaudy as I. coccinea
Bandhuca, which are certainly two of our most showy Indian shrubs.
— drunk ie any, but a few ins. — branches, whi '

I. SEMATNTM. a Est gees ee Ee Eo

Irora. . TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 329

with dark-brown smooth bark ; height from three to four feet.
— Leaves opposite, sub-sessile, oblong, entire, smooth on both sides.
—Stipules interfoliaceous, long, taper, acute-pointed.— Corymbs
terminal, very dense, sub-hemispheric, primary divisions brachiate,
and short, extreme divisions trichotomous; all smooth and of a bright,
deep red colour.— Flowers numerous, colour at first a lively orange
approaching to scarlet, becoming deeper and deeper from the time of
expausion.— Calyx bright red, fleshy ; divisions short and obtuse.—.
Corol, tube cylindric. Border of four round spreading segments.—
Filaments without the tube, short, spreading, flat, with their linear
acute anthers over the divisions of the border of the corol.—Stigma
two-cleft, elevated a little above the mouth of the tube. Berry .
spherical, smooth, succulent, red, two- celled, with a single rugose.,
seed in each. i

- Obs. In the. Botanic Gaiden, at Calcutta there is a more ramous .
variety of this charming plant introduced from China where it is cal» . >
led Hong-mou-tang, wìth pale pink lowers which it bears in abun-
dance. all the year.* , FASES T

p

.S. I. alba. Linn. Sp. PI. ed. Willd. i. 906. ro -
Leaves sessile, broad lauceolar. ` n Corymbs decompound, dense,
sub-hemispherie ; lacinie of the corol obovate and CS h
"Until f came to’ Bengal I had not an opportunity. of s seeing this ;
elegant plant. Ihave found it only i in gardens. F lowering time | the - :
ha and rainy seasons. The shrub itself i is much like Lvora coccinea. :
. Ramous, « erect, and smooth in every | Mt... Leaves opposite, ses- ;
sile, broad-lancéolar, smooth, a little ed i
long. — Stipules within the leaves.— Cory ial
or decom pound dense, often hemispheric ; ‘divisions o ors b-di
by «rey. — Flowers ve y numerous, inodorous, white, with a s

its ae

rather longer and 1 more slender | tube than i in Ixora coccinea ; Ps . i

of the border reflexed, obovate.

Obs. This i is probably. nothing more than a variety of fT. stricta, |

patie: 58i; DL 5 :
g I. incarnata, Resi Más: eiim to Sir i E. Smith, I. cit.—-N. Wi B5 idi

* This species is widely different from J. alba, Linn.--N. W.

390 TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Ira,

or that ofthis. It was originally brought from China where it is call-
ed Ta-mou-tang.

^6. 1. cuneifolia. R. "

Shrubby. Leaves broad-cuneate, lanceolate, pointed. Corymbs
terminal, long-peduncled. Flowers crowded ; segments of the calyx
oblong, conic.

A native of the country about Dacca, from thence the late
Colonel Peter Murray sent seeds to the Botanic Garden, where
the plants grow freely, blossom in March, and ripen their seed in
August and September. :

Trunk short. Branches opposite, nearly erect, round, and covered
With smooth brown bark ; young shoots smooth, and green.— Leaves
opposite, short-petioled, broad, cuneate, lanceolate, recurved, entire,
taper, obtuse-pointed, firm and polished, somewhat bullate ; length
from fourto six inches, by one and a half or two broad. — Stipules taper-
ing, subulate, pointed. — Corymbs terminal, long-peduneled, tricho-
tomous, alternate divisions ending in fascicles of sub-sessile, crowded,
pure white flowers, with a slight tinge of pink on the outside.— Brace
tes in opposite pairs, at the various divisions of the corymb and un-
der the calyx subulate.— Flowers very numerous, pure white, f fia-
grant.—Calyr four-cleft to the base, divisions long, narrow, and
acute.— Tube of the corol cylindric, very slender, three quarters € of
an inch long ; the four segments of the border oblong and obtuse.— .
Filaments from the inner edge of the fissures of the border of the
corol.—Anthers narrow, sagittate.—Germ oval, two-celled, with one
seed in each, attached to the middle of the partition, — Stigma of.
. two linear lobes, elevated considerably above the mouth of the tube,
— Berry round, turbinate, size of a small cherry, when ripe bright .
red, and smooth, two-celled.— Seed solitary, round, oval, convex € on i
the outside, with a large deep pit on the 1 inner. I ategu st
exterior nuciform ; inner membranaceous, and greenish — Perisperm.
conform to the seed.— Embryo erect, curved, like the convex seed.
—Cotyledons reniform, — cyliüdric, length o the cotyledons,

nora. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA- 391

< Obs. Velil's&gure of I. parviflora, Symbol. Bot. iii. t. 52, is much
like this plant ; his description however agrees better with what I
have always considered to be his parviffora aud which is so labelled
in Sir Joseph Banks's herbarium. ‘They differ in the following
respects. That (I. parviflora) is a tree, this a shrub; in that the
leaves are linear oblong with a cordate base, of a much firmer
texture, and more polished; in this they taper for two-thirds of
their Jength to the base (hence the specific name cuneifolia.) lu
that the seginents of the calyx are short and obtuse, i in this long and
acute. In that the berries are round and black; m this shori, tuc-
. binate and red. The corymbs also differ somewhat. In both ide
the aeo are age but in this much larger.

eT I. brückiete. B

. Shrubby. Leaves short-petioled, lanceolar. Panicles brachiate,
with remote, diverging branches.
- A stout shrub, a native of the forests of Bengal. In the Botanic
Garden it tlowers in March, and the seeds ripen in May.
— Trunk erect. Branches opposite, spreading much, but they are not
so numerous as in I, parviflora. Bark brown, and pretty smooth.—
Leaves opposite, short-petioled, lanceolar, obtuse, smooth, of a hard
texture, from four to six inches long, by less than two broad.— Sti-
pules triangular, acute.— Panicles terminal, brachiate ; rami;
few, remote on iong, round, smooth. glacies c Fiber Hümer-
ous, minute, much smaller than in I. parviflora.—Calyx small, deeply
four-tootlied, coloured.—Corol with a filiform tube ; segments of the
border obovate, emarginate.— Filaments none. Anthers linear, at-
— tached by their backs-to the bottom of the fissures of the border of
^ the corol.— Germ. turbinate, two-celled, with one seed in eae , at-
‘tached to the partition. Style scarcely longer than the tube. ‘Stigma
large, two-lobed.-— Berry the size of a large pea, smooth, succulent,
dark. brown purple, twoscelled.— Seeds solitary, row bd, con
the outside concave, with a pit on tlie inner. . eri
exterior white, hard, thin, and elastic ; inner tender and thin,— i

LN FRTRANDRIA MONOGYNIA- lora.

Perisperm acétabuliform, amygdaline.——-Ebryo erect, curved. Co-
tyledons cordate: Radicle cylindric, curved, inferior. 34i

_ Obs. A haudsome. shrub, and nearly allied to Vahl’s I. ees
Shosgh very different from the plant so labelled in the Banksian her-
barium, which grows in abundance in this garden.

ist. Inthe shape of the leaves, which in that species are sekai
and generally have a broad stem-clasping base; in this the. petiole
is about half an inch long, and the leaves taper mofe towards the-
base than at tlie exterior end. : |

2d. lu tüe thinness of the panicle, (though of the same cleats
mation), and the size of the flowers, which in this species are much
smaller, and every way more delicate, and also in their shape, which
in that species is oblong before expansion, but in-this round.

3d. In this the anthers are rc in that they have short, We d

iae P. = : X a

_ Shrubhy. |. Leaves TE AB. acies vie underneath.
seed super-decompound to the sixth or sev enth degree, divi-
sions. trichotomous, villous. Calycine segments. oblong | and ciliate.

Beng. Choonaree.. ;

_ This species is a native of Silhet, where it grows to be an elegant
Selling sized shrub with large. crowded. corymbs of fragrant. white
flowers, which appear in May and June. -

Young shoots straight and villous.— Leaves opposite, short-petio-
led, broad-cuncate, lanceolar, entire, acuminate, underneath soft with
very short down ; from six to ten inches long, by from two to four
T Stipules downy, with the ends subulate.— Corymbs termi E
from four to eight times, trichotomous,. all the divisions. downy, A
the last three-flowered.— Bractes opposite, downy ; two slender small »
ones pressing the.base of each calyx.—Calyr four-parted, v
ments oblong, ciliate.— Coro? with a very long, smooth, filiform tu
segments of the border four, oblong, uti ;in the oblong "
tuse bud they are imbricated.

dt Rer xu

5

2 € M zt 4 " 2 &
dera. — _ PETRANDRIA MeNOCYNIA, . $93

4 9.1: acuminata. R. :

= Shrubby. Leaves petioled, lanceolar, omikinitel smooth; floral

pair stem-clasping, and broader. Corymbs super-decompound, much
crowded, and smooth. Calycine segments ensiform. pe.
A very charming shrubby species, a native of the forests near Sile
ze het, where it blossoms during the hot season, and €"— the air
with the fragr ance of its flowers. © 3
- Addition by N. W. |

"The shrubs in the Botanic Garden have acquired a height of five

to six feet. — Bark. scabrous, ash-coloured. — Branchlets roundish,
smooth, pale. — Leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute at their base, from
six to eight inches long, from two to mia broad, of rather a thin but
firm texture, pale and glaucous, opaque, slightly bullate above, whitish
and scabrous beneath, with copious, opposite, parallel nerves uniting

into sub-marginal arches ; veins reticulated.— Petiol short, roundish.
Floral pair of leaves smaller than the rest, ovate-oblong, rounded
at the base.— Stipules broad, triangular, acute, purplish.—Corymbs
large, sub-sessile, round, with snow-white, most fragrant, crowd-
- ed flowers.— Peduncles twice or thrice trichotomous, very short, pu-
_ bescent, with opposite linear-lanceolate bractes under each division.
—Calyx ovate, with white lanceolate straight lacini supported by
à pair of bractes.— Tube of the corol slender, an inch aud a half long.
— Lacinie spreading, ov ate-oblong, obtuse, with recurved sides ; mouth
Sürrounded with a series of silky long hairs. — Filaments reflécted |
between the laciniz. — Anthers linear.—Stigma elevated above the
mouth, club-shaped, bifid. ;
e opaque remaikably pale and glaucous leaves, the sub-sessile.
crowded c corymbs of large white blossoms, with white calyces, suffici- i;
ently distinguish this elegant shrub from IL — R. aud all the

other species.

E I. rr Vahl. Symbol. iii. p. 11. t. 52. Linn. Sp. PI. ed.

Willd. i i. 609.
: Xx

394 |. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Ixora,

Arboreous. Leaves sub-sessile, oblong, smooth. Panicles ovate
oblong, decussated. Lacinie of the corol oval. Style hairy, Bers
ries round.

= Gundhal-rungun.

"eling. T'adda-pullu.
chii the mountains of the Coast of, Coromandel! this species
grows to be a pretty large tree ; in the low lands it is much smaller,
seldom exceeding fifteen or twenty feet in height. Flowenng time
February and March. .

Bark dark-coloured, anio ciens opposite, short-petioled,
linear-oblong, pointed at the base, often cordate ; smooth, shining,
firm, entire, from three to four inches long, and from one and a half
to two broad.— Stipules as in I. coccinea. — Panicles ovate, termi-
nal, erect, cross-armed ; divisions always three-forked. — Bractes. at
the principal divisions stipulaceous, with four subulate processes 5
the rest are small, one below each ramification.— Flowers small,
white, fragrant. The style is hairy. —Berry generally two-seeded,
somewhat two-lobed, size of a pea, black.

i

)

Jt. X. barbata. R*

‘Tube of the corol long; mouth bearded. Leaves opposite, short-
petioled, oblong, entire, smooth, shining ; floral leaves round, cor-
date, sessile. . Panicles open. | ;

This elegant, densely ramous, large shrub, or r aa tree, I have
found only in the Botanic Garden. Flowering time the hot season.

Trunk scarcely any, branches numerous, opposite. Leaves oppo-
site, short-petioled, oblong, entire, smooth, and shining ou bo
sides, from six to nine inches long.— Stipules within the leaves as ill
the other species.—Corymbs, or rather panicles terminal, decom-
pound, large, diffuse, always trichotomous, smooth i in every part.—
Bractes, the lowermost pair embracing the base of the common
peduncle, large, and cordate, (they may be called floral leaves ;) the

* This plant must not be confounded with Fendi barbata of Sir J. E Smith ia
Rees's Cyclopzdia, in loco.—N. W.

feora. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA, $95

| est gradually décreade Mà sive till they become " miibute at the últi-

| mate divisions.— Calyr as in the genus, with acute divisions. Tubé
of the corol long and slender, its mouths crowned with lóng white
hairs. — Style the length of the corol. Stigma clubbed, jast without
the mouth of the tube, apex slightly bilid.— Berry red, smooth, size
of a pea, two-seeded.

Obs. Bem-Schetti. Rheed, Mal. di. p. 19: i i3. i is a tolbeablé re-

presentation of this plant, but a bad one of what I consider to bé.
Irora alba. |

E

19. Í; undulata, R:
Leaves opposite, broad-lancéolar, acute, much! waved: Poi
terminal, open ; divisions of thé calyx acute. Filaments as long as
‘the anthers. Stigma two-cleft. Berries transversely oval.
| _ Beng. Paluka-Jooi.
A ramous shrub, a native of forests in Bengal, flowering time thé

hot season.

Leaves opposite, sub-sessile, spreading, broadslanceolar or oblong,
pointed; margins much waved, smooth on boih sides but not shining.
—Stipules within the leaves, with along awled process on each sides
—Corymbs or rather panicles terminal, decompound, &e. as in Iv.
barbata, but much smaller.— Bractes as in the other species.— F/ow-
ers numerous, small, white.—Calyz, divisions acute.— Corol, divisi-
ons of the border reflexed, rather shorter than the tube.— Filaments i
from the fissures of the corol, pretty long, spreading and variously .
bent, Anthers as in the genus.—Séyle rather longer than the tube.
fym two cleft ; divisións recurvéd.

*

OL Pavetta. Ro ait ai

Shrubby. Leaves short-petioled, smooth, entire. Paiticles fasti-

BHte, axillary, and terial. Style twice the length of the corol.
Stigma entire. Berries globular.

, ` Pavetta indica. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 610,
Xx? 3

395 | METRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. lvora,

Paspita; s. Malleamothe. Rheed. Hort. Mal. v. 19. t. 10, is cere .
tainly this plant. | 3

Beng. Kookoora-choora.

Teling. Nooni- papoota.

A middle sized shrub, common on road sides, hedges, uae
vated Jands, &c. where there is'a good soil.

Branches cross-armed, ascending. Bark ash-coloured.— Leaves
opposite, petioled, oblong, entire, pointed, always smooth on both

'- sides, which forms the chief difference between this and the next

species; from four to six inches long, and two, or two and a half
"broad.— Stipules asin the former species.— Corymbs compound, ter-
minal, large, nearly level-topped, cross-armed. — Peduncles and be
dicels round, and smooth.— Bractes as in the former species.— `
Flowers white, somewhat fragrant.— Calyx, divisions obtuse.— Style
| twice the length of the tube. - Stigma clubbed.— Berry globular,

size of a pea, one or r firo-itedød. ME :

14, I. tomentosa. n»

- Shrubby. Leaves oblong, ventricose, entire, tomentose. Panicles
lax, sub-globular, tomentose ; style twice the length of the corol.
Stigma entire. Berries globular. |

Beng. Jooi. x

Teling. Nam-papoota:

A large shrub, native of the same places, but not so common’
as the last described. Flowers the beginning of the hot season

Branches cross-armed, ascending. Bark ash-coloured. — Leaves
opposite, petioled, ovate, pointed, entire, both sides very downy, -
from four to eight inches long, and from three to five broad.—Stipules
as in the former species.— Panicles terminal, globular, cross-armed,
divisions always three-forked.— Peduncles and pedicels round, downy»
— Bractes as in the former species.— Flowers numerous, white, < J

* Consult Rees’s oo under Pavetta.—} have had the species from Kats
mandu and Almora.—N. W 3 A Aib uns

* `~
j dora: TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 1 :397
Ls "s à * a

faintly fragrant—Style twice: the length of the tube. Saee club-
bed — Berry generally two-seeded. :

< Obs. In all the foregoing species the berries are steuiteded;
though it often happen that. but one comes to perfection. | I never
met with any that had three or four.—I do not find that the inhabi-’
tants of these parts make use of any of the trees, except for fuel. |

-

435. E ani Br: i

| Leaves- ‘short-petioled, oblong, obtuse, smooth; ; ; pahicle terminal,
corymbiform, contracted. Segments of the calyx cordate, and ob-.
tuse, tube of the corol long, and most slender; segments of its, bor- ;
der cblong, obtuse, and longer than the erect style, or stamina. i

. A native of the Moluccas, and with’ flowers infinitely more deli-.
fate than I. y which i it most resembles. -

~~ ^

a6. I. congesta. R.
"Shrubby. Leaves short-petioled, oblong, strongly veined. Corynbs
` terminal, short, dense. Flowers sub-sessile. Segments of the calyx.
obscurely reniform ; those of the border of the corol oblong, and
obtuse. - = `
_A native of the Moluccas, and differs from I. fulgens in the firm:
somewhat coriaceous: mei" with stronger parallel veins. -
17.1. lanceolaria. Colebr.
Shrubby, smooth ; branches slender, pendulous, sub-dichotomous.
— leaves in approximate pairs, very long, linear-lanceolate, acuminate .
: short-petioled. Corymb terminal, sub-sessile, small, with coloured ,
| scaly, crowded peduncles. Tube of the corol filiform ; lacinie linear- -
e oblong. Anthers linear with deeply bifid base. -
A native of Travancore. Introduced into the Botanic Gardeh aby
Dr. A, Berry in 1808. Time of blossoming the hot season ; the `
_ fruit ripens towards the close of the rains.
An erect shrub, five, six, or even more feet high, with: eit.
mous, very little spreading, asb-coloured branches. Branchlets very

$98 TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. os

slender and twiggy, hanging, green, with numerous compressed wis
dened joints, like all the other parts of the plant smooth.— Leaves
spreading, from five to seven inches long and almost as many times ex4
ceeding their interstices, an inch or less broad a little above their acute
- base, from thence tapering into a sharp acumen, opaque and somewhat
glaucous above, pale beneath, with a slender white rib and very fine
sub-opposite nearly transversal nerves which communicate with each
other in sub-marginal arches.— Petiols about two lines long, channel-
ed. Stipules adpressed, lanceolate, as broadas the interstices between
the insertion of the two opposite leaves, tapering into a subulate point
which generally exceeds the petiols in length.—Corymb small,
supported by a pair of very short leaves, consisting of twice or
thrice trichotomous, reddish, pubescent peduncles, with opposite li-
near, subulate bractes under each division, having a stipuliform, fim-
briated process between their bases. — Pedicels ternate or fascicled,
two or three lines long, with three pairs of reddish fleshy subulate
scales, the uppermost adpressed to the calyx.—Calyz very small,
oblong, reddish, with erect subulate teeth ; at the bottom, within, there
is a series of fleshy, subulate, withering and sphacelated cilia as in
the family of Asclepiadee and Apocynee. Corolla white; tube slen-
der, half an inch long; limb spreading, equalling the tube, with linear
oblong-fatcate, slightly pubescent lacinie.—Anthers linear and long,
the base bifid and ending in two whitish processes; filaments short,
exserted. Style clavate ; stigma two-lobed, subulate, spreading,
elevated above the mouth of the corolla. Berry as large as a mar-
| row-fat pea, red, smooth, crowned with the four subulate, erect teeth
of the calyx.— Seeds cup-shaped, hemispherical. :

Obs. "This species is so distinct from all the others as to be easily
known. Its slender hanging branches, pallid and glaucous leaves,
and ihe small corymbs of crowded flowers contribute to render it à
. very ornamental plant in the shrubbery.—N. W.

18. I. rosea. Wall. ' jn
Shrubby. Leaves oblong, acute with contracted sub-emarginate
I +i

Irora. ` TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 399

base, pubescent beneath; sub-sessile. Corymbs super-decompouud,
open and large, terminal and from the exterior axils. Lacinie of
the corol oblong-cuneate, acute. ;

- Khasee name, Mattia-Chanda.

A native of the hilly parts on the borders of Bengal biens Silhet,
from thence introduced, in 1815, into the Botanic Garden at Calcutta,
by Mr. M. R. Smith. It blossoms most freely fering the hot and
rainy seasons.

An erect, strong, branchy shrub, about four feet high, with sca-
brous, brown bark. The younger branches pubescent, slightly com-
pressed towards the i insertion of the leaves, ash-coloured.— Leaves
sub-decussate, spreading, leathery and firm, five or six inches long,
about two broad, tapering towards the base and there rounded or
slightly emarginate, dark green, bullate, smooth and shining above;
pale and pubescent beneath, especially along the elevated rib and
copious nerves.— Petiols thick and woody, scarcely more than a line
long —Stipules broad ovate, pubescent ending in a long subulate
adpressed point, connected and stem-clasping by means of a nar-
row membrane, continuing within the base of the petioles, and cone.
cealing a series of small rust-coloured cilig.—Corymbs round, as
large as the leaves, mostly elevated on a peduncle, with trichoto-
mous brachiate spreading pubescent reddish peduncles, the lower
ones an inch long; the whole forming an ample terminal inflores-.
cence of innumerable, most beautiful, pale, rose-coloured, ternate,.
sessile flowers.—Bractes opposite, lanceolate, connected by a cili-
ated margin.—Ca/yz very small, oblong with four reddish lanceo-
late ciliated teeth, supported by two adpressed bractes.—Cilia as
in the preceding species.—Corolla pubescent ; tube slender, a little
more than an inch long ; lacinie smooth, spreading, at last reflecte.
ed, equalling one-fourth of the tube in length.— Fi/aments reflected,
Anthers linear-sagittate.—Stigma reddish.

- Obs. This shrub is exceedingly eleganton account of its largeround :
corymbs which for eight months of the year are produced'in a constant

Succession. The colour of the flowers is a pale pink, gradually be=

i

z

sÍ

400 /— CFETRANDHIA MONOGYNIA. Gardiiria,

cóming reddish as they grow old, beautifully contrasting with the shin-
ing dark green leaves, which are not unlike those of L Bandhuca.
The colour of the flower resembles that of the pink variety of I. Cle
neifolia; it is paler than the variety of I. stricta, which Roxburgh
formerly used to.call 1. incarnata.—-N. W. i yA

t

~GARDNERIA.

. Calyx inferior, Corol fiat., Stamina partly PE. into a tube.
Berry two-celled. Seeds solitary, Tee

1. G. ovata. Wail.
A native of the niountains in the district of Sithet in Bett and:

of Nepala. It blossoms in the hot and — season, and fipens its
fruit i in the cold. — | s 2
Khasee name, Huldi. In Nepala, Oocha-Soa. egg
A strong climbing smooth. shrub, with long slender round branch-
es; the new twigs have a green bark and are obscurely four-sided.
— Leaves opposite, approximated, spreading, petioled, ovate or lan-
ceolate, acuminate, pointed at the base, entire, smocth on both sides,

à tig Jak

very dark and shining above, pale underneath, with elevated rib and

- transversal sub-opposite very fine nerves, which unite with each other

and with the reticulated veins in sub-marginal arches. They measure’
from three to four inches, and are generally twice as long as their’

| interstices.— Petiols round, channeled above, slightly curved, half au.

inch long, widening at the base and surrounding the branch with
an elevated, fleshy, narrow, erect margin, concealing. in their axils a
series of short subulate fleshy withering cilie.— Stipules no others
than the appendices ` just described. —Corymbs axillary, opposite,
equalling or somewhat exceeding the leaves in length, slender, with
one or two pairs of small lanceolar leaves under their primary div.
sions. .. Peduncles slender, opposite, an inch or an inch and a balf
long, three-flow ered, pedicels clavate with two lanceolate minate
bractes at the base, and generally a pair above their middle ; the in-

termediate ones miortet Cage very small, cup-shaped, persistent,

Gardnerià. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA, ` 401

- divided into four-concave, orbicular, ciliated, alternately imbricating
_ lacinig.—Corol thick and leathery, yellow, deeply four-parted ; lact-
mic ovate, acute, slighty concave, very spreading, almost recurved,
about two lines long, alternatiug with those of the calyx and with the
insertion of the stamens, covered above, particularly towards thé

thickened apex with a sericeous down, margins broad and flat; dur-

‘ing the aestivation they are valvate.— Tube none.— Stamens four,
erect, somewhat shorter than the corol. Filaments scarcely percep-

tible, inserted at the bottom of the corol just below the fissures. .

Anthers ovate, acute, and free at both ends, Heshy in the middle ;
the sides uniting into a ventricose, pervious, four-toothed tube ; with-

in, towards their margins, they are two-celled; the cells separated by
a longitudinal partition, which becomes free and keel- formed at their -

bursting. — Ovarium above, and perfectly distinct from the calyx,
ovate, minute, two-celled, two-seeded: ovula attached to the centre
Of the ‘partition.— Style filiform, shorter than the tube of the an-
thers.— Stigma simple? acute.— Berry superior, round, somewhat
depressed, smooth, crowned with the persistent base of the style,

supported by the calyx, scarlet, about the size of a large Cur- -

rant, fleshy, two-celled, two-seeded. Pulp pale red.— Dissepiment
— very thin, membranaceous, marked on each side with some vessels

^

disposed in the form of a cross.— Placenta fleshy, short, originating —

from the centre of the dissepiment, entering the cavity of the seed
and filling it entirely with a soft pulp.—Seed solitary in each cell,

very thin, bullate and excavated in the shape of a hemispherical cup
With a flat somewhat widened, exactly circular margin, gibbous at
the back, smooth on both sides, of a grayish brown colour.— Inte-
| gument single, coriaceous, closely adhering to the horny, pearl-colour-
èd Perisperm, which has exactly the form of the seed.—Embryo
_ dicotyledoneous, erect, cylindrical, adscending, from above the infe-
rior portion of the margin, about one-third the leugth of the seed,

slightly curved, milk-white.— Cotyledons leafy, lanceolate, flat, parel-
lel to the sides of the seed. — Radicle cylindric, inferior and sliglit-

ly centripetal, twice as.long as the cotyledons, its apex situated im-
Yy

£02 (00 "UFETHRANDRIA :MONOGYNIA, (— wGardnerjg,.

- mediately within the margin of the seed at its lower part.— Plumulá-
inconspicuous. ; — : S.

Obs. The general habit and structure of the fruit of this interest.
ing shrub are those of the family of Rubcacea, especially its primae.
ry sub-divisions, with a single two-celled, two-seeded fruit ; while its
superior free ovarium is irreconciliable with the character of that
most extensive tribe. In this point, to which may be added the con-
nate anthers and stipulation, the genus agrees with Apociueg. But
it differs from them both in the zstivation of its flowers, forming with
the axillary subulate bodies a more remote affinity with Asclepiadea, _
among which Mr. R. Brown has recorded a solitary instance, ofa
| valvate corolla in his, Leptadenia.* :

"The difficulty thus encountered in assigning my. eed to its ‘pros E
_ per station in the natural arrangement has fortunately been lessened
by M. Savigny, who concludes his description of Pagamea of Aublet,
inserted in Lamarck's Eucy clop. Bot.} by suggesting: that it might
be. united with G aertnera of Lamarck} under a distinct order ; and .
finally removed by Mr. R. Brown who, having on. a previous .0C- :
casion§ pointed at the existence of an intermediate family between 2
Rubiacee aud Apocine, afterwards confirmed its existence in his in-
teresting observations on the plants collected 1n, the vicinity. of the
River Congo by my lamented friend and fellow student the late Pro- |
- fessor, Christian Smith | 'lo this connecting group my. plant neces-
sarily belongs, requiring a separate section in addition to those pro-
posed by Mr. Brown. ‘The fruit appears.to az ree with Gaerluera
of Lamarck, with | Pagamea, especially if the doubts of Jussieu res-
pecting the latter{ should be verified, and with Baconia of Decan-
dolle. Its general structure, as well as the horny and copious peris
perm which, during germination, is raised up with the young plant

and-remains.a considerable. time in that state, and the relative p

* Memoirs of the Wern. Soc. i. p. I9 et 31. t Vol. iv. p- ems Bde

4 Mlustr. tab. 167 et Poiret i in Encycl. bot. suppl. appres: p. 684. m e Preis 3
flor. Nov. Holl. i. p. 455. i

,. | Narrative of Capt. Tuckey’ s Expedition to the eaves Zaire i $ Append + us

E Gen. plant, ed. Usteri. p- 22. z š i dent

z

Pyrostria: - TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIM 468 .

tion of the Embryo are perfectly like those of Psychotria, Coffea and

- Frora. It has the excavation of the seed in-common with Pavetta

indica” and several. species of Jaora; the ventral aperture is how
‘tier: much larger here and circumscribed by a somewhat, widened
margin.— Fhe younger parts of the plant as well as the ‘dark-colours
ed shining leaves contain a yellowish j juice, from which probably the:
Silhet name is derived ; indeed: they ave not unlike those of Guttiferes

My Nepala specimens | differ in sone degree from the others ;
their leav es are smaller, lanceolate and more narrow ; the segments of
the corolla laticeolate-and more villous, the berries large and crown-
ed with the persistent long style ; stigma’ bifid. | =
—.. Y have dedicated this new genus to. the Hon. Edward as, ;
Jate resident àt the court of the Raja of Nepala, by whose indefa-
tigable exertions and liberality the Botanic Garden at Calcutta has
been enriched by the most splendid additions of growing plants; seeds,
and specimens of the inter esting and hitherto mostly unknown vege-
‘table productions of that country, of which ample and frequent col=
lections have been transmitted to Great Britain.—N. W.

PYROSTRIA. Juss. Gen. el. Ust. 229. »
Calyx four-toothed. Corol. with cylindiic tube, and four-cleft:
border... Drupe inferior, with as far as. eight, onesseeded nuts.

1. P- Aerasperma. R.

Leaves opposite, short-petioled, oblong, acute, e entire: ‘ oigube
axillary, and also within the cuspidate, hairy 4 stipules, dichotomousé.
Drupe six-seeded. , ! :

A vative of the Island of Honimoa. UK

'ender-shoots clothed with. brown hairs.— Leaves opposite, apż-

i proximate, short-petioled, oblong, acute, entire, a little hairy 5 fron
three to four inches long g.— Stipules within the leaves cüspidate, hai-
ry.—Peduncles opposite; with the stipules many times longer thar
À tbe petioles, each ending in a small twice dichotomous, coryrtibiforma

* Gaertn, tory. i. P 115. t.25.
Yy2 n

404 TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Salvadora,

panicle of recurved secund spikes. — Bractes subulate, one-flowered,

— Flowers rather small, bairy.—Ca/yx four-toothed.—Corol with _

a slender, cylindric, villous tube, and contracted, four-parted border,

Filaments none. — Anthers linear in the mouth of the tube of the .

corol, and affixed to it by their backs.— Germ beneath. Style shorter
than the corol. Stigma simple.— Drupe round, six-ribbed; size of
a pea.— Seeds or nuts regularly six, sub-cylindric. d

SALVADORA. Schreb. Gen. N. 220.

Calyx four-toothed. Corol one-petalled, four-cleft. Style none
or short. Berry. inferior, one.seeded, :

1. S. persica. Linn. Sp. Pl ed. Willd. i i. 695. R. Corom. Pl. i. N. 20.
Rivina paniculata. Syst. nat. x. p. 899. i
Teling. Pedda-warago-wenki,

À middle sized tree, a native of most parts of the Circars though

by no means common ; it seems to grow equally well in vrina soil.
Produces flowers and ripe fruit all the year round.

Trunk generally crooked, from eight to ten feet high, to the `

branches, and one in diameter. Bark very scabrous, and deeply
cracked. Branches exceedingly numerous, spreading, with their

extremities perfectly pendulous, like the weeping Willow. — Leaves

opposite, petioled, oval or oblong, entire, very smooth, and shining
‘on both sides, without veins; from one to two inches long, and
about one broad.—Stipules none.— Panicles terminal, and from the.
exterior axills.— Flowers minute, very numerous, greenish-yellow.
— Bractes minute. — Calyx inferior, four-toothed, permanent. .— Cos
rol one-petalled. Tube short, border four-cleft; segments oblong,
revolute.— Filaments four, inserted into the tube of the corol under
its fissures, and rather shorter than the border. Anthers oval—
Germ globular, sty le none. Stigma scabrous — Berry very minute,
much smaller than a grain of black pepper, smooth, pu, juicy.—
Seed one.

Obs. The berries have a strong aromatic smell, d taste much »

üke garden cresses. The bark of the root is remarkably acrid,

1

Callicarpa. |. JTETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. : |... 405

bruised and applied to the skin, it soon raises blisters ; for which
purpose the natives often use it. As a stimulant it promises to be
&medicine possessed of very considerable powers.

CALLICARPA. Schreb. Gen. N. 175.

Calyx four-toothed. | Corol one-petalled, tubular, four-perted,
Germ fourecelled, ceils one-seeded; ovula attached to the middle of
the axis. Berry four-seeded.. , mine erect, and furnished with
à perisperm, er. :

~

1. C. arborea. R.

Arboreous. Leaves long-petioled, oblong, ventricose, tapering
much toward both ends, entire, hairy underneath- Panicles: pulley,
sub-globular, throughout dichotomous.

A stout tall tree ; a native of Chittagong.* Flowers at various
tines through the year. | i
Trunk nearly erect, and in trees nine years old, thirty-three inch-
es in circumference four feet above the surface of the soil. Branch-
es spreading. «— Branchlets obtusely four-cornered, and mealy.—
Leaves opposite, long-petioled, oblong, ventricose, tapering equally |
at each end, entire, smooth above, hairy underneath, while young
and unexpanded very mealy on both sides; length from six to twelve
‘inches, petiole included, which may be reckoned one-fourth of the
whole.— Panicles axillary, solitary, or paired, the largest on a pedun-
cle as long as the petioles, sub-rotund, from six or eight times dicho.
tomous, all the ramifications somewhat four-cornered and mealy.
— Flowers small, very numerous, lively purple, or lilac, small, rather
offensive.— Bractes minute.—Ca/yx companulate, obscurely four-
toothed, mealy on the outside.— Coro] with the tube much longer
than the calyx, one of the segments of its border smaller.—PFifa-
enis twice the length of the corol. Anthers brown. — Germ supe-
Hor, round, four-celled, with one ovula in each, attached to the
Middle of the axis. Style as long as the stamens, and bent in an
9pposite direction. Stigma headed.— Berry Mati, round, polish-

^ Jt ia very common alse about Katmandu in Nepala.—N. W.

*

'ed, and covered with grey farina.— Leaves opposite, petio!

Calyx short; border four-sulcated, permanent,— Corol, tube b

»

408 ^ OTETRANDRIA MONOGYNÍA. Callicarpa:

‘ed, lively purple, succulent, size of a small grain of black pepper, one-
--&elled.—Seeds four, convex on the outside, with. two flat faces om

the'inner, rough ; interior integument hard like the shell of angt—
Peri risperm oval, soft, -amygdaline. — Embryo : straight, erect, nearly as-
Jong as the perisperm. — Co/yledons oblong. — Kadicle oblong, the
length of the COMO, inferior. 1

- >

*

2. C: iiia. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 620.

Arboreous, ail the young parts mealy. Leaves opposite, oval,
entire, downy. Corymbs axillary, dichotomous throughout. | Corols E
oblique: s

Tomex tomentosa. Hh lor. Zeyl. N. 59. Pe

A pretty large tree, a native of the Concer mountains, and of the
vallies between them.

Trunk perfectly straight, and of a cainii height.— —Bark
smooth, ash-coloured. Branches few, and near the top, forming but

a smallshead for so large a trunk. Young-shcots somewhat four-sid-
ed, ovate,

tapering toa point, entire, downy, below whitish with much dows ;

from nine to ten inches long, and five or six broad, — Petiols round,

two or three inches long, covered. with down.— Corymbs _ axil-
lary, erect, two-forked throughout; every part. covered. with grey

Tarina.— Bracies small.— Flowers very numerous, small, purple.—
ent

toone side, The other parts as in the genus.—Style descending.
Obs. The wood of this tree is white, spongy, and of course. not

` fit for much use, -

3. C. cana. Linn. Sp. PI. ed. Willd. i 620.

- Shrubby, downy. Leaves ovate, g elandular-dentate-serrate;
ny underneath. MAN siian; sub-globular. Sgen bifid. Ber 5
ries purple. i

~ Callicarpa americana. Tie Cochinch. ed. Willd. i. p. $3. i

nicae shrub was P aine into the Botanic Garden ae the

ae d

dows

t>

purple ; seeds four.

-

i Callicarpa. TETRANDRIA MONOG YNIA. j -407

Moluccas in 1798, aud in three years had.attained.to the height

-of from four to eight feet high, considerably ramous, with the young

parts downy, and the ligneous ones covered with smooth, pale ash-
coloured bark. . They are in blossom in March and Apn chiefiy,
though more or less the whole year;

Leaves opposite, short-petioled, from broad. cordate to. oblong,
reticulated with margins glandular-dentate-serrate ; 5 upper side-soft
and of a deep green colour, but very downy, cand pale underneath.—
Cymes axillary, dichotomous, scarcely longer than the petioles, vil-
lous. — Flowers numerous, small, pale red colour.— Bractes subulate,
caducous. —Calys woolly, four- toothed.—Corol companulate ; divi~ :
sions sub- cordate.— Filaments longer than.the corols, and i inser ted

into the base of its tube, ascending.—Style declined, length of tlie

filaments. Stigma twoecleft. Beis 'y small, round, smooth, deep
Obs. lt-differs from C. americana, Wi lid. in p a woolly,
toothed caly x, two-lobed stigma and in the form of the leaves.

z

sf C. incana. R. | /
" Shrubby, young shoots hoary. Leaves lanceolate, obtusely serru-

late, fine- and entire-pointed, hoary undérneath. -
_ Masbandari. Asiat. Res. iv. 233.

Beng. Muttura, Muttrunja.
A Stout shrub, with all the tender parts and the ünder mae of

»

yof

— lheleaves densely clothed with long, soft, white, stellate pubescence:

common in the vicinity of Calcutta, where it is in flower aud seed

: m the wholé year. —

I long considered this to be Vahl's macrophylla, but on rearing
what I also took for the same species from Silhet and Chittagong,

- in the Botanic Garden, I could plainly observe a striking difference

When growing near each other, and as the Chittagong and Silhet sort —
agrees much better with Vahl’s figure and description, I must.con-
‘sider it to be his macrophylla. In the Calcutta plant, which Inow call
incána, the leaves are never 'so broad in:proportion : ‘to ‘their length,

408 | WETRANDRIA MONÓGYNIA. Callicarpa,

more round àt the base; much more pointed, with the long taper
points entire ; all the rest of the margin, except what may be called -
. the base, obtusely-serrulate. In macrophylla, the leaves are crenate,
more obtuse, and the margins cut to the very apex: the two are
- however very nearly allied, though I think sufficiently eios. hg
authorize their being considered as different. -

3

5. C. macrophylla. Vahl. Symbol. ii. 13. t. 59. ,

Shrubby, downy. Leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, serrulate,
reticulate, hoary underneath. Corymbs axillary, dichotomous,
. rather longer than the petiols. Berry minute, white.

Native of Silhet and Chittagong,
~ A shrub, from four to eight feet in length. Trunk scarcely any,
but several, round, erect branches, covered with white down.—
Leaves opposite, petioled, lanceolate, or oblong lanceolate, fine-
pointed, finely serrate, wrinkled, above soft, and a little downy, be-
low covered with much whitish soft down, from six to nine inches
long, and two or three broad. — Stipules none.— Pefiols about an inch
long, downy.—Corymbs axillary, peduncled, two-forked, nearly glo- -
bular, downy, many times shorter than the leaves. — Peduncles as
long as the petioles, round, downy. — Bractes lanceolate, one under
each division of the corymb.— Flowers very numerous, small. rose-
coloured.— Calyx woolly, the four divisions distinct and acute.

-. 6. C. acuminata. R. E.

.. Shrubby, tender parts hoary with a stellate a dmt Leaves
broad-lanceolar, acuminate, remotely repand, denticulate. Panicles
axillary, long-peduncled, dichotomous, shorter than the leaves.

A native of Silhet, flowers in May. In this species the panicles : are
elevated on longer peduncles than in the other species, the leaves -
and young parts very hairy, except the upper surface of the former
when fully expanded, which is then naked and reticulate ; from four

to five jachas long by nearly. tworbroad. eo = olf apes

+

i amm TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA: 409

.. 4. C. longifolia, Linn. ‘Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 621.
-Shrubby, with erect weak branches. Leaves rather long-petioled,

broad lanceolate, serrulate, smooth above, downy underneath. Pa- -

nicles axillary, dichotomous, length of the petiols. Berries white.
A native of Prince of Wales Island, where it blossoms in June,
Jub, and August.

8. C. cuspidata, R

Shrubby, all the e parts, and the edd surface of the short-
petioled, elliptic, dentate, cuspidate. Leaves woolly. Corymbs ax-
illary, their divgion and the calyces clothed with minute grains un-
der the wool.

A native of the Moluccas; the leaves are always acutely dentate,
and end in a long taper, acute point. The Berries are very small,
smooth, and purple.

9. C. lanceolaria, R.

Shrubby, hairy. Leaves lanceolar, serrulate, acuminate. Pani-
cles axillary, short-peduncled, sub-globular. Berries white.

H. Koamoora.

A pretty, shrubby species, with narrower leaves than any of the
other species | have yet met with in India, they taper most toward
the base, are nearly smooth on the upper surface, but very hoary un.
derneath ; as are all the other tender parts. . Flowers numerous,
minute, purple.

- A native of the forests of Silhet, where it is in flower most part
of the year.

10. C. pentandra, K Ur j

Shrubby, tender parts meally, Leaves opposite, with an alter-
hate one between, oblong, entire, cuspidate. Corymôs axillary.
Flowers pentandrous. Stigma from three to four-lobed.

A native of the Moluccas.
Zs

no WrüTRANDEIÁ MONOSYNIA. Callicarpa,

11. C. purpurea, Juss.

Shrubby ; branchlets and younger parts slightly bl Leaves
stib-sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, with sub-entire cuneate’
base, smooth above, glandular-dotted below. Corymbs axillary, very
small, dichotomous ; flowers glandular.

Porphyra dichotoma. Lour. Cochinch. ed. Willd. i. 87.

A native of China. Introduced in 1812, into the Botanic Garden,
at Calcutta, where it thrives extremely well, has attained a height of |
from four to six feet, and blossoms from April to September. The
berries ripen at the close of the rainy season. : I E

Shrubby, spreading, with reundish branches, covered with sca-
brous gray bark. Branchilets very slender, slightly scabrous, and
beset with ferruginous stellate and somewhat scaly pubescence ; new
shoots almost mealy.— Leaves from lanceolar to oval, two inches
long, tapering at both ends, but more so at the base, and only there
entire: the rest of the margin serrulate; without any hair or down,
but scabrous below, from a great number of minute brown shining
glandular dots which impart on being rubbed, a faintly aromatic smell;
nerves and ribs elevated and slightly scaly.— Petiols very short.—
Corymbs axillary, or rather supra-axillary, small, round, two or three
times dichotomous, many times shorter than the leaves; peduncles
short, divaricate, beset with mealy pubescence, with minute lanceo~
late scales under each sub-division.— Flowers fragrant, purple, mark-
ed with glandular dots.—Calyx turbinate with very small obtuse
teeth.—Coro/ about three times longer than the calyx, infundibuli-
form ; lacinig oval, obtuse.— Filaments almost twice as long as the
corolla, purple ; anthers large, orange-coloured, covered with many
glandular dots.—Stigma sub-capitate, elevated above the anthers.—
Berry very small, purple, at last red, with one or two fertile seeds.

Obs. I cannot but consider this as Loureiro's plant quoted above,
which Jussieu has justly placed among the genus Callicarpa- Tt
seems to be nearly allied to C. japonica, but differs chiefly in want-.
ing the smoothness, the short stamina and pistillum, and the acute
stigma ofthe latter, Its flowers are besides of a beautiful purple

-

*

- Buddleia: EETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA: 411

colour, especially within, while those of Thunberg’s plant are white.
N. W. :

i
^ BUDDLEIA. Schreb. Gen. N. 184.
Calyx four-cleft. Corol four-cleft. Capsule superior, bisulcate,

bilocuiar. Seeds numerous..

1. B. Neemda, Buchanan. :
— Arborescent. Leaves lanceolate, sub-serrate, hoary underneath.
Spikes terminal, lengthening, with flowers. three-fold. ;
- Nimda the vernacular name at Chittagong, where the plant is
indigenous, and trom thence introduced into the Botanic Garden by
Dr. Buchanan, where it begins to blossom about the close of the
cold season. Seeds ripen in March and May.*
Trunk erect; branches numerous, opposite. Bark of the longer
woolly parts ash-coloured, young shoots covered. with white down.
Height of the tree, in two years, about fifteen feet.— Leaves oppo-
site, short-petioled, lanceolate, slightly hairy; from four to eight
inches long.— Petioles short, their bases joined by a connecting
membrane.—Spikes terminal, generally three-fold, there being a
larger, and longer in the centre, with a smaller on each side; long,
slender, hairy, lengthening, and blossoming for three months.—
Flowers generally three-fold, sub-opposite, sessile, very numerous,
smali, pure white, and of a pleasant smell.— Bractes lanceolate,
one under each flower.— Ca/yz inferior, four, rarely five-toothed,
villous.— Coro! one-petalled, hypocrateriform. Tube the length of
the calyx ; mouth villous, border of four, rarely five, rounded, equal
segments.— Filaments short, inserted near the base of the tube of
the corol. Anthers broad, sagittate, hid in the tube.—Germ coni-
cal. Style short. — Stigma large, oblong, bisulcate, even with the
tops of the anthers.— Capsule ovate-oblong, two-celled, two-valved.
Seeds minute, numerous, imbricated, compressed. |

: , k ;
* I have received specimens of this charming plant collected by my friend Da.

Sovan at Sabaruppore.—N, W.
Z1

'41* @rTRANDRIA — Buddleia,

Obs. The whiteness of the leaves, and young shoots of this plant,
independently of its numerous, beautiful small, fragrant, pure white
flowers, makes it highly ornamental, particularly amongst plants with
darker foliage.

2. B. paniculata, Wall.

Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, entire, acute at the base, villous
above, densely hoary beneath; racemes short, hoary, sessile, crowded
into terminal panicles ; flowers fascicled-

A native of the valley of Nepala, from whence the Honorable E..
Gardner sent me specimens in 1818. Flowering time February to,
April.

A small ramous tree with round spreading branches, covered with
smooth fibrous separating bark.— Branchlets slightly compressed,
and, as well as the leaves and inflorescence, covered with dense white
stellate easily separating tomentum ; especially while young.— Leaves
lanceolate, tapering into an acumen, quite entire, acute at the base,
from four to five inclies long, rugose above, soft and hoary below,

. with conspicuous sub-opposite nerves and reticulated veins. — Peti-
óles half an inch long, obscurely furrowed above, counected by an
elevated line running across the branch.— Racemes short and stout,
‘obtuse, the lowermost from the terminal axils about two or three
inches long, the others shorter and more simple, until they become @
terminal elongated raceme; the whole forming an elegant crowded at-
tenuated sessile panicle or thyrsus. Common peduncle about six inches
long, and, as well as the outside of the flowers, hoary; partial one
very short, and supported by opposite narrow linear acuminate floral
leaves or bractes.— Flowers fragrant, white, numerous, sessile, crowd-
ed into approximate sub-sessile fascicles, each with a pair of subulate
elongated bractes, besides some smaller ones under the exterior ca-
lyces.— Calyx with ovate teeth.—Tube of the corolla cylindric, three
times longer than the calyx, slightly hairy within. Lacinie short, oval,
obtuse.—Anthers linear, sub-sessile below the mouth, enclosed.— `

Ovarium and base of the short style villous. Stigma clavate-—+¥« We

Exacum. | XIETRANDRIA MONOGYNIAs A13

EXACUM. Schreb. Gen N. 185.

. Calyx four-leaved. — Corol salver-shaped. Capsule superior,
two-celled, two-valved. Seeds many.

1. E. bicolor, R. ;

Annual, erect, four-sided. Leaves sessile, ovate, five-nerved.
Flowers axillary, apices of the segments of the coroi blue, the rest
white. Anthers erect.

‘A native of Cuttack, where it appears during the cool season.

Root almost simple.—Stem erect, brauchy, four-sided; angles
somewhat winged, from one to two feet high.— Leaves sub-sessile,
opposite, oval, five-nerved, smooth, size very various. ZToral leaves
small and narrow.—-£owers axillary, solitary, short peduncled, large,
of a beautiful white and biue colour.

9. E. tetragonum, R.

Annual, simple, erect, four-sided. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, five-
neryed. Flowers numerous, terminal. Stamens and style declinate.

Beng. Koochurz.

A native of Bengal, where it grows among long grass ; and flow-
ers during the rains. :

Stem erect, simple, exactly four-sided, smooth ; from two to
three or even four feet high.— Leaves opposite, decussate, sessile,
lanceolate, five-nerved, smooth and shining, from two to four inches
long.— Flowers terminal, numerous, large, of a most beautiful blue
colour, nodorous.— Calyx divided nearly to the base into four, dagger-
ed segments.— Coro/ ; segments oblong, acute, spreading.— Filaments
on the tube of the corel, short. Anthers linear, bending to one side,

with two pores at the top, for the discharge of the pollen, as in Cas-

sia.— Germ oval. Style projecting obliquely with the stamina ; stig-
ma enlarged.— Capsule two- celled, two-valved.— Seeds numerous. -
Obs. This is one of the most elegant plants Ihave met with, the
flowers being not only numerous, large, and beautiful, but retaining
heir beauty and expansion for many days, which is a rare circum-

stance in an Indian plant.

414 WETRANDRIA MONOGYNIAs -Exacum.

3. E. teres, Wall.
. Stem round. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, tapering at the
base, and sub-sessile, three-nerved. Peduncles opposite, three-flow-
ered, forming a terminal corymb. Segments of the Corolla lauceo- -

^

late, acuminate. j
Communicated by Mr. M. R. Smith from Silhet, where it bles.

soms during the rainy season.

This plant is nearly allied to the preceding species (which idee
also received from the Hon. E, Gardner from Katmandu, where it
is called Kashwa Soa, and from Mr. William Jack, who discover-
ed it in the Turrayee, bordering on the Nepala mountains). Both
agree in habit and beauty ; but my species differs in the following
point. It is smaller and more slender, the whole height not exceed-
ing two feet ; the stem perfectly cylindric, as thick as a small goose-
quill, with a few branches at the base. The leaves are three or four
inches long, and about half an inch broad at the middle, from thence
tapering towards both ends, narrow at the base and almost petioled,
finely acuminated ; like the whole plant, smooth. Peduncles almost
as long as the leaves. Pedicels slender, about half an inch to an
inch long, terminated by a dark blue large flower. Lacinie of the
Corolla narrower and more acuminated than in E. tetragonum. Ia

other respects the plants are very much like each other.—N. W.

_ 4. E. zeylanicum, R,

. Annual, pentandrous. Leaves opposite, subsessile, lanceolate,
three-nerved. _ Flowers five-cleft. Calyx with five, e mem-
branaceous wings with subulate points.

Chironia trinervia, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 1065. ria

Lysimachia folio smuato, acuminato trinervio, flore ceeruleo, am»
plo calyce carinato, alato, Burm. Zeyl. p. 145. t. 67.

A native of Ceylon.

Stem erect, somewhat four-sided, smooth, annual.— Leaves op-
posite, short-petioled, lanceolate, entire, smooth on the sides, three-
nerved, from one to three inches long.— Racemes terminal, and.op> -
posite from the exterior axils, the whole forming an expanded co-

Exacun. TEYRANDRIA MONXOGYNIA- A15

rymbiform panicle.—Peduncles and pedicels four-sided, smooth.—
Flowers numerous, large, of a violet colour,—Calyr five-cleft ; di-
visions with a broad membranaceous wing on the back, and a long
subulate point.—Coro/ ; tube gibbous, length of the calyx, some.
short filaments amongst the insertions of the stamina crown the
mouth of the tube. Border of five, obovate, beautiful, violet-colour^
ed divisions.—Filaments on the mouth of the tube, erect. Anthers
linear, with two pores at the top, and also opening on the sides.—
Sty/e declining, rather longer than the filaments.— Sigma headed.
— Capsule obloug, two-celled.

Obs. The anthers remain straight, and hard, with two pores at the
top, and also bursting by two longitudinal openings on the sides, I
have for that reason removed this plant from the genus. Chironia,
the essential mark of which consists in its spiral anthers.

$. E. carinatum, R.

Annual, erect. Leaves sub-sessile, lenieohuis, three-neryed. Co-:
rols four-cleft. Calyces broad, membranaceo-carinated. Stamens
protruded. Style declined.

A native of Ceylon.

~ Root ramous, aunual.— Stem erect, with one or two opposite pairs
of branches about the middle; above these dichotomous, some-
what four-sided, smooth, from six to twelve inches high „— Leaves
- opposite, short-petioled, lanceolate, entire, three- nerved.— Flowers
terminal, numerous, pretty large, yellow, collected on dichotomous
corymbs, with a long peduncled one in each of the divisions.—Calyr
four-parted, each division augmented by a broad membranaceous
keel on the back.—Corol four-parted.— Filaments short, inserted on
a membranaceous rim round the inside of the mouth of the tube.
Anthers erect, yellow, opening on the sides.—Style longer than -
stamens, declined. Stigma ascending, simple.

* 6. E. sulcatum, R.
Annual, erect, ramous, sulcated on the opposite sides of the stena.

415 YÉTRANDEIA MONOGYNIA, Pladerd.

f
and branches. Leaves sub-sessile, lanceolate, fleshy, three-nerveds

Calyx with four ridges ; stamens erect ; capsules globular. —

A native of Bengal; blossoms during the cool season ; the seeds
ripen in March.

Root fibrous, annual.—Stem erect, from six to twelve inahiie high,
smooth, sulcated on opposite sides. Branches opposite, their flow-
er-bearing extremities two, and three times two-cleft.— Leaves oppos
site, sub-sessile, lanceolate, fleshy, entire, three-nerved ; from one
to two inches long.— Flowers terminal, numerous, of a bright blue cos
Jour, those in the divisions of the branchlets long-peduncled.—Pe-
duncles four-sided.— Bractes ovate, recurved.—Calyx deeply four-
parted; divisions with an ample keel.— Filaments short, inserted iu
the mouth of the tabe of the corol. Anthers ovate, oblong, touch-
ing at the sides, apices perforated.—Style longer than the stamens,
declined; stigma two-lobed.—Capsule globular, twoccelled, two-
valved.— Seeds numerous.

Obs. This is a very beautiful small plant.

PLADERA. Solander's Mss.*
Calyx cylindric, four-toothed. Corol funnel-shaped, border irre-
gular. One of the stamina larger. Stigma two-lobed. Capsule
superior, one-celled, two-valved. Seeds numerous.

1. P. sessiliflora, R.

Annual, erect, four-sided ; angles winged. Leaves opposite, ses
sile, ovate, entire. Flowers: sessile.

Exacum heteroclitum, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. p. 639.

Gentiana heteroclita, Mant. 560. :

A native of Coromandel and Bengal, appears on moist pasture
ground during the rains and first part of the cool season.

Stem erect, with two or three pairs of opposite branches, W

are again once or oftener dichotomous, all are four-sided,’ with a thia

which

9! Canscora, Lamatck.—N. Ws

Pladera; TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIAs 417:

wiug to each angle; height of the whole plant about a span.—
Leaves opposite, sessile, ovate, entire, three-nerved ; differing much
in size, the largest rarely an inch long.— Flowers solitary, in the di-
visions of the plant, sessile, small, pale red.— Calyx sub-cylindric,
four-toothed ; teeth acute—Corol with the tube as long as the
ealyx. Border. three-cleft, two of the divisions equal, oblong, and.
crowded at the apex, the third divided half way down.— Filaments
. four; three longer, and inserted. in the mouth of the tube; the
fourth just below the fissure of the bifid segments of the corol. An-
thers equal, oblong.—Germ linear-oblong. Style as long as the
stamina. Stigma two-lobed ; lobes. large, obovate, thin.— Capsule
sub.cylindric, nearly as long as the permanent ca/yr, and hid iu it,
one-celled, two-valved. „Receptacles. consist in the incurved mara-
gins of the valves, (parietal, and.two-lobed.). Seeds numerous, an=-
gular, very small.

9. P. virgata, R.*

Annual, erect, four-sided; branches opposite, alternate. Leaves.

sessile, lanceolar, three-nerved. Flowers terminal, sub-panicled.

Exàcum diffusum, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 637.

Gentiana diffusa, Vahl. Symbol. ii. 47.

A beautiful erect, ramous annual ; growing on the banks of water
-eourses, and on low fallow lands. Flowering time the wet season.
.. Stemabouta foot, or sometimes two feet high, erect, four-sided, ra~:

mous, smooth ; inferior branches opposite, above alternate, very slen--
der and twiggy.— Leaces opposite, sessile, the lower lanceolate, the
upper broader, all are pointed, and three-nerved, entire, smooth ; size ~
various.— Flowers numerous, terminal, peduncled, small, rose-coloute
ed.— Calyx four-toothed, permanent.—Corol funnel-shaped. Bor-
der irregular, three-parted ; the two upper segments equal, and orbi-
cular, the lower one two-parted ; with a deep groove ;-in the groove
is lodged the fourth or large stamen.— Fi/aments four, inserted into.

* Canscora diffusa, Brown, Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. i. 451.—Linn. Syst. Veg. ed. Roem.

et Schult. iii. 301.—N. W.
Aaa

*

418 | TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA; Pladera.

the mouth of the tube, the lowermost longer than the other three,
and bearing an orange-coloured, and longer anther, whieh when
shedding its pollen, is bent over the fissure of thé stigma; an-
thers of the other three filaments equal, pale yellow.— Style single,
length of the short filaments. Stigma two-cleft, segments recurved.

— Capsule one-celled, many-seeded.

3. P. decussata, R.*
~ Annual, erect, four-winged, branches cross-armed. Leaves
ovate-lanceolate, three-nerved. Flowers terminal, three-fold, pe-
duncled. 2

Beng. Dunkoni.

This species resembles P. virgata, but isa little more robust, and
seldom so high. It isa native of the same places. Pow time
the same. -

Stem about a foot high, perfectly erect, four-sided; angles very
sharp, or rather membrane- winged, smooth, ramous, branches al-
ways opposite, cross-armed, in other respects like the stem.— Leaves
opposite, spreading, sessile, lanceolate, sharp-pointed, entire,
smooth, three-nerved, size various.— Flowers terminal, and axillary,
peduncled, the terminal flowers three-fold ; the axillary single, larg-
ér than those of the last species, and white.— Peduncles four-sided,
like the stem and branches.—Ca/yz large, four-toothed, four-sided,
Morro Con stamens, &c. exactly as in the last species.

‘A. P. perfoliata, R

Annual, erect, MESSIS, Cauline leaves lanceolate, three-
nerved ; floral leaves (or bractes) perfoliate. |

Canscora, Lamarck's Encyclop. Bot. i. 601.

Kansjan-Cora, Rheed. Mal. x. p. 103. t. 52.

A native of India, where it delights in a low moist soil. Flow-

' ering time the rainy season. _ |

_ Root ramous, annual.—Stem erect, somewhat four-si

Exacum alatam, Roth. Linn, Spe Veg. ed. Roem. et schult, iii. 169.—N. We -

`

ided, with

. Pladera.: TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

(A19

four broad membranaceous wings. Branches opposite, and like the
stem ; all are smooth. Height of the whole plant about eighteen i in-

' ches.— Leaves of the stem opposite, sessile, lanceolate, three-nerved.
" Floral leaves perfoliate, all smooth and entire.— Flowers terminal,

peduncled, numerous, pretty large, pale rose colour.—Ca/yz four-
toothed, striated, permanent.— Corol irregular, somewhat two-lip-

ped; the upper one larger and deeply two-parted, the lower one

consisting also of two lobes, but smaller.— Filaments four, three of
them rather shorter, and inserted on the upper side of the tube ; the
third larger, and inserted below the fissure of the lower lip. Anthers

-oblong.— Style as long as the stamens. Stigma two-parted. Seg-
ments recurved.— Capsule oblong, one-celled, two-valved.

Di PS pusilla, R.
Annual, from one to two inches high. Leaves sessile, sub-cor-
date. Flowers terminal, sessile, three-fold, monandrous. Corol hid

‘in the calyx. Capsule globular.

Compare with Hopea dichotoma.* Vahl. Enumer, i. p. 3; also
with Exacum sessile, Willd. i, 635.

A beautiful minute plant, a native of Coromandel.

Stem erect, four-sided, branchy ; from one aud a half to two inches
high. — Branches cross-armed.— Leaves opposite, sessile, cordate, mi-
nute, smooth.— Flowers terminal, sessile, three-fold, small, yellow.
— Calyx one-leaved, sub-cylindric, as long as the corol, four-tooth-
ed, permanent.— Corol one-petalled. Tube a little gibbous, mouth
four-toothed.— Filaments four within the tube of the corol, and in-

serted into it near the base. Anthers, three minute, and abortive ; -

one large and fertile.—Germ globular. Style short. Stigmas two,
globular.— Capsule oval, covered by the calyx, one-celled, eee
ed, Seeds numerous, black. -

* Sir J. E. Smith has confirmed the identity of this plant (which Dr. Roxburgh
formerly referred to Exacum) with Hopea of Vahl, See -— Article in Rees's Cyclop,

—N. W.
Aaa

420 TETRANDRIA 'MONOGYNIA. Mitrasacme:

MITRASACME, Labillard.
Calyx angular, four, seldom two-cleft. Corolla deciduous, with

angular tube, and four-cleft equal border. Style single, bifid at the
-base. Capsule bursting between the divisions of the Ap

1. M. eapillaris, Wall.

Stem erect, hairy ; leaves lanceolate, hairy above, connected at the
‘base by means of a narrow ciliated membrane, the uppermost ap-
proximated, sub-quatern ; umbel peduncled, mostly compound ; calyx

half the length of the corolla, its segments villous at their apex; stig-
“ma almost entire; apex of the capsule exserted. :

A native of the valley of Nepala, where it blossoms in Septem-

ber. Specimens were communicated by the Hon. E. Gardner.

Root fibrous. Stem erect, capillary, from three to six inches high,
mostly undivided, slightly compressed.— Leaves spreading, acute,
“ciliate, three-nerved, -sessile, smooth below, four or five lines long,
exceeding their interstices ; the uppermost two pairs so close toge-
ther as to. appear almost verticilled—Umbel terminal, divided into.
‘three or four rays, which are again sub-divided into several slender

pedicels, ‘Iwo cr three lanceolate, minute, counate bractes under
the primary divisions.— Calyx four-cleft; its segments lanceolate,
acute, united at the base by a small membrane. Corolla sub-cam-
panulate, slightly pubescent, white, with ovate laciniae.—Stamina in-
closed; anthers oblong, attached to the back of the filaments. — Ova-
rium ovate, bi-cuspidate. Style capillary, persistent; when the cap»
sule ripens, the division at the base extends almost up to the slightly
two-lobed, sub-capitate stigma.— Capsule ovate, smooth, bursting at
the top with a roundish aperture between the divisions of the style i
valves very short, scarcely equalling one-third of the capsule, acute,
Ancurved. Seeds minute, whitish.
Obs. This Tittle plant comes near to M. connata, Brown, Prodr.
Flor. Nov. Holl. i. 454 ; it differs in the shorter limb and the ovate.
segments of the corolla, and the style not being entire when the
flower opens,.—N. W,- s

“Plantago. ` METRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 4421

PLANTAGO. Schreb. Gen. N. 186.

Calyx four-cleft. Corol four-cleft, with border reflexed. Stamina:
very long. Capsule superior, two-celled, cut perk ahem

1. P. Ispaghula, R.— Fleming in Asiat. Res. xi. 174.

Annual, caulescent. Leaves Duicor-Maocsoler, three-nerved, slightly
woolly. ^ Peduncles axillary, naked, simple, length of the leaves;
heads cylindric. Capsules two-celled.

Ispagool, the Hindee and Persian name, and that by which it is
most generally known in Bengal and on the coast of Coromandel.

Native place uncertain, but it is cultivated during the cool season.

Root ramous, annual.—Stem, if any, very short, soon dividing
into three or four ascending, round, villous branches, which are a few
inches in length.— Leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate, three-nerved,
luxuriant, in young plants remotely denticulate, somewhat woolly, to-
ward the base channelled, and stem-clasping ; length from six to eight
inches by a quarter or half an inch broad.— Peduncles axillary, solitary,
naked, erect, round, a little villous, the length of the leaves.—Spikes
solitary, terminal, before the flowers expand ovate, afterwards cylin-
dric ; when in seed about an inch or an inch and a half long and erect.
— Flowers numerous, imbricated, small, dull, white, withering.—
Bractes one-flowered, ovate, concave, with the keel green, and the
sides membranaceous.—Calyr four-leaved. Leaflets oblong, ovate,
with broad membranaceous margins.—Corol. Tube gibbous. Seg-
ments ovate, acute.— Filaments oblong, two-celled, four, much larger
than the segments of the corol.— Germ oblong, two-celled, with one
seed in each, attached to the middle of the partition. Style rather
longer than the corol. Stigma subulate, villous.—Capsu/e circum-
scissa, ovate, two-celled.— Seeds solitary, ovate-elliptic, convex on :
the outside ; concave on the inner. Integument single, rather thick,
smooth, tough, and brown.—Perisperm conform to the seed.— Em-
bryo sub-cylindric, erect. Cotyledon long, linear. Radicle inferior,
one-fourth the length of the cotyledon.

Obs. From the seeds a mucilaginous drink is prepared, and often

429 "PETRANDRIÀ MONOGYNIA- Plantago.

prescribed by our medical gentlemen in India, where emollients are
wanted. They are also used by the native practitioners in medicine
“and are to be met with for sale in the Bazars of India under the

Persian name Uspagool.

9. P. attenuata, Wall.

Leaves lanceolate, ending i in a bluntish acumen, tapering at t both
ends, with a few remote toothlets, smooth, five-nerved, decurrent
on their short petiole, the base of which is woolly. Scape five-sided,
` sulcated, much longer than the leaves, with adpressed hairs. Spike

cylindric, dense ; bractes acuminate ; calyx four-leaved, ciliate. |

Specimens collected along the fields about Katmandu were com*
municated to me by the Hon. E. Gardner. Flowering time the hot

season.

Root thick, sending forth a number of tig ash-coloured fibres ;
immediately within the insertion of the leaves and on the inner sur-
face of the base of their petiols there is a quantity of long whitish
wool.— Leaves from three to four inches long, nearly an inch broad,
slightly oblique, terminating in a short cylindric, somewhat thickened
point, with a few unequally remote obtuse sub-glandular toothlets,
quite smooth, decurrent on the short flattish striated petioles, the
base of which widens a good deal and is woolly within.— Scapes
several, erect, slender, several times longer than the leaves, from *
one to three feet high, five-cornered, striated, while young thickly
beset with greyish adpressed hairs, becoming much smoother when
old.—Spike from one to three inches long, cylindric, densely cover-

_ ed with ash-coloured flowers. — Bractes membranaceous, ovate, acu-
minate, smooth, keeled.— Ca/yr unequally four-leaved, nearly trans-
parent, slightly ciliated and tipped with a few white hairs. Corolla
tubular, with reflected ovate acute laciniæ and a | prominent mouth.
— Style very long and villous.

Obs. This tall and slender species comes very near to P. eriosta-
chya and altissima, J acqu. ; from the former it differs in the smooth-
ness of its leaves and form.of the spike, and smooth bractes; from

-

Cissus. : TETRANDRIA MONOGYNTA. 423 -

the latter, m its hairy scape, acuminate bractes, and ciliate calyx. It
is also akin to P. lanceolata and eriophora.—N. W.

. 8. P. erosa, Wall.

Leaves ovate-lanceolar, acute, grossly and unequally repand-den-
tate, smooth, sub-ciliate, five-nerved ; petioles short with woolly base.
Scape adscending, compressed, slightly angular and hairy, nearly
| equalling the leaves. Spike slender, equalling the scape in length, `
with distinct flowers, which are somewhat remote towards the base.
A native of Nepala, growing with the preceding species.

. Root consisting of numerous sub-simple fibres, from the liead of
| which jssue several tufts of scapes and leaves. —Leaves almost
smooth, about three inches long, , tapering towards the base; their mar.
gins remotely and unequally sinuate, with large, unequal, triangular,
acute teeth.— Petiols shorter than the leaves; their base widening,
membrane-margined and woolly within.— Scape slender, adscending,
somewhat compressed, when young, villous.— Spike much lengthen-
ed, round, erect—F lowers distinct, becoming somewhat remote
downwards, mostly geminate.— Bractes ovate, membrane-margined,
with a green thick rib, shorter than the calyx. — Style villous.—Cap-
sule ovate-oblong, with numerous ipis brown seeds.—N. W.

CISSUS. Schreb. Gen. N. 192.

* Calyr four-toothed. Corol four-petalled. Germ two-celled; ovula
two, erect. Berry superior, from one to four-seeded. Embryo
erect, in the base of an ample perisperm.

EG. adnata, R :

Leaves round do dam bristle-serrate, acuminate. Stipules ros
cular, adnate, with gibbous centre, and scariose margins. Cymes
flat, flowers drooping. |

A native of the country about Dacca, from thence the late Colonel
Peter Murray sent it to the Botanic Garden, where it thrives well,

. blossoms in May and June, and ripens its fruit in September. :

at TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA* - Cissuss

. Stem. and large branches ligneous, climbing over trees to a con-
siderable extent, young shoots round, a little downy and slightly fur-
rowed.— Leaves alternate, round-cordate, and often obliquely so,.
acuminate, bristle-serrate, the largest sometimes slightly. repand ;.
pretty smooth above, but downy underneath, particularly the veins,.
from two to six inches long, one-fourth less in breadth.— Peduncles.
half the length of the leaves, downy.—Stipules nearly oval, adnate,-
elevated, and of a deeper green in the middle ; margins scariose, and.
brown.—Tendrils opposite to the leaves where there is no cyme.—
Cymes opposite to the leaves, on villous peduncles, as long as the.
petioles, very ramous, flat.—Flowers. numerous, staall, drooping.
The germ has two cells, in each of which are two seeds attached:
from their lower end to the partition at the bottom. of the cell.—
Berry succulent, size of a pea, when ripe black, and smooth, gene-
rally one-celled.—Seed for the most part solitary, obovate, lower
end pointed.— Integumenis two, exterior naritordn, and rugose; inner

a very thin, white membrane, which adheres firmly to the perisperm.
— Perisperm conform to the seed, dull white, cartilaginous, divided
by two fissures into tbree, nearly equal parts.— Embryo scarcely

"half the length of the perisperm. — Cotyledons reniform. Radicle:
oblong, inferior. :

2, C. vitiginea, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 655.

Leaves cordate-serrate. Cymes decompound. — Berries one or
two-seeded.

Hind. and Beng. Guali-lata.

Teling. Maratta-tiga.

This species is a native of forests, mountains, and way sides. in-
uncultivated places. . e

Trunk woolly, branchy, climbing over trees and shrubs to a great
extent. Tendril opposite to the leaves, two-cleft.— Leaves alternate,
petioled, cordate, serrate, or dentate, pretty smooth on both sides,
from four to six inches long, and from three to four broad.—Stipules
cordate.—Cymes peduncled, leaf-opposed, more than compound.—

.

Cissus. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA+ P.

Flowers small, ied — Germ superior, half immersed in the four-sid.
ed, fleshy nectary.— Berry small, black, one or two seeded.

3. C. glauca, R. - i
- Leaves cordate, bristle-serrate, smooth. Stipules broad-sulcate..
Cymes decompound. Berries one-seeded. "
Schunambu Valli, Rheed. Mal. vii. p. 21. f. YT.
"This species is still larger than the last, and a native of the same.
or similar places ; the shoots, the tendrils, petioles and peduncles.
. are all quite smooth and somewhat glaucous, which does not admit
_ of my considering it to be either repanda, or latifolia.
Tendrils leaf-opposed, undivided.—Leaves alternate, petioled,
broad-cordate, more or less acuminate, sometimes when large slight-
ly lobed, bristle- serrate, smooth, from four to eight inches each way..
Stipules broad-fulcate, apex rounded, caducous.— Cymes with from.
three to five primary branches ; ultimate divisions umbelliferous.— |
Berry nearly round, size of a pea, smooth, succulent, purple, rarely,
more than one-seeded —Seed obovate: Integument a double mem-.
brane, with a spungy silver-coloured: substance between.— Peris-
` perm and embryo as in the genus.

4. C. cordata, R.*

Shrubby, scandent, smooth. Leaves cordate, slightly and remote-.
ly bristle-serrulate. Cymes compound, leaf-opposed..
| Meriam-Pulli, Rheed. Mal. vii. p. 91. t. 48.

Funis crepitans major, Rumph. Amb. v. p. 446. t. 164. f 1.
A native of Amboyna, from thence introduced into the Botanic.
Garden, i in 1796—7. Flowering time in Bengal, ‘the rainy season-

Stem and branches long, slender, climbing. over bushes to a con.
siderable extent. Bark smooth; on the young parts polished and '
purplish. — Leaves alternate, petioled, cordate, remotely and slightly
serrulate, serratures acute, both sides smooth, length from four to six
inches,— Tendrils leaf-opposed, simple, coloured. —Stipules adjoin

>C. repens, Lam, Encyel, i, 31; et Poiret in ejusd. Sappl. i, 108.—N. Wy
Bobb

aot TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA., Cissus.

ed, oval, coloured.—Cymes leaf-opposed, first divisions trichoto-
mous.— Flowers’small, dull potgise ‘Taste of the leaves very acrid,
and continuing long.

M e

5. C. quadrangularis, Willd. Spec: i. p. 657.
Perenni: i, scandent, jointed, four-winged. - Leaves reniform-cor-
date, serrate. Berries sperical, one-seeded. d
Benz. Harjora.
Fv*is quadrangularis, Rumph. Amb. v. p. 83. t. 44. 44.
This plant is one of the most common over every part of India ;
blossoms during the rains ; and ripens its seed in the cool season.
Root fibrous.— Stem and branches perennial, scandent, and often of
very great length, smooth, succulent, jointed, contracted at the joints,
four-winged, wings large, and sharp, young parts succulent, tender,
and very smooth." These are very generally eaten by the natives in
their curries.— Leaves alternate, one at each joint, short-petioled,
reniform, cordate, serrulate-dentate, smooth on both sides, an inch
‘or an inch and a half each way.— Stipules lunulate, entire. — Tendrils
solitary, simple, leaf-opposed. —Umbels solitary, opposite to the
Jeaves, occupying the place on which the tendril would otherwise grow,
compound. Umbellets generally three or four, sub- globular.—Inco-
lucre and involucels scarcely any.—Germ ovate, immersed in the
nectary, two-celled, with two ovula in each, attached to the bottom
of the partition; style short. Stigma simple.— Berry round, size of
a small pea, smooth, red, succulent, one-celled —— Seed solitary,
obovate, covered with a double, dark brown, spongy integument.
— Perisperm conform to the seed, a double, dark-coloured fissure runs
down the middle — Embryo. small, erect, lodged on one side of the
bottom of the double’ fissure just mentioned. Cayos with
minute points. Radicle re, iplertor.

6. C. pentagona, R.

^ "Young shoots lucid, with five rounded angles and grooved
‘Leaves cordate, rarely sub-lobate, serrulate, acuminate, smooth
— Anextensive perennial clumber, anative of the forests of Chittagong:

ides.

d

Cissus. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA; Am

7. C. angustifolia, R

Dioicous. ^ Leaves ternate ; leaflets lanceolate, serrate, smooth.
Stipules ovate, acute. Cymes shorter than the petioles. Berries

spherical, one or two-seeded.

A delicate, scandent, perennial species, a native of Sumatra.
, Flowers i in February ; seeds ripen in November.
Stem scandent, slender, flat like a piece of tape.— Tendrils sim-
ple. — Leaves ternate. Leaflets petiolate, lanceolate, remotely ser-
rate, acuminate, smooth on both sides, from three to six inches long,

: ` and from one to one and a half broad. — Petioles shorter than the

leaflets, channelled, smooth.— S/ipules triangularly ovate, acute,
smooth.—Cymes axillary, solitary, nearly round, small, aud shorter
than the petioles.— Flowers small, greenish yellow, male on one piant
— and female on another. `

—— Marrz.—Calyr, Corol and Stamina as in the genus.— Pistil no
other than a small abortive roundish body on the centre of a four-
lobed. gland.

- FguALE.-—Calyr and Corol as in the fhale.—Germ round, two-
Sellel, with two seeds in each. Style none —Stigma large, obscure-
ly four-lobed, and somewhat lacerated.— Berries spherical, smooth,
size of a pea, white, one or two- seeded, when cut or bruised very
. fetid.— Perisperm conform to the seed.— Embryo lodged inthe lower .
half of the perisperm. as aa nearly round. Radicle cylindric,
inferior.

8. C. carnosa, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 658.
-~ Stem flattened, perennial. Leaves petioled, ternate ; leaflets oval,
serrate. Berries four-seeded.. .
Tsjori-Valli, Rheed. Mal. vii. p. 17. t. 9. SIR
Folium Causonis, Rumph. Amb. x v. p. 450. t. 166. * 2.
Teling. Kanapa-tiga.
ds common in hedges and forests. Flowering time the pef sea-
son. a

Stem perennial, flat like a piece of tape, climbing to an- — tof

Bbb2

ray

aes TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Cissus.

many fathoms, young shoots, villous. Tendrils leaf-opposed, from
two to three.cleft.— Leaves alternate, petioled, ternate, Leaflets oval,
grossly serrate, downy, from two to three inches long.— Petioles
round, downy.—Stipules oblong, caducous.—Cymes as in the former
species.—£/owers small, white.— Berry black, four-seeded. —

9. C. setosa, R.
Herbaceous, scandent, bristly. Leaves sessile, ternate ; leaflets
grossly bristle-serrate. Berries one-seeded.
; Teling. Barubutsali.
A native of forests and hedges in the Rajamundree Circar. Fiow-
ering time the rainy season. ;
Root fusiform, perennial.— Stems herbaceous, succulent, round,
‘striated, and covered with distinct, glandular, round-headed, white
bristles, as is every part of the plant, even to the fruit.—Tendrils leaf-
‘opposed, generally two-cleft.— Leaves alternate, sessile, ternate, rare- .
ly quinate. Leaflets, the lateral two (or four, when there are five)
are sessile, the middle one is shor'-petioled ; all are oval, waved, fleshy,
irregularly and grossly bristle serrate, both sides armed with the fore-
mentioned bristles, size various, from one to five inches long.—Sti-
pules cordate.—Cymes as in the former species. — Petals revolute.
Obs. Every part of the plant is exceeding acrid. I unfortunately
tasted both the roots and berries. — r
_ The leaves toasted and oiled, are applied to indolent tumors to
bring them to suppuration.
10. C. feminea, R. o.
Leaves digitate ; leaflets petiolate, broad-lanceolar, entire. -Style
none. - Stigma from four to five-lobed.
A large scandent woody species, a native of woody mountains.
Flowers during the wet and cold seasons.
„Stem woody, climbing over trees. Branches flexuose from leaf
to leaf.— Tendrils simple, opposite to the leaves.— Leaves alternate;
Petioled, digitate, Leaflets oblong, and lanceolar, a little crenulate,

1

4

Cissus. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. ; 429

A

pointed, smooth, shining, from four to six inches long, and one or

two inches broad.— Petioles round, smooth, from one to two inches
long.—Cymes short-peduncled, axillary.— Bractes small, falling —
Flowers small, green—Calyx small.—Corol four or five-petalled,
generally four. Nectary scarcely any.—Stamens none, or at most
a small seemingly sterile one.—Germ superior, globose. — Style
none. Stigma four, or five-lobed, according to the petals in the corol.
—I have not seen the ripe fruit. |

il. C. elongata, R.

"Tender shoots succulent, polished. án digitite; leafs =
tiolate, oblong, acute, remotely serrate, smooth.

“Beng. Dhemna, which is also the name of a long serpent...

Found amongst the mountains of the Coast of Coromandel, as
well as in the forests of Bengal. Flowering time the hot season.

Stem very long, running up and over the highest trees, a little
compressed, aud until many years old smooth, polished, succulent,
deep green. Branches few or none, until the plant arrives at a great
height, and is several years of age.— Leaves alternate, petioled, digi-
tate. Leaflets five, petioled, oblong, the lower pair obliquely so,
serrate, smooth on both sides, from two to six inches long, and from

- ene to three broad.— Petioles round, smooth, from four to five inches

long. Petiolets channelled.—Stipule cordate, small, sub-adjoined.
— Tendrils leaf-opposed, simple.— Cymes trichotomous, and dichoto-
mous ; thé last divisions short, and ending in small umbellets. + Brac- .
les cordate, permanent.—Calyx four-toothed.— Corol, petals four,
inserted in a belt which surrounds the body of the germ. — Nectary

_a four-lobed, coloured elevation between the stamina and the inser-

tion of the style.—JZi/aments four, inserted opposite to, and just
within the petals. — Anthers incumbent. —Germ oval. Style short.
Stigma simple.— Berry the size of a cherry, round-turbinate, smooth,
when ripe black.— Seed single, large, somewhat rugose. — —

430 TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Cissus.

12..C. auriculata, R.

- Scandent, perennial. Leaves quinate ; leaflets oblong, acute, ob-
tusely serrate, smooth above, villous underneath. Stipules Par iis de
ed. Berries round, smooth, one-seeded.

A native of Mysore, from thence sent to the Botanic Garden in
1802, by Mr. B. Heyne, where it flowers and ripens its fruit through _
the whole year.

Stem, in five years old plants, as thick as a man's wrist, and of great
length, even up to the tops of high trees. Bark spungy, and deeply
cracked, young shoots succulent, round, and villous. —Leaves altere
nate, remote, long-petioled, quinate. Leaflets petioled, oblong-ob-
ovate, or rhombic, acute, serrate, smooth and shining above, villous
underneath ; the superior from two to three inches long, and two-
thirds of that in breadth, the exterior much larger.— P'etiofes nearly
as long as the leaflets, round, and villous.— Stipules ear-shaped, re-
curved.— Tendrils leaf-opposed, two or three-cleft.—Cymes axillary,
or terminal; dichotomous or trichotomous, these again sev eval
times divided —Germ conical, containing four seeds in one cell, at-

- tached to its bottom.— Berry, the size, shape, and appearance of a red
cherry, one-seeded.— Seed obliquely obovate, a little compressed,
somewhat pointed at the base, and there attached to the bottom of the _
cell. — Integument single, nuciform, rugose, covered with the green
pulp of the berry, which adheres to it, and may, when dry, be consi-
dered a second integument.— Perisperm conform to the seed, carti-
laginous, grey; from the inner edge two-fissures penetrate deeply,”
and divide it nearly info three portions.— Embryo erect, white, lodg-
ed in the base of the perisperm.— Cotyledons two ; pedicelled, reni-
form. Plumula minute. Radicle oblong, inferior, a little curved,
with the apex to the umbilicus, ‘

~

13. C. lanceolaria, R. iie

Dioicous. Leaves pedate-quinate ; leaflets lanceolar, smooth, re-
motely serrulate. Stipules conically lanceolate. Cymes the length
of the petioles.

Vallia-Tsjori-Valli, Rheed. Mal. vii, p. 15. €. 8.

Cissus. Co TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA, 431

. A native of the mountains along the eastern frontier of Bengal. In
the Botanie Garden it blossoms in February and March.

Trunk scandent, stout, ligneous, in six year-old plants as thick as
| a man's wrist, flattened, and grooved on the two flat sides. Bark
dark brown, rough or deeply cracked. Branches and Branchlets
climbing, or pendulous when not supported ; young parts round,
green and generally smooth ; extent of the whole plant several fa-
thoms.—Tendrils leaf-opposed, generally undivided.— Leaves alter-
nate, petioled, pedate. Leaflets generally five, lanceolar, recurvate,
‘most remotely and sharply serr ulate, long, taper, acute-pointed, both
sides polished; texture rather fleshy, length from three to six inches,
and from one to two broad.— Petioles and petiolets clothed with short,
. reddish hairs.—Stipules large, of a narrow conic shape.—Cymes
sub-axillary, or close by the side of the base of the petioles, shorter
than ihe petioles, or when most luxuriant much shorter than the
leaves, the ultimate divisions each supporting a small globular umbel-
let, of small pale yeliow flowers.— Bractes round the base of the pe-
duncles, cordate. `

MaLr.—Calyr scarcely any. .— Corol and atak as in the genus.
— Pistil none, an umbilicate, yellow, round, convex guna occupying

its place.

14. C. pedata, Linn. g Pl. ed. Willd. i. 6059 -
Perennial, scandent. Tendrils simple, or two-cleft. ` Yous pe-
- date ; leaflets broad-lanceolate, serrate. Berries four-seeded.

. Beta-Tsjori-Vali Rheed. Mal. vii. p. 19. t. 10.

-. C. heptaphylla, Retz. Obs. v. 22.

G9 Gwalia. :

This is another very extensively climbing species, as indeed they
all are; a native of forests, hedges, &c. Flowering time the rainy
season.

Stems woody, climbing over trees, &c. young parts coyered with
soft down.— Tendrils leaf-opposed, sid iple or two-cleft.— Leaves al-
ternate, petioled, pedate. Leaflets oblong, irregularly serrate, downy,

as YETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA« Cornus.

size various, the intermediate one is from four to six inches long, and
the lowermost of the lateral ones from two to three inches long, tlie
rest between these sizes.— Petioles common, round, downy, from
three to five inches long.—Stipules cordate, pointed, falling.— Cymes
leaf-opposed, cr axillary. — Peduncles half the length of the petioles,
jointed, and bracted a little above the middle.— Berries white, four-
lobed, depressed, four-seeded.

15. C. serrulata, R.
Perennial, scandent, smooth. Leaves pedate-quinate ; leafs obe

long, serrulate.
A native of Chivigoit; where it blossoms in April aud May.

CORNUS.

Calyx superior, four-toothed. Petals four. Drupe with a two-
coleg nut. :

1€ oblonga, Wall.

Leaves oblong , acuminate, acute at the base, glaucous and sca-
brous beneath, iif many excavated glands along the axils of the
rib and nerves. Cymes spreading, panicled.

Native of Nepala, where it is pretty common about silent;
blossoming during the first half part of the year. — Specimens and
seeds communicated by the Hon. E. Gardner, in 1818.

A midling sized tree with copious spreading branches; the young

shoots covered with short adpressed hair.— Leaves in approximate |

pairs, spreading, from four to six inches long, acute at the base, an

inch or an inch and a half broad, finely acuminate, beset with short

adpressed hairs, dark-green and shining above, glaucous and sca-
brous beneath, with elevated rib and sub-opposite arched nerves,
the latter having in the axils at their base and along their outer side
numerous ciliated glandular excavations which, when the leaves are
dry, become slightly visible on their upper surface.—Periols from
half an inch to an inch long, slender, channelled, rough. —Cyme tet-

¢

a Cornus, TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIAS. 433

?

minal, sessile, broad-ovate with opposite sp: eading ramifications, which
terminate in fascicles of short-pedicelled, crowded, sub-racemed
white or pale-purplish, fragrant flowers.— Br actes opposite, ovate;
acute, deciduous.— Calyx small, four-toothed, as well as the pedicels
iud petals clothed with adpressed, short, silvery hairs.— Petals li«
near-oblong, even, four times longer than the calyx, at last revo-
lute.—Anthers purple.— Ovarium three-celled.— St, yle deciduous.—
Drupe ovate-oblong, with an elevated umbilicus, ipeo. Putamen
- two, sometimes three-celled. : |
— Qus. Dr. G. Govan has favored me with fruit-bearing specimens
collected to the Northward of Saharunpore of a tree, which in ge-
neral appearance and leaves comes very near to this species ; the
Jatter are however larger and less glandular. ‘The chief difference
consists in the peduncled cymes with umbelled ramifications and
the unripe fruit being compressed, oval, and resembling that of a Vie

bumum. I have not seen its flowers.—N. W,
s E /

2. C. macrophylla, Wall.

Leaves broad-ovate, acuminate, rounded at the base, smooth,
glaucous and soft beneath, with axils slightly glandular. Cymes subs
umbelled ; flowers racemed.

Communicated by Dr. Govan who found the lido to the Nortli-
ward of Saharunpore. | |

Branches smooth.— Leaves six inches long, by e usi A
: -pale and glaucous below, slightly pubescent, soft and dotted; nerves

copious, sub- -opposite, oblique.— Petiols an inch and a half long,

with a few hairs in their axils.— Cyme ample, terminal, sessile, flatz
dish; the divisions terminated by several racemes of unilateral flow-
E ers.— Calyx with acute teeth.— Petiols linear-oblong, hairy on their

outside.— Ovarium sulcated, hairy.— Style shorter than the stamina;

Stigma capitate.— Drupe round, smooth, as large as a black pepper

corn, with a two-celled nut.

Obs. This tree differs from all the species of

‘its broad-ovate leaves.—N. W-

Cornus in the size of

Cec

j
434 ~ CfÉTRANDRIA MONOGYNTAY | Cornus.

3. C. capitata, Wall. |

- Arborescent. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, short-petioled, sca-
brous with adpressed hair. Flowers sessile, densely aggregate, form-
ing around head supported by a very large, four-leaved, scabrous
involucre. à

Specimens communicated By the Hon. E. Gardner from Gossain-
"Than in Nepala, where the tree is called Chungwa; by Sir Robert
Colquhoun from Sirinagur, where it is called Bhumowra; and by
Dr. G. Go:an who gathered them between the Sutlej and Jumna.

It grows to be a small tree, which according to Sir R. Colquhoun's
observation has much of the habit of the Custard-apple.— Branches
woody, spreading, opposite, like ail the other parts covered with |
short stiff adpressed hairs ; the younger ones slightly compressed.—
Leaves opposite, coriaceous, ta pering at both ends, entire, about two
inches long, scabrous, covered on both sides with reflexed. hairs,
which on being rubbed off leave an impression on the surface ; glau-
cous, very pale beneath with elevated, sometimes pink-coloured, sub-
longitudinal arched nerves, having each a minute gland in their axils.
— Petioles very short, furrowed. Head terminal, solitary, round,
as large as a moderate-sized cherry, thickly covered with flowers,
supported by a sulcated, club-shaped peduncle, which widens at the
upper end into a convex ligneous receptacle for the insertion of the
flowers.— Incolucre consisting of four spreading, somewhat unequal,
carlaceous, yellow, obovate-cuneate, sometimes broad-ovate, veined,
scabrous leaves, an inch long, rounded at their ends, with a short-
slightly: grooved point.— Calyx cylindric, pubescent, with four oblong,
erect, obtuse segments.— Curo/ twice as long as the calyx, consisting
of four spreading cuneate leaflets ; their upper surface slightly keel-
ed.— Stamens equalling the petals, subulate, recurved. Anthers
ovate. © Ovarium immersed in the receptacle, oblong, two-celled,
with a pendulous ovulum in each cell. Sty/e thick, clavate, striated,
shorter than the stamens, surrounded at its base by a met cylindric.
fleshy, crenulate nectary. Stigma tr uncate.

Obs. This beautiful tree is very, distinct from all the otber spe

— Samara.— Blackburnia. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 435
- 7 tA

cies. It approaches a little to C. florida and canadensis, but is
easily recoguised by its copious, harsh, adpressed bairs, its stature,
which is that of a large shrub or small tree, aud tlie position of its

| 5 leaves, —N. W.

SAMARA. Schreb. Gen, N. 195.

Calyx four-parted. Corol four-petalled. Stamina inserted oppo-
Site to the centre of the iusertions of the petals. Drupe superior,
one-seeded. .

Ause paniculata, R. |
Arboreous, Leaves opposite, entire, ‘broad- lanceolate. “Panicles
| axillary. Stigma two-lobed.

A tree, a native of the Circar mountains,

. Leaves epposite, petioled, broad- lanceolate, tapering to a sharp
Rarrow point, entire, smooth, from three to five inches long, and one
and a half or two broad.—Corymbs axillary, small, peduncled, short-
gr than the lees, divided by three-forked . divisious.— Drupe dry,

oblong.— Nut one-celled. :

- 9. S. polygama, R.
Leaves opposite, short-petioled, broad-lanceolate, firm and po-

lished. Panicles axillary and terminal. Filametts short, and ied
in a notch near the edge of the base of the petals.
A native of the Moluccas.

BLACK BURNIA. Schreb. Gen. N. 499.

© Calyx four-toothed. Corol four-petalled. Nectary a staminifer.
ous ring surrounding the base of the germ. Berry superior, one-
seeded. Seed arilled.

— 3. B. monadelpha, R.
Arboreous, Leares alternate, lanceolate, Filaments united at the

-

Ccc2

436 TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. —— Fagart,

A large erect timber tree, a native of the mountainous parts of
the Circars. Flowering time the beginning of the hot season. `

Trunk erect. Bark thin, firm, yellowish green on the outside ;
on the inside deep red, tinging the spittle with that colour. It is a
strong astringent. Branches numerous, forming a large shady head, ©
Leaves alternate, short-petioled, linear-oblong, smooth, below a little
whitish, entire, waved, pointed; five or six inches leng, aud one and
a half or two broad.— S/ipules none.—Racemes axillary, small, erect,
frequently compound.—Bractes small, subulate.— Flowers small, yel-
low.—Calyx four-toothed.— Petals four, oblong, expanding, apices
revolute.— Nectary, a ring surrounding the base of the germ, stami-
niferous— Filaments four, shorter than the petals, liairy, inserted into
the margin of the nectary. Anthers oval.—Germ superior, globular.
Style short, stigma headed.— Berry vertically compressed, succus
Jent, the size of a large cherry, when ripe it has a deep purple bloom,
which makes it very inviting to the eye. Seed one, drilled, seem-
ingly two-lobed, of a lively purple throughout.

Obs. 'The wood of this tree is white, close-grained, m durable,

the natives employ it for a variety of purposes.

FAGARA. Schreb. Gen. N. 196.

Calyx four-parted, or four-leaved. Corol four-petalled.
superior. Capsule superior, two-valved, one seeded. Embryo =

Germ

verse, with but little perisperm.

1. F. triphylla, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Wilid. i. 666.

Leaves opposite, ternate; leaflets oblong, entire. Panicles axilla-
ry, brachiate. : n $

Ampacus angustifolia, Rumph. Amb. ii. p. 188. t. 62. —

Found indigenous, by Mr. W, Roxburgh, on the Island of Pulo-
Penang, and from thence sent to the Botanic Garden, where in se*
veral years it has only reached the height of four-feet, and for these
last three years has blossomed regularly duriug the dry season. `

Stem erect, ligneous, as thick as a walking cane, smooth, asli-co*

'Fagara. - TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. , Y

loured. - Branches opposite ; the tender parts round and slighty vil-
lous.— Leaves opposite, long-petioled, ternate. Leaflets lanceolar
or oblong, entire, smooth on both sides, length from two to ten in-
ches, and from one to four-broad.— Panicles axillary, and in our
single young individual, shorter than the petioles, brachiate, villous.
— Flowers numerous, minute white, inodorous. Bractes triangular,
solitary below the divisions of the panicle.—Ca/yx small, one-leav-
ed, four-toothed.— Petals four, oblong, white, smooth, sprecding,
length of the pistil, and four times longer than the calyx.— Filaments
four, length of the petals. Anthers oblong, incumbent.—Germ su-
perior, roundish, woolly, four-grooved for the filaments to rest in,
four-celled, with two otula in each cell, attached to the middle of the
thickened axis. Style as long as the germ. Stigma large, four-lobed.
- — Capsule from one to four, distinct, obovate, smooth, size of a field
bean, oue-celled, two-valved, opening along the upper and inner
margin, and round the apex; a portion on the back does not separate
spontaneously.— Seeds geueraly two, roundish, size of a grain of
black pepper, shining, blackish-chesnut colour, as iw the allied

`

Xanihoxylum alatum.

.,2. F. Budrunga, R. :
Arboreous, armed with small incurved aculei. Leaves pinnate;
leaflets five or six pair, unequally ovate, lanceolate, entire, accumi-
nate; panicles crowded.
E Budrung the vernacular name in Silhet, where it grows to be a large
tree. Blossoms in March and April, and the seeds ripen in July aud
"August ; they are used medicinally by the natives, being of a warm
spicy nature with the fragrance of Lémon peel. EU
~ Trunk straight, while young armed, but by age the aculei fall off. -
Branches and branchlets armed with innumerable, small, white, sharp,
incurved prickles.— Leaves crowded, from six to ten inches TrA
Leaflets ive or six pair, opposite or nearly so, unequally ovate-lance-
olate, entire, finely acuminate, smooth, from three to four inches long,
cles terminal, much crowded, long-

by one and a half broad.— Pani

438 TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIAs Fagara,

peduneled, trichotomous, the whole forming one large, very ramous
globular panicle, which is shorter than the leaves.— Calyx four-tooth-
ed.—Peials four, elliptic, spreading.— Stamina four, much longer
than the petals.— Germ ovate. Style short.—Capsule the size of a
pea, drupaceous, one-celled, two- valved; the exterior tunicis mark-
ed with cells filled with a fragrant balsam.— Seed solitary, attached to
the apex of the suture of the valves, round, smooth, polished, shin-
ing black. Integuments three; the exterior one thin and brittle, be-
tween it and the second is spread a quantity. of dark orange-coloured
pulpy matter, the second thick and hard, a perfect nut, and oí a dull
black-colour, the third or innermost membranaceous.— Ferisperm
in small quantity.— Embryo inverse. Cotyledons obovate. Radicle
ovate, pointing to the umbilicus. ;

3.F. Rhetsa, R. AST

Arboreous, round. Leaflets from eight to sixteen pair, i deaetolate,
falcate, smooth, entire. Panicle terminal.

Telinz. Rhetsa-maun.

A Rhetsa means a committee, or select number of men assembled
to settle disputes, &c. and maun, means trees of the largest size.
Under the shade of this tree the Hill people assemble to examine,
agitate, and determine their matters of public concern, deliver. dis-
courses, Kc.

It is a very large tree, a'native of the mountainous parts of the.
Coast. Leaves deciduous during the cold season, they come out:

; again, with the flowers about the besinning of the hot season. — -

Trunk straight. Bark corky, deeply cracked, light grey. Branch-
gs numerous, spreading toa great extent. Trickles very numerous,
scattered over every part of the tree, small, very sharp, incurved ; on
the old wood they acquire a conical solid base. Leaves about the
extremities of the branchlets, abruptly pinnate, from twelve to twen-
ty inches long. Leaflets opposite, from eight to sixteen pairs, short-
petioled, oblong or lanceolate, waved, attenüated to a narrow point,
entire, smooth, about five or six inches long, and two broad, all near-

Fagara. SETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA- ; 430

ly equal in size, with nerves which divide them unequally, the exte-
rior division being twice as broad as the interior.— Petiols round,
smooth, a little channelled.— Stipules none.— Panicles terminal, and.
from the exterior arils, frequently cross-armed, particularly the ex-
treme ramifications.— Peduncles and Pedicels smooth, sometimes
compressed.— Bractes minute, fallmg.— Towers very minute, yellow.
— Calyx four-leaved.— Filaments shorter than the petals. —Si yle thick,’
length of the filaments. Stigma tapering. —Capsule round, size of a
pea, dry, one-celled, two- valved; seed one, round, glossy black.

Obs. T he unripe capsules are like small berries, they are ei fully
aromatic, and taste like the skin of a fresh orange. - The ripe
seeds taste exactly like black- -pepper, but weaker; from this circum-
stauce I conceive this may be F. Piperita, yet I have always found

| the leaflets entire. The bark, I mean oid innét — is also
acrid, with a mixture of bitter.

4. F. nitida, Roxb.

Shrubby. Branchlets, petiols and ribs armed. Leaftets two or
three pairs, with a terminal odd one, oblong, lucid, remotely gland-
crenate, apex rather long aud emargimate. — Racemes axillary.

Tcheum-tsew of the Chinese. í !

Introduced from Canton into the Botanic Garden by Mr. W,
^ Kerr in 1812, and in January of the following: year one of the planta"
blossomed abundantly. ET

* The flowers as in the other species, but the pistillum is three or
four-lobed, each to be appearing to end in a recurved style witli a two-

lobed stigma. The shrub, therefore, approaches nearer than any

of the preceding species to Zanthoxylon.

; Additional Remarks. ; =
The shrubs have continued to blossom yearly, without produc-
slender, rambling over the nearest
wn bark; the younger ones pubes-

Leaves

ing any fruit. Branches long and
bushes, covered with shining bro
cent, Aculei numerous, compressed, purple; recurved.

440 TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA+ Ludwigia,

petioled, from six to twelve inches long, with pointed, prickly peti-
als. Leaflets almost sessile, lanceolate-oblong, rounded and nearly
equal at the base, apex tapering into a narrow acumen, about three
inches long, with undulated margins, eutire or notched with remote |
glandular indentures, especially while young, shining above, with
numerous sub-marginal, glandular, transparent dots; pale beneath,
with a more or less prickly rib.—Racemes from one to three, fascicled
in the exterior axils, a couple of inches long, erect, cylindric, on short
villous round peduncles, covered with numerous white, fragrant, short-
pedicelled flowers. . Calyx flat, with very small ovate acute seg-
ments. Petals lanceolate, slightly concave, four times longer thaa
the calyx, ending in a short point. Stamina twice the length of the ©
petals, spreading.—Pistilla? four, ovate, small, ending in a short re-
curved style; stigma acute, marked above with a short tooth,

It appears to be the same as Loureiro's l'agara piperita, Flor.
Cochiuch. ed. Willd. i. 101, differing from Linneus's plant, as has
been justly remarked in CM and Schult. Syst, Veg. iii. 296. It
has also some resemblance to Tetradium, Lour. J. cit. 115. which
Sir J. E. Smith considers as related to Fagara.—I have not been able
1o discover any ovula in the four bodies in the centre of the flower,
which therefore may be considered as nectaries or abortive pistils, a
supposition which is much strensthened by the circumstance that
none of the shrubs in the garden have produced any fruit. This
dioicous species ought therefore to be referred to Zanthoxylon as
suggested by Dr. Roxburgh.—All its younger parts and leaves have
a slightly pungent aromatic taste and smell.—N. W. ^

LUDWIG TA. Schreb. Gen. N. 904.

Calyx four-parted, |— Corol four-petalled. T inferior, four-
sided, four-celled. Seeds numerous. ;

1. L. parviflora, R. -

Annual, branches diffuse. Leaces alternate, lanceolate, short-peti-
oled, smooth, Flowers axillary, sessile. Capsule linear, neH
four-sided,

Ludwigia. | TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 44

A small, ramous plant, 2 native of Bengal; flow ering s time the Tai
: ny, season ; seed ripe about October. : ;
Root ramous, annual —Stez short, round, in young plants erect,
Branches many, diffuse, slightly striated ; the whole plant of a dark-
ferruginous colour.-—L eaves, alternate, short-petioled, lanceolate, ene
tire, smooth, length from one to three inches.— F lowers - axillary,
small, sessile. The leaves about the ends of the branches are so
small, aud crowded, as to make the extremities of the branchlets ap-
pear like leafy spikes. — Bractes, a most minute. one on each side of
the insertion of each flower.—Calyz, the divisions. taper to most
. acute points, and. equal the ‘oblong petals.—Capsule beneath, linear,
obsoietely four-sided, smooth, fourevalved. — Secds coloured, numere -

ous, very small, eee Eo: 2 1 E

2. L. prostrata, R. Poea Si
* Lower branches ereeping. Leaves alternate, petioled, lanceolar.-
-. Flowers axillary, sessile. Capsules filiform, with one row ef'seeds in
each cell, attached immediately to the axis.

A natiye of Pegu, from thence introduced into this garden, tee
it blossoms and ripeus its seed during the rainy season. v

Root aunual. — Stem leaning much to one side, from one to two
feet long. Branches numerous, the lower ones longer than the stem,
spreading flat on the ground aud striking. root, smooth, striated, ge-
nerally coloured with red. Leaves alternate, shoit-petioled, lanceo-
lar, entire, smooth, size various, the largest froin. three t to five inches
E: — Flowers axillary, sessile, from one to. several, on the same
axil, very small much elevated on the four-sided peduncle-like
germ.—Petals lanceolar, longer than the calyx, yellow. — Filaments
four, length of the style. Anthers roundish, two-lobed, always a after
expansion found saiti to the large clammy stigma.— apsules
slender, sub-tiliform, more or less curved, smooth, iGicornered ; dá
angles rounded, sides grooved; four-c elled.—Seeds oval, minute, ©
pink-coloured, disposed in one vertical row and “attached ` imme-
diately to the axis, — the intervention of a: by thiig like a re-
teptacle, -

Ddd

44* ; TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Oldenlandia.

‘Obs. This species is so much like my L. parviflora as not to be
distinguished, except by attending to the germ, or capsule. In that
plant it is shorter, thicker, always straight, and with numerous
crowded seeds in each cell, attached to a projecting receptacle, as
in L. alternifolia, Gert. Carp. i. 158. £ 31. — In this there is only
one vertical row in each cell attached to the axis.

OLDENLANDIA. Schreb. Gen. N. 205.

Calyx four-parted, permanent. Corol one-petalled, four-parted,
Capsule inferior, two-celled, many-seeded. Receptacle free, fastened
to the partition by the base only.

Obs. Would it not be better to omit this Greytnetigi jin of the
generic character, and unite our Indian species of Hedyotis to Ol-
denlandia? For except the attachment of their respective recepta-
cles 1 can find no other mark by which the two genera are to be dis-
tinguished, and surely this is too minute and inconspicuous for the
travelling Botanist to be able at all times to discover.

1.0. wmbellata, Linn. Sp.P1. ed. Willd.i. 676. Roxb. Corom. Pl. i.
N. 3,*

Erect. Leaves opposed, tern, and quatern, near scabrous. Umbels
terminal. Inside of the corol hairy.

Teling. Cheri-Velloo. -

Tam. Saya-wer, or Imburel.

Much cultivated on the light sandy lands near the shores of Co- |
romandel ; where the root is employed to dye the best, and most dü»
rable red on cotton cloth. aS

2. O. alata, Kénig’s Mss.
Erect, four-sided. Leaves opposite, sub-sessile, elliptic, smooth.
Panicles terminal ; corol campanulate ; mouth shut with hairs. oa

sules turbinate. pe i
Beng. Gundha-baduli. , ra Lh
Hedyotis racemosa, Linn. Sp; Pi. ed. Wii s I

y Hedyotis, Lam.—N, W,

*

|

Oldeniandia. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. : 443

Annual, a native of the borders of rice lands and moist places ;
appears and flowers during the rainy season.

Stems several, erect, with few branches, four-sided, smooth, about
a foot or eighteen inches high — Leaves opposite; sub-sessile; oblong,
amooth, entire, succulent, about two inches long.— Stipules, connect-
ing membrane broad, toothed.—Umbels terminal, few-fowered.—
Flowers white, small.. Pedicels four-sided.— Capsules turbinate,
smooth ; receptacle clubbed, free, affixed by the small end into the
partition near its base. |

3. O. paniculata, Burm. Fl. Ind. 38. t. 15- o Lo aes

_ Biennial, creeping. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Poduncles thres
flowered, or three times that number, ;

Introduced into the Botanic Garden from the Malicia in 1798;

where it blossoms the greatest part of the year. |

` Stems none; but numerous diffuse; four-sided, smooth, ramous

branches, spread close on the ground in every direction, and strike.
root from: their joints, their general length about twelve inches.—
Leaves opposite, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, smooth, and of a firm
thick texture, the largest about an inch long. Connecting membrane
with subulate divisions. ^ Peduncles axillary, and terminal, longer
than the leaves, smooth, four-sided, with generally three; small,
white flowers; on pedicels of unequal length.—Corol ; Tube gibbous,
mouth shut with fme white hairs.—Stamens, in the belly of the tube
below the hairs which shut its mouth.—Stemina entire.

4. O. crystallina, R ? | |
Annual, very ramous. — Pediceis solitary, shorter tharr the leaves,

- generally two-flowered. Leaves sessile, MERLO under-
. neath marked with crystalline dotts. |

-JBeng. Puükz. ' Coe OR,
Hedyotis pumila, Linn. Sp. Pt. ed. Willd. i. 566. |
A small, very ramous, diffuse, annual plant, a native of Benge

appearing in the rainy season.
Daas

“a | Tr TPANSRIA MONOCYNDA. ~ Olentan dil. ©

Stem pone ? branches numerous, diffuse, about six inches long,
somewhat fourssided.— Leartes ‘opposite, approximate, sessile, obs
(ong, «hd lanceolatesoblong; smooth and marked with’ beautiful crys-
talline specks underneath, length about half or three quarters ofan
inch.— Peduneles, from within the stipalary sheaths, about half the
length of the leaves, generally bearing two minute, white flowers or
their proper’ "pedicels. —Corol, mouth of the tube pm A
wich compressed laterally.” "^ * '

Obs. It is readily distinguished from o. y; bio by the eet lis:

bit of the plant, this being short, diffuse, very ramous, with oblong

__~9f lanceolate-obloing leaves, while the other is slender with long strag-

gling braiches, and linear-lanceolate leaves. ] place Jess confidence

ju the crystalline appearance of = "e of Made as -—
Kc. may Teiüove m "un 633 sige

5.0. sae, eS : "n os d

Annual, round, flaccid., 5 Leaves sessile, Tincar-lanecolate, acute. |
Peduncles axillary, solitary, one-flow er ed; capsules sub-globulary
smoo! h. * ;

‘Hedyotis di fusa, Tia Sp. Pi. ed, Willa. i i. 566. T
- und grow ing in boxes, which w ere sent with N (utmeg plants t to i
ilie Botanic Garden at Calcutta from Banda,

i ai

Rootrámous; imer akon, flaccid, pose Bit dnd. most.
slightly scabrous, from: six to twelve inches long. .— Leaves opposite,
sessile, linear-lanceolate, acute, smooth on both sides, —Connecting
membrane, from entire to mauy-cleft. — Peduncles. axill » solitary,
four times shorter than the leaves, one-fowered.— Flowers pretty large,
pure white; Apis sadi abes auam rour

smooth.

chup d POS agire i
“t's $ 2 e ou

Obs. 'The Linnean E of O. capensis konid lead one to ima-.
gine this to be that plaaty but the observation simillima O. repens,
at juta aiio iw the Supple Pt. pe aene ‘convinces meit

a

*

Oldentar dia O TÉWRANDNÍS MONOGNIS —— | 46

. chhnot be so ; as this plant has not the — resemblance to^ Ol.

Meis — Dent ella.* i gatoi as
137 o. Lifiora; Liv. Sp. PL ed. IWilld. i. 676.. id s : sem PN
. Peduncies solitary, two-tlowered, shorter basals narrow „Jace,
olar sessile leaves. . j aisa a ae
Sans. grau del. "HM dM. EE ee ee Zhu
Beng. Khet-papura. dauig ud: Ys

Anil: humile, &c. Burm. Zezi- 22.1.13; d.
Annual ; native of most paris of India. “A small weak straggling

delieate. plant, Map the rainy AMAP Yo i balers etu Soret
DE Si Ir y st eme rcd ét fad E ÉE* 4 Aris: E E.

42. 0. fre amat d BS OS i im E.
Erect, four-sided, dichotomous. Leaves líaear-lancéolate, ^ d: z
duncles in pairs from alternate axils, one-flowered, — — — i
Hedyotis herbacea, Linn Sp. Pl ed. Willd. i, 866. ~
Leling. V eri-uella-vemoo. Bian
_A native of road sides under thin, bushes, &e. Flowering time the

ER

rainy season,

Stem erect, four-sided, smooth, short, Famous. Branches always 2
iwoeclett ; from. siy to tw enty-four inches high. = Leaves opposite,
sessile, linear-lanceolate,. spreading, smooth.— Stipules, conne cting
a finely-toothed.—Peduncles axillary, alway on 2 ,
; ae with, a br Ms or the rudiments of ove b

“8. o. ramosa, T
$ Diffuse, ramous. i "aces. Eras ine. = Peluncles axilla y

with from one to several flowers.
A mative uf Pegu, froin ibence introduced ihto this bs by Mr.

E Carey , Where, it blossoms and ripens its seed during the rains, `

. aud the carly part of the cool season. E

> * Conf, H. capensis in Rees's Cyclopedia. The reader is also referred to iu^
tory of the g us Lec yot is in that work foran eluvidation of several of the Mon

speciesof O 'denluudia —N. W.

+

446. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA- Ammannia,

. Root annual.—The Stems and numerous branches diffuse, some-
what fouresided, pretty smooth, spreading to the extent of one or two
feet.— Leaves opposite, narrow-lanceolar, smooth, entire, whiter une
derneath ; length about an inch.-- Connecting membrane many-tooth-
ed.— Peduncles axillary, from one to many-flowered.— Flowers small,
white—Calyr, the divisions couical.—Corol with gibbous- tube, .
mouth bearded.— Fi/aments short. Anthers within the distr
Germ, &c. as in the genus. P

pu AM MANNIA. Schreb. Gen. N. 208.
Corol four-petalled, or none ; when present inserted im the plait-
ed mouth of the calyx which is from four to eight-toothed. Capsule
superior, from one to four-celled ; seeds numerous.

1. A. rotundifolia, Buch.

Diffuse. Leaves opposite, round, entire. Flowers spiked, petals
oval. Capsule fourelobed. —

Plants sent from Lukshmee-poora and Malda, sls they are indi«
genous, flowered in the Botanie Garden during the cold season «i
1797.*

Stems several, creeping, with ascending apices, round, smooth,
and succulent; whole plant spreading from six to eight inches.—
Leaves opposite, sub-sessile, orbicular, entire, smooth, and upon ts
— Spikes terminal and axillary, the terminal often co ME.
Bractes opposite ; exterior cordate ; interior lanceolate, and often very
small, -one-flowered.— Flowers numerous, small, pink-coloured.—
Calyz four-parted, divisions obtuse.— Corol of four, large, oval, st es ,
pink-coloured withering petals.— Capsule hid in the bottom. a f the
remaining calyx, and corol, four-lobed.—Seeds numerous. = ———

ae

‘Z. A. octandra, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 679. Roxb. Corom. Pi.
2. N. 133.

*Lbave | had this elegant plant from Mr. Wi. ek who gathered itat de Tot:
raye, where it is called Thuntuncea and 7irkóoa ; also from Nepala iu the. vicinity et
Katmandu, from the Hon, E: Gardner. —N. We

| Ammannia. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA, | 447

Annual, erect, brachiate, four-sided. Leaves sessile, ‘narrowesu-
gittate; peduncles from two to three-flowered ; flowers octandrous.
Capsule four«celled.

Ammannia octandra, Suppl. Plant. p. 197.

` Annual, native of moist " appearing in the rainy -— pA

seasons.
Root. fibrous. Stain straight, four-sided, shit: from one. to.

three feet high.— Branches numerous, cross-armed, and like the
stem.— Leaves opposite, sessile, linearly-sagittate, smooth, margins
a little revolute, from one to two inches long, and about a a quarter
of an inch broad.— Peduncles axillary, very short, from two to three-
flowered.— Flowers small, colour a beautiful bright red.— Bractes
minute .— Calyz- and corolas in the genus. — Filaments as ‘long as
ihe corol. Anthers incumbent.

3. A. multiflora. -
Erect, four-sided, ramous branches simple. Leaves sub-sagittate, -

stem-clasping. Peduncles from three to seven-flowered; petals large ; :

capsule one-celled.
A native of open lands about Calcutta, — loin six to twelie

inches in height, appearing in the wet and cold seasons.

Stem straight, four-sided ; angles sharp ; sides convex. Branches.
cross-armed, Leaves opposite, decussate, horizontal, sessile, | linear
with enlarged cordate, stem-clasping base, size very various. Pe-
duncles axillary, almost always solitary, about as long as the smaller ;

leaves, generally three-flowered, though in the luxuriant plants there
‘are often two or three, with one between, the lateral flowers have -

pretty large long pedicels,—Calyz as in the family.— Petals large, | A
roundish, red.— Capsule one.celled, one-valved, receptacle globular, E
p. at the base only.

4. A. vescicatoria, R. i
Erect, ramous, branches undivided. Leaves opposite, sessile, [om

ceolar, -Flowers axillary. Corol none. Capsule one-celled.

445 : SETRANDBIA MONOGYNIA. Ammannia.

_ Beng. Daud-maree. _

Teling. Agbundra-pakoo.

An annual species; found in wet cultivated ground during the
rainy and cold seasons,

Stem erect, from six to thirty-six inches high, "we omn ne side
ed, very branchy. Branches, below opposite, decussated ; above fre-
uently alternate .— Leaves opposite, sessile, lanced, smooth ; floral
Ls many times smaller than those below.— Coro none.-- Peri-
carp one-celled, one-valved, half covered with the calyx. - |
-. Obs. It differs from A. baccifera in having a capsule of one cell,
in being evalvular, and in the leaves being lanced, in that species
they are linear-cordate at the base, and embrace the stalk. :
This plant has a strong muriatic smell, but not disagreeable. , Its
leaves are exceedingly acrid; they are used. universally by the natives
to raise blisters in rheumatic pains, fevers,&c. “The fresh leaves
bruised and applied to the part intended to be blistered perform their
office i in the course of half an hour or a little more, and most effec-
tually. - |

5. A. pentandra, R.

In the lower part of the plant creeping and simple, erect portion.
ramous ; four-sided ; branches simple. Leaves sessile, lanceolate.
Flowers axillary, , solitary, sessile, pentandra ous. Capsule one-celled,

A native of moist places; flowering in the rainy and cold seasons,

Stems creeping near the base, above erect; the erect part is
anchy, four-sided, smooth, and coloured ; from six to eight inches
l ves opposite, sessile, lanceolate, smooth, entire. — Flow-
ers axillary, solitary, sessile.— Bractes two, lanceolate, pressing the
calyx laterally. —Calyr ten-toothed, alternately smaller and in e
ed.— Corol, petals five, very minute.— FOURNIE five. j Le

6. A. ngna, R. :
Base ereeping, erect portion r ramous; branches compound. Leaces
baci sessile. isis solitary, et ub, C

— Trapa. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIAs 449

A native of such places as the last described, it is considerably
smaller than that species, but more branchy. i

Stems as in A. pentandra.— Leaves opposite, sessile, wedge-form-
ed, smooth, entire.— Flowers axillary, solitary, sessile.

TRAPA. Schreb. Gen. N. 208.

Calyx four-parted, or four-leaved. Corol four-petaled. Germ
inferior, two-celled ; cells from one to two-seeded, attachment of the
ovulum superior. Nut turbinate, armed with two or four horns,
(which were the leaflets of the calyx.) Embryo simple, lodged in
lie apex of the ample perisperm. ! 2

1. T. bicornis. :

— Nuts with two, opposite, recurved, very obtuse horns.

Chin. Lin-ko. MEX x

A native of China, where it is carefully cultivated in lakes, ponds |
and other receptacles of water.

9. T. bispinosa, R.

Nut with two opposite, straight, barbed, spinous horns. Nectary
cup-shaped, curled.

Shringata, Asiat. Res. vol. iii. p. 253.

Sans. IRT: Sringata, FARUWAs, Julukuntuka.

` Beng. Panee-phul. Singhara. .
= Panover-tsjerana, Rheed. Hort. Mal. vol. xi. p. 64. t. 33. (evi-
dently intended for this plant, and not T. natans.)
. Found floating on sweet, standing water in Bengal and many
: other parts of India. Flowering time the rainy season.
Root consisting of numerous, simple, capillary fibres which issue
finis the under margins of the cicatrices of the fallen leaves.—Stems
stoloniferous, often several feet long, floating. — Leaves petioled, al-
ternate, approximate round the apex of the shoots, of a rhomboidal-
reniform shape; with the posterior margins entire, and the anterior

/ enes serrate-dentate, smooth above, of a deep green, villous and purs
Eee ,

459- : TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Trapa.

ple underneath ; from three to four inches broad, and nearly as long.
— Petioles villous, lengthening with the age of the leaves, towards the.
apex much smaller, this part contains many inflated vescicles, which
render the whole plant very buoyant.— Stipules two pair, the superior
ones simple, semi-lanceolate, and caducous, the inferior pair at first
simple and filiform ; but becoming ramous by age, permanent.— Pe-
duncles axillary, solitary, shorter than the petioles, one-flowered, in-
curved until the blossoms begin to decay, after which they bend down
under the surface of the water, where the fruit grows, and comes to
maturity.— Flowers pure white, expanding above the surface of the
water late in the afternoon .— Calyx four-leaved, in opposite pairs, .
leaflets lanceolate, villous, one of the pairs permanent. — Corol con- .
tr acted; petals four, contracted into a tube at the base by the firmness
of the calyx, above much broader, and expanding ; margins much
curled.— Nectary cup- -shaped, on the top of the germ, round the
swelled base of the style, eight-grooved, with the margins minutely
lacerate, and curled.— Filaments four, incurved. -Anthers oval, in-
cumbent.—Germ inferior, obconical, two-celled, with one ovulum in
each attached to the top of the partition.— Nut inferior, of a turbi-
nate triangular shape, a hard ligneous texture, and a blackish- brown
colour, armed with two, strong, straight, conic, barbed spines, from
the upper angles ; elegantly embossed, one-celled, not opening, but
2 having a perforation in the top for the Embryo to pass, which is
guarded with a circle of stiff converging bristles from its margin,
forming a conical roof over the aperture, ^ Seed single, conform fo
the nut. — Integument single, of a slightly brown colour, thin, but
rather wash, and adhering firmly to the perisperm. — Perisperm .
conform to the seed, white, and of a firm cartilaginous texture.
Embryo in the apex of the perisperm. |
Obs. This is evidently a species perfectly distinct from natans,
and bicornis. From the former it differs in having only two horns,
and from the latter in the horns being straight, very sharp, and barbed.
i * The nuts are sold in the markets when in season, their kernels be-
ing much esteemed by the Hindoos. MEUM OL

. Pothos: ^ — mSRTRANDRIA MONOGYNIX; | asi

s. T. quadrispinosa, R.

— Nut with two opposite pairs of straight, acute, spinous horns.

A native of Silhet, where it is found floating on lakes, and pools
of fresh water, its kernels are also esculent. z

POTHOS. Schreb. Gen. N. 910;

Spathe sub- side: Spadir covered with florets. Calyx none,
` "ór four-petalled; coro! none. Stamina indefinite, Germ oneecelled,
from one to three-seeded ; attachment of the ovula inferior (in hete-
rophylla superior.) Berry one-celled, rarely many-seeded. Babys
uneinate, without perisperm.

ds P. scandens, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 684.
- Parasitic, rooting. Petioles as broad as the lanceolar leaves. Flow-
: ers axillary ; spadix gobular, reflex. —
Ana-Parua, Rheed. Hort. Mal. và. p. 75. t. 40.
Adpendix duplo folio, Rumph. amb. v. 490. t. 184. f. 9.
_A native of Chittagong, Malabar, Amboyna, and other eastern
- Islands. Flowering time in the former country, the mouth of April.
Stems as thick as a slender ratan, often ramous, rooting upon
trees in the most shady forests, round, smooth, and less succulent
than any other species which I have yet met with, except P. graci-
lis.— Leaves alternate, petioled, lanceolate, entire, smooth ; length’
from two to four inches, breadth about an inch.— Petioles most: -
amply winged, so as to be nearly as broad as the leaves themselves,
almost as long, equally entire, smooth and marked with similar veins.
- — Peduncles axillary, solitary, clothed with many small, ovate, brac»
— tiform scales up to the spathe, where they are completely recurveds:
3 —Spathe boat-shaped, erect.—Spadix globular, reflex.—Ca/yx, or
corol, some roundish scales mixed amongst the germs, and of nearly
the same length, the exact number to each germ uot ascertained.—
Stamina, about four obovate scales to-each germ, with two pollini-
ferous pits on the inside under the retuse apex.—Germs many, ob-

long, one-celled, with one, two, or three ovula attached to the bote
Eert

452 TETRANDRIA MONOGTNIA. - Pothos.

tom of the cell, and immersed in a clear gelatinous liquid.—Style
none. Stigma, en umblicated elevation on the apex of each germ.
— Berries oblong, size of a French bean, red, pulpy, one-seeded.—

Seed solitary, or two, conform to the berry.

9. P. officinalis, R.

Perennial, Parasitic, stems rooting. Leaves oblong, cordate,
entire. Flowers terminal; florets naked, octandrous. Berries one-
seeded. |

Sans, nalane Guja-pippulee, al fefuupait, Kuri-pippulee,.
eiuauwp Kupi-vullee, Ataa At Kolu-vullee, gaat Shreyusee,
afr, Vushira.

Beng. Guj-pippul.

A native of Bengal, and common in some parts of the Midnapore
district, where it is cultivated for its fruit, which, cut into transverse.
pleces and dried, is an article of some importance in the Hindoo
materia medica, called Guj-pippul, and sold by the druggists uu-
der that name. Flowering tine the rainy season; seed ripe in Ja-
nuary.

Stem carenbigl, ereeping up to the top of large trees, n like
the Joy, taking firm hold with its innumerable roots; about as
thick as the little finger, smooth, except the cicatrices of the fallen:
leaves, and the roots: from the side next the tree which supports it.
— Leaves alternate, sub-bifarious, petioled, oblong-cordate, entire, -
filiform, pointed, smooth on both sides ; from six to ten inches long;
and from three to six broad.— Petioles arg channelled, smooth,
shorter than the leaves.— Pedunceles terminal, solitary, round, smooth; -
scarcely half the length of the petioles; when in flower erect, but
often drooping, from. the increasing*weight of the fruit. Spathe sube
cylindric, opening a little^on one side; when in flower, smootli on
both sides; greenish without, and of a: pale yellow colour within,
apex filiform, and a little twisted; length about six inches. — Spadix
sub-cylindric, obtuse, equalling the spathe ; colour a pale greenish
yellow, dotted with the dark-coloured stigmas of the numerous fruc-

WE ome

| Poth.s. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 453

—— tifications which every where cover it.— Perianth none.— Corol none.
— Filaments; 1 conclude there are about eight to each germ, two
on each face; but the want of both perianth and corol, renders it
difficult to assign the exact number of stamens to each floret, they
are very short, and seem inserted on the base of the germ. Anthers
sub-sagittate, four-lobed. Germs numerous, parallelopiped, trun-
cate, vertically attached to, and completely covering every part of
the common cylindric receptacle, one-celled, with one seed attach-
ed in an oblique manner to the bottom of the cell. The substance
of the germs is replete with rigid, sharp, vertical bristles, which are
readily detached, and stick in the skin, causing pain and itching. The
virtue of the drug may reside in these, as it does in the short stiff.
hairs of the legumes of Carpopogon pruriens. Style none, Stigma,
a channel filled with gelatinous matter, running from the cell of the
germ to the centre of the truncate apex, where it ends in a small
slit, embraced by two darker-coloured, somewhat callous lips.—Pe-
ricarps (capsule circumscissg), as numerous as the germs, and
of the same form, only larger; a few only are fertile, of a soft fleshy
texture, one-celled, one-valved ; when the fruit is ripe they detach:
themselves from the receptacle, and drop off, leaving the seed be~
hind still attached to it.— Seed single, ovate-cordate, somewhat two-
lobed, covered at the base with a thin, red, succulent aril. Integu-
ments: two, exclusive of the aril, exterior pale yellow, polished, thin,
hard, and elastic ; inner membranaceous. Perisperm none. Em-
bryo uncinate, white, very succulent. Radicle inferior, thickened,.
and in other respects exactly as in Geertner’s figures of Potamageton
natans, vol. it. p: 93. t. 84.

Obs. 'The Sa dèscribed by Sir William Jeius by the name of
Guj-peepul, (see Asiatic Researches, vol. iv. p. 303.) is my Tetran--
ihera apetala. He, however observes, that it was from a native gar-
dener he obtained the Sanscrit name of bis plant, but as he mentions
that Valli means a creeper, he suspects in some degree, the accuracy

of his information:

454 TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIAR.- Pothos.

Chavica, or Chevga mentioned under the same head is a new Eo
cies of Piper.

-

3. P. Peepla, R.

Perennial, sub-parasitic, rooting on treés. Leaves long-petioled,
oblong, acuminate. Flowers sub- terminal ; ; florets apetalous, tetran-
drous. - :

Peeplee of the Hindoos in the Silhet district, where the plant
grows. Flowering time, April and May.

Stem rooting on trees, like the common Ivy of Europe, scarcely so`.
thick as the little finger, round and smooth, somewbat contracted *
between the leaves.— Leaves petioled, alternate, oblong, entire, -
smooth on both sides, dagger-pointed ; , length from four to twelve
inches.—Petioles as long as the leaves, channelled, smooth.— Pea
duncles sub-terminal, round, smooth ; the base inserted in sheaths
from three to four inches long.—Spathe sub-cylindric, opening oi
one side, smooth, acute ; length of the spadix.—Spadir cylindric»
obtuse, length of the inside of the spathe ; colour pale yellow, every
part completely covered with the fructification, without any proper
periantb, or corolla.—L%/aments about four to each germ, aud about
halt its length. Anthers linear.—Germs numerous, of a square, wedge
shape, truncate, the whole of their substance replete with small
pellucid, sharp bristles, which readily enter the skin, and pro-
duce pain and iiching.—Style none. Stigma sub-rotuud.

4. P. gracilis, R.* | `

Scaudent. Leaves lanceolate, entire, on short, found petioles :
above their sheaths. Spadir peduncled, cylindric, scarcely equalling
its linguiform spathe. '

A native of Amboyna; it has à great resemblance to Rumphius'e
— arborum, Hort. Amb. vol. v. £.181. f. 2. ;

* This name being pre-occupied by a species described iu Rudge’ s excelent work,

Plante Gujane may be changed to tenera, —N, W. l i

^

E Pothos. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIAs $55

5. P. gigantea, R.
Perennial. Stems rooting. Leaves oblong, cordate, entire. Flow-
ers axillary ; florets naked, heptandrous. ;
= This is the stoutest of these parasitic Aroidec that I have met
with. Itis a native of Prince of Wales Island; from thence intros
duced into the Botanic Garden by Mr. W. Roxburgh. Flowering
. time in Bengal the close of the rains in October. It has not yet
produced ripe seed there. n
Stems perennial, creeping on the ground, or upon trees and plants ;
ina very thriving state, of six years growth, not more than three and
four feet long, and about four inches in circumference, round, and

.. strongly marked with the circular scars of the fallen leaves.— Leaves.

alternate, sub-bifarious, petioled, approximate, oblong, cordate, en-
tire, smooth ; length from one to two feet high, and about two-thirds
thereof in breadth.— Petioles as long’ as the leaves, channelled,
smooth, much enlarged at the base, and stem-clasping.— Peduncles
axillary, solitary, very short.—Spathe sub-cylindric, short-pointed,
opening a little on one side about the time that the anthers discharge
their pollen, smooth on both sides, of a dirty dull purple colour,
length about six inches.— Spadix cylindric, length of the spathe, ob-
tuse, every part most closely covered with the sessile fructifications ;
colour a pale lively yellow, beautifully dotted with the dark linear
'stigmas.— Filaments about seven to each germ, short, broad, and
thin. — Anthers two-lobed.—Germs very numerous, parallelopiped,
truncate, much flattened, vertically one-celled, with generally two
. ovula, obliquely attached to the bottom of the cell. - Style none,
Sligma a vertical, linear, grooved, dark-coloured projection on the
middle of the truncate germ, as in the last species ; the substance
of the germ and spathe also abound in short stiff bristles, which rea-
dily enter the skin, causing pain and itching.— Calyx and Corol none,

- 6. P. pertusa, R. | |
Scandent, sub-parasitic, rooting on trees. Leaves cordate, perfo-

458 TETRANDRIÁ MONOGYNIA. ; Pothos

rated on one side, and pinnatifid on the other. Corollets anaip oii
tetrandrous. Anthers two-lobed. ;

Elettadi-Maravara, Rheed. Hort. Mal. xi. p. 41. t. 20 snd OL.

A very large perennial, sub-parasitical species, so much like Dra-
contium pertusum, that they may be readily taken for the same plant;
It is a native of the mountainous parts of the Coast of Coromandel,
running up, and over the highest trees, to which it adheres.like fiy
by roots issuing from the joints.

Leaves alternate, petioled, cordate, smooth, generally verla
with linear oblong holes on one side, and on the other passing
through the margins as in the pinnatifid leaves ; their length trom
twelve to eighteen incbes long.— Petioles nearly as long as tie.
leaves, deeply channelled, wanting the stipule-like processes at the

‘apex, which Miller's figure represents, in which parucular this plant,
differs from that in the first instance.—Scape short.—Spathe gib-
bous, pointed, a little longer than the spadix, cylindric, obtuse, every
where covered with the fructifications—Coro/ nowe.—Luaments
intermixed amongst the germs, (the number to each germ cannot be,
determined, but I think about four,) compressed ; apex bifid, An.
thers oval, two to each filament.—Pistils mixed with the membra-
naceous filaments, four-sided, lobed. Style none. Stigma, a knob
on the centre of the lobed germ.

2. P. pinnata, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Wi id. i. 686.

Sub-parasitic, rooting on trees, the apices of the shoots clothed
with fibres. Leaves piunatifid. Flowers terminal.

Adpendix laciniata, Rumph. Hort. Amb. v, 489. t. 183 da o

Found in forests in the Malay countries, rooting up and ramming
over trees of great size, It is readily distinguished from my d
siva, by the abundance of brown fibres which are found on the os
shoots, and the lower part of the petioles.

$. P, PEES ie
Perennial, rooting on trees, smooth, Leaves "ib decal pine-

-

Pothos. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. | 457

*

nate; segments falcate, cuspidate. Flowers lateral, or axillary, long-
peduncled. j

` Guj-pippul is; the vernacular name of this very large: powerful
species, in the Silhet district, where it is indigenous, and blossoms
during the hot season. t
i Stems as thick asa stout cane, rooting on, and ascending trees
. like the common Ivy; round, smooth, and rather contracted between
the leaves.— Leaves approximate, alternate, petioled, pinnatifid, or
completely pinnate; from two to six, or seven feet long, including the
‘petioles; segments, or leaflets, linear-falcate, cus pidate, entire, smooth,
sometimes from three to four-nerved or triple-nerved ; length from
six to eighteen inches, and two broad. — Petioles from six inches, to.
three feet long, round, smooth, stem-clasping, and the lower portion
more deeply channelled.— Peduncles solitary, axillary or lateral,
about six inches long, substantially thick, round, smooth, and replete
with the same while bristly spicula that are found in the germ and
seed vessels.—Spathe sub-cylindric, length of thé peduncle —Spa. '
diz cylindric, léngth of the spathe, completely covered with the in-
numerable fructifications.—Calyr none. Corol none, nor any thing
like either.—F ilaments about four to each germ, and nearly of their
length. Anthers cordate, appearing beyond the germ.—Germs nu-
merous, the most general form a four-sided wedge, apex truncate.
Style, scarcely ma m an OOT oblong opening.

OE: iue R
^ Caulescent, creeping, armed. Leaves from cordate-sagittate to-
pinnatifid. — Spathe erect, spiral, niany times longer than ap dun
cylindric spadix. - Florets tetrapetalous, tetrandrous. didinr

Can it be Dracontium spinosum, Flor. Zeyl. 323?

A native of Bengal, delighting in a rich, moist soil; it flowers,
though rarely, during the cool season.

J Root fibrous.—Stems and branches creeping, armed with short,

- sharp prickles.— Leaves until the plants are old, and begin to flower,

q simple-sagitate, and cordate-sagittate, afterwards pinnatifid, with
E F ft

. 458 TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Pothos.

long lanceolate, acuminate segments, smooth above, nerve and larger
veins armed on the under side; length from six to fourteen or sixteen
inches.— Petioles completely armed ; base sheathing ; above round,
generally shorter than the leaves.— Scapes axillary, solitary, one-flow-
ered, length of the petioles, and armed like them. — SpatAe sub-cylins
dric, acute, spirally twisted’ above the spadix; colour a dark dull
reddish purple; length from eight to twelve inches long, and as thick
as the little finger, opening at the base only where the spadix is
lodged while the pollen is discharging, after which it shuts, as before
that period.— Spadix cylindric, obtuse, completely covered with her-
maphrodite florets ; length little more than one inch.—— Calyx none.—
` Petals four, obovate, concave.— Filaments four, broad, length of the
petals. Anthers two-lobed.—Germ oblong, one-celled, containing
one ovula, attached to the top of the cell. Style none. Stigma glans
dular, flat. qe t
10. P. Lasia, R:
. Armed. Leaves radical, pinnatifid. Spathe very long, and twist«
ed above the spadix. Berries one-seeded, muricate.
.- Lasia aculeata, Loureir. Cochinch. ed. Willd. i. 108.
. Teling. Moola-sari.
: Beng. Kanta-kutchoo.

A native of boggy, or wet places among the Circar mountain. ©

Leaves radical, petioled, pinnatifid ; segments lanceolate, smooth
shining, the nerves on the under side armed with prickles ; length
| about two feet, breadth about a foot and half. —Petioles erect. from
two to four feet long, round, every were thickly armed with sharp
` prickles. —Scape the length of the petioles, round, and equally € cover-
ed with prickles.—Spathe very long, erect, below gaping; ; above the
spadix t twisted, leathery, dull red colour.—Spadir about one-sixth of
the length of the spathe, cylindric, every where covered with the fruc*
tifications.— Corol, stamens, and pistil as in the genus.— Berries, , (or
rather capsules,) wedge-formed, omes online ges paio), one-
seeded.— Seed two-lobed, IIT TEE

Eleagnus. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 459

CHLORA NTHUS. Schreb. Gen. 1730.*

Calyx none. — Corol, a three-lobed, unilateral autheriferous petal
onthe outside of the pistillum. Germ semi-superum oneeseeded;
attachment of the ovulum superior. Drupe one-seeded,
„C inconspicuus, Linn. Spec. Plant. ed. Willd. i. 688.

.. Tcheu-lan, of the Chinese.

From Canton it has been received into the Botanic Garden at
Calcutta, where it grows freely to be a small upright shrub, with
many straight sub-simple smooth branches, of about two feet in
height, 7 with oblong opposite serrulate smooth leaves. Flowering time |
in Bengal. the ging season, It has not yet ripened its seeds there. -

! ELEAGNUS. Schreb. Gen. N. 213.

Corol none. Calyx gibbous, border four-parted. Germ D
led, one-seeded ; attachment of the ovulum inferior. Drupe inferior,
one-seeded. Embryo erect, without perisperm.

1. E. triflora, R
. Shrubby, Sure armed.. Leaves oblong, obtuse, scaly. Flow-
ers axillary, three-fold, peduncled.
Eleagnus foliis oblongis acuminatis. macotatts; Burm. Zeyl. p. 92.
t. 39. f. 1.
A.natixe of Sumatra, from thence introduced into the Botanic
Garden i in 1804, where it blossoms in December. Seeds ripen three
or four months afterwards.
| Stems and branches of considerable size, and great extent, climb-
ing; bark of the ligneous parts a beautiful dark purplish colour, and
smooth. The short lateral branchlets which issue from the young
Climbing shoots are more or less recurvate and answer the end of
tendrils; when old, they become stout thorns. Bark of the tender

» Nigrina, Thunb. Creodus, Loureir.—N- We
F ff3

-—

405 "US STETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Eleagnus.

part most beautifully clothed with numerous ferruginous, stellate
scales.— Leaves alternate, short-petioled, oblong, entire, obtuse,
above smooth ; underneath ornamented with numerous stellate, fer-
ruginous and silver-coloured scales ; from two to three inches long,
and from one to two broad.— Stipules none.— Flowers axillary, three:
fold, small, white-—Peduncles longer than the corols, one-flower-
nc — Calyx with a short, four-sided tube ; and border of four: cordate
segments, on the outside a little scaly; on the inside smiooth.— F4 la-
ments none. ` Anthers four, sessile in the mouth of thé tube of the
calyx.— Germ superior, oblong, embraced by the contracted bottom
of the calyx, one-celled, one-seeded. -Style as long as the. culyx.—
Stigma oblong, glandular, oblique.— Berry oblong, succulent; when
ripe pale orange colour, pulp soft, of rather a pleasant astringent
taste, and not acid like E. conferta ; one-seeded,—Seed sub-clayate.
Integuments two; exterior eight-ribbed, soft, and lined with, mach
wool; inner membranaceons .—Perisperm none. — Embryo erect.
Cotijledons conform to the seed, sit ere Plumula two-lobed. '
Radicle oval, inferior. andi 3:

2. E. conferta, R.

'"Shrubby, scandent. ^ Leaces alternate, oblong-pointed, covered
with silver-coloured scales underneath. Flowers axillary, crowded,
short-peduncled. ee qut ;

Beng. Guara.

This is a very large and ramous, scandent shrub; a » native | of | the |
mountains near Silhet, in Bengal. nf Flowering time, the cold season
Seed ripe in March., x

Young shoots. covered with” innumerable psi colant lite
Leaves alternate, ‘short-petioled, generally erect, oblong-pointed,
entire, with innumerable small silver coloured scales, particularly uies,-
derneath, which gives them a bright colour; from three to four inches
long, and from one and half to two broad — Petioles sioe scaly-—

e Also nepus Sirinagur, Sirmore—N- we H =i

t

—Cunsjera.. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. . W$h.

Peduncles axillary, crowded, short.— Flowers small, straw-coloured.:

Calyx ; tube somewhat gibbous, four-sided ; outside scaly; border

of four cordate segments ; its mouth marked on the inside with four

curved lines, on- their pointed junctures the filaments sit.—Style
| hairy.— Drupés oblong, succulent, when ripe red.

Obs. The calyx of my plant catinot be said to be placed on the
germ; it has, as it were a lower tube which envelopes the germ only,
this part grows with the fruit, and finally becomes the: pulpy part.
thereof: as in the pese of Jussieu. balia»

s E. eva Ri,

_ Arboreous. ioiei: often spinous, pointed: Leaves RUSA
and broad-lanceolate, entire, silvery underneath. Flowers in axilla-
ry fascicles. -F ruit cylindrically oblong.

A large tree, native of the ‘Garrow Hills and there called Shen-
Shong. Flowering time December. "The fruit shaped like an olive,
but much larger; it is eaten by the natives. when. Hpoj ie itis
generally in March and April.

CANSJ ERA. ne Gen. ed. Ust. gsi.
Calyx large, gibbous, four-toothed. Corol none. Nectary four-

petalled, embracing the germ, and of the same — a »-
rior, ——

"1 0i scandens, Roxb. Corom. ii. N. 103. * huge 2
"Shrubby, scandent. Leaves alternate. Spikes axillary.
Scheru-valli caniram, Rheed. Mal. vii. p. 7. t. 4.

. Tsjetu caniram, ibid. p. 3. t. 2. appears to be the same Vis ^

“A large woody climbing shrub; a native of the Circar mountains. _

“Leaves alternate, two-faced, short-petioled, broad-lanceolate,
smooth, entire, about three inches long, and one broad.— Spikes axil-

es malabarica, Lam., Kansk. iii. 433.—Daphne polystachya, Willd. spec. iis
o 420.—N. wa ; i

462 TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Santalunts

lary, generally single, short, every were covered with flowers.— Brae-
tes solitary, small, oval, one-flowered.— Flowers small, sessile, yellows
— Calyx inferior, one-leaved, gibbous ; mouth four-toothed.—:Corok
none, except the calyx, or nectary be accounted one.— Nectary fours
leaved ; leaflets cordate, acute, half the length of the calyx, inserted
round the base of the germ and embracing it.— Filaments four, i insert-
ed into the base of the calyx, and rather shorter than it. Anthersy
ovula within the calyx.— Berry oblong, smooth, red, juicy, size of A
pea, one-celled.—Seed single, shaped like the berry.

/

SANTALUM. Schreb. Gen. N. 215...

Calyx semi-supera, campanulate, four-cleft. Corol none. Neeta»
rial scales four, alternate with the stamina. Germ one-celled, ones
seeded, at'achment inferior. Berry one-seeded. Embryo inverse,’

. and furnished with a perisperm. (d JH cen:

1. S. album, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. i. 691. id

Leaves oblong. - og

Sandalum album, Rumph. Amb. ii. 42. t. 11,

Chandana, Asiatick Researches, vol. iv. p. 258.

Santalum verum, Linn. Mat, Med. 102. .
“Sans. SURG, Gundhasaru, PEDE Muss Haat Bhw
drushree, "Wu Chunduna.

Beng. Chundun. aH

Pits. Sundul-sufed. iog!

Sandal-wood, Buchanan’s i i. 186, and 202, ii. . 1,195
and 536. ni. 192. —

A native of the mountainous parts of the Coast of Malabar.. That
of ‘Timor, and the neighbouring Islands i is most. probably the same
species. In the Botanic Garden near Calcutta, the trees reared from.
seeds brought from the former country, thrive luxuriantly,. and pro-
duce. flowers and ripe seed nearly the whole year round.

Trunk in wees of twelve years growth in the Botanic Garden, ‘only :
a few feet high, when they divide nin branches ; and there from two `

Santalum. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 463
|

and a half to three feet in circumference, Bark brownish, and sca-
brous, with longitudinal fissures. Branches numerous, dividing much,
spreading, and rising in every direction, forming nearly a spherical
head. Young shoots round and smooth; extreme height of our largest
twelve or thirteen year-old trees, about twenty-five feet. — Leaves
opposite, petioled, oblong, generally obtuse, smooth, entire, glaucous.
underneath : length from one and a half to three inches.—Petioles.
scarcely one-fourth the length of the leaves, smooth.—Stipules none.
Thyrsi axillary and terminal, much shorter than the leaves. Pedi-
cels opposite, the lower pair of each thyrsus generally three-flower-
ed.— Flowers numerous, small, when they first expand strawecolour-
ed, changing to.2 deep ferrugenous purple, inodorous, as are all the
-exterior parts of tlie growing plant, even when bruised.— Calyr ones-
leaved, campanulate ; border four-parted ; segments ovate, smooth,
base of the bell only permanent.—Corol none, except the calyx, or-
nectarial glands are so called.— Nectary of four, roundish, sessile,
` thick, fleshy glands, on the mouth of the bell of the calyx, alternate
with the segments of its border, and when the flower first expands,
the most coloured part, entire. In Sirium (now Santalum) myrtifoli=
um, they are lobate.— Filaments four, alternate with the nectarial
scales, and of the same length, smooth, but behind each there rises a
tuft of white hairs from the disk of the segments of the calyx, per-
fectly distinct from the stamina, but of the same length, the ends of
. these long, white, woolly hairs adhere to the back of the small, two-
lobed anthers.— Germ semi-superum, one-celled, containing one Co-
nical seed, attached to the bottom of the cell. ` Style, length of the
tube of the calyx.— Stigma three-nerved, four-lobed. Berry pyren-
ous, round, smooth, when ripe black, and succulent, size of a cher-
ry, aüd crowned with the remaining calyx, óne-celled.— Nut solitary,
spherical; three small, equisdistant elevations from the apex run a
little way down the sides. — Seed conform to the nut. — Zntegument
single, soft, white, spungy, lining the aut, and aliii ‘to it and the
seed also.— Perisperm conform to the seed, white, amygdaline.—
Embryo inverse, subulate, nearly as long as the vertical diameter of

461 TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Santalum.

the perisperm. Cofyledons two, unequal, linear-lanceolate. Plumula
minute, semilunate. — Kadicle taper ing, superior.

Obs. The descriptions and original figures of the following species,
Sirium myrti ifolium, Corom. Plants, vol. i. t. 2. were taken from the
plauts which grow wild, on the mountains north of the Rajamundri
Circar, on the coast of Coromandel, where the trees are but of a small
size scarcely more than a large shrub, or bush; with lanceolate leaves ;
andsthe wood of little value. ` It is now nearly twenty years since
that description, and the drawings were made, and I have reasons to
think the tree which produces the sandal wood oí Malabar,* aud Ti-
mor, to be different, and having had an opportunity of cultivating the
former, viz. that of: the Malabar mountains in the Botanic Garden for
these thirteen years past, I do not hesitate to say, that the Circar tree
itis at least a strongly marked variety of the Malabar sort. For that

| reason I have thought it adviseable to give the foregoing full descrip-
tion, of the true sandal wood, which 1 hope will tend to clear up the
botanical history of this celebrated tree, and its associate Sirium
myrtifolium. "They evidently belong to one genus, to which I have
thought it necessary to assign a new essential character, and whether
I consider them to be distinct species of that genus, or varieties. of
one species, must be of very little consequence... For my own part
J think it nearer the truth to consider them distinet species. I there-
NE call the narrow-leaved one Santalum myrtifolium.

-The nature and history of the-wood, :white and yellow Saunders,
or Sandal are now too well known to — " A in addition
from me. | iB 36; j ts

2/5. myrtifolium, R.

_ Leaves opposite, lanceolate.

Sirium myrtifolium, Roxb. Corom. Pl. i- N.« 9. Witla:

^ native ET. the: Giecara €—Ó( where it is but of a small om:

» t include however the other: Islands thereabout, because the leaves of our rires
` gres — well with Rumphiüs's figures above oo ;

Gyrocarpus. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 465

Leaves opposite, short-petioled, spreading, lanceolate, entire; wav-
ed, smooth, shinning; about two inches long, and three-fourths of an.
inch broad.—Stipules none.— Racemes thyrsiform, terminal, com-.
pound, small, erect.—F/owers small, reddish.— Calyx superior. Tube
short, a little gibbous. Border four-cleft ; divisions ovate, expand.
ing, coloured.—Corol no other than the above, except the nectary be
such.—Nectary four-leaved; obcordate, notched, inserted into the
mouth of the calyx.— Filaments four, short, hairy, inserted into the.
calyx, alternate with the leaflets of the nectary.—Germ globular.
_ Style length of the tube. Stigma four-lobed.— Berry globular, size
of a large pea, smooth, juicy, black, when ripe one-seeded. |

"Obs. Birds greedily eat the berries, by which means it is propa-
gated extensively. I do not know that the wood of this small tree
is ever used as a perfume,

GYROCARPUS. Jacq. Gert.

~ Calyx superior, four-leaved, unequal. — Coro] none. Nectary of
four clavate glands, alternate with the stamina.’ Berry dry, one-seed-
ed, ending in two long wings. Embryo erect, spirally rolled up; no
="

Ja G. Jacquini, Roxb. Corom. Pl. i. N. 1.
—Polygamous. Panicles dichotomous. i
Gyrocarpus asiaticus, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. W illd. iv. p. 982.
.. Teling. Tanukoo.
< Grows to be a very large tree, is chiefly a native of the mountain-
ous parts of the coast of Coromandel. Leaves deciduous about the
end of the wet season. Flowers during the cold season when the
trees are naked ; the leaves come out soon after. ;
Trunk generally erect. Bark smooth, greenish, ash-coloured.- —
Branches thin, irregularly spreading in every direction. — Leaves ap-
proximated, about the extremities of the branchlets petioled, broad-
cordate, three-nerved, often slightly lobed, above smooth, below
downy, with two pits on the upper. side of the "m Mogth aud

*

466 PUPETRANDRIA PÍGYNIA. Cuscuta,

breadth various; but in general about five or six inehes each way.—
Pétioles round, downy, three inches long.— Panicles terminal, um-
bel-like ; divisions two-forked.— Flowers very small, yellow.
“HERMAPHRODITE FLowERSs solitary, sessile in the divisions of
the panicle.— Calyx superior, four-leaved ; leaflets unequal ; exterior.
pair small, oval, bractiform, caducous ; interior pair large, wedge--
shaped, three-tooibed, permanent, increasing in size with the peri--
carp fito two long, membranaceous wings.— Coro/ none.— — Nectary:
consisting of four clavate, yellow glands.— Filaments four, longer
than the calix, inserted alternately with the nectarial glands mtoa |
perforated receptacle. Anthers quadrangular, opening on each side
with an oval lid.— Germ inferior, ovate. Style none. Stigma small,
immersed in the perforation of the receptacle. of the filament and)
nectarial glands.— Capsule globular, wrinkled, one-celled, one-valved,
not opening spontaneously, size of a cherry, ending in two long, T ad
-— lanceolate, membr anaceous wings.—Seed one. ,
10s. The wood of this tree which is white and very light, is em-
pese to make Catamarans (floats), when to be had, in preference

DIGYNIA.
CUSCUTA. Schreb. Gen. N. 227.

voee four or five-leavéd or ed. — repete. Germ
perm, with an inferior iitide.' — i Hl, ca

3 gui BD i27 i

Er sé

LC: reflexa, Roib. Coro. Pi. ii. N. 104. "o
_ Parasitical ; ; flowers racemed, pentandrous. Scales ef the mectary
bearded. Capsules four-seeded. =
Beng. Huldi algusi-lyta, —
` Telmg. Sitama- -[oorgonooloo. :

mis; plant $ is m 7 Appearing c on any TU in s dé cite

i ra $c «3
exo ee) yee et

Cuscuta. TETRANDRIA DIGYNIAe . -467

— Stems or branches filiform, succulent, twining, very'ramotis, leaf-
dess; smooth, yellow.— Racémes bumeróus.—J'lomwers white, short
pedicelled.—Calyz five-leaved ; leaflels.cordate, permanent.— Corals
tube cylindric ; mouth five-parted ; division tetlexed.Nectary. of
five. scales, which suwrowid the germ, and are inserted into the bot-
-tom of the tube.— Filaments five, very short, Authers oval, appears
ing half above the mouth of the tube.+-Siglé scarcely any. | Stigma
- two, large, fleshy, expanding, pointed,

2. = aggregata, R.

Head round, sessile, composed of ten or twelve perfectly sessile,
aggregate, pentandrous flowers.

Accidentally. ‘introduced into the Botanic Garden amongst Flax
eed from Bagdad. When the Flax plants were a few inches high,
this little delicate, leafless, filiform, round,. yellow parasite | began to
make its appearance, adhering i in such quantities to their stems and
leaves, as to destroy whole beds in a very short space of tine.

3. C. sulcata, R.

Peduncles in. fascicles, ench decuit a few adco. sessile
flowers, with a fleshy furrowed calyx. |— Capsule pebAgdé do siwa
rounded by the deeply grooved, calyx. 5

A native of Bengal, appears adhering to PM en i
and some other plants, during the cool season. Is a plant of sthall
size, of a pale yellow colour, throughout perfectly smooth, ^ —

Peduncles generaily collected in small, remote fascicles of two
three, four, or more, each supporting from two to four, small, sess
sile, white flowers.— Bractes ovate.—Ca/yx five-toothed, permanent,
becoming fleshy, and deeply ribbed, with from six to ten ribs, length
of the tube of the corol.—Qorol. Tube short. Border five-cleft ;
divisions oval, obtuse, tehesed: — Neclariul scales five, below the
iusertion of the filaments, divided nearly to the base, into many, fine,
filiform segments.— Filaments five, inserted a little below the fissures
of the corol.—-Germ round. Styles two. Stigma naa as

ee solitary.
Ggg2

468 | > TETRANDRIA TETRAGYNIA. ` Brucea.

å. C. capitata, R:
Heads round, sessile, bracted, with from ten to twenty pentan-
drous flowers. Calyx and corol papillose, pellucid and white.

| Hind. and Beng. Algusi.

A most beautiful, small parasite, found in great abundance grow-
ing on the lower part of the stems of Crotoluria — during the
month of February and March. |

Stems numerous, filiform, smooth, except at. the ns aksit
grows to the stalks of its supporter, there tuberculate; extent from
one to two feet high; colour pale yellow. — Leaves none.— Flowers
from ten to twenty, forming most beautiful, round, sessile, white, pel-
lucid heads.— Bractes a single one under each head, which is white,
membranaceous, and oblong.—Calyr and corol five-cleft, swelled
with pellucid cells, like the Ice-plant.—Nectarial scales, veniform, —
ciliate.—Stamens five.—Germ two-celled, with two seeds in each,
attached to the bottom of the cells, Styles two. Stigma simple.

COLDENIA. Schreb. Gen. N. 233.
Calyx four-leaved. ^ Coro! infundibuliform. Germ superior, four-
celled, one-seeded, attachment superior. Nuts four. Embryo in-
verse, and furnished with a perisperm.

1. C. procumbens, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Willd. 1. 712. a3
A small annual, spreading flat on the ground and in general very
common on dry rice-fields during the cold season; but never to be
seen from the beginning of the periodical rains till they are com
pletely over. : ` ES

` TETRAGYNIA.
BRUCEA. Schreb. Gen. N. 1508.

© Calyx four-parted. Petals ion Germs four, aidad, attach-
ment inferior. Berries four, superior, one-seeded. Embryo inverse;
with scarcely any perisperm..: Sometimes a fifth part is added,

Brucea I TETRANDRIA TETRAGYNIA. —469

1. B. sumatrana, R.*

Shrubby. Leaflets serrate. Racemes axillary, generally coti.

Lussa-Radja, Rumph. Amb. Auctuar. 27. t. 15. à

- Mal. Ampadoo- Barrowing.

A native of Sumatra. From thence Mr. Ewer sent the seeds to
the Botanic Garden, where in one year the plants were about fourfeet
high with a straight ligneous stem; and few branches. | They then
began to flower in May, and continued. to blossom and ripen their
seed all the year. ioi bush

Leaves scattered, unequally-pinnate, from twelve to eighteen in-
ches long. — Leaflets from four to six pair, opposite, short-petioled,
obliquely ovate-lanceolate, grossly and obtusely serrate, pointed, vil-
lous underneath, from three to six inches long, very bitter, and some-
what foetid.—Petioles common, round, and villous.— Stipules noue.
—Racemes axillary, solitary, from one to six, or eight inches long,
somewhat compound, dark purple, and clothed with a few white
hairs.— Flowers numerous, very minute, dark purple, and in all the
Sumatra plant completely hermaphrodite.— Bractes ‘subulate, hairy,
very small, and caducous.— Calyx four-leaved, or deeply four-parted.
Segments small, ovate-lanceolate, deep purple, hairy on the out side.
and with the corols becoming reflexed.— Peta/s four, longer thau the
calyx, lanceolate, dark purple, and hairy ou the outside.— Nectary a
dark purple, four-lobed, fleshy cup surrounding the insertion of the
germs.— Filaments four, short, purple, inserted under the margin of
the nectary. Anthers oval, large, and deep purple till they discharge
their pollen.—Germs four, superior, one-celled, with one ovu/um in
each attached to the upper and inner side of the cell.—Styles a sin-
gle, short, recurved, one to each germ. Stigmas simple. — Drupes
four, when all come to maturity, size of a small grain of black pep-
per smooth, dark purple, one-celled, —Nut conform to the drupe,
rugose, one-celled, inner edge thinner, and the upper half of it marked
with a white line, (the umbilicus), —Seed conform to the nut. Inte-
guments single, adhering to the perisperm, thin and. white.—Feris-
perm in very small quantity, indeed it may be called a "fleshy inner

* Gonus amaiissimus Lour. Cochiach, ed. Will. ii. 809.—N. W.

470 TETRANDRIA TETRAGYNIA- Myriophyllim. *

integument.— Embryo as long as the perisperm, straight, inverse.
Cotyledons oval, fleshy. Plumula two-lobed. . Radicle oud,
superior.
Obs. Since I first described this dh and balyi from plánithat
“were completely hermaphrodite I have found:some plants. perfectly
male, and others as completely female. In this. plaut, therefore, we
have auother instance of Trioicous Polygamy. "T
From the sensible qualities of the green parts of this plasta jiz
somewhat fcetid, and simply, though intensely bitter, it promises to be
„a5 good ah antedysenterical medicine as Bruce’s Abyssinian Woojinos
itself. As soon as the plants arrive at greater maturity the bark
„hall be tried, and compared with Angustura bark which has by
some been thought that of Brucea antedysenterica of Bruce's Tras
wels, &e. vol. v. p. 69. also of I. F. Miller, Tab. 95, aud still better
destribed and figured by Li. Heritier under the name Brucea ferru-
ginea, Stirp. Nov. 19. t. 10. See also Linn. Sp. Pl.ed. Will. ie. 142.

MYRIOP HYLLUM. Schreb. Gen. N. 1440.
Calyx four-parted. ^ Coro! four-petalled. ^ Style noné; stigmas
four. ^ Seeds four, naked. Embryo inverse. ` ^Ó—
` I. M. tetrandrum, R. |
"Leaves verticilled, all Gliforizpinhatifid.- Flowers axillary, verti-
€illed, tetrandrous. Calyr four-leaved. —

Compare with Hottonia sessiliflora, Linn. Sp. TL ed. Wi lid.i i 813.

Teling. Neerla-pamarum. inn: M.

Tt grows in sweet water ; ; appearing during the rains, sg ot zit p.
~ Stems round, articulate, ‘spongy below the water, length various i
above the iiie from four to six inches, about. the thickness. of
crow-quill.— Leaves vertiéilled, pinnatifid, below the water ey
"re much larger, with capillary segments; above the water they are
small.— Flowers very small, white, verticilled, i. e. one in "the axil of
each leaf.—Calyr above, four-leaved ; Leaflets eee T. dali
Tour, big M heu agus than the Aent ct. ih

Potamogeton. TETRANDRIA TETRAGYNIA. 7 47i

2: Mi ubareiilatund; R.

“J eaves verticilled, pinnatifid. Flowers axillary, verticilled, tetrane:
drous fruit tetraceous, tuberculed.

JA native of borders of lakes, and other moist gii near Calcutta,
Is in blossom most part of the pen, and very much like M. tetrar
drum.

Stems creeping, round, jointed, length various, the erect xti.
lies about five or six inches.—Leaces verticilled, pinnatifid, or
ucutely serrate,— Flowers verticilled, sessile, one in the axil of each.
leaf, small, pink-coloured._-Calyx none 7 Corol ; petals oblong, X=.
pancingy pink-coloured.—-Filament short, Anthers linear. oe
united i in the form | of a four-lobed, tubercled pericarp,

Hi»

POTAMOGETON. Schreb. Gens N, 934. Io
Calyx none. Corol four-petalled. Germs four. Sind none. Sed)
four, Embryo — Filhas sereno

i. P. indicum, R. H mcm £5 ;
‘Creeping. -Leaves alternate, ia es enolate to ellipti«

cally oval, opaque, glossy, many-nerved... Anthers four pair,’ ittmolie *
ed: to the claws of the round concave petals. =

LA naive of the borders of fresh water lakes.and ekoki in hé a
Cinity of Calcutta. Flowers in February and March. 9. >

Stems. creeping, Fhe small simple roots which issue from the
joints are all ] can discover, for while the plant advances. from the
apex, it decays at tlie opposite end, so that E do not think any part
of them exists for one year. Branches few and like what I call the
stems ; they are all round, smooth and jointed at various distances.—
Leaves alternate, except next to the flowers, and there often opposite,
petioled, from narrow- lanceolate, to elliptically oval, opaque, even,
and very smooth, or rather glossy, entire, obtuse, obscurely manys
nervedi size very various. Those that remain immersed are narrows
er, longer, more strongly marked with nerves, and subtransparent.+a
Petioles simple, not sheathing, length various, in plants left by the

472. TETRANDRIA TETRAGYNIA, Potamogeton.

water much shorter than the leaves.—Stipules solitary, axillary,
sheathing, length of the petioles, slit balfway or more on the inside.
— Peduncles. solitary, axillary, or opposite to, a leaf, round, rather ,
thicker, smooth, aud nearly as long as the cylindric spike, which
each supports.— Flowers small, numerous, green.— Calyr- none
Petals \ong-clawed, nearly round, incurved, fleshy ; concave within, >
convex on the back, permanent.— Filaments none. Anthers, four
pairs attached to the claws of the petals on the inside.—Germs four,

- ovate-oblong, one-celled, with one ovula in each. Styles short, and

thick. — Stigmas a dark speck on the apex of the styles.— Drupes
obovate, smooth. Nut conform to the drupe, one-celled.— Embryo
curved, as represented by Gartner in P. natans, vol. ii. t. 84. `

2. P. tuberosum, R.

© Leaves alternate, and only opposite at the floriferous forks, sessile,
linear, much waved, entire, clear, when dry membranaceous. ‘i

Found immersed in extensive masses, in Ponds, "Lakes, and
receptacles of fresh water in Bengal, during the dry season, chiefly
when in flower in February, it rises so near to the surface as to
allow the little spikes of flowers to emerge completely.

Root of long simple fibres, brown, &c. according to the colour.
of thé mud they enter; ou the creeping joints are generally found
small roundish-lobate, viviparous tubers.— Stems aud branches of:
various lengths, according to the depth of the water, &c. a groove
on each-side gives them the appearance of being compressed, thick.
as a pack-thread, smooth, at the bottom of the water creeping,
towards the extremities when in flower dieliofamoilh s previously. to
that period the branches are alternate and axillary.— Leaves sessile,
alternate, except at the flor iferous fork of the branches, where they
are opposite, linear, rather obtuse, much waved, finely and acutely
serrulate, with two slender nerves near the margin, pellucid, from
two to three inches long, by little more than a quarter of an inch
broad.—Stipules sheathing, short, smooth, greenish like the other

parts of the Plant, and scarcely to be distinguished from them.—

fles. TETRANDRIÁ TETRAGYNIA. 473

Spikes solitary in the fork of the .branches, sather long.peduncled,
from four to eight-flowered, when in blossom emerged, afterwards
immerged.—Corol, stamina, and germ as in.the genus, but here there
certainly. is a style with four large, obliquely truncated. stigmas,—
Seed as in P. natans, Gert. sem. 11. 23 tab. 84.

ILEX.
` Calyt four-toothed. Corolla rotate, fauteclets ip none. Ber-
ry kan two-to four-seeded.

q T dipyrena, Wall.

Leaves oblong, accuminate, short-petioled, smooth, scarcely un-
dulated, remotely serrate, serratures spinous ; flowers sessile i Th axil-
lary fascicles ; berries two-seeded.

A very large tree, native of Nepala, where it is called Caulah.
Blossoms from April to J july, and produces fruit during the rainy
. season. ] have also received, Specimens gathered by Dr, Govan
about Saharunpore, and bv Capt, W. S. Webb, on the confines of.
Chinese Tartary, where he informs me the. tree is called Kundar.

Branchdets angular, with. cinereous. bark ; young : shoots pube-
scent.— Leaves alternate, copious, approximated, oblong, sometimes
lanceolate-oblong, attenuated into an acumen, sharp. at, the base ;
margins slightly binden while young repand-serrate. with strong
spines, wben old more remotely and slightly serrated, sometimes
almost. entire; of a firm and leathery texture, perfectly smooth and
polished ; rib very prominent, furrowed above ; nerves short, nearly
transversal, divided towards the margin into rediculated veins ; from
three to nearly five inches long, one to one and a half briunati-
-oles not above two lines long, pubescent, deeply furrowed. —Flow-
ers subsessile, collected into eee axillary subsessile fascicies.—
. Pediceís very short, each supported by a couple of minute rounded
concave ciliated bractes.—Calyx divided into four broad-ovate, acute,
ciliate tecth,—Corolla deeply four-cleft, flat and spreading ; segments

ovate, four times longer than the calyx, obtuse, smooth. — J'i/aments
Hhh

A

474 2 TETRANDRIA. TETRAGYNIA. lies.

four, inserted on the mouth of the corolla, most spreading, alternat-
‘ing with the segments and somewhat exceeding them in length,
Anthers roundish, two-celled.—Ovarium very small. Stigma ob-
scurely two-lobed.— Berry round, smooth, about four lines in dia-
meter, when dry wrinkled and of a dark brown colour, crowned with
a vestige of the two-lobed stigma, two-seeded ; pulp scanty.— Seeds
semi-ovate, obtuse, rounded at the base; the inner side flat with a
‘gibbous protuberance above the centre, the outer one convex with
about six unequal, very prominent ribs, separated by as many deep
furrows.—The rest as in Aquifolium, Gert. Carp. ii. 72, tab. 92.
Obs. This species varies considerably in the shape and serrature:
of the leaves. Generally they are oblong and remotely serrate ; some-
times, however, they are of a more ovate form, rounded at the base,
the margins sinuated and marked with pretty strong unequal spi-
nous serratures. But in all the varieties the berries are two-seéded ;
a character which sufficiently distinguish them from the varieties of
the common Holly. T am indebted to my esteemed friend Capt.
Webb for a specimen without flowers which, if not the last menti-
oned varitey of my I. dipyrena, most probably is the I. Aguifolium;
"it was communicated to me with the following remark : ^ This
Holly is found near stre ams in the Purgunna Choudans; it is

' called Gumshing m the Bhotea language, and forms a bush of ten

| to twelve feet in height ; its berries ripen in October.”—N. W.

-

END OF VOLUME FIRST.

EE o ou oo as ee een eae)

CORRIGENDA ET ADDENDA;

—

Page 13, line 23, for loothlets, read toothlets.
Ce 44, —— 98, for zerumbet, read Zerumbet.
97, 17, for lanceolaria, read lanceolarium,
—22.:98, —— 8, for Sirinagore, read Sirinagur.
500. —— 95, for nearly as the tube of the calyx, read nearly
TUS SHE Ws Tobe as ‘the tube of the corol.

"2HL- 400) ——U9, after 521,add N. W.

—— 101, — 10, for Japonicum, read japonicum.
- 107, —— 12, for dichotomus, read dichotomous.
—— 116, — 6, for sub-bilabiate clavate, read sub-bilabiate. Cap:
: sule clavate.
- 120, 19, for woody, read sod

28, for broader a little, read a little broader.
oe 124, dele the last five lines beginning with Bractes, and end-
: ing with succession, p. 125. l. 1. and instead thereof insert
7 -= Bractes opposite, sessile, entire; those of the flowers (better
5175 s perhaps called involucels) linear, oblong, cordate, unequal :
"^ the uppermost being larger and incumbent over the apis
offlowers. Calycine bractes small.
—-— 195, line 13, for quotted, read quoted.

— — 136, —— 15, for rol. read vol.
= ——— 163, —— 5, from the bottom, for three-coloured, read three
coloured. ! :

—— 167, —— 7, for leaflets, read leaflet,
— 3, from the bottom, for permament, read permanent,

— An, —— 20, for Tali-pulli, read i-o sect ;—ibid, after 9,
add p. 123.

Iii

-476 : CORRIGENDA ET ADDENDA.
: :

Page 197, dele the last three lines beginning with but Retzius.
200, line 2, for 336, read 330.

2 nl ER 6, from the bottom, for oblong scales; ovate, read

oblong ; scales ovate.
930, —— 4, for astivalis, read aestivalis.

——-- 248, —— 2, from the bottom, for three, read three-, d

— — 949, —— 8, for sara, read Sara.

-——- 250, 5, for valiies ; compare, read vallies. Compare. 2

--— 251, — 20 aud 2 aii seven flowéred, hermaphrodite, read
seven fluwered. Hermaphrodite flower»

— — 260, —-- ult. for no, read or

— — 273, ——- 8, from the bottom, for cernuum read cernuus.

—— 7, from the bottom, jor verticels, read yerticils. —
——- 288, —— 21, dele P. , £2 aig

Y

22, for grass, can, read grass. Can. ype Ue
V xcti 93, for the, read Lhe. i :

—— 292, —— 11, for dactylon, read Dactylon. —..-
—— 93, —— 9, for dactylon, read Dactylon.
——— 889, 7, for In the, read A naive of Nepala. In the.

xy 456, edah before P. pinnata, insert :
.... P. caudata, R.

Perenn al rooting. Extreme shoots leafless, flagelliform, and pen-
"ddlom. Leaces ovate- cordate, from entire to pianatiid, segment?
sub. ensiform, oue-uerved.

From Prince of Wales Island slips were brought to the Botanic
Garden at Calcutta, in 1797 ; and now, 1812, it is one of the most
common and most extensive climbers; ; but has not as yet blossomed
in the garden, The long flagelliform pendulous extremities of i its ;
shoots readily distinguish it from every other species I have seen; a
à the leaves also are oftener undivided than. otherwise. ,
P age 457, Immediately before P. heterophylla, insert 2

P. pinnat ifi ifida, R

~ Peremiel, rooting on trees, Leaves piunatifid ; segments een

onc-aerved.

CORRIGENDA ET ADDENDA. 477

A native of Sumatra ; from thence brought into the Botanic Gar-
den at Calcutta, where it grows freely on the trunks of trees, to
which its lateral roots adhere most firmly, the original one being
still in the ground, where frst planted. Although some of the plants
are six or seven years old and about twenty feet high, they have not

yet biossomed.

liig

Adhatoda spicata

Adpendix duplo folia
—— laciniata

LE gilops exaltata ;

Agrostis coromandeliana

diandra

linearis
Matrella
maxima

— tenacissima
Aira filiformis
Alpinia Allughas -

i

bracteata

calaorata -

` — Cardamomum

—— Cardamomum medium 72

Galanga

—— linguiforme
- malaccensis
mutica

—-—— nutans
= —— spicata -
ga punicea
== sessilis

eG re
Page.
133 | Alsine multiflora
451 Amalago
456 | Ammania multiflora
355 nana
318 —— octandra
319 — — pentandra
292 ‘—— rotundifolia
319 vesicatoria
319 | Amomum aculeatum
318 angustifolium
328 —— aromaticum —
60 —— Curcuma
61 dealbatum
67 maximum
68 —— repens
subulatum
58 Zerumbet
73 —— Zerumbeth
62 Sinziber
65 | Ampacus angustifolia -~
64 | dmpadoo. Burrowing — —
gg | dna-parua ;
yı | Andropogon aciculatus
TR ~ barbatum

Note, The words in italics are synonyms,

— 436

469
451
266
331

< 480

Andropogon bicolor
binatus
Bladhii

= — cernuus

conjugatus

contortus

_—— tymbarius
— fascicularis

- +— filiformis

glaber
—— Ischæmum
—— I warancusa

lanceolatus

t —— lazus `
"Martini |
—-— miliaceus z
montanus 3

monandrus -

—— muricatus

s—— praviflorus

—— pertusus

pumilus

punctatus
— ‘Saccharatns
— saccharoides
—— scandens .

E ciu Schemanthus —
serratu$-- —

—— Sorghum
——-—— tenellus
—— tridentatus

(—— tristachyos

t de

i

polystachyos

278
-257 |
273
259
- 961

261 |

m

Andropogon verticillatus
Anthistiria arundinacea

ciliata

cymbaria

heteroclita
—— polystachya

prost rata

—— scandens
Anthoxanthum in icum
Antirrhinum humile -
‘Aploda aristata . - ,

—-— geniéulata
Aristidia depressa
Co Hystrix ^

"e sefatea 9

C bengalensis
| ——— Difaria P
Karka

| Asphota

Binksia speciosa

Belomecnda shulor mini
Belutta Tsjori valli

- Bem Curini
Beetla codi

Boerhaavia diandra

— erecta,
—— procumbens .

—— —-

ee

koh ee

Blackburnia monodelpha : ai

Brucea sumatrana —

Buddlea Neem da cogs

Callicarpa acuminata.
“—— americ?na
arborea

(L——- cana

cuspidata
—— incana

e. Janata

- —— purpurea -

Üansc^ra

T Qansc ra diffusa

J Cansjera malabarica
—-— scandens

: Cara caniram |

E Curcuma —

Chironi? 7 trinervia

Chloris barbata

—— montana

—— polystachya

— — lanceolaria <.
Ls 15uzifolia SS
—— macrophylla =

yes pentandra S

. Caranga amari E

Cardimomum minus

Chloranthus inconspicuus

INDEX- `
Page V
408 | Chloris tenella
406 — — ramiflora
405 . —— smilaci/olia
406 fi geylánio
409, | -Cissus adnata
07 — — angustifolia
-406 | ^5 = auriculata
4)9 | - ___s carnosa
T i - cordata = o
408 aa elongata
409]. S —.— femer
Eod |—-— glauca `
: A | = —— heptaphylla
x i lanceolaria —
418 —— pedata
rid —— quadrangularis
461 —— repens
461 --— serratula
Ly —+ setosa
a —-— vitiginea
Ac 32? | Coldenia procumbens
+ 97and 69 | Commelina bengalensis i
d 4 --—— cespitosa
Dp" 4 — — communis
345 t+ —— herbacea
Z 238 ufo moluccana
29! &——- nana
-AGI dein, nudiflora
107 | |. salicifolia
414 fi scapiflora-
x 459 | Corus capitata ©
; "— = macrophylla
s cu oblonga =
332 ae

Costus speciosus
Crusta olle major
minor

Curcuma ezruginosa
Amada
—— angustifolia >

—— cesia
—— comosa
——-— domestica m yor

elata
—— ferruginea _
-——- leucorrhiza

| —— longa

——— montana

petiolata
' —— reclinata |
~—— rubescens
—— viridiflora
Zanthorrhyza |
—— Zedoaria

+> Zerumbet
Cuscuta aggregata

-capitata
—— reflexa

sulcata
Cynosurus erypticus
——— Corocanus
indicus
Cyperus alopecuroides
—— cristatus
capillaris
castaneus
—— compressus |

INDEX.

Page.
57
139
138
a7

33 *

Cyperus cruentus

—— difformis
—— diffusus
— — digitatus
—-— distans

_—— dubius

—— alatus

—— elatus

—-— flavidus
—— glomeratus
—-- Haspan
—— hexastachyos
—— incurvatus
—~— inundatus

— Tria

—— longus

—— monocephalus
—— mucronatus
—— niveus

—— Pangorei
—— pectinatus
-—— pertenuis
—— pigmæus
—— polystachyos
—— procerus .

—— pumilus '

——— punctatus
—— rotundus

.—— seminudus

~—— spinulosus :
eens squarrosus

: jemenieus |...
` —— Ky!lingeoides

. — — lateralis

Cyperus tegctus
—— tenuiflorus :
-= tortuosus

tuberosus

-—— umbellatus

—— verticillatus

Dactylis lagopoides
brevifolia

Diodia orientalis
Dipsacus inermis

Dracontium spinosum

Elæagnus arborea
—— conferta

—— foliis E
—— triflora

Elettadi Maravara

Elettaria

Eleusine æpyptica

= —— calycina

Coracana

— Serii:
Elytraria crenata

—— bengalense

folio

Daphne polystachya z

Sae malakita T

Donax Arundastrum —

—_ — ji Dc

| Ephemerum dipetalum |

Euphrasia, Alsines angustiore

3jj

INDEX.
Page. "
211 | Eranthemum barlerioides :
203 —-- diantherum
201 | | —-— montanum
203 T pulchellum
908 -——-— racemosum
209 —-—— strictum
p suffruticosum
342 | Exacum alatum
342 — — bicolor
461 : —— carinatum
is SR —-- sulcatum
sto | teres”
367 —— tetragonum
E | zeylanicum
457 Fagara Budrunga —
. —— nitida
on —— Rhetsa
—— triphylla
— Fimbristylis argentea :
5 ni A —— miliacea |
~ | Fissilia psittacorum .
= Flamma sylvarum —
345 | Flos Manoræ plenus |
se Folium bractesfum.—
345 (00 —-— Ctusonis
346 | Fraxinus chinensis
344 | — __— floribunda
316 | Fuirena ciliaris
c: Funis crepilans mtjor c
H3 -—— quadrangularis 2
175
` | Galanga major.
[ug los malaccensis

ABA: INDEX.

J Page. |: ; Page.
Galium Aparine 392 | Gratiola grandiflora 137
eee asperifolium oo 88) [1 £0R hyssopioides 142
.——-— elegans `. S a integrifolia ; 24338
Gandarussa 129 —— involucrata 138
Gandsulium 9 juncea 142
Gardneria ovata : 400 —-— lobelioides 143
Giobba bulbifera 75 —— lucida 138
` —— Careyana 77 —— Monieria )41
—— Hura RNE — — oppositifolia 139
— — marantina 74 —— parviflora +141
—— nutins 64 ; —— racemosa 139
-—— orixensis 75 — — reptans 140
pendula .76 eene rotundifolia - zo NN
—— purpurea 53 78 | ——— serata d mosqdd
—— racemosa. SEES 78 —— veronicifolia — ~ "sid 136
omr-spatulata a. 5 80 Gyrocarpus asiaticus = 465
—— subulata -78 Ha Jacquini , 465
cui versicolor 2 ele 76 E KR
G ramen aciculatum 965. | Hedychium angustifolium 1
— — capitatum . 185 —— coronarium 9
CEP earicosum 229 flavum o1
-— cyperoides &c. 197 -—-—- gracile 12:
Pi aie —— ER t 199 —— speciosum 13.
usine rein 250 —— villosum * 42-
roccia elegans 197 | Hedyotis auricularia 869"
rarius 198 —— auricularia aaz 876:
—-- —— madraspatanum 213 —— geniculata . 8T
——femb a, 889] ee gracilis. o 8
.—— panieum —— 286 ¿= hispida
vaccinum 345 .-——-lineata. Xe
Gratiola alata 137 —— scandens .—
—— amara 136} —— wimifoa —
^om euneifolia. 142 | Hellenia Allughas

Hemapushpica
Herba spiralis hirsuta à
Hippocratea arborea
+. indica
—— obtusifolia
Holcus bicolor
—— cernuus
«—— ciliatus
(C^ è nervosus
"pest perlusus
B: —— succharatus
=~ Sorghum +
ert spicatus
Hordeum hexastichon
Houttuynia cordata
Hura siamensium
Hydrophylax diffusa
—-— herb cea
—— maritima
—— pumila
. se wmbellatg ^

Ilex dipyrena

Inshi

Inshi Kua

Ira

Iris chinensis

: Ischemum aristatum
: —— conjugatum
cuspidatum

E geniculatum
|n repens :
^ —— rugosum
< + semi-sagittatum

INDEX,
Page.
98 | Ischemum tenellum
57 | Isolepis barbata
171 —— densa
169 | Iwarancusa
170 | Ixia chinensis
979 | Ixora acuminata
273 —— alba
321 —— Banchuca
320 —— barbata
263 -— — brachiata
274 —— chinensis
273 —-— coccinea
286 —— coccinea
358 —— congesta
360 —— cunei(olia
76 —— flammea
444 —— fulgens
445 —-— incurnata
380 lanceolaria
443 lanceolata
-442 longifolia
473 "A parviflora
46 —— Paretta
46 rosea.
205 —— stricta -
174 ~— tenviflora
321 — — tomentosa
323 —— undulata
325 ; villosa
-4 Jasminum angustifolium
ii arborescens
329 -—- auriculatum .
322 j

486 INDEX. .
Page.
Jasminum chrysanthemum 98 | Justicia glabra
—— coarctatum 91 lamifolia
——- dispermum 99 —— lanceolaria |
elongatum 89 —— latebrosa
-— flore tetrapetalo 385 —— ligulata
grandiflorum 98 —— malabarica
,—-— heterophyllum 99 —-— montana
= lanceolatum 97. nasuta
—— latifolium 93 —— nervosa
-— laurifolium 91 deca palzensis
—— limonii folio conjugato 87 —— paniculata
e paniculatum 97 ` —— pectinata
« —— pubescens 90 m qum
—— scandens . 88 ——— Polysperma ^...
simplicifolium 96 "rcr procumbens eae
-— trinerve — 91 pulchella isis 3s
“<= tobifloram 96 | —— quinquangularis
Se io wwe E a ramosissima -
^ — vimineum — T 95 repens
- Zambae - 87 —— thyrsiflora
Johnia coromandeliana 173 ‘ —— tinctoria
e- salacioides 172 —— tomentosa
Juncus odoratus 2738 —— tranquebaiiensis
Justicia acaulis 120 speciosa
Adhatoda 127 verticillata
(^ alba nr vitellina
—— Betonica. 139
oe bicalyeulata - 197 | Kempferia angustifolia
^ —-— bivalvis S 125 Galanga
—— chinensis 125| ~— + linearis
—— decussata- - ..128 -— ovalifolia
-—— Ecbolium - 4115}. —-— pandurat =
echioides 119 rotunda i55
—— Gandarussa 129 |

© —— secada >

INDEX, 487

bi Page. [ Page.
Kerpa 250 | Mullica 87

—— Kot jiletti pullu 183 | Manisurus granularis 353
—OKetgjuli Kelengu i4 —— Myurus _ : 352
K tu bala — 3 | Manjella Kua - 32.

0 Ktu tgireg:m Mull... .. 90 Maranta malaccensis 62
1 - Kitu T itseezumzMulla _- 95 | Meriguti 269
| Knoxia umbellta — 373 | Mariscus umbellatus 156
Kot ule xs . 186 | Mashandari — : 407.
Kona pulla — '. . 831] Melicadiandra ^ ^. 329

— Kudda mulla is 87 | ce digitata... „328
Kur: nulls : 966 =—— latifolia sid 330
Kun Cura De ur o 329
Klin. ia cyperoides - ES c E s 425
i5 monodi 185 Mil'um cimicinum - 295

D oeszitriceps : 186 Millingtonia pinnata 103

-—— uinbellata 186 simplicifolia 102

x —— filiforme 316
Lagurus cylindrict . 989 |. —— ramosum 317
Lompujum sylvestre mirus m i 74 || sanguinale 317
Lappazo biflora, EY fi -284 Mitrasacme capillaris 420
Lasi: aculeata -458 | Moligo codi : c ^ ME
Ligus'rum nepalense 351 | Mollugo pentaphylia 360
Linocier4 purpurea 407 trichylla 360
Loeflingia indica - -169 / _ verticillata 360
Ludwigia parviflora 440 | Morea chinensis 174

" LL prostrata - 441 | Motta pullu 224
Lusa Radja —— — — 469 | Mottenga idu PRO
Lycopus dianthera ——145 | Munje Pumerám | end 85
Lysimachi : jolia sinuta, &c. 414 Myriophyllum tetrandrum 470
AS , i-— —— tubercuijatum 471

Magorium Sambac ECL RE

Mela iaschi Kua 60 | Nl: mulla S7
Maln Kua ; 35 | Narwkilla ^ | DT
Mulen pulla 193 | Neila mur& ^ 221

Kkk

483

-—— elongata

grandiflora

multiflora

—— pubescens
—— scandens
—— triflora

Olax imbricata

—— scandens

Olea dioica

—— fragrans
—— paniculata

Oldenlandia alata `

EO RT biflora
chrystallina
—— diffusa

herbacea

p paniculata
—— ramosa ^
—— umbellata

Parlixm orbor tristis

P nicum
Panicum egypticum

— — aristatum
—— barbatum
brevifolium

— — brizoides
—-— Burmanni
—— ciliare

x —— cimicinum

=— colonum

N J ctanithi arbor tristis

e

m- couglomeratum

tenis

INDEX.

Page.
85
-89

94
-. 90

Panicum conjugatum

——- corymbosum

—— costatum

'— — crus corvi

— — curvatum

—— cuspidatum

dactylon
—— diiiidiatum
—— dimidiatum
—— filiforme

aie Jla vidum

—— fluitans

pein frumentaceum ah
eem glaucum ER qe

joni

grossarium
T hirsutum
—— hirtellum
—— hispidulum
—— indicum
—— holcoides
-—— interruptum
——- involucratum
—— italicum
—— lanceolatum
-—— lineare
—— miliaceum
—— miliare ;
—— montanum

` —— nervosu -

—— paludosum

+: —— patens
RAS plicatum

287
" "

—— gramineum seu Naats-

343
300

303,
298
306
288
288

; 2909.

— Panicum repens

x -—^

TRE REM PTT POT TF pm

iy
—-— sanguinale
—— sarmentosum

—— serratulum

setigerum

—~— spicatum

squarrosum -
— stagninum-
= strictum

| —— tenellum

tenue

—— - dumditorem
LLL trigonum
—— uliginosum |
ee umbrosum
—— verticillatum
Panover tsjerana —
Pardanthus chinensis
Paspalum Kora,
—— longiflorum
~— longifolium
—— orbiculare
—— scrobiculatum
Pa:etta indica

— — s. Malleamothe :

Pee Mottenga

Pec tumba
Perotis latifolia
Phalaris muricata
Pharnaceum depressum

— Phillyrea paniculata

robusta

: Phleum crinitum

INDEX.
Paige..
302 | Phrynium capitatum
317 —— dichotomum
31 eus imbricatum
309 —— parviflorum
302 —— virgatum
žá $ Phyllodes placenturia
991 | Piper angustifolium
-298 —— arborescens
306 —— Betle
309 —— canninum —
— T eme Chaba
303 —— Cubeba
307 —— diffusum
310 lanatum
300 —— latifolium
304 —-—— longum
` 449 —-— longum
174 Malamiris
289 —— methysticum
283 —— nigrum
283 peepuloides
989 —-— qui saururus
981 —-— rostratrum
395 hne sarmentosum
596 — — saxatile
18 5 —— sylvatium
190 —— trioicum
938 | Pitgigam mullo
284 Pladera decussata
1 49 perfoliata
100 —— pusilla
101 — — sessilifolia
2161 rne

496

Plantago attenuata

erosa

~ Isphagula
Poa bi/aria
—-— chinensis

ciliaris -

—— ciliata
—— cylindrica
| —— cynosuroides

diandra

—— elegans

flexuosa

"— — gangetica _
—— interrupta | um
—— m lebarica

~ = multiflora
—— nutans

_paniculata

_ —— plumosa
: —— procera

- -—— punctata
_ —-—— tenella

unioloides

—-— viscosa

Poly nara cochinchinensis
Pommereulla Cornucopia
Porphyra dichotoma —
Potamoz. *ton indicum

tuberosum TE
Pothos caudata —

decursiva
—— gigantea
— gracilis

INDEX.
Page. US : Page
' 422 | Pothos heterophylla. __ . 457
423 —— Lasia 458
421 —— Pepa oo .' 454
333 —— pertus - 455
333 —— pinnata ss . 450
335 —— pinnatifida _ 476
336 —~— officinalis 452
335 ^ —— scandens 451
331 —-— tenera 454
337 | Pulcolli 121
339 Pyrostria hexasperma 408 :
9340 Romicciam 278 —.
2. Renealmia calcarata fion 287 "
336 —— nutans EN 64
D Rhaphis triosbis — - 966
815 | Rhopola excelsa 365
336 i: * moluccana 961 .
S41 —— robusta 366
338 —— serrata —— : 365
331 | Rhyncospora mollis 227
339 | Rivint paniculata 404
358 | Roxburg his baccata 168
310 | Rottbeellia biflora
337 compressa.
360. —— corymbosa
332 —— exaltata
410 — — glabra. —
471 perforata ` `
472 aL pilosa ae 337
476 punctata — 355.
455| ——setacea 357
“ABS —— Thomea 357
454 | Rubia alata -384

e n

Rubia Monjista _

Saccharum: canaliculatum

Be Sih cylind ricum

exaltatum

fuscum

—— Munja a
| —— officina -
—— procerum
Sara
- 1— — semidecumbens
sog ea ~~
o spicatum
.—— spontaneum
—— Thunbergi ,

‘Salicornia brachiata

—— indica
Salvadora persica
Salvia bengalensis

— brachiata
lanata

Samara paniculata

—— polygona
Sind! wood
_ Sandalum album à
Santalum album
-> myrtifolium
—— verum

| Barissus anceps

_ Seabrita scabra
triflora ~
Sie valli canirum
Scheiti —

*

Scheenanthum amboinicum

INDEX.

- Page. Pi m
. 383 | Schenanthus odoratus
Schenus articulata
257 | Schrebera swietenioides
289 | Schunamba rabbi
249 | Shringata
241 | Scirpus acutangulus
250 | —— estivalis -
242 —— anceps
248 — .— antarcticus
249 | —— argenteus
211 — — articulatus '
244 —_— arvensis
238 a atropurpureus
240 bifurcatus
239 brevifolius
82 —— capitatus
83 —— caribeus
404 ——— ciliaris’
146 comosus
146 complanatus
147 | > —— densus
"e — — diphyllus
"435 ccs dupes AE
462 globosus
462 | | —— glomeratus
462 —— grossus
464 | | ——- grossus
462 | —— incurvatus -
380 psa intricatus. m
| 85 —— juncoides -
WI . mylene
A461 pu lateralis
385 —— maximus
278 — — Medius

499

: D 5
te a eee
r : 4 Ex.

Tsiana speciosa .

em : |JPagée a
Scirpus miliaceus - 931 Sonerilla aneustifolia
(0 —— minimus 221] — — emaculata
i mollis .927 maculata
. ——— monander 225 — moluccana -
monostachyos 221 —_— squarrosa F
mucronatus ~ - 219 | Spermacoce articularis Ț
pallescens 233 ——- costata .
_—— pectinatus 220 —:— exserta
: pentazonus 221 — — glabra
—— plantagineus 214 '—— hispida
—— quinquangu'aris 233 —— levis
scaber 222 : —— lineata
icc schoenoides 993 nana
ae spiralis | = 215 '—— pusilla
—-—— squarrosus -224 -—— seabra - ; ;
GE a strictus d 999 semierectus POF ei ear
| strobilinus 229 | ^ —— stricta
aati subarticulatus con 217 5 sumatrensis `
m ee e siig eio NET INPUNE
.o-——tenellus — c oe eee .
3 — tetragonus " .232 | Tul: dama
: E- triangulatus 219 Tali pulli
i tridentatus 228 | Tardivel
—— tristachyos 294 | Teretu pullu
tuberosus 213 | Thalia cannaformis
—— tumidus 215 | Tomex tomentosa ——
Sephalica — 891 Tradescantia malabarica
* Septila at "n Tropa | bicornis -
. Sirium arborescens tertium 161 .— — bispinosa - 44
——frizidum T “162 quadrispinosa - A P"
—— myrtifolium 464 | Triticum estivum —— e
Soncorus EIC dybérmum |
Soneri-illa 774801 |

E

| Tsj «m7 pulla

Tsjana Haa

(O79 nza pupum
| ger: c nirum
Tjeria kuren pullu

Tyjelta pull:
Tsji esam Mulls

= Tsjor V Ui =
Tyude m rum
ES Tuag ja "p d

—— levivata
A triceps

Uniola bi, innata.
Utricularia biflora -

—— fasciculata

— —- nivea

— —. stellaris

Feds Kodi
FK aleriaut -

Valeria

et Jatamausi

—~— spica SHE

4

una Hantwickit

WES

INDEX. ae 493
Page. | / - Pare.
338 Vallin Tgori Vali > 480
57 | Veronica undulata 147
..138 | Virana cante AE T.
461 | x
938 | Warayulla Bea.
mm |
"hue 5 un
427 i R
Hs 0 A
188 Soul IU |
=w Zerumbet clavicul: fum M.
187 ] Zinziber capitatum — 54
2i7 ‘a Cassumunar uo Bi
ee. — — elatum ee a Oe
334 . ligulatum cae “50°
144 amiji — 0 46.
143 —— marginatum cs MB
144 — — officinale 46
143 | . —— panduratum ~ 53
E 199. roseum . 49
166 2—— rubens HB,
166 | | —— spurium. AT
. 166 —— squarrosum —— ..52
(3166 | ^ —--Zerembet. ^ A
vu à; Fea ] :